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CRC Handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics 2005

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Copy of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, edited by David R. Lide, 2005 Internet version of the 85th edition. The opening text shows a foreword by Oliver Sacks, the preface, contributor lists and the Section 1 contents (fundamental constants, atomic weights, units, conversion factors, periodic table). It is a published reference book by others, kept in the physics book downloads.

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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Editor-in-Chief David R. Lide Former Director, Standard Reference Data National Institute of St andards and Technology Editorial Advisory Board Grace Baysinger Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-5080 Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, CA 92545 Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of St andards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII 1, rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France Kozo Kuchitsu Department of Chemistry Josai University, Sakado 350-0295, Japan Gerd Rosenblatt 1177 Miller Avenue Berkeley, CA 94708 Dana L. Roth Millikan Library / Caltech 1-32 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125 Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12180 TeamLRNFOREWORD My acquaintance with the CRC Handbook goes back sixty years, for when I was inducted into the wonders of chemistry by an uncle of mine (“Uncle Tungsten”)—I was ten—he lent me his copy of the 23rd (1939) edition. This was not pocket-sized, like the earlier editi ons he had on his shelf, and indeed contained over 2200 pages, but these were printed on thin India paper, and the whole book, with its soft red morocco cover, fitted easily in the hand. I fell in love with it straightaway—my uncle, seeing this, told me I might keep it—for its tables were so full of information that I thought of it as containing the whole universe between its covers. I was especially at tracted to the Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds, a hundred and fifty densely-packed pages which, through constant poring over, I got almost by heart. I think I owe the only original idea I had in my chemical boyhood to these tables—for, having been struck by the st eadily rising melting points and densities of the transition metals in Groups IV-VI as one went from Period 3 to 6 (Ti, Zr, Hf; V, Nb, Ta; Cr, Mo, W), I was then taken aback to find that the Period 7 analogues of these broke the series. Thorium had a lower melting point and density than hafnium; uranium lower one s than tungsten. Could it be, I wondered, that they were not in fact analogues of hafnium and tungs ten, not transition metals at all, but belonged to an interpolated series wh ich resembled the rare-earth metals? To my joy, after the War, I found th at this naïf idea of mine, a possibly unjustified leap of the imagination, turned out to be true—but it was entirely due to poring over the tables of the CRC Handbook that I owed it. Although my interests later turned more to biology and then medicine, the CRC Handbook has never lost its enchantment for me. I got the 30th (1947) and the 41st (1959-1960) editions—at this point the Handbook still had its smaller format, but had become almost cubical in shape (the 41st edition had nearly 3500 pages); and then, of course, it morphed into its present, monumental format. While I keep the massive recent editions in my study, I keep my original one, the 23rd edition, on my bedside table, for it is easy to handle (esp ecially when one is reading in bed), and was my most cherished gift as a boy. Indeed, one way and another, whether reading in bed or in my study, I have always had a Handbook near me. While the CRC Handbook is monu mental in its scope, a huge, always- to-be-relied-upon mine of information, it is also a friendly book, a companion which has given me joy for th e greater part of my life. Oliver Sacks New York October 2003 PREFACE Since the First Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics appeared in 1913, the size and scope have expanded in step with the growth of scientific knowledge. It has not only served as a reference source for professionals and students, but has provided inspiration to many young people as they developed their inter est in science. The late Linus Pauling, in his Foreword to the 74th Edition, wrote "I attribute much of my knowledge about substances and their properties to my study of the information that the Handbook provided." In the Foreword to the present edition Ol iver Sacks, author of the best seller Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood, describes the strong influence the Handbook had on him from the age of ten. Throughout its history the overall philosophy of the Handbook has been to provide broad cover age of all types of data commonly encountered by physical scientists and engineers. While the Internet has spawned numerous large databases covering narrow areas of science, we feel there is still a need for a concise reference source spanning the full ran ge of the physical sciences and focusing on key data that are frequently needed by R&D professionals, engineers, and students. We hope this Internet version of the CRC Handbook willbe a step in continuing to serve these needs. The 85th Edition includes u pdates and expansions of several tables, such as Aqueous Solubility of Organic Compounds, Thermal Conductivity of Liquids, and Table of the Isotopes. A new table on Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures has been added, as well as tables on Index of Refractio n of Inorganic Crystals and Critical Solution Temperatures of Polymer Solutions. In response to user requests, several topics such as Coefficient of Friction and Miscibility of Organic Solvents have been restored to the Handbook. The latest recommended val ues of the Fundamental Physical Constants, released in December 2003, are included in this edition. Finally, the Appendix on Mathematical Tables has been revised by Dr. Daniel Zwillinger, editor of the CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae; it incl udes new information on factorials, Clebsch -Gordan coefficients, orthogonal polynomials, statistical formulas, and other topics. This new Internet edition has added 13 new subsections that can be accessed as interactive tables. These include tables on ato mic and molecular polarizabilities, diffusion in gases and liquids, vapor pressure and density of mercury, ionic radii in crystals, surface tension, and other topics. All material in the printed Handbook is accessible in the Internet version as interactive tables and /or pdf displays. The Editor appreciates suggestions on new topics for the Handbook and notification of any errors. Input from users plays a key role in keeping the book up to date. Address all comments to Editor -in-Chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press LLC, 2000 N. W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, FL 33431. Comments may also be sent by electronic mail to [email protected] . TeamLRNThe Handbook of Chemistry and Physics isdependent on the efforts of many contributors throughout the world. Valuable suggestions have been received from the Editorial Advisory Board and from many users. The assistance and support of Dr. Fiona Macdonald, Chemistry Publisher at CRC Press, is great ly appreciated. Finally, I want to thank Susan Fox , James Miller, Helena Redshaw, James Yanchak , Robert Morris, and Ronel Decius of the CRC Press staff foralltheir efforts. David R. Lide October 2004 How To Cite this Reference The recommended form of ci tation is: David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, <http://www.hbcpnetbase.com>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. If a specific table is cited, use the format : "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds ", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, David R. Lide, ed., <http://www.hbcpnetbase.com>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL , 2005. This work contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, a nd sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Best efforts have been made to select and verify the data on the basis of sound scientific judgment , but the author and the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the validity of all ma terials or for the consequences of their use. ©CopyrightCRCPressLLC2005 Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree WayHemet, California 92545 A. K. Covington Department of ChemistryUniversity of NewcastleNewcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RUEngland K. Fischer LTP GmbHOppelner Strasse 12D-26135 Oldenburg, Germany Jean-Claude Fontaine ITODYSCNRS, University of Paris VII1 rue Guy de la Brosse75005 Paris, France H. P. R. Frederikse 9625 Dewmar LaneKensington, Maryland 20895 J.R. Fuhr Atomic Physics DivisionNational Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Gmehling Universität OldenburgFakultät V, Technische ChemieD-26111 Oldenburg, Germany Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology DivisionNational Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 C. R. Hammond 17 Greystone Rd.West Hartford, Connecticut 06107Norman E. Holden National Nuclear Data CenterBrookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, New York 11973 H. Donald Brooke Jenkins Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventry CV4 7AL England Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYSUniversity of Paris VII1 rue Guy de la Brosse75005 Paris, France J. Alistair Kerr School of ChemistryUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham B15 2TT England J. Krafczyk DDBST GmbHIndustriestrasse 1D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany Frank J. Lovas 8616 Melwood Rd.Bethesda, Maryland 20817 William C. Martin Atomic Physics DivisionNational Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Menke DDBST GmbHIndustriestrasse 1D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany Thomas M. Miller Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP29 Randolph Rd.Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010Peter J. Mohr Physics LaboratoryNational Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Joseph Reader Atomic Physics DivisionNational Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Lewis E. Snyder Astronomy DepartmentUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, Illinois 61801 B. N. Taylor Physics LaboratoryNational Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Thomas G. Trippe Particle Data GroupLawrence Berkeley Laboratory1 Cyclotron RoadBerkeley, California 94720 Petr Vany ´sek Department of ChemistryNorthern Illinois UniversityDeKalb, Illinois 60115 Wolfgang L. Wiese Atomic Physics DivisionNational Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Christian Wohlfarth Institut für Physikalische ChemieMartin Luther UniversityD-06217 MerseburgGermany Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics DepartmentRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, New York 12180CURRENT CONTRIBUTORS TeamLRN Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors Fundamental Physical Constants Standard Atomic Weights (2001) Atomic Masses and Abundances Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90 International System of Units (SI) Units for Magnetic Properties Conversion Factors Conversion of Temperatures Conversion Factors for Energy Units Conversion Factors for Pressure Units Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics Conversion Factors 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/B4/BD /C0/DE/B5 /CW /BP /B4/BD /C0/DE/B5 /CW/BP/CR /BE/BP /B4/BD /C0/DE/B5 /CW /BP/BG /BM /BJ/BL/BL /BE/BF/BJ/BG/B4/BK/BG/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /A0 /BD/BD/C3 /BG /BM /BD/BF/BH /BI/BI/BJ /BG/BF/B4/BF/BH/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /A0 /BD/BH/CT/CE /BG /BM /BG/BF/BL /BK/BE/BD /BI/BI/BJ/B4/BF/BC/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /A0 /BE/BG/D9 /BD /BM /BH/BD/BL /BK/BE/BL /BK/BG/BI /BC/BC/BI/B4/BD/BC/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /A0 /BD/BI/BX/CW/BD/C3 /B4/BD /C3/B5 /BP /B4/BD /C3/B5 /CZ /BP /B4/BD /C3/B5 /CZ/BP /CR /BE/BP /B4/BD /C3/B5 /CZ /BP/BD/C3 /BK /BM /BI/BD/BJ /BF/BG/BF/B4/BD/BH/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /A0 /BH/CT/CE /BL /BM /BE/BH/BD /BC/BL/BK/B4/BD/BI/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /A0 /BD/BG/D9 /BF /BM /BD/BI/BI /BK/BD/BH/BF/B4/BH/BH/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /A0 /BI/BX/CW/BD/CT /CE /B4/BD /CT/CE/B5/BB /CZ /BP /B4/BD /CT/CE/B5 /BP /B4/BD /CT/CE /B5 /BP/CR /BE/BP /B4/BD /CT/CE /B5 /BP/BD /BM /BD/BI/BC /BG/BH/BC/BH/B4/BE/BC/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /BG/C3 /BD/CT /CE /BD /BM /BC/BJ/BF /BH/BG/BG /BD/BJ/BD/B4/BL/BE/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /A0 /BL/D9 /BF /BM /BI/BJ/BG /BL/BF/BE /BG/BH/B4/BF/BD/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /A0 /BE/BX/CW/BD/D9 /B4/BD /D9/B5 /CR /BE/BP/CZ /BP /B4/BD /D9/B5 /CR /BE/BP /B4/BD /D9/B5 /BP /B4/BD /D9/B5 /CR /BE/BP/BD /BM /BC/BK/BC /BL/BH/BE/BJ/B4/BD/BL/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /BD/BF/C3 /BL/BF/BD /BM /BG/BL/BG /BC/BG/BF/B4/BK/BC/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /BI/CT/CE /BD/D9 /BF /BM /BG/BE/BF /BD/BJ/BJ /BI/BK/BI/B4/BE/BF/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /BJ/BX/CW/BD /BX/CW /B4/BD /BX/CW /B5 /BP/CZ /BP /B4/BD /BX/CW /B5/BP /B4/BD /BX/CW /B5 /BP/CR /BE/BP /B4/BD /BX/CW /B5/BP/BF /BM /BD/BH/BJ /BJ/BG/BI/BH/B4/BH/BH/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /BH/C3 /BE/BJ /BM /BE/BD/BD /BF/BK/BG/BH/B4/BE/BF/B5 /CT/CE /BE /BM /BL/BE/BD /BE/BI/BE /BF/BE/BF/B4/BD/BL/B5 /A2 /BD/BC /A0 /BK/D9 /BD /BX/CW TeamLRN1-12STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 1999 and 2001 by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. The Standard Atomic Weights apply to the elements as they exist naturally on Earth, and the uncertainties take into account the isotopic variation found in most laboratory samples. Further comments on the variability are given in the footnotes. The number in parentheses following the atomic weight value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. An atomic weight entry in brackets indicates that the element that has no stable isotopes; the value given is the atomic mass in u (or the mass number, i f the mass is not accurately known) for the isotope of longest half-life. Thorium, protactinium, and uranium have no stable isotopes, but the ter restrial isotopic composition is sufficiently uniform to permit a standard atomic weight to be specified. REFERENCES 1. Vocke, R. D., Pure Appl. Chem . 71, 1593, 1999. 2. Coplen, T. D., Pure Appl. Chem . 73, 667, 2001. 3. Coplen, T. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 30, 701, 2001. 4. Loss, R. D., Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001, Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003. Name Symbol Atomic No. Atomic Weight Footnotes Actinium Ac 89 [227.0277] a Aluminum Al 13 26.981538(2) Americium Am 95 [243.0614] aAntimony Sb 51 121.760(1) g Argon Ar 18 39.948(1) g r Arsenic As 33 74.92160(2)Astatine At 85 [209.9871] a Barium Ba 56 137.327(7) Berkelium Bk 97 [247.0703] aBeryllium Be 4 9.012182(3)Bismuth Bi 83 208.98038(2) Bohrium Bh 107 [264.12] a Boron B 5 10.811(7) g m rBromine Br 35 79.904(1) Cadmium Cd 48 112.411(8) g Calcium Ca 20 40.078(4) gCalifornium Cf 98 [251.0796] a Carbon C 6 12.0107(8) g r Cerium Ce 58 140.116(1) gCesium Cs 55 132.90545(2) Chlorine Cl 17 35.453(2) g m r Chromium Cr 24 51.9961(6) Cobalt Co 27 58.933200(9) Copper Cu 29 63.546(3) r Curium Cm 96 [247.0704] aDarmstadtium Ds 110 [281] a Dubnium Db 105 [262.1141] a Dysprosium Dy 66 162.500(1) gEinsteinium Es 99 [252.0830] a Erbium Er 68 167.259(3) g Europium Eu 63 151.964(1) gFermium Fm 100 [257.0951] a Fluorine F 9 18.9984032(5) Francium Fr 87 [223.0197] a Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25(3) g Gallium Ga 31 69.723(1) Germanium Ge 32 72.64(1)Gold Au 79 196.96655(2) 1-13Hafnium Hf 72 178.49(2) Hassium Hs 108 [277] a Helium He 2 4.002602(2) g r Holmium Ho 67 164.93032(2)Hydrogen H 1 1.00794(7) g m r Indium In 49 114.818(3) Iodine I 53 126.90447(3)Iridium Ir 77 192.217(3) Iron Fe 26 55.845(2) Krypton Kr 36 83.798(2) g mLanthanum La 57 138.9055(2) g Lawrencium Lr 103 [262.1097] a Lead Pb 82 207.2(1) g rLithium Li 3 6.941(2) b g m r Lutetium Lu 71 174.967(1) g Magnesium Mg 12 24.3050(6) Manganese Mn 25 54.938049(9) Meitnerium Mt 109 [268.1388] a Mendelevium Md 101 [258.0984] aMercury Hg 80 200.59(2) Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94(2) g Neodymium Nd 60 144.24(3) gNeon Ne 10 20.1797(6) g m Neptunium Np 93 [237.0482] a Nickel Ni 28 58.6934(2)Niobium Nb 41 92.90638(2) Nitrogen N 7 14.0067(2) g r Nobelium No 102 [259.1010] aOsmium Os 76 190.23(3) g Oxygen O 8 15.9994(3) g r Palladium Pd 46 106.42(1) gPhosphorus P 15 30.973761(2) Platinum Pt 78 195.078(2) Plutonium Pu 94 [244.0642] aPolonium Po 84 [208.9824] a Potassium K 19 39.0983(1) g Praseodymium Pr 59 140.90765(2)Promethium Pm 61 [144.9127] a Protactinium Pa 91 231.03588(2) Radium Ra 88 [226.0254] aRadon Rn 86 [222.0176] a Rhenium Re 75 186.207(1) Rhodium Rh 45 102.90550(2)Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678(3) g Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07(2) g Rutherfordium Rf 104 [261.1088] aSamarium Sm 62 150.36(3) g Scandium Sc 21 44.955910(8) Seaborgium Sg 106 [266.1219] aSelenium Se 34 78.96(3) r Silicon Si 14 28.0855(3) r Silver Ag 47 107.8682(2) gSodium Na 11 22.989770(2) Strontium Sr 38 87.62(1) g r Sulfur S 16 32.065(5) g r Tantalum Ta 73 180.9479(1) Technetium Tc 43 [97.9072] a Tellurium Te 52 127.60(3) gSTANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) (continued) Name Symbol Atomic No. Atomic Weight Footnotes TeamLRN1-14Terbium Tb 65 158.92534(2) Thallium Tl 81 204.3833(2) Thorium Th 90 232.0381(1) gThulium Tm 69 168.93421(2) Tin Sn 50 118.710(7) g Titanium Ti 22 47.867(1)Tungsten W 74 183.84(1) Ununbium Uub 112 [285] a Ununhexium Uuh 116 [289] aUnunquadium Uuq 114 [289] a Unununium Uuu 111 [272.1535] a Uranium U 92 238.02891(3) g mVanadium V 23 50.9415(1) Xenon Xe 54 131.293(6) g m Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04(3) gYttrium Y 39 88.90585(2) Zinc Zn 30 65.409(4) Zirconium Zr 40 91.224(2) gSTANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) (continued) Name Symbol Atomic No. Atomic Weight Footnotes aNo stable isotope exists. The atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) is given in brackets f or the isotope of longest half-life. bCommercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is require d, it must be determined for the specific material. gGeological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. mModified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subject to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. rRange in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated v alue should be applicable to any normal material. 1-15ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. A complete table of all nuclides may be found in Section 11 (“Table of the Isotopes”). The atomic masses are based on the 1995 evaluation of Audi and Wapstra (Reference 2). The number in parentheses following the m ass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. Natural abundance values are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty include s both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Reference 3 an d 4 for more details). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isoto pic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined. An electronic version of these data is available on the Web site of the NIST Physics Laboratory (Reference 5). REFERENCES 1.Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd Ed. , CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 2001. 2. Audi, G., and Wapstra, A. H., Nucl. Phys ., A595, 409, 1995. 3. Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 27, 1275, 1998. 4. R. D. Vocke (for IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances), Pure Appl. Chem ., 71, 1593, 1999. 5. Coursey, J. S., and Dragoset, R. A., Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (version 2.1). Available: http://physics.nist.gov/Compositions/ National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. 11H 1.0078250321(4) 99.9850(70) 2D 2.0141017780(4) 0.0115(70) 3T 3.0160492675(11) 23He 3.0160293097(9) 0.000137(3) 4He 4.0026032497(10) 99.999863(3) 36Li 6.0151223(5) 7.59(4) 7Li 7.0160040(5) 92.41(4) 49Be 9.0121821(4) 100 510B 10.0129370(4) 19.9(7) 11B 11.0093055(5) 80.1(7) 612C 12.0000000(0) 98.93(8) 13C 13.0033548378(10) 1.07(8) 714N 14.0030740052(9) 99.632(7) 15N 15.0001088984(9) 0.368(7) 816O 15.9949146221(15) 99.757(16) 17O 16.99913150(22) 0.038(1) 18O 17.9991604(9) 0.205(14) 919F 18.99840320(7) 100 1020Ne 19.9924401759(20) 90.48(3) 21Ne 20.99384674(4) 0.27(1) 22Ne 21.99138551(23) 9.25(3) 1123Na 22.98976967(23) 100 1224Mg 23.98504190(20) 78.99(4) 25Mg 24.98583702(20) 10.00(1) 26Mg 25.98259304(21) 11.01(3) 1327Al 26.98153844(14) 100 1428Si 27.9769265327(20) 92.2297(7) 29Si 28.97649472(3) 4.6832(5) 30Si 29.97377022(5) 3.0872(5) 1531P 30.97376151(20) 100 1632S 31.97207069(12) 94.93(31) 33S 32.97145850(12) 0.76(2) 34S 33.96786683(11) 4.29(28) 36S 35.96708088(25) 0.02(1) 1735Cl 34.96885271(4) 75.78(4) 37Cl 36.96590260(5) 24.22(4) 1836Ar 35.96754628(27) 0.3365(30) 38Ar 37.9627322(5) 0.0632(5)40Ar 39.962383123(3) 99.6003(30) 1939K 38.9637069(3) 93.2581(44) 40K 39.96399867(29) 0.0117(1) 41K 40.96182597(28) 6.7302(44) 2040Ca 39.9625912(3) 96.941(156) 42Ca 41.9586183(4) 0.647(23) 43Ca 42.9587668(5) 0.135(10) 44Ca 43.9554811(9) 2.086(110) 46Ca 45.9536928(25) 0.004(3) 48Ca 47.952534(4) 0.187(21) 2145Sc 44.9559102(12) 100 2246Ti 45.9526295(12) 8.25(3) 47Ti 46.9517638(10) 7.44(2) 48Ti 47.9479471(10) 73.72(3) 49Ti 48.9478708(10) 5.41(2) 50Ti 49.9447921(11) 5.18(2) 2350V 49.9471628(14) 0.250(4) 51V 50.9439637(14) 99.750(4) 2450Cr 49.9460496(14) 4.345(13) 52Cr 51.9405119(15) 83.789(18) 53Cr 52.9406538(15) 9.501(17) 54Cr 53.9388849(15) 2.365(7) 2555Mn 54.9380496(14) 100 2654Fe 53.9396148(14) 5.845(35) 56Fe 55.9349421(15) 91.754(36) 57Fe 56.9353987(15) 2.119(10) 58Fe 57.9332805(15) 0.282(4) 2759Co 58.9332002(15) 100 2858Ni 57.9353479(15) 68.0769(89) 60Ni 59.9307906(15) 26.2231(77) 61Ni 60.9310604(15) 1.1399(6) 62Ni 61.9283488(15) 3.6345(17) 64Ni 63.9279696(16) 0.9256(9) 2963Cu 62.9296011(15) 69.17(3) 65Cu 64.9277937(19) 30.83(3) 3064Zn 63.9291466(18) 48.63(60) 66Zn 65.9260368(16) 27.90(27) 67Zn 66.9271309(17) 4.10(13)Z Isotope Mass in u Abundance in % Z Isotope Mass in u Abundance in % TeamLRN1-16106Pd 105.903483(5) 27.33(3) 108Pd 107.903894(4) 26.46(9) 110Pd 109.905152(12) 11.72(9) 47107Ag 106.905093(6) 51.839(8) 109Ag 108.904756(3) 48.161(8) 48106Cd 105.906458(6) 1.25(6) 108Cd 107.904183(6) 0.89(3) 110Cd 109.903006(3) 12.49(18) 111Cd 110.904182(3) 12.80(12) 112Cd 111.9027572(30) 24.13(21) 113Cd 112.9044009(30) 12.22(12) 114Cd 113.9033581(30) 28.73(42) 116Cd 115.904755(3) 7.49(18) 49113In 112.904061(4) 4.29(5) 115In 114.903878(5) 95.71(5) 50112Sn 111.904821(5) 0.97(1) 114Sn 113.902782(3) 0.66(1) 115Sn 114.903346(3) 0.34(1) 116Sn 115.901744(3) 14.54(9) 117Sn 116.902954(3) 7.68(7) 118Sn 117.901606(3) 24.22(9) 119Sn 118.903309(3) 8.59(4) 120Sn 119.9021966(27) 32.58(9) 122Sn 121.9034401(29) 4.63(3) 124Sn 123.9052746(15) 5.79(5) 51121Sb 120.9038180(24) 57.21(5) 123Sb 122.9042157(22) 42.79(5) 52120Te 119.904020(11) 0.09(1) 122Te 121.9030471(20) 2.55(12) 123Te 122.9042730(19) 0.89(3) 124Te 123.9028195(16) 4.74(14) 125Te 124.9044247(20) 7.07(15) 126Te 125.9033055(20) 18.84(25) 128Te 127.9044614(19) 31.74(8) 130Te 129.9062228(21) 34.08(62) 53127I 126.904468(4) 100 54124Xe 123.9058958(21) 0.09(1) 126Xe 125.904269(7) 0.09(1) 128Xe 127.9035304(15) 1.92(3) 129Xe 128.9047795(9) 26.44(24) 130Xe 129.9035079(10) 4.08(2) 131Xe 130.9050819(10) 21.18(3) 132Xe 131.9041545(12) 26.89(6) 134Xe 133.9053945(9) 10.44(10) 136Xe 135.907220(8) 8.87(16) 55133Cs 132.905447(3) 100 56130Ba 129.906310(7) 0.106(1) 132Ba 131.905056(3) 0.101(1) 134Ba 133.904503(3) 2.417(18) 135Ba 134.905683(3) 6.592(12) 136Ba 135.904570(3) 7.854(24) 137Ba 136.905821(3) 11.232(24) 138Ba 137.905241(3) 71.698(42) 57138La 137.907107(4) 0.090(1) 139La 138.906348(3) 99.910(1) 58136Ce 135.907140(50) 0.185(2) 138Ce 137.905986(11) 0.251(2) 140Ce 139.905434(3) 88.450(51)68Zn 67.9248476(17) 18.75(51) 70Zn 69.925325(4) 0.62(3) 3169Ga 68.925581(3) 60.108(9) 71Ga 70.9247050(19) 39.892(9) 3270Ge 69.9242504(19) 20.84(87) 72Ge 71.9220762(16) 27.54(34) 73Ge 72.9234594(16) 7.73(5) 74Ge 73.9211782(16) 36.28(73) 76Ge 75.9214027(16) 7.61(38) 3375As 74.9215964(18) 100 3474Se 73.9224766(16) 0.89(4) 76Se 75.9192141(16) 9.37(29) 77Se 76.9199146(16) 7.63(16) 78Se 77.9173095(16) 23.77(28) 80Se 79.9165218(20) 49.61(41) 82Se 81.9167000(22) 8.73(22) 3579Br 78.9183376(20) 50.69(7) 81Br 80.916291(3) 49.31(7) 3678Kr 77.920386(7) 0.35(1) 80Kr 79.916378(4) 2.28(6) 82Kr 81.9134846(28) 11.58(14) 83Kr 82.914136(3) 11.49(6) 84Kr 83.911507(3) 57.00(4) 86Kr 85.9106103(12) 17.30(22) 3785Rb 84.9117893(25) 72.17(2) 87Rb 86.9091835(27) 27.83(2) 3884Sr 83.913425(4) 0.56(1) 86Sr 85.9092624(24) 9.86(1) 87Sr 86.9088793(24) 7.00(1) 88Sr 87.9056143(24) 82.58(1) 3989Y 88.9058479(25) 100 4090Zr 89.9047037(23) 51.45(40) 91Zr 90.9056450(23) 11.22(5) 92Zr 91.9050401(23) 17.15(8) 94Zr 93.9063158(25) 17.38(28) 96Zr 95.908276(3) 2.80(9) 4193Nb 92.9063775(24) 100 4292Mo 91.906810(4) 14.84(35) 94Mo 93.9050876(20) 9.25(12) 95Mo 94.9058415(20) 15.92(13) 96Mo 95.9046789(20) 16.68(2) 97Mo 96.9060210(20) 9.55(8) 98Mo 97.9054078(20) 24.13(31) 100Mo 99.907477(6) 9.63(23) 4397Tc 96.906365(5) 98Tc 97.907216(4) 99Tc 98.9062546(21) 4496Ru 95.907598(8) 5.54(14) 98Ru 97.905287(7) 1.87(3) 99Ru 98.9059393(21) 12.76(14) 100Ru 99.9042197(22) 12.60(7) 101Ru 100.9055822(22) 17.06(2) 102Ru 101.9043495(22) 31.55(14) 104Ru 103.905430(4) 18.62(27) 45103Rh 102.905504(3) 100 46102Pd 101.905608(3) 1.02(1) 104Pd 103.904035(5) 11.14(8) 105Pd 104.905084(5) 22.33(8)ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z Isotope Mass in u Abundance in % Z Isotope Mass in u Abundance in % 1-17142Ce 141.909240(4) 11.114(51) 59141Pr 140.907648(3) 100 60142Nd 141.907719(3) 27.2(5) 143Nd 142.909810(3) 12.2(2) 144Nd 143.910083(3) 23.8(3) 145Nd 144.912569(3) 8.3(1) 146Nd 145.913112(3) 17.2(3) 148Nd 147.916889(3) 5.7(1) 150Nd 149.920887(4) 5.6(2) 61145Pm 144.912744(4) 147Pm 146.915134(3) 62144Sm 143.911995(4) 3.07(7) 147Sm 146.914893(3) 14.99(18) 148Sm 147.914818(3) 11.24(10) 149Sm 148.917180(3) 13.82(7) 150Sm 149.917271(3) 7.38(1) 152Sm 151.919728(3) 26.75(16) 154Sm 153.922205(3) 22.75(29) 63151Eu 150.919846(3) 47.81(3) 153Eu 152.921226(3) 52.19(3) 64152Gd 151.919788(3) 0.20(1) 154Gd 153.920862(3) 2.18(3) 155Gd 154.922619(3) 14.80(12) 156Gd 155.922120(3) 20.47(9) 157Gd 156.923957(3) 15.65(2) 158Gd 157.924101(3) 24.84(7) 160Gd 159.927051(3) 21.86(19) 65159Tb 158.925343(3) 100 66156Dy 155.924278(7) 0.06(1) 158Dy 157.924405(4) 0.10(1) 160Dy 159.925194(3) 2.34(8) 161Dy 160.926930(3) 18.91(24) 162Dy 161.926795(3) 25.51(26) 163Dy 162.928728(3) 24.90(16) 164Dy 163.929171(3) 28.18(37) 67165Ho 164.930319(3) 100 68162Er 161.928775(4) 0.14(1) 164Er 163.929197(4) 1.61(3) 166Er 165.930290(3) 33.61(35) 167Er 166.932045(3) 22.93(17) 168Er 167.932368(3) 26.78(26) 170Er 169.935460(3) 14.93(27) 69169Tm 168.934211(3) 100 70168Yb 167.933894(5) 0.13(1) 170Yb 169.934759(3) 3.04(15) 171Yb 170.936322(3) 14.28(57) 172Yb 171.9363777(30) 21.83(67) 173Yb 172.9382068(30) 16.13(27) 174Yb 173.9388581(30) 31.83(92) 176Yb 175.942568(3) 12.76(41) 71175Lu 174.9407679(28) 97.41(2) 176Lu 175.9426824(28) 2.59(2) 72174Hf 173.940040(3) 0.16(1) 176Hf 175.9414018(29) 5.26(7) 177Hf 176.9432200(27) 18.60(9) 178Hf 177.9436977(27) 27.28(7) 179Hf 178.9458151(27) 13.62(2) 180Hf 179.9465488(27) 35.08(16)73180Ta 179.947466(3) 0.012(2) 181Ta 180.947996(3) 99.988(2) 74180W 179.946706(5) 0.12(1) 182W 181.948206(3) 26.50(16) 183W 182.9502245(29) 14.31(4) 184W 183.9509326(29) 30.64(2) 186W 185.954362(3) 28.43(19) 75185Re 184.9529557(30) 37.40(2) 187Re 186.9557508(30) 62.60(2) 76184Os 183.952491(3) 0.02(1) 186Os 185.953838(3) 1.59(3) 187Os 186.9557479(30) 1.96(2) 188Os 187.9558360(30) 13.24(8) 189Os 188.9581449(30) 16.15(5) 190Os 189.958445(3) 26.26(2) 192Os 191.961479(4) 40.78(19) 77191Ir 190.960591(3) 37.3(2) 193Ir 192.962924(3) 62.7(2) 78190Pt 189.959930(7) 0.014(1) 192Pt 191.961035(4) 0.782(7) 194Pt 193.962664(3) 32.967(99) 195Pt 194.964774(3) 33.832(10) 196Pt 195.964935(3) 25.242(41) 198Pt 197.967876(4) 7.163(55) 79197Au 196.966552(3) 100 80196Hg 195.965815(4) 0.15(1) 198Hg 197.966752(3) 9.97(20) 199Hg 198.968262(3) 16.87(22) 200Hg 199.968309(3) 23.10(19) 201Hg 200.970285(3) 13.18(9) 202Hg 201.970626(3) 29.86(26) 204Hg 203.973476(3) 6.87(15) 81203Tl 202.972329(3) 29.524(14) 205Tl 204.974412(3) 70.476(14) 82204Pb 203.973029(3) 1.4(1) 206Pb 205.974449(3) 24.1(1) 207Pb 206.975881(3) 22.1(1) 208Pb 207.976636(3) 52.4(1) 83209Bi 208.980383(3) 100 84209Po 208.982416(3) 210Po 209.982857(3) 85210At 209.987131(9) 211At 210.987481(4) 86211Rn 210.990585(8) 220Rn 220.0113841(29) 222Rn 222.0175705(27) 87223Fr 223.0197307(29) 88223Ra 223.018497(3) 224Ra 224.0202020(29) 226Ra 226.0254026(27) 228Ra 228.0310641(27) 89227Ac 227.0277470(29) 90230Th 230.0331266(22) 232Th 232.0380504(22) 100 91231Pa 231.0358789(28) 100 92233U 233.039628(3) 234U 234.0409456(21) 0.0055(2) 235U 235.0439231(21) 0.7200(51)ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z Isotope Mass in u Abundance in % Z Isotope Mass in u Abundance in % TeamLRN1-18236U 236.0455619(21) 238U 238.0507826(21) 99.2745(106) 93237Np 237.0481673(21) 239Np 239.0529314(23) 94238Pu 238.0495534(21) 239Pu 239.0521565(21) 240Pu 240.0538075(21) 241Pu 241.0568453(21) 242Pu 242.0587368(21) 244Pu 244.064198(5) 95241Am 241.0568229(21) 243Am 243.0613727(23) 96243Cm 243.0613822(24) 244Cm 244.0627463(21) 245Cm 245.0654856(29) 246Cm 246.0672176(24) 247Cm 247.070347(5) 248Cm 248.072342(5) 97247Bk 247.070299(6)ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z Isotope Mass in u Abundance in % Z Isotope Mass in u Abundance in % 249Bk 249.074980(3) 98249Cf 249.074847(3) 250Cf 250.0764000(24) 251Cf 251.079580(5) 252Cf 252.081620(5) 99252Es 252.082970(50) 100257Fm 257.095099(7) 101256Md 256.094050(60) 258Md 258.098425(5) 102259No 259.101020(110)* 103262Lr 262.109690(320)* 104261Rf 261.108750(110)* 105262Db 262.114150(200)* 106263Sg 263.118310(130)* 107264Bh 264.124730(300)* 108265Hs 265.130000(320)* 109268Mt 268.138820(340)* 110269Uun 269.145140(310)* 111272Uuu 272.153480(360)* *Mass values derived not purely from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. 1-19ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE KL M N O P Q Atomic n =1 2 3 4 5 6 7 no. Element s s p s p d s p d f s p d f s p d s p 1H 1 2H e 2 3L i 2 14B e 2 2 5B 2 2 1 6C 2 2 27N 2 2 3 8O 2 2 4 9F 2 2 5 10 Ne 2 2 6 11 Na 2 2 6 1 12 Mg 2 2 6 213 Al 2 2 6 2 1 14 Si 2 2 6 2 2 15 P 2 2 6 2 316 S 2 2 6 2 4 17 Cl 2 2 6 2 5 18 Ar 2 2 6 2 619 K 2 2 6 2 6 1 20 Ca 2 2 6 2 6 2 21 Sc 2 2 6 2 6 1 222 Ti 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 23 V 2 2 6 2 6 3 2 24 Cr 2 2 6 2 6 5 125 Mn 2 2 6 2 6 5 2 26 Fe 2 2 6 2 6 6 2 27 Co 2 2 6 2 6 7 228 Ni 2 2 6 2 6 8 2 29 Cu 2 2 6 2 6 10 1 30 Zn 2 2 6 2 6 10 231 Ga 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1 32 Ge 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2 33 As 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 334 Se 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 4 35 Br 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5 36 Kr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 637 Rb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 38 Sr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2 39 Y 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 240 Zr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2 2 41 Nb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 4 1 42 Mo 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 143 Tc 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 2 44 Ru 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 7 1 45 Rh 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 8 146 Pd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 47 Ag 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 48 Cd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 249 In 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 1 50 Sn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2 51 Sb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 352 Te 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 4 53 I 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5 54 Xe 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 655 Cs 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1 56 Ba 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 2 TeamLRN1-20ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE (continued) KL M N O P Q Atomic n =1 2 3 4 5 6 7 no. Element s s p s p d s p d f s p d f s p d s p REFERENCE Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., and Kotochigova, S., Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for Neutral Atoms, Web Version 1.2.2, http:// physics.nist.gov/IonEnergy, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, December 2002.57 La 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1 2 58 Ce 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 1 2 59 Pr 2 2 6 2 6 1 02 6 1 0 32 6 2 60 Nd 2 2 6 2 6 1 02 6 1 0 42 6 2 61 Pm 2 2 6 2 6 1 02 6 1 0 52 6 2 62 Sm 2 2 6 2 6 1 02 6 1 0 62 6 2 63 Eu 2 2 6 2 6 1 02 6 1 0 72 6 2 64 Gd 2 2 6 2 6 1 02 6 1 0 72 6 1 2 65 Tb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 9 2 6 2 66 Dy 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 10 2 6 267 Ho 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 11 2 6 2 68 Er 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 12 2 6 2 69 Tm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 13 2 6 270 Yb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 71 Lu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 2 72 Hf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 273 Ta 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 3 2 74 W 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 4 2 75 Re 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 5 276 Os 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 6 2 77 Ir 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 7 2 78 Pt 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 9 179 Au 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 1 80 Hg 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 81 Tl 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 182 Pb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 2 83 Bi 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 3 84 Po 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 485 At 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 5 86 Rn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 87 Fr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 188 Ra 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 2 89 Ac 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 01 4 2 6 1 0 261 2 90 Th 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 01 4 2 6 1 0 262 2 91 Pa 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 2 6 1 2 92 U 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 3 2 6 1 2 93 Np 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 01 4 2 6 1 04 261 2 94 Pu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 6 2 6 2 95 Am 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 2 96 Cm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 297 Bk 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 9 2 6 2 98 Cf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 10 2 6 2 99 Es 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 11 2 6 2 100 Fm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 01 4 2 6 1 01 2 26 2 101 Md 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 01 4 2 6 1 01 3 26 2 102 No 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 01 4 2 6 1 01 4 26 2 103 Lr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 01 4 2 6 1 0 1 42 6 2 1 104 Rf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 2 1-15INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) B. W. Mangum A new temperature scale, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), was officially adopted by the Comité Internation al des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), meeting 26—28 September 1989 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The ITS-90 was r ecommended to the CIPM for its adoption following the completion of the final details of the new scale by the Comité Consultatif de Thermo métrie (CCT), meeting 12—14 September 1989 at the BIPM in its 17th Session. The ITS-90 became the official international temperature scale on 1 Janua ry 1990. The ITS- 90 supersedes the present scales, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 extends upward from 0.65 K, and temperatures on this scale are in much better agreement with thermodynamic values th at are those on the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76. The new scale has subranges and alternative definitions in certain ranges that greatly fac ilitate its use. Furthermore, its continuity, precision, and reproducibility throughout its ranges are much improved over that of the present sc ales. The replacement of the thermocouple with the platinum resistance thermometer at temperatures below 961.78 °C resulted in the biggest improvement in reproducibility. The ITS-90 is divided into four primary ranges: 1. Between 0.65 and 3.2 K, the ITS-90 is defined by the vapor pressure-temperature relation of 3He, and between 1.25 and 2.1768 K (the λ point) and between 2.1768 and 5.0 K by the vapor pressure-temperature relations of 4He. T90 is defined by the vapor pressure equations of the form: The values of the coefficients Ai, and of the constants Ao, B, and C of the equations are given below. 2. Between 3.0 and 24.5561 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of a 3He or 4He constant volume gas thermometer (CVGT). The thermometer is calibrated at three temperatures — at the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), at the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.803 3 K), and at a temperature between 3.0 and 5.0 K, the value of which is determined by using either 3He or 4He vapor pressure thermometry. 3. Between 13.8033 K (–259.3467 °C) and 1234.93 K (961.78 °C), the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the specified fixed points given below, by resistance ratios of platinum resistance thermometers obtained by calibration at specified sets of the fixed points, and by ref erence functions and deviation functions of resistance ratios which relate to T90 between the fixed points. 4. Above 1234.93 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of Planck’s radiation law, using the freezing-point temperature of either sil ver, gold, or copper as the reference temperature. Full details of the calibration procedures and reference functions for various subranges are given in: The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia , 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia , 27, 107, 1990. Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 Materiala Equilibrium stateb Temperature T90 (K) t90 (°C) He VP 3 to 5 –270.15 to –268.15 e-H2 TP 13.8033 –259.3467 e-H2 (or He) VP (or CVGT) ≈17 ≈ –256.15 e-H2 (or He) VP (or CVGT) ≈20.3 ≈ –252.85 NecTP 24.5561 –248.5939 O2 TP 54.3584 –218.7916 Ar TP 83.8058 –189.3442Hg cTP 234.3156 –38.8344 H2O TP 273.16 0.01 Gac MP 302.9146 29.7646 IncFP 429.7485 156.5985 Sn FP 505.078 231.928 Zn FP 692.677 419.527Al cFP 933.473 660.323 Ag FP 1234.93 961.78 Au FP 1337.33 1064.18 Cuc FP 1357.77 1084.62T/ A A p / ± B / C i90 0 19 KP aii=+ ()()[] =∑ln TeamLRN1-16INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) (continued) Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 (continued) ae-H2 indicates equilibrium hydrogen, that is, hydrogen with the equilibrium distribution of its ortho and para states. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% para hydrogen and 75% ortho hydrogen. bVP indicates vapor pressure point; CVGT indicates constant volume gas thermometer point; TP indicates triple point (equilibrium temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist); FP indicates freezing point, and MP indicates melting point (the equilibrium temperatures at which the solid and liquid phases coexist under a pressure of 101 325 Pa, one standard atmosphere). The isotopic composition is that naturally occurring. cPreviously, these were secondary fixed points. Values of Coefficients in the Vapor Pressure Equations for Helium Coef.or3He4He4He constant 0.65—3.2 K 1.25—2.1768 K 2.1768—5.0 K A0 1.053 447 1.392 408 3.146 631 A1 0.980 106 0.527 153 1.357 655 A2 0.676 380 0.166 756 0.413 923 A3 0.372 692 0.050 988 0.091 159 A4 0.151 656 0.026 514 0.016 349 A5 –0.002 263 0.001 975 0.001 826 A6 0.006 596 –0.017 976 –0.004 325 A7 0.088 966 0.005 409 –0.004 973 A8 –0.004 770 0.013 259 0 A9 –0.054 943 0 0 B 7.3 5.6 10.3 C 4.3 2.9 1.9 1-17CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the prec eding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range -180 to 4000 °C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS- 90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with resp ect to corrections in the 630 to 1064 °C range. REFERENCES 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem. , 1545, 1992. t/°C t90-t68t90-t48 -180 0.008 0.020 -170 0.010 0.017 -160 0.012 0.007 -150 0.013 0.000 -140 0.014 0.001 -130 0.014 0.008 -120 0.014 0.017-110 0.013 0.026 -100 0.013 0.035 -90 0.012 0.041-80 0.012 0.045 -70 0.011 0.045 -60 0.010 0.042-50 0.009 0.038 -40 0.008 0.032 -30 0.006 0.024-20 0.004 0.016 -10 0.002 0.008 0 0.000 0.000 10 -0.002 -0.006 20 -0.005 -0.012 30 -0.007 -0.01640 -0.010 -0.020 50 -0.013 -0.023 60 -0.016 -0.02670 -0.018 -0.026 80 -0.021 -0.027 90 -0.024 -0.027 100 -0.026 -0.026 110 -0.028 -0.024 120 -0.030 -0.023130 -0.032 -0.020 140 -0.034 -0.018 150 -0.036 -0.016160 -0.037 -0.012 170 -0.038 -0.009 180 -0.039 -0.005190 -0.039 -0.001 200 -0.040 0.003 210 -0.040 0.007220 -0.040 0.011 230 -0.040 0.014 240 -0.040 0.018250 -0.040 0.021 260 -0.040 0.024270 -0.039 0.028 280 -0.039 0.030 290 -0.039 0.032300 -0.039 0.034 310 -0.039 0.035 320 -0.039 0.036330 -0.040 0.036 340 -0.040 0.037 350 -0.041 0.036360 -0.042 0.035 370 -0.043 0.034 380 -0.045 0.032390 -0.046 0.030 400 -0.048 0.028 410 -0.051 0.024420 -0.053 0.022 430 -0.056 0.019 440 -0.059 0.015450 -0.062 0.012 460 -0.065 0.009 470 -0.068 0.007480 -0.072 0.004 490 -0.075 0.002 500 -0.079 0.000510 -0.083 -0.001 520 -0.087 -0.002 530 -0.090 -0.001540 -0.094 0.000 550 -0.098 0.002 560 -0.101 0.007570 -0.105 0.011 580 -0.108 0.018 590 -0.112 0.025600 -0.115 0.035 610 -0.118 0.047 620 -0.122 0.060630 -0.125 0.075 640 -0.11 0.12 650 -0.10 0.15660 -0.09 0.19 670 -0.07 0.24 680 -0.05 0.29 690 -0.04 0.32 700 -0.02 0.37 710 -0.01 0.41720 0.00 0.45 730 0.02 0.49 740 0.03 0.53750 0.03 0.56 760 0.04 0.60 770 0.05 0.63780 0.05 0.66 790 0.05 0.69 800 0.05 0.72810 0.05 0.75 820 0.04 0.76 830 0.04 0.79840 0.03 0.81 850 0.02 0.83 860 0.01 0.85870 0.00 0.87 880 -0.02 0.87 890 -0.03 0.89900 -0.05 0.90 910 -0.06 0.92 920 -0.08 0.93930 -0.10 0.94 940 -0.11 0.96 950 -0.13 0.97960 -0.15 0.97 970 -0.16 0.99 980 -0.18 1.00990 -0.19 1.02 1000 -0.20 1.04 1010 -0.22 1.051020 -0.23 1.07 1030 -0.23 1.10 1040 -0.24 1.121050 -0.25 1.14 1060 -0.25 1.17 1070 -0.25 1.191080 -0.26 1.20 1090 -0.26 1.20 1100 -0.26 1.21200 -0.30 1.4 1300 -0.35 1.5 1400 -0.39 1.6 1500 -0.44 1.8 1600 -0.49 1.9 1700 -0.54 2.1t/ °C t90-t68t90-t48t/°C t90-t68t90-t48 TeamLRN1-18CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 (continued) t/°C t90-t68t90-t48 1800 -0.60 2.2 1900 -0.66 2.32000 -0.72 2.5 2100 -0.79 2.7 2200 -0.85 2.92300 -0.93 3.1 2400 -1.00 3.2 2500 -1.07 3.42600 -1.15 3.7 2700 -1.24 3.8 2800 -1.32 4.02900 -1.41 4.2 3000 -1.50 4.4 3100 -1.59 4.63200 -1.69 4.8 3300 -1.78 5.1 3400 -1.89 5.3 3500 -1.99 5.5 3600 -2.10 5.8 3700 -2.21 6.03800 -2.32 6.3 3900 -2.43 6.6 4000 -2.55 6.8 T/K T 90-T76T90-T68 5 -0.0001 6 -0.0002 7 -0.00038 -0.0004 9 -0.0005 10 -0.000611 -0.0007 12 -0.0008 13 -0.001014 -0.0011 -0.006 15 -0.0013 -0.003 16 -0.0014 -0.00417 -0.0016 -0.006 18 -0.0018 -0.008 19 -0.0020 -0.00920 -0.0022 -0.009 21 -0.0025 -0.008 22 -0.0027 -0.00723 -0.0030 -0.007 24 -0.0032 -0.006 25 -0.0035 -0.00526 -0.0038 -0.004 27 -0.0041 -0.004T/K T 90-T76T90-T68T/K T90-T76T90-T68 28 -0.005 29 -0.00630 -0.006 31 -0.007 32 -0.00833 -0.008 34 -0.008 35 -0.00736 -0.007 37 -0.007 38 -0.00639 -0.006 40 -0.006 41 -0.00642 -0.006 43 -0.006 44 -0.006 45 -0.007 46 -0.007 47 -0.00748 -0.006 49 -0.006 50 -0.00651 -0.005 52 -0.005 53 -0.00454 -0.003 55 -0.002 56 -0.00157 0.000 58 0.001 59 0.00260 0.003 61 0.003 62 0.00463 0.004 64 0.005 65 0.00566 0.006 67 0.006 68 0.00769 0.007 70 0.007 71 0.00772 0.007 73 0.007 74 0.00775 0.008 76 0.00877 0.008 78 0.00879 0.008 80 0.008 81 0.00882 0.008 83 0.008 84 0.00885 0.008 86 0.008 87 0.00888 0.008 89 0.008 90 0.00891 0.008 92 0.008 93 0.008 94 0.008 95 0.008 96 0.00897 0.009 98 0.009 99 0.009 100 0.009 110 0.011 120 0.013130 0.014 140 0.014 150 0.014160 0.014 170 0.013 180 0.012190 0.012 200 0.011 210 0.010220 0.009 230 0.008 240 0.007250 0.005 260 0.003 270 0.001273.16 0.000 300 -0.006 400 -0.031500 -0.040 600 -0.040 700 -0.055800 -0.089 900 -0.124 1 - 25INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) 1 SI base units Table1g ives the seven base quantities, assumed to be mutually independent, on which the SI is founded; and the names and symbols of their respective units, called ``SI base units.' ' Definitions of the SI base units are given in Appendix A. The kelvin and its symbol K are also used to express the value of a temperature interval or a temperature difference. 2 SI deri ived units Derived units are expressed algebraically in terms of base units or other derived units (including the radian and steradian which are the two supplementary units – see Sec. 3). The symbols for derived units are obtained by means of the mathematical operations of multiplication and division. For example, the derived unit for the derived quantity molar mass (mass divided by amount of sub- stance) is the kilogram per mole, symbol kg/mol. Additional examples of derived units expressed in terms of SI base units are given in T able 2. 2.1 SI de rived units with special name s and symbols Certain SI derived units have special names and symbols; these are given in T ables 3a and 3b. As discussed in Sec. 3, the radian and steradian, which are the two supplementary units, are included in T able 3a.Tab l e 1 . SI base units SI base unit Base quantity Name Symbol length meter m mass kilogram kgtime second selectric current ampere Athermodynamic temperature kelvin Kamount of substance mole molluminous intensity candela cd Tab l e 2 . Examples of SI derived units expressed in terms of SI base units SI derived unit Derived quantity Name Symbolarea square meter m 2 volume cubic meter m3 speed, velocity meter per second m/s acceleration meter per second squared m/s2 wavenumber reciprocal meter m/H110021 mass density (density) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg current density ampere per square meter A/m2 magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/mamount-of-substance concentration (concentration) mole per cubic meter mol/m 3 luminance candela per square meter cd/m2 TeamLRN 1 - 26INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Tab l e3a. SI derived units with special names and symbols, including the radian and steradian SI derived unit Expression Expression Derived quantity Special name Special symbol in terms in terms of other of SI base SI units units plane angle radian rad m /H11080m/H110021=1 solid angle steradian sr m2/H11080m/H110022=1 frequency hertz Hz s/H110021 force newton N m /H11080kg/H11080s/H110022 pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m2m/H110021/H11080kg/H11080s/H110022 energy, work, quantity of heat joule J N /H11080mm2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110022 power, radiant flux watt W J/s m2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110023 electric charge, quantity of electricity coulomb C s /H11080A electric potential, potential difference,electromotive force volt V W/A m2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110023/H11080A/H110021 capacitance farad F C/V m/H110022/H11080kg/H110021/H11080s4/H11080A2 electric resistance ohm /H9024 V/A m2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110023/H11080A/H110022 electric conductance siemens S A/V m/H110022/H11080kg/H110021/H11080s3/H11080A2 magnetic flux weber Wb V /H11080sm2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110022/H11080A/H110021 magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m2kg/H11080s/H110022/H11080A/H110021 inductance henry H Wb/A m2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110022/H11080A/H110022 Celsius temperature(a)degree Celsius /H11034CK luminous flux lumen lm cd /H11080sr cd /H11080sr(b) illuminance lux lx lm/m2m/H110022/H11080cd/H11080sr(b) (a)See Sec. 2.1.1. (b)The steradian (sr) is not an SI base unit. However, in photometry the steradian (sr) is maintained in expressions forunits (see Sec. 3). 2.1.1 Degree Celsius In addition to the quantity thermodynamic temperature (symbol T), expressed in the unit kelvin, use is also made of the quantity Celsius temperature (symbol t)defined by the equation t=T/H11002T0, where T0=273.15 K by definition. T o express Celsius temperature, the unit degree Celsius, symbol /H11034C, which is equal in magnitude to the unit kelvin, is used; in this case, ``degree Celsius' ' is a special name used in place of ``kelvin.' ' An interval or difference of Celsius temperature can, however, be expressed in the unit kelvin as well as in the unit degree Celsius. (Note that the thermodynamic temperature T0is exactly 0.01 K below the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.) Tab l e3b. SI derived units with special names and symbols admitted for reasons of safeguarding human health(a) SI derived unit Derived quantity Special Special Expression in terms Expression in terms name symbol of other SI units of SI base units activity (of a radionuclide) becquerel Bq s/H110021 absorbed dose, specific energy(imparted), kerma gray Gy J/kg m 2/H11080s/H110022 dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional doseequivalent, personal doseequivalent, equivalent dose sievert Sv J/kg m 2/H11080s/H110022 (a)The derived quantities to be expressed in the gray and the sievert have been revised in accordance with the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). 1 - 27INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) 2.2 Use of SI derived units with special names and symbols Examples of SI derived units that can be expressed with the aid of SI derived units having special names and symbols (including the radian and steradian) are given in T able 4. The advantages of using the special names and symbols of SI derived units are apparent in T able 4. Consider, for example, the quantity molar entropy: the unit J/(mol /H11080K) is obviously more easily understood than its SI base-unit equivalent, m2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110022/H11080K/H110021/H11080mol/H110021.Nevertheless, it should always be recognized that the special names and symbols exist for convenience; either the form in which special names or symbols are used for certain combinations of units or the form in which they are not used is correct. For example, because of the descriptive value implicit in the compound-unit form,communication is sometimes facilitated if magnetic flux (see T able 3a) is expressed in terms of the volt second (V /H11080s) instead of the weber (Wb). Tables3a, 3b, and 4 also show that the values of several different quantities are expressed in the same SI unit. For example, the joule per kelvin (J/K) is the SI unit for heat capacity as well as for entropy. Thus the name of the unit is not sufficient to define the quantity measured. Aderived unit can often be expressed in several different ways through the use of base units and derived units with special names. In practice, with certain quantities, preference is given to usingcertain units with special names, or combinations of units, to facilitate the distinction between quan- tities whose values have identical expressions in terms of SI base units. For example, the SI unit of frequency is specified as the hertz (Hz) rather than the reciprocal second (s /H110021), and the SI unit of moment of force is specified as the newton meter (N /H11080m) rather than the joule (J).Tab l e4 . Examples of SI derived units expressed with the aid of SI derived units having special names and symbols SI derived unit Expression Derived quantity Name Symbol in terms of SI base units angular velocity radian per second rad/s m /H11080m/H110021/H11080s/H110021=s/H110021 angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2m/H11080m/H110021/H11080s/H110022=s/H110022 dynamic viscosity pascal second Pa /H11080sm/H110021/H11080kg/H11080s/H110021 moment of force newton meter N /H11080mm2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110022 surface tension newton per meter N/m kg /H11080s/H110022 heat flux density, irradiance watt per square meter W/m2kg/H11080s/H110023 radiant intensity watt per steradian W/sr m2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110023/H11080sr/H110021(a) radiance watt per square meter steradian W/(m2/H11080sr) kg /H11080s/H110023/H11080sr/H110021(a) heat capacity, entropy joule per kelvin J/K m2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110022/H11080K/H110021 specific heat capacity, joule per kilogram specific entropy kelvin J/(kg /H11080K) m2/H11080s/H110022/H11080K/H110021 specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg m2/H11080s/H110022 thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(m /H11080K) m /H11080kg/H11080s/H110023/H11080K/H110021 energy density joule per cubic meter J/m3m/H110021/H11080kg/H11080s/H110022 electric field strength volt per meter V/m m /H11080kg/H11080s/H110023/H11080A/H110021 electric charge density coulomb per cubic meter C/m3m/H110023/H11080s/H11080A electric flux density coulomb per square meter C/m2m/H110022/H11080s/H11080A permittivity farad per meter F/m m/H110023/H11080kg/H110021/H11080s4/H11080A2 permeability henry per meter H/m m /H11080kg/H11080s/H110022/H11080A/H110022 molar energy joule per mole J/mol m2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110022/H11080mol/H110021 molar entropy, molar heat capacity joule per mole kelvin J/(mol /H11080K) m2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110022/H11080K/H110021/H11080mol/H110021 exposure (x and /H9253rays) coulomb per kilogram C/kg kg/H110021/H11080s/H11080A absorbed dose rate gray per second Gy/s m2/H11080s/H110023 (a)The steradian (sr) is not an SI base unit. However, in radiometry the steradian (sr) is maintained in expressions forunits (see Sec. 3). TeamLRN 1 - 28INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Similarly, in the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated as the becquerel (Bq) rather than the reciprocal second (s/H110021), and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent are designated as the gray (Gy) and the sievert (Sv), respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram (J/kg). 3 SI supplementary units As previously stated, there are two units in this class: the radian, symbol rad, the SI unit of the quantity plane angle; and the steradian, symbol sr, the SI unit of the quantity solid angle. Definitions of these units are given in Appendix A. The SI supplementary units are now interpreted as so-called dimensionless derived units for which the CGPM allows the freedom of using or not using them in expressions for SI derived units.3Thus the radian and steradian are not given in a separate table but have been included in Table 3a together with other derived units with special names and symbols (seeSec.2.1). Thisinterpretation of the supplementary units implies that plane angle and solid angle are considered derived quantities of dimension one (so-called dimensionless quantities), each of which has the which has the unit one, symbol 1, as its co herent SI unit. However, in practice, when one expresses the values of derived quantities involving plane angle or solid angle, it often aids understanding if the special names (or symbols) ``radian' ' (rad) or ``steradian' ' (sr) are used in place of the number 1. For example, although values of the derived quantity angular velocity (plane angle divided by time) may be expressed in the unit s /H110021,such values are usually expressed in the unit rad/s. Because the radian and steradian are now v iewed as so-called dimensionless derived units, the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU, Comité Consultatif des Unités ) of the CIPM as result of a 1993 request it received from ISO/TC12, recommended to the CIPM that it request the CGPMto abolish the class of supplementary units as a separate class in the SI. The CIPM accepted the CCU recommendation, and if the abolishment is approved by the CGPM as is likely (the questionwill be on the agenda of the 20th CGPM, October 1995), the SI will consist of only two classes of units: base units and derived units, with the radian and steradian subsumed into the class of derived units of the SI. (The option of using or not using them in expressions for SI derived units, as is convenient, would remain unchanged.) 4 Decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units: SI prefixes Table 5 gives the SI prefixes that are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units. They allow very large or very small numerical values to be avoided. A prefix attaches directly to the name of a unit, and a prefix symbol attaches directly to the symbol for a unit.For example, one kilometer, symbol 1 km, is equal to one thousand meters, symbol 1000 m or 10 3m. When prefixes are attached to SI units, the units so formed are called ``multiples and submultiples of SI units' ' in order to distinguish them from the coherent system of SI units. Note: Alternative definitions of the SI prefixes and their symbols are not permitted. For example, it is unacceptable to use kilo (k) to represent 210=1024, mega (M) to represent 220=1048 576, or giga (G) to represent 230=1073 741 824. 3This interpretation was given in 1980 by the CIPM . It was deemed necessary because Resolution 12 of the 11th CGPM, which established the SI in 1960 , did not specify the nature of the supplemen- tary units. The interpretation is based on two principal considerations: that plane angle is generally expressed as the ratio of two lengths and solid angle as the ratio of an area and the square of a length, and are thus quantities of dimension one (so-called dimensionless quantities); and that treating the radian and steradian as SI base units – a possibility not disallowed by Reso- lution 12 – could compromise the internal coherence of the SI based on only seven base units. (See ISO 31-0 forad iscussion of the concept of dimension.) 1 - 29INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) 5 Units Outside the SI Units that are outside the SI may be divided into three categories: –those units that are accepted for use with the SI; –those units that are temporarily accepted for use with the SI; and –those units that are not accepted for use with the SI and thus must strictly be avoided. 5.1 Units accepted for use with the SI The following sections discuss in detail the units that are acceptable for use with the SI. 5.1.1 Hour, degree, liter, and the like Certain units that are not part of the SI are essential and used so widely that they are accepted by the CIPM for use with the SI. These units are given in Table 6. The combination of units of this table with SI units to form derived units should be restricted to special cases in order not to lose the advantages of the coherence of SI units. Additionally, it is recognized that it may be necessary on occasion to use time-related units other than those given in Table 6; in particular, circumstances may require that intervals of time be expressed in weeks, months, or years. In such cases, if a standardized symbol for the unit is not available, the name of the unit should be written out in full.Tab l e5 . SI prefixes Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol 1024=(103)8yotta Y 10/H110021deci d 1021=(103)7zetta Z 10/H110022centi c 1018=(103)6exa E 10/H110023=(103)/H110021milli m 1015=(103)5peta P 10/H110026=(103)/H110022micro /H9262 1012=(103)4tera T 10/H110029=(103)/H110023nano n 109=(103)3giga G 10/H1100212=(103)/H110024pico p 106=(103)2mega M 10/H1100215=(103)/H110025femto f 103=(103)1kilo k 10/H1100218=(103)/H110026atto a 102hecto h 10/H1100221=(103)/H110027zepto z 101deka da 10/H1100224=(103)/H110028yocto y Tab l e6 . Units accepted for use with the SI Name Symbol V alue in SI units minute min 1 min = 60 s hour time h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 sday d 1d = 2 4h=8 64 0 0s degree /H11034 1/H11034 =( /H9266/180) rad minute plane angle ' 1' = (1/60) /H11034=(/H9266/10 800) rad second " 1" = (1/60)' =( /H9266/648 000) rad liter l, L(b)1L = 1d m3=1 0/H110023m3 metric ton(c)t1 t = 1 03kg (b)The alternative symbol for the liter, L, was adopted by the CGPM in order to avoid the risk of confusion between the letter landthe number 1 . Thus, although both l and L are internationally accepted symbols for the liter, to avoid this risk the symbol to be used in the United States i sL. The script letter /H5129isnot an approved symbol for the liter. (c)This is the name to be used for this unit in the United States; it is also used in some other English-speaking countries. However, ``tonne' ' is used in many countries./H20903 /H20903 TeamLRN 1 - 30INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) 5.1.2 Neper, bel, shannon, and the like There are a few highly specialized units not listed in T able 6 that are given by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the International Electrotechnical Commis- sion (IEC) and which are also acceptable for use with the SI. They include the neper (Np), bel (B), octave, phon, and sone, and units used in information technology, including the baud (Bd), bit (bit), erlang (E), hartley (Hart), and shannon (Sh).4It is the position of NIST that the only such additional units that may be used with the SI are those given in either the International Standards on quantities and units of ISO or of IEC . 5.1.3 Electronvolt and unified atomic mass unit The CIPM also finds it necessary to accept for use with the SI the two units given in Table 7. These units are used in specialized fields; their values in SI units must be obtained from experiment and, therefore, are not known exactly. Note: In some fields the unified atomic mass unit is called the dalton, symbol Da; however, this name and symbol are not accepted by the CGPM, CIPM, ISO, or IEC for use with the SI. Similarly, AMU is not an acceptable unit symbol for the unified atomic mass unit. The only allowed name is ``unified atomic mass unit' ' and the only allowed symbol is u. 5.1.4 Natural and atomic units In some cases, particularly in basic science, the values of quantities are expressed in terms of fundamental constants of nature or so-called natural units.The use of these units with the SI is permissible when it is necessary for the most effective communication of information. In such cases, the specific natural units that are used must be identified. This requirement applies even to the system of units customarily called ``atomicunits' ' used in theoretical atomic physics and chemistry, inasmuch as there are several different systems that have the appellation ``atomic units.'' Examples of physical quantities used as natural units are given in T able 8. NIST also takes the position that while theoretical results intended primarily for other theorists may be left in natural units, if they are also intended for experimentalists, they must also begiven in acceptable units. 4The symbol in parentheses following the name of the unit is its internationally accepted unit symbol, but the octave, phon, and sone have no such unit symbols. For additional information on the neper and bel, see Sec. 0.5 of ISO 31-2. The question of the byte (B) is under international consideration.Tab l e7 . Units accepted for use with the SI whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name Symbol Definition electronvolt eV(a) unified atomic mass unit u(b) (a)The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum; 1eV= 1.602 177 33 /H1100310/H1100219Jwith a combined standard uncertainty of 0.000 000 49 /H1100310/H1100219J. (b)The unified atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide12C; 1 u = 1.660 540 2 /H11003 10/H1100227kg with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.000 001 0 /H1100310/H1100227kg . 1 - 31INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) 5.2 Units temporarily accepted for use with the SI Because of existing practice in certain fields or countries, in 1978 the CIPM considered that it was permissible for the units given in Table 9 to continue to be used with the SI until the CIPM considers that their use is no longer necessary. However, these units must not be introduced where they are not presently used. Further, NIST strongly discourages the continued use of these unitsexcept for the nautical mile, knot, are, and hectare; and except for the curie, roentgen, rad, and rem until the year 2000 (the cessation date suggested by the Committee for Ineragency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination or CIRRPC, a United States Government interagency group). 5 5In 1993 the CCU (see Sec. 3) was requested by ISO/TC 12 to consider asking the CIPM to deprecate the use of the units of T able 9 except for the nautical mile and knot, and possibly the are and hectare. The CCU discussed this request at its February 1995 meeting.Tab l e8 . Examples of physical quantities sometimes used as natural units Kind of quantity Physical quantity used as a unit Symbol action Planck constant divided by 2 /H9266 h electric charge elementary charge e energy Hartree energy Eh length Bohr radius a0 length Compton wavelength (electron) /H9261C magnetic flux magnetic flux quantum /H90210 magnetic moment Bohr magneton /H9262B magnetic moment nuclear magneton /H9262N mass electron rest mass me mass proton rest mass mp speed speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum c Tab l e9 . Units temporarily accepted for use with the SI(a) Name Symbol V alue in SI units nautical mile 1 nautical mile = 1852 m knot 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s ångström Å 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10/H1100210m are(b)a 1a=1d a m2=1 02m2 hectare(b)ha 1h a=1h m2=1 04m2 barn b 1 b = 100 fm2=1 0/H1100228m2 bar bar 1 bar=0.1 MPa=100 kPa=1000 hPa=105Pa gal G a l 1G a l=1c m / s2=1 0/H110022m/s2 curie Ci 1 Ci = 3.7 /H110031010Bq roentgen R 1R= 2.58/H1100310/H110024C/kg rad rad(c)1r a d=1c G y=1 0/H110022Gy rem rem 1 re m=1c S v=1 0/H110022Sv (a)See Sec. 5.2 regarding the continued use of these units. (b)This unit and its symbol are used to express agrarian areas. (c)When there is risk of confusion with the symbol for the radian, rd may be used as the symbol for rad. TeamLRN 1 - 32INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Appendix A. Definitions of the SI Base Units and the Radian and Steradian A.1 Introduction The following definitions of the SI base units are taken from NIST SP 330; the def initions of the SI supplementary units, the radian and steradian, which are now interpreted as SI derived units (see Sec. 3), are those generally accepted and are the same as those given in ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992. SI derived units are uniquely defined only in terms of SI base units; for example, 1V=1m2/H11080kg/H11080s/H110023/H11080A/H110021. A.2 Meter (17th CGPM, 1983) The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. A.3 Kilogram (3d CGPM, 1901) The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. A.4 Second (13th CGPM, 1967) The second is the duration of 9192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium- 133 atom. A.5 Ampere (9th CGPM, 1948) The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2/H1100310/H110027newton per meter of length. A.6 Kelvin (13th CGPM, 1967) The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. A.7 Mole (14th CGPM, 1971) 1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. 2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. In the definition of the mole, it is understood that unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in their ground state, are referred to. Note that this definition specifies at the same time the nature of the quantity whose unit is the mole. A.8 Candela (16th CGPM, 1979) The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 /H110031012hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of ( 1/683) watt per steradian. A.9 Radian The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle that cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. A.10 Steradian The steradian is the solid angle that, having its vertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. UNITS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Conversion QuantitySymbol __Gaussian &cgsemu _factor,C*_ SI&rationalized mks Magnetic fxdensity, B gauss(@)¢ 0 tesla(1),Wom?‘magnetic induction Magnetic flux ° maxwell (Mx), Gem? 10°" weber (W'), voltsecond (V's) Magneticpotentadiference, ‘i ampere ee UF givers(Gb) loan pete(A) Magnetic fieldstrength, H cersted (08) Gbfem —10°/4r Arm! ‘magnetizing force (Volume) magnetization * M emu/em'* 10! Ayn (Volume) magnetization aM G 10/4 Ayo Magnetic polation an emu/em’ 4ex10-tT, Wh/m!imtensity ofmagnetization 1 Amey (Mass)magnetization oM emule dexio? Wome Magnetic moment ” emu, ere/G 10” ‘Arm? joule pertesa 71) Magnetic dipole moment i emu, erg/G 4nx10-” Wom! >ae dimensionless lume) suscepti i dimensionless emu/em? 47. (Wome)ssespabiity x nx10-7 henrypermeter(H/m), Wo/(Am) 4x10 mig (Mass) susceptibili imho em/g, emu P10" Ha (fas)sasccpiiity x fsemures Geyx10"Hon'ag . 4nx10-* —m'/mot (Molarsusceptibility XowHow em'/molemu/mol KIO mal Permeability # dimensionless 4ax10-7—H/m, WoAm) Relative permeability’ ” notdefined dimensionless (Volume) eneray density, ¥ ere/em? 10 sie‘energy product* ve Demagnetization factor D.N dimensionless ae dimensionless {Gaussian units andegsemu arethesame formagnetic properties. The defining relation iB= +4. ‘MultiplyanumberinGaussianunitsbyCtoconvertittoSI(eg.1Gx10-*T/G=10*1) SU (Systeme Intemational d'Units)hasbeenadoptedbytheNationalBureauofStandards,Wheretwoconversionfactorsare Biven, theupper one isrecognized under, orconsistent with, SIand isbased onthedefinition B=yaHf+M), where pom4y%10-” H/m. Thelower oneisnotrecognized under SIandisbased onthedefinition B=off+,where thesymbol Tisoften used inplace ofJ4.tgauss=10° gamma)«Both oersted andgauss areexpressed asem” g%5~! interms ofbase units. F£_A/im was often expressed as“ampere-turn permeter” when used formagnetic field strength ‘Magnetic moment perunit volume 1h.The designation “emu” isnot aunit {Recognized under St,even though based onthedefinition B=pot +. See footnote Jte=W/o=1+X, allinSH. isequal toGaussian.‘BHandwoMHhaveSlnits1/m';M-HandB-Ht/4mhaveGaussianunitserg/em’ RB. GoldfarbandFRFicket,US.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalBurauofStandards,Houde,Colorado$0303,Marc185 [NBSSpecialPublication696ForsalebytheSuperintndent ofDocuments,US.Government PrintingOffice,Washington, DC20402 1-33 TeamLRNCONVERSION FACTORS The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811 , Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) . The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this Section). If desired,powers of ten can be avoided by using SI Prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g., 1 cal th = 4.184 J 1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J Thus, 1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits which indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For ex ample: 3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10-2 or 0.035 239 07 Similarly: 3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103 or 3 386.389 A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: (1) If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed . Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97(2) If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975 (3) If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1.Example: 6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9 (4) If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950 REFERENCE Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) , NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1995. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC Factors in boldface are exact To convert from to Multiply by abampere ............................................ ampere (A) .................................... 1.0 E+01 abcoulomb..........................................coulomb(C)................................... 1.0 E+01 abfarad.............................................. farad (F) ....................................... 1.0 E+09 abhenry.............................................henry(H)...................................... 1.0 E /H1154609 abmho...............................................si emens (S) .................................... 1.0 E+09 abohm...............................................ohm( /H9024)....................................... 1.0 E /H1154609 abvolt...............................................volt(V)........................................ 1.0 E /H1154608 acceleration of free fall, standard ( gn)...............meterper second squared (m/s2).............. 9.806 65 E+00 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)9...................squaremeter(m2)..............................4.046873 E+03 acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)9.............. cubic meter (m3)...............................1.233489 E+03 ampere hour (A/H11080h)................................coulomb(C)................................... 3.6 E+03 ångstro¨m(Å)........................................meter(m)...................................... 1.0 E /H1154610 ångstro¨m(Å)........................................ nanometer (nm) ................................ 1.0 E /H1154601 are(a)..............................................squaremeter(m2).............................. 1.0 E+02 astronomical unit (AU) ..............................meter(m)......................................1.495979 E+11 atmosphere, standard (atm) .......................... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 1.013 25 E+05 atmosphere, standard (atm) ..........................kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 1.013 25 E+02 atmosphere, technical (at)10......................... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 9.806 65 E+04 atmosphere, technical (at)10.........................kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 9.806 65 E+01 bar (bar)............................................. pascal (Pa) ..................................... 1.0 E+05 bar (bar).............................................kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 1.0 E+02 barn(b).............................................squaremeter(m2).............................. 1.0 E /H1154628 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl) .......cubic meter (m3)...............................1.589873 E /H1100201 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl) .......liter(L)........................................1.589873 E+02 biot(Bi)............................................. ampere (A) .................................... 1.0 E+01 British thermal unit IT(BtuIT)11......................joule(J)........................................1.055056 E+03 British thermal unit th(Btuth)11......................joule(J)........................................1.054350 E+03 British thermal unit (mean) (Btu) ...................joule(J)........................................1.05587 E+03 British thermal unit (39 /H11034F)(Btu)...................joule(J)........................................1.05967 E+03 British thermal unit (59 /H11034F)(Btu)...................joule(J)........................................1.05480 E+03 British thermal unit (60 /H11034F)(Btu)...................joule(J)........................................1.05468 E+03 British thermal unit ITfoot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/H11080ft/(h/H11080ft2/H11080/H11034F)]...........................wattpermeterkelvin[W/(m /H11080K)].............1.730735 E+00 British thermal unit thfoot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/H11080ft/(h/H11080ft2/H11080/H11034F)]............................wattpermeterkelvin[W/(m /H11080K)].............1.729577 E+00 British thermal unit ITinch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/H11080in/(h /H11080ft2/H11080/H11034F)]...........................wattpermeterkelvin[W/(m /H11080K)].............1.442279 E /H1100201 British thermal unit thinch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/H11080in/(h /H11080ft2/H11080/H11034F)]...........................wattpermeterkelvin[W/(m /H11080K)].............1.441314 E /H1100201 British thermal unit ITinch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/H11080in/(s/H11080ft2/H11080/H11034F)]...........................wattpermeterkelvin[W/(m /H11080K)].............5.192204 E+02 9The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. 10One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at=1 kgf/cm2). 11TheFifthInternationalConferenceonthePropertiesofSteam(London,July1956)definedtheInternationalTablecalorieas4.1868J.There- foretheexactconversionfactorfortheInternationalTableBtuis1.055 055 852 62 kJ.NotethatthenotationforInternationalTableusedinthis listing is subscript ‘‘IT’’. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript ‘‘th.’’Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btu th, is based on the thermochemical calorie, cal th,w h e r ec a l th= 4.184 J exactly. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNTo convert from to Multiply by British thermal unit thinch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/H11080in/(s/H11080ft2/H11080/H11034F)]...........................wattper meter kelvin [W/(m /H11080K)]............. 5.188 732 E+02 British thermal unit ITper cubic foot (BtuIT/ft3).........................................jouleper cubic meter (J/m3)................... 3.725 895 E+04 British thermal unit thper cubic foot (Btuth/ft3).........................................jouleper cubic meter (J/m3)................... 3.723 403 E+04 British thermal unit ITper degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT//H11034F)........................................jouleperkelvin(J/k).......................... 1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unit thper degree Fahrenheit (Btuth//H11034F).........................................jouleperkelvin(J/k).......................... 1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unit ITper degree Rankine (BtuIT//H11034R)........................................jouleperkelvin(J/k).......................... 1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unit thper degree Rankine (Btuth//H11034R)........................................jouleperkelvin(J/k).......................... 1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unit ITper hour (Btu IT/h)............watt(W)....................................... 2.930 711 E /H1100201 British thermal unit thper hour (Btu th/h).............watt(W)....................................... 2.928 751 E /H1100201 British thermal unit ITper hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(h/H11080ft2/H11080/H11034F)]...............................wattpersq uare meter kelvin [W/(m2/H11080K)]................................ 5.678 263 E+00 British thermal unit thper hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(h/H11080ft2/H11080/H11034F)]...............................wattpersq uare meter kelvin [W/(m2/H11080K)]................................ 5.674 466 E+00 British thermal unit thper minute (Btu th/min).......watt(W)....................................... 1.757 250 E+01 British thermal unit ITper pound (Btu IT/lb)..........jouleperkilo gram (J/kg) ...................... 2.326 E+03 British thermal unit thper pound (Btu th/lb)..........jouleperkilo gram (J/kg) ...................... 2.324 444 E+03 British thermal unit ITper pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(lb/H11080/H11034F)]...................................jouleperkilo gram kelvin (J/(kg /H11080K)].......... 4.1868 E+03 British thermal unit thper pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(lb/H11080/H11034F)]...................................jouleperkilo gram kelvin [J/(kg /H11080K)].......... 4.184 E+03 British thermal unit ITper pound degree Rankine [BtuIT/(lb/H11080/H11034R)]..................................jouleperkilo gram kelvin [J/(kg /H11080K)].......... 4.1868 E+03 British thermal unit thper pound degree Rankine [Btuth/(lb/H11080/H11034R)]...................................jouleperkilo gram kelvin [J/(kg /H11080K)].......... 4.184 E+03 British thermal unit ITper second (Btu IT/s)..........watt(W)....................................... 1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unit thper second (Btu th/s)..........watt(W)....................................... 1.054 350 E+03 British thermal unit ITper second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(s/H11080ft2/H11080/H11034F)]...............................wattpersq uare meter kelvin [W/(m2/H11080K)]................................ 2.044 175 E+04 British thermal unit thper second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(s/H11080ft2/H11080/H11034F)]...............................wattpersq uare meter kelvin [W/(m2/H11080K)]................................ 2.042 808 E+04 British thermal unit ITper square foot (BtuIT/ft2)........................................joulepersq uare meter (J/m2).................. 1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unit thper square foot (Btuth/ft2).........................................joulepersq uare meter (J/m2).................. 1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unit ITper square foot hour [(BtuIT/(ft2/H11080h)]..................................wattpersq uare meter (W/m2)................. 3.154 591 E+00 British thermal unit thper square foot hour [Btuth/(ft2/H11080h)]....................................wattpersq uare meter (W/m2)................. 3.152 481 E+00 British thermal unit thper square foot minute [Btuth/(ft2/H11080min)].................................wattpersq uare meter (W/m2)................. 1.891 489 E+02 British thermal unit ITper square foot second [(BtuIT/(ft2/H11080s)]...................................wattpersq uare meter (W/m2)................. 1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unit thper square foot second [Btuth/(ft2/H11080s)]....................................wattpersq uare meter (W/m2)................. 1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unit thper square inch second [Btuth/(in2/H11080s)]...................................wattpersq uare meter (W/m2)................. 1.634 246 E+06 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC To convert from to Multiply by bushel (U.S.) (bu) ................................... cubic meter (m3)............................... 3.523 907 E /H1100202 bushel (U.S.) (bu) ................................... liter (L)........................................ 3.523 907 E+01 calorie IT(calIT)11....................................joule(J)........................................ 4.1868 E+00 calorie th(calth)11....................................joule(J)........................................ 4.184 E+00 calorie (cal) (mean) .................................joule(J)........................................ 4.190 02 E+00 calorie (15 /H11034C) (cal15)...............................joule(J)........................................ 4.185 80 E+00 calorie (20 /H11034C) (cal20)...............................joule(J)........................................ 4.181 90 E+00 calorie IT, kilogram (nutrition)12.....................joule(J)........................................ 4.1868 E+03 calorie th, kilogram (nutrition)12.....................joule(J)........................................ 4.184 E+03 calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition)12...............joule(J)........................................ 4.190 02 E+03 calorie thper centimeter second degree Celsius [calth/(cm/H11080s/H11080/H11034C)]...............................wattper meter kelvin [W/(m /H11080K)]............. 4.184 E+02 calorie ITper gram (cal IT/g)..........................jouleperkilo gram (J/kg) ...................... 4.1868 E+03 calorie thper gram (cal th/g)..........................jouleperkilo gram (J/kg) ...................... 4.184 E+03 calorie ITper gram degree Celsius [calIT/(g/H11080/H11034C)]....................................jouleperkilo gram kelvin [J/(kg /H11080K)].......... 4.1868 E+03 calorie thper gram degree Celsius [calth/(g/H11080/H11034C)]....................................jouleperkilo gram kelvin [J/(kg /H11080K)].......... 4.184 E+03 calorie ITper gram kelvin [cal IT/(g/H11080K)].............jouleperkilo gram kelvin [J/(kg /H11080K)]......... 4.1868 E+03 calorie thper gram kelvin [cal th/(g/H11080K)].............jouleperkilo gram kelvin [J/(kg /H11080K)]......... 4.184 E+03 calorie thper minute (cal th/min)......................watt(W)....................................... 6.973 333 E /H1100202 calorie thper second (cal th/s).........................watt(W)....................................... 4.184 E+00 calorie thper square centimeter (cal th/cm2)...........joulepersq uare meter (J/m2).................. 4.184 E+04 calorie thper square centimeter minute [calth/(cm2/H11080min)]................................wattpersq uare meter (W/m2)................. 6.973 333 E+02 calorie thper square centimeter second [calth/(cm2/H11080s)]...................................wattpersq uare meter (W/m2)................. 4.184 E+04 candela per square inch (cd/in2)....................can dela per square meter (cd/m2).............. 1.550 003 E+03 carat, metric ........................................kilo gram (kg) .................................. 2.0 E /H1154604 carat, metric ........................................ gram (g) ....................................... 2.0 E /H1154601 centimeter of mercury (0 /H11034C)13...................... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 1.333 22 E+03 centimeter of mercury (0 /H11034C)13......................kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 1.333 22 E+00 centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13.......pascal (Pa) ..................................... 1.333 224 E+03 centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13.......kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 1.333 224 E+00 centimeter of water (4 /H11034C)13......................... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 9.806 38 E+01 centimeter of water, conventional (cmH 2O)13........pascal (Pa) ..................................... 9.806 65 E+01 centipoise (cP) ...................................... pascal second (Pa /H11080s).......................... 1.0 E /H1154603 centistokes(cSt)..................................... meter squared per second (m2/s)............... 1.0 E /H1154606 chain (based on U.S. survey foot) (ch)9............. meter (m) ...................................... 2.011 684 E+01 circular mil ..........................................sq uare meter (m2).............................. 5.067 075 E /H1100210 circular mil ..........................................sq uare millimeter (mm2)....................... 5.067 075 E /H1100204 clo..................................................sq uare meter kelvin per watt (m2/H11080K/W)....... 1.55 E /H1100201 cord (128 ft3)....................................... cubic meter (m3).............................. 3.624 556 E+00 cubic foot (ft3)...................................... cubic meter (m3)............................... 2.831 685 E /H1100202 cubic foot per minute (ft3/min)..................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)................. 4.719 474 E /H1100204 cubic foot per minute (ft3/min)..................... liter per second (L/s) .......................... 4.719 474 E /H1100201 cubic foot per second (ft3/s)........................ cubic meter per second (m3/s)................. 2.831 685 E /H1100202 12The kilogram calorie or ‘‘large calorie ’’is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix ‘‘kilo’’is usually omitted. 13Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the densityofmercuryatthestatedtemperature.Additionaldigitsarenotjustifiedbecausethedefinitionsoftheunitsdonottakeintoaccountthe compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNTo convert from to Multiply by cubic inch (in3)14................................... cubic meter (m3)...............................1.638706 E /H1100205 cubic inch per minute (in3/min)..................... cubic meter per second (m3/s).................2.731177 E /H1100207 cubic mile (mi3)..................................... cubic meter (m3)...............................4.168182 E+09 cubic yard (yd3)..................................... cubic meter (m3)...............................7.645549 E /H1100201 cubic yard per minute (yd3/min).................... cubic meter per second (m3/s).................1.274258 E /H1100202 cup(U.S.)........................................... cubic meter (m3)...............................2.365882 E /H1100204 cup(U.S.)...........................................liter(L)........................................2.365882 E /H1100201 cup(U.S.)........................................... milliliter (mL) .................................2.365882 E+02 curie(Ci)...........................................becq uerel (Bq) ................................. 3.7 E+10 darcy15..............................................metersq uared (m2)............................9.869233 E /H1100213 day(d).............................................. second (s) ...................................... 8.64 E+04 day (sidereal) ........................................ second (s) ......................................8.616409 E+04 debye(D)...........................................coulomb meter (C /H11080m)........................ 3.335 641 E /H1100230 degree(angle) ( /H11034).................................... radian (rad) ....................................1.745329 E /H1100202 degree Celsius (temperature) ( /H11034C)...................kelvin(K)....................................... T/K=t//H11034C+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) ( /H11034C)..........kelvin(K)...................................... 1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature)16................... degree Celsius ( /H11034C)............................... t//H11034C≈t/deg. cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval)16.......... degree Celsius ( /H11034C)............................1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) ( /H11034F)................ degree Celsius ( /H11034C)........................... t//H11034C=(t//H11034F/H1100232)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) ( /H11034F)................kelvin(K)................................. T/K=(t//H11034F+459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)( /H11034F)........ degree Celsius ( /H11034C)............................5.555556 E /H1100201 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)( /H11034F)........kelvin(K)......................................5.555556 E /H1100201 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unit IT (/H11034F/H11080h/Btu IT)....................................kelvinperwatt(K/W).........................1.895634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unit th (/H11034F/H11080h/Btu th).....................................kelvinperwatt(K/W).........................1.896903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unit IT (/H11034F/H11080h/H11080ft2/BtuIT).................................square meter kelvin per watt (m2/H11080K/W)......1.761102 E /H1100201 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unit th (/H11034F/H11080h/H11080ft2/Btuth).................................squaremeterkelvinperwatt(m2/H11080K/W)......1.762280 E /H1100201 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unit ITinch [/H11034F/H11080h/H11080ft2/(BtuIT/H11080in)]........................... meter kelvin per watt (m /H11080K/W)..............6.933472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unit thinch [/H11034F/H11080h/H11080ft2/(Btuth/H11080in)]........................... meter kelvin per watt (m /H11080K/W)..............6.938112 E+00 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unit IT (/H11034F/H11080s/Btu IT).....................................kelvinperwatt(K/W).........................5.265651 E /H1100204 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unit th (/H11034F/H11080s/Btu th).....................................kelvinperwatt(K/W).........................5.269175 E /H1100204 degree Rankine ( /H11034R)................................kelvin(K).......................................... T/K=(T//H11034R)/1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) ( /H11034R).........kelvin(K)......................................5.555556 E /H1100201 denier...............................................kilogramper meter (kg/m) ....................1.111111 E /H1100207 denier...............................................grampermeter(g/m).........................1.111111 E /H1100204 dyne (dyn) ..........................................newton(N).................................... 1.0 E /H1154605 dyne centimeter (dyn /H11080cm)..........................newton meter (N /H11080m).......................... 1.0 E /H1154607 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2).............. pascal (Pa) ..................................... 1.0 E /H1154601 electronvolt (eV)....................................joule(J)........................................1.602177 E /H1100219 EMU of capacitance (abfarad) ...................... farad (F) ....................................... 1.0 E+09 EMU of current (abampere) ......................... ampere (A) .................................... 1.0 E+01 EMU of electric potential (abvolt) ..................volt(V)........................................ 1.0 E /H1154608 EMU of inductance (abhenry) ......................henry(H)...................................... 1.0 E /H1154609 14The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4E /H1100205. 15The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. 16The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC To convert from to Multiply by EMU of resistance (abohm) .........................ohm( /H9024)....................................... 1.0 E /H1154609 erg (erg).............................................joule(J)........................................ 1.0 E /H1154607 erg per second (erg/s) ...............................watt(W)....................................... 1.0 E /H1154607 erg per square centimeter second |1obrkt /H141361ru|/(cm2/H11080s)]............................wattpersq uare meter (W/m2)................. 1.0 E /H1154603 ESU of capacitance (statfarad) ...................... farad (F) ....................................... 1.112 650 E /H1100212 ESU of current (statampere) ........................ ampere (A) .................................... 3.335 641 E /H1100210 ESU of electric potential (statvolt) ..................volt(V)........................................ 2.997 925 E+02 ESU of inductance (stathenry) ...................... henry (H) ...................................... 8.987 552 E+11 ESU of resistance (statohm) .........................ohm( /H9024)....................................... 8.987 552 E+11 faraday (based on carbon 12) .......................coulomb(C)................................... 9.648 531 E+04 fathom (based on U.S. survey foot)9................ meter (m) ...................................... 1.828 804 E+00 fermi ............................................... meter (m) ...................................... 1.0 E /H1154615 fermi ............................................... femtometer (fm) ............................... 1.0 E+00 fluid ounce (U.S.) (floz) ............................ cubic meter (m3)............................... 2.957 353 E /H1100205 fluid ounce (U.S.) (floz) ............................ milliliter (mL) ................................. 2.957 353 E+01 foot (ft)............................................. meter (m) ...................................... 3.048 E /H1154601 foot (U.S. survey) (ft)9.............................. meter (m) ...................................... 3.048 006 E /H1100201 footcandle ...........................................lux (lx)........................................ 1.076 391 E+01 footlambert ..........................................can dela per square meter (cd/m2).............. 3.426 259 E+00 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13.............. pascal (Pa) ..................................... 4.063 666 E+04 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13..............kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 4.063 666 E+01 foot of water (39.2 /H11034F)13............................ pascal (Pa) ..................................... 2.988 98 E+03 foot of water (39.2 /H11034F)13............................kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 2.988 98 E+00 foot of water, conventional (ftH 2O)13............... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 2.989 067 E+03 foot of water, conventional (ftH 2O)13...............kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 2.989 067 E+00 footperhour(ft/h).................................. meter per second (m/s) ........................ 8.466 667 E /H1100205 foot per minute (ft/min) ............................ meter per second (m/s) ........................ 5.08 E /H1154603 foot per second (ft/s) ................................ meter per second (m/s) ........................ 3.048 E /H1154601 foot per second squared (ft/s2)...................... meter per second squared (m/s2)............... 3.048 E /H1154601 footpoundal.........................................joule(J)........................................ 4.214 011 E /H1100202 foot pound-force (ft /H11080lbf)...........................joule(J)........................................ 1.355 818 E+00 foot pound-force per hour (ft /H11080lbf/h)................watt(W)....................................... 3.766 161 E /H1100204 foot pound-force per minute (ft /H11080lbf/min) ..........watt(W)....................................... 2.259 697 E /H1100202 foot pound-force per second (ft /H11080lbf/s).............watt(W)....................................... 1.355 818 E+00 foot to the fourth power (ft4)17...................... meter to the fourth power (m4)................ 8.630 975 E /H1100203 franklin (Fr) .........................................coulomb(C)................................... 3.335 641 E /H1100210 gal (Gal) ............................................ meter per second squared (m/s2)............... 1.0 E /H1154602 gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal) ........cubic meter (m3)............................... 4.546 09 E /H1154603 gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal) ........liter (L)........................................ 4.546 09 E+00 gallon (U.S.) (gal) ................................... cubic meter (m3)............................... 3.785 412 E /H1100203 gallon (U.S.) (gal) ................................... liter (L)........................................ 3.785 412 E+00 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d) ........................ cubic meter per second (m3/s)................. 4.381 264 E /H1100208 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d) ........................ liter per second (L/s) .......................... 4.381 264 E /H1100205 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp /H11080h)]..................................... cubic meter per joule (m3/J)................... 1.410 089 E /H1100209 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp /H11080h)]..................................... liter per joule (L/J) ............................ 1.410 089 E /H1100206 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min) ........... cubic meter per second (m3/s)................. 6.309 020 E /H1100205 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min) ........... liter per second (L/s) .......................... 6.309 020 E /H1100202 17This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the ‘‘moment of section ’’or‘‘area moment of inertia’’of a plane section about a specified axis. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNTo convert from to Multiply by gamma ( /H9253).......................................... tesla (T) ....................................... 1.0 E /H1154609 gauss(Gs,G)....................................... tesla (T) ....................................... 1.0 E /H1154604 gilbert (Gi) .......................................... ampere (A) ....................................7.957747 E /H1100201 gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi) ............ cubic meter (m3)...............................1.420653 E /H1100204 gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi) ............ liter (L)........................................1.420653 E /H1100201 gill(U.S.)(gi)....................................... cubic meter (m3)...............................1.182941 E /H1100204 gill(U.S.)(gi).......................................liter(L)........................................1.182941 E /H1100201 gon (also called grade) (gon) ........................ radian (rad) ....................................1.570796 E /H1100202 gon (also called grade) (gon) ........................ degree (angle) ( /H11034).............................. 9.0 E /H1154601 grain (gr) ............................................kilogram(kg).................................. 6.479 891 E /H1154605 grain (gr) ............................................milligram(mg)................................ 6.479 891 E+01 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal) .....................kilogramper cubic meter (kg/m3).............1.711806 E /H1100202 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal) ..................... milligram per liter (mg/L) .....................1.711806 E+01 gram-force per square centimeter (gf/cm2).......... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 9.806 65 E+01 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).................kilogramper cubic meter (kg/m3)............. 1.0 E+03 hectare(ha).........................................square meter (m2).............................. 1.0 E+04 horsepower (550 ft /H11080lbf/s)(hp).....................watt(W).......................................7.456999 E+02 horsepower (boiler) .................................watt(W).......................................9.80950 E+03 horsepower (electric) ................................watt(W)....................................... 7.46 E+02 horsepower (metric) .................................watt(W).......................................7.354988 E+02 horsepower (U.K.) ..................................watt(W).......................................7. 4570 E+02 horsepower (water) ..................................watt(W).......................................7.46043 E+02 hour(h)............................................. second (s) ...................................... 3.6 E+03 hour (sidereal) ...................................... second (s) ......................................3.590170 E+03 hundredweight (long, 112 lb) ........................kilogram(kg)..................................5.080235 E+01 hundredweight (short, 100 lb) .......................kilogram(kg)..................................4.535924 E+01 inch(in)............................................. meter (m) ...................................... 2.54 E /H1154602 inch(in).............................................cent imeter (cm) ................................ 2.54 E+00 inch of mercury (32 /H11034F)13........................... pascal (Pa) .....................................3.38638 E+03 inch of mercury (32 /H11034F)13...........................kil opascal (kPa) ................................3.38638 E+00 inch of mercury (60 /H11034F)13........................... pascal (Pa) .....................................3.37685 E+03 inch of mercury (60 /H11034F)13...........................kil opascal (kPa) ................................3.37685 E+00 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13............. pascal (Pa) .....................................3.386389 E+03 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13.............kil opascal (kPa) ................................3.386389 E+00 inch of water (39.2 /H11034F)13............................ pascal (Pa) .....................................2.49082 E+02 inch of water (60 /H11034F)13.............................. pascal (Pa) .....................................2. 4884 E+02 inch of water, conventional (inH 2O)13.............. pascal (Pa) .....................................2.490889 E+02 inch per second (in/s) ............................... meter per second (m/s) ........................ 2.54 E /H1154602 inch per second squared (in/s2)..................... meter per second squared (m/s2)............... 2.54 E /H1154602 i n c ht ot h ef o u rt hp o w e r( i n4)17..................... meter to the fourth power (m4)................4.162314 E /H1100207 kayser(K)........................................... reciprocal meter (m/H110021)........................ 1.0 E+02 kelvin(K)........................................... degree Celsius ( /H11034C)............................ t//H11034C=T/K/H11002273.15 kilocalorie IT(kcalIT).................................joule(J)........................................ 4.1868 E+03 kilocalorie th(kcalth).................................joule(J)........................................ 4.184 E+03 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal) ............................joule(J)........................................4.19002 E+03 kilocalorie thper minute (kcal th/min)................watt(W).......................................6.973333 E+01 kilocalorie thper second (kcal th/s)...................watt(W)....................................... 4.184 E+03 kilogram-force (kgf) ................................newton(N).................................... 9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force meter (kgf /H11080m)......................newton meter (N /H11080m).......................... 9.806 65 E+00 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC To convert from to Multiply by kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)......................................... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 9.806 65 E+04 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2).........................................kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 9.806 65 E+01 kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2)........... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)........................................ pascal (Pa) ..................................... 9.806 65 E+06 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)........................................meg apascal (MPa) ............................. 9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf/H11080s2/m).......................................kilogram(kg).................................. 9.806 65 E+00 kilometer per hour (km/h).......................... meter per second (m/s) ........................2.777778 E /H1100201 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp) ......................newton(N).................................... 9.806 65 E+00 kilowatt hour (kW/H11080h)..............................joule(J)........................................ 3.6 E+06 kilowatt hour (kW/H11080h)..............................megajoule(MJ)................................ 3.6 E+00 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf) ................................newton(N)....................................4.448222 E+03 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf) ................................kilonewton(kN)...............................4.448222 E+00 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2)................... pascal (Pa) .....................................6.894757 E+06 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2)...................kil opascal (kPa) ................................6.894757 E+03 knot(nautical mile per hour) ........................ meter per second (m/s) ........................5.144444 E /H1100201 lambert18...........................................candelapersquare meter (cd/m2)..............3.183099 E+03 langley (cal th/cm2).................................joulepersquaremeter(J/m2).................. 4.184 E+04 light year (l.y.)19.................................... meter (m) ......................................9.46073 E+15 liter(L)20........................................... cubic meter (m3)............................... 1.0 E /H1154603 lumen per square foot (lm/ft2)......................lux(lx)........................................1.076391 E+01 maxwell(Mx).......................................weber(Wb).................................... 1.0 E /H1154608 mho.................................................siemens(S).................................... 1.0 E+00 microinch ........................................... meter (m) ...................................... 2.54 E /H1154608 microinch ........................................... micrometer ( /H9262m).............................. 2.54 E /H1154602 micron ( /H9262)..........................................meter(m)...................................... 1.0 E /H1154606 micron ( /H9262).......................................... micrometer ( /H9262m).............................. 1.0 E+00 mil (0.001in)....................................... meter (m) ...................................... 2.54 E /H1154605 mil (0.001in)....................................... millimeter (mm) ............................... 2.54 E /H1154602 mil (angle) .......................................... radian (rad) ....................................9.817477 E /H1100204 mil (angle) .......................................... degree ( /H11034)...................................... 5.625 E /H1154602 mile(mi)............................................meter(m)...................................... 1.609 344 E+03 mile(mi)............................................kil ometer (km) ................................. 1.609 344 E+00 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)9..............meter(m)......................................1.609347 E+03 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)9..............kil ometer (km) .................................1.609347 E+00 mile, nautical21.....................................meter(m)...................................... 1.852 E+03 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) ............... meter per cubic meter (m/m3).................4.251437 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) ...............kil ometer per liter (km/L) .....................4.251437 E /H1100201 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal)22.............literper100kil ometer (L/100 km) ........divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon mileperhour(mi/h)................................ meter per second (m/s) ........................ 4.4704 E /H1154601 mileperhour(mi/h)................................kilometerperhour(km/h)..................... 1.609 344 E+00 18The exact conversion factor is 104//H9266. 19Thisconversionfactorisbasedon1d =86 400 s;and1Juliancentury =36 525d.(See TheAstronomicalAlmanacfortheYear1995 ,page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994). 20In1964theGeneralConferenceonWeightsandMeasuresreestablishedthename ‘‘liter’’asaspecialnameforthecubicdecimeter.Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. 21The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile =1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name ‘‘International nautical mile. ’’ 22For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNTo convert from to Multiply by mile per minute (mi/min) ...........................meterper second (m/s) ........................ 2.682 24 E+01 mile per second (mi/s) ..............................meterper second (m/s) ........................ 1.609 344 E+03 millibar (mbar) ...................................... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 1.0 E+02 millibar (mbar) ......................................kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 1.0 E /H1154601 millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)13.......pascal (Pa) .....................................1.333224 E+02 millimeter of water, conventional (mmH 2O)13........pascal (Pa) ..................................... 9.806 65 E+00 minute(angle) (') .................................... radian (rad) ....................................2.908882 E /H1100204 minute(min)........................................ second (s) ...................................... 6.0 E+01 minute (sidereal) .................................... second (s) ......................................5.983617 E+01 oersted(Oe)......................................... ampere per meter (A/m) .......................7.957747 E+01 ohm centimeter (/H9024/H11080cm)............................ohmmeter( /H9024/H11080m)............................. 1.0 E /H1154602 ohm circular-mil per foot ...........................ohmmeter( /H9024/H11080m).............................1.662426 E /H1100209 ohm circular-mil per foot ...........................ohmsquare millimeter per meter (/H9024/H11080mm2/m)................................1.662426 E /H1100203 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz) .............................kilogram(kg)..................................2.834952 E /H1100202 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz) .............................gram(g).......................................2.834952 E+01 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz) .....................kilogram(kg)..................................3.110348 E /H1100202 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz) .....................gram(g).......................................3.110348 E+01 ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (floz)............................................. cubic meter (m3)...............................2.841306 E /H1100205 ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (floz)............................................milliliter(mL).................................2.841306 E+01 ounce (U.S. fluid) (floz) ............................ cubic meter (m3)...............................2.957353 E /H1100205 ounce (U.S. fluid) (floz) ............................mil limeter (mL) ...............................2.957353 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf) ......................newton(N)....................................2.780139 E /H1100201 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf /H11080in)............newton meter (N /H11080m)..........................7.061552 E /H1100203 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf /H11080in)............ millinewton meter (mN /H11080m)...................7.061552 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz/in3).........kilogramper cubic meter (kg/m3).............1.729994 E+03 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal) .........................kilogramper cubic meter (kg/m3).............6.236023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal) .........................gramperliter(g/L)...........................6.236023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon(U.S.)(oz/gal) .......kilogramper cubic meter (kg/m3).............7.489152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon(U.S.)(oz/gal) ........gramperliter(g/L)...........................7.489152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz/ft2).........kilogrampersquare meter (kg/m2)............3.051517 E /H1100201 ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz/in2)........kilogrampersquare meter (kg/m2)............4.394185 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard(oz/yd2)........kilogrampersquaremeter(kg/m2)............3.390575 E /H1100202 parsec (pc) .......................................... meter (m) ......................................3.085678 E+16 peck(U.S.)(pk).................................... cubic meter (m3)...............................8.809768 E /H1100203 peck(U.S.)(pk).................................... liter (L)........................................8.809768 E+00 pennyweight (dwt) ..................................kilogram(kg)..................................1.555174 E /H1100203 pennyweight (dwt) ..................................gram(g).......................................1.555174 E+00 perm (0 /H11034C).........................................kilogramper pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa /H11080s/H11080m2)]............................5.72135 E /H1100211 perm (23 /H11034C)........................................kilogramper pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa /H11080s/H11080m2)]............................5.74525 E /H1100211 perm inch (0 /H11034C)....................................kilogramper pascal second meter [kg/(Pa /H11080s/H11080m)].............................1.45322 E /H1100212 perm inch (23 /H11034C)...................................kilogramper pascal second meter [kg/(Pa /H11080s/H11080m)].............................1.45929 E /H1100212 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC To convert from to Multiply by phot (ph) ............................................lux(lx)........................................ 1.0 E+04 pica (computer) (1/6 in) ............................ meter (m) ..................................... 4.233 333 E /H1100203 pica (computer) (1/6 in) ............................ millimeter (mm) ............................... 4.233 333 E+00 pica (printer ’s)...................................... meter (m) ...................................... 4.217 518 E /H1100203 pica (printer ’s)...................................... millimeter (mm) ............................... 4.217 518 E+00 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt) .............................. cubic meter (m3)............................... 5.506 105 E /H1100204 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt) .............................. liter (L)........................................ 5.506 105 E /H1100201 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt) ............................ cubic meter (m3)............................... 4.731 765 E /H1100204 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt) ............................ liter (L)........................................ 4.731 765 E /H1100201 point (computer) (1/72 in) .......................... meter (m) ..................................... 3.527 778 E /H1100204 point (computer) (1/72 in) .......................... millimeter (mm) ............................... 3.527 778 E /H1100201 point (printer ’s)..................................... meter (m) ...................................... 3.514 598 E /H1100204 point (printer ’s)..................................... millimeter (mm) ............................... 3.514 598 E /H1100201 poise(P)............................................ pascal second (Pa /H11080s).......................... 1.0 E /H1154601 pound (avoirdupois) (lb)23...........................kilo gram (kg) .................................. 4.535 924 E /H1100201 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb) .....................kilo gram (kg) .................................. 3.732 417 E /H1100201 poundal.............................................ne wton (N) .................................... 1.382 550 E /H1100201 poundal per square foot ............................. pascal (Pa) ..................................... 1.488 164 E+00 poundal second per square foot ..................... pascal second (Pa /H11080s).......................... 1.488 164 E+00 pound foot squared (lb /H11080ft2).........................kilo gram meter squared (kg /H11080m2).............. 4.214 011 E /H1100202 pound-force (lbf)24..................................ne wton (N) .................................... 4.448 222 E+00 pound-force foot (lbf /H11080ft)...........................ne wton meter (N /H11080m).......................... 1.355 818 E+00 pound-force foot per inch (lbf /H11080ft/in)...............ne wton meter per meter (N /H11080m/m)............ 5.337 866 E+01 pound-force inch (lbf /H11080in)...........................ne wton meter (N /H11080m).......................... 1.129 848 E /H1100201 pound-force inch per inch (lbf /H11080in/in)..............ne wton meter per meter (N /H11080m/m)............ 4.448 222 E+00 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft) ........................ne wton per meter (N/m) ....................... 1.459 390 E+01 pound-force per inch (lbf/in) ........................ne wton per meter (N/m) ....................... 1.751 268 E+02 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio) .....................ne wton per kilogram (N/kg) ................... 9.806 65 E+00 pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2)................ pascal (Pa) ..................................... 4.788 026 E+01 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 6.894 757 E+03 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2)..........kil opascal (kPa) ................................ 6.894 757 E+00 pound-force second per square foot (lbf/H11080s/ft2)........................................ pascal second (Pa /H11080s).......................... 4.788 026 E+01 pound-force second per square inch (lbf/H11080s/in2)....................................... pascal second (Pa /H11080s).......................... 6.894 757 E+03 pound inch squared (lb /H11080in2)........................kilo gram meter squared (kg /H11080m2).............. 2.926 397 E /H1100204 pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)........................kilo gram per cubic meter (kg/m3)............. 1.601 846 E+01 pound per cubic inch (lb/in3).......................kilo gram per cubic meter (kg/m3)............. 2.767 990 E+04 pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3).......................kilo gram per cubic meter (kg/m3)............. 5.932 764 E /H1100201 poundperfoot(lb/ft)...............................kilo gram per meter (kg/m) .................... 1.488 164 E+00 pound per foot hour [lb/(ft /H11080h)]..................... pascal second (Pa /H11080s).......................... 4.133 789 E /H1100204 pound per foot second [lb/(ft /H11080s)]................... pascal second (Pa /H11080s).......................... 1.488 164 E+00 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal) .........................kilo gram per cubic meter (kg/m3)............. 9.977 637 E+01 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal) .........................kilo gram per liter (kg/L) ...................... 9.977 637 E /H1100202 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal) .....................kilo gram per cubic meter (kg/m3)............. 1.198 264 E+02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal) .....................kilo gram per liter (kg/L) ...................... 1.198 264 E /H1100201 pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp /H11080h)]............kilo gram per joule (kg/J) ...................... 1.689 659 E /H1100207 poundperhour(lb/h)...............................kilo gram per second (kg/s) .................... 1.259 979 E /H1100204 23The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E /H1100201. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound. 24If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as gn=9.806 65 m/s2(the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNTo convert from to Multiply by poundperinch(lb/in)...............................kilogrampermeter(kg/m)....................1.785797 E+01 pound per minute (lb/min) ..........................kilogramper second (kg/s) ....................7.559873 E /H1100203 pound per second (lb/s) .............................kilogramper second (kg/s) ....................4.535924 E /H1100201 pound per square foot (lb/ft2).......................kilogrampersquare meter (kg/m2)............4.882428 E+00 pound per square inch ( notpound-force) (lb/in2)...........................................kilogrampersquare meter (kg/m2)............7.030696 E+02 poundperyard(lb/yd)..............................kilogramper meter (kg/m) ....................4.960546 E /H1100201 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa) .....................................6.894757 E+03 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2)..........kil opascal (kPa) ................................6.894757 E+00 quad (1015BtuIT)11..................................joule(J)........................................1.055056 E+18 quart(U.S.dry)(dryqt)............................ cubic meter (m3)...............................1.101221 E /H1100203 quart(U.S.dry)(dryqt)............................ liter (L)........................................1.101221 E+00 quart(U.S.liquid)(liqqt)........................... cubic meter (m3)...............................9.463529 E /H1100204 quart(U.S.liquid)(liqqt)...........................liter(L)........................................9.463529 E /H1100201 rad(absorbed dose) (rad) ...........................gray(Gy)...................................... 1.0 E /H1154602 rem(rem)...........................................sievert(Sv).................................... 1.0 E /H1154602 revolution(r)........................................ radian (rad) ....................................6.283185 E+00 revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min) ................. radian per second (rad/s) ......................1.047198 E /H1100201 rhe.................................................. reciprocal pascal second [(Pa /H11080s)/H110021]........... 1.0 E+01 rod (based on U.S. survey foot) (rd)9................ meter (m) ......................................5.029210 E+00 roentgen (R)........................................coulombperkilogram(C/kg).................. 2.58 E/H1154604 rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min) ................. radian per second (rad/s) ......................1.047198 E /H1100201 second(angle) (") ................................... radian (rad) ....................................4.848137 E /H1100206 second (sidereal) .................................... second (s) ......................................9.972696 E /H1100201 shake................................................ second (s) ...................................... 1.0 E /H1154608 shake................................................ nanosecond (ns) ............................... 1.0 E+01 slug (slug) ...........................................kilogram(kg)..................................1.459390 E+01 slug per cubic foot (slug/ft3)........................kilogramper cubic meter (kg/m3).............5.153788 E+02 slug per foot second [slug/(ft /H11080s)].................. pascal second (Pa /H11080s)..........................4.788026 E+01 square foot (ft2).....................................squaremeter(m2).............................. 9.290 304 E /H1154602 square foot per hour (ft2/h).........................squaremeterper second (m2/s)................ 2.580 64 E /H1154605 square foot per second (ft2/s).......................square meter per second (m2/s)................ 9.290 304 E /H1154602 square inch (in2)....................................squaremeter(m2).............................. 6.4516 E /H1154604 square inch (in2)....................................squarecen timeter (cm2)........................ 6.4516 E+00 square mile (mi2)....................................squaremeter(m2)..............................2.589988 E+06 square mile (mi2)....................................squarekil ometer (km2).........................2.589988 E+00 square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)9................square meter (m2)..............................2.589998 E+06 square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)9................squarekil ometer (km2).........................2.589998 E+00 square yard (yd2)....................................squaremeter(m2)..............................8.361274 E /H1100201 statampere .......................................... ampere (A) ....................................3.335641 E /H1100210 statcoulomb .........................................coulomb(C)...................................3.335641 E /H1100210 statfarad............................................. farad (F) .......................................1.112650 E /H1100212 stathenry ............................................henry(H)......................................8.987552 E+11 statmho.............................................si emens (S) ....................................1.112650 E /H1100212 statohm..............................................ohm( /H9024).......................................8.987552 E+11 statvolt..............................................volt(V)........................................2.997925 E+02 stere(st)............................................. cubic meter (m3)............................... 1.0 E+00 stilb(sb).............................................candelapersquare meter (cd/m2).............. 1.0 E+04 stokes(St)........................................... meter squared per second (m2/s)............... 1.0 E /H1154604 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC To convert from to Multiply by tablespoon ........................................... cubic meter (m3)...............................1.478676 E /H1100205 tablespoon ...........................................milliliter(mL)................................. 1.478 676 E+01 teaspoon ............................................ cubic meter (m3)...............................4.928922 E /H1100206 teaspoon ............................................ milliliter (mL) .................................4.928922 E+00 tex..................................................kilogrampermeter(kg/m).................... 1.0 E /H1154606 therm (EC)25........................................joule(J)........................................ 1.055 06 E+08 therm (U.S.)25......................................joule(J)........................................ 1.054 804 E+08 ton,assay(A T)......................................kilogram(kg)..................................2.916667 E /H1100202 ton,assay(A T)......................................gram(g).......................................2.916667 E+01 ton-force (2000 lbf) .................................newton(N)....................................8.896443 E+03 ton-force (2000 lbf) .................................kilonewton(kN)...............................8.896443 E+00 ton, long (2240 lb) ..................................kilogram(kg)..................................1.016047 E+03 ton, long, per cubic yard ............................kilogramper cubic meter (kg/m3).............1.328939 E+03 ton,metric(t).......................................kilogram(kg).................................. 1.0 E+03 tonne (called ‘‘metric ton ’’inU.S.)(t).............kilogram(kg).................................. 1.0 E+03 ton of refrigeration (12 000 Btu IT/h)................watt(W)....................................... 3.516 853 E+03 ton of TNT (energy equivalent)26...................joule(J)........................................ 4.184 E+09 ton,register ........................................ cubic meter (m3)...............................2.831685 E+00 ton, short (2000 lb) .................................kilogram(kg)..................................9.071847 E+02 ton, short, per cubic yard ...........................kilogramper cubic meter (kg/m3).............1.186553 E+03 ton,short,perhour..................................kilogramper second (kg/s) ....................2.519958 E /H1100201 torr(T orr)........................................... pascal (Pa) ..................................... 1.333 224 E+02 unitpole.............................................weber(Wb)....................................1.256637 E /H1100207 watt hour (W/H11080h)...................................joule(J)........................................ 3.6 E+03 watt per square centimeter (W/cm2)................wattpersquaremeter(W/m2)................. 1.0 E+04 watt per square inch (W/in2)........................wattpersquare meter (W/m2).................1.550003 E+03 watt second (W/H11080s).................................joule(J)........................................ 1.0 E+00 yard(yd)............................................ meter (m) ...................................... 9.144 E /H1154601 year(365days)...................................... second (s) ...................................... 3.1536 E+07 year (sidereal) ....................................... second (s) ......................................3.155815 E+07 year (tropical) ....................................... second (s) ......................................3.155693 E+07 25Thetherm(EC)islegallydefinedintheCouncilDirectiveof20December1979,CounciloftheEuropeanCommunities(nowtheEuropean Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on theInternational Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S. natural gas industry. 26Defined (not measured) value. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRN1-46CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES From To Celsius Fahrenheit tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 Kelvin T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 Rankine T/˚R = (9/5) ( t/˚C + 273.15) Fahrenheit Celsius t/˚C = (5/9) [( tF/˚F) - 32] Kelvin T/K = (5/9) [( tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 Rankine T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67 Kelvin Celsius t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 Rankine T/˚R = (9/5) T/K Rankine Fahrenheit tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 Kelvin T/K = (5/9) T/˚R Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol q is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature DESIGNATION OF LARGE NUMBERS U.S.A. Other Countries 106 million million 109 billion milliard 1012trillion billion 1015 quadrillion billiard 1018 quintillion trillion 10100googol 10googol googolplex CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY UNITS If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table. Wavenumber v Frequency v Energy E Energy E Energy E Molar energy Em Molar energy Em Temperature T cm-1MHz aJ eV Eh kJ/mol kcal/mol K v: 1 cm-1 /H11039 1 2.997925 × 104 1.986447 × 10-5 1.239842 × 10-4 4.556335 × 10-6 11.96266 × 10-3 2.85914 × 10-3 1.438769 v: 1 MHz /H11039 3.33564 × 10-5 1 6.626076 × 10-10 4.135669 × 10-9 1.519830 × 10-10 3.990313 × 10-7 9.53708 × 10-8 4.79922 × 10-5 1 aJ /H11039 50341.1 1.509189 × 109 1 6.241506 0.2293710 602.2137 143.9325 7.24292 × 104 E: 1 eV /H11039 8065.54 2.417988 × 108 0.1602177 1 3.674931 × 10-2 96.4853 23.0605 1.16045 × 104 Eh /H11039 219474.63 6.579684 × 1094.359748 27.2114 1 2625.500 627.510 3.15773 × 105 Em: 1 kJ/mol /H11039 83.5935 2.506069 × 106 1.660540 × 10-3 1.036427 × 10-2 3.808798 × 10-4 1 0.239006 120.272 1 kcal/mol /H11039 349.755 1.048539 × 1076.947700 × 10-34.336411 × 10-21.593601 × 10-34.184 1 503.217 T: 1 K /H11039 0.695039 2.08367 × 104 1.380658 × 10-5 8.61738 × 10-5 3.16683 × 10-6 8.31451 × 10-3 1.98722 × 10-3 1 Examples of the use of this table: 1 aJ /H11039 50341 cm-1 1 eV /H1103996.4853 kJ mol-1 The symbol /H11039 should be read as meaning “corresponds to” or “is equivalent to”. E = hv = hcv = kT ; Em = NAE ; Eh is the Hartree energy © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRN 1-34CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PRESSURE UNITS Pa kPa MPa bar atmos Torr µmHg psi Pa 1 0.001 0.000001 0.00001 9.8692 × 10–6 0.0075006 7.5006 0.0001450377 kPa 1000 1 0.001 0.01 0.0098692 7.5006 7500.6 0.1450377 MPa 1000000 1000 1 10 9.8692 7500.6 7500600 145.0377 bar 100000 100 0.1 1 0.98692 750.06 750060 14.50377atmos 101325 101.325 0.101325 1.01325 1 760 760000 14.69594 Torr 133.322 0.133322 0.000133322 0.00133322 0.00131579 1 1000 0.01933672 µmHg 0.133322 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10 –71.33322 × 10–61.31579 × 10–60.001 1 1.933672 × 10–5 psi 6894.757 6.894757 0.006894757 0.06894757 0.068046 51.7151 51715.1 1 To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in th e column for the new unit. For example: 1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atmos 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa Notes:µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHgpsi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure CONVERSION FACTORS FOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY UNITS MULTIPLY ↓by appropriate factor to Btu IT h-1BtuIT in. Btu th h-1Btuth in. cal IT s-1calth s-1kcalth h-1 OBTAIN →ft-1 °F-1h-1 ft-2 °F-1ft-1 °F-1h-1 ft-2 °F-1cm-1 °C-1cm-1 °C-1m-1 °C-1J s-1 cm-1 K-1W cm-1 K-1W m-1 K-1mW cm-1 K-1 BtuIT h-1 ft-1 °F-11 12 1.00067 12.0080 4.13379 × 10-34.13656 × 10-31.48916 1.73073 × 10-21.73073 × 10-21.73073 17.3073 BtuIT in. h-1 ft-2 °F-18.33333 × 10-21 8.33891 × 10-21.00067 3.44482 × 10-43.44713 × 10-40.124097 1.44228 × 10-31.44228 × 10-30.144228 1.44228 Btuth h-1 ft-1 °F-10.999331 11.9920 1 12 4.13102 × 10-34.13379 × 10-31.48816 1.72958 × 10-21.72958 × 10-21.72958 17.2958 Btuth in. h-1 ft-2 °F-18.32776 × 10-20.999331 8.33333 × 10-21 3.44252 × 10-43.44482 × 10-40.124014 1.44131 × 10-31.44131 × 10-30.144131 1.44131 calIT s-1 cm-1 °C-12.41909 × 1022.90291 × 1032.42071 × 1022.90485 × 1031 1.00067 3.60241 × 1024.1868 4.1868 4.1868 × 1024.1868 × 103 calth s-1 cm-1 °C-12.41747 × 1022.90096 × 1032.41909 × 1022.90291 × 1030.999331 1 3.6 × 1024.184 4.184 4.184 × 1024.184 × 103 kcalth h-1 m-1 °C-10.671520 8.05824 0.671969 8.06363 2.77592 × 10-32.77778 × 10-31 1.16222 × 10-21.16222 × 10-21.16222 11.6222 J s-1 cm-1 K-157.7789 6.93347 × 10257.8176 6.93811 × 1020.238846 0.239006 86.0421 1 1 1 × 1021 × 103 W cm-1 K-157.7789 6.93347 × 10257.8176 6.93811 × 1020.238846 0.239006 86.0421 1 1 1 × 1021 × 103 W m-1 K-10.577789 6.93347 0.578176 6.93811 2.38846 × 10-32.39006 × 10-30.860421 1 × 10-21 × 10-211 0 mW cm-1 K-15.77789 × 10-20.693347 5.78176 × 10-20.693811 2.38846 × 10-42.39006 × 10-48.60421 × 10-21 × 10-31 × 10-30.1 1 © 2000 CRC Press LLC TeamLRN 1-50CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY UNITS To convert from multiply by appropriate factor to Ω cir. mil Obtain ab Ω cm µΩ cm Ω cm Stat Ω cm Ω mf t–1Ω in. Ω ft abohm centimeter 1 1 × 10–310–91.113 × 10–2110–116.015 × 10–33.937 × 10–103.281 × 10–11 microohm centimeter 10311 0–61.113 × 10–1810–86.015 3.937 × 10–73.281 × 10–6 ohm centimeter 108 106 1 1.113 × 10–12 1 × 10–2 6.015 × 106 3.937 × 10–1 3.281 × 10–2 statohm centimeter (esu) 8.987 × 10208.987 × 10178.987 × 10111 8.987 × 1095.406 × 10183.538 × 10112.949 × 1010 ohm meter 10111081021.113 × 10–101 6.015 × 1083.937 × 1013.281 ohm circular mil per foot 1.662 × 102 1.662 × 10–1 1.662 × 10–7 1.850 × 10–19 1.662 × 10–9 1 6.54 × 10–6 5.45 × 10–9 ohm inch 2.54 × 1092.54 × 1062.54 2.827 × 10–122.54 × 10–21.528 × 1071 8.3 × 10–2 ohm foot 3.048 × 10103.048 × 1073.048 × 10–13.3924 × 10–113.048 × 10–11.833 × 10812 1↓ → CONVERSION FACTORS FOR CHEMICAL KINETICS Euivaensecondoderetcontate Totee ho hae 108slo ior ren 1.208 x10 Tentmolecu ry orystow xin Kamar so xe Taw ny sto 199mmint as aD.talprsereee lea 1 xtoo7 ‘Tocometrateconta!fomonetwitsAYo4newetBdtheconversionfcfortherowAunderclanBandmuithe stvauebytetocommerco?melee"0em?mal4maiby60031" “TbeadapfromHighTemperstoreReactionRaeDateNo5,TheUniveral,Leeds(1970, asianhrordereecnsans ‘ Venta Fhe aestor mote Yanmarber aa xis Sloan iatedtee Is 18 a‘tiers slorr-* “eloer-+ “lors “we [tierPan[tiemfrfF fae|“tee ome hs omore sion ‘eto lypetain=OK, ; 163 Tamtotpeor xo Tener on fi err FromJ.Phyt.Chem.Ref.Date,9,470,1980,bypermissionoftheauthorsandthecopyrightownertheAmericanIntituteofPhysics 137 TeamLRN1-39CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION (continued)CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION CONVERSION BETWEEN SI AND OTHER UNITS Symbols Symbol Expression Expression Special using Symbol for Value of for in in symbols name for special Conventional conventional conventional unit Quantity quantity SI units for SI units SI units names units unit in SI units Activity A 1 per second s–1 becquerel Bq curie Ci 3.7 × 1010 Bq Absorbed dose D joule per kilogram J kg–1 gray Gy rad rad 0.01 Gy Absorbed dose rate D·joule per kilogram J kg–1 s–1 Gy s–1 rad rad s–1 0.01 Gy s–1 second Average energy per W joule J electronvolt eV 1.602 × 10–19 J ion pairDose equivalent H joule per kilogram J kg –1 sievert Sv rem rem 0.01 Sv Dose equivalent rate H·joule per kilogram J kg–1 s–1 Sv s–1 rem per second rem s–1 0.01 Sv s–1 second Electric current I ampere A ampere A 1.0 A Electric potential U, V watt per ampere W A–1 volt V volt V 1.0 A differenceExposure X coulomb per kilogram C kg –1 roentgen R 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 Exposure rate X·coulomb per kilogram C kg–1 s–1 roentgen R s–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1 second Fluence φ 1 per meter squared m–2 1 per centimeter squared cm–2 1.0 × 104 m–2 Fluence rate Φ 1 per meter squared m–2 s–1 1 per centimeter squared cm–2 s–1 1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1 second second Kerma K joule per kilogram J kg–1 gray Gy rad rad 0.01 Gy Kerma rate K·joule per kilogram J kg–1 s–1 Gy s–1 rad per second rad s–1 0.01 Gy s–1 second Lineal energy y joule per meter J m–1 kiloelectron volt per keV µm–1 1.602 × 10–10 J m–1 micrometer Linear energy transfer L joule per meter J m–1 kiloelectron volt per keV µm–1 1.602 × 10–10 J m–1 micrometer Mass attenuation µ/ρ meter squared per m2 kg–1 centimeter squared per cm2 g–1 0.1 m2 kg–1 coefficient kilogram gram Mass energy transfer µtr/ρ meter squared per m2 kg–1 centimeter squared per cm2 g–1 0.1 m2 kg–1 coefficient kilogram gram Mass energy absorption µen/ρ meter squared per m2 kg–1 centimeter squared per cm2 g–1 0.1 m2 kg–1 coefficient kilogram gram Mass stopping power S/ρ joule meter squared J m2 kg–1 MeV centimeter squared MeV cm2 g–11.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1 per kilogram per gram Power P joule per second J s–1 watt W watt W 1.0 W Pressure p newton per meter N m–2 pascal Pa torr torr (101325/760)Pa squared Radiation chemical G mole per joule mol J–1 molecules per 100 molecules 1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1 yield electron volts (100 eV)–1 Specific energy z joule per kilogram J kg–1 gray Gy rad rad 0.01 Gy 1-40CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION (continued) CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS FROM MBq TO mCi AND µCi MBq mCi MBq mCi MBq µCi MBq µCi 7000 189. 500 13.5 30 810 1 27 6000 162. 400 10.8 20 540 0.9 245000 135. 300 8.1 10 270 0.8 21.6 4000 108. 200 5.4 9 240 0.7 18.9 3000 81. 100 2.7 8 220 0.6 16.22000 54. 90 2.4 7 189 0.5 13.5 1000 27. 80 2.16 6 162 0.4 10.8 900 24. 70 1.89 5 135 0.3 8.1800 21.6 60 1.62 4 108 0.2 5.4 700 18.9 50 1.35 3 81 0.1 2.7 600 16.2 40 1.08 2 54 CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS FROM mCi AND µCi TO MBq mCi MBq mCi MBq µCi MBq µCi MBq 200 7400 10 370 1000 37.0 80 2.96 150 5550 9 333 900 33.3 70 2.59 100 3700 8 296 800 29.6 60 2.22 90 3330 7 259 700 25.9 50 1.85 80 2960 6 222 600 22.2 40 1.48 70 2590 5 185 500 18.5 30 1.1160 2220 4 148 400 14.8 20 0.74 50 1850 3 111 300 11.1 10 0.37 40 1480 2 74.0 200 7.4 5 0.18530 1110 1 37.0 100 3.7 2 0.074 20 740 90 3.33 1 0.037 CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS 100 TBq (1014 Bq) = 2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 100 kBq (105 Bq) = 2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) = 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 10 kBq (104 Bq) = 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) = 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 1 kBq (103 Bq) = 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) = 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 100 Bq (102 Bq) = 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) = 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 10 Bq (101 Bq) = 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 1 GBq (109 Bq) = 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 1 Bq (100 Bq) = 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 100 MBq (108 Bq) = 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) = 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 10 MBq (107 Bq) = 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) = 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 1 MBq (106 Bq) = 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq) = 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci) CONVERSION OF DOSE EQUIVALENT UNITS 100 Sv (102 Sv) = 10,000 rem (104 rem) 10 Sv (101 Sv) = 1,000 rem (103 rem) 1 Sv (100 Sv) = 100 rem (102 rem) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) = 10 rem (101 rem) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) = 1 rem (100 rem) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv) = 100 mrem (10–1 rem) 100 µSv (10–4 Sv) = 10 mrem (10–2 rem) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) = 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) = 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) = 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) = 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv) = 100 nrem (10–7 rem)CONVERSION OF ABSORBED DOSE UNITS SI Units Conventional 100 Gy (102 Gy) = 10,000 rad (104 rad) 10 Gy (101 Gy) = 1,000 rad (103 rad) 1 Gy (100 Gy) = 100 rad (102 rad) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) = 10 rad (101 rad) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) = 1 rad (100 rad) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy) = 100 mrad (10–1 rad) 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) = 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) = 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) = 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) = 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) = 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy) = 100 nrad (10–7 rad) TeamLRN 1- 54 VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT IN DIFFERENT UNIT SYSTEMS In SI units the value of the gas constant, R , is: R = 8.314472 Pa m 3 K -1 mol -1 = 8314.472 Pa L K -1 mol -1 = 0.08314472 bar L K -1 mol -1 This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT , when the variables are expressed in other units. The follow- ing conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa1 torr (mm Hg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0°C]1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0°C]1 in H 2 O = 249.082 Pa [at 4°C] 1 ft H 2 O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4°C] REFERENCE Mohr, P. J., and Taylor, B. N., “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 1998”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1713, 1999. See also http://physics.nist.gov/constants Units of V , T , n Units of P VT n kPa atm psi mmHg in Hg in H 2 O ft H 2 O ft 3 Kmol 0.2936228 0.00289784 0.0425864 2.20236 0.0867070 1.17881 0.0982351 lb·mol 133.1851 1.31443 19.3168 998.973 39.3296 534.704 44.5587 °R mol 0.1631238 0.00160990 0.0236591 1.22353 0.0481706 0.654900 0.0545751 lb·mol 73.99170 0.730242 10.7316 554.984 21.8498 297.058 24.7548 cm 3 Kmol 8314.472 82.0574 1205.91 62363.8 2455.27 33380.4 2781.71 lb·mol 3771381 37220.6 546993 282878000 1113690 15141100 1261760 °R mol 4619.151 45.5875 669.951 34646.5 1364.03 18544.7 1545.39 lb·mol 2095211 20678.1 303885 15715400 618717 8411730 700979 LK mol 8.314472 0.0820574 1.20591 62.3638 2.45527 33.3804 2.78171 lb·mol 3771.381 37.2206 546.993 28287.8 1113.69 15141.1 1261.76 °R mol 4.619151 0.0455875 0.669951 34.6465 1.36403 18.5447 1.54539 lb·mol 2095.211 20.6781 303.885 15715.4 618.717 8411.73 700.979 m 3 Kmol 0.008314472 0.0000820574 0.00120591 0.0623638 0.00245527 0.0333804 0.00278171 lb·mol 3.771381 0.0372206 0.546993 28.2878 1.11369 15.1411 1.26176 °R mol 0.004619151 0.0000455875 0.000669951 0.0346465 0.00136403 0.0185447 0.00154539 lb·mol 2.095211 0.0206781 0.303885 15.7154 0.618717 8.41173 0.700979 111 Uuu112 Uub (272)2He 4.002602 20 KShell K-L K-L-M -L-M-N -M-N-O -N-O-P -O-P-Q -N-O-P -O-P-Q18 VIIIA17 VIIB VIIA16 VIB VIA15 VB VA14 IVB IV A13 IIIB IIIA 10 Ne 20.1797 2-80 9 F 18.9984032 2-7-1 8 O 15.9994 2-6-2 7 N 14.0067 2-5+1 +2 +3+4+5 -1-2-36 C 12.0107 2-4+2 +4 -45 B 10.811 2-3+3 18 Ar 39.948 2-8-80 17 Cl 35.453 2-8-7+1 +5+7 -116 S 32.065 2-8-6+4 +6 -215 P 30.973761 2-8-5+3 +5 -314 Si 28.0855 2-8-4+2 +4 -413 Al 26.981538 2-8-3+3 36 Kr 83.798 -8-18-80 35 Br 79.904 -8-18-7+1 +5 -134 Se 78.96 -8-18-6+4 +6 -233 As 74.92160 -8-18-5+3 +5 -332 Ge 72.64 -8-18-4+2 +431 Ga 69.723 -8-18-3+3 54 Xe 131.293 -18-18-80 53 I 126.90447 -18-18-7+1 +5+7 -152 Te 127.60 -18-18-6+4 +6 -251 Sb 121.760 -18-18-5+3 +5 -350 Sn 118.710 -18-18 -4+2 +449 In 114.818 -18-18-3+3 86 Rn (222) -32-18-80 85 At (210) -32-18-784 Po (209) -32-18-6+2 +483 Bi 208.98038 -32-18-5+3 +582 Pb 207.2 -32-18-4+2 +481 Tl 204.3833 -32-18-3+1 +31 H 1.00794 1+1 -11 Group IA 30 Zn 65.409 -8-18-2+2 29 Cu 63.546 -8-18-1+1 +228 Ni 58.6934 -8-16-2+2 +327 Co 58.933200 -8-15-226 Fe 55.845 -8-14-2+2 +325 Mn 54.938049 -8-13-2+2 +3+4+724 Cr 51.9961 -8-13-1+2 +3+623 V 50.9415 -8-11-2+2 +3+4+522 Ti 47.867 -8-10-2+2 +3+421 Sc 44.955910 -8-9-2+3 20 Ca 40.078 -8-8-2+2 19 K 39.0983 -8-8-1+1 +2 +34 Be 9.012182 2-2+2 3 Li 6.941 2-1+1 12 Mg 24.3050 2-8-2+2 11 Na 22.989770 2-8-1+12 IIA 3 IIIA IIIB4 IV A IVB5 VA VB6 VIA VIB7 VIIA VIIB11 IBIB12 IIBIIB10 9 VIIIA VIII8 48 Cd 112.411 -18-18-2+2 47 Ag 107.8682 -18-18-1+1 46 Pd 106.42 -18-18-0+2 +345 Rh 102.90550 -18-16-144 Ru 101.07 -18-15-1+3 43 Tc (98) -18-13-242 Mo 95.94 -18-13-1+6 41 Nb 92.90638 -18-12-1+3 +540 Zr 91.224 -18-10-2+4 39 Y 88.90585 -18-9-2+3 38 Sr 87.62 -18-8-2+2 37 Rb 85.4678 -18-8-1+1 +3 80 Hg 200.59 -32-18-2+1 +279 Au 196.96655 -32-18-1+1 +378 Pt 195.078 -32-17-1+2 +477 Ir 192.217 -32-15-276 Os 190.23 -32-14-2+3 +475 Re 186.207 -32-13-274 W 183.84 -32-12-2+6 73 Ta 180.9479 -32-11-2+5 72 Hf 178.49 -32-10-2+4 57* La 138.9055 -18-9-2+3 56 Ba 137.327 -18-8-2+2 55 Cs 132.90545 -18-8-1+1 +3 +4 110 Ds (281) -32-16-2109 Mt (268) -32-15-2108 Hs (277) -32-14-2107 Bh (264) -32-13-2106 Sg (266) -32-12-2105 Db (262) -32-11-2104 Rf (261) -32-10-2+4 89** Ac (227) -18-9-2+3 88 Ra (226) -18-8-2+2 87 Fr (223) -18-8-1+1+4 +6+7 +4 +6+7 71 Lu 174.967 -32-9-2+3 70 Yb 173.04 -32-8-2+2 +369 Tm 168.93421 -31-8-2+3 68 Er 167.259 -30-8-2+3 67 Ho 164.93032 -29-8-2+3 66 Dy 162.500 -28-8-2+3 65 Tb 158.92534 -27-8-2+3 64 Gd 157 .25 -25-9-263 Eu 151.964 -25-8-2+2 +362 Sm 150.36 -24-8-261 Pm (145) -23-8-2+3 60 Nd 144.24 -22-8-2+3 59 Pr 140.90765 -21-8-2+3 58 Ce 140.116 -19-9-2+3 +4 * Lanthanides+3 97 Bk (247) -27-8-296 Cm (247) -25-9-295 Am (243) -25-8-294 Pu (244) -24-8-293 Np (237) -22-9-292 U 238.02891 -21-9-291 Pa 231.03588 -20-9-2+5 +490 Th 232.0381 -18-10-2+4+2 +3 ** Actinides103 Lr (262) -32-8-3+3 102 No (259) -32-8-2+2 +3101 Md (258) -31-8-2+2 +3100 Fm (257) -30-8-2+3 99 Es (252) -29-8-2+3 98 Cf (251) -28-8-2+3 +3 +4+3+4+5+6+3+4+5+6+3 +3+4+5+6+3+4+5+6 The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18. The previ ous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abst racts Service (CAS) are also shown. For radioactive elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the mo st stable isotope is given in parentheses. References 1. G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 2. Chemical and Engineering News , 63(5), 27, 1985. 3. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 2001, Pure & Appl. Chem. , 75, 1107, 2003.50 Sn 118.710 -18-18-4+2 +4Key to Chart Oxidation States Electron ConfigurationAtomic Number Symbol 2001 Atomic WeightPERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version (285)114 Uuq (289)116 Uuh (289) Metallic solids Non-metallic solids Liquids Gases TeamLRNSection 2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets Definitions of Scientific Terms Thermodynamic Functions and Relations SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES “TheInemational Organization forStandardiation (ISO),Inmational UnionofPure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and thefatemationalUnionofPareandAppliedPhysicsTUPAP)havejondevelopedastofrecommended symbolsforphysicalandchemicalquamtis.Consistentseotheverecommendedsymbolshelpsssureunambiguouscfentfecommunication. ThelisteloisreprntedfromReferenceIwithpersian {fom IUPAC. Pll details may befound ithefollowing references: 1.fanMil, Ed. Quamtes. Units, andSymbols nPhysical Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1988 2. E-R. Cohen and P.Giacomo, Symbus, Unis, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Consants inPhysics, Document 1UPAP-25, 1987; aso published inPhysic, 1468, 1-68, 1987 3.180 Standards Handbook 2:Units ofMeasurement terational Organization ofStnderzation, Geneva 1982. GENERAL RULES. ‘Trevalve ofphysical quantity isexpresied 2theproguct ofanumerical value anda unit.e.g: T= 300K ¥= 262m 6,453) mol “Thesymbol foraphysical quantiy ialways given initalic loping) type, while symbols forunis aegiven inroman type. Column headings tables adsks tbe ongape may conveietl bewriten ashe physical geanty symbol vided bytheunitsymbol eg. 1% lew Cflmol* K+ “Thevaluesiothetableographaxisarethenpurenumber.‘Subserpsto symbols forphysical quantities shocld beitalic thesubscript refers Yoanother physical quantity ort anumber. C,— heatcapacity atconstant pressure 8—nh vin coetfcient Subscripts which have oter meanings shouldbe inoman ype im,—mass ofthe pron F,— Kinetic enersy “Thefollowing tables give therecommended symbols forthe major lasses ofphysicalandchemicalquantities,TheexpressionntheDefinition columnisgivenasanadimdesingthequantitybutisnotnecessarilyhecompleteoniquedefinition.TheSIUnitgivesonenotnecessarily ‘niqueexpressionforthecoherentTutforthequantityterequvakntniexpesions. includinghosewhichinvolveSIpete,maybused Name Symbol Definition ‘SIunit SPACE AND TIME cartesian Xe mspace coordinates spherical polar 18,6 m1,t coordinates generalized coordinate 4,a (varies) position vector r v=xit yj+zk m length t mspecial symbols: height hbreadth bthickness 4,6distance d ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition SIunit radius r diameter 4 path length s length ofarc s area AAyS m?volume ¥,(0) m plane angle BO... aasfr rad, 1 solid angle 2 wsdl? st] time t speriod T T=yN sfrequency wf vel/T Hzcircular frequency, o w=ny rads“4,s7 angular frequency characteristic aT r=|de/dinx| stime interval, relaxation time, time constant angularvelocity ° w=dg/at rads!velocity amor vedr/dt mstspeed nume velo} mstacceleration 4,(9) a=do/dt ms? CLASSICAL MECHANICS mass m xgreducedmass XH pom,my/lm,+m)kgGensity, massdensity ° p=m/V kgm? relative density a d=plp* 1 surface density PwBs pa=miA kgm"? specific volume . v=Vim=/p im?kg”!‘momentum > p=mo kgms7?angular momentum, L L=rxp Js action momentofinertia Ls 1=Dmr? kgm? forceF Fedp/dt=ma N torque, TM) T=rxF Nm moment ofaforce energy E Jpotential energy EV, E,=—SF-ds Jkineticenergy EyTK Ey=}rno? Jwork Ww W=|F-ds J Hamilton function H Hla) J =T(a, p)+V(Q) Lagrange function L La, J =T(4.4)- Via) ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition STunit pressure aP paFlA Pa,Nm7?surfacetension ne yadW]SA Nm',Jm7?weight GW,P) G=mg Ngravitational constant =G F=Gm,myjr* Nim?kg”?normal stress ° o=FIA Pa shear stress t t=F/A Pa linear strain, ae cnAll I relative elongation modulusofelasticity, =E E=ofe Pa Young's modulus shear strain y yadx/d 1 shear modulus G Gath Pa volume strain, 6 O=AV/Vo 1 bulk strain bulk modulus, K K=-Voldp/dv) Pa compression modulus viscosity, mH taetnidv,/d2) Pasdynamic viscosity fluidity $ o=ln mkg"'s kinematic viscosity y venlp mst frictioncoefficient wif Fesee™HFcorm 1 power P PadWjdt w sound energy flux PP, P=dE/at Ww acoustic factors, reflection factor ° p=P,/Po 1 acoustic absorption ay,(a) a=1-p 1 factor transmission factor t=Py/Po 1 dissipation factor é b=a,-t 1 FLECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. quantity ofelectricity, c electric charge chargedensity ° p=Qlv cm?surface charge density o=Q/A cm? electric potential Vb v=dWjag VIC? electric potential UAV, bd U=V,-V, v difference electromotive force E E={(F/Q)-ds. v electric field strength E E=F(Q=-gradV Vm"! electric flux ¥ Y=[D-d4 c electric displacement D D=tE cm? capacitance c cmgu Fcv-tpermittivity ® D=cE Fmt ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition STunit permittivity ofvacuum —& fom 5? Fm! relativepermittivity 5 =tht 1dielectric polarization P P=D—0oE cm? (dipole moment pervolume) electric susceptibility x, uerent 1 electric dipole moment p, P=Or Cm electric current 1 T=dQ/at A electric current density j,J I=fj-da Am? magnetic fluxdensity, B F=QoxB T magnetic induction magnetic flux ® =[Bed Wb magnetic field strength =H Bau Am?permeability KH Bayh NAAHmPermeability ofvacuum fig Hm?relativepermeability by B=H/o 1magnetization M M=Biyg—H Am? (magnetic dipole moment pervolume) magnetic susceptibility 1%,(ta) remo! 1 molar magnetic In a= Vn m?mol"! susceptibility magnetic dipole mn Ey=—mB AmJT! moment electrical resistance R R=U/T a conductance G G=1R slossangle 6 d=(8/2)+O,—by Arad reactance x X=(U/Msiné 2impedance Zz Z=R+iX ry(complex impedance) admittance y Yaz s(complex admittance) susceptance B Y=G4iB sresistivity ° pmEl Qmconductivity ano k=l/p Smtsellsinductance L E=~L{sl/at) Hmutual inductance M,Liz E,=L,(d1,/dt) H magnetic vector 4 BaVxd Wom"! potential Poynting vector s S=ExH wm? QUANTUM MECHANICS momentum operator b=-in ms kinetic energy operator T° T=-(7/2m)v? J ©2000 CRE Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Nome Symbol Definition SIunit hamiltonian operator = A=T+y Jwavefunction, Pad Aig=Ey (m7?) state function probability density P Payty (m=) charge density p p=—eP (Cm) ofelectrons probability Ss S=—ikytvy (m7?7") current density —¥vy")/2m, electric current i j=-eS (Am™?) density ofelectrons matrix element Ay,GAL Ay=SUtagjde (varies) ofoperator A expectation value «ADA <Ad= year (varies) ofoperator 2 hermitian conjugate at (Ay=(Ay* (varies) ofA ‘commutator (4,81,(4,8). [4,B]=4B-84 (varies)ofAand B anticommutator (4,8), [4,8],=4B+BA (varies) spin wavefunction «8 1 coulomb integral Han Han=fiatAndt I resonance integral Ags Hyw=SWa* Aydt J overlap integral Saw Saa=fbatbedt 1 ATOMS AND MOLECULES nucleon number, A T mass number protonnumber, Zz 1 atomic number neutron number N N=A-Z 1 electron restmass m, kg. mass ofatom, mm kg atomic mass atomicmassconstant my mm(PC\12 kg mass excess 4 4=m,—Am, ke elementary charge, e c proton charge Planck constant A Js Planck constant/2n A h=hf2x Js Bobr radius a =4negh?/m,e* m Hartree energy Ey E,=f?/mao* J Rydberg constant Ry R= E,/2he me finestructure constant a a=e*/dneghe 1 ionization energy g J ©2000 CRE Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition SIunit electron affinity Eu J dissociation eneray EyD J from theground state Dy J fromthepotential Dd, 1minimum principal quantum ” E=—heR/nt 1 number (Hatom) angular momentum seeunder Spectroscopy quantum numbers magnetic dipole moment m, E,=—mB iv ofamolecule magnetizability g mB iT? ofamoleculeBohr magneton He y=eh/2m, iT nuclear magneton By x=(enmity coal magnetogyric ratio Y yeh Chg (gyromagnetic ratio) gfactor 9 1 Larmor circular oe =(e/2m)B st frequency Larmor frequency 4 weo,2n Hz longitudinal Tr, srelaxation time transverse qT, srelaxation time electric dipole moment pt E,=—pE Cm ofamolecule quadrupole moment 2:0 E,=40:V"=40:¥" Cm? ofamolecule quadrupole moment Q 0=26n) Cm ofanucleus electricfieldgradient =g GpOV[2098=Vm? tensor quadrupole interaction x Yop0409 J energy tensor electric polarizability a p(induced)=aE cmv" ofamolecule activity (ofa 4 Az—dNy/dt Bqradioactive substance) decay (rate) constant, 2 A=iNy st disintegration (rate) constant halflife Ty s mean life t s level width r Tah 5 ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition SIunit disintegration energy J cross section ¢ m? (ofanuclear reaction) SPECTROSCOPY total term T TmE,qhe im? transition wavenumber 5,(v) =T'-T" m transition frequency y v=(E-E'Vh Hz electronic term T, T.=E,fhe m? vibrational term G G=Exy/he mm rotational term F FrEufhe m? spinorbit coupling A T=ACES) mo? constant principal moments Lilrile LSlySle kgm? ofinertia rotational constants, inwavenumber ABC A=h/8rrel, mtinfrequency ABC AZhfBx7, Hz inertial defect 4 b=le-Lly kgm? (2B-A-C) 1 asymmetryparameter, ok Cayea centrifugal distortion constants, Sreduction DjDigiDyidyide mtAreduction 55425 O55 55x mo? harmonic vibration 050, ma wavenumber vibrational anharmonicity 2.x, Xidw mt constant vibrational quantum 5h 1 numbers Coriolis zeta constant," 1 angular momentum seeadditional information below quantum numbers degeneracy, 34,8 I statistical weight electric dipole PR E,=—pE cm moment ofamolecule transition dipole MR M={y'py"de cm moment ofamolecule molecular geometry, interatomic distances, equilibrium distance r, m zero-point average, m distance ground state distance 7% m ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition STunit substitution structure, m distance vibrational coordinates, internal coordinates Ry,71,8pete. (varies) symmetry coordinates $, (varies) normal coordinates mass adjusted @ kgtnidimensionless & 1 vibrational force constants, diatomic oaC) faP pr Jm-? polyatomic, internal coordinates fy fy=d?Vforjor, (varies)symmetry coordinates F., Fy=0?¥/2S,8S, (varies)dimensionless normal $x.» m! ‘coordinates Kea. nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetogyric ratio. yen{th ke"? shielding constant os By=(l-onB 1 chemical shift,5scale 5 6=10%v—vo)/¥9 1 (indirect) spin-spin Igy Bh= IanTyHz couplingconstant direct(dipolar) Daw Hz coupling constant longitudinal Tr, srelaxation time transverse T, s relaxation time electron spin resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR, EPR), magnetogyric ratio yen/sh Ckg!gfactor @ hy=ou5B 1 hyperfine coupling constant, inliquids aA Ayg/h=aS-T Hz insolids T Ayglh=S-T-T Hz Operator Quantumnumbersymbol Angularmomentum symbol Total Z-axis axis electron orbital L L M, A ‘oneelectron only f t im, a ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Operator Quantumnumbersymbol Angular momentum symbol Total Z-axis axis electron spin BY s Ms z one electron only 3 5 m, ° electron orbital+spin L+S Q=A+E nuclear orbital k R Kaske (rotational) nuclear spin T 1 M, internal vibrational spherical top f 1) K; other jae Uy sumofR+L+f) n N Kk sumof N+S 2 J M, Kk sum ofJ+1 f F Mr ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION Name Symbol Definition SIunit wavelength 4 mspeed oflight invacuum & ms"! inamedium c c=co/n ms"? wavenumber invacuum Fav/comI/nk mt wavenumber o onl m! (inamedium) frequency y vaca Hzcircular frequency, o w=2av stad su! pulsatance refractive index a n=co/e 1 Planck constant h Js Planck constant/2x a heahfn Js radiant energy aw 3 radiant energy density p,w e=alv sm spectral radiant energy density interms offrequency py,Wy p=play Jm73 He" intermsofwavenumber py,Ws p=dp/di Im?intermsofwavelengith pj,™ pr=dp/dd Im-* Einstein transition probabilities spontaneous emission yy, AN,/4t=— Aggy ot stimulated emission Bar AN,/At=—pelFam)XBans skg"! stimulated absorption Bay AN,/8t= P5(Fam)BnaNm §kQ~* radiant power, oP o=dg/at w radiant energy pertime ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition SIunit radiant intensity I 1=d0/62 Ws? radiantexitance, M MwdO/Ayperce Wm?(emitted radiant flux) irradiance, E,() E=do/da wm?(radiant flux received) emittance ‘ c=M/My 1Stefan-Boltzmann o Myy=oT* Wm?K-4constant first radiation constant —¢ ey=2nhco? Wm? second radiation a epshco/k Km constant ‘transmittance, aT t=O/Pq 1 transmission factor absorptance, a a=O,,/05 iabsorption factor reflectance, P P=Pre1/%o ' reflection factor (decadic) absorbance A A==le1-a) 1 napierian absorbance =B B=—In(I-«) 1 absorption coefficient (linear) decadic ak a=Afl m? (inear) napierian a a=B/l m7? molar (decadic) e e=a/e=Alel m?mol”! molar napierian x x=a/e= Biel m?mol" absorption index k ksa/4ni 1 complex refractive index fantik 1 molarrefraction RR, ready, m}mol .+2 °™ angle ofoptical « 1,rad rotation SOLIDSTATE lattice vector R,Ro m fundamental translation ay;a3;ay, Rena, $0;+Maym vectors forthe @be crystal lattice (circular) reciprocal G G:R=2nm im! lattice vector (circular) fundamental by:ba;By, a;by= 2154 m! translation vectors at;BYc* forthereciprocal lattice lattice plane spacing d m Braggangle 0 nk=2dsind 1,rad ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition STunit order ofreflection a 1 order parameters short range o 1 long range s 1 Burgers vector 5 m particle position vector 7,Ry m ‘equilibrium position Ro m vector ofan ion displacement vector “ u=R-R, m ofanion Debye-Waller factor B,D 1 Debye circular a nt wavenumber Debye circular @ st frequency Griineisen parameter 9, yeaV/xCy 1 Madelung constant aM BagetNazetne4neyRy density ofstates Ne Ne=dN(EyAE im? (spectral) density of Nog Ny=dN(oy/do sm vibrational modes resistivity tensor Pu E=pj Qm conductivity tensor om o=p? Sm! thermalconductivity Aa Iya-d-grad TWmkK" tensor residual resistivity bn Qm relaxation time t talfoe sLorenz coefficient L L=MoT viKo? Hallcoefficient AwRy E=pj+Ry(Bxj) mC thermoelectric force E v Peltier coefficient 1 v Thomson coefficient we) VK work function 6 O=Eg~Ey J number density, 0) m? number concentration gapenergy E, J donor ionization energy Ey J acceptor ionization E I energy Fermi energy Epfr 3 circular wave vector, k=2nd m! propagation vector Bloch function ur} Wr)=y(t) expik-r) m73? charge density of » pir=—eyr(ile) Cm electrons ©2000CREPressLLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition SIunit effective mass m* kg mobility # semvge/E mynigtmobilityratio 6 b=Haltly 1diffusion coefficient D dN/dt=—DA(dn/dx) m?5“! diffusion length L L=/Dt m characteristic (Weiss) 8,Ow K temperature Curie temperature Te K Néel temperature Ty K STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS number ofentities N I number density of nc n=n/v m? entities, number concentration Avogadro constant Ly mol-! Boltzmann constant Kyky JK? gasconstant (molar) R RaLk JK" mol"! molecular position rs 2) m vector molecular velocity elensepCoh e=dr/at ms"!vector itty)molecular momentum PtPysPyP,) p=me kgms"? vector velocity distribution fled Sle.)=(m/2nkT mts function (Maxwell) xexp(—me,2/2kT) speed distribution Fl) Flc)=(m/2nkT)"?——m™*s function x4nctexp(—me?/2kT) (Maxwell-Boitzmann) average speed at, é=JcFlode ms? o>, (a> generalized coordinate q (m) generalized momentum —p p=oL/og (kgms“) volume inphase space @ Q=(1/h)fpdg 1probability P 1 statistical weight, 5.4, Wo, B 1 degeneracy densityofstates (ED p(E)=dN/AE mnpartition function, sum over states, forasingle molecule 4,2 g=Soexp(—e/kT) 1 foracanonical Qz 1 ensemble (system, orassembly) ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition STunit microcanonical 2 1ensemble grand (canonical = 1 ensemble) symmetry number os 1 reciprocal temperature Bakr mt parameter characteristic e kK temperature GENERAL CHEMISTRY number ofentities N 1 (e.g, molecules, atoms, ions, formula units) amount (ofsubstance) on ngs No/L mol Avogadro constant LN, mol"! mass ofatom, mm kg atomic mass mass ofentity my, ke (molecule, orformula unit) atomic mass constant my m=m2Cy12 kg molarmass M My=ming kgmol"? relative molecular mass M, M,.y= Mit, i (relative molar mass, molecular weight) molar volume Vy Van Ving m?mol”# mass fraction w Wwy=mg/Em, 1 volume fraction 6 bo=Ve/E¥, 1 mole fraction, xy Xg=Mq/En, 1 amount fraction, number fraction (total) pressure pP Pa partial pressure Pa Po=YeP Pa massconcentration P ya=mg/V kgm"? (mass density) number concentration, C,n Co=NalY m? number density of entities amount concentration, com mal¥ mol m="? concentration solubitity s So=cq(saturated molm7? solution) molality (ofasolute) mm,(6) Ig ly molkg"! ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition SIunit surfaceconcentration = Tyg=my/A molm~?stoichiometric number 1 ‘extent ofreaction, g Ag=Ang/Yy mol advancement degree ofdissociation 1 (CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS heat 40 J work wi J internal energy u AU=q+w J enthalpy H H=U+pV J thermodynamic T kK temperature Celsius temperature at OfPC=T/K-273.15 °C entropy s dSzdq/T JK! Helmholtz energy, A A=U-TS 3 (Helmholtz function) Gibbsenergy, G G=H-TS 5(Gibbs function) Massieu function J J=-AiT IK" Planck function y Y=-G/T JK surface tension ne Y=OG/0A)p.» Im,Nm! molar quantity X Xn XqaX/n (waties) specific quantity X x x=X/m (varies) pressure coefficient B B=(p/2T)y Pak! relativepressure a, a,=(I/p\(Op/eT, KEcoefficient compressibility, isothermal ky kp=—(I/V)(OV/8p), Paisentropic Ks ks=—(1/V)(OV/2p)s Pa linear expansion , a,=(1/)(@Ya7) Kk? coefficient cubic expansion a,ays a=(/V)QVRT), Kt coefficient heat capacity, atconstant pressure Cy C= HRT), JK" atconstant volume cy CysQU/ET)y JK ratio ofheatcapacities, (x) y=C,/Cy 1Joule-Thomson BsHse H=(TPPIn KPa! coefficient secondvirial B P¥g=RT(1+B/¥q mmmol™!coefficient te)compression factor Zz Z=pVq/RT 1(compressibility factor) ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition SIunit partial molar Xe,(Xp) Xp=(OX/Prg)r, prays (varies) quantity X chemical potential # H9=G/9M9)r, p.njey Jmol”! (partial molar Gibbs energy) absolute activity a Ay=explig/RT) 1 standard chemical wwe Jmol"! potential standard partial ‘Hy? Hg?=itp°+TSg* —Smol~!molar enthalpy standardpartial Sy Se°=—(ig*/9T), —Jmol7*K™?molar entropy standard reaction Gibbs 4,G* 4,6°=¥ vase® Jmol"!energy (function) affinity ofreaction AAst) A==(G/%),¢ Imo!” =-Z%eHs standardreaction AH? A,H*=D vgHy*——Jmol™!enthalpy id standard reaction A,s* AS*=F wae? Jmol"! Ktentropy equilibrium constant =KK K*=exp(—A,G*/RT) 1equilibrium constant, pressure basis k, K,=[] po" Pa concentration basis K, K=To" {rolm3)" molality basis Ky Kq=[] ma" (molkg!" fugacity LB Sa=Ay lim(pa/ag)y Pa fugacity coefficient ¢ oa=fo/Ps 1 activity and activity coefficient referenced toRaoul’s law, ait=exp| Hex He (relative)activity a axnero||RT]1 activity coefficient =f fam aq/Xp 1 activities and activity coefficients referenced toHenry's law, (relative) activity, amolalitybasis ay Gp,p=EXP[3] 1 concentration basis. a, mexp| He=He"] 1 ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition SIUnit molefractionbasisa, ana=exp[a] 1 activity coefficient, molalitybasis om Gn.n=Ym,atinim® Iconcentration basis a,3=%,8¢0 /c* 1 mole fraction basis % 45> 7s,3%B 1 ionic strength, molality basis Ia 1,=42Zmyzg? ‘molkg~* concentration basis It 1=4Ecgz5? ‘molm~> ‘osmotic coefficient, molality basis bm $m=(Un*— Ha) 1 (RTM,=mg) mole fraction basis cm a=(HaHa )/ 1 (RT Inx,) ‘osmotic pressure a M=cgRT Pa (ideal dilute solution) (@®Symbols used assubscripts todenote achemical process orreaction ‘These symbols should beprinted inoman (upright) type, without afullstop (period). vaporization, evaporation (liquid—sgas) —vap sublimation (solid gas) sub melting, fusion (solid liquid) fus transition (between two phases) us mixing offluids mix solution (ofsolute insolvent) sol dilution (ofasolution) dil adsorption ads displacement dpiimmersion immreaction ingeneral r atomization at combustion reaction c formation reaction f (ii)Recommended superscripts standard 0 pure substance . infinite dilution «o ideal id activated complex, transition state t ‘excess quantity e ©2000CRCPressLLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition STunit ‘CHEMICAL KINETICS rateofchange of x X=dX/dt (varies) quantity X rateofconversion é gadéyae molstrateofconcentration ray Ty=deq/dt mol m~> s~! change (due to chemical reaction) |rateofreaction » val mot m=? 5"! (based onamount aq" Meg/dt concentration) partialorderof ns oakley Ireaction overall order of n n=Eny 1 reaction rateconstant, k vaAlTeg” {mol™!m3y"~45-!rate coefficient Boltzmann constant kaka JK? halllife 4 elt)=co/2 s relaxation time t tH1fky +k) s energyofactivation, EE Ey=RT?dink/dT —Smol"? activation energy pre-exponential factor =A k=Aexp(—E,/RT) —(mol”*m*}~ts"!volume ofactivation ay AtV= —RTx mmol! @ink/op)r collision diameter a dye= ttle m collision cross-section Gan=Rdgy? m collision frequency Zs st collision number Zam Zan mss collision frequency ZansTan Fan=Zan/Leace m3moi7!s"! factor standard enthalpy AtHS, AH? Jmol"! ofactivation standard entropy Ats*,ast Jmol“! K-! ofactivation standard Gibbs energy A*G*,AG* Jmol”! ofactivation quantum yield, 6 1 photochemical yield ELECTROCHEMISTRY elementary charge e c (proton charge) Faraday constant F Feel mol"? ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition STunie charge number z Zp=Qs/e 1 ofanion ionic strength Iyl 1.24De2? molm=? mean ionic activity a, ag=msys/m* 1 mean ionic molality my metemmtmolkg”! mean ionic activity Ys yah myryt coefficient charge number n,(2) 1 ofelectrochemical cell reaction electric potential AV,EU Ava My, v difference {ofagalvanic cell) emf, electromotive force E Exlim AV v mo standard emf, E* Et=-A,G*nF standard potential of =(RT/nF)in K* the electrochemical cell reaction standard electrode E v potential ‘emf ofthecell, E E=E*-(RT/nF) potential oftheelectro- xDulng, chemical cellreaction [_ea*)pH pH pHe-5|1 inner electric potential Vé=-E v outerelectricpotential =y Y=O/areor vsurface electric x tao v potential Galvanipotential se b=0—o vdifference volta potential Ay Aly=yiyt v <ifference electrochemical potential Fg"=(0G/ens*) Jmol"!electriccurrent I T=dQ/dt IN(electric) current j isla Am? density (surface) charge density o=Q/A cm? electrodereaction k ky=LnFAT] es"—(varies)rate constant ‘ mass transfer coefficient, ky kyg=Wylhyg/nFeA ms? diffusion rate constant thickness ofdiffusion 5 5p=Dalkew m layer ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition STunit transfercoeficient a aMRTOnli (electrochemical) overpotential ” n=E,—Eyeo-IR, Velectrokinetic potential { v (Geta potential) conductivity (0) ajlE Sm"conductivity cell Ket Key=eR m7? constant molarconductivity A Ap=Kiey Sm?mol"! (ofanelectrolyte) ionic conductivity, a Ay=lzyl Fup, Sm? mol"! molar conductivity ofan jon electric mobility u(y) uy=v9/E miyniso! transport number t te=ho/Eii 1 reciprocal radius of « x=(2F*1/eRT}* mt ionic atmosphere COLLOID AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY specific surface area 4,dys a=A/m mikgé! surface amount ofB, g'sma" mol adsorbed amount ofB surface excess ofB ne mol surface excess Ty(Ce) Ty=nge/A molm=? concentration ofB total surface excess rere) r=yr molm7?concentration y area permolecule ae p=A/Nge mareapermoleculeingymy an0=A/Noy m?filled monolayer surface coverage 8 O=Ns/Nnp 1 contact angle 6 lyrad film thickness Lhd m thickness of(surface or =,5,1 m interfacial) layer surface tension, ne Y=QGRAJry Nm7Im? interfacial tension filmtension & Lal Nm? reciprocal thickness K k=DPUJeRT}E mt ofthedouble layer average molar masses number-average M, M,=EnMJEn kgmol"!mass-average My M,=EnMj/EnM, —kgmol-* ©2000CREPressLLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) Name Symbol Definition SIunit Zeaverage Mm Mz=EnM?/EnM? kgmol" sedimentation coefficient s=o/a s van der Waals constant 4 J retarded vanderWaals, B J constant vanderWaals-Hamaker Ay J constant surface pressure mye why? -y Nm? ‘TRANSPORT PROPERTIES flux(ofaquantity X) Jy,J Jx=AM* AX/At varies) volumeflowrate awV qe=4V/8t mis"!massflowrate GePh Gn=dmfat kgs"!mass transfer coefficient ky ms? heat flow rate ¢ oadgat w heatflux Jy Jy=0/4 Wm?thermal conductance G G=g/AT wk" thermal resistance R R=1/G kw? thermalconductivity Ak And(AT/A!) Wm-'K"coefficient ofheat transfer h,(k,K,a) haJ/OT Wm? Kk"? thermal diffusivity a a=ANpc, mstdiffusioncoefficient D D=J,(dc/al) ms"! Thefollowing symbols areused inthedefinitions ofthedimensionless quantities: mass (m),time (?), volume(V),area(A),density(p),speed(v),length(1),viscosity(n),pressure(p),acceleration offreefall (g),cubic expansion coefficient (a),temperature (7),surface tension (y),speed ofsound (c),mean free path (2),frequency (f),thermal diffusivity (a)coefficient ofheattransfer (k)thermal conductivity (A),specificheatcapacity atconstantpressure(c,),diffusioncoefficient(D),molefraction(x),masstransfer coefficient (ki), permeability (1),electric conductivity (x),and magnetic fluxdensity (B), Name Symbol Definition SIunit Reynolds number Re Re= polfy I Euler number Ew Eu=Ap/pv? 1 Froudenumber Fr Fr=vflg)* 1Grashof number Gr Gr=PgabT p/n? 1 Weber number We We=pr"lly 1 Mach number Ma Ma=/e 1 Knudsennumber Kn Knead 1Strouhalnumber Sr Sr=lfo 1Fourier number Fo Fo=at/l* 1 Pécletnumber Pe Pe=ol/a 1Rayleighnumber Ra Ra=PgabT pina 1Nusselt number Nu Nuc hifk L Stantonnumber St St=h/pve, 1 ©2000 CRC Press LLC SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (continued) ‘Name Symbol Definition SIunits Fourier number for For For=Di/t? 1 mass transfer Péclet number formass Pe* Pe*=vl/D 1 transfer ap\ [dsGrashofnumberforGr Grea(22)(2)1 xJr0 mass transfer Nusselt number for Nut Nut =kyl/D 1 mass transfer Stanton number for set St*=ka/o 1 mass transfer Prandtl number Pr Pr=njpa 1 Schmidt number Se Se=nipD 1 Lewisnumber Le Le=a/D 1magnetic Reynolds Rm,Rey Rmi=opxl 1 number Alfvén number Al Al=0(pu)'/B 1 Hartmann number Ha Ha= Bilx/n)* 1 Cowling number Co Co=B*upv* 1 ©2000CRCPressLLC TeamLRN2-22NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemic al substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names”, depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Aceti c acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). In this Handbook the CAS Index Names are used only in the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds”. Other tables use more familiar names which, with a few possible exceptions, conform to one of the IUPAC naming systems. Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following table s, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems”. For the basics of macromolecul ar nomenclature, see “Naming Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the Internati onal Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below . These books contain citations t o the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area. Inorganic Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Recommendations 1990, edited by Leigh, G.J., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. Block, B.P., Powell, W.H., and Fernelius, W.C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice , American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990. Organic Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, edited by Panico, R., Powell, W.H., and Richer, J.-C., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure , edited by Moss, G.P., Smith, P.A.S., and Tavernier, D., Pure & Appl. Chem , 67, 1307, 1995. Rhodes, P.H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference , Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry , edited by Moss, G.P., Pure & Applied Chemistry , 68, 2193, 1966. Macromolecular Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature , edited by, Metanomski, W.V., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science , edited by Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R.F.T., and Suter, U.W., Pure & Appl. Chem , 68, in press. Biochemistry International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents , 2nd Edition, 1992 , Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992 , Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates , Recommendations 1996 , edited by McNaught, A.D., Pure & Appl. Chem ., 68, 1919, 1996. General Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide. 2-23NOMENCLATURE FOR INORGANIC IONS AND LIGANDS See the table Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds for references. The assistance of Warren H. Powell in preparing this list is gratefully acknowledged. As prefix in Group As cation As anion As ligand organic compounds H hydrogen hydride hydrido F fluorine fluoride fluoro fluoro Cl chlorine chloride chloro chloroBr bromine bromide bromo bromo I iodine iodide iodo iodo ClO chlorosyl hypochlorite hypochlorito chlorosylC1O 2 chloryl chlorite chlorito chloryl ClO3 perchloryl chlorate chlorato perchloryl C1O4 perchlorate IO iodosyl hypoiodite iodoso IO2 iodyl iodyl; iodoxy O oxide oxo oxoO 2 peroxide (O22-) peroxo peroxy hyperoxide (O 2-) HO hydroxide hydroxo hydroxyHO 2 hydrogen peroxide hydrogen peroxo hydroperoxy S sulfide thio; sulfido thio; thioxo HS hydrogen sulfide thiolo mercaptoS 2 disulfide disulfido SO sulfinyl; thionyl sulfinyl SO2 sulfonyl; sulfuryl sulfoxylate sulfonyl SO3 sulfite sulfito HSO3 hydrogen sulfite hydrogen sulfito S2O3 thiosulfate thiosulfato SO4 sulfate sulfato Se selenide seleno seleno; selenoxo SeO seleninyl seleninyl SeO2 selenonyl selenonyl SeO3 selenite selenito SeO4 selenate selenato Te telluride telluro telluro; telluroxo CrO2 chromyl UO2 uranyl NpO2 neptunyl PuO2 plutoryl AmO2 americyl N nitride nitrido N3 azide azido NH imide imido imino NH2 amide amido amino NHOH hydroxylamide hydroxylamido hydroxyamino N2H3 hydrazide hydrazido hydrazino; diazanyl NO nitrosyl nitrosyl nitroso NO2 nitryl nitro nitro ONO nitrite nitritoNS thionitrosyl NO 3 nitrate nitrato N2O3 hyponitrite hyponitrito P phosphide phosphido phosphinidyne PO phosphoryl phosphoroso; phosphinylidyne PO2 phospho PS thiophosphoryl phosphinothioylidyne; thiophosphorozo PH2O3 hypophosphite hypophosphito PHO3 phosphite phosphito TeamLRN2-24NOMENCLATURE FOR INORGANIC IONS AND LIGANDS (continued) PO4 phosphate phosphato AsO4 arsenate arsenato VO vanadylCO carbonyl carbonyl carbonyl CS thiocarbonyl thiocarbonyl CH 3O methanolate methoxo methoxy C2H5O ethanolate ethoxo ethoxy CH3S methanethiolate methanethiolato methylthio C2H5S ethanethiolate ethanethiolato ethylthio CN cyanogen cyanide cyano cyano OCN cyanate cyanato cyanato SCN thiocyanate thiocyanato thiocyanatoSeCN selenocyanate selenocyanato selenocyanato TeCN tellurocyanate tellurocyanato tellurocyanato CO 3 carbonate carbonato HCO3 hydrogen carbonate hydrogen carbonato carboxycarbonyl C2O4 oxalate oxalatoAs prefix in Group As cation As anion As ligand organic compounds ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), butthey are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names which are formed by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds . cyanamido (cyanoamino) NCNH- cyanato NCO-cyano NC-decanedioyl -OC(CH 2)8CO- decanoyl CH 3(CH 2)8CO- diazo N 2= diazoamino -NHN=N-disilanyl H 3SiSiH 2- disiloxanyloxy H 3SiOSiH 2O- disulfinyl -S(O)S(O)-dithio -SS-enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) CH 3(CH 2)5CO- epoxy -O-ethenyl (vinyl) CH 2=CH- ethynyl HC ≡C- ethoxy C 2H5O- ethyl CH 3CH 2- ethylene -CH 2CH 2- ethylidene CH 3CH= ethylthio C 2H5S- formamido (formylamino) HCONH-formyl HCO-furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) -OCCH=CHCO-furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) OC 4H3CH 2- furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) OC 4H3CH= glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) -OC(CH 2)2CH(NH 2)CO- glutaryl (from glutaric acid) -OC(CH 2)3CO- glycylamino H 2NCH 2CONH- glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) HOCH 2CO- glycyl (aminoacetyl) H 2NCH 2CO- glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) HCOCO-guanidino H 2NC(=NH)NH- guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) H 2NC(=NH)- heptadecanoyl CH 3(CH 2)15CO- heptanamido CH 3(CH 2)5CONH- heptanedioyl -OC(CH 2)5CO- heptanoyl CH 3(CH 2)5CO- hexadecanoyl CH 3(CH 2)14CO- hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) -(CH 2)6- hexanedioyl -OC(CH 2)4CO- hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) C 6H5CONHCH 2CO- hydrazino H 2NNH- hydrazo -HNNH-hydrocinnamoyl C 6H5(CH 2)2CO- hydroperoxy HOO-hydroxyamino HONH-hydroxy HO- imino HN=iodoso* (iodosyl) OI-iodyl O 2I- isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) (CH 3)2CH(CH 2)2- isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) (CH 3)2C=CH- isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) (CH 3)2CHCH 2O- isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) (CH 3)2CHCH 2- isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) (CH 3)2CHCH= isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl) (CH 3)2CHCO-acetamido (acetylamino) CH 3CONH- acetoacetyl CH 3COCH 2CO- acetonyl CH 3COCH 2- acetyl CH 3CO- acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) CH 2=CHCO- alanyl (from alanine) CH 3CH(NH 2)CO- β-alanyl H 2N(CH 2)2CO- allyl (2-propenyl) CH 2=CHCH 2- allylidene (2-propenylidene) CH 2=CHCH= amidino (aminoiminomethyl) H 2NC(=NH)- amino H 2N- amyl* (pentyl) CH 3(CH 2)4- anilino (phenylamino) C 6H5NH- anisidino CH 3OC 6H4NH- anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) 2-H 2NC 6H4CO- arsino AsH 2- azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) -OC(CH 2)7CO- azido N 3- azino =N-N=azo -N=N-azoxy -N(O)=N-benzal* (benzylidene) C 6H5CH= benzamido (benzoylamino) C 6H5CONH- benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) (C 6H5)2CH- benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) C 6H5COO- benzoyl C 6H5CO- benzyl C 6H5CH 2- benzylidene C 6H5CH= benzylidyne C 6H5C= biphenylyl C 6H5C6H5- biphenylene -C 6H4-C6H4- butoxy C 4H9O- sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) C 2H5CH(CH 3)O- tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) (CH 3)3CO- butyl CH 3(CH 2)3- sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) CH 3CH 2CH(CH 3)- tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) (CH 3)3C- butyryl (1-oxobutyl) CH 3(CH 2)2CO- caproyl* (hexanoyl) CH 3(CH 2)4CO- capryl* (decanoyl) CH 3(CH 2)8CO- capryloyl* (octanoyl) CH 3(CH 2)6CO- carbamido (carbamoylamino) H 2NCONH- carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) H 2NCO- carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) H 2NCO- carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) H 2NNHCO- carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) C 2H5OCO- carbonyl =C=O carboxy HOOC-cetyl* (hexadecyl) CH 3(CH 2)15- chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl) ClCO-cinnamoyl C 6H5CH=CHCO- cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) C 6H5CH=CHCH 2- cinnamylidene C 6H5CH=CHCH= cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) HO(CH 3)C6H4- crotonoyl CH 3CH=CHCO- crotyl (2-butenyl) CH 3CH=CHCH 2-SUBSTITUENT GROUPS © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) isocyanato OCN- isocyano CN-isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) (CH 3)2CH(CH 2)3- isoleucyl (from isoleucine) C 2H5CH(CH 3)CH(NH 2)CO- isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) HON=isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) (CH 3)2CH(CH 2)2- isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) (CH 3)2CHCH 2CH= isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) CH 2=C(CH 3)- isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) (CH 3)2CHO- isopropyl (1-methylethyl) (CH 3)2CH- isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) (CH 3)2C= isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) SCN-isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) (CH 3)2CHCH 2CO- lactoyl (from lactic acid) CH 3CH(OH)CO- lauroyl (from lauric acid) CH 3(CH 2)10CO- lauryl (dodecyl) CH 3(CH 2)11- leucyl (from leucine) (CH 3)2CHCH 2CH(NH 2)CO- levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) CH 3CO(CH 2)2CO- malonyl (from malonic acid) -OCCH 2CO- mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) C 6H5CH(OH)CO- mercapto HS-mesityl 2,4,6-(CH 3)3C6H2- methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) CH 2=C(CH 3)CO- methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) CH 2=C(CH 3)CH 2- methionyl (from methionine) CH 3SCH 2CH 2CH(NH 2)CO- methoxy CH 3O- methyl H 3C- methylene H 2C= methylthio CH 3S- myristoyl (from myristic acid) CH 3(CH 2)12CO- myristyl (tetradecyl) CH 3(CH 2)13- naphthyl (C 10H7)- naphthylene -(C 10H6)- neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) (CH 3)3CCH 2- nitramino (nitroamino) O 2NNH- nitro O 2N- nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) ONNH-nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) ONN=nitroso ON-nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) CH 3(CH 2)7CO- oleoyl (from oleic acid) CH 3(CH 2)7CH=CH(CH 2)7CO- oxalyl (from oxalic acid) -OCCO-oxo O=palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) CH 3(CH 2)14CO- pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) -(CH 2)5- pentyl CH 3(CH 2)4- tert-pentyl CH 3CH 2C(CH 3)2- phenacyl C 6H5COCH 2- phenacylidene C 6H5COCH= phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) C 6H5CH 2CH 2- phenoxy C 6H5O- phenyl C 6H5- phenylene (benzenediyl) -C 6H4- phosphino* (phosphanyl) H 2P- phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) H 2P(O)- phospho O 2P- phosphono (HO) 2P(O)- phthaloyl (from phthalic acid) 1,2-C 6H4(CO-) 2picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) 2,4,6-(NO 2)3C6H2- pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) -OC(CH 2)5CO- piperidino (1-piperidinyl) C 5H10N- pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) (CH 3)3CCO- prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) (CH 3)2C=CHCH 2- propargyl (2-propynyl) HC ≡CCH 2- 1-propenyl -CH=CHCH 2 2-propenyl (allyl) CH 2=CHCH 2- propionyl* (propanyl) CH 3CH 2CO- propoxy CH 3CH 2CH 2O- propyl CH 3CH 2CH 2- propylidene CH 3CH 2CH= pyrryl (pyrrolyl) C 3H4N- salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) 2-HOC 6H4CO- selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) HSe-seryl (from serine) HOCH 2CH(NH 2)CO- siloxy H 3SiO- silyl H 3Si- silylene H 2Si= sorboyl (from sorbic acid) CH 3CH=CHCH=CHCO- stearoyl (from stearic acid) CH 3(CH 2)14CO- stearyl (octadecyl) CH 3(CH 2)17- styryl (2-phenylethenyl) C 6H5CH=CH- suberoyl (from suberic acid) -OC(CH 2)6CO- succinyl (from succinic acid) -OCCH 2CH 2CO- sulfamino (sulfoamino) HOSO 2NH- sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) H 2NSO 2- sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] 4-H 2NC 6H4SO2- sulfeno HOS-sulfhydryl (mercapto) HS-sulfinyl OS=sulfo HO 3S- sulfonyl (sulfuryl) -SO 2- terephthaloyl 1,4-C 6H4(CO-) 2 tetramethylene -(CH 2)4- thienyl (from thiophene) (C 4H3S)- thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) =CSthiocarboxy HOSC-thiocyanato (thiocyano) NCS-thionyl* (sulfinyl) -SO-threonyl (from threonine) CH 3CH(OH)CH(NH 2)CO- toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] CH 3C6H4NH- toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) CH 3C6H4CO- tolyl (methylphenyl) CH 3C6H4- α-tolyl (benzyl) C 6H5CH 2- tolylene (methylphenylene) -(CH 3C6H3)- tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] 4-CH 3C6H4SO2- triazano H 2NNHNH- trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) -(CH 2)3- trityl (triphenylmethyl) (C 6H5)3C- valeryl* (pentanoyl) CH 3(CH 2)3CO- valyl (from valine) (CH 3)2CHCH(NH 2)CO- vinyl (ethenyl) CH 2=CH- vinylidene (ethenylidene) CH 2=C= xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] (CH 3)2C6H3NH- xylyl (dimethylphenyl) (CH 3)2C6H3- xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)] -CH 2C6H4CH 2- © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) ORGANIC RING COMPOUNDS Cyclopropane1 321 235 4 Spiropentane Cyclobutane12 3 41 2 3 45 Cyclopentane1 2 3 45O Furan1 2 3 45S Thiophene1 2 3 45N Pyrrole (Azole)H 1 2 3 45N 2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole) 1 2 3N 3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole)1 2 3 45N Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)NH 1 2 3 45N 2H-Imidazole (1,3-Diazole)N1 2 3 45N 1,2,3-TriazoleNH N 1 2 3 45N 1,2,4-TriazoleNH N 1 2 3 45S 1,2-DithioleS1 2 3 45S 1,3-DithioleS1 2 3 45O 3H-1,2-OxathioleS 1 2 3 45O Isoxazole (1,2-Oxazole)N 1 2 3 45O Oxazole (1,3-Oxazole)N1 2 3 45S Thiazole (1,3-Thiazole)N1 2 3 45S Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole)N1 2 3 45O 1,2,3-OxadiazoleN N1 2 3 45O 1,2,4-OxadiazoleN N1 2 3 45O 1,2,5-Oxadiazole (Furazan)N N 1 2 3 45O 1,3,4-OxadiazoleN N 1 2 3 45O 1,2,3,4-OxatriazoleN N N1 2 3 45O 1,2,3,5-OxatriazoleN NN1 2 3 45O 3H-1,2,3-DioxazoleO NH1 2 3 45O 1,2,4-DioxazoleO N1 2 3 45O 1,3,2-DioxazoleN OH1 2 3 45O 1,3,4-DioxazoleO N1 2 3 45O 5H-1,2,5-OxathiazoleS NH1 2 3 45O 1,3-OxathioleS 1 2 3 456 Benzene1 2 3 456 Cyclohexane1 2 3 456 2H-PyranO 12 3 456 4H-PyranO 12 3 456 2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)O O12 3 456 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)O O12 3 456 1,2-DioxinO O12 3 456 1,3-DioxinO O 1 2 3 456 PyridineN 1 2 3 456 PyridazineN N1 2 3 456 PyrimidineN N1 2 3 456 PyrazineN N1 2 3 456 PiperazineN N HH 1 2 3 456 1,3,5-Triazine (s-Triazine)N N N1 2 3 456 1,2,4-Triazine (as-Triazine)N N N1 2 3 456 1,2,3-Triazine (v-Triazine)N NN 1 2 3 456 4H-1,2-OxazineO N1 2 3 456O N 2H-1,3-Oxazine1 2 3 456O N 6H-1,3-Oxazine1 2 3 456O N 6H-1,2-Oxazine1 2 3 456O N 1,4-Oxazine1 2 3 456O N 2H-1,2-OxazineH 1 2 3 456O N 4H-1,4-OxazineH1 2 3 456O S 1,2,5-OxathiazineN 1 2 3 456 1,4-OxazineO N1 2 3 456 2H-1,2-OxazineO NH1 2 3 456 4H-1,4-OxazineO HN1 2 3 456O N 1,2,5-OxathiazineS1 2 3 456O N 1,2,6-OxathiazineS1 2 3 456O N 1,2,4-OxadiazineN1 2 3 456O 1,3,5-OxadiazineN N1 2 3 456O MorpholineN NH Azepine4 5672 31O Oxepin4 5672 31S Thiepin4 5672 31N 4H-1,2-Diazepine4 5672 31 N12 3 4567 Indene12 3 4567 2H-Indene (Isoindene)12 3 4567 BenzofuranO 12 3 4567 IsobenzofuranO45 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) ORGANIC RING COMPOUNDS (continued) 12 3 4567 Benzo[b]thiopheneS 12 3 4567 Benzo[c]thiopheneS1 2 3 4567 3H-IndoleN 12 3 4567 1H-IndoleN 56 7 1234 Cyclopenta[ b]pyridineN1 2 3 4567 Pyrano[3,4-b]- pyrroleN O 12 3 4567 IndazoleN NH 12 3 4567 Benzisoxazole (Indoxazine)O N12 3 4567 BenzoxazoleO N12 3 4567 2,1-BenzisoxazoleN O1 23 4 567 Naphthalene8 12 34 567 1,2,3,4-Tetra- hydronaphthalene (Tetralin)8 12 3 4 567 Octahydronaphthalene (Decalin)812 3 4567 IndoleNH 1 23 4 567 2H-1-Benzopyran (2H-Chromene)8O 12 3 4 567 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one (Coumarin)8O O12 34 567 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one (Chromen-4-one)8O O12 34 567 1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isocoumarin)8 OO 12 34 567 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isochromen-3-one)8 O O1 2 3 4 567 Quinoline8N 1 2 3 4 567 Isoquinoline8 N 1 23 4 567 Cinnoline8N N1 23 4 567 Quinazoline8N N1 23 4 567 1,8-Naphtyridine8N N 1 23 4 567 1,7-Naphtyridine8N N1 23 4 567 1,5-Naphtyridine8N N1 23 4 567 1,6-Naphtyridine8N N1 23 4 567 2H-1,3-Benzoxazine8O N 1 23 4 567 2H-1,4-Benzoxazine8O N1 23 4 567 1H-2,3-Benzoxazine8 O N4 32 1 876 4H-3,1-Benzoxazine5 O N1 23 4 567 2H-1,2-Benzoxazine8 N NO H 12 34 567 4H-1,4-Benzoxazine8 NO H 1 23 4 10 Anthracene9 5678123 4 9 Phenanthrene105 6 7812 3 4 Phenalene9 56 781 23 4 Fluorene9 5678 1 23 4 Carbazole9 5678NH 1 23 4 10 Xanthene9 5678 O1234 10 Acridine95 6 7 8N 12 3 4 Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)567 7H-Purine7 3216 45 98N NN N141312 11 10 Steroid ring system9 5 67817 1516 1 2 3 4RR´R´´ HHHH R R´ R´´= = =Nearly always methyl Usually methyl Various groupsH © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 2-29a absorption coefficient, acceleration, activity a0 Bohr radius A ampere, adenine (in genetic code) Å ångstromA absorbance, area, Helmholtz energy, mass number A H Hall coefficient Ar atomic weight (relative atomic mass) AAS atomic absorption spectroscopy Abe abequose abs absoluteac alternating current Ac acetyl AcOH acetic acidACT activated complex theory ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone Ade adenineADP adenosine diphosphate ads adsorption ae eon (10 9 years) AES atomic emission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy AF audio frequencyAFM atomic force microscopy AI artificial intelligence AIM atoms in moleculesAl Alfen number Ala alanine alc alcoholaliph. aliphatic alk. alkaline All alloseAlt altrose am amorphous solid Am amylAM amplitude modulation AMP adenosine 5'-monophosphate amu atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u)anh, anhyd anhydrous antilog antilogarithm AO atomic orbitalAOM angular overlap model Api apiose APS appearance potential spectroscopyAPW augmented plane wave aq aqueous Ar aryl Ara arabinose Ara-ol arabinitol Arg arginineSCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS This table lists some symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type a re symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units” in Section 1. Many of the terms to wh ich these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Cha racterization” in Section 12. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods i n an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k ,M, etc.) are not listed here, since they should never be used alone, but selected combinations with SI units (e .g., mg, kV, MW) are included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table. as, asym asymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) ASCII American National Standard Code for Information Interchange ASE aromatic stabilization energy Asn asparagineAsp aspartic acid at atomization atm standard atmosphereATP adenosine 5'-triphosphate ATR attenuated total internal reflection at.wt. atomic weightAU astronomical unit av average avdp avoirdupoisb barn B magnetic flux density, second virial coefficient, susceptance bar bar (pressure unit) bbl barrel bcc body centered cubicBCS Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (theory) BDE bond dissociation energy Bé BauméBET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (method) BeV billion electronvolt Bhn Brinell hardness numberBi biot BN bond number BNS nuclear backscattering spectroscopyBO bond order, Born-Oppenheimer (approximation) BOD biochemical oxygen demand bp boiling pointbpy 2,2'-bipyridine Bq becquerel BRE bond resonance energyBSSE basis set superposition error Btu British thermal unit bu bushelBu butyl Bz benzoyl Bzl benzylc combustion reaction c amount concentration, specific heat, velocity c 0 speed of light in vacuum C coulomb, cytosine (in genetic code) °C degree Celsius C capacitance, heat capacity, number concentration ca. approximately cal calorie TeamLRN2-30calc calculated CARS coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy CAS RN Chemical Abstracts Service Registry NumberCAT clear-air turbulence, computerized axial tomography CBS complete basis set cc cubic centimeterCCD charge-coupled device cd candela, condensed phase c.d. current densityCD circular dichroism CDP cytidine 5'-diphosphate CEPA couplet electron pair approximationcf. compare cfm cubic feet per minute cgs centimeter-gram-second systemCHF coupled Hartree-Fock (method) Ci curie CI configuration interaction, chemical ionizationCIDEP chemically induced dynamic electron polarization CIDNP chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization cir circularCKFF Cotton-Kraihanzel force field CL cathode luminescence cm centimeterc.m. center of mass c.m.c. critical micelle concentration CMO canonical molecular orbitalCMP cytidine 5'-monophosphate CN coordination number CNDO complete neglect of differential overlapCo Cowling number COD chemical oxygen demand conc concentrated, concentrationconst constant cos cosine cosh hyperbolic cosineCOSY correlation spectroscopy (in NMR) cot cotangent coth hyperbolic cotangentcp candle power cP centipoise Cp cyclopentadienylCP chemically pure CPA coherent potential approximation cpd contact potential difference cps cycles per second CPT charge conjugation-space inversion-time reversal (theorem) CPU central processing unit cr, cryst crystalline (phase) CRU constitutional repeating unitcsc cosecant ct carat CT charge transferCTEM conventional transmission electron microscopy CTP cytidine 5'-triphosphate CTR controlled thermonuclear reactioncu cubic CV cyclic voltammetry CVD chemical vapor depositioncw continuous wavecwt hundredweight (112 pounds) Cy cyclohexyl cyl cylinderCys cysteine d day, deuteron d distance, density, dextrorotatory D debye unit D diffusion coefficient, dissociation energy, electric displacement Da dalton DA donor-acceptor (complex) dB decibeldc direct current DE delocalization energy dec decomposesdeg degree den density det determinantdev deviation DFT density functional theory diam diameterdil dilute, dilution DIM diatomics in molecules dm decimeterdmf, DMF N,N-dimethylformamide dmso, DMSO dimethylsulfoxide DNA deoxyribonucleic acidDNase deoxyribonuclease DNMR dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance DOS density of statesdoz dozen d.p. degree of polymerization dpl displacementdpm disintegrations per minute dps disintegrations per second dr dramdRib 2-deoxyribose DRIFT diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform DRS diffuse reflectance spectroscopyDSC differential scanning calorimetry DTA differential thermal analysis dyn dynee electron, base of natural logarithms e elementary charge, linear strain E electric field strength, electromotive force, energy, modulus of elasticity, entgegen ( trans configuration) E h Hartree energy EA electron affinityEAN effective atomic number ECP effective core potential ECR electron cyclotron resonanceED electron diffraction, effective dose EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acidEELS electron energy loss spectroscopy EFFF energy factored force field EHMO extended Hückel molecular orbitalEHT extended Hückel theory emf electromotive force emu electromagnetic unit systemen ethylenediamineSCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) 2-31ENDOR electron-nuclear double resonance EOS equation of state EPMA electron probe microanalysisEPR electron paramagnetic (spin) resonance eq, eqn equation eqQ quadrupole coupling constant erf error function erg erg ESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysise.s.d. estimated standard deviation ESD electron stimulated desorption ESR electron spin resonanceest estimate, estimated esu electrostatic unit system Et ethylET electron transfer, ephemeris time Et 2O diethyl ether e.u. entropy unitEu Euler number eV electronvolt EWG electron withdrawing groupEXAFS extended x-ray absorption fine structure EXELFS extended energy loss fine structure exp exponential functionexpt experimental ext external f formation reactionf activity coefficient, aperture ratio, focal length, force constant, frequency, fugacity F farad°F degree Fahrenheit F Faraday constant, force, angular momentum FAD flavin adenine dinucleotidefcc face centered cubic FEL free electron laser FEM field emission microscopyFEMO free electron molecular orbital FET field effect transistor fid free induction decayFIM field ion microscopy FIR far infrared fl fluid (phase)FM frequency modulation Fo Fourier number fp freezing point fpm feet per minute fps feet per second, foot-pound-second system Fr franklinFr Froude number Fru fructose FSGO floating spherical Gaussian orbitaìft foot ft-lb foot pound FT Fourier transformFTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fuc fucose Fuc-ol fucitolfus fusion (melting) g gram, gas g acceleration due to gravity, degeneracy, statistical weight, Landé g-factorG gauss, guanine (in genetic code) G electrical conductance, Gibbs energy, gravitational constant, sheer modulus gal gallon Gal gal, galileo, galactose GalN galactosamineGC gas chromatography GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GDMS glow discharge mass spectroscopygem geminal (on the same carbon atom) GeV gigaelectronvolt GIAO gauge invariant atomic orbitalgl glacial GLC gas-liquid chromatography Glc glucoseGlcN glucosamine Glc-ol glucitol Gln glutamineGlu glutamic acid Gly glycine GMP guanosine 5'-triphosphateGMT Greenwich mean time gpm gallons per minute gps gallons per secondgr grain Gr Grashof number GTO gaussian type atomic orbitalGua guanine Gul gulose GUT grand unified theoryGVB generalized valence bond GWS Glashow-Weinberg-Salam (theory) Gy gray, gigayearh helion, hour h Planck constant H henryH enthalpy, Hamiltonian function, magnetic field H 0 Hubble constant ha hectareHa Hartmann number Hacac acetylacetone HAM hydrogenic atoms in moleculeshav haversine Hb hemoglobin hcp hexagonal closed packed Hea ethanolamine HEIS high energy ion scattering HEP high energy physicsHF high frequency hfs hyperfine structure Him imidazoleHis histidine HMO Hückel molecular orbital HOMO highest occupied molecular orbitalhp horsepower HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography Hpz pyrazolehr hour HREELS high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy HREM high resolution electron microscopyHSAB hard-soft acid-base (theory)SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) TeamLRN2-32HSE homodesmotic stabilization energy Hz hertz i square root of minus one I electric current, ionic strength, moment of inertia, nuclear spin angular momentum, radiant intensity IAT international atomic time i-Bu isobutyl IC integrated circuit ICP inductively coupled plasma ICR ion cyclotron resonanceid ideal (solution) ID inside diameter Ido idoseIDP inosine 5'-diphosphate IE ionization energy i.e.p. isoelectric pointIEPA independent electron pair approximation IF intermediate frequency IGLO individual gauge for localized orbitalsIle isoleucine Im imaginary part imm immersionIMPATT impact ionization avalanche transit time in. inch INDO intermediate neglect of differential overlapINS inelastic neutron scattering, ion neutralization spectroscopy int internalI/O input/output IP ionization potential IPN interpenetrating polymer networki-Pr isopropyl IPR isotopic perturbation of resonance IPTS International Practical Temperature ScaleIR infrared IRAS reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy IRC intrinsic reaction coordinateisc intersystem crossing ISE isodesmic stabilization energy ISS ion scattering spectroscopyITP inosine 5'-triphosphate ITS International Temperature Scale (1990) IU international unitj angular momentum, electric current density J joule J angular momentum, electric current density, flux, Massieu function k absorption index, Boltzmann constant, rate constant, thermal conductivity, wave vector K kelvin K absorption coefficient, bulk modulus, equilibrium constant, kinetic energy kb kilobar, kilobase (DNA or RNA) kcal kilocalorie KE kinetic energykeV kiloelectronvolt kg kilogram kgf kilogram force kJ kilojoule km kilometer Kn Knudsen numberkPa kilopascal kt karat kV kilovolt kva kilovolt amperekW kilowatt kwh kilowatt hour l liquid, literl angular momentum, length, levorotatory L liter, lambert L Avogadro constant, inductance, Lagrange function lat. latitude lb pound lbf pound forcelc liquid crystal LC liquid chromatography LCAO linear combination of atomic orbitalsLD lethal dose Le Lewis function LED light emitting diodeLEED low-energy electron diffraction LEIS low energy ion scattering Leu leucineLFER linear free energy relationship lim limit LIMS laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laboratory information management system liq liquid lm lumenln logarithm (natural) LNDO local neglect of differential overlap log logarithm (common)long. longitude LST local sidereal time LT local timeLTE local thermodynamic equilibrium LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lut lutidinelx lux ly langley l.y. light yearLys lysine Lyx lyxose m meter, molal (as in 0.1 m solution), metastable (isotope) m magnetic dipole moment, mass, molality, angular momentum component, meta (as chemical descriptor) M molar (as in 0.1 M solution), metal (in chemical formulas) M magnetization, molar mass, mutual inductance, torque, angular momentum component M r molecular weight (relative molar mass) Ma Mach number Man mannose MASNMR magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance max maximumMBE molecular beam epitaxy MBPT many body perturbation theory MC Monte Carlo (method) MCD magnetic circular dichroism MCPF modified couple pair functional MCSCF multi-configurational self-consistent fieldSCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) 2-33MD molecular dynamics Me methyl MEP molecular electrostatic potentialMERP minimum energy reaction path Mes mesityl MESFET metal-semiconductor field-effect transistorMet methionine meV millielectronvolt MeV megaelectronvoltMF molecular formula mg milligram MHD magnetohydrodynamicsmi mile MIM molecules-in-molecules min minimum, minuteMINDO modified intermediate neglect of differential overlap MIR mid-infrared misc miscibleMKS meter-kilogram-second system MKSA meter-kilogram-second-ampere system mL, ml millilitermm millimeter MM molecular mechanics mmf magnetomotive forcemmHg millimeter of mercury MO molecular orbital mol molemol.wt. molecular weight mon monomeric form MOS metal-oxide semiconductorMOSFET metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor mp melting point MPa megapascalMPA Mulliken population analysis Mpc megaparsec MRI magnetic resonance imagingmRNA messenger RNA ms millisecond MS mass spectroscopyMSL mean sea level Mur muramic acid mV millivoltmW milliwatt MW megawatt, microwave, molecular weight Mx maxwell n neutron n amount of substance, number density, principal quantum number, refractive index, normal (inchemical formulas) N newton N angular momentum, neutron number N A Avogadro constant NE density of states NAA neutron activation analysisNAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH reduced NAD NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateNAO natural atomic orbital NBO natural bond order nbp normal boiling pointNeu neuraminic acidNEXAFS near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure ng nanogram NIR near infrared nm nanometerNMR nuclear magnetic resonance NNDO neglect of nonbonded differential overlap NO natural orbitalNOE nuclear Overhauser effect NPA natural population analysis NQR nuclear quadrupole resonanceNRA prompt nuclear reaction analysis ns nanosecond NTP normal temperature and pressureNu nucleophile Nu Nusselt number o ortho (as chemical descriptor) obs, obsd observed OD optical density, outside diameter Oe oerstedORD optical rotatory dispersion oz ounce p protonp dielectric polarization, electric dipole moment, momentum, pressure, para (as chemical descriptor) P poiseP power, pressure, probability, sound energy flux Pa pascal PA proton affinityPAS photoacoustic spectroscopy pc parsec PCR polymerase chain reactionPD potential difference pdl poundal pe probable errorPe Péclet number PES photoelectron spectroscopy PET positron emission tomographypeth petroleum ether pf power factor pg picogrampH negative log of hydrogen ion concentration Ph phenyl Phe phenylalaninepI isoelectric point pip piperidine pK negative log of ionization constant pm picometer PMO perturbational molecular orbital PNDO partial neglect of differential overlapPNRA prompt nuclear reaction analysis pol polymeric form ppb parts per billionppm parts per million PPP Pariser-Parr-Pople (method) ppt parts per thousand, precipitatePr propyl Pr Prandtl number PRDDO partial retention of diatomic differential overlap Pro proline ps picosecond PS photoelectron spectroscopySCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) TeamLRN2-34PSD photon stimulated desorption Psi psicose psi pounds per square inchpsia pounds per square inch absolute psig pounds per square inch gage pt pintPVT pressure-volume-temperature py pyridine q electric field gradient, flow rate, heat, wave vector (phonons) Q electric charge, heat, partition function, quadrupole moment, radiant energy, vibrational normal coordinate QCD quantum chromodynamics QED quantum electrodynamics Q.E.D. quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved)QSAR quantitative structure-activity relationship QSO quasi-stellar object (quasar) qt quartquad quadrillion Btu (= 1.05510 18 J) Qui quinovose q.v. quod vide (which you should see)r reaction r position vector, radius R roentgen, alkyl radical (in chemical formulas)°R degree Rankine R electrical resistance, gas constant, molar refraction, Rydberg constant RA right ascension rad radian RAIRS reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopyRAM random access memory RBS Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy RE resonance energyRe real part RED radial electron distribution REM reflection electron microscopyrem roentgen equivalent man RF radiofrequency Rha rhamnoseRHEED reflection high-energy electron diffraction RHF restricted Hartree-Fock (theory) RIA radioimmunoassayRib ribose Ribulo ribulose rms root mean square RNA ribonucleic acid RNase ribonuclease rRNA ribosomal RNAROHF restricted open shell Hartree-Fock ROM read only memory RPA random phase approximationrpm revolutions per minute rps revolutions per second RRK Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (theory)RRKM Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (theory) RRS resonance Raman spectroscopy RS Raman spectroscopyRy rydberg s second, solid s path length, solubility, spin angular momentum, symmetry number, symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor)S siemens S area, entropy, probability current density, Poynting vector, symmetry coordinate, spin angular momentum SALC symmetry adapted linear combinations SALI surface analysis by laser ionization SAM scanning Auger microscopySANS small angle neutron scattering Sar sarcosine sat, satd saturatedSAXS small angle x-ray scattering s-Bu sec-butyl Sc Schmidt number SCE saturated calomel electrode SCF self-consistent field SCR silicon-controlled rectifiersd standard deviation sec secant, second sec secondary (in chemical name) SEELFS surface sensitive energy loss fine structure SEM scanning electron microscope sepn separationSer serine SERS surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy SET single electron transferSEXAFS surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure Sh Sherwood number SI International System of UnitsSIMS secondary ion mass spectroscopy sin sine SINDO symmetrically orthogonalized INDO methodsinh hyperbolic sine SIPN semi-interpenetrating polymer network SLAM scanning laser acoustic microscopysln solution SMO semiempirical molecular orbital SMOW Standard Mean Ocean WaterSNMS sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy SNU solar neutrino unit SO spin orbitalsol soluble, solution soln solution SOMO singly occupied molecular orbitalSor sorbose sp gr specific gravity SPM scanned probe microscopy sq square sr steradian Sr Strouhal number SSMS spark source mass spectroscopy St stoke St Stanton number std, stnd standard (state) STEM scanning transmission electron microscope STM scanning tunneling microscopySTO Slater type orbital STP standard temperature and pressure sub sublimation, sublimesSv sievert t metric tonne, triton t Celsius temperature, thickness, time, transport number T teslaSCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) 2-35T kinetic energy, period, term value, temperature (thermodynamic), torque, transmittance Tag tagatose Tal talosetan tangent tanh hyperbolic tangent t-Bu tert-butyl TCA trichloroacetic acid TCE trichloroethylene tcne tetracyanoethyleneTCSCF two configuration self-consistent field TE transverse electric TED transmission electron diffraction, transferred electron device TEM transmission electron microscopy, transverse electromagnetic temp temperature tert tertiary (in chemical name) TFD Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (method)TGA thermo-gravimetric analysis theor theoretical thf, THF tetrahydrofuranThr threonine Thy thymine TL thermoluminescenceTLC thin-layer chromatography TM transverse magnetic Tol tolylTorr torr tRNA transfer RNA Trp tryptophantrs transition TS transition state tsp teaspoonTyr tyrosine u unified atomic mass unit u Bloch function, electric mobility, velocity U uracil (in genetic code) U electric potential difference, internal energy UDP uridine 5'-diphosphateUHF ultrahigh frequency, unrestricted Hartree-Fock (theory) UMP uridine 5'-monophosphateuns, unsym unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) UPES ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy UPS ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopyur urea Ura uracil USP United States PharmacopeiaUT universal time UTP uridine 5'-triphosphate UV ultravioletv reaction rate, specific volume, velocity, vibrational quantum number, vicinal (as chemical descriptor) V voltV electric potential, potential energy, volume Val valine vap vaporization VB valence band, valence bond VCD vibrational circular dichroism VHF very high frequencyvic vicinal (on adjacent carbon atoms) VIS visible region of the spectrum vit vitreousVSEPR valence shell electron pair repulsion VSLI very large scale integrated (circuit) VUV vacuum ultravioletv/v volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) w energy density, mass fraction, velocity, work W watt W radiant energy, statistical weight, work WAXS wide angle x-ray scatteringWb weber We Weber number WKB Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (method)wt weight w/v weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, generally expressed as g/100 mL) w/w weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) x mole fraction X X unit, halogen (in chemical formula) X reactance XAFS x-ray absorption fine structureXANES x-ray absorption near-edge structure XPES x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS x-ray photoelectron spectroscopyXRD x-ray diffraction XRF x-ray fluorescence XRS x-ray spectroscopyXyl xylose y, yr year Y admittance, Planck function, Young’s modulus yd yard z charge number (of an ion), collision frequency factor Z atomic number, compression factor, collision number, impedance, partition function, zusammen ( cis configuration) ZDO zero differential overlapZPE, ZPVE zero point vibrational energy ZULU Greenwich mean time α alpha particle α absorption coefficient, degree of dissociation, electric polarizability, expansion coefficient, fine structure constant β beta particle γ photon γ activity coefficient, conductivity, magnetogyric ratio, mass concentration, ratio of heat capacities, surface tension Γ Gruneisin parameter, level width, surface concentration δ chemical shift, Dirac delta function, Kronecker delta, loss angle Δ inertia defect, mass defect ε emittance, Levi-Civita symbol, linear strain, molar absorption coefficient, permittivity η overpotential, viscosity θ Bragg angle, temperature, scattering angle, surface coverage Θ quadrupole momentSCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) TeamLRN2-36κ compressibility, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, molar absorption coefficient, transmission coefficient λ absolute activity, radioactive decay constant, thermal conductivity, wavelength Λ angular momentum, ionic conductivity µ muon µ chemical potential, electric dipole moment, electric mobility, friction coefficient, Joule-Thompson coefficient, magnetic dipole moment, mobility,permeability µF microfarad µg microgram µm micrometer µs microsecond ν frequency, kinematic velocity, stoichiometric number, wavenumber ν e neutrino π pion Π osmotic pressure, Peltier coefficientSCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) ρ density, reflectance, resistivity σ electrical conductivity, cross section, normal stress, shielding constant (NMR), Stefan-Boltzmannconstant, surface tension τ transmittance, chemical shift, shear stress, relaxation time φ electrical potential, fugacity coefficient, osmotic coefficient, quantum yield, volume fraction, wavefunction Φ magnetic flux, potential energy, radiant power, work function χ magnetic susceptibility, electronegativity χ e electric susceptibility ψ wavefunction ω circular frequency, angular velocity, harmonic vibration wavenumber, statistical weight Ω ohm Ω axial angular momentum, solid angle GREEK,RUSSIAN,ANDHEBREWALPHABETS ‘ThefolowingtablepresentstheHebrew,Greek,andRussianalphabets,theieterthenamesofthelets,andtheEnglishequivalents.HEBREW? GREEK RUSSIANNoalegh12[Aespea[Aa8 beh bah|BBbeB[BEFBa yrod ga [PYemmen |! | wen gan [28 ela a Eeqpilone |e¢ now oF ae ah roma e ww ow Be 8 Meem8|utuitaia 1 ayin 06 thea th [Ke k noheth ob mnt Te tote i Mum both¢ Ketek lay a * yeh Tantombdsr [O00 0 De BE ym om [EP Ppor lamedh1 ym on °N ces Domma[sex x[re¢ 2yomon|00omicrono |¥¥© oef samethroi °a oe) yawn +|Ppchorh| ets Mx DApepiph|Levsigma s * Wiesh sadhe+tae Spades|r fia shh Pah g|teupsitonyse |aos» Th or[oephiph|By bets visa t [xxi Doe BDshinchfevelim yy nw yth| ae ome te yn 1Wheretwoformsofleeravnheseconoeihefrmtdttedoword2Notre intanstertonwhenti 3Thetetreweterareimailycomentsfewfhmroedeontrepresencenvowels,whenprovidedtlisbymasssystemodescravoesnneroecoorhrcers 4Theteergmeais antral bfrevlanbeeerwpernie "onlyhilmenaiphones +Thinsinneshatimmedi peeingcoon paltedeventhoughnmealowedbyapainedvowel. ‘Tussininiaeshatteimmepeeingconeslizedeventoughtinea lowedyaadvows. 2.37 TeamLRNDEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this sectio n. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms: • Physical quantities• Units of measure • Classes of chemical compounds and materials • Important theories, laws, and basic concepts.Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the Internati onal Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In man y cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the origina l source for further details. * An asterisk following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under th e entry for that term. REFERENCES 1.ISO Standards Handbook 2, Units of Measurement , International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1992. 2.Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , Second Edition , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 3.Compendium of Chemical Terminology , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 4.A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 5. Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure , Pure and Applied Chemistry , 67, 1307, 1995. 6.Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 7.Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 8.Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science , Pure and Applied Chemistry , 68, 2287, 1996. 9.The International Temperature Scale of 1990 , Metrologia , 27, 107, 1990. 10.Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions , American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1990. 11.ASM Metals Reference Book , American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983. Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derivedfrom experimental measurement. Absorbance ( A) - Defined as -log(1- α) = log(1/ τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose ( D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of thatelement. [1] Absorptance ( α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Alsocalled absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient ( a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorptionby a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar ( ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution ( ε = a/c). The SI unit is m 2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol-1dm3cm-1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity ( g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitationalfield. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5]Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H + ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH<7. In the Brönsted definition, an acid is a substance that donates a proton in any type of reaction. The mostgeneral definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of accepting an electron pair as an acid. Acid dissociation constant ( K a)* - The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid HA through the reaction HA + H2O 1 A- + H3O+. The quantity p Ka = -log Ka is often used to express the acid dissociation constant. Actinides - The elements of atomic number 89 through 103, e.g., Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr. [7] Activation energy* - In general, the energy that must be added to a system in order for a process to occur, even though the process may already be thermodynamically possible. In chemical kinetics, the activation energy is the height of the potential barrier separating theproducts and reactants. It determines the temperature dependence of the reaction rate. Activity - For a mixture of substances, the absolute activity λ of substance B is defined as λ B = exp(µB/RT), where µB is the chemical potential of substance B, R the gas constant, and T the thermodynamic tempera- ture. The relative activity a is defined as aB = exp[(µB-µB°)/RT], where µB° designates the chemical potential in the standard state. [2] Activity coefficient ( γ)* - Ratio of the activity aB of component B of a mixture to the concentration of that component. The value of γ depends on the method of stating the composition. For mole fraction xB, the relation is aB = γB xB; for molarity cB, it is aB = γB cB/c°, where c° is the standard state composition (typically chosen as 1 mol/L); for molality 2-38 mB, it is aB = γBmB/m°, where m° is the standard state molality (typically 1 mol/kg). [2] Activity, of radioactive substance ( A) - The average number of sponta- neous nuclear transitions from a particular energy state occurring in an amount of a radionuclide in a small time interval divided by that interval. [1] Acyl groups - Groups formed by removing the hydroxy groups from oxoacids that have the general structure RC(=O)(OH) and replace- ment analogues of such acyl groups. [5] Adiabatic process - A thermodynamic process in which no heat enters or leaves the system. Admittance ( Y) - Reciprocal of impedance. Y = G + iB, where G is conductance and B is susceptance. [1] Adsorption - A process in which molecules of gas, of dissolved sub- stances in liquids, or of liquids adhere in an extremely thin layer tosurfaces of solid bodies with which they are in contact. [10] Albedo* - The ratio of the light reflected or scattered from a surface to the intensity of incident light. The term is often used in reference tospecific types of terrain or to entire planets. Alcohols - Compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. [5] Aldehydes - Compounds RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. [5] Aldoses - Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxyaldehydes H[CH(OH)] nC(=O)H, n>1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number ( Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfven waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydro- dynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydro- gen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula C nH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one doublebond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metalor other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: C nH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl ( n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH 2-, R2CH-, and R 3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5] Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula C nH2n-2, RC≡CR′.Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH 2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to thesaturated carbon atom. A group, such as -OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/ mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attach- ment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R 3N+-O-. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH 2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the α- amino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the ß-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor d l pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10-10 m. Angular momentum ( L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity ( ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogen- bound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The susceptibility increases withtemperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parention. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appear- ance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Mate- rials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m 2. [1]DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) 2-39 TeamLRN2-40DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aro- matic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine andthiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which ex- presses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-E a/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH 2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenesare sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 10 11 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Char- acterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10-27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number ( Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight ( Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic compo-sition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermo-sphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant ( N A)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively,the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N 3, viz. -N=N+=N-; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN 3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN 3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, whereinboth hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/ λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series ( n = 2 1 3), which is often called the H α line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconduc- tivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconductingtransition temperature to the density of states and the Debye tempera- ture. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10 -28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH- ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemicalspecies capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s -1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log( I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the Beer- Lambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy difference between a nucleus and theseparated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none.The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton ( µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined asρπ λλ= ()8 15hc hc kTe/± 2-41DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius ( a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permit- tivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant ( k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(- E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. Thecycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribu- tion which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The numberof particles of energy E is proportional to [e (E-µ)/kT-1]-1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle ( θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in thetetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the veloc- ity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90 °. The value of the Brewster angle is tan -1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of wavesthrough the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approxi- mately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly differentways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules.Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materi- als Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentra- tions are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the p K a of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemi- cal calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H 2NC(=O)OH, or of N- substituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR ′, (R′ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, whichmay be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula C n(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-,oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces func- tional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect maybe understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7] TeamLRN2-42DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature atconstant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3] Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with tempera- ture, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energylevels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containinga carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatogra- phy the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquidchromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or othermechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., d p/dT = Δ trsS/Δtrs V, where Δtrs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ΔtrsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the con-densed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(ln p)/ dT = Δ vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and Δvap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, Δvap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, Δsub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α: where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases foundin the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies theamino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturationinduction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility ( κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength ( λ C)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90 ° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance ( G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical ( σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular mac-romolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechani- cal system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects themotion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in theequations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bom- bard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q 1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)-1q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number ( Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper Lorentz transforma-tions is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical propertiesε ερα εr rA ±1 230 +=N M 2-43DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point arecalled the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section ( σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encoun- ters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on thenature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions betweenexisting macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usuallyoxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant ( E f)* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociat- ing solute, through the relation ΔTf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s-1. Curie temperature ( TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarizationdisappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached tothe same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocar- bons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The reso- nance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions) Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, charac-terized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielec- tric constant) ε r, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes theform where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential producedby that ion. Debye temperature ( θ D)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T << θD, the heat capacity is proportional to T3. Debye unit (D) - A non-SI unit of electric dipole moment used in molecular physics, equal to 3.335641 × 10-30 C m. Debye-Waller factor ( D) - The factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of lattice vibrations. [1] Defect - Any departure from the regular structure of a crystal lattice. A Frenkel defect results when an atom or ion moves to an interstitialposition and leaves behind a vacancy. A Schottky defect involves either a vacancy where the atom has moved to the surface or a structure where a surface atom has moved to an interstitial position. Degree of polymerization - The number of monomeric units in a macromolecule or an oligomer molecule. [8] Dendrite - A tree-like crystalline pattern often observed, for example, in ice crystals and alloys in which the crystal growth branches repeatedly. Density (ρ)* - In the most common usage, mass density or mass per unit volume. More generally, the amount of some quantity (mass, charge,energy, etc.) divided by a length, area, or volume. Density of states ( N E, ρ) - The number of one-electron states in an infinitesimal interval of energy, divided by the range of that intervaland by volume. [1] Dew point* - The temperature at which liquid begins to condense as the temperature of a gas mixture is lowered. In meteorology, it is thetemperature at which moisture begins to condense on a surface in contact with the air. Diamagnetism - A type of magnetism characterized by a negative magnetic susceptibility, so that the material, when placed in an external magnetic field, becomes weakly magnetized in the direction opposite to the field. This magnetization is independent of tempera-ture. Diazo compounds - Compounds having the divalent diazo group, =N +=N-, attached to a carbon atom, e.g., CH2=N2 diazomethane. [5] Dielectric constant ( ε)* - Ratio of the electric displacement in a medium to the electric field strength. Also called permittivity. [1] Dienes - Compounds that contain two fixed double bonds (usually assumed to be between carbon atoms). Dienes in which the two double-bond units are linked by one single bond are termed conju-gated. [5] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - See Techniques for Materi- als Characterization, page 12-1. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Diffusion* - The migration of atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles as a result of some type of gradient (concentration, temperature, etc.). Diopter - A unit used in optics, formally equal to m -1. It is used in expressing dioptic power, which is the reciprocal of the focal length ofa lens. Dipole moment, electric ( p, µ)* - For a distribution of equal positive andε ερ εαµr rA 3±1 2302 +=+  N Mk T TeamLRN2-44DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) negative charge, the magnitude of the dipole moment vector is the positive charge multiplied by the distance between the centers of positive and negative charge distribution. The direction is given by theline from the center of negative charge to the center of positive charge. Dipole moment, magnetic ( m, µ) - Formally defined in electromagnetic theory as a vector quantity whose vector product with the magneticflux density equals the torque. The magnetic dipole generated by a current I flowing in a small loop of area A has a magnetic moment of magnitude IA. In atomic and nuclear physics, a magnetic moment is associated with the angular momentum of a particle; e.g., an electron with orbital angular momentum l exhibits a magnetic moment of - el/ 2m e where e is the elementary charge and me the mass of the electron. [1] Disaccharides - Compounds in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond. [5] Dislocation - An extended displacement of a crystal from a regular lattice. An edge dislocation results when one portion of the crystal has partially slipped with respect to the other, resulting in an extra planeof atoms extending through part of the crystal. A screw dislocation transforms successive atomic planes into the surface of a helix. Dispersion - Splitting of a beam of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) of mixed wavelengths into the constituent wavelengths as a result of the variation of refractive index of the medium with wave- length. Dissociation constant* - The equilibrium constant for a chemical reac- tion in which a compound dissociates into its constituent parts. Dissociation energy ( D e)* - For a diatomic molecule, the difference between the energies of the free atoms at rest and the minimum in the potential energy curve. The term bond dissociation energy ( D0), which can be applied to polyatomic molecules as well, is used for thedifference between the energies of the fragments resulting when a bond is broken and the energy of the original molecule in its lowest energy state. The term bond strength implies differences in enthalpyrather than energy. Domain - A small region of a solid in which the magnetic or electric moments of the individual units (atoms, molecules, or ions) are alignedin the same direction. Domain wall - The transition region between adjacent ferromagnetic domains, generally a layer with a thickness of a few hundred ångströmunits. Also called Bloch wall. Doppler effect - The change in the apparent frequency of a wave (sound, light, or other) when the source of the wave is moving relative to theobserver. Dose equivalent ( H) - The product of the absorbed dose of radiation at a point of interest in tissue and various modifying factors which depend on the type of tissue and radiation. [1] Drift velocity - The velocity of charge carriers (electrons, ions, etc.) moving under the influence of an electric field in a medium whichsubjects the carriers to some frictional force. Dyne (dyn) - A non-SI (cgs) unit of force, equal to 10 -5 N. Ebullioscopic constant ( Eb)* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the boiling point Tb of a solvent is raised by a non- dissociating solute, through the relation ΔTb = Eb m, where m is the molality of the solute. Eddy currents - Circulating currents set up in conducting bulk materials or sheets by varying magnetic fields. Effinghausen effect - The appearance of a temperature gradient in a current carrying conductor that is placed in a transverse magnetic field. The direction of the gradient is perpendicular to the current and the field. Eigenvalue - An allowed value of the constant a in the equation Au = au, where A is an operator acting on a function u (which is called aneigenfunction). In quantum mechanics, the outcome of any observa- tion is an eigenvalue of the corresponding operator. Also called characteristic value. Einstein - A non-SI unit used in photochemistry, equal to one mole of photons. Einstein temperature ( θV) - In the Einstein theory of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θV = hν/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and ν is the vibrational frequency of the crystal. Einstein transition probability - A constant in the Einstein relation Aij + Bijρ for the probability of a transition between two energy levels i and j in a radiation field of energy density ρ. The Aij coefficient describes the probability of spontaneous emission, while Bij and Bji govern the probability of stimulated emission and absorption, respectively ( Bij = Bji). Elastic limit - The greatest stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining after complete release of the stress. [10] Elastic modulus - See Young’s modulus. Electric charge ( Q) - The quantity of electricity; i.e., the property that controls interactions between bodies through electrical forces. Electric current ( I) - The charge passing through a circuit per unit time. [1] Electric displacement ( D) - A vector quantity whose magnitude equals the electric field strength multiplied by the permittivity of the mediumand whose direction is the same as that of the field strength. Electric field strength ( E) - The force exerted by an electric field on a point charge divided by the electric charge. [1] Electric potential ( V) - A scalar quantity whose gradient is equal to the negative of the electric field strength. Electrical conductance - See Conductance Electrical resistance - See Resistance Electrical resistivity - See Resistivity. Electrochemical series* - An arrangement of reactions which produce or consume electrons in an order based on standard electrode potentials. A common arrangement places metals in decreasing order of their tendency to give up electrons. Electrode potential* - The electromotive force of a cell in which the electrode on the left is the standard hydrogen electrode and that on the right is the electrode in question. [2] Electrolysis - The decomposition of a substance as a result of passing an electric current between two electrodes immersed in the sample. Electromotive force (emf) - The energy supplied by a source divided by the charge transported through the source. [1] Electron* - An elementary particle in the family of leptons, with negative charge and spin of 1/2. Electron affinity* - The energy difference between the ground state of a gas-phase atom or molecule and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) - See Techniques for Mate- rials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) - See Techniques for Materi- als Characterization, page 12-1. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron spin (s) - The quantum number, equal to 1/2, that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron. 2-45DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Electron stimulated desorption (ESD) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron volt (eV)* - A non-SI unit of energy used in atomic and nuclear physics, equal to approximately 1.602177 × 10-19 J. The electron volt is defined as the kinetic energy acquired by an electron upon accelera- tion through a potential difference of 1 V. [1] Electronegativity* - A parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the power of an atom or group of atoms to attract electrons from the same molecular entity. [3] Electrophoresis - The motion of macromolecules or colloidal particles in an electric field. [3] Emissivity ( ε)* - Ratio of the radiant flux emitted per unit area to that of an ideal black body at the same temperature. Also called emittance. [1] Emu - The electromagnetic system of units, based upon the cm, g, and s plus the emu of current (sometimes called the abampere). Enantiomers - A chiral molecule and its non-superposable mirror image. The two forms rotate the plane of polarized light by equal amounts in opposite directions. Also called optical isomers. Energy (E,U)* - The characteristic of a system that enables it to do work. Energy gap* - In the theory of solids, the region between two energy bands, in which no bound states can occur. Enols, alkenols - The term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR ′=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R′ = H) or ketones (R ′ not equal to H). [5] Enthalpy ( H)* - A thermodynamic function, especially useful when dealing with constant-pressure processes, defined by H = E + PV, where E is energy, P pressure, and V volume. [1] Enthalpy of combustion* - The enthalpy change in a combustion reaction. Its negative is the heat released in combustion. Enthalpy of formation, standard* - The enthalpy change for the reaction in which a substance is formed from its constituent elements, each in its standard reference state (normally refers to 1 mol, some- times to 1 g, of the substance). Enthalpy of fusion* - The enthalpy change in the transition from solid to liquid state. Enthalpy of sublimation - The enthalpy change in the transition from solid to gas state. Enthalpy of vaporization* - The enthalpy change in the transition from liquid to gas state. Entropy ( S)* - A thermodynamic function defined such that when a small quantity of heat d Q is received by a system at temperature T, the entropy of the system is increased by d Q/T, provided that no irrevers- ible change takes place in the system. [1] Entropy unit (e.u.) - A non-SI unit of entropy, equal to 4.184 J/K mol. Ephemeris time - Time measured in tropical years from January 1, 1900. Epoxy compounds - Compounds in which an oxygen atom is directly attached to two adjacent or non-adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system; thus cyclic ethers. [5] Equation of continuity - Any of a class of equations that express the fact that some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.) cannot be created or destroyed. Such equations typically specify that the rate of increase ofthe quantity in a given region of space equals the net current of the quantity flowing into the region. Equation of state* - An equation relating the pressure, volume, and temperature of a substance or system. Equilibrium constant ( K)* - For a chemical reaction aA + bB 1 cC + dD, the equilibrium constant is defined by: where ai is the activity of component i. To a certain approximation, the activities can be replaced by concentrations. The equilibrium constantis related to ΔrG°, the standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction, by RT lnK = -ΔrG°. Equivalent conductance - See Conductivity, electrical Erg (erg) - A non-SI (cgs) unit of energy, equal to 10-7 J. Esters - Compounds formally derived from an oxoacid RC(=O)(OH) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking, with formal lossof water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. [5] Esu - The electrostatic system of units, based upon the cm, g, and s plus the esu of charge (sometimes called the statcoulomb or franklin). Ethers - Compounds with formula ROR, where R is not equal to H. [5] Euler number ( Eu) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Eu = Δp/ρv 2, where p is pressure, ρ is density, and v is velocity. [2] Eutectic - The point on a two-component solid-liquid phase diagram which represents the lowest melting point of any possible mixture. A liquid having the eutectic composition will freeze at a single tempera- ture without change of composition. Excitance ( M) - Radiant energy flux leaving an element of a surface divided by the area of that element. [1] Exciton - A localized excited state consisting of a bound electron-hole pair in a molecular or ionic crystal. The exciton can propagate through the crystal. Exosphere - The outermost part of the earth’s atmosphere, beginning at about 500 to 1000 km above the surface. It is characterized by densities so low that air molecules can escape into outer space. Expansion coefficient - See thermal expansion coefficient. Extended electron energy loss fine structure (EXELFS) - See Tech- niques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Extinction coefficient - See Absorption coefficient, molar F-Center - See Color center Fahrenheit temperature ( °F) - The temperature scale based on the assignment of 32 °F = 0°C and a temperature interval of °F =(5/9)°C; i.e., t/°F = (9/5)t/°C + 32. Farad (F)* - The SI unit of electric capacitance, equal to C/V. [1] Faraday constant ( F)* - The electric charge of 1 mol of singly charged positive ions; i.e., F = NAe, where NA is Avogadro’s constant and e is the elementary charge. [1] Faraday effect* - The rotation of the plane of plane-polarized light by a medium placed in a magnetic field parallel to the direction of the lightbeam. The effect can be observed in solids, liquids, and gasses. Fatty acids - Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil, or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsatur- ated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclicaliphatic carboxylic acids. [5] Fermat’s principle - The law that a ray of light traversing one or more media will follow a path which minimizes the time required to passbetween two given points. Fermi (f) - Name sometimes used in nuclear physics for the femtometer. Fermi level - The highest energy of occupied states in a solid at zero temperature. Sometimes called Fermi energy. The Fermi surface is the surface in momentum space formed by electrons occupying the Fermi level. Fermi resonance - An effect observed in vibrational spectroscopy when an overtone of one fundamental vibration closely coincides in energy with another fundamental of the same symmetry species. It leads to asplitting of vibrational bands. Fermi-Dirac distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribu-Kaa aacd ab=⋅ ⋅CD AB TeamLRN2-46DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) tion which takes into account the Pauli exclusion principle. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E-µ)/kT+1]-1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. The distribution is applicable to a system of fermions. Fermion - A particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics. Specifically, any particle with spin equal to an odd multiple of 1/2. Examples are theelectron, proton, neutron, muon, etc. Ferrimagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two nonequivalent sublattices withunequal magnetic moments, leading to a nonzero magnetic suscepti- bility. Ferrite - A ferrimagnetic material of nominal formula MFe 2O4, where M is a divalent metal; widely used in microwave switches and other solid state devices. Ferroelectricity* - The retention of electric polarization by certain materials after the external field that produced the polarization has been removed. Ferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic mo- ments of atoms in a solid are aligned within domains which can in turn be aligned with each other by a weak magnetic field. Some ferromag- netic materials can retain their magnetization when the external fieldis removed, as long as the temperature is below a critical value, the Curie temperature. They are characterized by a large positive magnetic susceptibility. Fick’s law - The statement that the flux J of a diffusing substance is proportional to the concentration gradient, i.e., J = -D(dc/dx), where D is called the diffusion coefficient. Field - A mathematical construct which describes the interaction between particles resulting from gravity, electromagnetism, or other physical phenomena. In classical physics a field is described by equations.Quantum field theory introduces operators to represent the physical observables. Field emission microscopy (FEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Field ion microscopy (FIM) - See Techniques for Materials Character- ization, page 12-1. Fine structure - The splitting in spectral lines that results from interac- tions of the electron spin with the orbital angular momentum. Fine structure constant ( α)* - Defined as e 2/2hcε0, where e is the elementary charge, h Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and ε0 the permittivity of a vacuum. It is a measure of the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between particles. First radiation constant ( c1)* - Constant (= 2 πhc2) in the equation for the radiant excitance Mλ of a black body: where λ is the wavelength, T is the temperature, and c2 = hc/k is the second radiation constant. Flash point - The lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile combustible substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame. [10] Fluence ( F) - Term used in photochemistry to specify the energy per unit area delivered in a given time interval, for example by a laser pulse. [2] Fluorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of fluorine and carbon. [5] Fluxoid - The quantum of magnetic flux in superconductivity theory, equal to hc/2e, where h is Planck’s constant, c the velocity of light, and e the elementary charge. Force (F) - The rate of change of momentum with time. [1] Force constants ( f, k)* - In molecular vibrations, the coefficients in the expression of the potential energy in terms of atom displacements from their equilibrium positions. In a diatomic molecule, f = d2V/dr2, where V(r) is the potential energy and r is the interatomic distance. [2]Fourier number ( Fo) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechan- ics, defined by Fo = at/l2, where a is thermal diffusivity, t is time, and l is length. [2] Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) - A technique for obtaining an infrared spectrum by use of an interferometer in which the path length of one of the beams is varied. A Fourier transformation ofthe resulting interferogram yields the actual spectrum. The technique is also used for NMR and other types of spectroscopy. Fractals - Geometrical objects that are self-similar under a change of scale; i.e., they appear similar at all levels of magnification. They can be considered to have fractional dimensionality. Examples occur in diverse fields such as geography (rivers and shorelines), biology(trees), and solid state physics (amorphous materials). Franck-Condon principle - An important principle in molecular spec- troscopy which states that the nuclei in a molecule remain essentiallystationary while an electronic transition is taking place. The physical interpretation rests on the fact that the electrons move much more rapidly than the nuclei because of their much smaller mass. Franklin (Fr) - Name sometimes given to the unit of charge in the esu system. Fraunhofer diffraction - Diffraction of light in situations where the source and observation point are so far removed that the wave surfaces may be considered planar. Fraunhofer lines - Sharp absorption lines in the spectrum of sunlight, caused by absorption of the solar blackbody radiation by atoms near the sun’s surface. Free radical - See Radicals. The term “free radical” is often used more broadly for molecules that have a paramagnetic ground state (e.g., O 2) and sometimes for any transient or highly reactive molecular species. Freezing point - See Melting point Frequency ( ν)* - Number of cycles of a periodic phenomenon divided by time. [1] Fresnel diffraction - Diffraction of light in a situation where the source and observation point are sufficiently close together that the curvature of the wave surfaces must be taken into account. Froude number ( Fr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Fr = v/(lg)1/2, where v is velocity, l is length, and g is acceleration due to gravity. [2] Fugacity ( fB) - For a gas mixture, the fugacity of component B is defined as the absolute activity λB times the limit, as the pressure p approaches zero at constant temperature, of pB/λB. [2] Fullerenes - Compounds composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The archetypal example is [60]fullerene, where the atoms and bonds delineate a truncated icosahedron. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordi- nate carbon atoms. [5] Fulvalenes - The hydrocarbon fulvalene and its derivatives formed by substitution (and by extension, analogues formed by replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the fulvalene skeleton by a heteroatom).[5] Fulvenes - The hydrocarbon fulvene and its derivatives formed by substitution (and by extension, analogues formed by replacement ofone or more carbon atoms of the fulvene skeleton by a heteroatom). [5] Fundamental vibrational frequencies* - In molecular spectroscopy, the characteristic vibrational frequencies obtained when the vibra-tional energy is expressed in normal coordinates. They determine the primary features of the infrared and Raman spectra of the molecule. γ - Name sometimes used for microgram. γ-rays* - Electromagnetic radiation (photons) with energy greater than about 0.1 MeV (wavelength less than about 1 pm). g-Factor of the electron* - The proportionality factor in the equationMc cTλ λλλ=15 1± /±Δ e2 2-47DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) relating the magnetic moment µ of an electron to its total angular momentum quantum number J, i.e., µ = -gµBJ, where µB is the Bohr magneton. Also called Landé factor. Gal - A non-SI unit of acceleration, equal to 0.01 m/s. Also called galileo. Gallon (US) - A unit of volume equal to 3.785412 L. Gallon (UK, Imperial) - A unit of volume equal to 4.546090 L. Gauss (G) - A non-SI unit of magnetic flux density ( B) equal to 10-4 T. Gaussian system of units - A hybrid system used in electromagnetic theory, which combines features of both the esu and emu systems. Gel - A colloidal system with a finite, but usually rather small, yield stress (the sheer stress at which yielding starts abruptly). [3] Genetic code* - The set of relations between each of the 64 codons of DNA and a specific amino acid (or other genetic instruction). Gibbs energy ( G)* - An important function in chemical thermodynam- ics, defined by G = H-TS, where H is the enthalpy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. Sometimes called Gibbs free energy and, in older literature, simply “free energy”. [2] Gibbs phase rule - The relation F = C - P + 2, where C is the number of components in a mixture, P is the number of phases, and F is the degrees of freedom, i.e., the number of intensive variables that can be changed independently without affecting the number of phases. Glass transition temperature* - The temperature at which an amor- phous polymer is transformed, in a reversible way, from a viscous or rubbery condition to a hard and relatively brittle one. [10] Glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Gluon - A hypothetical particle postulated to take part in the binding of quarks, in analogy to the role of the photon in electromagnetic interactions. Glycerides - Esters of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids, widely distributed in nature. They are by long-established custom subdivided into triglycerides, 1,2- or 1,3-diglycerides, and 1- or 2- monoglycerides, according to the number and positions of acyl groups.[5] Glycols - Dihydric alcohols in which two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. Also called diols.[5] Grain (gr) - A non-SI unit of mass, equal to 64.79891 mg. Grain boundary - The interface between two regions of different crystal orientation. Grashof number ( Gr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechan- ics, defined by Gr = l 3gαΔTρ2/η2, where T is temperature, ρ is density, l is length, η is viscosity, α is cubic expansion coefficient, and g is acceleration of gravity. [2] Gravitational constant ( G)* - The universal constant in the equation for the gravitational force between two particles, F = Gm1m2/r2, where r is the distance between the particles and m1 and m2 are their masses. [1] Gray (Gy)* - The SI unit of absorbed dose of radiation, equal to J/kg. [1] Gregorian calendar - The modification of the Julian calendar introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XII which specified that a year divisible by100 is a leap year only if divisible by 400. Grignard reagents - Organomagnesium halides, RMgX, having a car- bon-magnesium bond (or their equilibrium mixtures in solution withR 2Mg + MgX2). [5] Gruneisen parameter ( γ) - Defined by γ = αV/κ cV ρ, where αV is the cubic thermal expansion coefficient, κ is the isothermal compressibil- ity, cV is the specific heat capacity at constant volume, and ρ is the mass density. γ is independent of temperature for most crystalline solids. [1] Gyromagnetic ratio ( γ) - Ratio of the magnetic moment of a particle to its angular momentum. Also called magnetogyric ratio. Hadron - Any elementary particle that can take part in the stronginteraction. Hadrons are subdivided into baryons, with odd half integer spins, and mesons, which have zero or integral spin. Hall effect* - The development of a transverse potential difference V in a conducting material when subjected to a magnetic field H perpen- dicular to the direction of the current. The potential difference is given by V = RH BJt, where B is the magnetic induction, J the current density, t the thickness of the specimen in the direction of the potential difference, and RH is called the Hall coefficient. Halocarbon - A compound containing no elements other than carbon, hydrogen, and one or more halogens. In common practice, the term is used mainly for compounds of no more than four or five carbon atoms. Halogens - The elements F, Cl, Br, I, and At. Compounds of these elements are called halogenides or halides. [7] Hamiltonian ( H) - An expression for the total energy of a mechanical system in terms of the momenta and positions of constituent particles.In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian operator appears in the eigenvalue equation Hψ= Eψ, where E is an energy eigenvalue and ψ the corresponding eigenfunction. Hardness* - The resistance of a material to deformation, indentation, or scratching. Hardness is measured on various scales, such as Mohs, Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell, and Vickers. [10] Hartmann number ( Ha) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Ha = Bl(κ/η) 1/2, where B is magnetic flux density, l is length, κ is electric conductivity, and η is viscosity. [2] Hartree ( Eh)* - An energy unit used in atomic and molecular science, equal to approximately 4.3597482 × 10-18 J. Hartree-Fock method - A iterative procedure for solving the Schrödinger equation for an atom or molecule in which the equation is solved for each electron in an initial assumed potential from all the other electrons. The new potential that results is used to repeat the calcula-tion and the procedure continued until convergence is reached. Also called self-consistent field (SCF) method. Heat capacity* - Defined in general as d Q/dT, where dQ is the amount of heat that must be added to a system to increase its temperature by a small amount d T. The heat capacity at constant pressure is C p = (∂H/ ∂T)p; that at constant volume is CV = (∂E/∂T)V , where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy, p is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature. An upper case C normally indicates the molar heat capacity, while a lower case c is used for the specific (per unit mass) heat capacity. [1] Heat of formation, vaporization, etc. - See corresponding terms under Enthalpy. Hectare (ha) - A unit of area equal to 104 m2. [1] Heisenberg uncertainty principle - The statement that two observable properties of a system that are complementary, in the sense that their quantum-mechanical operators do not commute, cannot be specified simultaneously with absolute precision. An example is the position and momentum of a particle; according to this principle, the uncertain- ties in position Δq and momentum Δp must satisfy the relation ΔpΔq ≥ h/4π, where h is Planck’s constant. Heitler-London model - An early quantum-mechanical model of the hydrogen atom which introduced the concept of the exchange interac-tion between electrons as the primary reason for stability of the chemical bond. Helicon - A low-frequency wave generated when a metal at low tempera- ture is exposed to a uniform magnetic field and a circularly polarized electric field. Helmholz energy ( A) - A thermodynamic function defined by A = E-TS, where E is the energy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. [2] Hemiacetals - Compounds having the general formula R 2C(OH)OR ′ (R′ not equal to H). [5] Henry (H)* - The SI unit of inductance, equal to Wb/A. [1] TeamLRN2-48DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Henry’s law * - An expression which applies to an ideal dilute solution in which one or more gasses are dissolved, viz., pi = Hixi, where pi is the partial pressure of component i above the solution, xi is its mole fraction in the solution, and Hi is the Henry’s law constant (a charac- teristic of the given gas and solvent, as well as the temperature). Hermitian operator - An operator A that satisfies the relation ∫ um*Aundx = (∫ un*Aum dx)*, where * indicates the complex conjugate. The eigenvalues of Hermitian operators are real, and eigenfunctions be- longing to different eigenvalues are orthogonal. Hertz (Hz) - The SI unit of frequency, equal to s-1. [1] Heterocyclic compounds - Cyclic compounds having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements, e.g., quinoline, 1,2-thiazole,bicyclo[3.3.1]tetrasiloxane. [5] Heusler alloys - Alloys of manganese, copper, aluminum, nickel, and sometimes other metals which find important uses as permanentmagnets. Holography - A technique for creating a three-dimensional image of a object by recording the interference pattern between a light beamdiffracted from the object and a reference beam. The image can be reconstructed from this pattern by a suitable optical system. Homopolymer - A polymer derived from one species of (real, implicit, or hypothetical) monomer. [8] Hooke’s law - The statement that the ratio of stress to strain is a constant in a totally elastic medium. Horse power - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 746 W. Hubble constant - The ratio of the recessional velocity of an extragalactic object to the distance of that object. Its value is about 2 × 10 -18 s-1. Huckel theory - A simple approximation for calculating the energy of conjugated molecules in which only the resonance integrals between neighboring bonds are considered. Also called CNDO method (com-plete neglect of differential overlap). Hume-Rothery rules - A set of empirical rules for predicting the occurrence of solid solutions in metallic systems. The rules involvesize, crystal structure, and electronegativity. Hund’s rules - A series of rules for predicting the sequence of energy states in atoms and molecules. One of the important results is that whentwo electrons exist in different orbitals, the state with their spins parallel (triplet state) lies at lower energy than the state with antipar- allel spins (singlet). Hydrazines - Hydrazine (diazane), H 2NNH2, and its hydrocarbyl deriva- tives. When one or more substituents are acyl groups, the compound is a hydrazide. [5] Hydrocarbon - A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. [5] Hydrolysis - A reaction occurring in water in which a chemical bond is cleaved and a new bond formed with the oxygen atom of water. Hyperfine structure - Splitting of energy levels and spectral lines into several closely spaced components as a result of interaction of nuclear spin angular momentum with other angular momenta in the atom ormolecule. Hysteresis* - An irreversible response of a system (parameter A) as a function of an external force (parameter F), usually symmetric with respect to the origin of the A vs. F graph after the initial application of the force. A common example is magnetic induction vs. magnetic field strength in a ferromagnet. Ideal gas law - The equation of state pV = RT, which defines an ideal gas, where p is pressure, V molar volume, T temperature, and R the molar gas constant. Ideal solution - A solution in which solvent-solvent and solvent-solute interactions are identical, so that properties such as volume and enthalpy are exactly additive. Ideal solutions follow Raoult’s law,which states that the vapor pressure p i of component i is pi = xipi*, where xi is the mole fraction of component i and pi* the vapor pressure of the pure substance i.Ignition temperature* - The lowest temperature at which combustion of a material will occur spontaneously under specified conditions. Some- times called autoignition temperature, kindling point. [10] Imides - Diacyl derivatives of ammonia or primary amines, especially those cyclic compounds derived from diacids. Also used for salts having the anion RN 2-. [5] Impedence ( Z) - The complex representation of potential difference divided by the complex representation of current. In terms of reactance X and resistance R, the impedance is given by Z = R + iX. [1] Index of refraction ( n)* - For a non-absorbing medium, the ratio of the velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuo to the phase velocity of radiation of a specified frequency in the medium. [1] Inductance - The ratio of the electromagnetic force induced in a coil by a current to the rate of change of the current. Inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) - See Tech- niques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Inertial defect - In molecular spectroscopy, the quantity Ic-Ia-Ib for a molecule whose equilibrium configuration is planar, where Ia, Ib, and Ic are the effective principal moments of inertia. The inertial defect for a rigid planar molecule would be zero, but vibration-rotation interac- tions in a real molecule lead to a positive inertial defect. Insulator - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons, while the next higher band (conduction band) is empty. Solids with an energy gap of5 eV or more are generally considered as insulators at room tempera- ture. Their conductivity is less than 10 -6 S/m and increases with temperature. Intercalation compounds - Compounds resulting from reversible inclu- sion, without covalent bonding, of one kind of molecule in a solid matrix of another compound, which has a laminar structure. The hostcompound, a solid, may be macromolecular, crystalline, or amor- phous. [5] International System of Units (SI)* - The unit system adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960. It consists of seven base units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela), plus derived units and prefixes. [1] International Temperature Scale (ITS-90)* - The official international temperature scale adopted in 1990. It consists of a set of fixed points and equations which enable the thermodynamic temperature to bedetermined from operational measurements. [9] Ion - An atomic or molecular particle having a net electric charge. [3] Ion exchange - A process involving the adsorption of one or several ionic species accompanied by the simultaneous desorption (displacement) of one or more other ionic species. [3] Ion neutralization spectroscopy (INS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Ionic strength ( I) - A measure of the total concentration of ions in a solution, defined by I = 1/2Σ i zi2mi, where zi is the charge of ionic species i and mi is its molality. For a 1-1 electrolyte at molality m, I = m. Ionization constant* - The equilibrium constant for a reaction in which a substance in solution dissociates into ions. Ionization potential* - The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule (in its vibrational groundstate) in the gaseous phase. More properly called ionization energy. [3] Irradiance ( E) - The radiant energy flux incident on an element of a surface, divided by the area of that element. [1] Isentropic process - A thermodynamic process in which the entropy of the system does not change. Ising model - A model describing the coupling between two atoms in a ferromagnetic lattice, in which the interaction energy is proportional to the negative of the product of the spin components along a specified axis. 2-49DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Isobar - A line connecting points of equal pressure on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isochore - A line or surface of constant volume on a graphical represen- tation of a physical system. Isoelectric point* - The pH of a solution or dispersion at which the net charge on the macromolecules or colloidal particles is zero. In electro-phoresis there is no motion of the particles in an electric field at the isoelectric point. Isomers - In chemistry, compounds that have identical molecular formu- las but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. In physics, nuclei of the same atomic number Z and mass number A but in different energy states. [3] Isomorphs - Substances of different chemical nature but having the same crystal structure. Isotactic macromolecule - A tactic macromolecule, essentially compris- ing only one species of repeating unit which has chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrangement with respect to its adjacent constitutional units. [8] Isotherm - A line connecting points of equal temperature on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isothermal process - A thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system does not change. Isotones - Nuclides having the same neutron number N but different atomic number Z. [3] Isotopes - Two or more nuclides with the same atomic number Z but different mass number A. The term is sometimes used synonymously with nuclide, but it is preferable to reserve the word nuclide for aspecies of specific Z and A. [3] Jahn-Teller effect - An interaction of vibrational and electronic motions in a nonlinear molecule which removes the degeneracy of certainelectronic energy levels. It can influence the spectrum, crystal struc- ture, and magnetic properties of the substance. Johnson noise - Electrical noise generated by random thermal motion of electrons in a conductor or semiconductor. Also called thermal noise. Josephson effect - The tunneling of electron pairs through a thin insulat- ing layer which separates two superconductors. When a potentialdifference is applied to the superconductors, an alternating current is generated whose frequency is precisely proportional to the potential difference. This effect has important applications in metrology anddetermination of fundamental physical constants. Joule (J)* - The SI unit of energy, equal to N m. [1] Joule-Thomson coefficient ( µ) - A parameter which describes the temperature change when a gas expands adiabatically through a nozzle from a high pressure to a low pressure region. It is defined by µ = (∂T/ ∂p)H, where H is enthalpy. Julian calendar - The calendar introduced by Julius Caeser in 46 B.C. which divided the year into 365 days with a leap year of 366 days every fourth year. Julian date (JD) - The number of days elapsed since noon Greenwich Mean Time on January 1, 4713 B.C. Thus January 1, 2000, 0h (midnight) will be JD 2,451,543.5. This dating system was introducedby Joseph Scaliger in 1582. Kaon - One of the elementary particles in the family of mesons. Kaons have a spin of zero and may be neutral or charged. Kelvin (K)* - The SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature. [1] Kepler’s laws - The three laws of planetary motion, which established the elliptical shape of planetary orbits and the relation between orbitaldimensions and the period of rotation. Kerr effect* - An electrooptical effect in which birefringence is induced in a liquid or gas when a strong electric field is applied perpendicularto the direction of an incident light beam. The Kerr constant k is given by n 1-n2 = kλE2, where λ is the wavelength, E is the electric fieldstrength, and n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction of the ordinary and extraordinary rays, respectively. Ketenes - Compounds in which a carbonyl group is connected by a double bond to an alkylidene group: R2C=C=O. [5] Ketones - Compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R 1R2C=O (neither R may be H). [5] Kilogram (kg)* - The SI base unit of mass. [1] Kinetic energy ( Ek, T) - The energy associated with the motion of a system of particles in a specified reference frame. For a single particleof mass m moving at velocity v, E k = 1/2mv2. Kirchhoff’s laws - Basic rules for electric circuits, which state (a) the algebraic sum of the currents at a network node is zero and (b) thealgebraic sum of the voltage drops around a closed path is zero. Klein-Gordon equation - A relativistic extension of the Schrödinger equation. Klein-Nishima formula - An expression for the scattering cross section of a photon by an unbound electron, based upon the Dirac electron theory. Knight shift - The change in magnetic resonance frequency of a nucleus in a metal relative to the same nucleus in a diamagnetic solid. The effect is due to the polarization of the conduction electrons in the metal. Knudsen number ( Kn) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechan- ics, defined by Kn = λ/l, where λ is mean free path and l is length. [2] Kondo effect - A large increase in electrical resistance observed at low temperatures in certain dilute alloys of a magnetic metal in a nonmag- netic material. Kramers-Kronig relation - A set of equations relating the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of a medium Lactams - Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1- azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation orheteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. [5] Lactones - Cyclic esters of hydroxy carboxylic acids, containing a 1- oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation orheteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. [5] Lagrangian function ( L) - A function used in classical mechanics, defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy for a systemof particles. Lamb shift - The small energy difference between the 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 levels in the hydrogen atom, which results from interactions between the electron and the radiation field. Laminar flow - Smooth, uniform, non-turbulent flow of a gas or liquid in parallel layers, with little mixing between layers. It is characterizedby small values of the Reynolds number. Landé g-factor - See g-Factor of the electron Langevin function - The mathematical function L(x) = (e x+e-x)/(ex-e-x)- 1/x, which occurs in the expression for the average dipole moment of a group of rotating polar molecules in an electric field: µav = µL(µE/ kT), where µ is the electric dipole moment of a single molecule, E is the electric field strength, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Lanthanides - The elements of atomic number 57 through 71, which share common chemical properties: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu. [7] Larmor frequency ( νL) - The precession frequency of a magnetic dipole in an applied magnetic field. In particular, a nucleus in a magnetic field of strength B has a Larmor frequency of γB/2π, where γ is the magnetogyric ratio of the nucleus. Laser* - A device in which an optical cavity is filled with a medium where a population inversion can be produced by some means. When the resonant frequency of the cavity bears the proper relation to theseparation of the inverted energy levels, stimulated emission occurs, producing a highly monochromatic, coherent beam of light. TeamLRN2-50DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Laser ionization mass spectroscopy (LIMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Lattice constants* - Parameters specifying the dimensions of a unit cell in a crystal lattice, specifically the lengths of the cell edges and the angles between them. Lattice energy* - The energy per ion pair required to separate completely the ions in a crystal lattice at a temperature of absolute zero. Laue diagram - A diffraction pattern produced when an x-ray beam passes through a thin slice of a crystal and impinges on a detectorbehind the crystal. Lenz’s law - The statement that the current induced in a circuit by a change in magnetic flux is so directed as to oppose the change in flux Leonard-Jones potential - A simple but useful function for approximat- ing the interaction between two neutral atoms or molecules separated by a distance r by writing the potential energy as U(r) = 4ε{(r 0/r)12 - (r0/r)6}, where ε and r0 are adjustable parameters. In this form the depth of the potential well is ε and the minimum occurs at 21/6r0 . The (1/r)12 term is often replaced by other powers of 1 /r. Lepton - One of the class of elementary particles that do not take part in the strong interaction. Included are the electron, muon, and neutrino. All leptons have a spin of 1/2. Lewis number ( Le) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Le = a/D, where a is thermal diffusivity and D is diffusion coefficient. [2] Ligand field theory - A description of the structure of crystals containing a transition metal ion surrounded by nonmetallic ions (ligands). It is based on construction of molecular orbitals involving the d-orbitals of the central metal ion and combinations of atomic orbitals of the ligands. Light year (l.y.) - A unit of distance used in astronomy, defined as the distance light travels in one year in a vacuum. Its approximate value is 9.46073 × 1015 m. Lignins - Macromolecular constituents of wood related to lignans, composed of phenolic propylbenzene skeletal units, linked at various sites and apparently randomly. [5] Ligroin - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C7 and C8 hydro- carbons and boiling in the range 90-140 °C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent. Lipids - A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. [5] Lipoproteins - Clathrate complexes consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding, in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids. [5] Liter (L)* - A synonym for cubic decimeter. [1] Lithosphere* - The outer layer of the solid earth, extending from the base of the mantle to the surface of the crust. Lorentz contraction - The reduction in length of a moving body in the direction of motion, given by the factor (1- v2/c2)1/2 , where v is the velocity of the body and c the velocity of light. Also known as the FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction. Lorentz force - The force exerted on a point charge Q moving at velocity v in the presence of external fields E and B. It is given (in SI units) by F = Q(E + v × B). Loss angle ( δ) - For a dielectric material in an alternating electromagnetic field, δ is the phase difference between the current and the potential difference. The function tan δ is a measure of the ratio of the power dissipated in the dielectric to the power stored. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) - See Techniques for Materi- als Characterization, page 12-1.Lumen (lm)* - The SI unit of luminous flux, equal to cd sr. [1] Luminous flux ( Φ) - The intensity of light from a source multiplied by the solid angle. The SI unit is lumen. [1] Lux (lx)* - The SI unit of illuminance, equal to cd sr m-2. [1] Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation - A relation between the phonon fre- quencies and dielectric constants of an ionic crystal which states that(ω T/ωL)2 = ε(∞)/ε(0), where ωT is the angular frequency of transverse optical phonons, ωL that of longitudinal optical phonons, ε(0) is the static dielectric constant, and ε(∞) the dielectric constant at optical frequencies. Lyman series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the ground state (principalquantum number n = 1) and successive excited states. The wave- lengths are given by 1/ λ = R H(1-1/n2), where n = 2,3,4,… and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series ( n = 1↔2), which is often called the Lyman- α line, falls at a wavelength of 1216 Å, and the series converges at 912 Å, the ionization limit of hydrogen. Mach number ( Ma) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Ma = v/c, where v is velocity and c is the speed of sound. [2] Macromolecule - A molecule of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules oflow relative molecular mass [8] Madelung constant* - A constant characteristic of a particular crystal- line material which gives a measure of the electrostatic energy bindingthe ions in the crystal. Magnetic field strength ( H) - An axial vector quantity, the curl of which is equal to the current density, including the displacement current. [1] Magnetic induction ( B) - An axial vector quantity such that the force exerted on an element of current is equal to the vector product of this element and the magnetic induction. [1] Magnetic moment - See Dipole moment, magnetic. Magnetic susceptibility ( χ m, κ)* - Defined by χm = (µ-µ0)/µ0, where µ is the permeability of the medium and µ0 the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Magnetization ( M) - Defined by M = (B/µ0)-H, where B is magnetic induction, H magnetic field strength, and µ0 the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Magnetogyric ratio ( γ) - Ratio of the magnetic moment of a particle to its angular momentum. Also called gyromagnetic ratio. Magneton - See Bohr magneton, Nuclear magneton. Magnetostriction* - The change in dimensions of a solid sample when it is placed in a magnetic field. Magnon - A quantum of magnetic energy associated with a spin wave in a ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic crystal. Mantle - The layer of the earth between the crust and the liquid outer core, which begins about 2900 km below the earth’s surface. Maser - A device in which a microwave cavity is filled with a medium where a population inversion can be produced by some means. Whenthe resonant frequency of the cavity bears the proper relation to the separation of the inverted energy levels, the device can serve as an amplifier or oscillator at that frequency. Mass (m)* - Quantity of matter. Mass can also be defined as “resistance to acceleration”. Mass defect ( B) - Defined by B = Zm( 1H) + Nmn - ma, where Z is the atomic number, m(1H) is the mass of the hydrogen atom, N is the neutron number, mn is the rest mass of the neutron, and ma is the mass of the atom in question. Thus Bc2 can be equated to the binding energy of the nucleus if the binding energy of atomic electrons is neglected. [1] Mass excess ( Δ) - Defined by Δ = ma - Amu, where ma is the mass of the 2-51DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) atom, A the number of nucleons, and mu the unified atomic mass constant ( mu = 1 u). [1] Mass fraction ( wB) - The ratio of the mass of substance B to the total mass of a mixture. [1] Mass number ( A) - A characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in thenucleus. Mass spectrometry - An analytical technique in which ions are separated according to the mass/charge ratio and detected by a suitable detector.The ions may be produced by electron impact on a gas, a chemical reaction, energetic vaporization of a solid, etc. [6] Massieu function - A thermodynamic function defined by J = -A/T, where A is the Helmholz energy and T the thermodynamic tempera- ture. [2] Matthiessen’s rule - The statement that the electrical resistivity ρ of a metal can be written as ρ = ρ L+ρi, where ρL is due to scattering of conduction electrons by lattice vibrations and ρi to scattering by impurities and imperfections. If the impurity concentration is small, ρi is temperature independent. Maxwell (Mx)* - A non-SI unit of magnetic field strength ( H) equal to 10-8 Wb. [1] Maxwell’s equations - The fundamental equations of electromagnetism. In a form appropriate to SI units, they are: curl H = ∂D/∂t + j div B = 0 curl E = -∂B/∂t div D = ρ where H is the magnetic field strength, B the magnetic induction, E the electric field strength, D the electric displacement, j the current density, ρ the charge density, and t is time. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the fraction of molecules f(v) in a gas that have velocity v within a specified interval. It takes the form where M is the molar mass, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. Mean free path* - The average distance a gas molecule travels between collisions. Meissner effect - The complete exclusion of magnetic induction from the interior of a superconductor. Melting point* - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure (normally taken to be atmospheric unless stated otherwise). Mercaptans - A traditional term abandoned by IUPAC, synonymous with thiols. This term is still widely used. [5] Meson - Any elementary particle that has zero or integral spin. Mesons are responsible for the forces between protons and neutrons in thenucleus. Mesosphere - The part of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the stratosphere (about 50 km above the surface) to 80-90 km. It ischaracterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. Metal - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (conduc- tion band) is only partially filled with electrons. The electrical conduc-tivity of metals generally decreases with temperature. Metallocenes - Organometallic coordination compounds in which one atom of a transition metal such as iron, ruthenium or osmium is bondedto and only to the face of two cyclopentadienyl ligands which lie in parallel planes. [5] Meter (m)* - The SI base unit of length. [1] Methine group - In organic compounds, the -C= group. [5] Mho - An archaic name for the SI unit siemens (reciprocal ohm).Micelle - A particle formed by the aggregation of surfactant molecules (typically, 10 to 100 molecules) in solution. For aqueous solutions, the hydrophilic end of the molecule is on the surface of the micelle, whilethe hydrophobic end (often a hydrocarbon chain) points toward the center. At the critical micelle concentration (cmc) the previously dissolved molecules aggregate into a micelle. Micron ( µ) - An obsolete name for micrometer. Mie scattering - The scattering of light by spherical dielectric particles whose diameter is comparable to the wavelength of the light. Milky way - The band of light in the night sky resulting from the stars in the galactic plane. The term is also used to denote the galaxy in which the sun is located. Miller indices ( hkl) - A set of indices used to label planes in a crystal lattice. [2] Millimeter of mercury (mmHg) - A non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with torr. Mobility ( µ)* - In solid state physics, the drift velocity of electrons or holes in a solid divided by the applied electric field strength. The term is used in a similar sense in other fields. Molality ( m) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per kilogram of solvent. Thus a 0.1 molal solution (often written as 0.1 m) has m = 0.1 mol/kg. Molar mass - The mass of one mole of a substance. It is normally expressed in units of g/mol, in which case its numerical value is identical with the molecular weight (relative molecular mass). [1] Molar quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by amount of substance (number of moles). The resulting quantity iscalled molar volume, molar enthalpy, etc Molar refraction ( R) - A property of a dielectric defined by the equation R = V m[(n2-1)/(n2+2)], where n is the index of refraction of the medium (at optical wavelengths) and Vm the molar volume. It is related to the polarizability α of the molecules that make up the medium by the Lorenz-Lorentz equation, R = NAα/3ε0 , where NA is Avogadro’s constant and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Molarity ( c) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per literof solution. Thus a 0.1 molar solution (often referred to as 0.1 M) has a concentration c = 0.1 mol/L. Mole (mol)* - The SI base unit of amount of substance. [1] Mole fraction ( x B) - The ratio of the amount of substance (number of moles) of substance B to the total amount of substance in a mixture. [1] Molecular orbital - See Orbital. Molecular weight ( Mr)* - The ratio of the average mass per molecule or specified entity of a substance to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. Also called relative molar (or molecular) mass. [1] Moment of inertia ( I) - The moment of inertia of a body about an axis is the sum (or integral) of the products of its elements of mass and the squares of their distances from the axis. [1] Momentum ( p) - The product of mass and velocity. [1] Monomer - A substance consisting of molecules which can undergo polymerization, thereby contributing constitutional units to the essen-tial structure of a macromolecule. [8] Monosaccharides - A term which includes aldoses, ketoses, and a wide variety of derivatives. [5] Mössbauer effect - The recoilless emission of γ-rays from nuclei bound in a crystal under conditions where the recoil energy associated with the γ emission is taken up by the crystal as a whole. This results in a very narrow line width, which can be exploited in various types of precise measurements.fv M R T veMv RT()=()4232222ππ//±/ TeamLRN2-52DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Muon* - An unstable elementary particle of spin 1/2 and mass about 200 times that of the electron. Naphtha - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C 6 to C8 hydrocar- bons and boiling in the range 80-120 °C. Solvents derived from this fraction include ligroin and petroleum ether. Nautical mile - A non-SI unit of length, equal to exactly 1852 m. Navier-Stokes equations - A set of complex equations for the motion of a viscous fluid subject to external forces. Néel temperature ( TN)* - The critical temperature above which an antiferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic. [1] Nernst effect - The production of an electric field in a conductor subject to an applied magnetic field and containing a transverse temperaturegradient. The electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the temperature gradient. Network - In polymer science, a highly ramified macromolecule in which essentially each constitutional unit is connected to each other consti- tutional unit and to the macroscopic phase boundary by many perma- nent paths through the macromolecule, the number of such pathsincreasing with the number of intervening bonds. The paths must on the average be coextensive with the macromolecule. [8] Neutrino - A stable elementary particle in the lepton family. Neutrinos have zero (or at least near-zero) rest mass and spin 1/2. Neutron* - An elementary particle on spin 1/2 and zero charge. The free neutron has a mean lifetime of 887 seconds. Neutrons and protons,which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Neutron number ( N) - A characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Newton (N)* - The SI unit of force, equal to m kg s -2. [1] Nitriles - Compounds having the structure RC ≡N; thus C-substituted derivatives of hydrocyanic acid, HC ≡N. [5] Nitrosamines - N-Nitroso amines: compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolatable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, assuch, does not require the N locant. [5] Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)* - A widely used technique in which the resonant absorption of radiofrequency radiation by mag-netic nuclei in a magnetic field is measured. The results give important information on the local environment of each nucleus. Nuclear magneton ( µN)* - The unit of nuclear magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πmp, where h is Planck’s constant, mp the proton mass, and e the elementary charge. Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) - See Techniques for Materials Char- acterization, page 12-1. Nuclear spin ( I) - The quantum number that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of a particular nucleus. The magnitude of the angular momentum is given by [ I(I+1)]1/2 h/2π, where h is Planck’s constant. Nucleic acids* - Macromolecules, the major organic matter of the nuclei of biological cells, made up of nucleotide units, and hydrolyzable intocertain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose. [5] Nucleon - A collective term for the proton and neutron. Nucleosides - Ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivatives (rarely, other glycosyl derivatives) of certain pyrimidine or purine bases. They are thus glycosylamines or N-glycosides related to nucleotides by the lack ofphosphorylation. [5] Nucleotides - Compounds formally obtained by esterification of the 3 ′ or5′ hydroxy group of nucleosides with phosphoric acid. They are the monomers of nucleic acids and are formed from them by hydrolytic cleavage. [5] Nuclide - A species of atoms in which each atom has identical atomic number Z and identical mass number A. [3] Nusselt number ( Nu) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechan- ics, defined by Nu = hl/k, where h is coefficient of heat transfer, l is length, and k is thermal conductivity. [2] Nyquist theorem - An expression for the mean square thermal noise voltage across a resistor, given by 4 RkTΔf where R is the resistance, k the Boltzmann constant, T the temperature, and Δf the frequency band within which the voltage is measured. Octanol-water partition coefficient ( P)* - A measure of the way in which a compound will partition itself between the octanol and water phases in the two-phase octanol-water system, and thus an indicator ofcertain types of biological activity. Specifically, P is the ratio of the concentration (in moles per liter) of the compound in the octanol phase to that in the water phase at infinite dilution. The quantity normallyreported is log P. Oersted (Oe) - A non-SI unit of magnetic field ( H), equal to 79.57747 A/m. Ohm (Ω)* - The SI unit of electric resistance, equal to V/A. [1] Ohm’s law - A relation among electric current I, potential difference V, and resistance R, viz., I = V/R. The resistance is constant at constant temperature to high precision for many materials. Olefins - Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon- carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic com-pounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes. [5] Oligomer - A substance consisting of molecules of intermediate relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or concep- tually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. In contrast toa polymer, the properties of an oligomer can vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of its units. [8] Oligopeptides - Peptides containing from three to nine amino groups. [5] Onsager relations - An important set of equations in the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. They express the symmetry between the transport coefficients describing reciprocal processes in systems witha linear dependence of flux on driving forces. Optical rotary power - Angle by which the plane of polarization of a light beam is rotated by an optically active medium, divided by pathlength and by concentration of the active constituent. Depending on whether mass or molar concentration is used, the modifier “specific” or “molar” is attached. [2] Orbital - A one-electron wavefunction. Atomic orbitals are classified as s-, p-, d,- or f-orbitals according to whether the angular momentum quantum number l = 0, 1, 2, or 3. Molecular orbitals, which are usually constructed as linear combinations of atomic orbitals, describe the distribution of electrons over the entire molecule. Oscillator strength ( f) - A measure of the intensity of a spectroscopic transition, defined by where ν is the frequency, µ ij the transition dipole moment, me the mass of the electron, e the elementary charge, and h Planck’s constant. Osmosis - The flow of a solvent in a system in which two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane which cannot pass solute molecules. The solvent will flow from theside of lower concentration to that of higher concentration, thus tending to equalize the concentrations. The pressure that must befMe he=8 32 22 πνµij 2-53DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) applied to the more concentrated side to stop the flow is called the osmotic pressure. Osmotic coefficient ( φ) - Defined by φ = ln aA/(MAΣmB), where MA is the molar mass of substance A (normally the solvent), aA is its activity, and the mB are molalities of the solutes. [1] Osmotic pressure ( Π) - The excess pressure necessary to maintain osmotic equilibrium between a solution and the pure solvent separated by a membrane permeable only to the solvent. In an ideal dilute solution Π = cBRT , where cB is the amount-of-substance concentration of the solute, R is the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. [1,2] Ostwald dilution law - A relation for the concentration dependence of the molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution, viz., where c is the solute concentration, K is the equilibrium constant for dissociation of the solute, and Λ° is the conductivity at cΛ = 0. Ounce (oz) - A non-SI unit of mass. The avoirdupois once equals 28.34952 g, while the troy ounce equals 31.10348 g. Overpotential ( η) - In an electrochemical cell, the difference between the potential of an electrode and its zero-current value. Oximes - Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.[5] Oxo compounds - Compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. The term thus embraces alde-hydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, sulfonic acids, amides and esters. [5] Ozonides - The 1,2,4-trioxolanes formed by the reaction of ozone at a carbon-carbon double bond, or the analogous compounds derivedfrom acetylenic compounds. [5] Pair production - A process in which a photon is converted into a particle and its antiparticle (e.g., an electron and positron) in the electromag-netic field of a nucleus. Paraffins - Obsolescent term for saturated hydrocarbons, commonly but not necessarily acyclic. Still widely used in the petrochemical indus-try, where the term designates acyclic saturated hydrocarbons, and stands in contradistinction to naphthenes. [5] Paramagnetism* - A type of magnetism characterized by a positive magnetic susceptibility, so that the material becomes weakly magne- tized in the direction of an external field. The magnetization disap- pears when the field in removed. In the simplest approximation(Curie’s law) the susceptibility is inversely proportional to tempera- ture. Parity - The property of a quantum-mechanical wave function that describes its behavior under the symmetry operation of coordinate inversion. A parity of +1 (or even) is assigned if the wave function does not change sign when the signs of all the coordinates are changed; theparity is -1 (or odd) if the wave function changes sign under this operation. Parsec (pc) - A unit of distance defined as the distance at which 1 astronomical unit (AU) subtends an angle of 1 second of arc. It is equal to 206264.806 AU or 3.085678 × 10 16 m. Particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Partition function ( q, z) - For a single molecule, q = Σi giexp(εi/kT), where εi is an energy level of degeneracy gi, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the absolute temperature; the summation extends over all energy states. For a system of N non-interacting molecules which are indistin- guishable, as in an ideal gas, the canonical partition function Q = qN/ N!. Pascal (Pa)* - The SI unit of pressure, equal to N/m2. [1]Paschen series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 3 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/ λ = RH(1/9-1/n2), where n = 4,5,6,… and RH is the Rydberg constant. The first member of the series ( n = 3↔4), which is often called the P α line, falls in the infrared at a wavelength of 1.875 µm. Paschen-Back effect - In atomic spectroscopy, the decoupling of elec- tron spin from orbital angular momentum as the strength of an externalmagnetic field is increased. Pauli exclusion principle - The statement that two electrons in an atom cannot have identical quantum numbers; thus if there are two electronsin the same orbital, their spin quantum numbers must be of opposite sign. Pearson symbol - A code for designating crystallographic information, including the crystal system, the lattice type, and the number of atoms per unit cell. Péclet number ( Pe) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Pe = vl/a, where v is velocity, l is length, and a is thermal diffussivity. [2] Peltier effect - The absorption or generation of heat (depending on the current direction) which occurs when an electric current is passed through a junction between two materials. Peptides - Amides derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. [5] Permeability ( µ) - Magnetic induction divided by magnetic field strength; i.e. µ = B/H. The relative permeability µr = µ/µ0, where µ0 is the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Permittivity ( ε) - Ratio of the electric displacement in a medium to the electric field strength. Also called dielectric constant. [1] Peroxides - Compounds of structure ROOR in which R may be any organic group. In inorganic chemistry, salts of the anion O2-2 [5] Peroxy acids - Acids in which an acidic -OH group has been replaced by an -OOH group; e.g. CH3C(=O)OOH peroxyacetic acid, PhS(=O)2OOH benzeneperoxysulfonic acid. [5] Petroleum ether - The petroleum fraction consisting of C5 and C6 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35-60 °C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent. pH* - A convenient measure of the acid-base character of a solution, usually defined by pH = -log [ c(H+)/mol L-1)], where c(H+) is the concentration of hydrogen ions.The more precise definition is in terms af activity rather than concentration. [2] Phenols - Compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. [5] Phonon - A quantum of energy associated with a vibrational mode of a crystal lattice. Phosphines - PH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RPH 2, R2PH and R3P (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. [5] Phosphonium compounds - Salts (and hydroxides) [R 4P]+X- containing tetracoordinate phosphonium ion and the associated anion. [5] Phosphonium ylides - Compounds having the structure R3P+-C-R2 1 R3P=CR 2. Also known as Wittig reagents. [5] Phosphoresence - The process by which a molecule is excited by light to a higher electronic state and then undergoes a radiationless transition to a state of different multiplicity from which it decays, after some delay, to the ground state. The emitted light is normally of longerwavelength than the exciting light because vibrational energy has been dissipated.11 2ΛΛΛ Λ=+ ()ooc K TeamLRN2-54DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Photoelectric effect - The complete absorption of a photon by a solid with the emission of an electron. Photon - An elementary particle of zero mass and spin 1/2. The photon is involved in electromagnetic interactions and is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photon stimulated desorption (PSD) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Pinacols - Tetra(hydrocarbyl)ethane-1,2-diols, R 2C(OH)C(OH)R2, of which the tetramethyl example is the simplest one and is itselfcommonly known as pinacol. [5] Pion - An elementary particle in the family of mesons. Pions have zero spin and may be neutral or charged. They participate in the stronginteraction which holds the nucleus together. pK* - The negative logarithm (base 10) of an equilibrium constant K. For pK a, see Acid dissociation constant. Planck constant ( h)* - The elementary quantum of action, which relates energy to frequency through the equation E = hν. Planck distribution - See Black body radiation Planck function - A thermodynamic function defined by Y = -G/T, where G is Gibbs energy and T thermodynamic temperature. [2] Plasma - A highly ionized gas in which the charge of the electrons is balanced by the charge of the positive ions, so that the system as a whole is electrically neutral. Plasmon - A quantum associated with a plasma oscillation in the electron gas of a solid. Point group* - A group of symmetry operations (rotations, reflections, etc.) that leave a molecule invariant. Every molecular conformationcan be assigned to a specific point group, which plays a major role in determining the spectrum of the molecule. Poise (P) - A non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to 0.1 Pa s. Poiseuille’s equation - A formula for the rate of flow of a viscous fluid through a tube: where V is the volume as measured at pressure p 0; p1 and p2 are the pressures at each end of the tube ; r is the radius and l the length of the tube; and η is the viscosity. Poisson ratio ( µ) - The absolute value of the ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit (i.e., where Hooke’s law is valid). [10] Polariton - A quantum associated with the coupled modes of photons and optical phonons in an ionic crystal. Polarizability ( α)* - The change in dipole moment of a molecule produced by an external electric field; specifically, αab = ∂pa/ ∂Eb, where pa is the dipole moment component on the a axis and Eb is the component of the electric field strength along the b axis. [2] Polymer - A substance composed of molecules of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprisesthe multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. A single molecule of a polymer is called a macromolecule. [8] Polypeptides - Peptides containing 10 or more amino acid residues. See also Peptides. [5] Polysaccharides - Compounds consisting of a large number of monosac- charides linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. Also called glycans. [5] Porphyrins - Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the α-positions by four methine groupsto form a macrocyclic structure (porphyrin is designated porphine in Chemical Abstracts indexes). [5] Positron - The antiparticle of the electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron, and an equal but opposite charge. Positronium - The hydrogen-like “atom” formed from a positron nucleus and an electron. Its lifetime is very short because of annihilation of thepositron and electron. Potential - See Electric potential Potential energy ( E p, V, U) - The portion of the energy of a system that is associated with its position in a force field. Pound (lb) - A non-SI unit of mass, equal to 0.4535924 kg. Power (P) - Rate of energy transfer. For electrical circuits, this is equal to the product of current and potential difference, P = IV. [1] Poynting vector ( S) - For electromagnetic radiation, the vector product of the electric field strength and the magnetic field strength. [1] Prandtl number ( Pr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechan- ics, defined by Pr = η/ρa, where η is viscosity, ρ is density, and a is thermal diffusivity. [2] Pressure* - Force divided by area. [1] Proteins - Naturally occurring and synthetic polypeptides having mo- lecular weights greater than about 10,000 (the limit is not precise). Seealso Peptides. [5] Proton* - A stable elementary particle of unit positive charge and spin 1/2. Protons and neutrons, which are collectively callednucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Pulsar - A neutron star which rotates rapidly and emits electromagnetic radiation in regular pulses at a frequency related to the rotation period. Purine bases* - Purine and its substitution derivatives, especially natu- rally occurring examples. [5] Pyrimidine bases* - Pyrimidine and its substitution derivatives, espe- cially naturally occurring examples. [5] Q-switching - A technique for obtaining very high power from a laser by keeping the Q factor of the laser cavity low while the population inversion builds up, then suddenly increasing the Q to initiate the stimulated emission. Quad - A unit of energy defined as 10 15 Btu, equal to approximately 1.055056 × 1018 J. Quadrupole moment - A coefficient of the third term (after monopole and dipole) in the power series expansion of the electric potential of anarray of charges. A nucleus of spin greater than 1/2 has a non- vanishing nuclear quadrupole moment which can interact with the electric field gradient of the surrounding electrons. Molecular quadru-pole moments have an influence on intermolecular forces. Quality factor ( Q) - The ratio of the absolute value of the reactance of an electrical system to the resistance; thus a measure of the energy stored per cycle relative to the energy dissipated. Quantum yield - In photochemistry, the number of moles transformed in a specific process, either physically (e.g., by emission of photons) orchemically, per mole of photons absorbed by the system. [3] Quark - An elementary entity which has not been directly observed but is considered a constituent of protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. Quasar - An extragalactic object emitting electromagnetic radiation at a very high power level and showing a very large red shift, thus indicating that the object is receding at a speed approaching the speedof light. Quasicrystal - A solid having conventional crystalline properties but whose lattice does not display translational periodicity. Quaternary ammonium compounds - Derivatives of ammonium com- pounds, NH 4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. Compounds having acarbon-nitrogen double bond (i.e. R 2C=N+R2Y-) are more accurately called iminium compounds. [5]d dV tppr lp=()12 224 016±π η 2-55DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Quinones - Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groupswith any necessary rearrangement of double bonds. [5] Racemic mixture - A mixture of equal amounts of a pair of enantiomers (optical isomers); such a mixture is not optically active. Rad - A non-SI unit of absorbed dose of radiation, equal to 0.01 Gy. Radiance ( L) - The radiant intensity in a given direction from an element of a surface, divided by the area of the orthogonal projection of thiselement on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. [1] Radiant intensity ( I) - The radiant energy flux leaving an element of a source within an element of solid angle, divided by that element ofsolid angle. [1] Radicals - Molecular entities possessing an unpaired electron, such as ·CH 3, ·SnH3, ·Cl. (In these formulas the dot, symbolizing the unpaired electron, should be placed so as to indicate the atom of highest spin density, if this is possible). [5] Raman effect - The inelastic scattering of light by a molecule, in which the incident photon either gives up to, or receives energy from, one of the internal vibrational modes of the molecule. The scattered light thus has either a lower frequency (Stokes radiation) or higher frequency(anti-Stokes radiation) than the incident light. These shifts provide a measure of the normal vibrational frequencies of the molecule. Rankine cycle - A thermodynamic cycle which can be used to calculate the ideal performance of a heat engine that uses a condensable vapor as the working fluid (e.g., a steam engine or a heat pump). Rankine temperature - A thermodynamic temperature scale based on a temperature interval °R = (5/9) K ; i.e., T/°R = (9/5)T/K = t/°F + 459.67. Raoult’s law - The expression for the vapor pressure p i of component i in an ideal solution, viz., pi = xi pi0, where xi is the mole fraction of component i and pi0 the vapor pressure of the pure substance i. Rare earth elements - The elements Sc, Y, and the lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). [7] Rayleigh number ( Ra) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechan- ics, defined by Ra = l3gαΔTρ/ηa, where l is length, g is acceleration of gravity, α is cubic expansion coefficient, T is temperature, ρ is density, η is viscosity, and a is thermal diffusivity. [2] Rayleigh scattering - The scattering of light by particles which are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It is characterized by ascattered intensity which varies as the inverse fourth power of the wavelength. Rayleigh wave - A guided elastic wave along the surface of a solid; also called surface acoustic wave. Reactance ( X) - The imaginary part of impedance. For an inductive reactance L and a capacitive reactance C in series, the reactance is X = Lω-1/(Cω), where ω is 2π times the frequency of the current. [1] Red shift - A displacement of a spectral line toward longer wavelengths. This can occur through the Doppler effect (e.g., in the light fromreceding galaxies) or, in the general theory of relativity, from the effects of a star’s gravitational field. Reflectance ( ρ) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is reflected to that of the incident radiation. Also called reflection factor. [1] Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) - See Tech- niques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Relative humidity* - The ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in air to the saturation vapor pressure of water at the same temperature,expressed as a percentage. [10] Relative molar mass - See Molecular weight. Rem - A non-SI unit of dose equivalent, equal to 0.01 Sv. Resistance ( R) - Electric potential difference divided by current when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. This definition appliesto direct current. More generally, resistance is defined as the real part of impedance. [1] Resistivity ( ρ) - Electric field strength divided by current density when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. Resistivity is an intrinsic property of a material. For a conductor of uniform cross section with area A and length L, and whose resistance is R, the resistivity is given by ρ = RA/L. [1] Reynolds number ( Re) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechan- ics, defined by Re = ρvl/η, where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and η is viscosity. [2] Rheology - The study of the flow of liquids and deformation of solids. Rheology addresses such phenomena as creep, stress relaxation,anelasticity, nonlinear stress deformation, and viscosity. Ribonucleic acids (RNA) - Naturally occurring polyribonucleotides. See also nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, ribonucleotides. [5] Ribonucleotides - Nucleotides in which the glycosyl group is a ribosyl group. See also nucleotides. [5] Roentgen (R) - A unit used for expressing the charge (positive or negative) liberated by x-ray or γ radiation in air, divided by the mass of air. A roentgen is defined as 2.58 × 10 -4 C/kg. Rotational constants - In molecular spectroscopy, the constants appear- ing in the expression for the rotational energy levels as a function of the angular momentum quantum numbers. These constants are pro- portional to the reciprocals of the principal moments of inertia,averaged over the vibrational motion. Rutherford back scattering (RBS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Rydberg constant ( R ∞)* - The fundamental constant which appears in the equation for the energy levels of hydrogen-like atoms; i.e., En = hcR∞ Z2µ/n2, where h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, Z the atomic number, µ the reduced mass of nucleus and electron, and n the principal quantum number ( n = 1, 2, …). Rydberg series - A regular series of lines in the spectrum of an atom or molecule, with the spacing between successive lines becoming smaller as the frequency increases (wavelength decreases). The series eventu- ally converges to a limit which usually corresponds to the completeremoval of an electron from the atom or molecule. Sackur-Tetrode equation* - An equation for the molar entropy S m of an ideal monatomic gas: Sm = Rln(e5/2 V/NAΛ3), where R is the molar gas constant, V is the volume, and NA is Avogadro’s number. The constant Λ is given by Λ = h/(2πmkT)1/2, where h is Planck’s constant, m the atomic mass, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. Salinity ( S)* - A parameter used in oceanography to describe the concentration of dissolved salts in seawater. It is defined in terms of electrical conductivity relative to a standard solution of KCl. When expressed in units of parts per thousand, S may be roughly equated to the concentration of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salt - An ionic compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base. Scanned probe microscopy (SPM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Schiff bases - Imines bearing a hydrocarbyl group on the nitrogen atom: R2C=NR′ (R′ not equal to H). Considered by many to be synonymous with azomethines. [5] TeamLRN2-56DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Schmidt number ( Sc) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechan- ics, defined by Sc = η/ρD, where η is viscosity, ρ is density, and D is diffusion coefficient. [2] Schottky barrier - A potential barrier associated with a metal-semicon- ductor contact. It forms the basis for the rectifying device known as the Schottly diode. Schrödinger equation - The basic equation of wave mechanics which, for systems not dependent on time, takes the form: where ψ is the wavefunction, V is the potential energy expressed as a function of the spatial coordinates, E is an energy eigenvalue, ∇2 is the Laplacian operator, \ is Planck’s constant divided by 2 π, and m is the mass. Second (s)* - The SI base unit of time. [1] Second radiation constant ( c2)* - See First radiation constant. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) - See Techniques for Mate- rials Characterization, page 12-1. Seebeck effect - The development of a potential difference in a circuit where two different metals or semiconductors are joined and their junctions maintained at different temperatures. It is the basis of thethermocouple. Selenides - Compounds having the structure RSeR (R not equal to H). They are thus selenium analogues of ethers. Also used for metal saltsof H 2Se. [5] Semicarbazones - Compounds having the structure R2C=NNHC(=O)NH2, formally derived by condensation of alde- hydes or ketones with semicarbazide [NH2NHC(=O)NH2]. [5] Semiconductor - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons at T = 0 K, and the energy gap to the next highest band (conduction band) ranges from 0 to 4 or 5 eV. With increasing temperature electrons are excited into the conduction band, leading to an increase in the electrical conductivity. Semiquinones - Radical anions having the structure -O-Z-O ⋅ where Z is an ortho- or para-arylene group or analogous heteroarylene group; they are formally generated by the addition of an electron to a quinone.[5] SI units* - The International System of Units adopted in 1960 and recommended for use in all scientific and technical fields. [1] Siemens (S)* - The SI unit of electric conductance, equal to Ω -1. [1] Sievert (Sv)* - The SI unit of dose equivalent (of radiation), equal to J/ kg. [1] Silanes - Saturated silicon hydrides, analogues of the alkanes; i.e. compounds of the general formula SinH2n+2. Silanes may be subdi- vided into silane, oligosilanes, and polysilanes. Hydrocarbyl deriva- tives are often referred to loosely as silanes. [5] Silicones - Polymeric or oligomeric siloxanes, usually considered un- branched, of general formula [-OSiR 2-]n (R not equal to H). [5] Siloxanes - Saturated silicon-oxygen hydrides with unbranched or branched chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (each silicon atom is separated from its nearest silicon neighbors by single oxygenatoms). [5] Skin effect - The concentration of high frequency alternating currents near the surface of a conductor. Slater orbital - A particular mathematical expression for the radial part of the wave function of a single electron, which is used in quantum- mechanical calculations of the energy and other properties of atomsand molecules. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Snell’s law - The relation between the angle of incidence i and the angleof refraction r of a light beam which passes from a medium of refractive index n 0 to a medium of index n1, viz., sin i/sin r = n1/n0. Solar constant* - The mean radiant energy flux from the sun on a unit surface normal to the direction of the rays at the mean distance of the earth from the sun. The value is approximately 1373 W/m2. Solar wind - The stream of high velocity hydrogen and helium ions emitted by the sun which flows through the solar system and beyond. Soliton - A spatially localized wave in a solid or liquid that can interact strongly with other solitons but will afterwards regain its originalform. Solubility* - A quantity expressing the maximum concentration of some material (the solute) that can exist in another liquid or solid material(the solvent) at thermodynamic equilibrium at specified temperature and pressure. Common measures of solubility include the mass of solute per unit mass of solution (mass fraction), mole fraction ofsolute, molality, molarity, and others. Solubility product constant ( K sp)* - The equilibrium constant for the dissolution of a sparsely soluble salt into its constituent ions. Space group* - A group of symmetry operations (reflections, rotations, etc.) that leave a crystal invariant. A total of 230 space groups have been identified. Spark source mass spectroscopy (SSMS) - See Techniques for Materi- als Characterization, page 12-1. Specific gravity - Ratio of the mass density of a material to that of water. Since one must specify the temperature of both the sample and the water to have a precisely defined quantity, the use of this term is now discouraged. Specific heat - Heat capacity divided by mass. See Heat capacity. Specific quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value dividedby mass. The resulting quantity is called specific volume, specific enthalpy, etc. Specific rotation [ α] θλ- For an optically active substance, defined by [α]θλ = α/γl, where α is the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated by a solution of mass concentration γ and path length l. Here θ is the Celsius temperature and λ the wavelength of the light at which the measurement is carried out. Also called specific optical rotatory power. [2] Spin (s, I)* - A measure of the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle, which it possesses independent of its orbital motion. The symbol s is used for the spin quantum number of an electron, while I is generally used for nuclear spin. Spiro compounds - Compounds having one atom (usually a quaternary carbon) as the only common member of two rings. [5] Stacking fault - An error in the normal sequence of layer growth in a crystal. Standard mean ocean water (SMOW) - A standard sample of pure water of accurately known isotopic composition which is maintainedby the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is used for precise calibration of density and isotopic composition measurements. Standard reduction potential ( E °) - The zero-current potential of a cell in which the specified reduction reaction occurs at the right-hand electrode and the left-hand electrode is the standard hydrogen elec- trode. Also called Standard electrode potential. Standard state - A defined state (specified temperature, pressure, con- centration, etc.) for tabulating thermodynamic functions and carrying out thermodynamic calculations. The standard state pressure is usuallytaken as 100,000 Pa (1 bar), but various standard state temperatures are used. [2] Stanton number ( St) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by St = h/ρvc p, where h is coefficient of heat transfer, ρ is±/h22mV E()∇+ =ψψψ 2-57DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) density, v is velocity, and cp is specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [2] Stark effect - The splitting of an energy level of an atom or molecule, and hence a splitting of spectral lines arising from that level, as a result of the application of an external electric field. Statistical weight ( g) - The number of distinct states corresponding to the same energy level. Also called degeneracy. Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( σ)* - Constant in the equation for the radiant exitance M (radiant energy flux per unit area) from a black body at thermodynamic temperature T, viz. M = σT4. [1] Stibines - SbH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: R 3Sb. RSbH2, R2SbH, and R3Sb (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary stibines, respectively. [5] Stochastic process - A process which involves random variables and whose outcome can thus be described only in terms of probabilities. Stoichiometric number ( ν) - The number appearing before the symbol for each compound in the equation for a chemical reaction. Byconvention, it is negative for reactants and positive for products. [2] Stokes (St) - A non-SI unit of kinematic viscosity, equal to 10 -4 m2/s. Stokes’ law - The statement, valid under certain conditions, that the viscous force F experienced by a sphere of radius a moving at velocity v in a medium of viscosity η is given by F = -6πηav. Strain - The deformation of a body that results from an applied stress. Stratosphere - The part of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the troposphere (typically 10 to 15 km above the surface) to about 50 km. It is characterized by an increase in temperature with increasingaltitude. Stress - Force per unit area (pressure) applied to a body. Tensile stress tends to stretch or compress the body in the direction of the appliedforce. Sheer stress results from a tangential force which tends to twist the body. Strong interaction - The short range (order of 1 fm) attractive forces between protons, neutrons, and other hadrons which are responsible for the stability of the nucleus. Strouhal number ( Sr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechan- ics, defined by Sr = lf/v, where l is length, f is frequency, and v is velocity. [2] Structure factor - In x-ray crystallography, the sum of the scattering factors of all the atoms in a unit cell, weighted by an appropriate phase factor. The intensity of a given reflection is proportional to the square of the structure factor. Sublimation pressure - The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a solid at a specified temperature. Sulfides - Compounds having the structure RSR (R not equal to H). Such compounds were once called thioethers. In an inorganic sense, salts or other derivatives of hydrogen sulfide. [5] Sulfones - Compounds having the structure, RS(=O) 2R (R not equal to H), e.g. C2H5S(=O)2CH3, ethyl methyl sulfone. [5] Sulfonic acids - HS(=O) 2OH, sulfonic acid, and its S-hydrocarbyl derivatives. [5] Sulfoxides - Compounds having the structure R2S=O (R not equal to H), e.g. Ph 2S=O, diphenyl sulfoxide. [5] Superconductor - A material that experiences a nearly total loss of electrical resistivity below a critical temperature Tc. The effect can occur in pure metals, alloys, semiconductors, organic compounds, and certain inorganic solids. Superfluid - A fluid with near-zero viscosity and extremely high thermal conductivity. Liquid helium exhibits these properties below 2.186 K (the λ point). Supernova - A star in the process of exploding because of instabilities which follow the exhaustion of its nuclear fuel.Surface analysis by laser ionization (SALI) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Surface tension ( γ,σ)* - The force per unit length in the plane of the interface between a liquid and a gas, which resists an increase in the area of that surface. It can also be equated to the surface Gibbs energy per unit area. Surfactant - A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and accordingly is positively adsorbed at the liquid-vapor orother interfaces. [3] Susceptance ( B) - Imaginary part of admittance. [1] Svedberg - A non-SI unit of time, used to express sedimentation coeffi- cients, equal to 10 -13 s. Syndiotactic macromolecule - A tactic macromolecule, essentially comprising alternating enantiomeric configurational base units whichhave chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrange- ment with respect to their adjacent constitutional units. In this case the repeating unit consists of two configurational base units that areenantiomeric. [8] Tacticity - The orderliness of the succession of configurational repeating units of a macromolecule or oligomer molecule. In a tactic macromol-ecule essentially all the configurational repeating units are identical with respect to directional sense. See Configurational repeating unit, Isotactic, Syndiotactic. [8] Tautomerism - Isomerism of the general form G-X-Y=Z 1 X=Y-Z- G, where the isomers (called tautomers) are readily interconvertible; the atoms connecting the groups X, Y, Z are typically any of C, H, O,or S, and G is a group which becomes an electrofuge (i.e., a group that does not carry away the bonding electron pair when it leaves its position in the molecule) or nucleofuge (a group that does carry awaythe bonding electrons when leaving) during isomerization. The com- monest case, when the electrofuge is H +, is also known as prototropy. A common example, written so as to illustrate the general pattern givenabove, is keto-enol tautomerism, such as H-O-C(CH 3)=CH-CO2Et (enol) 1 (CH3)C(=O)-CH2-CO2Et (keto) In some cases the interconversion rate between tautomers is slow enough to permit isolation of the separate keto and enol forms. [5] Tensile strength* - In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load a body can bear before breaking to original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength. [11] Terpenes - Hydrocarbons of biological origin having carbon skeletons formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2]. [5] Terpenoids - Natural products and related compounds formally derived from isoprene units. They contain oxygen in various functional groups. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a methyl (or other) group. [5] Tesla (T)* - The SI unit of magnetic flux density ( B), equal to V s/m2. [1] Thermal conductivity* - Rate of heat flow divided by area and by temperature gradient. [1] Thermal diffusivity - Thermal conductivity divided by density and by specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [1] Thermal expansion coefficient ( α)* - The linear expansion coefficient is defined by αl = (1/l)(dl/dT); the volume expansion coefficient by αV = (1/V)(dV/dT). [1] Thermionic emission - The emission of electrons from a solid as a result of heat. The effect requires a high enough temperature to impart sufficient kinetic energy to the electrons to exceed the work function of the solid. Thermodynamic laws - The foundation of the science of thermodynam- ics: TeamLRN2-58DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) First law: The internal energy of an isolated system is constant; if energy is supplied to the system in the form of heat d q and work d w, then the change in energy d U = dq + dw. Second law: No process is possible in which the only result is the transfer of heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion to work. Third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as thethermodynamic temperature approaches zero. Thermoelectric power - For a bar of a pure material whose ends are at different temperatures, the potential difference divided by the differ-ence in temperature of the ends. See also Seeback effect. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Thermosphere - The layer of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the mesosphere (typically 80-90 km above the surface) to about 500 km. It is characterized by a rapid increase in temperature withincreasing altitude up to about 200 km, followed by a leveling off in the 300-500 km region. Thiols - Compounds having the structure RSH (R not equal to H). Also known by the term mercaptans (abandoned by IUPAC); e.g. CH 3CH2SH, ethanethiol. [5] Thomson coefficient ( µ, τ) - The heat power developed in the Thomson effect (whereby heat is evolved in a conductor when a current is flowing in the presence of a temperature gradient), divided by the current and the temperature difference. [1] Tonne (t) - An alternative name for megagram (1000 kg). [1] Torque (T) - For a force F that produces a torsional motion, T = r × F, where r is a vector from some reference point to the point of application of the force. Torr - A non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with millimeter of mercury. Townsend coefficient - In a radiation counter, the number of ionizing collisions by an electron per unit path length in the direction of an applied electric field. Transducer - Any device that converts a signal from acoustical, optical, or some other form of energy into an electrical signal (or vice versa) while preserving the information content of the original signal. Transistor - A voltage amplifier using controlled electron currents inside a semiconductor. Transition metals - Elements characterized by a partially filled d subshell. The First Transition Series comprises Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu. The Second and Third Transition Series include the lanthanides and actinides, respectively. [7] Transition probability* - See Einstein transition probability. Transmittance ( τ) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is transmitted to that of the incident radiation. Also called transmission factor. [1] Tribology - The study of frictional forces between solid surfaces. Triple point* - The point in p,T space where the solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance are in thermodynamic equilibrium. The corre- sponding temperature and pressure are called the triple point tempera- ture and triple point pressure. Troposphere - The lowest part of the earth’s atmosphere, extending to 10-15 km above the surface. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. The exact height varies withlatitude and season. Tunnel diode - A device involving a p-n junction in which both sides are so heavily doped that the Fermi level on the p-side lies in the valenceband and on the n-side in the conduction band. This leads to a current- voltage curve with a maximum, so that the device exhibits a negative resistance in some regions. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.Umklapp process - A process involving the interaction of three or more waves (lattice or electron) in a solid in which the sum of the wave vectors does not equal zero. Unified atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10-27 kg. [1] Universal time ( tU , UT) - Mean solar time counted from midnight at the Greenwich meridian. Also called Greenwich mean time (GMT). The interval of mean solar time is based on the average, over one year, ofthe time between successive transits of the sun across the observer’s meridian. Vacancy - A missing atom or ion in a crystal lattice. Van Allen belts - Two toroidal regions above the earth’s atmosphere containing protons and electrons. The outer belt at about 25,000 km above the surface is probably of solar origin. The inner belt at about3000 km contains more energetic particles from outside the solar system. Van der Waals’ equation* - An equation of state for fluids which takes the form: where p is pressure, V m is molar volume, T is temperature, R is the molar gas constant, and a and b are characteristic parameters of the substance which describe the effect of attractive and repulsive inter- molecular forces, respectively. Van der Waals’ force - The weak attractive force between two molecules which arises from electric dipole interactions. It can lead to the formation of stable but weakly bound dimer molecules or clusters. Van’t Hoff equation - The equation expressing the temperature depen- dence of the equilibrium constant K of a chemical reaction: where ΔrH° is the standard enthalpy of reaction, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. Also called van’t Hoff isochore. Vapor pressure* - The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a liquid (or, in some usage, a solid) at a specified temperature. Varistor - A device that utilizes the properties of certain metal oxides with small amounts of impurities, which show abrupt nonlinearities at specific voltages where the material changes from a semiconductor to an insulator. Velocity ( v) - Rate of change of distance with time. Verdet constants ( V)* - Angle of rotation of a plane polarized light beam passing through a medium in a magnetic field, divided by the field strength and by the path length. Virial equation of state* - An equation relating the pressure p, molar volume Vm, and temperature T of a real gas in the form of an expansion in powers of the molar volume, viz., pVm= RT(1+BVm-1+CVm-2+ …), where R is the molar gas constant. B is called the second virial coefficient, C the third virial coefficient, etc. The virial coefficients are functions of temperature. Viscosity ( η)* - The proportionality factor between sheer rate and sheer stress, defined through the equation F = η A(dv/dx), where F is the tangential force required to move a planar surface of area A at velocity v relative to a parallel surface separated from the first by a distance x. Sometimes called dynamic or absolute viscosity. The term kinematicviscosity (symbol ν) is defined as η divided by the mass density. Volt (V)* - The SI unit of electric potential, equal to W/A. [1] Volume fraction ( φ j) - Defined as Vj/ΣiVi, where Vj is the volume of the specified component and the Vi are the volumes of all the components of a mixture prior to mixing. [2]d drlnk TH RT=Δo 2pV RTVba Vm mm=  1 2±± 2-59DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Watt (W)* - The SI unit of power, equal to J/s. [1] Wave function - A function of the coordinates of all the particles in a quantum mechanical system (and, in general, of time) which fullydescribes the state of the system. The product of the wave function and its complex conjugate is proportional to the probability of finding a particle at a particular point in space. Weak interaction - The weak forces (order of 10 -12 of the strong interaction) between elementary particles which are responsible for beta decay and other nuclear effects. Weber (Wb)* - The SI unit of magnetic flux, equal to V s. [1] Weber number ( We) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by We = ρv2l/γ, where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and γ is surface tension. [2] Weight - That force which, when applied to a body, would give it an acceleration equal to the local acceleration of gravity. [1] Wiedeman-Franz law - The law stating that the thermal conductivity k and electrical conductivity σ of a pure metal are related by k = LσT, where T is the temperature and L (called the Lorenz ratio) has the approximate value 2.45 × 10-8 V2/K2. Wien displacement law - The relation, which can be derived from the Planck formula for black body radiation, that λmaxT = 0.0028978 m K, where λmax is the wavelength of maximum radiance at temperature T. Wigner-Seitz method - A method of calculating electron energy levels in a solid using a model in which each electron is subject to aspherically symmetric potential. Wittig reagents - See phosphonium ylides. Work (W) - Force multiplied by the displacement in the direction of the force. [1] Work function ( Φ)* - The energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the Fermi level in the interior of asubstance. It is thus the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the interior of a solid to a point just outside the surface. [1]X unit (X) - A unit of length used in x-ray crystallography, equal to approximately 1.002 × 10 -13 m. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) - See Techniques for Materi- als Characterization, page 12-1. Yield strength - The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation (often chosen as 0.2% for metals) from proportionality ofstress and strain. [11] Young’s modulus ( E) - In tension or compression of a body below its elastic limit, the ratio of stress to corresponding strain. Since strain isnormally expressed on a fractional basis, Young’s modulus has dimensions of pressure. Also called elastic modulus. [11] Zeeman effect - The splitting of an energy level of an atom or molecule, and hence a splitting of spectral lines arising from that level, as a result of the application of an external magnetic field. Zener diode - A control device utilizing a p-n junction with a well defined reverse-bias avalanche breakdown voltage. Zeotrope - A liquid mixture that shows no maximum or minimum when vapor pressure is plotted against composition at constant temperature.See Azeotrope. Zero-point energy - The energy possessed by a quantum mechanical system as a result of the uncertainty principle even when it is in itslowest energy state; e.g., the difference between the lowest energy level of a harmonic oscillator and the minimum in the potential well. Zeta potential ( ζ) - The electric potential at the surface of a colloidal particle relative to the potential in the bulk medium at a long distance. Also called electrokinetic potential. Zwitterions - Neutral compounds having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign. Some chemists restrict the term to compounds with the charges on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer). [5] TeamLRN2-60 p = pressure V = volume T = temperature ni = amount of substance i xi = ni/Sj nj = mole fraction of substance i Energy U Entropy S Enthalpy H = U + pV Helmholtz energy A = U – TS Gibbs energy G = U + pV –TS Isobaric heat capacity Cp = (∂H/∂T)p Isochoric heat capacity CV = (∂U/∂T)V Isobaric expansivity a = V–1(∂V/∂T)p Isothermal compressibility kT = –V–1(∂V/∂p)T Isentropic compressibility kS = –V–1(∂V/∂p)S kT –kS = Ta2V/Cp Cp – CV = Ta2V/kT Gibbs-Helmholtz equation H = G – T( ∂G/∂T)p Maxwell relations (∂S/∂p)T = –( ∂V/∂T)p (∂S/∂V)T = –( ∂p/∂T)V Joule-Thomson expansion mJT = (∂T/∂p)H = –{V – T( ∂V/∂T)p}/Cp fJT = (∂H/∂p)T = V – T( ∂V/∂T)p Partial molar quantity Xi = (∂X/∂ni)T,p,njπi Chemical potential mi = (∂G/∂ni)T,p,njπi Perfect gas [symbol pg] pV = ( Sini)RT mipg = miq + RT ln(xi p/pq) Fugacity fi = (xip)exp{(mi – mipg)/RT} Activity coefficient gi = fi/(xifiq) Gibbs-Duhem relation 0 – SdT – Vdp + Sinidmi [Superscript q in above equations indicates standard state] Notation for chemical and physical changes ( X = H, S, G, etc.): Chemical reaction DrX Formation from elements DfX Combustion DcX Fusion (cry Æliq) DfusX Vaporization (liq Ægas) DvapX Sublimation (cry Ægas) DsubX Phase transition DtrsX Solution DsolX Mixing DmixX Dilution DdilXTHERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS Section 3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds TeamLRN/g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g69/g68/g86/g76/g70/g3/g83/g75/g92/g86/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g86/g87/g85/g88/g70/g87/g88/g85/g72/g3/g71/g76/g68/g74/g85/g68/g80/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g68/g69/g82/g88/g87/g3/g20/g19/g15/g28/g19/g19/g3/g82/g85 /g74/g68/g81/g76/g70/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g82/g88/g81/g71/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g83/g85/g72/g86/g72/g81/g87/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g87/g68/g69/g79/g72/g17/g3/g3/g36/g81/g3/g72/g73/g73/g82/g85/g87/g3 /g75/g68/g86/g3/g69/g72/g72/g81/g3/g80/g68/g71/g72/g3/g87/g82 /g76/g81/g70/g79/g88/g71/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g82/g88/g81/g71/g86/g3/g80/g82/g86/g87/g3/g73/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g87/g79/g92/g3/g72/g81/g70/g82/g88/g81/g87/g72/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g68/g69/g82/g85/g68/g87/g82/g85/g92/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g82/g85/g78/g83/g79/g68/g70/g72/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g81/g89/g76/g85/g82/g81/g80/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3/g51/g68/g85/g87/g76/g70/g88/g79/g68/g85/g3/g72/g80/g83/g75/g68/g86/g76/g86/g3/g75/g68 /g86/g3/g69/g72/g72/g81/g3/g74/g76/g89/g72/g81/g3/g87/g82 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sulfuric acidsyr syruptab tabletstcl triclinictetr tetragonaltfa trifluoroacetic acidthf, THF tetrahydrofurantol toluenetp triple pointtrg trigonalunstab unstablevap vaporviol violetvisc viscousvol volatilevs very solublew waterwh whitexyl xyleneye yellow TeamLRN/g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12/g3 /g24/g17/g3/g40/g81/g89/g76/g85/g82/g81/g80/g72/g81/g87/g68/g79/g3/g51/g85/g82/g87/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g36/g74/g72/g81/g70/g92/g15/g3/g3 /g38/g75/g72/g80/g76/g70/g68/g79/g86/g3/g82/g81/g3/g53/g72/g83/g82/g85/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g53/g88/g79/g72/g86/g3 /g15/g3/g31/g75/g87/g87/g83/g29/g18/g18/g90/g90/g90/g17/g72/g83/g68/g17/g74/g82/g89/g18/g82/g83/g83/g87/g76/g81/g87/g85/g18/g38/g50/g53/g53/g33/g17 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/g15/g3/g40/g79/g86/g72/g89/g76/g72/g85/g15/g3/g49/g72/g90/g3/g60/g82/g85/g78/g15/g3/g20/g28/g27/g26/g17 /g20/g22/g17/g3/g53/g76/g71/g71/g76/g70/g78/g15/g3/g45/g17/g3/g36/g17/g15/g3/g37/g88/g81/g74/g72/g85/g15/g3/g58/g17/g3/g37/g17/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g54/g68/g78/g68/g81/g82/g15/g3/g55/g17/g3/g46/g17/g15/g3/g3 /g50/g85/g74/g68/g81/g76/g70/g3/g54/g82/g79/g89/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3 /g15/g3/g41/g82/g88/g85/g87/g75/g3/g40/g71/g76/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g45/g82/g75/g81/g3/g58/g76/g79/g72/g92/g3/g9/g3/g54/g82/g81/g86/g15/g3/g49/g72/g90/g3/g60/g82/g85/g78/g15/g3/g20/g28/g27/g25/g17 /g20/g23/g17/g3/g3 /g51/g75/g92/g86/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g38/g82/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g43/g92/g71/g85/g82/g70/g68/g85/g69/g82/g81/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g49/g82/g81/g16/g43/g92/g71/g85/g82/g70/g68/g85/g69/g82/g81/g3/g38/g82/g80/g83/g82/g88/g81/g71/g86/g3 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/g43/g68/g81/g71/g69/g82/g82/g78/g3/g82/g73/g3/g55/g75/g72/g85/g80/g82/g83/g75/g92/g86/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g55/g75/g72/g85/g80/g82/g70/g75/g72/g80/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g39/g68/g87/g68/g3 /g15/g3/g38/g53/g38/g3/g51/g85/g72/g86/g86/g15/g3/g37/g82/g70/g68/g3/g53/g68/g87/g82/g81/g15/g3/g41/g47/g15/g3/g20/g28/g28/g23/g17 /g20/g28/g17/g3/g47/g76/g71/g72/g15/g3/g39/g17/g3/g53/g17/g15/g3/g40/g71/g76/g87/g82/g85/g15/g3/g3 /g51/g85/g82/g83/g72/g85/g87/g76/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g50/g85/g74/g68/g81/g76/g70/g3/g38/g82/g80/g83/g82/g88/g81/g71/g86/g3 /g15/g3/g31/g75/g87/g87/g83/g29/g18/g18/g90/g90/g90/g17/g70/g75/g72/g80/g81/g72/g87/g69/g68/g86/g72/g17/g70/g82/g80/g18/g86/g70/g85/g76/g83/g87/g86/g18/g83/g82/g70/g90/g72/g69/g17/g72/g91/g72/g33/g17 /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 1 Abate Temephos C16H20O6P2S3 3383-96-8 466.469 30 1.32 2 Abietic acid C20H30O2 514-10-3 302.451 mcl pl (al-w) 173.5 2509vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3 Abscisic acid C15H20O4 21293-29-8 264.318 cry (chl-peth) 160 sub 120 vs ace, eth, chl 4 Acacetin 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 4H-1-benzopyran-4-oneC16H12O5 480-44-4 284.263 ye nd (95% al) 263 vs EtOH 5 Acebutolol, (±) C18H28N2O4 37517-30-9 336.426 cry 121 6 Acedapsone C16H16N2O4S 77-46-3 332.374 pa ye nd (eth) lf (dil al)290 sl H2O 7 Acenaphthene 1,2-Dihydroacenaphthylene C12H10 83-32-9 154.207 93.4 279 1.222201.604895i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs bz; s HOAc 8 Acenaphthylene Acenaphthalene C12H8 208-96-8 152.192 91.8 280 0.898716i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 9 1,2-Acenaphthylenedione C12H6O2 82-86-0 182.175 ye nd (HOAc) 261 sub 1.480020i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, HOAc; s lig 10 Acenocoumarol Nicoumalone C19H15NO6 152-72-7 353.325 cry (ace aq) 198 i H2O 11 Acephate Phosphoramidothioic acid, acetyl-, O,S-dimethyl esterC4H10NO3PS 30560-19-1 183.166 88 1.3520 12 Acepromazine C19H22N2OS 61-00-7 326.455 oran oil 2300.5 13 Acesulfame C4H5NO4S 33665-90-6 163.153 nd (bz) 123.2 s bz, chl 14 Acetaldehyde Ethanal C2H4O 75-07-0 44.052 vol liq or gas -123.37 20.1 0.7834181.331620msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 15 Acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone C8H10N2 935-07-9 134.178 99.5 15040, 13521vs EtOH 16 Acetaldoxime Acetaldehyde oxime C2H5NO 107-29-9 59.067 nd 45 115 0.9656201.426420s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 17 Acetamide Ethanamide C2H5NO 60-35-5 59.067 trg mcl (al-eth) 80.16 222.0 0.9986851.4278 vs H2O, EtOH 18 Acetanilide N-Phenylacetamide C8H9NO 103-84-4 135.163 114.3 304 1.219015sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, s bz, tol 19 Acetazolamide N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamideC4H6N4O3S2 59-66-5 222.246 260.5 sl H2O 20 Acethion C8H17O4PS2 919-54-0 272.322 liq 1371.51.1820 21 Acetic acid Ethanoic acid C2H4O2 64-19-7 60.052 16.64 117.9 1.0446251.372020msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl, CS2 22 Acetic acid, 2-phenylhydrazide C8H10N2O 114-83-0 150.177 hex pr (eth) 130.0 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl, tfa; s bz 23 Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 108-24-7 102.089 liq -74.1 139.5 1.082201.390120vs H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth; sl ctc 24 Acetoacetanilide C10H11NO2 102-01-2 177.200 pr or nd (bz or lig)86 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, acid, lig 25 Acetoacetic acid C4H6O3 541-50-4 102.089 cry (eth) 36.5 dec 100 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 26 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetateC10H14O5 21282-97-3 214.215 liq 1000.81.122 1.456020 27 Acetochlor C14H20ClNO2 34256-82-1 269.768 ye liq 1340.41.527220sl H2O 28 Acetohexamide C15H20N2O4S 968-81-0 324.396 cry (EtOH aq) 188 i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl; s py 29 Acetohydrazide C2H6N2O 1068-57-1 74.081 67 13725s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 30 Acetohydroxamic acid N-Hydroxyacetamide C2H5NO2 546-88-3 75.067 hyg cry 90 31 1-Acetonaphthone C12H10O 941-98-0 170.206 34 297 1.1171211.628022i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 32 2-Acetonaphthone C12H10O 93-08-3 170.206 nd (lig, dil al) 56 302 sl EtOH, ctc 33 Acetone 2-Propanone C3H6O 67-64-1 58.079 liq -94.7 56.05 0.7845251.358820msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 34 Acetone cyanohydrin C4H7NO 75-86-5 85.105 -19 82230.932191.399220vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl; i peth 35 Acetone (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone C9H10N4O4 1567-89-1 238.200 ye nd or pl (al) 128 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt 36 Acetone (1-methylethylidene) hydrazoneDimethyl ketazine C6H12N2 627-70-3 112.172 liq -12.5 133 0.8390201.453520msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace 37 Acetone thiosemicarbazide C4H9N3S 1752-30-3 131.199 ye cry 176 s ace 38 Acetonitrile Methyl cyanide C2H3N 75-05-8 41.052 liq -43.82 81.65 0.7857201.344230msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g24 SO PSO OOPSO O AbateH COOH Abietic acidOOH OO H Abscisic acidOOH HOO O AcacetinH N O NHO OHO Acebutolol, (±) HN S ONH OOO Acedapsone Acenaphthene AcenaphthyleneOO 1,2-AcenaphthylenedioneOOH ONO O O AcenocoumarolO P SOHN O AcephateSNON AcepromazineNSOO OOH Acesulfame O H AcetaldehydeH NN Acetaldehyde phenylhydrazoneNOH AcetaldoximeNH 2O AcetamideH N O AcetanilideNN SSN HO H2N OO AcetazolamidePS O OS OO AcethionO OH Acetic acidH NN HO Acetic acid, 2-phenylhydrazide O OO Acetic anhydrideH N OO AcetoacetanilideO OHO Acetoacetic acidOO O OO 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylateNClOO AcetochlorH NH NS OO OO AcetohexamideO N HNH 2 AcetohydrazideN HO OH Acetohydroxamic acid O 1-AcetonaphthoneO 2-AcetonaphthoneO AcetoneOH N Acetone cyanohydrinNH N NOO OON Acetone (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazoneNN Acetone (1-methylethylidene)hydrazoneN HN NH 2S Acetone thiosemicarbazideN Acetonitrile /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1239 Acetophenone Methyl phenyl ketone C8H8O 98-86-2 120.149 mcl pr or pl 20.5 202 1.0281201.537220sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, con sulf, chl 40 Acetophenone azine Methylphenyl ketazine C16H16N2 729-43-1 236.311 120 41 Acetoxon Acetophos C8H17O5PS 2425-25-4 256.257 liq 730.005 42 N-Acetylacetamide C4H7NO2 625-77-4 101.105 nd (eth) 79 223.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig 43 N-Acetyl- L-alanine C5H9NO3 97-69-8 131.130 125 44 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chlorideAcetylsulfanilyl chloride C8H8ClNO3S 121-60-8 233.673 nd (bz), pr (bz- chl)149 vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 45 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid C9H9NO3 89-52-1 179.172 nd (HOAc) 187.5 sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, HOAc 46 4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid C9H9NO3 556-08-1 179.172 nd (HOAc) 256.5 i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, tfa 47 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy- D-glucose N-Acetyl- D-glucosamine C8H15NO6 7512-17-6 221.208 205 48 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy- D-mannose N-Acetyl- D-mannosamine C8H15NO6 3615-17-6 221.208 cry (ace aq) 128 dec alk 49 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene C15H13NO 53-96-3 223.270 cry (dil al) 193 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc 50 4-(Acetylamino)fluorene C15H13NO 28322-02-3 223.270 br cry (bz) 200 51 6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid ε-Acetamidocaproic acid C8H15NO3 57-08-9 173.210 cry (ace) 104.5 52 4-Acetylanisole C9H10O2 100-06-1 150.174 pl (peth) 38.5 258 1.0818411.54741sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 53 2-Acetylbenzoic acid C9H8O3 577-56-0 164.158 nd (w), pr (bz) 114.5 1112vs H2O, eth, EtOH 54 3-Acetylbenzoic acid C9H8O3 586-42-5 164.158 172 1112s H2O; msc EtOH 55 4-Acetylbenzoic acid C9H8O3 586-89-0 164.158 nd (w) 208 sub vs H2O 56 Acetyl benzoylperoxide Acetozone C9H8O4 644-31-5 180.158 wh nd (lig) 37 13019vs eth 57 Acetyl bromide Ethanoyl bromide C2H3BrO 506-96-7 122.948 liq -96 76 1.6625161.448620msc eth, bz, chl; s ace 58 Acetyl chloride Ethanoyl chloride C2H3ClO 75-36-5 78.497 liq -112.8 50.7 1.1051201.388620msc eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc 59 Acetylcholine bromide C7H16BrNO2 66-23-9 226.112 hyg cry 146 vs H2O 60 Acetylcholine chloride C7H16ClNO2 60-31-1 181.661 150 s H2O, EtOH; i eth 61 Acetylcholine iodide C7H16INO2 2260-50-6 273.112 hyg 163 62 2-Acetylcyclohexanone C8H12O2 874-23-7 140.180 -11 11218, 101141.0782251.513820s ctc 63 2-Acetylcyclopentanone C7H10O2 1670-46-8 126.153 73201.0431251.490620 64 N-Acetyl- L-cysteine Acetylcysteine C5H9NO3S 616-91-1 163.195 cry (w) 109.5 65 3-Acetyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone α-Acetylbutyrolactone C6H8O3 517-23-7 128.126 10751.1846201.458520vs H2O 66 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone C8H8O3 490-78-8 152.148 ye grn nd (dil al or w)205.3 sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH 67 Acetylene Ethyne C2H2 74-86-2 26.037 col gas -80.7 (triple point)-84.7 sp 0.37725 (p>1 atm)sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s ace, bz, chl 68 N-Acetylethanolamine C4H9NO2 142-26-7 103.120 63.5 16681.1079251.467420msc H2O; s ace; sl bz, lig 69 Acetyl fluoride Ethanoyl fluoride C2H3FO 557-99-3 62.042 vol liq or gas -84 20.8 1.03225msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl CS2 70 N-Acetylglutamic acid C7H11NO5 1188-37-0 189.166 pr (w) 199 s H2O, EtOH 71 N-Acetylglycine Aceturic acid C4H7NO3 543-24-8 117.104 lo nd (w, MeOH)206 vs H2O, ace, EtOH 72 trans -1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy- L-proline Oxaceprol C7H11NO4 33996-33-7 173.167 cry (Ac) 132 vs H2O, MeOH 73 1-Acetyl-1 H-imidazole C5H6N2O 2466-76-4 110.114 104.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, THF 74 Acetyl iodide Ethanoyl iodide C2H3IO 507-02-8 169.948 108 2.0673201.549120vs eth 75 Acetyl isothiocyanate C3H3NOS 13250-46-9 101.127 132.5 1.1523131.523118s eth, CS2 76 N6-Acetyl- L-lysine C8H16N2O3 692-04-6 188.224 265 dec 77 N-Acetyl- DL-methionine C7H13NO3S 1115-47-5 191.248 114.5 78 N-Acetyl- L-methionine Methionamine C7H13NO3S 65-82-7 191.248 105.5No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g26 O AcetophenoneNN Acetophenone azineO PO OS OO AcetoxonHN OO N-AcetylacetamideNHOH OO N-Acetyl- L-alanineSOC lO NH O 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chlorideHO O HN O 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acidHO O NH O 4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid O HO HNOH OHO OH 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy- D-glucoseO HONH HOHO OOH 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy- D-mannoseNHO 2-(Acetylamino)fluoreneHN O 4-(Acetylamino)fluoreneHNOOH O 6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acidOO 4-AcetylanisoleHO OO 2-Acetylbenzoic acid HO O O 3-Acetylbenzoic acidHO O O 4-Acetylbenzoic acidO OOO Acetyl benzoylperoxideO Br Acetyl bromideO Cl Acetyl chlorideNBr OO Acetylcholine bromideNCl OO Acetylcholine chlorideNI OO Acetylcholine iodideO O 2-Acetylcyclohexanone O O 2-AcetylcyclopentanoneO OH NH OHS N-Acetyl- L-cysteineOOO 3-Acetyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanoneOHO HO 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzeneH H AcetyleneN HO OH N-AcetylethanolamineO F Acetyl fluorideHO ONH O OH O N-Acetylglutamic acidH N OOOH N-Acetylglycine NHO OCOOH trans -1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy- L-prolineN N O 1-Acetyl-1 H-imidazoleIO Acetyl iodideNO CS Acetyl isothiocyanateHO N HOHOO NH 2 N6-Acetyl- L-lysineSOH HN OO N-Acetyl- DL-methionineO OH HN OS N-Acetyl- L-methionine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1279 1-Acetyl-17- methoxyaspidospermidineAspidospermine C22H30N2O2 466-49-9 354.485 nd or pr (al) nd (peth)208 2202sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl 80 N-Acetyl- N-methylacetamide C5H9NO2 1113-68-4 115.131 liq -25 195; 114.5611.0663251.450225msc H2O; i eth 81 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine C8H15NO 4593-16-2 141.211 liq -13.6 239 0.9684251.473125vs H2O 82 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2 H-pyran-2,4(3 H) -dioneDehydroacetic acid C8H8O4 520-45-6 168.148 109 270 vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl 83 4-Acetylmorpholine C6H11NO2 1696-20-4 129.157 14.5 15250, 118121.1145201.482720msc H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc 84 N-Acetylneuraminic acid Aceneuramic acid C11H19NO9 131-48-6 309.271 186 85 Acetyl nitrate C2H3NO4 591-09-3 105.050 exp 60; 22701.2415 86 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid Acetylsalicylic acid C9H8O4 50-78-2 180.158 nd (w), mcl tab (w)135 s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl bz 87 4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid C9H8O4 2345-34-8 180.158 188.5 88 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoacetylsalicylic acid C9H7BrO4 1503-53-3 259.054 nd (al) 60 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 89 4-(Acetyloxy)-3- methoxybenzaldehydeC10H10O4 881-68-5 194.184 78 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 90 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone C10H10O3 2243-35-8 178.184 orth pl 49 270 1.1169651.503665i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig 91 1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone Acetoxyacetone C5H8O3 592-20-1 116.116 171; 63111.0757201.414120vs H2O, eth, EtOH 92 (Acetyloxy)tributylstannane Tributyltin acetate C14H30O2Sn 56-36-0 349.097 84.7 93 (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane Triphenyltin acetate C20H18O2Sn 900-95-8 409.066 121.5 94 4-Acetylphenyl acetate C10H10O3 13031-43-1 178.184 s ctc, CS2 95 N-Acetyl- L-phenylalanine C11H13NO3 2018-61-3 207.226 173.5 s EtOH 96 N-Acetyl- L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester C13H17NO3 2361-96-8 235.279 cry (EtOH aq) 93 97 N-Acetyl- L-phenylalanine, methyl esterC12H15NO3 3618-96-0 221.252 nd (peth) or visc oil (chl)91 98 Acetyl phosphate C2H5O5P 590-54-5 140.032 unstab in soln 99 1-Acetylpiperidine C7H13NO 618-42-8 127.184 liq -13.4 226.5 1.01191.479025vs H2O, EtOH 100 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone C7H11NO2 32161-06-1 141.168 218; 1240.21.146251.502620 101 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 3-Acetyl NAD C22H28N6O14P286-08-8 662.436 solid 102 4-Acetylthioanisole C9H10OS 1778-09-2 166.239 81.5 103 Acetyl thiocholine iodide C7H16INOS 1866-15-5 289.177 205 104 N-Acetyl- L-tryptophan C13H14N2O3 1218-34-4 246.261 nd (dil MeOH) 189.5 s H2O, EtOH, alk 105 N-Acetyl- L-tyrosine C11H13NO4 537-55-3 223.226 cry (w); pl (diox)153 106 N-Acetyl- L-tyrosine ethyl ester C13H17NO4 840-97-1 251.279 80.5 107 N-Acetyl- L-valine C7H13NO3 96-81-1 159.183 164 108 Acid Fuchsin Fuchsin, acid C20H17N3Na2O9 S33244-88-0 585.539 sl H2O, EtOH 109 Acifluorfen 5-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acidC14H7ClF3NO5 50594-66-6 361.658 150 110 Aconine C25H41NO9 509-20-6 499.596 amor 132 s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, lig 111 Aconitine C34H47NO11 302-27-2 645.737 orth lf 204 vs bz, EtOH, chl 112 9-Acridinamine Aminacrine C13H10N2 90-45-9 194.231 ye nd (ace or al) 241 s EtOH, ace; sl DMSO; vs dil HCl 113 Acridine Dibenzo[b,e]pyridine C13H9N 260-94-6 179.217 orth nd or pr (al)106(form a); 110(form b)344.86 1.00520i H2O; sl ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz 114 3,6-Acridinediamine Proflavine C13H11N3 92-62-6 209.246 ye nd (al or w) 285 s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz 115 9(10 H)-Acridinone C13H9NO 578-95-0 195.216 ye lf (al) >300 i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc, alk 116 Acrolein 2-Propenal C3H4O 107-02-8 56.063 liq -87.7 52.6 0.840201.401720vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g28 NN OOHH 1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidineN O O N-Acetyl- N-methylacetamideN O 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidineOOOH O 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2 H-pyran-2,4(3 H)-dioneONO 4-AcetylmorpholineOCOOHNH OH OHCH2OHOH OHO N-Acetylneuraminic acidONOO O Acetyl nitrateHO O OO 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid OO H O O 4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acidHO O O OBr 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acidO O O O 4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehydeO O O 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanoneOOO 1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanoneSnO O (Acetyloxy)tributylstannaneSn O O (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannaneO O O 4-Acetylphenyl acetate OHO HN O N-Acetyl- L-phenylalanineOO HN O N-Acetyl- L-phenylalanine, ethyl esterOO HN O N-Acetyl- L-phenylalanine, methyl esterO P OHOH OO Acetyl phosphateN O 1-AcetylpiperidineNO O 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinoneOP OH OHNO OH OHCOCH 3OO OP OHONNN NNH 2 OCH 2 CH2O 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotideOS 4-Acetylthioanisole SNI O Acetyl thiocholine iodideN HOOHHNO N-Acetyl- L-tryptophanHOO OH HN O N-Acetyl- L-tyrosineHOOO HN O N-Acetyl- L-tyrosine ethyl esterOHO HN O N-Acetyl- L-valineNH H2N NH 2S S SO ONaOO OOH O ONaO Acid FuchsinOCl FF FHO O N OO Acifluorfen O N HO OOOHOH OHO OH HH H AconineO N HO OOOOH O O OO OH HH H AconitineNNH 2 9-AcridinamineN AcridineN H2NN H 2 3,6-AcridinediamineN HO 9(10H)-AcridinoneO Acrolein /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12117 Acrylamide 2-Propenamide C3H5NO 79-06-1 71.078 lf (bz) 84.5 192.6 vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace 118 Acrylic acid 2-Propenoic acid C3H4O2 79-10-7 72.063 12.5 141 1.0511201.422420msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc 119 Acrylonitrile Propenenitrile C3H3N 107-13-1 53.063 liq -83.48 77.3 0.8007251.391120s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 120 Acyclovir C8H11N5O3 59277-89-3 225.205 cry (EtOH) 225 121 Adenine 1 H-Purin-6-amine C5H5N5 73-24-5 135.128 orth nd (+3w) 360 dec sub 220 s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl 122 Adenosine β-D-Ribofuranoside, adenine-9 C10H13N5O4 58-61-7 267.242 n(w+3/2) 235.5 sl H2O; i EtOH 123 Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)cAMP C10H12N5O6P 60-92-4 329.206 cry 219 124 Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate 3’-Adenylic acid, 5’-(dihydrogen phosphate)C10H15N5O10P21053-73-2 427.202 amor pow 125 Adenosine 5’- methylenediphosphonateAdenosine, 5’-[hydrogen (phosphonomethyl)phosphonate]C11H17N5O9P2 3768-14-7 425.229 cry (w) 204 s H2O 126 Adenosine 3’-phosphate 3’-Adenylic acid C10H14N5O7P 84-21-9 347.222 col nd 195 dec 127 Adenosine 5’-triphosphate ATP C10H16N5O13P356-65-5 507.181 144 dec 128 S-Adenosyl- L-homocysteine C14H20N6O5S 979-92-0 384.411 210 dec 129 5’-Adenylic acid Adenosine 5’-monophosphate C10H14N5O7P 61-19-8 347.222 195 dec vs H2O; s EtOH, 10% HCl 130 Adipamic acid C6H11NO3 334-25-8 145.156 nd (w) 161.5 131 Adiphenine hydrochloride C20H26ClNO2 50-42-0 347.879 cry 113.5 vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth 132 Adipic acid 1,6-Hexanedioic acid C6H10O4 124-04-9 146.141 mcl pr (w, ace, lig)152.5 337.5 1.36025sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i HOAc, lig 133 Adiponitrile Hexanedinitrile C6H8N2 111-69-3 108.141 nd (eth) 1 295 0.9676201.438020sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH 134 Adrenalone C9H11NO3 99-45-6 181.188 nd 235 dec sl H2O, EtOH, eth 135 Affinin N-(2-Methylpropyl)-2,6,8- decatrienamideC14H23NO 25394-57-4 221.339 ye oil 23 1620.51.513425i H2O 136 Aflatoxin B1 C17H12O6 1162-65-8 312.273 cry 268 137 Aflatoxin B2 C17H14O6 7220-81-7 314.289 287.5 138 Aflatoxin G1 C17H12O7 1165-39-5 328.273 cry 245 139 Agaritine L-Glutamic acid, 5-[2-[4- (hydroxymethyl)phenyl]hydrazide]C12H17N3O4 2757-90-6 267.281 cry (dil al) 207 dec vs H2O 140 Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17 R,21α) Ajmaline C20H26N2O2 4360-12-7 326.432 pl (+3.5w) (aq AcOEt)206 i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz 141 Alachlor C14H20ClNO2 15972-60-8 269.768 40 1000.021.13325 142 DL-Alanine DL-2-Aminopropanoic acid C3H7NO2 302-72-7 89.094 orth pr or nd (w)300 dec sub 250 1.42425s H2O; vs EtOH 143 D-Alanine 2-Aminopropanoic acid, ( R)C3H7NO2 338-69-2 89.094 nd (w, al) 314 dec sub s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth 144 L-Alanine 2-Aminopropanoic acid, ( S)C3H7NO2 56-41-7 89.094 orth (w) 297 dec sub 250 1.43222s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, ace 145 β-Alanine 3-Aminopropanoic acid C3H7NO2 107-95-9 89.094 nd, orth pr (al) 200 dec 1.43719s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace 146 Alantolactone C15H20O2 546-43-0 232.319 nd 76 275 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 147 Aldicarb C7H14N2O2S 116-06-3 190.263 99 1.19525 148 Aldosterone C21H28O5 52-39-1 360.444 cry (HOAc) 166.5 149 Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide C7H14N2O4S 1646-88-4 222.262 cry 141 sl H2O 150 Aldrin C12H8Cl6 309-00-2 364.910 104 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 151 Alizarin 1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione C14H8O4 72-48-0 240.212 oran or red tcl nd or pr (al)289.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i chl 152 Alizarin Red S Sodium alizarinesulfonate C14H7NaO7S 130-22-3 342.257 vs H2O; s EtOH 153 Alizarin Yellow R C13H9N3O5 2243-76-7 287.227 oran-br nd (dil HOAc)253 dec vs H2O, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g20 NHO AcrylamideO OH Acrylic acidN AcrylonitrileN N NN H H2NO O OH AcyclovirN N NHNNH 2 AdenineO OH OHN N NNNH 2 HO AdenosineO OO HNNN NNH 2 O PO HO Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)OO OO HNNN NNH 2 P OHO HOP OHO HO Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphateO HO OHN N NNNH 2 OP P OHHOO OHO Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate OHO OO HNNN NNH 2 P OHO HO Adenosine 3’-phosphateOO HO OHNNN NNH 2 P OHO OPO OHOPO OHHO Adenosine 5’-triphosphateO HO OHNNN NNH 2 S NH 2OOH S-Adenosyl- L-homocysteineO HO OHNNN NNH 2 P OHO HO O 5’-Adenylic acidHO OONH 2 Adipamic acidO ONHCl Adiphenine hydrochlorideO OHHO O Adipic acid NN AdiponitrileOH N OHHO AdrenaloneH N O AffininO OO OOO H H Aflatoxin B1O OOOO O HH Aflatoxin B2O OO OO H HOO Aflatoxin G1HOH NNHONH 2 OOH Agaritine NNHO H OHMeH Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17 R,21α)N OO Cl AlachlorOHO NH 2 DL-AlanineO OH NH 2 D-AlanineO OH NH 2 L-AlanineO OH H2N β-AlanineO O AlantolactoneSNON HO AldicarbOO OH OOH Aldosterone S OONON HO Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxideCl Cl ClCl Cl Cl AldrinO OOH OH AlizarinO OO HOHSO3Na Alizarin Red SN NN OOHO O OH Alizarin Yellow R /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12154 Alizurol purple 1-Hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenyl) amino]-9,10-anthracenedioneC21H15NO3 81-48-1 329.349 flat viol nd s H2SO4 155 Alkannin C16H16O5 23444-65-7 288.295 br-red pr (bz) 149 sub 140 vs EtOH 156 Allantoic acid Bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino]acetic acidC4H8N4O4 99-16-1 176.132 nd 170 dec sl H2O, os, dil acid 157 Allantoin C4H6N4O3 97-59-6 158.116 mcl pl or 239 sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH; i eth, MeOH 158 Allene C3H4 463-49-0 40.064 col gas -136.6 -34.4 0.58425 (p>1 atm)1.4168 vs bz, peth 159 Allethrin C19H26O3 584-79-2 302.407 1.01020 160 Allicin C6H10OS2 539-86-6 162.272 dec 1.112201.56120vs H2O 161 Allopregnane-3 β,21-diol-11,20- dioneC21H32O4 566-02-9 348.477 cry (aq, ac, +w) nd (bz, ac)190 162 Allopregnan-20 β-ol-3-one 5 α-Pregnan-20 β-ol-3-one C21H34O2 516-58-5 318.494 185 163 Allopurinol 1,5-Dihydro-4 H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4-oneC5H4N4O 315-30-0 136.112 cry 350 164 D-Allose C6H12O6 2595-97-3 180.155 cry (w) 128 vs H2O 165 Alloxanic acid C4H4N2O5 470-44-0 160.085 tcl pr (eth) 162 dec vs H2O, EtOH 166 Alloxantin C8H6N4O8 76-24-4 286.156 orth pr (w+2) 254 dec sl H2O, EtOH, eth 167 Allyl acetate C5H8O2 591-87-7 100.117 103.5 0.9275201.404920sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 168 Allyl acetoacetate C7H10O3 1118-84-9 142.152 liq -85 196; 66.5141.0366201.439820s H2O, lig; msc EtOH, bz 169 Allyl acrylate C6H8O2 999-55-3 112.127 121 0.9441201.432020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid 170 Allyl alcohol 2-Propen-1-ol C3H6O 107-18-6 58.079 liq -129 97.0 0.8540201.413520msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 171 Allylamine 2-Propen-1-amine C3H7N 107-11-9 57.095 liq -88.2 53.3 0.758201.420520msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 172 N-Allylaniline Allylphenylamine C9H11N 589-09-3 133.190 219; 106120.9736251.56320sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth 173 Allylbenzene 2-Propenylbenzene C9H10 300-57-2 118.175 liq -40 156 0.8920201.513120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 174 α-Allylbenzenemethanol C10H12O 936-58-3 148.201 228.5 1.004181.528921 175 Allyl benzoate C10H10O2 583-04-0 162.185 1.0569151.517820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, MeOH 176 Allyl butanoate C7H12O2 2051-78-7 128.169 142; 44.5150.9017201.415820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 177 Allyl carbamate C4H7NO2 2114-11-6 101.105 sl ctc 178 Allylchlorodimethylsilane C5H11ClSi 4028-23-3 134.680 111 0.8964201.419520 179 Allyl chloroformate C4H5ClO2 2937-50-0 120.535 hyg liq 109.5 1.136 1.422020 180 Allyl trans -cinnamate Allyl trans -3-phenyl-2-propenoate C12H12O2 1866-31-5 188.222 dec 268; 163171.048231.53020i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc 181 1-Allylcyclohexanol C9H16O 1123-34-8 140.222 190 0.9341221.475622 182 1-Allylcyclohexene 1-(2-Propenyl)cyclohexene C9H14 13511-13-2 122.207 liq 156 183 Allylcyclopentane C8H14 3524-75-2 110.197 liq -110.7 125 0.793251.441220s chl 184 Allyldiethoxymethylsilane C8H18O2Si 18388-45-9 174.314 155 0.8572251.410420 185 Allyldiethylamine N,N-Diethyl-2-propen-1-amine C7H15N 5666-17-1 113.201 110 0.7477251.420920 186 Allyldimethylamine N,N-Dimethyl-2-propen-1-amine C5H11N 2155-94-4 85.148 63.5 0.7094251.401020 187 Allyl ethyl ether C5H10O 557-31-3 86.132 67.6 0.7651201.388120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 188 Allyl formate C4H6O2 1838-59-1 86.090 83.6 0.946020sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 189 Allyl 2-furancarboxylate Allyl 2-furanoate C8H8O3 4208-49-5 152.148 207.5 1.115251.494520s eth, ace; sl ctc 190 Allyl glycidyl ether C6H10O2 106-92-3 114.142 154 0.9698201.433220 191 Allyl hexanoate C9H16O2 123-68-2 156.222 186 0.886920 192 Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate C5H9NO3 24935-97-5 131.130 cry (tol) 57 193 Allyl isocyanate C4H5NO 1476-23-9 83.089 88No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g22 O OOH HN Alizurol purpleOHOHO OOH AlkanninN HN HH2NO NH 2OCOOH Allantoic acidN NO OH HNHH2NO AllantoinC HH HH AlleneO O O AllethrinSSO Allicin HOOOOH H H Allopregnane-3 β,21-diol-11,20-dioneOOH HHHH Allopregnan-20 β-ol-3-oneHN N N HNO AllopurinolCHO OH H OH H OH H OH H CH2OH D-AlloseN NH O O HOHO HO Alloxanic acidNN NN OH HOOO H O HO OHOH AlloxantinOO Allyl acetateO OO Allyl acetoacetate OO Allyl acrylateOH Allyl alcoholNH 2 AllylamineH N N-Allylaniline AllylbenzeneOH α-AllylbenzenemethanolOO Allyl benzoateOO Allyl butanoateO H2NO Allyl carbamate Si Cl AllylchlorodimethylsilaneCl OO Allyl chloroformateOO Allyl trans -cinnamateHO 1-Allylcyclohexanol 1-Allylcyclohexene AllylcyclopentaneO OSi AllyldiethoxymethylsilaneN AllyldiethylamineN Allyldimethylamine O Allyl ethyl etherO O Allyl formateOO O Allyl 2-furancarboxylateOO Allyl glycidyl etherOO Allyl hexanoateHOH N O O Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamateNCO Allyl isocyanate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12194 Allyl isothiocyanate C4H5NS 57-06-7 99.155 liq -80 152 1.0126201.530620vs bz, eth, EtOH 195 Allyl methacrylate C7H10O2 96-05-9 126.153 6750, 55300.9335201.436020 196 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol Eugenol C10H12O2 97-53-0 164.201 liq -7.5 253.2 1.0652201.540520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, oils 197 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate 1,3,4-Eugenol acetate C12H14O3 93-28-7 206.237 pr (al) 30.5 281; 12761.0806201.520520i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc 198 Allyl 3-methylbutanoate C8H14O2 2835-39-4 142.196 154 199 Allylmethyldichlorosilane C4H8Cl2Si 1873-92-3 155.099 119.5 1.0758201.441920 200 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol Ethylene glycol monoallyl ether C5H10O2 111-45-5 102.132 158.5 0.9580201.435820msc H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, ctc, MeOH 201 2-Allylphenol C9H10O 1745-81-9 134.174 liq -6 220 1.0246151.518120vs eth 202 4-Allylphenol Chavicol C9H10O 501-92-8 134.174 15.8 238 1.0203151.544118vs eth, EtOH, chl 203 Allyl phenyl ether C9H10O 1746-13-0 134.174 191.7 0.9811201.522320i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc 204 Allyl propanoate 2-Propenyl propanoate C6H10O2 2408-20-0 114.142 123 0.9140201.410520s EtOH, eth, ace 205 N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine Diallylamine C6H11N 124-02-7 97.158 111 1.438720s EtOH, eth 206 Allyl propyl disulfide C6H12S2 2179-59-1 148.289 79131.521920 207 3-(Allylsulfinyl)- L-alanine, ( S) Alliin C6H11NO3S 556-27-4 177.221 nd (dil ac) 165 vs H2O 208 Allylthiourea Thiosinamine C4H8N2S 109-57-9 116.185 mcl or orth pr (w)78 1.217201.593678s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz 209 Allyltrichlorosilane Trichloro-2-propenylsilane C3H5Cl3Si 107-37-9 175.517 35 117.5 1.2011201.446020 210 Allyltriethoxysilane C9H20O3Si 2550-04-1 204.339 10050, 82280.9030201.407220 211 Allyltrimethylsilane C6H14Si 762-72-1 114.261 85 0.7158251.407420i H2O 212 Allylurea C4H8N2O 557-11-9 100.119 nd (al) 85 msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; i peth 213 Allyl vinyl ether 3-(Ethenyloxy)-1-propene C5H8O 3917-15-5 84.117 66 0.7900201.406220i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 214 Aloin A C21H22O9 1415-73-2 418.395 149.3 s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i chl 215 Alphaprodine C16H23NO2 15867-21-7 261.360 cry 103 216 Alstonidine C22H24N2O4 25394-75-6 380.437 cry (eth) 189 vs ace, EtOH 217 Alstonine C21H20N2O3 642-18-2 348.395 ye nd (ace) 207 dec 218 D-Altrose C6H12O6 1990-29-0 180.155 pr (MeOH,al) 103.5 vs H2O 219 Aluminum 2-butoxide 2-Butanol, aluminum salt C12H27AlO3 2269-22-9 246.322 19720 220 Aluminum distearate Hydroxyaluminum distearate C36H71AlO5 300-92-5 610.928 wh pow 145 i H2O 221 Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum ethoxide C6H15AlO3 555-75-9 162.163 liq/wh solid 140 2007dec H2O; sl xyl 222 Aluminum isopropoxide C9H21AlO3 555-31-7 204.243 hyg wh solid 119 13510, 940.5reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth, chl 223 Alverine N-Ethyl-bis(3-phenylpropyl)amine C20H27N 150-59-4 281.435 oil 1660.3 224 α-Amanitin C39H54N10O14S 23109-05-9 918.970 nd 254 dec 225 Amaranth dye C20H11N2Na3O10 S3915-67-3 604.472 dk red pow s H2O 226 Ametryn C9H17N5S 834-12-8 227.330 88 227 Amminetrimethylboron C3H12BN 1830-95-1 72.945 73.5 228 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene C20H31N 1446-61-3 285.467 cry 44.5 229 2-Aminoacetamide C2H6N2O 598-41-4 74.081 hyg nd (chl) 67.5 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s ace, chl 230 Aminoacetonitrile C2H4N2 540-61-4 56.066 5815vs EtOH 231 Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride C2H5ClN2 6011-14-9 92.527 hyg cry (al) 165 dec 232 α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride C8H10ClNO 5468-37-1 171.624 194 dec 233 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride Adamantanamine hydrochloride C10H18ClN 665-66-7 187.710 cry (al-eth) 360 dec vs H2O, EtOH 234 2-Aminoadipic acid C6H11NO4 626-71-1 161.156 pl (w) 207.0 sl H2O, EtOH, eth 235 3-Aminoalanine 2,3-Diaminopropionic acid C3H8N2O2 515-94-6 104.108 hyg rosettes 110 vs H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g24 NCS Allyl isothiocyanateOO Allyl methacrylateOH O 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenolOO O 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetateOO Allyl 3-methylbutanoateSi ClCl AllylmethyldichlorosilaneOOH 2-(Allyloxy)ethanolOH 2-AllylphenolOH 4-AllylphenolO Allyl phenyl ether OO Allyl propanoateNH N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amineSS Allyl propyl disulfideO HO H2NS O 3-(Allylsulfinyl)- L-alanine, ( S)NHNH 2S AllylthioureaSi ClClCl AllyltrichlorosilaneSi OOO AllyltriethoxysilaneSi AllyltrimethylsilaneNHNH 2O AllylureaO Allyl vinyl ether OH O OH OH O O HO OHHO OH Aloin ANOO AlphaprodineNN OOH O OH AlstonidineNN OH HO O AlstonineCHO H HO OH H OH H OH H CH2OH D-AltroseAlOOO Aluminum 2-butoxideOH AlOO H3C(CH 2)16O (CH 2)16CH3O Aluminum distearate O AlOO Aluminum ethanolateOAlOO Aluminum isopropoxideN AlverineN HOH SCONH OHCONH CONH OC NHH NHCONHCOHOCN CONH 2HOCOHHNCH2OHOH H α-AmanitinSS NN SOHNaO ONa ONaOOOO O O Amaranth dyeN NNHN SN H Ametryn BN H 3 AmminetrimethylboronH2NH 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatrieneH2NNH 2O 2-AminoacetamideH2NN AminoacetonitrileH2NN HCl Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochlorideO NH 2 HCl α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochlorid eNH 2 HCl 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochlorideOOH NH 2O OH 2-Aminoadipic acidOOH NH 2NH 2 3-Aminoalanine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12236 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 1-Aminoanthraquinone C14H9NO2 82-45-1 223.227 red nd (al) 253.5 sub vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl 237 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 2-Aminoanthraquinone C14H9NO2 117-79-3 223.227 red nd (al, HOAc)304.5 sub i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, chl 238 4-Aminoazobenzene C12H11N3 60-09-3 197.235 oran mcl nd (al) 127 >360 sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 239 2-Aminobenzaldehyde C7H7NO 529-23-7 121.137 silv lf 40.5 802sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig 240 3-Aminobenzaldehyde C7H7NO 1709-44-0 121.137 nd (AcOEt) 29 s eth, acid 241 4-Aminobenzaldehyde C7H7NO 556-18-3 121.137 pl (w) 71.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid 242 2-Aminobenzamide C7H8N2O 88-68-6 136.151 110.5 dec s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs AcOEt 243 4-Aminobenzamide C7H8N2O 2835-68-9 136.151 ye cry (+1/4w) 183 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 244 α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±) α-Phenylglycine C8H9NO2 2835-06-5 151.163 pl 292 dec sub 255 s alk; sl os 245 4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid p-Aminophenylacetic acid C8H9NO2 1197-55-3 151.163 pl (w) 200 dec i H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO 246 5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acidC8H7NO4 99-31-0 181.147 pr(al), pl(w) 360 sub i H2O; sl EtOH 247 4-Aminobenzeneethanol C8H11NO 104-10-9 137.179 nd (al) 108 248 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine C7H10N2 4403-69-4 122.167 61 269 vs EtOH 249 2-Aminobenzenemethanol C7H9NO 5344-90-1 123.152 83.5 273 s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz, chl 250 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide Sulfanilamide C6H8N2O2S 63-74-1 172.205 lf (dil al) 165.5 1.0825s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl, peth 251 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid Orthanilic acid C6H7NO3S 88-21-1 173.190 pr (+ 1/2w) >320 dec sl H2O; i EtOH, eth 252 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid Metanilic acid C6H7NO3S 121-47-1 173.190 nd, pr (w +1) dec sl H2O, EtOH; i eth 253 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid Sulfanilic acid C6H7NO3S 121-57-3 173.190 orth pl or mcl (w+2)288 1.48525sl H2O; i EtOH, eth 254 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride p-Sulfanilyl fluoride C6H6FNO2S 98-62-4 175.181 68.5 255 2-Aminobenzenethiol C6H7NS 137-07-5 125.192 26 234 1.460620s EtOH, eth 256 4-Aminobenzenethiol C6H7NS 1193-02-8 125.192 46 14317s H2O, EtOH 257 2-Aminobenzonitrile C7H6N2 1885-29-6 118.136 ye pr (CS2) nd (peth)51 263 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth 258 3-Aminobenzonitrile C7H6N2 2237-30-1 118.136 nd (dil al or CCl4)54.3 289 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 259 4-Aminobenzonitrile C7H6N2 873-74-5 118.136 pr or pl (w) 87.0 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 260 4-Aminobenzophenone C13H11NO 1137-41-3 197.232 lf (dil al) 124 24613sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, HOAc 261 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)- L-glutamic acid C12H14N2O5 4271-30-1 266.249 cry (w) 173 262 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine p-Aminohippuric acid C9H10N2O3 61-78-9 194.186 pr or nd (w) 198.5 vs ace, bz, EtOH 263 2-Aminobiphenyl C12H11N 90-41-5 169.222 lf (dil al) 51 299 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO, peth 264 3-Aminobiphenyl C12H11N 2243-47-2 169.222 nd 31.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 265 4-Aminobiphenyl p-Biphenylamine C12H11N 92-67-1 169.222 lf (dil al) 53.5 302 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 266 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoanthranilic acid C7H6BrNO2 5794-88-7 216.033 nd 219.5 s DMSO 267 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro- 9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonicacid1-Amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2- sulfonic acidC 14H8BrNO5S 116-81-4 382.187 red nd (w) 268 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid C4H9NO2 2835-81-6 103.120 lf (w) 304 dec sub 1.230020vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz 269 L-2-Aminobutanoic acid C4H9NO2 1492-24-6 103.120 lf (dil al), cry (al)292 dec s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz 270 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid C4H9NO2 2835-82-7 103.120 nd (al) 194.3 vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz 271 4-Aminobutanoic acid γ-Aminobutyric acid C4H9NO2 56-12-2 103.120 pr or nd (al) lf (MeOH-eth)203 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz 272 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±) C4H11NO 13054-87-0 89.136 liq -1.0 178 0.9162201.448925msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 273 4-Amino-1-butanol C4H11NO 13325-10-5 89.136 205; 125340.967121.462520s H2O, EtOH; i ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g26O ONH 2 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedioneO ONH 2 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedioneH2NN N 4-AminoazobenzeneO NH 2 2-AminobenzaldehydeNH 2O 3-AminobenzaldehydeNH 2O 4-AminobenzaldehydeON H 2 NH 2 2-AminobenzamideON H 2 NH 2 4-Aminobenzamide OOHNH 2 α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (± )OH OH2N 4-Aminobenzeneacetic acidOH OOH O H2N 5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acidOH H2N 4-AminobenzeneethanolNH 2 NH 2 2-AminobenzenemethanamineNH 2OH 2-AminobenzenemethanolSOONH 2 NH 2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide SOOOH NH 2 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acidSOOOH NH 2 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acidS NH 2OOOH 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acidSOOF NH 2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluorideSH NH 2 2-AminobenzenethiolSH NH 2 4-AminobenzenethiolN NH 2 2-AminobenzonitrileN NH 2 3-AminobenzonitrileN NH 2 4-Aminobenzonitrile O NH 2 4-AminobenzophenoneH2NN HOOO H OH O N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)- L-glutamic acidNH 2OH NOOH N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycineH2N 2-AminobiphenylNH 2 3-AminobiphenylNH 2 4-AminobiphenylHO O NH 2 Br 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid O O BrNH 2 S OOOH 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acidOHO NH 2 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acidO OH NH 2 L-2-Aminobutanoic acidOHO NH 2 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acidH2NOOH 4-Aminobutanoic acidOH NH 2 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)H2NOH 4-Amino-1-butanol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12274 4-Amino- N-[(butylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamideCarbutamide C11H17N3O3S 339-43-5 271.336 144.5 275 Aminocarb C11H16N2O2 2032-59-9 208.257 cry 94 sl H2O, bz; s ace 276 N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide C3H6N2O2 591-07-1 102.092 218 sub 180 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH 277 [4-[(Aminocarbonyl) amino]phenyl]arsonic acidCarbarsone C7H9AsN2O4 121-59-5 260.079 nd (w) 174 sl H2O, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, chl; s alk 278 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2- ethylbutanamideCarbromal C7H13BrN2O2 77-65-6 237.094 orth (dil al) 118 1.54425sl H2O, chl; s ace, bz 279 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3- methylbutanamideBromisovalum C6H11BrN2O2 496-67-3 223.067 nd or lf (to) 154 sub 1.5615vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 280 [2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acidSalicylamide O-acetic acid C9H9NO4 25395-22-6 195.172 221 s alk 281 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid C10H12N2O5S 957-68-6 272.277 cry 282 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10- anthracenedione1-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone C14H8ClNO2 117-11-3 257.673 212 283 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3- benzenedisulfonamideChloraminophenamide C6H8ClN3O4S2 121-30-2 285.729 254.5 284 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid6-Chlorometanilic acid C6H6ClNO3S 88-43-7 207.635 nd (w) 280 dec 285 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid C7H6ClNO2 635-21-2 171.582 211 286 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid C7H6ClNO2 89-54-3 171.582 188 1.51915vs EtOH 287 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone 2-Benzoyl-4-chloroaniline C13H10ClNO 719-59-5 231.677 ye nd 100.5 vs H2O, EtOH, peth, chl 288 2-Amino-4-chloro-5- methylbenzenesulfonic acid2-Chloro- p-toluidine-5-sulfonic acid C7H8ClNO3S 88-51-7 221.662 short nd (w) 289 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol 2-Hydroxy-5-chloroaniline C6H6ClNO 95-85-2 143.571 140 sl DMSO 290 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid Cycloleucine C6H11NO2 52-52-8 129.157 cry (al-w) 330 dec 291 7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acidC8H10N2O3S 22252-43-3 214.241 241 dec 292 1-Amino-1-deoxy- D-glucitol Glucamine C6H15NO5 488-43-7 181.187 cry (MeOH) 127 vs H2O, EtOH 293 2-Amino-2-deoxy- D-glucose D-Glucosamine C6H13NO5 3416-24-8 179.171 vs H2O 294 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10- anthracenedioneC14H7Br2NO2 81-49-2 381.020 red nd (xyl) 226 295 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid Chloramben C7H5Cl2NO2 133-90-4 206.027 200 sl DMSO 296 2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone C13H9Cl2NO 2958-36-3 266.122 ≈80 297 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol C6H5Cl2NO 527-62-8 178.016 long nd (CS2) 95.5 sub 70 298 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol C6H5Cl2NO 5930-28-9 178.016 nd or lf (w, bz) 168 sub i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, HOAc 299 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6 H- purin-6-one7-Methylguanine C6H7N5O 578-76-7 165.153 370 300 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4- phthalazinedioneLuminol C8H7N3O2 521-31-3 177.161 ye nd (al) 330.5 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs alk; s HOAc 301 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6 H-purine-6- thioneThioguanine C5H5N5S 154-42-7 167.193 >360 302 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2 H-purin-2- oneIsoguanine C5H5N5O 3373-53-3 151.127 >360 i H2O 303 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f]quinolineMe-IQ C12H12N4 77094-11-2 212.250 cry 297 304 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol Picramic acid C6H5N3O5 96-91-3 199.121 dk red nd (al) pr (chl)169 vs bz, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g28SH NOO H N O NH 2 4-Amino- N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamideN O NHO AminocarbH2NO N HO N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamideAsOH OO H HN ONH 2 [4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]phenyl]arsonic acidHN ONH 2 OBr N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2-ethylbutanamide BrHN ONH 2 O N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3-methylbutanamideO NH 2 OOHO [2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acidNS H2N O HO OO OH 7-Aminocephalosporanic acidO ONH 2 Cl 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10-anthracenedioneSOONH 2 SO ONH 2 NH 2Cl 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamideSOOOH Cl H2N 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid HO O NH 2 Cl 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acidHO O Cl H2N 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acidON H 2 Cl 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenoneSOOOH NH 2 Cl 2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acidOH NH 2 Cl 2-Amino-4-chlorophenolH2NHO O 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acidNS H2N O HO OH 7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid CH2NH 2 OH HO OHOH CH 2OHH H HH 1-Amino-1-deoxy- D-glucitolCHO NH 2 H H HO OH H OH H CH2OH 2-Amino-2-deoxy- D-glucoseO OB rBrNH 2 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedioneCl NH 2OO H Cl 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acidO Cl NH 2 Cl 2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenoneOH NH 2 ClCl 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenolOH NH 2Cl Cl 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol N N H2NHO NN 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6 H-purin-6-oneNNNH 2O OHH 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedioneN N NNS HH H2N 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6 H-purine-6-thione/g3 N N NH NNH 2 O H 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2 H-purin-2-oneNNNNH 2 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinolineOH NOO NH 2 NOO 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12305 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid Taurine C2H7NO3S 107-35-7 125.147 mcl pr (w) 328 vs H2O 306 1-Aminoethanol Acetaldehyde ammonia C2H7NO 75-39-8 61.083 orth (eth-al) 97 dec 110 s H2O; sl eth 307 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol Diglycolamine C4H11NO2 929-06-6 105.136 -12.5 221 1.057220 308 N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide C4H10N2O 1001-53-2 102.134 51 s H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth 309 6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1 H,3H)- pyrimidinedioneAminometradine C9H13N3O2 642-44-4 195.218 cry (+1w, w) 143 310 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine C5H14N2O 123-84-2 118.177 9430.9837251.473820 311 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochlorideDopamine hydrochloride C8H12ClNO2 62-31-7 189.640 nd (w) 241 dec vs H2O, MeOH 312 α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]-C9H13NO 492-39-7 151.205 pl(MeOH) 77.5 vs eth, EtOH, chl 313 α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochlorideC9H14ClNO 53631-70-2 187.666 198.5 s H2O 314 N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine C4H12N2O 111-41-1 104.150 239; 105101.0286201.486320msc H2O, EtOH; s ace; sl bz, lig 315 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol Tyramine C8H11NO 51-67-2 137.179 pl or nd (bz, w) , cry (al)164.5 20625sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, xyl; i tol 316 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3- propanediamineN-(3-Aminopropyl)ethylenediamine C5H15N3 13531-52-7 117.193 8731.480525 317 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol C5H13NO2 115-70-8 119.163 37.5 152101.099201.49020msc H2O 318 L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid 2-Aminoadipic acid C6H11NO4 542-32-5 161.156 cry (EtOH, w) 205 dec sl H2O, EtOH, eth 319 6-Aminohexanenitrile 5-Cyano-1-pentylamine C6H12N2 2432-74-8 112.172 liq 11816 320 6-Aminohexanoic acid ε-Aminocaproic acid C6H13NO2 60-32-2 131.173 lf (eth) 205 vs H2O; i EtOH; sl MeOH 321 6-Amino-1-hexanol C6H15NO 4048-33-3 117.189 57 13730 322 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10- anthracenedioneC14H9NO3 116-85-8 239.226 216.5 s EtOH, ace 323 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acidC6H7NO4S 98-37-3 189.190 orth (w+1) >300 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth 324 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide C7H9N3O2 6946-29-8 167.165 nd (al) 195 vs EtOH 325 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid C7H7NO3 548-93-6 153.136 lf (w) 253.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 326 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid p-Aminosalicylic acid C7H7NO3 65-49-6 153.136 nd, pl (al-eth) 150 dec s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, peth, chl 327 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid Mesalamine C7H7NO3 89-57-6 153.136 283 sl H2O; i EtOH 328 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid γ-Hydroxy- β-aminobutyric acid C4H9NO3 589-44-6 119.119 pr 216 vs H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth, AcOEt 329 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) C4H9NO3 924-49-2 119.119 pr (w), cry (dil al)218 vs H2O 330 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2- benzenediol, (±)C8H11NO3 138-65-8 169.178 189 dec 331 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10- anthracenedioneC15H11NO4 2379-90-0 269.253 sl chl 332 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1 H)- pyrimidinone5-Hydroxymethylcytosine C5H7N3O2 1123-95-1 141.129 >300 dec 333 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7- naphthalenedisulfonic acid1-Naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acidC10H9NO7S2 90-20-0 319.311 sl H2O, EtOH, eth 334 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1- naphthalenesulfonic acid1-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid C10H9NO4S 116-63-2 239.248 gray nd i H2O, EtOH, bz; s alk 335 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine C6H5N5O 2236-60-4 163.137 ye cry >360 336 5-Amino-1 H-imidazole-4- carboxamideC4H6N4O 360-97-4 126.117 cry (EtOH) 170No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g20 H2NSO OOH 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acidNH 2 OH 1-AminoethanolH2NOOH 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanolH2NN HO N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamideNN H2NO O 6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedioneH2NNHOH 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanolHO OHNH 2 HCl 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride OH NH 2 α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [ S-(R*,R*)]-OH NH 2HCl α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochlorid eH2NNHOH N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamineNH 2 HO 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenolH2NN HNH 2 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamineNH 2HOHO 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol OH OO OHNH 2 L-2-Aminohexanedioic acidNNH 2 6-AminohexanenitrileH2NOOH 6-Aminohexanoic acidH2NOH 6-Amino-1-hexanolO ONH 2 OH 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneSOOOH NH 2 OH 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acidOH NNH 2 OH NH 2 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide OH O NH 2 OH 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acidHO O OH NH 2 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acidHO O OH H2N 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acidO OHNH 2 HO 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acidO OHH2NOH 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)OH HOHONH 2 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, (±) O ONH 2 O OH 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedioneNN O HHONH 2 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1 H)-pyrimidinoneS OOOH NH 2 OHS OOHO 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acidSOOOH NH 2OH 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acidNN NNO HNH 2 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridineN N HH2NH2NO 5-Amino-1 H-imidazole-4-carboxamide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12337 O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]- L- homoserineCanavanine C5H12N4O3 543-38-4 176.174 cry (al) vs H2O 338 (Aminoiminomethyl)urea C2H6N4O 141-83-3 102.095 pr 105 dec 160 s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, CS2 339 2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid C7H6INO2 5326-47-6 263.033 220 dec sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz 340 4-Amino-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione C8H6N2O2 2518-24-3 162.146 269.5 341 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, ( R) Cycloserine C3H6N2O2 68-41-7 102.092 155 dec s H2O; sl MeOH 342 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10- anthracenedione1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone C15H11NO2 82-28-0 237.254 205.5 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth 343 α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol Phenylethanolamine C8H11NO 7568-93-6 137.179 56.5 16017vs H2O; s EtOH 344 β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid C10H13NO2 1078-21-3 179.216 252 dec 345 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acidC7H9NO3S 88-44-8 187.216 lt ye nd 132 dec vs H2O 346 trans -4-(Aminomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acidTranexamic acid C8H15NO2 1197-18-8 157.211 >300 vs H2O 347 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone Diacetonamine C6H13NO 625-04-7 115.173 250.14s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 348 2-Amino-4-methylphenol C7H9NO 95-84-1 123.152 cry (w), orth (bz), lf or nd136 sub sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig 349 4-Amino-2-methylphenol C7H9NO 2835-96-3 123.152 nd or lf (bz) 176.5 sub sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth 350 4-Amino-3-methylphenol C7H9NO 2835-99-6 123.152 pr (dil al) cry (bz)179 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s DMSO 351 (Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid CH6NO3P 1066-51-9 111.038 cry 309 352 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol C4H11NO2 115-69-5 105.136 110 15110vs H2O; s EtOH 353 L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid C4H9NO2 144-90-1 103.120 cry (w) 182 354 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 2-Aminoisobutanol C4H11NO 124-68-5 89.136 25.5 165.5 0.934201.44920msc H2O; s ctc 355 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1 H)- pyrimidinone5-Methylcytosine C5H7N3O 554-01-8 125.129 pr (w+1/2) 270 dec s H2O, acid; sl EtOH; i eth 356 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5- trimethylcyclohexanol1-Hydroxy-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5- trimethylcyclohexaneC10H21NO 15647-11-7 171.280 45.5 265 0.969251.490420 357 3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid C11H9NO2 5959-52-4 187.195 ye lf (dil al) 216.5 s EtOH, eth 358 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione C10H7NO2 2348-81-4 173.169 207 i H2O, alk; s EtOH, eth, HOAc 359 7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acidAmido-G-Acid C10H9NO6S2 86-65-7 303.311 mcl pr or nd (w+4)274 vs H2O, EtOH 360 2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid2-Naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid C10H9NO6S2 117-62-4 303.311 >300 361 4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid1-Naphthylamine-4,7-disulfonic acid C10H9NO6S2 85-75-6 303.311 vs H2O 362 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid1-Naphthylamine-4,6-disulfonic acid C10H9NO6S2 85-74-5 303.311 vs H2O, EtOH 363 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid C10H9NO3S 81-16-3 223.248 sc(hot w) s DMSO 364 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid C10H9NO3S 84-86-6 223.248 wh nd (w+1/2) red-br crydec 1.670325i H2O; sl EtOH; s MeOH, py 365 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid C10H9NO3S 84-89-9 223.248 wh cry s H2O; i eth 366 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid C10H9NO3S 81-05-0 223.248 nd(w) i H2O, EtOH, eth 367 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid Badische acid C10H9NO3S 86-60-2 223.248 nd (w+1), pl (aq ace)vs HOAc 368 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid C10H9NO3S 82-75-7 223.248 nd vs gl HOAcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g22O HO NH 2ONHNH 2NH O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]- L-homoserineH2NHN NHNH 2 O (Aminoiminomethyl)ureaHO O NH 2 I 2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acidNO OH NH 2 4-Amino-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dioneONH2NO H 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, ( R)O ONH 2 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedioneOH NH 2 α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol H2N OHO β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acidSOOOH NH 2 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acidNH 2 trans -4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acidNH 2O 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanoneOH NH 2 2-Amino-4-methylphenolOH NH 2 4-Amino-2-methylphenolNH 2OH 4-Amino-3-methylphenol H2N POHOOH (Aminomethyl)phosphonic acidH2N OH HO 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediolO OH H2N L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acidOH NH 2 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanolNNNH 2 HO 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1 H)-pyrimidinoneOH NH 2 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol OOH NH 2 3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acidO ONH 2 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedioneH2NSOOOH SO OOH 7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acidNH 2SOOOH SOO OH 2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acidSOOOH NH 2O OHO 4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acidSOOOH NH 2S OOHO 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid NH 2SOOOH 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acidSOOOH NH 2 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acidNH 2SOOOH 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acidH2NSOOOH 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acidH2NSOOOH 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acidH2NSOOOH 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12369 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid Bronner acid C10H9NO3S 93-00-5 223.248 lf i cold H2O; sl hot H2O 370 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 1,7-Cleve’s acid C10H9NO3S 119-28-8 223.248 nd or pr (w) sl EtOH; s eth 371 5-Amino-1-naphthol 1-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthalene C10H9NO 83-55-6 159.184 170 sl DMSO 372 1-Amino-2-naphthol C10H9NO 2834-92-6 159.184 silvery lf (bz, eth)150 dec sl H2O, eth; s EtOH; vs dil alk, acid 373 8-Amino-2-naphthol 8-Amino- β-naphthol C10H9NO 118-46-7 159.184 nd (w, al) 206 sub s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, lig 374 2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid C7H6N2O4 619-17-0 182.134 oran pr (dil al) 269 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s xyl 375 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid C7H6N2O4 616-79-5 182.134 lf (al), ye nd (w, dil al)269 i H2O, bz, chl, xyl; s EtOH, eth 376 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile C7H5N3O2 17420-30-3 163.134 203.5 sl DMSO 377 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine CH5N5O2 18264-75-0 119.084 187.8 sl H2O 378 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol C6H6N2O3 99-57-0 154.123 oran pr (+w) 146 sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc 379 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol C6H6N2O3 121-88-0 154.123 205.8 s H2O, EtOH, bz 380 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol C6H6N2O3 119-34-6 154.123 dk red pl or nd (w, al)131 11012s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO 381 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±) C8H17NO2 644-90-6 159.227 lf (w) 270 sub sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc 382 Aminooxoacetohydrazide Semioxamazide C2H5N3O2 515-96-8 103.080 221 dec sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs alk, acid 383 cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid Maleamic acid C4H5NO3 557-24-4 115.088 cry (al) 172.5 vs H2O, EtOH 384 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 5-Aminolevulinic acid C5H9NO3 106-60-5 131.130 cry (EtOH) 118 385 (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1)C4H11ClN2O6 2921-14-4 218.592 152.5 386 6-Aminopenicillanic acid Penicin C8H12N2O3S 551-16-6 216.257 cry (w) 208 387 5-Aminopentanoic acid C5H11NO2 660-88-8 117.147 lf (dil al) 157 dec dec s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, lig 388 5-Amino-1-pentanol C5H13NO 2508-29-4 103.163 38.5 221.5 0.9488171.461817msc H2O, EtOH, ace 389 2-Aminophenol C6H7NO 95-55-6 109.126 wh orth bipym nd (bz)174 sub 153 1.32825s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, tfa 390 3-Aminophenol C6H7NO 591-27-5 109.126 pr (to) 123 16411s H2O, tol; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO 391 4-Aminophenol C6H7NO 123-30-8 109.126 wh pl (w) 187.5 1100.3sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH; i bz, chl; s alk 392 N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide C8H10N2O 102-28-3 150.177 nd or pl (bz) 88 vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz 393 N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide p-Aminoacetanilide C8H10N2O 122-80-5 150.177 nd (w) 166.5 267 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 394 (4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid Arsanilic acid C6H8AsNO3 98-50-0 217.055 mcl nd (w, al) 232 1.957110s H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; i ace, bz 395 N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4- benzenediamine4,4’-Diaminodiphenylamine C12H13N3 537-65-5 199.251 lf (w) 158 dec vs eth, EtOH 396 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone Phenacylamine C8H9NO 613-89-8 135.163 ye cry 20 251 1.616020i H2O; s eth; sl ctc 397 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone m-Aminoacetophenone C8H9NO 99-03-6 135.163 pa ye pl (al), lf (eth)98.5 289.5 sl H2O; s EtOH 398 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone p-Aminoacetophenone C8H9NO 99-92-3 135.163 ye mcl pr (al) 106 294; 19515vs eth, EtOH 399 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone C11H15NO 38237-74-0 177.243 cry (bz-peth) 74.5 1613i H2O; s EtOH, eth 400 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone p-Aminopropiophenone C9H11NO 70-69-9 149.189 pl (al, w), nd (w)140 s DMSO 401 N-[(4-Aminophenyl) sulfonyl]acetamideSulfacetamide C8H10N2O3S 144-80-9 214.241 183 sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs ace, alk 402 5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2- thiazolamineThiazolsulfone C9H9N3O2S2 473-30-3 255.316 nd (al) 220 dec vs ace, eth, EtOH, dioxNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g24 H2NS OOOH 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acidNH 2 S OOOH 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acidOH NH 2 5-Amino-1-naphtholNH 2 OH 1-Amino-2-naphtholOHNH 2 8-Amino-2-naphtholOO H NH 2 NOO 2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acidOO H NH 2 NO O 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid N NH 2 NO O 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrileHN N NH 2NO OH2N 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidineOH NH 2 NOO 2-Amino-4-nitrophenolOH NH 2 NO O 2-Amino-5-nitrophenolOH NOO NH 2 4-Amino-2-nitrophenolOH ONH 2 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)H2NN HO O NH 2 Aminooxoacetohydrazide NH 2O HOO cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acidH2NO OH O 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acidHO OO NH 20.5 HCl (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1)NS COOHHH2N O 6-Aminopenicillanic acidH2N OH O 5-Aminopentanoic acidH2N OH 5-Amino-1-pentanolOH NH 2 2-Aminophenol OH NH 2 3-AminophenolOH NH 2 4-AminophenolNH NH 2O N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamideNH NH 2O N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamideAsOOH OH NH 2 (4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acidH2NN HN H 2 N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamineO NH 2 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone O NH 2 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanoneO NH 2 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanoneO H2N 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanoneO H2N 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanoneNH 2SNH O OO N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamideS H2N SN NH 2OO 5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12403 4-Aminophthalimide 5-Amino-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)- dioneC8H6N2O2 3676-85-5 162.146 2240.5 404 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±) C3H9NO2 13552-31-3 91.109 dec 265; 14591.1752201.491025s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz 405 3-Aminopropanenitrile 3-Aminopropionitrile C3H6N2 151-18-8 70.093 185; 88200.9584201.439620 406 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±) C3H9NO 6168-72-5 75.109 174.5 1.450220vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 407 3-Amino-1-propanol Propanolamine C3H9NO 156-87-6 75.109 12.4 187.5 0.9824261.461720s H2O, EtOH, eth 408 1-Amino-2-propanol Isopropanolamine C3H9NO 1674-56-2 75.109 0.9 159.4 0.9611201.447920msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 409 α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol α-( α-Aminopropyl)benzyl alcohol C10H15NO 5897-76-7 165.232 pl (bz-eth) 79.5 410 N-(3-Aminopropyl)- N-methyl-1,3- propanediamineC7H19N3 105-83-9 145.246 232.5; 11260.9023201.470525 411 Aminopropylon C16H22N4O2 3690-04-8 302.372 pr (bz) 181 vs H2O 412 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±) Hydroxyamphetamine C9H13NO 1518-86-1 151.205 cry (bz) 125.5 s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt 413 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3- propanediamineBis(3-aminopropyl)amine C6H17N3 56-18-8 131.219 -14 151500.938251.481020s chl 414 Aminopterin C19H20N8O5 54-62-6 440.413 ye cry 262 dec 415 4-Amino- N- pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamideSulfapyrazine C10H10N4O2S 116-44-9 250.277 nd (PhNO2) 251 i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s py; sl ace 416 3-Amino-1 H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile 3-Amino-4-cyanopyrazole C4H4N4 16617-46-2 108.102 cry (w) 173 417 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid C6H6N2O2 5345-47-1 138.124 296 dec sl H2O 418 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6-Aminonicotinic acid C6H6N2O2 3167-49-5 138.124 cry (dil HOAc, +2w)312 419 4-Amino- N-2- pyridinylbenzenesulfonamideSulfapyridine C11H11N3O2S 144-83-2 249.289 ye oran (al) 192 i H2O, bz, ctc; s EtOH 420 5-Amino-2,4(1 H,3H)- pyrimidinedione5-Aminouracil C4H5N3O2 932-52-5 127.102 nd (w) dec i H2O; s alk, acid 421 6-Amino-2,4(1 H,3H)- pyrimidinedioneC4H5N3O2 873-83-6 127.102 cry (w) dec vs H2O 422 4-Amino-2(1 H)-pyrimidinethione 2-Thiocytosine C4H5N3S 333-49-3 127.168 sl DMSO 423 5-Amino-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- pyrimidinetrioneUramil C4H5N3O3 118-78-5 143.101 nd or pl (w) >400 s H2O, chl; i eth, bz 424 4-Amino- N-2- pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamideSulfadiazine C10H10N4O2S 68-35-9 250.277 cry (w), wh pow 255 dec sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO 425 Aminopyrine C13H17N3O 58-15-1 231.293 pr or pl (lig or AcOEt)134.5 vs H2O, bz, EtOH 426 4-Amino- N-2- quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamideSulfaquinoxaline C14H12N4O2S 59-40-5 300.336 247.5 sl H2O, EtOH, ace; s aq alk 427 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid Carzenide C7H7NO4S 138-41-0 201.201 pr or lf (w) 291 dec i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz 428 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl) phenyl]acetamideAcetylsulfanilamide C8H10N2O3S 121-61-9 214.241 nd (HOAc) 219.5 s H2O, EtOH, ace 429 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3 H)- thioneC2H3N3S2 2349-67-9 133.195 243.0 430 2-Amino-4(5 H)-thiazolone C3H4N2OS 556-90-1 116.141 pr or nd (w) 256 dec sl H2O; i EtOH, eth 431 N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide Acetylthiourea C3H6N2OS 591-08-2 118.157 pr (w), orth (al) 165 sl H2O, eth; s DMSO, EtOH 432 N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 3-Aminorhodanine C3H4N2OS2 1438-16-0 148.206 101.5 s DMSO 433 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol Chloral ammonia C2H4Cl3NO 507-47-1 164.418 nd (al) 73 dec 100 vs bz, eth, EtOH 434 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2- pyridinecarboxlic acidPicloram C6H3Cl3N2O2 1918-02-1 241.459 218.5 435 11-Aminoundecanoic acid C11H23NO2 2432-99-7 201.307 189.0No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g26NHO OH2N 4-AminophthalimideHO OHNH 2 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)NNH 2 3-AminopropanenitrileOHNH 2 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)H2NO H 3-Amino-1-propanolNH 2OH 1-Amino-2-propanolOH NH 2 α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanolH2NN NH 2 N-(3-Aminopropyl)- N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine NNOHN ON AminopropylonHONH 2 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)NHH2N NH 2 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamineN N H2NNH 2 NNN HN HOOO H OH O AminopterinH2NS N H NN O O 4-Amino- N-pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide NN HNH 2N 3-Amino-1 H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrileNN H 2OOH 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acidNOOH H2N 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acidH2N S NH N OO 4-Amino- N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamideN HNHH2NO O 5-Amino-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedioneN HNHNH 2 OO 6-Amino-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedioneN HNNH 2 S 4-Amino-2(1 H)-pyrimidinethione N HNHH2NO O O 5-Amino-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrioneH2NS N H NN O O 4-Amino- N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamideNNNO AminopyrineNNNH 2 SHN OO 4-Amino- N-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamideOO H S NH 2O O 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acidHNO S NH 2OO N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl]acetamideNN SH NH 2 S 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3 H)-thione N SO NH 2 2-Amino-4(5 H)-thiazoloneH2NN HS O N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamideSNO SNH 2 N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinoneCl ClClNH 2OH 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol/g3 N ClClNH 2 Cl OH O 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxlic acidH2NO H O 11-Aminoundecanoic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12436 Amiton C10H24NO3PS 78-53-5 269.342 liq 760.011.465527 437 Amitraz N-Methylbis(2,4-xylyliminomethyl) amineC19H23N3 33089-61-1 293.406 86 1.12820 438 Amitriptyline C20H23N 50-48-6 277.404 cry 196 (HCl) 439 Ammonium ferric oxalate C6H12FeN3O12 14221-47-7 374.017 165 dec 1.7817.5vs H2O; i EtOH 440 Ammonium perfluorooctanoate C8H4F15NO2 3825-26-1 431.100 solid 441 Ammonium propanoate C3H9NO2 17496-08-1 91.109 hyg cry 45 s H2O 442 Amobarbital 5-Ethyl-5-isopentyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H) -pyrimidinetrioneC11H18N2O3 57-43-2 226.272 157 vs bz, EtOH, chl 443 Amolanone 3-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-3-phenyl- 2(3H)-benzofuranoneC20H23NO2 76-65-3 309.403 cry (peth) 43.4 1932.01.561425 444 Amoxicillin C16H19N3O5S 26787-78-0 365.404 cry (w) s H2O 445 Amphecloral C11H12Cl3N 5581-35-1 264.579 96.0.51.530 446 Amphotericin B C47H73NO17 1397-89-3 924.080 ye pr (DMF) 170 dec i H2O; sl DMF; s DMSO 447 Ampicillin C16H19N3O4S 69-53-4 349.405 cry 200 dec sl H2O 448 Ampyrone C11H13N3O 83-07-8 203.240 pa ye cry (bz) 109 s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth 449 Amygdalin C20H27NO11 29883-15-6 457.428 224.5 vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl 450 Anacardic acid C22H32O3 11034-77-8 344.487 cry (ace) 35.5 vs eth, EtOH, peth 451 Anagyrine C15H20N2O 486-89-5 244.332 pe ye glass 26512, 2124s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl; i lig 452 Androstane C19H32 24887-75-0 260.457 lf (ace-MeOH) 50 600.003vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth 453 Androstane-17-carboxylic acid, (5β,17β)Etiocholanic acid C20H32O2 438-08-4 304.467 nd (gl HOAc) 228.5 sub 160 454 Androstane-3,17-diol, (3 α,5α,17β) Epiandrostanediol C19H32O2 1852-53-5 292.456 nd (ace aq) 223 455 5 α-Androstane-3,17-dione C19H28O2 846-46-8 288.424 cry (MeOH) 135 456 5 β-Androstane-3,17-dione C19H28O2 1229-12-5 288.424 cry (ace-hx) 135 457 Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione 4-Androstene-3,17-dione C19H26O2 63-05-8 286.408 143(form a); 173(form b) 458 Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione Adrenosterone C19H24O3 382-45-6 300.392 nd (al) 222 sub sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 459 Anemonin trans -1,7- Dioxadispiro[4.0.4.2]dodeca-3,9-diene-2,8-dioneC 10H8O4 508-44-1 192.169 orth pl (chl) nd (al or bz)158 vs chl 460 Anhalamine C11H15NO3 643-60-7 209.242 nd (al) 187.5 vs eth, EtOH 461 Anhalonidine C12H17NO3 17627-77-9 223.268 oct cry (bz, eth) 160.5 vs H2O, EtOH 462 Anhalonine C12H15NO3 519-04-0 221.252 rhom nd 86 1400.02vs EtOH, bz, chl, eth, peth 463 2,5-Anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhexitol Tetrahydro-2,5-furandimethanol C6H12O3 104-80-3 132.157 <-50 265 1.15420vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH 464 Anilazine 2,4-Dichloro-6-( o-chloroanilino)- s- triazineC9H5Cl3N4 101-05-3 275.522 160 1.820 465 Anileridine C22H28N2O2 144-14-9 352.469 cry 83 s H2O 466 Aniline Benzenamine C6H7N 62-53-3 93.127 oily liq -6.02 184.17 1.0217201.586320s H2O, ctc, lig; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz 467 Aniline-2-carboxylic acid o-Anthranilic acid C7H7NO2 118-92-3 137.137 lf (al) 146.5 sub 1.41220s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, tfa; vs chl, py 468 Aniline-3-carboxylic acid m-Anthranilic acid C7H7NO2 99-05-8 137.137 173 1.5125sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, tfa; vs ace; i bz 469 Aniline-4-carboxylic acid p-Anthranilic acid C7H7NO2 150-13-0 137.137 mcl pr (w) 188.2 1.37420s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace; i bz, chl 470 Aniline hydrobromide C6H8BrN 542-11-0 174.039 286 471 Aniline hydrochloride Benzenamine hydrochloride C6H8ClN 142-04-1 129.588 lf or nd 198 1.22154vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, chl; sl DMSO 472 Aniline nitrate C6H8N2O3 542-15-4 156.139 orth 190 dec 1.3564vs H2O, eth, EtOH 473 Aniline sulfate (2:1) C12H16N2O4S 542-16-5 284.331 1.3774s H2O; sl EtOH, tfa; i ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g28 O PO OSN AmitonN NN AmitrazN AmitriptylineFe OOOOO OOO O O OO3 3NH 4 Ammonium ferric oxalateFFF FFFF FFFF FFOO NH 4 FF Ammonium perfluorooctanoateOO NH 4 Ammonium propanoateN HNHO H O Amobarbital ON O AmolanoneNH 2HO NSH OOHNHO O AmoxicillinNClClCl AmphecloralOCH3 O HONH 2OHHOO OO H O HOH OH OHOH OOH HOH O Amphotericin BNH 2NHO N OSH OOH AmpicillinNH2NO N Ampyrone OO HO HO HOOO HO HO OHOHN AmygdalinOHOO H Anacardic acidN ON H AnagyrineHHH H AndrostaneCOOH H Androstane-17-carboxylic acid, (5 β,17β)HOHHOH Androstane-3,17-diol, (3 α,5α,17β) OO H H 5α-Androstane-3,17-dioneOO H H 5β-Androstane-3,17-dioneO H O Androst-4-ene-3,17-dioneOOO H Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trioneO OO O AnemoninNHO O OH AnhalamineNH OHOO AnhalonidineNH O OO AnhalonineOHO OH 2,5-Anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhexitol N NNCl Cl NH Cl AnilazineNNH 2 OO AnileridineNH 2 AnilineHO O NH 2 Aniline-2-carboxylic acidHO O NH 2 Aniline-3-carboxylic acidHO O NH 2 Aniline-4-carboxylic acidNH 2HBr Aniline hydrobromideNH 2HCl Aniline hydrochlorideNH 2HNO 3 Aniline nitrateNH 2 0.5 H 2SO 4 Aniline sulfate (2:1) /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g19/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 474 Anisole Methoxybenzene C7H8O 100-66-3 108.138 liq -37.13 153.7 0.9940201.517420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz 475 Anisotropine methylbromide Octatropine methylbromide C17H32BrNO2 80-50-2 362.346 cry (ace) 329 476 Antazoline C17H19N3 91-75-8 265.353 cry 122 477 Anthra[9,1,2- cde]benzo[rst]pentaphene-5,10-dioneC 34H16O2 116-71-2 456.490 viol-bl or blk nd (PhNO2)492 dec i EtOH, bz, HOAc; s xyl, py, sulf 478 2-Anthracenamine C14H11N 613-13-8 193.244 ye lf (al) 238.8 sub i H2O; s EtOH; i con sulf 479 Anthracene C14H10 120-12-7 178.229 tab or mcl pr (al)215.76 339.9 1.2825i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc 480 9-Anthracenecarbonitrile C15H9N 1210-12-4 203.239 177.5 1.300020 481 9-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde C15H10O 642-31-9 206.239 oran nd (dil HOAc)104.5 i H2O; s bz, HOAc 482 1-Anthracenecarboxylic acid 1-Anthroic acid C15H10O2 607-42-1 222.239 ye nd (HOAc) ye pr (al)251.5 sub i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl 483 2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid 2-Anthroic acid C15H10O2 613-08-1 222.239 ye lf (al) nd, lf (sub)281 sub vs HOAc 484 9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid 9-Anthroic acid C15H10O2 723-62-6 222.239 217 dec sub i H2O; s EtOH 485 9,10-Anthracenedicarbonitrile C16H8N2 1217-45-4 228.248 337 dec 486 9,10-Anthracenediol C14H10O2 4981-66-2 210.228 br or ye nd 180 vs eth, EtOH 487 9,10-Anthracenedione Anthraquinone C14H8O2 84-65-1 208.213 ye orth nd (al, bz)286 377 1.43820i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl 488 9-Anthracenemethanol C15H12O 1468-95-7 208.255 160.5 489 1,4,9,10-Anthracenetetrol C14H10O4 476-60-8 242.227 148 490 1,2,10-Anthracenetriol Anthrarobin C14H10O3 577-33-3 226.227 ye lf, nd (al-w) 208 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz 491 1,8,9-Anthracenetriol Anthralin C14H10O3 1143-38-0 226.227 ye pl or nd (lig) 179 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl eth; vs py 492 1-Anthracenol C14H10O 610-50-4 194.228 cry (bz), br nd or lf (al)158 23413i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s NaOH 493 9-Anthracenol Anthranol C14H10O 529-86-2 194.228 ye red lf (dil al) 152 494 9(10 H)-Anthracenone Anthrone C14H10O 90-44-8 194.228 nd (bz-lig, HOAc)155 s ace, bz, con sulf, dil alk 495 Antimony potassium tartrate trihydrate Tartar emetic C8H10K2O15Sb228300-74-5 667.873 col cry 2.6 sl H2O 496 Apholate C12H24N9P3 52-46-0 387.300 148 497 Aphylline C15H24N2O 577-37-7 248.364 cry 52.5 2004vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 498 Apigenin 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- 4H-1-benzopyran-4-oneC15H10O5 520-36-5 270.237 ye nd (aq py) 347.5 i H2O; s EtOH, py; vs dil alk 499 Apoatropine C17H21NO2 500-55-0 271.355 pr (chl) 62 sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 500 Apocodeine C18H19NO2 641-36-1 281.350 pr (MeOH) 123.5 sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, lig 501 Apomorphine C17H17NO2 58-00-4 267.323 hex pl (chl- peth) rods (eth)195 dec sl H 2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk 502 Apomorphine, hydrochloride C17H18ClNO2 314-19-2 303.784 grn in air mcl pr 205 dec 503 Aprobarbital 5-Isopropyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- pyrimidinetrioneC10H14N2O3 77-02-1 210.229 cry 141 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 504 L-Arabinitol C5H12O5 7643-75-6 152.146 102.5 vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth 505 α-D-Arabinopyranose C5H10O5 608-45-7 150.130 cry (MeOH) 155.5 1.58525 506 6- O- α-L-Arabinopyranosyl- D- GlucoseVicianose C11H20O10 14116-69-9 312.271 nd (dil al) 210 dec vs H2O 507 DL-Arabinose C5H10O5 20235-19-2 150.130 pr, nd (al) 164.5 1.58520vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g20O AnisoleN O OBr Anisotropine methylbromideN NHN AntazolineO O Anthra[9,1,2-cde]benzo[rst]pentaphene-5,10-dioneNH 2 2-Anthracenamine AnthraceneN 9-AnthracenecarbonitrileO 9-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde HO O 1-Anthracenecarboxylic acidOOH 2-Anthracenecarboxylic acidHO O 9-Anthracenecarboxylic acidN N 9,10-AnthracenedicarbonitrileOH OH 9,10-AnthracenediolOO 9,10-AnthracenedioneOH 9-AnthracenemethanolOHOHOH OH 1,4,9,10-AnthracenetetrolOH OH OH 1,2,10-Anthracenetriol OH OH OH 1,8,9-AnthracenetriolOH 1-AnthracenolOH 9-AnthracenolO 9(10H)-AnthracenoneOSbOOSbO OO OOOO O O2 2K 3H 2O Antimony potassium tartrate trihydrateP NPNPN NNN NN N ApholateNNH OH AphyllineOO OHOH HO Apigenin ON O ApoatropineN HO OH ApocodeineN HO HOH ApomorphineN HO HOH HCl Apomorphine, hydrochlorideNNO H O HO AprobarbitalCH2OH CH2OHOH HO HOH H H L-ArabinitolO HO OH OHHO α-D-ArabinopyranoseOO HO OHOCH2 OH HO OHOH OH 6-O-α-L-Arabinopyranosyl- D-GlucoseO OH OHOH OH DL-Arabinose /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12508 α-D-Arabinose C5H10O5 31178-68-4 150.130 156 1.58525vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, MeOH 509 β-D-Arabinose C5H10O5 31178-69-5 150.130 156 1.62525vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, MeOH 510 Aramite C15H23ClO4S 140-57-8 334.860 -37.3 19521.143201.510020vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 511 Arecaidine 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-3- pyridinecarboxylic acidC7H11NO2 499-04-7 141.168 pl (dil al) tab (dil al +1w)232 dec vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl 512 Arecoline C8H13NO2 63-75-2 155.195 209 1.0485201.486-20msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 513 D-Arginine C6H14N4O2 7200-25-1 174.201 217 dec i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 514 L-Arginine C6H14N4O2 74-79-3 174.201 244 dec s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth 515 L-Arginine, monohydrochloride C6H15ClN4O2 1119-34-2 210.662 219 516 Artemisin 8-Hydroxysantonin C15H18O4 481-05-0 262.302 cry 203 2600.1sl H2O, chl; s AcOEt; i peth 517 Ascaridole 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2,3- dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-eneC10H16O2 512-85-6 168.233 liq 3.3 exp; 11515, 390.21.0103201.476920i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, tol; sl chl 518 L-Ascorbic acid Vitamin C C6H8O6 50-81-7 176.124 191 dec 1.6525vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, peth 519 Ascorbyl palmitate 6-Hexadecanoylascorbic acid C22H38O7 137-66-6 414.533 112 520 L-Asparagine α-Aminosuccinamic acid C4H8N2O3 70-47-3 132.118 orth (w+1) 235 1.54315s H2O; i EtOH, eth, MeOH 521 D-Asparagine, monohydrate C4H10N2O4 5794-24-1 150.133 215 1.52315sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH 522 L-Asparagine, monohydrate C4H10N2O4 5794-13-8 150.133 234 1.54315sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH 523 Aspartame L-α-Aspartyl- L-phenylalanine, 2- methyl esterC14H18N2O5 22839-47-0 294.303 nd (w) 246.5 524 DL-Aspartic acid C4H7NO4 617-45-8 133.104 mcl pr (w) 277.5 1.662213sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, py 525 L-Aspartic acid L-Aminosuccinic acid C4H7NO4 56-84-8 133.104 orth lf (w) 270 1.660313sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; s dil HCl, py 526 Aspergillic acid C12H20N2O2 490-02-8 224.299 pa ye rods 98 vs bz, eth, EtOH 527 Astemizole C28H31FN4O 68844-77-9 458.570 wh cry 149.1 i H2O; s os 528 Asulam Methyl [(4-aminophenyl) sulfonyl]carbamateC8H10N2O4S 3337-71-1 230.241 144 529 Atenolol C14H22N2O3 29122-68-7 266.336 cry (AcOEt) 147 sl H2O, diox, ace; i chl; s MeOH, HOAc 530 Atisine Anthorine C22H33NO2 466-43-3 343.503 orth bipym 58.5 vs eth, EtOH, chl 531 Atrazine C8H14ClN5 1912-24-9 215.684 173 532 Atropine C17H23NO3 51-55-8 289.370 orth nd (dil al) 118.5 sub 95 vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl chl 533 Auramine hydrochloride C17H24ClN3O 2465-27-2 321.845 ye nd (w) 267 sl H2O 534 Aureothin C22H23NO6 2825-00-5 397.421 ye pr 158 vs ace, EtOH, chl 535 Aurin C19H14O3 603-45-2 290.312 dk red lf or orth 309 dec i H2O, bz; s EtOH, alk; sl eth, chl 536 Aurin tricarboxylic acid, triammonium saltAluminon C22H23N3O9 569-58-4 473.433 red-br pow s H2O; sl EtOH; i peth 537 Avermectin B1a Abamectin C48H72O14 71751-41-2 873.078 152 538 3-Azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane C8H15N 283-24-9 125.212 166500 539 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Quinuclidine C7H13N 100-76-5 111.185 cry (eth) 158 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 540 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol 3-Quinuclidinol C7H13NO 1619-34-7 127.184 cry (bz) 221 sub 120 s ace 541 Azacitidine 4-Amino-1- β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,3,5- triazine-2(1 H)-oneC8H12N4O5 320-67-2 244.205 cry 229 542 Azacyclotridecan-2-one C12H23NO 947-04-6 197.317 152.5 543 8-Azaguanine C4H4N6O 134-58-7 152.114 300 544 Azaserine C5H7N3O4 115-02-6 173.128 ye-grn orth cry 150 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace, MeOH 545 Azathioprine 6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1 H-imidazol-5- yl)thio]-1 H-purineC9H7N7O2S 446-86-6 277.263 ye cry 243 dec sl H2O, EtOH, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g22 O HO OH OHHO α-D-ArabinoseO HO OHHOOH β-D-ArabinoseOOSOO Cl AramiteNOHO ArecaidineNOO ArecolineN HH2NNH OHO NH 2 D-ArginineOHO NH 2N HH2NNH L-ArginineH2NN HOHO NH 2NH HCl L-Arginine, monohydrochloride OOOH O ArtemisinOO AscaridoleO HO OHOCH2OH OH L-Ascorbic acidO OH HOOOHO O Ascorbyl palmitateH2N OOHO NH 2 L-AsparagineOHO NH 2H2N OH2O D-Asparagine, monohydrateOHO NH 2H2N OH2O L-Asparagine, monohydrateO HONH 2H N OOO Aspartame OHO NH 2HOO DL-Aspartic acidO HO NH 2O OH L-Aspartic acidNNOH O Aspergillic acidNN FNH N O AstemizoleH2NSNHOO OO AsulamH2NOOH NOH AtenololOHH HNO Atisine N NNHN Cl NH AtrazineOOHN O AtropineNNH N ClH Auramine hydrochlorideN OOO OO O AureothinHO OOH AurinHO OOH O OO O O ONH 4NH 4 NH 4 Aurin tricarboxylic acid, triammonium salt OHO OO O OOO OOOO HOH OHHHH Avermectin B1aNH 3-Azabicyclo[3.2.2]monane N 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octaneNOH 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-olO HO OHNN N ONH 2 HO AzacitidineN OH Azacyclotridecan-2-oneN NNNHO H H2N 8-AzaguanineO HO NH 2OO NN AzaserineN N NNSN N HN OO Azathioprine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12546 6-Azauridine 2- β-D-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazine- 3,5(2 H,4H)-dioneC8H11N3O6 54-25-1 245.189 158 s H2O 547 Azetidine C3H7N 503-29-7 57.095 liq -70.0 63 0.8436201.428725vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 548 2-Azetidinecarboxylic acid C4H7NO2 2517-04-6 101.105 cry (95% MeOH)217 dec 549 2-Azetidinone C3H5NO 930-21-2 71.078 73.5 10615vs eth, EtOH, chl 550 Azidobenzene C6H5N3 622-37-7 119.124 pa ye oil -27.5 70111.0860201.558925i H2O; sl EtOH, eth 551 1-Azido-4-chlorobenzene C6H4ClN3 3296-05-7 153.569 20 96201.263425i H2O; s eth 552 2-Azidoethanol C2H5N3O 1517-05-1 87.080 75401.14624vs H2O 553 1-Azido-4-methylbenzene C7H7N3 2101-86-2 133.151 -29.0 dec 180; 80101.052723vs eth, EtOH 554 (Azidomethyl)benzene C7H7N3 622-79-7 133.151 10823, 78121.0730191.534125i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 555 Azinphos ethyl C12H16N3O3PS22642-71-9 345.377 nd 53 1110.0011.28420reac alk 556 Azinphos-methyl C10H12N3O3PS286-50-0 317.324 73 1.4420 557 1-Aziridineethanol C4H9NO 1072-52-2 87.120 168 1.088251.456020 558 trans -Azobenzene trans -Diphenyldiazene C12H10N2 17082-12-1 182.220 oran-red mcl lf (al)67.88 293 1.203201.626678sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs py 559 cis-Azobenzene cis-Diphenyldiazene C12H10N2 1080-16-6 182.220 oran-red pl (peth)71 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc, lig 560 3,3’-Azobenzenedisulfonyl chloride C12H8Cl2N2O4S2104115-88-0 379.239 red nd (eth) 166.5 vs eth 561 1,1’-Azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile C14H20N4 2094-98-6 244.336 100 i H2O; s lig 562 2,2’-Azobis[isobutyronitrile] 2,2’-Azobis[2-methylpropionitrile] C8H12N4 78-67-1 164.208 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth 563 Azobutane C8H18N2 2159-75-3 142.242 6018 564 Azopropane C6H14N2 821-67-0 114.188 114 565 cis-Azoxybenzene Diphenyldiazene 1-oxide, ( E)C12H10N2O 21650-65-7 198.219 87 1.166201.63320 566 trans -Azoxybenzene Diphenyldiazene 1-oxide, ( Z)C12H10N2O 20972-43-4 198.219 34.6 1.159026i H2O; s EtOH, eth 567 Azoxyethane Diethyldiazine 1-oxide C4H10N2O 16301-26-1 102.134 liq 46 568 Azulene Bicyclo[5.3.0]decapentaene C10H8 275-51-4 128.171 bl or gr-blk lf (al)99 dec 270; 12510i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, acid; sl chl 569 Balan N-Butyl- N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4- (trifluoromethyl)anilineC13H16F3N3O4 1861-40-1 335.279 66 1210.5, 1487 570 Barban C11H9Cl2NO2 101-27-9 258.101 75 571 Barbital 5,5-Diethylbarbituric acid C8H12N2O3 57-44-3 184.192 nd (w) 190 1.22025sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, lig, tfa 572 Barbituric acid C4H4N2O3 67-52-7 128.086 orth pr (w +2) 248 dec 260 s H2O, eth; sl EtOH 573 Bayleton Triadimefon C14H16ClN3O2 43121-43-3 293.749 82 1.2220 574 Bebeerine C36H38N2O6 477-60-1 594.696 cry (bz, eth, chl-MeOH)221 s EtOH, MeOH, eth; vs ace, chl 575 Benactyzine 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl benzilate C20H25NO3 302-40-9 327.418 cry 51 576 Benactyzine hydrochloride 2-Diethylaminoethyl benzilate hydrochlorideC20H26ClNO3 57-37-4 363.878 177.5 s H2O; i eth 577 Benalaxyl C20H23NO3 71626-11-4 325.402 79 1.2725 578 Bendiocarb 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, methylcarbamateC11H13NO4 22781-23-3 223.226 130 1.2520 579 Bendroflumethiazide C15H14F3N3O4S273-48-3 421.415 cry 225 i H2O, bz, eth; s EtOH, ace 580 Benomyl C14H18N4O3 17804-35-2 290.318 dec 581 Bensulfuron-methyl C16H18N4O7S 83055-99-6 410.402 187No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g24 O HO OHNN N OO HOH 6-AzauridineN H AzetidineNOHO H 2-Azetidinecarboxylic acidNO H 2-AzetidinoneNNN AzidobenzeneN ClNN 1-Azido-4-chlorobenzeneOHNNN 2-AzidoethanolNNN 1-Azido-4-methylbenzeneN N N (Azidomethyl)benzeneNNNO SPOSO Azinphos ethyl NNNO SPOSO Azinphos-methylNOH 1-AziridineethanolNN trans -AzobenzeneNN cis-AzobenzeneNNSO OOH SO OHO 3,3’-Azobenzenedisulfonyl chlorideNNN N 1,1’-AzobiscyclohexanecarbonitrileNNNN 2,2’-Azobis[isobutyronitrile] NN AzobutaneNN AzopropaneNNO cis-AzoxybenzeneNN O trans -AzoxybenzeneNNO Azoxyethane AzuleneN NOO NOO FFF BalanClH N O OCl Barban NN O HOHO BarbitalNNO OO HH Barbituric acidClO N N NO BayletonN HO OH NH OOO OH BebeerineHO OO N BenactyzineHO OO NHCl Benactyzine hydrochlorideNO OO Benalaxyl OOOO N H BendiocarbSNNFFF SO OH2N OOHH BendroflumethiazideN NHOO N HO Benomyl/g3 SH NH N NN OO OO OOO Bensulfuron-methyl /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12582 Bensulide C14H24NO4PS3 741-58-2 397.514 34.4 1.22420 583 Bentazon C10H12N2O3S 25057-89-0 240.278 138 584 Benz[c]acridine 12-Azabenz[a]anthracene C17H11N 225-51-4 229.276 nd (dil al) 132 vs bz, eth, EtOH 585 Benzaldehyde Benzenecarboxaldehyde C7H6O 100-52-7 106.122 liq -57.1 178.8 1.0401251.546320sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz 586 Benzaldehyde hydrazone Benzylidene hydrazine C7H8N2 5281-18-5 120.152 lf 16 14014s EtOH 587 cis-Benzaldehyde oxime C7H7NO 622-32-2 121.137 pr 36.5 200 1.1111201.590820vs bz, eth, EtOH 588 trans -Benzaldehyde oxime C7H7NO 622-31-1 121.137 nd (eth) 35 119101.14520s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 589 Benzaldehyde, phenylhydrazone C13H12N2 588-64-7 196.247 nd (lig), pr 157.0 sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, liq NH3 590 Benzaldehyde, (phenylmethylene) hydrazoneC14H12N2 588-68-1 208.258 ye pr (al) 93 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 591 Benzamide Benzoic acid amide C7H7NO 55-21-0 121.137 mcl pr or pl (w) 127.3 290 1.0792130sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ctc, CS2 592 Benz[a]anthracene 1,2-Benzanthracene C18H12 56-55-3 228.288 lf (al) 160.5 438 i H2O; vs EtOH 593 Benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione C18H10O2 2498-66-0 258.271 170.5 sl EtOH, eth, lig; s ace; vs bz, chl 594 Benzanthrone C17H10O 82-05-3 230.260 170 sl bz 595 Benzene [6]Annulene C6H6 71-43-2 78.112 orth pr or liq 5.49 80.09 0.8765201.501120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl; s ctc 596 Benzeneacetaldehyde Phenylacetaldehyde C8H8O 122-78-1 120.149 33.5 195 1.0272201.525520sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 597 Benzeneacetamide α-Phenylacetamide C8H9NO 103-81-1 135.163 157 sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH 598 Benzeneacetic acid Phenylacetic acid C8H8O2 103-82-2 136.149 lf, pl (peth) 76.5 265.5 1.2286sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; i lig 599 Benzeneacetic acid, hydrazide C8H10N2O 937-39-3 150.177 115.5 600 Benzeneacetic anhydride C16H14O3 1555-80-2 254.280 pr or nd (eth) 73.3 19512vs eth, chl 601 Benzeneacetonitrile Benzyl cyanide C8H7N 140-29-4 117.149 liq -23.8 233.5 1.0205151.521125 602 Benzeneacetyl chloride Phenylacetyl chloride C8H7ClO 103-80-0 154.594 170250, 105241.1682201.532520vs eth 603 Benzenearsonic acid C6H7AsO3 98-05-5 202.040 cry (w) 158 dec vs H2O, EtOH 604 Benzeneboronic acid C6H7BO2 98-80-6 121.930 219 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 605 Benzenebutanoic acid C10H12O2 1821-12-1 164.201 lf (w) 52 290 s H2O, EtOH, eth 606 Benzenebutanol C10H14O 3360-41-6 150.217 140141.521420 607 Benzenecarboperoxoic acid Perbenzoic acid C7H6O3 93-59-4 138.121 mcl pl (peth) 42 10014vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 608 Benzenecarbothioamide C7H7NS 2227-79-4 137.203 117 609 Benzenecarbothioic acid C7H6OS 98-91-9 138.187 ye pl (HOAc) 24 86101.28201.604020vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 610 Benzenecarboximidamide, monohydrochlorideC7H9ClN2 1670-14-0 156.612 orth pr (w +2) 169 s H2O, EtOH; sl tfa 611 1,2-Benzenediamine o-Phenylenediamine C6H8N2 95-54-5 108.141 brsh ye lf (w) pl (chl)102.1 257 s H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH 612 1,3-Benzenediamine m-Phenylenediamine C6H8N2 108-45-2 108.141 orth (al) 66.0 285 1.0096581.633958vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 613 1,4-Benzenediamine p-Phenylenediamine C6H8N2 106-50-3 108.141 wh pl (bz, eth) 141.1 267 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 614 1,2-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride C6H10Cl2N2 615-28-1 181.062 250 dec 615 1,3-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride C6H10Cl2N2 541-69-5 181.062 s H2O 616 1,4-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride C6H10Cl2N2 624-18-0 181.062 s H2O 617 1,2-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride Phthaloyl chloride C8H4Cl2O2 88-95-9 203.023 15.5 281.1 1.4089201.568420 618 1,3-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride C8H4Cl2O2 99-63-8 203.023 pr(eth) 43.5 276 1.3880171.57047sl H2O, EtOH; s eth 619 1,4-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride C8H4Cl2O2 100-20-9 203.023 nd or pl (lig) 83.5 258; 1259s eth 620 1,2-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde C8H6O2 643-79-8 134.133 ye cry or nd (lig)55.8 830.8vs eth, EtOH 621 1,3-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde C8H6O2 626-19-7 134.133 nd (dil al) 89.5 246; 13613sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; s ace, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g26 SN HOO SPO SO BensulideNSNO HO O BentazonN Benz[c]acridineO BenzaldehydeNNH 2 Benzaldehyde hydrazoneN OH cis-Benzaldehyde oximeNOH trans -Benzaldehyde oximeH NN Benzaldehyde, phenylhydrazone NN Benzaldehyde, (phenylmethylene)hydrazoneNH 2O Benzamide Benz[a]anthraceneO O Benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dioneO Benzanthrone BenzeneO BenzeneacetaldehydeNH 2 O BenzeneacetamideOH O Benzeneacetic acid H N ONH 2 Benzeneacetic acid, hydrazideOO O Benzeneacetic anhydrideN BenzeneacetonitrileCl O Benzeneacetyl chlorideAsO OH OH Benzenearsonic acidBOHOH Benzeneboronic acidOH O Benzenebutanoic acidOH Benzenebutanol OOH O Benzenecarboperoxoic acidNH 2 S BenzenecarbothioamideO SHOH S Benzenecarbothioic acidNHNH 2 HCl Benzenecarboximidamide, monohydrochlorideNH 2 NH 2 1,2-BenzenediamineNH 2 NH 2 1,3-BenzenediamineNH 2 NH 2 1,4-BenzenediamineNH 2 NH 2 2HCl 1,2-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride NH 2 NH 2 2HCl 1,3-Benzenediamine, dihydrochlorideNH 2 NH 22HCl 1,4-Benzenediamine, dihydrochlorideClOCl O 1,2-Benzenedicarbonyl dichlorideCl O Cl O 1,3-Benzenedicarbonyl dichlorideCl O Cl O 1,4-Benzenedicarbonyl dichlorideO O 1,2-BenzenedicarboxaldehydeO O 1,3-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12622 1,4-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde C8H6O2 623-27-8 134.133 nd (w) 117 246 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, alk 623 1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide Phthalamide C8H8N2O2 88-96-0 164.162 cry 222 dec sl H2O, EtOH; i eth 624 1,4-Benzenedicarboxamide C8H8N2O2 3010-82-0 164.162 nd (w), pl (HOAc)322.3 625 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2- butoxyethyl) esterBis(2-butoxyethyl) phthalate C20H30O6 117-83-9 366.448 270 626 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2- methoxyethyl) esterBis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate C14H18O6 117-82-8 282.289 -60.0 230101.159620 627 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diallyl esterDiallyl phthalate C14H14O4 131-17-9 246.259 1614 628 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dipropyl esterDipropyl phthalate C14H18O4 131-16-8 250.291 liq -31.0 304.5 1.076720i H2O; s EtOH, eth 629 1,3-Benzenedimethanamine m-Xylene diamine C8H12N2 1477-55-0 136.194 247 1.05220vs H2O, eth, EtOH 630 1,2-Benzenedimethanol C8H10O2 612-14-6 138.164 pl (eth, peth) 64.8 1453s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl bz 631 1,3-Benzenedimethanol C8H10O2 626-18-6 138.164 nd (bz) 57 156131.161018vs H2O, eth, EtOH 632 1,4-Benzenedimethanol C8H10O2 589-29-7 138.164 nd (w) 117.5 1401vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 633 1,2-Benzenediol, diacetate C10H10O4 635-67-6 194.184 nd (al) 64.5 1429i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s peth 634 1,4-Benzenediol, diacetate C10H10O4 1205-91-0 194.184 pl (w, al) 123.5 0.873125s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, lig 635 1,3-Benzenediol, monobenzoate C13H10O3 136-36-7 214.216 134.5 636 1,3-Benzenedisulfonic acid C6H6O6S2 98-48-6 238.238 hyg cry 637 1,3-Benzenedisulfonyl dichloride C6H4Cl2O4S2 585-47-7 275.130 61.8 19510.5 638 1,2-Benzenedithiol C6H6S2 17534-15-5 142.242 28.5 238.5 vs EtOH, eth, bz; s AcOEt 639 1,3-Benzenedithiol C6H6S2 626-04-0 142.242 lf 27 245 vs bz, eth, EtOH 640 Benzeneethanamine 1-Amino-2-phenylethane C8H11N 64-04-0 121.180 liq <0 195 0.9640251.529025s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth 641 Benzeneethanamine, hydrochloride C8H12ClN 156-28-5 157.641 pl or lf (al) 218.5 vs H2O, EtOH 642 Benzeneethanol Phenethyl alcohol C8H10O 60-12-8 122.164 liq -27 218.2 1.0202201.532520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 643 Benzenehexacarboxylic acid Mellitic acid C12H6O12 517-60-2 342.169 nd (al) 287 dec vs H2O; s EtOH, sulf 644 Benzenemethanamine, hydrochloride C7H10ClN 3287-99-8 143.614 258.3 vs H2O, EtOH 645 Benzenemethanesulfonyl chloride C7H7ClO2S 1939-99-7 190.648 pr (eth), nd (bz) 93 vs eth, bz 646 Benzenemethanesulfonyl fluoride C7H7FO2S 329-98-6 174.193 92.0 647 Benzenemethanethiol Thiobenzyl alcohol C7H8S 100-53-8 124.204 liq -30 194.5 1.058201.515120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s CS2 648 Benzenepentanoic acid 5-Phenylvaleric acid C11H14O2 2270-20-4 178.228 pl (w), pr (peth) 57.5 19030sl H2O; vs EtOH; s os 649 Benzenepentanol C11H16O 10521-91-2 164.244 15520, 150180.9725201.515620vs eth, EtOH 650 Benzenepropanal Hydrocinnamic aldehyde C9H10O 104-53-0 134.174 mcl 47 224; 117281.019020i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth 651 Benzenepropanenitrile Hydrocinnamonitrile C9H9N 645-59-0 131.174 liq -1 261; 141251.0016201.526628s EtOH, eth; sl chl 652 Benzenepropanethiol C9H12S 24734-68-7 152.256 12123, 109101.01251.549420 653 Benzenepropanoic acid Hydrocinnamic acid C9H10O2 501-52-0 150.174 nd (w) 48 279.8 1.071249s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, CS2; vs bz 654 Benzenepropanol Hydrocinnamyl alcohol C9H12O 122-97-4 136.190 <-18 235 0.995251.535725s H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 655 Benzenepropanol carbamate Phenprobamate C10H13NO2 673-31-4 179.216 102 i H2O; s EtOH, chl 656 Benzenepropanoyl chloride C9H9ClO 645-45-4 168.619 dec 225; 105101.13521s eth, CS2 657 Benzeneseleninic acid Phenylseleninic acid C6H6O2Se 6996-92-5 189.07 124.5 1.9320sl H2O; i bz; vs alk 658 Benzeneselenol C6H6Se 645-96-5 157.07 183.6; 84251.486515i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ctc 659 Benzenesulfinic acid C6H6O2S 618-41-7 142.176 pr (w) 84 dec sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; i peth 660 Benzenesulfinyl chloride C6H5ClOS 4972-29-6 160.621 pl (peth) 38 711.51.3469251.347025s eth, chl 661 Benzenesulfonamide C6H7NO2S 98-10-2 157.191 lf, nd (w) 156 sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth 662 Benzenesulfonic acid Besylic acid C6H6O3S 98-11-3 158.175 nd (bz) 65 vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl bz; s HOAcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g28 OO 1,4-BenzenedicarboxaldehydeH2N NH 2OO 1,2-BenzenedicarboxamideH2NO ON H 2 1,4-BenzenedicarboxamideO OOO OO 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-butoxyethyl) esterO OOO OO 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methoxyethyl) esterO OO O 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diallyl ester OOO O 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dipropyl esterNH 2 NH 2 1,3-BenzenedimethanamineOHOH 1,2-BenzenedimethanolOHOH 1,3-BenzenedimethanolHOOH 1,4-BenzenedimethanolO OO O 1,2-Benzenediol, diacetateO OO O 1,4-Benzenediol, diacetateOHOO 1,3-Benzenediol, monobenzoateS SHO OO OOH O 1,3-Benzenedisulfonic acid S SOClOCl OO 1,3-Benzenedisulfonyl dichlorideSH SH 1,2-BenzenedithiolSH SH 1,3-BenzenedithiolNH 2 BenzeneethanamineNH 2 HCl Benzeneethanamine, hydrochlorideOH BenzeneethanolCOOH COOH COOH COOHHOOCHOOC Benzenehexacarboxylic acidNH 2 HCl Benzenemethanamine, hydrochlorideSO ClO Benzenemethanesulfonyl chloride SO FO Benzenemethanesulfonyl fluorideSH BenzenemethanethiolOHO Benzenepentanoic acidOH BenzenepentanolO BenzenepropanalN BenzenepropanenitrileSH BenzenepropanethiolOHO Benzenepropanoic acid OH BenzenepropanolON H 2O Benzenepropanol carbamateClO Benzenepropanoyl chlorideSeOH O Benzeneseleninic acidSeH BenzeneselenolSOH O Benzenesulfinic acidSCl O Benzenesulfinyl chlorideSOONH 2 BenzenesulfonamideSOOOH Benzenesulfonic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12663 Benzenesulfonyl chloride Phenylsulfonyl chloride C6H5ClO2S 98-09-9 176.621 14.5 dec 251 1.347015i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc 664 Benzenesulfonyl fluoride Phenylsulfonyl fluoride C6H5FO2S 368-43-4 160.166 203.5 1.3286201.493218s EtOH, eth 665 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid Pyromellitic acid C10H6O8 89-05-4 254.150 tcl pr (w+2) 276 sl H2O; s EtOH 666 Benzenethiol Phenyl mercaptan C6H6S 108-98-5 110.177 liq -14.93 169.1 1.0775201.589320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc 667 1,3,5-Benzenetricarbonyl trichloride C9H3Cl3O3 4422-95-1 265.477 36.3 18016s chl 668 1,2,3-Benzenetricarboxylic acid Hemimellitic acid C9H6O6 569-51-7 210.140 pr (al) 200 1.54620vs eth, EtOH 669 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid Trimellitic acid C9H6O6 528-44-9 210.140 nd (w) cry (al) cry (HOAc)219 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 670 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid C9H6O6 554-95-0 210.140 pr or nd (w+1) 380 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 671 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 1,2- anhydride, 4-chloride4-(Chloroformyl)phthalic anhydride C9H3ClO4 1204-28-0 210.571 66 672 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, triallyl esterC18H18O6 2694-54-4 330.332 <-30 1.16420 673 1,2,3-Benzenetriol Pyrogallol C6H6O3 87-66-1 126.110 lf or nd (bz) 133 309 1.45341.561134vs H2O, EtOH, eth, NH3; s ace; i bz 674 1,2,4-Benzenetriol Hydroxyhydroquinone C6H6O3 533-73-3 126.110 pl (eth), lf or pl (w)140.5 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl 675 1,3,5-Benzenetriol Phloroglucinol C6H6O3 108-73-6 126.110 lf or pl (w +2) 218.5 sub 1.4625sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s ace 676 1,2,4-Benzenetriol triacetate C12H12O6 613-03-6 252.219 99 300 s EtOH, chl, MeOH 677 Benzestrol C20H26O2 85-95-0 298.419 cry (al) 164 vs ace, eth, EtOH, HOAc 678 Benzethonium chloride C27H42ClNO2 121-54-0 448.081 pl (chl/eth) 165 (hyd) vs H2O; s ace, chl, EtOH 679 Benzidene-3,3’-dicarboxylic acid 3,3’-Dicarboxybenzidine C14H12N2O4 2130-56-5 272.256 nd 300 dec 680 p-Benzidine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine C12H12N2 92-87-5 184.236 nd (w) 120 401 sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH 681 Benzil Diphenylethanedione C14H10O2 134-81-6 210.228 ye pr (al) 94.87 347 1.084102i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc 682 1 H-Benzimidazol-2-amine C7H7N3 934-32-7 133.151 pl (w) 224 s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, DMSO 683 1 H-Benzimidazole N,N’’-Methenyl- o-phenylenediamine C7H6N2 51-17-2 118.136 orth bipym pl (w)170.5 >360 sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; i bz; s dil alk 684 1 H-Benzimidazole-2-acetonitrile C9H7N3 4414-88-4 157.172 208.4 685 1 H-Benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2 H)- dioneC12H7NO2 81-83-4 197.190 nd (chl-al) 300 686 Benzo[c]chrysene C22H14 194-69-4 278.346 nd (AcOH) 126.5 687 Benzo[g]chrysene Benzo[a]triphenylene C22H14 196-78-1 278.346 nd (AcOH) 114.5 688 1 H,3H-Benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c’]difuran- 1,3,5,7-tetroneC10H2O6 89-32-7 218.119 285.3 689 1,3,2-Benzodioxaborole C6H5BO2 274-07-7 119.914 12 88156, 50501.2700201.507020 690 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-amine C7H7NO2 14268-66-7 137.137 42 14416 691 1,3-Benzodioxole C7H6O2 274-09-9 122.122 172.5; 77271.064251.539820 692 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde Piperonal C8H6O3 120-57-0 150.132 37 263 sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace, chl 693 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid Piperonylic acid C8H6O4 94-53-1 166.132 229 694 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-ethanamine C9H11NO2 1484-85-1 165.189 16620, 10111.225201.562020 695 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanamine C8H9NO2 2620-50-0 151.163 13913, 1000.071.214251.563520 696 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanol C8H8O3 495-76-1 152.148 nd (peth) 58 15716sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig 697 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ol C7H6O3 533-31-3 138.121 64.9 698 trans ,trans -5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)- 2,4-pentadienoic acidPiperinic acid C12H10O4 136-72-1 218.205 nd (al), ye nd (sub)215.8 sub vs EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g20 SOOCl Benzenesulfonyl chlorideSOOF Benzenesulfonyl fluorideCOOH COOH COOHHOOC 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acidSH BenzenethiolCl O Cl OCl O 1,3,5-Benzenetricarbonyl trichlorideO OH OHO OOH 1,2,3-Benzenetricarboxylic acidOH O O OH HO O 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acidHO O OH OHO O 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid O OO Cl O 1,2,4,-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 1,2-anhydride, 4-chlorideOO OO OO 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, triallyl esterOH OH OH 1,2,3-BenzenetriolOH OH OH 1,2,4-BenzenetriolOH OH HO 1,3,5-BenzenetriolO O OO O O 1,2,4-Benzenetriol triacetateHO HO Benzestrol Cl OON Benzethonium chlorideH2NN H 2O OHO HO Benzidene-3,3’-dicarboxylic acidNH 2 H2N p-BenzidineO O BenzilN HN NH 2 1H-Benzimidazol-2-amineN HN 1H-BenzimidazoleN HN N 1H-Benzimidazole-2-acetonitrile NH OO 1H-Benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2 H)-dione Benzo[c]chrysene Benzo[g]chryseneO OO OO O 1H,3H-Benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c’]difuran-1,3,5,7-tetroneOBO H 1,3,2-BenzodioxaboroleOO H2N 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-amineOO 1,3-BenzodioxoleOOO 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde OOHOO 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acidOO H2N 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-ethanamineOOH2N 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanamineOOHO 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanolOO HO 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-olOOHOO trans ,trans -5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,4-pentadienoic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12699 7,8-Benzoflavone 2-Phenyl-4 H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran- 4-oneC19H12O2 604-59-1 272.297 ye pl (al) 157 sl EtOH, chl; s sulf 700 Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benz[e]acephenanthrylene C20H12 205-99-2 252.309 nd (bz) 168 i H2O; msc bz 701 Benzo[j]fluoranthene Dibenzo[a,jk]fluorene C20H12 205-82-3 252.309 ye pl (al) nd (HOAc)166 i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc 702 Benzo[k]fluoranthene 2,3,1’,8’-Binaphthylene C20H12 207-08-9 252.309 pa ye nd (bz) 217 480 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc 703 11 H-Benzo[a]fluorene C17H12 238-84-6 216.277 pl (ace or HOAc)189.5 405 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl 704 11 H-Benzo[b]fluorene C17H12 243-17-4 216.277 212 401 i H2O 705 Benzofuran Coumarone C8H6O 271-89-6 118.133 <-18 174 1.0913251.561517i H2O; s EtOH, eth 706 2-Benzofurancarboxylic acid Coumarilic acid C9H6O3 496-41-3 162.142 nd (w) 192.5 312.5 vs EtOH 707 2(3 H)-Benzofuranone C8H6O2 553-86-6 134.133 50 249 1.223614 708 3(2 H)-Benzofuranone C8H6O2 7169-34-8 134.133 red nd (al) 102.5 15215vs bz 709 1-(2-Benzofuranyl)ethanone C10H8O2 1646-26-0 160.170 76 12611s H2O 710 Benzofurazan, 1-oxide C6H4N2O2 480-96-6 136.108 71.5 1.28080 711 Benzohydrazide Benzoic acid, hydrazide C7H8N2O 613-94-5 136.151 pl (w) 115 dec 267 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, chl 712 Benzoic acid Benzenecarboxylic acid C7H6O2 65-85-0 122.122 mcl lf or nd 122.35 249.2 1.2659151.504132sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl 713 Benzoic anhydride C14H10O3 93-97-0 226.227 pr (eth) 42.5 360 1.989151.576715i H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 714 Benzoin 2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone, (±) C14H12O2 579-44-2 212.244 137 344; 194121.31020vs EtOH, chl 715 Benzonitrile Phenyl cyanide C7H5N 100-47-0 103.122 liq -13.99 191.1 1.0093151.528920sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc 716 Benzo[ghi]perylene 1,12-Benzperylene C22H12 191-24-2 276.330 ye-grn lf (bz) 272.5 i H2O 717 Benzo[c]phenanthrene Tetrahelicene C18H12 195-19-7 228.288 68 i H2O; sl EtOH, lig 718 Benzophenone Diphenyl ketone C13H10O 119-61-9 182.217 ( α) orth pr (al); (β) mcl pr47.9 ( α); 26 (β)305.4 1.111181.607719i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, ace; s bz 719 Benzophenone hydrazone C13H12N2 5350-57-2 196.247 97.3 22755 720 Benzophenone, oxime Diphenyl ketoxime C13H11NO 574-66-3 197.232 nd (al) 144 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, ace; s bz 721 3,3’,4,4’- Benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride4,4’-Carbonyldiphthalic anhydride C 17H6O7 2421-28-5 322.226 216 722 Benzo-2-phenylhydrazide C13H12N2O 532-96-7 212.246 pr (al), nd (w) 168 314 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl 723 Benzopurpurine 4B C.I. Direct Red 2, disodium salt C34H26N6Na2O6 S2992-59-6 724.716 br pow s H2O, EtOH, ac, H2SO4 724 2 H-1-Benzopyran 1,2-Chromene C9H8O 254-04-6 132.159 132102, 91131.0993161.586924i H2O 725 [2]Benzopyrano[6,5,4- def][2]benzopyran-1,3,6,8-tetrone1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid anhydrideC14H4O6 81-30-1 268.178 nd (al) 450 sub 320 i H2O; s Na2CO3, HOAc 726 1 H-2-Benzopyran-1-one Isocoumarin C9H6O2 491-31-6 146.143 pl (bz) 47 286 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 727 2 H-1-Benzopyran-2-one Coumarin C9H6O2 91-64-5 146.143 orth pym (eth) 71 301.7 0.93520s H2O, EtOH, alk; vs eth, chl, py 728 4 H-1-Benzopyran-4-one C9H6O2 491-38-3 146.143 nd (peth w) 59 sub 1.290020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 729 Benzo[a]pyrene 2,3-Benzopyrene C20H12 50-32-8 252.309 181.1 i H2O; vs chl 730 Benzo[e]pyrene 1,2-Benzpyrene C20H12 192-97-2 252.309 pa ye nd (bz- MeOH)181.4 311 i H2O 731 Benzo[f]quinoline β-Naphthoquinoline C13H9N 85-02-9 179.217 lf (peth or w) 94 352; 2038sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth; s ace 732 Benzo[h]quinoline C13H9N 230-27-3 179.217 lf (eth), pl (peth)52 339; 233471.234020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 733 p-Benzoquinone 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione C6H4O2 106-51-4 108.095 ye mcl pr (w) 115 sub 1.31820sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, chl 734 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole C6H4N2S 273-13-2 136.174 43 206 735 2-Benzothiazolamine 2-Aminobenzothiazole C7H6N2S 136-95-8 150.201 pl (w), lf (w) 132 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, con HCl 736 6-Benzothiazolamine 6-Aminobenzothiazole C7H6N2S 533-30-2 150.201 pr (w) 87 i H2O, eth; s EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g22 OO 7,8-Benzoflavone Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 11H-Benzo[b]fluoreneO BenzofuranOOHO 2-Benzofurancarboxylic acid OO 2(3H)-BenzofuranoneOO 3(2H)-BenzofuranoneOO 1-(2-Benzofuranyl)ethanoneNON O Benzofurazan, 1-oxideNHO NH 2 BenzohydrazideOH O Benzoic acidOOO Benzoic anhydrideOH O BenzoinN Benzonitrile Benzo[ghi]perylene Benzo[c]phenanthreneO BenzophenoneNNH 2 Benzophenone hydrazoneNOH Benzophenone, oximeOO OO OO O 3,3’,4,4’-Benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydrideH NN HO Benzo-2-phenylhydrazide NH 2 N SO3NaNNH 2 N SO3NaN Benzopurpurine 4BO 2H-1-BenzopyranO OO OOO [2]Benzopyrano[6,5,4-def][2]benzopyran-1,3,6,8-tetroneO O 1H-2-Benzopyran-1-oneOO 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-oneOO 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyreneN Benzo[f]quinolineN Benzo[h]quinolineO O p-BenzoquinoneNSN 2,1,3-BenzothiadiazoleSN NH 2 SH N NH 2-BenzothiazolamineSN H2N 6-Benzothiazolamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12737 Benzothiazole Benzosulfonazole C7H5NS 95-16-9 135.187 1.0 231 1.2460201.637920sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2; s ace 738 2(3 H)-Benzothiazolethione 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole C7H5NS2 149-30-4 167.252 pa ye mcl nd(al, MeOH)181 1.4220i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, DMSO 739 2(3 H)-Benzothiazolethione, sodium saltC7H4NNaS2 2492-26-4 189.234 sl H2O 740 2(3 H)-Benzothiazolone C7H5NOS 934-34-9 151.186 pr (dil al), nd 139 360 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 741 2(3 H)-Benzothiazolone, hydrazone C7H7N3S 615-21-4 165.216 202.8 742 2-(2-Benzothiazolyl)phenol C13H9NOS 3411-95-8 227.281 nd or lf (al) 131 1793s EtOH 743 Benzo[b]thiophene Thianaphthene C8H6S 95-15-8 134.199 lf 32 221 1.1484321.637437i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl 744 Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid Thionaphthene-2-carboxylic acid C9H6O2S 6314-28-9 178.208 nd (w) 240.5 vs eth 745 1 H-Benzotriazole 1,2,3-Triaza-1 H-indene C6H5N3 95-14-7 119.124 nd (chl or bz) 100 20415sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, tol, DMF 746 Benzo[b]triphenylene C22H14 215-58-7 278.346 nd (al, HOAc) 205 i H2O; vs bz 747 3 H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-one 1,1- dioxideC7H4O4S 81-08-3 184.170 nd or pr (bz) 129.5 18418vs bz, chl 748 2 H-3,1-Benzoxazine-2,4(1 H)-dione C8H5NO3 118-48-9 163.131 pr (al, gl HOAc) cry (al)243 dec sl H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl 749 Benzoxazole 1-Oxa-3-azaindene C7H5NO 273-53-0 119.121 pr (dil al) 31 182.5 1.1754201.559420i H2O; s EtOH, sulf 750 2(3 H)-Benzoxazolethione C7H5NOS 2382-96-9 151.186 nd (w) 196 sl H2O, ace, EtOH; vs eth, HOAc 751 2(3 H)-Benzoxazolone C7H5NO2 59-49-4 135.121 138 335; 23030sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, tfa 752 2-(2-Benzoxazolyl)phenol C13H9NO2 835-64-3 211.216 pink nd (al, HOAc)123.5 338 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz 753 N-Benzoyl- DL-alanine C10H11NO3 1205-02-3 193.199 pl, pr or lf (eth) 165.5 dec s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, DMSO 754 4-(Benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acidBenzoylpas C14H11NO4 13898-58-3 257.242 260.5 755 Benzoyl azide Benzazide C7H5N3O 582-61-6 147.134 pl (ace) 32 exp 1.168035vs eth, EtOH 756 2-Benzoylbenzoic acid C14H10O3 85-52-9 226.227 tcl nd (w+1) 129.0 vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl chl 757 4-Benzoylbenzoic acid C14H10O3 611-95-0 226.227 nd (HOAc), pl (al) mcl lf (w)199 sub sl H2O, tfa, bz; s EtOH, eth, HOAc 758 2-Benzoylbenzoic acid, hydrazide C14H12N2O2 787-84-8 240.257 nd (al) 242.3 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl; s MeOH 759 4-Benzoylbiphenyl 4-Phenylbenzophenone C19H14O 2128-93-0 258.313 101.5 420; 1560.1 760 Benzoyl bromide Benzoic acid, bromide C7H5BrO 618-32-6 185.018 liq -24 218.5 1.570151.586825msc eth 761 Benzoyl chloride Benzoic acid, chloride C7H5ClO 98-88-4 140.567 liq -0.4 197.2; 7191.2120201.553720msc eth; s bz, ctc, CS2 762 Benzoyl cyclohexane Cyclohexyl phenyl ketone C13H16O 712-50-5 188.265 nd (peth) 59.5 16418 763 Benzoylecgonine C16H19NO4 519-09-5 289.327 nd (w) 195 vs bz, EtOH 764 Benzoylferrocene C17H14FeO 1272-44-2 290.137 110.0 765 Benzoyl fluoride Benzoic acid, fluoride C7H5FO 455-32-3 124.112 liq -28 154.5 1.140020vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 766 N-Benzoylglycine Hippuric acid C9H9NO3 495-69-2 179.172 pr (w or al) 191.5 1.37120s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl; i peth 767 Benzoyl iodide Benzoic acid, iodide C7H5IO 618-38-2 232.018 nd 1.5 128201.74618vs eth, EtOH 768 2-Benzoylmethyl-6(2-hydroxy-2- phenylethyl)-1-methylpiperidine,hydrochlorideC 22H28ClNO2 63990-84-1 373.916 183.5 sl H2O; s EtOH; vs chl 769 3-(Benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, [1 R- (exo,exo )]Cocaethylene C 18H23NO4 529-38-4 317.381 pr (eth) 109 vs eth, EtOH 770 Benzoyl peroxide C14H10O4 94-36-0 242.227 orth (eth), pr 105 exp 1.543 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 771 1-Benzoylpiperidine C12H15NO 776-75-0 189.253 tcl 49 320.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g24 SN BenzothiazoleSH N S SN SH 2(3H)-BenzothiazolethioneNS S Na 2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione, sodium saltSH N O SN OH 2(3H)-BenzothiazoloneSN NH NH 2 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone, hydrazoneSNHO 2-(2-Benzothiazolyl)phenol S Benzo[b]thiopheneS OHO Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acidNHNN 1H-Benzotriazole Benzo[b]triphenyleneO SO OO 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-one 1,1-dioxideN HOO O 2H-3,1-Benzoxazine-2,4(1 H)-dioneON Benzoxazole OHN SON SH 2(3H)-BenzoxazolethioneON OH OHN O 2(3H)-BenzoxazoloneONHO 2-(2-Benzoxazolyl)phenolN HO OH O N-Benzoyl- DL-alanineNHOHO OHO 4-(Benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid NO NN Benzoyl azideOO HO 2-Benzoylbenzoic acidOO H O 4-Benzoylbenzoic acidN HOH N O 2-Benzoylbenzoic acid, hydrazideO 4-BenzoylbiphenylBrO Benzoyl bromideClO Benzoyl chlorideO Benzoyl cyclohexane N OO OH O BenzoylecgonineFeO BenzoylferroceneFO Benzoyl fluorideN HO OH O N-BenzoylglycineIO Benzoyl iodideOH NO ClH 2-Benzoylmethyl-6(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1-methylpiperidine, hydrochloride N OOO O 3-(Benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, [1 R-(exo,exo )]OO OO Benzoyl peroxideN O 1-Benzoylpiperidine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12772 N-Benzoyl- L-tyrosine ethyl ester C18H19NO4 3483-82-7 313.349 119.5 773 Benzphetamine C17H21N 156-08-1 239.356 1270.021.551519vs eth, EtOH, MeOH, chl 774 Benzpiperylon C22H25N3O 53-89-4 347.453 cry (al) 182 dec 775 Benzquinamide C22H32N2O5 63-12-7 404.499 cry 131 776 Benzthiazide C15H14ClN3O4S391-33-8 431.938 cry (EtOH) 236 i H2O; s alk 777 N-Benzylacetamide C9H11NO 588-46-5 149.189 61 1572vs EtOH, eth 778 Benzyl acetate C9H10O2 140-11-4 150.174 liq -51.3 213 1.0550201.523220sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 779 Benzyl acrylate C10H10O2 2495-35-4 162.185 228 1.0573201.514320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 780 Benzyl alcohol Benzenemethanol C7H8O 100-51-6 108.138 liq -15.4 205.31 1.0419241.539620s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl 781 Benzylamine Benzenemethanamine C7H9N 100-46-9 107.153 185; 90120.9813201.540120msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz; sl chl 782 4-(Benzylamino)benzenesulfonamide N4-Benzylsulfanilamide C13H14N2O2S 104-22-3 262.327 171 783 2-[Benzylamino]ethanol C9H13NO 104-63-2 151.205 225; 154121.065251.543020 784 4-Benzylaniline C13H13N 1135-12-2 183.249 mcl (lig) 34.5 300 1.03825vs eth, EtOH, lig 785 N-Benzylaniline N-Phenylbenzenemethanamine C13H13N 103-32-2 183.249 pr 37.5 306.5 1.0298651.611825vs eth, EtOH 786 α-Benzylbenzenepropanoic acid C16H16O2 618-68-8 240.297 pl (peth HOAc) nd (w)90 23518vs bz, eth, EtOH 787 2-Benzyl-1 H-benzimidazole Bendazol C14H12N2 621-72-7 208.258 nd (bz) 187 vs bz, EtOH, gl HOAc 788 Benzyl benzoate C14H12O2 120-51-4 212.244 nd or lf 21 323.5 1.1121251.568020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl 789 4-Benzyl-1,1’-biphenyl C19H16 613-42-3 244.330 lf 85 2851101.1710i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz 790 Benzyl butanoate C11H14O2 103-37-7 178.228 239 1.0111201.492020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 791 Benzyl butyl phthalate Butyl benzyl phthalate C19H20O4 85-68-7 312.360 liq 370 1.11925i H2O 792 Benzyl chloroacetate C9H9ClO2 140-18-1 184.619 1479, 850.41.222341.542618vs eth, EtOH 793 Benzyl chloroformate Carbobenzoxy chloride C8H7ClO2 501-53-1 170.594 oily liq 103201.195251.519020s eth, ace, bz 794 Benzyl trans -cinnamate Benzyl trans -3-phenyl-2-propenoate C16H14O2 78277-23-3 238.281 pr 39 dec 350; 24451.10915i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz 795 Benzyl dodecanoate Benzyl laurate C19H30O2 140-25-0 290.440 8.5 210120.9429251.481224vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth 796 Benzylethylamine N-Ethylbenzenemethanamine C9H13N 14321-27-8 135.206 194 0.9342171.511720sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 797 N-Benzyl- N-ethylaniline Ethylbenzylaniline C15H17N 92-59-1 211.303 pa ye oil 35 288; 185221.001551.594323i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 798 Benzyl ethyl ether C9H12O 539-30-0 136.190 186 0.9478201.495520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 799 Benzyl formate C8H8O2 104-57-4 136.149 203; 84101.081201.515420i H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth; sl ctc 800 Benzyl fumarate C18H16O4 538-64-7 296.318 cry pow 59 2105vs eth, EtOH, chl 801 Benzylidene diacetate Toluene- α,α-diol, diacetate C11H12O4 581-55-5 208.211 pl (eth) 46 220 1.1120vs bz, eth, EtOH 802 Benzylimidobis( p-methoxyphenyl) methaneC22H21NO2 524-96-9 331.408 pa ye cry 90 vs eth, chl 803 2-Benzyl-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione C15H11NO2 2142-01-0 237.254 ye nd (al) 116 1.34318s EtOH, HOAc; sl DMSO 804 Benzylisopropylamine N-Isopropylbenzenemethanamine C10H15N 102-97-6 149.233 200; 93100.892251.502520 805 Benzyl isothiocyanate (Isothiocyanatomethyl)benzene C8H7NS 622-78-6 149.214 ye oil 243 1.1246161.604915i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth 806 Benzyl methacryalate C11H12O2 2495-37-6 176.212 14450 807 Benzyl 3-methylbutanoate C12H16O2 103-38-8 192.254 245; 136250.9983151.488420 808 Benzyl methyl ether C8H10O 538-86-3 122.164 liq -52.6 170 0.9634201.500820i H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 809 1-Benzyl-2-methylhydrazine 1-Methyl-2-phenylmethylhydrazine C8H12N2 10309-79-2 136.194 liq 11720 810 Benzyl 2-methylpropanoate Benzyl isobutyrate C11H14O2 103-28-6 178.228 228; 114201.0159181.488320 811 Benzyl nitrite C7H7NO2 935-05-7 137.137 oil 81351.075251.498925No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g26HOHNOO O N-Benzoyl- L-tyrosine ethyl esterN CH3 BenzphetamineN NHO N BenzpiperylonNO OOO NO BenzquinamideSNHN Cl S OOS H2N OO BenzthiazideN HO N-Benzylacetamide OO Benzyl acetateOO Benzyl acrylateOH Benzyl alcoholNH 2 BenzylamineS HNOONH 2 4-(Benzylamino)benzenesulfonamideNHOH 2-[Benzylamino]ethanolNH 2 4-BenzylanilineH N N-Benzylaniline OO H α-Benzylbenzenepropanoic acidN HN 2-Benzyl-1 H-benzimidazoleOO Benzyl benzoate 4-Benzyl-1,1’-biphenylOO Benzyl butanoateOO OO Benzyl butyl phthalateOO Cl Benzyl chloroacetate OC lO Benzyl chloroformateOO Benzyl trans -cinnamateOO Benzyl dodecanoateN H BenzylethylamineN N-Benzyl- N-ethylanilineO Benzyl ethyl etherO O Benzyl formate OO O O Benzyl fumarateO O OO Benzylidene diacetateN O O Benzylimidobis( p-methoxyphenyl)methaneNO O 2-Benzyl-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dioneN H BenzylisopropylamineNCS Benzyl isothiocyanate OO Benzyl methacryalateOO Benzyl 3-methylbutanoateO Benzyl methyl etherN HH N 1-Benzyl-2-methylhydrazineOO Benzyl 2-methylpropanoateONO Benzyl nitrite /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12812 N-Benzyloxycarbonylaspartame C22H24N2O7 33605-72-0 428.435 cry 122 813 Benzyloxycarbonyl- L-glutamine C13H16N2O5 2650-64-8 280.276 134.5 s DMSO 814 Benzyloxycarbonylglycine C10H11NO4 1138-80-3 209.199 121 s ace 815 Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl- L-leucine C16H22N2O5 1421-69-8 322.356 100 816 Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl- L- phenylalanineC19H20N2O5 1170-76-9 356.372 126 817 2-(Benzyloxy)ethanol Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether C9H12O2 622-08-2 152.190 oil <-75 256 1.0640201.523320vs H2O, eth, EtOH 818 Benzylpenicillin sodium C16H17N2NaO4S 69-57-8 356.372 nd (BuOH aq) 215 1.41 vs H2O; s MeOH; i ace, eth, chl 819 2-Benzylphenol o-Benzylphenol C13H12O 28994-41-4 184.233 21 312 1.599420vs ace, bz, EtOH 820 4-Benzylphenol p-Benzylphenol C13H12O 101-53-1 184.233 84 322 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc, chl 821 Benzyl phenyl ether C13H12O 946-80-5 184.233 lf (al) 40 286.5 822 1-Benzylpiperazine C11H16N2 2759-28-6 176.258 146121.543028s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 823 1-Benzylpiperidine C12H17N 2905-56-8 175.270 245 0.9625161.522720 824 4-Benzylpiperidine C12H17N 31252-42-3 175.270 16.8 270; 150170.9970201.533725i H2O; s EtOH, eth 825 Benzyl propanoate C10H12O2 122-63-4 164.201 221 1.033520 826 2-Benzylpyridine C12H11N 101-82-6 169.222 nd 12.5 277; 149161.06701.578520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 827 4-Benzylpyridine C12H11N 2116-65-6 169.222 12.4 288; 180311.0612201.581820i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth 828 Benzyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Benzyl nicotinate C13H11NO2 94-44-0 213.232 1703 829 1-Benzyl-1 H-pyrrole C11H11N 2051-97-0 157.212 15 247 1.0183201.565524i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 830 Benzyl 1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylate, (S)N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)- L-proline C13H15NO4 1148-11-4 249.263 78.5 1.531020sl chl 831 Benzyl salicylate C14H12O3 118-58-1 228.243 320 1.1799201.580520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 832 O-Benzyl- L-serine 3-(Benzyloxy)- L-alanine C10H13NO3 4726-96-9 195.215 218 dec 833 Benzylsulfonic acid C7H8O3S 100-87-8 172.202 hyg cry 834 4-[(Benzylsulfonyl)amino]benzoic acidp-(Benzylsulfonamido)benzoic acid C14H13NO4S 536-95-8 291.323 229.5 vs EtOH 835 (Benzylsulfonyl)benzene C13H12O2S 3112-88-7 232.298 nd (al) 146 1.1261153i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz 836 (Benzylthio)benzene C13H12S 831-91-4 200.299 lf (al) 43.5 19727i H2O; s EtOH, eth, con sulf 837 Benzyl thiocyanate α-Thiocyanatotoluene C8H7NS 3012-37-1 149.214 pr (al) 43 232 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 838 Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride C10H16ClN 56-93-9 185.694 243 vs H2O; s ace 839 Benzylurea C8H10N2O 538-32-9 150.177 nd (al) 148 dec 200 vs ace, EtOH 840 Bephenium chloride C17H22ClNO 13928-81-9 291.816 cry (ace) 135 841 Berberine C20H19NO5 2086-83-1 353.369 red-ye nd (w+6) cry (chl)145 vs eth, EtOH 842 Berberine chloride dihydrate C 20H22ClNO6 633-65-8 407.845 ye cry 843 Bergenin C14H16O9 477-90-7 328.272 cry (MeOH) 238 vs H2O, EtOH 844 Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate Beryllium acetylacetonate C10H14BeO4 10210-64-7 207.228 108 270 1.16820 845 Betaine 1-Carboxy- N,N,N - trimethylmethanaminium, inner saltC5H11NO2 107-43-7 117.147 pr or lf (al) 293 dec vs H2O, MeOH; s EtOH; sl eth, chl 846 Betaine, hydrochloride C5H12ClNO2 590-46-5 153.608 mcl cry (al) 227.5 vs H2O 847 Betamethasone C22H29FO5 378-44-9 392.460 cry (AcOMe) 232 dec 848 Bethanidine C10H15N3 55-73-2 177.246 cry (aq MeOH) 196 849 Betonicine C7H13NO3 515-25-3 159.183 pr (dil al, +1w) 252 dec vs EtOH 850 Betulaprenol 9 Nonaisoprenol C45H74O 13190-97-1 631.069 oil or cry 41 s chl 851 9,9’-Bianthracene C28H18 1055-23-8 354.443 321.3No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g28 HN OOOHN OHOOO N-BenzyloxycarbonylaspartameONHOOO H NH 2 O Benzyloxycarbonyl- L-glutamineONHO O HO BenzyloxycarbonylglycineONHO OH NOHO Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl- L-leucineH N ONHOO OHO Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl- L-phenylalanine OOH 2-(Benzyloxy)ethanolONS O OONaH Benzylpenicillin sodiumOH 2-BenzylphenolHO 4-BenzylphenolO Benzyl phenyl etherNHN 1-BenzylpiperazineN 1-BenzylpiperidineNH 4-Benzylpiperidine OO Benzyl propanoateN 2-BenzylpyridineN 4-BenzylpyridineOO N Benzyl 3-pyridinecarboxylateN 1-Benzyl-1 H-pyrroleN OOOH O Benzyl 1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylate, ( S)OO OH Benzyl salicylate O NH 2OHO O-Benzyl- L-serineSOOH O Benzylsulfonic acidSH N OOHO O 4-[(Benzylsulfonyl)amino]benzoic acidSOO (Benzylsulfonyl)benzeneS (Benzylthio)benzeneSN Benzyl thiocyanateNCl Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride N HNH 2O BenzylureaON Cl Bephenium chlorideOO N O O BerberineNOO O OCl 2H2O Berberine chloride dihydrateHO OO OO HOHH OHOH HO BergeninOBeO OO Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate O ON BetaineHCl OO N Betaine, hydrochlorideOHHO FOOH OH BetamethasoneN HN HN BethanidineNHO O O BetonicineHOH 9 Betulaprenol 9 9,9’-Bianthracene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12852 ∆2,2’(3 H,3’H)-Bibenzo[b]thiophene- 3,3’-dioneDurindone Red C16H8O2S2 522-75-8 296.364 br nd (xyl) red mcl nd (bz)359 sub i H2O, EtOH; sl chl, CS2; s bz, xyl 853 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane C7H12 279-23-2 96.170 87.5 105.3 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 854 Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Norcarane C7H12 286-08-8 96.170 116.5 0.853251.456420 855 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one C7H10O 497-38-1 110.153 89.5 170 856 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene C7H10 498-66-8 94.154 45 96 857 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2- carbonitrileC8H9N 95-11-4 119.164 13 84100.999251.488520 858 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2- carboxaldehydeC8H10O 5453-80-5 122.164 71201.018251.489320 859 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-methanol C8H12O 95-12-5 124.180 10320 860 [1,1’-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one 2-Cyclohexylcyclohexanone C12H20O 90-42-6 180.286 liq -32 264 0.9696251.487725 861 1,1’-Bicyclopentyl C10H18 1636-39-1 138.250 s ctc, CS2 862 [1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-ol 2-Hydroxybicyclopentyl C10H18O 4884-25-7 154.249 20 235.5 0.9785151.488417 863 [1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-one C10H16O 4884-24-6 152.233 liq -13 232.5 0.9745211.4763 864 Bifenox Methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2- nitrobenzoateC14H9Cl2NO5 42576-02-3 342.131 85 865 Bifenthrin C23H22ClF3O2 82657-04-3 422.868 69 1.2125 866 Biguanide Imidodicarbonimidic diamide C2H7N5 56-03-1 101.111 pr or nd (al) 136 dec 142 vs H2O; s EtOH; i bz, chl 867 Bikhaconitine 3-Deoxypseudaconitine C36H51NO11 6078-26-8 673.790 164 vs eth, EtOH, chl 868 Bilirubin C33H36N4O6 635-65-4 584.662 red mcl pr or pl (chl)i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 869 Biliverdine Dehydrobilirubin C33H34N4O6 114-25-0 582.646 dk grn pl or pr (MeOH)>300 i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth, chl, CS2 870 Binapacryl C15H18N2O6 485-31-4 322.313 70 1.2720 871 1,1’-Binaphthalene 1,1’-Binaphthyl C20H14 604-53-5 254.325 (i) pl(HOAc) (ii) orth (peth)160 >360; 240121.300020i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS2 872 2,2’-Binaphthalene C20H14 612-78-2 254.325 bl flr pl (al) 187.9 452 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS2 873 [1,1’-Binaphthalene]-2,2’-diol C20H14O2 602-09-5 286.324 nd (al), cry (w) 220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl chl 874 Biotin Coenzyme R C10H16N2O3S 58-85-5 244.310 nd (w) 232 dec s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl 875 2,2’-Bioxirane Diepoxybutane C4H6O2 1464-53-5 86.090 2.0 144 1.113201.43520vs H2O, EtOH 876 Biphenyl Diphenyl C12H10 92-52-4 154.207 lf (dil al) 68.93 256.1 1.04201.58877i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz, ctc, MeOH 877 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-acetic acid Felbinac C14H12O2 5728-52-9 212.244 160.5 878 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile C13H9N 2920-38-9 179.217 88 19020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 879 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonyl chloride C13H9ClO 14002-51-8 216.662 111 1602 880 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diamine C12H12N2 1454-80-4 184.236 pr or nd (al) 81 16241.309020s H2O, ace, bz 881 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,4’-diamine C12H12N2 492-17-1 184.236 nd (dil al) 54.5 363 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 882 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, dihydrochlorideC12H14Cl2N2 531-85-1 257.158 >300 883 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid o,o’-Diphenic acid C14H10O4 482-05-3 242.227 mcl pr or lf (w) cry (HOAc)233.5 sub i H2O; s EtOH, eth 884 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diol C12H10O2 1806-29-7 186.206 109 320 1.342020s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl peth, chl 885 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,5-diol C12H10O2 1079-21-6 186.206 nd (dil al) 97.5 vs EtOH 886 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diol C12H10O2 92-88-6 186.206 278 dec sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, eth 887 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-disulfonic acid C12H10O6S2 5314-37-4 314.333 pr 72.5 >200 vs H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g20 S SO O ∆2,2’(3 H,3’H)-Bibenzo[b]thiophene-3,3’-dione Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptaneO Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-eneN Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbonitrileO H Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxaldehyde OH Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-methanolO [1,1’-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one 1,1’-BicyclopentylOH H [1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-olO H [1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-oneOCl Cl NO 2OO BifenoxF3CCl O O Bifenthrin H2NN HNH NH 2NH BiguanideOOH H HO O O OH OO NO OO BikhaconitineNHNH HNHNOO HOO OOH BilirubinNHNH NHNOO OHO HOO BiliverdineNN OOO OOO Binapacryl 1,1’-Binaphthalene 2,2’-BinaphthaleneOH OH [1,1’-Binaphthalene]-2,2’-diolN HH N S OH H OHO BiotinO OH H 2,2’-Bioxirane BiphenylOH O [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-acetic acid N [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonitrileOCl [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonyl chlorideH2NNH 2 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diamineH2N H2N [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,4’-diamineH2NN H 22HCl [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, dihydrochloride OH OHO O [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-dicarboxylic acidHO OH [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diolHO OH [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,5-diolHO OH [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diolS OO HO S OO OH [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-disulfonic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12888 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,4,4’-tetramine, tetrahydrochlorideC12H18Cl4N4 7411-49-6 360.110 245 dec 889 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,5,5’-tetrol Diresorcinol C12H10O4 531-02-2 218.205 pl or nd (w+2) 310 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 890 N-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylacetamide C14H13NO 4075-79-0 211.259 cry (dil MeOH) 172.8 i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, MeOH 891 1-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylethanone C14H12O 92-91-1 196.244 pr (ace), cry (al)121 326 1.25100i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; sl chl 892 2-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-yl-5-phenyl- 1,3,4-oxadiazoleC20H14N2O 852-38-0 298.337 168 893 2,2’-Bipyridine α, α’-Dipyridyl C10H8N2 366-18-7 156.184 pr (peth) 72 273.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 894 2,3’-Bipyridine 2,3’-Bipyridyl C10H8N2 581-50-0 156.184 295.5 1.140201.622320i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth 895 2,4’-Bipyridine 2,4’-Bipyridyl C10H8N2 581-47-5 156.184 61.5 281 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 896 3,3’-Bipyridine 3,3’-Bipyridyl C10H8N2 581-46-4 156.184 68 291.5 1.161420vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth 897 4,4’-Bipyridine γ,γ’-Dipyridyl C10H8N2 553-26-4 156.184 nd (w+2) 114 305 sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth 898 2,2’-Biquinoline C18H12N2 119-91-5 256.301 pl or lf (al) 196 i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz 899 4,4’-Bis(acetoacetamido)-3,3’- dimethyl-1,1’-biphenylN,N’-Bis(acetoacetyl)-3,3’- dimethylbenzidineC22H24N2O4 91-96-3 380.437 212 sl DMSO 900 Bisacodyl C22H19NO4 603-50-9 361.391 133.5 901 Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane 4,4-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) C13H12Cl2N2 101-14-4 267.153 s ctc 902 Bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane C13H26N2 1761-71-3 210.358 15 320 0.9275 903 Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine Diethylenetriamine C4H13N3 111-40-0 103.166 ye hyg liq -39 207 0.9569201.481025msc H2O, EtOH; i eth; s lig 904 N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2- ethanediamineTriethylenetetramine C6H18N4 112-24-3 146.234 12 266.5 1.497120s H2O, EtOH, acid 905 Bis(2-aminophenyl)disulfide C12H12N2S2 1141-88-4 248.366 93 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 906 Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide C12H12N2S2 722-27-0 248.366 85 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig 907 1,2-Bis(4-aminophenyl)ethane C14H16N2 621-95-4 212.290 pl (w) 137 sub i H2O; vs EtOH 908 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone Dapsone C12H12N2O2S 80-08-0 248.300 cry (95% al) 175.5 s EtOH; sl DMSO 909 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfoxide 4,4’-Sulfinyldianiline C12H12N2OS 119-59-5 232.300 pr (w, al) 175 dec s H2O, EtOH 910 1,4-Bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane 1,4-Butanediol bis(3-aminopropyl) etherC10H24N2O2 7300-34-7 204.310 liq 13530.96201.461920 911 N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4- butanediamineSpermine C10H26N4 71-44-3 202.340 29 1505 912 N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4- butanediamine, tetrahydrochlorideC10H30Cl4N4 306-67-2 348.184 301.5 s H2O 913 Bis(2-bromoethyl) ether Bromex C4H8Br2O 5414-19-7 231.914 11532, 92121.8452201.513127 914 1,2-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene C8H8Br2 91-13-4 263.958 orth (chl) 95 1294.51.98825i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, peth, lig 915 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene C8H8Br2 626-15-3 263.958 nd (chl), pr (ace)77 137201.95925i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, lig 916 1,4-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene C8H8Br2 623-24-5 263.958 mcl pr (al), cry (chl, bz)144.5 245 2.01225i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; sl eth; s bz 917 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3- propanediolPentaerythritol dibromide C5H10Br2O2 3296-90-0 261.940 nd (bz) 113 918 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl) tetramethyldisiloxaneC6H16Br2OSi2 2351-13-5 320.169 233; 103151.3918251.471925 919 Bis(4-bromophenyl) ether C12H8Br2O 2050-47-7 327.999 lf (al) 60.5 339 1.825i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth; sl chl 920 Bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) adipate C22H42O8 141-17-3 434.563 liq 1.125 921 1,4-Bis( α-(tert-butyldioxy)isopropyl) benzeneC20H34O4 2781-00-2 338.482 cry 79No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g22NH 2 NH 2H2N H2N 4HCl [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,4,4’-tetramine, tetrahydrochlorideOH OHHO HO [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,5,5’-tetrolNH O N-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylacetamideO 1-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylethanoneNN O 2-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-yl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoleN N 2,2’-BipyridineNN 2,3’-Bipyridine NN 2,4’-BipyridineNN 3,3’-BipyridineNN 4,4’-BipyridineNN 2,2’-BiquinolineHN O ONH O O 4,4’-Bis(acetoacetamido)-3,3’-dimethyl-1,1’-biphenylNO OO O BisacodylCl H2NCl NH 2 Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane H2N NH 2 Bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methaneH2NH NNH 2 Bis(2-aminoethyl)amineH2NN HH NNH 2 N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamineSSNH 2H2N Bis(2-aminophenyl)disulfideSS H2NN H 2 Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfideH2N NH 2 1,2-Bis(4-aminophenyl)ethane H2NSO ONH 2 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfoneSO H2NN H 2 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfoxideH2N OO NH 2 1,4-Bis(3-aminopropoxy)butaneH2NH NN HNH 2 N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine H2NH NN HNH 2 4HCl N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine, tetrahydrochlorideBrOBr Bis(2-bromoethyl) etherBrBr 1,2-Bis(bromomethyl)benzeneBr Br 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)benzeneBr Br 1,4-Bis(bromomethyl)benzeneBr OHBr OH 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol Br Si OSi Br 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)tetramethyldisiloxaneO Br Br Bis(4-bromophenyl) etherO OOOO OOO Bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) adipateOO OO 1,4-Bis( α-(tert-butyldioxy)isopropyl)benzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12922 Bis(3- tert-butyl-5-ethyl-2- hydroxyphenyl)methaneC25H36O2 88-24-4 368.553 cry 123 923 Bis(4-chlorobenzoyl) peroxide C14H8Cl2O4 94-17-7 311.118 pr cry (bz) 141 924 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane C6H12Cl2O2 112-26-5 187.064 232 1.195201.459225s ctc 925 Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane C5H10Cl2O2 111-91-1 173.037 215.0 926 N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)aniline Aniline mustard C10H13Cl2N 553-27-5 218.123 pr 45 16414sl eth; s EtOH, MeOH 927 Bis(2-chloroethyl) carbonate C5H8Cl2O3 623-97-2 187.021 8 241 1.3506201.46120i H2O 928 Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2- chloroethylphosphonateC6H12Cl3O3P 6294-34-4 269.490 170.251.48825 929 Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Dichloroethyl ether C4H8Cl2O 111-44-4 143.012 liq -51.9 178.5 1.22201.45120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz 930 Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine hydrochlorideNitrogen mustard hydrochloride C5H12Cl3N 55-86-7 192.515 hyg nd 111.5 931 N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)- N- nitrosoureaCarmustine C5H9Cl2N3O2 154-93-8 214.049 lt ye pow 31 vs H2O, EtOH 932 Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Mustard gas C4H8Cl2S 505-60-2 159.078 13.5 216 1.2741201.531320 933 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfonyl)ethane C6H12Cl2O4S2 3944-87-4 283.193 cry (MeOH/ HOAc)205 934 1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene C8H8Cl2 612-12-4 175.056 mcl (lig) 55 239.5 1.39325i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc 935 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene C8H8Cl2 626-16-4 175.056 cry 34.2 251.5 1.30220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl 936 1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene C8H8Cl2 623-25-6 175.056 pl (al) 100 dec 245; 135161.41725i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl HOAc 937 Bis(chloromethyl) ether C2H4Cl2O 542-88-1 114.958 liq -41.5 106 1.323151.43521msc EtOH, eth 938 3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetane C5H8Cl2O 78-71-7 155.022 liq 18.7 101271.29525 939 2,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3- propanediolPentaerythritol dichlorohydrin C5H10Cl2O2 2209-86-1 173.037 cry 83 15912 940 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl) tetramethyldisiloxaneC6H16Cl2OSi2 2362-10-9 231.267 liq -90 204; 92211.045201.439820 941 Bis(4-chlorophenoxy)methane Di(4-chlorophenoxy)methane C13H10Cl2O2 555-89-5 269.123 cry (peth) 70.5 1916vs ace, bz 942 Bis(4-chlorophenyl) disulfide C12H8Cl2S2 1142-19-4 287.228 72.8 s chl 943 Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanedione C14H8Cl2O2 3457-46-3 279.119 197.8 944 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol C14H12Cl2O 80-06-8 267.150 70 i H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz 945 1,2-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-hydrazine 2,2’-Dichlorohydrazobenzene C12H10Cl2N2 782-74-1 253.126 87 946 Bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane C13H10Cl2 101-76-8 237.124 55.5 188181.36517s EtOH 947 Bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulfone C12H8Cl2O2S 80-07-9 287.162 147.9 25010sl H2O; s EtOH, chl 948 N,N’-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea Di( p-chlorophenyl)thiourea C13H10Cl2N2S 1220-00-4 297.202 nd 176 949 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2- trichloroethanolC14H9Cl5O 115-32-2 370.485 cry (petr) 77.5 1800.1i H2O, os 950 Bis(3-chloropropyl) ether 3-Chloropropyl ether C6H12Cl2O 629-36-7 171.064 216; 90.5111.136201.415820s EtOH, eth 951 Bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether C6H8N2O 1656-48-0 124.140 1615, 1110.51.0504201.440520 952 Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide C6H8N2S 111-97-7 140.206 1631.51.504720 953 Bis( η-cyclopentadienyl)titanium chlorideC10H10Cl2Ti 1271-19-8 248.959 red cry 289 258101.60 sl H2O, bz; s chl, EtOH, tol 954 Bis( η-cyclopentadienyl)zirconium chlorideC10H10Cl2Zr 1291-32-3 292.316 1800.5 955 1,2-Bis(dibromomethyl)benzene C8H6Br4 13209-15-9 421.750 mcl 116.5 sl H2O; vs chl; i lig 956 Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide C14H6Cl4O4 133-14-2 380.008 106No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g24OH OH Bis(3- tert-butyl-5-ethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)methaneCl OO OO Cl Bis(4-chlorobenzoyl) peroxideClOOCl 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethaneClO OCl Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methaneNCl Cl N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)aniline ClOOO Cl Bis(2-chloroethyl) carbonateO POOCl Cl Cl Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2-chloroethylphosphonateClOCl Bis(2-chloroethyl) etherNCl Cl HCl Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine hydrochlorideClNHNO NOCl N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)- N-nitrosoureaClSCl Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide ClS OOSOO Cl 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfonyl)ethaneCl Cl 1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)benzeneCl Cl 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)benzeneCl Cl 1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzeneOC l Cl Bis(chloromethyl) etherOClCl 3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetaneClCl OH OH 2,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3-propanediol Cl Si OSi Cl 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)tetramethyldisiloxaneCl O OC l Bis(4-chlorophenoxy)methaneCl S S Cl Bis(4-chlorophenyl) disulfideClO OCl Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanedioneOH Cl Cl 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol Cl Cl H NH N 1,2-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-hydrazineCl Cl Bis(4-chlorophenyl)methaneSO OCl Cl Bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulfoneClH NH N SCl N,N’-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)thioureaOH Cl3C Cl Cl 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanolCl O Cl Bis(3-chloropropyl) ether O N N Bis(2-cyanoethyl) etherS N N Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfideTiCl Cl Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)titanium chlorideClClZr Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)zirconium chlorideBr Br BrBr 1,2-Bis(dibromomethyl)benzeneClCl OO OOCl Cl Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g25/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 957 1,3-Bis(dichloromethyl) tetramethyldisiloxaneC6H14Cl4OSi2 2943-70-6 300.157 14950, 117111.2213201.466020 958 Bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ether 2,2’,4,4’-Tetrachlorodiphenyl ether C12H6Cl4O 28076-73-5 307.987 cry (eth) 71 959 4,4’-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenone Michler’s ethyl ketone C21H28N2O 90-93-7 324.459 lf (al) 95.3 960 Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)nickel C10H20N2NiS4 14267-17-5 355.232 2020.02 961 Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)zinc C10H20N2S4Zn 14324-55-1 361.948 1780.05 962 Bis(difluoromethyl) ether Difluoromethyl ether C2H2F4O 1691-17-4 118.030 col gas 2 1.4320 963 Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether 2,2’-Oxybis[ N,N- dimethylethanamine]C8H20N2O 3033-62-3 160.257 liq 8015 964 Bis[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl]methaneMichler’s Base C17H22N2 101-61-1 254.370 pl or tab (al, lig) 91.5 dec 390; 1833i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s acid 965 Bis[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl]methanethione4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino) thiobenzophenoneC17H20N2S 1226-46-6 284.419 pl 204 i H2O, EtOH, lig; sl eth; s bz, chl, HOAc 966 Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methanol 4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino)benzhydrol C17H22N2O 119-58-4 270.369 102.0 i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc 967 1,3-Bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanol C7H18N2O 5966-51-8 146.230 181.5 0.8788201.441820vs H2O 968 4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino) triphenylmethaneC23H26N2 129-73-7 330.465 nd or lf (al, bz) 102 vs bz, eth 969 Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)copper C6H12CuN2S4 137-29-1 303.978 2060.01 970 Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)nickel C6H12N2NiS4 15521-65-0 299.125 2080.002 971 2,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-1,4- benzenediol2,5-Di- tert-pentylhydroquinone C16H26O2 79-74-3 250.376 180 972 2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenol C16H26O 120-95-6 234.376 26.0 16922 973 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane Diphos C26H24P2 1663-45-2 398.417 143.5 974 1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene Diglycidyl resorcinol ether C12H14O4 101-90-6 222.237 42.5 1470.41.2183301.540820 975 Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate C16H22O6 605-54-9 310.342 34 345 1.122921 976 Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether C6H14O3 5648-29-3 134.173 140.6 977 N,N’-Bis(4-ethoxyphenyl) ethanimidamide monohydrochloridePhenacaine hydrochloride C18H23ClN2O2 620-99-5 334.841 cry (w+1) 191 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 978 Bis(ethylenediamine)copper dichlorideCupriethylenediamine dichloride C4H16Cl2CuN4 15243-01-3 254.649 dk bl cry s EtOH 979 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate C22H42O4 103-23-1 370.566 -67.8 21450.922251.447420vs ace, eth, EtOH 980 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine C16H35N 106-20-7 241.456 16121 981 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate C25H48O4 103-24-2 412.647 -78 23750.915251.44625i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc 982 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) ether 2,2’-Diethyldihexyl ether C16H34O 10143-60-9 242.440 269; 144131.432520sl ctc 983 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate C16H35O4P 298-07-7 322.420 visc liq 1550.0150.97525sl H2O; s bz, hx 984 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite C16H35O3P 3658-48-8 306.421 liq 15010.93251.442020 985 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorodithioate C16H35O2PS2 5810-88-8 354.552 cry s bz, hp, chl 986 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Di- sec-octyl phthalate C24H38O4 117-81-7 390.557 liq -55 384 0.981251.485320sl ctc 987 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate C26H50O4 122-62-3 426.673 -48 25650.912251.45125vs ace, bz, EtOH 988 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinateDocusate sodium C20H37NaO7S 577-11-7 444.559 waxy solid s peth, ctc, eth, ace 989 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate C24H38O4 6422-86-2 390.557 383 990 2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)butane Sulfonethylmethane C8H18O4S2 76-20-0 242.357 pl (w) 76 dec 1.19985s chl 991 Bis[4-(hexyloxy)phenyl]diazene, 1- oxideC24H34N2O3 2587-42-0 398.538 s chl 992 N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2- ethylenediamineDisalicylidene-1,2-ethanediamine C16H16N2O2 94-93-9 268.310 125.5 sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g26ClCl Si OSi Cl Cl 1,3-Bis(dichloromethyl)tetramethyldisiloxaneClCl OCl Cl Bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)etherNO N 4,4’-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenoneNiS SSS N N Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)nickelZnS SSS N N Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)zincO F FF F Bis(difluoromethyl) etherNON Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether NN Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methaneS NN Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanethioneOH NN Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methanolN NOH 1,3-Bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanolNN 4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino)triphenylmethaneS CuS SSNN Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)copperS NiS SSNN Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)nickel OH OH 2,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-1,4-benzenediolOH 2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenolPP 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethaneO OO O 1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzeneOO O OO O Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalateOO O Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether H N N OO N,N’-Bis(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethanimidamide monohydrochlorideNCuN NN HHHH2 2Cl /g3Bis(ethylenediamine)copper dichlorideOO O O Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipateH N Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amineOO O O Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate O Bis(2-ethylhexyl) etherO PO OO H Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphateP HO O O Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonatePSHS O O Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorodithioateOO O O Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalateO OOO Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate S O OOOO OONa Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinateOO OO Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalateSS OO O O 2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)butaneO N NO O Bis[4-(hexyloxy)phenyl]diazene, 1-oxideHO N N OH N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2-ethylenediamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12993 Bis(2-hydroxy-3- tert-butyl-5- methylphenyl)methaneC23H32O2 119-47-1 340.499 nd (peth) 131 994 Bis(2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl) sulfideFenticlor C12H8Cl2O2S 97-24-5 287.162 174 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, gl HOAc 995 2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol hydrochlorideTriethanolamine hydrochloride C6H16ClNO3 637-39-8 185.649 cry (al) 179.5 vs H2O 996 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)butylamine Butylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine C8H19NO2 102-79-4 161.243 275; 80350.9681201.462520s chl 997 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide C4H10O2S2 1892-29-1 154.251 26 1603.5 998 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamideC16H33NO3 120-40-1 287.438 waxy solid 38.7 999 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylamine N-Ethyldiethanolamine C6H15NO2 139-87-7 133.189 ye liq -50 247 1.0135201.466320vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth 1000 N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamineC6H16N2O2 4439-20-7 148.203 97.5 1361s H2O 1001 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine Bicine C6H13NO4 150-25-4 163.172 nd (al) 194 dec vs H2O; i EtOH 1002 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine Methyldiethanolamine C5H13NO2 105-59-9 119.163 liq -21 247 1.043251.468520vs H2O 1003 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3- methylanilineDiethanol- m-toluidine C11H17NO2 91-99-6 195.259 64.5 1601sl chl 1004 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3- propanediamine3-(Aminopropyl)diethanolamine C7H18N2O2 4985-85-7 162.230 1601 1005 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide 2,2’-Thiodiethanol C4H10O2S 111-48-8 122.186 liq -10.2 282 1.1793251.521120msc H2O, EtOH, chl, AcOEt; s eth; sl bz 1006 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) 1,4- benzenedicarboxylateC12H14O6 959-26-2 254.235 cry (w) 109.5 1007 1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane C6H14O2S2 5244-34-8 182.304 64.8 1700.5s H2O, EtOH, bz, peth 1008 Bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) methanone2,2’-Dihydroxy-4,4’- dimethoxybenzophenoneC15H14O5 131-54-4 274.269 139.5 1009 1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2- imidazolidone1,3-Dimethylolethyleneurea C5H10N2O3 136-84-5 146.144 cry (MeOH) 101 1010 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) propaneBisphenol C C17H20O2 79-97-0 256.340 nd (xyl) 140 1011 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3- propanediol, tetra(2-propenoyl) esterPentaerythritol tetraacrylate C 17H20O8 4986-89-4 352.336 17.3 1.18525 1012 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3- propanediol, tri(2-propenoyl) esterPentaerythritol triacrylate C14H18O7 3524-68-3 298.289 1.18020 1013 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane Bisphenol B C16H18O2 77-40-7 242.313 120.5 vs ace, MeOH 1014 Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane Bisphenol AD C13H12O2 620-92-8 200.233 162.5 sub s EtOH, eth, chl, alk; sl DMSO; i CS2 1015 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane Bisphenol A C15H16O2 80-05-7 228.287 cry or fl 153 2204, 2223i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, alk; s HOAc 1016 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylateBisphenol A dimethacrylate C23H24O4 3253-39-2 364.435 73 1017 Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone Bisphenol S C12H10O4S 80-09-1 250.270 nd (w), orth bipym240.5 1.366315i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO 1018 Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl sulfide C4H10S3 3570-55-6 154.317 -11 135181.183251.598220 1019 Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate C9H14O3 64057-79-0 170.205 201.3 6630.943251.437120 1020 Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine 2-Methoxy- N-(2-methoxyethyl) ethanamineC6H15NO2 111-95-5 133.189 s ctc 1021 Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1- oxideC14H14N2O3 1562-94-3 258.272 ye nd (al) 1.171111s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g28OH OH Bis(2-hydroxy-3- tert-butyl-5-methylphenyl)methaneSOH OH Cl Cl Bis(2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl) sulfideNOH HOHClOH 2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol hydrochlorideNOH HO N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)butylamineHOSSOH Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfideNO OHOH N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide NOH HO N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylamineHON HHNOH N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamineNO OH HO OH N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycineNHO OH Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamineNO H HO N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylanilineH2NNOHOH N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-propanediamineHOSOH Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide OO OHOO HO Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalateHOSSOH 1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethaneO OH OH O O Bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methanoneN NOOH OH 1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-imidazolidoneOH HO 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane OOOO O OO O 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tetra(2-propenoyl) esterOHOO OOO O 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tri(2-propenoyl) esterOH HO 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butaneHO OH Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methaneOH HO 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane O OO O 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylateSOO HO OH Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfoneHSSSH Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfideOOO Bis(2-methallyl) carbonateON HO Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amineO N NO O Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1-oxide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g25/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121022 Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione C16H14O4 1226-42-2 270.280 133 sl EtOH, chl 1023 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10- anthracenedioneC16H14N2O2 2475-44-7 266.294 sl chl 1024 1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene 1,3-Diisopropenylbenzene C12H14 3748-13-8 158.239 liq 231 0.925 1.557020 1025 Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide Di- p-Tolyl disulfide C14H14S2 103-19-5 246.391 nd or lf (al) 47.5 212201.11451i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth 1026 Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether p-Tolyl ether C14H14O 1579-40-4 198.260 51 285 vs bz, eth, EtOH 1027 Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide Dicumyl peroxide C18H22O2 80-43-3 270.367 cry (EtOH) 40 1000.2 1028 Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury Di- p-tolylmercury C14H14Hg 537-64-4 382.85 245.7 1029 1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2- yl)benzene2,2’-p-Phenylenebis(4-methyl-5- phenyloxazole)C26H20N2O2 3073-87-8 392.449 232 sl chl 1030 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide Di- p-tolyl sulfide C14H14S 620-94-0 214.326 nd (al) 57.3 >300; 17516i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; sl chl 1031 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone Di- p-tolyl sulfone C14H14O2S 599-66-6 246.325 pr(bz), nd(w,al) 159 406 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl, CS2 1032 N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea C15H16N2S 137-97-3 256.366 nd (al, sub) vs bz, EtOH, chl 1033 1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane C15H30N2 64168-11-2 238.412 13.7 215500.8962251.480425 1034 Bis(methylthio)methane C3H8S2 1618-26-4 108.226 148 1035 1,2-Bis( N-morpholino)ethane C10H20N2O2 1723-94-0 200.278 wh-ye (eth,lig) 75 285; 16025vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH 1036 Bismuth acetate C6H9BiO6 22306-37-2 386.111 col tablets 250 i H2O 1037 Bismuth subsalicylate C7H5BiO4 14882-18-9 362.093 pr i H2O, EtOH; reac alk 1038 Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide C12H8N2O4S2 1155-00-6 308.333 198.5 i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc 1039 Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide Nitrophenide C12H8N2O4S2 537-91-7 308.333 84 sl EtOH, chl; s eth 1040 Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide C12H8N2O4S2 100-32-3 308.333 182 2550.1sl EtOH, HOAc 1041 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane 4,4’-Dinitrobibenzyl C14H12N2O4 736-30-1 272.256 ye nd (al,bz) 181.8 i EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, HOAc 1042 N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea 4,4’-Dinitrocarbanilide C13H10N4O5 587-90-6 302.242 312 dec 1043 Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt Cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate) C10H14CoO4 14024-48-7 257.149 bl-viol cry 167 1044 Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine C16H19N 10024-74-5 225.329 296.5 1.018151.573 1045 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethaneC14H8Br6O2 37853-59-1 687.637 nd (bz/EtOH) 222 1046 N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1- hydroxyethyl)ureaC5H6Cl6N2O3 116-52-9 354.831 196 vs ace, EtOH 1047 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene C8H4Cl6 68-36-0 312.836 cry (bz, eth) 109 s chl 1048 Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate Triphosgene C3Cl6O3 32315-10-9 296.748 cry (eth, peth) 79 203 1.629080 1049 Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate Ditridecyl thiodipropionate C32H62O4S 10595-72-9 542.897 2650.25vs EtOH 1050 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline C8H5F6N 328-74-5 229.123 8515, 76101.487251.433520 1051 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene C8H4F6 402-31-3 214.108 116 1.3790251.391625i H2O 1052 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene C8H4F6 433-19-2 214.108 liq 115 1053 Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide C2F6S2 372-64-5 202.141 34.6 vs EtOH, peth 1054 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene C8H18Si2 14630-40-1 170.400 26 134 0.770201.41320 1055 Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide Dipicryl sulfide C12H4N6O12S 2217-06-3 456.258 ye cry 230 exp 1056 Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether Diethylene glycol divinyl ether C8H14O3 764-99-8 158.195 8110 1057 Bithionol C12H6Cl4O2S 97-18-7 356.052 188 1.7325vs ace 1058 2,2’-Bithiophene C8H6S2 492-97-7 166.264 33 260 i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, HOAc 1059 Bixin C25H30O4 6983-79-5 394.504 viol pr (ace) 198 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, HOAc 1060 Boldenone Dehydrotestosterone C19H26O2 846-48-0 286.408 165 1061 Boldine C19H21NO4 476-70-0 327.375 cry (eth) 163 vs EtOH, chl 1062 Bomyl C9H15O8P 122-10-1 282.184 ye oil 16017sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH, xylNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g25/g20O O O O Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedioneO OHN HN 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione 1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzeneS S Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfideO Bis(4-methylphenyl) etherOO Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxideHg Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury ON N O 1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzeneS Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfideSOO Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfoneH NH N S N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thioureaN N 1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propaneSS Bis(methylthio)methaneN ON O 1,2-Bis( N-morpholino)ethaneO BiOOO OO Bismuth acetate OBiOO OH Bismuth subsalicylateS SNO ONO O Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfideS SN NO OO O Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfideS SN OO N OO Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfideN OO N OO 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethaneH NH N ON OON OO N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ureaOOO OCo Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt NH Bis(1-phenylethyl)amineOBr Br BrOBr Br Br 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethaneCl ClCl HN OHHN OO HClClCl N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)ureaCl ClCl Cl ClCl 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzeneO OOCl ClCl ClClCl Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonateO O OOS Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate NH 2 F FFF FF 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)anilineFFF F FF 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzeneFFF FFF 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzeneSSF FFFFF Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfideSi Si 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetyleneSN NO O OON OONO O N OON OO Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfideOOO Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether SOH HO Cl ClCl Cl BithionolS S 2,2’-BithiopheneOHO OO BixinOHOH BoldenoneNHO O O OHH BoldineOO OOPO Bomyl /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g25/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121063 Borane carbonyl CH3BO 13205-44-2 41.845 col gas -137 -64 dec H2O 1064 Borneol, (±) C10H18O 6627-72-1 154.249 lf (lig) 208 sub 1.01120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz 1065 l-Bornyl acetate C12H20O2 5655-61-8 196.286 27 223.5 0.982251.462620sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 1066 Bornylamine C10H19N 32511-34-5 153.265 163 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1067 Bornyl chloride 2-Chloro-1,7,7- trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane,endoC 10H17Cl 464-41-5 172.695 nd 132 207.5 vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth 1068 Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1 R) d-Bornyl isovalerate C15H26O2 53022-14-3 238.366 257.5 0.95525vs eth, EtOH 1069 Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complexC2H6BF3O 353-42-4 113.874 -14 dec 127 1.2410201.30220 1070 Boron trifluoride etherate C4H10BF3O 109-63-7 141.927 liq -60.4 125.5 1.125251.34820dec H2O; vs eth, EtOH 1071 Brilliant Green C27H34N2O4S 633-03-4 482.635 small gold cry vs H2O, EtOH 1072 Brilliant Yellow C26H20N4Na2O8 S23051-11-4 626.569 ye cry (w) s H2O, EtOH; sl ace 1073 Brodifacoum C31H23BrO3 56073-10-0 523.417 off-wh pow 230 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl 1074 Bromacil 5-Bromo-3- sec-butyl-6-methyluracil C9H13BrN2O2 314-40-9 261.115 158 1.5525 1075 Bromadiolone C30H23BrO4 28772-56-7 527.406 ye-wh pow 205 vs DMF; sl ace, chl, EtOH, eth; i hx 1076 Bromal hydrate C2H3Br3O2 507-42-6 298.756 mcl pr (w+1) 53.5 dec 2.566140vs eth, EtOH 1077 Bromdian Tetrabromobisphenol A C15H12Br4O2 79-94-7 543.871 179 s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1078 N-Bromoacetamide C2H4BrNO 79-15-2 137.963 nd (chl-hx) 103.5 vs eth 1079 Bromoacetic acid C2H3BrO2 79-08-3 138.948 hex or orth cry 50 208 1.9335501.480450msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl 1080 Bromoacetone C3H5BrO 598-31-2 136.975 liq -36.5 138; 31.581.634231.469715sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 1081 α-Bromoacetophenone ω-Bromoacetophenone C8H7BrO 70-11-1 199.045 nd (al) orth pr (al) pl(peth)50.5 135181.64720i H2O; s EtOH, peth; vs eth, bz, chl 1082 4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl 2-Bromo-4’-phenylacetophenone C14H11BrO 135-73-9 275.140 nd (95% al) 127 1083 Bromoacetyl bromide C2H2Br2O 598-21-0 201.844 148.5 2.312221.544920s ace, ctc 1084 Bromoacetylene C2HBr 593-61-3 104.933 col gas 4.7 vs eth 1085 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5- sec- butylbarbituric acidButallylonal C11H15BrN2O3 1142-70-7 303.152 131.5 vs eth, EtOH 1086 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5- isopropylbarbituric acidPropallylonal C10H13BrN2O3 545-93-7 289.125 cry (dil HOAc, dil al)181 sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ace, HOAc 1087 2-Bromoaniline C6H6BrN 615-36-1 172.023 32 229 1.578201.611320i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1088 3-Bromoaniline C6H6BrN 591-19-5 172.023 18.5 251 1.5793201.626020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 1089 4-Bromoaniline C6H6BrN 106-40-1 172.023 orth bipym nd (60% al)66.4 dec 1.4970100i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 1090 2-Bromoanisole C7H7BrO 578-57-4 187.034 1.3 216 1.5018201.572720i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1091 3-Bromoanisole C7H7BrO 2398-37-0 187.034 211; 105161.563520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 1092 4-Bromoanisole C7H7BrO 104-92-7 187.034 13.5 215 1.4564201.564220sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc 1093 2-Bromobenzaldehyde C7H5BrO 6630-33-7 185.018 21.5 230 1.592520i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl ctc 1094 3-Bromobenzaldehyde C7H5BrO 3132-99-8 185.018 234 1.593520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1095 4-Bromobenzaldehyde C7H5BrO 1122-91-4 185.018 lf (dil al) 58 672i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl chl 1096 Bromobenzene Phenyl bromide C6H5Br 108-86-1 157.008 liq -30.72 156.06 1.4950201.559720i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc 1097 4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid C8H7BrO2 1878-68-8 215.045 nd (w) 116 sub sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2 1098 4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile C8H6BrN 16532-79-9 196.045 pa ye cry (al) 48.0 vs bz, EtOH 1099 α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile α-Bromobenzyl cyanide C8H6BrN 5798-79-8 196.045 ye cry (dil al) 29 dec 242; 133121.53929i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g25/g22 H3BO Borane carbonylOH Borneol, (±)O O l-Bornyl acetateNH 2 BornylamineCl Bornyl chlorideOO Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1 R)OB FF F Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complexFBF FO Boron trifluoride etherate NN HSO 4 Brilliant GreenHO N N N NO H S OO S OO OO Na Na Brilliant YellowOOH OBr BrodifacoumNNBr HOO Bromacil OOH OOH Br BromadioloneHO OHBrBrBr Bromal hydrateOH HOBr Br BrBr BromdianO N HBr N-BromoacetamideO OHBr Bromoacetic acidO Br BromoacetoneO Br α-Bromoacetophenone O Br 4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenylO BrBr Bromoacetyl bromideBr BromoacetyleneN HNHO O OBr 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5- sec-butylbarbituric acidN HNHO O OBr 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acidNH 2 Br 2-BromoanilineNH 2 Br 3-BromoanilineNH 2 Br 4-Bromoaniline O Br 2-BromoanisoleO Br 3-BromoanisoleO Br 4-BromoanisoleO Br 2-BromobenzaldehydeO Br 3-BromobenzaldehydeO Br 4-BromobenzaldehydeBr BromobenzeneBrOH O 4-Bromobenzeneacetic acidBrN 4-BromobenzeneacetonitrileBr N α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g25/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121100 2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol C6H5BrO2 583-69-7 189.007 lf (lig), cry (chl) 111.5 sub vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, lig; s HOAc 1101 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride p-Brosyl chloride C6H4BrClO2S 98-58-8 255.517 tcl or mcl pl (eth)76 15315i H2O; vs eth; s chl 1102 4-Bromobenzenethiol C6H5BrS 106-53-6 189.073 lf (al) 73 230.5 1.526083sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ctc, chl 1103 2-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 88-65-3 201.018 mcl pr (w), nd 150 sub 1.92925sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 1104 3-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 585-76-2 201.018 mcl nd (dil al) 155 >280 1.84520i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1105 4-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 586-76-5 201.018 nd (eth), lf (w), mcl pr254.5 1.89420sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth 1106 2-Bromobenzonitrile C7H4BrN 2042-37-7 182.018 nd (w) 55.5 252 s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl 1107 3-Bromobenzonitrile C7H4BrN 6952-59-6 182.018 39.5 225 vs EtOH, eth; sl chl 1108 4-Bromobenzonitrile C7H4BrN 623-00-7 182.018 nd (w, al) 114 236 s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 1109 6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene C20H11Br 21248-00-0 331.205 cry (ace/ MeOH)223 1110 2-Bromobenzoyl chloride C7H4BrClO 7154-66-7 219.463 nd 11 243 1.596320sl ctc 1111 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride C7H4BrClO 586-75-4 219.463 nd (peth) 42 246; 181125vs EtOH, eth, bz, lig 1112 2-Bromobiphenyl C12H9Br 2052-07-5 233.103 0.8 297 1.2175261.624825vs eth, EtOH 1113 3-Bromobiphenyl C12H9Br 2113-57-7 233.103 300; 171171.641120i H2O 1114 4-Bromobiphenyl C12H9Br 92-66-0 233.103 pl (al) 91.5 310 0.932725i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl 1115 1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene C7H6Br2 3433-80-5 249.931 cry (al, lig) 31 12919vs eth, EtOH, HOAc 1116 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzene C7H6Br2 823-78-9 249.931 nd or lf 42 12212s chl 1117 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzene p-Bromobenzyl bromide C7H6Br2 589-15-1 249.931 nd (al) 63 sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth, CS2 1118 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) pentanedinitrile1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane C6H6Br2N2 35691-65-7 265.933 52 i H2O; vs ace, bz, DMF 1119 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl) ethanonep-Bromophenacyl bromide C8H6Br2O 99-73-0 277.941 nd (al) 111 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1120 2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene C4H5Br 1822-86-2 132.987 421651.397201.498820vs eth, EtOH 1121 1-Bromobutane Butyl bromide C4H9Br 109-65-9 137.018 liq -112.6 101.6 1.2758201.440120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc; s chl 1122 2-Bromobutane, (±) (±)- sec-Butyl bromide C4H9Br 5787-31-5 137.018 liq -112.65 91.3 1.2585201.436620vs ace, eth, chl 1123 Bromobutanedioic acid, (±) Bromosuccinic acid C4H5BrO4 584-98-5 196.985 161 2.07325s H2O, EtOH; sl HOAc 1124 4-Bromobutanenitrile C4H6BrN 5332-06-9 148.002 206 1.4967201.481820s EtOH, eth, chl 1125 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±) DL-α-Bromobutyric acid C4H7BrO2 2385-70-8 167.002 -2.0 dec 217; 127251.564120s H2O, EtOH, eth 1126 4-Bromobutanoic acid C4H7BrO2 2623-87-2 167.002 33 14225, 1257 1127 3-Bromo-2-butanone C4H7BrO 814-75-5 151.002 3611 1128 cis-1-Bromo-1-butene C4H7Br 31849-78-2 135.003 86.1 1.3265151.453620i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1129 trans -1-Bromo-1-butene C4H7Br 32620-08-9 135.003 liq -100.3 94.7 1.3209151.452720i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1130 2-Bromo-1-butene C4H7Br 23074-36-4 135.003 liq -133.4 88 1.3209151.452720i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1131 4-Bromo-1-butene C4H7Br 5162-44-7 135.003 98.5 1.3230201.462220sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH 1132 1-Bromo-2-butene C4H7Br 4784-77-4 135.003 104.5 1.3371251.482220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz 1133 cis-2-Bromo-2-butene C4H7Br 3017-68-3 135.003 liq -111.5 93.9 1.3416151.463119i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz 1134 trans -2-Bromo-2-butene C4H7Br 3017-71-8 135.003 liq -114.6 85.6 1.3323151.460216i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz 1135 (4-Bromobutoxy)benzene C10H13BrO 1200-03-9 229.113 cry (al) 41 15418sl EtOH, ctc 1136 1-Bromo-4- tert-butylbenzene C10H13Br 3972-65-4 213.114 19 231.5 1.2286201.543620i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 1137 2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone 3-Chlorophenacyl bromide C8H6BrClO 41011-01-2 233.490 nd 40 397.5 vs EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g25/g24OH Br OH 2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediolSOOCl Br 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chlorideSH Br 4-BromobenzenethiolHO O Br 2-Bromobenzoic acidHO O Br 3-Bromobenzoic acidHO O Br 4-Bromobenzoic acidBrN 2-BromobenzonitrileN Br 3-BromobenzonitrileN Br 4-BromobenzonitrileBr 6-Bromobenzo[a]pyreneCl O Br 2-Bromobenzoyl chloride Cl O Br 4-Bromobenzoyl chlorideBr 2-BromobiphenylBr 3-BromobiphenylBr 4-BromobiphenylBr Br 1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzeneBr Br 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzeneBr Br 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzeneN Br BrN 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile /g3 OBr Br 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanoneBr 2-Bromo-1,3-butadieneBr 1-BromobutaneBr 2-Bromobutane, (±)OOH BrOH O Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)NBr 4-BromobutanenitrileO OHBr 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)OHO Br 4-Bromobutanoic acidBrO 3-Bromo-2-butanoneBr cis-1-Bromo-1-butene Br trans -1-Bromo-1-buteneBr 2-Bromo-1-buteneBr 4-Bromo-1-buteneBr 1-Bromo-2-buteneBr cis-2-Bromo-2-buteneBr trans -2-Bromo-2-buteneOBr (4-Bromobutoxy)benzene/g3Br 1-Bromo-4- tert-butylbenzeneOBr Cl 2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g25/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121138 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene C6H4BrCl 694-80-4 191.453 liq -12.3 204 1.6387251.580920i H2O; vs bz; sl ctc 1139 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene C6H4BrCl 108-37-2 191.453 liq -21.5 196 1.6302201.577120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1140 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene C6H4BrCl 106-39-8 191.453 nd or pl (al, eth) 68 196 1.576711.553170i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl 1141 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane C4H8BrCl 6940-78-9 171.464 175; 63101.489201.488520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc 1142 Bromochlorodifluoromethane Halon 1211 CBrClF2 353-59-3 165.365 col gas -159.5 -3.7 1143 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5- dimethylhydantoinC5H6BrClN2O2 126-06-7 241.471 162 1144 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane C2H4BrCl 593-96-4 143.410 83 1.667101.466020 1145 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane C2H4BrCl 107-04-0 143.410 liq -16.7 107 1.7392201.490820sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1146 Bromochlorofluoromethane CHBrClF 593-98-6 147.374 liq -115 36 1.977101.414425i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 1147 Bromochloromethane Halon 1011 CH2BrCl 74-97-5 129.384 liq -87.9 68.0 1.9344201.483820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1148 1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene p-Bromobenzyl chloride C7H6BrCl 589-17-3 205.480 nd (al, peth) 50 236 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth 1149 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanonep-Chlorophenacyl bromide C8H6BrClO 536-38-9 233.490 nd 96.5 1150 1-Bromo-2-chloropropane C3H6BrCl 3017-96-7 157.437 118 1.531201.474520vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1151 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane C3H6BrCl 109-70-6 157.437 liq -58.9 143.3 1.5969201.486420i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 1152 2-Bromo-1-chloropropane C3H6BrCl 3017-95-6 157.437 117 1.537201.479520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 1153 2-Bromo-2-chloropropane C3H6BrCl 2310-98-7 157.437 95 1.495201.457520vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1154 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2- trifluoroethaneC2HBrClF3 354-06-3 197.381 52.5 1.8574251.373820 1155 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1- trifluoroethaneHalothane C2HBrClF3 151-67-7 197.381 50.2; 202431.8563251.36970sl H2O; s peth 1156 Bromocresol Green Bromcresol Green C21H14Br4O5S 76-60-8 698.014 wh or red (+7w) ye (HOAc)218.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, AcOEt; s bz 1157 Bromocresol Purple Bromcresol Purple C21H16Br2O5S 115-40-2 540.222 241.5 1158 Bromocycloheptane Cycloheptyl bromide C7H13Br 2404-35-5 177.082 10140, 75121.3080201.499620i H2O; vs eth, chl 1159 Bromocyclohexane Cyclohexyl bromide C6H11Br 108-85-0 163.055 liq -56.5 166.2 1.3359201.495720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 1160 trans -4-Bromocyclohexanol C6H11BrO 32388-22-0 179.054 pl (hx) 81.5 1161 2-Bromocyclohexanone C6H9BrO 822-85-5 177.038 11432, 90141.340251.508525 1162 3-Bromocyclohexene C6H9Br 1521-51-3 161.039 8140, 56111.3890201.532020i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 1163 Bromocyclopentane Cyclopentyl bromide C5H9Br 137-43-9 149.029 137.5 1.3873201.488620sl ctc 1164 1-Bromodecane C10H21Br 112-29-8 221.178 liq -29.2 240.6 1.0702201.455720i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc 1165 2-Bromodecanoic acid C10H19BrO2 2623-95-2 251.161 2.0 14021.1912241.459524vs eth 1166 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene C6H3BrCl2 19752-55-7 225.898 pr (al) 83 232 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz 1167 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene C6H3BrCl2 18282-59-2 225.898 pr 25 237 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl 1168 Bromodichlorofluoromethane Halon 1121 CBrCl2F 353-58-2 181.819 liq 52.8 1.9522 1169 Bromodichloromethane CHBrCl2 75-27-4 163.829 liq -57 90 1.980201.496420i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc 1170 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol C6H3BrCl2O 1940-42-7 241.897 nd 71.5 1171 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane C6H13BrO2 2032-35-1 197.070 170; 66181.283201.438720s EtOH, eth 1172 4-Bromo- N,N-diethylaniline C10H14BrN 2052-06-4 228.129 nd or pr 38 270 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1173 Bromodifluoromethane CHBrF2 1511-62-2 130.920 -145 -14.6 1.5516s H2O; vs EtOH 1174 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3 H)- furanoneα-Bromo- γ-butyrolactone C4H5BrO2 5061-21-2 164.986 130201.8201.505920 1175 5-Bromo- N,2-dihydroxybenzamide 5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic acid C7H6BrNO3 5798-94-7 232.032 cry (al) 232 dec 1176 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene C8H9BrO2 25245-34-5 217.060 oil 262; 130101.445 1.570020 1177 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene C8H9BrO2 2859-78-1 217.060 254.5 1.702251.574320No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g25/g26Br Cl 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzeneBr Cl 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzeneBr Cl 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzeneClBr 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutaneFBrCl F BromochlorodifluoromethaneN NO O ClBr 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoinCl Br 1-Bromo-1-chloroethaneBrCl 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane FHBr Cl BromochlorofluoromethaneBrHCl H BromochloromethaneBr Cl 1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzeneOBr Cl 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanoneCl Br 1-Bromo-2-chloropropaneBr Cl 1-Bromo-3-chloropropaneClBr 2-Bromo-1-chloropropaneBr Cl 2-Bromo-2-chloropropane FBr FFCl 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethaneClF FFBr 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethaneSOBr HO Br OOBr OH Br Bromocresol GreenSOHO BrOH Br OO Bromocresol PurpleBr BromocycloheptaneBr BromocyclohexaneOH Br trans -4-BromocyclohexanolO Br 2-Bromocyclohexanone Br 3-BromocyclohexeneBr BromocyclopentaneBr 1-BromodecaneO BrOH 2-Bromodecanoic acidBr Cl Cl 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzeneCl Cl Br 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzeneClFBr Cl BromodichlorofluoromethaneClHBr Cl Bromodichloromethane OH Cl BrCl 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenolBr O O 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethaneN Br 4-Bromo- N,N-diethylanilineFHBr F BromodifluoromethaneOBr O 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3 H)-furanoneOH NOH OH Br 5-Bromo- N,2-dihydroxybenzamideO OBr 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzeneO O Br 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g25/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121178 2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane C4H9BrO2 7252-83-7 169.017 149 1.430201.445020s eth, ace, chl 1179 4-Bromo- N,N-dimethylaniline C8H10BrN 586-77-6 200.076 55 264 1.3220100i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth 1180 1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene C8H9Br 583-70-0 185.061 liq -17 205 1.3419201.550120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace 1181 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene C8H9Br 556-96-7 185.061 204 1.362201.546222vs eth; s ace, bz 1182 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene C8H9Br 576-22-7 185.061 203.5; 100201.555220vs eth; s ace, bz 1183 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene C8H9Br 553-94-6 185.061 lf or pl 9 199; 88131.3582181.551418i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz 1184 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene C8H9Br 583-71-1 185.061 liq -0.2 214.5 1.3708201.553020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1185 trans -1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6- octadienetrans -Geranyl bromide C10H17Br 6138-90-5 217.146 10112, 470.0051.0940221.502720 1186 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane C5H11Br 630-17-1 151.045 106 1.1997201.437020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl 1187 2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline C6H4BrN3O4 1817-73-8 262.018 ye nd (al or HOAc)153.5 sub vs EtOH, ace; s HOAc 1188 1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene C6H3BrN2O4 584-48-5 247.003 ye nd (al) 75 vs EtOH 1189 α-Bromodiphenylmethane C13H11Br 776-74-9 247.130 45 18420, 1522s EtOH, chl; vs bz 1190 1-Bromododecane Lauryl bromide C12H25Br 143-15-7 249.231 liq -9.5 276 1.0399201.458320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; msc ace 1191 2-Bromododecanoic acid C12H23BrO2 111-56-8 279.214 pl 32 15821.1474741.458524vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig 1192 Bromoethane Ethyl bromide C2H5Br 74-96-4 108.965 liq -118.6 38.5 1.4604201.423920sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl 1193 2-Bromoethanol Ethylene bromohydrin C2H5BrO 540-51-2 124.964 150; 5141.7629201.491520msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig 1194 Bromoethene Vinyl bromide C2H3Br 593-60-2 106.949 vol liq or gas -139.54 15.8 1.4933201.438020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 1195 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene C8H9BrO 583-19-7 201.060 223 1.422320vs eth, EtOH 1196 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene C8H9BrO 588-96-5 201.060 2.0 231 1.4071251.551720i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 1197 (2-Bromoethoxy)benzene C8H9BrO 589-10-6 201.060 39 dec 240; 128201.355520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1198 1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane 2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether C4H9BrO 592-55-2 153.017 127.5 1.385201.444720sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1199 2-Bromoethyl acetate C4H7BrO2 927-68-4 167.002 liq -13.8 162.5 1.514201.45723vs H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 1200 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide 2-Bromoethanamine hydrobromide C2H7Br2N 2576-47-8 204.892 174.0 1201 (1-Bromoethyl)benzene C8H9Br 585-71-7 185.061 219; 92111.3535251.554325 1202 (2-Bromoethyl)benzene C8H9Br 103-63-9 185.061 liq -55.9 219; 105181.3643201.537220i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc 1203 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene C8H9Br 1973-22-4 185.061 liq -67.9 199.3 1.3548201.547220vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1204 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene C8H9Br 2725-82-8 185.061 202 1.3493201.546520 1205 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene C8H9Br 1585-07-5 185.061 liq -43.5 204 1.3423201.544520vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1206 (2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane C8H15Br 1647-26-3 191.109 liq -57 212 1.2357201.489920 1207 N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide C10H8BrNO2 574-98-1 254.081 nd (w) 83 vs eth; sl chl 1208 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene C8H5Br 766-96-1 181.030 64.5 8916s chl 1209 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene C6H4BrF 1072-85-1 174.998 154 1.0738211.533720 1210 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene C6H4BrF 1073-06-9 174.998 150 1.7081201.525720s ctc 1211 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene C6H4BrF 460-00-4 174.998 liq -17.4 151.5 1.593151.531015i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1212 1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane C2H4BrF 762-49-2 126.955 71.5 1.7044251.423620vs eth, EtOH 1213 Bromofluoromethane CH2BrF 373-52-4 112.929 vol liq or gas 19 s EtOH; vs chl 1214 2-Bromofuran C4H3BrO 584-12-3 146.970 103 1.6500201.498020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1215 3-Bromofuran C4H3BrO 22037-28-1 146.970 103 1.6606201.495820vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1216 5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde C5H3BrO2 1899-24-7 174.981 cry (50% al) 83.5 201; 11216vs eth, EtOH 1217 1-Bromoheptadecane C17H35Br 3508-00-7 319.364 29.6 349 0.9916201.462520i H2O; vs chl 1218 1-Bromoheptane Heptyl bromide C7H15Br 629-04-9 179.098 liq -56.1 178.9 1.1400201.450220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl 1219 2-Bromoheptane 2-Heptyl bromide C7H15Br 1974-04-5 179.098 47 166 1.1277201.450320i H2O; vs bz; s ctc, chl 1220 4-Bromoheptane 4-Heptyl bromide C7H15Br 998-93-6 179.098 161; 84721.1351201.449520i H2O; s bz, ctc, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g25/g28 Br O O 2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethaneN Br 4-Bromo- N,N-dimethylanilineBr 1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzeneBr 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzeneBr 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzeneBr 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzeneBr 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzeneBr trans -1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene Br 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropaneNH 2 Br NOONOO 2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroanilineBr NOO NOO 1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzeneBr α-BromodiphenylmethaneBr 1-BromododecaneOHO Br 2-Bromododecanoic acidBr BromoethaneOHBr 2-Bromoethanol Br BromoetheneBr O 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzeneBr O 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzeneOBr (2-Bromoethoxy)benzeneBrO 1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethaneOO Br 2-Bromoethyl acetateH2NBrHBr 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromideBr (1-Bromoethyl)benzeneBr (2-Bromoethyl)benzeneBr 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene Br 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzeneBr 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzeneBr (2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexaneNO OBr N-(2-Bromoethyl) phthalimideBr 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzeneBr F 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzeneBr F 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzeneBr F 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzeneFBr 1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane HF H Br BromofluoromethaneOBr 2-BromofuranOBr 3-BromofuranOBrO 5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehydeBr 1-BromoheptadecaneBr 1-BromoheptaneBr 2-BromoheptaneBr 4-Bromoheptane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g26/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121221 1-Bromohexadecane C16H33Br 112-82-3 305.337 18 336 0.9991201.461825i H2O; s eth 1222 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid C16H31BrO2 18263-25-7 335.320 52.8 1223 1-Bromohexane Hexyl bromide C6H13Br 111-25-1 165.071 liq -83.7 155.3 1.1744201.447820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl 1224 2-Bromohexane C6H13Br 3377-86-4 165.071 143; 78901.1658201.483225i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc 1225 3-Bromohexane C6H13Br 3377-87-5 165.071 142 1.1799201.447220vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 1226 2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±) C6H11BrO2 2681-83-6 195.054 2.0 240; 140231.281033s EtOH, eth 1227 6-Bromohexanoic acid C6H11BrO2 4224-70-8 195.054 cry (peth) 35 16720vs peth 1228 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride C6H10BrClO 22809-37-6 213.499 1016 1229 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene C12H17BrO 30752-19-3 257.166 156131.2306201.526220 1230 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde C7H5BrO2 1761-61-1 201.018 nd (al), lf (eth) 105.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 1231 4-Bromo- α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)p-Bromomandelic acid C8H7BrO3 7021-04-7 231.044 119 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1232 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol Bromosaligenin C7H7BrO2 2316-64-5 203.034 lf (bz) 113 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 1233 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid C7H5BrO3 89-55-4 217.017 nd (w, dil al) 169.8 sub 100 sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth 1234 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5- methoxybenzaldehydeC8H7BrO3 2973-76-4 231.044 pl (HOAc), nd, pl (al)167.0 i H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth, bz 1235 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene C6H4BrI 583-55-1 282.904 9.5 257; 120152.2570251.661825i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s ace 1236 1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene C6H4BrI 591-18-4 282.904 liq -9.3 252; 12018i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc 1237 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene C6H4BrI 589-87-7 282.904 pr or pl (eth-al) 92 252 i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth 1238 Bromoiodomethane CH2BrI 557-68-6 220.835 139.5 2.926171.641020vs chl 1239 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene p-Bromophenyl isocyanate C7H4BrNO 2493-02-9 198.017 nd 226 vs eth 1240 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene C9H11Br 586-61-8 199.087 liq -22.5 218.7 1.3145201.556920i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc 1241 4-Bromoisoquinoline C9H6BrN 1532-97-4 208.055 cry (peth) 41.5 282.5 vs eth 1242 Bromomethane Methyl bromide CH3Br 74-83-9 94.939 col gas -93.68 3.5 1.6755201.421820sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 1243 1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane C3H7BrO 6482-24-2 138.991 110 1.4623201.4475320 1244 Bromomethoxymethane C2H5BrO 13057-17-5 124.964 87 1.5976201.456220 1245 2-Bromo-4-methylaniline C7H8BrN 583-68-6 186.050 lf 26 240 1.510201.599920i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1246 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline C7H8BrN 583-75-5 186.050 cry (al) 59.5 240 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH; vs eth, HOAc 1247 (Bromomethyl)benzene Benzyl bromide C7H7Br 100-39-0 171.035 liq -1.5 201 1.4380251.575220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 1248 4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid C8H7BrO2 6232-88-8 215.045 226.3 1249 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile C8H6BrN 28188-41-2 196.045 96.5 1304 1250 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile C8H6BrN 17201-43-3 196.045 114 1251 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL C5H11Br 5973-11-5 151.045 119 1.2205201.445220i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl 1252 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane Isopentyl bromide C5H11Br 107-82-4 151.045 liq -112 120.4 1.2071201.442020i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs chl 1253 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane tert-Pentyl bromide C5H11Br 507-36-8 151.045 108 1.197181.4421 1254 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid β-Bromoisovaleric acid C5H9BrO2 5798-88-9 181.028 nd (lig) 74 vs bz, eth, EtOH 1255 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene C5H9Br 870-63-3 149.029 dec 131; 50401.2930151.493015vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1256 1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene C7H6BrCl 611-17-6 205.480 10910 1257 (Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane C3H8BrClSi 16532-02-8 187.539 131 1.375251.463025 1258 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane 3-Methylcyclohexyl bromide C7H13Br 13905-48-1 177.082 181; 60111.2676151.497920i H2O; vs eth; s bz 1259 (Bromomethyl)cyclohexane C7H13Br 2550-36-9 177.082 76261.283201.490730vs bz, eth, chl 1260 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene C7H6BrF 456-41-7 189.025 88201.547420 1261 3-(Bromomethyl)heptane C8H17Br 18908-66-2 193.125 6710 1262 1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene C8H9Br 89-92-9 185.061 pr 21 217; 108161.3811231.573020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1263 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene C8H9Br 620-13-3 185.061 212.5 1.3711231.566020i H2O; vs EtOH, ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g26/g20Br 1-BromohexadecaneO OHBr 2-Bromohexadecanoic acidBr 1-BromohexaneBr 2-BromohexaneBr 3-BromohexaneO OHBr 2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±) OH OBr 6-Bromohexanoic acidOCl Br 6-Bromohexanoyl chlorideBr O 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzeneO OH Br 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehydeBrOH OOH 4-Bromo- α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)OH OH Br 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanolHO O OH Br 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid O Br OHO 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehydeBr I 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzeneBr I 1-Bromo-3-iodobenzeneBr I 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzeneIBr H H BromoiodomethaneBr NCO 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzeneBr 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzeneNBr 4-Bromoisoquinoline Br HHH BromomethaneOBr 1-Bromo-2-methoxyethaneBr O BromomethoxymethaneNH 2 Br 2-Bromo-4-methylanilineBrNH 2 4-Bromo-2-methylanilineBr (Bromomethyl)benzeneOO H Br 4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acidN Br 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrileN Br 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile Br 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DLBr 1-Bromo-3-methylbutaneBr 2-Bromo-2-methylbutaneBr OOH 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acidBr 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-buteneBr Cl 1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzeneBr Si Cl (Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane Br 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexaneBr (Bromomethyl)cyclohexaneBr F 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzeneBr 3-(Bromomethyl)heptaneBr 1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzeneBr 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g26/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121264 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene C8H9Br 104-81-4 185.061 nd (al) 35 220 1.32425i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl 1265 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene C11H9Br 3163-27-7 221.093 cry (peth, al) 56 18318, 16710vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1266 2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene C11H9Br 939-26-4 221.093 lf (al) 56 213100, 16714s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc 1267 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene C7H6BrNO2 3958-57-4 216.033 nd or pl (al) 59.3 16213i H2O; s EtOH 1268 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene C7H6BrNO2 100-11-8 216.033 nd (al) 99.5 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc 1269 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol C7H6BrNO3 772-33-8 232.032 148 1270 (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±) C3H5BrO 82584-73-4 136.975 liq -40 137 1.615141.484120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1271 1-Bromo-2-methylpentane 2-Methylpentyl bromide C6H13Br 25346-33-2 165.071 141 1.1624201.449520vs eth, chl 1272 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane C6H13Br 626-88-0 165.071 145 1.1683201.4490 vs eth, chl 1273 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane C6H13Br 4283-80-1 165.071 142.5; 701001.44223vs eth, chl 1274 3-Bromo-3-methylpentane C6H13Br 25346-31-0 165.071 130; 761001.1835201.452520vs eth, chl 1275 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol C7H7BrO 6627-55-0 187.034 nd (peth) 56.5 213.5 1.5422251.577220sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl 1276 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene 3-Phenoxybenzyl bromide C13H11BrO 51632-16-7 263.129 oil 1277 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanoneC9H9BrO 619-41-0 213.070 nd or lf (al) 51 15714vs eth, EtOH 1278 N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 2-(Bromomethyl)-1 H-isoindole- 1,3(2 H)-dioneC9H6BrNO2 5332-26-3 240.054 pr (chl, bz) 151.5 s ace; sl bz, chl; vs AcOEt 1279 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane Isobutyl bromide C4H9Br 78-77-3 137.018 liq -119 91.1 1.272151.434820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl, bz; s ctc 1280 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane tert-Butyl bromide C4H9Br 507-19-7 137.018 liq -16.2 73.3 1.4278201.427820i H2O; sl ctc 1281 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid α-Bromoisobutyric acid C4H7BrO2 2052-01-9 167.002 cry (peth) 48.5 199; 115241.496960 1282 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide C4H6Br2O 20769-85-1 229.898 163 1.406714vs ace, CS2 1283 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene C4H7Br 3017-69-4 135.003 91 1.33620 1284 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene C4H7Br 1458-98-6 135.003 95 1.31320 1285 2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran C5H9BrO 1192-30-9 165.028 170; 70221.4679201.485020s EtOH, eth 1286 (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane C4H11BrSi 18243-41-9 167.120 116.5 1.170251.446020 1287 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Naphthyl bromide C10H7Br 90-11-9 207.067 oily liq 6.1 281 1.4785201.65820s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc 1288 2-Bromonaphthalene C10H7Br 580-13-2 207.067 pl or orth lf (al) 55.9 281.5 1.605251.638260i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc 1289 4-Bromo-1,8- naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydrideC12H5BrO3 81-86-7 277.070 222 1290 1-Bromo-2-naphthol 1-Bromo- β-naphthol C10H7BrO 573-97-7 223.066 orth pr (bz-lig) nd (HOAc)84 130 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl; vs HOAc 1291 4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline C6H5BrN2O2 875-51-4 217.020 oran-ye nd (w) 111.5 sub vs EtOH 1292 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene C6H4BrNO2 577-19-5 202.006 pa ye (al) 43 258 1.624580i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl 1293 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene C6H4BrNO2 585-79-5 202.006 orth 56 265 1.7036201.597920sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 1294 1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene p-Nitrobromobenzene C6H4BrNO2 586-78-7 202.006 orth or mcl pr (al)127 256 1.94825i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 1295 Bromonitromethane CH2BrNO2 563-70-2 139.937 149; 71401.488020vs EtOH 1296 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol Bronopol C3H6BrNO4 52-51-7 199.989 131.5 1297 1-Bromononane C9H19Br 693-58-3 207.151 liq -29.0 221.4; 8841.0845251.452225 1298 1-Bromooctadecane C18H37Br 112-89-0 333.391 cry (al) 28.2 362; 210100.9848201.463120i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1299 1-Bromooctane Octyl bromide C8H17Br 111-83-1 193.125 liq -55.0 200.8 1.1072251.450325i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1300 2-Bromooctane, (±) C8H17Br 60251-57-2 193.125 188.5 1.0878251.444225i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1301 8-Bromooctanoic acid C8H15BrO2 17696-11-6 223.108 nd (peth) 38.5 1472vs bz, eth, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g26/g22Br 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzeneBr 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthaleneBr 2-(Bromomethyl)naphthaleneBr NO O 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzeneBr NOO 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzeneOH Br NOO 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenolOBr (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpentane Br 1-Bromo-4-methylpentaneBr 2-Bromo-2-methylpentaneBr 3-Bromo-3-methylpentaneOH Br 2-Bromo-4-methylphenolO Br 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzeneOBr 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanone/g3 NO OBr N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimideBr 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpropaneOHBr O 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acidBr OBr 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromideBr 1-Bromo-2-methylpropeneBr 3-Bromo-2-methylpropeneOBr 2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuranSi Br (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilaneBr 1-Bromonaphthalene Br 2-BromonaphthaleneO OO Br 4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydrideBr OH 1-Bromo-2-naphtholNH 2 NOO Br 4-Bromo-2-nitroanilineBr NOO 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzeneBr NO O 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzeneBr NOO 1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzeneBr NOO BromonitromethaneOH HOBr NO 2 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol Br 1-BromononaneBr 1-BromooctadecaneBr 1-BromooctaneBr 2-Bromooctane, (±)BrOOH 8-Bromooctanoic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g26/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121302 1-Bromopentadecane C15H31Br 629-72-1 291.311 19 322 1.0675201.461120i H2O; s ace; vs chl 1303 Bromopentafluorobenzene C6BrF5 344-04-7 246.960 liq -31 137 1.981251.449020 1304 Bromopentafluoroethane C2BrF5 354-55-2 198.917 col gas -21 1.809825 1305 1-Bromopentane Pentyl bromide C5H11Br 110-53-2 151.045 liq -88.0 129.8 1.2182201.444720i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc; msc eth 1306 2-Bromopentane C5H11Br 107-81-3 151.045 liq -95.5 117.4 1.2075201.441320vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 1307 3-Bromopentane C5H11Br 1809-10-5 151.045 liq -126.2 118.6 1.214201.444120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1308 5-Bromopentanenitrile C5H8BrN 5414-21-1 162.029 11112, 103101.3989201.478020 1309 5-Bromopentanoic acid C5H9BrO2 2067-33-6 181.028 40.0 14213s chl 1310 5-Bromo-1-pentene C5H9Br 1119-51-3 149.029 125.5 1.2581201.464020 1311 9-Bromophenanthrene 9-Phenanthryl bromide C14H9Br 573-17-1 257.125 pr (al) 64.5 >360 1.409310i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2; sl chl 1312 2-Bromophenol C6H5BrO 95-56-7 173.007 5.6 194.5 1.4924201.58920sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, alk 1313 3-Bromophenol C6H5BrO 591-20-8 173.007 33 236.5 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, alk 1314 4-Bromophenol C6H5BrO 106-41-2 173.007 66.4 238 1.84015s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 1315 Bromophenol Blue Bromphenol Blue C19H10Br4O5S 115-39-9 669.960 hex pr (HOAc- ace)279 dec sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc 1316 1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether C12H9BrO 101-55-3 249.102 18.72 1263.51.6088201.608420i H2O; s eth, ctc 1317 (4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane C9H13BrOSi 17878-44-3 245.188 126251.2619201.514520 1318 N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide p-Bromoacetanilide C8H8BrNO 103-88-8 214.060 nd (60% al) 168 1.71725i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz 1319 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone C8H7BrO 2142-63-4 199.045 7.5 133191.575520i H2O; s ace, bz 1320 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone p-Bromoacetophenone C8H7BrO 99-90-1 199.045 lf (al) 50.5 257; 130111.647251.647 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc 1321 (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine ( p-Bromophenyl)hydrazine C6H7BrN2 589-21-9 187.037 nd (w), lf (lig), cry (al)108 vs eth, EtOH, lig 1322 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1 H-indene- 1,3(2 H)-dioneBromindione C15H9BrO2 1146-98-1 301.135 cry (lig) 138 1323 (4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone C13H9BrO 90-90-4 261.113 lf (al) 82.5 350 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth 1324 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone C9H9BrO 2114-00-3 213.070 247.5 1.4298201.572020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 1325 Bromophos C8H8BrCl2PS 2104-96-3 317.999 ye cry 54 1410.01sl H2O; s eth, ctc, tol 1326 Bromophos-ethyl C10H12BrCl2O3P S4824-78-6 394.049 pale-ye liq 1220.004 1327 1-Bromopropane Propyl bromide C3H7Br 106-94-5 122.992 liq -110.3 71.1 1.3537201.434320sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc 1328 2-Bromopropane Isopropyl bromide C3H7Br 75-26-3 122.992 liq -89.0 59.5 1.3140201.425120sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth 1329 3-Bromopropanenitrile C3H4BrN 2417-90-5 133.975 9225, 6971.6152201.480020vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1330 2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±) C3H5BrO2 10327-08-9 152.975 pr 25.7 203.5 1.7000201.475320vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 1331 3-Bromopropanoic acid β-Bromopropionic acid C3H5BrO2 590-92-1 152.975 pl (CCl4) 62.5 141451.4825s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1332 3-Bromo-1-propanol C3H7BrO 627-18-9 138.991 105185, 80221.5374201.483425s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1333 1-Bromo-2-propanol C3H7BrO 19686-73-8 138.991 146.5 1.5585301.480120s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1334 2-Bromopropanoyl bromide C3H4Br2O 563-76-8 215.871 153 2.061116 1335 2-Bromopropanoyl chloride C3H4BrClO 7148-74-5 171.420 132 1.697111.478020s eth, chl; sl ctc 1336 cis-1-Bromopropene C3H5Br 590-13-6 120.976 liq -113 57.8 1.4291201.456020i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 1337 trans -1-Bromopropene C3H5Br 590-15-8 120.976 63.2 1338 2-Bromopropene C3H5Br 557-93-7 120.976 liq -126 48.4 1.3965161.446716i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 1339 3-Bromopropene Allyl bromide C3H5Br 106-95-6 120.976 liq -119 70.1 1.398201.469720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc, chl, CS2No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g26/g24 Br 1-BromopentadecaneF F F FFBr BromopentafluorobenzeneF FFF BrF BromopentafluoroethaneBr 1-BromopentaneBr 2-BromopentaneBr 3-BromopentaneBr N 5-BromopentanenitrileBr O OH 5-Bromopentanoic acidBr 5-Bromo-1-pentene Br 9-BromophenanthreneOH Br 2-BromophenolOH Br 3-BromophenolOH Br 4-BromophenolSO OOBrOH Br Br OH Br Bromophenol BlueO Br 1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzeneOSi Br (4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilaneHNO Br N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamideO Br 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanoneO Br 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone HNNH 2 Br (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazineO OBr 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1 H-indene-1,3(2 H)-dioneO Br (4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanoneO Br 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanoneOPS OO Cl BrCl BromophosOPS OO Cl BrCl Bromophos-ethylBr 1-BromopropaneBr 2-BromopropaneN Br 3-Bromopropanenitrile O OHBr 2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)Br O OH 3-Bromopropanoic acidOH Br 3-Bromo-1-propanolBrOH 1-Bromo-2-propanolOBr Br 2-Bromopropanoyl bromideBr OCl 2-Bromopropanoyl chlorideBr cis-1-BromopropeneBr trans -1-BromopropeneBr 2-BromopropeneBr 3-Bromopropene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g26/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121340 (3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene C9H9Br 4392-24-9 197.071 nd (al, eth) 34 130101.3428301.61320vs EtOH 1341 (3-Bromopropoxy)benzene C9H11BrO 588-63-6 215.086 10.7 127181.36416vs eth 1342 3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide 3-Bromo-1-propanamine hydrobromideC3H9Br2N 5003-71-4 218.918 171.5 1343 Bromopropylate 4,4’-Dibromobenzilic acid isopropyl esterC17H16Br2O3 18181-80-1 428.115 77 1.5920 1344 (3-Bromopropyl)benzene C9H11Br 637-59-2 199.087 219.5; 117251.3106251.544025i H2O; vs eth 1345 3-Bromo-1-propyne Propargyl bromide C3H3Br 106-96-7 118.960 89 1.579191.492220s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl 1346 2-Bromopyridine C5H4BrN 109-04-6 157.997 liq -40.1 193; 75131.6337201.573420sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 1347 3-Bromopyridine C5H4BrN 626-55-1 157.997 liq -27.3 173; 69181.64501.569420s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1348 4-Bromopyridine C5H4BrN 1120-87-2 157.997 0.5 290.41.645001.569420s ace, bz 1349 5-Bromo-2,4(1 H,3H)- pyrimidinedione5-Bromouracil C4H3BrN2O2 51-20-7 190.983 310 1350 3-Bromoquinoline C9H6BrN 5332-24-1 208.055 ye oil 13.3 275 1.664120s chl; vs HOAc 1351 6-Bromoquinoline C9H6BrN 5332-25-2 208.055 24 281 s EtOH, eth, acid 1352 N-Bromosuccinimide C4H4BrNO2 128-08-5 177.985 cry (bz) 174 2.09825sl H2O, AcOEt, eth; vs ace; i hx 1353 1-Bromotetradecane C14H29Br 112-71-0 277.284 5.6 307 1.0170201.460320vs ace, bz, EtOH 1354 2-Bromothiazole C3H2BrNS 3034-53-5 164.024 171 1.82251.592720 1355 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone C6H5BrOS 5370-25-2 205.072 nd (al) 94.5 1034sl EtOH; s ctc 1356 2-Bromothiophene 2-Thienyl bromide C4H3BrS 1003-09-4 163.036 150 1.684201.586820i H2O; vs eth, ace; s ctc 1357 3-Bromothiophene C4H3BrS 872-31-1 163.036 159.5 1.735201.591920i H2O; s ace, bz; sl chl 1358 Bromothymol Blue Bromthymol Blue C27H28Br2O5S 76-59-5 624.381 201 vs eth, EtOH 1359 2-Bromotoluene C7H7Br 95-46-5 171.035 liq -27.8 181.7 1.4232201.556520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; msc ctc 1360 3-Bromotoluene C7H7Br 591-17-3 171.035 liq -39.8 183.7 1.4099201.551020i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth; sl ctc 1361 4-Bromotoluene C7H7Br 106-38-7 171.035 cry (al) 28.5 184.3 1.3959351.547720i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1362 Bromotrichloromethane CBrCl3 75-62-7 198.274 liq -5.65 105 2.012251.506520vs eth, EtOH 1363 1-Bromotridecane C13H27Br 765-09-3 263.257 6.2 292 1.0234251.457425i H2O; vs chl 1364 Bromotriethylsilane C6H15BrSi 1112-48-7 195.173 liq -49.3 163; 66241.143201.456120 1365 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane C2H2BrF3 421-06-7 162.936 vol liq or gas -93.9 26 1.7881201.333120 1366 Bromotrifluoroethene C2BrF3 598-73-2 160.920 col gas -2.5 1367 Bromotrifluoromethane CBrF3 75-63-8 148.910 col gas -172 -57.8 1.580020i H2O; vs chl 1368 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene C7H4BrF3 392-83-6 225.006 167.5 1.652251.481720 1369 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene C7H4BrF3 401-78-5 225.006 1 151.5 1.613251.471620 1370 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene C7H4BrF3 402-43-7 225.006 160 1.607251.470525 1371 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene C9H11Br 576-83-0 199.087 liq -1 225 1.3191101.551020i H2O; vs eth; s bz; sl ctc 1372 Bromotrinitromethane CBrN3O6 560-95-2 229.931 17.5 56102.0312201.480820vs EtOH, chl 1373 Bromotriphenylmethane Triphenylmethyl bromide C19H15Br 596-43-0 323.226 153 230151.550020 1374 1-Bromoundecane C11H23Br 693-67-4 235.205 liq -9.7 258.8 1.0494251.455225sl ctc 1375 11-Bromoundecanoic acid C11H21BrO2 2834-05-1 265.188 nd (liq) 57 18818vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1376 (1-Bromovinyl)benzene C8H7Br 98-81-7 183.046 -44 8614, 7131.4025231.588120 1377 ( cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene C8H7Br 588-73-8 183.046 -7 5521.4322101.599022 1378 ( trans -2-Bromovinyl)benzene C8H7Br 588-72-7 183.046 7 dec 219; 108201.4269161.609320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 1379 1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene C8H7Br 2039-88-5 183.046 liq -52.8 209.2; 98201.4160201.592720 1380 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene C8H7Br 2039-86-3 183.046 92201.4059201.593320No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g26/g26 Br (3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzeneOB r (3-Bromopropoxy)benzeneH2NB r HBr 3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromideBr BrOO HO BromopropylateBr (3-Bromopropyl)benzeneBr 3-Bromo-1-propyneNB r 2-BromopyridineNBr 3-BromopyridineNBr 4-Bromopyridine NNO HOH Br 5-Bromo-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedioneNBr 3-BromoquinolineNBr 6-BromoquinolineNO O Br N-BromosuccinimideBr 1-BromotetradecaneN SBr 2-BromothiazoleSBr O 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanoneSBr 2-Bromothiophene SBr 3-BromothiopheneHO BrOH Br SO OO Bromothymol BlueBr 2-BromotolueneBr 3-BromotolueneBr 4-BromotolueneBr Cl Cl Cl BromotrichloromethaneBr 1-BromotridecaneBr Si BromotriethylsilaneF FFBr 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane FF BrF BromotrifluoroetheneBr FF F BromotrifluoromethaneBr FFF 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneBr F FF 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneBr FFF 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneBr 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzeneBr O2NN O 2 NO 2 BromotrinitromethaneBr Bromotriphenylmethane Br 1-BromoundecaneOHO Br 11-Bromoundecanoic acidBr (1-Bromovinyl)benzeneBr (cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzeneBr (trans -2-Bromovinyl)benzeneBr 1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzeneBr 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g26/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121381 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene C8H7Br 2039-82-9 183.046 7.7 212; 103201.3984201.594720i H2O; vs chl; s HOAc 1382 Brompheniramine C16H19BrN2 86-22-6 319.239 ye oily liq 1500.5s dil acid 1383 Brucine C23H26N2O4 357-57-3 394.463 mcl pr (w +4) 178 sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl 1384 Brucine hydrochloride 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10-one, monohydrochlorideC23H27ClN2O4 5786-96-9 430.924 pr vs H2O, EtOH 1385 Brucine sulfate heptahydrate 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10-one, sulfate, heptahydrateC46H68N4O19S 60583-39-3 1013.113 nd (w) s H2O; sl EtOH, chl, tfa; vs MeOH; i bz 1386 Bucolome 5-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl- 2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrioneC14H22N2O3 841-73-6 266.336 nd (MeOH) 84 1860.8 1387 Bufotalin C26H36O6 471-95-4 444.560 cry (+1 al) 223 dec i H2O; s EtOH, chl 1388 Bulbocapnine C19H19NO4 298-45-3 325.359 pr (al) 199.5 i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl 1389 sec-Bumeton N-sec-Butyl- N’-ethyl-6-methoxy- 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineC10H19N5O 26259-45-0 225.291 87 1390 BUSAN 72A (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanateC9H6N2S3 21564-17-0 238.352 liq dec 1391 Butachlor C17H26ClNO2 23184-66-9 311.847 <-5 156.51.07025 1392 1,2-Butadiene Methylallene C4H6 590-19-2 54.091 vol liq or gas -136.2 10.9 0.67601.42051i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz 1393 1,3-Butadiene Divinyl C4H6 106-99-0 54.091 col gas -108.91 -4.41 0.614925 (p>1 atm1.4292-25i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace 1394 1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate C6H8O2 1515-76-0 112.127 58400.945251.469020 1395 ( trans )-1,3-Butadienylbenzene C10H10 16939-57-4 130.186 2.3 76110.9286201.608925i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1396 1,3-Butadiyne Diacetylene C4H2 460-12-8 50.059 vol liq or gas -36.4 10.3 0.736401.41895vs H2O, eth, ace; s chl, EtOH 1397 Butalbital 5-Isobutyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- pyrimidinetrioneC11H16N2O3 77-26-9 224.256 pr 138.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; i lig 1398 Butanal Butyraldehyde C4H8O 123-72-8 72.106 liq -96.86 74.8 0.8016201.384320s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl 1399 Butanal oxime C4H9NO 110-69-0 87.120 liq -29.5 154 0.92320vs H2O, ace, bz; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 1400 Butanamide Butyramide C4H9NO 541-35-5 87.120 lf (bz) 114.8 216 0.88501201.4087130sl H2O, eth; i bz; s EtOH 1401 Butane C4H10 106-97-8 58.122 col gas -138.3 -0.5 0.57325 (p>1 atm)1.332620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 1402 Butanedial C4H6O2 638-37-9 86.090 dec 170; 5891.065201.426218vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 1403 1,4-Butanediamine Putrescine C4H12N2 110-60-1 88.151 lf 21.91 158.5 0.877251.496920s H2O 1404 1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride C4H14Cl2N2 333-93-7 161.073 nd or lf (al, w) 280 dec sub vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, MeOH 1405 1,2-Butanediol, (±) C4H10O2 26171-83-5 90.121 190.5 1.0024201.437820s H2O, EtOH, ace 1406 1,3-Butanediol 1,3-Butylene glycol C4H10O2 107-88-0 90.121 <-50 207.5 1.0053201.440120 1407 1,4-Butanediol Tetramethylene glycol C4H10O2 110-63-4 90.121 20.4 235 1.0171201.446020msc H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth 1408 2,3-Butanediol C4H10O2 6982-25-8 90.121 cry (eth) 7.6 182.5 1.0033201.431025msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 1409 1,4-Butanediol diacetate C8H14O4 628-67-1 174.195 12 229 1.0479151.425115 1410 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate C10H14O4 1070-70-8 198.216 830.31.10525 1411 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether 1,4-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butane C10H18O4 2425-79-8 202.248 266; 155111.1251.461120 1412 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate C12H18O4 1189-08-8 226.269 290 1.449525vs ace, eth, EtOH, lig 1413 1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate C12H18O4 2082-81-7 226.269 liq 1334, 760.0271.025201.456020sl H2O 1414 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate Busulfan C6H14O6S2 55-98-1 246.301 cry 116 i H2O; sl EtOH, ace 1415 2,3-Butanedione Diacetyl C4H6O2 431-03-8 86.090 liq -1.2 88 0.9808181.395120vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc 1416 2,3-Butanedione monooxime C4H7NO2 57-71-6 101.105 pr (chl), lf (w) 76.8 185.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s alk 1417 Butanedioyl dichloride Succinyl chloride C4H4Cl2O2 543-20-4 154.980 pl or lf 20 193.3 1.3748201.468320s eth, ace, bz 1418 1,4-Butanedithiol Tetramethylenedithiol C4H10S2 1191-08-8 122.252 liq -53.9 195.5 1.002101.529020i H2O; vs EtOH; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g26/g28 Br 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzeneBrNN BrompheniramineNN OO O H OHH HH BrucineN OO O ONH HCl HH H Brucine hydrochlorideN OO O ONH H2SO 4.7H 2O HH H Brucine sulfate heptahydrateNNO H O O Bucolome OO O OOH HOHH BufotalinO ON HO OH BulbocapnineN NNHN ON H sec-BumetonSN S SN BUSAN 72AN OO Cl ButachlorC 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-ButadieneOO 1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate (trans )-1,3-Butadienylbenzene 1,3-ButadiyneNNO O HOH ButalbitalO ButanalNOH Butanal oximeO NH 2 Butanamide ButaneOO ButanedialNH 2H2N 1,4-ButanediamineH2NNH 22HCl 1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride OHOH 1,2-Butanediol, (±)OHOH 1,3-ButanediolHOOH 1,4-ButanediolOH OH 2,3-ButanediolOOO O 1,4-Butanediol diacetateOOOO 1,4-Butanediol diacrylateOOO O 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether OO O O 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylateOOOO 1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylateSO OOOSOO 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonateO O 2,3-ButanedioneO NO H 2,3-Butanedione monooximeO ClClO Butanedioyl dichlorideHSSH 1,4-Butanedithiol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g27/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121419 Butanenitrile Propyl cyanide C4H7N 109-74-0 69.106 liq -111.9 117.6 0.7936201.384220sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz 1420 1-Butanesulfonyl chloride C4H9ClO2S 2386-60-9 156.631 75101.455920 1421 1,4-Butane sultone 1,2-Oxathiane 2,2-dioxide C4H8O3S 1633-83-6 136.170 liq 13.5 13541.331201.464020 1422 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid C8H10O8 1703-58-8 234.160 lf (w) cry (ace) 236.5 vs H2O, EtOH 1423 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Erythritol C4H10O4 149-32-6 122.120 bipym tetr pr 121.5 330.5 1.45120s H2O; i eth, bz 1424 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, (R*,S* )Erythrityl tetranitrate C4H6N4O12 7297-25-8 302.111 61 vs EtOH 1425 1-Butanethiol Butyl mercaptan C4H10S 109-79-5 90.187 liq -115.7 98.5 0.8416201.444020sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 1426 2-Butanethiol sec-Butyl mercaptan C4H10S 91840-99-2 90.187 liq -165 85.0 0.8295201.436620s EtOH, eth, bz, peth; sl ctc 1427 1,2,4-Butanetriol C4H10O3 3068-00-6 106.120 19018, 172121.18201.468820vs H2O, EtOH 1428 Butanilicaine 2-(Butylamino)- N-(2-chloro-6- methylphenyl)acetamideC13H19ClN2O 3785-21-5 254.755 cry 46 1450.001 1429 Butanoic acid Butyric acid C4H8O2 107-92-6 88.106 liq -5.1 163.75 0.9528251.398020msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1430 Butanoic anhydride Butyric anhydride C8H14O3 106-31-0 158.195 liq -75 200 0.9668201.407020s eth; sl ctc 1431 1-Butanol Butyl alcohol C4H10O 71-36-3 74.121 liq -88.6 117.73 0.8095201.398820s H2O, bz; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 1432 2-Butanol sec-Butyl alcohol C4H10O 78-92-2 74.121 liq -88.5 99.51 0.8063201.397820vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc 1433 2-Butanone Methyl ethyl ketone C4H8O 78-93-3 72.106 liq -86.64 79.59 0.7999251.378820vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl 1434 2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene) hydrazoneC8H16N2 5921-54-0 140.226 171.5 0.8404201.451120 1435 2-Butanone oxime C4H9NO 96-29-7 87.120 liq -29.5 152.5 0.9232201.441020s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 1436 2-Butanone peroxide Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide C8H16O4 1338-23-4 176.211 col liq exp 110 sl H2O; misc os 1437 Butanoyl chloride n-Butyryl chloride C4H7ClO 141-75-3 106.551 liq -89 102 1.0277201.412120msc eth 1438 Butaperazine C24H31N3OS 653-03-2 409.587 2750.05 1439 Butazolamide N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl]butanamideC6H10N4O3S2 16790-49-1 250.298 cry 261 dec 1440 trans -2-Butenal trans -Crotonaldehyde C4H6O 123-73-9 70.090 liq -76 102.2 0.8516201.436620s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz 1441 1-Butene 1-Butylene C4H8 106-98-9 56.107 col gas -185.34 -6.26 0.58825 (p>1 atm)1.396220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 1442 cis-2-Butene C4H8 590-18-1 56.107 col gas -138.88 3.71 0.61625 (p>1 atm)1.3931-25i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 1443 trans -2-Butene C4H8 624-64-6 56.107 col gas -105.52 0.88 0.59925 (p>1 atm)1.3848-25s bz 1444 trans -2-Butenedinitrile C4H2N2 764-42-1 78.072 nd (bz-peth) 96.8 186 0.94161111.4349111s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl peth 1445 cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol C4H8O2 6117-80-2 88.106 2.0 235 1.0698201.478220s H2O; vs EtOH 1446 trans -2-Butene-1,4-diol C4H8O2 821-11-4 88.106 25 131131.0700201.475520vs H2O, EtOH 1447 trans -2-Butenedioyl dichloride Fumaric acid dichloride C4H2Cl2O2 627-63-4 152.964 pa ye lig 159 1.408201.500418 1448 cis-2-Butenenitrile Isocrotononitrile C4H5N 1190-76-7 67.090 liq 107.4 1449 trans -2-Butenenitrile Crotononitrile C4H5N 627-26-9 67.090 liq -51.5 120 0.8239201.422520s eth, ace 1450 3-Butenenitrile Allyl cyanide C4H5N 109-75-1 67.090 liq -87 119 0.8341201.406020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1451 cis-2-Butenoic acid Isocrotonic acid C4H6O2 503-64-0 86.090 nd or pr (peth) 15 169 1.0267201.445020vs H2O; s EtOH 1452 trans -2-Butenoic acid Crotonic acid C4H6O2 107-93-7 86.090 mcl pr or nd (w, lig)71.5 184.7 0.9604771.424977vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, lig 1453 3-Butenoic acid C4H6O2 625-38-7 86.090 liq -35 169 1.0091201.423920s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1454 2-Butenoic anhydride Crotonic acid anhydride C8H10O3 623-68-7 154.163 247; 129191.0397201.474520vs eth 1455 cis-2-Buten-1-ol cis-Crotyl alcohol C4H8O 4088-60-2 72.106 123 0.8662201.434225s H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g27/g20 N ButanenitrileSOClO 1-Butanesulfonyl chlorideSO OO 1,4-Butane sultoneHOOCCOOH COOH COOH 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acidCH 2OH OH H OH H CH 2OH 1,2,3,4-ButanetetrolCH 2ONO 2 ONO 2 H ONO 2 H CH 2ONO 2 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, ( R*,S* )SH 1-ButanethiolSH 2-ButanethiolOH OHHO 1,2,4-Butanetriol HNCl ON H ButanilicaineOOH Butanoic acidOOO Butanoic anhydrideOH 1-ButanolOH 2-ButanolO 2-ButanoneNN 2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene)hydrazoneNOH 2-Butanone oximeO OOO 2-Butanone peroxide OCl Butanoyl chlorideSNN O ButaperazineH N O NNS SNH 2O O ButazolamideO trans -2-Butenal 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans -2-ButeneNN trans -2-ButenedinitrileOH HO cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol HOOH trans -2-Butene-1,4-diolO ClOCl trans -2-Butenedioyl dichlorideN cis-2-ButenenitrileN trans -2-ButenenitrileN 3-ButenenitrileO HO cis-2-Butenoic acidOHO trans -2-Butenoic acidOHO 3-Butenoic acidOOO 2-Butenoic anhydrideOH cis-2-Buten-1-ol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g27/g21/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 1456 trans -2-Buten-1-ol trans -Crotyl alcohol C4H8O 504-61-0 72.106 <-30 121.2 0.8521201.428820vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 1457 3-Buten-1-ol C4H8O 627-27-0 72.106 113.5 0.8424201.422420s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl 1458 3-Buten-2-ol C4H8O 598-32-3 72.106 97 1459 3-Buten-2-one Methyl vinyl ketone C4H6O 78-94-4 70.090 81.4 0.864201.408120s H2O, EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace; sl ctc 1460 2-Butenoyl chloride C4H5ClO 10487-71-5 104.535 124.5 1.0905201.46018vs ace 1461 ( trans -1-Butenyl)benzene C10H12 1005-64-7 132.202 liq -43.1 198.7 0.9019201.542020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 1462 2-Butenylbenzene C10H12 1560-06-1 132.202 176 0.8831201.510120 1463 3-Butenylbenzene C10H12 768-56-9 132.202 liq -70 177 0.8831201.505920i H2O; s eth, bz 1464 1-Buten-3-yne Vinylacetylene C4H4 689-97-4 52.075 col gas 5.1 0.709401.41611i H2O; s bz 1465 Butethamine hydrochloride 2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4- aminobenzoateC13H21ClN2O2 553-68-4 272.771 cry 194 s H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl; i eth 1466 Buthalital sodium C11H15N2NaO2S 510-90-7 262.304 vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz 1467 Buthiazide C11H16ClN3O4S 22043-38-1 353.846 221.5 1468 Buthiobate Denmert C21H28N2S2 51308-54-4 372.590 ye oil 32 1.0865251.59626i H2O; s os 1469 Butonate C8H14Cl3O5P 126-22-7 327.527 1290.5 1470 Butoxyacetylene C6H10O 3329-56-4 98.142 104 0.8200201.4067 vs eth, EtOH 1471 4-Butoxyaniline C10H15NO 4344-55-2 165.232 1324 1472 4-Butoxybenzaldehyde C11H14O2 5736-88-9 178.228 14810 1473 2-Butoxyethanol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether C6H14O2 111-76-2 118.174 liq -74.8 168.4 0.9015201.419820msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1474 2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol C10H22O4 143-22-6 206.280 278 0.9890201.438920vs EtOH, MeOH 1475 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate Lethane 384 C9H17NO2S 112-56-1 203.302 liq 1220.25i H2O; vs os 1476 1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol C9H20O3 124-16-3 176.253 col liq -90 230 0.93120s H2O 1477 2-Butoxyethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetateC8H16O3 112-07-2 160.211 liq 192 1478 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetate2,4-D 2-Butoxyethyl ester C14H18Cl2O4 1929-73-3 321.197 15911.23220 1479 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5- trichlorophenoxy)acetate2,4,5-T Butoxyethyl ester C14H17Cl3O4 2545-59-7 355.642 16411.28020s ctc 1480 4-Butoxy- N- hydroxybenzeneacetamideBufexamac C12H17NO3 2438-72-4 223.268 nd (ace) 154 1481 1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene C11H16O 10519-06-9 164.244 229.5 0.9205251.497020s eth 1482 4-Butoxyphenol C10H14O2 122-94-1 166.217 65.5 1254vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1483 4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy) propyl]morpholinePramoxine C17H27NO3 140-65-8 293.401 1966 1484 1-Butoxy-2-propanol C7H16O2 5131-66-8 132.201 171.5; 71200.882201.416820s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, MeOH 1485 Butralin 4- tert-Butyl- N-sec-butyl-2,6- dinitroanilineC14H21N3O4 33629-47-9 295.335 60 1350.5 1486 N-Butylacetamide C6H13NO 1119-49-9 115.173 229 0.8960251.438825 1487 Butyl acetate C6H12O2 123-86-4 116.158 liq -78 126.1 0.8825201.394120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 1488 sec-Butyl acetate C6H12O2 105-46-4 116.158 liq -98.9 112 0.8748201.388820sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 1489 tert-Butyl acetate C6H12O2 540-88-5 116.158 95.1 0.8665201.385520s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc 1490 tert-Butylacetic acid C6H12O2 1070-83-3 116.158 6.5 190 0.9124201.409620s EtOH, eth 1491 Butyl acetoacetate C8H14O3 591-60-6 158.195 -35.6 12750, 8580.9671251.413720sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, lig 1492 Butyl acrylate C7H12O2 141-32-2 128.169 liq -64.6 145 0.8898201.418520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 1493 tert-Butyl acrylate C7H12O2 1663-39-4 128.169 liq 120; 62600.879251.411020 1494 Butylamine 1-Butanamine C4H11N 109-73-9 73.137 liq -49.1 77.00 0.7414201.403120msc H2O; s EtOH, eth TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g27/g22 OH trans -2-Buten-1-olOH 3-Buten-1-olOH 3-Buten-2-olO 3-Buten-2-oneClO 2-Butenoyl chloride (trans -1-Butenyl)benzene 2-Butenylbenzene 3-Butenylbenzene 1-Buten-3-yneH2N O ON HHCl Butethamine hydrochloride NHNH S OO Na+ Buthalital sodiumSNHHN Cl SO H2NO OO ButhiazideNNS S ButhiobateO OPClClCl O OO ButonateO ButoxyacetyleneONH 2 4-ButoxyanilineO O 4-ButoxybenzaldehydeOHO 2-Butoxyethanol OHOOO 2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanolNSOO 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanateOO 1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanolOOO 2-Butoxyethyl acetateO Cl ClO OO 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate O Cl ClClOOO 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetateOH N OOH 4-Butoxy- N-hydroxybenzeneacetamideO 1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzeneOH O 4-ButoxyphenolN OOO 4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy)propyl]morpholineO OH 1-Butoxy-2-propanolNH NOO NOO Butralin /g3H N O N-ButylacetamideOO Butyl acetateOO sec-Butyl acetateOO tert-Butyl acetateOHO tert-Butylacetic acidOO O Butyl acetoacetateOO Butyl acrylateOO tert-Butyl acrylateNH 2 Butylamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g27/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121495 sec-Butylamine 2-Butanamine, (±)- C4H11N 33966-50-6 73.137 <-72 62.73 0.7246201.393220s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 1496 tert-Butylamine 2-Methyl-2-propanamine C4H11N 75-64-9 73.137 liq -66.94 44.04 0.6958201.378420msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 1497 Butylamine hydrochloride 1-Butanamine hydrochloride C4H12ClN 3858-78-4 109.598 213 0.98220sl H2O, EtOH 1498 Butyl 4-aminobenzoate Butamben C11H15NO2 94-25-7 193.243 cry (al or bz) 58 1738i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1499 2-(Butylamino)ethanol C6H15NO 111-75-1 117.189 199; 91110.8907201.443720vs H2O, EtOH, eth 1500 2-( tert-Butylamino)ethanol C6H15NO 4620-70-6 117.189 44 176.5; 72140.881820 1501 N-tert -Butylaminoethyl methacrylate C10H19NO2 3775-90-4 185.264 10212s chl 1502 2-( tert-Butylaminothio)benzothiazole N-tert-Butyl-2- benzothiazolesulfenamideC11H14N2S2 95-31-8 238.372 108 1503 2- sec-Butylaniline C10H15N 55751-54-7 149.233 120160.957420s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc 1504 4-Butylaniline C10H15N 104-13-2 149.233 pa ye 261 0.94520sl ctc 1505 4- sec-Butylaniline C10H15N 30273-11-1 149.233 238; 118150.949151.536029vs bz, eth 1506 4- tert-Butylaniline C10H15N 769-92-6 149.233 ye rd (peth) 17 241 0.9525151.538020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz; s ctc 1507 N-Butylaniline C10H15N 1126-78-9 149.233 liq -14.4 243.5 0.9323201.534120vs eth, EtOH 1508 N-tert-Butylaniline C10H15N 937-33-7 149.233 215; 95191.527020s EtOH; vs ace, bz, chl 1509 2- tert-Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione C18H16O2 84-47-9 264.319 99 s ctc, CS2 1510 tert-Butyl azidoformate tert-Butyl carbonazidate C5H9N3O2 1070-19-5 143.144 unstab >80 7370 1511 4-Butylbenzaldehyde C11H14O 1200-14-2 162.228 12371.5265 1512 4- tert-Butylbenzaldehyde C11H14O 939-97-9 162.228 liq 10711, 130250.970 1.527020 1513 Butylbenzene C10H14 104-51-8 134.218 liq -87.85 183.31 0.8601201.489820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 1514 sec-Butylbenzene, (±) 2-Phenylbutane C10H14 36383-15-0 134.218 liq -82.7 173.3 0.8621201.490220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 1515 tert-Butylbenzene C10H14 98-06-6 134.218 liq -57.8 169.1 0.8665201.492720i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz 1516 4- tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol C10H14O2 98-29-3 166.217 54.3 285; 16022s tfa 1517 2- tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol C10H14O2 1948-33-0 166.217 128 1518 N-tert-Butylbenzenemethanamine C11H17N 3378-72-1 163.260 7551.495125 1519 4- tert-Butylbenzenemethanol C11H16O 877-65-6 164.244 236; 140200.928251.517920 1520 Butyl benzoate C11H14O2 136-60-7 178.228 liq -22.4 250.3 1.000201.494025i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc 1521 2- tert-Butylbenzoic acid C11H14O2 1077-58-3 178.228 pl (dil al) 80.5 vs EtOH 1522 3- tert-Butylbenzoic acid C11H14O2 7498-54-6 178.228 nd (peth) 128.8 vs EtOH, peth 1523 4- tert-Butylbenzoic acid C11H14O2 98-73-7 178.228 nd (dil al) 164.5 i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s chl 1524 4-Butylbenzoyl chloride C11H13ClO 28788-62-7 196.673 155261.051251.535120 1525 4- tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride C11H13ClO 1710-98-1 196.673 266; 135201.007251.536420 1526 2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl C16H18 54532-97-7 210.314 liq -9.65 291.2 0.9676201.560420 1527 tert-Butyl bromoacetate C6H11BrO2 5292-43-3 195.054 73251.443020vs eth, EtOH 1528 Butyl butanoate C8H16O2 109-21-7 144.212 liq -91.5 166 0.8700201.407520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 1529 Butyl cis-2-butenedioate Monobutyl maleate C8H12O4 925-21-3 172.179 oil 1.0925 1530 Butyl carbamate C5H11NO2 592-35-8 117.147 pr 53 dec 204; 10814vs EtOH; sl chl 1531 Butyl chloroacetate C6H11ClO2 590-02-3 150.603 183 1.0704201.429720vs eth, EtOH 1532 tert-Butyl chloroacetate C6H11ClO2 107-59-5 150.603 150; 50101.426020dec H2O 1533 Butylchlorodimethylsilane C6H15ClSi 1000-50-6 150.722 139 0.876201.514520 1534 Butyl chloroformate C5H9ClO2 592-34-7 136.577 142 1.074251.411420msc eth; s ace; sl ctc 1535 N-Butyl-4-chloro-2- hydroxybenzamideBuclosamide C11H14ClNO2 575-74-6 227.688 91.5No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g27/g24 NH 2 sec-ButylamineNH 2 tert-ButylamineNH 2HCl Butylamine hydrochlorideOO NH 2 Butyl 4-aminobenzoateOHHN 2-(Butylamino)ethanolHNOH 2-(tert-Butylamino)ethanolHNOO N-tert -Butylaminoethyl methacrylateSN S HN 2-(tert-Butylaminothio)benzothiazole NH 2 2-sec-ButylanilineNH 2 4-ButylanilineNH 2 4-sec-ButylanilineNH 2 4-tert-ButylanilineHN N-ButylanilineHN N-tert-ButylanilineO O 2-tert-Butyl-9,10-anthracenedioneONO NN tert-Butyl azidoformateO 4-Butylbenzaldehyde O 4-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene, (±) tert-ButylbenzeneOH OH 4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediolOH OH 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediolN H N-tert-ButylbenzenemethanamineOH 4-tert-Butylbenzenemethanol OO Butyl benzoateHO O 2-tert-Butylbenzoic acidHO O 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acidHO O 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acidOC l 4-Butylbenzoyl chlorideOC l 4-tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride 2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenylOO Br tert-Butyl bromoacetateOO Butyl butanoate O OHO O Butyl cis-2-butenedioateO H2NO Butyl carbamateOO Cl Butyl chloroacetateOO Cl tert-Butyl chloroacetateSiCl ButylchlorodimethylsilaneO ClO Butyl chloroformateOH ClOH N N-Butyl-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g27/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121536 Butyl 2-chloropropanoate C7H13ClO2 54819-86-2 164.630 184 1.0253201.426320vs eth 1537 Butyl 3-chloropropanoate C7H13ClO2 27387-79-7 164.630 10422, 9261.0370201.432120vs H2O, eth 1538 tert-Butyl chromate C8H18CrO4 1189-85-1 230.223 red cry (peth) -5 reac H2O 1539 Butyl citrate C18H32O7 77-94-1 360.443 -20 233221.043201.446020 1540 Butyl cyanoacetate C7H11NO2 5459-58-5 141.168 231; 115151.0010201.420020 1541 Butylcyclohexane C10H20 1678-93-9 140.266 liq -74.73 180.9 0.7902201.440820i H2O 1542 sec-Butylcyclohexane C10H20 7058-01-7 140.266 179.3 0.8131201.446720i H2O; s ace 1543 tert-Butylcyclohexane C10H20 3178-22-1 140.266 liq -41.2 171.5 0.8127201.446920i H2O 1544 2- tert-Butylcyclohexanol C10H20O 13491-79-7 156.265 45 139950.90225 1545 cis-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol C10H20O 937-05-3 156.265 83 11215 1546 trans -4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol C10H20O 21862-63-5 156.265 83 11215 1547 4- tert-Butylcyclohexanone C10H18O 98-53-3 154.249 48 909 1548 Butylcyclohexylamine N-Butylcyclohexanamine C10H21N 10108-56-2 155.281 208.3 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth 1549 Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate C18H24O4 84-64-0 304.382 col liq ≈20551.07625sl H2O; misc os 1550 Butylcyclopentane C9H18 2040-95-1 126.239 liq -108 156.6 0.7846201.431620vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1551 Butyl dichloroacetate C6H10Cl2O2 29003-73-4 185.048 193.5 1.1820201.442020vs eth, EtOH 1552 Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate 2,4-D Butyl ester C12H14Cl2O3 94-80-4 277.143 9 1331 1553 5-Butyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone C8H14O2 104-50-7 142.196 132200.9796191.445119s EtOH; sl ctc 1554 Butyldimethylamine N,N-Dimethyl-1-butanamine C6H15N 927-62-8 101.190 95 0.7206201.397020msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1555 1- tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene C12H18 98-19-1 162.271 liq -18 207 0.866820s ctc 1556 4- tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5- dinitroacetophenoneMusk ketone C14H18N2O5 81-14-1 294.303 ye cry 135.5 vs chl 1557 2- tert-Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol C12H18O 1879-09-0 178.270 22.3 249 0.917801.518320i alk 1558 4- tert-Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol C12H18O 17696-37-6 178.270 71.2 264 0.939801.531120s alk 1559 4- tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol C12H18O 879-97-0 178.270 82.4 248 0.91680s alk 1560 1- tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6- trinitrobenzeneC12H15N3O6 81-15-2 297.263 pl, nd (al) 110 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl 1561 2- tert-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol C10H12N2O5 1420-07-1 240.212 ye solid 126 1562 5-Butyldocosane C26H54 55282-16-1 366.707 208 244100.8058201.450320 1563 11-Butyldocosane C26H54 13475-76-8 366.707 242.5100.8041201.449920 1564 Butyl dodecanoate C16H32O2 106-18-3 256.424 18018 1565 Butylethylamine N-Ethyl-1-butanamine C6H15N 13360-63-9 101.190 107.5 0.7398201.404020msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1566 1- tert-Butyl-4-ethylbenzene C12H18 7364-19-4 162.271 liq -38.4 211 0.864120 1567 Butyl ethyl ether C6H14O 628-81-9 102.174 liq -124 92.3 0.7495201.381820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 1568 sec-Butyl ethyl ether C6H14O 2679-87-0 102.174 81 0.7503201.380220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1569 tert-Butyl ethyl ether Ethyl tert-butyl ether C6H14O 637-92-3 102.174 liq -94 72.6 0.736251.375620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1570 2- tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol C12H18O 96-70-8 178.270 23 250 1571 2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol C9H20O2 115-84-4 160.254 wh cry 43.8 262 0.927501.458725sl H2O, ace; s EtOH 1572 5-Butyl-5-ethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- pyrimidinetrioneButethal C10H16N2O3 77-28-1 212.245 128.5 1573 Butyl ethyl sulfide C6H14S 638-46-0 118.240 liq -95.1 144.3 0.8376201.449210vs EtOH; s chl 1574 tert-Butyl ethyl sulfide 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol C6H14S 14290-92-7 118.240 liq -88.9 120.4; 56109 1575 N-tert-Butylformamide C5H11NO 2425-74-3 101.147 liq 16 202 0.903 1.433020 1576 Butyl formate C5H10O2 592-84-7 102.132 liq -91.5 106.1 0.8958201.388720sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 1577 sec-Butyl formate C5H10O2 589-40-2 102.132 97 0.8846201.386520sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 1578 tert-Butyl formate 1,1-Dimethylethyl formate C5H10O2 762-75-4 102.132 liq 82 0.872 1.379020No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g27/g26OO Cl Butyl 2-chloropropanoateOO Cl Butyl 3-chloropropanoateOCr OOO tert-Butyl chromateOOO OHOO O Butyl citrateOON Butyl cyanoacetate Butylcyclohexane sec-Butylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane OH 2-tert-ButylcyclohexanolOH cis-4-tert-ButylcyclohexanolOH trans -4-tert-ButylcyclohexanolO 4-tert-ButylcyclohexanoneHN Butylcyclohexylamine/g3OO O O Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate ButylcyclopentaneOO Cl Cl Butyl dichloroacetate O ClOO Cl Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetateOO 5-Butyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanoneN Butyldimethylamine 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzeneNO NO OO O 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenoneOH 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenolOH 4-tert-Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol /g3OH 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenolNOO NOONOO 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzeneOH NOO NOO 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 5-Butyldocosane 11-Butyldocosane OO Butyl dodecanoateH N Butylethylamine 1-tert-Butyl-4-ethylbenzeneO Butyl ethyl etherO sec-Butyl ethyl etherO tert-Butyl ethyl etherOH 2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenolOH HO 2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol NNO H O HO 5-Butyl-5-ethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrioneS Butyl ethyl sulfideS tert-Butyl ethyl sulfideH N O N-tert-ButylformamideO O Butyl formateO O sec-Butyl formateO O tert-Butyl formate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g27/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121579 Butyl glycidyl ether C7H14O2 2426-08-6 130.185 169; 75260.91820 1580 Butyl heptanoate Butyl enanthate C11H22O2 5454-28-4 186.292 liq -67.5 226.2 0.8638201.420420vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1581 Butyl hexanoate Butyl caproate C10H20O2 626-82-4 172.265 liq -64.3 208 0.8653201.415220i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 1582 tert-Butylhydrazine hydrochloride C4H13ClN2 7400-27-3 124.612 192.5 1583 Butyl hydrogen succinate Monobutyl succinate C8H14O4 5150-93-6 174.195 8.6 136.531.0732201.436020 1584 tert-Butyl hydroperoxide C4H10O2 75-91-2 90.121 6 dec 89; 36170.8960201.401520s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl 1585 tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole Butylated hydroxyanisole C11H16O2 25013-16-5 180.244 wax 51 268 i H2O; s peth, EtOH 1586 Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate C11H14O3 2052-14-4 194.227 liq -5.9 271 1.0728201.511520sl ctc 1587 Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Butylparaben C11H14O3 94-26-8 194.227 68.5 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH 1588 Butyl cis-12-hydroxy-9- octadecenoate, ( R)Butyl ricinoleate C22H42O3 151-13-3 354.566 275130.9058221.456622vs eth 1589 tert-Butyl hypochlorite C4H9ClO 507-40-4 108.566 ye liq 77.5 0.9583181.40320i H2O; vs eth, bz; s ace 1590 Butyl isobutyl ether C8H18O 17071-47-5 130.228 liq 151 0.763151.407721vs ace, eth, EtOH 1591 tert-Butyl isobutyl ether C8H18O 33021-02-2 130.228 liq 112.0 1592 Butyl isocyanate C5H9NO 111-36-4 99.131 115 0.880201.406020 1593 Butyl isocyanide C5H9N 2769-64-4 83.132 120 0.7820vs eth, EtOH 1594 tert-Butyl isopropyl ether C7H16O 17348-59-3 116.201 liq -88 87.6 0.736525s chl 1595 Butyl isothiocyanate 1-Isothiocyanatobutane C5H9NS 592-82-5 115.197 168 0.9546201.50120vs eth, EtOH 1596 sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±) 2-Isothiocyanatobutane, (±) C5H9NS 116724-11-9 115.197 159.5 0.94412vs eth, EtOH 1597 tert-Butyl isothiocyanate 2-Isothiocyanato-2-methylpropane C5H9NS 590-42-1 115.197 10.5 140 0.918710 1598 Butyl lactate C7H14O3 34451-18-8 146.184 77100.974427vs eth, EtOH 1599 Butyl methacrylate C8H14O2 97-88-1 142.196 160 0.8936201.424020vs eth, EtOH 1600 tert-Butyl methacrylate C8H14O2 585-07-9 142.196 135.2 1601 1- tert-Butyl-4-methoxybenzene C11H16O 5396-38-3 164.244 19.0 238 0.9383201.503920 1602 1- tert-Butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl- 3,5-dinitrobenzeneC12H16N2O5 83-66-9 268.265 pa ye lf (al) 85 18516i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl 1603 2- tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol C11H16O2 121-00-6 180.244 18450 1604 3- tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol C11H16O2 88-32-4 180.244 65 1605 Butylmethylamine N-Methyl-1-butanamine C5H13N 110-68-9 87.164 91 0.763715 1606 1- tert-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 2- tert-Butyltoluene C11H16 1074-92-6 148.245 liq -50.3 200.4 0.8897201.507620vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1607 1- tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 3- tert-Butyltoluene C11H16 1075-38-3 148.245 liq -41.4 189.3 0.8657201.494420vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1608 1- tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene 4- tert-Butyltoluene C11H16 98-51-1 148.245 liq -52 190 0.8612201.491820i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, chl; s ace, bz 1609 Butyl 2-methylbutanoate Butyl o-toluate C9H18O2 15706-73-7 158.238 179 0.8620201.413520 1610 Butyl 3-methylbutanoate Butyl p-toluate C9H18O2 109-19-3 158.238 1.405825 1611 Butyl methyl ether C5H12O 628-28-4 88.148 liq -115.7 70.16 0.7392251.373620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 1612 sec-Butyl methyl ether C5H12O 116783-23-4 88.148 59.1 0.7415201.368025vs ace, eth, EtOH 1613 2- tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol C11H16O 2409-55-4 164.244 51.5 237 0.9247751.496975sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl 1614 2- tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol C11H16O 88-60-8 164.244 46.5 127110.922801.525020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 1615 2- tert-Butyl-6-methylphenol C11H16O 2219-82-1 164.244 31 230 0.9240801.519520 1616 4- tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol C11H16O 98-27-1 164.244 27.5 237; 132200.965201.523020i H2O; s eth, ace, bz 1617 Butyl methyl sulfide C5H12S 628-29-5 104.214 liq -97.8 123.4 0.8426201.447720vs EtOH, MeOH 1618 tert-Butyl methyl sulfide C5H12S 6163-64-0 104.214 liq 98.9 1619 4-Butylmorpholine C8H17NO 1005-67-0 143.227 liq -57.1 213.5 0.9068201.445120vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH 1620 1-Butylnaphthalene C14H16 1634-09-9 184.277 liq -19.8 289.3 0.9738201.581920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1621 2-Butylnaphthalene C14H16 1134-62-9 184.277 liq -2.5 292 0.9673201.577720vs ace, bz, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g27/g28O O Butyl glycidyl etherOO Butyl heptanoateOO Butyl hexanoateHNNH 2HCl tert-Butylhydrazine hydrochlorideOH OOO Butyl hydrogen succinateOOH tert-Butyl hydroperoxideOH O tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisoleOO OH Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate OO OH Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoateOHOO Butyl cis-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate, ( R)OCl tert-Butyl hypochloriteO Butyl isobutyl etherO tert-Butyl isobutyl etherNCO Butyl isocyanateNC Butyl isocyanideO tert-Butyl isopropyl ether NCS Butyl isothiocyanateNCS sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±)NCS tert-Butyl isothiocyanateOO OH Butyl lactateOO Butyl methacrylateOO tert-Butyl methacrylateO 1-tert-Butyl-4-methoxybenzeneO NO ONO O 1-tert-Butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzeneOH O 2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol OH O 3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenolHN Butylmethylamine 1-tert-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzeneOO Butyl 2-methylbutanoateOO Butyl 3-methylbutanoateO Butyl methyl etherO sec-Butyl methyl ether OH 2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenolOH 2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenolOH 2-tert-Butyl-6-methylphenolOH 4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenolS Butyl methyl sulfideS tert-Butyl methyl sulfideN O 4-Butylmorpholine 1-Butylnaphthalene 2-Butylnaphthalene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g28/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121622 Butyl nitrate C4H9NO3 928-45-0 119.119 133 1.0228301.401323i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1623 Butyl nitrite C4H9NO2 544-16-1 103.120 78 0.9114251.376220msc EtOH, eth 1624 tert-Butyl nitrite C4H9NO2 540-80-7 103.120 pa ye liq 63 0.8670201.36820sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 1625 sec-Butyl nitrite C4H9NO2 924-43-6 103.120 68.5 0.8726201.371020vs eth, EtOH, chl 1626 4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1-butanol N-Butyl- N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamineC8H18N2O2 3817-11-6 174.241 1150.01 1627 5-Butylnonane C13H28 17312-63-9 184.361 217.5 0.7635181.427318 1628 Butyl nonanoate Butyl pelargonate C13H26O2 50623-57-9 214.344 -38 123200.8520251.426225 1629 Butyl octanoate C12H24O2 589-75-3 200.318 liq -42.9 240.5 0.8628201.423225vs ace, eth, EtOH 1630 2-Butyl-1-octanol C12H26O 3913-02-8 186.333 246.5; 132150.89120 1631 Butyl oleate Butyl cis-9-octadecenoate C22H42O2 142-77-8 338.567 ye cry -26.4 227150.8704151.448025vs EtOH 1632 tert-Butyl 3-oxobutanoate C8H14O3 1694-31-1 158.195 71.5110.9756201.418020 1633 Butyl 4-oxopentanoate Butyl levulinate C9H16O3 2052-15-5 172.221 237.5 0.9735201.429020sl chl 1634 Butyl palmitate Butyl hexadecanoate C20H40O2 111-06-8 312.531 cry (dil al) 16.9 1.431250i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1635 Butyl pentanoate C9H18O2 591-68-4 158.238 liq -92.8 185.8 0.8710151.412820sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 1636 sec-Butyl pentanoate C9H18O2 116836-32-9 158.238 174.5 0.8605201.407020vs bz, eth, py, EtOH 1637 4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine C14H23N 2961-47-9 205.340 265; 181500.8878251.484625 1638 tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate Benzoyl tert-butyl peroxide C11H14O3 614-45-9 194.227 750.21.021251.499020 1639 2-Butylphenol C10H14O 3180-09-4 150.217 liq -20 235 0.975201.518025i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk 1640 2- sec-Butylphenol C10H14O 89-72-5 150.217 16 228; 116210.9804251.520025 1641 2- tert-Butylphenol C10H14O 88-18-6 150.217 liq -6.8 223 0.9783201.516020s EtOH, ctc, alk; vs eth 1642 3-Butylphenol C10H14O 4074-43-5 150.217 248 0.97420vs eth, EtOH 1643 3- tert-Butylphenol C10H14O 585-34-2 150.217 nd (peth) 42.3 240 s EtOH, alk; vs eth 1644 4-Butylphenol C10H14O 1638-22-8 150.217 22 248 0.976221.516525i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl ctc 1645 4- sec-Butylphenol 4-(1-Methylpropyl)phenol C10H14O 99-71-8 150.217 61.5 241 0.986201.518221i H2O; s EtOH, alk; vs eth 1646 4- tert-Butylphenol C10H14O 98-54-4 150.217 nd (lig) 98 237 0.908801.4787114s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, alk 1647 4- tert-Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1) C30H39O4P 78-33-1 494.602 i EtOH; sl eth, bz 1648 [(4- tert-Butylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane C13H18O2 3101-60-8 206.281 16714, 1450.51.036251.514520 1649 N-Butyl- N-phenylacetamide C12H17NO 91-49-6 191.269 24.5 281 0.9912201.514620sl chl 1650 1-(4- tert-Butylphenyl)ethanone C12H16O 943-27-1 176.254 17.7 263; 137200.9635201.51815 1651 Butyl phenyl ether Butoxybenzene C10H14O 1126-79-0 150.217 liq -19.4 210 0.9351201.496920s eth, ace 1652 N-Butylpiperidine C9H19N 4945-48-6 141.254 176 0.8245201.446720 1653 Butylpropanedioic acid Butylmalonic acid C7H12O4 534-59-8 160.168 pr (w) 104.5 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 1654 Butyl propanoate Butyl propionate C7H14O2 590-01-2 130.185 liq -89 146.8 0.8754201.401420sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 1655 sec-Butyl propanoate C7H14O2 591-34-4 130.185 133 0.8657201.395220s EtOH, eth 1656 N-tert-Butyl-2-propenamide N-tert-Butylacrylamide C7H13NO 107-58-4 127.184 cry (bz) 128 sl H2O; i peth 1657 Butyl propyl ether C7H16O 3073-92-5 116.201 118.1 0.77720i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1658 4- tert-Butylpyridine C9H13N 3978-81-2 135.206 liq -41 196.5 0.915251.495820s ctc, CS2 1659 5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid Fusaric acid C10H13NO2 536-69-6 179.216 97 1660 Butyl stearate C22H44O2 123-95-5 340.583 27 343 0.854251.432850i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace 1661 Butyl thiocyanate 1-Thiocyanobutane C5H9NS 628-83-1 115.197 186 0.9563151.436020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1662 2-Butylthiophene C8H12S 1455-20-5 140.246 181.5 0.9537201.509020 1663 Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Butyl 2-thiophenecarboxylate C9H12O2S 56053-84-0 184.255 580.15 1664 Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate C11H16O3S 778-28-9 228.308 16561.1319201.505020i H2O; s eth; sl ctc 1665 Butyl trichloroacetate C6H9Cl3O2 3657-07-6 219.493 204 1.2778201.452525s ctc 1666 Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate 2,4,5-T Butyl ester C12H13Cl3O3 93-79-8 311.588 28.5 337No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g28/g20 ONO O Butyl nitrateONO Butyl nitriteONO tert-Butyl nitriteONO sec-Butyl nitriteNNO OH 4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1-butanol 5-ButylnonaneOO Butyl nonanoateOO Butyl octanoate OH 2-Butyl-1-octanolOO Butyl oleateOO O tert-Butyl 3-oxobutanoateOO O Butyl 4-oxopentanoateO O Butyl palmitateOO Butyl pentanoate OO sec-Butyl pentanoateN 4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridineOO O tert-Butyl peroxybenzoateOH 2-ButylphenolHO 2-sec-ButylphenolOH 2-tert-ButylphenolOH 3-ButylphenolOH 3-tert-ButylphenolOH 4-ButylphenolOH 4-sec-Butylphenol OH 4-tert-ButylphenolO PO O O 4-tert-Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1)OO [(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)methyl]oxiraneNO N-Butyl- N-phenylacetamideO 1-(4- tert-Butylphenyl)ethanoneO Butyl phenyl etherN N-ButylpiperidineOH OOO H Butylpropanedioic acidOO Butyl propanoate OO sec-Butyl propanoateH N O N-tert-Butyl-2-propenamideO Butyl propyl etherN 4-tert-ButylpyridineNOH O 5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acidO O Butyl stearate SCN Butyl thiocyanateS 2-ButylthiopheneSO O Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylateSOOO Butyl 4-toluenesulfonateOO Cl ClCl Butyl trichloroacetateO OOCl Cl Cl Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g28/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121667 Butyltrichlorosilane Trichlorobutylsilane C4H9Cl3Si 7521-80-4 191.559 148.5 1.1606201.436320s eth, bz, tol, AcOEt 1668 Butyl trifluoroacetate C6H9F3O2 367-64-6 170.129 102 1.0268221.35322s chl 1669 Butylurea C5H12N2O 592-31-4 116.161 tab (w), nd (bz) 97.0 vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl 1670 sec-Butylurea (1-Methylpropyl)urea C5H12N2O 689-11-2 116.161 pr (w) 169 1671 tert-Butylurea C5H12N2O 1118-12-3 116.161 176 dec s H2O; vs EtOH; sl bz 1672 1- tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene p-tert -Butylstyrene C12H16 1746-23-2 160.255 liq -36.9 99140.8920 1673 Butyl vinyl ether 1-(Ethenyloxy)butane C6H12O 111-34-2 100.158 liq -92 94 0.7888201.402620i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz 1674 tert-Butyl vinyl ether 2-(Ethenyloxy)-2-methylpropane C6H12O 926-02-3 100.158 liq -112 75 0.7691201.392220 1675 1-Butyne Ethylacetylene C4H6 107-00-6 54.091 col gas -125.7 8.08 0.678301.396220i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1676 2-Butyne Dimethylacetylene C4H6 503-17-3 54.091 vol liq or gas -32.2 26.9 0.6910201.392120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 1677 2-Butynediamide Cellocidin C4H4N2O2 543-21-5 112.087 cry (dil MeOH) 217 dec sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth, gl HOAc 1678 2-Butynedinitrile C4N2 1071-98-3 76.056 20.5 76.5 0.9708251.464725 1679 2-Butynedioic acid C4H2O4 142-45-0 114.057 183 dec vs H2O, EtOH, eth 1680 2-Butyne-1,4-diol Bis(hydroxymethyl)acetylene C4H6O2 110-65-6 86.090 pl (bz, AcOEt) 50 238 1.480420vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz, peth 1681 2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate 1,4-Diacetoxy-2-butyne C8H10O4 1573-17-7 170.163 122101.461120s ctc 1682 2-Butynoic acid C4H4O2 590-93-2 84.074 pl (eth, peth) 78 203 0.964120vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl 1683 2-Butyn-1-ol C4H6O 764-01-2 70.090 liq -1.1 148 0.9370201.453020vs eth, EtOH 1684 3-Butyn-1-ol C4H6O 927-74-2 70.090 liq -63.6 129 0.9257201.440920vs H2O, EtOH 1685 3-Butyn-2-ol C4H6O 2028-63-9 70.090 liq -1.5 106.5 0.8618201.420720vs H2O, eth, EtOH 1686 3-Butyn-2-one Ethynyl methyl ketone C4H4O 1423-60-5 68.074 84 0.8793201.407020 1687 3-Butynylbenzene C10H10 16520-62-0 130.186 190 0.9258201.520820 1688 γ-Butyrolactone Oxolan-2-one C4H6O2 96-48-0 86.090 liq -43.61 204 1.1296201.434120vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1689 Cacotheline C21H21N3O7 561-20-6 427.408 ye cry >300 sl H2O 1690 γ-Cadinene C15H24 39029-41-9 204.352 126120.9182151.316620 1691 Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) C10H20CdN2S4 14239-68-0 408.950 wh cry 255 1692 Caffeine C8H10N4O2 58-08-2 194.191 wh nd (w+1), hex pr (sub)238 sub 90 1.2319sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, ctc; s chl, py 1693 Calactin 19-Oxogomphoside C29H40O9 20304-47-6 532.623 small pr (ace) 271 1694 Calcium ascorbate C12H14CaO12 5743-27-1 390.310 tricl cry (w) s H2O; i MeOH, EtOH 1695 Calcium citrate C12H10Ca3O14 7693-13-2 498.433 cry (w) ≈100 dec (hyd) sl H2O; i EtOH 1696 Calcium cyanamide Calcium carbimide CCaN2 156-62-7 80.102 col hex cry ≈1340 sub 2.29 dec H2O 1697 Calcium cyclamate C12H24CaN2O6 S2139-06-0 396.535 cry vs H2O 1698 Calcium gluconate C12H22CaO14 299-28-5 430.373 cry i EtOH, os 1699 Calcium iodobehenate Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt C44H84CaI2O4 1319-91-1 971.023 wh-ye pow i H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 1700 Calcium lactate C6H10CaO6 814-80-2 218.217 wh pow (w) s H2O; i EtOH 1701 Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate Calcium acetylacetonate C10H14CaO4 19372-44-2 238.294 col cry (MeOH) dec 1702 Calcium thioglycollate C4H6CaO4S2 814-71-1 222.297 pr (w) 220 dec s H2O, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz 1703 Calotoxin 4’ β-Hydroxy-19-oxogomphoside C29H40O10 20304-49-8 548.622 cry (EtOH) 268 1704 Calotropin C29H40O9 1986-70-5 532.623 pl (EtOH) 221 s H2O, EtOH; i eth 1705 Calusterone C28H48O 17021-26-0 400.680 cry (ace) 157.5 1706 Camphene, (+) 2,2-Dimethyl-3- methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, (1R)-C10H16 5794-03-6 136.234 nd 52 161 0.8950501.457025vs ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g28/g22 Si ClClCl ButyltrichlorosilaneOO F FF Butyl trifluoroacetateH N NH 2 O ButylureaH N NH 2 O sec-ButylureaH N NH 2 O tert-Butylurea 1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzeneO Butyl vinyl etherO tert-Butyl vinyl ether 1-Butyne 2-Butyne O NH 2O H2N 2-ButynediamideN N 2-ButynedinitrileOHO OOH 2-Butynedioic acidOHHO 2-Butyne-1,4-diolO OO O 2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetateOOH 2-Butynoic acidOH 2-Butyn-1-olOH 3-Butyn-1-olOH 3-Butyn-2-olO 3-Butyn-2-one 3-ButynylbenzeneOO γ-ButyrolactoneO O NOONHN O OO HHH HH CacothelineH H γ-CadineneSCdS SS N N Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)N N NNO O CaffeineOOOHOOHO OHOO HH HH CalactinCa2 2O O HO HOCH 2O OH Calcium ascorbate O OOHOO OO3Ca2 2 Calcium citrateCa2 2N N Calcium cyanamideCa2H NSO OO 2 Calcium cyclamateCa2COO OH H H HO OH H OH H CH 2OH 2 Calcium gluconateIOO 22Ca Calcium iodobehenate HOOO 2Ca 2 Calcium lactateOOO OCa Calcium 2,4-pentanedioateHSOO 2Ca2 Calcium thioglycollateOOOHOOHO OHOO HOHH HH CalotoxinOOOHOOHO OHOO HH H H CalotropinOOH Calusterone Camphene, (+) /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g28/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121707 Camphene, (-) 2,2-Dimethyl-3- methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane,(1S)-C 10H16 5794-04-7 136.234 52 158 0.8446501.456454vs eth 1708 d-Camphocarboxylic acid C11H16O3 18530-30-8 196.243 pr (eth, 50% al) 127.5 vs bz, eth, EtOH 1709 Camphor, (±) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan- 2-one, (±)C10H16O 21368-68-3 152.233 wh rhom cry (EtOH)178.3 sub i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc 1710 Camphor, (+) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan- 2-one, (1 R)C10H16O 464-49-3 152.233 pl 178.8 207.4 0.990251.5462 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 1711 Camphor, (-) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan- 2-one, (1 S)C10H16O 464-48-2 152.233 178.6 0.985318i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace, bz 1712 Camphoric acid, (±) 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopentane- dicarboxylic acid, (1 RS, 3SR)C10H16O4 5394-83-2 200.232 pr, lf 202 1.186 sl H2O; s chl, eth, EtOH 1713 d-Camphorsulfonic acid C10H16O4S 3144-16-9 232.297 pr (HOAc) 195 dec vs H2O; i eth; sl HOAc 1714 Canadine, (±) DL-Tetrahydroberberine C20H21NO4 29074-38-2 339.386 mcl nd (al) 134 vs EtOH, chl 1715 Cannabidiol C21H30O2 13956-29-1 314.462 rods (peth) 67 18821.040401.540420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1716 Cannabinol 6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6 H- dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-olC21H26O2 521-35-7 310.430 pl, lf (peth) 77 1850.05i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, alk 1717 Canrenone C22H28O3 976-71-6 340.455 cry (AcOEt) 150 1718 Cantharidin C10H12O4 56-25-7 196.200 orth pl 218 sub 84 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s HOAc 1719 Caprolactam 6-Hexanelactam C6H11NO 105-60-2 113.157 lf (lig) 69.3 270 vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl 1720 Capsaicin C18H27NO3 404-86-4 305.412 mcl pl or sc (peth)65 2150.01i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, peth; sl con HCl 1721 Capsanthin 3,3’-Dihydroxy- β,κ-caroten-6’-one, (3R,3’S,5’R)C40H56O3 465-42-9 584.871 176 1722 Captafol C10H9Cl4NO2S 2425-06-1 349.061 cry 161 1723 Captan C9H8Cl3NO2S 133-06-2 300.590 cry (CCl4) 172.5 1.7425vs chl 1724 Captopril 1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1- oxypropyl)prolineC9H15NO3S 62571-86-2 217.285 cry (AcOEt) 105 s H2O, EtOH, chl 1725 Carbachol C6H15ClN2O2 51-83-2 182.648 210 dec vs H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth, chl 1726 Carbamic chloride Carbamyl chloride CH2ClNO 463-72-9 79.486 dec 62 1727 Carbamodithioic acid CH3NS2 594-07-0 93.172 vs EtOH, eth 1728 Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate CH4NO5P 590-55-6 141.021 unstab in soln 1729 Carbaryl C12H11NO2 63-25-2 201.221 145 1.22825vs ace, DMF 1730 Carbazole Dibenzopyrolle C12H9N 86-74-8 167.206 pl or lf 246.3 354.69 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace 1731 9 H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid C14H11NO2 524-80-1 225.243 lf (AcOEt) 215 vs eth, EtOH, chl, HOAc 1732 Carbendazim Carbamic acid, 1 H-benzimidazol-2- yl-, methyl esterC9H9N3O2 10605-21-7 191.186 300 dec 1.45 1733 Carbetapentane Pentoxyverine C20H31NO3 77-23-6 333.465 1650.01 1734 N-Carbethoxyphthalimide N-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide C11H9NO4 22509-74-6 219.194 91 1735 Carbic anhydride C9H8O3 129-64-6 164.158 orth cry (peth) 164.5 1.41725vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl 1736 Carbimazole C7H10N2O2S 22232-54-8 186.231 cry, pow 123.5 vs ace, chl 1737 Carbobenzoxyhydrazine Benzyl carbazate C8H10N2O2 5331-43-1 166.177 69.5 1738 Carbofuran C12H15NO3 1563-66-2 221.252 151 1.18 1739 Carboimidic difluoride CHF2N 2712-98-3 65.023 gas -90 -13 dec 1740 γ-Carboline 5 H-Pyrido[4,3-b]indole C11H8N2 244-69-9 168.195 nd 225 1.352 sl H2O, bz; vs MeOH; s EtOH 1741 Carbon dioxide Carbonic anhydride CO2 124-38-9 44.010 col gas -56.56 tp -78.5 sp 0.72025 (p>1 atm)sl H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g28/g24 Camphene, (-)OCOOH d-Camphocarboxylic acidO Camphor, (±)O Camphor, (+)O Camphor, (-)OOHO HO Camphoric acid, (±)O SO O OH d-Camphorsulfonic acidNO O O O Canadine, (±) OH HO CannabidiolOOH CannabinolO OO CanrenoneO OO O CantharidinNHO CaprolactamO HONHO Capsaicin HOO OH CapsanthinNO OS Cl Cl ClCl CaptafolNO OS Cl Cl ClH H CaptanN OS HOH O CaptoprilNO NH 2 OCl CarbacholH2NC lO Carbamic chloride H2NS HS Carbamodithioic acidH2NOO POHOOH Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphateOO NH CarbarylN H CarbazoleN OOH 9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acidNHN NH O O CarbendazimOO ON Carbetapentane NO OOO N-CarbethoxyphthalimideOO O Carbic anhydrideN NS OO CarbimazoleON HO NH 2 CarbobenzoxyhydrazineO OH N O CarbofuranFN HFF Carboimidic difluorideN HN γ-CarbolineOCO Carbon dioxide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g28/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121742 Carbon diselenide Carbon selenide CSe2 506-80-9 169.93 ye liq -43.7 125.5 2.6823201.845420 1743 Carbon disulfide Carbon bisulfide CS2 75-15-0 76.141 col liq -112.1 46 1.2632201.631920s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 1744 Carbonic acid CH2O3 463-79-6 62.025 Aq. soln. of CO2 1745 Carbonic dihydrazide Carbohydrazide CH6N4O 497-18-7 90.085 nd (dil al) 154 1.61620vs H2O, EtOH 1746 Carbon monoxide Carbon oxide CO 630-08-0 28.010 col gas -205.02 -191.5 0.7909-19sl H2O; s bz, HOAc 1747 Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl esterC7H4ClNO4 7693-46-1 201.565 80 16019 1748 Carbonochloridic acid, (4- nitrophenyl)methyl esterC8H6ClNO4 4457-32-3 215.592 32.8 1749 Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2- trichloroethyl esterC3H2Cl4O2 17341-93-4 211.859 6311 1750 Carbonothioic dichloride Thiophosgene CCl2S 463-71-8 114.982 red liq 73 1.508151.544220dec H2O, EtOH; s eth 1751 Carbonothioic dihydrazide 1,3-Diamino-2-thiourea CH6N4S 2231-57-4 106.151 nd, pl (w) nd, pl (w)170 dec vs H2O 1752 Carbon oxyselenide Carbonyl selenide COSe 1603-84-5 106.97 col gas; unstab -122 -21.5 dec H2O 1753 Carbon oxysulfide Carbonyl sulfide COS 463-58-1 60.075 col gas -138.8 -50 1.028171.24-87sl H2O; s EtOH; vs KOH 1754 Carbon suboxide 1,2-Propadiene-1,3-dione C3O2 504-64-3 68.031 col gas -107 6.8 1.11401.45380s eth, bz, CS2 1755 Carbonyl bromide Bromophosgene CBr2O 593-95-3 187.818 64.5 2.5215 1756 Carbonyl chloride Phosgene CCl2O 75-44-5 98.916 col gas -127.78 8 1.371925 (p>1 atms bz, ctc, chl, tol, HOAc 1757 Carbonyl chloride fluoride Carbonic chloride fluoride CClFO 353-49-1 82.461 col gas -148 -47.2 reac H2O 1758 Carbonyl dicyanide C3N2O 1115-12-4 80.044 liq -36 65.5 1.124201.391920s eth, ace, ctc, chl 1759 N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole C7H6N4O 530-62-1 162.149 cry (bz) 119 1760 Carbonyl fluoride CF2O 353-50-4 66.007 col gas -111.2 -84.5 1.13925 1761 Carbophenothion C11H16ClO2PS3786-19-6 342.866 820.011.27120 1762 Carbosulfan C20H32N2O3S 55285-14-8 380.544 126 1.05620 1763 Carboxin C12H13NO2S 5234-68-4 235.302 94 1764 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid C9H8O4 89-51-0 180.158 184.5 1.410020s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl 1765 N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)- L-arginine Octopine C9H18N4O4 34522-32-2 246.264 nd (w) 281 1766 L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid C6H9NO6 53861-57-7 191.138 cry 167 1767 S-(Carboxymethyl)- L-cysteine Carbocysteine C5H9NO4S 638-23-3 179.195 nd 206 1768 2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Salsalate C14H10O5 552-94-3 258.226 147 sl ace 1769 3-Carene, (+) C10H16 498-15-7 136.234 171; 1232000.8549301.4693vs ace, bz, eth 1770 Carisoprodol C12H24N2O4 78-44-4 260.330 cry 92 s os 1771 Carminic acid C22H20O13 1260-17-9 492.386 red mcl pr (aq, MeOH)136 dec s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl 1772 Carnitine 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid trimethylbetaineC7H15NO3 541-15-1 161.199 cry (al-ace), hyg197 dec vs H2O, EtOH 1773 Carnosine N-β-Alanyl- L-histidine C9H14N4O3 305-84-0 226.232 260 vs H2O 1774 α-Carotene C40H56 7488-99-5 536.873 red pl or pr (peth, bz-MeOH)187.5 1.00 20vs bz, eth, chl 1775 β-Carotene C40H56 7235-40-7 536.873 red red br hex pr (bz-MeOH)183 1.0020i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz 1776 β,ψ-Carotene γ-Carotene C40H56 472-93-5 536.873 red pr (bz- MeOH), viol pr (eth)153 i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth; s bz, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g28/g26 Se C Se Carbon diselenideSCS Carbon disulfideO OH HO Carbonic acidH2NNHNHO NH 2 Carbonic dihydrazideCO Carbon monoxideOCl O NOO Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl esterOC l O NOO Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl esterOCl ClClClO Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl esterS Cl Cl Carbonothioic dichloride H2NN HN HNH 2S Carbonothioic dihydrazideOCS e Carbon oxyselenideS C O Carbon oxysulfideOCCCO Carbon suboxideO Br Br Carbonyl bromideO Cl Cl Carbonyl chlorideO Cl F Carbonyl chloride fluorideO N N Carbonyl dicyanideO NNN N N,N’-CarbonyldiimidazoleO F F Carbonyl fluorideClSSPO OS Carbophenothion O O NO SN CarbosulfanSO H N O CarboxinOOHOH O 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acidOH OH N HO ON HNHNH 2 N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)- L-arginineOOH H2NOO HOOH L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acidOOH NH 2SO OH S-(Carboxymethyl)- L-cysteineOH OOOHO 2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 3-Carene, (+) H2NO OOH N O CarisoprodolHO OHOH O OOOH OHO OH OHHO OH Carminic acidOOH OH N CarnitineN N HOOH NH OH2N Carnosine α-Carotene β-Carotene β,ψ-Carotene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g28/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121777 ψ, ψ-Carotene trans -Lycopene C40H56 502-65-8 536.873 red pr or nd (peth)175 sl EtOH, peth; s eth; vs bz, chl, CS2 1778 β, β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3 R,3’R) Zeaxanthin C40H56O2 144-68-3 568.872 ye pr (MeOH) orth (chl-eth)215.5 2270.06i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, py, chl 1779 β, ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3 R,3’R,6’R) Xanthophyll C40H56O2 127-40-2 568.872 ye or viol pr (eth-MeOH)196 vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth 1780 β, β-Caroten-3-ol, (3 R) Cryptoxanthin C40H56O 472-70-8 552.872 garnet red pr (bz-MeOH)160 vs bz, chl 1781 β, ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3 R) Rubixanthin C40H56O 3763-55-1 552.872 dk red nd (bz- MeOH) oran-red (bz-peth)160 sl EtOH, peth; s bz, chl 1782 ψ, ψ-Caroten-16-ol Lycoxanthin C40H56O 19891-74-8 552.872 red pl (bz- MeOH)168 i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, CS2 1783 Caroverine C22H27N3O2 23465-76-1 365.468 cry 69 2020.01sl i-PrOH 1784 Carpaine C28H50N2O4 3463-92-1 478.708 mcl pr (al, ace) 121 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1785 Cartap hydrochloride C7H16ClN3O2S222042-59-7 273.804 cry 180 s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH 1786 Carvenone, ( S)C10H16O 10395-45-6 152.233 233 0.9289201.480520i H2O; s ace 1787 ( R)-Carvone p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, ( R)C10H14O 6485-40-1 150.217 25.2 231 0.9593201.498820sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, chl 1788 ( S)-Carvone p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, ( S)C10H14O 2244-16-8 150.217 <15 231 0.965201.498920sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl 1789 Caryophyllene C15H24 87-44-5 204.352 12213.50.9075201.498620vs bz 1790 Casimiroin 6-Methoxy-9-methyl-1,3- dioxolo[4,5-h]quinolin-8(9 H)-oneC12H11NO4 477-89-4 233.220 sl chl 1791 Cassaine C24H39NO4 468-76-8 405.572 fl (eth) 142.5 s EtOH, ace, chl, eth, bz, MeOH 1792 Caulophylline C12H16N2O 486-86-2 204.267 cry (w+2), nd (al, bz)137 vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH 1793 α-Cedrene C15H24 469-61-4 204.352 oil 262.5; 12512 1794 Cedrol C15H26O 77-53-2 222.366 86 0.9479901.482490 1795 Cefazolin C14H14N8O4S3 25953-19-9 454.508 nd (ace aq) 200 dec s DMF, py; sl MeOH; i chl, bz, eth 1796 β-Cellobiose C12H22O11 13360-52-6 342.296 cry (dil al) 225 dec s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1797 Cellotriose C18H32O16 33404-34-1 504.437 208 1798 Cephalexin C16H17N3O4S 15686-71-2 347.389 cry 1799 Cephaloglycin Kafocin C18H19N3O6S 3577-01-3 405.425 cry (w) ≈220 dec 1800 Cephaloridine C19H17N3O4S2 50-59-9 415.486 cry s H2O 1801 Cephalothin C16H16N2O6S2 153-61-7 396.437 160 1802 Cephapirin C17H17N3O6S2 21593-23-7 423.463 cry (ace aq) 155 1803 Cepharanthine C37H38N2O6 481-49-2 606.707 ye amor pow 150 1804 Cephradine C16H19N3O4S 38821-53-3 349.405 col cry (w) 141 dec 1805 Cerulenin 2,3-Epoxy-4-oxo-7,10- dodecadienamide, (2 R,3S)-C12H17NO3 17397-89-6 223.268 wh nd 94 sl H2O; s bz, EtOH, ace; i peth 1806 Cevadine C32H49NO9 62-59-9 591.733 flat nd (eth) 213 dec 1807 Chavicine C17H19NO3 495-91-0 285.338 vs eth, EtOH, peth 1808 Cheirolin C5H9NO2S2 505-34-0 179.261 cry (eth) 47.5 2003vs EtOH, chl 1809 Chelerythrine C21H19NO5 34316-15-9 365.380 cry (chl- MeOH)207 vs chl 1810 Chelidonine Stylophorine C20H19NO5 476-32-4 353.369 mcl pr (al) 135.5 2200.002i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1811 Chinomethionat C10H6N2OS2 2439-01-2 234.297 170 1812 Chloral hydrate C2H3Cl3O2 302-17-0 165.403 57 dec 96 1.908120vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 1813 Chlorambucil C14H19Cl2NO2 305-03-3 304.213 65No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g28/g28 ψ,ψ-Carotene HOOH β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3 R,3’R) HOHOH β, ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3 R,3’R,6’R) /g3 HO β, β-Caroten-3-ol, (3 R) HO β, ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3 R) HO ψ, ψ-Caroten-16-olNN O NO CaroverineOOHN O O N H CarpaineSN H 2 OSN H 2O N HCl Cartap hydrochlorideO Carvenone, ( S)O (R)-CarvoneO (S)-Carvone HH CaryophylleneNO O O O CasimiroinHO OO ON HHH CassaineN ON Caulophylline/g3 H α-CedreneHOH Cedrol N NNN NH O N OS OO HSN N SH CefazolinOO HO OHO OHHOHO OHOHOH β-CellobioseO HO OHO OHO OH HO OHOHHOOHHO OH OO Cellotriose NH 2HNO NS O OO HH CephalexinNS ONHO NH 2 O OOO HH CephaloglycinSN HO NS O OONH Cephaloridine SH NO NS OO OO HOH CephalothinNS N HO N OS O O HO OHH CephapirinNO ONO O O OH H CepharanthineNHO NS ONH 2 OO HH CephradineOO NH 2 O Cerulenin N OO OHOH OHOHOHOH OH HHH CevadineO ONO ChavicineO SNCSO CheirolinNOO O O ChelerythrineN O OOO HO HH ChelidonineNN SS O ChinomethionatCl ClClOHOH Chloral hydrateOOH NCl Cl Chlorambucil /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g19/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121814 Chloramine B N-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide sodiumC6H5ClNNaO2S 127-52-6 213.618 pr (w) 190 sl EtOH; i chl, eth 1815 Chloramine T N-Chloro-4- methylbenzenesulfonamide sodiumC7H7ClNNaO2S 127-65-1 227.645 pr (hyd) 180 (hyd) s H2O; i bz, chl, eth 1816 Chloramphenicol C11H12Cl2N2O556-75-7 323.129 pa ye pl or nd (w)150.5 sub vs ace, EtOH, chl 1817 Chloramphenicol palmitate C27H42Cl2N2O6530-43-8 561.537 cry (bz) 90 vs bz, eth, EtOH 1818 Chloranilic acid 2,5-Dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-2,5- cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneC6H2Cl2O4 87-88-7 208.984 red lf (w+2) 283.5 s H2O 1819 Chlorbenside 1-Chloro-4[[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]thio]benzeneC13H10Cl2S 103-17-3 269.189 75 1.421020 1820 Chlorbicyclen C9H6Cl8 2550-75-6 397.768 pow 105 1742 1821 Chlorbromuron N’-(4-Bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-N- methoxy-N-methylureaC9H10BrClN2O213360-45-7 293.544 96 1.6920 1822 Chlorbufam 1-Methyl-2-propynyl(3- chlorophenyl)carbamateC11H10ClNO2 1967-16-4 223.656 cry 45.5 sl H2O; s MeOH, EtOH, ace 1823 Chlorcyclizine C18H21ClN2 82-93-9 300.826 oil 1400.12 1824 Chlordane C10H6Cl8 57-74-9 409.779 106 17511.6025 1825 Chlordantoin C11H17Cl3N2O2 S5588-20-5 347.689 s CS2 1826 Chlordene C10H6Cl6 3734-48-3 338.873 cry (EtOH) 155 1827 Chlordimeform C10H13ClN2 6164-98-3 196.676 35 1560.41.105251.588525vs bz, eth, EtOH 1828 Chlorendic acid 1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-5- norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acidC9H4Cl6O4 115-28-6 388.844 cry (w) 232 1829 Chlorendic anhydride C9H2Cl6O3 115-27-5 370.828 235 1830 Chlorfenvinphos C12H14Cl3O4P 470-90-6 359.569 1700.05 1831 Chlorflurecol 9 H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid, 2- chloro-9-hydroxy-C14H9ClO3 2464-37-1 260.672 1.49620 1832 Chloridazon 3(2 H)-Pyridazinone, 5-amino-4- chloro-2-phenyl-C10H8ClN3O 1698-60-8 221.643 205 1833 Chlorimuron-ethyl C15H15ClN4O6S 90982-32-4 414.821 186 1834 Chlormephos Chloromethyl O,O-diethyl dithiophosphateC5H12ClO2PS2 24934-91-6 234.705 oil 830.11.5244 sl H2O; misc os 1835 Chlormequat chloride C5H13Cl2N 999-81-5 158.069 239 dec 1836 Chlormezanone C11H12ClNO3S 80-77-3 273.736 cry 117 sl EtOH 1837 Chlornaphazine C14H15Cl2N 494-03-1 268.182 pl (peth) 55 2105vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1838 Chloroacetaldehyde C2H3ClO 107-20-0 78.497 liq -16.3 85.5 1.19 s eth 1839 2-Chloroacetamide C2H4ClNO 79-07-2 93.512 121 225 s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth 1840 Chloroacetic acid C2H3ClO2 79-11-8 94.497 mcl pl 63 189.3 1.4043401.435155vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc 1841 Chloroacetic anhydride C4H4Cl2O3 541-88-8 170.979 pr (bz) 46 203 1.549720 1842 4-Chloroacetoacetanilide N-Acetoacetyl-4-chloroaniline C10H10ClNO2 101-92-8 211.645 132 1843 Chloroacetone C3H5ClO 78-95-5 92.524 liq -44.5 119 1.1520s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 1844 Chloroacetonitrile Chloromethyl cyanide C2H2ClN 107-14-2 75.497 126.5 1.1930201.420225vs eth, EtOH 1845 α-Chloroacetophenone ω-Chloroacetophenone C8H7ClO 532-27-4 154.594 pl(dil al), rhom, lf (peth)56.5 247 1.32415i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, peth 1846 4-(2-Chloroacetyl)acetanilide C10H10ClNO2 140-49-8 211.645 218 1847 Chloroacetyl chloride C2H2Cl2O 79-04-9 112.942 liq -22 106 1.4202201.453020msc eth; s ace, ctc 1848 Chloroacetylene C2HCl 593-63-5 60.482 col gas -126 -30 sl EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g19/g20 SONO ClNa Chloramine BSONO ClNa Chloramine TNO OH NClCl OOH HO ChloramphenicolNO OH NOH Cl OOCl O Chloramphenicol palmitateO OHO Cl OHCl Chloranilic acid Cl SC l ChlorbensideClClClCl Cl Cl ClCl ChlorbicyclenHN ClBrONO ChlorbromuronClHN OO ChlorbufamCl NN ChlorcyclizineCl ClCl Cl ClCl Cl H Cl H Chlordane/g3 N NH O S ClCl ClO Chlordantoin ClCl ClClCl Cl H H ChlordeneClN N ChlordimeformClCl ClClCl Cl OHO OH O Chlorendic acidO ClCl ClClCl ClO O Chlorendic anhydrideClOCl PO OClO ChlorfenvinphosClHOOHO ChlorflurecolNNH2NOCl Chloridazon OO SH N OOH N ONNC l O Chlorimuron-ethylS POO SC l ChlormephosClN Cl Chlormequat chlorideSNO OO Cl ChlormezanoneNClCl ChlornaphazineOCl ChloroacetaldehydeClNH 2O 2-ChloroacetamideOHO Cl Chloroacetic acid ClOOO Cl Chloroacetic anhydrideClH N OO 4-ChloroacetoacetanilideO Cl ChloroacetoneNCl ChloroacetonitrileO Cl α-ChloroacetophenoneH N O ClO 4-(2-Chloroacetyl)acetanilideClO Cl Chloroacetyl chlorideCl Chloroacetylene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g19/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121849 9-Chloroacridine C13H8ClN 1207-69-8 213.663 nd (al) 121 sub vs H2O, EtOH 1850 2-Chloroaniline C6H6ClN 95-51-2 127.572 liq -1.9 208.8 1.589520i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace 1851 3-Chloroaniline C6H6ClN 108-42-9 127.572 liq -10.28 230.5 1.2161201.594120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl 1852 4-Chloroaniline C6H6ClN 106-47-8 127.572 orth pr 70.5 232 1.429191.554687s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 1853 2-Chloroaniline hydrochloride C6H7Cl2N 137-04-2 164.033 pl (w, aq al) 235 1.50518vs H2O 1854 3-Chloroaniline hydrochloride C6H7Cl2N 141-85-5 164.033 pl 222 vs H2O, EtOH 1855 2-Chloroanisole 1-Chloro-2-methoxybenzene C7H7ClO 766-51-8 142.583 liq -26.8 198.5 1.1911201.548020i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 1856 3-Chloroanisole 1-Chloro-3-methoxybenzene C7H7ClO 2845-89-8 142.583 193.5 1.1759121.536520i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1857 4-Chloroanisole 1-Chloro-4-methoxybenzene C7H7ClO 623-12-1 142.583 <-18 197.5 1.201201.539020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc 1858 1-Chloroanthracene C14H9Cl 4985-70-0 212.674 lf (HOAc) 83.5 1.17071001.6959100i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 1859 1-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione C14H7ClO2 82-44-0 242.658 ye nd (to or al) 163 sub i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; msc eth; s bz 1860 2-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione C14H7ClO2 131-09-9 242.658 pa ye nd (al, HOAc)211 sub i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz; vs tol; s PhNO2 1861 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde C7H5ClO 89-98-5 140.567 nd 12.4 211.9 1.2483201.566220sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 1862 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde C7H5ClO 587-04-2 140.567 pr 17.5 213.5 1.2410201.565020sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1863 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde C7H5ClO 104-88-1 140.567 pl 47.5 213.5 1.196611.55561s H2O, ace, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz 1864 2-Chlorobenzamide C7H6ClNO 609-66-5 155.582 orth nd (w) 141.8 s H2O, EtOH, eth 1865 Chlorobenzene Phenyl chloride C6H5Cl 108-90-7 112.557 liq -45.31 131.72 1.1058201.524120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz, ctc 1866 2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO2 2444-36-2 170.594 nd (w) 96 sl H2O; vs EtOH 1867 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO2 1878-65-5 170.594 pl (dil al), nd (lig)77.5 sl H2O, bz, ctc, EtOH; msc eth 1868 4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO2 1878-66-6 170.594 nd (w) 105.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 1869 2-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile C8H6ClN 2856-63-5 151.594 24 251 1.173718 1870 3-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile C8H6ClN 1529-41-5 151.594 11.5 261; 135101.1806301.543720 1871 4-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile C8H6ClN 140-53-4 151.594 29 265.0 1.177830s ctc 1872 α-Chlorobenzeneacetyl chloride C8H6Cl2O 2912-62-1 189.039 12023, 110141.196251.544020 1873 3-Chlorobenzenecarboperoxoic acid C7H5ClO3 937-14-4 172.566 92 dec 1874 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Chloro- o-phenylenediamine C6H7ClN2 95-83-0 142.586 pl (bz-lig) lf (w) 76 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, lig 1875 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediamine C6H7ClN2 5131-60-2 142.586 pl or nd 91 vs EtOH 1876 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediamine 2-Chloro- p-phenylenediamine C6H7ClN2 615-66-7 142.586 nd 64 1877 3-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol C6H5ClO2 4018-65-9 144.556 cry (lig) 48.5 11011vs lig 1878 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol C6H5ClO2 2138-22-9 144.556 lf (bz-peth) 90.5 13910.5vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 1879 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediol C6H5ClO2 95-88-5 144.556 257 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 1880 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediol C6H5ClO2 615-67-8 144.556 red lf (chl), nd (bz)108 263 vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1881 2-Chlorobenzenemethanamine C7H8ClN 89-97-4 141.599 7221.559425 1882 3-Chlorobenzenemethanamine C7H8ClN 4152-90-3 141.599 8921.557025 1883 4-Chlorobenzenemethanamine C7H8ClN 104-86-9 141.599 109131.556625 1884 4-Chlorobenzenemethanethiol C7H7ClS 6258-66-8 158.649 19.5 113171.202251.589320 1885 2-Chlorobenzenemethanol C7H7ClO 17849-38-6 142.583 lf or nd (dil al) 73 230 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig 1886 4-Chlorobenzenemethanol C7H7ClO 873-76-7 142.583 nd (w), pl (bz or bz-lig)75 235 vs bz, eth, EtOH 1887 2-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide C6H6ClNO2S 6961-82-6 191.636 lf (al) 188 vs EtOH 1888 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide C6H6ClNO2S 98-64-6 191.636 pr or pl (eth) 146 vs bz, eth 1889 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid p-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid C6H5ClO3S 98-66-8 192.620 nd (w+1) 67 14725s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g19/g22 NCl 9-ChloroacridineNH 2 Cl 2-ChloroanilineNH 2 Cl 3-ChloroanilineNH 2 Cl 4-ChloroanilineNH 2 Cl HCl 2-Chloroaniline hydrochlorideNH 2 HCl Cl 3-Chloroaniline hydrochlorideO Cl 2-ChloroanisoleO Cl 3-ChloroanisoleO Cl 4-ChloroanisoleCl 1-Chloroanthracene Cl O O 1-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedioneOOCl 2-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedioneClO 2-ChlorobenzaldehydeO Cl 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde/g3O Cl 4-ChlorobenzaldehydeON H 2 Cl 2-ChlorobenzamideCl ChlorobenzeneClOOH 2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acidOOH Cl 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid OOH Cl 4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acidClN 2-ChlorobenzeneacetonitrileN Cl 3-ChlorobenzeneacetonitrileN Cl 4-ChlorobenzeneacetonitrileCl ClO α-Chlorobenzeneacetyl chlorid eOOOH Cl 3-Chlorobenzenecarboperoxoic acidClNH 2 NH 2 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine NH 2 NH 2 Cl 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediamineNH 2 NH 2Cl 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediamineOH OH Cl 3-Chloro-1,2-benzenediolClOH OH 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediolOH OH Cl 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediolOH OHCl 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediolNH 2 Cl 2-ChlorobenzenemethanamineNH 2 Cl 3-Chlorobenzenemethanamine NH 2 Cl 4-ChlorobenzenemethanamineSH Cl 4-ChlorobenzenemethanethiolOH Cl 2-ChlorobenzenemethanolOH Cl 4-ChlorobenzenemethanolS OO NH 2 Cl 2-ChlorobenzenesulfonamideS OO NH 2 Cl 4-ChlorobenzenesulfonamideS OO HO Cl 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g19/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121890 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride C6H4Cl2O2S 98-60-2 211.066 51 14115vs eth, bz 1891 2-Chlorobenzenethiol C6H5ClS 6320-03-2 144.622 205.5 1.275210sl H2O, EtOH 1892 3-Chlorobenzenethiol C6H5ClS 2037-31-2 144.622 206 1.263713i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, peth 1893 4-Chlorobenzenethiol C6H5ClS 106-54-7 144.622 61 206 1.1911201.548020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 1894 Chlorobenzilate C16H14Cl2O3 510-15-6 325.186 37 1570.071.281620 1895 2-Chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphole C6H4ClO2P 1641-40-3 174.522 30 80201.4650201.571220 1896 2-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 118-91-2 156.567 mcl pr (w) 140.2 sub 1.54420s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace; sl CS2 1897 3-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 535-80-8 156.567 pr (w) 158 sub 1.49625sl H2O, bz, ctc, CS2; s EtOH, eth 1898 4-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 74-11-3 156.567 tcl pr (al-eth) 243 i H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH; sl eth, ace 1899 2-Chlorobenzonitrile C7H4ClN 873-32-5 137.567 nd 46.3 232 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1900 3-Chlorobenzonitrile C7H4ClN 766-84-7 137.567 41 10015i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1901 4-Chlorobenzonitrile C7H4ClN 623-03-0 137.567 nd (al) 95 223; 9551.113317sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1902 2-Chlorobenzophenone 2-Chlorophenyl phenyl ketone C13H9ClO 5162-03-8 216.662 pl (chl-lig) 54 330 1903 4-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine C7H5ClN2S 19952-47-7 184.646 204 1904 6-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine C7H5ClN2S 95-24-9 184.646 200 1905 2-Chlorobenzothiazole C7H4ClNS 615-20-3 169.632 24 248 1.3715101.633810vs ace, eth, EtOH 1906 5-Chloro-1 H-benzotriazole C6H4ClN3 94-97-3 153.569 158 1907 6-Chloro-2 H-3,1-benzoxazine- 2,4(1 H)-dione5-Chloroisatoic anhydride C8H4ClNO3 4743-17-3 197.576 280 dec 1908 5-Chloro-2-benzoxazolamine Zoxazolamine C7H5ClN2O 61-80-3 168.580 pl (bz) 184.5 vs EtOH 1909 2-Chlorobenzoxazole C7H4ClNO 615-18-9 153.566 7 201.5 1.3453181.567820 1910 5-Chloro-2(3 H)-benzoxazolone Chlorzoxazone C7H4ClNO2 95-25-0 169.566 cry (ace) 191.5 vs EtOH, MeOH 1911 2-Chlorobenzoyl chloride C7H4Cl2O 609-65-4 175.012 liq -4 238 1.572616s ctc 1912 3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride C7H4Cl2O 618-46-2 175.012 225 1.567720 1913 4-Chlorobenzoyl chloride C7H4Cl2O 122-01-0 175.012 16 222 1.3770201.575620sl chl 1914 1-Chloro-4-benzylbenzene C13H11Cl 831-81-2 202.679 7.5 299; 14781.124720vs ace 1915 o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile C10H5ClN2 2698-41-1 188.613 wh cry 96 312 sl H2O; s bz, diox, EtOAc, ace 1916 2-Chlorobiphenyl C12H9Cl 2051-60-7 188.652 mcl (dil al) 34 274 1.149932i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, lig 1917 3-Chlorobiphenyl C12H9Cl 2051-61-8 188.652 16 284.5 1.1579251.618125vs ace, eth, EtOH 1918 4-Chlorobiphenyl C12H9Cl 2051-62-9 188.652 lf (lig or al) 78.8 292.9; 14610i H2O; s EtOH, eth, lig 1919 4’-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-amine 4-Amino-4’-chlorodiphenyl C12H10ClN 135-68-2 203.667 cry (peth) 134 vs ace, bz, eth 1920 3-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-2-ol 2-Phenyl-6-chlorophenol C12H9ClO 85-97-2 204.651 6 dec 317 1.24251.623730i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1921 4-Chloro-1,2-butadiene C4H5Cl 25790-55-0 88.536 88 0.9891201.477520vs ace, bz, eth 1922 1-Chloro-1,3-butadiene C4H5Cl 627-22-5 88.536 68 0.9606201.471220vs eth, EtOH, chl 1923 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Chloroprene C4H5Cl 126-99-8 88.536 liq -130 59.4 0.956201.458320sl H2O; msc eth, ace, bz 1924 4-Chlorobutanal C4H7ClO 6139-84-0 106.551 51131.10681.44668vs ace, eth, EtOH 1925 1-Chlorobutane Butyl chloride C4H9Cl 109-69-3 92.567 liq -123.1 78.4 0.8857201.402320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1926 2-Chlorobutane (±)- sec-Butyl chloride C4H9Cl 53178-20-4 92.567 liq -131.3 68.2 0.8732201.397120vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 1927 4-Chlorobutanenitrile C4H6ClN 628-20-6 103.551 192 1.0934151.441320i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1928 2-Chlorobutanoic acid C4H7ClO2 4170-24-5 122.551 189627, 101151.1796201.44120sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1929 3-Chlorobutanoic acid C4H7ClO2 625-68-3 122.551 cry (eth) 16 116221.1898201.422120s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc 1930 4-Chlorobutanoic acid C4H7ClO2 627-00-9 122.551 16 19622, 680.21.2236201.464220vs EtOH 1931 4-Chloro-1-butanol C4H9ClO 928-51-8 108.566 84161.0883201.451820vs eth, EtOH 1932 1-Chloro-2-butanol α-Butylene chlorohydrin C4H9ClO 1873-25-2 108.566 141 1.068251.440020s EtOH, ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g19/g24 S OO Cl Cl 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chlorideSH Cl 2-ChlorobenzenethiolSH Cl 3-ChlorobenzenethiolSH Cl 4-ChlorobenzenethiolHOO O Cl Cl ChlorobenzilateOPO Cl 2-Chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaphospholeOO H Cl 2-Chlorobenzoic acidOO H Cl 3-Chlorobenzoic acidOO H Cl 4-Chlorobenzoic acid N Cl 2-ChlorobenzonitrileN Cl 3-ChlorobenzonitrileN Cl 4-ChlorobenzonitrileO Cl 2-ChlorobenzophenoneSNCl NH 2 4-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamineSN ClNH 2 6-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamineSN Cl 2-ChlorobenzothiazoleNNN HCl 5-Chloro-1 H-benzotriazole/g3 NOClO HO 6-Chloro-2 H-3,1-benzoxazine-2,4(1 H)-dione ON Cl NH 2 5-Chloro-2-benzoxazolamineON Cl 2-ChlorobenzoxazoleN OClH O 5-Chloro-2(3 H)-benzoxazoloneOC l Cl 2-Chlorobenzoyl chlorideOC l Cl 3-Chlorobenzoyl chlorideOC l Cl 4-Chlorobenzoyl chlorideCl 1-Chloro-4-benzylbenzeneNN Cl o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile Cl 2-ChlorobiphenylCl 3-ChlorobiphenylCl 4-ChlorobiphenylCl NH 2 4’-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-amineHO Cl 3-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-2-olCCl 4-Chloro-1,2-butadieneCl 1-Chloro-1,3-butadieneCl 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene ClO 4-ChlorobutanalCl 1-ChlorobutaneCl 2-ChlorobutaneClN 4-ChlorobutanenitrileClOHO 2-Chlorobutanoic acidOHO Cl 3-Chlorobutanoic acidClO OH 4-Chlorobutanoic acidClOH 4-Chloro-1-butanolCl OH 1-Chloro-2-butanol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g19/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g121933 3-Chloro-2-butanone C4H7ClO 4091-39-8 106.551 115 1.0554251.421920 1934 4-Chlorobutanoyl chloride C4H6Cl2O 4635-59-0 140.996 173.5 1.2581201.461620s eth 1935 2-Chloro-1-butene C4H7Cl 2211-70-3 90.552 58.5 0.9107151.416521vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1936 3-Chloro-1-butene C4H7Cl 563-52-0 90.552 64.5 0.8978201.414920vs eth, ace; s chl 1937 4-Chloro-1-butene C4H7Cl 927-73-1 90.552 75 0.9211201.423320vs ace, eth, chl 1938 cis-1-Chloro-2-butene C4H7Cl 4628-21-1 90.552 84.1 0.9426201.439020i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl 1939 trans -1-Chloro-2-butene C4H7Cl 4894-61-5 90.552 85 0.9295201.435020i H2O; s ace, chl 1940 cis-2-Chloro-2-butene C4H7Cl 2211-69-0 90.552 liq -117.3 70.6 0.9239201.424020i H2O; msc EtOH; s ace, chl 1941 trans -2-Chloro-2-butene C4H7Cl 2211-68-9 90.552 liq -105.8 62.8 0.9138201.419020i H2O; msc EtOH; s ace, chl 1942 1-Chloro-4- tert-butylbenzene C10H13Cl 3972-56-3 168.663 213 1.0075181.512320 1943 Chloro-( tert-butyl)dimethylsilane C6H15ClSi 18162-48-6 150.722 89.5 125 1944 Chloro( tert-butyl)diphenylsilane C16H19ClSi 58479-61-1 274.861 1200.061.07201.567520 1945 2-Chloro-4- tert-butylphenol C10H13ClO 98-28-2 184.662 1148 1946 3-Chloro-1-butyne C4H5Cl 21020-24-6 88.536 68.5 1.4218251.421825 1947 2-Chloro- N-(2-chloroethyl) ethanamine, hydrochlorideC4H10Cl3N 821-48-7 178.488 215.0 1948 2-Chloro- N-(2-chloroethyl)- N- ethylethanamineHN1 C6H13Cl2N 538-07-8 170.080 col liq -34 66121.0861231.465325i H2O 1949 2-Chloro- N-(2-chloroethyl)- N- methylethanamineMechlorethamine C5H11Cl2N 51-75-2 156.053 -60 8718, 645sl H2O; msc ctc, DMF 1950 1-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)benzene 2-Chlorobenzyl chloride C7H6Cl2 611-19-8 161.029 liq -17 217 1.269901.553020i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz 1951 1-Chloro-3-(chloromethyl)benzene 3-Chlorobenzyl chloride C7H6Cl2 620-20-2 161.029 216; 110251.2695151.555420vs EtOH 1952 1-Chloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene 4-Chlorobenzyl chloride C7H6Cl2 104-83-6 161.029 nd (dil al) 31 223 sl ctc 1953 Chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane C3H8Cl2Si 1719-57-9 143.088 115.5 1.0865201.436020 1954 3-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1- propeneC4H6Cl2 1871-57-4 124.997 liq -14 138 1.1782201.4753 vs EtOH, chl 1955 1-Chloro-4-[(chloromethyl) thio]benzeneC7H6Cl2S 7205-90-5 193.094 21.5 128121.346251.605520 1956 2-Chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanoneC8H6Cl2O 937-20-2 189.039 nd (al) 101.5 270 s EtOH, bz, MeOH 1957 3-Chlorocholest-5-ene, (3 β)C27H45Cl 910-31-6 405.099 nd (al, ace) 96 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; vs CS2 1958 trans-o -Chlorocinnamic acid C9H7ClO2 939-58-2 182.604 212 vs eth, EtOH 1959 trans-m -Chlorocinnamic acid C9H7ClO2 14473-90-6 182.604 165 s EtOH, eth 1960 trans-p -Chlorocinnamic acid C9H7ClO2 940-62-5 182.604 249.5 vs ace, eth, EtOH 1961 Chlorocyclohexane Cyclohexyl chloride C6H11Cl 542-18-7 118.604 liq -43.81 142 1.000201.462620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl 1962 2-Chlorocyclohexanone C6H9ClO 822-87-7 132.587 23 82151.160201.482520s eth, bz, diox; sl ctc 1963 1-Chlorocyclohexene C6H9Cl 930-66-5 116.588 142.5 1.0361191.479720s eth, ace, ctc, chl 1964 Chlorocyclopentane Cyclopentyl chloride C5H9Cl 930-28-9 104.578 114 1.0051201.451020i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc 1965 2-Chlorocyclopentanone C5H7ClO 694-28-0 118.562 8719, 73121.185251.475020 1966 3-Chlorocyclopentene C5H7Cl 96-40-2 102.563 4040, 27301.0388251.470826vs eth, EtOH, chl 1967 4-Chloro-2-cyclopentylphenol Dowicide 9 C11H13ClO 13347-42-7 196.673 18318 1968 1-Chlorodecane C10H21Cl 1002-69-3 176.727 liq -31.3 225.9 0.8696201.438020i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc 1969 10-Chloro-1-decanol C10H21ClO 51309-10-5 192.726 12.5 187150.9630251.457820vs eth, EtOH 1970 2-Chloro- N,N-diallylacetamide Allidochlor C8H12ClNO 93-71-0 173.640 liq 1161, 920.71.088251.493225sl H2O; s EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g19/g26OCl 3-Chloro-2-butanoneClO Cl 4-Chlorobutanoyl chlorideCl 2-Chloro-1-buteneCl 3-Chloro-1-buteneCl 4-Chloro-1-buteneCl cis-1-Chloro-2-buteneCl trans -1-Chloro-2-buteneCl cis-2-Chloro-2-butene Cl trans -2-Chloro-2-butene/g3 Cl 1-Chloro-4- tert-butylbenzeneSi Cl Chloro-( tert-butyl)dimethylsilaneSi Cl Chloro( tert-butyl)diphenylsilaneClOH 2-Chloro-4- tert-butylphenolCl 3-Chloro-1-butyneClHNCl HCl 2-Chloro- N-(2-chloroethyl)ethanamine, hydrochloride NCl Cl 2-Chloro- N-(2-chloroethyl)- N-ethylethanamineNCl Cl 2-Chloro- N-(2-chloroethyl)- N-methylethanamineCl Cl 1-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)benzeneCl Cl 1-Chloro-3-(chloromethyl)benzene/g3Cl Cl 1-Chloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene Cl SiCl Chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilaneCl Cl 3-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1-propeneCl SC l 1-Chloro-4-[(chloromethyl)thio]benzeneO Cl Cl 2-Chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanoneCl 3-Chlorocholest-5-ene, (3 β) O OH Cl trans-o -Chlorocinnamic acidOHO Cl trans-m -Chlorocinnamic acidOHO Cl trans-p -Chlorocinnamic acidCl ChlorocyclohexaneO Cl 2-ChlorocyclohexanoneCl 1-ChlorocyclohexeneCl Chlorocyclopentane O Cl 2-ChlorocyclopentanoneCl 3-ChlorocyclopenteneHO Cl 4-Chloro-2-cyclopentylphenolCl 1-ChlorodecaneOHCl 10-Chloro-1-decanolNCl O 2-Chloro- N,N-diallylacetamide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g19/g27/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 1971 Chlorodiazepoxide C16H14ClN3O 58-25-3 299.754 236.2 1972 Chlorodibromomethane CHBr2Cl 124-48-1 208.280 liq -20 120 2.451201.548220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1973 Chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsilane (Dichloromethyl) dimethylchlorosilaneC3H7Cl3Si 18171-59-0 177.533 liq -48 149 1.2369201.46120 1974 5-Chloro- N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2- hydroxybenzamide3’,4’,5-Trichlorosalicylanilide C13H8Cl3NO2 642-84-2 316.568 247 1975 2-Chloro-1,1-diethoxyethane C6H13ClO2 621-62-5 152.619 157.4 1.0180201.417020sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 1976 3-Chloro-1,1-diethoxypropane C7H15ClO2 35573-93-4 166.646 84250.9951191.426820vs ace, bz 1977 2-Chloro- N,N-diethylacetamide C6H12ClNO 2315-36-8 149.618 19225 1978 2-Chloro- N,N-diethylethanamine, hydrochlorideC6H15Cl2N 869-24-9 172.096 200 sl H2O 1979 Chlorodifluoroacetic acid C2HClF2O2 76-04-0 130.478 hyg 25 122 1.355920s chl 1980 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Refrigerant 142b C2H3ClF2 75-68-3 100.495 col gas -130.8 -9.1 1.10725i H2O; s bz 1981 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane C2H3ClF2 338-65-8 100.495 35.1 1982 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene C2HClF2 359-10-4 98.479 col gas -138.5 -18.5 1983 Chlorodifluoromethane Refrigerant 22 CHClF2 75-45-6 86.469 col gas -157.42 -40.7 1.4909-69sl H2O; s eth, ace, chl 1984 7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-4-ol Chlorindanol C9H9ClO 145-94-8 168.619 nd (peth) 92 1985 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine Phenarsazine chloride C12H9AsClN 578-94-9 277.581 ye cry 195 1.65 i H2O; sl ctc, bz, xyl 1986 5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline C8H10ClNO2 97-50-7 187.624 91 1987 2-Chloro-1,1-dimethoxyethane C4H9ClO2 97-97-2 124.566 127.5 1.068201.415020sl EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 1988 N-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- 3-oxobutanamideC12H14ClNO4 4433-79-8 271.697 107 s chl 1989 Chlorodimethylaluminum Dimethylaluminum chloride C2H6AlCl 1184-58-3 92.504 hyg liq -21 126 0.996 reac H2O; s hx 1990 2-Chloro-10-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazinemonohydrochlorideAminazin hydrochloride C 17H20Cl2N2S 69-09-0 355.325 195 dec s H2O; i eth, bz; vs chl, EtOH 1991 2-Chloro- N,N-dimethylaniline C8H10ClN 698-01-1 155.625 205 1.1067201.557820vs bz, EtOH 1992 3-Chloro- N,N-dimethylaniline C8H10ClN 6848-13-1 155.625 232 sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz 1993 4-Chloro- N,N-dimethylaniline C8H10ClN 698-69-1 155.625 nd (al) 35.5 231 1.0480100s EtOH 1994 2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene C8H9Cl 95-72-7 140.610 0.8 187 1.058915i H2O; s ace, ctc; vs bz 1995 4-Chloro-1,2-dimethylbenzene C8H9Cl 615-60-1 140.610 liq -6 194 1.068215i H2O; s ace, ctc; vs bz 1996 2-Chloro- N,N-dimethylethanamine, hydrochlorideC4H11Cl2N 4584-46-7 144.043 201.0 sl H2O 1997 (2-Chloro-1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene Neophyl chloride C10H13Cl 515-40-2 168.663 223; 105181.047201.524720vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1998 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol C8H9ClO 1124-06-7 156.609 silv-grn nd (lig) 74.5 sl H2O; vs bz, EtOH, peth 1999 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol C8H9ClO 1123-63-3 156.609 nd (w) 83 sl H2O; vs bz, EtOH, HOAc 2000 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Chloroxylenol C8H9ClO 88-04-0 156.609 115 246 sl H2O, bz, peth; s EtOH, eth 2001 Chlorodimethylphenylsilane C8H11ClSi 768-33-2 170.712 195; 82161.032201.508220 2002 1-Chloro- N,N-dimethyl-2- propanamine, hydrochlorideC5H13Cl2N 17256-39-2 158.069 s chl 2003 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane C5H11Cl 753-89-9 106.594 liq -20 84.3 0.8660201.404420vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 2004 3-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid C5H9ClO2 13511-38-1 136.577 41.5 11010vs ctc 2005 Chlorodimethylsilane C2H7ClSi 1066-35-9 94.616 liq -111 34.7 0.852 1.383020 2006 2-Chloro-4,6-dinitroaniline C6H4ClN3O4 3531-19-9 217.567 ye cry (DMF aq)157 2007 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitroaniline C6H4ClN3O4 5388-62-5 217.567 oran-ye nd (al) 147 s EtOH 2008 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene C6H3ClN2O4 97-00-7 202.552 ye orth (eth) nd (al) ye cry53 315 1.4982751.585760i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS2 TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g19/g28NN OH N Cl ChlorodiazepoxideCl HBr Br ChlorodibromomethaneSi Cl ClCl Chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsilaneNHO OH ClCl Cl 5-Chloro- N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamideCl OO 2-Chloro-1,1-diethoxyethaneOOCl 3-Chloro-1,1-diethoxypropane NOCl 2-Chloro- N,N-diethylacetamideNClHCl 2-Chloro- N,N-diethylethanamine, hydrochlorideFF Cl OOH Chlorodifluoroacetic acidCl F F 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethaneClF F 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethaneF FCl 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroetheneCl FFH Chlorodifluoromethane Cl OH 7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-4-olAsHN Cl 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine/g3 OONH 2 Cl 5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyanilineOOCl 2-Chloro-1,1-dimethoxyethaneHN OOOO Cl N-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamideAlCl Chlorodimethylaluminum SNC lN HCl 2-Chloro-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine monohydrochlorideN Cl 2-Chloro- N,N-dimethylanilineN Cl 3-Chloro- N,N-dimethylanilineN Cl 4-Chloro- N,N-dimethylanilineCl 2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzeneCl 4-Chloro-1,2-dimethylbenzene NClHCl 2-Chloro- N,N-dimethylethanamine, hydrochlorideCl (2-Chloro-1,1-dimethylethyl)benzeneClOH 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenolClOH 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenolClOH 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenolSi Cl Chlorodimethylphenylsilane NCl HCl 1-Chloro- N,N-dimethyl-2-propanamine, hydrochlorideCl 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropaneCl OHO 3-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acidSi ClH ChlorodimethylsilaneNH 2 Cl NN OOOO 2-Chloro-4,6-dinitroanilineNH 2 N NO OO O Cl 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitroanilineCl N NO O OO 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g20/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122009 2-Chloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene C6H3ClN2O4 606-21-3 202.552 ye nd (al, HOAc)88 315 1.686716i H2O; s EtOH, eth, tol; sl chl 2010 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene C10H5ClN2O4 2401-85-6 252.611 ye nd (bz) 146.5 2011 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitrophenol C6H3ClN2O5 88-87-9 218.551 pa ye cry 81 1.7422vs eth, EtOH, chl 2012 2-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine C5H2ClN3O4 2578-45-2 203.541 66.5 2013 2-Chloro-1,3-dinitro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzeneC7H2ClF3N2O4 393-75-9 270.550 57 2014 4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chloroethylene carbonate C3H3ClO3 3967-54-2 122.507 liq 110 213; 122181.504 1.454020 2015 2-Chloro-1,2-diphenylethanone C14H11ClO 447-31-4 230.689 nd (al) 68.5 dec s EtOH; sl chl; i alk 2016 Chlorodiphenylmethane C13H11Cl 90-99-3 202.679 16 14031.140251.595120s chl 2017 1-Chlorododecane Lauryl chloride C12H25Cl 112-52-7 204.780 liq -9.3 263.2 0.8673201.443420i H2O; vs EtOH; msc ace, ctc; s bz 2018 Chloroethane Ethyl chloride C2H5Cl 75-00-3 64.514 vol liq or gas -138.4 12.3 0.890225 (p>1 atm1.367620sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; msc eth 2019 2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride C2H4Cl2O2S 1622-32-8 163.023 201.5 1.555201.492020 2020 2-Chloroethanol Ethylene chlorohydrin C2H5ClO 107-07-3 80.513 liq -67.5 128.6 1.2019201.441920msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s chl 2021 2-Chloroethanol, 4- methylbenzenesulfonateC9H11ClO3S 80-41-1 234.699 21021i H2O; s ctc 2022 Chloroethene Vinyl chloride C2H3Cl 75-01-4 62.498 col gas -153.84 -13.8 0.9106201.370020sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth 2023 1-Chloro-4-ethoxybenzene C8H9ClO 622-61-7 156.609 21 213 1.1254201.525220s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz; sl ctc 2024 (2-Chloroethoxy)benzene C8H9ClO 622-86-6 156.609 28 218.5 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc 2025 1-Chloro-1-ethoxyethane C4H9ClO 7081-78-9 108.566 93.5 0.9655201.405320 2026 2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol C4H9ClO2 628-89-7 124.566 180; 8051.18251.452920vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth 2027 2-Chloroethyl acetate β-Chloroethyl acetate C4H7ClO2 542-58-5 122.551 145 1.178201.423420i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 2028 2-Chloroethyl acetoacetate C6H9ClO3 54527-68-3 164.586 198; 120191.2055211.443020vs bz, eth, EtOH 2029 2-Chloroethylamine hydrochloride 2-Chloroethanamine hydrochloride C2H7Cl2N 870-24-6 115.990 146.3 vs H2O, ace, EtOH 2030 (1-Chloroethyl)benzene C8H9Cl 672-65-1 140.610 10550 2031 (2-Chloroethyl)benzene C8H9Cl 622-24-2 140.610 197.5; 92201.069251.527620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 2032 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene C8H9Cl 89-96-3 140.610 liq -82.7 178.4 1.0569201.521820i H2O; s ace, bz, ctc, chl 2033 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene C8H9Cl 620-16-6 140.610 liq -55 183.8 1.0529201.519520vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2034 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene C8H9Cl 622-98-0 140.610 liq -62.6 184.4 1.0455201.517520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, peth; s HOAc 2035 2-Chloroethyl chloroformate C3H4Cl2O2 627-11-2 142.969 155 1.3847201.448320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc 2036 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1- nitrosoureaLomustine C9H16ClN3O2 13010-47-4 233.695 ye pow 90 i H2O; s EtOH 2037 N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine Dibenamine C16H18ClN 51-50-3 259.774 oily liq 1693 2038 N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine hydrochlorideDibenamine hydrochloride C16H19Cl2N 55-43-6 296.235 cry 194 i H2O; s EtOH, dil acid 2039 Chloroethyldimethylsilane C4H11ClSi 6917-76-6 122.669 89.5 0.8675201.410520 2040 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether C4H9ClO 628-34-2 108.566 107.5 0.9895201.411320sl H2O; msc eth; s chl 2041 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate C3H4ClNO 1943-83-5 105.523 4417 2042 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4- methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosoureaSemustine C10H18ClN3O2 13909-09-6 247.722 cry 64 dec 2043 5-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazole Clomethiazole C6H8ClNS 533-45-9 161.653 oil 9271.23325 2044 N-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine C6H12ClNO 3240-94-6 149.618 421 2045 4-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine, hydrochlorideC6H13Cl2NO 3647-69-6 186.079 185 2046 1-Chloro-2-(ethylthio)ethane C4H9ClS 693-07-2 124.632 157 1.066325No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g20/g20 N NClOO OO 2-Chloro-1,3-dinitrobenzeneCl N NO O OO 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthaleneOH N ClO ONO O 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitrophenolNC lN NO OO O 2-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyridineNOO N OOCl F FF 2-Chloro-1,3-dinitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneOO OCl 4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-oneO Cl 2-Chloro-1,2-diphenylethanone Cl ChlorodiphenylmethaneCl 1-ChlorododecaneCl ChloroethaneClSClOO 2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chlorideOHCl 2-ChloroethanolOCl SO O 2-Chloroethanol, 4-methylbenzenesulfonateCl ChloroetheneCl O 1-Chloro-4-ethoxybenzeneOCl (2-Chloroethoxy)benzene OCl 1-Chloro-1-ethoxyethaneClOOH 2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanolOClO 2-Chloroethyl acetateClOO O 2-Chloroethyl acetoacetateClNH 2HCl 2-Chloroethylamine hydrochlorideCl (1-Chloroethyl)benzeneCl (2-Chloroethyl)benzeneCl 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene Cl 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzeneCl 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzeneCl OClO 2-Chloroethyl chloroformateH N NCl ONO 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosoureaN Cl N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamineN Cl HCl N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine hydrochlorideSiCl Chloroethyldimethylsilane ClO 2-Chloroethyl ethyl etherClNCO 2-Chloroethyl isocyanateHN ONNO Cl 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosoureaN S Cl 5-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazoleONCl N-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholineONCl HCl 4-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine, hydrochlorideSCl 1-Chloro-2-(ethylthio)ethane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g20/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122047 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether C4H7ClO 110-75-8 106.551 liq -70 108 1.0495201.437820vs EtOH, eth; sl chl 2048 3-Chloro-4-fluoroaniline C6H5ClFN 367-21-5 145.562 45.0 227.0 2049 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene C6H4ClF 348-51-6 130.547 liq -43 137.6 1.2233301.491830i H2O; s ace, bz 2050 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene C6H4ClF 625-98-9 130.547 127.6 1.221251.4911 2051 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene C6H4ClF 352-33-0 130.547 liq -26.8 130 1.4990151.499015i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 2052 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane C2H4ClF 1615-75-4 82.504 vol liq or gas 16.2 2053 1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane C2H4ClF 762-50-5 82.504 52.8 1.1747201.377520vs eth, EtOH 2054 Chlorofluoromethane CH2ClF 593-70-4 68.478 col gas -135.1 -9.1 sl H2O; vs chl 2055 1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-methylbenzene C7H6ClF 443-83-4 144.574 154 1.191251.502620 2056 2-Chloro-1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 3-Chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene C6H3ClFNO2 350-30-1 175.545 41.5 229.5 2057 4-Chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1- butanoneC10H10ClFO 3874-54-2 200.636 13661.22251.525520 2058 3-Chloro-2,5-furandione C4HClO3 96-02-6 132.502 33 196 1.5375251.498020 2059 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4- heptafluorocyclobutaneRefrigerant C317 C4ClF7 377-41-3 216.485 liq or gas -39.1 25 1.60215 2060 1-Chloroheptane Heptyl chloride C7H15Cl 629-06-1 134.647 liq -69.5 160.4 0.8762201.426420i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl 2061 2-Chloroheptane C7H15Cl 1001-89-4 134.647 6132, 46190.8672201.422120i H2O; vs eth; s bz, chl, HOAc 2062 3-Chloroheptane C7H15Cl 999-52-0 134.647 144; 48200.8690201.422820vs bz, eth 2063 4-Chloroheptane C7H15Cl 998-95-8 134.647 144 0.8710201.423720vs bz, eth 2064 7-Chloro-1-heptanol Heptamethylene chlorohydrin C7H15ClO 55944-70-2 150.646 cry (peth, bz) 11 150200.9998151.453725vs EtOH, peth 2065 1-Chlorohexadecane C16H33Cl 4860-03-1 260.886 17.9 326.6 0.8635201.450320i H2O 2066 1-Chlorohexane Hexyl chloride C6H13Cl 544-10-5 120.620 liq -94.0 135.1 0.8781201.420020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl; sl ctc 2067 2-Chlorohexane 2-Hexyl chloride C6H13Cl 638-28-8 120.620 122.5 0.8694211.414222vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2068 3-Chlorohexane 3-Hexyl chloride C6H13Cl 2346-81-8 120.620 123 0.8684201.416320vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2069 6-Chloro-1-hexanol C6H13ClO 2009-83-8 136.619 107121.0241201.455020sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2070 4-Chloro-17-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3- one, (17 β)Clostebol C19H27ClO2 1093-58-9 322.869 189 2071 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde C7H5ClO2 635-93-8 156.567 pl (al) 100.3 10512i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, alk 2072 4-Chloro- α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acidC8H7ClO3 492-86-4 186.593 120.3 vs bz, EtOH 2073 3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid C7H5ClO3 3964-58-7 172.566 nd (w) 171 sub sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace 2074 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid C7H5ClO3 321-14-2 172.566 nd (w, al) 174.8 s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, bz; sl ace 2075 2-Chloro-5-hydroxybenzophenone C13H9ClO2 85-19-8 232.662 95.3 i H2O 2076 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5- methoxybenzaldehydeC8H7ClO3 19463-48-0 186.593 tetr 165 i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc 2077 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene C6H4ClI 615-41-8 238.453 0.7 234.5 1.9515251.633125i H2O; s ace; sl ctc 2078 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene C6H4ClI 625-99-0 238.453 230 1.925520i H2O; s ace 2079 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene C6H4ClI 637-87-6 238.453 lf (ace, al) 57 227 1.88627i H2O; s EtOH, PhNO2; sl chl 2080 1-Chloro-4-iodobutane C4H8ClI 10297-05-9 218.464 liq 116; 89191.785 1.540020 2081 Chloroiodomethane CH2ClI 593-71-5 176.384 109 2.422201.582220vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2082 1-Chloro-3-iodopropane C3H6ClI 6940-76-7 204.437 171 1.904201.547220i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc 2083 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol Iodochlorhydroxyquin C9H5ClINO 130-26-7 305.499 ye br nd (al) 178.5 sl EtOH; s HOAc 2084 1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene C7H4ClNO 3320-83-0 153.566 30.5 200; 11543sl ctc 2085 1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene C7H4ClNO 2909-38-8 153.566 11343sl chl 2086 1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene C9H11Cl 2077-13-6 154.636 liq -74.4 191.1 1.0341201.516820vs ace, bz, eth, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g20/g22ClO 2-Chloroethyl vinyl etherNH 2 Cl F 3-Chloro-4-fluoroanilineCl F 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzeneCl F 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzeneCl F 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzeneFCl 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethaneClF 1-Chloro-2-fluoroethaneCl FH H ChlorofluoromethaneCl F 1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-methylbenzene /g3F Cl NOO 2-Chloro-1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzeneFO Cl 4-Chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanoneOO OCl 3-Chloro-2,5-furandioneF ClF FF F FF 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluorocyclobutaneCl 1-ChloroheptaneCl 2-ChloroheptaneCl 3-ChloroheptaneCl 4-Chloroheptane OH Cl 7-Chloro-1-heptanolCl 1-ChlorohexadecaneCl 1-ChlorohexaneCl 2-ChlorohexaneCl 3-ChlorohexaneOHCl 6-Chloro-1-hexanolO ClHOH 4-Chloro-17-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17 β) O OH Cl 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehydeClOH OOH 4-Chloro- α-hydroxybenzeneacetic aci dOO H Cl OH 3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acidOO H OH Cl 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acidO OH Cl 2-Chloro-5-hydroxybenzophenoneO Cl OHO 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehydeCl I 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene Cl I 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzeneCl I 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzeneClI 1-Chloro-4-iodobutaneCl IH H ChloroiodomethaneCl I 1-Chloro-3-iodopropane/g3 N OHCl I 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinolClNCO 1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzeneNC ClO 1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzeneCl 1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g20/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122087 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene C9H11Cl 2621-46-7 154.636 liq -12.3 198.3 1.0208201.511720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, ctc; vs bz 2088 1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene C7H4ClNS 2131-55-7 169.632 nd (al) 46 249.5 i H2O; s EtOH 2089 Chloromethane Methyl chloride CH3Cl 74-87-3 50.488 col gas -97.7 -24.09 0.91125 (p>1 atm)1.338920sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, chl 2090 4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline 4-Chloro-2-anisidine C7H8ClNO 93-50-5 157.598 nd or pr (dil al) 52 260 s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 2091 5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline C7H8ClNO 95-03-4 157.598 nd (dil al) 84 s EtOH; sl lig 2092 (Chloromethoxy)ethane Chloromethyl ethyl ether C3H7ClO 3188-13-4 94.540 83 1.0188151.404020 2093 1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane C3H7ClO 627-42-9 94.540 92.5 1.0345201.411120vs H2O, eth 2094 [(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene C8H9ClO 3587-60-8 156.609 103131.1350201.519220 2095 1-(Chloromethoxy)propane C4H9ClO 3587-57-3 108.566 109 0.9884201.412520vs eth, EtOH 2096 Chloromethyl acetate C3H5ClO2 625-56-9 108.524 116 1.194201.40920vs eth, EtOH 2097 5-Chloro-2-(methylamino) benzophenoneN-Methyl-2-amino-5- chlorobenzophenoneC14H12ClNO 1022-13-5 245.704 92 2098 4-Chloro- N-methylaniline C7H8ClN 932-96-7 141.599 240 1.169111.583520s EtOH, ace, bz 2099 2-Chloro-4-methylaniline C7H8ClN 615-65-6 141.599 7 220 1.151201.574822sl EtOH, bz 2100 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline C7H8ClN 87-63-8 141.599 215; 9710 2101 3-Chloro-2-methylaniline C7H8ClN 87-60-5 141.599 1 245 1.588020s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz 2102 3-Chloro-4-methylaniline C7H8ClN 95-74-9 141.599 26 243 s EtOH; sl ctc 2103 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline p-Chloro- o-toluidine C7H8ClN 95-69-2 141.599 lf (al) 30.3 244 s EtOH; sl ctc 2104 5-Chloro-2-methylaniline C7H8ClN 95-79-4 141.599 26 239; 14038vs EtOH 2105 1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10- anthracenedioneC15H9ClO2 129-35-1 256.684 170.5 i EtOH, eth; sl py 2106 (Chloromethyl)benzene Benzyl chloride C7H7Cl 100-44-7 126.584 liq -45 179 1.1004201.539120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc 2107 3-Chloro- N- methylbenzenemethanamineC8H10ClN 39191-07-6 155.625 8841.535025s chl 2108 α-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanol C8H9ClO 1674-30-2 156.609 12817, 121111.1926201.552320s EtOH; vs eth 2109 4-Chloro- α-methylbenzenemethanol C8H9ClO 3391-10-4 156.609 121151.550520s ctc 2110 5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxole C8H7ClO2 20850-43-5 170.594 20.5 134141.312251.566020 2111 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Isopentyl chloride C5H11Cl 107-84-6 106.594 liq -104.4 98.9 0.8750201.408420sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl 2112 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane C5H11Cl 594-36-5 106.594 liq -73.5 85.6 0.8653201.405520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 2113 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane C5H11Cl 631-65-2 106.594 91.5 0.87820 2114 1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene C5H9Cl 503-60-6 104.578 109 0.9273201.448520vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 2115 3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne C5H7Cl 1111-97-3 102.563 liq -61 76 0.906120 2116 (Chloromethyl)cyclopropane C4H7Cl 5911-08-0 90.552 liq -90.9 88 0.98251.435020 2117 1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4- dimethylbenzeneC9H11Cl 824-55-5 154.636 215.5; 110201.058019vs bz, eth, EtOH 2118 (Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane C9H13ClSi 1833-51-8 184.738 225 1.024025s ctc, CS2 2119 Chloromethyldiphenylsilane C13H13ClSi 144-79-6 232.781 295 1.1277201.574220 2120 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2- propanolC6H13ClO2 4288-84-0 152.619 182; 87201.0910201.437025s EtOH, eth 2121 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene C9H11Cl 1467-05-6 154.636 95151.529025vs bz, EtOH, chl 2122 (1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene C9H11Cl 934-53-2 154.636 9811.192251.529025 2123 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene C7H6ClF 345-35-7 144.574 172; 86401.216251.515020 2124 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene C7H6ClF 352-11-4 144.574 8226, 76201.2143201.5130 2125 2-(Chloromethyl)furan C5H5ClO 617-88-9 116.546 49261.1783201.494120vs bz, eth, EtOH 2126 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane C8H17Cl 123-04-6 148.674 172 0.8769201.431920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g20/g24 Cl 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzeneNC ClS 1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzeneCl HHH ChloromethaneNH 2 ClO 4-Chloro-2-methoxyanilineNH 2 ClO 5-Chloro-2-methoxyanilineCl O (Chloromethoxy)ethaneOCl 1-Chloro-2-methoxyethaneOC l [(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzeneOC l 1-(Chloromethoxy)propane OO Cl Chloromethyl acetateO NH Cl 5-Chloro-2-(methylamino)benzophenoneHN Cl 4-Chloro- N-methylanilineNH 2 Cl 2-Chloro-4-methylanilineNH 2 Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylanilineNH 2 Cl 3-Chloro-2-methylanilineNH 2 Cl 3-Chloro-4-methylanilineNH 2 Cl 4-Chloro-2-methylanilineNH 2 Cl 5-Chloro-2-methylaniline /g3O OCl 1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedioneCl (Chloromethyl)benzeneN H Cl 3-Chloro- N-methylbenzenemethanamineOH Cl α-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanolOH Cl 4-Chloro- α-methylbenzenemethanolOOCl 5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxoleCl 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylbutaneCl 2-Chloro-3-methylbutaneCl 1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-buteneCl 3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyneCl (Chloromethyl)cyclopropaneCl 1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethylbenzeneSi Cl (Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilaneSi Cl Chloromethyldiphenylsilane OOH Cl 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2-propanolCl 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzeneCl (1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzeneCl F 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzeneFCl 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzeneOCl 2-(Chloromethyl)furanCl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g20/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122127 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2- isopropylphenolChlorothymol C10H13ClO 89-68-9 184.662 63 258.5 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth, alk 2128 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene C8H9ClO 824-94-2 156.609 nd 24.5 262.5 1.261201.58020vs ace, bz, eth 2129 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene C8H9Cl 552-45-4 140.610 198; 90201.063251.541025vs eth, EtOH 2130 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-methylbenzene C8H9Cl 620-19-9 140.610 195.5 1.064201.534520i H2O; s EtOH, eth 2131 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methylbenzene C8H9Cl 104-82-5 140.610 201; 90201.0512201.5380 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 2132 Chloromethyl methyl ether C2H5ClO 107-30-2 80.513 liq -103.5 59.5 1.063101.39720s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 2133 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane C4H7ClO 598-09-4 106.551 122 1.1011201.431020vs H2O, eth 2134 1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene C11H9Cl 86-52-2 176.642 pr 32 291.5 1.1813201.638020i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, peth 2135 2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene C11H9Cl 2506-41-4 176.642 lf (al) 48.5 16920i H2O; s EtOH, peth 2136 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene C7H6ClNO2 612-23-7 171.582 cry (lig) 50.0 12541.555762i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs ace, bz 2137 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene C7H6ClNO2 619-23-8 171.582 pa ye nd (lig) 46 173341.557762vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2138 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene 4-Nitrobenzyl chloride C7H6ClNO2 100-14-1 171.582 pl or nd (al) 71 1.564762i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, AcOEt 2139 1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene C7H6ClNO2 83-42-1 171.582 nd (dil al) 37.8 238 1.537769i H2O; s EtOH 2140 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene C7H6ClNO2 13290-74-9 171.582 ye cry 42.5 249 vs eth 2141 1-Chloro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene C7H6ClNO2 89-60-1 171.582 7 261; 118111.557220i H2O; s ctc 2142 2-Chloro-1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene C7H6ClNO2 121-86-8 171.582 nd (al) 66.5 260 1.547069sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, HOAc 2143 4-Chloro-1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene C7H6ClNO2 89-59-8 171.582 mcl nd 38 242; 115.5111.255980i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 2144 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane C6H13Cl 25346-32-1 120.620 113 0.8610201.411320vs eth 2145 3-(Chloromethyl)pentane C6H13Cl 4737-41-1 120.620 126; 832020.8914201.422220vs bz, eth, chl 2146 2-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2-Chloro- p-cresol C7H7ClO 6640-27-3 142.583 195.5 1.1785271.520027vs bz, eth, EtOH 2147 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol 6-Chloro- m-cresol C7H7ClO 615-74-7 142.583 pr (peth) 45.5 196 1.21515vs H2O, EtOH 2148 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 6-Chloro- o-cresol C7H7ClO 87-64-9 142.583 189; 80201.544920sl H2O; s eth 2149 3-Chloro-4-methylphenol 3-Chloro- p-cresol C7H7ClO 615-62-3 142.583 nd (al) 55.5 228 vs bz, eth, EtOH 2150 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 4-Chloro- o-cresol C7H7ClO 1570-64-5 142.583 nd (peth) 51 223 sl H2O; s peth 2151 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 4-Chloro- m-cresol C7H7ClO 59-50-7 142.583 nd (peth) 67 235 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth 2152 (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acidMCPA C9H9ClO3 94-74-6 200.618 pl (bz, to) 120 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc 2153 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butanoic acidC11H13ClO3 94-81-5 228.672 100 2154 Chloromethylphenylsilane C7H9ClSi 1631-82-9 156.685 1131001.043201.517120 2155 (Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid CH4ClO3P 2565-58-4 130.468 nd (bz/MeNO2)9 0 2156 N-Chloromethylphthalimide C9H6ClNO2 17564-64-6 195.603 135.5 2157 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal C4H7ClO 917-93-1 106.551 90 1.053151.416016vs eth, EtOH 2158 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane Isobutyl chloride C4H9Cl 513-36-0 92.567 liq -130.3 68.5 0.8773201.398420sl H2O, ctc; s eth, ace, chl 2159 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane tert-Butyl chloride C4H9Cl 507-20-0 92.567 liq -25.60 50.9 0.8420201.385720sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl 2160 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Dimethylvinyl chloride C4H7Cl 513-37-1 90.552 68 0.9186201.422120sl H2O; s chl 2161 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene C4H7Cl 563-47-3 90.552 71.5 0.9165201.429120msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl 2162 3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochlorideC6H7Cl2N 6959-48-4 164.033 hyg 143.8 2163 Chloromethylsilane CH5ClSi 993-00-0 80.590 col gas -135 7; -4563 2164 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene 4-Chlorobenzenethiol, S-methyl, S,S- dioxideC7H7ClO2S 98-57-7 190.648 98 2165 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene C7H7ClS 123-09-1 158.649 10510No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g20/g26OH Cl 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2-isopropylphenolCl O 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzeneCl 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzeneCl 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-methylbenzeneCl 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methylbenzeneO Cl Chloromethyl methyl ether O Cl 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxiraneCl 1-(Chloromethyl)naphthaleneCl 2-(Chloromethyl)naphthaleneCl NOO 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzeneCl N OO 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzeneCl NOO 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene/g3 N OOCl 1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene NOOCl 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzeneNOO Cl 1-Chloro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzeneCl NOO 2-Chloro-1-methyl-4-nitrobenzeneNOO Cl 4-Chloro-1-methyl-2-nitrobenzeneCl 2-Chloro-4-methylpentaneCl 3-(Chloromethyl)pentaneOH Cl 2-Chloro-4-methylphenol OH Cl 2-Chloro-5-methylphenolOH Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylphenolOH Cl 3-Chloro-4-methylphenolOH Cl 4-Chloro-2-methylphenolOH Cl 4-Chloro-3-methylphenolOOHO Cl (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acidOO OH Cl 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid SiHCl ChloromethylphenylsilaneO PO H OH Cl (Chloromethyl)phosphonic acidNClO O N-ChloromethylphthalimideOCl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanalCl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropaneCl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropaneCl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Cl 3-Chloro-2-methylpropeneNCl HCl 3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochlorideSi Cl HH ChloromethylsilaneSO OCl 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzeneCl S 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g20/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122166 1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane C3H7ClS 542-81-4 110.606 140; 60301.123201.490220s EtOH, eth, ace 2167 Chloro(methylthio)methane C2H5ClS 2373-51-5 96.579 105 1.153251.496320 2168 (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane C4H11ClSi 2344-80-1 122.669 98.5 0.879251.417520 2169 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Naphthyl chloride C10H7Cl 90-13-1 162.616 oily liq -2.5 259; 106.551.1880251.632620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc 2170 2-Chloronaphthalene C10H7Cl 91-58-7 162.616 pl (dil al), lf 58.0 256 1.1377711.607913i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 2171 4-Chloro-1-naphthol C10H7ClO 604-44-4 178.615 nd (chl, aq al) 120.5 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 2172 Chloroneb 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene C8H8Cl2O2 2675-77-6 207.055 134 268 2173 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline C6H5ClN2O2 121-87-9 172.569 ye nd (w) 108 vs eth, EtOH, HOAc 2174 2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline C6H5ClN2O2 6283-25-6 172.569 ye nd (lig) 121 vs eth, EtOH, HOAc 2175 4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline C6H5ClN2O2 89-63-4 172.569 dk oran-ye pr (dil al)116.5 vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ace, lig 2176 4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline C6H5ClN2O2 635-22-3 172.569 ye nd or pr (w) nd (peth)103 s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl lig 2177 5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline C6H5ClN2O2 1635-61-6 172.569 ye nd (CS2)ye lf (al, bz)127.8 sub vs eth, EtOH 2178 1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10- anthracenedioneC14H6ClNO4 129-40-8 287.656 315.3 i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig; sl bz; s py 2179 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde C7H4ClNO3 6361-21-3 185.565 cry (al) 81.3 vs EtOH, chl 2180 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde C7H4ClNO3 16588-34-4 185.565 64.5 sl H2O; s chl 2181 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene o-Chloronitrobenzene C6H4ClNO2 88-73-3 157.555 mcl nd 32.1 245.5 1.368242i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, tol, py 2182 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene m-Chloronitrobenzene C6H4ClNO2 121-73-3 157.555 pa ye orth pr (al)44.4 235.5 1.343501.537480i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 2183 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene p-Chloronitrobenzene C6H4ClNO2 100-00-5 157.555 mcl pr 82 242 1.2979901.5376100i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl, CS2 2184 5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2- benzenediamineC6H6ClN3O2 42389-30-0 187.584 167 2185 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide C6H5ClN2O4S 97-09-6 236.633 ye cry (EtOH) 175 2186 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chlorideC6H3Cl2NO4S 97-08-5 256.064 60.8 2187 2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid C7H4ClNO4 99-60-5 201.565 nd (w) 141.8 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 2188 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid C7H4ClNO4 2516-96-3 201.565 nd or pr (w) 166.5 1.60818sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz 2189 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid C7H4ClNO4 96-99-1 201.565 nd or pl (w) 182.8 1.64518i H2O; sl EtOH, ace 2190 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane C2H4ClNO2 598-92-5 109.512 124.5 1.2837201.422420i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, alk 2191 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol C6H4ClNO3 619-08-9 173.554 wh nd (50% al) 111 s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz 2192 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol C6H4ClNO3 89-64-5 173.554 ye mcl pr (al) 88.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ace 2193 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol C6H4ClNO3 611-07-4 173.554 ye pr or nd (w) 41 sub sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc 2194 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane C3H6ClNO2 600-25-9 123.539 142 1.207201.425120sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, oils 2195 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane C3H6ClNO2 594-71-8 123.539 -21.5 dec 134; 57501.2201.437819sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, oils; i KOH 2196 2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine C5H3ClN2O2 5470-18-8 158.543 nd (w) 104.0 2197 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzeneC7H3ClF3NO2 121-17-5 225.553 liq -1.3 222; 95101.511251.489320 2198 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzeneC7H3ClF3NO2 777-37-7 225.553 22 232 1.527251.508326 2199 1-Chlorononane C9H19Cl 2473-01-0 162.700 liq -39.4 205.2 0.8706201.434320i H2O; s eth, chl 2200 9-Chloro-1-nonanol C9H19ClO 51308-99-7 178.699 28 147141.457520vs eth, EtOH 2201 1-Chlorooctadecane C18H37Cl 3386-33-2 288.940 28.6 352 0.8616201.452420i H2O; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g20/g28SCl 1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethaneS Cl Chloro(methylthio)methaneSi Cl (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilaneCl 1-ChloronaphthaleneCl 2-ChloronaphthaleneOH Cl 4-Chloro-1-naphtholO Cl Cl O ChloronebNH 2 NOOCl 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline NO ONH 2 Cl 2-Chloro-5-nitroanilineNOO NH 2 Cl 4-Chloro-2-nitroanilineNO ONH 2 Cl 4-Chloro-3-nitroanilineNOO NH 2 Cl 5-Chloro-2-nitroanilineO OCl NOO 1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedioneO NO OCl 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehydeNO OO Cl 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde NOO Cl 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzeneNO OCl 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzeneNOOCl 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzeneNO ONH 2 NH 2 Cl 5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamineNO O ClSNH 2 O O 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamideNO O ClSO OCl 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chlorideOH O NCl O O 2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid NO OOO H Cl 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acidNO OOH O Cl 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acidClNOO 1-Chloro-1-nitroethaneOH NOOCl 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenolOH ClNOO 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenolOH ClNOO 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenolNOO Cl 1-Chloro-1-nitropropaneCl N OO 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane NC lNOO 2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine/g3Cl NOO FFF 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneCl NOOF FF 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneCl 1-ChlorononaneOH Cl 9-Chloro-1-nonanolCl 1-Chlorooctadecane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g21/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122202 1-Chlorooctane Octyl chloride C8H17Cl 111-85-3 148.674 liq -57.8 183.5 0.8734201.430920i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 2203 2-Chlorooctane C8H17Cl 628-61-5 148.674 172; 75280.8658171.427321i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2204 8-Chloro-1-octanol C8H17ClO 23144-52-7 164.673 139191.456325vs eth, EtOH 2205 Chloropentafluoroacetone C3ClF5O 79-53-8 182.476 col gas -133 8 2206 Chloropentafluorobenzene C6ClF5 344-07-0 202.509 117.96 1.568251.425620 2207 Chloropentafluoroethane Refrigerant 115 C2ClF5 76-15-3 154.466 col gas -99.4 -39.1 1.5678-421.2678-42i H2O; s EtOH, eth 2208 1-Chloropentane Pentyl chloride C5H11Cl 543-59-9 106.594 liq -99.0 108.4 0.8820201.412620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc; vs chl 2209 2-Chloropentane, (+) sec-Pentyl chloride C5H11Cl 29882-57-3 106.594 liq -137 97.0 0.8698201.406920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl 2210 3-Chloropentane C5H11Cl 616-20-6 106.594 liq -105 97.5 0.8731201.408220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace 2211 5-Chloropentanoic acid C5H9ClO2 1119-46-6 136.577 18 230 1.3416251.455520vs eth, EtOH 2212 5-Chloro-1-pentanol C5H11ClO 5259-98-3 122.593 112121.451820vs eth, EtOH 2213 5-Chloro-2-pentanone C5H9ClO 5891-21-4 120.577 106110, 76341.0523201.437520s eth, ace; sl ctc 2214 1-Chloro-3-pentanone C5H9ClO 32830-97-0 120.577 68201.436120vs eth, EtOH 2215 5-Chloropentanoyl chloride C5H8Cl2O 1575-61-7 155.022 83121.210181.463920vs eth 2216 4-Chloro-2-pentene C5H9Cl 1458-99-7 104.578 103; 47250.8988201.432220vs ace, eth, chl 2217 2-Chlorophenol C6H5ClO 95-57-8 128.556 9.4 174.9 1.2634201.552420sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 2218 3-Chlorophenol C6H5ClO 108-43-0 128.556 32.6 214 1.245451.556540sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 2219 4-Chlorophenol C6H5ClO 106-48-9 128.556 42.8 220 1.2651401.557940sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s alk 2220 Chlorophenol Red C19H12Cl2O5S 4430-20-0 423.266 grn-br cry 261 sl H2O; s EtOH 2221 2-Chloro-10 H-phenothiazine C12H8ClNS 92-39-7 233.717 198.5 2222 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H7ClO3 614-61-9 186.593 nd (w, al) 148.5 s H2O, EtOH 2223 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H7ClO3 588-32-9 186.593 cry (w) 110 i H2O 2224 (4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid C8H7ClO3 122-88-3 186.593 pr or nd (w) 156.5 vs H2O; sl chl 2225 1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether C12H9ClO 7005-72-3 204.651 284.5 1.2026151.599 2226 3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2- propanediolChlorphenesin C9H11ClO3 104-29-0 202.634 cry 78 21419i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf 2227 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid Cloprop C9H9ClO3 101-10-0 200.618 cry 113 1001.5 2228 2-Chloro- N-phenylacetamide C8H8ClNO 587-65-5 169.609 nd (dil HOAc) sub vs bz, eth, EtOH 2229 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide C8H8ClNO 533-17-5 169.609 88.3 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth 2230 N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide C8H8ClNO 588-07-8 169.609 nd 79 333 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; s chl 2231 N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide C8H8ClNO 539-03-7 169.609 179 333 1.38522i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc 2232 4-Chloro- α-phenylbenzenemethanol C13H11ClO 119-56-2 218.678 59 sl chl 2233 4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate C12H9ClO3S 80-38-6 268.715 col cry 62 1.33 sl H2O 2234 4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone C10H11ClO 939-52-6 182.646 19.5 13141.137251.545920 2235 4-Chlorophenyl 4- chlorobenzenesulfonateOvex C12H8Cl2O3S 80-33-1 303.161 86.5 i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace 2236 (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl) methanone2,4’-Dichlorodiphenyl ketone C13H8Cl2O 85-29-0 251.108 pr (al) 67 214221.39314s EtOH; sl chl 2237 N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)- N,N- dimethylureaMonuron C9H11ClN2O 150-68-5 198.648 wh pl (MeOH) 170.5 i H2O; sl EtOH, ace 2238 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone m-Chloroacetophenone C8H7ClO 99-02-5 154.594 244; 129301.2130401.549420s EtOH, eth, ace 2239 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone p-Chloroacetophenone C8H7ClO 99-91-2 154.594 20 232 1.1922201.555020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 2240 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4- pyrimidinediaminePyrimethamine C12H13ClN4 58-14-0 248.711 233.5 2241 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1 H-indene- 1,3(2 H)-dioneClorindione C15H9ClO2 1146-99-2 256.684 dk red nd (al) 145.5 vs bz, eth, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g21/g20 Cl 1-ChlorooctaneCl 2-ChlorooctaneOHCl 8-Chloro-1-octanolO Cl FF F FF ChloropentafluoroacetoneCl F F FFF ChloropentafluorobenzeneClFFF FF ChloropentafluoroethaneCl 1-Chloropentane Cl 2-Chloropentane, (+)Cl 3-ChloropentaneOHO Cl 5-Chloropentanoic acidOH Cl 5-Chloro-1-pentanolO Cl 5-Chloro-2-pentanoneCl O 1-Chloro-3-pentanoneClO Cl 5-Chloropentanoyl chlorideCl 4-Chloro-2-pentene OH Cl 2-ChlorophenolOH Cl 3-ChlorophenolOH Cl 4-ChlorophenolSO OOHO Cl OHCl Chlorophenol RedSHN Cl 2-Chloro-10 H-phenothiazineOO OH Cl 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acidOO OH Cl 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acidClOO OH (4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid O Cl 1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzeneClOOH OH 3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediolClOO OH 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acidHN OCl 2-Chloro- N-phenylacetamideHN OCl N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamideClHN O N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide ClHN O N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamideClOH 4-Chloro- α-phenylbenzenemethanolSOO OCl 4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonateO Cl 4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanoneCl S OO O Cl 4-Chlorophenyl 4-chlorobenzenesulfonateO Cl Cl (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone HN ON Cl N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)- N,N-dimethylureaO Cl 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanoneClO 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanoneNN NH 2 H2NCl 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamineO OCl 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1 H-indene-1,3(2 H)-dione /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g21/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122242 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate C7H4ClNO 104-12-1 153.566 31.3 11645 2243 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2- propylamineClortermine C10H14ClN 10389-73-8 183.678 liq 11716 2244 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3- oxobutanamideC10H10ClNO2 93-70-9 211.645 106.5 s EtOH; i eth, lig 2245 (4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanone C13H9ClO 134-85-0 216.662 nd (al) 77.5 332 s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 2246 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid C9H9ClO2 1643-28-3 184.619 nd or lf (w) 102 2247 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid C9H9ClO2 21640-48-2 184.619 lf (peth) 77 2248 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid C9H9ClO2 2019-34-3 184.619 126 2249 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone 2-Chloroethyl phenyl ketone C9H9ClO 936-59-4 168.619 lf (eth), cry (al, peth)49.5 1134 2250 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone C9H9ClO 6285-05-8 168.619 37.3 13531, 1142i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl 2251 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid C9H5ClO2 7396-28-3 180.588 cry (HOAc, bz- peth)144.5 vs HOAc 2252 Chlorophenylsilane Phenylchlorosilane C6H7ClSi 4206-75-1 142.659 162.5 1.0683201.534020 2253 1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene Sulphenone C12H9ClO2S 80-00-2 252.716 94 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz 2254 5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole C7H5ClN4 14210-25-4 180.595 123 2255 (2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea C7H7ClN2S 5344-82-1 186.662 nd or pl 146 vs bz, EtOH 2256 α-Chlorophyll C55H72MgN4O5479-61-8 893.490 bl blk hex pl 152.3 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig 2257 β-Chlorophyll C55H70MgN4O6519-62-0 907.473 bl-blk or grn pow125 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, py; s MeOH 2258 Chloropropamide 4-Chloro- N-[(propylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamideC10H13ClN2O3S 94-20-2 276.739 cry (EtOH) 128 i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz 2259 2-Chloropropanal C3H5ClO 683-50-1 92.524 86 1.182151.43117vs bz, eth 2260 1-Chloropropane Propyl chloride C3H7Cl 540-54-5 78.541 liq -122.9 46.5 0.8899201.387920sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 2261 2-Chloropropane Isopropyl chloride C3H7Cl 75-29-6 78.541 liq -117.18 35.7 0.8617201.377720sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl 2262 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol α-Chlorohydrin C3H7ClO2 96-24-2 110.540 ye liq dec 213; 116111.325181.480920s H2O, EtOH, eth 2263 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol Glycerol β-chlorohydrin C3H7ClO2 497-04-1 110.540 14618, 124141.3219201.483120vs H2O, ace, EtOH 2264 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Clonitrate C3H5ClN2O6 2612-33-1 200.534 sl ye liq 192.5 1.51129vs ace, EtOH, chl 2265 3-Chloropropanenitrile β-Chloropropionitrile C3H4ClN 542-76-7 89.524 liq -51 175.5 1.1573201.436020sl ctc 2266 2-Chloropropanoic acid 2-Chloropropionic acid C3H5ClO2 598-78-7 108.524 185 1.2585201.438020msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace 2267 3-Chloropropanoic acid β-Chloropropionic acid C3H5ClO2 107-94-8 108.524 lf (w), hyg cry (lig)41 dec 204 s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth 2268 2-Chloro-1-propanol Propylene chlorohydrin C3H7ClO 78-89-7 94.540 133.5 1.103201.439020vs H2O, eth, EtOH 2269 3-Chloro-1-propanol C3H7ClO 627-30-5 94.540 165 1.1309201.445920vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 2270 1-Chloro-2-propanol sec-Propylene chlorohydrin C3H7ClO 127-00-4 94.540 127 1.113201.439220msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 2271 3-Chloropropanoyl chloride C3H4Cl2O 625-36-5 126.969 144 1.3307131.454920sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 2272 cis-1-Chloropropene C3H5Cl 16136-84-8 76.525 liq -134.8 32.8 0.9347201.405520i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl 2273 trans -1-Chloropropene C3H5Cl 16136-85-9 76.525 liq -99 37.4 0.9349201.405420i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl 2274 2-Chloropropene Isopropenyl chloride C3H5Cl 557-98-2 76.525 vol liq or gas -137.4 22.6 0.9017201.397320i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl 2275 3-Chloropropene Allyl chloride C3H5Cl 107-05-1 76.525 liq -134.5 45.1 0.9376201.415720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc 2276 2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile C3H2ClN 920-37-6 87.508 liq -65 88.5 1.096251.429020 2277 2-Chloropropenoic acid 2-Chloroacrylic acid C3H3ClO2 598-79-8 106.508 66 sub 2278 trans -(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene C9H9Cl 21087-29-6 152.620 8.5 106131.0926201.585120vs ace, bz, eth, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g21/g22 ClNCO 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanateNH 2 Cl 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propylamineHN O OCl N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutanamideO Cl (4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanoneClO OH 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acidClOHO 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acidClOHO 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid O Cl 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanoneClO 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanoneOH OCl 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acidSiH 2Cl ChlorophenylsilaneCl SO O 1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzeneNNNN Cl 5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazoleHN SNH 2Cl (2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea NN NN Mg O OOOO α-ChlorophyllNN NN Mg O OOO OO β-ChlorophyllN HHNO SOO Cl ChloropropamideOCl 2-ChloropropanalCl 1-ChloropropaneCl 2-Chloropropane OH OHCl 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediolOHHO Cl 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediolOO ClNO 2 O2N 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrateCl N 3-ChloropropanenitrileOH OCl 2-Chloropropanoic acidO OH Cl 3-Chloropropanoic acidOHCl 2-Chloro-1-propanolCl OH 3-Chloro-1-propanolOH Cl 1-Chloro-2-propanol ClO Cl 3-Chloropropanoyl chlorideCl cis-1-ChloropropeneCl trans -1-ChloropropeneCl 2-ChloropropeneCl 3-ChloropropeneNCl 2-Chloro-2-propenenitrileCl OHO 2-Chloropropenoic acidCl trans -(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g21/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122279 Chloropropham C10H12ClNO2 101-21-3 213.661 41 14921.18301.538820 2280 Chloropropylate C17H16Cl2O3 5836-10-2 339.213 pow 73 sl H2O; s os 2281 (3-Chloropropyl)benzene C9H11Cl 104-52-9 154.636 219.5 1.056211.516025sl ctc 2282 3-Chloropropyl chloroformate C4H6Cl2O2 628-11-5 156.996 177 1.2926251.445620i H2O 2283 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane C6H15ClO3Si 2530-87-2 198.720 91 1.077251.418325 2284 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane C6H15ClSi 2344-83-4 150.722 151 0.8789201.431920 2285 3-Chloro-1-propyne Propargyl chloride C3H3Cl 624-65-7 74.509 -78 58 1.030251.434920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc 2286 6-Chloro-1 H-purine 6-Chloropurine C5H3ClN4 87-42-3 154.558 nd (w) 176 dec 2287 6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine C4H4ClN3 5469-69-2 129.548 220 2288 5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine C5H5ClN2 1072-98-6 128.560 pl 137 12711s H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO; i peth, lig 2289 2-Chloropyridine C5H4ClN 109-09-1 113.546 oil 170 1.205151.532020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 2290 3-Chloropyridine C5H4ClN 626-60-8 113.546 148; 861001.530420sl H2O 2291 4-Chloropyridine C5H4ClN 626-61-9 113.546 liq -43.5 147.5 1.200025s H2O; msc EtOH 2292 2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid C6H4ClNO2 2942-59-8 157.555 >175 dec 2293 6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid C6H4ClNO2 5326-23-8 157.555 198 dec 2294 4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride C5H5Cl2N 7379-35-3 150.006 sub 210 2295 Chloroquine C18H26ClN3 54-05-7 319.872 90 2296 2-Chloroquinoline C9H6ClN 612-62-4 163.604 nd (aq al) 38 266; 153221.2464251.634225i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 2297 4-Chloroquinoline C9H6ClN 611-35-8 163.604 cry 34.5 262; 130151.25125sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl 2298 6-Chloroquinoline C9H6ClN 612-57-7 163.604 pr (eth), nd (al) 43.8 263 1.611056 2299 8-Chloroquinoline C9H6ClN 611-33-6 163.604 liq -20 288.5 1.2834141.640814s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 2300 5-Chloro-8-quinolinol Cloxyquin C9H6ClNO 130-16-5 179.603 cry (al) 130 2301 2-Chlorostyrene C8H7Cl 2039-87-4 138.595 liq -63.1 188.7 1.1000201.564920s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc; msc peth 2302 3-Chlorostyrene C8H7Cl 2039-85-2 138.595 6361.1033201.562520i H2O; s EtOH, eth 2303 4-Chlorostyrene C8H7Cl 1073-67-2 138.595 15.9 192 1.0868201.566020i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc 2304 N-Chlorosuccinimide C4H4ClNO2 128-09-6 133.534 pl (CCl4) 150 1.6525sl H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace, HOAc 2305 1-Chlorotetradecane C14H29Cl 2425-54-9 232.833 4.9 296.8 0.8654201.447420i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ace, bz; sl ctc 2306 6-Chloro- N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5- triazine-2,4-diamineC11H20ClN5 580-48-3 257.764 oily liq 27 15591.0956201.532020vs bz, chl, EtOH, lig 2307 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane C2HClF4 354-25-6 136.476 col gas -117 -11.7 2308 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane C2HClF4 2837-89-0 136.476 col gas -12 2309 Chlorothalonil C8Cl4N2 1897-45-6 265.911 250 350 1.725i H2O; sl ace, cyhex 2310 Chlorothen Chloromethapyrilene C14H18ClN3S 148-65-2 295.831 15510, 19251.175125 2311 Chlorothiazide C7H6ClN3O4S2 58-94-6 295.724 350 dec 2312 2-Chlorothiophene 2-Thienyl chloride C4H3ClS 96-43-5 118.585 liq -71.9 128.3 1.2863201.548720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl 2313 5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde C5H3ClOS 7283-96-7 146.595 77.551.603625sl chl 2314 2-Chloro-9 H-thioxanthen-9-one C13H7ClOS 86-39-5 246.712 153.5 2315 2-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl 95-49-8 126.584 liq -35.8 159.0 1.0825201.526820i H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace, chl 2316 3-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl 108-41-8 126.584 liq -47.8 161.8 1.075201.521419i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl; msc eth 2317 4-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl 106-43-4 126.584 7.5 162.4 1.0697201.515020i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, chl; msc eth 2318 6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine C3H4ClN5 3397-62-4 145.551 >330 2319 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene C7H4Cl4 2136-89-2 229.919 29.4 264.3 1.5187201.583620i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g21/g24 HN OO Cl ChloroprophamCl ClHOOO ChloropropylateCl (3-Chloropropyl)benzeneCl O ClO 3-Chloropropyl chloroformateSi OClO O (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilaneSi Cl (3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilaneCl 3-Chloro-1-propyneHN N NNCl 6-Chloro-1 H-purine NNClNH 2 6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamineNN H 2Cl 5-Chloro-2-pyridinamineNC l 2-ChloropyridineNCl 3-Chloropyridine/g3 NCl 4-ChloropyridineNOHO Cl 2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acidN ClOOH 6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acidNCl HCl 4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride N ClHNN ChloroquineNC l 2-ChloroquinolineNCl 4-ChloroquinolineNCl 6-ChloroquinolineN Cl 8-ChloroquinolineNCl OH 5-Chloro-8-quinolinolCl 2-ChlorostyreneCl 3-Chlorostyrene/g3Cl 4-ChlorostyreneNO O Cl N-Chlorosuccinimide Cl 1-ChlorotetradecaneNNN Cl N N 6-Chloro- N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineF FCl FF 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethaneF F F FCl 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethaneClClCl ClN N ChlorothalonilSClNN N Chlorothen SNHN Cl SH2N OO OO ChlorothiazideSCl 2-ChlorothiopheneSClO 5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehydeSO Cl 2-Chloro-9 H-thioxanthen-9-oneCl 2-ChlorotolueneCl 3-ChlorotolueneCl 4-ChlorotolueneN NNNH 2 NH 2 Cl 6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineCl ClClCl 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g21/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122320 1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene C7H4Cl4 5216-25-1 229.919 245 1.446320vs ace, eth 2321 Chlorotriethoxysilane C6H15ClO3Si 4667-99-6 198.720 liq -51 156 1.030201.399920vs EtOH 2322 Chlorotriethylplumbane Lead triethyl chloride C6H15ClPb 1067-14-7 329.8 123 dec s H2O 2323 Chlorotriethylsilane C6H15ClSi 994-30-9 150.722 144.5 0.8967201.431420 2324 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane C2H2ClF3 421-04-5 118.485 vol liq or gas 12 2325 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane C2H2ClF3 431-07-2 118.485 vol liq or gas 17.3 2326 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane C2H2ClF3 75-88-7 118.485 col gas -105.5 6.1 1.38901.30900 2327 Chlorotrifluoroethene Chlorotrifluoroethylene C2ClF3 79-38-9 116.469 col gas -158.2 -27.8 1.54-601.380s bz, chl 2328 Chlorotrifluoromethane Refrigerant 13 CClF3 75-72-9 104.459 col gas -181 -81.4 i H2O 2329 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline C7H5ClF3N 121-50-6 195.570 103251.428251.497520 2330 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline C7H5ClF3N 320-51-4 195.570 36.5 13227 2331 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene o-Chlorobenzotrifluoride C7H4ClF3 88-16-4 180.555 liq -6 152.2 1.2540301.451325s chl 2332 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride C7H4ClF3 98-15-7 180.555 liq -56 137.5 1.3311251.443825 2333 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride C7H4ClF3 98-56-6 180.555 liq -33 138.5 1.3340251.443130 2334 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane C3H4ClF3 460-35-5 132.512 liq -106.5 45.1 1.3253201.335020i H2O 2335 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane C8H17Cl 6111-88-2 148.674 -26 dec 147; 44160.8746201.430820vs EtOH 2336 Chlorotrimethylstannane C3H9ClSn 1066-45-1 199.266 38.5 148 s H2O, chl, os 2337 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene Picryl chloride C6H2ClN3O6 88-88-0 247.549 wh nd or pl (chl, al-lig)83 1.79720i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth; vs ace, tol 2338 Chlorotrinitromethane CClN3O6 1943-16-4 185.480 2.3 dec 134; 56401.6769201.450020vs eth, EtOH, chl 2339 Chlorotriphenylmethane C19H15Cl 76-83-5 278.775 nd or pr (bz- peth)113.5 310 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace 2340 Chlorotriphenylsilane C18H15ClSi 76-86-8 294.851 24135 2341 Chlorotriphenylstannane Triphenyltin chloride C18H15ClSn 639-58-7 385.475 103.5 s chl 2342 Chlorotripropylstannane C9H21ClSn 2279-76-7 283.426 -23.5 123131.2678281.4910228s ctc, os 2343 Chlorovinyldimethylsilane C4H9ClSi 1719-58-0 120.653 83.5 0.8744201.414120 2344 Chloroxuron N’-[4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)phenyl]- N,N-dimethylureaC15H15ClN2O2 1982-47-4 290.745 151 2345 Chlorozotocin C9H16ClN3O7 54749-90-5 313.692 cry 147 dec s H2O 2346 Chlorphenesin carbamate C10H12ClNO4 886-74-8 245.660 cry (bz) 90 vs ace, EtOH, diox 2347 Chlorpheniramine C16H19ClN2 132-22-9 274.788 oily liq 1421 2348 Chlorpheniramine maleate Chloroprophenpyridamine C20H23ClN2O4 113-92-8 390.861 132.5 2349 Chlorphentermine 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2-propylamine C10H14ClN 461-78-9 183.678 liq 231; 1012 2350 Chlorpromazine 2-Chloro- N,N-dimethyl-10 H- phenothiazine-10-propanamineC17H19ClN2S 50-53-3 318.864 2020.8i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s dil HCl 2351 Chlorprothixene C18H18ClNS 113-59-7 315.861 pale ye cry 97 i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 2352 Chlorpyrifos C9H11Cl3NO3PS 2921-88-2 350.586 42 2353 Chlorpyrifos-methyl C7H7Cl3NO3PS 5598-13-0 322.534 43 2354 Chlorsulfuron C12H12ClN5O4S 64902-72-3 357.773 176 2355 Chlortetracycline C22H23ClN2O8 57-62-5 478.879 gold-ye 168.5 i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s diox 2356 Chlorthalidone C14H11ClN2O4S 77-36-1 338.765 wh pow or cry 225 dec s alk, EtOH; sl eth 2357 Chlorthion C8H9ClNO5PS 500-28-7 297.653 ye cry 21 1250.11.437201.566120i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH 2358 Chlorthiophos C11H15Cl2O3PS221923-23-9 361.245 1500.001 2359 Chlortoluron N’-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)- N,N- dimethylureaC10H13ClN2O 15545-48-9 212.675 cry 147 sl H2O; s osNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g21/g26Cl Cl ClCl 1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzeneO SiCl O O ChlorotriethoxysilanePbCl ChlorotriethylplumbaneSiCl ChlorotriethylsilaneF FCl F 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethaneFF FCl 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethaneF FFCl 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethaneFCl FF Chlorotrifluoroethene Cl FF F ChlorotrifluoromethaneNH 2 Cl F FF 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)anilineNH 2 ClF FF 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)anilineCl FFF 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneCl F FF 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneCl FFF 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneCl FFF 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane Cl 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentaneSnCl ChlorotrimethylstannaneNOO Cl N OO NO O 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzeneNO 2 Cl NO 2NO 2 ChlorotrinitromethaneCl ChlorotriphenylmethaneSiCl ChlorotriphenylsilaneCl Sn ChlorotriphenylstannaneSnCl Chlorotripropylstannane Si Cl ChlorovinyldimethylsilaneOClH N N O ChloroxuronO OH HNOH OHHO NO ON Cl ChlorozotocinClOOH ON H 2 O Chlorphenesin carbamateClNN Chlorpheniramine NClN OH HO OO Chlorpheniramine maleateClNH 2 ChlorphentermineSN ClN ChlorpromazineSClN ChlorprothixeneNCl ClCl OPOSO ChlorpyrifosNCl ClCl OPOSO Chlorpyrifos-methyl N NNO NHNHO SOO Cl ChlorsulfuronCl OH O HO ONH 2 OOHN HOHHOH ChlortetracyclineNHHO OCl SNH 2 OO ChlorthalidoneO N ClOP SO O O ChlorthionCl SClOPSOO ChlorthiophosClH N N O Chlortoluron /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g21/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122360 Cholane C24H42 548-98-1 330.590 pr (al) 90 1900.001 2361 Cholan-24-oic acid Cholanic acid C24H40O2 25312-65-6 360.574 nd (al), cry (HOAc)163.5 s EtOH, chl, HOAc 2362 Cholesta-3,5-diene C27H44 747-90-0 368.638 wh nd (al) 80 260130.925100i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; vs lig 2363 Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3 β) 7-Dehydrocholesterol C27H44O 434-16-2 384.637 pl (+1w), (eth- MeOH)150.5 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace 2364 Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3 β,5 α)C27H44O 128-33-6 384.637 pl (MeOH),nd 110 1600.001s ace, chl, MeOH 2365 Cholestane, (5 α) 28,29,30-Trinorlanostane C27H48 481-21-0 372.670 sc or pl (eth-al, ace)80 25010.9090881.488788i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl 2366 Cholestane, (5 β) Coprostane C27H48 481-20-9 372.670 orth nd (al, ace) 72 0.9119871.488488vs eth, chl 2367 Cholestanol Dihydrocholesterol C27H48O 80-97-7 388.669 sc (al,+1w) 141.5 vs eth, chl 2368 Cholestan-3-ol, (3 α,5 α) Epicholestanol C27H48O 516-95-0 388.669 nd (al) 185.5 s chl 2369 Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3 β) Allocholesterol C27H46O 517-10-2 386.653 nd (eth-MeOH) 132 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl 2370 Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3 α) Epicholesterol C27H46O 474-77-1 386.653 cry (al, chl- MeOH)141.5 sl EtOH 2371 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 β), acetate C29H48O2 604-35-3 428.690 wh nd (ace, al) 115.5 vs bz, eth, chl 2372 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 β), benzoate C34H50O2 604-32-0 490.760 wh nd 151.3 0.9413200i EtOH; s eth, chl 2373 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 β)-, hexadecanoateC43H76O2 601-34-3 625.062 wh nd (eth al) 79.3 vs bz, chl 2374 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 β)-,cis-9- octadecenoateC45H78O2 303-43-5 651.100 46.3 s chl 2375 Cholest-4-en-3-one C27H44O 601-57-0 384.637 nd or pl (al) 81.5 2450.03 2376 Cholesterol C27H46O 57-88-5 386.653 orth or tcl lf (al) nd (eth)148.5 dec 360; 2330.51.06720i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc; vs diox 2377 Cholic acid 3,7,12-Trihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α,12α)C24H40O5 81-25-4 408.572 198 sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk; vs eth, chl 2378 Choline chloride C5H14ClNO 67-48-1 139.624 hyg cry 305 dec vs H2O, EtOH 2379 Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphatePhosphorylcholine C5H15ClNO4P 107-73-3 219.605 visc liq 2380 Chorismic acid C10H10O6 617-12-9 226.182 cry 148 s H2O 2381 Chromium carbonyl C6CrO6 13007-92-6 220.056 col orth cry dec 130 sub 1.77 i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl 2382 Chromium(II) oxalate C2CrO4 814-90-4 140.015 ye-grn pow (hyd)i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 2383 Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Chromium acetylacetonate C15H21CrO6 21679-31-2 349.320 red mcl cry 208 345 1.34 i H2O; s bz 2384 Chromotrope 2B C16H9N3Na2O10 S2548-80-1 513.366 red-br pow 300 s H2O; i EtOH 2385 Chrysamminic acid 1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetranitro- 9,10-anthracenedioneC14H4N4O12 517-92-0 420.202 ye pl or lf exp dec vs eth, EtOH 2386 6-Chrysenamine 6-Aminochrysene C18H13N 2642-98-0 243.303 lf (al) 210.5 2387 Chrysene Benzo[a]phenanthrene C18H12 218-01-9 228.288 red bl fl or orth pl (bz, HOAc)255.5 448 1.27420i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s tol 2388 Ciafos C9H10NO3PS 2636-26-2 243.219 ye to red-ye liq 15 1200.09 dec 1.540432sl H2O; vs chl, EtOH, ace, MeOH 2389 Cicutoxin 8,10,12-Heptadecatriene-4,6-diyne- 1,14-diolC17H22O2 505-75-9 258.356 pr (eth/peth) 54 s hot H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 2390 C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt Direct Blue 6 C32H20N6Na4O14 S42602-46-2 932.752 dk bronze pow 2391 Cimetidine C10H16N6S 51481-61-9 252.339 cry 142No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g21/g28CholaneOHO H Cholan-24-oic acid Cholesta-3,5-dieneHO Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3 β)HOH Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3 β,5α)H Cholestane, (5 α) H Cholestane, (5 β)HOH CholestanolHOH Cholestan-3-ol, (3 α,5α)HO Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3 β)HOH Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3 α) OOH Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 β), acetateOOH Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 β), benzoateO OH Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 β)-, hexadecanoateO OH Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 β)-,cis-9-octadecenoateOH Cholest-4-en-3-one HOH CholesterolHOHOHHHOO OH Cholic acidHON Cl Choline chloride Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphateON P OHOH OClOO H OHO OOH Chorismic acidCrCO COCO COOC OC Chromium carbonylO OO OCr2 Chromium(II) oxalate OOO O O OCr Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioateOH OH NN SO3 O3SNOO Na Na Chromotrope 2BOH NOO NOOO OOH NOO NOO Chrysamminic acidNH 2 6-Chrysenamine ChryseneOPS NOO Ciafos OHOH Cicutoxin/g3 NNNH 2 OH NNH2N HO SS SSO OO OO O OOOOO O4 Na C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium saltN N HSH N N NH N Cimetidine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g22/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122392 Cinchonamine C19H24N2O 482-28-0 296.406 orth nd (al) orth pr (MeOH)186 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 2393 Cinchonidine C19H22N2O 485-71-2 294.390 or pl or pr (al) 210.5 sub i H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, py; sl eth 2394 Cinchonine C19H22N2O 118-10-5 294.390 pr nd (al, eth) 265 2395 Cinchotoxine C19H22N2O 69-24-9 294.390 nd or pr (eth) 59 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 2396 trans -Cinnamaldehyde 3-Phenyl-2-propenal, ( E)- C9H8O 14371-10-9 132.159 ye liq -7.5 246 1.0497201.619520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig 2397 Cinnamedrine α-[1-[Methyl(3-phenylallyl) amino]ethyl]benzenemethanolC19H23NO 90-86-8 281.392 75 2398 cis-Cinnamic acid 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, ( Z)C9H8O2 102-94-3 148.159 mcl pr (w) 42 vs EtOH, HOAc, lig 2399 trans -Cinnamic acid 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, ( E)C9H8O2 140-10-3 148.159 mcl pr (dil al) 133 300 1.24754i H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz 2400 trans -Cinnamyl anthranilate C16H15NO2 87-29-6 253.296 cry 64 2401 Cinnamyl cinnamate C18H16O2 122-69-0 264.319 nd (al) 44 1.15654i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth 2402 Cinnamyl formate 3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, formate C10H10O2 104-65-4 162.185 0 252 1.08625 2403 Cinnoline 1,2-Benzodiazine C8H6N2 253-66-7 130.147 pa ye cry (lig) 38 1140.3vs eth, EtOH 2404 Cinoxate 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid, 2-ethoxyethyl esterC14H18O4 104-28-9 250.291 col liq -25 18521.102251.56720i H2O; msc EtOH 2405 Cinquasia Red Quinacridone C20H12N2O2 1047-16-1 312.321 red-viol cry 390 i H2O, os 2406 Ciodrin C14H19O6P 7700-17-6 314.271 1350.031.1925 2407 C.I. Pigment Red 170 C26H22N4O4 2786-76-7 454.478 red solid 2408 C.I. Pigment Yellow 1 C17H16N4O4 2512-29-0 340.334 ye cry 256 2409 C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 C32H26Cl2N6O46358-85-6 629.492 ye cry 317 2410 Cisapride C23H29ClFN3O481098-60-4 465.945 cry (hp) 132 2411 Citral 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal C10H16O 5392-40-5 152.233 228.3 0.8888201.489820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 2412 β-Citraurin C30H40O2 650-69-1 432.638 pl (bz-peth), cry (al)147 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig 2413 Citrazinic acid 1,2-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-oxo-4- pyridinecarboxylic acidC6H5NO4 99-11-6 155.109 ye pow >300 dec s H2O, alk; sl HCl 2414 Citric acid 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3- propanetricarboxylic acidC6H8O7 77-92-9 192.124 orth (w+1) 153 dec 1.66520vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, AcOEt; i bz, chl 2415 Citric acid monohydrate 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3- propanetricarboxylic acid, monohydrateC 6H10O8 5949-29-1 210.138 cry (w) 135 1.542 vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2416 Citrinin Antimycin C13H14O5 518-75-2 250.247 ye nd (MeOH) 178 dec i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 2417 Citrulline N5-(Aminocarbonyl)- L-ornithine C6H13N3O3 372-75-8 175.185 pr (aq MeOH) 222 s H2O; i EtOH, MeOH 2418 Citrus Red 2 C18H16N2O3 6358-53-8 308.331 cry 156 sl H2O; s EtOH 2419 C.I. Vat Blue 6 7,16-Dichloro-6,15-dihydro- 5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetroneC28H12Cl2N2O4130-20-1 511.312 viol-bl pow 2420 C.I. Vat Yellow 4 Anthanthrone C24H12O2 128-66-5 332.351 ye cry 2421 Clayton Yellow Thiazol Yellow G C28H19N5Na2O6 S41829-00-1 695.721 ye-br pow s H2O, EtOH, H2SO4 2422 Clemastine fumarate C25H30ClNO5 14976-57-9 459.963 181 2423 Clindamycin C18H33ClN2O5S 18323-44-9 424.983 ye amorp solid 2424 Cloconazole C18H15ClN2O 77175-51-0 310.777 73 s EtOAc 2425 Clofentezine 3,6-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4,5- tetrazineC14H8Cl2N4 74115-24-5 303.147 182 2426 Clofibrate C12H15ClO3 637-07-0 242.698 14920 2427 Cloforex C13H18ClNO2 14261-75-7 255.741 cry 52.8 890.005No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g22/g20 N HOH N H CinchonamineNHONH CinchonidineNHONH CinchonineNONH CinchotoxineO trans -CinnamaldehydeOH N CinnamedrineOH O cis-Cinnamic acidO OH trans -Cinnamic acid OON H 2 trans -Cinnamyl anthranilateOO Cinnamyl cinnamateO O Cinnamyl formateNN CinnolineOOO O CinoxateH N N HOO Cinquasia RedOO OPOO O Ciodrin NN OH HN OOON H 2 C.I. Pigment Red 170NNO NNHNO N OO OONHO NHO C.I. Pigment Yellow 1Cl Cl N NN NO OHNO ONH C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 CisaprideH2NCl OOHN NO OF O Citral HOO β-CitraurinNOO H OH HO Citrazinic acidHOOCCOOH OHCOOH Citric acidOH COOHCOOH HOOC H2O Citric acid monohydrateOO HO OO H CitrininO HO NH 2N HNH 2O Citrulline O O NN OH Citrus Red 2NHHN OO ClClO O C.I. Vat Blue 6O O C.I. Vat Yellow 4SN N SO3N HN SN SO3Na Na Clayton YellowN O ClHO OOOH Clemastine fumarate O HO S OHOHONCl NH ClindamycinNN OCl CloconazoleNNNNCl Cl ClofentezineClOOO ClofibrateClH N O O Cloforex /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g22/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122428 Clomazone 2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4,4-dimethyl- 1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneC12H14ClNO2 81777-89-1 239.698 1.19220 2429 Clomiphene C26H28ClNO 911-45-5 405.959 117 2430 Clonazepam C15H10ClN3O3 1622-61-3 315.711 wh cry 237.5 i H2O, bz; sl ace, MeOH, chl 2431 Clonidine C9H9Cl2N3 4205-90-7 230.093 cry 137 2432 Clopidol C7H7Cl2NO 2971-90-6 192.043 pow >320 i H2O 2433 Clopyralid 3,6-Dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acidC6H3Cl2NO2 1702-17-6 192.000 151 2434 Clorophene C13H11ClO 120-32-1 218.678 48.5 1613.51.18558s ctc, CS2 2435 Clotrimazole C22H17ClN2 23593-75-1 344.836 cry 148 sl H2O, bz; s ace, chl, AcOEt, DMF 2436 Clozapine Clozaril C18H19ClN4 5786-21-0 326.824 ye cry 183.5 2437 Cobalt carbonyl Dicobalt octacarbonyl C8Co2O8 10210-68-1 341.947 oran cry 51 dec 1.78 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 2438 Cobalt hydrocarbonyl Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt C4HCoO4 16842-03-8 171.982 ye liq or gas ≈-30 10 s os 2439 Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Cobalt(III) acetylacetonate C15H21CoO6 21679-46-9 356.257 240 2440 Cocaine C17H21NO4 50-36-2 303.354 mcl pr (al) 98 1870.11.502298sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s CS2 2441 Coclaurine C17H19NO3 486-39-5 285.338 pl (al) 220.5 2442 Codamine C20H25NO4 21040-59-5 343.418 pr (bz, eth) 127 vs eth, EtOH, chl 2443 Codeine C18H21NO3 76-57-3 299.365 orth cry (w, dil al, eth)157.5 25022, 1401.51.3225s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth 2444 Codeine phosphate C18H24NO7P 52-28-8 397.361 lf or pr (dil al) 227 dec vs EtOH, chl 2445 Coenzyme A C21H36N7O16P3 S85-61-0 767.535 pow; unstab in airs H2O 2446 Coenzyme I Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide C21H27N7O14P253-84-9 663.425 hyg pow s H2O 2447 Coenzyme II Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateC21H28N7O17P353-59-8 743.405 gray-wh pow s H2O 2448 Colchiceine C21H23NO6 477-27-0 385.411 pa ye nd (diox) 178.5 1.2425sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth, bz 2449 Colchicine C22H25NO6 64-86-8 399.437 ye pl (w + 1/2) ye cry (bz)156 vs H2O, EtOH 2450 Colistin A C53H100N16O13 7722-44-3 1169.47 amorp pow sl H2O, EtOH, hx; s acids, MeOH 2451 Collinomycin C27H20O12 27267-69-2 536.441 oran pr (chl- MeOH)281 vs ace, diox, chl 2452 Columbin C20H22O6 546-97-4 358.385 nd (MeOH) 195.5 i H2O; sl ace, AcOEt, MeOH; s chl 2453 Conessine C24H40N2 546-06-5 356.588 lf or pl (ace) 125.5 1660.1sl H2O; s chl, HOAc 2454 Congo Red C32H22N6Na2O6 S2573-58-0 696.663 pow >360 sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth 2455 Conhydrine C8H17NO 3238-62-8 143.227 nd (peth) 121 226 sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH 2456 Conhydrine, (+) 2-( α-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine C8H17NO 495-20-5 143.227 lf (eth) 121 226 sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl 2457 Coniferin C16H22O8 531-29-3 342.341 nd (w+2) 186 s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth 2458 Conquinamine C19H24N2O2 464-86-8 312.406 ye tetr 123 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 2459 Convallatoxin C29H42O10 508-75-8 550.637 pr (eth/MeOH) 238 s EtOH, ace; sl chl; i eth 2460 Copaene C15H24 3856-25-5 204.352 248.5 0.8996201.489420i H2O; s eth, ace, HOAc, lig 2461 Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate Bis(ethylacetoacetato)copper C12H18CuO6 14284-06-1 321.813 grn cry (EtOH) 192 s EtOH, chl 2462 Copper(II) gluconate Cupric gluconate C12H22CuO14 527-09-3 453.841 bl-grn cry 156 sl EtOH; i os 2463 Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Copper(II) acetylacetonate C10H14CuO4 13395-16-9 261.762 bl pow 284 dec sub sl H2O; s chl 2464 Copper phthalocyanine Pigment Blue 15 C32H16CuN8 147-14-8 576.069 bl-purp cry i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 2465 Coronene C24H12 191-07-1 300.352 ye nd (bz) 437.4 525 1.37125i H2O, con sulf; sl bz 2466 Corticosterone C21H30O4 50-22-6 346.461 nd (al, pl) (ace) 181 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, aceNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g22/g22 ONO Cl ClomazoneCl O N ClomipheneNNHO NO O Cl ClonazepamN NNH HCl Cl ClonidineNOH Cl Cl N HO Cl Cl ClopidolNCl ClOH O ClopyralidOH Cl CloropheneN N Cl ClotrimazoleN N HClNN Clozapine Co CoO CO C OCCOOC COCOCO Cobalt carbonylH Co COOCCO CO Cobalt hydrocarbonylOOO O O OCo Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioateNO O OO CocaineNO HO H OHH CoclaurineNO HO O OH CodamineO HONO H CodeineO N HOO HH2PO4 Codeine phosphate O OHNNN NNH 2 OPOO OHPOO OH HON HO N HO HS Coenzyme AO HO OHNNN NNH 2 O HO OHNNH 2OOPOO OHPOO O Coenzyme IO HO ONNN NNH 2 O HO OHNNH 2O PO OHOHOPO OHOPOO O Coenzyme IIO O O OHONHO ColchiceineO OO O ONHO ColchicineOO O HOOO OHO HOO O O Collinomycin OO OO OH OHH ColumbinN NHH H H ConessineNH 2 SO3NaNNNNNH 2 SO3Na Congo RedN HO H ConhydrineN HO HH Conhydrine, (+)OO HO OH HOHOOOH ConiferinNOOH H NH ConquinamineOO HO OH HOOHO OHOO H Convallatoxin H H CopaeneO OCuO OOO Copper(II) ethylacetoacetateCOO OH HO OHOH CH 2OHCu2H H HH 2 Copper(II) gluconateCuO OOO Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioateN NN NNNNN Cu Copper phthalocyanine CoroneneOHOOHO Corticosterone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g22/g23/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 2467 Corybulbine C21H25NO4 518-77-4 355.429 nd (al) 237.5 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HCl 2468 Corycavamine C21H21NO5 521-85-7 367.396 pr (eth, al) 149 vs EtOH, chl 2469 Corydaline C22H27NO4 518-69-4 369.454 pr (al) 136 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 2470 Corydine C20H23NO4 476-69-7 341.402 tetr pr (eth) 149 vs eth, EtOH, chl 2471 Corynantheine C22H26N2O3 18904-54-6 366.452 165.5 vs EtOH 2472 Cotarnine C12H15NO4 82-54-2 237.252 nd (bz), cry (eth)132 dec sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, NH4OH 2473 Coumaphos C14H16ClO5PS 56-72-4 362.766 93 1.474 2474 Coumestrol 3,9-Dihydroxy-6 H-benzofuro[3,2- c][1]benzopyran-6-oneC15H8O5 479-13-0 268.222 cry rods 385 dec i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth 2475 Creatine C4H9N3O2 57-00-1 131.133 mcl pr (w+1) 303 dec 1.3325s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth 2476 Creatinine C4H7N3O 60-27-5 113.118 orth pr (w+2) lf (w)300 dec s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, chl 2477 o-Cresol 2-Methylphenol C7H8O 95-48-7 108.138 31.03 191.04 1.0327351.538635s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc 2478 m-Cresol 3-Methylphenol C7H8O 108-39-4 108.138 12.24 202.27 1.0339201.540120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 2479 p-Cresol 4-Methylphenol C7H8O 106-44-5 108.138 pr 34.77 201.98 1.0185401.531220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 2480 o-Cresolphthalein C22H18O4 596-27-0 346.376 cry (al) 223 vs EtOH 2481 o-Cresolphthalein complexone Metalphthalein C32H32N2O12 2411-89-4 636.602 ye cry pow 186 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk 2482 Cresol Red o-Cresolsulfonphthalein C21H18O5S 1733-12-6 382.430 red-br cry pow >300 vs H2O, EtOH 2483 p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate C19H17O4P 78-31-9 340.309 col liq -40 1.20825i H2O; s os 2484 Crimidine C7H10ClN3 535-89-7 171.627 br wax 87 1434vs EtOH 2485 Cromolyn Cromoglicic acid C23H16O11 16110-51-3 468.366 col cry 241 dec 2486 Crufomate C12H19ClNO3P 299-86-5 291.711 60 1180.01 2487 Cryptopine Cryptocavine C21H23NO5 482-74-6 369.412 pr or pl (bz) nd (chl-MeOH)223 1.31520i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, HOAc 2488 Crystal Violet Gentian violet C25H30ClN3 548-62-9 407.979 grn pow 215 dec vs H2O, chl 2489 Cubebin C20H20O6 18423-69-3 356.369 nd (al, bz) 131.5 vs eth, EtOH, chl 2490 Cucurbitacin B C32H46O8 6199-67-3 558.702 cry (EtOH) 181 2491 Cucurbitacin C C32H48O8 5988-76-1 560.718 cry (AcOEt) 207.5 2492 Cupferron C6H9N3O2 135-20-6 155.154 163.5 sl DMSO 2493 Cupreine C19H22N2O2 524-63-0 310.390 pr (eth) 202 vs EtOH 2494 Curan-17-ol, (16 α) Geissoschizoline C19H26N2O 18397-07-4 298.421 pa ye amor pow 135 dec i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 2495 Curcumin Turmeric C21H20O6 458-37-7 368.380 oran ye pr, orth pr (MeOH)183 vs EtOH, HOAc 2496 Curine C36H38N2O6 436-05-5 594.696 pr, nd (chl- MeOH)221 vs ace, bz, py 2497 Cuscohygrine C13H24N2O 454-14-8 224.342 oil 16923, 12220.9733201.483220vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 2498 Cusparine 2-[2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)ethyl]-4- methoxyquinolineC19H17NO3 529-92-0 307.343 ( α) wh or ye nd (peth); ( β) amber pr92( α form); 111( β form)i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2499 Cyamemazine C19H21N3S 3546-03-0 323.455 ye pow 92 2120.25i H2O; s EtOH 2500 Cyanamide Cyanogenamide CH2N2 420-04-2 42.040 nd 45.56 140191.282201.441848vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl CS2 2501 Cyanazine C9H13ClN6 21725-46-2 240.692 168 2502 Cyanic acid Hydrogen cyanate CHNO 420-05-3 43.025 unstab liq or gas-86 23 1.14020vs H2O, bz, eth, chl 2503 2-Cyanoacetamide C3H4N2O 107-91-5 84.076 pl (w) 121.5 vs H2O TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g22/g24 N O OHO OH CorybulbineNO O O OO CorycavamineNO O O OH CorydalineNO HO O OH CorydineNN OH O OH H CorynantheineO ON OO H CotarnineOCl O OPOSO Coumaphos OOOH O HO CoumestrolHN NNH 2 OH O CreatineN NO NH 2N NO NHH CreatinineOH o-CresolOH m-CresolOH p-CresolO OOHHO o-CresolphthaleinO OOHHO N OH OO OHN OHOOH O o-Cresolphthalein complexoneSOHO OH OO Cresol Red OPO OO p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphateNNN Cl CrimidineOO HO OO HOO OO OH O CromolynCl OPO NHO CrufomateN OOO OO CryptopineNN N Cl Crystal VioletOO OOO OH Cubebin HO OHOOHO O HHO O Cucurbitacin BHO HOOHO O OHH HO O Cucurbitacin CNONO NH 4 CupferronNHOHONH CupreineNN HOHHH Curan-17-ol, (16 α)O HOOO O OH Curcumin N HO OH NH OOO OH CurineNO N CuscohygrineN OOO CusparineSNN N CyamemazineN H2N CyanamideN NN N HCl N H N CyanazineN HO Cyanic acidNH 2 ON 2-Cyanoacetamide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g22/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122504 Cyanoacetic acid C3H3NO2 372-09-8 85.062 66 dec 160; 10815s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl, HOAc 2505 Cyanoacetohydrazide Cyacetacide C3H5N3O 140-87-4 99.091 pr (al) 114.5 vs H2O, EtOH 2506 Cyanoacetylene C3HN 1070-71-9 51.047 5 42.5 0.8167171.386825sl H2O; s EtOH 2507 3-Cyanobenzoic acid C8H5NO2 1877-72-1 147.132 nd (w) 219 sub sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 2508 4-Cyanobenzoic acid C8H5NO2 619-65-8 147.132 219 s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl tfa 2509 4-Cyanobutanoic acid C5H7NO2 39201-33-7 113.116 hyg cry 45 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 2510 2-Cyanoethyl acrylate C6H7NO2 106-71-8 125.126 108121.06220 2511 Cyanofenphos C15H14NO2PS 13067-93-1 303.317 83 1.583925sl H2O 2512 Cyanogen C2N2 460-19-5 52.034 col gas -27.83 -21.1 0.9537-21s H2O, EtOH, eth 2513 Cyanogen bromide Bromine cyanide CBrN 506-68-3 105.922 nd 52 61.5 2.01520s H2O, EtOH, eth 2514 Cyanogen chloride Chlorine cyanide CClN 506-77-4 61.471 col vol liq or gas-6.5 13 1.18620s H2O, EtOH; vs eth 2515 Cyanogen fluoride Fluorine cyanide CFN 1495-50-7 45.016 col gas -82 -46 2516 Cyanogen iodide Iodine cyanide CIN 506-78-5 152.922 nd (al, eth) 146.7 sub 2.8418vs eth, EtOH 2517 Cyanoguanidine Dicyanodiamide C2H4N4 461-58-5 84.080 211 1.40414s H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl 2518 Cyanomethylmercury Methylmercurynitrile C2H3HgN 2597-97-9 241.64 cry (chl) 92 subl vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth 2519 (4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid C9H7NO3 1878-82-6 177.157 cry (w) 178 2520 2-Cyano- N-phenylacetamide C9H8N2O 621-03-4 160.172 nd (al) 199.5 2521 4-Cyanothiazole C4H2N2S 1452-15-9 110.137 nd 58 2522 Cyanuric acid 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- trioneC3H3N3O3 108-80-5 129.074 wh cry >330 sub 1.7525sl hot H2O, ace, bz, EtOH; s conc HCl 2523 Cyanuric fluoride 2,4,6-Trifluoro-1,3,5-triazine C3F3N3 675-14-9 135.047 72.8 2524 Cycasin C8H16N2O7 14901-08-7 252.222 nd (ace aq) 154 dec 2525 Cyclandelate C17H24O3 456-59-7 276.371 52 19314i H2O 2526 Cyclizine C18H22N2 82-92-8 266.381 cry (peth) 106 i H2O; s chl; sl EtOH 2527 Cycloate Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl esterC11H21NOS 1134-23-2 215.356 11.5 145101.015630 2528 Cyclobarbital C12H16N2O3 52-31-3 236.266 lf (w) 173 i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, dil alk; sl HOAc 2529 Cyclobutanamine Aminocyclobutane C4H9N 2516-34-9 71.121 82 0.8328201.436319 2530 Cyclobutane Tetramethylene C4H8 287-23-0 56.107 vol liq or gas -90.7 12.6 0.703801.37520i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz 2531 Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyanocyclobutane C5H7N 4426-11-3 81.117 149.6 2532 Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid C5H8O2 3721-95-7 100.117 liq -1.0 190; 7421.0599201.440020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 2533 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid C6H8O4 5445-51-2 144.126 pr (w, eth) 158.0 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig 2534 Cyclobutanol Hydroxycyclobutane C4H8O 2919-23-5 72.106 124 0.9218151.437120 2535 Cyclobutanone C4H6O 1191-95-3 70.090 liq -50.9 99 0.954701.421520s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth 2536 Cyclobutene C4H6 822-35-5 54.091 col gas 2 0.7330vs ace; s bz, peth 2537 Cyclochlorotine C24H31Cl2N5O712663-46-6 572.439 nd (MeOH) 255 dec 2538 Cyclodecane C10H20 293-96-9 140.266 10 202 0.8538251.471620 2539 1,2-Cyclodecanedione Sebacil C10H16O2 96-01-5 168.233 40.5 10410 2540 Cyclodecanol C10H20O 1502-05-2 156.265 40.5 125120.9606201.492620s EtOH 2541 Cyclodecanone C10H18O 1502-06-3 154.249 amor pow 28 106130.9654201.480620vs bz, eth, chl 2542 α-Cyclodextrin Cyclomaltohexaose C36H60O30 10016-20-3 972.843 hx pl or nd vs cold H2O; i hot H2O 2543 β-Cyclodextrin Cyclomaltoheptaose C42H70O35 7585-39-9 1134.984 mcl cry (w) 260 dec 2544 γ-Cyclodextrin Cyclomaltooctaose C48H80O40 17465-86-0 1297.125 sq pl or rodsNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g22/g26 OH ON Cyanoacetic acidNH 2HN ON CyanoacetohydrazideN CyanoacetyleneOO H N 3-Cyanobenzoic acidOO H N 4-Cyanobenzoic acidO OHN 4-Cyanobutanoic acidO ON 2-Cyanoethyl acrylateNOPS O CyanofenphosNN Cyanogen N Br Cyanogen bromideCl N Cyanogen chlorideFN Cyanogen fluorideIN Cyanogen iodideN H2NH2N N CyanoguanidineHgN CyanomethylmercuryOOHO N (4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acidHN ON 2-Cyano- N-phenylacetamideN SN 4-CyanothiazoleN NNO H O O HH Cyanuric acid N NNF FF Cyanuric fluorideOO HO OHHO NNO OH CycasinOH O O CyclandelateNN CyclizineNSO CycloateNN O HOHO CyclobarbitalNH 2 Cyclobutanamine CyclobutaneN CyclobutanecarbonitrileOHO Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid HO O OOH 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acidOH CyclobutanolO Cyclobutanone CyclobuteneNHH N OOH O N ClCl H N ON HOO HO Cyclochlorotine CyclodecaneO O 1,2-CyclodecanedioneOH CyclodecanolO Cyclodecanone /g3 O OHOHO OHOH OO OHOH O 4 OOH OH OH α-CyclodextrinO OHOHO OHOH OO OHOH O 5 OOH OH OH β-CyclodextrinO OHO O OHO O OHHO HO OH OH OHHO O6 γ-Cyclodextrin /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g22/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122545 Cyclododecane C12H24 294-62-2 168.319 nd (al) 60.4 247 0.8280 2546 Cyclododecanol C12H24O 1724-39-6 184.318 286 2547 Cyclododecanone C12H22O 830-13-7 182.302 59 127120.9059661.457160 2548 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene CDT C12H18 4904-61-4 162.271 liq -17 240 0.84100 2549 cis-Cyclododecene C12H22 1129-89-1 166.303 13335, 7121.484020vs bz, chl 2550 trans -Cyclododecene C12H22 1486-75-5 166.303 113171.485020vs bz, chl 2551 cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one Civetone C17H30O 542-46-1 250.419 32.5 343; 1592 2552 1,3-Cycloheptadiene C7H10 4054-38-0 94.154 liq -110.4 120.5 0.868251.497820 2553 Cycloheptanamine C7H15N 5452-35-7 113.201 54111.472420 2554 Cycloheptane C7H14 291-64-5 98.186 liq -8.46 118.4 0.8098201.443620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 2555 1,2-Cycloheptanedione C7H10O2 3008-39-7 126.153 -40 108171.0583221.468922s EtOH 2556 Cycloheptanol C7H14O 502-41-0 114.185 7.2 185 0.9554201.4070520sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2557 Cycloheptanone Suberone C7H12O 502-42-1 112.169 178.5 0.9508201.460820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2558 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene Tropilidene C7H8 544-25-2 92.139 liq; cub cry (- 80¯C)-79.5 117; 60.51220.8875191.534320i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz, chl 2559 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one C7H6O 539-80-0 106.122 -7 11315, 8461.095221.617222vs bz, chl 2560 Cycloheptene C7H12 628-92-2 96.170 liq -56 115 0.8228201.455220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc 2561 1,3-Cyclohexadiene C6H8 592-57-4 80.128 liq -89 80.5 0.8405201.475520i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth; vs eth 2562 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Dihydrobenzene C6H8 628-41-1 80.128 liq -49.2 85.5 0.8471201.472520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth 2563 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione C6H4O2 583-63-1 108.095 red pl or pr ≈65 dec s eth, ace, bz; i peth 2564 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioximeC6H6N2O2 105-11-3 138.124 pa ye nd (w) 240 dec s H2O 2565 Cyclohexane Hexahydrobenzene C6H12 110-82-7 84.159 6.59 80.73 0.7739251.423525i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 2566 Cyclohexaneacetic acid C8H14O2 5292-21-7 142.196 nd (HCO2H) 33 245 1.0423181.477520sl H2O; s eth, ace 2567 Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Cyclohexyl cyanide C7H11N 766-05-2 109.169 liq 11 184; 76160.919 1.450520 2568 Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride C7H11ClO 2719-27-9 146.614 180 1.0962151.471129 2569 Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde C7H12O 2043-61-0 112.169 159.3 0.9035201.449620s H2O, eth 2570 Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Hexahydrobenzoic acid C7H12O2 98-89-5 128.169 mcl pr 31.5 232.5 1.0334221.453020sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, bz, chl 2571 cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine cis-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane C6H14N2 1436-59-5 114.188 liq 4020.952201.495120 2572 trans -1,2-Cyclohexanediamine trans -1,2-Diaminocyclohexane C6H14N2 1121-22-8 114.188 14.8 8015, 4120.95120 2573 trans -1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acidC8H12O4 619-82-9 172.179 pr (w) 312.5 sub 300 sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s ace; i chl 2574 1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine C8H18N2 2579-20-6 142.242 <-70 220 0.94520vs H2O, eth, EtOH 2575 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol C8H16O2 105-08-8 144.212 43 283; 16710 2576 cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol C6H12O2 1792-81-0 116.158 100 120151.0297101s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl 2577 trans -1,4-Cyclohexanediol C6H12O2 6995-79-5 116.158 mcl pr (ace) 143 1.1820s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl ace 2578 1,2-Cyclohexanedione 1,2-Dioxocyclohexane C6H8O2 765-87-7 112.127 cry (peth) 40 194 1.1187211.499520s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 2579 1,3-Cyclohexanedione Dihydroresorcinol C6H8O2 504-02-9 112.127 pr (bz) 105.5 1.0861911.4576102s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, bz 2580 1,4-Cyclohexanedione Tetrahydroquinone C6H8O2 637-88-7 112.127 mcl pl (w),nd (peth)78 132201.086191s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 2581 1,2-Cyclohexanedione dioxime Nioxime C6H10N2O2 492-99-9 142.155 nd (w, HOAc) 192 s H2O, ace, chl; sl tfa 2582 Cyclohexaneethanol C8H16O 4442-79-9 128.212 208 0.9229201.464120s EtOH, eth, bz 2583 Cyclohexanemethanamine C7H15N 3218-02-8 113.201 160 0.87251.463020 2584 Cyclohexanemethanol Cyclohexylcarbinol C7H14O 100-49-2 114.185 liq -43 183 0.9297201.464420vs eth, EtOH 2585 Cyclohexanepropanoic acid C9H16O2 701-97-3 156.222 16 276.5 0.912251.463820s H2O, eth; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g22/g28 CyclododecaneOH CyclododecanolO Cyclododecanone 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene cis-Cyclododecene trans -CyclododeceneO cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one 1,3-CycloheptadieneNH 2 Cycloheptanamine CycloheptaneO O 1,2-CycloheptanedioneOH CycloheptanolO Cycloheptanone 1,3,5-CycloheptatrieneO 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one Cycloheptene 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene OO 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dioneN NOH OH 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime CyclohexaneOH O Cyclohexaneacetic acidN CyclohexanecarbonitrileOC l Cyclohexanecarbonyl chlorideO CyclohexanecarboxaldehydeOO H Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid NH 2 NH 2 cis-1,2-CyclohexanediamineNH 2 NH 2 trans -1,2-CyclohexanediamineOO H OO H trans -1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acidNH 2 NH 2 1,3-CyclohexanedimethanamineOH OH 1,4-CyclohexanedimethanolOH OH cis-1,2-CyclohexanediolOH OH trans -1,4-Cyclohexanediol O O 1,2-CyclohexanedioneO O 1,3-CyclohexanedioneO O 1,4-Cyclohexanedione/g3 NOH NOH 1,2-Cyclohexanedione dioximeOH CyclohexaneethanolNH 2 CyclohexanemethanamineOH CyclohexanemethanolOHO Cyclohexanepropanoic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g23/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122586 Cyclohexanethiol Cyclohexyl mercaptan C6H12S 1569-69-3 116.224 158.8 0.9782201.492120vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2587 Cyclohexanol Cyclohexyl alcohol C6H12O 108-93-0 100.158 hyg nd 25.93 160.84 0.9624201.464120s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl chl 2588 Cyclohexanone Pimelic ketone C6H10O 108-94-1 98.142 liq -27.9 155.43 0.9478201.450720s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc 2589 Cyclohexanone oxime C6H11NO 100-64-1 113.157 hex pr (lig) 90 206 s H2O, EtOH, eth, MeOH; sl chl 2590 Cyclohexanone peroxide C12H22O5 78-18-2 246.300 cry or long nd 79 2591 Cyclohexene Tetrahydrobenzene C6H10 110-83-8 82.143 liq -103.5 82.98 0.8110201.446520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 2592 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 1-Cyanocyclohexene C7H9N 1855-63-6 107.153 8112 2593 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde C7H10O 1192-88-7 110.153 69180.9694201.500520s EtOH, eth 2594 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde C7H10O 100-50-5 110.153 1.0 105 0.9692201.474520s ace, MeOH; sl ctc 2595 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid C7H10O2 636-82-8 126.153 38 241 1.109201.490220sl H2O; s EtOH, ace 2596 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid C7H10O2 4771-80-6 126.153 17 234.5 1.0820201.481420vs H2O; s EtOH, ace 2597 4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid C8H10O4 88-98-2 170.163 pr (w) 173.0 2598 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol C6H10O 822-67-3 98.142 164 0.9923151.479025s EtOH, ace 2599 2-Cyclohexen-1-one C6H8O 930-68-7 96.127 liq -53 170 0.9620251.488320vs EtOH; s ace 2600 1-Cyclohexen-1-ylbenzene C12H14 771-98-2 158.239 liq -11 252 0.9939201.571820vs MeOH 2601 2-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)cyclohexanone C12H18O 1502-22-3 178.270 11631.507020 2602 1-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)ethanone C8H12O 932-66-1 124.180 73 201.5 0.9655201.488120s EtOH, eth 2603 3-Cyclohexenylmethyl 3- cyclohexenecarboxylateC14H20O2 2611-00-9 220.308 liq 1537, 1090.6 2604 4-(3-Cyclohexen-1-yl)pyridine C11H13N 70644-46-1 159.228 22.1 226 1.0222251.546625 2605 Cycloheximide C15H23NO4 66-81-9 281.349 pl (al) 119 vs EtOH 2606 Cyclohexyl acetate C8H14O2 622-45-7 142.196 173; 96750.968201.44220vs eth, EtOH 2607 Cyclohexyl acrylate C9H14O2 3066-71-5 154.206 183; 88201.0275201.467320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 2608 Cyclohexylamine Cyclohexanamine C6H13N 108-91-8 99.174 liq -17.8 134 0.8191201.462515s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz 2609 Cyclohexylamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanamine hydrochloride C6H14ClN 4998-76-9 135.635 nd (w, al-eth) 206.5 vs H2O, EtOH 2610 2-(Cyclohexylaminothio) benzothiazoleC13H16N2S2 95-33-0 264.409 103 2611 N-Cyclohexylaniline C12H17N 1821-36-9 175.270 mcl pr 16 279; 192731.0155201.561020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 2612 Cyclohexylbenzene C12H16 827-52-1 160.255 pl 7.07 240.1 0.9427201.532920i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; sl ctc 2613 Cyclohexyl benzoate C13H16O2 2412-73-9 204.265 <-10 285 1.0429201.520020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 2614 Cyclohexyl butanoate C10H18O2 1551-44-6 170.249 213 0.95720i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc 2615 3-Cyclohexyl-2-butenoic acid Cicrotoic acid C10H16O2 25229-42-9 168.233 pr (aq-MeOH) 85.5 2616 Cyclohexyl chloroformate C7H11ClO2 13248-54-9 162.614 87.527vs eth 2617 Cyclohexylcyclohexane C12H22 92-51-3 166.303 4 238 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 2618 Cyclohexyldiethylamine N,N-Diethylcyclohexanamine C10H21N 91-65-6 155.281 192; 85200.844325s EtOH; sl ctc 2619 Cyclohexyldimethylamine N,N-Dimethylcyclohexanamine C8H17N 98-94-2 127.228 162 2620 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol C12H14N2O5 131-89-5 266.249 cry 104 sl H2O; s bz, DMF 2621 (1,2-Cyclohexylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid monohydrateCDTA C14H24N2O9 13291-61-7 364.349 cry (w) 215 2622 1-Cyclohexylethanone C8H14O 823-76-7 126.196 180.5 0.9176201.456516i H2O; s eth 2623 Cyclohexylethylamine N-Ethylcyclohexanamine C8H17N 5459-93-8 127.228 164 0.8680sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 2624 4-Cyclohexyl-3-ethyl-4 H-1,2,4- triazoleHexazole C10H17N3 4671-03-8 179.262 pr (eth) 89.5 22710vs H2O, bz, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g23/g20 SH CyclohexanethiolOH CyclohexanolO CyclohexanoneNOH Cyclohexanone oximeOO HO OOH Cyclohexanone peroxide CyclohexeneN 1-CyclohexenecarbonitrileO 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehydeO 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde O HO 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acidO HO 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acidOOHOO H 4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acidOH 2-Cyclohexen-1-olO 2-Cyclohexen-1-one 1-Cyclohexen-1-ylbenzeneO 2-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)cyclohexanoneO 1-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)ethanone O O 3-Cyclohexenylmethyl 3-cyclohexenecarboxylateN 4-(3-Cyclohexen-1-yl)pyridineNOO H OO HH CycloheximideO O Cyclohexyl acetateO O Cyclohexyl acrylateNH 2 CyclohexylamineHCl NH 2 Cyclohexylamine, hydrochlorideSN S HN 2-(Cyclohexylaminothio)benzothiazole H N N-Cyclohexylaniline CyclohexylbenzeneO O Cyclohexyl benzoateO O Cyclohexyl butanoateOHO 3-Cyclohexyl-2-butenoic acidOC l O Cyclohexyl chloroformate CyclohexylcyclohexaneN Cyclohexyldiethylamine N CyclohexyldimethylamineNOONOOO H 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenolNCOOHNCOOH HOOC COOH (1,2-Cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid monohydrateO 1-CyclohexylethanoneH N CyclohexylethylamineNNN 4-Cyclohexyl-3-ethyl-4 H-1,2,4-triazole /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g23/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122625 Cyclohexyl formate C7H12O2 4351-54-6 128.169 162 1.005701.443020i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc, HCOOH; vs eth 2626 Cyclohexyl hydroperoxide C6H12O2 766-07-4 116.158 -20 420.11.019201.464525vs eth, EtOH, HOAc 2627 Cyclohexylideneacetonitrile C8H11N 4435-18-1 121.180 107220.9483151.438225vs eth, EtOH 2628 2-Cyclohexylidenecyclohexanone C12H18O 1011-12-7 178.270 cry (MeOH aq) 56.5 2629 Cyclohexyl isocyanate Isocyanatocyclohexane C7H11NO 3173-53-3 125.168 172 0.98251.455120 2630 Cyclohexylisopropylamine N-Isopropylcyclohexanamine C9H19N 1195-42-2 141.254 62120.859251.448020 2631 Cyclohexyl isothiocyanate Isothiocyanatocyclohexane C7H11NS 1122-82-3 141.234 221 1.0339201.537520i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 2632 Cyclohexylmagnesium chloride C6H11ClMg 931-51-1 142.909 hyg liq s eth 2633 Cyclohexyl methacrylate C10H16O2 101-43-9 168.233 210 0.9626201.457820 2634 Cyclohexylmethylamine N-Methylcyclohexanamine C7H15N 100-60-7 113.201 147 0.8660231.456020sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s chl 2635 Cyclohexyl 2-methylpropanoate C10H18O2 1129-47-1 170.249 204 0.94890vs eth, EtOH 2636 2-Cyclohexylphenol C12H16O 119-42-6 176.254 nd (lig) 56.5 vs EtOH, HOAc 2637 4-Cyclohexylphenol C12H16O 1131-60-8 176.254 nd (bz) 133 294; 1334i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl lig 2638 α-Cyclohexyl- α-phenyl-1- piperidinepropanolTrihexphenidyl C20H31NO 144-11-6 301.466 114 2639 Cyclohexyl propanoate C9H16O2 6222-35-1 156.222 193; 93350.9359201.440320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 2640 Cyclohexylsulfamic acid Cyclamic acid C6H13NO3S 100-88-9 179.237 169.5 vs alk 2641 Cyclononane C9H18 293-55-0 126.239 11 178.4 0.8463251.466620 2642 Cyclononanone C9H16O 3350-30-9 140.222 34 14824, 94120.9560201.472920s EtOH 2643 1,4-Cyclooctadiene C8H12 1073-07-0 108.181 liq -53 145 0.875420 2644 cis,cis-1,5-Cyclooctadiene C8H12 111-78-4 108.181 liq -56.4 150.5 0.883201.490525vs bz 2645 Cyclooctanamine Aminocyclooctane C8H17N 5452-37-9 127.228 liq -48 190 0.928251.480420 2646 Cyclooctane C8H16 292-64-8 112.213 14.59 149 0.8349201.458620i H2O; s bz, lig 2647 Cyclooctanol C8H16O 696-71-9 128.212 25.1 99160.9740201.487120s EtOH 2648 Cyclooctanone C8H14O 502-49-8 126.196 29 196 0.9581201.469420i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc 2649 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene [8]Annulene C8H8 629-20-9 104.150 liq -2.4 140.5 0.9206201.538120s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 2650 1,3,5-Cyclooctatriene C8H10 1871-52-9 106.165 liq -83 145.5 0.8971251.503525 2651 cis-Cyclooctene C8H14 931-87-3 110.197 liq -12 138 0.8472201.469820s EtOH, eth, ctc 2652 trans -Cyclooctene C8H14 931-89-5 110.197 liq -59 143 0.8483201.474125s EtOH, chl; sl ctc 2653 Cyclooctyne C8H12 1781-78-8 108.181 158 0.868201.485020 2654 Cyclopamine 11-Deoxojervine C27H41NO2 4449-51-8 411.621 nd (EtOH) 237 2655 Cyclopentadecane C15H30 295-48-7 210.399 nd (MeOH) 61.3 0.8364611.459261 2656 Cyclopentadecanol Exaltol C15H30O 4727-17-7 226.398 cry (MeOH) 80.5 17711, 1450.30.930201.455598 2657 Cyclopentadecanone C15H28O 502-72-7 224.382 63 1200.30.8895251.463760sl H2O; s EtOH, ace 2658 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Pyropentylene C5H6 542-92-7 66.102 liq -85 41 0.8021201.444020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ace 2659 Cyclopentane Pentamethylene C5H10 287-92-3 70.133 liq -93.4 49.3 0.7457201.406520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 2660 Cyclopentaneacetic acid C7H12O2 1123-00-8 128.169 pl 13.5 228 1.0216181.452318 2661 Cyclopentanecarbonitrile Cyanocyclopentane C6H9N 4254-02-8 95.142 liq -76 170; 67100.912 1.441020 2662 Cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde C6H10O 872-53-7 98.142 133.5 0.9371201.443220vs H2O, eth, EtOH 2663 Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid Cyclopentanoic acid C6H10O2 3400-45-1 114.142 liq -7 212; 104111.0527201.453220sl H2O, ctc; s MeOH 2664 cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol C5H10O2 5057-98-7 102.132 30 12429, 10010 2665 trans -1,2-Cyclopentanediol C5H10O2 5057-99-8 102.132 54.7 226; 13621 2666 Cyclopentanemethanol C6H12O 3637-61-4 100.158 163 0.9332201.457920 2667 Cyclopentanepropanoic acid C8H14O2 140-77-2 142.196 15826, 131121.0100171.457020No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g23/g22 O O Cyclohexyl formateOOH Cyclohexyl hydroperoxideN CyclohexylideneacetonitrileO 2-CyclohexylidenecyclohexanoneNCO Cyclohexyl isocyanateHN CyclohexylisopropylamineNCS Cyclohexyl isothiocyanateMg Cl Cyclohexylmagnesium chloride O O Cyclohexyl methacrylateHN CyclohexylmethylamineO O Cyclohexyl 2-methylpropanoateOH 2-CyclohexylphenolHO 4-CyclohexylphenolN OH α-Cyclohexyl- α-phenyl-1-piperidinepropanolO O Cyclohexyl propanoateHNSO OOH Cyclohexylsulfamic acid CyclononaneO Cyclononanone 1,4-Cyclooctadiene cis,cis-1,5-CyclooctadieneNH 2 Cyclooctanamine CyclooctaneOH CyclooctanolO Cyclooctanone 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene 1,3,5-Cyclooctatriene cis-Cyclooctene trans -Cyclooctene CyclooctyneOH N HOHH Cyclopamine CyclopentadecaneOH CyclopentadecanolO Cyclopentadecanone 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane OH O Cyclopentaneacetic acidN CyclopentanecarbonitrileO CyclopentanecarboxaldehydeO HO Cyclopentanecarboxylic acidOHOH cis-1,2-CyclopentanediolOH OH trans -1,2-CyclopentanediolOH CyclopentanemethanolOOH Cyclopentanepropanoic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g23/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122668 Cyclopentanethiol Cyclopentyl mercaptan C5H10S 1679-07-8 102.198 132.1 0.955020 2669 Cyclopentanol Cyclopentyl alcohol C5H10O 96-41-3 86.132 liq -17.5 140.42 0.9488201.453020sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace 2670 Cyclopentanone Adipic ketone C5H8O 120-92-3 84.117 liq -51.90 130.57 0.9487201.436620i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc, hx; msc eth 2671 Cyclopentanone oxime C5H9NO 1192-28-5 99.131 57.8 196 vs H2O, bz 2672 Cyclopentene C5H8 142-29-0 68.118 liq -135.0 44.2 0.7720201.422520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth 2673 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile 1-Cyanocyclopentene C6H7N 3047-38-9 93.127 liq 8130 2674 1-Cyclopentene-1-carboxaldehyde C6H8O 6140-65-4 96.127 liq -32 146 0.970211.487217 2675 2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid, (S)Chaulmoogric acid C18H32O2 29106-32-9 280.446 pl or lf (al, HOAc)68.5 24720vs eth, chl 2676 2-Cyclopentene-1-undecanoic acid, (R)Hydnocarpic acid C16H28O2 459-67-6 252.392 60.5 vs EtOH, chl, peth 2677 2-Cyclopenten-1-one C5H6O 930-30-3 82.101 136; 40120.989151.462915vs eth, EtOH 2678 3-Cyclopenten-1-one C5H6O 14320-37-7 82.101 liq 2817 2679 N-(1-Cyclopenten-1-yl)pyrrolidine 1-Pyrrolidinylcyclopentene C9H15N 7148-07-4 137.222 105151.512820 2680 Cyclopenthiazide C13H18ClN3O4 S2742-20-1 379.883 238 2681 Cyclopentobarbital C12H14N2O3 76-68-6 234.250 cry (w, dil al) 139.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH 2682 Cyclopentylamine Cyclopentanamine C5H11N 1003-03-8 85.148 liq -82.7 108 0.8689201.472825s ace, bz, chl 2683 Cyclopentylbenzene C11H14 700-88-9 146.229 219 0.9462201.528020vs eth 2684 2-Cyclopentylidenecyclopentanone C10H14O 825-25-2 150.217 135251.0179181.521518 2685 Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide C6H12S 7133-36-0 116.224 156.2 2686 Cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphane C7H15Cl2N2O2P 50-18-0 261.086 43 vs H2O; sl bz, chl, diox, EtOH 2687 Cycloposine C33H51NO7 23185-94-6 573.761 268 2688 Cyclopropane Trimethylene C3H6 75-19-4 42.080 col gas -127.58 -32.81 0.61725 (p>1 atm)1.3799-42s H2O, bz, peth; vs EtOH, eth 2689 Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Cyclopropyl cyanide C4H5N 5500-21-0 67.090 135.1 0.8946201.422920s eth, hx; sl ctc 2690 Cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride C4H5ClO 4023-34-1 104.535 119 1.151620 2691 Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde Formylcyclopropane C4H6O 1489-69-6 70.090 liq 100 0.938 1.429820 2692 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid C4H6O2 1759-53-1 86.090 18.5 183 1.0885201.439020s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 2693 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid C5H6O4 598-10-7 130.100 pr or nd (chl) pr (w +1)140.5 vs H2O, eth 2694 Cyclopropanemethanol C4H8O 2516-33-8 72.106 124 0.91125sl ctc 2695 Cyclopropanone C3H4O 5009-27-8 56.063 stable only at low temp. 2696 Cyclopropene C3H4 2781-85-3 40.064 gas dec -36 2697 Cyclopropylamine Cyclopropanamine C3H7N 765-30-0 57.095 liq -35.39 50.5 0.8240201.421020msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 2698 Cyclopropylbenzene C9H10 873-49-4 118.175 liq -31 173.6; 80370.9317201.528520i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 2699 Cyclopropyl methyl ether C4H8O 540-47-6 72.106 liq -119 44.7 0.8100201.380220vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 2700 Cyclopropyl methyl ketone C5H8O 765-43-5 84.117 liq -68.3 111.3 0.8984201.425120vs H2O, eth, EtOH 2701 Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine HMX C4H8N8O8 2691-41-0 296.156 cry 286 exp 2702 Cyclothiazide C14H16ClN3O4 S22259-96-3 389.878 234 2703 Cycluron N’-Cyclooctyl- N,N-dimethylurea C11H22N2O 2163-69-1 198.305 cry 138 sl H2O; s bz, ace; vs MeOH 2704 Cyfluthrin C22H18Cl2FNO368359-37-5 434.287 60 2705 Cygon C5H12NO3PS2 60-51-5 229.258 52 1170.11.27765No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g23/g24 SH CyclopentanethiolOH CyclopentanolO CyclopentanoneNOH Cyclopentanone oxime CyclopenteneN 1-CyclopentenecarbonitrileO 1-Cyclopentene-1-carboxaldehydeOH O 2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid, ( S) OH O 2-Cyclopentene-1-undecanoic acid, ( R)O 2-Cyclopenten-1-oneO 3-Cyclopenten-1-oneN N-(1-Cyclopenten-1-yl)pyrrolidineSNHHN Cl SO OH2N OO CyclopenthiazideNHNHO O CyclopentobarbitalNH 2 Cyclopentylamine CyclopentylbenzeneO 2-CyclopentylidenecyclopentanoneS Cyclopentyl methyl sulfideOPNH ON Cl Cl CyclophosphamideOH N O O HO OH HOHOH H Cycloposine CyclopropaneN Cyclopropanecarbonitrile OC l Cyclopropanecarbonyl chlorideO CyclopropanecarboxaldehydeOO H Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidOH HOOO 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acidOH CyclopropanemethanolO Cyclopropanone CyclopropeneNH 2 Cyclopropylamine Cyclopropylbenzene O Cyclopropyl methyl etherO Cyclopropyl methyl ketoneNN NNNO 2 O2N O2NN O 2 CyclotetramethylenetetranitramineCl SO OH2NSNHH N OO CyclothiazideHNO N CycluronO NF O OClCl CyfluthrinOPS OSN HO Cygon /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g23/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122706 Cyhalothrin 2,2- DimethylcyclopropanecarboxylateC23H19ClF3NO391465-08-6 449.850 49.2 2707 Cyhexatin Stannane, tricyclohexylhydroxy- C18H34OSn 13121-70-5 385.172 196 2708 Cypermethrin C22H19Cl2NO3 52315-07-8 416.297 70 1.2520 2709 Cyprazine C9H14ClN5 22936-86-3 227.694 167 2710 Cyproheptadine C21H21N 129-03-3 287.399 cry (EtOH aq) 113 2711 Cyromazine N-Cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6- triamineC6H10N6 66215-27-8 166.183 cry 220 2712 Cystamine dihydrochloride C4H14Cl2N2S2 56-17-7 225.203 nd (MeOH) 218 dec vs H2O, EtOH 2713 Cysteamine C2H7NS 60-23-1 77.149 cry (sub) 99.5 dec vs H2O, EtOH 2714 L-Cysteic acid C3H7NO5S 13100-82-8 169.157 cry 260 dec s H2O; i EtOH 2715 L-Cysteine Propanoic acid, 2-amino-3- mercapto-, ( R)-C3H7NO2S 52-90-4 121.159 cry (w) 240 dec vs H2O, ace, EtOH 2716 L-Cysteine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride C5H12ClNO2S 868-59-7 185.673 125.8 vs H2O 2717 L-Cysteine, hydrochloride C3H8ClNO2S 52-89-1 157.620 cry 175 dec s H2O 2718 L-Cystine 3,3’-Dithiobis(2-aminopropanoic acid)C6H12N2O4S2 56-89-3 240.300 hex pl or pr (w) 260 dec 1.67725sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; s acid, alk 2719 Cytarabine Cytosine arabinoside C9H13N3O5 147-94-4 243.216 pr (EtOH aq) 212 s H2O 2720 Cytidine 4-Amino-1- β-D-ribofuranosyl-2(1 H) -pyrimidinoneC9H13N3O5 65-46-3 243.216 nd (dil al) 230 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH 2721 2’-Cytidylic acid Cytidine 2’-monophosphate C9H14N3O8P 85-94-9 323.196 239 dec 2722 3’-Cytidylic acid Cytidine 3’-monophosphate C9H14N3O8P 84-52-6 323.196 233 dec s H2O, EtOH 2723 5’-Cytidylic acid Cytidine 5’-monophosphate C9H14N3O8P 63-37-6 323.196 orth nd 233 dec vs H2O, EtOH 2724 Cytisine Sophorine C11H14N2O 485-35-8 190.241 pr 153 2182vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s bz, ace 2725 Cytochalasin B C29H37NO5 14930-96-2 479.608 nd (ace) 219 2726 Cytochalasin D Zygosporin A C30H37NO6 22144-77-0 507.618 nd (ace/peth) 270 2727 Cytochalasin E C28H33NO7 36011-19-5 495.565 207 2728 Cytosine C4H5N3O 71-30-7 111.102 mcl or tcl pl (w+1)322 dec s H2O; sl EtOH, chl; i eth 2729 Dacarbazine 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazenyl)-1 H- imidazole-4-carboxamideC6H10N6O 4342-03-4 182.182 cry 205 2730 Dactinomycin C62H86N12O16 50-76-0 1255.416 245 dec 2731 Daidzein 7-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4 H- 1-benzopyran-4-oneC15H10O4 486-66-8 254.238 pa ye pr (50% al)323 dec sub s EtOH, eth 2732 Daminozide Butanedioic acid, mono(2,2- dimethylhydrazide)C6H12N2O3 1596-84-5 160.170 154.5 2733 Dantrolene C14H10N4O5 7261-97-4 314.253 cry (DMF aq) 280 2734 Datiscetin C15H10O6 480-15-9 286.236 pa ye nd (al, aq HOAc)277.5 vs ace, eth, EtOH 2735 Daucol C15H26O2 887-08-1 238.366 cry 114 1282 2736 Daunorubicin C27H29NO10 20830-81-3 527.520 red nd 208 2737 Dazomet C5H10N2S2 533-74-4 162.276 nd (bz) 106 reac H2O; s EtOH 2738 Decabromobiphenyl ether Bis(pentabromophenyl) ether C12Br10O 1163-19-5 959.167 ye pr (tol) 305 i H2O 2739 Decachlorobiphenyl C12Cl10 2051-24-3 498.658 cry (bz) 309 i H2O 2740 1,3-Decadiene 1-Hexyl-1,3-butadiene C10H18 2051-25-4 138.250 169 0.75230vs bz 2741 1,9-Decadiene C10H18 1647-16-1 138.250 167 0.75251.432520 2742 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’,6,6’-Decafluoro- 1,1’-biphenylC12F10 434-90-2 334.112 67.5 206 1.78520No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g23/g26 F FFCl O ONO CyhalothrinOH Sn CyhexatinClCl O O NO CypermethrinNHNN N ClHN CyprazineN CyproheptadineN HNN N NH 2NH 2 CyromazineH2NSSNH 2HClHCl Cystamine dihydrochloride SHH2N Cysteamine L-Cysteic acidSO HO NH 2O OHOOHO NH 2HS L-CysteineHS OO NH 2HCl L-Cysteine, ethyl ester, hydrochlorideHS OHO NH 2HCl L-Cysteine, hydrochlorideHO ONH 2 SS NH 2O OH L-CystineO OHHONN OHONH 2 CytarabineONN OHONH 2 OH HO CytidineONN OHONH 2 O HO P OO OH 2’-Cytidylic acid ONN OHONH 2 OHOP HOHO O 3’-Cytidylic acidONN OONH 2 OH HOP HOHO O 5’-Cytidylic acidN ONH CytisineNO OOH HO HHO Cytochalasin BOHO NO O HHOO Cytochalasin DOH O O NHH O HOOO Cytochalasin EN HNNH 2 O CytosineN N HNNNH2NO Dacarbazine ON ONH 2O NH HN OONH ONN OO N O O OHN ONN OO N OOH H DactinomycinOO HOOH DaidzeinNH N OOHO DaminozideO NO ONNNHO O DantroleneOO OH HOOH HO DatiscetinHOO DaucolOO OOH OHO OH O O HO NH 2 Daunorubicin N SN S DazometOBr Br Br Br BrBr Br Br Br Br Decabromobiphenyl etherCl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl ClClCl Cl Decachlorobiphenyl 1,3-Decadiene 1,9-DecadieneF F F FFFF F F F 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’,6,6’-Decafluoro-1,1’-biphenyl /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g23/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122743 cis-Decahydronaphthalene cis-Decalin C10H18 493-01-6 138.250 liq -42.9 195.8 0.8965201.481020i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl 2744 trans -Decahydronaphthalene trans -Decalin C10H18 493-02-7 138.250 liq -30.4 187.3 0.8659251.469520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl MeOH 2745 Decahydro-2-naphthol Decahydro- β-naphthol C10H18O 825-51-4 154.249 109140.996251.499220 2746 Decamethonium dibromide C16H38Br2N2 541-22-0 418.294 cry (MeOH/ ace)269 dec i eth 2747 Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane C10H30O5Si5 541-02-6 370.770 liq -38 210 0.9593201.398220i H2O 2748 Decamethyltetrasiloxane C10H30O3Si4 141-62-8 310.685 liq -76 194 0.8536251.389520i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, peth 2749 Decanal Capraldehyde C10H20O 112-31-2 156.265 liq -4.0 208.5 0.830151.428720i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 2750 Decane C10H22 124-18-5 142.282 liq -29.6 174.15 0.7266251.409025i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; sl ctc 2751 1,10-Decanediamine C10H24N2 646-25-3 172.311 59.73 14012 2752 Decanedinitrile C10H16N2 1871-96-1 164.247 7.6 204160.913201.447420i H2O; s chl 2753 1,10-Decanediol Decamethylene glycol C10H22O2 112-47-0 174.281 nd (w, dil al) 74 19220sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s DMSO; i lig 2754 Decanedioyl dichloride C10H16Cl2O2 111-19-3 239.139 -1.3 22075, 165111.1212201.468418 2755 Decanenitrile Caprinitrile C10H19N 1975-78-6 153.265 liq -17.9 243; 106100.8199201.429620vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 2756 1-Decanethiol Decyl mercaptan C10H22S 143-10-2 174.347 liq -26 240.6 0.8443201.450920i H2O; s EtOH, eth 2757 Decanoic acid Capric acid C10H20O2 334-48-5 172.265 nd 31.4 268.7 0.8858401.428840i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2758 1-Decanol Capric alcohol C10H22O 112-30-1 158.281 6.9 231.1 0.8297201.437220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc 2759 2-Decanol C10H22O 74742-10-2 158.281 liq -1.2 211 0.8250201.432625s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace; sl ctc 2760 3-Decanol C10H22O 1565-81-7 158.281 liq -7.5 213; 101120.827201.43420 2761 4-Decanol 1-Propylheptyl alcohol C10H22O 2051-31-2 158.281 liq -11 210.5 0.8261201.432020i H2O; s EtOH, ctc 2762 5-Decanol C10H22O 5205-34-5 158.281 liq 8.7 201 0.824201.433320 2763 2-Decanone Methyl octyl ketone C10H20O 693-54-9 156.265 nd 14 210; 96120.8248201.425520i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 2764 3-Decanone Ethyl heptyl ketone C10H20O 928-80-3 156.265 liq 1.3 203 0.8251201.425220s EtOH, eth, ctc 2765 4-Decanone Hexyl propyl ketone C10H20O 624-16-8 156.265 liq -9 206.5 0.824201.424021i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 2766 Decanoyl chloride Caprinoyl chloride C10H19ClO 112-13-0 190.710 liq -34.5 95 0.919251.441020s eth, ctc 2767 trans -2-Decenal C10H18O 3913-81-3 154.249 230; 10711 2768 1-Decene C10H20 872-05-9 140.266 liq -66.3 170.5 0.7408201.421520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 2769 cis-2-Decene C10H20 20348-51-0 140.266 col liq 174.2 2770 trans -2-Decene C10H20 20063-97-2 140.266 col liq 173.3 2771 cis-5-Decene C10H20 7433-78-5 140.266 col liq -112 171; 73200.7445201.425820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 2772 trans -5-Decene C10H20 7433-56-9 140.266 col liq -73 171 0.7401201.424320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 2773 9-Decenoic acid Caproleic acid C10H18O2 14436-32-9 170.249 26.5 15821, 14240.9238151.450715vs eth, EtOH 2774 9-Decen-1-ol Decylenic alcohol C10H20O 13019-22-2 156.265 236 0.876251.448020 2775 3-Decen-2-one Heptylidene acetone C10H18O 10519-33-2 154.249 10215.30.8473201.448020 2776 Declomycin Demeclocycline C21H21ClN2O8 127-33-3 464.853 cry 176 dec 2777 Decyl acetate C12H24O2 112-17-4 200.318 liq -15 244 0.8671201.427320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc 2778 Decylamine 1-Decanamine C10H23N 2016-57-1 157.297 17 220.5 0.7936201.436920sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 2779 Decylbenzene C16H26 104-72-3 218.377 liq -14.4 293 0.8555201.483220vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2780 Decylcyclohexane C16H32 1795-16-0 224.425 liq -0.9 299 0.8186201.453420 2781 Decylcyclopentane C15H30 1795-21-7 210.399 liq -22 279 0.8110201.448620vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2782 Decyl decanoate C20H40O2 1654-86-0 312.531 9.7 219150.8586201.442320vs eth 2783 Decyl formate C11H22O2 5451-52-5 186.292 liq 243 2784 11-Decylheneicosane C31H64 55320-06-4 436.840 10.0 282.0100.8116201.454020No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g23/g28 H H cis-DecahydronaphthaleneH H trans -DecahydronaphthaleneOH Decahydro-2-naphtholNNBr Br Decamethonium dibromideOSi SiOSiOSiO Si O DecamethylcyclopentasiloxaneSi OSi OSi OSi DecamethyltetrasiloxaneO Decanal DecaneH2NNH 2 1,10-Decanediamine/g3 N N DecanedinitrileHOOH 1,10-DecanediolClClO O Decanedioyl dichloride N DecanenitrileSH 1-DecanethiolOHO Decanoic acidOH 1-DecanolOH 2-DecanolOH 3-Decanol OH 4-DecanolOH 5-Decanol/g3 O 2-DecanoneO 3-DecanoneO 4-DecanoneO Cl Decanoyl chloride O trans -2-Decenal 1-Decene cis-2-Decene trans -2-Decene cis-5-Decene trans -5-Decene/g3 OHO 9-Decenoic acid OH 9-Decen-1-olO 3-Decen-2-oneOCl OHOH OH ONH 2 ONH H OHHO DeclomycinOO Decyl acetateNH 2 Decylamine Decylbenzene Decylcyclohexane DecylcyclopentaneOO Decyl decanoateO O Decyl formate 11-Decylheneicosane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g24/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122785 1-Decylnaphthalene C20H28 26438-27-7 268.436 15 379 0.9322201.543520 2786 Decyloxirane C12H24O 2855-19-8 184.318 1.434725sl ctc 2787 Decyl vinyl ether 1-(Ethenyloxy)decane C12H24O 765-05-9 184.318 -41 101100.812201.434620 2788 1-Decyne Octylacetylene C10H18 764-93-2 138.250 liq -44 174 0.7655201.426520i H2O; s EtOH, eth 2789 5-Decyne Dibutylacetylene C10H18 1942-46-7 138.250 liq -73 177; 78.8250.7690201.433120i H2O; s EtOH, eth 2790 Dehydroabietic acid 8,11,13-Abietatrien-18-oic acid C20H28O2 1740-19-8 300.435 cry (EtOH aq) 172 2791 Delphinidin C15H11ClO7 528-53-0 338.697 >350 vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s AcOEt 2792 Delphinine C33H45NO9 561-07-9 599.712 orth (al) 199 i H2O; s chl, ace, eth; vs EtOH 2793 Deltamethrin C22H19Br2NO3 52918-63-5 505.199 99 2794 Demecarium bromide C32H52Br2N4O456-94-0 716.588 hyg pow 165 dec vs H2O; sl ace; i ace, eth 2795 Demeton Systox C8H19O3PS2 8065-48-3 258.339 oily liq 1342i H2O; s EtOH, tol 2796 Demeton- S-methyl C6H15O3PS2 919-86-8 230.285 ye liq 890.15, 11811.20201.506320i H2O; s os 2797 2’-Deoxyadenosine C10H13N5O3 958-09-8 251.242 sl H2O 2798 2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate C10H16N5O12P31927-31-7 491.182 cry (EtOH aq) 2799 6-Deoxy- L-ascorbic acid C6H8O5 528-81-4 160.125 pr (AcOEt) 168 sub 160 vs H2O, ace, EtOH 2800 Deoxycholic acid 3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,12α)C24H40O4 83-44-3 392.573 cry (al) 177 2801 2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate 2’-Deoxy-5’-cytidylic acid C9H14N3O7P 1032-65-1 307.197 pow 183 dec 2802 2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine Floxuridine C9H11FN2O5 50-91-9 246.191 cry 150 2803 2-Deoxy- D-glucose C6H12O5 154-17-6 164.156 146.5 2804 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’- monophosphate2’-Deoxy-5’-guanylic acid C10H14N5O7P 902-04-5 347.222 s H2O 2805 2-Deoxy- D-chiro -inositol D-Quercitol C6H12O5 488-73-3 164.156 pr (w, dil al) 236 1.584513vs H2O 2806 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)- D-glucitol N-Methylglucamine C7H17NO5 6284-40-8 195.214 cry (MeOH) 128.5 s H2O 2807 6-Deoxy-3- O-methylgalactose Digitalose C7H14O5 4481-08-7 178.183 nd (AcOEt) 119 vs H2O 2808 D-2-Deoxyribose C5H10O4 533-67-5 134.131 90 2809 Deserpidine C32H38N2O8 131-01-1 578.652 nd or pr 230.5 i H2O; s EtOH, chl 2810 Desethyl atrazine 6-Chloro- N-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine- 2,4-diamineC6H10ClN5 6190-65-4 187.630 cry 136 2811 Desferrioxamine Deferoxamine C25H48N6O8 70-51-9 560.684 cry (EtOH aq) 139 2812 Desipramine C18H22N2 50-47-5 266.381 1730.02 2813 Desmedipham C16H16N2O4 13684-56-5 300.309 120 2814 Desmetryne C8H15N5S 1014-69-3 213.304 cry 85 2815 Desthiobiotin C10H18N2O3 533-48-2 214.261 lo nd (H2O) 157 s H2O 2816 Dexamethasone C22H29FO5 50-02-2 392.460 262 2817 Dexon Sodium dimethylaminobenzenediazosulfonateC 8H10N3NaO3S 140-56-7 251.238 ye-br pow sl H2O; s DMF 2818 Dexpanthenol C9H19NO4 81-13-0 205.252 hyg oil dec 1.20201.49720vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; sl eth 2819 Dextroamphetamine sulfate C18H28N2O4S 51-63-8 368.491 >300 1.1525vs H2O 2820 Dextromethorphan hydrobromide C18H26BrNO 125-69-9 352.309 wh cry pow 123 s EtOH, chl; i eth 2821 Diacetone alcohol 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone C6H12O2 123-42-2 116.158 liq -44 167.9 0.9387201.421320msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 2822 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene C7H10O4 869-29-4 158.152 liq -37.6 180 1.0760201.419320vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2823 1,3-Diacetylbenzene C10H10O2 6781-42-6 162.185 32 15215sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc 2824 1,4-Diacetylbenzene 4-Acetylacetophenone C10H10O2 1009-61-6 162.185 113.0 1283vs EtOH; sl chl 2825 N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl C16H16N2O2 613-35-4 268.310 nd (HOAc) 328.3No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g24/g20 1-DecylnaphthaleneO DecyloxiraneO Decyl vinyl ether 1-Decyne 5-DecyneOOH Dehydroabietic acidOOH OH OHOHOH HO Delphinidin NO H OOH OHO O H OO O DelphinineO ON O BrBr DeltamethrinN NOO OON NBr Br Demecarium bromidePS OOOS DemetonPO O OSS Demeton- S-methylO OHHON N NNNH 2 2’-DeoxyadenosineO OHNNN NNH 2 OPOPOPO OHOH OHOO OH 2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate O HOOOHCH2OH H 6-Deoxy- L-ascorbic acidHHOHOO OH Deoxycholic acidO OHNN ONH 2 OPOOH OH 2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphateO OHNHN OFO HO 2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridineO HOOHHO OH 2-Deoxy- D-glucoseO OHNNHN NO H2N OPOH OHO 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphateOH HOOH HO OH 2-Deoxy- D-chiro -inositolCH2NHMe OH HO OHOH CH 2OHH H HH 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)- D-glucitol O HO OH OHO 6-Deoxy-3- O-methylgalactoseO HOOH OH D-2-DeoxyriboseN HN OH H H O OOO OO O DeserpidineN NN ClNH 2 N H Desethyl atrazineH2NNH N OHO ONOH OO N HN OHO DesferrioxamineN N H Desipramine OO N H NHOO DesmediphamN NNHN N HS DesmetryneNH N HOHO O Desthiobiotin/g3 OHHOOHOOH F DexamethasoneN NNS OO ON a DexonHOH N OHOH O DexpanthenolNH 20.5 H 2SO4 Dextroamphetamine sulfate O NHHBr Dextromethorphan hydrobromideOH O Diacetone alcoholO OO O 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propeneO O 1,3-DiacetylbenzeneO O 1,4-DiacetylbenzeneNH HNO O N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g24/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122826 Diacetylmorphine C21H23NO5 561-27-3 369.412 orth 173 273121.5625vs bz, chl 2827 Diacetylperoxide Acetyl peroxide C4H6O4 110-22-5 118.089 nd (eth) lf 30 6321vs eth, EtOH 2828 Dialifor C14H17ClNO4P S210311-84-9 393.846 68 2829 Diallate C10H17Cl2NOS 2303-16-4 270.219 1509 2830 Diallylcyanamide C7H10N2 538-08-9 122.167 14290, 959s EtOH; sl eth, ctc 2831 Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) C12H18O7 142-22-3 274.267 col liq -4 16121.1420i H2O; s os 2832 Diallyldimethylsilane C8H16Si 1113-12-8 140.299 137; 68500.7679201.442020 2833 Diallyl disulfide C6H10S2 2179-57-9 146.273 10048, 79161.023715 2834 Diallyl ether Allyl ether C6H10O 557-40-4 98.142 liq -6 94 0.8260201.416320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl 2835 Diallyl fumarate C10H12O4 2807-54-7 196.200 14031.0768201.467025vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2836 Diallyl isophthalate Di-2-propenyl 1,3- benzenedicarboxylateC14H14O4 1087-21-4 246.259 1765 2837 Diallyl maleate C10H12O4 999-21-3 196.200 12910, 10931.075201.469920s chl 2838 Diallyl oxalate C8H10O4 615-99-6 170.163 217 1.1582201.448120i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl 2839 N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine Triallylamine C9H15N 102-70-5 137.222 94 155.5 0.809201.450220s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, acid 2840 5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- pyrimidinetrioneAllobarbital C10H12N2O3 52-43-7 208.213 lf 172 sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, bz 2841 Diallyl sulfide C6H10S 592-88-1 114.208 liq -85 138.6 0.8877271.487025vs eth, EtOH 2842 Diallyl trisulfide C6H10S3 2050-87-5 178.338 117161.084515vs eth 2843 Diamantane Congressane C14H20 2292-79-7 188.309 cry 236 2844 1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione C14H10N2O2 1758-68-5 238.241 viol nd 303.5 sl EtOH, eth, chl, xyl; s py, con sulf 2845 1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione C14H10N2O2 128-95-0 238.241 dk viol nd (py) 268 sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, PhNO2; vs py 2846 1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione C14H10N2O2 129-44-2 238.241 dk red nd (al, HOAc)319 sub i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2 2847 1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione C14H10N2O2 129-42-0 238.241 red nd (al, HOAc)265 i H2O; s EtOH, py; sl eth, HOAc 2848 2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione C14H10N2O2 131-14-6 238.241 red-br pr (aq- py)320 dec sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, con sulf, xyl, py 2849 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene C12H12N4 538-41-0 212.250 ye nd (al), oran-ye pr (al)250.5 sl H 2O, lig; s EtOH; vs bz, chl 2850 3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid C7H8N2O2 535-87-5 152.151 nd (+1w) 228 sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH; vs eth 2851 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid C4H10N2O2 305-62-4 118.134 hyg cry s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH 2852 cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile C4H4N4 1187-42-4 108.102 178.5 1.4120 2853 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10- anthracenedioneC14H10N2O4 128-94-9 270.240 bl nd (xyl) i H2O; s bz, xyl, EtOH 2854 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline C12H12N2O 101-80-4 200.235 189 dec >300 2855 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4’-Methylenedianiline C13H14N2 101-77-9 198.263 pl or nd (w) pl (bz)92.5 398; 25718sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz 2856 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide 4,4’-Thiodianiline C12H12N2S 139-65-1 216.301 nd (w) 108.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s tfa 2857 3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone 3,3’-Sulfonyldianiline C12H12N2O2S 599-61-1 248.300 168.5 vs H2O, EtOH 2858 meso -2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid C7H14N2O4 922-54-3 190.197 nd (w) 314 dec s H2O 2859 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10- anthracenedioneC15H12N2O3 2872-48-2 268.267 235 2860 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10- anthracenedioneC14H9N3O4 82-33-7 283.239 278No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g24/g22 O OO HNO O DiacetylmorphineO OO O DiacetylperoxideNO OSPS O OCl DialiforSN ClO Cl DiallateNN DiallylcyanamideOOOOOO O Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Si DiallyldimethylsilaneSS Diallyl disulfideO Diallyl etherOOO O Diallyl fumarateO OO O Diallyl isophthalateOO OO Diallyl maleateOOO O Diallyl oxalate N N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amineNHNHO O O 5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrioneS Diallyl sulfideSSS Diallyl trisulfide DiamantaneO ONH 2 NH 2 1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedioneO ONH 2 NH 2 1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione O ONH 2 NH 2 1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedioneO ONH 2 NH 2 1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedioneO ONH 2 H2N 2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedioneN NH2N NH 2 4,4’-DiaminoazobenzeneNH 2 H2NOO H 3,5-Diaminobenzoic acidOHO NH 2H2N 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid H2NN H 2N N cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrileO ONH 2 NH 2 OH OH 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneO NH 2 H2N 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl etherNH 2 H2N 4,4’-DiaminodiphenylmethaneS NH 2 H2N 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide S H2NN H 2OO 3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfoneHO OHOO NH 2 NH 2 meso -2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acidO ONH 2 NH 2O 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedioneO ONH 2 NH 2 NOO 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g24/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122861 2,4-Diaminophenol C6H8N2O 95-86-3 124.140 lf 79 dec vs H2O, ace, EtOH 2862 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride C6H10Cl2N2O 137-09-7 197.061 nd 235 dec vs H2O 2863 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chlorideThionine C12H10ClN3S 581-64-6 263.745 sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, acid 2864 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl) azo]benzenesulfonamideProntosil C12H14ClN5O2S 103-12-8 327.790 249.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, oils, fats 2865 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol C3H10N2O 616-29-5 90.123 cry 42.8 i eth, bz 2866 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acidAmsonic acid C14H14N2O6S2 81-11-8 370.400 ye nd 300 sl H2O 2867 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1 H)-one C3H5N5O 645-92-1 127.105 nd (aq Na2CO3) dec i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s acid, alk 2868 8,8’-Diapo- ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid Crocetin C20H24O4 27876-94-4 328.403 brick red orth 286 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s py; vs NaOH 2869 Diatrizoic acid N,N’-Diacetyl-3,5-diamino-2,4,6- triiodobenzoic acidC11H9I3N2O4 117-96-4 613.913 cry (EtOH aq) 300 2870 Diazenedicarboxamide Azodicarbonamide C2H4N4O2 123-77-3 116.079 212 dec 2871 Diazinon C12H21N2O3PS 333-41-5 304.345 870.051.1088201.492220 2872 Diazomethane CH2N2 334-88-3 42.040 ye gas -145 -23 vs eth, diox 2873 Dibenz[a,h]acridine C21H13N 226-36-8 279.335 ye cry 228 2874 Dibenz[a,j]acridine 7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene C21H13N 224-42-0 279.335 216 i H2O 2875 Dibenz[c,h]acridine C21H13N 224-53-3 279.335 ye cry (EtOH) 189 2876 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene C22H14 53-70-3 278.346 pl (dil ace) 269.5 i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, CS2 2877 Dibenz[a,j]anthracene C22H14 224-41-9 278.346 oran lf or nd (bz)197.5 i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s peth 2878 5 H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5- carboxamideCarbamazepine C15H12N2O 298-46-4 236.268 190.2 2879 Dibenzepin C18H21N3O 4498-32-2 295.379 117 1850.01 2880 7 H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole C20H13N 194-59-2 267.324 cry (EtOH) 158 2881 13 H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole C20H13N 239-64-5 267.324 221.3 i H2O 2882 Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene C26H16 217-54-9 328.405 400 2883 Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin Diphenylene dioxide C12H8O2 262-12-4 184.191 nd (MeOH) 120.5 2884 Dibenzofuran 2,2’-Biphenylene oxide C12H8O 132-64-9 168.191 lf or nd (al) 86.5 287 1.0886991.607999i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, HOAc 2885 Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene C24H14 192-65-4 302.368 pa ye nd(xyl) 233.5 sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; s tol, con sulf 2886 Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene C24H14 189-64-0 302.368 oran pl 315 2887 Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Benzo[rst]pentaphene C24H14 189-55-9 302.368 281.5 2750.05 2888 Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene C24H14 191-30-0 302.368 ye pl (bz/EtOH) 164.5 2889 Dibenzothiophene C12H8S 132-65-0 184.257 nd (dil al, lig) 98.2 332.5 i H2O; s chl, MeOH; vs EtOH, bz 2890 Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione C14H8O3 6050-13-1 224.212 nd (HOAc or bz)217 sub i H2O; sl eth 2891 Dibenzoyl disulfide Benzoyl disulfide C14H10O2S2 644-32-6 274.358 pr(al), sc(chl- peth)134.5 dec i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s CS2 2892 Dibenzylamine N-Benzylbenzenemethanamine C14H15N 103-49-1 197.276 -26 dec 300; 2702501.0256221.578120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 2893 Dibenzyl disulfide C14H14S2 150-60-7 246.391 lf (al) 71.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH 2894 N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine Benzathine C16H20N2 140-28-3 240.343 oily lig 26 19541.024201.563520vs bz, eth, EtOH 2895 Dibenzyl ether Benzyl ether C14H14O 103-50-4 198.260 1.8 298 1.0428201.516820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g24/g24 OH NH 2 NH 2 2,4-DiaminophenolOH NH 2 NH 22 HCl 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochlorideSN H2NN H 2Cl 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chlorideNH 2 H2NN NS N H 2 OO 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamideH2NN H 2OH 1,3-Diamino-2-propanolSOH O O H2NNH 2 S OHO O 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid N NHN NH 2NH 2 O 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1 H)-oneHO OO OH 8,8’-Diapo- ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acidOO H I I INHNHO O Diatrizoic acidNO NH 2N H2N O DiazenedicarboxamideNN OPS OO DiazinonCN NH H DiazomethaneN Dibenz[a,h]acridine N Dibenz[a,j]acridineN Dibenz[c,h]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenz[a,j]anthraceneN ON H 2 5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamideN NON DibenzepinN H 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole N H 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole Dibenzo[b,k]chryseneOO Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxinO Dibenzofuran Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene S DibenzothiopheneO O O Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dioneSO S O Dibenzoyl disulfideN H DibenzylamineSS Dibenzyl disulfideN HH N N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamineO Dibenzyl ether /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g24/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122896 2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone C20H18O 897-78-9 274.356 117.5 19020sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc 2897 Dibenzyl malonate C17H16O4 15014-25-2 284.307 18721.137251.544720 2898 Dibenzyl phosphite C14H15O3P 17176-77-1 262.241 -2.5 1620.11.552118 2899 Dibenzyl sulfide Benzyl sulfide C14H14S 538-74-9 214.326 pl (eth or chl) 49.5 dec 1.058350i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 2900 Dibenzyl sulfone C14H14O2S 620-32-6 246.325 nd (al-bz) 152 dec 290 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs ace; s bz, HOAc 2901 Dibenzyl sulfoxide C14H14OS 621-08-9 230.325 lf (al, w) 134 dec 210 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2902 1,3-Dibenzylurea C15H16N2O 1466-67-7 240.300 nd (al) 169.5 vs EtOH, HOAc 2903 Dibromoacetic acid C2H2Br2O2 631-64-1 217.844 hyg cry 49 195250, 13016vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2904 Dibromoacetonitrile C2HBr2N 3252-43-5 198.844 169; 68242.369201.539320 2905 2,4-Dibromoaniline C6H5Br2N 615-57-6 250.919 orth bipym (chl) nd or lf (al)79.5 156 742.26020s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc 2906 3,5-Dibromoaniline C6H5Br2N 626-40-4 250.919 nd (dil al) 57 vs EtOH, eth, bz 2907 9,10-Dibromoanthracene C14H8Br2 523-27-3 336.022 ye nd (to or xyl) 226 sub i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl 2908 o-Dibromobenzene 1,2-Dibromobenzene C6H4Br2 583-53-9 235.904 7.1 225 1.9843201.615520i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc 2909 m-Dibromobenzene 1,3-Dibromobenzene C6H4Br2 108-36-1 235.904 liq -7 218 1.9523201.608317i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 2910 p-Dibromobenzene 1,4-Dibromobenzene C6H4Br2 106-37-6 235.904 pl 87.43 218.5 2.261171.5742 i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, CS2 2911 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone Bis(4-bromophenyl) ketone C13H8Br2O 3988-03-2 340.010 pl (al) 177 395 vs bz, HOAc, chl 2912 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl C12H8Br2 92-86-4 312.000 mcl pr (MeOH) 164 357.5 i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz 2913 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl) propanePentaerythritol tetrabromide C5H8Br4 3229-00-3 387.734 cry (ace), nd (lig)163 305.5 2.59615s EtOH, bz, tol; sl eth, chl 2914 3,5-Dibromo- N-(4-bromophenyl)-2- hydroxybenzamideTribromsalan C13H8Br3NO2 87-10-5 449.921 227 2915 1,1-Dibromobutane C4H8Br2 62168-25-6 215.915 158; 911011.784251.498825 2916 1,2-Dibromobutane α-Butylene dibromide C4H8Br2 533-98-2 215.915 liq -65.4 166.3 1.7915201.402520i H2O; s eth, chl 2917 1,3-Dibromobutane C4H8Br2 107-80-2 215.915 174 1.800201.50720i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc 2918 1,4-Dibromobutane C4H8Br2 110-52-1 215.915 liq -16.5 197 1.8199251.516725i H2O; sl ctc; s chl 2919 2,3-Dibromobutane C4H8Br2 5408-86-6 215.915 liq -24 161 1.7893221.513322i H2O; s eth 2920 trans -1,4-Dibromo-2-butene C4H6Br2 821-06-7 213.899 pl (peth) 53.4 203; 7414sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, peth; s ace 2921 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne C4H4Br2 2219-66-1 211.883 92152.014181.58818s eth, ace; vs chl 2922 α,α’-Dibromo- d-camphor C10H14Br2O 514-12-5 310.025 61 1.85421i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s AcOEt 2923 Dibromochlorofluoromethane CBr2ClF 353-55-9 226.270 80.3 2.3173221.457020 2924 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane C3H5Br2Cl 96-12-8 236.333 196 2.093141.55314i H2O 2925 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2- trifluoroethaneC2Br2ClF3 354-51-8 276.277 50 93 2926 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide C3H2Br2N2O 10222-01-2 241.868 cry (bz) 126 2927 trans -1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±) C6H10Br2 5183-77-7 241.951 -2.0 145100, 105201.7759201.544519vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2928 1,10-Dibromodecane Decamethylene dibromide C10H20Br2 4101-68-2 300.074 pl (al) 28 1619, 12841.335301.492725i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth 2929 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane C2H2Br2Cl2 75-81-0 256.751 liq -26 195 2.135201.566220vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2930 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane C2H2Br2Cl2 683-68-1 256.751 liq -26 195 2.135201.566220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 2931 Dibromodichloromethane CBr2Cl2 594-18-3 242.725 38 150.2 2.4225i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 2932 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane Genetron 132b-B2 C2H2Br2F2 75-82-1 223.842 liq -61.3 92.5 2.2238201.445620 2933 Dibromodifluoromethane CBr2F2 75-61-6 209.816 vol liq or gas -110.1 22.76 s H2O, eth, ace, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g24/g26O 2,6-DibenzylidenecyclohexanoneO OO O Dibenzyl malonateOPOO Dibenzyl phosphiteS Dibenzyl sulfideS OO Dibenzyl sulfoneS O Dibenzyl sulfoxide NHNHO 1,3-DibenzylureaOOH BrBr Dibromoacetic acidNBr Br DibromoacetonitrileNH 2 Br Br 2,4-DibromoanilineNH 2 Br Br 3,5-DibromoanilineBr Br 9,10-DibromoanthraceneBrBr o-DibromobenzeneBr Br m-DibromobenzeneBr Br p-Dibromobenzene O Br Br 4,4’-DibromobenzophenoneBr Br 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenylBr Br Br Br 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propaneN HO OH Br BrBr 3,5-Dibromo- N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamideBrBr 1,1-DibromobutaneBrBr 1,2-DibromobutaneBr Br 1,3-DibromobutaneBrBr 1,4-Dibromobutane Br Br 2,3-DibromobutaneBrBr trans -1,4-Dibromo-2-buteneBrBr 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyneOBr Br α,α’-Dibromo- d-camphorBr BrCl F DibromochlorofluoromethaneBrBr Cl 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropaneBrBr Cl FFF 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethaneN Br BrO NH 2 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide Br Br trans -1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)BrBr 1,10-DibromodecaneBrBr ClCl 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethaneBrBr ClCl 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethaneBr BrCl Cl DibromodichloromethaneBrBr F F 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethaneBr BrF F Dibromodifluoromethane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g24/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g122934 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4- imidazolidinedioneDibromantine C5H6Br2N2O2 77-48-5 285.922 198 dec 2935 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane C5H10Br2 5434-27-5 229.941 184; 80261.6775201.5090 2936 1,12-Dibromododecane C12H24Br2 3344-70-5 328.127 nd (al,HOAc) 41 21515i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s eth, HOAc 2937 1,1-Dibromoethane Ethylidene dibromide C2H4Br2 557-91-5 187.861 liq -63 108.0 2.0555201.512820i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl; vs eth 2938 1,2-Dibromoethane Ethylene dibromide C2H4Br2 106-93-4 187.861 9.84 131.6 2.1683251.535625vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2939 cis-1,2-Dibromoethene cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene C2H2Br2 590-11-4 185.845 liq -53 112.5 2.2464201.542820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl 2940 trans -1,2-Dibromoethene trans -1,2-Dibromoethylene C2H2Br2 590-12-5 185.845 liq -6.5 108 2.2308201.550518i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl 2941 1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane C4H8Br2O 2983-26-8 231.914 80201.7320201.504420vs EtOH, chl 2942 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate C4H6Br2O2 24442-57-7 245.898 liq 89.5161.9120 2943 (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene C8H8Br2 93-52-7 263.958 75 13319s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc, MeOH, lig 2944 Dibromofluoromethane CHBr2F 1868-53-7 191.825 liq -78 64.9 2.421201.468520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 2945 1,2-Dibromoheptane C7H14Br2 42474-21-5 257.994 228 1.5086201.498620 2946 1,7-Dibromoheptane Heptamethylene dibromide C7H14Br2 4549-31-9 257.994 41.7 263 1.5306201.503420i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc, chl 2947 2,3-Dibromoheptane C7H14Br2 21266-88-6 257.994 101171.5139201.499220 2948 3,4-Dibromoheptane C7H14Br2 21266-90-0 257.994 107241.5182201.501020 2949 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3- hexafluoropropaneC3Br2F6 661-95-0 309.830 72.8 2.163020i H2O 2950 1,2-Dibromohexane C6H12Br2 624-20-4 243.967 103361.5774201.502420vs bz, eth, chl 2951 1,6-Dibromohexane C6H12Br2 629-03-8 243.967 liq -1.2 245.5 1.6025251.505425i H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl ctc 2952 3,4-Dibromohexane C6H12Br2 89583-12-0 243.967 80131.6027201.504320 2953 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde C7H4Br2O2 90-59-5 279.914 pa ye pr 86 sub vs bz, eth, chl 2954 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid C7H4Br2O3 3147-55-5 295.913 nd 228 s ace 2955 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile Bromoxynil C7H3Br2NO 1689-84-5 276.913 190 2956 Dibromomethane Methylene bromide CH2Br2 74-95-3 173.835 liq -52.5 97 2.4969201.542020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc 2957 1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene 2,5-Dibromotoluene C7H6Br2 615-59-8 249.931 5.6 236 1.8127171.598218i H2O 2958 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene C7H6Br2 31543-75-6 249.931 -9.7 103111.8176251.596425 2959 (Dibromomethyl)benzene C7H6Br2 618-31-5 249.931 1.0 156231.8365281.614720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 2960 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane C5H10Br2 594-51-4 229.941 7 62171.6717201.572925 2961 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol C7H6Br2O 609-22-3 265.930 nd (peth) 58 dec 265; 1054s chl 2962 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane C4H8Br2 594-34-3 215.915 10.5 150 1.7827201.511920s EtOH, eth, chl 2963 1,4-Dibromonaphthalene C10H6Br2 83-53-4 285.963 83 310 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl HOAc 2964 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline C6H4Br2N2O2 827-94-1 295.916 ye nd (al, HOAc)207 sl H2O; s HOAc 2965 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol C6H3Br2NO3 99-28-5 296.901 pa ye pr or lf (al)145 dec i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, HOAc 2966 1,9-Dibromononane C9H18Br2 4549-33-1 286.047 liq -22.5 285; 154101.422920 2967 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane C4Br2F8 335-48-8 359.838 97 2968 1,8-Dibromooctane Octamethylene dibromide C8H16Br2 4549-32-0 272.021 15.5 271 1.4594251.497125i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl 2969 1,2-Dibromopentane C5H10Br2 3234-49-9 229.941 184 1.66818 2970 1,4-Dibromopentane C5H10Br2 626-87-9 229.941 -34.4 146150, 99141.6222201.508620 2971 1,5-Dibromopentane C5H10Br2 111-24-0 229.941 liq -39.5 222.3 1.6928251.510225i H2O; s bz, chl; sl ctc 2972 2,4-Dibromopentane C5H10Br2 19398-53-9 229.941 7521, 60121.6659201.498720 2973 2,4-Dibromophenol C6H4Br2O 615-58-7 251.903 nd (peth) 38 238.5 2.070020sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g24/g28 N NBr O BrO 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedioneBr Br 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropaneBrBr 1,12-DibromododecaneBr Br 1,1-DibromoethaneBrBr 1,2-DibromoethaneBr Br H H cis-1,2-Dibromoethene BrBr H H trans -1,2-DibromoetheneOBrBr 1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethaneOO BrBr 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetateBr Br (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzeneF HBr Br DibromofluoromethaneBrBr 1,2-DibromoheptaneBr Br 1,7-Dibromoheptane Br Br 2,3-DibromoheptaneBrBr 3,4-DibromoheptaneBr FFBrF F FF 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropaneBrBr 1,2-DibromohexaneBrBr 1,6-DibromohexaneBrBr 3,4-DibromohexaneO Br BrOH 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde HO O Br BrOH 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acidBrN OHBr 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrileBr Br H H DibromomethaneBr Br 1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzeneBr Br 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzeneBr Br (Dibromomethyl)benzeneBr Br 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane OH Br Br 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenolBrBr 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropaneBr Br 1,4-DibromonaphthaleneNH 2 NOOBr Br 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroanilineOH NOOBr Br 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenolBr Br 1,9-DibromononaneBrBr FFFF FFFF 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane BrBr 1,8-DibromooctaneBrBr 1,2-DibromopentaneBrBr 1,4-DibromopentaneBr Br 1,5-DibromopentaneBr Br 2,4-DibromopentaneOH Br Br 2,4-Dibromophenol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g25/g19/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 2974 2,6-Dibromophenol C6H4Br2O 608-33-3 251.903 nd (w) 56.5 255; 16221s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2975 1,2-Dibromopropane Propylene dibromide C3H6Br2 78-75-1 201.888 liq -55.49 141.9 1.9324201.520120s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc 2976 1,3-Dibromopropane C3H6Br2 109-64-8 201.888 liq -34.5 167.3 1.9701251.520425i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc 2977 2,2-Dibromopropane C3H6Br2 594-16-1 201.888 113 1.88020vs eth, EtOH, chl 2978 2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid C3H4Br2O2 600-05-5 231.871 66.5 16020, 13812vs bz, eth, EtOH 2979 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol C3H6Br2O 96-13-9 217.887 219 2.12020 2980 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol C3H6Br2O 96-21-9 217.887 ye liq dec 219; 105162.1364201.549525vs ace, eth, EtOH 2981 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate C9H15Br6O4P 126-72-7 697.610 s chl 2982 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone 1,3-Dibromoacetone C3H4Br2O 816-39-7 215.871 nd 26 97222.167018vs eth, CS2 2983 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene C3H4Br2 13195-80-7 199.872 125 1.9767201.526020sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl 2984 1,2-Dibromo-1-propene C3H4Br2 26391-16-2 199.872 131.5 2.007620 2985 2,3-Dibromo-1-propene C3H4Br2 513-31-5 199.872 141; 37.7112.0345251.541625i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 2986 3,5-Dibromopyridine C5H3Br2N 625-92-3 236.893 nd (al) 112 222 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 2987 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol Broxyquinoline C9H5Br2NO 521-74-4 302.950 nd (al) 196 sub i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc; sl eth 2988 2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide 2,6-Dibromo-4-(chloroimino)-2,5- cyclohexadien-1-oneC6H2Br2ClNO 537-45-1 299.347 ye pr (al or HOAc)83 vs EtOH 2989 1,14-Dibromotetradecane Tetradecamethylene dibromide C14H28Br2 37688-96-3 356.180 lf (al-eth) cry (al)50.4 1908vs eth, EtOH, chl 2990 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Refrigerant 114B2 C2Br2F4 124-73-2 259.823 liq -110.32 47.35 2.149251.36125i H2O 2991 2,3-Dibromothiophene C4H2Br2S 3140-93-0 241.932 liq -17.5 218.5; 89131.630422 2992 2,5-Dibromothiophene C4H2Br2S 3141-27-3 241.932 liq -6 210.3 2.142231.628820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 2993 3,4-Dibromothiophene C4H2Br2S 3141-26-2 241.932 4.5 221.5 2994 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Halon 2302 C2HBr2F3 354-04-1 241.832 76 2.274271.419124 2995 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acidDibromogallic acid C7H4Br2O5 602-92-6 327.912 nd, pr or lf (w+1)150 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 2996 3,5-Dibromo- L-tyrosine C9H9Br2NO3 300-38-9 338.980 nd or pl 245 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s alk, acid 2997 Dibucaine Cinchocaine C20H29N3O2 85-79-0 343.463 hyg cry 64 2998 Dibucaine hydrochloride C20H30ClN3O2 61-12-1 379.924 94 dec s chl 2999 1,4-Dibutoxybenzene C14H22O2 104-36-9 222.324 45.5 15815s ctc 3000 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether C10H22O2 112-48-1 174.281 liq -69.1 203.3 0.8319251.411225 3001 Dibutoxymethane Butylal C9H20O2 2568-90-3 160.254 liq -58.1 179.2 0.8339201.407217 3002 Dibutyl adipate C14H26O4 105-99-7 258.354 -32.4 165100.9613201.436920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3003 Dibutylamine N-Butylbutanamine C8H19N 111-92-2 129.244 liq -62 159.6 0.7670201.417720s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth 3004 Di- sec-butylamine N-sec -Butyl-2-butanamine C8H19N 626-23-3 129.244 134 0.7534201.416220vs H2O; s EtOH 3005 2-Dibutylaminoethanol C10H23NO 102-81-8 173.296 11418 3006 N,N-Dibutylaniline C14H23N 613-29-6 205.340 liq -32.2 274.8 0.9037201.518620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc 3007 1,4-Di- tert-butylbenzene C14H22 1012-72-2 190.325 nd (MeOH) 79.5 238; 109150.985020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3008 2,5-Di- tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol C14H22O2 88-58-4 222.324 cry (aq HOAc) 213.5 3009 Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane Dibutyltin bis(dodecyl sulfide) C32H68S2Sn 1185-81-5 635.722 col liq 1220.31.0520s tol, hp 3010 Dibutyl carbonate C9H18O3 542-52-9 174.237 207 0.9251201.411720i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3011 Di- tert-butyl carbonate C9H18O3 34619-03-9 174.237 cry (al) 40 158 vs EtOH 3012 2,5-Di- tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 1,4-dioneC14H20O2 2460-77-7 220.308 ye cry (al) 152.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g25/g20OH Br Br 2,6-DibromophenolBrBr 1,2-DibromopropaneBr Br 1,3-DibromopropaneBr Br 2,2-DibromopropaneBr OHO Br 2,3-Dibromopropanoic acidOH Br Br 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanolBr Br OH 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanolO POO O BrBrBrBr Br Br 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) BrO Br 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanoneBrBr 1,1-Dibromo-1-propeneBr Br 1,2-Dibromo-1-propeneBrBr 2,3-Dibromo-1-propeneNBr Br 3,5-DibromopyridineNBr Br OH 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinolNClBr BrO 2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide BrBr 1,14-DibromotetradecaneFBr FBr FF 1,2-DibromotetrafluoroethaneSBrBr 2,3-DibromothiopheneSBr Br 2,5-DibromothiopheneSBr Br 3,4-DibromothiopheneBr FFFBr 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethaneOO H Br OH OHHOBr 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid Br OH Br NH 2 OHO 3,5-Dibromo- L-tyrosineNOOH NN DibucaineNOOH NN HCl Dibucaine hydrochlorideO O 1,4-DibutoxybenzeneOO 1,2-DibutoxyethaneO O Dibutoxymethane OO O O Dibutyl adipateN H DibutylamineHN Di-sec-butylamineN OH 2-DibutylaminoethanolN N,N-Dibutylaniline 1,4-Di- tert-butylbenzene /g3OH OH 2,5-Di- tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediolSnS S Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannaneOOO Dibutyl carbonateOOO Di-tert-butyl carbonateO O 2,5-Di- tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g25/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123013 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 1,4-dioneC14H20O2 719-22-2 220.308 69 600.01 3014 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-4- (dimethylaminomethyl)phenolC17H29NO 88-27-7 263.418 pl (EtOH) 94 17940 3015 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin- 4,7-dioneC12H20O4Sn 78-04-6 346.995 ye solid 110 3016 Dibutyl disulfide C8H18S2 629-45-8 178.359 oil 226; 117200.938201.492320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3017 Di- tert-butyl disulfide C8H18S2 110-06-5 178.359 -2.5 88210.9226201.489920 3018 cis-1,2-Di- tert-butylethene cis-2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3-hexene C10H20 692-47-7 140.266 liq 144 0.744201.427020 3019 Dibutyl ether C8H18O 142-96-1 130.228 liq -95.2 140.28 0.7684201.399220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc 3020 Di- sec-butyl ether C8H18O 6863-58-7 130.228 liq 121.1 0.75625 3021 Di- tert-butyl ether C8H18O 6163-66-2 130.228 liq 107.23 0.7658201.394920 3022 N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine N,N’-Di-tert-butylethanediamine C10H24N2 4062-60-6 172.311 cry 53.3 189 0.69 3023 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol C16H26O 4130-42-1 234.376 44 272 i alk 3024 N,N-Dibutylformamide C9H19NO 761-65-9 157.253 s ctc, CS2 3025 Dibutyl fumarate C12H20O4 105-75-9 228.285 liq -13.5 285; 15040.9775201.446920i H2O; s ace, chl 3026 N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine C14H32N2 4835-11-4 228.417 1383.51.447025 3027 3,5-Di- tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acidC15H22O3 19715-19-6 250.334 163.3 s chl 3028 Di- tert-butyl ketone C9H18O 815-24-7 142.238 liq -25.2 152 0.8240181.419420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, HOAc 3029 Dibutyl maleate C12H20O4 105-76-0 228.285 <-80 280; 14210 3030 Dibutyl malonate C11H20O4 1190-39-2 216.275 liq -83 251.5 0.9824201.426220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, ctc 3031 Di- tert-butyl malonate C11H20O4 541-16-2 216.275 -6 11331, 6621.4184201.418429s ace, chl 3032 Dibutylmercury C8H18Hg 629-35-6 314.82 223; 105101.7779201.505720 3033 2,4-Di- tert-butyl-5-methylphenol DBMC C15H24O 497-39-2 220.351 62.1 282 0.91280i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 3034 2,4-Di- tert-butyl-6-methylphenol C15H24O 616-55-7 220.351 51 269 0.89180i alk 3035 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-4-methylphenol C15H24O 128-37-0 220.351 71 265 0.8937751.485975i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, peth; i alk 3036 Dibutyl nonanedioate C17H32O4 2917-73-9 300.434 1702sl chl 3037 Dibutyl oxalate C10H18O4 2050-60-4 202.248 liq -30.5 241; 9620.9873201.423420i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3038 Di- tert-butyl peroxide DTBP C8H18O2 110-05-4 146.228 liq -40 111 0.704201.389020i H2O; msc ace; s ctc, lig 3039 2,6-Di- sec-butylphenol C14H22O 5510-99-6 206.324 liq -42 257.5 1.508020 3040 2,4-Di- tert-butylphenol C14H22O 96-76-4 206.324 56.5 263.5 1.508020sl ctc; i alk 3041 2,6-Di- tert-butylphenol C14H22O 128-39-2 206.324 pr (al) 39 16150, 133201.500120sl EtOH; s ctc; i alk 3042 3,5-Di- tert-butylphenol C14H22O 1138-52-9 206.324 88 3043 Dibutyl phosphate C8H19O4P 107-66-4 210.208 oil 1360.051.0620s ctc, BuOH 3044 Dibutyl phosphonate C8H19O3P 1809-19-4 194.209 oil 230; 131190.985251.422020 3045 Dibutyl phthalate C16H22O4 84-74-2 278.344 liq -35 340 1.0465201.491120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc 3046 2,6-Di- tert-butylpyridine C13H21N 585-48-8 191.313 12020 3047 Dibutyl sebacate C18H34O4 109-43-3 314.461 liq -10 344.5 0.9405151.443315i H2O; s eth, ctc 3048 Dibutyl succinate C12H22O4 141-03-7 230.301 liq -29.2 274.5 0.9752201.429920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 3049 Di- tert-butyl succinate C12H22O4 926-26-1 230.301 36.5 1099 3050 Dibutyl sulfate Butyl sulfate C8H18O4S 625-22-9 210.292 liq 1156 3051 Dibutyl sulfide C8H18S 544-40-1 146.294 liq -79.7 185 0.8386201.453020vs eth, EtOH, chl 3052 Di- sec-butyl sulfide C8H18S 626-26-6 146.294 165 0.8348201.450620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 3053 Di- tert-butyl sulfide C8H18S 107-47-1 146.294 liq -9.0 149.1 0.815251.450620No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g25/g22 OO 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneOH N 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenolOOO OSn 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dioneSS Dibutyl disulfideSS Di-tert-butyl disulfide cis-1,2-Di- tert-butyletheneO Dibutyl ether O Di-sec-butyl etherO Di-tert-butyl etherHNN H N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamineOH 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-4-ethylphenolNO N,N-DibutylformamideOO O O Dibutyl fumarateHNNH N,N’- Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine OO H OH 3,5-Di- tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acidO Di-tert-butyl ketoneO OO O Dibutyl maleateOO OO Dibutyl malonateOO OO Di-tert-butyl malonateHg DibutylmercuryOH 2,4-Di- tert-butyl-5-methylphenol OH 2,4-Di- tert-butyl-6-methylphenolOH 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-4-methylphenolO OO O Dibutyl nonanedioateOO O O Dibutyl oxalateOO Di-tert-butyl peroxideOH 2,6-Di- sec-butylphenolOH 2,4-Di- tert-butylphenol OH 2,6-Di- tert-butylphenolOH 3,5-Di- tert-butylphenolOPOO OH Dibutyl phosphateO POOH Dibutyl phosphonateOO O O Dibutyl phthalateN 2,6-Di- tert-butylpyridineOO O O Dibutyl sebacate OOO O Dibutyl succinateO OOO Di-tert-butyl succinateOSOO O Dibutyl sulfateS Dibutyl sulfideS Di-sec-butyl sulfideS Di-tert-butyl sulfide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g25/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123054 Dibutyl sulfite Butyl sulfite C8H18O3S 626-85-7 194.292 230 0.9957201.431020s EtOH, eth 3055 Dibutyl sulfone C8H18O2S 598-04-9 178.293 45 291 0.988547i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3056 Dibutyl sulfoxide C8H18OS 2168-93-6 162.293 nd (dil al) 32.6 dec 0.8317231.466920i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3057 Dibutyl tartrate C12H22O6 87-92-3 262.299 pr 22 320 1.0909201.445120vs H2O, ace, EtOH 3058 N,N’-Dibutylthiourea C9H20N2S 109-46-6 188.333 nd (al) 78 3059 Dibutyltin dichloride Dibutyldichlorostannane C8H18Cl2Sn 683-18-1 303.845 solid 43 13510s hx, eth, thf 3060 Dibutyltin dilaurate C32H64O4Sn 77-58-7 631.558 ye liq or cry 23 i H2O, MeOH; s eth, bz, ctc 3061 Dicapthon C8H9ClNO5PS 2463-84-5 297.653 cry (MeOH) 53 i H2O; s ace, tol, xyl, AcOEt 3062 Dicentrine C20H21NO4 517-66-8 339.386 s chl 3063 Dichlofenthion C10H13Cl2O3PS 97-17-6 315.153 s ctc, CS2 3064 Dichlofluanid C9H11Cl2FN2O2 S21085-98-9 333.229 wh pow 105.3 i H2O; s ace, MeOH, xyl 3065 Dichloroacetaldehyde C2H2Cl2O 79-02-7 112.942 90.5 1.43625sl EtOH 3066 2,2-Dichloroacetamide C2H3Cl2NO 683-72-7 127.957 99.4 234 s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace 3067 Dichloroacetic acid C2H2Cl2O2 79-43-6 128.942 13.5 194; 102201.5634201.465820msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc 3068 Dichloroacetic anhydride C4H2Cl4O3 4124-30-5 239.869 18.0 dec 215; 100101.57424 3069 1,1-Dichloroacetone C3H4Cl2O 513-88-2 126.969 120 1.30418sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 3070 1,3-Dichloroacetone C3H4Cl2O 534-07-6 126.969 pr or nd 45 173.4 1.3826461.471640s H2O, EtOH, eth 3071 Dichloroacetonitrile C2HCl2N 3018-12-0 109.942 112.5 1.369201.439125s MeOH 3072 Dichloroacetyl chloride C2HCl3O 79-36-7 147.387 108 1.5315161.459120dec H2O, EtOH; msc eth 3073 Dichloroacetylene C2Cl2 7572-29-4 94.927 liq -66 33 1.261201.4279020s EtOH, eth, ace 3074 4-[(Dichloroamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acidHalazone C7H5Cl2NO4S 80-13-7 270.091 pr (HOAc) 195 dec sl H2O, chl; vs HOAc; i peth 3075 2,3-Dichloroaniline C6H5Cl2N 608-27-5 162.017 nd (lig) 24 252 s EtOH, ace; vs eth; sl bz, ctc, lig 3076 2,4-Dichloroaniline C6H5Cl2N 554-00-7 162.017 pr (ace) nd (dil al) (lig)63.5 245 1.56720sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth 3077 2,5-Dichloroaniline C6H5Cl2N 95-82-9 162.017 nd (lig) 50 251 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 3078 2,6-Dichloroaniline C6H5Cl2N 608-31-1 162.017 39 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 3079 3,4-Dichloroaniline C6H5Cl2N 95-76-1 162.017 nd (lig) 72 272 s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl 3080 3,5-Dichloroaniline C6H5Cl2N 626-43-7 162.017 nd (lig, dil al) 52 261 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, lig 3081 9,10-Dichloroanthracene C14H8Cl2 605-48-1 247.120 ye nd (MeCOEt or CCl4)213.5 sl EtOH, eth, chl; s bz 3082 1,5-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione C14H6Cl2O2 82-46-2 277.103 ye nd (to) 252 i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc 3083 1,8-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione C14H6Cl2O2 82-43-9 277.103 ye nd (HOAc) 202.5 i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, tol, PhNO2 3084 trans -4,4’-Dichloroazobenzene C12H8Cl2N2 1602-00-2 251.111 ye nd (ace) 189 3085 4,4’-Dichloroazoxybenzene C12H8Cl2N2O 614-26-6 267.110 ye nd (EtOH) 158 3086 2,3-Dichlorobenzaldehyde C7H4Cl2O 6334-18-5 175.012 cry (dil al) 66 vs eth, EtOH 3087 2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde C7H4Cl2O 874-42-0 175.012 pr 73.3 10515i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 3088 2,6-Dichlorobenzaldehyde C7H4Cl2O 83-38-5 175.012 nd (lig) 71.8 vs eth, EtOH, lig 3089 3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde C7H4Cl2O 6287-38-3 175.012 44 247.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 3090 3,5-Dichlorobenzaldehyde C7H4Cl2O 10203-08-4 175.012 nd or lf (dil HOAc)65 240 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3091 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide C7H5Cl2NO 2008-58-4 190.027 cry 198 3092 o-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 95-50-1 147.002 liq -17.0 180 1.3059201.551520i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc 3093 m-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 541-73-1 147.002 liq -24.8 173 1.2884201.545920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; msc aceNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g25/g24SOOO Dibutyl sulfiteS OO Dibutyl sulfoneS O Dibutyl sulfoxideOO OHOH O O Dibutyl tartrateN HN HS N,N’-DibutylthioureaSn ClCl Dibutyltin dichloride O Sn OO O Dibutyltin dilaurateO NP OO O OS Cl DicapthonNO O O OH DicentrineCl ClPO OSO DichlofenthionSNClFClSOON DichlofluanidOCl Cl Dichloroacetaldehyde Cl ClO NH 2 2,2-DichloroacetamideO OHCl Cl Dichloroacetic acidCl ClO OOClCl Dichloroacetic anhydrideO Cl Cl 1,1-DichloroacetoneCl ClO 1,3-DichloroacetoneNCl Cl DichloroacetonitrileClO Cl Cl Dichloroacetyl chlorideCl Cl DichloroacetyleneO OH SOO NCl Cl 4-[(Dichloroamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acidNH 2 Cl Cl 2,3-Dichloroaniline NH 2 Cl Cl 2,4-DichloroanilineNH 2 Cl Cl 2,5-DichloroanilineNH 2 Cl Cl 2,6-DichloroanilineNH 2 Cl Cl 3,4-DichloroanilineNH 2 Cl Cl 3,5-DichloroanilineCl Cl 9,10-DichloroanthraceneClCl O O 1,5-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedioneO OCl Cl 1,8-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione/g3 NN ClCl trans -4,4’-Dichloroazobenzene ClNN OCl 4,4’-DichloroazoxybenzeneO Cl Cl 2,3-DichlorobenzaldehydeO Cl Cl 2,4-DichlorobenzaldehydeO Cl Cl 2,6-DichlorobenzaldehydeO Cl Cl 3,4-DichlorobenzaldehydeO Cl Cl 3,5-DichlorobenzaldehydeON H 2 Cl Cl 2,6-DichlorobenzamideCl Cl o-DichlorobenzeneCl Cl m-Dichlorobenzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g25/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123094 p-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 106-46-7 147.002 mcl pr, lf (ace) 53.09 174 1.2475551.528520i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, ctc 3095 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine C6H6Cl2N2 20103-09-7 177.031 pr (w) 170 3096 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine C6H6Cl2N2 609-20-1 177.031 nd, pr (dil al) 125 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 3097 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol C6H4Cl2O2 13673-92-2 179.001 pr 83.5 sl H2O; s EtOH; vs ace 3098 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol C6H4Cl2O2 3428-24-8 179.001 pr(chl-CS2) nd(bz-peth)116.5 s H2O; vs EtOH, bz 3099 4,6-Dichloro-1,3-benzenediol C6H4Cl2O2 137-19-9 179.001 113 254 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl lig 3100 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediol C6H4Cl2O2 824-69-1 179.001 nd or pr w, ace, bz)172.5 1.815024s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace 3101 4,5-Dichloro-1,3- benzenedisulfonamideDichlorphenamide C6H6Cl2N2O4S2120-97-8 305.159 228.7 3102 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanamine C7H7Cl2N 95-00-1 176.044 125131.576225s chl 3103 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanol 2,4-Dichlorobenzyl alcohol C7H6Cl2O 1777-82-8 177.028 59.5 15025s chl 3104 N,N-Dichlorobenzenesulfonamide C6H5Cl2NO2S 473-29-0 226.081 ye mcl or pl 76 s EtOH; sl ctc 3105 2,5-Dichlorobenzenethiol C6H4Cl2S 5858-18-4 179.067 11550 3106 2,2’-Dichloro- p-benzidine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, 2,2’- dichloro-C12H10Cl2N2 84-68-4 253.126 nd (w), pr (al) 165 vs eth, EtOH 3107 3,3’-Dichloro- p-benzidine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, 3,3’- dichloro-C12H10Cl2N2 91-94-1 253.126 nd 132.5 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc 3108 3,3’-Dichloro- p-benzidine dihydrochlorideC12H12Cl4N2 612-83-9 326.048 i H2O; vs EtOH 3109 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid C7H4Cl2O2 50-84-0 191.012 nd (w or bz) 164.2 sub s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ace 3110 2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid C7H4Cl2O2 50-79-3 191.012 nd (w) 154.4 301 sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth 3111 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid C7H4Cl2O2 50-30-6 191.012 nd (al), pr (w) 144 sub s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3112 3,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid C7H4Cl2O2 51-44-5 191.012 nd (w, al, bz) 208.5 s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl DMSO 3113 3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid C7H4Cl2O2 51-36-5 191.012 nd (al, w) 188 sub sl H2O, lig, DMSO; s EtOH, eth 3114 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile Dichlobenil C7H3Cl2N 1194-65-6 172.012 cry (peth) 144.5 270 3115 4,4’-Dichlorobenzophenone Bis(4-chlorophenyl) ketone C13H8Cl2O 90-98-2 251.108 pl (al) 147.5 353 1.450020i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl; sl ace 3116 3,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride 1,2-Dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzeneC7H3Cl2F3 328-84-7 215.000 liq 173.5; 64141.472925 3117 2,3-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride C7H3Cl3O 2905-60-4 209.457 liq 14014 3118 2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride C7H3Cl3O 89-75-8 209.457 16.5 15034, 1117.51.589520s ctc 3119 2,5-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride C7H3Cl3O 2905-61-5 209.457 liq 95.41 3120 3,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride C7H3Cl3O 3024-72-4 209.457 25 242 sl ctc 3121 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl C12H8Cl2 34883-39-1 223.098 18230, 17115i H2O 3122 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl C12H8Cl2 33146-45-1 223.098 cry 35.5 i H2O 3123 3,3’-Dichlorobiphenyl C12H8Cl2 2050-67-1 223.098 nd (dil al) 29 320 vs bz, eth, EtOH 3124 4,4’-Dichlorobiphenyl C12H8Cl2 2050-68-2 223.098 pr or nd (al, to- peth)149.3 317 1.44200i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s bz 3125 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl) ethaneC14H10Cl4 72-54-8 320.041 109.5 1931sl chl 3126 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl) etheneC14H8Cl4 72-55-9 318.026 89 3127 2,3-Dichloro-1,3-butadiene C4H4Cl2 1653-19-6 122.981 98 1.1829201.489020vs chl 3128 1,1-Dichlorobutane Butylidene chloride C4H8Cl2 541-33-3 127.013 113.8 1.0863201.435520i H2O; s chl 3129 1,2-Dichlorobutane C4H8Cl2 616-21-7 127.013 124.1 1.1116251.445020i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc 3130 1,3-Dichlorobutane C4H8Cl2 1190-22-3 127.013 134 1.1158201.444520i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g25/g26Cl Cl p-DichlorobenzeneNH 2 Cl NH 2Cl 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamineNH 2 NH 2Cl Cl 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamineOH OH Cl Cl 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediolOH OH ClCl 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediolOH OH ClCl 4,6-Dichloro-1,3-benzenediolOH OHCl Cl 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediolS S ClClO ONH 2OONH 2 4,5-Dichloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide ClClNH 2 2,4-DichlorobenzenemethanamineOH Cl Cl 2,4-DichlorobenzenemethanolSOONCl Cl N,N-DichlorobenzenesulfonamideSH Cl Cl 2,5-DichlorobenzenethiolClCl NH 2 H2N 2,2’-Dichloro- p-benzidineH2NN H 2Cl Cl 3,3’-Dichloro- p-benzidine H2NN H 2Cl Cl HCl HCl 3,3’-Dichloro- p-benzidine dihydrochlorideOO H Cl Cl 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acidOO H Cl Cl 2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acidOO H Cl Cl 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acidOO H Cl Cl 3,4-Dichlorobenzoic acidOO H Cl Cl 3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acidCl ClN 2,6-DichlorobenzonitrileO Cl Cl 4,4’-Dichlorobenzophenone Cl Cl FFF 3,4-DichlorobenzotrifluorideOC l Cl Cl 2,3-Dichlorobenzoyl chlorideOC l Cl Cl 2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chlorideOC l Cl Cl 2,5-Dichlorobenzoyl chlorideOC l Cl Cl 3,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chlorideCl Cl 2,5-DichlorobiphenylClCl 2,6-DichlorobiphenylCl Cl 3,3’-Dichlorobiphenyl Cl Cl 4,4’-DichlorobiphenylCl Cl Cl Cl 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethaneCl Cl Cl Cl 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)etheneClCl 2,3-Dichloro-1,3-butadieneClCl 1,1-DichlorobutaneCl Cl 1,2-DichlorobutaneClCl 1,3-Dichlorobutane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g25/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123131 1,4-Dichlorobutane C4H8Cl2 110-56-5 127.013 liq -37.3 161 1.1331251.452225i H2O; vs chl 3132 2,2-Dichlorobutane C4H8Cl2 4279-22-5 127.013 liq -74 104 1.1048251.4295 i H2O; s chl 3133 2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±) C4H8Cl2 2211-67-8 127.013 liq -80 119; 53801.105251.440925i H2O 3134 1,4-Dichloro-2,3-butanediol C4H8Cl2O2 2419-73-0 159.012 126.5 15030vs EtOH 3135 3,4-Dichloro-1-butene C4H6Cl2 760-23-6 124.997 liq -61 116 1.1170201.464120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz 3136 cis-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene C4H6Cl2 10075-38-4 124.997 130; 34201.1605201.473520vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3137 trans -1,3-Dichloro-2-butene C4H6Cl2 7415-31-8 124.997 132; 53501.160201.471920vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3138 cis-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene C4H6Cl2 1476-11-5 124.997 liq -48 152.5 1.188251.488725vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3139 trans -1,4-Dichloro-2-butene C4H6Cl2 110-57-6 124.997 1.0 155.4 1.183251.487125vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3140 1,4-Dichloro-2-butyne C4H4Cl2 821-10-3 122.981 165.5 1.258201.505820s eth, ace; sl ctc; vs chl 3141 2,6-Dichloro-4-(chloroimino)-2,5- cyclohexadien-1-oneGibbs’ reagent C6H2Cl3NO 101-38-2 210.445 66 3142 1,2-Dichloro-4-(chloromethyl) benzeneC7H5Cl3 102-47-6 195.474 37.5 241 i H2O; s EtOH, ctc 3143 2,4-Dichloro-1-(chloromethyl) benzeneC7H5Cl3 94-99-5 195.474 12013 3144 Dichloro(chloromethyl)methylsilane C2H5Cl3Si 1558-33-4 163.506 121.5 1.2858201.450020 3145 Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine C2H2AsCl3 541-25-3 207.318 liq 0.1 190 1.88820 3146 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 1,4-dioneC6H2Cl2O2 615-93-0 176.985 pa ye mcl pr (al)162.3 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl 3147 2,6-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 1,4-dioneC6H2Cl2O2 697-91-6 176.985 ye orth (lig, bz) 121.8 sl H2O, EtOH; s chl 3148 1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane C6H10Cl2 2108-92-1 153.049 liq -47 171 1.1559201.480320 3149 cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane C6H10Cl2 10498-35-8 153.049 liq -1.5 206.9 1.2021201.496720vs bz 3150 1,10-Dichlorodecane C10H20Cl2 2162-98-3 211.172 15.6 167280.9945251.458625 3151 2,7-Dichlorodibenzo- p-dioxin C12H6Cl2O2 33857-26-0 253.081 cry 201 3152 1,2-Dichloro-4-(dichloromethyl) benzeneC7H4Cl4 56961-84-3 229.919 257 1.51522vs bz, eth, EtOH 3153 Dichloro(dichloromethyl)methylsilane C2H4Cl4Si 1558-31-2 197.951 149 1.4116201.470020 3154 2,3-Dichloro-5,6- dicyanobenzoquinoneC8Cl2N2O2 84-58-2 227.004 ye-oran cry 214.5 vs bz, HOAc, diox 3155 Dichlorodiethylsilane C4H10Cl2Si 1719-53-5 157.114 -96.5 dec 129 1.0504201.430920 3156 1,1-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane C2H2Cl2F2 25915-78-0 134.940 col liq 48.4 3157 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane C2H2Cl2F2 1649-08-7 134.940 liq -101.2 46.2 1.4163201.3619320sl H2O 3158 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane C2H2Cl2F2 431-06-1 134.940 liq -101.2 59.6 1.4163201.361920 3159 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene C2Cl2F2 79-35-6 132.924 vol liq or gas -116 19 1.555-201.383-20 3160 cis-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene Fluorocarbon 1112 C2Cl2F2 311-81-9 132.924 vol liq -119.6 21.1 1.4950 3161 trans -1,2-Dichloro-1,2- difluoroetheneC2Cl2F2 381-71-5 132.924 vol liq -93.3 22 1.4940 3162 Dichlorodifluoromethane Refrigerant 12 CCl2F2 75-71-8 120.914 col gas -158 -29.8 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc 3163 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1- methoxyethaneMethoxyflurane C3H4Cl2F2O 76-38-0 164.966 col liq -35 105 1.43201.386120 3164 2,2’-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether C6H12Cl2O 108-60-1 171.064 187 1.103201.450520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz 3165 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylbenzene C8H8Cl2 1124-05-6 175.056 71 222 s chl 3166 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane C8H16Cl2 6223-78-5 183.119 lf, nd 67.5 0.954320vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 3167 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin C5H6Cl2N2O2 118-52-5 197.019 pr 132 1.520sl H2O; s chl, ctc, bz 3168 2,4-Dichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Dichloroxylenol C8H8Cl2O 133-53-9 191.055 83 vs ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g25/g28ClCl 1,4-DichlorobutaneCl Cl 2,2-DichlorobutaneClCl 2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±)ClClOH OH 1,4-Dichloro-2,3-butanediolClCl 3,4-Dichloro-1-buteneClCl cis-1,3-Dichloro-2-buteneCl Cl trans -1,3-Dichloro-2-buteneCl Cl cis-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene ClCl trans -1,4-Dichloro-2-buteneClCl 1,4-Dichloro-2-butyne/g3O NClCl Cl 2,6-Dichloro-4-(chloroimino)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-oneCl Cl Cl 1,2-Dichloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzeneCl Cl Cl 2,4-Dichloro-1-(chloromethyl)benzeneSiCl Cl Cl Dichloro(chloromethyl)methylsilane ClAs ClCl Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsineOO Cl Cl 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneOO Cl Cl 2,6-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneCl Cl 1,1-DichlorocyclohexaneCl Cl cis-1,2-DichlorocyclohexaneClCl 1,10-Dichlorodecane OO Cl Cl 2,7-Dichlorodibenzo- p-dioxinClCl Cl Cl 1,2-Dichloro-4-(dichloromethyl)benzeneCl Cl Si ClCl Dichloro(dichloromethyl)methylsilaneO OCl ClN N 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinoneSiCl Cl DichlorodiethylsilaneCl ClFF 1,1-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane ClF FCl 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethaneCl FF Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethaneFF ClCl 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroetheneF ClF Cl cis-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroetheneClF FCl trans -1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroetheneCl F Cl F Dichlorodifluoromethane Cl ClO FF 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1-methoxyethaneClOCl 2,2’-Dichlorodiisopropyl etherCl Cl 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylbenzeneCl Cl 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexaneNN OO ClCl 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoinOH Cl Cl 2,4-Dichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g26/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123169 Dichlorodimethylsilane C2H6Cl2Si 75-78-5 129.061 liq -16 70.3 1.064251.403820dec H2O, EtOH 3170 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-dioxane C4H6Cl2O2 95-59-0 156.996 30 81101.468201.492820i H2O; vs eth, ace, bz, ctc, diox 3171 Dichlorodiphenylmethane C13H10Cl2 2051-90-3 237.124 dec 305; 190211.23518s eth, bz, ctc 3172 Dichlorodiphenylsilane C12H10Cl2Si 80-10-4 253.199 305 1.204251.580020s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 3173 1,1-Dichloroethane Ethylidene dichloride C2H4Cl2 75-34-3 98.959 liq -96.9 57.3 1.1757201.416420sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 3174 1,2-Dichloroethane Ethylene dichloride C2H4Cl2 107-06-2 98.959 liq -35.7 83.5 1.2454251.442225sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace, bz, chl 3175 2,2-Dichloroethanol C2H4Cl2O 598-38-9 114.958 146 1.4040251.462625sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 3176 1,1-Dichloroethene Vinylidene chloride C2H2Cl2 75-35-4 96.943 liq -122.56 31.6 1.213201.424920i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, chl 3177 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene C2H2Cl2 156-59-2 96.943 liq -80.0 60.1 1.2837201.449020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl 3178 trans -1,2-Dichloroethene trans -1,2-Dichloroethylene C2H2Cl2 156-60-5 96.943 liq -49.8 48.7 1.2565201.445420sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl 3179 1,2-Dichloro-1-ethoxyethane C4H8Cl2O 623-46-1 143.012 145 1.1370201.443520sl chl 3180 1,2-Dichloroethyl acetate C4H6Cl2O2 10140-87-1 156.996 liq 7933, 3210 3181 Dichloroethylaluminum Ethylaluminum chloride C2H5AlCl2 563-43-9 126.949 hyg solid or liq 32 115501.207 reac H2O 3182 Dichloroethylmethylsilane C3H8Cl2Si 4525-44-4 143.088 101 1.0047201.419720 3183 2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescein 2’,7’-Dichloro-3,6-fluorandiol C20H10Cl2O5 76-54-0 401.196 sl DMSO 3184 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane C2H3Cl2F 1717-00-6 116.949 liq -103.5 32.0 1.250101.360010i H2O 3185 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane C2H3Cl2F 430-57-9 116.949 liq -60 73.8 1.3814201.413220 3186 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethylene C2HCl2F 359-02-4 114.933 liq -108.8 37.5 1.3732161.403116 3187 Dichlorofluoromethane Refrigerant 21 CHCl2F 75-43-4 102.923 col gas -135 8.9 1.40591.37249i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, HOAc 3188 (Dichlorofluoromethyl)benzene C7H5Cl2F 498-67-9 179.019 liq -26.8 179 1.3138111.518011vs EtOH 3189 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene C3H3Cl2F 430-95-5 128.960 78 1.3026251.419625 3190 1,7-Dichloroheptane C7H14Cl2 821-76-1 169.092 124351.0408251.456525 3191 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4- hexafluorocyclobutaneC4Cl2F6 356-18-3 232.939 liq -24.2 59.5 3192 1,2-Dichloro-3,3,4,4,5,5- hexafluorocyclopenteneC5Cl2F6 706-79-6 244.949 liq -105.8 90.7 1.6546201.367620 3193 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3- hexafluoropropaneC3Cl2F6 661-97-2 220.928 34.1 i H2O 3194 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3- hexafluoropropaneRefrigerant 216 C3Cl2F6 662-01-1 220.928 liq -125.4 35.7 1.573201.303020 3195 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5- hexamethyltrisiloxaneC6H18Cl2O2Si3 3582-71-6 277.369 liq -53 184 1.01820dec H2O 3196 1,2-Dichlorohexane C6H12Cl2 2162-92-7 155.065 173 1.08515vs eth, chl 3197 1,6-Dichlorohexane C6H12Cl2 2163-00-0 155.065 204 1.0676251.455525i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl 3198 3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde C7H4Cl2O2 90-60-8 191.012 ye orth (HOAc) 95 i H2O 3199 3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid C7H4Cl2O3 320-72-9 207.011 nd (dil al) orth pr220.5 sub sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 3200 2,6-Dichloroindophenol, sodium salt Tillman’s reagent C12H6Cl2NNaO2620-45-1 290.078 dk grn cry s H2O, EtOH, ace 3201 5,6-Dichloro-1,3-isobenzofurandione 4,5-Dichlorophthalic anhydride C8H2Cl2O3 942-06-3 217.006 tab or pr (to) 188 313 vs eth, EtOH, tol 3202 Dichloromethane Methylene chloride CH2Cl2 75-09-2 84.933 liq -97.2 40 1.3266201.424220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 3203 1,2-Dichloro-3-methoxybenzene C7H6Cl2O 1984-59-4 177.028 32 3204 1,3-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzene 2,6-Dichloroanisole C7H6Cl2O 1984-65-2 177.028 liq 10 105201.291 1.543020 3205 2,4-Dichloro-1-methoxybenzene C7H6Cl2O 553-82-2 177.028 pr 28.5 232; 12510sl chl 3206 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid Dicamba C8H6Cl2O3 1918-00-9 221.038 cry (pent) 115 1.5725No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g26/g20 SiCl Cl DichlorodimethylsilaneOO Cl Cl 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-dioxaneClCl DichlorodiphenylmethaneCl Si Cl DichlorodiphenylsilaneCl Cl 1,1-DichloroethaneClCl 1,2-DichloroethaneCl ClOH 2,2-DichloroethanolClCl 1,1-DichloroetheneCl Cl cis-1,2-DichloroetheneClCl trans -1,2-Dichloroethene ClO Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1-ethoxyethaneClOCl O 1,2-Dichloroethyl acetateAlCl Cl DichloroethylaluminumSiCl Cl DichloroethylmethylsilaneOCl HOCl OHOO 2’,7’-DichlorofluoresceinClF Cl 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethaneClF Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethaneF ClCl 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroetheneH Cl Cl F Dichlorofluoromethane ClF Cl (Dichlorofluoromethyl)benzeneF ClCl 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropeneCl Cl 1,7-DichloroheptaneF FF F F ClF Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutaneCl ClF F F FFF 1,2-Dichloro-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopenteneCl F FFF Cl FF 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane FCl FClFF FF 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropaneSi OSi OCl Si Cl 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxaneCl Cl 1,2-DichlorohexaneClCl 1,6-DichlorohexaneCl ClOHO 3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehydeCl ClOHHO O 3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid N O ClCl ONa 2,6-Dichloroindophenol, sodium saltOO OCl Cl 5,6-Dichloro-1,3-isobenzofurandioneCl H H Cl DichloromethaneCl Cl O 1,2-Dichloro-3-methoxybenzeneCl ClO 1,3-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzeneCl ClO 2,4-Dichloro-1-methoxybenzeneClCl OOO H 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g26/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123207 (Dichloromethyl)benzene Benzal chloride C7H6Cl2 98-87-3 161.029 liq -17 205 1.26251.550220i H2O; vs eth, EtOH 3208 N,N-Dichloro-4- methylbenzenesulfonamideDichloramine-T C7H7Cl2NO2S 473-34-7 240.108 pr(chl-peth) 83 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc 3209 Dichloromethylborane Methyldichloroborane CH3BCl2 7318-78-7 96.752 col gas 11 3210 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane Amylene dichloride C5H10Cl2 507-45-9 141.038 129 1.0696151.445018i H2O; vs eth, EtOH 3211 1,1-Dichloromethyl methyl ether Methoxydichloromethane C2H4Cl2O 4885-02-3 114.958 85 1.271251.430020 3212 2,4-Dichloro-3-methylphenol C7H6Cl2O 17788-00-0 177.028 pr (peth) 58 236; 774vs eth, chl 3213 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol C7H6Cl2O 1570-65-6 177.028 nd (w, peth) 55 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 3214 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol C7H6Cl2O 2432-12-4 177.028 nd (lig) 39 231; 13828i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, HOAc 3215 Dichloromethylphenylsilane C7H8Cl2Si 149-74-6 191.131 206.5 1.1866201.518020 3216 Dichloromethylphosphine Methylphosphonous dichloride CH3Cl2P 676-83-5 116.915 12501.304201.494020 3217 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 1,2-Dichloroisobutane C4H8Cl2 594-37-6 127.013 106.5 1.093201.437020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 3218 2,4-Dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine C5H4Cl2N2 1780-31-0 163.004 pl (al) 26 235 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3219 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine C5H4Cl2N2 5424-21-5 163.004 nd (lig) 46.5 219 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 3220 Dichloromethylsilane CH4Cl2Si 75-54-7 115.035 liq -93 41 1.10525 3221 1,2-Dichloronaphthalene C10H6Cl2 2050-69-3 197.061 pl (al) 36 296.5 1.3147491.533849s EtOH, eth 3222 1,3-Dichloronaphthalene C10H6Cl2 2198-75-6 197.061 nd or pr (al) 62.3 291 s EtOH 3223 1,4-Dichloronaphthalene C10H6Cl2 1825-31-6 197.061 nd or pr (al, ace)67.5 288; 147121.2997761.622876i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc; vs ace 3224 1,5-Dichloronaphthalene C10H6Cl2 1825-30-5 197.061 nd or lf (al) pr (sub)107 sub 1.490020i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth 3225 1,6-Dichloronaphthalene C10H6Cl2 2050-72-8 197.061 nd or pr (al, peth)49 sub 3226 1,7-Dichloronaphthalene C10H6Cl2 2050-73-9 197.061 nd or pr (al, HOAc)63.5 285.5 1.26111001.6092100s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 3227 1,8-Dichloronaphthalene C10H6Cl2 2050-74-0 197.061 orth pl (hx) nd (al, sub)89 sub 1.29241001.6236100s EtOH, peth 3228 2,3-Dichloronaphthalene C10H6Cl2 2050-75-1 197.061 orth lf (al) 120 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth 3229 2,6-Dichloronaphthalene C10H6Cl2 2065-70-5 197.061 nd or lf (al) pl (eth, bz)140.5 285 sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc 3230 2,7-Dichloronaphthalene C10H6Cl2 2198-77-8 197.061 pl or lf (al) 115.0 vs EtOH; s hx, HOAc 3231 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione Dichlone C10H4Cl2O2 117-80-6 227.044 ye nd (al) 195 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl 3232 2,4-Dichloro-1-naphthol 2,4-Dichloro- α-naphthol C10H6Cl2O 2050-76-2 213.060 nd (al, bz) 107.5 180 vs bz, eth, EtOH 3233 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline C6H4Cl2N2O2 99-30-9 207.014 ye nd (al, HOAc)191 s EtOH, acid; sl DMSO 3234 1,2-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzene C6H3Cl2NO2 3209-22-1 192.000 mcl nd (peth, HOAc)61.5 257.5 1.72114i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl chl 3235 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene C6H3Cl2NO2 99-54-7 192.000 nd (al) 43 255.5 1.455875i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 3236 1,3-Dichloro-5-nitrobenzene C6H3Cl2NO2 618-62-2 192.000 mcl pr or lf (HOAc, al)65.4 1.4000100i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3237 1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene C6H3Cl2NO2 89-61-2 192.000 pl or pr (al) pl (AcOEt)56 267 1.439751.439075i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc 3238 2,4-Dichloro-1-nitrobenzene C6H3Cl2NO2 611-06-3 192.000 nd (al) 34 258.5 1.4790801.551270i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 3239 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane Ethide C2H3Cl2NO2 594-72-9 143.957 123.5 s ctc 3240 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol C6H3Cl2NO3 618-80-4 207.999 br nd (w) 127 exp 1.82225vs eth, chl 3241 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane C3H5Cl2NO2 595-44-8 157.984 145 1.31220s ctc 3242 1,9-Dichlorononane C9H18Cl2 821-99-8 197.145 260; 138171.0173251.458625 3243 1,8-Dichlorooctane C8H16Cl2 2162-99-4 183.119 241 1.0248251.457225No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g26/g22ClCl (Dichloromethyl)benzeneSNO O ClCl N,N-Dichloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamideClBCl DichloromethylboraneCl Cl 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutaneO Cl Cl 1,1-Dichloromethyl methyl etherOH Cl Cl 2,4-Dichloro-3-methylphenolCl ClOH 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol ClOH Cl 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenolSiCl Cl DichloromethylphenylsilanePCl Cl DichloromethylphosphineCl Cl 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropaneNNCl Cl 2,4-Dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine/g3 NNCl Cl 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylpyrimidineSiCl ClH DichloromethylsilaneCl Cl 1,2-Dichloronaphthalene Cl Cl 1,3-DichloronaphthaleneCl Cl 1,4-DichloronaphthaleneCl Cl 1,5-DichloronaphthaleneCl Cl 1,6-DichloronaphthaleneCl Cl 1,7-DichloronaphthaleneCl Cl 1,8-DichloronaphthaleneCl Cl 2,3-DichloronaphthaleneCl Cl 2,6-Dichloronaphthalene Cl Cl 2,7-DichloronaphthaleneO OCl Cl 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedioneOH Cl Cl 2,4-Dichloro-1-naphtholNH 2 Cl Cl NOO 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroanilineCl Cl NO O 1,2-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzeneCl Cl NOO 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzeneCl Cl NO O 1,3-Dichloro-5-nitrobenzeneCl ClNOO 1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene Cl ClNOO 2,4-Dichloro-1-nitrobenzeneClNO 2 Cl 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethaneCl Cl NOOOH 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenolNO O Cl Cl 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropaneCl Cl 1,9-DichlorononaneClCl 1,8-Dichlorooctane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g26/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123244 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3- pentafluoropropaneC3HCl2F5 507-55-1 202.938 liq 52 1.5525 3245 3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2- pentafluoropropaneRefrigerant 225ca C3HCl2F5 422-56-0 202.938 liq 45.5 1.5425 3246 1,2-Dichloropentane C5H10Cl2 1674-33-5 141.038 148.3 1.0872201.448520i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl 3247 1,5-Dichloropentane C5H10Cl2 628-76-2 141.038 liq -72.8 179 1.0956251.454525i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 3248 2,3-Dichloropentane C5H10Cl2 600-11-3 141.038 liq -77.3 139 1.0789201.446420i H2O 3249 Dichlorophene C13H10Cl2O2 97-23-4 269.123 cry (bz, peth) 177.5 i H2O; s EtOH, ace 3250 2,3-Dichlorophenol C6H4Cl2O 576-24-9 163.001 cry (lig, bz) 58 s EtOH, eth, bz, lig 3251 2,4-Dichlorophenol C6H4Cl2O 120-83-2 163.001 hex nd (bz) 45 210 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3252 2,5-Dichlorophenol C6H4Cl2O 583-78-8 163.001 pr (bz, peth) 59 211 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth 3253 2,6-Dichlorophenol C6H4Cl2O 87-65-0 163.001 nd (peth) 68.5 220; 8241.65320vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth 3254 3,4-Dichlorophenol C6H4Cl2O 95-77-2 163.001 nd (bz-peth) 68 253 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth 3255 3,5-Dichlorophenol C6H4Cl2O 591-35-5 163.001 pr (peth) 68 233 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth 3256 (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 2,4-D C8H6Cl2O3 94-75-7 221.038 cry (bz) 140.5 1600.4i H2O; s EtOH; sl bz, DMSO 3257 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acidButyrac 118 C10H10Cl2O3 94-82-6 249.090 118 3258 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acidDichlorprop C9H8Cl2O3 120-36-5 235.064 117.5 sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth 3259 Dichlorophenylarsine C6H5AsCl2 696-28-6 222.932 liq -19 255 1.6516201.638615vs bz, eth, EtOH 3260 2,4-Dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate Genite C12H8Cl2O3S 97-16-5 303.161 45.5 s ctc, CS2 3261 2,2-Dichloro-1-phenylethanone C8H6Cl2O 2648-61-5 189.039 amor 20.5 249 1.340161.568620s EtOH, bz, ctc 3262 1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone C8H6Cl2O 2234-16-4 189.039 33.5 1.564020i H2O 3263 1-(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone C8H6Cl2O 2476-37-1 189.039 12 118121.321301.559530 3264 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone C8H6Cl2O 2642-63-9 189.039 nd (peth) 76 13512i H2O; s ctc, lig 3265 3,4-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate 1,2-Dichloro-5-isocyanatobenzene C7H3Cl2NO 102-36-3 188.011 cry 42 11212 3266 3,5-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate 1,3-Dichloro-5-isocyanatobenzene C7H3Cl2NO 34893-92-0 188.011 33 1.380 3267 N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2- propenamideDicryl C10H9Cl2NO 2164-09-2 230.090 cry (al-peth) 128 vs ace, EtOH 3268 3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-propenoic acidC9H6Cl2O2 1201-99-6 217.049 234 s DMSO 3269 Dichlorophenylsilane Phenyldichlorosilane C6H6Cl2Si 1631-84-1 177.104 181 1.22125dec H2O 3270 1,1-Dichloropropane Propylidene chloride C3H6Cl2 78-99-9 112.986 88.1 1.1321201.428920s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3271 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±) Propylene dichloride C3H6Cl2 26198-63-0 112.986 liq -100.53 96.4 1.1560201.439420sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3272 1,3-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 142-28-9 112.986 liq -99.5 120.9 1.1785251.445525sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 3273 2,2-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 594-20-7 112.986 liq -33.9 69.3 1.1136201.414820i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; msc eth 3274 2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid 2,2-Dichloropropionic acid C3H4Cl2O2 75-99-0 142.969 187.5; 92141.38912vs H2O, alk, EtOH; s eth, ctc 3275 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol C3H6Cl2O 616-23-9 128.985 visc 184 1.3607201.481920sl H2O, lig; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz 3276 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol C3H6Cl2O 96-23-1 128.985 176 1.3506171.483720vs H2O, EtOH; msc eth; s ace, chl 3277 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)C9H15Cl6O4P 78-43-3 430.904 1900.11.51722 3278 2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride C3H3Cl3O 7623-13-4 161.414 53171.4757201.476420 3279 1,1-Dichloropropene C3H4Cl2 563-58-6 110.970 76.5 1.1864251.443025i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 3280 cis-1,2-Dichloropropene C3H4Cl2 6923-20-2 110.970 93 1.454920i H2O; s ace, bz, chl 3281 trans -1,2-Dichloropropene C3H4Cl2 7069-38-7 110.970 77 1.1818201.447120i H2O; vs EtOH, ctc, MeOH 3282 cis-1,3-Dichloropropene cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene C3H4Cl2 10061-01-5 110.970 104.3 1.224201.468220i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 3283 trans -1,3-Dichloropropene trans -1,3-Dichloropropylene C3H4Cl2 10061-02-6 110.970 112 1.217201.473020i H2O; s eth, bz, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g26/g24Cl ClFF FF F 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropaneFF F FFCl Cl 3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropaneClCl 1,2-DichloropentaneCl Cl 1,5-DichloropentaneClCl 2,3-DichloropentaneHO OH Cl Cl DichloropheneOH Cl Cl 2,3-DichlorophenolOH Cl Cl 2,4-Dichlorophenol OH Cl Cl 2,5-DichlorophenolCl ClOH 2,6-DichlorophenolOH Cl Cl 3,4-DichlorophenolOH Cl Cl 3,5-DichlorophenolO Cl ClOHO (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acidCl ClOOHO 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acidOOH Cl ClO 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acidAsCl Cl Dichlorophenylarsine Cl Cl SO OO 2,4-Dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonateOClCl 2,2-Dichloro-1-phenylethanoneO Cl Cl 1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanoneCl ClO 1-(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)ethanoneO Cl Cl 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanoneNCO Cl Cl 3,4-Dichlorophenyl isocyanateCl ClNCO 3,5-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate Cl ClHNO N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenamideCl ClOHO 3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-propenoic acidHSi ClCl DichlorophenylsilaneCl Cl 1,1-DichloropropaneCl Cl 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)Cl Cl 1,3-DichloropropaneClCl 2,2-DichloropropaneClCl OH O 2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid Cl ClOH 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanolCl OHCl 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanolO POO O ClClCl Cl Cl Cl 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)Cl ClClO 2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chlorideCl Cl 1,1-DichloropropeneCl Cl cis-1,2-DichloropropeneClCl trans -1,2-DichloropropeneCl Cl cis-1,3-DichloropropeneCl Cl trans -1,3-Dichloropropene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g26/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123284 2,3-Dichloropropene C3H4Cl2 78-88-6 110.970 10 94 1.211201.460320i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, bz, chl 3285 3,6-Dichloropyridazine C4H2Cl2N2 141-30-0 148.978 68.8 890.2s chl 3286 2,6-Dichloropyridine C5H3Cl2N 2402-78-0 147.990 87 211 3287 4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine C4H3Cl2N3 56-05-3 163.993 215 s DMSO 3288 2,4-Dichloropyrimidine C4H2Cl2N2 3934-20-1 148.978 59 198; 10123 3289 4,7-Dichloroquinoline C9H5Cl2N 86-98-6 198.049 cry (MeOH), nd (80% al)93 14810sl chl 3290 5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol Chloroxine C9H5Cl2NO 773-76-2 214.048 cry (al) 179.5 sl EtOH, ace, chl, DMSO; s alk, bz, peth 3291 2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline C8H4Cl2N2 2213-63-0 199.037 cry (al, bz) 152 i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc 3292 2,5-Dichlorostyrene C8H6Cl2 1123-84-8 173.040 8.0 935, 7431.246201.579820 3293 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6- tetrafluorobenzeneC6Cl2F4 1198-59-0 218.964 157.7 3294 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2- tetrafluoroethaneRefrigerant 114a C2Cl2F4 374-07-2 170.921 col gas -56.6 3.4 1.45525 (p>1 atm)1.30920vs bz, eth, EtOH 3295 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethaneRefrigerant 114 C2Cl2F4 76-14-2 170.921 col gas -92.53 3.5 1.45525 (p>1 atm)1.30920i H2O; vs eth, EtOH 3296 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2- tetramethyldisilaneC4H12Cl2Si2 4342-61-4 187.215 148; 49181.010201.454820 3297 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3- tetramethyldisiloxaneC4H12Cl2OSi2 2401-73-2 203.214 liq -37.5 138 1.03820 3298 2,5-Dichlorothiophene C4H2Cl2S 3172-52-9 153.030 liq -40.5 162 1.4422201.562620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 3299 2,3-Dichlorotoluene C7H6Cl2 32768-54-0 161.029 6 207.5 1.2458201.551120vs bz 3300 2,4-Dichlorotoluene C7H6Cl2 95-73-8 161.029 liq -13.5 201 1.2476201.551120i H2O; s ctc 3301 2,5-Dichlorotoluene C7H6Cl2 19398-61-9 161.029 2.5 200 1.2535201.544920i H2O; s bz 3302 2,6-Dichlorotoluene C7H6Cl2 118-69-4 161.029 25.8 198 1.2686201.550720i H2O; s chl 3303 3,4-Dichlorotoluene C7H6Cl2 95-75-0 161.029 liq -15.2 208.9 1.2564201.547120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 3304 1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine- 2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioneDichlorocyanuric acid C3HCl2N3O3 2782-57-2 197.964 cry 226.6 3305 1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl) benzeneC7H3Cl5 13014-24-9 264.364 25.8 283.1 1.5913201.588620 3306 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Refrigerant 123a C2HCl2F3 354-23-4 152.930 vol liq or gas -78 29.5 1.5025 3307 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane C2HCl2F3 306-83-2 152.930 vol liq or gas -107 27.82 1.463825sl H2O 3308 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Refrigerant 123b C2HCl2F3 812-04-4 152.930 30.2 3309 2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl) benzene2,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride C7H3Cl2F3 320-60-5 215.000 1.480220 3310 4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H- benzimidazoleChloroflurazole C8H3Cl2F3N2 3615-21-2 255.024 213.5 3311 Dichlorovinylmethylsilane C3H6Cl2Si 124-70-9 141.072 92.5 1.0868201.427020dec H2O 3312 Dichlorvos Phosphoric acid, 2,2-dichloroethenyl dimethyl esterC4H7Cl2O4P 62-73-7 220.976 14020, 8411.41525 3313 Diclofop-methyl Methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoateC16H14Cl2O4 51338-27-3 341.186 40 1760.1 3314 Dicrotophos C8H16NO5P 141-66-2 237.191 400; 1300.11.21615 3315 Dicumarol C19H12O6 66-76-2 336.294 nd 290 3316 Dicyanamide Cyanocyanamide C2HN3 504-66-5 67.049 aq soln only 3317 o-Dicyanobenzene o-Phthalodinitrile C8H4N2 91-15-6 128.131 nd (w, lig) 141 150101.125025sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, aceNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g26/g26Cl Cl 2,3-DichloropropeneNN ClCl 3,6-DichloropyridazineNC l Cl 2,6-DichloropyridineNNCl Cl NH 2 4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamineNN ClCl 2,4-DichloropyrimidineN ClCl 4,7-DichloroquinolineNCl Cl OH 5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinolNN Cl Cl 2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline ClCl 2,5-DichlorostyreneCl Cl F F FF 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzeneF FFCl ClF 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethaneF FF FClCl 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethaneSiSiCl Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilaneOSi Si Cl Cl 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane SCl Cl 2,5-DichlorothiopheneClCl 2,3-DichlorotolueneCl Cl 2,4-DichlorotolueneCl Cl 2,5-DichlorotolueneCl Cl 2,6-DichlorotolueneCl Cl 3,4-DichlorotolueneN NNO ClO OCl H 1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trione Cl Cl Cl ClCl 1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzeneClFFF Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethaneFFFCl Cl 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethaneClFClF F 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethaneFFFClCl 2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneNN ClCl HFF F 4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-benzimidazole SiCl Cl DichlorovinylmethylsilaneCl ClOPO OO DichlorvosOO OOCl Cl Diclofop-methylO N OPO O O DicrotophosOO OOH OH O DicumarolNHN N DicyanamideN N o-Dicyanobenzene /g22/g16/g20/g26/g27/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123318 m-Dicyanobenzene m-Phthalodinitrile C8H4N2 626-17-5 128.131 nd(al) 162 sub 0.99240sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; i peth 3319 p-Dicyanobenzene p-Phthalodinitrile C8H4N2 623-26-7 128.131 nd (w, MeOH) 224 sub i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz; vs HOAc 3320 Dicyclohexyl adipate C18H30O4 849-99-0 310.429 35 s chl 3321 Dicyclohexylamine N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine C12H23N 101-83-7 181.318 -0.1 dec 256; 11490.9123201.484220sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz 3322 Dicyclohexylamine nitrite N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine, nitrite C12H24N2O2 3129-91-7 228.331 cry 182 dec 3323 Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide C13H22N2 538-75-0 206.327 34.5 1236, 990.5 3324 Dicyclohexyl disulfide C12H22S2 2550-40-5 230.433 liq 19520 3325 Dicyclohexyl ether C12H22O 4645-15-2 182.302 liq -36 242.5 0.9227201.474120 3326 Dicyclohexylmethanone C13H22O 119-60-8 194.313 57 159200.98601.486020s eth, ace, ctc 3327 Dicyclohexylphosphine C12H23P 829-84-5 198.285 281; 12980.904251.516320 3328 Dicyclohexyl phthalate C20H26O4 84-61-7 330.418 pr (al) 66 22541.383201.43120i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 3329 N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea C13H24N2S 1212-29-9 240.408 cry (MeOH) 180 3330 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea C13H24N2O 2387-23-7 224.342 233.8 3331 Dicyclomine hydrochloride Dicycloverine hydrochloride C19H36ClNO2 67-92-5 345.948 cry 165 3332 Dicyclopentadiene C10H12 1755-01-7 132.202 32 dec 170; 65140.9302351.505035vs eth, EtOH 3333 Dicyclopentyl ether Cyclopentyl ether C10H18O 10137-73-2 154.249 liq 8013 3334 Dicyclopropyl ketone C7H10O 1121-37-5 110.153 161 0.977251.467020 3335 Didecylamine N-Decyl-1-decanamine C20H43N 1120-49-6 297.562 359.0 3336 Didecyl ether C20H42O 2456-28-2 298.546 16 19615.50.818720 3337 Didecyl phthalate C28H46O4 84-77-5 446.663 2.5 24030.963920 3338 3’,4’-Didehydro- β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acidTorularhodin C40H52O2 514-92-1 564.840 purp nd (MeOH-eth)211 vs py, chl, CS2 3339 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine Didanosine C10H12N4O3 69655-05-6 236.227 wh cry (EtOH aq)162 3340 2,6-Dideoxy-3- O-methyl- ribo-hexose Cymarose C7H14O4 579-04-4 162.184 pr (eth-peth) nd (ace)101 vs H2O, ace, EtOH 3341 Didodecanoyl peroxide Lauroyl peroxide C24H46O4 105-74-8 398.620 wh pl 49 i H2O; s chl 3342 Didodecylamine N-Dodecyl-1-dodecanamine C24H51N 3007-31-6 353.669 53.7 26327vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 3343 Didodecyl phosphate C24H51O4P 7057-92-3 434.633 cry (MeOH) 59 3344 Didodecyl phthalate 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, didodecyl esterC32H54O4 2432-90-8 502.769 22.0 25610.938920 3345 Dieldrin C12H8Cl6O 60-57-1 380.909 175.5 1.7525i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz 3346 Dienestrol C18H18O2 84-17-3 266.335 cry (dil al) 227.5 sub 130 vs ace, eth, EtOH 3347 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy- p-menthane Limonene diepoxide C10H16O2 96-08-2 168.233 242 3348 Diethanolamine Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine C4H11NO2 111-42-2 105.136 28 268.8 1.0966201.477620vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz 3349 Diethatyl, ethyl ester C16H22ClNO3 38727-55-8 311.804 cry 49.5 3350 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene C16H18N2O2 588-52-3 270.326 ye lf (al) 162 dec i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc 3351 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde C11H14O3 2029-94-9 194.227 22 279; 200501.010022vs EtOH 3352 1,2-Diethoxybenzene C10H14O2 2050-46-6 166.217 pr (peth, dil al) 44 219 1.0075201.508325s EtOH, ctc; vs eth 3353 1,4-Diethoxybenzene C10H14O2 122-95-2 166.217 pl (dil al) 72 246 vs EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl 3354 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine C8H19NO2 6346-09-4 161.243 196 0.933251.427520 3355 1,1-Diethoxy- N,N- dimethylmethanamineC7H17NO2 1188-33-6 147.216 129 0.859251.400720No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g26/g28N N m-DicyanobenzeneN N p-DicyanobenzeneO OOO Dicyclohexyl adipateHN DicyclohexylamineHN HNO 2 Dicyclohexylamine nitriteNCN DicyclohexylcarbodiimideSS Dicyclohexyl disulfideO Dicyclohexyl ether O DicyclohexylmethanoneHP DicyclohexylphosphineO O OO Dicyclohexyl phthalateHNHN S N,N’-DicyclohexylthioureaHNHN O 1,3-DicyclohexylureaO ONHCl Dicyclomine hydrochlorideH H DicyclopentadieneO Dicyclopentyl etherO Dicyclopropyl ketone HN DidecylamineO Didecyl etherOO O O Didecyl phthalateOH O 3’,4’-Didehydro- β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acid ONHON NNOH 2’,3’-DideoxyinosineO HO OH O 2,6-Dideoxy-3- O-methyl- ribo-hexoseO OOO Didodecanoyl peroxideHN DidodecylaminePO OO HO Didodecyl phosphate OO O O Didodecyl phthalateO H HClCl Cl Cl Cl Cl DieldrinOH HO DienestrolO O 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy- p-menthaneHOHNOH DiethanolamineNClO O O Diethatyl, ethyl ester NN OO 4,4’-DiethoxyazobenzeneO O O 3,4-DiethoxybenzaldehydeO O 1,2-DiethoxybenzeneO O 1,4-DiethoxybenzeneNH 2O O 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamineN O O 1,1-Diethoxy- N,N-dimethylmethanamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g27/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123356 Diethoxydimethylsilane Dimethyldiethoxysilane C6H16O2Si 78-62-6 148.276 liq -87 114 0.865251.381120s ctc 3357 Diethoxydiphenylsilane C16H20O2Si 2553-19-7 272.415 302; 167151.0329201.526920 3358 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine C6H15NO2 645-36-3 133.189 liq -78 163 0.9159251.412325vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl 3359 1,1-Diethoxyethane Acetal C6H14O2 105-57-7 118.174 liq -100 102.25 0.8254201.383420s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 3360 1,2-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether C6H14O2 629-14-1 118.174 liq -74.0 121.2 0.8351251.389825vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3361 1,1-Diethoxyethene C6H12O2 2678-54-8 116.158 681000.7932201.364321 3362 Diethoxymethane C5H12O2 462-95-3 104.148 liq -66.5 88 0.8319201.374818s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl 3363 2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan C9H14O3 13529-27-6 170.205 191.5 0.9976201.445120vs EtOH 3364 Diethoxymethylphenylsilane C11H18O2Si 775-56-4 210.346 218 0.9627201.469020 3365 Diethoxymethylsilane C5H14O2Si 2031-62-1 134.250 98 0.82925 3366 1,1-Diethoxypentane C9H20O2 3658-79-5 160.254 59120.829221.402922 3367 1,1-Diethoxypropane C7H16O2 4744-08-5 132.201 123 0.825201.392419s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth 3368 2,2-Diethoxypropane C7H16O2 126-84-1 132.201 114 0.8200211.389120s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth; sl ctc 3369 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene Acrolein, diethyl acetal C7H14O2 3054-95-3 130.185 123.5 0.8543151.400020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3370 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne C7H12O2 10160-87-9 128.169 139 0.8942221.414020vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 3371 N,N-Diethylacetamide C6H13NO 685-91-6 115.173 185.5 0.9130171.437417s H2O, EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz; sl ctc 3372 Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate C9H15NO5 1068-90-2 217.219 cry (al,bz-peth) 96.3 18520sl H2O, eth; s tfa, EtOH 3373 N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide C8H15NO2 2235-46-3 157.211 liq 7613 3374 Diethyl acetylphosphonate C6H13O4P 919-19-7 180.138 114201.1005201.420026 3375 Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate C10H16O5 1115-30-6 216.231 255; 133171.081201.434620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 3376 Diethyl adipate C10H18O4 141-28-6 202.248 liq -19.8 245 1.0076201.427220i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3377 Diethyl 2-allylmalonate C10H16O4 2049-80-1 200.232 222.5; 9361.0098201.430520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 3378 Diethylamine N-Ethylethanamine C4H11N 109-89-7 73.137 liq -49.8 55.5 0.7056201.386420vs H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ctc 3379 Diethylamine hydrochloride N-Ethylethanamine hydrochloride C4H12ClN 660-68-4 109.598 lf (al-eth) 228.5 1.047722vs H2O, EtOH 3380 (Diethylamino)acetonitrile C6H12N2 3010-02-4 112.172 170 0.8660201.426020s H2O 3381 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde C11H15NO 120-21-8 177.243 ye nd (w) 41 17210vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 3382 2-(Diethylamino)- N-(2,6- dimethylphenyl)acetamideLidocaine C14H22N2O 137-58-6 234.337 nd (bz, al) 68.5 1814vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 3383 2-(Diethylamino)- N-(2,6- dimethylphenyl)acetamide,monohydrochlorideC 14H23ClN2O 73-78-9 270.798 128 vs H2O 3384 2-Diethylaminoethanol C6H15NO 100-37-8 117.189 hyg 163 0.8921201.441220msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl ctc 3385 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol C8H19NO2 140-82-9 161.243 221.5; 9270.9421251.448020 3386 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate C9H17NO2 2426-54-2 171.237 <-60 81100.937201.437625 3387 2-Diethylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate Procaine C13H20N2O2 59-46-1 236.310 nd (w+2) pl (lig or eth)61 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3388 2-( N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylateC10H19NO2 105-16-8 185.264 80100.9230 3389 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2- phenylbutanoateButethamate C16H25NO2 14007-64-8 263.376 168111.490920 3390 4-(Diethylamino)-2- hydroxybenzaldehydeC11H15NO2 17754-90-4 193.243 65.0 3391 Diethyl 2-aminomalonate C7H13NO4 6829-40-9 175.183 12216, 116121.100161.435316vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; i lig 3392 7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2 H-1- benzopyran-2-oneC14H17NO2 91-44-1 231.291 cry (al, bz-lig) sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, aceNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g27/g20 SiO O DiethoxydimethylsilaneO SiO DiethoxydiphenylsilaneONH 2 O 2,2-DiethoxyethanamineOO 1,1-DiethoxyethaneOO 1,2-DiethoxyethaneOO 1,1-DiethoxyetheneOO DiethoxymethaneOO O 2-(Diethoxymethyl)furanSi OO Diethoxymethylphenylsilane SiHO O DiethoxymethylsilaneO O 1,1-DiethoxypentaneO O 1,1-DiethoxypropaneOO 2,2-DiethoxypropaneOO 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propeneOO 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyneNO N,N-DiethylacetamideOO OO HN O Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonateO NO N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide O PO O O Diethyl acetylphosphonateOOO O O Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinateO OOO Diethyl adipateO OO O Diethyl 2-allylmalonateN H DiethylamineNH HCl Diethylamine hydrochlorideN N (Diethylamino)acetonitrileO N 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde H N ON 2-(Diethylamino)- N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamideH N ON HCl 2-(Diethylamino)- N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochlorideNOH 2-DiethylaminoethanolNOOH 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanolNO O 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylateOO H2NN 2-Diethylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate NO O 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylateOO N 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2-phenylbutanoateO OH N 4-(Diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzaldehydeOO NH 2OO Diethyl 2-aminomalonateOO N 7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g27/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123393 3-(Diethylamino)phenol C10H15NO 91-68-9 165.232 orth bipym (CS2-lig)78 276; 17015s H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; sl lig 3394 2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1- propanoneDiethylpropion C13H19NO 90-84-6 205.296 liq 11114 3395 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol C7H17NO 622-93-5 131.216 189.5 0.8600201.443920s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl 3396 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne N,N-Diethyl-2-propargylamine C7H13N 4079-68-9 111.185 liq 120 3397 2,6-Diethylaniline C10H15N 579-66-8 149.233 1.5 243 0.906251.545220 3398 N,N-Diethylaniline C10H15N 91-66-7 149.233 ye oil -38.8 216.3 0.9307201.540920sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; vs eth, chl 3399 Diethylarsine C4H11As 692-42-2 134.052 105 1.1338241.4709 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3400 N,N-Diethylbenzamide C11H15NO 1696-17-9 177.243 1325 3401 o-Diethylbenzene 1,2-Diethylbenzene C10H14 135-01-3 134.218 liq -31.2 184 0.8800201.503520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 3402 m-Diethylbenzene 1,3-Diethylbenzene C10H14 141-93-5 134.218 liq -83.9 181.1 0.8602201.495520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 3403 p-Diethylbenzene 1,4-Diethylbenzene C10H14 105-05-5 134.218 liq -42.83 183.7 0.8620201.496720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 3404 N,N-Diethyl-1,4-benzenediamine C10H16N2 93-05-0 164.247 261 vs bz 3405 Diethyl benzylidenemalonate Diethyl benzalmalonate C14H16O4 5292-53-5 248.275 32 21630, 196141.1045201.538920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 3406 Diethyl benzylmalonate C14H18O4 607-81-8 250.291 300 1.076151.487220i H2O; sl chl 3407 Diethyl benzylphosphonate C11H17O3P 1080-32-6 228.225 11021.493020s ctc 3408 Diethylbromoacetamide 2-Bromo-2-ethylbutanamide C6H12BrNO 511-70-6 194.069 67 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz 3409 Diethyl 2-bromomalonate Ethyl bromomalonate C7H11BrO4 685-87-0 239.064 -54 dec 254 1.4022251.452120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc 3410 N,N-Diethylbutanamide C8H17NO 1114-76-7 143.227 206 0.8884201.440325vs H2O, EtOH 3411 Diethyl 2-butylmalonate Pentane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid, diethyl esterC11H20O4 133-08-4 216.275 238 0.9764201.425020vs EtOH, eth 3412 Diethyl 2-butynedioate C8H10O4 762-21-0 170.163 0.8 1842001.0075201.442520s EtOH, eth, ctc 3413 Diethylcarbamazine citrate C16H29N3O8 1642-54-2 391.416 cry 138 3414 Diethylcarbamic chloride C5H10ClNO 88-10-8 135.592 186 3415 N,N’-Diethylcarbanilide C17H20N2O 85-98-3 268.353 cry (al) 79 i H2O; vs EtOH; s chl 3416 Diethyl carbonate Ethyl carbonate C5H10O3 105-58-8 118.131 liq -43 126 0.9692251.384520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 3417 O,O-Diethyl chloridothionophosphate Diethyl thiophosphoryl chloride C4H10ClO2PS 2524-04-1 188.613 453s ctc 3418 Diethylchloroaluminum C4H10AlCl 96-10-6 120.557 13470 3419 Diethyl chloromalonate Ethyl chloromalonate C7H11ClO4 14064-10-9 194.613 222 1.2040201.432720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s CS2 3420 Diethyl chlorophosphonate Diethoxyphosphoryl chloride C4H10ClO3P 814-49-3 172.547 93.5 1.205191.417020 3421 Diethylcyanamide C5H10N2 617-83-4 98.146 liq -80.6 188 0.854201.412625i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3422 Diethyl 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate C10H16O4 3779-29-1 200.232 224 1.0456201.433026vs EtOH; sl ctc 3423 1,1-Diethylcyclohexane C10H20 78-01-3 140.266 179.5 3424 Diethyl 1,1- cyclopropanedicarboxylateC9H14O4 1559-02-0 186.205 215; 100121.055251.434518vs EtOH, eth 3425 Diethyl dibutylmalonate C15H28O4 596-75-8 272.381 150120.9457201.434120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 3426 Diethyl dicarbonate Pyrocarbonic acid diethyl ester C6H10O5 1609-47-8 162.140 93181.120201.396020vs ace, EtOH, lig 3427 Diethyl [(diethanolamino) methyl]phosphonateC9H22NO5P 2781-11-5 255.249 liq 1500.01 3428 5,5-Diethyldihydro-2 H-1,3-oxazine- 2,4(3 H)-dioneDiethadione C8H13NO3 702-54-5 171.194 cry (eth) 97.5 3429 Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl- 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate3,5-Diethoxycarbonyl-1,4- dihydrocollidineC14H21NO4 632-93-9 267.322 lt bl flr pl (al) 131 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; vs chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g27/g22 OH N 3-(Diethylamino)phenolO N 2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanoneNO H 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanolN N 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyneNH 2 2,6-DiethylanilineN N,N-DiethylanilineAsH DiethylarsineNO N,N-Diethylbenzamide o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-DiethylbenzeneNH 2 N N,N-Diethyl-1,4-benzenediamineOOOO Diethyl benzylidenemalonateOO OO Diethyl benzylmalonatePO OO Diethyl benzylphosphonateNH 2O Br DiethylbromoacetamideOO BrOO Diethyl 2-bromomalonate NO N,N-DiethylbutanamideOO OO Diethyl 2-butylmalonateOO OO Diethyl 2-butynedioateNNON HOO OHO OH OO H Diethylcarbamazine citrateO NC l Diethylcarbamic chlorideNN O N,N’-DiethylcarbanilideO OO Diethyl carbonate S POC l O O,O-Diethyl chloridothionophosphateClAl DiethylchloroaluminumOO ClOO Diethyl chloromalonateO POO Cl Diethyl chlorophosphonateN N DiethylcyanamideOO OO Diethyl 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate 1,1-DiethylcyclohexaneO OOO Diethyl 1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylate OO OO Diethyl dibutylmalonateOOO OO Diethyl dicarbonateO PO O N HOOH Diethyl [(diethanolamino)methyl]phosphonateONO H O 5,5-Diethyldihydro-2 H-1,3-oxazine-2,4(3 H)-dioneN HOO OO Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g27/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123430 Diethyldimethyllead Diethyldimethylplumbane C6H16Pb 1762-27-2 295.4 col liq 51131.7920 3431 Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5- pyridinedicarboxylateC13H17NO4 1149-24-2 251.279 71 301; 20840i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig 3432 Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4- dicarboxylateC12H17NO4 2436-79-5 239.268 nd (dil al) 137.8 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HOAc 3433 Diethyl disulfide C4H10S2 110-81-6 122.252 liq -101.5 154.0 0.9931201.507320sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3434 N,N-Diethyldodecanamide C16H33NO 3352-87-2 255.439 16620.847251.454520s chl 3435 Diethylene glycol Diglycol C4H10O3 111-46-6 106.120 liq -10.4 245.8 1.1197151.447220s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 3436 Diethylene glycol, bischloroformate Oxydi-2,1-ethanediyl carbonochloridateC6H8Cl2O5 106-75-2 231.031 liq 12651.39201.454220 3437 Diethylene glycol diacetate C8H14O5 628-68-2 190.194 18 200 1.1068151.434820vs EtOH 3438 Diethylene glycol dibenzoate C18H18O5 120-55-8 314.333 33.5 28024, 25011.169015vs H2O, EtOH 3439 Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Bis(2-butoxyethyl) ether C12H26O3 112-73-2 218.332 liq -60 256 0.885251.423520 3440 Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) ether C8H18O3 112-36-7 162.227 liq -45 188 0.9063201.411520vs H2O, EtOH; s eth 3441 Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate Oxydiethylene methacrylate C12H18O5 2358-84-1 242.268 >200; 15081.0821201.457125 3442 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diglyme C6H14O3 111-96-6 134.173 liq -68 162 0.9434201.409720msc H2O, EtOH, eth 3443 Diethylene glycol dinitrate 2,2’-Oxybisethanol, dinitrate C4H8N2O7 693-21-0 196.116 440.01 3444 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether C8H18O3 112-34-5 162.227 liq -68 231 0.9553201.430620msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz 3445 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate C10H20O4 124-17-4 204.264 liq -32 245 0.985201.426220vs ace, eth, EtOH 3446 Diethylene glycol monododecanoate 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl laurate C16H32O4 141-20-8 288.423 lt ye 17.5 >270 0.9625msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol 3447 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Carbitol C6H14O3 111-90-0 134.173 hyg liq 196 0.9885201.430020msc H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth 3448 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetateCarbitol acetate C8H16O4 112-15-2 176.211 liq -25 218.5 1.0096201.421320vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 3449 Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether 2-[2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy]ethanol C10H22O3 112-59-4 190.280 col liq -28 258; 192100 3450 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol C5H12O3 111-77-3 120.147 193 1.035201.426420msc H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth 3451 Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether C7H16O3 6881-94-3 148.200 liq -53.3 213; 1244 3452 N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine N,N-Diethylethylenediamine C6H16N2 100-36-7 116.204 144 0.8280201.434020msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, tol 3453 N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine C6H16N2 111-74-0 116.204 146 0.8280201.434020vs H2O, eth, EtOH, tol 3454 Diethyl ether Ethyl ether C4H10O 60-29-7 74.121 liq -116.2 34.5 0.7138201.352620sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, eth; vs ace 3455 Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate 2-Ethoxy-1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl) etheneC10H16O5 87-13-8 216.231 dec 280; 165191.460020i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 3456 Diethyl ethylidenemalonate C9H14O4 1462-12-0 186.205 11617, 8631.0404201.430817vs eth, EtOH 3457 Diethyl ethylmalonate C9H16O4 133-13-1 188.221 208; 98121.006201.416620sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 3458 Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate C15H20O4 76-67-5 264.318 170191.071201.489625i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 3459 Diethyl ethylphosphonate C6H15O3P 78-38-6 166.155 198; 90161.0259201.416320sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 3460 N,N-Diethylformamide C5H11NO 617-84-5 101.147 177.5 0.9080191.432125msc H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth 3461 Diethyl fumarate C8H12O4 623-91-6 172.179 0.8 214 1.0452201.441220i H2O; s ace, chl 3462 Diethyl glutarate C9H16O4 818-38-2 188.221 syr liq -24.1 236.5 1.0220201.424120vs eth 3463 3,4-Diethylhexane C10H22 19398-77-7 142.282 163.9 0.7472251.419020 3464 Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate C20H36O4 142-16-5 340.498 15670.9420 3465 1,2-Diethylhydrazine C4H12N2 1615-80-1 88.151 85.5 0.797261.420420vs bz, eth, EtOH 3466 Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate Diethyl bicarbamate C6H12N2O4 4114-28-7 176.170 nd (chl), pr (w) 135 dec 250 1.3248vs eth, EtOH 3467 Diethyl hydrogen phosphate Diethyl phosphate C4H11O4P 598-02-7 154.101 syr dec 203; 870.00011.1800201.417020vs eth 3468 N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzamideEthamivan C12H17NO3 304-84-7 223.268 95 s chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g27/g24 Pb DiethyldimethylleadNOO OO Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylateN HO OOO Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylateSS Diethyl disulfideNO N,N-DiethyldodecanamideOOH HO Diethylene glycol Cl OO OO ClO Diethylene glycol, bischloroformateOO OOO Diethylene glycol diacetateOO OOO Diethylene glycol dibenzoateOOO Diethylene glycol dibutyl etherOOO Diethylene glycol diethyl ether OOO O O Diethylene glycol dimethacrylateOOO Diethylene glycol dimethyl etherONOOONOO O Diethylene glycol dinitrateOOOH Diethylene glycol monobutyl etherOOOO Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate OOOHO Diethylene glycol monododecanoateOOOH Diethylene glycol monoethyl etherOOOO Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetateOOOH Diethylene glycol monohexyl etherOOOH Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether OOOH Diethylene glycol monopropyl etherNNH 2 N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamineN HH N N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamineO Diethyl etherOO O OO Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonateOO OO Diethyl ethylidenemalonate OO OO Diethyl ethylmalonateOOOO Diethyl ethylphenylmalonateO PO O Diethyl ethylphosphonateO N N,N-DiethylformamideOO O O Diethyl fumarateOO OO Diethyl glutarate 3,4-DiethylhexaneOO OO Di-2-ethylhexyl maleateN HH N 1,2-DiethylhydrazineON HOH N O O Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylateO POO OH Diethyl hydrogen phosphateON O OH N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g27/g25/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 3469 Diethyl iminodiacetate C8H15NO4 6290-05-7 189.210 orth cry 247 dec 3470 Diethyl isobutylmalonate C11H20O4 10203-58-4 216.275 0.9804201.423620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 3471 Diethyl isophthalate C12H14O4 636-53-3 222.237 11.5 302 1.1239171.50818i H2O 3472 Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate C10H16O4 6802-75-1 200.232 176.5; 116141.0282181.448617vs ace, EtOH 3473 Diethyl isopropylmalonate Ethyl isopropylmalonate C10H18O4 759-36-4 202.248 215 0.9961201.418821sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 3474 Diethyl ketomalonate Ethyl mesoxalate C7H10O5 609-09-6 174.151 pa ye grn oil -30 210; 105191.1419161.431022vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i CS2 3475 Diethyl malate Diethyl hydroxybutanedioate C8H14O5 7554-12-3 190.194 253; 124131.129020 3476 Diethyl maleate C8H12O4 141-05-9 172.179 liq -8.8 223 1.0662201.441620i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 3477 Diethyl malonate C7H12O4 105-53-3 160.168 liq -50 200 1.0551201.413920sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz 3478 Diethyl mercury C4H10Hg 627-44-1 258.71 159; 57162.4320s eth; sl EtOH 3479 Diethylmethylamine N-Ethyl- N-methylethanamine C5H13N 616-39-7 87.164 liq -196 66 0.703251.387925vs H2O, EtOH, eth 3480 N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline C11H17N 606-46-2 163.260 liq -60 209 0.9286201.515320sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 3481 N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline C11H17N 613-48-9 163.260 229 0.924216sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3482 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide DEET C12H17NO 134-62-3 191.269 16019, 11110.996201.521220vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 3483 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene C11H16 2050-24-0 148.245 liq -74.1 205 0.8748201.502720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 3484 N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4- benzenediamine, monohydrochloride4-N,N-Diethyl-1,4-diamino-2- methylbenzene, hydrochlorideC11H19ClN2 2051-79-8 214.735 cry 250 dec 3485 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide Isovaleryl diethylamide C9H19NO 533-32-4 157.253 211 0.8764201.442220vs eth, EtOH 3486 Diethyl methylenesuccinate C9H14O4 2409-52-1 186.205 58.5 228 1.0467201.437720msc EtOH; s eth, bz; vs ace 3487 Diethyl methylmalonate C8H14O4 609-08-5 174.195 201 1.0225201.412620sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 3488 Diethyl methylphosphonate C5H13O3P 683-08-9 152.129 194 1.0406301.410130s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz 3489 N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1- piperazinecarboxamideDiethylcarbamazine C10H21N3O 90-89-1 199.293 48 1103 3490 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4- piperidinedioneC10H17NO2 125-64-4 183.248 75.5 s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH 3491 N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine C14H17N 84-95-7 199.292 285 1.013201.596120s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc 3492 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline C10H14N2O2 2216-15-1 194.230 ye nd (lig) pl (al)77.5 1.22525s EtOH; sl lig 3493 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline C10H14N2O 120-22-9 178.230 grn mcl pr (eth) grn lf (ace)87.5 1.2415sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 3494 Diethyl nonanedioate Diethyl azelate C13H24O4 624-17-9 244.328 liq -18.5 291.5 0.9729201.435120i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3495 Diethyl oxalate C6H10O4 95-92-1 146.141 liq -40.6 185.7 1.0785201.410120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc 3496 Diethyl oxobutanedioate Diethyl oxalacetate C8H12O5 108-56-5 188.178 131241.131201.456117i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace 3497 Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate Diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate C9H14O5 105-50-0 202.204 250 1.11320sl H2O; msc EtOH 3498 3,3-Diethylpentane Tetraethylmethane C9H20 1067-20-5 128.255 liq -33.1 146.3 0.7536201.420620i H2O; s eth, bz 3499 N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine Novoldiamine C9H22N2 140-80-7 158.284 201 0.814201.442920 3500 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide Novonal C9H17NO 512-48-1 155.237 wh pow 75.5 vs eth, EtOH 3501 Diethyl 2-pentenedioate Diethyl glutaconate C9H14O4 2049-67-4 186.205 237 1.0496201.441120vs eth, EtOH 3502 Diethylperoxide C4H10O2 628-37-5 90.121 liq -70 65 0.8240191.371517sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3503 N,N-Diethyl-10 H-phenothiazine-10- ethanamineDiethazine C18H22N2S 60-91-3 298.446 oil 1670.5i H2O; s dil HCl 3504 N,N-Diethyl- α- phenylbenzenemethanamineN,N-Diethylbenzhydrylamine C17H21N 519-72-2 239.356 58.5 17017 3505 Diethyl phenylmalonate C13H16O4 83-13-6 236.264 16.5 dec 205; 168121.0950201.497720vs ace, EtOH 3506 Diethyl phenylphosphonite C10H15O2P 1638-86-4 198.199 235; 6211.03216 TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g27/g26OOHNOO Diethyl iminodiacetateOOO O Diethyl isobutylmalonateO O O O Diethyl isophthalateOO OO Diethyl isopropylidenemalonateOO OO Diethyl isopropylmalonateOO OOO Diethyl ketomalonateOOO H O O Diethyl malate OO OO Diethyl maleateO O OO Diethyl malonateHg Diethyl mercuryN DiethylmethylamineN N,N-Diethyl-2-methylanilineN N,N-Diethyl-4-methylanilineON N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzeneNH 2 NHCl N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, monohydrochlorideNO N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamideOO O O Diethyl methylenesuccinateOO OO Diethyl methylmalonateO POO Diethyl methylphosphonate NNON N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamideNO O H 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedioneN N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamineN NOO N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroanilineN NO N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoanilineOO OO Diethyl nonanedioate O OO O Diethyl oxalateOO OO O Diethyl oxobutanedioateOOO OO Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate 3,3-DiethylpentaneNH 2 N N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamineNH 2 O 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamideOO OO Diethyl 2-pentenedioate OO DiethylperoxideSNN N,N-Diethyl-10 H-phenothiazine-10-ethanamineN N,N-Diethyl- α-phenylbenzenemethanamin eOOOO Diethyl phenylmalonatePOO Diethyl phenylphosphonite /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g27/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123507 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl- 2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrionePhenetharbital C14H16N2O3 357-67-5 260.288 178 vs EtOH 3508 Diethylphosphine C4H11P 627-49-6 90.104 85 0.78620 3509 Diethyl phosphonate C4H11O3P 762-04-9 138.102 546s ctc 3510 O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate C4H11O2PS2 298-06-6 186.233 s H2O 3511 Diethyl phthalate C12H14O4 84-66-2 222.237 liq -40.5 295 1.232141.500021i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc 3512 3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione Piperidione C9H15NO2 77-03-2 169.221 nd (w) 104 vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH 3513 N,N-Diethylpropanamide C7H15NO 1114-51-8 129.200 191 0.8972201.442520vs EtOH 3514 N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine C7H18N2 104-78-9 130.231 168.5 0.822201.44320 3515 Diethylpropanedioic acid Diethylmalonic acid C7H12O4 510-20-3 160.168 pr (w,bz) 127 dec vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl 3516 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol C7H16O2 115-76-4 132.201 61.5 240.5 1.050201.457425vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 3517 Diethyl 2-propylmalonate C10H18O4 2163-48-6 202.248 221; 114220.989201.419720sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 3518 N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide Nikethamide C10H14N2O 59-26-7 178.230 ye solid or visc liq25 dec 280; 175251.060251.52520sl DMSO 3519 N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide Isonicotinic acid diethylamide C10H14N2O 530-40-5 178.230 11911.52520vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 3520 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyridinedione Pyrithyldione C9H13NO2 77-04-3 167.205 90.7 3521 Diethyl sebacate C14H26O4 110-40-7 258.354 2.5 305; 188190.9646201.430620sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; i bz 3522 Diethyl selenide C4H10Se 627-53-2 137.08 pa ye 55 108 1.2300201.476820 3523 Diethylsilane C4H12Si 542-91-6 88.224 liq -134.3 57 0.6843201.392120i H2O 3524 trans -Diethylstilbestrol C18H20O2 56-53-1 268.351 pl (bz) 170.5 vs eth, EtOH, chl 3525 trans -Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate Clinestrol C24H28O4 130-80-3 380.477 pr (MeOH) 104 vs bz, eth, EtOH 3526 trans -Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl etherMestilbol C19H22O2 18839-90-2 282.377 nd (bz-peth) 117.5 1900.3vs ace, eth, EtOH 3527 Diethyl succinate Ethyl succinate C8H14O4 123-25-1 174.195 liq -21 217.7 1.0402201.420120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 3528 Diethyl sulfate C4H10O4S 64-67-5 154.185 oil -24 208 1.172251.398920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3529 Diethyl sulfide C4H10S 352-93-2 90.187 liq -103.91 92.1 0.8362201.443020sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 3530 Diethyl sulfite Ethyl sulfite C4H10O3S 623-81-4 138.185 158; 51131.1201.431020s EtOH, eth 3531 Diethyl sulfone Ethyl sulfone C4H10O2S 597-35-3 122.186 orth pl 73.5 248 1.35720s H2O, eth; vs bz; i peth 3532 Diethyl sulfoxide C4H10OS 70-29-1 106.186 syr 14 10425, 90151.009222vs H2O, eth, EtOH 3533 Diethyl DL-tartrate C8H14O6 57968-71-5 206.193 18.7 281; 158141.2046201.443820sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc 3534 Diethyl telluride C4H10Te 627-54-3 185.72 red-ye 137.5 1.599151.518215vs EtOH 3535 Diethyl terephthalate C12H14O4 636-09-9 222.237 mcl pr (al, peth) 44 302 1.098945i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 3536 Diethyl thiodipropionate C10H18O4S 673-79-0 234.313 17415, 12121.1034201.465520 3537 N,N’-Diethylthiourea C5H12N2S 105-55-5 132.227 78 dec s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc 3538 N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1- trimethylsilanamine(Diethylamino)trimethylsilane C7H19NSi 996-50-9 145.319 126.3 0.7627201.411220 3539 Diethyltrisulfide C4H10S3 3600-24-6 154.317 -72.6 85261.1082201.568913 3540 N,N-Diethylurea C5H12N2O 634-95-7 116.161 pl, nd (eth) 75 950.02vs H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s eth 3541 N,N’-Diethylurea C5H12N2O 623-76-7 116.161 tab (lig), hyg nd (al)112.5 263 1.0415251.461640vs H2O, EtOH, eth 3542 Diethyl vinylphosphonate C6H13O3P 682-30-4 164.139 11021.068251.429020 3543 Diethyl zinc Zinc diethyl C4H10Zn 557-20-0 123.531 col liq -28 118; 802001.2065201.493620dec H2O; msc eth, peth, bz 3544 Difenoconazole C19H17Cl2N3O3119446-68-3 406.262 76 2200.03 3545 Difenzoquat methyl sulfate 1 H-Pyrazolium, 1,2-dimethyl-3,5- diphenyl-, methyl sulfateC18H20N2O4S 43222-48-6 360.428 157No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g27/g28 NN OOHO 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrionePH DiethylphosphineO POO H Diethyl phosphonateSPOS H O O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionateO OO O Diethyl phthalateNO O H 3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedioneN O N,N-DiethylpropanamideH2NN N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine OHO HOO Diethylpropanedioic acidOH OH 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediolOOOO Diethyl 2-propylmalonateNNO N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamideNON N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamideN HOO 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyridinedioneOO O O Diethyl sebacate Se Diethyl selenideSi H2 DiethylsilaneHOOH trans -DiethylstilbestrolOO OO trans -Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoateOOH trans -Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl etherOO O O Diethyl succinateOSOOO Diethyl sulfate S Diethyl sulfideOSOO Diethyl sulfiteS OO Diethyl sulfoneS O Diethyl sulfoxideOO OHOH O O Diethyl DL-tartrateTe Diethyl tellurideOO OO Diethyl terephthalateOO SOO Diethyl thiodipropionateN HN HS N,N’-Diethylthiourea Si N N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsilanamineSSS DiethyltrisulfideNN H 2 O N,N-DiethylureaH NH N O N,N’-DiethylureaO POO Diethyl vinylphosphonateZn Diethyl zincOONNN Cl OCl DifenoconazoleSO4 NN2 Difenzoquat methyl sulfate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g28/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123546 Diflubenzuron N-[[(4-Chlorophenyl) amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamideC 14H9ClF2N2O235367-38-5 310.683 239 3547 Difluoroacetic acid C2H2F2O2 381-73-7 96.033 liq -1 133 1.526251.347020 3548 2,4-Difluoroaniline C6H5F2N 367-25-9 129.108 liq -7.5 170 1.268251.506320 3549 o-Difluorobenzene 1,2-Difluorobenzene C6H4F2 367-11-3 114.093 liq -47.1 94 1.1599181.445118i H2O; s ace, bz, chl 3550 m-Difluorobenzene 1,3-Difluorobenzene C6H4F2 372-18-9 114.093 liq -69.12 82.6 1.1572201.437420i H2O; s ace, bz 3551 p-Difluorobenzene 1,4-Difluorobenzene C6H4F2 540-36-3 114.093 liq -23.55 89 1.1701201.442220i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc 3552 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl 4,4’-Difluorodiphenyl C12H8F2 398-23-2 190.189 mcl pr (al) lf (w) 94.5 254.5 i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth, ace 3553 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane C6H10F2 371-90-4 120.140 liq 99.5 3554 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene C3H2F2 56830-75-2 76.045 liq 34 3555 Difluorodimethylsilane C2H6F2Si 353-66-2 96.152 col gas -87.5 2.5 3556 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene C6H2F2N2O4 327-92-4 204.088 75.5 1322sl EtOH 3557 Difluorodiphenylsilane C12H10F2Si 312-40-3 220.290 246; 157501.145171.522125 3558 1,1-Difluoroethane Ethylidene difluoride C2H4F2 75-37-6 66.050 col gas -117 -24.05 0.89625 (p>1 atm)1.3011-72 3559 1,2-Difluoroethane Ethylene difluoride C2H4F2 624-72-6 66.050 vol liq 26 vs bz, eth, chl 3560 1,1-Difluoroethene Vinylidene fluoride C2H2F2 75-38-7 64.034 col gas -144 -85.7 vs eth, EtOH 3561 cis-1,2-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene C2H2F2 1630-77-9 64.034 col gas -26 3562 trans -1,2-Difluoroethene trans -1,2-Difluoroethylene C2H2F2 1630-78-0 64.034 col gas -53.1 3563 Difluoromethane Methylene fluoride CH2F2 75-10-5 52.024 col gas -136.8 tp -51.6 1.2139-52i H2O; s EtOH 3564 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1- trifluoroethaneDifluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl etherC3H3F5O 1885-48-9 150.047 col liq 29 3565 Difluoromethylborane CH3BF2 373-64-8 63.843 gas -78.5287reac H2O 3566 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene C6H3F2NO2 446-35-5 159.091 9.8 207 1.4571141.514914sl chl 3567 2,2-Difluoropropane C3H6F2 420-45-1 80.077 col gas -104.8 -0.4 0.920520 (p>1 atm1.290420 3568 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol C3H6F2O 453-13-4 96.076 127; 55341.24251.372520 3569 Di-2-furanylethanedione C10H6O4 492-94-4 190.153 ye nd (al), cry (bz)166.3 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3570 Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime α-Furildioxime C10H8N2O4 522-27-0 220.182 167 sl EtOH, eth, bz, lig 3571 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3- oneC13H10O3 886-77-1 214.216 hyg pr (peth) ye pr (lig)60.5 1814vs eth, EtOH, chl 3572 Difurfuryl disulfide Furfuryl disulfide C10H10O2S2 4437-20-1 226.315 10 16713, 1120.5vs EtOH 3573 Difurfuryl ether Furfuryl ether C10H10O3 4437-22-3 178.184 10121.1405201.508820i H2O 3574 Digitonin C56H92O29 11024-24-1 1229.312 237.5 3575 Digitoxigenin C23H34O4 143-62-4 374.514 253 s EtOH; vs MeOH 3576 Digitoxin C41H64O13 71-63-6 764.939 pr (dil al) 255.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH, py 3577 Digitoxose C6H12O4 527-52-6 148.157 cry (MeOH+eth)112 vs H2O, ace; s py, AcOEt 3578 Diglycidyl ether Bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether C6H10O3 2238-07-5 130.141 260 1.119520 3579 Diglycolic acid 2,2’-Oxydiacetic acid C4H6O5 110-99-6 134.088 mcl pr (w + 1) 148 dec vs H2O, eth, EtOH 3580 Digoxigenin C23H34O5 1672-46-4 390.513 pr (AcOEt) 222 vs EtOH, MeOH; sl chl 3581 Digoxin C41H64O14 20830-75-5 780.939 trc pl (dil al, py) 249 dec vs EtOH 3582 Diheptylamine N-Heptyl-1-heptanamine C14H31N 2470-68-0 213.403 nd 31.5 271; 13590.795621sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth 3583 Diheptyl ether Heptyl ether C14H30O 629-64-1 214.387 258.5 0.8008201.427520vs eth, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g28/g20 ClH NH N O O FF DiflubenzuronFF OH O Difluoroacetic acidNH 2 F F 2,4-DifluoroanilineF F o-DifluorobenzeneF F m-DifluorobenzeneF F p-DifluorobenzeneFF 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenylFF 1,1-DifluorocyclohexaneFF 3,3-DifluorocyclopropeneF SiF DifluorodimethylsilaneF F NOONOO 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene SiFF DifluorodiphenylsilaneFF 1,1-Difluoroethane/g3FF 1,2-DifluoroethaneFF 1,1-DifluoroetheneF F cis-1,2-DifluoroetheneFF trans -1,2-DifluoroetheneF HFH DifluoromethaneF FFO F F 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethaneBFF DifluoromethylboraneF FNOO 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzeneFF 2,2-Difluoropropane O OO 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-oneFF OH 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol/g3 OSS O Difurfuryl disulfideO OO O Di-2-furanylethanedione OOO Difurfuryl etherO NHONOH O Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime O HO OHOO HO OHO HO OHOO OHO HO HO OHHOHO O OHHO O OHOO OHHO OH DigitoninHOHOHOO Digitoxigenin O HOOHO O OHO OHOO HO OHO DigitoxinO HO OH OH DigitoxoseOO O Diglycidyl etherHOO OOHO Diglycolic acidHOHOHHOOO DigoxigeninO HOOHO O OHO OHOO HO OHOHO Digoxin HN Diheptylamine/g3 O Diheptyl ether /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g28/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123584 Diheptyl phthalate C22H34O4 3648-21-3 362.503 360 3585 Diheptyl sulfide Heptyl sulfide C14H30S 629-65-2 230.453 70 298 0.8416201.460620i H2O; s eth 3586 Dihexylamine N-Hexyl-1-hexanamine C12H27N 143-16-8 185.349 liq -13.1 236; 7510.7889201.433920s EtOH, eth 3587 Dihexyl ether Hexyl ether C12H26O 112-58-3 186.333 226 0.7936201.420420i H2O; s eth; sl ctc 3588 Dihexyl hexanedioate C18H34O4 110-33-8 314.461 liq -9 348; 182.540.94120 3589 Dihexyl phthalate C20H30O4 84-75-3 334.450 2105 3590 Dihexyl sulfide Hexyl sulfide C12H26S 6294-31-1 202.399 230; 136200.8411201.458620 3591 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1 Aflatoxin G2 C17H14O7 7241-98-7 330.289 239.3 3592 9,10-Dihydroanthracene C14H12 613-31-0 180.245 tab or pr 111 305 1.21520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3593 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18- anthrazinetetroneIndanthrene C28H14N2O4 81-77-6 442.422 bl nd 485 dec i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2, dil alk 3594 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene Cholanthrene C20H14 479-23-2 254.325 pa ye lf (bz-al) 174 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc, lig, tol 3595 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]- benzenoanthraceneTriptycene C20H14 477-75-8 254.325 cry (cyhex) 256 3596 1,3-Dihydro-2 H-benzimidazole-2- thione2-Benzimidazolethiol C7H6N2S 583-39-1 150.201 pl (dil al or NH3)298 vs EtOH 3597 1,3-Dihydro-2 H-benzimidazol-2-one C7H6N2O 615-16-7 134.135 lf (w or al) 318 dec sl H2O, eth, bz; s ace; vs EtOH 3598 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin C8H8O2 493-09-4 136.149 212; 10361.180201.548520 3599 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Coumaran C8H8O 496-16-2 120.149 liq -21.5 188.5 1.058251.549720vs eth, EtOH, chl 3600 3,4-Dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran Isochroman C9H10O 493-05-0 134.174 4 11025, 90121.067251.544420 3601 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-1-benzopyran C9H10O 493-08-3 134.174 4.8 215; 98181.072201.544420s H2O; msc os 3602 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one C9H8O2 119-84-6 148.159 lf 25 272 1.169181.556320i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc; s chl 3603 2,3-Dihydro-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one 4-Chromanone C9H8O2 491-37-2 148.159 36.5 16050, 127131.12911001.5750 s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 3604 6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5 H)- one4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-4- benzothiophenoneC8H8OS 13414-95-4 152.214 sl chl 3605 2,3-Dihydro-4 H-1-benzothiopyran-4- oneC9H8OS 3528-17-4 164.224 29 154121.2487141.639520 3606 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1 H-imidazole Tolazoline C10H12N2 59-98-3 160.215 cry (peth) 67 3607 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin C9H13N5O3 6779-87-9 239.231 hyg nd (w) s H2O 3608 Dihydrocodeine C18H23NO3 125-28-0 301.381 cry (aq, MeOH) 112.5 24815 3609 16,17-Dihydro-15 H- cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene1,2-Cyclopentenophenanthrene C17H14 482-66-6 218.293 nd (al, petr) 135.5 i H2O; s EtOH, peth 3610 10,11-Dihydro-5 H-dibenz[b,f]azepine C14H13N 494-19-9 195.260 s chl 3611 10,11-Dihydro-5 H- dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-oneC15H12O 1210-35-1 208.255 30 20371.1635201.632420 3612 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran C6H10O3 332-77-4 130.141 161 1.073251.433920 3613 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2 H)- isoquinolinoneCorydaldine C11H13NO3 493-49-2 207.226 mcl pr (w, al) 175 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 3614 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl- 3H-pyrazol-3-oneAntipyrine C11H12N2O 60-80-0 188.225 lf or sc (eth, bz) 114 319 vs H2O, EtOH 3615 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin C4H6O2 543-75-9 86.090 94.1 1.0836201.437220s ctc 3616 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2- anthracenecarboxylic acidC15H8O4 117-78-2 252.223 ye nd (HOAc) 291 sub sl EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz; s ace 3617 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5- anthracenedisulfonic acidC14H8O8S2 117-14-6 368.339 ye nd (HCl +4w) pl (dil HOAc)310 dec vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc 3618 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6- anthracenedisulfonic acidC14H8O8S2 84-50-4 368.339 vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g28/g22 OO O O Diheptyl phthalateS Diheptyl sulfideN H DihexylamineO Dihexyl etherOO O O Dihexyl hexanedioate OO O O Dihexyl phthalateS Dihexyl sulfideOOOOOO OH H 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1 9,10-DihydroanthraceneNHHNO OO O 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]-benzenoanthraceneNN SH H 1,3-Dihydro-2 H-benzimidazole-2-thioneNN OH H 1,3-Dihydro-2 H-benzimidazol-2-oneOO 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxinO 2,3-DihydrobenzofuranO 3,4-Dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyranO 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-1-benzopyran OO 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneOO 2,3-Dihydro-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-oneO S 6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5 H)-oneSO 2,3-Dihydro-4 H-1-benzothiopyran-4-oneNHN 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1 H-imidazoleN HN NNHO NH 2OH OH 7,8-DihydrobiopterinO HOO NH Dihydrocodeine 16,17-Dihydro-15 H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthreneN H 10,11-Dihydro-5 H-dibenz[b,f]azepineO 10,11-Dihydro-5 H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-oneO O O 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuranNHO O O 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2 H)-isoquinolinone NNO 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3 H-pyrazol-3-oneOO 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxinO OOHO 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acidSS OOOH OO OO OH 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acidOO SSOH HOOOO O 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g28/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123619 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1- anthracenesulfonic acidC14H8O5S 82-49-5 288.276 lf (HOAc) ye lf (conc HCl, +3w)216.0 vs H 2O, HOAc; s EtOH 3620 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2- anthracenesulfonic acidC14H8O5S 84-48-0 288.276 ye lf (+3w) vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth 3621 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1- anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium saltSodium anthraquinone-1-sulfonate C14H7NaO5S 128-56-3 310.258 ye lf (w) sl H2O 3622 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2- anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium saltC14H7NaO5S 131-08-8 310.258 sl DMSO 3623 7,8-Dihydrofolic acid C19H21N7O6 4033-27-6 443.413 ye cry 3624 2,3-Dihydrofuran C4H6O 1191-99-7 70.090 54.5 0.927251.423920 3625 2,5-Dihydrofuran C4H6O 1708-29-8 70.090 1.431120 3626 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1 H- indole-5,6-dioneAdrenochrome C9H9NO3 54-06-8 179.172 125 dec vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz 3627 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-inden-5-amine C9H11N 24425-40-9 133.190 nd (peth) 37.5 248; 13115sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace, bz 3628 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-inden-1-ol C9H10O 6351-10-6 134.174 pl (peth) 54.8 220; 12812vs bz, EtOH, chl 3629 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-inden-5-ol C9H10O 1470-94-6 134.174 58 253 sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf 3630 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-inden-1-one C9H8O 83-33-0 132.159 ta, nd (w + 3) 42 243; 129121.0943401.56125sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 3631 1,3-Dihydro-2 H-inden-2-one 2-Indanone C9H8O 615-13-4 132.159 nd (al, eth) 59 dec 218 1.0712691.53867i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 3632 1a,6a-Dihydro-6 H-indeno[1,2- b]oxireneC9H8O 768-22-9 132.159 24.5 11320, 9861.125524s chl 3633 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-indole C8H9N 496-15-1 119.164 229 1.069201.592320sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz 3634 1,3-Dihydro-2 H-indol-2-one C8H7NO 59-48-3 133.148 nd (w) 128 22723, 19517s H2O, EtOH, eth 3635 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-isoindol-1-one C8H7NO 480-91-1 133.148 nd (w) 151 338; 10318vs eth, EtOH, chl 3636 Dihydro- α-lipoic acid 6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid C8H16O2S2 462-20-4 208.342 ye liq 1450.2 3637 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2 H)- naphthalenone6-Methoxy- α-tetralone C11H12O2 1078-19-9 176.212 cry (MeOH, lig) 78 17111 3638 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2 H-pyran C6H10O2 4454-05-1 114.142 liq 128 1.006 1.442020 3639 1,2-Dihydro-3- methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene3-Methylcholanthrene C21H16 56-49-5 268.352 ye nd (bz) 180 280801.2820i H2O 3640 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran C9H10O 1746-11-8 134.174 197.5 1.061251.5308 3641 Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione C5H4O3 2170-03-8 112.084 orth bipym pr (eth, chl)69 13930, 11418sl eth; vs chl 3642 Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3 H)-furanone α-Methylene butyrolactone C5H6O2 547-65-9 98.101 85101.1206201.465020s H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs EtOH 3643 Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione C5H6O3 4100-80-5 114.100 34 239 1.2225 3644 Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone 2-Methyl- γ-butyrolactone C5H8O2 1679-47-6 100.117 liq 200; 79101.0570201.432520 3645 Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone 3-Methyl- γ-butyrolactone C5H8O2 1679-49-8 100.117 liq 76111.058201.433920 3646 Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone, (±)(±)-γ-Valerolactone C5H8O2 57129-69-8 100.117 liq -31 206 1.0551201.432820msc H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl ctc 3647 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1 H-imidazole Lysidine C4H8N2 534-26-9 84.120 hyg 107 196.5 vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl 3648 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2 H-imidazole- 2-thioneMethimazole C4H6N2S 60-56-0 114.169 lf (al) 146 dec 280 vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz, lig 3649 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1 H-indene C10H12 767-58-8 132.202 190.6 0.938251.526620i H2O 3650 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2 H)- naphthalenoneC11H12O 1590-08-5 160.212 15 136161.057251.553520 3651 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1 H- pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acidC10H10N2O4S 89-36-1 254.262 nd (w+1) ≈300 dec 3652 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3 H- pyrazol-3-one5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1- phenylpyrazoleC10H10N2O 19735-89-8 174.198 128 287105, 191171.2600201.637 s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i pethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g28/g24 O OSOOOH 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acidO OSOH OO 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acidOOS O 3 Na 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium saltOO SO3 Na 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt NH NHN NNHO NH 2NHOHO O HO O 7,8-Dihydrofolic acidO 2,3-DihydrofuranO 2,5-DihydrofuranO O NOH 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1 H-indole-5,6-dioneH2N 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-inden-5-amineOH 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-inden-1-ol HO 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-inden-5-ol/g3O 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-inden-1-oneO 1,3-Dihydro-2 H-inden-2-oneO 1a,6a-Dihydro-6 H-indeno[1,2-b]oxireneN H 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-indoleN HO 1,3-Dihydro-2 H-indol-2-oneNH O 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-isoindol-1-one O OH SHHS Dihydro- α-lipoic acidO O 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2 H)-naphthalenoneOO 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2 H-pyran 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthryleneO 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuranOO O Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione /g3 OO Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3 H)-furanoneOO O Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandioneOO Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3 H)-furanoneOO Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3 H)-furanoneOO Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone, (±)N N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1 H-imidazole NH NS 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2 H-imidazole-2-thione 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1 H-indeneO 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2 H)-naphthalenoneH N N OS OO OH 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acidN HNO 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3 H-pyrazol-3-one /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g28/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123653 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3 H- pyrazol-3-oneC10H10N2O 89-25-8 174.198 mcl pr (w) 127 287105, 191171.637 3654 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2 H-pyran C6H10O 16302-35-5 98.142 117.5 0.912251.449520 3655 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole C4H7NS 2346-00-1 101.171 liq -101 145 1.067251.520020 3656 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene C10H10 447-53-0 130.186 liq -8 206.5 0.9974201.581420 3657 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene ∆ 2-Dialin C10H10 612-17-9 130.186 pl 25 211.5 0.9928331.557720 3658 3,4-Dihydro-2(1 H)-naphthalenone C10H10O 530-93-8 146.185 18 237 1.1055271.559820i H2O; s eth, bz 3659 1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene C12H9NO2 602-87-9 199.205 103 s H2O, EtOH, eth, lig 3660 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3- pyridinecarboxylic acidC6H5NO3 5006-66-6 139.109 nd(w) 310 dec sub sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3661 Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3 H)-furanone 4-Hydroxynonanoic acid lactone C9H16O2 104-61-0 156.222 oil 13412 3662 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene C14H12 776-35-2 180.245 nd (MeOH) 34.5 168151.0757401.641520s chl 3663 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4 H-1- benzopyran-4-oneC15H12O2 487-26-3 224.255 nd (lig) 76 i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc 3664 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1 H- imidazole, monohydrochlorideC10H13ClN2 59-97-2 196.676 174 3665 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine Aminorex C9H10N2O 2207-50-3 162.187 cry (bz) 137 3666 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5 H-tetrazole- 5-thione1-Phenyl-5-mercapto-1 H-tetrazole C7H6N4S 86-93-1 178.215 145 3667 Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3 H)-furanone γ-Propyl- γ-butyrolactone C7H12O2 105-21-5 128.169 8451.438525 3668 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1 H) -pyrimidinonePropylthiouracil C7H10N2OS 51-52-5 170.231 w pow (w) 219 sl H2O, chl, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, bz 3669 1,7-Dihydro-6 H-purine-6-thione 6-Mercaptopurine C5H4N4S 50-44-2 152.178 ye pr (w, + l w) 313 dec i H2O; s alk 3670 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-pyran C5H8O 110-87-2 84.117 86 0.921191.440219s H2O, EtOH; sl chl 3671 3,6-Dihydro-2 H-pyran C5H8O 3174-74-1 84.117 liq 95 0.9419 3672 Dihydro-2 H-pyran-2,6(3 H)-dione C5H6O3 108-55-4 114.100 56.3 158151.411020 3673 4,5-Dihydro-1 H-pyrazole 2-Pyrazoline C3H6N2 109-98-8 70.093 144 1.0200171.479617vs H2O, eth, EtOH 3674 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione Maleic hydrazide C4H4N2O2 123-33-1 112.087 cry (w) 307 sl H2O, EtOH, tfa 3675 Dihydro-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 5,6-Dihydrouracil C4H6N2O2 504-07-4 114.103 nd (w) 275.5 vs H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH 3676 2,5-Dihydro-1 H-pyrrole 3-Pyrroline C4H7N 109-96-6 69.106 90.5 0.9097201.466420vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 3677 3,4-Dihydro-2(1 H)-quinolinone Hydrocarbostyril C9H9NO 553-03-7 147.173 pr (al, eth) 163.5 20145vs eth, EtOH 3678 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione 2,3-Quinoxalinediol C8H6N2O2 15804-19-0 162.146 nd (w) 410 vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, DMSO, HOAc 3679 Dihydrotachysterol C28H46O 67-96-9 398.664 cry (MeOH) 131 i H2O; s os 3680 Dihydrothebaine C19H23NO3 561-25-1 313.391 162.5 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt 3681 4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine C3H6N2S 1779-81-3 102.158 nd or lf (bz) 85.3 dec vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl 3682 2,3-Dihydrothiophene C4H6S 1120-59-8 86.156 112.1 3683 2,5-Dihydrothiophene C4H6S 1708-32-3 86.156 122.4 3684 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide 3-Sulfolene C4H6O2S 77-79-2 118.155 64.5 s chl 3685 Dihydro-2(3 H)-thiophenone C4H6OS 1003-10-7 102.155 11152, 3911.18251.523020 3686 Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1 H,5H)- pyrimidinedione2-Thiobarbituric acid C4H4N2O2S 504-17-6 144.152 pl (w) 235 dec sl H2O; s EtOH, dil alk, dil HCl 3687 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1 H)- pyrimidinone2-Thiouracil C4H4N2OS 141-90-2 128.152 pr (w, al) >340 dec sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO; s anh HF 3688 1,2-Dihydro-3 H-1,2,4-triazole-3- thioneC2H3N3S 3179-31-5 101.130 222.5 s DMSO 3689 (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2 H- indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehydeC13H15NO 84-83-3 201.264 s chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g28/g26NNO 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3 H-pyrazol-3-oneO 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2 H-pyranSN 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 1,4-DihydronaphthaleneO 3,4-Dihydro-2(1 H)-naphthalenoneNO O 1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene NHOHO O 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acidOO Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3 H)-furanone 9,10-DihydrophenanthreneOO 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-oneN NHHCl 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1 H-imidazole, monohydrochlorideN ONH 2 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine NNN HN S 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5 H-tetrazole-5-thioneOO Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3 H)-furanoneN HNHO S 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1 H)-pyrimidinoneHN N NHNS 1,7-Dihydro-6 H-purine-6-thioneO 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-pyran/g3 O 3,6-Dihydro-2 H-pyranO OO Dihydro-2 H-pyran-2,6(3 H)-dione N HN 4,5-Dihydro-1 H-pyrazoleN HNHO O 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedioneN HNHO O Dihydro-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedioneN H 2,5-Dihydro-1 H-pyrroleN HO 3,4-Dihydro-2(1 H)-quinolinoneN HH N O O 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedioneHO Dihydrotachysterol O OO NH DihydrothebaineSN NH 2 4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamineS 2,3-DihydrothiopheneS 2,5-DihydrothiopheneSO O 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxideSO Dihydro-2(3 H)-thiophenoneN HNHO S O Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1 H,5H)-pyrimidinedione N HNHO S 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1 H)-pyrimidinoneHN NNHS 1,2-Dihydro-3 H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thioneNO (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2 H-indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g20/g28/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123690 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3- phenyl-1 H-indeneC18H20 3910-35-8 236.352 tcl pr (al) 52.5 308.5 1.0009201.568120i H2O; s EtOH, bz, MeOH 3691 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline C12H15N 147-47-7 173.254 26.5 260; 13213 3692 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione Quinizarin C14H8O4 81-64-1 240.212 ye red lf (eth) dk red nd200 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, KOH, sulf 3693 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione Anthrarufin C14H8O4 117-12-4 240.212 pa ye pl (gl HOAc)280 sub i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, CS2; s bz 3694 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione Danthron C14H8O4 117-10-2 240.212 red or red-ye nd or lf (al)193 sub i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, HOAc, alk 3695 2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione C14H8O4 84-60-6 240.212 ye nd (al) 360 dec sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s alk 3696 2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione C14H8O4 572-93-0 240.212 ye nd (+1w, dil al) nd (sub)353.8 sub i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl 3697 2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene C12H10N2O2 2050-14-8 214.219 gold-ye lf (bz), nd (al)173 1400.001i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth; s con alk 3698 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde C7H6O3 24677-78-9 138.121 ye nd 108 235; 12016vs ace, EtOH, HOAc 3699 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde β-Resorcylaldehyde C7H6O3 95-01-2 138.121 nd (eth-lig) 135 22622s H2O, HOAc; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz 3700 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde C7H6O3 1194-98-5 138.121 ye nd (bz) 100.0 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 3701 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde Protocatechualdehyde C7H6O3 139-85-5 138.121 lf (w, to) 153 dec s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 3702 N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide Salicylhydroxamic acid C7H7NO3 89-73-6 153.136 nd (HOAc) 168 sub sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc 3703 2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid Homogentisic acid C8H8O4 451-13-8 168.148 pr (w+1), lf (al- chl)153 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl 3704 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O4 303-38-8 154.121 pr or nd (w+1) 205.5 1.54220s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace 3705 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid β-Resorcylic acid C7H6O4 89-86-1 154.121 cry (+w) 226 dec s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS2 3706 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid Gentisic acid C7H6O4 490-79-9 154.121 nd or pr (w) 199.5 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl, CS2 3707 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O4 303-07-1 154.121 nd (+w) 167 dec s H2O, EtOH, eth; i chl; sl tfa 3708 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid Protocatechuic acid C7H6O4 99-50-3 154.121 mcl nd (w+1) 201 dec 1.5244sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i bz 3709 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O4 99-10-5 154.121 pr or nd 239 sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth 3710 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) ketone C13H10O3 835-11-0 214.216 59.5 333 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 3711 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone C13H10O3 611-99-4 214.216 nd (lig), cry (w) 210 1.133131sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS2 3712 6,7-Dihydroxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2- oneEsculetin C9H6O4 305-01-1 178.142 nd (w), pr (HOAc) lf (sub)276 sub sl H 2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt 3713 7,8-Dihydroxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2- oneDaphnetin C9H6O4 486-35-1 178.142 ye nd (dil al) 262 sub s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS2 3714 2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid C4H8O4 1518-62-3 120.105 liq 963 3715 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)Hyodeoxycholic acid C24H40O4 83-49-8 392.573 cry (AcOEt) 198.5 sl H2O, eth, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc 3716 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β)Ursodiol C24H40O4 128-13-2 392.573 pl (al) 203 vs EtOH; sl eth 3717 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)Chenodiol C24H40O4 474-25-9 392.573 nd (EtOAc+hep)119 i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, HOAc 3718 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol C27H44O3 32222-06-3 416.636 wh cry pow 115 sl EtOH, MeOH, thf, AcOEt 3719 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 1,4-dioneC6H4O4 615-94-1 140.094 dk ye nd 211 sl H2O, ace, DMSO; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth 3720 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one Reductic acid C5H6O3 80-72-8 114.100 212 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, AcOEt; i bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g20/g28/g282,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1 H-indeneNH 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinolineO OOH OH 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneOOO H OH 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneOOO H OH 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneO OHOOH 2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione OO OH HO 2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneN NOH HO 2,2’-DihydroxyazobenzeneOH OHO 2,3-DihydroxybenzaldehydeO OH OH 2,4-DihydroxybenzaldehydeO OH HO 2,5-DihydroxybenzaldehydeO OH OH 3,4-DihydroxybenzaldehydeN HO OH OH N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide OH OOHHO 2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acidOH O OH OH 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acidHO O OH OH 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acidOH O OH HO 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acidOH O OH HO 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acidOH O OH OH 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acidOH O OH HO 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid O OH OH 2,2’-DihydroxybenzophenoneO OH HO 4,4’-DihydroxybenzophenoneOHO HO O 6,7-Dihydroxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneO OHHO O 7,8-Dihydroxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneO OH OHHO 2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acidHOHOHOHO 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3 α,5β,6α) OHO HOH HO 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3 α,5β,7β)OH HOHOHO 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3 α,5β,7α)HO OHOH H 1,25-DihydroxycholecalciferolO OOH HO 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneOH OHO 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g19/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123721 2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4- heptanoneDi(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) ketone C9H18O3 3682-91-5 174.237 pale ye cry 3722 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane 2,2’-Methylenebisphenol C13H12O2 2467-02-9 200.233 118.3 363 1.28025 3723 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide 4,4’-Thiobisphenol C12H10O2S 2664-63-3 218.271 mcl pr or lf (al) 151 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2 3724 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)- 9,10-anthracenedioneAloe-emodol C15H10O5 481-72-1 270.237 oran ye nd (to, al)223.5 sub vs bz, eth, EtOH 3725 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid Dihydroxymaleic acid C4H4O6 526-84-1 148.071 pl (w+2) 155 dec sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH 3726 α,4-Dihydroxy-3- methoxybenzeneacetic acidVanilmandelic acid C9H10O5 55-10-7 198.172 sc (bz-eth) 132 dec vs H2O, ace, eth 3727 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2 H-1- benzopyran-2-oneFraxetin C10H8O5 574-84-5 208.168 pl (dil al) 231 vs EtOH 3728 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 4H-1-benzopyran-4-oneC16H12O5 491-80-5 284.263 214.8 3729 (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanoneCotoin C14H12O4 479-21-0 244.243 ye pr (chl) lf or nd (w)130.5 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3730 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9 H- xanthen-9-oneGentisin C14H10O5 437-50-3 258.226 ye orth 266.5 i H2O; vs EtOH; i ace; s py 3731 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10- anthracenedioneChrysophanic acid C15H10O4 481-74-3 254.238 ye hex or mcl nd (sub)196 sub 0.9225vs bz, HOAc 3732 2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid o-Orsellinic acid C8H8O4 480-64-8 168.148 nd (dil HOAc, +1w)176 dec s EtOH, eth 3733 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1- benzopyran-2-oneC10H8O4 2107-76-8 192.169 nd (al), lf (HOAc)283 sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH, alk 3734 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1- benzopyran-2-oneC10H8O4 529-84-0 192.169 ye nd (dil al) 275 s H2O, EtOH, HOAc 3735 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione C10H6O4 475-38-7 190.153 dk red mcl pr (bz) red-br nd (al)232 sub sl H 2O, EtOH, eth; s HOAc 3736 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7- naphthalenedisulfonic acidChromotropic acid C10H8O8S2 148-25-4 320.296 nd or lf (w+2) s H2O, alk; i EtOH, eth 3737 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3- f]quinoline-7,12-dioneAlizarin Blue C17H9NO4 568-02-5 291.258 br-viol nd (bz) 269 vs bz, gl HOAc 3738 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10- anthracenedioneAlizarin Orange C14H7NO6 568-93-4 285.209 oran nd or pl (HOAc)244 dec sub sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf, HOAc 3739 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±)Phloionic acid C18H34O6 23843-52-9 346.459 cry (al) 126 3740 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid 9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid C18H36O4 120-87-6 316.477 90 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth 3741 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1- benzopyran-4-oneChrysin C15H10O4 480-40-0 254.238 lt ye pr (MeOH) 285.5 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS2 3742 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone Resacetophenone C8H8O3 89-84-9 152.148 nd or lf 146 1.18141i H2O, chl; s EtOH, py; sl eth, bz 3743 (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) phenylmethanoneBenzoresorcinol C13H10O3 131-56-6 214.216 nd (w) 144 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl bz, chl 3744 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2- propenoic acidCaffeic acid C9H8O4 331-39-5 180.158 ye pr, pl (w) 225 dec vs EtOH 3745 Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide Benzenestibonic acid C6H7O3Sb 535-46-6 248.878 nd (HOAc) 139 3746 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene- 3,11,20-trionePrednisone C21H26O5 53-03-2 358.428 234 dec 3747 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20- dione11-Deoxy-17-hydrocorticosterone C21H30O4 152-58-9 346.461 215 vs ace, EtOH, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g19/g20HO OHO 2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanoneOH OH 2,2’-DihydroxydiphenylmethaneS OH HO 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfideO OOH HO OH 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedioneHO OH HO OH OO 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid OH OOH OHO α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic aci dOO OHHOO 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneOOO OH HO 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-oneO OHOH O (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone OOO H OHO 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9 H-xanthen-9-oneO OOH OH 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedioneHO O OH OH 2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acidOOOH HO 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneOOHO HO 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one OH OHO O 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedioneS OOHO HO OHS OOOH 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acidO ON OHOH 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]quinoline-7,12-dioneO OOH OH NO O 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione O HOOH OHOH O 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, ( R*,R*)-(±)O OHOH OH 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acidOOH HOO 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-oneO OH OH 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone O OH OH (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanoneOHO OHHO 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acidSbOH HOO Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxideO OOHOOH 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trioneOOHOOH 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g19/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123748 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene- 3,11,20-trioneCortisone C21H28O5 53-06-5 360.444 222 sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace 3749 2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±) C3H6O3 56-82-6 90.078 nd or pr (40% MeOH)145 1450.81.45318s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, peth, lig 3750 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, ( R) Glyceric acid C3H6O4 6000-40-4 106.078 thick gum dec 3751 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone Dihydroxyacetone C3H6O3 96-26-4 90.078 90 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i lig 3752 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate Decanoic acid glycerol monoester C13H26O4 2277-23-8 246.343 pr (peth) 53 3753 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate Octanoic acid glycerol monoester C11H22O4 26402-26-6 218.291 cry (peth) 40 3754 4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acidXanthurenic acid C10H7NO4 59-00-7 205.168 ye micry cry (w)289 i H2O; s EtOH, dil HCl; sl eth, bz 3755 Dihydroxytartaric acid C4H6O8 76-30-2 182.086 114.5 3756 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5- trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acidDigallic acid C14H10O9 536-08-3 322.224 nf (dil al + 1w) 269 dec vs ace, EtOH 3757 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9 H-xanthen-9-yl) benzoic acidFluorescin C20H14O5 518-44-5 334.322 col or ye nd (eth), pl (bz)126 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc 3758 Diiodoacetylene C2I2 624-74-8 277.830 orth nd (lig) 81.5 exp vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3759 2,4-Diiodoaniline C6H5I2N 533-70-0 344.920 br nd or orth cry (al)95.5 2.74825vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3760 o-Diiodobenzene 1,2-Diiodobenzene C6H4I2 615-42-9 329.905 pl or pr (lig) 27 287; 10032.54201.717920i H2O; sl EtOH 3761 m-Diiodobenzene 1,3-Diiodobenzene C6H4I2 626-00-6 329.905 orth pl or pr (eth-al)40.4 285 2.4725i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl 3762 p-Diiodobenzene 1,4-Diiodobenzene C6H4I2 624-38-4 329.905 orth lf (al) 131.5 285 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl 3763 1,4-Diiodobutane C4H8I2 628-21-7 309.916 5.8 12515 dec 2.3494251.618425i H2O; sl ctc; s os 3764 1,2-Diiodoethane C2H4I2 624-73-7 281.862 ye mcl pr or orth (eth)83 200 3.325201.87120sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 3765 cis-1,2-Diiodoethene cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene C2H2I2 590-26-1 279.846 -14 72.5163.062520i H2O; s eth, chl 3766 4,4’-Diiodofluorescein C20H10I2O5 38577-97-8 584.099 oran-red pow sl H2O; s alk, EtOH 3767 1,6-Diiodohexane Hexamethylene diiodide C6H12I2 629-09-4 337.968 nd 9.5 16317, 141102.0342251.583725i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 3768 Diiodomethane Methylene iodide CH2I2 75-11-6 267.836 ye nd or lf 6.1 182 3.3211201.741120sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3769 2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol Disophenol C6H3I2NO3 305-85-1 390.902 lt ye cry (gl HOAc)157 vs EtOH 3770 1,5-Diiodopentane Pentamethylene diiodide C5H10I2 628-77-3 323.942 9 14920, 10132.1692251.598725i H2O; s eth, chl 3771 1,2-Diiodopropane C3H6I2 598-29-8 295.889 2.49018vs eth, EtOH 3772 1,3-Diiodopropane Trimethylene diiodide C3H6I2 627-31-6 295.889 -20 dec 227; 110192.5612251.639125i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl 3773 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol Iodoquinol C9H5I2NO 83-73-8 396.951 ye nd (HOAc, xyl)210 sl H2O, bz, chl, eth; vs EtOH; s alk 3774 3,5-Diiodo- L-tyrosine C9H9I2NO3 300-39-0 432.981 ye nd (w, 70% al)213 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz 3775 Diisobutyl adipate C14H26O4 141-04-8 258.354 293; 187150.9543191.430120 3776 Diisobutylaluminum chloride C8H18AlCl 1779-25-5 176.664 hyg col liq -40 152100.905 1.450620s eth, hx 3777 Diisobutylaluminum hydride C8H19Al 1191-15-7 142.219 liq 1404, 850.5s cyhex, eth, bz, tol 3778 Diisobutylamine 2-Methyl- N-(2-methylpropyl)-1- propanamineC8H19N 110-96-3 129.244 liq -73.5 139.6 1.409020sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 3779 Diisobutyl carbonate C9H18O3 539-92-4 174.237 190 0.9138201.407220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3780 Diisobutyl ether 1,1’-Oxybis[2-methylpropane] C8H18O 628-55-7 130.228 122.6 0.76115i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3781 Diisobutyl phthalate C16H22O4 84-69-5 278.344 296.5; 15941.049015s ctc 3782 Diisobutyl sulfide C8H18S 592-65-4 146.294 liq -105.5 171 0.836310No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g19/g22 O OOOHOH 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trioneOH O HO 2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)O OH HO OH 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, ( R)HO OHO 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanoneO O OHOH 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoateOH OHOO 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate NOH OH O OH 4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acidHOOH OO HO OH HO OH Dihydroxytartaric acidOO OHHOHOO OH OHOH 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acidO HO OH O OH 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9 H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acidI I DiiodoacetyleneNH 2 I I 2,4-DiiodoanilineI I o-Diiodobenzene I I m-DiiodobenzeneI I p-DiiodobenzeneII 1,4-DiiodobutaneII 1,2-DiiodoethaneI I cis-1,2-DiiodoetheneOOO IIHO OH 4,4’-DiiodofluoresceinII 1,6-DiiodohexaneIH HI DiiodomethaneOH NO OI I 2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol I I 1,5-DiiodopentaneII 1,2-DiiodopropaneII 1,3-DiiodopropaneNI I OH 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinolNH 2OHO HO II 3,5-Diiodo- L-tyrosineOOO O Diisobutyl adipateAlCl Diisobutylaluminum chloride H Al Diisobutylaluminum hydrideHN DiisobutylamineO OO Diisobutyl carbonateO Diisobutyl etherO OO O Diisobutyl phthalateS Diisobutyl sulfide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g19/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123783 1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene C8H4N2O2 123-61-5 160.130 cry 51 1038 3784 1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene C8H4N2O2 104-49-4 160.130 cry 95 11714 3785 Diisodecyl phthalate Bis(8-methylnonyl)phthalate C28H46O4 26761-40-0 446.663 liq -50 25340.96620i H2O; s os 3786 Diisononyl phthalate Bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate C26H42O4 28553-12-0 418.609 col liq i H2O; s ace, MeOH; bz, eth 3787 Diisooctyl adipate C22H42O4 1330-86-5 370.566 2104 3788 Diisooctyl phthalate C24H38O4 27554-26-3 390.557 370 3789 Diisopentylamine 3-Methyl- N-isopentyl-1-butanamine C10H23N 544-00-3 157.297 liq -44 188 0.7672211.423520i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 3790 Diisopentyl ether Diisoamyl ether C10H22O 544-01-4 158.281 172.5 0.7777201.408520i H2O; vs ace, EtOH, chl 3791 Diisopentyl phthalate Diisoamyl phthalate C18H26O4 605-50-5 306.397 dec 334 1.0209161.487120vs EtOH 3792 Diisopentyl sulfide C10H22S 544-02-5 174.347 liq -74.6 211 0.8323201.452020i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth 3793 Diisopropanolamine 1,1’-Iminobis-2-propanol C6H15NO2 110-97-4 133.189 cry 44.5 250; 151230.98920s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 3794 Diisopropyl adipate C12H22O4 6938-94-9 230.301 -0.6 1206.50.9569201.424720vs ace, eth, EtOH 3795 Diisopropylamine N-Isopropyl-2-propanamine C6H15N 108-18-9 101.190 liq -61 83.9 0.7153201.392420vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3796 2,6-Diisopropylaniline C12H19N 24544-04-5 177.286 liq -45 257 0.94251.533220 3797 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene C12H18 577-55-9 162.271 liq -57 204 0.8701201.496020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 3798 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene C12H18 99-62-7 162.271 liq -63.1 203.2 0.8559201.488320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 3799 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene C12H18 100-18-5 162.271 liq -17 210.3 0.8568201.489820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 3800 p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide C12H18O2 98-49-7 194.270 waxy cry 30.1 12310.993220i H2O 3801 N,N-Diisopropyl-2- benzothiazolesulfenamideC13H18N2S2 95-29-4 266.425 59.0 3802 N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide C7H14N2 693-13-0 126.199 147 0.806251.432020 3803 Diisopropyl disulfide C6H14S2 4253-89-8 150.305 liq -69 177 0.9435201.491620 3804 N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine N,N-Diisopropyl-2-aminoethanol C8H19NO 96-80-0 145.243 190 0.826251.441720 3805 Diisopropyl ether Isopropyl ether C6H14O 108-20-3 102.174 liq -85.4 68.4 0.7192251.365825sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc 3806 Diisopropyl methylphosphonate C7H17O3P 1445-75-6 180.182 6631.412016 3807 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene C16H20 24157-81-1 212.330 cry (MeOH) 70 3808 Diisopropyl oxalate C8H14O4 615-81-6 174.195 190 1.002201.410020vs eth, EtOH 3809 Diisopropyl phosphonate C6H15O3P 1809-20-7 166.155 9740, 76100.997018 3810 O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate C6H15O2PS2 107-56-2 214.286 liq 7131.0920s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc, chl 3811 Diisopropyl phthalate 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisopropyl esterC14H18O4 605-45-8 250.291 130121.0615151.490020 3812 Diisopropyl sulfide C6H14S 625-80-9 118.240 liq -78.1 120.0 0.8142201.443820i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3813 Diisopropyl tartrate, (±) C10H18O6 58167-01-4 234.246 34 275; 154121.116620vs ace, eth, EtOH 3814 Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate Diisopropyl dixanthogen C8H14O2S4 105-65-7 270.456 52 s chl 3815 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene Bitoscanate C8H4N2S2 4044-65-9 192.261 nd (ace, HOAc) 132 3816 Diketene C4H4O2 674-82-8 84.074 liq -6.5 126.1 1.0877201.437920 3817 Dilactic acid 2,2’-Oxybispropanoic acid C6H10O5 19201-34-4 162.140 orth 112.5 vs H2O, eth 3818 Dimefline C20H21NO3 1165-48-6 323.386 109.5 s chl 3819 Dimefox Tetramethylphosphorodiamidic fluorideC4H12FN2OP 115-26-4 154.122 liq 86151.1151201.426720vs H2O, bz, eth 3820 Dimemorfan 3,17-Dimethylmorphinan, (9 α,13 α,14α)-C18H25N 36309-01-0 255.399 ye oil 92 1330.3 3821 2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid C4H6O4S2 2418-14-6 182.219 wh cry (MeOH) 193 3822 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol C4H10O2S2 7634-42-6 154.251 42.5 s chl 3823 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether 2-Mercaptoethyl ether C4H10OS2 2150-02-9 138.251 liq -80 217; 6421.11420 3824 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol Dimercaprol C3H8OS2 59-52-9 124.225 830.81.2463201.574920s EtOH, eth, oils; sl chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g19/g24 NCO N C O 1,3-DiisocyanatobenzeneNCONCO 1,4-DiisocyanatobenzeneO O O O Diisodecyl phthalateOO O O Diisononyl phthalateOO OO Diisooctyl adipate O OO O Diisooctyl phthalateNH DiisopentylamineO Diisopentyl etherO OOO Diisopentyl phthalateS Diisopentyl sulfideHNOH OH DiisopropanolamineOO O O Diisopropyl adipate N H DiisopropylamineNH 2 2,6-Diisopropylaniline 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene 1,4-DiisopropylbenzeneOOH p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxideSN SN N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamideNC N N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide SS Diisopropyl disulfideNOH N,N-DiisopropylethanolamineO Diisopropyl etherOP OO Diisopropyl methylphosphonate 2,6-DiisopropylnaphthaleneOO OO Diisopropyl oxalatePO O O H Diisopropyl phosphonateS POO SH O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate O OOO Diisopropyl phthalateS Diisopropyl sulfideOO OHOH OO Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)O SS OS S Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonateNCS NCS 1,4-DiisothiocyanatobenzeneO O DiketeneHOOOHO O Dilactic acid O OO N DimeflinePO FN N DimefoxNH DimemorfanHOOH SHSH OO 2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acidHSSH OHOH 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediolHSOSH 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl etherHS OH SH 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g19/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123825 Dimetan®C11H17NO3 122-15-6 211.258 cry 46 17511s H2O, cyhex; vs EtOH, eth, ace 3826 Dimethipin 2,3-Dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4- dithiin, 1,1,4,4-tetraoxideC6H10O4S2 55290-64-7 210.271 165 3827 Dimethirimol 5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6- methylpyrimidin-4(1 H)-oneC11H19N3O 5221-53-4 209.288 nd 102 sl H2O; vs chl, xyl; s EtOH, ace 3828 Dimethisoquin 2-[(3-Butyl-1-isoquinolinyl)oxy]- N,N-dimethylethanamineC17H24N2O 86-80-6 272.385 146 15631.548620s H2O, EtOH 3829 Dimethoxane 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol acetate C8H14O4 828-00-2 174.195 liq 86101.0655201.431020msc H2O; s os 3830 2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone C10H12O3 1201-38-3 180.200 cry 21 156141.139 1.544120 3831 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene C11H14O2 93-15-2 178.228 liq -2.0 254.7 1.0396201.534020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 3832 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3- benzodioxoleApiole C12H14O4 523-80-8 222.237 nd 29.5 294; 179351.015201.536020vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig 3833 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline C8H11NO2 2735-04-8 153.179 pl (lig) 33.5 262.0 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig 3834 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline C8H11NO2 102-56-7 153.179 82.5 270 s H2O, EtOH, chl, lig 3835 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline C8H11NO2 6315-89-5 153.179 lf (eth) 87.5 15914s eth, chl 3836 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde C9H10O3 613-45-6 166.173 nd (al or lig) 72 290; 16510i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 3837 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde C9H10O3 93-02-7 166.173 52 270; 14610sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 3838 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde Veratraldehyde C9H10O3 120-14-9 166.173 nd (eth, lig, to) 43 281; 15510sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 3839 3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde C9H10O3 7311-34-4 166.173 46.3 15116sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz 3840 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene Veratrole C8H10O2 91-16-7 138.164 22.5 206 1.0810251.582721sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 3841 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene C8H10O2 151-10-0 138.164 liq -52 217.5 1.0521251.523120sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, sulf 3842 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene C8H10O2 150-78-7 138.164 lf (w) 59 212.6 1.037555sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz 3843 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid C10H12O4 93-40-3 196.200 cry (bz-peth) nd (w+1)98 s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 3844 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine C10H15NO2 120-20-7 181.232 164141.546420s ctc 3845 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine C9H13NO2 5763-61-1 167.205 15612, 12031.14325s chl 3846 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol C9H12O3 93-03-8 168.189 visc oil 298; 172121.178171.55517s H2O, EtOH 3847 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine Dianisidine C14H16N2O2 119-90-4 244.289 lf or nd (w) 137 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 3848 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’- diisocyanateC16H12N2O4 91-93-0 296.277 cry 112 3849 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid C9H10O4 91-52-1 182.173 108.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc 3850 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid C9H10O4 1466-76-8 182.173 186 dec 3851 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid Veratric acid C9H10O4 93-07-2 182.173 nd (w or HOAc) orth (sub)181 sub i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl 3852 3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid C9H10O4 1132-21-4 182.173 nd (w), pr (al) 185.5 sub vs eth, EtOH 3853 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin p-Anisoin C16H16O4 119-52-8 272.296 pr (dil al) 114.0 sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s ace 3854 5,7-Dimethoxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2- oneLimettin C11H10O4 487-06-9 206.195 pr or nd (al) 149 dec 200 sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, chl; i eth, lig 3855 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl C14H14O2 2132-80-1 214.260 lf (bz) 175 sub i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth 3856 Dimethoxyborane C2H7BO2 4542-61-4 73.887 vol liq or gas -130.6 25.9 dec H2O 3857 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone C6H12O3 5436-21-5 132.157 505s ctc 3858 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 1,4-dione2,6-Dimethoxy- p-quinone C8H8O4 530-55-2 168.148 ye mcl pr (HOAc)256 sub sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s tfa; vs alk, HOAc 3859 Dimethoxydimethylsilane C4H12O2Si 1112-39-6 120.223 82 0.8646201.370820dec H2O 3860 Dimethoxydiphenylsilane C14H16O2Si 6843-66-9 244.362 286; 161151.0771201.544720 3861 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane Lauraldehyde, dimethyl acetal C14H30O2 14620-52-1 230.387 13351.431025vs eth, EtOH 3862 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine C4H11NO2 22483-09-6 105.136 -78 137950.966251.417020No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g19/g26 O OO N Dimetan®SS OOOO DimethipinNNOH N DimethirimolN ON DimethisoquinOO OO DimethoxaneO OO 2’,5’-DimethoxyacetophenoneOO 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzeneOOO O 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole NH 2 O O 2,4-DimethoxyanilineNH 2 O O 2,5-DimethoxyanilineNH 2 O O 3,4-DimethoxyanilineO O O 2,4-DimethoxybenzaldehydeO O O 2,5-DimethoxybenzaldehydeO O O 3,4-DimethoxybenzaldehydeO O O 3,5-DimethoxybenzaldehydeO O 1,2-DimethoxybenzeneO O 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene O O 1,4-DimethoxybenzeneOOH O O 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acidNH 2 O O 3,4-DimethoxybenzeneethanamineNH 2 O O 3,4-DimethoxybenzenemethanamineOH O O 3,4-DimethoxybenzenemethanolNH 2 H2NO O 3,3’-DimethoxybenzidineO O NCO NCO 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’-diisocyanate O OH O O 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acidOH O O O 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acidOH O O O 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acidOH O O O 3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acidO OHO O 4,4’-DimethoxybenzoinO OO O 5,7-Dimethoxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneO O 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl B OH O DimethoxyboraneOO O 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanoneO OO O 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneSi OO DimethoxydimethylsilaneSiO O DimethoxydiphenylsilaneOO 1,1-DimethoxydodecaneONH 2O 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g19/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123863 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether C4H10O2 110-71-4 90.121 liq -69.20 84.50 0.8637251.377025s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc 3864 (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene C10H14O2 101-48-4 166.217 193.5 3865 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline Fagarine C13H11NO3 524-15-2 229.231 pr (al) 142 sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 3866 1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane Palmitaldehyde, dimethyl acetal C18H38O2 2791-29-9 286.494 10 14420.8542201.438225vs ace, eth, EtOH 3867 2,4-Dimethoxy-6- hydroxyacetophenoneXanthoxylin C10H12O4 90-24-4 196.200 cry (al) 82 18520vs eth, EtOH 3868 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone C11H12O3 2107-69-9 192.211 119.5 sl ctc 3869 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3 H)- isobenzofuranoneMeconin C10H10O4 569-31-3 194.184 wh nd (w) 102.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl 3870 Dimethoxymethane Methylal C3H8O2 109-87-5 76.095 liq -105.1 42 0.8593201.351320s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3871 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene C9H12O2 494-99-5 152.190 pr (eth) 24 220 1.0509251.525725i H2O; sl ctc; vs os 3872 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene C9H12O2 4179-19-5 152.190 244 1.0478151.523420vs bz, eth, EtOH 3873 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene C9H12O2 24599-58-4 152.190 21 214.0 3874 N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal C5H13NO2 4637-24-5 119.163 104 0.897251.397220 3875 2,2-Dimethoxy- N-methylethanamine C5H13NO2 122-07-6 119.163 140 0.928251.411520 3876 Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane C9H14O2Si 3027-21-2 182.292 129791.479520 3877 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene C8H9NO4 709-09-1 183.162 ye nd (al-w) 98 230151.1888133i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl; sl lig 3878 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene C8H9NO4 89-39-4 183.162 gold-ye nd (dil al)72.5 1.1666132i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf 3879 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol C8H10O3 91-10-1 154.163 mcl pr (w) 56.5 261 vs eth, EtOH 3880 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol C8H10O3 500-99-2 154.163 37 19935, 17010s eth, bz; sl lig 3881 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone C10H12O3 1131-62-0 180.200 pr (dil al) 51 287 vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl 3882 1,1-Dimethoxypropane C5H12O2 4744-10-9 104.148 86 0.864820 3883 2,2-Dimethoxypropane C5H12O2 77-76-9 104.148 liq -47 83 0.847251.378020 3884 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene C5H10O2 6044-68-4 102.132 88 0.862251.395420 3885 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzeneC11H14O2 93-16-3 178.228 18 270.5 1.0521201.561620 3886 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)-1,3- benzodioxoleApiole (Dill) C12H14O4 484-31-1 222.237 oil 29.5 285 1.1598151.530517 3887 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene C10H12O2 6380-23-0 164.201 1.571120s chl 3888 Dimethylacetal C4H10O2 534-15-6 90.121 liq -113.2 64.5 0.8501201.366820s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl; vs ace 3889 N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylethanamide C4H9NO 127-19-5 87.120 liq -18.59 165 0.9372251.434125msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 3890 2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochlorideAcridine Yellow C15H16ClN3 135-49-9 273.761 red cry pow s hot H2O, EtOH 3891 Dimethyl adipate C8H14O4 627-93-0 174.195 cry 10.3 115131.0600201.428320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc 3892 3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate 3-Methyl-2-butenyl pyrophosphate C5H12O7P2 358-72-5 246.092 cry (MeOH) 3893 Dimethylamine N-Methylmethanamine C2H7N 124-40-3 45.084 col gas -92.18 6.88 0.680401.35017vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 3894 Dimethylamine hydrochloride N-Methylmethanamine hydrochloride C2H8ClN 506-59-2 81.545 orth nd (al) 171 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 3895 (Dimethylamino)acetonitrile C4H8N2 926-64-7 84.120 137.5 0.8649201.409520vs H2O, EtOH 3896 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone 4-Acetyl- N,N-dimethylaniline C10H13NO 2124-31-4 163.216 nd (w, peth) 105.5 vs H2O, eth, lig; sl chl 3897 10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10 H- phenothiazineAhistan C16H16N2OS 518-61-6 284.375 cry 144.5 3898 p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene C14H15N3 60-11-7 225.289 ye lf (al) 117 dec i H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth; sl chl, lig 3899 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 4- o-Tolylazo- o-toluidine C14H15N3 97-56-3 225.289 ye lf (al) 102 vs eth, EtOH 3900 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde Ehrlich’s reagent C9H11NO 100-10-7 149.189 lf (w) 74.5 176171.0254100sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 3901 p-(Dimethylamino)benzalrhodanine C12H12N2OS2 536-17-4 264.365 dp red nd (xyl) 270 dec i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth, ctc; s aceNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g19/g28 OO 1,2-DimethoxyethaneO O (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzeneN OO O 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinolineOO 1,1-DimethoxyhexadecaneO O HO O 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenoneOO O 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanoneOO OO 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3 H)-isobenzofuranone OO DimethoxymethaneO O 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzeneO O 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzeneO O 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzeneN O O N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamineHNO O 2,2-Dimethoxy- N-methylethanamineSiO O Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane NO OO O 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzeneNO OO O 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzeneOH O O 2,6-DimethoxyphenolOH O O 3,5-DimethoxyphenolO O O 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanoneOO 1,1-DimethoxypropaneOO 2,2-Dimethoxypropane O O 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propeneO O 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzeneOO OO 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxoleO O 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzeneO O DimethylacetalO N N,N-DimethylacetamideN NH 2 H2NHCl 2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride OO OO Dimethyl adipateOP OPOHO OHO OH 3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphateHN DimethylamineHNHCl Dimethylamine hydrochlorideNN (Dimethylamino)acetonitrileO N 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenoneSNON 10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10 H-phenothiazine NN N p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzeneN NH2N 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzeneO N 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehydeNSNHO S p-(Dimethylamino)benzalrhodanine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g20/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123902 2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid C9H11NO2 610-16-2 165.189 pr, nd (eth) 72 sub vs H2O, eth, EtOH 3903 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid C9H11NO2 99-64-9 165.189 nd (w) 152.5 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth 3904 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid C9H11NO2 619-84-1 165.189 nd (al) 242.5 s EtOH; sl eth 3905 4,4’- DimethylaminobenzophenonimideBrilliant Oil Yellow C17H21N3 492-80-8 267.369 ye or col pl (al) 136 i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth 3906 (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane C4H12BN 1113-30-0 84.956 liq -92 65 vs eth, ace 3907 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3- heptanoneC21H27NO 76-99-3 309.445 99.5 vs EtOH 3908 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3- hexanoneNormethadone C20H25NO 467-85-6 295.419 oily liq 1653 3909 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate C7H13NO2 2439-35-2 143.184 <-60 95500.93820 3910 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 H- indol-5-olBufotenine C12H16N2O 487-93-4 204.267 pr (EtOAc) 146.5 3200.1vs eth, EtOH 3911 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate C8H15NO2 2867-47-2 157.211 636 3912 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol Hordenine C10H15NO 539-15-1 165.232 orth pr (al), nd (w)117.5 17311vs eth, EtOH, chl 3913 N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]- N,N’,N’ - trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamineC9H23N3 3030-47-5 173.299 84121.441325 3914 5-(Dimethylamino)-1- naphthalenesulfonyl chlorideDansyl chloride C12H12ClNO2S 605-65-2 269.747 70 3915 3-(Dimethylamino)phenol C8H11NO 99-07-0 137.179 nd (lig) 86 266.5 1.589526i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 3916 4-(Dimethylamino)phenol C8H11NO 619-60-3 137.179 77 16530sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 3917 [4-(Dimethylamino) phenyl]phenylmethanone4-(Dimethylamino)benzophenone C15H15NO 530-44-9 225.286 ye lf (al) nd (peth)92.5 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s chl, peth 3918 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1- propanone, hydrochlorideC11H16ClNO 879-72-1 213.704 153.5 3919 3-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2- propenal4-(Dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde C11H13NO 6203-18-5 175.227 139.5 3920 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile C5H10N2 1738-25-6 98.146 173 0.870520 3921 2-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol C5H13NO 15521-18-3 103.163 150.3 0.882026s H2O 3922 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol C5H13NO 3179-63-3 103.163 163.5 0.872251.436020s ctc 3923 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-propanol C5H13NO 108-16-7 103.163 124.5 0.837251.419320s ctc 3924 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyne N,N-Dimethyl-2-propargylamine C5H9N 7223-38-3 83.132 80 0.7792201.419520 3925 2-Dimethylaminopurine N,N-Dimethyl-1 H-purin-6-amine C7H9N5 938-55-6 163.180 263 3926 2-( p-Dimethylaminostyryl) benzothiazoleC17H16N2S 1628-58-6 280.387 ye nd (MeOH) 207 dec 3927 2,3-Dimethylaniline 2,3-Xylidine C8H11N 87-59-2 121.180 <-15 221.5 0.9931201.568420sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 3928 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Xylidine C8H11N 95-68-1 121.180 liq -14.3 214 0.9723201.556920sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz 3929 2,5-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Xylidine C8H11N 95-78-3 121.180 ye lf (lig) 15.5 214 0.9790211.559121sl H2O; s eth, ctc 3930 2,6-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Xylidine C8H11N 87-62-7 121.180 11.2 215 0.9842201.561020vs eth, EtOH 3931 3,4-Dimethylaniline 3,4-Xylidine C8H11N 95-64-7 121.180 pl or pr (lig) 51 228 1.07618sl H2O, chl; s eth; vs lig 3932 3,5-Dimethylaniline 3,5-Xylidine C8H11N 108-69-0 121.180 9.8 220.5 0.9706201.558120sl H2O; s eth, ctc 3933 N,2-Dimethylaniline C8H11N 611-21-2 121.180 207.5 0.9709201.564920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 3934 N,3-Dimethylaniline C8H11N 696-44-6 121.180 206.5 0.9660201.555725i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 3935 N,4-Dimethylaniline C8H11N 623-08-5 121.180 210 0.9348551.556820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 3936 N,N-Dimethylaniline C8H11N 121-69-7 121.180 pa ye 2.42 194.15 0.9557201.558220sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl 3937 N,N-Dimethylaniline hydrochloride C8H12ClN 5882-44-0 157.641 hyg pl (w, bz) 90 1.115619vs H2O, EtOH, chl 3938 2,6-Dimethylanisole C9H12O 1004-66-6 136.190 182.5 0.9619141.505314i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g20/g20OO H N 2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acidOO H N 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acidOH O N 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acidNNH N 4,4’-DimethylaminobenzophenonimideNB (Dimethylamino)dimethylboraneON 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanoneN O 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-hexanone NO O 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylateN HN HO 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol-5-olO ON 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylateHON 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenolNNN N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]- N,N’,N’ -trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamineSOOCl N 5-(Dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride OH N 3-(Dimethylamino)phenolOH N 4-(Dimethylamino)phenolO N [4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethanoneNO HCl 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone, hydrochlorideNO 3-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2-propenalNN 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrileOH N 2-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol N OH 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanolN OH 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-propanolN 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyneNN NHNN 2-DimethylaminopurineSN N 2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl)benzothiazoleNH 2 2,3-DimethylanilineNH 2 2,4-DimethylanilineNH 2 2,5-DimethylanilineNH 2 2,6-Dimethylaniline NH 2 3,4-DimethylanilineNH 2 3,5-DimethylanilineNH N,2-DimethylanilineNH N,3-DimethylanilineNH N,4-DimethylanilineN N,N-DimethylanilineN HCl N,N-Dimethylaniline hydrochlorideO 2,6-Dimethylanisole /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g20/g21/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 3939 3,5-Dimethylanisole C9H12O 874-63-5 136.190 194; 89150.9627151.511020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc 3940 9,10-Dimethylanthracene C16H14 781-43-1 206.282 183.6 360.0 i H2O 3941 1,4-Dimethyl-9,10-anthracenedione C16H12O2 1519-36-4 236.265 ye nd (al, sub) 140.5 sub i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, xyl, HOAc 3942 Dimethylarsine C2H7As 593-57-7 105.999 liq, ign in air -136.1 36 1.20829vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3943 Dimethylarsinic acid Cacodylic acid C2H7AsO2 75-60-5 137.998 195 >200 vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth 3944 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde C9H10O 15764-16-6 134.174 liq -9 218 s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl 3945 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde Isoxylaldehyde C9H10O 5779-94-2 134.174 220 0.950020vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, ctc 3946 3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde C9H10O 5779-95-3 134.174 9 221 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3947 N,N-Dimethylbenzamide C9H11NO 611-74-5 149.189 44.8 272.0 3948 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene C20H16 57-97-6 256.341 pa ye pl (al, HOAc)122.5 vs ace, bz 3949 4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine C8H12N2 3171-45-7 136.194 128 3950 N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine C8H12N2 2836-03-5 136.194 oil 218; 90220.99522sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 3951 N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediamine C8H12N2 2836-04-6 136.194 <-20 270; 138100.99525sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 3952 N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamine Dimethyl- p-phenylenediamine C8H12N2 99-98-9 136.194 nd (bz) 53 263 1.03620s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig 3953 2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol C8H10O2 488-87-9 138.164 nd (bz), pr (w) 163 278.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth 3954 2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediol C8H10O2 654-42-2 138.164 nd (xyl), cry (w) 152.3 vs eth, EtOH 3955 N, β-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine Phenylpropylmethylamine C10H15N 93-88-9 149.233 207.5 0.91525vs bz, eth, EtOH 3956 α, α-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine Phentermine C10H15N 122-09-8 149.233 oily liq 205; 10021 3957 α, α-Dimethylbenzenemethanamine C9H13N 585-32-0 135.206 196.5 0.9423201.518125 3958 α,4-Dimethylbenzenemethanol 1-(4-Methylphenyl)ethanol C9H12O 536-50-5 136.190 219 0.9668251.524620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 3959 α, α-Dimethylbenzenemethanol α-Cumyl alcohol C9H12O 617-94-7 136.190 pr 36 202 0.9735201.532520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 3960 α, α-Dimethylbenzenepropanol Benzyl- tert-butanol C11H16O 103-05-9 164.244 nd 24.5 121130.9626211.507721i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 3961 N,4-Dimethylbenzenesulfonamide C8H11NO2S 640-61-9 185.244 pl (dil al) 78.5 1.34025vs eth, EtOH 3962 5,6-Dimethyl-1 H-benzimidazole Dimedazole C9H10N2 582-60-5 146.188 cry (eth) 205.5 sub s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, DMSO 3963 2,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid C9H10O2 611-01-8 150.174 mcl or tcl nd (w)90 268 sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc, tol 3964 2,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid C9H10O2 610-72-0 150.174 nd (al) 132 sub 1.06921i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 3965 2,6-Dimethylbenzoic acid C9H10O2 632-46-2 150.174 nd (lig) 116 274.5; 15517sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth 3966 3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid C9H10O2 619-04-5 150.174 pr (al) 167.3 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 3967 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid Mesitylenic acid C9H10O2 499-06-9 150.174 nd (w, al) 171.1 sub sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 3968 4,4’-Dimethylbenzophenone Bis(4-methylphenyl) ketone C15H14O 611-97-2 210.271 orth (al) 96.5 334 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3969 7,8-Dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine- 2,4(1 H,3H)-dioneLumichrome C12H10N4O2 1086-80-2 242.233 ye cry (chl) 300 sl H2O, EtOH, chl 3970 2,5-Dimethylbenzoxazole C9H9NO 5676-58-4 147.173 218.5 1.0880181.541220s ctc 3971 N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine Dimethylbenzylamine C9H13N 103-83-3 135.206 181 0.91501.501120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3972 N,N-Dimethyl- N’-benzyl-1,2- ethanediamineN-Benzyl- N’,N’-dimethyl-1,2- ethanediamineC11H18N2 103-55-9 178.274 14530, 123110.9343201.508920 3973 N,N-Dimethyl- N’-benzyl- N’-2- pyridinyl-1,2-ethanediamineTripelennamine C16H21N3 91-81-6 255.358 ye oil 1400.11.57625misc H2O 3974 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2- one, (1 R)C9H14O 38651-65-9 138.206 liq -1 209 0.9807201.478720vs eth, EtOH 3975 2,3-Dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-norbornene C9H14 529-16-8 122.207 140.5 0.8698171.468817s eth, ace, bz 3976 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2- ene-2-ethanolC11H18O 128-50-7 166.260 235; 110100.973251.493020s chl 3977 2,2’-Dimethylbiphenyl C14H14 605-39-0 182.261 cry (al) 19.5 256 0.9906201.575220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace 3978 3,3’-Dimethylbiphenyl C14H14 612-75-9 182.261 9 280 0.9995201.594620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g20/g22 O 3,5-Dimethylanisole 9,10-DimethylanthraceneO O 1,4-Dimethyl-9,10-anthracenedioneAsH DimethylarsineO AsOH Dimethylarsinic acidO 2,4-DimethylbenzaldehydeO 2,5-DimethylbenzaldehydeO 3,5-DimethylbenzaldehydeNO N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene NH 2 NH 2 4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamineNH 2N N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamineNH 2N N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediamine/g3 NH 2N N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamineOH OH 2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediolOH OH 2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediolHN N,β-DimethylbenzeneethanamineNH 2 α,α-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine NH 2 α,α-DimethylbenzenemethanamineOH α,4-DimethylbenzenemethanolOH α,α-DimethylbenzenemethanolOH α,α-DimethylbenzenepropanolSO NHO N,4-DimethylbenzenesulfonamideN HN 5,6-Dimethyl-1 H-benzimidazoleOH O 2,4-Dimethylbenzoic acidOH O 2,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid OH O 2,6-Dimethylbenzoic acidOH O 3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acidOH O 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acidO 4,4’-DimethylbenzophenoneNN N HNHO O 7,8-Dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1 H,3H)-dioneON 2,5-DimethylbenzoxazoleN N,N-DimethylbenzylamineN HN N,N-Dimethyl- N’-benzyl-1,2-ethanediamine NNN N,N-Dimethyl- N’-benzyl- N’-2-pyridinyl-1,2-ethanediamine/g3O 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-one, (1 R) 2,3-Dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-eneOH 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-ethanol 2,2’-Dimethylbiphenyl 3,3’-Dimethylbiphenyl /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g20/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g123979 4,4’-Dimethylbiphenyl C14H14 613-33-2 182.261 mcl pr (eth) 125 295 0.917121i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS2 3980 4,4’-Dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridine C12H12N2 1134-35-6 184.236 171.5 s chl 3981 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene Diisopropenyl C6H10 513-81-5 82.143 liq -76 68.8 0.7222251.439420s ctc 3982 N,N-Dimethylbutanamide C6H13NO 760-79-2 115.173 liq -40 186; 1251000.9064251.439125vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 3983 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanamine C6H15N 3850-30-4 101.190 liq -20 102 0.7668201.410525vs H2O 3984 2,2-Dimethylbutane Neohexane C6H14 75-83-2 86.175 liq -98.8 49.73 0.6444251.368820i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc 3985 2,3-Dimethylbutane C6H14 79-29-8 86.175 liq -128.10 57.93 0.6616201.375020i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc 3986 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-butanediol Pinacol C6H14O2 76-09-5 118.174 nd (al,eth) 43.32 174.4 sl H2O, CS2; vs EtOH, eth 3987 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol C6H14S 1639-01-6 118.240 liq 126.1 3988 2,2-Dimethylbutanoic acid C6H12O2 595-37-9 116.158 liq -14 186 0.9276201.414520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 3989 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol C6H14O 1185-33-7 102.174 <-15 136.5 0.8283201.420820sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 3990 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol C6H14O 624-95-3 102.174 liq -60 143 0.844151.432315sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 3991 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol C6H14O 594-60-5 102.174 liq -14 118.4 0.8236201.417620s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 3992 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±) C6H14O 20281-91-8 102.174 5.6 120.4 0.8122251.414820sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 3993 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Pinacolone C6H12O 75-97-8 100.158 liq -52.5 106.1 0.7229251.395220sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 3994 3,3-Dimethylbutanoyl chloride C6H11ClO 7065-46-5 134.603 130; 681000.969201.421020vs eth 3995 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene C6H12 563-78-0 84.159 liq -157.3 55.6 0.6803201.399520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, CS2 3996 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene C6H12 558-37-2 84.159 liq -115.2 41.2 0.6529201.376320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl 3997 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene C6H12 563-79-1 84.159 liq -74.19 73.3 0.7080201.412220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 3998 N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N’-phenyl-1,4- benzenediamineC18H24N2 793-24-8 268.397 46 1641 3999 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne tert-Butylacetylene C6H10 917-92-0 82.143 liq -78.2 37.7 0.6623251.373620 4000 Dimethyl 2-butynedioate C6H6O4 762-42-5 142.110 dec 197; 98201.1564201.443420s EtOH, eth, ctc 4001 Dimethyl cadmium C2H6Cd 506-82-1 142.480 -4.5 105.5 (exp 150)1.9846181.5488 s peth 4002 Dimethylcarbamic chloride Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride C3H6ClNO 79-44-7 107.539 liq -33 167 1.168251.454020 4003 Dimethylcarbamothioic chloride C3H6ClNS 16420-13-6 123.605 pr 42.5 9810vs eth; s chl, peth 4004 Dimethyl carbate C11H14O4 39589-98-5 210.227 cry 38 13712.51.164211.485220i H2O 4005 Dimethyl carbonate Methyl carbonate C3H6O3 616-38-6 90.078 0.5 90.5 1.0636251.368720i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 4006 Dimethylcyanamide C3H6N2 1467-79-4 70.093 163.5 1.408919vs ace, eth, EtOH 4007 2,3-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 1,4-dioneC8H8O2 526-86-3 136.149 ye nd 55 sub sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4008 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 1,4-dioneC8H8O2 137-18-8 136.149 ye nd (al) 126.0 sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz, chl 4009 2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 1,4-dioneC8H8O2 527-61-7 136.149 ye nd 72.5 sub 1.047928s chl 4010 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 590-66-9 112.213 liq -33.3 119.6 0.7809201.429020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; msc ctc 4011 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 2207-01-4 112.213 liq -49.8 129.8 0.7963201.436020i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; msc eth, ace 4012 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 6876-23-9 112.213 liq -88.15 123.5 0.7760201.427020i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz; vs lig 4013 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 638-04-0 112.213 liq -75.53 120.1 0.7660201.422920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 4014 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 2207-03-6 112.213 liq -90.07 124.5 0.79151.428425No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g20/g244,4’-DimethylbiphenylN N 4,4’-Dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridine 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadieneNO N,N-DimethylbutanamideNH 2 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-DimethylbutaneHO OH 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-butanediolSH 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiolOH O 2,2-Dimethylbutanoic acidOH 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanolOH 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol OH 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanolOH 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±)O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanoneCl O 3,3-Dimethylbutanoyl chloride 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-buteneN HH N N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N’-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyneOO O O Dimethyl 2-butynedioateCd Dimethyl cadmiumO NC l Dimethylcarbamic chloride S NC l Dimethylcarbamothioic chlorideOOOO Dimethyl carbateO OO Dimethyl carbonateNN DimethylcyanamideO O 2,3-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneOO 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione OO 2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g20/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124015 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 624-29-3 112.213 liq -87.39 124.4 0.7829201.423020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 4016 trans -1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 2207-04-7 112.213 liq -36.93 119.4 0.77151.418525i H2O 4017 Dimethyl trans -1,4- cyclohexanedicarboxylateC10H16O4 3399-22-2 200.232 ndl (eth) 71 s eth 4018 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione 5,5-Dimethyldihydroresorcinol C8H12O2 126-81-8 140.180 nd (w) 150 dec sl H2O, eth; s ace, ctc; vs chl, HOAc 4019 N, α-Dimethylcyclohexaneethanamine Propylhexedrine C10H21N 101-40-6 155.281 205; 82100.8501201.460020vs EtOH 4020 3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8H16O 767-12-4 128.212 11.5 185; 99.5350.9128141.460615 4021 2,2-Dimethylcyclohexanone C8H14O 1193-47-1 126.196 liq -20.5 172 0.9145201.448620 4022 2,6-Dimethylcyclohexanone C8H14O 2816-57-1 126.196 175 0.925251.446020 4023 3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanone C8H14O 2979-19-3 126.196 180; 72250.909151.448217 4024 4,4-Dimethylcyclohexanone C8H14O 4255-62-3 126.196 39 73140.932201.453724 4025 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene C8H14 1674-10-8 110.197 liq -84.1 138 0.8220251.462020 4026 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene C8H14 2808-76-6 110.197 127 0.799251.44920 4027 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one C8H12O 1123-09-7 124.180 208.5 0.9400201.481220s EtOH, eth 4028 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane C7H14 1638-26-2 98.186 liq -69.8 87.5 0.7499251.413620 4029 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane C7H14 1192-18-3 98.186 liq -54 99.5 0.7680251.422220 4030 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane C7H14 822-50-4 98.186 liq -117.6 91.9 0.7468251.412020 4031 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane C7H14 2532-58-3 98.186 liq -133.7 90.8 0.7402251.408920 4032 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane C7H14 1759-58-6 98.186 liq -134 91.7 0.7443251.410720 4033 N,α- DimethylcyclopentaneethanamineCyclopentamine C9H19N 102-45-4 141.254 171 1.450020 4034 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene C7H12 765-47-9 96.170 liq -90.4 105.8 0.7928251.444820 4035 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene C7H12 16491-15-9 96.170 liq -118 99 0.780201.433120 4036 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane C5H10 1630-94-0 70.133 vol liq or gas -109 20.6 0.6604201.366820i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, sulf 4037 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane C5H10 930-18-7 70.133 liq -140.9 37.0 0.6889251.382920i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc 4038 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane C5H10 2402-06-4 70.133 vol liq or gas -149.6 28.2 0.6648251.371320vs eth, EtOH 4039 Dimethyldecylamine N,N-Dimethyl-1-decanamine C12H27N 1120-24-7 185.349 234.5 4040 Dimethyldiacetoxysilane Bis(acetyloxy)dimethylsilane C6H12O4Si 2182-66-3 176.243 liq -12.5 165 1.0540201.403020 4041 trans -Dimethyldiazene Azomethane C2H6N2 4143-41-3 58.082 gas -78 1.5 0.74301.419919vs ace, EtOH, eth; s ctc, hp 4042 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione Meldrum’s acid C6H8O4 2033-24-1 144.126 94 4043 cis-3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5- dioneC6H8O4 4511-42-6 144.126 orth (eth) 96.8 15025 4044 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4- methanolIsopropylidene glycerol C6H12O3 100-79-8 132.157 82101.064201.438320 4045 Dimethyldiphenoxysilane C14H16O2Si 3440-02-6 244.362 -23 13151.0599251.533020 4046 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutane Dicumene C18H22 1889-67-4 238.368 cry (MeOH) 119.5 4047 3,3’-Dimethyldiphenylmethane 4,4’- diisocyanateC17H14N2O2 139-25-3 278.305 s chl 4048 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10- phenanthrolineC26H20N2 4733-39-5 360.450 280 dec 4049 Dimethyldiphenylsilane C14H16Si 778-24-5 212.363 277; 173450.9867201.564420 4050 N,N’-Dimethyl- N,N’-diphenylurea C15H16N2O 611-92-7 240.300 pl (al) 122 350 vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS2 4051 Dimethyl disulfide Methyl disulfide C2H6S2 624-92-0 94.199 liq -84.67 109.74 1.0625201.528920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 4052 O,O-Dimethyl dithiophosphate O,O-Dimethyl phosphorodithionate C2H7O2PS2 756-80-9 158.180 liq 5641.2920 4053 N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine oxide C14H31NO 1643-20-5 229.402 hyg nd (tol) 130.5No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g20/g26 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans -1,4-DimethylcyclohexaneO O OO Dimethyl trans -1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylateO O 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedioneNH N,α-Dimethylcyclohexaneethanamin eOH 3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanol O 2,2-DimethylcyclohexanoneO 2,6-DimethylcyclohexanoneO 3,3-DimethylcyclohexanoneO 4,4-Dimethylcyclohexanone 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene 1,3-DimethylcyclohexeneO 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans -1,3-DimethylcyclopentaneH N N,α-Dimethylcyclopentaneethanamin e 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane trans -1,2-DimethylcyclopropaneN DimethyldecylamineO SiOO O DimethyldiacetoxysilaneNN trans -Dimethyldiazene OOO O 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dioneOO OO cis-3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dioneOO HO 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanolSiOO Dimethyldiphenoxysilane 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutaneN NC CO O 3,3’-Dimethyldiphenylmethane 4,4’-diisocyanate NN 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolineSi DimethyldiphenylsilaneN NO N,N’-Dimethyl- N,N’-diphenylureaSS Dimethyl disulfideS POO SH O,O-Dimethyl dithiophosphateNO N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine oxide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g20/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124054 1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane C8H12 2819-48-9 108.181 127; 60900.8361201.471825i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace 4055 N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine C4H12N2 108-00-9 88.151 104 0.803251.426020 4056 N,N’-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine C4H12N2 110-70-3 88.151 120 0.82815s EtOH, eth, dil HCl 4057 N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Deanol C4H11NO 108-01-0 89.136 liq -59 134 0.8866201.430020msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 4058 Dimethyl ether Methyl ether C2H6O 115-10-6 46.068 col gas -141.5 -24.8 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl bz 4059 (1,1-Dimethylethoxy)benzene C10H14O 6669-13-2 150.217 liq -24 185.5 0.921420 4060 [(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)methyl]oxirane C7H14O2 7665-72-7 130.185 liq -70 152 0.89820 4061 N,N-Dimethylformamide DMF C3H7NO 68-12-2 73.094 liq -60.48 153 0.9445251.430520msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig 4062 Dimethyl fumarate C6H8O4 624-49-7 144.126 103.5 193 1.37201.4062111i H2O; s ace, chl 4063 2,5-Dimethylfuran C6H8O 625-86-5 96.127 liq -62.8 93 0.8883201.436320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl 4064 3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione C6H6O3 766-39-2 126.110 pl or lf (dil al) 96 223 1.107100sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4065 Dimethyl germanium sulfide C2H6GeS 16090-49-6 134.77 col cry 54.5 302 4066 Dimethyl glutarate C7H12O4 1119-40-0 160.168 liq -42.5 214; 109211.0876201.424220vs EtOH, eth; s chl 4067 N,N-Dimethylglycine C4H9NO2 1118-68-9 103.120 hyg nd (PrOH) 185.5 vs H2O, MeOH; s EtOH, eth, ace 4068 Dimethylglyoxime C4H8N2O2 95-45-4 116.119 nd (to or dil al) 245.5 sub 234 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, tol 4069 2,6-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene C9H16 6709-39-3 124.223 liq -70 143 0.764825 4070 2,2-Dimethylheptane C9H20 1071-26-7 128.255 liq -113 132.7 0.7105201.401620i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz 4071 2,3-Dimethylheptane C9H20 3074-71-3 128.255 liq -116 140.5 0.7260201.408820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl 4072 2,4-Dimethylheptane C9H20 2213-23-2 128.255 132.9 0.7115251.403420i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, peth 4073 2,5-Dimethylheptane C9H20 2216-30-0 128.255 136 0.7198201.403320vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 4074 2,6-Dimethylheptane C9H20 1072-05-5 128.255 liq -102.9 135.2 0.7089201.401120sl chl 4075 3,3-Dimethylheptane C9H20 4032-86-4 128.255 137.3 0.7254201.408720i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz 4076 3,4-Dimethylheptane C9H20 922-28-1 128.255 140.6 0.7314201.410820i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz 4077 3,5-Dimethylheptane C9H20 926-82-9 128.255 136 0.7225201.408320i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz 4078 4,4-Dimethylheptane C9H20 1068-19-5 128.255 135.2 0.7221201.407620i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz 4079 Dimethyl heptanedioate Dimethyl pimelate C9H16O4 1732-08-7 188.221 -21 12010, 8011.0625201.430920sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 4080 2,6-Dimethyl-2-heptanol C9H20O 13254-34-7 144.254 173 0.8186201.424220 4081 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol Diisobutylcarbinol C9H20O 108-82-7 144.254 174.5 0.8114201.424220i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 4082 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol C9H20O 19549-79-2 144.254 186 0.836181.428320sl H2O 4083 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Diisobutyl ketone C9H18O 108-83-8 142.238 liq -41.5 169.4 0.8062201.41221i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 4084 2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal C9H16O 106-72-9 140.222 oil 120100 4085 N,6-Dimethyl-5-hepten-2-amine Isometheptene C9H19N 503-01-5 141.254 177 vs eth, EtOH 4086 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene C8H14 627-58-7 110.197 liq -75.6 114.3 0.743201.4399521i H2O; s ace, chl 4087 2,5-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene C8H14 764-13-6 110.197 14 134.5 0.7577251.478520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4088 2,2-Dimethylhexane C8H18 590-73-8 114.229 liq -121.1 106.86 0.6953201.393520vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 4089 2,3-Dimethylhexane C8H18 584-94-1 114.229 115.62 0.6912251.401120vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig 4090 2,4-Dimethylhexane C8H18 589-43-5 114.229 109.5 0.6962251.392925 4091 2,5-Dimethylhexane C8H18 592-13-2 114.229 liq -91 109.12 0.6901251.392520i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth 4092 3,3-Dimethylhexane C8H18 563-16-6 114.229 liq -126.1 111.97 0.7100201.400120i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz 4093 3,4-Dimethylhexane C8H18 583-48-2 114.229 117.73 0.7151251.404120i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g20/g28 1,2-DimethylenecyclohexaneH2NN N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamineHNNH N,N’-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamineNOH N,N-DimethylethanolamineO Dimethyl etherO (1,1-Dimethylethoxy)benzene O O [(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)methyl]oxiraneO N N,N-DimethylformamideOO OO Dimethyl fumarateO 2,5-DimethylfuranOO O 3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandioneGeS Dimethyl germanium sulfide O OO O Dimethyl glutarateO OHN N,N-DimethylglycineHON NOH Dimethylglyoxime 2,6-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,3-Dimethylheptane 2,4-Dimethylheptane 2,5-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane 3,3-Dimethylheptane 3,4-Dimethylheptane 3,5-Dimethylheptane 4,4-DimethylheptaneO OO O Dimethyl heptanedioate OH 2,6-Dimethyl-2-heptanolOH 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanolOH 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanolO 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanoneO 2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenalNH N,6-Dimethyl-5-hepten-2-amine 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene 2,5-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g21/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124094 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine C8H20N2 23578-35-0 144.258 184; 6380.8485151.445920 4095 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol 1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,4-butanediol C8H18O2 110-03-2 146.228 pr (AcOEt) fl (peth)88.50 214 0.89820s H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl 4096 2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol C8H18O 2370-13-0 130.228 9529 4097 2,3-Dimethyl-1-hexene C8H16 16746-86-4 112.213 110.5 0.7172251.411320 4098 5,5-Dimethyl-1-hexene C8H16 7116-86-1 112.213 104 0.705251.404920 4099 2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene C8H16 7145-20-2 112.213 liq -115.1 121.8 0.7366251.426820 4100 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene C8H16 3404-78-2 112.213 112.2 0.7182201.414020 4101 cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene C8H16 690-92-6 112.213 liq -137.4 105.5 0.7086251.409920 4102 trans -2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene C8H16 690-93-7 112.213 100.8 0.6995251.406320 4103 3,5-Dimethyl-1-hexen-3-ol C8H16O 3329-48-4 128.212 146.5 0.8382201.434220 4104 1-(1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4- methylbenzene α-Curcumene C15H22 644-30-4 202.336 140190.8805201.498920i H2O; s bz 4105 2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol C8H14O2 142-30-3 142.196 95 205 0.94720s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 4106 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine C2H8N2 57-14-7 60.098 liq, fumes in air -57.20 63.9 0.791221.407522vs H2O, EtOH, eth, MeOH 4107 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine C2H8N2 540-73-8 60.098 fumes (air) -8.9 81 0.8274201.420920msc H2O, EtOH, eth 4108 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochlorideC2H10Cl2N2 306-37-6 133.019 pr (w) 170 dec vs H2O, EtOH 4109 Dimethyl hydrogen phosphate Dimethyl phosphate C2H7O4P 813-78-5 126.048 dec 174 1.3225201.40825vs H2O, ace, EtOH 4110 Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite C2H7O3P 868-85-9 110.049 170.5 1.2002201.403620s EtOH, py; sl ctc 4111 1,2-Dimethyl-1 H-imidazole C5H8N2 1739-84-0 96.131 206 1.005111vs H2O, eth, EtOH 4112 2,4-Dimethyl-1 H-imidazole C5H8N2 930-62-1 96.131 92 267 4113 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione C5H8N2O2 77-71-4 128.130 pr (dil al) 178 sub vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s DMSO 4114 1,1-Dimethylindan C11H14 4912-92-9 146.229 191 0.919201.513525 4115 1,3-Dimethyl-1 H-indole C10H11N 875-30-9 145.201 nd 142 258.5 s eth 4116 2,3-Dimethyl-1 H-indole C10H11N 91-55-4 145.201 107.5 287 4117 N,N-Dimethyl-1 H-indole-3- ethanamineN,N-Dimethyltryptamine C12H16N2 61-50-7 188.268 46 4118 N,N-Dimethyl-1 H-indole-3- methanamineGramine C11H14N2 87-52-5 174.242 nd or pl (ace) 138.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i peth 4119 Dimethyl isophthalate C10H10O4 1459-93-4 194.184 nd(dil al) 67.5 282 1.194201.516820sl H2O 4120 1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene Guaiazulene C15H18 489-84-9 198.304 bl-viol pl (al) 31.5 167120.97320s EtOH, eth, AcOEt 4121 1,6-Dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene Cadalene C15H18 483-78-3 198.304 294; 149100.9667251.578525vs oils 4122 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane C10H22 13475-79-1 142.282 liq -81.7 157.1 0.7545251.424620 4123 3,5-Dimethylisoxazole C5H7NO 300-87-8 97.116 143 0.99251.442120 4124 Dimethylmagnesium Magnesium dimethyl C2H6Mg 2999-74-8 54.374 solid 220 dec subl 4125 Dimethyl maleate Methyl cis-butenedioate C6H8O4 624-48-6 144.126 liq -19 202 1.1606201.441620sl H2O, lig; s eth, ctc 4126 Dimethyl malonate Methyl malonate C5H8O4 108-59-8 132.116 liq -61.9 181.4 1.528201.413520sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s chl 4127 Dimethylmalonic acid Dimethylpropanedioc acid C5H8O4 595-46-0 132.116 pr (bz/peth) 192.5 subl s hot H2O 4128 Dimethyl mercury C2H6Hg 593-74-8 230.66 93 3.17251.545220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 4129 Dimethyl cis-2-methyl-2- butenedioateDimethyl citraconate C7H10O4 617-54-9 158.152 210.5 1.1153201.447320vs ace, eth, EtOH 4130 Dimethyl methylenesuccinate C7H10O4 617-52-7 158.152 hyg mcl (MeOH)38 208 1.1241181.445720s EtOH, eth, MeOH; vs ace 4131 Dimethyl methylmalonate C6H10O4 609-02-9 146.141 174 1.0977201.412820vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 4132 Dimethyl methylphosphonate C3H9O3P 756-79-6 124.075 181; 79.5201.1684201.409930s H2O, EtOH, ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g21/g20 H2N NH 2 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamineHO OH 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediolOH 2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol 2,3-Dimethyl-1-hexene 5,5-Dimethyl-1-hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans -2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexeneOH 3,5-Dimethyl-1-hexen-3-ol 1-(1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methylbenzeneHO OH 2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diolNH 2 N 1,1-DimethylhydrazineNHHN 1,2-DimethylhydrazineNHHN 2 HCl 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride PO OHO O Dimethyl hydrogen phosphatePOOO H Dimethyl hydrogen phosphiteNN 1,2-Dimethyl-1 H-imidazoleN N H 2,4-Dimethyl-1 H-imidazoleN HNHO O 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione 1,1-DimethylindanN 1,3-Dimethyl-1 H-indoleN H 2,3-Dimethyl-1 H-indole NHN N,N-Dimethyl-1 H-indole-3-ethanamineN HN N,N-Dimethyl-1 H-indole-3-methanamineO OOO Dimethyl isophthalate 1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene 1,6-Dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentaneO N 3,5-Dimethylisoxazole Mg DimethylmagnesiumOOO O Dimethyl maleateO OO O Dimethyl malonateO HO OHO Dimethylmalonic acidHg Dimethyl mercuryOOO O Dimethyl cis-2-methyl-2-butenedioateOO O O Dimethyl methylenesuccinateOO O O Dimethyl methylmalonateO POO Dimethyl methylphosphonate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g21/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124133 trans -2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1- propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylicacidC 10H16O2 4638-92-0 168.233 pr 20.0 245 vs eth, EtOH, chl 4134 Dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate C7H12O4 1604-11-1 160.168 196 1.076251.420020 4135 Dimethyl p-(methylthio)phenyl phosphateC9H13O4PS 3254-63-5 248.235 liq 1.27321sl H2O; s ace, EtOH, diox, ctc, xyl 4136 2,6-Dimethylmorpholine C6H13NO 141-91-3 115.173 liq -88 146.6 0.9329201.446020msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace; sl chl 4137 Dimethyl morpholinophosphoramidateDimethyl 4-morpholinylphosphonate C6H14NO4P 597-25-1 195.153 liq 961 4138 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene C12H12 573-98-8 156.223 0.8 266.5 1.0179201.616620i H2O; s eth, bz 4139 1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene C12H12 575-41-7 156.223 liq -6 263 1.0144201.614020i H2O; s eth, bz 4140 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene C12H12 571-58-4 156.223 7.6 268 1.0166201.612720i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc 4141 1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene C12H12 571-61-9 156.223 82 265 i H2O; vs bz, eth 4142 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene C12H12 575-43-9 156.223 liq -16.9 264 1.0021201.616620i H2O; s eth, bz 4143 1,7-Dimethylnaphthalene C12H12 575-37-1 156.223 liq -13.9 263 1.0115201.608320i H2O; s eth, bz 4144 1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene C12H12 569-41-5 156.223 65 270 1.00320i H2O; s eth, bz 4145 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene Guajen C12H12 581-40-8 156.223 lf (al) 105 268 1.003201.506020i H2O; vs bz, eth 4146 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene C12H12 581-42-0 156.223 112 262 1.00320i H2O 4147 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene C12H12 582-16-1 156.223 97 265 1.00320 4148 N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine C12H13N 86-56-6 171.238 viol flr cry 250; 140131.0423201.62415i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 4149 N,N-Dimethyl-2-naphthylamine C12H13N 2436-85-3 171.238 dk red nd 52.5 305 1.0279601.644353i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4150 N,N-Dimethyl-2-nitroaniline C8H10N2O2 610-17-3 166.177 ye-oran -20 146201.1794201.610220s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, chl 4151 N,N-Dimethyl-3-nitroaniline C8H10N2O2 619-31-8 166.177 red mcl pr (eth) 60.5 282.5 1.31317i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4152 N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroaniline C8H10N2O2 100-23-2 166.177 ye nd (al) 164.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc 4153 1,2-Dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene C8H9NO2 83-41-0 151.163 nd (al) 15 240 1.1402201.544120i H2O; s EtOH, ctc 4154 1,2-Dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene 4-Nitro- o-xylene C8H9NO2 99-51-4 151.163 ye pr (al) 30.5 251; 143211.112151.520220i H2O; msc EtOH 4155 1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene C8H9NO2 81-20-9 151.163 15 226 1.112151.520220i H2O; vs EtOH; s ctc 4156 1,3-Dimethyl-5-nitrobenzene C8H9NO2 99-12-7 151.163 nd (al) 75 274 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 4157 1,4-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene C8H9NO2 89-58-7 151.163 pa ye liq -25 240.5 1.132151.541320i H2O; s EtOH 4158 2,4-Dimethyl-1-nitrobenzene C8H9NO2 89-87-2 151.163 9 247; 122181.135151.547325i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl 4159 1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro-1 H-imidazole Dimetridazole C5H7N3O2 551-92-8 141.129 nd (w) 138.5 vs eth, EtOH 4160 N,N-Dimethyl-4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl) ethenyl]anilineC16H16N2O2 4584-57-0 268.310 258.3 4161 N,4-Dimethyl- N- nitrosobenzenesulfonamidep-Tolylsulfonylmethylnitrosamide C8H10N2O3S 80-11-5 214.241 cry 60 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 4162 Dimethyl nonanedioate Methyl azelate C11H20O4 1732-10-1 216.275 -0.8 156201.0082201.436720i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, ctc 4163 6,6-Dimethyl-2-norpinene-2- carboxaldehydeMyrtenal C10H14O 564-94-3 150.217 unstab oil 9915 4164 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal C10H16O 106-26-3 152.233 120200.8869201.486920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 4165 trans -3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal C10H16O 141-27-5 152.233 229 0.8888201.489820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 4166 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadiene Citronellene C10H18 2436-90-0 138.250 0.7601201.436220 4167 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid Geranic acid C10H16O2 459-80-3 168.233 oil 4168 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol Nerol C10H18O 106-25-2 154.249 <-15 225; 125250.8756201.474620vs EtOH 4169 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetateC12H20O2 141-12-8 196.286 13425, 9330.905151.45220No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g21/g22OH O trans -2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acidOO OO Dimethyl 2-methylsuccinateO SPO OO Dimethyl p-(methylthio)phenyl phosphateH N O 2,6-DimethylmorpholineONPOOO Dimethyl morpholinophosphoramidate 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,7-DimethylnaphthaleneN N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamineN N,N-Dimethyl-2-naphthylamineN NOO N,N-Dimethyl-2-nitroanilineN NO O N,N-Dimethyl-3-nitroaniline N NOO N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroanilineNO O 1,2-Dimethyl-3-nitrobenzeneNOO 1,2-Dimethyl-4-nitrobenzeneNOO 1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzeneNO O 1,3-Dimethyl-5-nitrobenzeneNOO 1,4-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzeneNO O 2,4-Dimethyl-1-nitrobenzene NN NO O 1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro-1 H-imidazoleNNOO N,N-Dimethyl-4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethenyl]anilineS NNOO OO N,4-Dimethyl- N-nitrosobenzenesulfonamideO OO O Dimethyl nonanedioateO 6,6-Dimethyl-2-norpinene-2-carboxaldehyde O cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienalO trans -3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadieneOHO 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acidOH cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-olOO cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g21/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124170 trans -3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol formateC11H18O2 105-86-2 182.260 dec 229; 113250.9086251.465920i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace 4171 2,2-Dimethyloctane C10H22 15869-87-1 142.282 155 0.7208251.408220 4172 2,3-Dimethyloctane C10H22 7146-60-3 142.282 164.3 0.7377201.414620 4173 2,4-Dimethyloctane C10H22 4032-94-4 142.282 156 0.7226251.409120 4174 2,5-Dimethyloctane C10H22 15869-89-3 142.282 158.5 0.7264251.411220 4175 2,6-Dimethyloctane C10H22 2051-30-1 142.282 160.4 0.7313201.409720 4176 2,7-Dimethyloctane C10H22 1072-16-8 142.282 liq -54.9 159.9 0.7202251.408620s eth, HOAc 4177 3,4-Dimethyloctane C10H22 15869-92-8 142.282 163.4 0.7410251.418220 4178 3,6-Dimethyloctane C10H22 15869-94-0 142.282 160.8 0.7324251.413920 4179 Dimethyl octanedioate Dimethyl suberate C10H18O4 1732-09-8 202.248 liq -1.6 268 1.0217201.434120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 4180 3,7-Dimethyl-1,7-octanediol C10H22O2 107-74-4 174.281 265 0.937201.459920sl bz, tol 4181 2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid C10H20O2 29662-90-6 172.265 14013 4182 2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol C10H22O 2370-14-1 158.281 liq 97 0.8420 4183 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octanol C10H22O 106-21-8 158.281 212.5 0.832251.43825s eth 4184 2,6-Dimethyl-2-octanol Tetrahydromyrcenol C10H22O 18479-57-7 158.281 80.5100.8023251.422025 4185 3,6-Dimethyl-3-octanol C10H22O 151-19-9 158.281 liq -67.5 202.2 0.8347221.437020 4186 3,7-Dimethyl-3-octanol C10H22O 78-69-3 158.281 205.1 0.826251.43325 4187 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene cis-β-Ocimene C10H16 3338-55-4 136.234 0.79920 4188 trans -3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene trans -β-Ocimene C10H16 3779-61-1 136.234 0.79920 4189 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene α-Ocimene C10H16 502-99-8 136.234 dec 177 0.8000201.486220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc 4190 cis,cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene cis-allo-Ocimene C10H16 17202-20-9 136.234 liq 4191 trans ,trans -2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6- octatrienetrans -allo-Ocimene C10H16 3016-19-1 136.234 liq -35.4 188; 91200.8118201.544620 4192 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal Citronellal C10H18O 106-23-0 154.249 nd or orth cry 207.5 0.853201.447320sl H2O; s EtOH 4193 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octene C10H20 4984-01-4 140.266 col liq 154 0.7396201.421220 4194 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acid Citronellic acid C10H18O2 502-47-6 170.249 257; 157230.923421 4195 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, ( R) Citronellol, (+) C10H20O 1117-61-9 156.265 oil 224; 108100.8550201.456520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 4196 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, ( S) Citronellol, (-) C10H20O 7540-51-4 156.265 oil 224; 108100.859181.457618vs eth, EtOH 4197 3,7-Dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol, ( S) Rhodinol C10H20O 6812-78-8 156.265 114120.8549201.455620vs eth, EtOH 4198 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-3-ol C10H20O 18479-51-1 156.265 94140.8695151.456915 4199 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, acetate Citronellol acetate C12H22O2 150-84-5 198.302 11510 4200 Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea 4,5-Dihydroxy-1,3- bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-imidazolidinoneC 5H10N2O5 1854-26-8 178.143 hyg cry 4201 Dimethyl oxalate C4H6O4 553-90-2 118.089 mcl tab 54.8 163.5 1.1716601.37982sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 4202 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione Dimethadione C5H7NO3 695-53-4 129.115 76.5 4203 3,3-Dimethyloxetane C5H10O 6921-35-3 86.132 80.6 0.834251.396520 4204 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxetanone C5H8O2 1955-45-9 100.117 5815 4205 2,2-Dimethyloxirane 2-Methyl-1,2-epoxypropane C4H8O 558-30-5 72.106 52 0.8112201.371222s EtOH, eth 4206 cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane C4H8O 1758-33-4 72.106 liq -80 60 0.8226251.380220vs eth, ace, bz 4207 trans -2,3-Dimethyloxirane C4H8O 6189-41-9 72.106 liq -85 56.5 0.8010251.373620vs eth, ace, bz 4208 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxobutanoic acid C6H10O3 815-17-8 130.141 90.5 189; 8015sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, CS2 4209 N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-2- propenamideDiacetone acrylamide C9H15NO2 2873-97-4 169.221 s chl 4210 Dimethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate Dimethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate C7H10O5 1830-54-2 174.151 15025, 770.61.185251.443420No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g21/g24O O trans -3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol formate 2,2-Dimethyloctane 2,3-Dimethyloctane 2,4-Dimethyloctane 2,5-Dimethyloctane 2,6-Dimethyloctane 2,7-Dimethyloctane 3,4-Dimethyloctane 3,6-DimethyloctaneOO O O Dimethyl octanedioateOH HO 3,7-Dimethyl-1,7-octanediolOHO 2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acidOH 2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol OH 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octanolOH 2,6-Dimethyl-2-octanolHO 3,6-Dimethyl-3-octanolHO 3,7-Dimethyl-3-octanol cis-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene trans -3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene cis,cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene trans ,trans -2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatrieneO 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octeneOH O 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acidOH 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, ( R) OH 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, ( S)OH 3,7-Dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol, ( S)HO 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-3-olO O 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, acetateNHO HO OHOOH DimethyloldihydroxyethyleneureaO OOO Dimethyl oxalateN OO OH 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione O 3,3-DimethyloxetaneOO 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxetanoneO 2,2-DimethyloxiraneO cis-2,3-DimethyloxiraneO trans -2,3-DimethyloxiraneO OH O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxobutanoic acidH N OO N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-2-propenamideO OOO O Dimethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g21/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124211 2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene C7H12 1000-86-8 96.170 liq -114 93.2 0.7343231.439023 4212 N,N-Dimethylpentanamide C7H15NO 6225-06-5 129.200 -51 1411000.8962251.441925vs H2O, eth, EtOH 4213 2,2-Dimethylpentane C7H16 590-35-2 100.202 liq -123.7 79.2 0.6739201.382220i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl 4214 2,3-Dimethylpentane C7H16 565-59-3 100.202 89.78 0.6908251.389425i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl 4215 2,4-Dimethylpentane C7H16 108-08-7 100.202 liq -119.2 80.49 0.6727201.381520i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl, hp 4216 3,3-Dimethylpentane C7H16 562-49-2 100.202 liq -134.4 86.06 0.6936201.390920i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl 4217 3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid anhydrideDihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2 H-pyran- 2,6(3 H)-dioneC7H10O3 4160-82-1 142.152 125.8 18125, 15620 4218 3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid C7H12O4 4839-46-7 160.168 mcl pl, nd (bz) 103.5 126415, 8921.427820vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz; i lig 4219 2,2-Dimethylpentanoic acid C7H14O2 1185-39-3 130.185 liq 9890.918920 4220 2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol C7H16O 2370-12-9 116.201 s chl 4221 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol C7H16O 4911-70-0 116.201 0.80420sl H2O 4222 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol C7H16O 625-06-9 116.201 <-20 133.1 0.8103201.417220sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 4223 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol C7H16O 3970-62-5 116.201 liq -2.5 135 0.8253201.422320i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4224 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol C7H16O 595-41-5 116.201 <-30 139.7 0.833201.428720sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth 4225 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol C7H16O 600-36-2 116.201 <-70 138.7 0.8288201.425020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 4226 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanone C7H14O 590-50-1 114.185 liq -64 126 0.809251.403620 4227 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone C7H14O 564-04-5 114.185 liq -45 125.6 0.8125201.406520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 4228 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Diisopropyl ketone C7H14O 565-80-0 114.185 liq -69 125.4 0.8108201.399920sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc 4229 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene C7H14 3404-72-6 98.186 liq -134.3 84.3 0.7051201.403320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs dil sulf 4230 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene C7H14 2213-32-3 98.186 liq -124.1 81.6 0.6943201.398620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl 4231 3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene C7H14 3404-73-7 98.186 liq -134.3 77.5 0.6974201.398420i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 4232 3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene C7H14 7385-78-6 98.186 80.8 0.6934251.399220 4233 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene C7H14 762-62-9 98.186 liq -136.6 72.5 0.6827201.381820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl 4234 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene C7H14 10574-37-5 98.186 liq -118.3 97.5 0.7277201.420820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4235 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene C7H14 625-65-0 98.186 liq -127.7 83.4 0.6954201.404020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 4236 cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene C7H14 4914-91-4 98.186 liq -113.4 89.3 0.7092251.410420 4237 trans -3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene C7H14 4914-92-5 98.186 liq -124.2 91.5 0.7124251.412820 4238 cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene C7H14 762-63-0 98.186 liq -135.4 80.4 0.6951251.402620 4239 trans -4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene C7H14 690-08-4 98.186 liq -115.2 76.7 0.6889201.398220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4240 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne C7H12 13361-63-2 96.170 liq -75.7 76.1 0.7142201.398320vs bz, eth, chl 4241 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne C7H12 999-78-0 96.170 liq -82.4 83 0.7176201.407120i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc 4242 Dimethylperoxide C2H6O2 690-02-8 62.068 vol liq or gas -100 14 0.867701.35030sl EtOH, eth; s tol, HOAc 4243 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline Neocuproine C14H12N2 484-11-7 208.258 cry, 1/2w (w, lig)159.5 4244 3,4-Dimethylphenol phosphate (3:1) C24H27O4P 3862-11-1 410.442 72 2617i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, hx; s bz 4245 5-(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,2- dimethylpentanoic acidGemfibrozil C15H22O3 25812-30-0 250.334 cry 62 1590.02 4246 N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)acetamide C10H13NO 2050-43-3 163.216 nd (al) 129.3 17010vs EtOH, chl 4247 1-[(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2- naphthol1-(2,4-Xylylazo)-2-naphthol C18H16N2O 3118-97-6 276.332 red nd (al) 166 vs eth, EtOH 4248 1-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2- naphthol1-(2,5-Xylylazo)-2-naphthol C18H16N2O 85-82-5 276.332 nd (al) 153No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g21/g26 2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-pentadieneN O N,N-Dimethylpentanamide 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-DimethylpentaneOO O 3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid anhydrideOH OHO O 3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid OH O 2,2-Dimethylpentanoic acidOH 2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanolHO 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanolHO 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanolOH 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanolOH 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanolOH 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanolO 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanone /g3 O 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanoneO 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans -3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans -4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyneOO Dimethylperoxide NN 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthrolineO POO O 3,4-Dimethylphenol phosphate (3:1)O OH O 5-(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acidHNO N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)acetamideNN OH 1-[(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2-naphtholOHNN 1-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g21/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124249 1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 2,4-Dimethylacetophenone C10H12O 89-74-7 148.201 228 1.0121151.534020vs eth, EtOH 4250 1-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 2,5-Dimethylacetophenone C10H12O 2142-73-6 148.201 liq -18.1 232.5 0.9963191.529120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 4251 1-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 3,4-Dimethylacetophenone C10H12O 3637-01-2 148.201 liq -1.5 246.5 1.0090141.541315i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc, HOAc 4252 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-penten-3- oneC13H16O 538-44-3 188.265 43 154250.9508461.552325 4253 2,2-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone C11H14O 938-16-9 162.228 220 0.963261.508619s ace 4254 3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazole C11H12N2 1131-16-4 172.226 272; 14512.51.0566201.573819vs eth, EtOH, chl 4255 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-3- pyrazolidinone4,4-Dimethylphenidone C11H14N2O 2654-58-2 190.241 176 4256 N,N-Dimethyl- γ-phenyl-2- pyridinepropanaminePheniramine C16H20N2 86-21-5 240.343 18113, 1350.51.0081251.551925vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 4257 1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2,5- pyrrolidinedioneMethsuximide C12H13NO2 77-41-8 203.237 52.5 1210.1 4258 Dimethylphenylsilane C8H12Si 766-77-8 136.267 156.5 0.8891201.499520i H2O 4259 N,N-Dimethyl- N’-phenylurea Fenuron C9H12N2O 101-42-8 164.203 cry (hx) 132 4260 Dimethylphosphine C2H7P 676-59-5 62.051 vol liq or gas 25 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4261 Dimethylphosphinic acid C2H7O2P 3283-12-3 94.050 cry (bz) 92 377 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz 4262 O,O-Dimethyl phosphorochloridothioateDimethyl chlorothiophosphate C2H6ClO2PS 2524-03-0 160.560 hyg liq 68121.322 1.482020 4263 Dimethyl phthalate C10H10O4 131-11-3 194.184 pa ye 5.5 283.7 1.1905201.513820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc 4264 1,4-Dimethylpiperazine C6H14N2 106-58-1 114.188 liq -0.59 131 0.8600201.447420vs H2O, EtOH, eth 4265 cis-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine C6H14N2 6284-84-0 114.188 orth bipym nd or pr (chl)114 162 1.472020vs H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz 4266 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine, (±) C7H15N 2512-81-4 113.201 127.5 0.824151.439520vs H2O, eth, EtOH 4267 2,6-Dimethylpiperidine C7H15N 504-03-0 113.201 127 0.8158251.437720msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s acid 4268 3,5-Dimethylpiperidine 3,5-Lupetidine C7H15N 35794-11-7 113.201 144 0.853251.445420 4269 2,2-Dimethylpropanal Pivaldehyde C5H10O 630-19-3 86.132 6 77.5 0.7923171.379120s EtOH, eth 4270 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide C5H11NO 754-10-9 101.147 s tfa 4271 N,N-Dimethylpropanamide C5H11NO 758-96-3 101.147 liq -45 175 0.926920 4272 N,N-Dimethyl-1-propanamine Dimethylpropylamine C5H13N 926-63-6 87.164 66 0.7152201.386020vs bz, eth, EtOH 4273 N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine C5H14N2 109-55-7 102.178 132 0.827220 4274 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol Neopentyl glycol C5H12O2 126-30-7 104.148 nd (bz) 129.13 208 s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth 4275 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile tert-Butyl cyanide C5H9N 630-18-2 83.132 15 106.1 0.7586251.377420 4276 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol Neopentyl mercaptan C5H12S 1679-08-9 104.214 liq 103.7 4277 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid Trimethylacetic acid C5H10O2 75-98-9 102.132 nd 35 164 0.905501.393130sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 4278 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Neopentyl alcohol C5H12O 75-84-3 88.148 52.5 113.5 0.81220sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 4279 2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride Pivalic acid chloride C5H9ClO 3282-30-2 120.577 107 1.003201.413920vs eth 4280 N,N-Dimethyl-2-propenamide N,N-Dimethylacrylamide C5H9NO 2680-03-7 99.131 liq 81200.962251.473020 4281 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanamine C5H13N 5813-64-9 87.164 82 0.7455201.402320vs eth 4282 (1,1-Dimethylpropyl)benzene C11H16 2049-95-8 148.245 192.4 0.8748201.495820 4283 (2,2-Dimethylpropyl)benzene C11H16 1007-26-7 148.245 185 0.8581181.488418 4284 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl) cyclohexanoneC11H20O 16587-71-6 168.276 96 12516, 109110.920251.467720 4285 1,1-Dimethylpropyl 3- methylbutanoatetert-Pentyl isopentanoate C10H20O2 542-37-0 172.265 173.5 0.87290vs EtOH 4286 2-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol C11H16O 3279-27-4 164.244 sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g21/g28O 1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanoneO 1-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)ethanoneO 1-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanoneO 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-penten-3-oneO 2,2-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-propanoneNN 3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazoleNNHO 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone NN N,N-Dimethyl- γ-phenyl-2-pyridinepropanamineNO O 1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedioneH Si DimethylphenylsilaneHN N O N,N-Dimethyl- N’-phenylureaHP DimethylphosphineO PO H Dimethylphosphinic acidOPOS Cl O,O-Dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate O O OO Dimethyl phthalateNN 1,4-DimethylpiperazineNNH Hcis-2,5-DimethylpiperazineN 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine, (±)N H 2,6-DimethylpiperidineN H 3,5-DimethylpiperidineO 2,2-DimethylpropanalNH 2 O 2,2-DimethylpropanamideN O N,N-Dimethylpropanamide N N,N-Dimethyl-1-propanamineH2NN N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamineHO OH 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol/g3 N 2,2-DimethylpropanenitrileSH 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiolO OH 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acidOH 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanolClO 2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride N O N,N-Dimethyl-2-propenamideNH 2 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine (1,1-Dimethylpropyl)benzene (2,2-Dimethylpropyl)benzeneO 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)cyclohexanoneOO 1,1-Dimethylpropyl 3-methylbutanoateOH 2-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g22/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124287 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol p-tert-Pentylphenol C11H16O 80-46-6 164.244 95 262.5 4288 4,6-Dimethyl-2 H-pyran-2-one C7H8O2 675-09-2 124.138 lf (eth) 51.5 245 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 4289 2,6-Dimethyl-4 H-pyran-4-one C7H8O2 1004-36-0 124.138 pl, nd (sub) 132 251; 140250.9953137s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace 4290 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine C6H8N2 5910-89-4 108.141 156 1.02810s H2O, EtOH, eth 4291 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine C6H8N2 123-32-0 108.141 15 155 0.9887201.498020msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 4292 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine C6H8N2 108-50-9 108.141 pr 47.5 155.6 0.964750s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 4293 1,3-Dimethyl-1 H-pyrazole C5H8N2 694-48-4 96.131 137 0.9561171.473415vs H2O 4294 3,5-Dimethyl-1 H-pyrazole C5H8N2 67-51-6 96.131 cry (peth, al) 107.5 218 0.883916s H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH 4295 2,7-Dimethylpyrene C18H14 15679-24-0 230.304 230 4296 4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine C7H10N2 5407-87-4 122.167 61 235 4297 N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine C7H10N2 5683-33-0 122.167 182 196 1.0149141.566320s EtOH, eth, bz 4298 N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine C7H10N2 1122-58-3 122.167 pl (eth) 114 vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth 4299 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,3-Lutidine C7H9N 583-61-9 107.153 161.12 0.9319251.505720s H2O, EtOH, eth 4300 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Lutidine C7H9N 108-47-4 107.153 liq -64 158.38 0.9309201.501020vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace 4301 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Lutidine C7H9N 589-93-5 107.153 liq -16 156.98 0.9297201.500620sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace 4302 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Lutidine C7H9N 108-48-5 107.153 liq -6.1 144.01 0.9226201.495320msc H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 4303 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Lutidine C7H9N 583-58-4 107.153 liq -11 179.10 0.9281201.509620sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 4304 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Lutidine C7H9N 591-22-0 107.153 liq -6.6 171.84 0.9419201.506120s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 4305 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide C7H9NO 1073-23-0 123.152 hyg 35 133221.073251.570620 4306 4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyrimidinamine C6H9N3 767-15-7 123.155 153.5 s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth; vs chl 4307 2,6-Dimethyl-4-pyrimidinamine Kyanmethin C6H9N3 461-98-3 123.155 nd (al), pl (bz) 183 sub sl H2O, EtOH, bz, chl 4308 4,6-Dimethylpyrimidine C6H8N2 1558-17-4 108.141 25 159 1.488020vs H2O 4309 1,3-Dimethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)- pyrimidinedioneC6H8N2O2 874-14-6 140.140 123.5 sl EtOH; s eth, chl 4310 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole C6H9N 625-82-1 95.142 pa bl flr cry 168 0.9236201.504820sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s chl 4311 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole C6H9N 625-84-3 95.142 6.5 171; 5180.9353201.503620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 4312 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine C6H13N 765-48-0 99.174 oil 99 0.79920s H2O 4313 2,4-Dimethylquinoline 4-Methylquinaldine C11H11N 1198-37-4 157.212 orth pr (eth) 265 1.0611151.607520sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 4314 2,6-Dimethylquinoline C11H11N 877-43-0 157.212 orth pr (eth) 60 266.5 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz 4315 2,7-Dimethylquinoline m-Toluquinaldine C11H11N 93-37-8 157.212 61 264.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4316 2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline C10H10N2 2379-55-7 158.199 nd (w+3, ace) 106 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, acid 4317 Dimethyl sebacate C12H22O4 106-79-6 230.301 lo pr 38 17520, 14450.9882281.435528i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 4318 Dimethyl selenide Methyl selenide C2H6Se 593-79-3 109.03 57 1.407715vs eth, EtOH, chl 4319 Dimethylsilane 2-Silapropane C2H8Si 1111-74-6 60.171 col gas -150 -20 0.68-80 4320 Dimethylstearylamine Dymanthine C20H43N 124-28-7 297.562 22.9 4321 Dimethyl succinate C6H10O4 106-65-0 146.141 19 196.4 1.1198201.419720sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; vs eth 4322 Dimethylsulfamoyl chloride Dimethylaminosulfonyl chloride C2H6ClNO2S 13360-57-1 143.593 8016 4323 Dimethyl sulfate C2H6O4S 77-78-1 126.132 -27 dec 188; 76151.3322201.387420s H2O, eth, bz, ctc; msc EtOH; i CS2 4324 Dimethyl sulfide C2H6S 75-18-3 62.134 liq -98.24 37.33 0.8483201.443820sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 4325 Dimethyl sulfite C2H6O3S 616-42-2 110.132 126 1.2129201.408320s H2O, EtOH, eth 4326 2,4-Dimethylsulfolane C6H12O2S 1003-78-7 148.223 liq -1.5 281 1.1362201.473220vs lig 4327 Dimethyl sulfone C2H6O2S 67-71-0 94.133 pr 108.9 238 1.17001101.4226 s H2O, EtOH, bz 4328 Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO C2H6OS 67-68-5 78.133 17.89 189 1.1010251.479320s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, AcOEtNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g22/g20 OH 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenolOO 4,6-Dimethyl-2 H-pyran-2-oneOO 2,6-Dimethyl-4 H-pyran-4-oneNN 2,3-DimethylpyrazineNN 2,5-DimethylpyrazineNN 2,6-DimethylpyrazineNN 1,3-Dimethyl-1 H-pyrazole NN H 3,5-Dimethyl-1 H-pyrazole 2,7-DimethylpyreneNN H 2 4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamineNN N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamineNN N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamineN 2,3-DimethylpyridineN 2,4-Dimethylpyridine N 2,5-DimethylpyridineN 2,6-DimethylpyridineN 3,4-DimethylpyridineN 3,5-DimethylpyridineN O 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxideNN NH 2 4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyrimidinamineNNNH 2 2,6-Dimethyl-4-pyrimidinamine NN 4,6-DimethylpyrimidineNN OO 1,3-Dimethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedioneN H 2,4-DimethylpyrroleNH 2,5-DimethylpyrroleN 1,2-DimethylpyrrolidineN 2,4-DimethylquinolineN 2,6-Dimethylquinoline N 2,7-DimethylquinolineNN 2,3-DimethylquinoxalineO OOO Dimethyl sebacateSe Dimethyl selenideH Si H DimethylsilaneN Dimethylstearylamine O OOO Dimethyl succinateNSOOCl Dimethylsulfamoyl chlorideSOOOO Dimethyl sulfateS Dimethyl sulfideOSO O Dimethyl sulfiteS OO 2,4-DimethylsulfolaneSOO Dimethyl sulfoneSO Dimethyl sulfoxide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g22/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124329 Dimethyl L-tartrate Dimethyl 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate, [R-(R*,R*)]-C6H10O6 608-68-4 178.139 (i) cry (bz) (ii) cry (w)50(form a); 61(form b)280 1.30645vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 4330 Dimethyl telluride C2H6Te 593-80-6 157.67 pa ye 94 vs EtOH 4331 Dimethyl terephthalate C10H10O4 120-61-6 194.184 141 288 1.075141sl H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s eth, chl 4332 Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate C10H6Cl4O4 1861-32-1 331.965 155 4333 2,7-Dimethylthiachromine-8-ethanol C12H14N4OS 92-35-3 262.330 ye pr (chl) 228.8 sub s H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH, eth, ace, chl 4334 2,5-Dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole C4H6N2S 27464-82-0 114.169 65 202.5 sl H2O, EtOH, eth 4335 2,7-Dimethylthianthrene Mesulphen C14H12S2 135-58-0 244.375 nd (HOAc,al) 123 1843vs ace, eth, peth, chl 4336 2,4-Dimethylthiazole C5H7NS 541-58-2 113.182 146; 71501.0562151.509120sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4337 4,5-Dimethylthiazole C5H7NS 3581-91-7 113.182 83.5 158 1.069920vs eth, EtOH 4338 N,N-Dimethylthioacetamide C4H9NS 631-67-4 103.186 74.5 4339 Dimethyl thiodipropionate C8H14O4S 4131-74-2 206.260 16218, 148181.1559201.474020 4340 2,3-Dimethylthiophene C6H8S 632-16-6 112.193 liq -49 141.6 1.0021201.519220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 4341 2,4-Dimethylthiophene C6H8S 638-00-6 112.193 140.7 0.9938201.510420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 4342 2,5-Dimethylthiophene C6H8S 638-02-8 112.193 liq -62.6 136.5 0.9850201.512920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 4343 3,4-Dimethylthiophene C6H8S 632-15-5 112.193 145 0.993251.520620i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth 4344 N,N-Dimethylthiourea C3H8N2S 6972-05-0 104.174 cry (w) 161.5 4345 N,N’-Dimethylthiourea C3H8N2S 534-13-4 104.174 hyg pl 62 vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i CS2 4346 2,6-Dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine Tridemorph C19H39NO 24602-86-6 297.519 1411.30.86 4347 N,N-Dimethyl- N’-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]ureaFluometuron C10H11F3N2O 2164-17-2 232.201 164 vs ace, EtOH 4348 Dimethyl trisulfide C2H6S3 3658-80-8 126.264 416 4349 6,10-Dimethyl-3,5,9-undecatrien-2- onePseudoionone C13H20O 141-10-6 192.297 pa ye oil 144120.8984201.533520s EtOH, eth, chl, MeOH 4350 N,N-Dimethylurea C3H8N2O 598-94-7 88.108 mcl pr (al, chl) 182.1 1.255525s H2O; sl EtOH, tfa; i eth 4351 N,N’-Dimethylurea C3H8N2O 96-31-1 88.108 orth bipym (chl-eth)106.6 269 1.14225vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl chl 4352 Dimethyl zinc C2H6Zn 544-97-8 95.478 liq, ign in air -43.0 46 1.38610s eth; msc peth 4353 Dimetilan C10H16N4O3 644-64-4 240.259 col solid 69 20513s H2O, chl, EtOH, ace, xyl 4354 Dimorpholamine C20H38N4O4 119-48-2 398.541 cry (peth) 41.5 2290.4vs H2O 4355 N,N’-Di-2-naphthyl-1,4- benzenediamineC26H20N2 93-46-9 360.450 235 i EtOH, eth, bz 4356 Di-2-naphthyl disulfide C20H14S2 5586-15-2 318.455 nd 139.5 1.1441451.455520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i lig 4357 N,N’-Di-1-naphthylurea C21H16N2O 607-56-7 312.364 nd (py, HOAc) 296 sub vs py 4358 Diniconazole C15H17Cl2N3O 83657-24-3 326.221 cry 149 s H2O, ace, MeOH, xyl 4359 Dinitramine C11H13F3N4O4 29091-05-2 322.241 98 4360 2,3-Dinitroaniline C6H5N3O4 602-03-9 183.122 128 1.64650i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth 4361 2,4-Dinitroaniline C6H5N3O4 97-02-9 183.122 ye nd (ace) grn ye tab (al)180.0 56.7 1.61514i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, HCl 4362 2,5-Dinitroaniline C6H5N3O4 619-18-1 183.122 oran nd (al) 138.0 vs EtOH 4363 2,6-Dinitroaniline C6H5N3O4 606-22-4 183.122 gold lf (HOAc) ye nd (al)141.5 i H2O, lig; sl EtOH; s eth, bz 4364 3,5-Dinitroaniline C6H5N3O4 618-87-1 183.122 ye nd (dil al) 163 1.60150i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz 4365 1,5-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione C14H6N2O6 82-35-9 298.207 pa ye nd (xyl) 385 sub i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs PhNO2 4366 1,8-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione C14H6N2O6 129-39-5 298.207 312No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g22/g22 O OOH OHOO Dimethyl L-tartrateTe Dimethyl tellurideOO OO Dimethyl terephthalateOO OOCl Cl ClCl Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalateN NNN S HO 2,7-Dimethylthiachromine-8-ethanolNN S 2,5-Dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoleSS 2,7-DimethylthianthreneN S 2,4-Dimethylthiazole SN 4,5-DimethylthiazoleNS N,N-DimethylthioacetamideO OSO O Dimethyl thiodipropionateS 2,3-DimethylthiopheneS 2,4-DimethylthiopheneS 2,5-DimethylthiopheneS 3,4-DimethylthiopheneNN H 2 S N,N-DimethylthioureaHNHN S N,N’-Dimethylthiourea NO 2,6-Dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine/g3 F F FHN N O N,N-Dimethyl- N’-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ureaSSS Dimethyl trisulfideO 6,10-Dimethyl-3,5,9-undecatrien-2-oneNN H 2 O N,N-DimethylureaH NH N O N,N’-DimethylureaZn Dimethyl zinc NNON O N O DimetilanN O NO NNO O DimorpholamineH NH N N,N’-Di-2-naphthyl-1,4-benzenediamineSS Di-2-naphthyl disulfideHN NHO N,N’-Di-1-naphthylureaN NN OH Cl Cl Diniconazole NNOO NOOFFFNH 2 DinitramineNH 2 NOO NO O 2,3-DinitroanilineNH 2 NOO NOO 2,4-DinitroanilineNH 2 NOO NO O 2,5-DinitroanilineNH 2 NOO NOO 2,6-DinitroanilineNH 2 NO ONO O 3,5-DinitroanilineO ONOO NOO 1,5-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedioneO ONOONOO 1,8-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g22/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124367 2,4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde C7H4N2O5 528-75-6 196.117 pa ye pr (al), pl (bz)72 20015sl H2O, chl, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz 4368 3,5-Dinitrobenzamide Nitromide C7H5N3O5 121-81-3 211.132 lf (w) 184 vs H2O 4369 1,2-Dinitrobenzene o-Dinitrobenzene C6H4N2O4 528-29-0 168.107 nd (bz), pl (al) 116.5 318; 194301.31191201.56517i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt; sl DMSO 4370 1,3-Dinitrobenzene m-Dinitrobenzene C6H4N2O4 99-65-0 168.107 orth pl (al) 90.3 291; 167141.575118sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, py; s eth, tol 4371 1,4-Dinitrobenzene p-Dinitrobenzene C6H4N2O4 100-25-4 168.107 nd (al) 173.5 297; 183341.62518i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s ace, bz, tol 4372 2,4-Dinitro-1,3-benzenediol 2,4-Dinitroresorcinol C6H4N2O6 519-44-8 200.105 ye lf (al) 147.5 sl H2O, EtOH 4373 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride C6H3ClN2O4S 528-76-7 234.617 ye pr (bz-peth) 99 vs bz, chl, HOAc; sl peth 4374 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid C6H4N2O7S 89-02-1 248.170 nd (w+3) 108 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, peth 4375 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid C7H4N2O6 610-30-0 212.116 nd (w) 183 1.67220sl H2O, EtOH, bz 4376 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid C7H4N2O6 528-45-0 212.116 cry (dil al) 166 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 4377 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid C7H4N2O6 99-34-3 212.116 mcl pr (al) 205 sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc 4378 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride C7H3ClN2O5 99-33-2 230.562 ye nd (bz) 74 19612s eth, chl 4379 2,2’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl C12H8N2O4 2436-96-6 244.203 ye mcl pr or nd (al)126 305 1.4525i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz; sl ace, lig 4380 4,4’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl C12H8N2O4 1528-74-1 244.203 nd (al) 242.3 i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc 4381 1,4-Dinitrobutane C4H8N2O4 4286-49-1 148.118 pl (al) 33.5 17613i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, MeOH 4382 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenylamine 4-Nitro- N-(4-nitrophenyl)aniline C12H9N3O4 1821-27-8 259.217 ye nd(al) 217.5 i H2O, tol; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, HOAc 4383 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl ether Bis(4-nitrophenyl) ether C12H8N2O5 101-63-3 260.202 146.0 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc 4384 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl sulfide Bis(4-nitrophenyl) sulfide C12H8N2O4S 1223-31-0 276.268 oran pl (HOAc) 160.5 i H2O; sl EtOH; s con sulf 4385 1,1-Dinitroethane C2H4N2O4 600-40-8 120.064 ye mcl (bz, MeOH)185.5 1.34924sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 4386 1,2-Dinitroethane C2H4N2O4 7570-26-5 120.064 39.5 9551.4597201.446820vs eth, EtOH 4387 Dinitromethane CH2N2O4 625-76-3 106.038 ye nd <-15 exp 100 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4388 1,3-Dinitronaphthalene C10H6N2O4 606-37-1 218.166 ye nd (bz, py- w)148 sub i H2O; s EtOH, ace 4389 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene C10H6N2O4 605-71-0 218.166 hex nd (ace, HOAc)219 sub 1.586020i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, py; vs eth 4390 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene C10H6N2O4 602-38-0 218.166 ye orth pl (chl) 173 dec 445 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl, py 4391 2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthol C10H6N2O5 605-69-6 234.165 ye nd (al, chl) 138.8 4392 2,3-Dinitrophenol C6H4N2O5 66-56-8 184.106 ye nd (w) 144.5 1.68120sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 4393 2,4-Dinitrophenol C6H4N2O5 51-28-5 184.106 pa ye pl or lf (w) 114.8 sub 1.68324sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, tol, chl, py 4394 2,5-Dinitrophenol C6H4N2O5 329-71-5 184.106 ye mcl pr or nd (w,lig)108 vs bz, eth 4395 2,6-Dinitrophenol C6H4N2O5 573-56-8 184.106 pa ye orth nd or lf (dil al)63.5 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl ctc 4396 3,4-Dinitrophenol C6H4N2O5 577-71-9 184.106 tcl nd (w) 134 1.67225vs bz, eth, EtOH 4397 2,4-Dinitrophenol, acetate C8H6N2O6 4232-27-3 226.143 cry (MeOH) 72.5 4398 4-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)amino]phenol C12H9N3O5 119-15-3 275.216 red lf 195.5 s alk 4399 2,4-Dinitro- N-phenylaniline C12H9N3O4 961-68-2 259.217 ye red nd (al) 157.8 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, DMSO 4400 2,4-Dinitrophenyl dimethylcarbamodithioateC9H9N3O4S2 89-37-2 287.315 152.5 1.5420i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz 4401 (2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazine C6H6N4O4 119-26-6 198.137 blsh-red (al) 194 i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, DMSONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g22/g24 O NOO NOO 2,4-DinitrobenzaldehydeON H 2 NO ONO O 3,5-DinitrobenzamideNOO NOO 1,2-DinitrobenzeneNOO NO O 1,3-DinitrobenzeneNOO NOO 1,4-DinitrobenzeneOH NOO OH NOO 2,4-Dinitro-1,3-benzenediolN NOOOO SCl 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride SOOOH NOO NO O 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acidHO O NOO NO O 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acidHO O NO O NO O 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acidHO O N NO OO O 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acidOC l NO ONO O 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chlorideO2NNO 2 2,2’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenylN OO N OO 4,4’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl NO ONOO 1,4-DinitrobutaneH N NO ONO O 4,4’-DinitrodiphenylamineO NO ONO O 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl etherS NO ONO O 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl sulfideNO ONOO 1,1-DinitroethaneNOO NO O 1,2-Dinitroethane NO 2 NO 2H H DinitromethaneNOO NO O 1,3-DinitronaphthaleneNOO NOO 1,5-DinitronaphthaleneNO 2 NO 2 1,8-DinitronaphthaleneOH NOO NOO 2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthol/g3 OH NOO NO O 2,3-DinitrophenolOH NOO NOO 2,4-DinitrophenolOH NOO NO O 2,5-Dinitrophenol OH NOO NOO 2,6-DinitrophenolOH N NOOO O 3,4-DinitrophenolOO NOO NOO 2,4-Dinitrophenol, acetateH N HONOO NO O 4-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)amino]phenolH NNOO NO O 2,4-Dinitro- N-phenylanilineS NOO NOOSN 2,4-Dinitrophenyl dimethylcarbamodithioateNNOO OONHH2N (2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g22/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124402 1,1-Dinitropropane C3H6N2O4 601-76-3 134.091 liq -42 184 1.2610251.433920s alk 4403 1,3-Dinitropropane C3H6N2O4 6125-21-9 134.091 -21.4 10311.353261.465420i H2O; s eth 4404 2,2-Dinitropropane C3H6N2O4 595-49-3 134.091 53 185.5 1.3025sl H2O 4405 2,2-Dinitro-1,3-propanediol C3H6N2O6 2736-80-3 166.089 wh pl (bz) 142 4406 1,6-Dinitropyrene C16H8N2O4 42397-64-8 292.246 >300 4407 1,8-Dinitropyrene C16H8N2O4 42397-65-9 292.246 300 4408 Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine C5H10N6O2 101-25-7 186.172 cry (MeOH) 207 4409 1,4-Dinitrosopiperazine C4H8N4O2 140-79-4 144.133 pa ye pl (w) 159.0 vs EtOH 4410 4,4’-Dinitro-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acidC14H10N2O10S2128-42-7 430.366 cry (AcOH) 266 4411 Dinobuton Dessin C14H18N2O7 973-21-7 326.302 ye cry (EtOH) 60 4412 Dinocap C18H24N2O6 6119-92-2 364.393 1360.01 4413 Dinonyl adipate C24H46O4 151-32-6 398.620 2051 4414 Dinonyl ether C18H38O 2456-27-1 270.494 liq 318 0.81 1.435620 4415 Dinonyl phthalate C26H42O4 84-76-4 418.609 413 4416 Dinoseb Phenol, 2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6- dinitro-C10H12N2O5 88-85-7 240.212 40 1.26545 4417 Dioctadecylamine Distearylamine C36H75N 112-99-2 521.988 72.9 2682vs chl 4418 Dioctylamine N-Octyl-1-octanamine C16H35N 1120-48-5 241.456 nd 35.5 297.5 0.7963261.441526vs eth, EtOH 4419 Dioctyl ether C16H34O 629-82-3 242.440 liq -7.6 283 0.8063201.432720sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 4420 Dioctyl hexanedioate C22H42O4 123-79-5 370.566 9.6 19120.92225 4421 Dioctyl maleate C20H36O4 2915-53-9 340.498 liq 2420.0020.94201.453920 4422 Dioctyl phthalate C24H38O4 117-84-0 390.557 25 2204 4423 Dioctyl sebacate Dioctyl decanedioate C26H50O4 2432-87-3 426.673 18 2180.50.907425s ctc 4424 Dioctyl sulfide Octyl sulfide C16H34S 2690-08-6 258.506 20229, 180100.842251.461020 4425 Dioctyl terephthalate C24H38O4 4654-26-6 390.557 cry 425 1.2162 4426 Dioscorine C13H19NO2 3329-91-7 221.296 grn-ye pr (eth) 34 s H2O, ace, chl, EtOH; sl eth, bz 4427 1,3-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxacyclohexane C4H8O2 505-22-6 88.106 liq -45 106.1 1.0286251.416520msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz 4428 1,4-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxacyclohexane C4H8O2 123-91-1 88.106 11.85 101.5 1.0337201.422420msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc 4429 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-dione C4H4O4 502-97-6 116.073 lf (al, al-chl) 85.4 vs ace 4430 1,4-Dioxane-2,6-dione Diglycollic anhydride C4H4O4 4480-83-5 116.073 cry (bz) 92.5 240.5; 12012 4431 Dioxathion C12H26O6P2S4 78-34-2 456.538 -20 1.25726 4432 1,3-Dioxepane C5H10O2 505-65-7 102.132 s chl 4433 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3-Dioxacyclopentane C3H6O2 646-06-0 74.079 liq -97.22 78 1.060201.397420msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 4434 1,3-Dioxol-2-one C3H2O3 872-36-6 86.046 liq 22 162; 73321.3525 4435 Dioxybenzone (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)(2- hydroxyphenyl)methanoneC14H12O4 131-53-3 244.243 1721 4436 Dioxypyramidon C13H17N3O3 519-65-3 263.292 pr 105.5 1972s H2O, EtOH 4437 Dipentaerythritol C10H22O7 126-58-9 254.278 cry (w) 221 1.36615s hot H2O 4438 Dipentene p-Menthadiene C10H16 7705-14-8 136.234 liq -95.5 178 0.8402211.472720 4439 Dipentylamine Diamylamine C10H23N 2050-92-2 157.297 202.5 0.7771201.427220sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace 4440 Dipentyl cis-2-butenedioate Dipentyl maleate C14H24O4 10099-71-5 256.339 liq 161100.97420 4441 Dipentyl ether Amyl ether C10H22O 693-65-2 158.281 liq -69 190 0.7833201.411920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 4442 2,6-Di- tert-pentyl-4-methylphenol 2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-4- methylphenolC17H28O 56103-67-4 248.403 283 0.931251.495020 4443 Di- tert-pentyl peroxide C10H22O2 10508-09-5 174.281 -55 5814, 3890.808201.409520No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g22/g26 N NOO OO 1,1-DinitropropaneNOO NOO 1,3-DinitropropaneO2NN O 2 2,2-DinitropropaneO2NN O 2OH HO 2,2-Dinitro-1,3-propanediolNOO NO O 1,6-DinitropyreneNOO NOO 1,8-DinitropyreneN NNN NN OO DinitrosopentamethylenetetramineN NNN OO 1,4-DinitrosopiperazineN OO S OO OH S OO HON OO 4,4’-Dinitro-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid NOO NOOOO O DinobutonO NR ' ROOO R = NO 2, R' = C 8H17 R = C 8H17, R' = NO 2and DinocapOOO O Dinonyl adipateO Dinonyl etherOO O O Dinonyl phthalateNO ONO OOH Dinoseb NH DioctadecylamineN H DioctylamineO Dioctyl etherOOO O Dioctyl hexanedioate O OO O Dioctyl maleateOO O O Dioctyl phthalateO OO O Dioctyl sebacateS Dioctyl sulfide OO OO Dioctyl terephthalateN O O DioscorineOO 1,3-DioxaneOO 1,4-DioxaneOO O O1,4-Dioxane-2,5-dioneOO O O 1,4-Dioxane-2,6-dioneOO S SPO S O PO SO DioxathionOO 1,3-DioxepaneO O 1,3-DioxolaneOO O 1,3-Dioxol-2-oneO OH OH O DioxybenzoneNN OO ON Dioxypyramidon HOHO OO HOH OH HO Dipentaerythritol DipenteneH N DipentylamineO OO O Dipentyl cis-2-butenedioateO Dipentyl etherOH 2,6-Di-tert-pentyl-4-methylphenolOO Di-tert-pentyl peroxide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g22/g27/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 4444 Dipentyl phthalate C18H26O4 131-18-0 306.397 20511s ctc, CS2 4445 Dipentyl sulfide C10H22S 872-10-6 174.347 -51.3 863.70.8407201.456120i H2O; s eth 4446 Dipentyl sulfoxide C10H22OS 1986-90-9 190.346 58 1201 4447 Diphenamid Benzeneacetamide, N,N-dimethyl- α- phenyl-C16H17NO 957-51-7 239.312 135 1.1723.3 4448 Diphenidol 1,1-Diphenyl-4-piperidinyl-1-butanol C21H27NO 972-02-1 309.445 nd (peth) 104.5 4449 Diphenolic acid C17H18O4 126-00-1 286.323 cry (w) 171.5 vs H2O, ace, EtOH 4450 1,2-Diphenoxyethane Ethylene glycol diphenyl ether C14H14O2 104-66-5 214.260 lf (al) 98 18212i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl 4451 N,N-Diphenylacetamide C14H13NO 519-87-9 211.259 wh cry pow 103 sub sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH 4452 Diphenylacetylene C14H10 501-65-5 178.229 mcl pr or pl (al) 62.5 300 0.9657100i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth 4453 2-(Diphenylacetyl)-1 H-indene- 1,3(2 H)-dioneDiphenadione C23H16O3 82-66-6 340.371 pa ye mcl (al) 146.5 1.670 vs ace, HOAc 4454 Diphenylamine N-Phenylbenzenamine C12H11N 122-39-4 169.222 mcl lf(dil al) 53.2 302 1.15822i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl chl 4455 Diphenylamine-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid C14H11NO4 579-92-0 257.242 ye cry (al) 296 dec 4456 Diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid, sodium saltSodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate C12H10NNaO3S 6152-67-6 271.267 ye cry 4457 9,10-Diphenylanthracene C26H18 1499-10-1 330.421 246.5 4458 Diphenylarsinous chloride Chlorodiphenylarsine C12H10AsCl 712-48-1 264.582 orth pl (peth) 44 337 1.4820161.633256vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 4459 N,N’-Diphenyl-1,4-benzenediamine N,N’-Diphenyl- p-phenylenediamine C18H16N2 74-31-7 260.333 150 2220.5sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i acid 4460 α, α-Diphenylbenzeneethanol C20H18O 4428-13-1 274.356 nd(bz-lig) pr (peth)89.5 22211i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, chl, peth 4461 α, α-Diphenylbenzenemethanethiol Triphenylmethyl mercaptan C19H16S 3695-77-0 276.395 105.8 4462 N,N’-Diphenyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’- diamineN,N’-Diphenylbenzidine C24H20N2 531-91-9 336.429 lf or pl 247 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs tol, HOAc 4463 trans ,trans -1,4-Diphenyl-1,3- butadieneC16H14 538-81-8 206.282 lf (al, HOAc) 154.3 352 vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth 4464 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiyne Diphenyldiacetylene C16H10 886-66-8 202.250 86.5 4465 1,1-Diphenylbutane C16H18 719-79-9 210.314 27 287 0.9928201.566420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4466 1,2-Diphenylbutane C16H18 5223-59-6 210.314 291; 152110.9673201.555420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4467 1,4-Diphenylbutane C16H18 1083-56-3 210.314 52.5 317 0.988020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4468 1,3-Diphenyl-1-butene C16H16 7614-93-9 208.298 47.5 311 0.9996201.59015 4469 trans -1,4-Diphenyl-2-butene-1,4- dioneC16H12O2 959-28-4 236.265 ye nd (al, bz) 111 sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc; vs chl; i lig 4470 1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one Dypnone C16H14O 495-45-4 222.281 342.5 1.1080151.634320vs eth, EtOH 4471 Diphenylcarbamic chloride C13H10ClNO 83-01-2 231.677 lf (al) 84.5 4472 Diphenylcarbazone C13H12N4O 538-62-5 240.260 oran oran nd (bz) pr (al)157 dec i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl 4473 N,N’-Diphenylcarbodiimide C13H10N2 622-16-2 194.231 169 331; 17520sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz 4474 Diphenyl carbonate Phenyl carbonate C13H10O3 102-09-0 214.216 nd (al, bz) 83 306 1.121587i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc 4475 2,2’-Diphenylcarbonic dihydrazide sym-Diphenylcarbazide C13H14N4O 140-22-7 242.276 cry (al + 1) cry (HOAc)170 dec sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz 4476 Diphenyl chlorophosphonate C12H10ClO3P 2524-64-3 268.632 3142721.296251.550020s tfa 4477 Diphenyl diselenide Phenyl diselenide C12H10Se2 1666-13-3 312.13 ye nd 63.5 202111.557801.74320s EtOH, eth, xyl, MeOH 4478 Diphenyl disulfide Phenyl disulfide C12H10S2 882-33-7 218.337 nd(al) or orth 62 310 1.35320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 4479 1,1-Diphenylethane C14H14 612-00-0 182.261 liq -17.9 272.6 0.9997201.575620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz 4480 1,2-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl C14H14 103-29-7 182.261 mcl pr (MeOH) 52.5 284 0.9780251.547660i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 4481 N,N’-Diphenylethanediamide C14H12N2O2 620-81-5 240.257 lf (bz) 254 >360 vs bz TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g22/g28O O OO Dipentyl phthalateS Dipentyl sulfideSO Dipentyl sulfoxideON DiphenamidOHN DiphenidolOH HOOHO Diphenolic acid OO 1,2-DiphenoxyethaneNO N,N-Diphenylacetamide DiphenylacetyleneOO O 2-(Diphenylacetyl)-1 H-indene-1,3(2 H)-dioneHN DiphenylamineHNOO H OO H Diphenylamine-2,2’-dicarboxylic acidHN SO3 Na Diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid, sodium salt 9,10-DiphenylanthraceneAsCl Diphenylarsinous chlorideH N N H N,N’-Diphenyl-1,4-benzenediamineOH α,α-DiphenylbenzeneethanolSH α,α-DiphenylbenzenemethanethiolH N N H N,N’-Diphenyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine trans ,trans -1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiyne 1,1-Diphenylbutane 1,2-Diphenylbutane 1,4-Diphenylbutane 1,3-Diphenyl-1-buteneO O trans -1,4-Diphenyl-2-butene-1,4-dione O 1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-oneNOC l Diphenylcarbamic chlorideNNN HOH N DiphenylcarbazoneNNC N,N’-DiphenylcarbodiimideOO O Diphenyl carbonateH NN HN HOH N 2,2’-Diphenylcarbonic dihydrazide O POO Cl Diphenyl chlorophosphonateSe Se Diphenyl diselenideSS Diphenyl disulfide 1,1-Diphenylethane 1,2-DiphenylethaneH N ON HO N,N’-Diphenylethanediamide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g23/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124482 N,N’-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine 1,2-Dianilinoethane C14H16N2 150-61-8 212.290 cry (dil al) 74 22912, 1782i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl tfa 4483 1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol, ( R*,R*)- (±)C14H14O2 655-48-1 214.260 nd (w,al),tab (eth)122.5 >300 i H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth; s ace 4484 1,1-Diphenylethene C14H12 530-48-3 180.245 8.2 277 1.0232201.608520i H2O; s eth, chl 4485 Diphenyl ether C12H10O 101-84-8 170.206 26.87 258.0 1.0661301.578725i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl 4486 Diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate C20H27O4P 1241-94-7 362.399 23251.090251.51025 4487 N,N-Diphenylformamide C13H11NO 607-00-1 197.232 orth (dil al) 73.5 337.5; 18913i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc 4488 2,5-Diphenylfuran C16H12O 955-83-9 220.265 nd or lf (dil al) 91 344 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 4489 N,N’-Diphenylguanidine 1,3-Diphenylguanidine C13H13N3 102-06-7 211.262 mcl nd (al, to) 150 dec 170 1.1320sl H2O; s EtOH, ctc chl, tol; vs eth 4490 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene C18H16 1720-32-7 232.320 lf (ace) 202.3 i H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace; sl bz, chl 4491 1,1-Diphenylhydrazine C12H12N2 530-50-7 184.236 tab (lig) 50.5 220401.19016vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 4492 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Hydrazobenzene C12H12N2 122-66-7 184.236 tab (al-eth) 131 1.15816vs EtOH; sl bz, DMSO; i HOAc 4493 5,5-Diphenyl-4-imidazolidinone Doxenitoin C15H14N2O 3254-93-1 238.284 pl (MeOH) 183 4494 Diphenyl isophthalate C20H14O4 744-45-6 318.323 138 s chl 4495 Diphenylketene Diphenylethenone C14H10O 525-06-4 194.228 red-ye liq 267.5 1.1107131.61514 4496 Diphenyl maleate C16H12O4 7242-17-3 268.264 pl (lig) 73 22615vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 4497 Diphenylmercury Mercuriodibenzene C12H10Hg 587-85-9 354.80 204102.31825i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 4498 Diphenylmethane C13H12 101-81-5 168.234 pr nd 25.4 265.0 1.001261.575320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4499 4,4’-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate C15H10N2O2 101-68-8 250.252 37 19651.197701.590650s ace, bz, PhNO2 4500 Diphenylmethanethione C13H10S 1450-31-3 198.283 53.5 17414sl EtOH, eth, peth; vs bz, chl 4501 N,N’-Diphenylmethanimidamide C13H12N2 622-15-1 196.247 nd (al) 142 >250 sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth 4502 Diphenylmethanol Benzohydrol C13H12O 91-01-0 184.233 nd (lig) 69 298; 18020sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ctc, chl; s HOAc 4503 2-(Diphenylmethoxy)- N,N- dimethylethanamineDiphenhydramine C17H21NO 58-73-1 255.355 oil 1653 4504 Diphenyl methylphosphonate C13H13O3P 7526-26-3 248.214 35 205131.205120i H2O 4505 2-(Diphenylmethyl)-1- piperidineethanolDiphemethoxidine C20H25NO 13862-07-2 295.419 106.5 1800.1 4506 2,5-Diphenyloxazole C15H11NO 92-71-7 221.254 nd (lig) 74 360 1.09401001.6231100i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl 4507 1,5-Diphenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one Dibenzalacetone C17H14O 538-58-9 234.292 pl or lf (ace, AcOEt)113 dec dec i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 4508 4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline C24H16N2 1662-01-7 332.397 220 dec 4509 Diphenylphosphinous chloride Chlorodiphenylphosphine C12H10ClP 1079-66-9 220.634 hyg ye liq 320; 17451.229 1.636020 4510 Diphenyl phosphonate C12H11O3P 4712-55-4 234.187 12 218261.223251.557520 4511 Diphenyl phthalate Phenyl phthalate C20H14O4 84-62-8 318.323 pr (al, lig) 73 25314i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc 4512 α,α-Diphenyl-2-piperidinemethanol Pipradrol C18H21NO 467-60-7 267.366 cry (hx) 97.5 4513 1,3-Diphenylpropane C15H16 1081-75-0 196.288 liq 6 300; 1231.71.007201.576020 4514 2,2-Diphenylpropane C15H16 778-22-3 196.288 29 282.5 0.998020 4515 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione Dibenzoylmethane C15H12O2 120-46-7 224.255 70.5 s EtOH, eth, chl, dil NaOH 4516 1,3-Diphenyl-1-propanone Phenethyl phenyl ketone C15H14O 1083-30-3 210.271 lf (EtOH) 72.5 360 4517 1,1-Diphenyl-2-propanone 1,1-Diphenylacetone C15H14O 781-35-1 210.271 46 307; 174101.536116s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig 4518 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propanone Dibenzyl ketone C15H14O 102-04-5 210.271 cry (al, peth) 35 331 1.1950i H2O; s EtOH, eth, peth 4519 3,3-Diphenyl-2-propenal β-Phenylcinnamaldehyde C15H12O 1210-39-5 208.255 pa ye pr (lig) 44.8 20514 4520 1,1-Diphenyl-1-propene C15H14 778-66-5 194.272 52 280; 149111.0250201.588020i H2O; s EtOH, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g23/g20H NN H N,N’-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamineOH OH 1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol, ( R*,R*)-(±) 1,1-DiphenyletheneO Diphenyl etherO P OOO Diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphateNO N,N-Diphenylformamide O 2,5-DiphenylfuranHNHN NH N,N’-Diphenylguanidine 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatrieneNNH 2 1,1-DiphenylhydrazineHNNH 1,2-DiphenylhydrazineN NOH H 5,5-Diphenyl-4-imidazolidinoneOO OO Diphenyl isophthalate CO DiphenylketeneOOO O Diphenyl maleateHg Diphenylmercury DiphenylmethaneNNCOCO 4,4’-Diphenylmethane diisocyanateS DiphenylmethanethioneNH N N,N’-Diphenylmethanimidamide OH DiphenylmethanolON 2-(Diphenylmethoxy)- N,N-dimethylethanaminePO O O Diphenyl methylphosphonateN OH 2-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-piperidineethanolN O 2,5-DiphenyloxazoleO 1,5-Diphenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one NN 4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolineCl P Diphenylphosphinous chlorideOHPOO Diphenyl phosphonateOO O O Diphenyl phthalateN HOH α,α-Diphenyl-2-piperidinemethanol 1,3-Diphenylpropane 2,2-Diphenylpropane OO 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedioneO 1,3-Diphenyl-1-propanoneO 1,1-Diphenyl-2-propanoneO 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propanoneO 3,3-Diphenyl-2-propenal 1,1-Diphenyl-1-propene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g23/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124521 trans -1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one Chalcone C15H12O 614-47-1 208.255 pa ye lf, pr, nd (peth)59 dec 346 1.071262i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS2 4522 1-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)piperidine Fenpiprane C20H25N 3540-95-2 279.420 41.5 2158 4523 3,5-Diphenyl-1 H-pyrazole C15H12N2 1145-01-3 220.269 cry (al) 200 4524 1,4-Diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione Phenopyrazone C15H12N2O2 3426-01-5 252.268 cry (EtOAc, Diox)233.5 4525 Diphenyl selenide C12H10Se 1132-39-4 233.17 ye nd (bz) 1.3 301.5 1.351201.550020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, xyl 4526 Diphenylsilane C12H12Si 775-12-2 184.309 13416, 96130.9969201.580020s ctc, CS2 4527 Diphenylsilanediol C12H12O2Si 947-42-2 216.308 sl DMSO 4528 Diphenyl succinate C16H14O4 621-14-7 270.280 lf (al) 121 330; 222.515i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 4529 Diphenyl sulfide Phenyl sulfide C12H10S 139-66-2 186.272 liq -25.9 296 1.1136201.633420i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth, bz, CS2 4530 Diphenyl sulfone C12H10O2S 127-63-9 218.271 mcl pr(bz) pl(al)128.5 379 1.25220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 4531 Diphenyl sulfoxide C12H10OS 945-51-7 202.271 pr(lig) 71.2 34016vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl; i peth 4532 N,N’-Diphenylthiourea sym-Diphenylthiourea C13H12N2S 102-08-9 228.312 154.5 1.3225sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, oils 4533 1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene Diazoaminobenzene C12H11N3 136-35-6 197.235 ye lf or pr (al) 98 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py 4534 N,N-Diphenylurea C13H12N2O 603-54-3 212.246 tab (al) 189 dec 1.27625sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4535 N,N’-Diphenylurea Carbanilide C13H12N2O 102-07-8 212.246 orth pr (al) 239 260 dec 1.23925sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, py, HOAc; i bz 4536 Diphosgene Carbonochloridic acid, trichloromethyl esterC2Cl4O2 503-38-8 197.832 liq -57 128 1.6525141.456622vs eth, EtOH 4537 1,2-Dipiperidinoethane C12H24N2 1932-04-3 196.332 liq -0.5 265 0.9160251.485325 4538 1,1’-Dipiperidinomethane 1,1’-Methylenedipiperidine C11H22N2 880-09-1 182.306 230; 122150.9269201.482020 4539 1,3-Di-4-piperidylpropane 4,4’-Trimethylenedipiperidine C13H26N2 16898-52-5 210.358 67.1 329 vs H2O 4540 Diploicin C16H10Cl4O5 527-93-5 424.059 232 4541 Di-2-propenoyldiethyleneglycol C10H14O5 4074-88-8 214.215 200 1.1110251.459525 4542 Di-2-propenoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3- propanediol2-Propenoic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3- propanediyl esterC11H16O4 2223-82-7 212.243 1.454225 4543 Di-2-propenoyl-1,6-hexanediol 2-Propenoic acid, 1,6-hexanediyl esterC12H18O4 13048-33-4 226.269 1.01025 4544 Dipropetryn 6-(Ethylthio)- N,N’-diisopropyl-1,3,5- triazine-2,4-diamineC11H21N5S 4147-51-7 255.384 105 4545 1,2-Dipropoxyethane C8H18O2 18854-56-3 146.228 liq 163.2 dec 0.8312251.401325 4546 Dipropoxymethane Formaldehyde, dipropyl acetal C7H16O2 505-84-0 132.201 liq -97.3 140.5 0.8345201.393919vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 4547 N,N-Dipropylacetamide C8H17NO 1116-24-1 143.227 209.5 0.8992171.441917vs EtOH 4548 Dipropyl adipate C12H22O4 106-19-4 230.301 -15.7 151110.9790201.431420vs eth, EtOH, chl 4549 Dipropylamine N-Propyl-1-propanamine C6H15N 142-84-7 101.190 liq -63 109.3 0.7400201.405020s H2O, EtOH; msc eth; vs ace, bz 4550 4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acidProbenecid C13H19NO4S 57-66-9 285.360 195 4551 N,N-Dipropylaniline C12H19N 2217-07-4 177.286 ye lf 242 0.9104201.527120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc 4552 Dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl esterEPTC C9H19NOS 759-94-4 189.318 127200.954630 4553 Dipropyl carbonate C7H14O3 623-96-1 146.184 168 0.9435201.400820sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 4554 Dipropyl disulfide C6H14S2 629-19-6 150.305 liq -85.6 195.8 0.9599201.498120 4555 Dipropylene glycol C6H14O3 25265-71-8 134.173 230.5 1.020620msc H2O; s EtOH 4556 Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate C20H22O5 27138-31-4 342.386 1971No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g23/g22O trans -1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-oneN 1-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)piperidineN HN 3,5-Diphenyl-1 H-pyrazoleNNHO O 1,4-Diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedioneSe Diphenyl selenideSiHH Diphenylsilane SiHO OH DiphenylsilanediolO OOO Diphenyl succinateS Diphenyl sulfideSOO Diphenyl sulfoneSO Diphenyl sulfoxideN HN HS N,N’-DiphenylthioureaNNH N 1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene NO NH 2 N,N-DiphenylureaN HN HO N,N’-DiphenylureaO Cl O ClClCl DiphosgeneNN 1,2-DipiperidinoethaneNN 1,1’-DipiperidinomethaneHN NH 1,3-Di-4-piperidylpropaneO OCl HO ClClOCl O Diploicin OOOOO Di-2-propenoyldiethyleneglycolO O OO Di-2-propenoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediolOO OO Di-2-propenoyl-1,6-hexanediolN N N SHN N H DipropetrynOO 1,2-Dipropoxyethane OO DipropoxymethaneNO N,N-DipropylacetamideOOO O Dipropyl adipateH N DipropylamineS NOOHO O 4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acidN N,N-Dipropylaniline NOS Dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl esterOOO Dipropyl carbonateSS Dipropyl disulfideHO O OH Dipropylene glycolOOOOO Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g23/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124557 Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-(2-Methoxyisopropoxy)-2- propanolC7H16O3 34590-94-8 148.200 liq -80 188.3 0.95 1.419020 4558 Dipropyl ether Propyl ether C6H14O 111-43-3 102.174 liq -114.8 90.08 0.7466201.380920sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH 4559 Dipropyl fumarate C10H16O4 14595-35-8 200.232 11051.0129201.443520s EtOH, eth 4560 Dipropyl maleate C10H16O4 2432-63-5 200.232 126121.0245201.443420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 4561 Dipropyl oxalate C8H14O4 615-98-5 174.195 liq -44.3 211 1.0188201.415820sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth 4562 5,5-Dipropyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione C9H15NO3 512-12-9 185.220 42.5 1493 4563 Dipropyl succinate C10H18O4 925-15-5 202.248 liq -5.9 250.8 1.0020201.425020vs ace, bz, eth 4564 Dipropyl sulfate C6H14O4S 598-05-0 182.238 120201.1064201.413520vs peth 4565 Dipropyl sulfide C6H14S 111-47-7 118.240 liq -102.5 142.9 0.814171.448720i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4566 Dipropyl sulfone C6H14O2S 598-03-8 150.239 cry 29.5 1.0278501.445630sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 4567 Dipropyl sulfoxide C6H14OS 4253-91-2 134.239 nd 22.5 8020.9654201.466320vs eth, EtOH 4568 Dipyridamole C24H40N8O4 58-32-2 504.627 163 4569 Di-2-pyridinyl disulfide, N,N’-dioxide Dipyrithione C10H8N2O2S2 3696-28-4 252.313 cry (MeOH) 205 4570 2,2’-Dipyrrolylmethane C9H10N2 21211-65-4 146.188 lf or nd (al) 73 16412vs bz, eth, EtOH 4571 Diquat C12H12N2 2764-72-9 184.236 Cation 4572 Diquat dibromide C12H12Br2N2 85-00-7 344.044 337 1.2420 4573 Disodium calcium EDTA Edetate calcium disodium C10H12CaN2Na2 O862-33-9 374.268 pow s H2O 4574 Disodium hydrogen citrate Sodium acid citrate C6H6Na2O7 144-33-2 236.088 wh pow (w) 149 dec vs H2O 4575 Disperse Blue No. 1 1,4,5,8-Tetraamino-9,10- anthracenedioneC14H12N4O2 2475-45-8 268.271 red-br nd 331 4576 Distearyl thiodipropionate Dioctadecyl thiobispropanoate C42H82O4S 693-36-7 683.163 cry 61 4577 Disulfiram C10H20N2S4 97-77-8 296.539 71.5 11717i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; vs chl 4578 Disulfoton C8H19O2PS3 298-04-4 274.405 -25 1080.01, 12811.14420 4579 1,2-Dithiane C4H8S2 505-20-4 120.237 nd 32.5 8014, 6051.598125s eth, bz, chl 4580 1,3-Dithiane C4H8S2 505-23-7 120.237 54 89141.598125vs bz, eth, chl 4581 1,4-Dithiane C4H8S2 505-29-3 120.237 mcl pr 112.3 199.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, CS2, HOAc 4582 Dithianone C14H4N2O2S2 3347-22-6 296.324 nd (ace) 220 4583 Dithiazanine iodide C23H23IN2S2 514-73-8 518.476 grn nd (MeOH) 248 dec i H2O 4584 2,2’-Dithiobisbenzoic acid Diphenyl disulfide-2,2’-dicarboxylic acidC14H10O4S2 119-80-2 306.357 289.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4585 3,3’-Dithiobispropanoic acid C6H10O4S2 1119-62-6 210.271 158 4586 3,3’-Dithiobis- D-valine C10H20N2O4S2 20902-45-8 296.407 204.5 4587 2,5-Dithiobiurea 1,2-Hydrazinedicarbothioamide C2H6N4S2 142-46-1 150.226 nd (w) 214 4588 4,4’-Dithiodimorpholine C8H16N2O2S2 103-34-4 236.355 124.5 s chl 4589 1,2-Dithiolane C3H6S2 557-22-2 106.210 77 9027 4590 1,3-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiacyclopentane C3H6S2 4829-04-3 106.210 liq -50 175 1.259171.597515s EtOH, eth, xyl 4591 1,3-Dithiolane-2-thione C3H4S3 822-38-8 136.259 35 307 4592 Dithiopyr C15H16F5NO2S297886-45-8 401.416 65 4593 Dithizone C13H12N4S 60-10-6 256.326 bl-blk (chl-al) 167 dec i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s chl, alk 4594 Di( p-tolyl)carbodiimide C15H14N2 726-42-1 222.285 58.5 221201.150020 4595 1,2-Di( p-tolyl)ethane 1,2-Bis( p-tolyl)ethane C16H18 538-39-6 210.314 lf (al) 85 17818i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, peth 4596 N,N’-Di(o-tolyl)guanidine C15H17N3 97-39-2 239.316 cry (dil al) 179 1.1020sl H2O, tfa, EtOH; vs eth; s chl 4597 Ditridecyl phthalate C34H58O4 119-06-2 530.823 liq 2853.50.95225No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g23/g24 OO OH Dipropylene glycol monomethyl etherO Dipropyl etherOOO O Dipropyl fumarateO OOO Dipropyl maleateOO OO Dipropyl oxalateNH OOO 5,5-Dipropyl-2,4-oxazolidinedioneOO OO Dipropyl succinate OSOOO Dipropyl sulfateS Dipropyl sulfideSOO Dipropyl sulfoneSO Dipropyl sulfoxideN NNNN NNNOH HOOH OH DipyridamoleNS OSN O Di-2-pyridinyl disulfide, N,N’-dioxideN HN H 2,2’-DipyrrolylmethaneNN Diquat NN2Br Diquat dibromideN NCOO COO OOCOOC Ca 2Na2 Disodium calcium EDTAHO OHOO OHOO H 2Na2 Disodium hydrogen citrateO ONH 2 NH 2NH 2 NH 2 Disperse Blue No. 1OSOOO Distearyl thiodipropionateNSSNS S Disulfiram PS SO O S DisulfotonSS 1,2-DithianeSS 1,3-DithianeSS 1,4-DithianeSSO ONN DithianoneSN SNI Dithiazanine iodideSSOHO HO O 2,2’-Dithiobisbenzoic acidHO SSO HO O 3,3’-Dithiobispropanoic acid HO SSO H ONH 2 NH 2O 3,3’-Dithiobis- D-valineH2NN HH N NH 2S S 2,5-DithiobiureaON S S NO 4,4’-DithiodimorpholineSS 1,2-DithiolaneS S 1,3-DithiolaneS SS 1,3-Dithiolane-2-thioneNS SO F FF FFO DithiopyrNNN HSH N Dithizone NCN Di(p-tolyl)carbodiimide 1,2-Di( p-tolyl)ethaneH NH N NH N,N’-Di(o-tolyl)guanidineOO O O Ditridecyl phthalate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g23/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124598 Diundecyl phthalate C30H50O4 3648-20-2 474.716 cry (EtOH) 35.5 4599 Diuron C9H10Cl2N2O 330-54-1 233.093 158 4600 o-Divinylbenzene 1,2-Divinylbenzene C10H10 91-14-5 130.186 82140.9325221.576720s ace, bz 4601 m-Divinylbenzene 1,3-Divinylbenzene C10H10 108-57-6 130.186 -52.3 12176, 5230.9294201.576020s ace, bz 4602 p-Divinylbenzene 1,4-Divinylbenzene C10H10 105-06-6 130.186 31 9518, 340.20.913401.583525s ace, bz 4603 cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane C8H12 16177-46-1 108.181 38380.8010201.456320 4604 trans -1,2-Divinylcyclobutane C8H12 6553-48-6 108.181 112.5 0.7817201.445120 4605 Divinyl ether C4H6O 109-93-3 70.090 vol liq or gas -100.6 28.3 0.773201.398920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl 4606 Divinyl sulfide Vinyl sulfide C4H6S 627-51-0 86.156 20 84 0.917415sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 4607 Divinyl sulfone Vinyl sulfone C4H6O2S 77-77-0 118.155 liq -26 234.5 1.177251.476520 4608 1,3-Divinyl-1,1,3,3- tetramethyldisiloxaneC8H18OSi2 2627-95-4 186.399 liq -99.7 39 0.811201.412320 4609 Djenkolic acid C7H14N2O4S2 498-59-9 254.327 nd(w) ≈325 dec 4610 DMPA C10H14Cl2NO2P S299-85-4 314.169 solid 51.4 1502sl H2O; vs bz, ctc, ace 4611 Docosane C22H46 629-97-0 310.600 pl(to), cry (eth) 43.6 368.6 0.7944201.445520i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth 4612 Docosanoic acid Behenic acid C22H44O2 112-85-6 340.583 nd 81.5 306600.8223901.4270100sl H2O, EtOH, eth 4613 1-Docosanol C22H46O 661-19-8 326.599 cry (ace, chl) 72.5 1800.22sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH, MeOH; s chl 4614 13-Docosenamide Erucamide C22H43NO 112-84-5 337.582 cry 94 4615 1-Docosene C22H44 1599-67-3 308.584 38 367 0.79425 4616 cis-13-Docosenoic acid Erucic acid C22H42O2 112-86-7 338.567 nd (al) 34.7 265150.860551.475820i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, MeOH 4617 trans -13-Docosenoic acid Brassidic acid C22H42O2 506-33-2 338.567 pl (al) 61.9 28230, 256100.8585571.4347100 4618 5,7-Dodecadiyne Dibutylbutadiyne C12H18 1120-29-2 162.271 1038 4619 Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane C12H36O6Si6 540-97-6 444.923 liq -1.5 245 0.9672251.401520i H2O 4620 Dodecamethylpentasiloxane C12H36O4Si5 141-63-9 384.840 liq -80 232; 105120.8755201.392520s ctc, CS2 4621 Dodecanal Lauraldehyde C12H24O 112-54-9 184.318 lf 44.5 185100, 1002.50.8352151.43522i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth 4622 Dodecanamide C12H25NO 1120-16-7 199.333 nd 110 199121.4287110i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; sl eth, bz 4623 Dodecane C12H26 112-40-3 170.334 liq -9.57 216.32 0.7495201.421020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, chl 4624 1,12-Dodecanediamine C12H28N2 2783-17-7 200.363 67.38 1353 4625 Dodecanedioic acid C12H22O4 693-23-2 230.301 128 222251.1525s tfa 4626 1,12-Dodecanediol C12H26O2 5675-51-4 202.333 cry (bz, dil al) 81.3 18912s tfa 4627 Dodecanenitrile Lauronitrile C12H23N 2437-25-4 181.318 4 277; 1981000.8240201.436120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 4628 1-Dodecanethiol C12H26S 112-55-0 202.399 liq -6.7 277; 143150.844201.458920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4629 Dodecanoic acid Lauric acid C12H24O2 143-07-7 200.318 nd (al) 43.8 91.4 0.8679501.418382i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; msc bz 4630 Dodecanoic anhydride C24H46O3 645-66-9 382.620 lf (al, eth) 41.8 0.8533701.429270vs EtOH 4631 1-Dodecanol Lauryl alcohol C12H26O 112-53-8 186.333 lf (dil al) 23.9 260 0.830924i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz 4632 2-Dodecanol C12H26O 10203-28-8 186.333 19 252 0.8286201.440020 4633 2-Dodecanone Decyl methyl ketone C12H24O 6175-49-1 184.318 21 246.5 0.8198201.433020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 4634 Dodecanoyl chloride C12H23ClO 112-16-3 218.763 -17 145180.9169251.445820vs eth 4635 1-Dodecene C12H24 112-41-4 168.319 liq -35.2 213.8 0.7584201.430020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, peth 4636 trans -2-Dodecenedioic acid Traumatic acid C12H20O4 6402-36-4 228.285 cry (al,ace) 165.5 vs eth, EtOH, chl 4637 2-Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride C16H26O3 19780-11-1 266.375 hyg cry 42 1815 4638 Dodecyl acetate C14H28O2 112-66-3 228.371 0.7 265; 180400.8652221.443920 4639 Dodecyl acrylate Lauryl 2-propenoate C15H28O2 2156-97-0 240.382 4 1200.80.872720 4640 Dodecylamine 1-Dodecanamine C12H27N 124-22-1 185.349 28.3 259 0.8015201.442120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g23/g26 OO O O Diundecyl phthalateH N Cl ClN O Diuron o-Divinylbenzene m-Divinylbenzene p-Divinylbenzene cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane trans -1,2-DivinylcyclobutaneO Divinyl etherS Divinyl sulfide S OO Divinyl sulfoneSiOSi 1,3-Divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxaneO HO NH 2SS NH 2OHO Djenkolic acidCl ClOPHN OS DMPA DocosaneOHO Docosanoic acid OH 1-DocosanolNH 2O 13-Docosenamide 1-DocoseneOHO cis-13-Docosenoic acidOHO trans -13-Docosenoic acid 5,7-DodecadiyneSi OOSiO Si OSiOSiOSi DodecamethylcyclohexasiloxaneSi OSi OSi OSi OSi DodecamethylpentasiloxaneO DodecanalNH 2O Dodecanamide Dodecane H2NNH 2 1,12-DodecanediamineHO OOHO Dodecanedioic acidHOOH 1,12-DodecanediolN Dodecanenitrile SH 1-DodecanethiolOHO Dodecanoic acidOOO Dodecanoic anhydrideOH 1-DodecanolOH 2-Dodecanol O 2-DodecanoneClO Dodecanoyl chloride 1-DodeceneOHO HO O trans -2-Dodecenedioic acidOO O 2-Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride OO Dodecyl acetateOO Dodecyl acrylateNH 2 Dodecylamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g23/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124641 Dodecylamine, acetate 1-Dodecanamine, acetate C14H31NO2 2016-56-0 245.402 69.5 vs H2O, EtOH 4642 Dodecylamine hydrochloride Lauryl amine hydrochloride C12H28ClN 929-73-7 221.810 186 vs H2O, EtOH 4643 4-Dodecylaniline C18H31N 104-42-7 261.446 41.5 21110 4644 Dodecylbenzene Laurylbenzene C18H30 123-01-3 246.431 3 328 0.8551201.482420i H2O 4645 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid C18H30O3S 121-65-3 326.494 >205 4646 Dodecylcyclohexane C18H36 1795-17-1 252.479 12.5 331 0.8223201.455920 4647 Dodecyl mercaptoacetate C14H28O2S 3746-39-2 260.436 1.5 1713 4648 Dodecyl methacrylate C16H30O2 142-90-5 254.408 14240.86620 4649 Dodecyloxirane 1,2-Epoxytetradecane C14H28O 3234-28-4 212.371 oil 950.40.845 1.440820 4650 2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanol C14H30O2 4536-30-5 230.387 1430.8 4651 4-Dodecyloxy-2- hydroxybenzophenoneC25H34O3 2985-59-3 382.536 43.5 4652 4-Dodecylphenol C18H30O 104-43-8 262.430 nd (bz) 66 1752 4653 1-Dodecylpiperidine C17H35N 5917-47-5 253.467 pa ye 1615, 1150.60.8378201.458820 4654 Dodecyl sulfate Lauryl sulfate C12H26O4S 151-41-7 266.397 cry s H2O 4655 Dodecyltetraethylene glycol monoether3,6,9,12-Tetraoxatetracosan-1-ol C20H42O5 5274-68-0 362.544 24710 4656 Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate C19H30O5 1166-52-5 338.438 96.5 s ace 4657 Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride C15H34ClN 112-00-5 263.891 246 dec vs H2O, ace, EtOH, chl 4658 1-Dodecyne Decylacetylene C12H22 765-03-7 166.303 liq -19 215 0.7788201.434020 4659 6-Dodecyne C12H22 6975-99-1 166.303 210; 100140.785201.444220vs ace, eth, EtOH 4660 Dodine Dodecylguanidine, monoacetate C15H33N3O2 2439-10-3 287.442 136 4661 Dopamine 4(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol C8H11NO2 51-61-6 153.179 pr 4662 Dothiepin C19H21NS 113-53-1 295.442 56 1720.05 4663 Dotriacontane Bicetyl C32H66 544-85-4 450.866 pl (bz,chl,HOAc,eth)69.4 467 0.8124 201.455020i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ctc; vs bz 4664 Doxepin C19H21NO 1668-19-5 279.376 oily liq 1550.03, 2650.2 4665 Doxorubicin Adriamycin C27H29NO11 23214-92-8 543.519 cry 230 4666 Doxorubicin hydrochloride Adriamycin hydrochloride C27H30ClNO11 25316-40-9 579.980 oran-red nd 204 dec s H2O, MeOH; i ace, bz, chl, eth, peth 4667 Doxylamine C17H22N2O 469-21-6 270.369 liq 1390.5 4668 Drimenin C15H22O2 2326-89-8 234.335 cry 133 1100.1i H2O 4669 Dromostanolone propanoate 2-Methyl-17-(1-oxopropoxy) androstan-3-one, (2 α,5α,17β)C23H36O3 521-12-0 360.530 128 4670 Droperidol Dehydrobenzperidol C22H22FN3O2 548-73-2 379.427 cry (w) 146 (hyd) i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, DMF 4671 Dydrogesterone C21H28O2 152-62-5 312.446 cry (ace/hx) 170 4672 Dyphylline C10H14N4O4 479-18-5 254.243 161.5 4673 Ecgonidine C9H13NO2 484-93-5 167.205 cry (MeOH) (MeOH-eth)228 dec vs H2O 4674 Ecgonine C9H15NO3 481-37-8 185.220 mcl pr 205 vs H2O, EtOH 4675 Echimidine C20H31NO7 520-68-3 397.463 glass 4676 Echinochrome A 2-Ethyl-3,5,6,7,8-pentahydroxy-1,4- naphthalenedioneC12H10O7 517-82-8 266.203 red nd (Diox-w) 220 dec sub 120 sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, bz 4677 Echitamine C22H30N2O5 6871-44-9 402.483 206 s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, con sulf; i peth 4678 Edrophonium chloride C10H16ClNO 116-38-1 201.693 cry 162 vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g23/g28 NH 2HO O Dodecylamine, acetate NH 2HCl Dodecylamine hydrochlorideNH 2 4-Dodecylaniline DodecylbenzeneSOOOH 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Dodecylcyclohexane OO SH Dodecyl mercaptoacetateOO Dodecyl methacrylateO DodecyloxiraneOOH 2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanolOOHO 4-Dodecyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone OH 4-DodecylphenolN 1-DodecylpiperidineOSO OOH Dodecyl sulfateOOOOOH Dodecyltetraethylene glycol monoetherOO OHHOHO Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate N Cl Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride 1-Dodecyne 6-DodecyneHN NH 2 NH OOH DodineHO OHNH 2 DopamineSN Dothiepin DotriacontaneON DoxepinO O OO HOH OHOH OO HO NH 2O DoxorubicinHClO O OO HOH OHOH OO HO NH 2O Doxorubicin hydrochlorideNON DoxylamineOO H DrimeninOO H HO Dromostanolone propanoate NNO F N HN O DroperidolOH HO DydrogesteroneN N NNO OOH OH DyphyllineN OHO EcgonidineN OHOHO EcgonineNOO O OH OH OHOH EchimidineO OOH OHHOHOOH Echinochrome ANN H HOHOO O EchitamineN OHCl Edrophonium chloride /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g24/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124679 Efloxate Ethyl [(4-oxo-2-phenyl-4 H-1- benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetateC19H16O5 119-41-5 324.327 123.7 s chl 4680 Eicosamethylnonasiloxane C20H60O8Si9 2652-13-3 681.455 307.5; 198160.9173201.398020vs bz 4681 Eicosane Icosane C20H42 112-95-8 282.547 lf (al) 36.6 343 0.7886201.442520i H2O; s eth, peth, bz; sl chl; vs ace 4682 Eicosanedioic acid 1,18-Octadecanedicarboxylic acid C20H38O4 2424-92-2 342.514 cry (bz,al) 125.5 2332s eth 4683 Eicosanoic acid Arachidic acid C20H40O2 506-30-9 312.531 pl (al) 76.5 dec 328; 20410.82401001.425100i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s bz, chl 4684 1-Eicosanol Arachic alcohol C20H42O 629-96-9 298.546 wax (al), cry (chl)65.4 356; 22230.8405201.435020i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs ace; s bz, peth 4685 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (all- cis)Arachidonic acid C20H32O2 506-32-1 304.467 -49.5 16310.9082201.482420i H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth 4686 1-Eicosene C20H40 3452-07-1 280.532 28.5 341; 15120.7882301.444030i H2O; s bz, peth 4687 cis-9-Eicosenoic acid C20H38O2 29204-02-2 310.515 24.5 22060.888225 4688 trans -9-Eicosenoic acid C20H38O2 506-31-0 310.515 54 4689 11-Eicosenoic acid C20H38O2 2462-94-4 310.515 24 267150.882625vs EtOH, MeOH 4690 Elaidic acid trans -9-Octadecenoic acid C18H34O2 112-79-8 282.462 pl (al) 45 288100, 234150.8734451.449945i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4691 Elaiomycin C13H26N2O3 23315-05-1 258.356 ye oil 1.479825sl H2O; s os 4692 1,3-Elemadien-11-ol Elemol C15H26O 639-99-6 222.366 cry (al) 52.5 142120.9345181.498018 4693 β-Elemene C15H24 33880-83-0 204.352 12016, 104110.8749201.493520 4694 Embelin 2,5-Dihydroxy-3-undecyl-2,5- cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneC17H26O4 550-24-3 294.386 oran pl (al) 142.5 vs bz, eth, EtOH 4695 Emetine 6’,7’,10,11-Tetramethoxyemetan C29H40N2O4 483-18-1 480.639 amor pow 74 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl bz, chl 4696 Emylcamate 3-Methyl-3-pentanol, carbamate C7H15NO2 78-28-4 145.200 nd 57 351sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH 4697 Enallylpropymal C11H16N2O3 1861-21-8 224.256 cry (w, dil al) 56.5 17712vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 4698 Endosulfan C9H6Cl6O3S 115-29-7 406.925 106 1060.71.74520 4699 Endosulfan sulfate C9H6Cl6O4S 1031-07-8 422.925 cry (cyhex) 181 4700 Endothall disodium C8H10Na2O5 145-73-3 232.142 144 1.43120 4701 Endrin C12H8Cl6O 72-20-8 380.909 cry dec 245 vs ace, bz, xyl; s ctc, hx 4702 Enflurane C3H2ClF5O 13838-16-9 184.492 liq 56.5 1.5121251.302520vs os 4703 Ephedrine, (±) α-[1-(Methylamino) ethyl]benzenemethanol, ( R*,S*)- (±)-C10H15NO 90-81-3 165.232 nd (eth, peth) 76.5 135121.122020s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4704 d-Ephedrine α-[1-(Methylamino) ethyl]benzenemethanol, [ S- (R*,S*)]-C10H15NO 321-98-2 165.232 pl (w) 40 225 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4705 l-Ephedrine α-[1-(Methylamino) ethyl]benzenemethanol, [ R- (R*,S*)]-C10H15NO 299-42-3 165.232 pl (w + 1) 40 225 1.008522s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4706 Ephedrine hydrochloride 2-(Methylamino)-1-phenyl-1- propanol, hydrochlorideC10H16ClNO 50-98-6 201.693 orth nd 219 1.020820 4707 Epichlorohydrin (Chloromethyl)oxirane C3H5ClO 13403-37-7 92.524 liq -26 118; 621001.1812201.435825sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc 4708 Epinephrine D-Adrenaline C9H13NO3 51-43-4 183.204 br (in air) 211.5 sl H2O; i EtOH; s HOAc, acid 4709 Epiquinidine C20H24N2O2 572-59-8 324.417 cry (AcOEt) lf (eth)113 vs EtOH; s eth 4710 1,2-Epoxybutane Ethyloxirane C4H8O 106-88-7 72.106 liq -150 63.4 0.8297201.385120vs EtOH, ace; msc eth 4711 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide C8H12O2 106-87-6 140.180 <-55 227 1.0966201.478720vs H2O 4712 1,2-Epoxyhexadecane Tetradecyloxirane C16H32O 7320-37-8 240.424 hyg cry or liq 24.1 178120.846 1.2240No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g24/g20 OO OO O EfloxateOOSiOSiOSiOSi SiOSiOSiOSiSi Eicosamethylnonasiloxane EicosaneOHO OH O Eicosanedioic acidOHO Eicosanoic acid OH 1-EicosanolOH O 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (all- cis) 1-EicoseneOHO cis-9-Eicosenoic acidOHO trans -9-Eicosenoic acid OHO 11-Eicosenoic acidO OH Elaidic acidNNOH OO ElaiomycinOH 1,3-Elemadien-11-ol β-Elemene O OOH HO Embelin/g3 NO OH H HNO OH EmetineNH 2 OO EmylcamateNNH OO O EnallylpropymalOSO Cl Cl ClCl OCl ClH H EndosulfanOSO Cl ClOOCl ClCl ClH H Endosulfan sulfate O COO COONa Na Endothall disodiumClCl Cl Cl ClClH HO HH EndrinFOFClF FF EnfluraneOHH N Ephedrine, (±)OHH N d-EphedrineOHH N l-EphedrineOHH N HCl Ephedrine hydrochlorideO Cl Epichlorohydrin OHH N HOHO EpinephrineNHON OH EpiquinidineO 1,2-EpoxybutaneO O 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexaneO 1,2-Epoxyhexadecane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g24/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124713 1,2-Epoxyoctadecane Hexadecyloxirane C18H36O 7390-81-0 268.478 hyg cry 26.1 1370.5 4714 2,3-Epoxy- α-pinane C10H16O 1686-14-2 152.233 8524 4715 2,3-Epoxypropyl acrylate Glycidyl acrylate C6H8O3 106-90-1 128.126 53101.1109201.449020vs bz 4716 2,3-Epoxypropyl methacrylate Glycidol methacrylate C7H10O3 106-91-2 142.152 189; 75101.042201.44825vs bz, eth, EtOH 4717 Equol C14H14O3 531-95-3 230.259 cry (aq, al) 189.5 4718 Ergocornine C31H39N5O5 564-36-3 561.673 cry (MeOH) 183 dec i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, AcOEt 4719 Ergocorninine C31H39N5O5 564-37-4 561.673 lo pr (al) 228 dec vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl 4720 Ergocristine C35H39N5O5 511-08-0 609.716 orth (bz) 175 dec i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl 4721 Ergocristinine C35H39N5O5 511-07-9 609.716 pr (al) 237 dec i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, chl 4722 Ergocryptine C32H41N5O5 511-09-1 575.699 pr (al) 213 dec i H2O; s EtOH, chl 4723 Ergocryptinine C33H41N5O5 511-10-4 587.710 lo pr (al) 245 dec vs ace, chl 4724 Ergometrinine C19H23N3O2 479-00-5 325.405 pr (ace) 196 dec vs chl 4725 Ergonovine Ergometrine C19H23N3O2 60-79-7 325.405 pl or nd 162 dec s H2O, ace; vs EtOH; sl chl 4726 Ergosine C30H37N5O5 561-94-4 547.646 pr (MeOH, AcOEt)228 dec s ace, chl; sl MeOH 4727 Ergostane, (5 α)C28H50 511-20-6 386.697 lf or pl (ace, eth- MeOH)85 vs ace, eth, chl 4728 Ergostane, (5 β) Coproergostane C28H50 511-21-7 386.697 nd (ace) 64 vs eth, chl 4729 Ergostan-3-ol, (3 β,5α) Ergostanol C28H50O 6538-02-9 402.696 nd (MeOH-eth) 144.5 i H2O; s eth, chl 4730 Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3β,22E)Dehydroergosterol C28H42O 516-85-8 394.632 lf (al) nd (eth) ,pl (al)146 2300.5vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 4731 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3 β,22E) Ergosterol C28H44O 57-87-4 396.648 pl (+w, al) nd (eth)170 2500.01i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, peth; s bz, chl 4732 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,10α,22E)Pyrocalciferol C28H44O 128-27-8 396.648 nd (MeOH) 94 i H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH 4733 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,9β,10α,22E)Lumisterol C28H44O 474-69-1 396.648 nd (ace-MeOH) 118 i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs eth, ace, chl 4734 Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,24R) Campesterol C28H48O 474-62-4 400.680 cry (ace) 157.5 4735 Ergost-7-en-3-ol, (3 β,5α) γ-Ergostenol C28H48O 516-78-9 400.680 nd (MeOH) cry (PrOH146 s eth 4736 Ergost-8(14)-en-3-ol, (3 β,5α) α-Ergostenol C28H48O 632-32-6 400.680 lf or nd (MeOH) 131 sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl 4737 Ergotamine C33H55N5O5 113-15-5 601.821 nd (al), pr (bz) pl (ace)213 dec vs bz, eth, chl 4738 Ergotamine tartrate (2:1) Gynergen C35H38N5O8 379-79-3 656.706 192 dec 4739 Ergotaminine C33H35N5O5 639-81-6 581.662 orth pl (MeOH) pl (al)252 dec i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s chl; vs py 4740 Ergothioneine C9H15N3O2S 497-30-3 229.299 nd or lf (dil EtOH)290 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl 4741 Eriochrome Black T C20H12N3NaO7S 1787-61-7 461.380 br-blk pow s H2O, EtOH, MeOH 4742 Eriodictyol 3’,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavanone, ( S)C15H12O6 552-58-9 288.252 pl or nd (EtOH) 267 dec vs EtOH, HOAc 4743 Erythorbic acid Isoascorbic acid C6H8O6 89-65-6 176.124 gran cry 168 s H2O, py; sl ace 4744 β-Erythroidine C16H19NO3 466-81-9 273.327 cry (al) 99.5 s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH, bz 4745 Erythromycin Propiocine C37H67NO13 114-07-8 733.927 cry (w) 191 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 4746 Erythromycin ethyl succinate C43H75NO16 1264-62-6 862.053 cry (ace aq) 222 4747 Erythromycin stearate C55H103NO15 643-22-1 1018.405 cry 92 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl 4748 Erythrophleine Norcassamidine C24H39NO5 36150-73-9 421.571 glass 115 s H2O, EtOH 4749 D-Erythrose C4H8O4 583-50-6 120.105 syr s H2O; vs EtOH 4750 L-Erythrose C4H8O4 533-49-3 120.105 syr vs H2O, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g24/g22O 1,2-Epoxyoctadecane O 2,3-Epoxy- α-pinaneO O O 2,3-Epoxypropyl acrylateO HOOH EquolO O O 2,3-Epoxypropyl methacrylate N NHH NN OO H OHO HNO ErgocornineNNO OO HOHN N NHHO H ErgocorninineNN OO H OHO NHO N NHH ErgocristineNNO OO HOHN N NHO HH Ergocristinine NNO H O OHO HNO N NHH ErgocryptineNNO O OHO NHHO N NHH ErgocryptinineN HHOO N NHH ErgometrinineN NHHN HHO HO ErgonovineNN OO OHO N HO N NHHH ErgosineH H Ergostane, (5 α)H H Ergostane, (5 β) HOHH Ergostan-3-ol, (3 β,5α)HO Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3 β,22E)HO Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3 β,22E)HO Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3 β,10α,22E)HOH Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3 β,9β,10α,22E)HO Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,24R) HOH Ergost-7-en-3-ol, (3 β,5α)HOH Ergost-8(14)-en-3-ol, (3 β,5α)NN OO H OHO HNO N NHH ErgotamineNN OO H OHO HNO N NHHO HO OHOH OH O1/2 Ergotamine tartrate (2:1)NN OO H OHO HNO N NHH ErgotaminineN HN SHN OO Ergothioneine NOOSO OH NN OHNa OO Eriochrome Black TOO OH HOOH OH β-Erythroidine OO HO OHHOHO Erythorbic acidO NO O β-ErythroidineOH OO O O O HOOO OHOOH HO N ErythromycinOH OO O O O HOOO OOOH HO N O OO Erythromycin ethyl succinateOH OO O O O HOOO OHOOH HO NOHO Erythromycin stearateO ONH OH OO Erythrophleine CHO H HO HO CH2OHH L-ErythroseCHO OH H OH H CH2OH D-Erythrose /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g24/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124751 D-Erythrose 4-phosphate 2,3-Dihydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy) butanalC4H9O7P 585-18-2 200.084 stab in aq soln onlys H2O 4752 Erythrosine C20H8I4O5 15905-32-5 835.893 br pow (Na salt) s H2; vs eth, EtOH 4753 L-Erythrulose C4H8O4 533-50-6 120.105 syr dec dec vs H2O, EtOH 4754 Esaprazole N-Cyclohexyl-1-piperazineacetamide C12H23N3O 64204-55-3 225.330 112 1900.5 4755 Esculin 6-( β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-7- hydroxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneC15H16O9 531-75-9 340.283 pr (w+2) 205 (pentahydrate)sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, py, HOAc 4756 Eserine sulfate Physostigmine sulfate C30H44N6O8S 64-47-1 648.770 hyg cry (ace- eth)141 vs ace, EtOH 4757 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (17α)α-Estradiol C18H24O2 57-91-0 272.383 nd (+1/2 w) (80% al)221.5 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz 4758 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17β)β-Estradiol C18H24O2 50-28-2 272.383 pr (80% al), 178.5 vs ace, EtOH, Diox 4759 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (8α,17β)Isoestradiol C18H24O2 517-04-4 272.383 cry (dil MeOH- chl)181 s EtOH, diox 4760 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol 3- benzoate, (17 β)Estradiol benzoate C25H28O3 50-50-0 376.488 196 4761 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16α,17β)Estriol C18H24O3 50-27-1 288.382 lf (al), mcl (dil al)288 dec 1.2725s EtOH; sl eth, bz, tfa; vs py 4762 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16β,17β)16-Epiestriol C18H24O3 547-81-9 288.382 cry (MeOH-bz) 290 4763 Estrone C18H22O2 53-16-7 270.367 mcl, orth (al) 260.2 1.23625i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, diox 4764 Ethacrynic acid C13H12Cl2O4 58-54-8 303.138 122.5 4765 Ethalfluralin C13H14F3N3O4 55283-68-6 333.263 57 dec 256 4766 Ethambutol C10H24N2O2 74-55-5 204.310 cry 89 sl H2O; s bz, chl 4767 Ethane C2H6 74-84-0 30.069 col gas -182.79 -88.6 0.5446-89i H2O; vs bz 4768 Ethanearsonic acid C2H7AsO3 507-32-4 153.997 nd (al), orth nd (w)99.5 21012vs H2O, EtOH 4769 Ethanedial dioxime C2H4N2O2 557-30-2 88.065 orth pl (w) 178 dec sub vs H2O, EtOH, eth 4770 1,2-Ethanediamine Ethylenediamine C2H8N2 107-15-3 60.098 11.14 117 0.8979201.456520vs H2O; msc EtOH; i eth, bz; s ctc 4771 1,2-Ethanediamine, dihydrochloride Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride C2H10Cl2N2 333-18-6 133.019 1.633 vs H2O 4772 1,2-Ethanediol Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 107-21-1 62.068 liq -12.69 197.3 1.1135201.431820msc H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth, chl; sl bz 4773 1,2-Ethanediol, bis(4- methylbenzenesulfonate)C16H18O6S2 6315-52-2 370.440 cry (bz) 128 4774 1,1-Ethanediol, diacetate Ethylidene diacetate C6H10O4 542-10-9 146.141 18.9 169 1.070251.398525vs eth, EtOH 4775 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate Ethylene glycol diacetate C6H10O4 111-55-7 146.141 liq -31 190 1.1043201.415920vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 4776 1,2-Ethanediol, diacrylate Ethylene glycol diacrylate C8H10O4 2274-11-5 170.163 liq 550.61.093526 4777 1,2-Ethanediol, dibenzoate Ethylene glycol dibenzoate C16H14O4 94-49-5 270.280 orth pr (eth) 73.5 dec 360 i H2O; s eth, chl 4778 1,2-Ethanediol, didodecanoate Ethylene glycol didodecanoate C26H50O4 624-04-4 426.673 pl (al) 56.6 18820vs eth, EtOH 4779 1,2-Ethanediol, diformate Ethylene glycol diformate C4H6O4 629-15-2 118.089 174 1.19301.3580 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 4780 1,2-Ethanediol, dihexadecanoate Ethylene glycol dipalmitate C34H66O4 624-03-3 538.886 lf or nd (al-chl) 72 0.859478i H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace 4781 1,2-Ethanediol, dimethacrylate Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate C10H14O4 97-90-5 198.216 liq -40 260 1.053201.453225vs bz, EtOH, lig 4782 1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate Ethylene glycol dinitrate C2H4N2O6 628-96-6 152.062 ye liq -22.3 198.5 1.491820vs eth, EtOH 4783 1,2-Ethanediol, distearate Ethylene glycol distearate C38H74O4 627-83-8 594.993 lf 79 241200.858178i H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace 4784 1,2-Ethanediol, ditetradecanoate Ethylene glycol ditetradecanoate C30H58O4 627-84-9 482.780 cry (eth, ace) 65 208200.860080i H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz, ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g24/g24 CHO OH H OH H CH2OPO H OHO D-Erythrose 4-phosphateOO H II IHOIOO ErythrosineCOCH 2OH CH2OHH HO L-ErythruloseHN NN HO EsaprazoleO HO OOO OHOHHO OH EsculinOH N ONNH.H2SO4 2 Eserine sulfate OH HO Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (17 α)OH HO Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17 β)OH HOH Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (8 α,17β)OH OO Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol 3-benzoate, (17 β)OHOH HOH Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16 α,17β) OH HOOH H Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16 β,17β)O HOH EstroneO OOHO Cl Cl Ethacrynic acidN NNO O OO F FF EthalfluralinH N OHN HHO EthambutolH HHH HH EthaneOH AsO OH Ethanearsonic acid NHO NOH Ethanedial dioximeH2NNH 2 1,2-EthanediamineH2NNH 22HCl 1,2-Ethanediamine, dihydrochlorideOHHO 1,2-EthanediolOS OO OSO O 1,2-Ethanediol, bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate)O OO O 1,1-Ethanediol, diacetateO OO O 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate O OO O 1,2-Ethanediol, diacrylateOO O O 1,2-Ethanediol, dibenzoateO O OO 1,2-Ethanediol, didodecanoateOO O O 1,2-Ethanediol, diformateO OO O 1,2-Ethanediol, dihexadecanoate O OO O 1,2-Ethanediol, dimethacrylateOONNOO O O 1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrateO OO O 1,2-Ethanediol, distearateOO O O 1,2-Ethanediol, ditetradecanoate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g24/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124785 1,2-Ethanediol, dithiocyanate Ethylene glycol dithiocyanate C4H4N2S2 629-17-4 144.218 orth pl or nd (w)90 dec 1.42000sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; vs ace 4786 1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetate Ethylene glycol monoacetate C4H8O3 542-59-6 104.105 188 1.10815msc H2O, EtOH, eth 4787 1,2-Ethanediol, monobenzoate Ethylene glycol monobenzoate C9H10O3 94-33-7 166.173 45 150101.110130vs EtOH 4788 1,2-Ethanediol, monostearate Ethylene glycol monostearate C20H40O3 111-60-4 328.530 cry (peth) 60.5 19030.8780601.431060sl EtOH; s eth 4789 1,2-Ethanediol, monosulfite Ethylene glycol monosulfite C2H4O3S 3741-38-6 108.116 liq -11 173 1.4402201.446320vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, AcOEt; sl chl 4790 1,2-Ethanediphosphonic acid 1,2-Diphosphonoethane C2H8O6P2 6145-31-9 190.029 nd (EtOH/eth) 223 4791 1,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid Ethylene disulfonic acid C2H6O6S2 110-04-3 190.195 173 vs diox 4792 Ethanedithioamide Rubeanic acid C2H4N2S2 79-40-3 120.196 red cry 170 dec sl H2O, EtOH; s con sulf 4793 1,2-Ethanedithiol Ethylene dimercaptan C2H6S2 540-63-6 94.199 liq -41.2 146.1 1.234201.559020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs alk 4794 1,2-Ethanediyl mercaptoacetate C6H10O4S2 123-81-9 210.271 1381.5 4795 Ethanesulfonic acid Ethylsulfonic acid C2H6O3S 594-45-6 110.132 hyg -17 12311.3341251.433520vs H2O, EtOH 4796 Ethanesulfonyl chloride C2H5ClO2S 594-44-5 128.578 pa ye 174 1.357221.453120vs eth; s CS2 4797 Ethanethiol Ethyl mercaptan C2H6S 75-08-1 62.134 liq -147.88 35.0 0.8315251.431020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, dil alk 4798 Ethanimidamide C2H6N2 143-37-3 58.082 -35 sl H2O; s EtOH, acid 4799 Ethanimidamide monohydrochloride Acetamidine hydrochloride C2H7ClN2 124-42-5 94.543 nd or pr (al) hyg lo pr (al)177.5 vs H2O, EtOH 4800 Ethanol Ethyl alcohol C2H6O 64-17-5 46.068 liq -114.14 78.29 0.7893201.361120msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; s bz 4801 Ethanolamine Glycinol C2H7NO 141-43-5 61.083 10.5 171 1.0180201.454120msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, lig, bz; s chl 4802 Ethanolamine hydrochloride 2-Aminoethanol hydrochloride C2H8ClNO 2002-24-6 97.544 hyg cry (EtOH) 85 4803 Ethanolamine O-sulfate 2-Aminoethyl sulfate C2H7NO4S 926-39-6 141.147 230 dec s H2O; i EtOH 4804 Ethaverine 1-[(3,4-Diethoxyphenyl)methyl]-6,7- diethoxyisoquinolineC24H29NO4 486-47-5 395.492 100 i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl 4805 Ethchlorvynol 1-Chloro-3-ethyl-1-penten-4-yn-ol C7H9ClO 113-18-8 144.598 liq 181; 300.11.07251.47425i H2O; s os 4806 Ethephon Phosphonic acid, (2-chloroethyl)- C2H6ClO3P 16672-87-0 144.494 74 1.2 4807 Ethinylestradiol 19-Norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20- yne-3,17-diol, (17 α)-C20H24O2 57-63-6 296.404 sl chl 4808 Ethion C9H22O4P2S4 563-12-2 384.476 -13 1650.31.2220 4809 D-Ethionine 3-Ethylhomocysteine, ( R)C6H13NO2S 535-32-0 163.238 cry (H2O) 278 dec 4810 L-Ethionine 3-Ethylhomocysteine, ( S)C6H13NO2S 13073-35-3 163.238 cry (H2O) 273 dec 4811 Ethirimol 4(1 H)-Pyrimidinone, 5-butyl-2- (ethylamino)-6-methyl-C11H19N3O 23947-60-6 209.288 160 1.2125 4812 Ethisterone C21H28O2 434-03-7 312.446 272 4813 Ethoate-methyl C6H14NO3PS2 116-01-8 243.284 cry (tol/hp) 67 4814 Ethofumesate C13H18O5S 26225-79-6 286.344 71 1.14 4815 Ethoheptazine 4-Carbethoxymethyl-4- phenylazacycloheptaneC16H23NO2 77-15-6 261.360 liq 13411.038261.521026 4816 Ethoprop Phosphorodithioic acid, O-ethyl S,S- dipropyl esterC8H19O2PS2 13194-48-4 242.340 880.21.09420 4817 Ethotoin C11H12N2O2 86-35-1 204.225 pr (w) 94 s hot H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth 4818 Ethoxyacetic acid C4H8O3 627-03-2 104.105 206.5 1.1021201.419420vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 4819 4’-Ethoxyacetophenone C10H12O2 1676-63-7 164.201 pl (eth) 39 268 vs eth, EtOH 4820 Ethoxyacetylene C4H6O 927-80-0 70.090 50 0.8000201.379620 4821 7-Ethoxy-3,9-acridinediamine Ethacridine C15H15N3O 442-16-0 253.299 ye nd 226 4822 2-Ethoxyaniline o-Phenetidine C8H11NO 94-70-2 137.179 <-21 232.5 1.556020sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g24/g26 SSNN 1,2-Ethanediol, dithiocyanateOOHO 1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetateOOHO 1,2-Ethanediol, monobenzoateOOHO 1,2-Ethanediol, monostearateO SO O 1,2-Ethanediol, monosulfitePPOO OHOHOHHO 1,2-Ethanediphosphonic acidSSOO HOOH OO 1,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid H2NN H 2S S EthanedithioamideSHHS 1,2-EthanedithiolOO OO SHHS 1,2-Ethanediyl mercaptoacetateO S OOH Ethanesulfonic acidSClOO Ethanesulfonyl chlorideSH EthanethiolNHNH 2 EthanimidamideNH 2 HNHCl Ethanimidamide monohydrochlorideOH EthanolOHH2N Ethanolamine H2NOH HCl Ethanolamine hydrochlorideH2NOSOH O O Ethanolamine O-sulfateNO O O O EthaverineClHO EthchlorvynolP HO OHO Cl EthephonHOHOH EthinylestradiolPSSPSS OO OO Ethion SOHO NH 2 D-EthionineSOHO NH 2 L-EthionineN HNO N H EthirimolOHOH H H EthisteronePSN HO SO O Ethoate-methylOOOS OO EthofumesateNO O Ethoheptazine PO OS S EthopropN N HO O EthotoinO OHO Ethoxyacetic acidO O 4’-EthoxyacetophenoneO EthoxyacetyleneNNH 2 NH 2O 7-Ethoxy-3,9-acridinediamineNH 2 O 2-Ethoxyaniline /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g24/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124823 3-Ethoxyaniline m-Phenetidine C8H11NO 621-33-0 137.179 248 vs eth, EtOH 4824 4-Ethoxyaniline p-Phenetidine C8H11NO 156-43-4 137.179 1.2 254 1.0652161.552820sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4825 2-Ethoxybenzaldehyde C9H10O2 613-69-4 150.174 21 248 msc EtOH, eth; sl chl 4826 4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde C9H10O2 10031-82-0 150.174 13.5 249 1.0821vs EtOH, eth, bz 4827 2-Ethoxybenzamide Ethenzamide C9H11NO2 938-73-8 165.189 nd (w, al) 133 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 4828 Ethoxybenzene Phenetole C8H10O 103-73-1 122.164 liq -29.43 169.81 0.9651201.507620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 4829 4-Ethoxy-1,2-benzenediamine C8H12N2O 1197-37-1 152.193 71.5 295 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4830 2-Ethoxybenzoic acid C9H10O3 134-11-2 166.173 20.7 21139sl H2O, EtOH, ctc 4831 4-Ethoxybenzoic acid C9H10O3 619-86-3 166.173 nd (w) 198.5 sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, bz 4832 6-Ethoxy-2-benzothiazolesulfonamide Ethoxzolamide C9H10N2O3S2 452-35-7 258.316 189 4833 3-Ethoxy- N,N-diethylaniline C12H19NO 1864-92-2 193.285 286; 970.61.532525s EtOH, bz, HOAc 4834 2-Ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2 H-pyran C7H12O2 103-75-3 128.169 132; 42160.9658251.439420 4835 6-Ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4- trimethylquinolineEthoxyquin C14H19NO 91-53-2 217.307 12421.026251.56925 4836 Ethoxydimethylsilane Dimethylethoxysilane C4H12OSi 14857-34-2 104.223 liq 54 0.7620 4837 2-Ethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone C16H16O2 574-09-4 240.297 nd (lig) 62 194201.1016171.572717vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig 4838 2-Ethoxyethanamine C4H11NO 110-76-9 89.136 107 0.8512201.410120msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl 4839 2-Ethoxyethanol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether C4H10O2 110-80-5 90.121 liq -70 135 0.9253251.405425vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 4840 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl 2-propenoate Diethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate C9H16O4 7328-17-8 188.221 1.1325 4841 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetateC6H12O3 111-15-9 132.157 liq -61.7 156.4 0.9740201.405420vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 4842 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acrylateC7H12O3 106-74-1 144.168 liq -47 174 0.983201.427420 4843 3-Ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde C9H10O3 492-88-6 166.173 65.3 264 4844 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde Ethyl vanillin C9H10O3 121-32-4 166.173 77.5 285 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 4845 4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde C10H12O3 120-25-2 180.200 mcl pr 64.5 16813sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 4846 1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane C5H12O2 5137-45-1 104.148 liq 103.5 0.8460251.384325 4847 1-Ethoxy-3-methylbenzene C9H12O 621-32-9 136.190 192 0.949201.51320i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4848 1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzene C9H12O 622-60-6 136.190 188.5 0.9509181.505818i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 4849 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Ethyl tert-pentyl ether C7H16O 919-94-8 116.201 102 0.75118vs eth, EtOH 4850 (Ethoxymethylene)propanedinitrile C6H6N2O 123-06-8 122.124 66 16012s EtOH, eth; sl chl 4851 (Ethoxymethyl)oxirane 2,3-Epoxypropyl ethyl ether C5H10O2 4016-11-9 102.132 128 0.9700201.432020s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 4852 1-Ethoxynaphthalene C12H12O 5328-01-8 172.222 nd 5.5 280.5 1.060201.595325i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 4853 2-Ethoxynaphthalene C12H12O 93-18-5 172.222 pl (al) 37.5 282 1.0640201.597536i H2O; s EtOH, eth, tol, lig, CS2 4854 2-Ethoxy-5-nitroaniline 5-Nitro- o-phenetidine C8H10N2O3 136-79-8 182.176 ye nd (dil al) 96.5 20514vs eth, EtOH 4855 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrobenzene C8H9NO3 610-67-3 167.162 br ye 1.1 267 1.1903151.542520vs eth, EtOH 4856 1-Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzene C8H9NO3 100-29-8 167.162 pr (dil al, eth) 60 283 1.1176100sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth; msc ace, bz; s peth 4857 N-(4-Ethoxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide C10H12N2O4 1777-84-0 224.213 nd (dil al) 124.0 vs ace, bz, EtOH 4858 2-Ethoxyphenol Catechol monoethyl ether C8H10O2 94-71-3 138.164 29 217 1.090325sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 4859 3-Ethoxyphenol Resorcinol monoethyl ether C8H10O2 621-34-1 138.164 246; 131101.10515i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 4860 4-Ethoxyphenol Hydroquinone monoethyl ether C8H10O2 622-62-8 138.164 pr or lf (w) 66.5 246.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 4861 N-(2-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide C10H13NO2 581-08-8 179.216 lf(dil al) 79 >240 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4862 N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide Phenacetin C10H13NO2 62-44-2 179.216 mcl pr 137.5 1.571 sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace; vs py 4863 N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2- hydroxypropanamidep-Lactophenetide C11H15NO3 539-08-2 209.242 118 s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, pethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g24/g28 NH 2 O 3-EthoxyanilineNH 2 O 4-EthoxyanilineO O 2-EthoxybenzaldehydeO O 4-EthoxybenzaldehydeONH 2 O 2-EthoxybenzamideO EthoxybenzeneNH 2 NH 2 O 4-Ethoxy-1,2-benzenediamineOH O O 2-Ethoxybenzoic acidOH O O 4-Ethoxybenzoic acid SN OSN H 2 OO 6-Ethoxy-2-benzothiazolesulfonamideON 3-Ethoxy- N,N-diethylanilineOO 2-Ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2 H-pyranN HO 6-Ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinolineSiOH EthoxydimethylsilaneO O 2-Ethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanoneONH 2 2-Ethoxyethanamine OHO 2-EthoxyethanolOOOO 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl 2-propenoateOOO 2-Ethoxyethyl acetateOOO 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylateO OH O 3-Ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehydeO O OH 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehydeO OO 4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde OO 1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethaneO 1-Ethoxy-3-methylbenzeneO 1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzeneO 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutaneN NO (Ethoxymethylene)propanedinitrileO O (Ethoxymethyl)oxiraneO 1-EthoxynaphthaleneO 2-EthoxynaphthaleneNH 2 O NO O 2-Ethoxy-5-nitroaniline O NO O 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrobenzeneO NO O 1-Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzeneH N OO NOO N-(4-Ethoxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamideOH O 2-EthoxyphenolOH O 3-EthoxyphenolOH O 4-EthoxyphenolHNO O N-(2-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamideHNO O N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamideHNO OH O N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanamide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g25/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124864 (4-Ethoxyphenyl)urea Dulcin C9H12N2O2 150-69-6 180.203 lf (dil al), pl (w) 173.5 dec sl H2O; s EtOH; vs AcOEt 4865 3-Ethoxypropanal C5H10O2 2806-85-1 102.132 135.2 0.916520 4866 3-Ethoxypropanenitrile C5H9NO 2141-62-0 99.131 171 0.9285151.406820vs eth, EtOH 4867 8-Ethoxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid Actinoquinol C11H11NO4S 15301-40-3 253.275 br nd (w) 286 dec s alk 4868 Ethoxytrimethylsilane C5H14OSi 1825-62-3 118.250 76 0.7573201.374120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 4869 Ethoxytriphenylsilane C20H20OSi 1516-80-9 304.458 65 344 s chl 4870 N-Ethylacetamide C4H9NO 625-50-3 87.120 205; 104180.94241.433820msc H2O, EtOH; s chl, HOAc 4871 Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 141-78-6 88.106 liq -83.8 77.11 0.9003201.372320s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz 4872 Ethyl acetoacetate C6H10O3 141-97-9 130.141 liq -45 180.8 1.0368101.417120s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 4873 4’-Ethylacetophenone C10H12O 937-30-4 148.201 11411 4874 Ethyl 2-acetylhexanoate C10H18O3 1540-29-0 186.248 221.5 0.9523201.430120vs ace, eth 4875 Ethyl 2-acetyl-3-methylbutanoate C9H16O3 1522-46-9 172.221 201; 97200.9648181.425618i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 4876 Ethyl 2-acetylpentanoate C9H16O3 1540-28-9 172.221 224; 90150.9661201.425520vs eth, EtOH 4877 Ethyl 2-acetyl-4-pentenoate Ethyl 2-allylacetoacetate C9H14O3 610-89-9 170.205 208 0.9898201.438818msc EtOH, eth, bz 4878 Ethyl acrylate Ethyl propenoate C5H8O2 140-88-5 100.117 liq -71.2 99.4 0.9234201.406820sl H2O, DMSO; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 4879 Ethylamine Ethanamine C2H7N 75-04-7 45.084 vol liq or gas -80.5 16.5 0.67725 (p>1 atm)1.366320msc H2O, EtOH, eth 4880 Ethylamine hydrochloride Ethanamine hydrochloride C2H8ClN 557-66-4 81.545 mcl pl (al) 109.5 1.216020vs H2O, EtOH 4881 Ethyl 2-aminoacetate Glycine, ethyl ester C4H9NO2 459-73-4 103.120 149; 58181.0275101.424210msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs lig 4882 Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate C9H11NO2 87-25-2 165.189 13 268 1.1174201.564620vs eth, EtOH 4883 Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate C9H11NO2 582-33-2 165.189 294; 16051.171201.560022sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 4884 Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate Ethyl aminobenzoate C9H11NO2 94-09-7 165.189 nd (w), orth (eth)92 310 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, acid 4885 Ethyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate C4H8N2O3 626-36-8 132.118 nd (w, bz) 196.5 dec i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz, tfa 4886 2-(Ethylamino)ethanol C4H11NO 110-73-6 89.136 169.5 0.914201.44420vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 4887 2-Ethylaniline C8H11N 578-54-1 121.180 liq -43 209.5 0.983221.558422sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 4888 3-Ethylaniline C8H11N 587-02-0 121.180 liq -64 214; 9460.989625vs eth, EtOH 4889 4-Ethylaniline C8H11N 589-16-2 121.180 liq -2.4 217.5 0.9679201.555420sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth 4890 N-Ethylaniline C8H11N 103-69-5 121.180 liq -63.5 203.0 0.9625201.555920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc 4891 2-Ethyl-9,10-anthracenedione C16H12O2 84-51-5 236.265 108.8 4892 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde C9H10O 4748-78-1 134.174 221 0.979020 4893 N-Ethylbenzamide C9H11NO 614-17-5 149.189 nd (w) 70.5 4894 Ethylbenzene Phenylethane C8H10 100-41-4 106.165 liq -94.96 136.19 0.8626251.495920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl 4895 α-Ethylbenzeneacetamide α-Phenylbutyramide C10H13NO 90-26-6 163.216 cry 86 18516s H2O, ctc; sl ace 4896 α-Ethylbenzeneacetic acid C10H12O2 90-27-7 164.201 pl (eth) 47.5 271 s eth, bz, ctc 4897 α-Ethylbenzeneacetonitrile C10H11N 769-68-6 145.201 241 0.97714i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 4898 4-Ethyl-1,3-benzenediol C8H10O2 2896-60-8 138.164 pr (chl, bz) 98.5 16024, 13115sl H2O, EtOH, eth 4899 α-Ethylbenzenemethanol α-Ethylbenzyl alcohol C9H12O 93-54-9 136.190 219 0.9915251.516923vs bz, eth, EtOH, MeOH 4900 Ethyl benzenesulfonate C8H10O3S 515-46-8 186.228 156151.2167201.508120sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl 4901 4-Ethylbenzenesulfonic acid C8H10O3S 98-69-1 186.228 1.23 4902 2-Ethyl-1 H-benzimidazole C9H10N2 1848-84-6 146.188 176.5 sl chl 4903 Ethyl benzoate C9H10O2 93-89-0 150.174 liq -34 212 1.0415251.500720i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth; sl ctc 4904 Ethyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate C10H10O4 6951-08-2 194.184 pr 18.5 285.5; 1356vs eth, EtOH, pethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g25/g20 HNO NH 2 O (4-Ethoxyphenyl)ureaO O 3-EthoxypropanalO N 3-EthoxypropanenitrileNSOH OO O 8-Ethoxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acidSiO EthoxytrimethylsilaneSiO EthoxytriphenylsilaneN HO N-Ethylacetamide O O Ethyl acetateO OO Ethyl acetoacetateO 4’-EthylacetophenoneOO O Ethyl 2-acetylhexanoateOO O Ethyl 2-acetyl-3-methylbutanoateOO O Ethyl 2-acetylpentanoateOO O Ethyl 2-acetyl-4-pentenoate OO Ethyl acrylateNH 2 EthylamineNH 2HCl Ethylamine hydrochlorideOO H2N Ethyl 2-aminoacetateNH 2OO Ethyl 2-aminobenzoateOO NH 2 Ethyl 3-aminobenzoateOO H2N Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate H2NN HOOO Ethyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamateH NOH 2-(Ethylamino)ethanolNH 2 2-EthylanilineNH 2 3-EthylanilineNH 2 4-EthylanilineHN N-EthylanilineO O 2-Ethyl-9,10-anthracenedione /g3O 4-EthylbenzaldehydeN HO N-Ethylbenzamide EthylbenzeneNH 2 O α-EthylbenzeneacetamideOH O α-Ethylbenzeneacetic aci dN α-Ethylbenzeneacetonitril eOH OH 4-Ethyl-1,3-benzenediol OH α-EthylbenzenemethanolSO OO Ethyl benzenesulfonateSOH O O 4-Ethylbenzenesulfonic acidN HN 2-Ethyl-1 H-benzimidazoleOO Ethyl benzoateOOOO Ethyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g25/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124905 Ethyl benzoylacetate C11H12O3 94-02-0 192.211 <0 dec 267; 167201.1202151.531715sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 4906 Ethyl N-benzylglycinate C11H15NO2 6436-90-4 193.243 177501.504120vs EtOH, eth, bz 4907 Ethyl 2-benzylideneacetoacetate C13H14O3 620-80-4 218.248 orth pl (dil al) 60.5 296; 18017i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl 4908 Ethyl bromoacetate C4H7BrO2 105-36-2 167.002 168.5 1.5032201.448920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc 4909 Ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetate C6H9BrO3 13176-46-0 209.037 11514, 110101.5278181.528120vs eth, EtOH 4910 Ethyl 4-bromobenzoate C9H9BrO2 5798-75-4 229.070 liq -18 263; 125151.4332171.543817sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 4911 Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate C6H11BrO2 533-68-6 195.054 177; 4351.3273201.447520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 4912 Ethyl 4-bromobutanoate C6H11BrO2 2969-81-5 195.054 192; 82101.3540201.455920 4913 Ethyl trans -4-bromo-2-butenoate C6H9BrO2 37746-78-4 193.038 100141.402161.492520vs EtOH 4914 Ethyl 6-bromohexanoate Ethyl 6-bromocaproate C8H15BrO2 25542-62-5 223.108 cry (peth) 33 126211.238231.456621 4915 Ethyl 2-bromo-3-methylbutanoate C7H13BrO2 609-12-1 209.081 186 1.2760201.449620vs eth, EtOH 4916 Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate C6H11BrO2 600-00-0 195.054 163 1.3263201.444620i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 4917 Ethyl 3-bromo-2-oxopropanoate Ethyl 3-bromopyruvate C5H7BrO3 70-23-5 195.012 879 4918 Ethyl 2-bromopentanoate C7H13BrO2 615-83-8 209.081 191 1.226181.449620i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4919 Ethyl 5-bromopentanoate C7H13BrO2 14660-52-7 209.081 12935, 107201.3085201.454320sl ctc 4920 Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate Ethyl α-bromopropionate C5H9BrO2 535-11-5 181.028 dec 160; 71261.4135201.449020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 4921 Ethyl 3-bromopropanoate C5H9BrO2 539-74-2 181.028 179; 65151.4123181.451620s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 4922 2-Ethylbutanal Diethylacetaldehyde C6H12O 97-96-1 100.158 1181600.8110201.402520sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 4923 Ethyl butanoate C6H12O2 105-54-4 116.158 liq -98 121.3 0.8735251.389825sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 4924 2-Ethylbutanoic acid Diethylacetic acid C6H12O2 88-09-5 116.158 liq -31.8 194 0.9239201.413220sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 4925 2-Ethylbutanoic acid, triethyleneglycol diesterC18H34O6 95-08-9 346.459 1813.5 4926 2-Ethyl-1-butanol C6H14O 97-95-0 102.174 <-15 147 0.8326201.422020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 4927 2-Ethylbutanoyl chloride C6H11ClO 2736-40-5 134.603 140 0.9825201.423420vs eth 4928 2-Ethyl-1-butene C6H12 760-21-4 84.159 liq -131.5 64.7 0.6894201.396920i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl 4929 Ethyl cis-2-butenoate Ethyl isocrotonate C6H10O2 6776-19-8 114.142 136 0.9182201.424220vs ace, eth, EtOH 4930 Ethyl trans -2-butenoate Ethyl crotonate C6H10O2 623-70-1 114.142 138 0.9175201.424320i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4931 Ethyl 3-butenoate C6H10O2 1617-18-1 114.142 119 0.9122201.410520s EtOH 4932 2-Ethylbutyl acetate C8H16O2 10031-87-5 144.212 <-100 162.5 0.8790201.410920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 4933 2-Ethylbutyl acrylate C9H16O2 3953-10-4 156.222 liq 8020 4934 2-Ethylbutylamine 2-Ethyl-1-butanamine C6H15N 617-79-8 101.190 liq 125 4935 Ethyl N-butylcarbamate C7H15NO2 591-62-8 145.200 liq -22 202; 100150.9434261.427826 4936 Ethyl 2-butynoate C6H8O2 4341-76-8 112.127 163 0.9641201.437220 4937 Ethyl carbamate Urethane C3H7NO2 51-79-6 89.094 pr (bz, to) 49 185 0.9862211.414451vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, py; sl lig 4938 9-Ethyl-9 H-carbazol-3-amine C14H14N2 132-32-1 210.274 99 4939 9-Ethyl-9 H-carbazole C14H13N 86-28-2 195.260 nd (al) 68 190101.059801.639480i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 4940 Ethyl chloroacetate C4H7ClO2 105-39-5 122.551 liq -21 144.3 1.1585201.421520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz 4941 Ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate C6H9ClO3 638-07-3 164.586 -8 dec 220; 115141.218251.452020 4942 Ethyl 4-chlorobenzoate C9H9ClO2 7335-27-5 184.619 237.5 1.187314vs EtOH 4943 Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate C6H11ClO2 3153-36-4 150.603 184 1.0756201.431120vs ace, eth, EtOH 4944 Ethyl chlorofluoroacetate C4H6ClFO2 401-56-9 140.541 129 1.225201.392720 4945 Ethyl chloroformate C3H5ClO2 541-41-3 108.524 liq -80.6 95 1.1352201.397420vs bz, eth, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g25/g22 OOO Ethyl benzoylacetateNHO O Ethyl N-benzylglycinateOO O Ethyl 2-benzylideneacetoacetateOO Br Ethyl bromoacetateBrOOO Ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetateOO Br Ethyl 4-bromobenzoateOO Br Ethyl 2-bromobutanoateOO Br Ethyl 4-bromobutanoate OO Br Ethyl trans -4-bromo-2-butenoateOO Br Ethyl 6-bromohexanoateOO Br Ethyl 2-bromo-3-methylbutanoateBrOO Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoateO BrO O Ethyl 3-bromo-2-oxopropanoateOO Br Ethyl 2-bromopentanoateBr OO Ethyl 5-bromopentanoate O O Br Ethyl 2-bromopropanoateO O Br Ethyl 3-bromopropanoateO 2-EthylbutanalOO Ethyl butanoateOHO 2-Ethylbutanoic acidO OOOO O 2-Ethylbutanoic acid, triethyleneglycol diesterOH 2-Ethyl-1-butanolClO 2-Ethylbutanoyl chloride 2-Ethyl-1-butene OO Ethyl cis-2-butenoateOO Ethyl trans -2-butenoateOO Ethyl 3-butenoateOO 2-Ethylbutyl acetateOO 2-Ethylbutyl acrylateNH 2 2-EthylbutylamineO N HO Ethyl N-butylcarbamateO O Ethyl 2-butynoateO H2NO Ethyl carbamate NNH 2 9-Ethyl-9 H-carbazol-3-amineN 9-Ethyl-9 H-carbazoleO OCl Ethyl chloroacetateO OO Cl Ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetateO O Cl Ethyl 4-chlorobenzoateO OCl Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoateO OCl F Ethyl chlorofluoroacetateO Cl O Ethyl chloroformate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g25/g23/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 4946 Ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate Ethyl oxalyl chloride C4H5ClO3 4755-77-5 136.534 hyg 137 1.222620vs bz, eth 4947 Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Ethyl α-chloropropionate C5H9ClO2 535-13-7 136.577 147 1.0793201.417820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 4948 Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate C5H9ClO2 623-71-2 136.577 162 1.1086201.425420sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 4949 Ethyl chlorosulfinate C2H5ClO2S 6378-11-6 128.578 52.544, 32161.2837201.455025vs eth 4950 Ethyl chlorosulfonate C2H5ClO3S 625-01-4 144.577 152.5; 931001.3502251.41620vs eth, chl, lig 4951 S-Ethyl chlorothioformate C3H5ClOS 2941-64-2 124.589 liq 136 1.195201.482020 4952 Ethyl trans -cinnamate Ethyl trans -3-phenyl-2-propenoate C11H12O2 4192-77-2 176.212 10 271.5 1.0491201.559820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, ctc 4953 Ethyl cyanate C3H5NO 627-48-5 71.078 dec 162; 30120.89201.378825vs eth, EtOH 4954 Ethyl cyanoacetate C5H7NO2 105-56-6 113.116 liq -22.5 205 1.0654201.417520s H2O; vs eth, EtOH 4955 Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate Ethyl 2-cyano-2-propenoate C6H7NO2 7085-85-0 125.126 liq 553 4956 Ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2- propenoateEtocrilene C18H15NO2 5232-99-5 277.318 110.5 1953 4957 Ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate C8H11NO3 94-05-3 169.178 52 190.5 4958 Ethyl cyanoformate C4H5NO2 623-49-4 99.089 115.5 1.003251.382020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 4959 Ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate C11H11NO2 4553-07-5 189.211 oil dec 275; 165201.091201.501225vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 4960 Ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoate Ethyl 2-benzylidene-2-cyanoacetate C12H11NO2 2025-40-3 201.221 (i) nd (al) (ii) oil 51 188151.1076251.5033 vs ace, chl 4961 Ethylcyclobutane C6H12 4806-61-5 84.159 liq -142.9 70.8 0.7284201.402020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, peth 4962 Ethylcyclohexane C8H16 1678-91-7 112.213 liq -111.3 131.9 0.7880201.433020i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs lig; msc ctc 4963 Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate C9H16O2 3289-28-9 156.222 196 0.9362201.450115vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 4964 1-Ethylcyclohexene C8H14 1453-24-3 110.197 liq -109.9 137 0.8176251.456720 4965 Ethyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate C9H14O2 15111-56-5 154.206 194.5 0.9688201.457820 4966 Ethyl cyclohexylacetate C10H18O2 5452-75-5 170.249 211 0.9537141.45114 4967 Ethylcyclopentane C7H14 1640-89-7 98.186 liq -138.4 103.5 0.7665201.419820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol 4968 Ethyl 2-cyclopentanone-1-carboxylate C8H12O3 611-10-9 156.179 221; 110161.0781211.451920s eth, bz 4969 1-Ethylcyclopentene C7H12 2146-38-5 96.170 liq -118.5 106.3 0.7936251.441220 4970 Ethylcyclopropane C5H10 1191-96-4 70.133 liq -149.2 35.9 0.6790251.378620 4971 Ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate C6H10O2 4606-07-9 114.142 134 0.9608151.419020 4972 Ethyl decanoate Ethyl caprate C12H24O2 110-38-3 200.318 liq -20 241.5 0.8650201.425620i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl 4973 Ethyl diazoacetate Diazoacetic ester C4H6N2O2 623-73-4 114.103 ye orth cry -22 dec 140 1.0852181.460520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, lig 4974 Ethyl dibromoacetate C4H6Br2O2 617-33-4 245.898 194 1.8991201.501713i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 4975 Ethyl 2,3-dibromobutanoate C6H10Br2O2 609-11-0 273.950 nd 58.5 113301.680020sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 4976 Ethyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate C6H10Br2O2 36847-51-5 273.950 149521.6987201.496020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 4977 Ethyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate C5H8Br2O2 3674-13-3 259.925 214.5 1.7966201.500720s EtOH, eth 4978 Ethyl 3,6-di( tert-butyl)-1- naphthalenesulfonateEthyl dibunate C20H28O3S 5560-69-0 348.499 s chl 4979 Ethyl dichloroacetate C4H6Cl2O2 535-15-9 156.996 155; 56101.2827201.438620sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 4980 Ethyldichloroarsine Dichloroethylarsine C2H5AsCl2 598-14-1 174.889 155.3; 74501.6620s H2O; misc EtOH, bz 4981 Ethyl dichlorocarbamate C3H5Cl2NO2 13698-16-3 157.984 6618, 55151.304301.459520 4982 Ethyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate C5H8Cl2O2 6628-21-3 171.022 183.5 1.2401201.448220vs eth, EtOH 4983 Ethyl diethoxyacetate C8H16O4 6065-82-3 176.211 199 0.985251.410020 4984 Ethyl diethylmalonate C11H20O4 77-25-8 216.275 230 0.9643301.424020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 4985 Ethyl difluoroacetate C4H6F2O2 454-31-9 124.087 100 1.176520i H2O 4986 Ethyldifluoroarsine C2H5AsF2 430-40-0 141.980 liq, fumes in air -38.7 94.3 1.70817 TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g25/g24 O OCl O Ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetateO O Cl Ethyl 2-chloropropanoateO O Cl Ethyl 3-chloropropanoateO S ClO Ethyl chlorosulfinateOSCl O O Ethyl chlorosulfonateO Cl S S-Ethyl chlorothioformateO O Ethyl trans -cinnamateON Ethyl cyanateO ON Ethyl cyanoacetate O ON Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylateO ON Ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoateO ON O Ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylateO ON Ethyl cyanoformateO ON Ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetateO ON Ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoate Ethylcyclobutane Ethylcyclohexane OO Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 1-EthylcyclohexeneOO Ethyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylateO O Ethyl cyclohexylacetate EthylcyclopentaneOHO O Ethyl 2-cyclopentanone-1-carboxylate 1-Ethylcyclopentene Ethylcyclopropane O O Ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylateOO Ethyl decanoateO ONN Ethyl diazoacetateO OBr Br Ethyl dibromoacetateOO BrBr Ethyl 2,3-dibromobutanoateO O BrBr Ethyl 2,4-dibromobutanoateO O BrBr Ethyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate SOOO Ethyl 3,6-di( tert-butyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonateO OCl Cl Ethyl dichloroacetateAsCl Cl EthyldichloroarsineO NOCl Cl Ethyl dichlorocarbamateO O ClCl Ethyl 2,3-dichloropropanoateO OO O Ethyl diethoxyacetateO OO O Ethyl diethylmalonateO OF F Ethyl difluoroacetateAsF F Ethyldifluoroarsine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g25/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g124987 5-Ethyldihydro-5- sec-butyl-2-thioxo- 4,6(1 H,5H)-pyrimidinedioneThiobutabarbital C10H16N2O2S 2095-57-0 228.311 169 4988 5-Ethyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone C6H10O2 695-06-7 114.142 liq -18 215.5 1.0261201.449520vs H2O, EtOH 4989 Ethyl dihydrogen phosphate C2H7O4P 1623-14-9 126.048 hyg cry dec 1.430251.427 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 4990 5-Ethyldihydro-5-phenyl-4,6(1 H,5H)- pyrimidinedionePrimidone C12H14N2O2 125-33-7 218.251 281.5 4991 Ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6- methylbenzoateC10H12O4 2524-37-0 196.200 lf (HOAc), pr (al)132 sub vs eth, EtOH 4992 O-Ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl] methylphosphonothioateVX Nerve agent C11H26NO2PS 50782-69-9 267.369 very toxic liq 4993 Ethyldimethylamine N,N-Dimethylethanamine C4H11N 598-56-1 73.137 liq -140 36.5 0.675201.370525 4994 Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate C11H15NO2 10287-53-3 193.243 66.5 190141.0099100 4995 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene C10H14 874-41-9 134.218 liq -62.9 188.4 0.8763201.503820vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 4996 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene C10H14 934-74-7 134.218 liq -84.3 183.6 0.8608251.498120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc 4997 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene C10H14 2870-04-4 134.218 liq -16.2 190 0.8864251.510720 4998 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene C10H14 1758-88-9 134.218 liq -53.7 186.9 0.8732251.504320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc 4999 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene C10H14 933-98-2 134.218 liq -49.5 194 0.8881251.511720 5000 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene C10H14 934-80-5 134.218 liq -66.9 189.5 0.8706251.503120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc 5001 N’-Ethyl- N,N-dimethyl-1,2- ethanediamineC6H16N2 123-83-1 116.204 134.5 0.738251.422220 5002 Ethyl 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate Ethyl pivaloylacetate C9H16O3 17094-34-7 172.221 liq 83170.9718 5003 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane C9H20 16747-32-3 128.255 liq -99.3 133.8 0.7438201.412320 5004 3-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane C9H20 16747-33-4 128.255 144.7 0.7508251.422120 5005 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane C9H20 1068-87-7 128.255 liq -122.4 136.7 0.7365201.413120 5006 Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropionate C7H14O2 3938-95-2 130.185 liq -89.5 118.4 0.856201.390620s EtOH, eth 5007 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine C8H12N2 13360-65-1 136.194 180.5 0.9657241.501424sl H2O, EtOH, eth 5008 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-1 H-pyrrole C8H13N 517-22-6 123.196 pr 0 199; 96160.913201.496120sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 5009 Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2- carboxylateC9H13NO2 2199-44-2 167.205 cry (al) 125 13510.5s EtOH, ace 5010 Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3- carboxylateC9H13NO2 2199-51-1 167.205 cry (eth-lig, peth)78.5 291 vs eth, EtOH 5011 Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3- carboxylateC9H13NO2 2199-52-2 167.205 orth (al) 117.5 291; 13015vs EtOH 5012 Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3- carboxylateC9H13NO2 2199-53-3 167.205 cry (dil al) 111.3 vs eth, EtOH, chl 5013 Ethyl 2,4-dioxopentanoate C7H10O4 615-79-2 158.152 18 214 1.1251201.475717vs eth, EtOH 5014 O-Ethyl dithiocarbonate Xanthogenic acid C3H6OS2 151-01-9 122.209 unstab liq -53 25 5015 Ethylene Ethene C2H4 74-85-1 28.053 col gas -169.15 -103.77 0.5678-1041.363-100i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ace; s eth 5016 Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid C4H8N2S4 111-54-6 212.380 unstab liq 5017 Ethylene carbonate Vinylene carbonate C3H4O3 96-49-1 88.062 mcl pl (al) 36.4 248 1.3214391.414850msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt 5018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA C10H16N2O8 60-00-4 292.242 cry (w) 245 dec 5019 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt, dihydrateEDTA disodium C10H18N2Na2O106381-92-6 372.237 242 dec 5020 N,N’-Ethylene distearylamide N,N’-Dioctadecanoylethanediamine C38H76N2O2 110-30-5 593.022 cry (EtOH) 149No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g25/g26 N HNHO S O 5-Ethyldihydro-5- sec-butyl-2-thioxo-4,6(1 H,5H)-pyrimidinedioneOO 5-Ethyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanoneO P HO OH O Ethyl dihydrogen phosphateN HNHO O 5-Ethyldihydro-5-phenyl-4,6(1 H,5H)-pyrimidinedioneOH HOOO Ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate O PS ON O-Ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioateN EthyldimethylamineOO N Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzeneNH N N’-Ethyl- N,N-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamineO OO Ethyl 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentaneOO Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoateN N 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazineN H 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-1 H-pyrroleN HO O Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylateN HOO Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate N HOO Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylateN HOO Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylateO O O O Ethyl 2,4-dioxopentanoateS OS H O-Ethyl dithiocarbonateHH H H EthyleneS NHSHH N HS S Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acidOO O Ethylene carbonate HOOCNN HOOCCOOH COOH Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acidCOO N N OOCNa NaCOOHHOOC 2H2O Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt, dihydrateNHO NH O N,N’-Ethylene distearylamide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g25/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125021 Ethyleneimine Aziridine C2H5N 151-56-4 43.068 liq -77.9 56 0.83225msc H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl 5022 Ethylestrenol C20H32O 965-90-2 288.467 cry 77 5023 N-Ethyl-1,2-ethanediamine C4H12N2 110-72-5 88.151 129 0.837251.438520 5024 Ethyl ethoxyacetate C6H12O3 817-95-8 132.157 158 0.9702201.403920s EtOH, eth, ace 5025 Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate C7H14O3 763-69-9 146.184 166; 4850.9490201.406520 5026 Ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2 H)- quinolinecarboxylateEEDQ C14H17NO3 16357-59-8 247.290 56.5 1260.1s chl 5027 Ethyl 2-ethylacetoacetate C8H14O3 607-97-6 158.195 198.0; 80100.9847161.421425msc EtOH, eth 5028 Ethyl ethylcarbamate C5H11NO2 623-78-9 117.147 176 0.9813201.421520vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5029 Ethyl 2-ethylhexanoate Ethyl 2-ethylcaproate C10H20O2 2983-37-1 172.265 90280.8586251.412325 5030 2-Ethyl- N-(2-ethylphenyl)aniline C16H19N 64653-59-4 225.329 29 336603, 173101.555025i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl; s acid 5031 O-Ethyl ethylthiophosphonyl chloride C4H10ClOPS 1497-68-3 172.613 liq 350.71.1520 5032 Ethyl fluoroacetate C4H7FO2 459-72-3 106.096 120 1.0912201.375520vs H2O 5033 Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate C9H9FO2 451-46-7 168.164 mcl pr (w) 26 210 1.146251.486420vs eth, EtOH 5034 N-Ethylformamide C3H7NO 627-45-2 73.094 198 0.9552201.432020msc H2O, EtOH, eth 5035 Ethyl formate C3H6O2 109-94-4 74.079 liq -79.6 54.4 0.9208201.360920s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc 5036 2-Ethylfuran C6H8O 3208-16-0 96.127 92.5 0.9018201.440320s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 5037 Ethyl 2-furancarboxylate Ethyl 2-furanoate C7H8O3 614-99-3 140.137 lf or pr 34.5 196.8 1.1174211.479721i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz 5038 γ-Ethyl L-glutamate C7H13NO4 1119-33-1 175.183 191 sl H2O 5039 Ethyl heptafluorobutanoate C6H5F7O2 356-27-4 242.092 95 1.394201.301120sl H2O; s eth, ace 5040 3-Ethylheptane C9H20 15869-80-4 128.255 liq -114.9 143.0 0.7225251.409320 5041 4-Ethylheptane C9H20 2216-32-2 128.255 141.2 0.7241251.409620i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz 5042 Ethyl heptanoate Ethyl oenanthate C9H18O2 106-30-9 158.238 liq -66.1 187 0.8817201.410020sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 5043 2-Ethylheptanoic acid C9H18O2 3274-29-1 158.238 liq 153311.425527 5044 4-Ethyl-4-heptanol C9H20O 597-90-0 144.254 182 0.8350201.433220vs eth, EtOH 5045 Ethyl trans ,trans -2,4-hexadienoate Ethyl sorbate C8H12O2 2396-84-1 140.180 195.5 0.9506201.495120vs eth, EtOH, chl 5046 2-Ethylhexanal C8H16O 123-05-7 128.212 <-100 163 0.8540201.414220i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 5047 3-Ethylhexane C8H18 619-99-8 114.229 118.6 0.7136201.401820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc 5048 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol Ethohexadiol C8H18O2 94-96-2 146.228 liq -40 244 0.9325221.449720sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 5049 Ethyl hexanoate C8H16O2 123-66-0 144.212 liq -67 167 0.873201.407320sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH 5050 2-Ethylhexanoic acid C8H16O2 149-57-5 144.212 228; 120130.9031251.424120s H2O, eth, ctc; sl EtOH 5051 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol C8H18O 104-76-7 130.228 liq -70 184.6 0.8319251.430020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 5052 2-Ethylhexanoyl chloride C8H15ClO 760-67-8 162.657 10140, 67110.939251.433520 5053 2-Ethyl-2-hexenal C8H14O 645-62-5 126.196 175 0.855420 5054 Ethyl 3-hexenoate Ethyl hydrosorbate C8H14O2 2396-83-0 142.196 166.5 0.8957201.425520 5055 2-Ethylhexyl acetate C10H20O2 103-09-3 172.265 liq -80 199 0.8718201.420420i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5056 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate C11H20O2 103-11-7 184.276 -90 125600.880251.433225 5057 2-Ethylhexylamine 2-Ethyl-1-hexanamine C8H19N 104-75-6 129.244 169.2 sl H2O 5058 2-Ethylhexyl butyl phthalate Butyl 2-ethylhexyl phthalate C20H30O4 85-69-8 334.450 col liq sl H2O 5059 2-Ethylhexyl dihydrogen phosphate Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate C8H19O4P 1070-03-7 210.208 liq s H2O, bz 5060 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphite Forstab C20H27O3P 15647-08-2 346.400 1520.151.054201.520727 5061 Ethyl hexyl ether 1-Ethoxyhexane C8H18O 5756-43-4 130.228 143 0.7722201.400820vs eth, EtOH 5062 2-Ethylhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Octisalate C15H22O3 118-60-5 250.334 liq 190211.01No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g25/g28 N H EthyleneimineOH HH EthylestrenolNH 2H N N-Ethyl-1,2-ethanediamineO OO Ethyl ethoxyacetateO O O Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoateNO OO Ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2 H)-quinolinecarboxylateO OO Ethyl 2-ethylacetoacetate O NHO Ethyl ethylcarbamateOO Ethyl 2-ethylhexanoateNH 2-Ethyl- N-(2-ethylphenyl)anilineS PO Cl O-Ethyl ethylthiophosphonyl chlorideO OF Ethyl fluoroacetateFOO Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoateNHO N-Ethylformamide O O Ethyl formateO 2-EthylfuranOO O Ethyl 2-furancarboxylateO O NH 2HOO γ-Ethyl L-glutamateO O FFFF F FF Ethyl heptafluorobutanoate 3-Ethylheptane 4-EthylheptaneOO Ethyl heptanoate OHO 2-Ethylheptanoic acidOH 4-Ethyl-4-heptanolOO Ethyl trans ,trans -2,4-hexadienoateO 2-Ethylhexanal 3-EthylhexaneOHOH 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediolOO Ethyl hexanoate O OH 2-Ethylhexanoic acidOH 2-Ethyl-1-hexanolClO 2-Ethylhexanoyl chlorideO 2-Ethyl-2-hexenalOO Ethyl 3-hexenoateOO 2-Ethylhexyl acetateOO 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate NH 2 2-EthylhexylamineOO O O 2-Ethylhexyl butyl phthalateOPO OHOH 2-Ethylhexyl dihydrogen phosphatePO OO 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphiteO Ethyl hexyl etherOHO O 2-Ethylhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g26/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125063 2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate C12H22O2 688-84-6 198.302 12018, 110140.880251.43625 5064 2-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]ethanol Ethylene glycol mono(2-ethylhexyl) etherC10H22O2 1559-35-9 174.281 227.7 5065 Ethylhydrazine C2H8N2 624-80-6 60.098 101 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 5066 Ethyl hydrazinecarboxylate Ethyl carbazate C3H8N2O2 4114-31-2 104.108 cry 46 dec 198; 939s EtOH, eth; sl chl 5067 Ethyl hydrogen adipate C8H14O4 626-86-8 174.195 hyg cry (eth, peth)29 285 0.9796201.431120s EtOH, eth, peth 5068 Ethyl hydrogen fumarate C6H8O4 2459-05-4 144.126 70 147161.110987s EtOH, ace; sl chl 5069 Ethyl hydrogen succinate Butanedioic acid, monoethyl ester C6H10O4 1070-34-4 146.141 pr or nd 8 17242, 11931.1466201.432720vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5070 Ethyl hydroperoxide Ethyl hydrogen peroxide C2H6O2 3031-74-1 62.068 liq -100 95 0.9332201.380020vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 5071 Ethyl hydroxyacetate C4H8O3 623-50-7 104.105 160 1.0826231.418020vs eth, EtOH 5072 Ethyl 3-hydroxybenzoate C9H10O3 7781-98-8 166.173 pl (bz) 74 1.0680131sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth 5073 Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Ethylparaben C9H10O3 120-47-8 166.173 cry (dil al) 117 297.5 sl H2O, chl, tfa; vs EtOH, eth; i CS2 5074 Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, (±) C6H12O3 35608-64-1 132.157 185; 76151.017201.418220s H2O, EtOH; sl ctc 5075 Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate C6H10O3 91890-87-8 130.141 dec 173; 68151.0470151.43613vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5076 α-Ethyl-1-hydroxycyclohexaneacetic acidCyclobutyrol C10H18O3 512-16-3 186.248 cry (eth-peth) 81.5 164241.0010181.468018vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 5077 N-Ethyl- N-hydroxyethanamine N,N-Diethylhydroxylamine C4H11NO 3710-84-7 89.136 10 133 0.8669201.419520 5078 2-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexanal C8H16O2 496-03-7 144.212 13850, 1019 5079 Ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate C10H12O4 617-05-0 196.200 nd (dil al) 44 292 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 5080 Ethyl cis-12-hydroxy-9- octadecenoate, ( R)Ethyl ricinoleate C20H38O3 55066-53-0 326.514 258130.9180201.461822 5081 Ethylidenecyclohexane C8H14 1003-64-1 110.197 136 0.822251.461820 5082 5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene 5-Ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene C9H12 16219-75-3 120.191 liq 146 0.893 1.490020 5083 1-Ethyl-1 H-imidazole C5H8N2 7098-07-9 96.131 208 0.99925msc H2O 5084 Ethyl iodoacetate C4H7IO2 623-48-3 214.002 oil 179 1.8173131.507913s EtOH, eth 5085 Ethyl isobutylcarbamate Isobutyl urethane C7H15NO2 539-89-9 145.200 <-65 110300.9432201.428820vs eth, EtOH 5086 Ethyl isocyanate C3H5NO 109-90-0 71.078 60 0.9031201.380820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 5087 Ethyl isocyanide C3H5N 624-79-3 55.079 <-66 79 0.7402201.362220vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 5088 N-Ethyl-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione C10H9NO2 5022-29-7 175.184 nd (al) 79 285.5 s EtOH, eth 5089 Ethyl isopentyl ether C7H16O 628-04-6 116.201 112.5 0.768821vs eth, EtOH 5090 Ethylisopropylamine N-Ethyl-2-propanamine C5H13N 19961-27-4 87.164 69.6 1.387225 5091 1-Ethyl-2-isopropylbenzene C11H16 18970-44-0 148.245 193 0.888201.50820vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5092 Ethyl isopropyl ether C5H12O 625-54-7 88.148 54.1 0.720251.369825s H2O, ace, chl; msc EtOH, eth 5093 N-Ethyl- N-isopropyl-2-propanamine C8H19N 7087-68-5 129.244 126.5 0.742251.413820s ctc 5094 Ethyl isopropyl sulfide C5H12S 5145-99-3 104.214 liq -122.2 107.5 0.824620 5095 Ethyl isothiocyanate C3H5NS 542-85-8 87.144 liq -5.9 131.5 0.9990201.513020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 5096 Ethyl lactate Ethyl 2-hydroxypropionate C5H10O3 2676-33-7 118.131 liq -26 154.5 1.0328201.412420vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5097 Ethyl laurate C14H28O2 106-33-2 228.371 liq -10 271; 154150.8618201.431120i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc 5098 Ethyl levulinate C7H12O3 539-88-8 144.168 205.8 1.0111201.422920vs H2O, EtOH 5099 Ethyl mercaptoacetate C4H8O2S 623-51-8 120.171 157 1.0964151.458220s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 5100 Ethyl methacrylate C6H10O2 97-63-2 114.142 117 0.9135201.414720sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 5101 Ethyl methanesulfonate C3H8O3S 62-50-0 124.159 8610 5102 1-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzene C9H12O 1515-95-3 136.190 198 0.9624151.512020vs bz, eth 5103 α-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzenemethanol C10H14O2 5349-60-0 166.217 143201.527720s ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g26/g20 OO 2-Ethylhexyl methacrylateOOH /g32-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]ethanolH2NN H EthylhydrazineO N HOH2N Ethyl hydrazinecarboxylateO OHO O Ethyl hydrogen adipateO OHO O Ethyl hydrogen fumarate O OHO O Ethyl hydrogen succinateOOH Ethyl hydroperoxideO OHO Ethyl hydroxyacetateOO OH Ethyl 3-hydroxybenzoateOHOO Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoateO OOH Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, (±)O O OH Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate OH OHO α-Ethyl-1-hydroxycyclohexaneacetic aci dOHN N-Ethyl- N-hydroxyethanamineOHO 2-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexanalOO OHO Ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoateOO OH Ethyl cis-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate, ( R) Ethylidenecyclohexane 5-Ethylidene-2-norborneneN N 1-Ethyl-1 H-imidazoleO OI Ethyl iodoacetateO N HO Ethyl isobutylcarbamateNCO Ethyl isocyanateNC Ethyl isocyanideNO O N-Ethyl-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione O Ethyl isopentyl etherN H Ethylisopropylamine 1-Ethyl-2-isopropylbenzeneO Ethyl isopropyl etherN N-Ethyl- N-isopropyl-2-propanamineS Ethyl isopropyl sulfideNCS Ethyl isothiocyanateO O OH Ethyl lactate OO Ethyl laurateO O O Ethyl levulinateO OHS Ethyl mercaptoacetateOO Ethyl methacrylateSO OO Ethyl methanesulfonateO 1-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzeneOOH α-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzenemethanol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g26/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125104 Ethyl 2-methoxybenzoate C10H12O3 7335-26-4 180.200 261 1.1124201.522420vs eth, EtOH 5105 Ethyl 4-methoxybenzoate C10H12O3 94-30-4 180.200 7.5 269.5 1.1038201.525420i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5106 4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol C9H12O2 2785-89-9 152.190 liq -7 236.5 1.093118 5107 Ethyl (4-methoxyphenyl)acetate C11H14O3 14062-18-1 194.227 139701.097251.507520 5108 Ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate C7H12O3 609-14-3 144.168 187 0.9941201.418520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace 5109 N-Ethyl-2-methylallylamine N-Ethyl-2-methyl-2-propen-1-amine C6H13N 18328-90-0 99.174 liq 104.7 0.753 1.422120msc H2O 5110 5-Ethyl-5-(2-methylallyl)-2- thiobarbituric acidMethallatal C10H14N2O2S 115-56-0 226.295 160.5 5111 Ethylmethylamine N-Methylethanamine C3H9N 624-78-2 59.110 36.7 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 5112 Ethylmethylamine hydrochloride N-Methylethanamine hydrochloride C3H10ClN 624-60-2 95.571 pl (al-eth) 128 1.087420vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl 5113 2-Ethyl-6-methylaniline C9H13N 24549-06-2 135.206 liq -33 231 0.968251.552520 5114 N-Ethyl-2-methylaniline C9H13N 94-68-8 135.206 <-15 216 0.948251.545620s EtOH, eth 5115 N-Ethyl-3-methylaniline C9H13N 102-27-2 135.206 221 0.9263151.545120s EtOH, eth 5116 N-Ethyl-4-methylaniline N-Ethyl-4-toluidine C9H13N 622-57-1 135.206 217 0.939116s EtOH, eth 5117 N-Ethyl- N-methylaniline C9H13N 613-97-8 135.206 204 0.9255i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 5118 N-Ethyl- α-methylbenzeneethanamine N-Ethylamphetamine C11H17N 457-87-4 163.260 105141.498625 5119 N-Ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide C9H13NO2S 80-39-7 199.270 64 s EtOH 5120 1-Ethyl-2-methyl-1 H-benzimidazole C10H12N2 5805-76-5 160.215 51 296 1.07325 5121 Ethyl 2-methylbenzoate C10H12O2 87-24-1 164.201 <-10 227; 113181.0325211.50722i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 5122 Ethyl 4-methylbenzoate C10H12O2 94-08-6 164.201 232 1.0269181.508918i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 5123 Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl isovalerate C7H14O2 108-64-5 130.185 liq -99.3 135.0 0.8656201.396220sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5124 2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid C7H14O2 19889-37-3 130.185 <-20 207 1.425020vs EtOH 5125 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene C7H14 7357-93-9 98.186 89 0.7150201.41020i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl 5126 Ethyl trans -2-methyl-2-butenoate C7H12O2 5837-78-5 128.169 156 0.9200201.434020 5127 Ethyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate C7H12O2 638-10-8 128.169 153.5 0.9199211.434520 5128 5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)- 2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrioneC11H18N2O3 76-74-4 226.272 130 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 5129 Ethyl N-methylcarbamate C4H9NO2 105-40-8 103.120 170 1.0115201.418320vs H2O, EtOH 5130 Ethyl methyl carbonate C4H8O3 623-53-0 104.105 liq -14 107.5 1.012201.377820vs eth, EtOH 5131 trans -1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane C9H18 6236-88-0 126.239 liq -80.8 149 0.7798201.430420 5132 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane C8H16 16747-50-5 112.213 liq -143.8 121.6 0.7767251.427220vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5133 cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane C8H16 930-89-2 112.213 liq -106 128 0.7852201.429320 5134 trans -1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane C8H16 930-90-5 112.213 liq -105.9 121.2 0.7649251.421920 5135 cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane C8H16 2613-66-3 112.213 121 0.7724201.420320vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5136 trans -1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane C8H16 2613-65-2 112.213 liq -108 121 0.7619201.418620 5137 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane C6H12 53778-43-1 84.159 liq -130.2 56.8 0.6968251.388720 5138 2-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane C6H12O2 126-39-6 116.158 118 0.936020 5139 Ethyl methyl ether C3H8O 540-67-0 60.095 col gas -113 7.4 0.725101.34204s H2O, ace, chl; msc EtOH, eth 5140 3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane C9H20 16789-46-1 128.255 138 0.7310201.410620 5141 3-Ethyl-3-methylhexane C9H20 3074-76-8 128.255 140.6 0.7371251.414020 5142 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 2,3-Diethylpentane C9H20 3074-77-9 128.255 140 0.7420201.413420 5143 4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane C9H20 3074-75-7 128.255 133.8 0.7195251.406320 5144 Ethyl 4-methylhexanoate Ethyl 4-methylcaproate C9H18O2 1561-10-0 158.238 180 0.8708201.405120 5145 Ethyl 4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate C8H14O3 7152-15-0 158.195 liq -9 173 0.98251.25020 5146 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane C8H18 609-26-7 114.229 liq -114.9 115.66 0.7193201.404020i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz 5147 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane C8H18 1067-08-9 114.229 liq -90.9 118.27 0.7274201.407820i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g26/g22 OO O Ethyl 2-methoxybenzoateOO O Ethyl 4-methoxybenzoateOH O 4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenolOO O Ethyl (4-methoxyphenyl)acetateOO O Ethyl 2-methylacetoacetateH N N-Ethyl-2-methylallylamineN HNHO OS 5-Ethyl-5-(2-methylallyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid NH EthylmethylamineN HHCl Ethylmethylamine hydrochlorideNH 2 2-Ethyl-6-methylanilineH N N-Ethyl-2-methylanilineH N N-Ethyl-3-methylanilineH N N-Ethyl-4-methylanilineN N-Ethyl- N-methylanilineH N N-Ethyl- α-methylbenzeneethanamin e SNH O O N-Ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamideNN 1-Ethyl-2-methyl-1 H-benzimidazoleOO Ethyl 2-methylbenzoateOO Ethyl 4-methylbenzoateOO Ethyl 3-methylbutanoateOHO 2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene OO Ethyl trans -2-methyl-2-butenoateOO Ethyl 3-methyl-2-butenoateN HNHO O O 5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrioneN HOO Ethyl N-methylcarbamateOOO Ethyl methyl carbonate trans -1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane trans -1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane trans -1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropaneOO 2-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolaneO Ethyl methyl ether 3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane 3-Ethyl-3-methylhexane 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 4-Ethyl-2-methylhexaneOO Ethyl 4-methylhexanoateOO O Ethyl 4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g26/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125148 Ethyl 4-methylpentanoate C8H16O2 25415-67-2 144.212 163; 52100.8705201.405020 5149 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene C8H16 19780-66-6 112.213 liq -112.9 109.5 0.7262201.414020 5150 2-[Ethyl(3-methylphenyl) amino]ethanolC11H17NO 91-88-3 179.259 1181.51.554020s ctc 5151 Ethyl 3-methyl-3- phenyloxiranecarboxylateEthyl 3-methyl-3-phenylglycidate C12H14O3 77-83-8 206.237 273.5 1.044201.518220 5152 4-Ethyl-4-methyl-2,6-piperidinedione Bemegride C8H13NO2 64-65-3 155.195 pl (w, ace-eth) 126.5 sub 100 s chl 5153 Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Ethyl isobutanoate C6H12O2 97-62-1 116.158 liq -88.2 110.1 0.868201.386918sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 5154 2-Ethyl-5-methylpyrazine C7H10N2 13360-64-0 122.167 liq 7956 5155 3-Ethyl-4-methylpyridine 3-Ethyl-4-picoline C8H11N 529-21-5 121.180 198 0.928617sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace 5156 4-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine 4-Ethyl-2-picoline C8H11N 536-88-9 121.180 179 0.913025vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5157 3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2,5- pyrrolidinedioneEthosuximide C7H11NO2 77-67-8 141.168 cry (ace-eth) 64.5 vs H2O 5158 Ethyl methyl sulfide C3H8S 624-89-5 76.161 liq -105.93 66.7 0.8422201.440420i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl 5159 N-Ethylmorpholine C6H13NO 100-74-3 115.173 138.5 0.8996201.440020msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 5160 Ethyl myristate C16H32O2 124-06-1 256.424 12.3 295 0.8573251.436220i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, lig; sl eth 5161 N-Ethyl-1-naphthalenamine C12H13N 118-44-5 171.238 305; 191161.0652151.647715vs eth, EtOH 5162 1-Ethylnaphthalene C12H12 1127-76-0 156.223 liq -13.9 258.6 1.0082201.606220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 5163 2-Ethylnaphthalene C12H12 939-27-5 156.223 liq -7.4 258 0.9922201.599920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl 5164 Ethyl 1-naphthylacetate C14H14O2 2122-70-5 214.260 oil 88.5 22220, 11813s EtOH, eth 5165 Ethyl nitrate C2H5NO3 625-58-1 91.066 liq -94.6 87.2 1.1084201.385220s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 5166 Ethyl nitrite C2H5NO2 109-95-5 75.067 ye vol liq or gas 18 0.899151.341810msc EtOH, eth 5167 Ethyl nitroacetate C4H7NO4 626-35-7 133.104 10625, 8361.1953201.425020sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth; s dil alk 5168 1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene C8H9NO2 612-22-6 151.163 liq -12.3 232.5 1.1207201.535620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc 5169 1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene C8H9NO2 100-12-9 151.163 liq -12.3 245.5 1.1192201.545520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc 5170 Ethyl 3-nitrobenzoate C9H9NO4 618-98-4 195.172 47 297 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5171 Ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate C9H9NO4 99-77-4 195.172 57 186.3; 1538i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5172 Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphateC14H14NO4PS 2104-64-5 323.304 36 1.27251.597830vs bz, eth, EtOH 5173 2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol C5H11NO4 597-09-1 149.146 nd (w) 57.5 dec vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5174 Ethyl 2-nitropropanoate C5H9NO4 2531-80-8 147.130 190.5 1.421020vs bz, eth, EtOH 5175 N-Ethyl- N-nitrosourea N-Nitroso- N-ethylurea C3H7N3O2 759-73-9 117.107 100 dec s chl 5176 Ethyl nonanoate C11H22O2 123-29-5 186.292 liq -36.7 227.0 0.8657201.422020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 5177 5-Ethyl-2-norbornene C9H14 15403-89-1 122.207 liq 143.6 0.86 1.463020 5178 Ethyl cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoate Ethyl linoleate C20H36O2 544-35-4 308.499 ye or col 272180, 212120.886520vs eth, EtOH 5179 Ethyl cis,cis,cis-9,12,15- octadecatrienoateEthyl linolenate C20H34O2 1191-41-9 306.483 218150.8919201.469420vs eth, EtOH 5180 Ethyl trans -9-octadecenoate C20H38O2 6114-18-7 310.515 5.8 218150.8664251.448025vs eth, EtOH 5181 3-Ethyloctane C10H22 5881-17-4 142.282 166.5 0.7359251.415620 5182 4-Ethyloctane C10H22 15869-86-0 142.282 163.7 0.7343251.415120 5183 Ethyl octanoate C10H20O2 106-32-1 172.265 liq -43.1 208.5 0.866181.417820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 5184 Ethyl 1-octyl sulfide 1-(Ethylthio)octane C10H22S 3698-94-0 174.347 liq 10914 5185 Ethyl oleate Ethyl cis-9-octadecenoate C20H38O2 111-62-6 310.515 21615, 207130.8720201.451520vs eth, EtOH 5186 Ethyl 5-oxohexanoate C8H14O3 13984-57-1 158.195 221.5 0.989251.427720 5187 Ethyl 3-oxopentanoate C7H12O3 4949-44-4 144.168 191 1.0120201.423020vs bz, eth, EtOH 5188 Ethyl 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate Ethyl phenylglyoxylate C10H10O3 1603-79-8 178.184 256.5 1.1222251.519025No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g26/g24OO Ethyl 4-methylpentanoate 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-penteneNOH 2-[Ethyl(3-methylphenyl)amino]ethanolOOO Ethyl 3-methyl-3-phenyloxiranecarboxylateN HO O 4-Ethyl-4-methyl-2,6-piperidinedioneOO Ethyl 2-methylpropanoateNN 2-Ethyl-5-methylpyrazine N 3-Ethyl-4-methylpyridineN 4-Ethyl-2-methylpyridineN HO O 3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedioneS Ethyl methyl sulfideN O N-EthylmorpholineO O Ethyl myristateNH N-Ethyl-1-naphthalenamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-EthylnaphthaleneOO Ethyl 1-naphthylacetateO NOO Ethyl nitrateNO O Ethyl nitriteO ONOO Ethyl nitroacetateNO O 1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzeneNO O 1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzeneOO NO O Ethyl 3-nitrobenzoate OO NOO Ethyl 4-nitrobenzoateO NO OP S O Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphateOH HO N OO 2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediolO O NOO Ethyl 2-nitropropanoateO NN H 2NO N-Ethyl- N-nitrosoureaO O Ethyl nonanoate 5-Ethyl-2-norbornene OO Ethyl cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoateOO Ethyl cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoateO O Ethyl trans -9-octadecenoate 3-Ethyloctane 4-Ethyloctane OO Ethyl octanoateS Ethyl 1-octyl sulfideOO Ethyl oleateO OO Ethyl 5-oxohexanoateOO O Ethyl 3-oxopentanoateO O O Ethyl 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g26/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125189 Ethyl 2-oxopropanoate Ethyl pyruvate C5H8O3 617-35-6 116.116 liq -50 155 1.0596151.405220sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 5190 Ethyl palmitate C18H36O2 628-97-7 284.478 nd 24 191100.8577251.434734i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 5191 3-Ethylpentane C7H16 617-78-7 100.202 liq -118.55 93.5 0.6982201.393420i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl 5192 3-Ethyl-2,4-pentanedione C7H12O2 1540-34-7 128.169 178.5 0.9531191.440819vs eth, EtOH, chl 5193 Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl valerate C7H14O2 539-82-2 130.185 liq -91.2 146.1 0.8770201.412020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 5194 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol C7H16O 597-49-9 116.201 liq -12.5 142 0.8407221.429420sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 5195 2-Ethyl-1-pentene C7H14 3404-71-5 98.186 94 0.7079201.40520vs bz, eth, EtOH 5196 3-Ethyl-1-pentene C7H14 4038-04-4 98.186 liq -127.5 84.1 0.6917251.398220 5197 3-Ethyl-2-pentene C7H14 816-79-5 98.186 96 0.7204201.414820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 5198 Ethyl pentyl ether C7H16O 17952-11-3 116.201 117.6 0.7622201.392720vs eth, EtOH 5199 Ethyl 2-pentynoate C7H10O2 55314-57-3 126.153 67180.96225 5200 2-Ethylphenol C8H10O 90-00-6 122.164 18 204.5 1.0146251.536720vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5201 3-Ethylphenol C8H10O 620-17-7 122.164 liq -4 218.4 1.028320sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 5202 4-Ethylphenol C8H10O 123-07-9 122.164 nd 45.0 217.9 1.523925sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace 5203 Ethyl phenoxyacetate C10H12O3 2555-49-9 180.200 247; 11031.0958301.508020 5204 N-Ethyl- N-phenylacetamide C10H13NO 529-65-7 163.216 55 260 0.993860s H2O, eth, ctc 5205 Ethyl phenylacetate Benzeneacetic acid, ethyl ester C10H12O2 101-97-3 164.201 liq -29.4 227 1.0333201.498020vs eth, EtOH 5206 2-(Ethylphenylamino)ethanol C10H15NO 92-50-2 165.232 s chl 5207 Ethyl phenylcarbamate Phenylurethane C9H11NO2 101-99-5 165.189 wh nd (w) pl (dil al)53 dec 237 1.1064301.537630i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc 5208 Ethyl N-phenylformimidate C9H11NO 6780-49-0 149.189 214; 87101.0051201.527920s eth, bz 5209 Ethyl N-phenylglycinate C10H13NO2 2216-92-4 179.216 lf (dil al) 58 273.5 vs eth, EtOH 5210 1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-phenylethane C16H18 7439-15-8 210.314 cry 294 1.02850 5211 Ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate C11H14O2 2021-28-5 178.228 247.2 1.0147201.495420vs eth, EtOH 5212 Ethyl 3-phenylpropynoate Ethyl phenylacetylenecarboxylate C11H10O2 2216-94-6 174.196 265; 1281.61.055251.552020s eth 5213 Ethyl phenyl sulfone C8H10O2S 599-70-2 170.229 lf (dil al) 42 160121.141020vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 5214 Ethylphosphonic acid C2H7O3P 6779-09-5 110.049 hyg pl or nd 61.5 3358vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5215 Ethyl phosphorodichloridate Ethylphosphoric acid dichloride C2H5Cl2O2P 1498-51-7 162.940 62101.433820 5216 5-Ethyl-2-picoline C8H11N 104-90-5 121.180 178.3 0.9202201.497120sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace 5217 Ethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate 1-Carbethoxypiperazine C7H14N2O2 120-43-4 158.198 237 1.476025vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5218 1-Ethylpiperidine C7H15N 766-09-6 113.201 130.8 0.8237201.448020 5219 Ethyl 4-piperidinecarboxylate C8H15NO2 1126-09-6 157.211 col oil 100101.459120vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 5220 Ethyl 1-piperidinepropanoate C10H19NO2 19653-33-9 185.264 217; 139500.9627251.452525vs H2O 5221 1-Ethyl-3-piperidinol C7H15NO 13444-24-1 129.200 94151.477714 5222 N-Ethyl-1-propanamine C5H13N 20193-20-8 87.164 81 0.7204171.385825sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH 5223 Ethylpropanedioic acid C5H8O4 601-75-2 132.116 pr (w+1) 114 1800.05vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; i ace; sl tfa 5224 Ethyl propanoate Ethyl propionate C5H10O2 105-37-3 102.132 liq -73.9 99.1 0.8843251.383920sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 5225 Ethyl propyl ether C5H12O 628-32-0 88.148 liq -127.5 63.21 0.7386201.369520vs eth, EtOH, HOAc 5226 2-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine C10H15N 7399-50-0 149.233 195.4 0.8981201.485025 5227 4-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine C10H15N 35182-51-5 149.233 125.5 217; 80120.9085251.4090525 5228 Ethyl propyl sulfide C5H12S 4110-50-3 104.214 liq -117 118.6 0.8370201.446220s EtOH 5229 Ethyl 2-propynoate (Ethoxycarbonyl)acetylene C5H6O2 623-47-2 98.101 120 0.9645161.410520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 5230 2-Ethylpyrazine C6H8N2 13925-00-3 108.141 112200 5231 2-Ethylpyridine C7H9N 100-71-0 107.153 liq -63.1 148.6 0.9502251.496420s H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g26/g26 O O O Ethyl 2-oxopropanoateOO Ethyl palmitate 3-EthylpentaneO O 3-Ethyl-2,4-pentanedioneO O Ethyl pentanoateOH 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-pentene 3-Ethyl-1-pentene 3-Ethyl-2-penteneO Ethyl pentyl etherOO Ethyl 2-pentynoateOH 2-EthylphenolOH 3-EthylphenolOH 4-EthylphenolOOO Ethyl phenoxyacetateN O N-Ethyl- N-phenylacetamideO O Ethyl phenylacetate NOH 2-(Ethylphenylamino)ethanolH N O O Ethyl phenylcarbamateNO Ethyl N-phenylformimidateH NOO Ethyl N-phenylglycinate 1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-phenylethaneOO Ethyl 3-phenylpropanoateOO Ethyl 3-phenylpropynoateSOO Ethyl phenyl sulfone O P HO OH Ethylphosphonic acidO P Cl Cl O Ethyl phosphorodichloridateN 5-Ethyl-2-picolineNH N OO Ethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylateN 1-EthylpiperidineN HOO Ethyl 4-piperidinecarboxylateN OO Ethyl 1-piperidinepropanoateNOH 1-Ethyl-3-piperidinolH N N-Ethyl-1-propanamine HO OHO O Ethylpropanedioic acidO O Ethyl propanoateO Ethyl propyl etherN 2-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridineN 4-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridineS Ethyl propyl sulfideO O Ethyl 2-propynoateNN 2-EthylpyrazineN 2-Ethylpyridine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g26/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125232 3-Ethylpyridine C7H9N 536-78-7 107.153 liq -76.9 165 0.9539251.502120s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc 5233 4-Ethylpyridine C7H9N 536-75-4 107.153 liq -90.5 168.3 0.9417201.500920s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc 5234 2-Ethyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide Ethionamide C8H10N2S 536-33-4 166.243 163 5235 Ethyl 2-pyridinecarboxylate Ethyl 2-picolinate C8H9NO2 2524-52-9 151.163 ye cry in air 1 243 1.1194201.510420vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5236 Ethyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Ethyl nicotinate C8H9NO2 614-18-6 151.163 8.5 224 1.1070201.502420vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc 5237 Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate C8H9NO2 1570-45-2 151.163 23 219.5 1.0091151.501720sl H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, chl 5238 N-Ethylpyridinium bromide C7H10BrN 1906-79-2 188.065 cry (al) 111.5 s H2O, EtOH; i eth 5239 1-Ethyl-1 H-pyrrole C6H9N 617-92-5 95.142 129.5 0.9009201.484120vs EtOH 5240 1-Ethyl-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dione N-Ethylmaleimide C6H7NO2 128-53-0 125.126 cry (bz) 45.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 5241 1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanamine C7H16N2 26116-12-1 128.215 5916, 40100.887251.466520 5242 Ethyl Red 2-(4-Diethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acidC17H19N3O2 76058-33-8 297.352 135 5243 Ethyl salicylate C9H10O3 118-61-6 166.173 45 150101.1326201.529620i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth; s ctc 5244 Ethyl silicate C8H20O4Si 78-10-4 208.329 liq -82.5 168.8 0.9320201.392820dec H2O 5245 Ethyl stearate Ethyl octadecanoate C20H40O2 111-61-5 312.531 33 199101.057201.434940i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace 5246 2-Ethylstyrene C10H12 7564-63-8 132.202 liq -75.5 187.3; 68120.9017251.538020 5247 3-Ethylstyrene C10H12 7525-62-4 132.202 liq -101 190.0 0.8945201.535120 5248 4-Ethylstyrene C10H12 3454-07-7 132.202 liq -49.7 192.3; 86200.8884251.537620 5249 Ethyl sulfate C2H6O4S 540-82-9 126.132 dec 280 1.3657201.410520vs H2O 5250 2-(Ethylsulfonyl)ethanol Ethylsulfonylethyl alcohol C4H10O3S 513-12-2 138.185 sl chl 5251 2-Ethyl-5-(3-sulfophenyl)isoxazolium hydroxide, inner saltWoodward’s Reagent K C11H11NO4S 4156-16-5 253.275 dec 207 5252 Ethyl tartrate Ethyl tartrate, acid C6H10O6 608-89-9 178.139 90 vs H2O, EtOH 5253 2-Ethyltetrahydrofuran C6H12O 1003-30-1 100.158 109 0.8570191.414719vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5254 5-Ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine C4H7N3S 14068-53-2 129.184 200.8 5255 S-Ethyl thioacetate C4H8OS 625-60-5 104.171 116.4 0.9792201.458321i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5256 (Ethylthio)acetic acid C4H8O2S 627-04-3 120.171 -8.5 16483, 10951.149720vs H2O, EtOH, eth 5257 (Ethylthio)benzene Thiophenetole C8H10S 622-38-8 138.230 205 1.0211201.567020s EtOH 5258 Ethyl thiocyanate C3H5NS 542-90-5 87.144 liq -85.5 146 1.007231.468415i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 5259 2-(Ethylthio)ethanol C4H10OS 110-77-0 106.186 liq -100 184 1.0166201.486720sl H2O; s EtOH; vs ace 5260 1-(Ethylthio)-4-methylbenzene C9H12S 622-63-9 152.256 220 0.9996201.55520 5261 2-Ethylthiophene C6H8S 872-55-9 112.193 134 0.9930201.512220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5262 Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate C7H8O2S 2810-04-0 156.203 218 1.1623161.524820s EtOH, ace; sl ctc 5263 3-Ethyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 3-Ethylrhodanine C5H7NOS2 7648-01-3 161.246 35.5 5264 2-Ethyltoluene C9H12 611-14-3 120.191 liq -79.83 165.2 0.8807201.504620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 5265 3-Ethyltoluene C9H12 620-14-4 120.191 liq -95.6 161.3 0.8645201.496620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz 5266 4-Ethyltoluene C9H12 622-96-8 120.191 liq -62.35 162 0.8614201.495920i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz 5267 Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate C9H12O3S 80-40-0 200.254 34.5 173151.16648i H2O; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt; sl ctc 5268 Ethyl trichloroacetate C4H5Cl3O2 515-84-4 191.441 167.5 1.3836201.450520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 5269 Ethyl trifluoroacetate C4H5F3O2 383-63-1 142.077 61 1.194201.30820 5270 Ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate C6H7F3O3 372-31-6 184.113 liq -39.1 132 1.2586151.378315s EtOH, eth 5271 Ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate C3H5F3O3S 425-75-2 178.130 115 1.37400s eth 5272 Ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate C9H10O5 831-61-8 198.172 mcl pr (w+2 1/ 2) nd (chl)163.0 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt 5273 Ethyltrimethoxysilane C5H14O3Si 5314-55-6 150.249 124.3 0.9488201.383820vs EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g26/g28 N 3-EthylpyridineN 4-EthylpyridineNNH 2 S 2-Ethyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamideNO O Ethyl 2-pyridinecarboxylateNOO Ethyl 3-pyridinecarboxylateNOO Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylateNB r N-Ethylpyridinium bromideN 1-Ethyl-1 H-pyrroleNO O 1-Ethyl-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dione NNH 2 1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanamineN NNOHO Ethyl RedOH OO Ethyl salicylateO SiOO O Ethyl silicateOO Ethyl stearate 2-Ethylstyrene 3-Ethylstyrene 4-EthylstyreneSOO HOO Ethyl sulfateSOH OO 2-(Ethylsulfonyl)ethanolSO O ONO 2-Ethyl-5-(3-sulfophenyl)isoxazolium hydroxide, inner saltOO OHOH OH O Ethyl tartrateO 2-EthyltetrahydrofuranNN SNH 2 5-Ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amineSO S-Ethyl thioacetate SOHO (Ethylthio)acetic acidS (Ethylthio)benzeneSN Ethyl thiocyanateSOH 2-(Ethylthio)ethanolS 1-(Ethylthio)-4-methylbenzeneS 2-EthylthiopheneSO O Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylateN SO S 3-Ethyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-EthyltolueneSOOO Ethyl p-toluenesulfonateOO ClCl Cl Ethyl trichloroacetateO FO F F Ethyl trifluoroacetateOO O F FF Ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetateOSO O F FF Ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonateO O HO OHOH Ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoateO SiO O Ethyltrimethoxysilane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g27/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125274 1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene C11H16 17851-27-3 148.245 liq -13.5 213 0.883201.507520vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5275 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene C11H16 3982-67-0 148.245 liq -15.5 212.4 0.883201.507420vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5276 Ethyltrimethyllead Ethyltrimethylplumbane C5H14Pb 1762-26-1 281.4 col liq 2710.51.8820 5277 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole C9H15N 520-69-4 137.222 lf (eth) 66.5 214; 11035 5278 4-Ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1- phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octaneTrimethylolpropane phosphite C6H11O3P 824-11-3 162.123 53.7 s chl 5279 Ethyl undecanoate Ethyl undecylate C13H26O2 627-90-7 214.344 -15 131140.8633201.428520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 5280 Ethyl 10-undecenoate C13H24O2 692-86-4 212.329 liq -38 264.5 0.8827151.444925i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc 5281 N-Ethylurea C3H8N2O 625-52-5 88.108 nd (bz, al-eth) 92.5 dec 1.213018vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth; i CS2 5282 Ethyl vinyl ether C4H8O 109-92-2 72.106 liq -115.8 35.5 0.7589201.376720sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH; msc eth 5283 Ethyl Violet C31H42ClN3 2390-59-2 492.138 gray-viol cry s H2O, EtOH 5284 α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenylpropargyl alcohol C9H8O 4187-87-5 132.159 pr 22 114121.0655201.550820 5285 α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol carbamateCarfimate C10H9NO2 3567-38-2 175.184 cry (al) 86.5 5286 1-Ethynylcyclohexanamine C8H13N 30389-18-5 123.196 65200.913251.481720 5287 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol C8H12O 78-27-3 124.180 cry (peth) 31.5 174 0.9873201.482220i H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth; sl chl 5288 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol, carbamate Ethinamate C9H13NO2 126-52-3 167.205 nd 97 12031.444121sl H2O; vs EtOH; s hx 5289 1-Ethynylcyclopentanol C7H10O 17356-19-3 110.153 27 157.5 0.962251.475120 5290 α-Ethynyl- α-methylbenzenemethanol C10H10O 127-66-2 146.185 52.3 217.5; 102121.031420 5291 Ethynylsilane Silylacetylene C2H4Si 1066-27-9 56.139 col gas -22.5 5292 Etioporphyrin C32H38N4 448-71-5 478.671 362 5293 Etofylline C9H12N4O3 519-37-9 224.216 158 vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz 5294 Etoglucid Oxirane, 2,2’-(2,5,8,11- tetraoxadodecane-1,12-diyl)bis-C12H22O6 1954-28-5 262.299 col liq -13 19621.1312201.462220 5295 Etoposide C29H32O13 33419-42-0 588.556 cry (MeOH) ≈243 s MeOH 5296 Etrimfos C10H17N2O4PS 38260-54-7 292.291 -1.7 1.19520 5297 Eucalyptol Cineole C10H18O 470-82-6 154.249 0.8 176.4 0.9267201.458620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc 5298 Euparin 1-[6-Hydroxy-2-(1-methylvinyl)-5- benzofuranyl]ethanoneC13H12O3 532-48-9 216.232 121.5 s eth, bz, chl; sl NaOH 5299 Evan’s Blue C34H24N6Na4O14 S4314-13-6 960.806 s H2O, EtOH, acid 5300 Evodiamine C19H17N3O 518-17-2 303.357 ye lf (al) 28 5301 Famotidine C8H15N7O2S3 76824-35-6 337.446 cry 163 i EtOH, chl; vs DMF; s HOAc; sl MeOH 5302 Famphur C10H16NO5PS2 52-85-7 325.342 53 5303 α-Farnesene C15H24 502-61-4 204.352 130120.8410201.483620i H2O; s eth, ace; msc peth, lig 5304 β-Farnesene C15H24 18794-84-8 204.352 12190.8363201.489920vs ace, eth, chl 5305 Farnesic acid C15H24O2 7548-13-2 236.351 oil 20416 5306 2- cis,6-trans -Farnesol C15H26O 3790-71-4 222.366 oil 15612, 1200.30.8908201.487720vs ace, eth, EtOH 5307 2- trans ,6-trans -Farnesol C15H26O 106-28-5 222.366 oil 16010, 13730.888201.487720i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace 5308 Farnesol acetate C17H28O2 29548-30-9 264.403 16810 5309 Fenadiazole 2-(1,2,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol C8H6N2O4 1008-65-7 194.145 cry 112 1800.1 5310 Fenamiphos C13H22NO3PS 22224-92-6 303.358 49 1.1520 5311 Fenarimol C17H12Cl2N2O 60168-88-9 331.195 118 5312 Fenbuconazole C20H19ClN4 114369-43-6 350.845 125 5313 Fenbutatin oxide Distannoxane, hexakis(2-methyl-2- phenylpropyl)-C60H78OSn2 13356-08-6 1052.680 138No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g27/g20 1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzenePb EthyltrimethylleadN H 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrroleOPO O 4-Ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octaneOO Ethyl undecanoateO O Ethyl 10-undecenoateN HNH 2O N-Ethylurea O Ethyl vinyl ether Ethyl VioletNNN Cl OH α-EthynylbenzenemethanolON H 2O α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol carbamat eH2N 1-EthynylcyclohexanamineHO 1-EthynylcyclohexanolOO H2N 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol, carbamateHO 1-EthynylcyclopentanolOH α-Ethynyl- α-methylbenzenemethanolSiH 3 Ethynylsilane O OOOOO EtoglucidN N NN OOOH EtofyllineNNH HNN EtioporphyrinO O OHOOHO H O OOH O O OO EtoposideNN OOPOS O EtrimfosO EucalyptolOO HO EuparinS SNH 2 OOHO OOOHOH NNNNOH NH 2 SOOOH SOOOH Evan’s BlueNN NHHO Evodiamine N S NN H 2NH 2 S NNH 2 SOO NH 2 FamotidineO SPOS O OO N Famphurα-Farnesene β-FarneseneOHO Farnesic acidOH 2-cis,6-trans -FarnesolOH 2-trans ,6-trans -Farnesol OO Farnesol acetateNN OOH FenadiazoleSOPH N O O FenamiphosNNOH ClCl FenarimolN NN NCl FenbuconazoleSn OSn Fenbutatin oxide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g27/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125314 α-Fenchol, (±) 1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan- 2-ol, endo -(±)C10H18O 36386-49-9 154.249 39 199.5 0.942040vs eth, EtOH 5315 (±)-Fenchone C10H16O 18492-37-0 152.233 oily liq 6.1 193.5 0.9492151.470220i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace 5316 Fenfluramine C12H16F3N 458-24-2 231.257 cry (AcOEt) 11012 5317 Fenitrothion C9H12NO5PS 122-14-5 277.234 1180.05, 16411.322725 5318 Fenoxaprop-ethyl C18H16ClNO5 82110-72-3 361.777 85 2000.001sl H2O, hx; s eth; vs ace, tol 5319 Fenoxycarb Ethyl 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethylcarbamateC17H19NO4 79127-80-3 301.338 53 5320 Fenpropathrin C22H23NO3 64257-84-7 349.423 47 1.1525 5321 Fensulfothion C11H17O4PS2 115-90-2 308.354 1400.011.20220 5322 Fentanyl C22H28N2O 437-38-7 336.469 87.5 5323 Fenthion C10H15O3PS2 55-38-9 278.328 7.5 870.011.24620 5324 Fenvalerate C25H22ClNO3 51630-58-1 419.901 dec 1.1525 5325 Ferbam Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato- S,S’)-, (OC-6-11)-C9H18FeN3S6 14484-64-1 416.494 180 dec 5326 Ferrocene Dicyclopentadienyl iron C10H10Fe 102-54-5 186.031 172.5 249 i H2O 5327 Ferrous gluconate C12H22FeO14 299-29-6 446.140 ye-gray pow (w)s H2O; i EtOH 5328 Ferrous lactate C6H10FeO6 5905-52-2 233.984 grn-wh pow (hyd)s H2O; i EtOH 5329 Fichtelite 18-Norabietane C19H34 2221-95-6 262.473 cry 46 236430.9380221.505220 5330 Finasteride Proscar C23H36N2O2 98319-26-7 372.544 wh cry 252 sl H2O; s chl, EtOH, MeOH, DMSO 5331 Fisetin C15H10O6 528-48-3 286.236 lt ye nd (dil al, + 1 w)330 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, peth 5332 Flavine adenine dinucleotide FAD C27H33N9O15P2146-14-5 785.550 ye cry (w) 5333 Florantyrone C20H14O3 519-95-9 302.323 ye cry (HOAc) 208 s EtOH, MeOH 5334 Fluazipop-butyl C19H20F3NO4 79241-46-6 383.362 pale ye liq 5 5335 Flubenzimine C17H10F6N4S 37893-02-0 416.343 ye cry 119 sl H2O 5336 Fluchloralin C12H13ClF3N3O433245-39-5 355.697 42 5337 Flucythrinate Cythrin C26H23F2NO4 70124-77-5 451.463 1080.351.18922 5338 Fludrocortisone C21H29FO5 127-31-1 380.450 cry (EtOH) 261 dec 5339 Flumethiazide Trifluoromethylthiazide C8H6F3N3O4S2 148-56-1 329.277 cry 306 sl H2O; i bz, tol; s MeOH, EtOH, DMF 5340 Fluocinolone acetonide C24H30F2O6 67-73-2 452.488 cry (ace/hx) 266 dec 5341 Fluoranthene 1,2-(1,8-Naphthylene)benzene C16H10 206-44-0 202.250 pa ye nd or pl (al)110.19 384 1.2520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 5342 9 H-Fluoren-2-amine C13H11N 153-78-6 181.233 pl or nd (dil al) 130.3 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, CS2 5343 9 H-Fluorene 2,2’-Methylenebiphenyl C13H10 86-73-7 166.218 lf (al) 114.77 295 1.2030i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS2 5344 9 H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid C14H10O2 1989-33-9 210.228 226 5345 9 H-Fluorene-2,7-diamine 2,7-Diaminofluorene C13H12N2 525-64-4 196.247 nd (w), pr (bz), pl (eth)166 i H2O; s EtOH, chl 5346 9 H-Fluorene-9-methanol C14H12O 24324-17-2 196.244 105.0 5347 9 H-Fluoren-9-ol C13H10O 1689-64-1 182.217 hex nd (w, peth)156.0 sl H2O, peth, EtOH; s eth, ace; vs bz 5348 9 H-Fluoren-9-one C13H8O 486-25-9 180.202 ye orth bipym (al, bz-peth)84 341.5 1.1300991.630999i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs tol; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g27/g22 OH α-Fenchol, (±)O (±)-FenchoneH N FFF FenfluramineNO OOPOS O FenitrothionON ClOO OO Fenoxaprop-ethylO OHN O O FenoxycarbO NOO Fenpropathrin OPOS O S O FensulfothionN NO FentanylSOPOS O FenthionClO O NO FenvalerateFe SS SSSSN NN FerbamFe FerroceneCOO OH H H HO OH H OH H CH2OHFe2 Ferrous gluconate H FichteliteOO OH2Fe2 Ferrous lactate N O HHH N O FinasterideO HOO OH OH OH FisetinO HO OHOP OHO ON N NN P OHO OOHOHOHCH2NN NN OO H NH 2 Flavine adenine dinucleotideO N F FFOO O Fluazipop-butylOOOH Florantyrone N SNF FF N N FFF FlubenzimineFFFNOO NOO NCl FluchloralinO FFO O NO FlucythrinateOFHO HHOO OH FludrocortisoneSNHNFFF S OOH2NO O FlumethiazideOFOO FOOH HO H Fluocinolone acetonide FluorantheneNH 2 9H-Fluoren-2-amine 9H-FluoreneOO H 9H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acidH2NN H 2 9H-Fluorene-2,7-diamineOH 9H-Fluorene-9-methanolOH 9H-Fluoren-9-olO 9H-Fluoren-9-one /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g27/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125349 Fluorescein C20H12O5 2321-07-5 332.306 red orth pr 315 dec sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s py, MeOH 5350 Fluorescein sodium CI Acid Yellow 73 C20H10Na2O5 518-47-8 376.270 ye pow s H2O, EtOH, glycerol, dil acid 5351 2-Fluoroacetamide Fluoroacetic acid amide C2H4FNO 640-19-7 77.057 108 sub s H2O, ace; sl chl 5352 Fluoroacetic acid Fluoroethanoic acid C2H3FO2 144-49-0 78.042 nd 35.2 168 1.369336s H2O, EtOH 5353 Fluoroacetyl chloride C2H2ClFO 359-06-8 96.487 liq 72; 23105 5354 Fluoroacetylene Fluoroethyne C2HF 2713-09-9 44.027 gas -196 -105 exp 5355 2-Fluoroaniline C6H6FN 348-54-9 111.117 pa ye liq -34.6 175; 55121.1513211.542120i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 5356 3-Fluoroaniline C6H6FN 372-19-0 111.117 188 1.1561191.543620sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth 5357 4-Fluoroaniline C6H6FN 371-40-4 111.117 pa ye liq -0.8 182; 85191.1725201.519520sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 5358 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde C7H5FO 446-52-6 124.112 liq -44.5 175 1.178251.523420 5359 3-Fluorobenzaldehyde C7H5FO 456-48-4 124.112 173 1.17251.520620 5360 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde C7H5FO 459-57-4 124.112 liq -10 181.5 1.181019 5361 Fluorobenzene C6H5F 462-06-6 96.102 liq -42.18 84.73 1.0225201.468430sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig 5362 4-Fluorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7FO2 405-50-5 154.139 cry (chl) 86 1642 5363 2-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile C8H6FN 326-62-5 135.139 232; 102101.059251.500920 5364 4-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile C8H6FN 459-22-3 135.139 86.0 228; 119181.1390201.500220 5365 4-Fluorobenzenemethanamine C7H8FN 140-75-0 125.144 183 1.513920 5366 4-Fluorobenzenemethanol C7H7FO 459-56-3 126.128 23 210 1.508020 5367 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride C6H4ClFO2S 349-88-2 194.611 pl or nd 30 1069vs bz, eth, chl 5368 2-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 445-29-4 140.112 nd (a) 126.5 1.46025sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i bz; s chl 5369 3-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 455-38-9 140.112 lf (w) 124 1.47425sl H2O; s eth 5370 4-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 456-22-4 140.112 pr (w), mcl pr (w)185 1.47925sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth 5371 2-Fluorobenzonitrile C7H4FN 394-47-8 121.112 9322 5372 4-Fluorobenzonitrile C7H4FN 1194-02-1 121.112 nd (peth) 34.8 188.8 1.1070551.492555sl chl; s peth 5373 2-Fluorobenzoyl chloride C7H4ClFO 393-52-2 158.557 2.0 91151.328251.536520 5374 3-Fluorobenzoyl chloride C7H4ClFO 1711-07-5 158.557 liq -30 189 1.304251.528520 5375 4-Fluorobenzoyl chloride C7H4ClFO 403-43-0 158.557 9 82201.342251.529620 5376 2-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl C12H9F 321-60-8 172.197 73.5 248 1.245225s EtOH, eth, chl, peth; sl lig 5377 4-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl C12H9F 324-74-3 172.197 pr 74.2 253 1.24725sl EtOH; s eth, gl HOAc 5378 1-Fluorobutane Butyl fluoride C4H9F 2366-52-1 76.112 liq -134 32.5 0.7789201.339620vs EtOH 5379 2-Fluorobutane sec-Butyl fluoride C4H9F 359-01-3 76.112 vol liq or gas -121.4 25.1 0.755925 5380 Fluorocyclohexane Cyclohexyl fluoride C6H11F 372-46-3 102.149 13 101 0.9279201.414620i H2O; s py 5381 1-Fluorocyclohexene C6H9F 694-51-9 100.133 96.5 1.444125 5382 5-Fluorocytosine 4-Amino-5-fluoro-2- hydroxypyrimidineC4H4FN3O 2022-85-7 129.092 wh cry 296 dec 5383 1-Fluorodecane Decyl fluoride C10H21F 334-56-5 160.272 liq -35 186.2 0.8194201.4085 vs eth 5384 Fluorodifen 2-Nitro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-4- (trifluoromethyl)benzeneC13H7F3N2O5 15457-05-3 328.200 94 5385 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitrophenyl fluoride C6H3FN2O4 70-34-8 186.097 25.8 296 1.4718541.569020s EtOH; sl chl 5386 Fluoroethane Ethyl fluoride C2H5F 353-36-6 48.059 col gas -143.2 -37.7 0.718220 (p>1 atm1.265620sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5387 2-Fluoroethanol Ethylene fluorohydrin C2H5FO 371-62-0 64.058 liq -26.4 103.5 1.1040201.364718msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl chl 5388 Fluoroethene Vinyl fluoride C2H3F 75-02-5 46.043 col gas -160.5 -72 i H2O; s EtOH, ace 5389 1-Fluoroheptane C7H15F 661-11-0 118.192 liq -73 117.9 0.8062201.385420i H2O; s eth, ace, bz; vs pethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g27/g24 OO OH HOO FluoresceinO OOO Na ON a Fluorescein sodiumFNH 2O 2-FluoroacetamideFOHO Fluoroacetic acidFClO Fluoroacetyl chlorideF FluoroacetyleneNH 2 F 2-FluoroanilineNH 2 F 3-FluoroanilineNH 2 F 4-FluoroanilineO F 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde O F 3-FluorobenzaldehydeO F 4-FluorobenzaldehydeF FluorobenzeneFOH O 4-Fluorobenzeneacetic acidFN 2-FluorobenzeneacetonitrileFN 4-FluorobenzeneacetonitrileNH 2 F 4-FluorobenzenemethanamineOH F 4-FluorobenzenemethanolSOOCl F 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chlorideOO H F 2-Fluorobenzoic acid OO H F 3-Fluorobenzoic acidOO H F 4-Fluorobenzoic acidN F 2-FluorobenzonitrileN F 4-FluorobenzonitrileOC l F 2-Fluorobenzoyl chlorideOC l F 3-Fluorobenzoyl chlorideOC l F 4-Fluorobenzoyl chlorideF 2-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenylF 4-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenylF 1-FluorobutaneF 2-Fluorobutane F FluorocyclohexaneF 1-FluorocyclohexeneN HNNH 2 OF 5-FluorocytosineF 1-FluorodecaneO NO ONOO F FF Fluorodifen/g3F N NOOOO 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzeneF FluoroethaneOHF 2-FluoroethanolF FluoroetheneF 1-Fluoroheptane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g27/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125390 1-Fluorohexane Hexyl fluoride C6H13F 373-14-8 104.165 liq -103 91.5 0.7995201.373820s eth, bz 5391 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene C6H4FI 348-52-7 221.998 liq -41.5 188.6 1.591020s ace, bz, chl 5392 1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene C6H4FI 352-34-1 221.998 liq -27 183 1.9523151.527022i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 5393 1-Fluoro-3-isothiocyanatobenzene C7H4FNS 404-72-8 153.177 227 1.27251.618620 5394 1-Fluoro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene C7H4FNS 1544-68-9 153.177 27 228 5395 Fluoromethane Methyl fluoride CH3F 593-53-3 34.033 col gas -141.8 -78.4 0.55725 (p>1 atm)1.167425sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth 5396 1-Fluoro-2-methoxybenzene C7H7FO 321-28-8 126.128 liq -39 154.5 1.5489171.496917i H2O; s eth, ctc 5397 1-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzene C7H7FO 456-49-5 126.128 liq -35 159; 51141.104251.487620 5398 1-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzene C7H7FO 459-60-9 126.128 liq -45 157 1.1781181.488618s eth 5399 4-Fluoro-2-methylaniline C7H8FN 452-71-1 125.144 14.2 94161.1263181.536318s eth, ace, bz, ctc 5400 (Fluoromethyl)benzene C7H7F 350-50-5 110.129 liq -35 140; 40141.0228251.489225s ctc 5401 2-Fluoro-4-methyl-1-nitrobenzene 3-Fluoro-4-nitrotoluene C7H6FNO2 446-34-4 155.127 nd (al) 53.2 9731.438025 5402 2-Fluoro-2-methylpropane tert-Butyl fluoride C4H9F 353-61-7 76.112 col gas 12.1 5403 1-Fluoronaphthalene C10H7F 321-38-0 146.161 liq -9 215; 80111.1322201.593920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 5404 2-Fluoronaphthalene C10H7F 323-09-1 146.161 nd (al) 61 212; 9016i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 5405 1-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzene o-Fluoronitrobenzene C6H4FNO2 1493-27-2 141.100 ye liq -6 dec 215 1.3285181.548917vs eth, EtOH 5406 1-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzene m-Fluoronitrobenzene C6H4FNO2 402-67-5 141.100 ye cry 41 199; 86191.3254191.526215i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz 5407 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene p-Fluoronitrobenzene C6H4FNO2 350-46-9 141.100 ye nd 21 205 1.3300201.531620i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 5408 1-Fluorooctane Octyl fluoride C8H17F 463-11-6 132.219 liq -64 142.3 0.8116201.394620 5409 1-Fluoropentane Pentyl fluoride C5H11F 592-50-7 90.139 liq -120 62.8 0.7907201.35912-vs eth, EtOH 5410 2-Fluorophenol C6H5FO 367-12-4 112.101 16.1 151.5 1.120251.514420s H2O 5411 3-Fluorophenol C6H5FO 372-20-3 112.101 13.7 178 1.238251.514020 5412 4-Fluorophenol C6H5FO 371-41-5 112.101 48 185.5 1.188956sl H2O; s ace, peth 5413 2-Fluoro-1-phenylethanone C8H7FO 450-95-3 138.139 pl 29 90121.152201.520020 5414 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethanone C8H7FO 403-42-9 138.139 liq -45 196 1.1382251.508125i H2O; s bz, chl 5415 1-Fluoropropane Propyl fluoride C3H7F 460-13-9 62.086 col gas -159 -2.5 0.759620 (p>1 atm1.311520sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5416 2-Fluoropropane Isopropyl fluoride C3H7F 420-26-8 62.086 gas -9.4 sl H2O 5417 1-Fluoro-2-propanone Fluoroacetone C3H5FO 430-51-3 76.069 77 1.0288201.370020 5418 cis-1-Fluoropropene C3H5F 19184-10-2 60.070 col gas ≈-20 5419 trans -1-Fluoropropene C3H5F 20327-65-5 60.070 col gas ≈-20 5420 2-Fluoropropene C3H5F 1184-60-7 60.070 col gas -24 5421 3-Fluoropropene C3H5F 818-92-8 60.070 col gas -3 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 5422 2-Fluoropyridine C5H4FN 372-48-5 97.091 125 1.1280201.457420 5423 3-Fluoropyridine C5H4FN 372-47-4 97.091 liq 107 1.130 1.472020 5424 2-Fluorotoluene C7H7F 95-52-3 110.129 liq -62 115 1.0041131.470420i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5425 3-Fluorotoluene C7H7F 352-70-5 110.129 liq -87 115 0.9974201.469120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5426 4-Fluorotoluene C7H7F 352-32-9 110.129 liq -56 116.6 0.9975201.469920i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5427 1-Fluoro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene C7H4Cl3F 488-98-2 213.464 9512, 7551.453251.543220 5428 1-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene C7H4F4 392-85-8 164.101 114.5 1.293251.404025 5429 1-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene C7H4F4 401-80-9 164.101 liq -81.5 101.5 1.302117 5430 1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene C7H4F4 402-44-8 164.101 liq -41.7 103.5 1.293251.402520 5431 Fluorotrimethylsilane C3H9FSi 420-56-4 92.187 vol liq or gas 16.4 5432 5-Fluorouracil 5-Fluoro-2,4(1 H,3H)- PyrimidinedioneC4H3FN2O2 51-21-8 130.077 cry (w, MeOH- eth)283 sub 190No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g27/g26 F 1-FluorohexaneF I 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzeneF I 1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzeneF N C S 1-Fluoro-3-isothiocyanatobenzeneF N C S 1-Fluoro-4-isothiocyanatobenzeneF HHH FluoromethaneF O 1-Fluoro-2-methoxybenzeneF O 1-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzene F O 1-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzeneNH 2 F 4-Fluoro-2-methylanilineF (Fluoromethyl)benzeneNOO F 2-Fluoro-4-methyl-1-nitrobenzeneF 2-Fluoro-2-methylpropaneF 1-FluoronaphthaleneF 2-FluoronaphthaleneF NOO 1-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzene F NO O 1-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzeneF NOO 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzeneF 1-FluorooctaneF 1-FluoropentaneOH F 2-FluorophenolOH F 3-FluorophenolOH F 4-FluorophenolO F 2-Fluoro-1-phenylethanoneO F 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethanone F 1-FluoropropaneF 2-FluoropropaneFO 1-Fluoro-2-propanoneF cis-1-FluoropropeneF trans -1-FluoropropeneF 2-FluoropropeneF 3-FluoropropeneNF 2-FluoropyridineNF 3-FluoropyridineF 2-Fluorotoluene F 3-FluorotolueneF 4-FluorotolueneF ClClCl 1-Fluoro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzeneF FFF 1-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneF F FF 1-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneF FFF 1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneF Si FluorotrimethylsilaneNNO H O HF 5-Fluorouracil /g22/g16/g21/g27/g27/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125433 Fluoxetine C17H18F3NO 54910-89-3 309.326 oil 5434 Fluoxymesterone C20H29FO3 76-43-7 336.440 270 5435 Fluphenazine C22H26F3N3OS 69-23-8 437.520 2510.3 5436 Fluprednisolone C21H27FO5 53-34-9 378.434 210 5437 Flurandrenolide Fludroxycortide C24H33FO6 1524-88-5 436.513 cry (ace/hx) 251 5438 Flurazepam C21H23ClFN3O 17617-23-1 387.878 wh rods (eth/ peth)80 5439 Fluridone C19H14F3NO 59756-60-4 329.315 155 5440 Fluroxypyr [(4-Amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2- pyridyl)oxy]acetic acidC7H5Cl2FN2O3 69377-81-7 255.030 232 5441 Fluvalinate C26H22ClF3N2O3102851-06-9 502.912 >450 1.2925 5442 Folic acid Vitamin Bc C19H19N7O6 59-30-3 441.397 ye-oran nd (w) 250 dec vs py, EtOH, HOAc 5443 Folinic acid 5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid C20H23N7O7 58-05-9 473.440 cry (w + 3) 245 dec sl H2O 5444 Folpet 1 H-Isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione, 2- [(trichloromethyl)thio]-C9H4Cl3NO2S 133-07-3 296.558 177 5445 Fomesafen C15H10ClF3N2O6 S72178-02-0 438.762 220 1.2820 5446 Fomocaine 4-[3-[4-(Phenoxymethyl) phenyl]propyl]morpholineC20H25NO2 17692-39-6 311.419 col cry 53 2391.1 5447 Fonofos Phosphonodithioic acid, ethyl-, O- ethyl S-phenyl esterC10H15OPS2 944-22-9 246.329 1300.11.1625 5448 Formaldehyde Methanal CH2O 50-00-0 30.026 col gas -92 -19.1 0.815-20s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth, ace, bz 5449 Formaldehyde oxime CH3NO 75-17-2 45.041 1.3 109151.13325s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5450 Formamide Methanamide CH3NO 75-12-7 45.041 2.49 220 1.1334201.447220msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s ace; i bz, chl 5451 Formamidinesulfinic acid Aminoiminomethanesulfinic acid CH4N2O2S 1758-73-2 108.120 nd (al) 144 dec vs H2O; i eth, bz 5452 Formetanate hydrochloride C11H16ClN3O2 23422-53-9 257.717 pow 201 dec vs H2O; s MeOH; sl ace, hx, chl 5453 Formic acid Methanoic acid CH2O2 64-18-6 46.026 8.3 101 1.220201.371420msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, tol 5454 N-Formimidoyl- L-glutamic acid N-(Iminomethyl)- L-glutamic acid C6H10N2O4 816-90-0 174.154 90 5455 Formononetin 7-Hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4 H- 1-benzopyran-4-oneC16H12O4 485-72-3 268.264 256.5 5456 Formothion C6H12NO4PS2 2540-82-1 257.267 visc ye oil 25.5 dec 1.361201.554120sl H2O; misc os 5457 2-Formylbenzoic acid C8H6O3 119-67-5 150.132 98 1.40425s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5458 3-Formylbenzoic acid C8H6O3 619-21-6 150.132 nd (w) 175 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5459 4-Formylbenzoic acid C8H6O3 619-66-9 150.132 247 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl 5460 3-Formylbenzonitrile C8H5NO 24964-64-5 131.132 76.5 210 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 5461 4-Formylbenzonitrile C8H5NO 105-07-7 131.132 100.5 13312s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 5462 6-Formyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid Opianic acid C10H10O5 519-05-1 210.183 nd (w) 150 s EtOH, eth 5463 Formylferrocene C11H10FeO 12093-10-6 214.041 118.5 700.1 5464 Formyl fluoride Fluoroformaldehyde CHFO 1493-02-3 48.016 col gas -142.2 -26.5 1.1950-30 5465 N-(4-Formylphenyl)acetamide C9H9NO2 122-85-0 163.173 pr (w) 158.0 vs H2O, bz 5466 Fosetyl-Al Aluminum tris( O-ethylphosphonate) C6H18AlO9P3 39148-24-8 354.105 >300 5467 Fosthietan C6H12NO3PS2 21548-32-3 241.268 ye oil 1.3251.534825s ace, chl, MeOH, tol 5468 Fraxin C16H18O10 524-30-1 370.308 ye nd (al) 205 5469 DL-Fructose α-Acrose C6H12O6 6035-50-3 180.155 nd 130 1.66516 5470 L-Fructose C6H12O6 7776-48-9 180.155 wh cry 102 s H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g27/g28 OHN F FF FluoxetineOFHO HHO FluoxymesteroneSNFFFNNOH FluphenazineOHO H FOOH OH FluprednisoloneO FHHO OOOOH FlurandrenolideNN ClON F FlurazepamF FF NO Fluridone NCl FOOH OClNH 2 FluroxypyrON OO HN ClF FF FluvalinateN NN NH2N OHHN H N OOH OOHO Folic acidN NNN H2N H OOH HN HN OOH OOHO Folinic acidNO OS Cl ClCl Folpet O NO 2F FFNHO Cl SO O FomesafenO NO FomocaineOP SS FonofosO HH FormaldehydeNHO H H Formaldehyde oximeO HN H 2 FormamideNH SN H 2HO O Formamidinesulfinic acidOO N H NNHCl Formetanate hydrochlorideO OH H Formic acid OOH HN NHOOH N-Formimidoyl- L-glutamic acidO HOOO FormononetinS POS O ON O FormothionOO H O 2-Formylbenzoic acidOO H O 3-Formylbenzoic acidOO H O 4-Formylbenzoic acidN O 3-FormylbenzonitrileON 4-FormylbenzonitrileOOO H O O 6-Formyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid Fe O FormylferroceneO HF Formyl fluorideOHNO N-(4-Formylphenyl)acetamideO PH OAl3 HO 3 Fosetyl-AlS SNP OO O FosthietanOO HO OHHO OHOO HO O FraxinO HO OHOH OHHO DL-FructoseO OHOH OHOH OH L-Fructose /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g28/g19/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 5471 β-D-Fructose β-Levulose C6H12O6 53188-23-1 180.155 pr or nd (w) orth pr (al)103 dec 1.6020vs H2O, ace; s EtOH, MeOH, py 5472 D-Fructose 6-phosphate Hexose monophosphate C6H13O9P 643-13-0 260.135 vs H2O 5473 Fucoxanthin C42H58O6 3351-86-8 658.905 red pl (eth) hex pl (dil al)168 vs eth, EtOH 5474 Fulminic acid Carbyloxime CHNO 506-85-4 43.025 unstable in pure forms eth 5475 Fulvene C6H6 497-20-1 78.112 7560.8241201.492020i H2O; s bz, chl 5476 Fumaric acid trans -2-Butenedioic acid C4H4O4 110-17-8 116.073 nd, mcl pr or lf (w)287 dec sub 165 1.63520sl H2O, eth, ace; s EtOH, con sulf 5477 Fumigatin 3-Hydroxy-2-methoxy-5-methyl-2,5- cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneC8H8O4 484-89-9 168.148 br nd or pl (peth)116 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5478 Furan Oxacyclopentadiene C4H4O 110-00-9 68.074 liq -85.61 31.5 0.9514201.421420sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 5479 2-Furanacetic acid C6H6O3 2745-26-8 126.110 lf(peth) 68.5 1020.4s H2O, bz, MeOH, peth 5480 2-Furancarbonitrile C5H3NO 617-90-3 93.084 147 1.0822201.479820s EtOH, eth 5481 2-Furancarbonyl chloride C5H3ClO2 527-69-5 130.530 liq -1.0 173 1.324251.531020i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc 5482 3-Furancarboxaldehyde C5H4O2 498-60-2 96.085 145; 71431.110201.494520 5483 2-Furancarboxylic acid 2-Furoic acid C5H4O3 88-14-2 112.084 mcl nd or lf (w) 133.5 231 s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ace 5484 3-Furancarboxylic acid C5H4O3 488-93-7 112.084 nd (w) 122.5 sub 105 sl H2O; s EtOH, AcOEt; vs eth 5485 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid Dehydromucic acid C6H4O5 3238-40-2 156.093 nd (w), lf (al) 342 sub 1.740020sl H2O, EtOH 5486 2-Furanmethanamine Furfurylamine C5H7NO 617-89-0 97.116 145.5 1.0995201.490820msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl 5487 2-Furanmethanediol diacetate C9H10O5 613-75-2 198.172 nd or pl (eth- peth)53.3 220 vs bz, eth, EtOH 5488 2-Furanmethanethiol C5H6OS 98-02-2 114.166 157 1.1319201.532920i H2O; sl chl 5489 2-Furanmethanol acetate C7H8O3 623-17-6 140.137 179 1.1175201.432720i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5490 4-(2-Furanyl)-2-butanone C8H10O2 699-17-2 138.164 oil 203 1.0361191.469617 5491 4-(2-Furanyl)-3-buten-2-one C8H8O2 623-15-4 136.149 39.5 dec 229; 113101.0496571.578845i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s peth 5492 1-(2-Furanyl)ethanone C6H6O2 1192-62-7 110.111 cry (lig) 33 175 1.098201.501720i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5493 2-Furanylmethyl pentanoate Furfuryl valerate C10H14O3 36701-01-6 182.216 228; 8211.028420vs eth, EtOH 5494 3-(2-Furanyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1- oneC13H10O2 717-21-5 198.217 47 317 1.114020s EtOH, eth 5495 1-(2-Furanyl)-1-propanone C7H8O2 3194-15-8 124.138 cry 28 88141.0626281.492225s eth; sl ctc 5496 1-(2-Furanyl)-2-propanone 2-Furfuryl methyl ketone C7H8O2 6975-60-6 124.138 29 179.5 1.104201.503520 5497 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal C7H6O2 623-30-3 122.122 54 13514i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; sl chl 5498 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenenitrile 2-Furanacrylonitrile C7H5NO 7187-01-1 119.121 38 96 1.582425vs tol 5499 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenoic acid 2-Furanacrylic acid C7H6O3 539-47-9 138.121 nd (w) 141 286 vs eth, EtOH 5500 Furazolidone 3-[[(5-Nitro-2-furanyl) methylene]amino]-2-oxazolidinoneC8H7N3O5 67-45-8 225.159 255 5501 Furethidine C21H31NO4 2385-81-1 361.476 28 2100.51.521920 5502 Furfural 2-Furaldehyde C5H4O2 98-01-1 96.085 liq -38.1 161.7 1.1594201.526120s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth 5503 Furfuryl alcohol 2-Furanmethanol C5H6O2 98-00-0 98.101 col-ye liq -14.6 171 1.1296201.486920msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 5504 Furfuryl propanoate 2-Furanmethanol, propanoate C8H10O3 623-19-8 154.163 195 1.108520sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth 5505 Furoin 1,2-Di-2-furanyl-2-hydroxyethanone C10H8O4 552-86-3 192.169 nd (al) 138.5 sl H2O, EtOH, chl; s eth, MeOH 5506 Furonazide C12H11N3O2 3460-67-1 229.234 202.3 5507 Furosemide C12H11ClN2O5S 54-31-9 330.743 204 dec 5508 Fursultiamine C17H26N4O3S2 804-30-8 398.543 col pr 132 dec 1.29 sl H2O TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g28/g20 OOH HO OHOHHO β-D-FructoseO OHHOOH OHOP OHO HO D-Fructose 6-phosphateOO OHHOOHO FucoxanthinNO Fulminic acid FulveneO OHHO O Fumaric acid O OOHO FumigatinO FuranO OHO 2-Furanacetic acidON 2-Furan carbonitrileOCl O 2-Furancarbonyl chlorideOO 3-FurancarboxaldehydeOOH O 2-Furancarboxylic acidOOHO 3-Furancarboxylic acidOOH OHO O 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acidONH 2 2-Furanmethanamine OO OO O 2-Furanmethanediol diacetateOSH 2-FuranmethanethiolOO O 2-Furanmethanol acetateO O 4-(2-Furanyl)-2-butanoneO O 4-(2-Furanyl)-3-buten-2-oneO O 1-(2-Furanyl)ethanoneOO O 2-Furanylmethyl pentanoateO O 3-(2-Furanyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one O O 1-(2-Furanyl)-1-propanoneOO 1-(2-Furanyl)-2-propanoneOO 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenalON 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenenitrileOOH O 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenoic acidONN O ONO O FurazolidoneN OOO O FurethidineOO Furfural OOH Furfuryl alcoholOO O Furfuryl propanoateO OHO O FuroinNOH NNO FuronazideOO H ClSH N O O H2NO FurosemideOSSNOH NN O NH 2 Fursultiamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g28/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125509 Furylfuramide, ( E) 2-(2-Furanyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)- 2-propenamideC11H8N2O5 18819-45-9 248.192 cry 154 5510 Fusarenon X C17H22O8 23255-69-8 354.352 cry 182 5511 Galactaric acid Mucic acid C6H10O8 526-99-8 210.138 pr (w) 255 dec 5512 Galactitol Dulcose C6H14O6 608-66-2 182.171 cry (dil MeOH) 189.5 27711.4720s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, bz 5513 D-Galactonic acid, γ-lactone C6H10O6 2782-07-2 178.139 nd (w+1), nd (al)112 vs H2O 5514 α-D-Galactopyranose C6H12O6 3646-73-9 180.155 167 5515 4- O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl- D- gluconic acidLactobionic acid C12H22O12 96-82-2 358.296 syr vs H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH, HOAc; i eth 5516 D-Galactose C6H12O6 59-23-4 180.155 pl or pr (al)pr or nd (w+1)170 vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz; s py 5517 D-Galacturonic acid C6H10O7 685-73-4 194.139 nd (w) 166 ( β)s H2O, EtOH; i eth 5518 Galanthamine Lycoremine C17H21NO3 357-70-0 287.354 cry (bz) 126.5 vs ace, EtOH, chl 5519 Galipine 2-[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4- methoxyquinolineC20H21NO3 525-68-8 323.386 pr (al, eth) nd (peth)115.5 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5520 Gallamine triethiodide C30H60I3N3O3 65-29-2 891.528 147.5 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, bz, chl 5521 Gallein C20H12O5 2103-64-2 332.306 br-red pow (+1.5w) red (anh)>300 vs ace, EtOH 5522 Ganciclovir C 9H13N5O4 82410-32-0 255.231 cry (MeOH) 250 dec 5523 Gardol C15H28NNaO3 137-16-6 293.378 sl H2O 5524 Gelsemine C20H22N2O2 509-15-9 322.401 cry (ace) 178 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5525 Gelsemine, monohydrochloride C20H23ClN2O2 35306-33-3 358.862 326 s H2O; sl EtOH 5526 Genistein 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- 4H-1-benzopyran-4-oneC15H10O5 446-72-0 270.237 nd(eth), pr(dil al)301 dec 5527 β-Gentiobiose 6- O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl- D-glucose C12H22O11 554-91-6 342.296 cry (EtOH) 192 s hot H2O, hot MeOH 5528 trans -Geraniol C10H18O 106-24-1 154.249 <-15 230 0.8894201.476620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 5529 Geranyl 2-methylpropanoate C14H24O2 2345-26-8 224.340 136130.8997151.457620 5530 Geranyl acetate C12H20O2 16409-44-2 196.286 115120.9163151.462420 5531 Germine C27H43NO8 508-65-6 509.632 pr or cry (MeOH)220 s bz, MeOH, alk, acid 5532 Gibberellic acid C19H22O6 77-06-5 346.374 cry (EtOAc) 234 vs ace, EtOH, MeOH 5533 Gitoxigenin C23H34O5 545-26-6 390.513 pr (AcOEt) pr (+w, dil al)234 i H2O; sl eth; s chl 5534 Gitoxin C41H64O14 4562-36-1 780.939 pr (chl-MeOH) 285 dec 5535 d-Glaucine C21H25NO4 475-81-0 355.429 pl, pr (eth, AcOEt)120 vs ace, EtOH, chl 5536 D-Glucaric acid D-Tetrahydroxyadipic acid C6H10O8 87-73-0 210.138 nd (45% al) 125.5 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl 5537 D-Glucitol Sorbitol C6H14O6 50-70-4 182.171 nd (w) 111 2953.51.489201.333020vs H2O, ace 5538 D-Glucitol, hexaacetate Sorbitol hexaacetate C18H26O12 7208-47-1 434.392 pr (w) 100.8 1.3020sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s chl, AcOEt 5539 D-Gluconic acid C6H12O7 526-95-4 196.155 nd (al-eth) 131 s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz 5540 β-D-Glucopyranose C6H12O6 492-61-5 180.155 cry (hot EtOH) 149 5541 6- O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl- D-fructose Palatinose C12H22O11 13718-94-0 342.296 s H2O 5542 2-( β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy) benzaldehydeHelicin C13H16O7 618-65-5 284.262 nd (w) 175 vs H2O, EtOH 5543 7-( β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2 H-1- benzopyran-2-oneSkimmin C15H16O8 93-39-0 324.283 cry (w + 1) 220 s H2O, EtOH; i eth, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g28/g22 O O ONH 2NOO Furylfuramide, ( E)O O HO HOOOH O OH H H Fusarenon XCOOH OH HOHO OH COOHH HH H Galactaric acidCH2OH OH HOHO OH CH 2OHH HH H GalactitolO O OHOH OH CH2OHH D-Galactonic acid, γ-lactoneO HO OH OHOHHO α-D-Galactopyranos eOCOOH OH HO OOH CH 2OHHO HO OH OH 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl- D-gluconic acidCHO HO H HO HHO H CH 2OHOHH D-GalactoseCHO OH H H HO H HO OH H COOH D-Galacturonic acid NOOH O GalanthamineNO O O GalipineON ON O NI I I Gallamine triethiodideO OOH HO OOH OH GalleinN N H2NHO NN O OH OH GanciclovirNO O ONa Gardol N HONO HHH GelsemineN HONO HHH HCl Gelsemine, monohydrochlorideOO OH HOOH GenisteinO O HOOH OH HOOH OHOHHO O β-GentiobioseOH trans -GeraniolOO Geranyl 2-methylpropanoateOO Geranyl acetate N HO HOHO OHHOOHOHH HH HHOH GermineOO HHOO OH OH H Gibberellic acidHOHH OHOHOO GitoxigeninOO O OHO O OHO HO OHOO OH OHH H GitoxinNO O O OH d-GlaucineCOOH OH HO OHOH COOHH HHH D-Glucaric acid CH2OH HO H H HO HO HHO H CH 2OH D-GlucitolCH2OAc OAc AcO OAcOAc CH 2OAcH H H H D-Glucitol, hexaacetateCOOH HO H HO H HO HHO H CH 2OH D-Gluconic acidOHO HOOH OHOH β-D-GlucopyranoseO O HOOH OHO HOHO OHOHHO 6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl- D-fructoseOO HO OHHO OHO 2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)benzaldehydeOO OO HO OHOHHO 7-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g28/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125544 2-( β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2- methylpropanenitrileLinamarin C10H17NO6 554-35-8 247.245 nd (w, al) 145 vs ace 5545 1-[4-( β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy) phenyl]ethanonePicein C14H18O7 530-14-3 298.289 nd (w+1), nd (MeOH)195.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; i chl 5546 α-D-Glucose C6H12O6 26655-34-5 180.155 146 dec 1.562018vs H2O; sl EtOH; i ace, AcOEt; s py 5547 α-D-Glucose pentaacetate C16H22O11 604-68-2 390.339 pl or nd (al) 113.3 sub sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s eth, chl, HOAc 5548 β-D-Glucose pentaacetate C16H22O11 604-69-3 390.339 nd (al) 134 sub 1.274020i H2O; sl EtOH, peth, eth; s bz; msc chl 5549 α-D-Glucose 1-phosphate C6H13O9P 59-56-3 260.135 vs H2O 5550 D-Glucuronic acid C6H10O7 6556-12-3 194.139 nd (al) 165 vs H2O, EtOH 5551 D-Glucuronic acid γ-lactone D-Glucuronolactone C6H8O6 32449-92-6 176.124 mcl pl (w) cry (al)177.5 1.7620s H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO, MeOH; i bz 5552 DL-Glutamic acid C5H9NO4 617-65-2 147.130 orth (al,w) 199 dec 1.460120sl H2O, eth; i EtOH, CS2, lig 5553 D-Glutamic acid C5H9NO4 6893-26-1 147.130 lf (w) 213 dec 1.53820sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, MeOH 5554 L-Glutamic acid ( S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid C5H9NO4 56-86-0 147.130 orth (dil al) 160 dec sub 175 1.53820sl H2O 5555 L-Glutamic acid, hydrochloride C5H10ClNO4 138-15-8 183.591 orth pl (w) 214 dec vs H2O, EtOH 5556 L-Glutamine 2-Aminoglutaramic acid C5H10N2O3 56-85-9 146.144 nd (w, dil al) 185 dec s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH 5557 Glutaric acid Pentanedioic acid C5H8O4 110-94-1 132.116 nd (bz) 97.8 dec 303 1.429151.4188106vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz; s chl, lig 5558 Glutathione L-γ-Glutamyl- L-cysteinylglycine C10H17N3O6S 70-18-8 307.323 cry (50% al) 195 vs H2O; i EtOH, eth; s DMF 5559 Glutathione disulfide L-γ-Glutamyl- L-cysteinylglycine disulfideC20H32N6O12S227025-41-8 612.631 cry (EtOH aq) 179 5560 Glutethimide C13H15NO2 77-21-4 217.264 cry (eth) 84 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace 5561 Glycerol 1,2,3-Propanetriol C3H8O3 56-81-5 92.094 syr, orth pl 18.1 290 1.2613201.474620msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, ctc, chl 5562 Glycerol 1-acetate, ( DL) 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-acetate, (±) C5H10O4 93713-40-7 134.131 158165, 13031.2060201.415720s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz 5563 Glycerol 1-butanoate C7H14O4 557-25-5 162.184 280; 117101.129181.453120vs H2O, EtOH 5564 Glycerol 1,3-dinitrate 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,3-dinitrate C3H6N2O7 623-87-0 182.089 pr (w), cry (eth) 26 14815, 1160.61.523201.471520vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5565 Glycerol 1,3-di-9-octadecenoate, cis,cisC39H72O5 2465-32-9 620.986 cry (eth/EtOH) 50.1 5566 Glycerol 1-oleate 1-Monoolein C21H40O4 111-03-5 356.541 pl (al) 35 23930.9420201.462620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 5567 L-Glycerol 1-phosphate α-Glycerophosphoric acid C3H9O6P 5746-57-6 172.073 syr dec dec H2O 5568 Glycerol tridecanoate Decanoic acid glycerol triester C33H62O6 621-71-6 554.841 cry (peth) 32 5569 Glycerol trielaidate Trielaidin C57H104O6 537-39-3 885.432 vs bz, eth, chl 5570 Glycerol trilaurate Trilaurin C39H74O6 538-24-9 639.001 nd (al) 0.8986551.440460i H2O; s EtOH, eth, peth; vs ace, bz 5571 Glycerol tri-3-methylbutanoate Triisovalerin C18H32O6 620-63-3 344.443 332.5 0.9984201.435420vs eth, EtOH 5572 Glycerol trioleate Triolein C57H104O6 122-32-7 885.432 col-ye oil -4 237180.915151.467615i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s chl, peth 5573 Glycerol tripalmitate Tripalmitin C51H98O6 555-44-2 807.320 nd (eth) 66.5 315 0.8752701.438180i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s bz, chl 5574 Glycerol tristearate Tristearin C57H110O6 555-43-1 891.479 0.8559901.439580i H2O, EtOH; sl bz, ctc; s ace, chl 5575 Glycerol tritetradecanoate Trimyristin C45H86O6 555-45-3 723.161 wh-ye solid 58.5 311 0.8848601.442860i H2O; sl EtOH, lig; s eth, ace, bz 5576 Glycerone phosphate 1-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-2- propanoneC3H7O6P 57-04-5 170.058 dec H2O 5577 Glycine Aminoacetic acid C2H5NO2 56-40-6 75.067 mcl or trg pr (dil al)290 dec 1.16120vs H2O; i EtOH, eth; sl ace, py 5578 Glycine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride Ethyl aminoacetate hydrochloride C4H10ClNO2 623-33-6 139.581 144 vs H2O, EtOH 5579 Glycine, hydrochloride C2H6ClNO2 6000-43-7 111.528 hyg orth nd (w) 200.5 vs H2O 5580 Glycocholic acid C26H43NO6 475-31-0 465.622 nd (w) 166.5 sl H2O, eth; vs EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g28/g24OHO HOOH OHO N 2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2-methylpropanenitrileOO HO OHHO OHO 1-[4-( β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)phenyl]ethanoneO HO OH OHHO OH α-D-GlucoseO AcOOAc OAcOAcAcO α-D-Glucose pentaacetat eO AcOOAc OAcOAcAcO β-D-Glucose pentaacetateO HO O OHHO OH P OHO OH α-D-Glucose 1-phosphateCHO OH H HO H HO HHO H COOH D-Glucuronic acidO O OHOHHOCO D-Glucuronic acid γ-lactone OOH NH 2OOH DL-Glutamic acidOOH NH 2OOH D-Glutamic acidOOH NH 2OOH L-Glutamic acidOOH NH 2OOH HCl L-Glutamic acid, hydrochlorideOH O NH 2ONH 2 L-GlutamineOOH OOH Glutaric acidOOH NH 2HNO SHH N OHOO GlutathioneOOH NH 2HNO HN O O OHH2N NH ONHO SSHOO OOH Glutathione disulfide N HOO GlutethimideHO OHOH GlycerolOHHO OO Glycerol 1-acetate, ( DL)HO OHOO Glycerol 1-butanoateO OHONOO NOO Glycerol 1,3-dinitrateO OH OO O Glycerol 1,3-di-9-octadecenoate, cis,cis O O OHHO Glycerol 1-oleateHO OHOP OHO OH L-Glycerol 1-phosphateO O OO O O Glycerol tridecanoateO O OO O O Glycerol trielaidateO O OO O O Glycerol trilaurate O O OO O O Glycerol tri-3-methylbutanoateO O OO O O Glycerol trioleateO O OO O O Glycerol tripalmitateO O OO O O Glycerol tristearate O O OO O O Glycerol tritetradecanoateHO O OPO OHOH Glycerone phosphateO OHH2N GlycineH2NOO HCl Glycine, ethyl ester, hydrochlorideH2NOHO HCl Glycine, hydrochlorideHOHH OHHO N HO OH O Glycocholic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g28/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125581 Glycocyamine C3H7N3O2 352-97-6 117.107 pl or nd (w) 282 sl H2O, EtOH, eth 5582 Glycogen (C6H10O5)x 9005-79-2 162.140 wh pow vs H2O; i EtOH, eth 5583 Glycolaldehyde C2H4O2 141-46-8 60.052 pl 97 1.3661001.477219s chl 5584 Glycolic acid C2H4O3 79-14-1 76.051 orth nd (w) lf (eth)79.5 100 s H2O, EtOH, eth 5585 N-Glycolylneuraminic acid N-(Hydroxyacetyl)neuraminic acid C11H19NO10 1113-83-3 325.270 186 5586 Glycopyrrolate C19H28BrNO3 596-51-0 398.334 192.5 5587 Glycylalanine N-Alanylglycine C5H10N2O3 1188-01-8 146.144 237 dec s H2O; i EtOH, eth 5588 L-Glycylasparagine C6H11N3O4 1999-33-3 189.169 nd (EtOH aq) 216 s H2O; sl EtOH 5589 N-Glycylglycine 2-(Aminoacetamido)acetic acid C4H8N2O3 556-50-3 132.118 263 dec s H2O 5590 N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine C6H11N3O4 556-33-2 189.169 nd (dil al) 246 dec s H2O; i EtOH, eth 5591 N-Glycyl- L-leucine C8H16N2O3 869-19-2 188.224 pl (dil al) pl (dil al)256 dec vs H2O; i EtOH 5592 N-Glycyl- L-phenylalanine C11H14N2O3 3321-03-7 222.240 266 s H2O 5593 N-Glycylserine, ( DL)C5H10N2O4 687-38-7 162.144 198 dec 5594 Glycyrrhizic acid C42H62O16 1405-86-3 822.931 pl or pr (HOAc) 220 dec vs H2O, EtOH; i eth 5595 Glyodin 1 H-Imidazole, 2-heptadecyl-4,5- dihydro-, monoacetateC22H44N2O2 556-22-9 368.596 1.03520 5596 Glyoxal C2H2O2 107-22-2 58.036 ye pr 15 50.4 1.14201.382620vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 5597 Glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil) 2,2’-Benzoxazoline C14H12N2O2 1149-16-2 240.257 202 s DMSO 5598 Glyoxylic acid C2H2O3 298-12-4 74.035 orth pr (w+1/2) 98 vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz 5599 Glyphosate Glycine, N-(phosphonomethyl)- C3H8NO5P 1071-83-6 169.074 230 dec 5600 Glyphosate isopropylamine salt C6H17N2O5P 38641-94-0 228.183 cry vs H2O 5601 Glyphosine Glycine, N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)- C4H11NO8P2 2439-99-8 263.080 wh cry s H2O 5602 Grayanotoxin I C22H36O7 4720-09-6 412.517 cry (AcOEt/ C5H12)268 5603 Griseofulvin, (+) C17H17ClO6 126-07-8 352.766 oct or orth cry (bz)220 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, AcOEt, chl 5604 Guaiol C15H26O 489-86-1 222.366 trg pr (al) 91 dec 288; 165170.90741001.4716100i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5605 Guanabenz C8H8Cl2N4 5051-62-7 231.083 wh solid 228 dec 5606 Guanadrel sulfate (2:1) C20H40N6O8S 22195-34-2 524.632 cry (MeOH/ EtOH)214 5607 Guanethidine C10H22N4 55-65-2 198.309 wh cry (MeOH) 226 5608 Guanidine Aminomethanamidine CH5N3 113-00-8 59.071 cry 50 vs H2O, EtOH 5609 Guanidine monohydrochloride CH6ClN3 50-01-1 95.532 orth bipym (al) 182.3 1.35420vs H2O, EtOH 5610 Guanidine mononitrate CH6N4O3 506-93-4 122.084 lf (w) 217 dec vs H2O, EtOH 5611 Guanidine, sulfate (2:1) C2H12N6O4S 594-14-9 216.219 292 dec 5612 2-Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid Taurocyamine C3H9N3O3S 543-18-0 167.186 cry (EtOH, ace) 227 5613 3-Guanidinopropanoic acid N-Amidino- β-alanine C4H9N3O2 353-09-3 131.133 cry (EtOH) 210 5614 Guanine C5H5N5O 73-40-5 151.127 nd or pl (aq NH3)360 dec sub i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth; s alk, acid 5615 Guanosine 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9- β-D- ribofuranosyl-6 H-purin-6-oneC10H13N5O5 118-00-3 283.241 nd (w) 239 dec sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs HOAc 5616 Guanosine 5’-diphosphate Guanosine 5’-(trihydrogen diphosphate)C10H15N5O11P2146-91-8 443.201 amorp solid 5617 Guanosine 5’-monophosphate 5’-Guanylic acid C10H14N5O8P 85-32-5 363.221 hyg cry 190 dec sl H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g28/g26 HN NHNH 2 OH O GlycocyamineOO OHOH HOO x GlycogenHOO GlycolaldehydeHOOH O Glycolic acidO NH OH HOOH OHOHO HO OO H N-Glycolylneuraminic acidNO OOH Br GlycopyrrolateH2NHN OOHO GlycylalanineH2NHN OOHO ONH 2 L-Glycylasparagine H2NHN OOOH N-GlycylglycineH2NH N ON HO OH O N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine N-Glycyl- L-leucineH N OH2NO HO H2NH N OOHO N-Glycyl- L-phenylalanineH2NHN OOHO OH N-Glycylserine, ( DL)OO HO OHOO HO OHHO OOHHO OO HO OH Glycyrrhizic acid GlyodinNH HH3CCOOH OO GlyoxalN NOH OH Glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil)O OHO Glyoxylic acidO PHOOHNHOH O GlyphosateO PHO OHN HO ONH 3 Glyphosate isopropylamine saltNP OHO HO PO OHOHO OH Glyphosine HOHOHOOH OHO OH Grayanotoxin IOOO OO O Cl Griseofulvin, (+)OH GuaiolCl ClNHN NH 2 NH GuanabenzOON HNH 2NH 2H2SO4 Guanadrel sulfate (2:1)NHN NH 2 NH GuanethidineNH H2NN H 2 GuanidineNH H2NN H 2HCl Guanidine monohydrochloride NH H2NN H 2HNO 3 Guanidine mononitrateNH H2NN H 2H2SO4 2 Guanidine, sulfate (2:1)HN N HNH 2 SOOOH 2-Guanidinoethanesulfonic acidHN N HNH 2 OOH 3-Guanidinopropanoic acidN N NNO H H2NH GuanineN N NN H2NHO O HO OHHO GuanosineN N NN H2NHO O HO OHOP OHOO P OHO HO Guanosine 5’-diphosphateN N NN H2NHO O HO OHOP OHHOO Guanosine 5’-monophosphate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g21/g28/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125618 Guanosine 5’-monophosphate, disodium salt5’-Guanylic acid, disodium salt C10H12N5Na2O8 P5550-12-9 407.185 195 dec sl H2O 5619 Guinea Green B C.I. Acid Green 3 C37H35N2NaO6 S24680-78-8 690.803 dk grn pow s H2O; sl EtOH 5620 D-Gulose C6H12O6 4205-23-6 180.155 syr dec vs H2O 5621 L-Gulose C6H12O6 6027-89-0 180.155 syr dec vs H2O 5622 Haloperidol C21H23ClFNO2 52-86-8 375.865 151.5 5623 Harmaline 4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl- 3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indoleC13H14N2O 304-21-2 214.262 tab (MeOH) orth pr (al)230 sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, py 5624 Harman 1-Methyl-9 H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole C12H10N2 486-84-0 182.220 bl flr orth cry (hp)236.5 5625 Harmine 7-Methoxy-1-methyl-9 H-pyrido[3,4- b]indoleC13H12N2O 442-51-3 212.246 orth (al), pr (MeOH)273 sub sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s py 5626 HC Blue No. 1 C11H17N3O4 2784-94-3 255.271 blk cry 100 5627 HC Blue No. 2 C12H19N3O5 33229-34-4 285.296 dk bl-blk cry 110 5628 Hectane C100H202 6703-98-6 1404.67 117 5629 Hederagenin C30H48O4 465-99-6 472.700 pr (al) 333 5630 Helenalin C15H18O4 6754-13-8 262.302 cry (EtOH) 226 sl H2O; s EtOH, chl 5631 Helminthosporal C15H22O2 723-61-5 234.335 58 1170.015 5632 Helvolic acid C33H44O8 29400-42-8 568.697 nd (dil HOAc) 212 dec sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, diox 5633 Hematein C16H12O6 475-25-2 300.262 red-br cry 250 dec i H2O, eth, bz, chl; sl EtOH, HOAc 5634 Hematin C34H33FeN4O5 15489-90-4 633.495 br pow (py) >200 i H2O, eth; s EtOH, alk; sl py, HOAc 5635 Hematoporphyrin C34H38N4O6 14459-29-1 598.689 deep red cry 172.5 i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl 5636 Hematoxylin C16H14O6 517-28-2 302.278 ye cry 140 sl H2O, eth; s alk, EtOH 5637 Hemin C34H32ClFeN4 O416009-13-5 651.941 long blades (gl HOAc)>300 5638 Heneicosane C21H44 629-94-7 296.574 cry (w) 40.01 356.5 0.7919201.444120i H2O; sl EtOH; s peth 5639 Hentriacontane Untriacontane C31H64 630-04-6 436.840 lf (AcOEt) 67.9 458 0.781681.427890sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s peth 5640 Heptachlor C10H5Cl7 76-44-8 373.318 wh cry 95.5 1.579vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig 5641 Heptachlor epoxide C10H5Cl7O 1024-57-3 389.317 160 5642 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl C12H3Cl7 52663-71-5 395.323 cry 117.5 i H2O 5643 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptachloropropane C3HCl7 3849-33-0 285.211 11 249 1.7921341.542721vs chl 5644 Heptacontane C70H142 7719-93-9 983.876 107 647 5645 Heptacosane C27H56 593-49-7 380.734 cry (al, bz) lf (AcOEt)59.23 442 0.7796601.434565i H2O, EtOH; sl eth 5646 Heptadecanal Margaric aldehyde C17H34O 629-90-3 254.451 nd (peth), cry (al)36 20426vs bz, eth 5647 1-Heptadecanamine C17H37N 4200-95-7 255.483 49 336 0.8510201.451020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5648 Heptadecane C17H36 629-78-7 240.468 hex lf 22.0 302.0 0.7780201.436920i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth 5649 Heptadecanenitrile C17H33N 5399-02-0 251.451 cry (al) 34 349 0.8315201.446720i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth 5650 Heptadecanoic acid Margaric acid C17H34O2 506-12-7 270.451 pl (peth) 61.3 2271000.8532601.434260i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl 5651 1-Heptadecanol Margaryl alcohol C17H36O 1454-85-9 256.467 lf (al), cry (ace) 53.9 324 0.847520i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5652 2-Heptadecanone Pentadecyl methyl ketone C17H34O 2922-51-2 254.451 pl (dil al) 48 320 0.804948i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, peth; vs bz, eth 5653 9-Heptadecanone C17H34O 540-08-9 254.451 pl (MeOH) 53 251.5; 1421.50.814048sl EtOH; s MeOH 5654 1-Heptadecene Hexahydroaplotaxene C17H34 6765-39-5 238.452 11.5 300 0.7852201.443220i H2O; vs eth; s bz; msc ligNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g21/g28/g28N N NN H2NHO O OPOO OH HO2Na O Guanosine 5’-monophosphate, disodium saltNNSOO Na O SO OO Guinea Green BCHO HO H HO H HO H HO H CH2OH D-Gulose L-GuloseCHO HO H HO H HO H HO H CH2OHNHO OFCl HaloperidolNNO H Harmaline N HN HarmanNNO H HarmineH N NO ONHO HO HC Blue No. 1H NOH NO ONHO HO HC Blue No. 2H3C(CH 2)98CH3 HectaneHO CH2OHH COOH HederageninOH OHO O Helenalin O O HelminthosporalOHO OOHOHO O O Helvolic acidOHOO OH OHHO HemateinNN NN Fe HO O O HOOH HematinN HNNH NOH OH O HO HO O HematoporphyrinO HO OHOHHHOOH HematoxylinNN NN Fe HO O O HOCl Hemin Heneicosane HentriacontaneCl Cl Cl Cl ClClH HCl HeptachlorCl Cl Cl Cl ClCl ClO HH Heptachlor epoxideCl Cl Cl ClCl Cl Cl 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-HeptachlorobiphenylCl ClCl ClClClCl 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptachloropropane H3C(CH 2)68CH3 Heptacontane HeptacosaneO HeptadecanalNH 2 1-Heptadecanamine HeptadecaneN HeptadecanenitrileOH O Heptadecanoic acidOH 1-Heptadecanol O 2-HeptadecanoneO 9-Heptadecanone 1-Heptadecene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g19/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125655 Heptadecylbenzene 1-Phenylheptadecane C23H40 14752-75-1 316.564 32 397 0.8546201.481020 5656 trans ,trans -2,4-Heptadienal C7H10O 4313-03-5 110.153 84.5 0.881251.531520 5657 1,6-Heptadiene C7H12 3070-53-9 96.170 liq 90 5658 1,6-Heptadiyne C7H8 2396-63-6 92.139 liq -85 112 0.8164171.45117i H2O; s bz, HOAc 5659 Heptafluorobutanoic acid C4HF7O2 375-22-4 214.039 liq -17.5 121 1.651201.29525s H2O, eth, tol; i peth 5660 Heptafluorobutanoic anhydride C8F14O3 336-59-4 410.062 liq -43 106.5 1.665201.28520 5661 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol C4H3F7O 375-01-9 200.055 95 1.600201.29420s EtOH, ace 5662 Heptafluorobutanoyl chloride C4ClF7O 375-16-6 232.484 38.5 1.55201.28820 5663 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Heptafluoro-2,2- dimethyl-3,5-octanedioneC10H11F7O2 17587-22-3 296.182 38 4651.273251.376620 5664 Heptafluoro-2-iodopropane Perfluoroisopropyl iodide C3F7I 677-69-0 295.925 38 1.329820 5665 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane Refrigerant 227ea C3HF7 431-89-0 170.029 col gas -131 -16.4 5666 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane C16H34 4390-04-9 226.441 246.3 5667 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-Heptamethyltrisiloxane C7H22O2Si3 1873-88-7 222.506 142 0.8194201.381820 5668 Heptanal Heptaldehyde C7H14O 111-71-7 114.185 liq -43.4 152.8 0.8132251.411320sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 5669 Heptanal oxime Enanthaldoxime C7H15NO 629-31-2 129.200 pl (al) 57.5 195 0.8583551.421020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 5670 2-Heptanamine Tuaminoheptane C7H17N 123-82-0 115.217 142 0.7665191.419919sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth 5671 4-Heptanamine C7H17N 16751-59-0 115.217 139.5 0.767201.417220 5672 Heptane C7H16 142-82-5 100.202 liq -90.55 98.4 0.6795251.385525i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; s ctc 5673 1,7-Heptanediamine C7H18N2 646-19-5 130.231 25.32 224 s EtOH, eth, ace 5674 Heptanedinitrile C7H10N2 646-20-8 122.167 -31.4 155140.949181.447220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl 5675 Heptanedioic acid Pimelic acid C7H12O4 111-16-0 160.168 pr (w) 106 272100, 212101.32915s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz 5676 1,7-Heptanediol C7H16O2 629-30-1 132.201 22.5 262 0.9569251.452025vs eth, EtOH 5677 2,3-Heptanedione Acetyl valeryl C7H12O2 96-04-8 128.169 144; 46130.919181.415018 5678 3,5-Heptanedione Dipropionylmethane C7H12O2 7424-54-6 128.169 175; 79300.94520 5679 Heptanedioyl dichloride C7H10Cl2O2 142-79-0 197.059 13715 5680 Heptanenitrile C7H13N 629-08-3 111.185 liq -64 183; 71100.8106201.410430i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, HOAc 5681 1-Heptanethiol Heptyl mercaptan C7H16S 1639-09-4 132.267 liq -43 176.9 0.8427201.452120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 5682 2,4,6-Heptanetrione C7H10O3 626-53-9 142.152 lf 49 121101.0599401.493020vs H2O, eth, EtOH 5683 Heptanoic acid Enanthic acid C7H14O2 111-14-8 130.185 liq -7.17 222.2 0.9124251.417020sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace 5684 Heptanoic anhydride C14H26O3 626-27-7 242.354 liq -12.4 269.5 0.9321201.433515i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5685 1-Heptanol Heptyl alcohol C7H16O 111-70-6 116.201 liq -33.2 176.45 0.8219201.424920sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 5686 2-Heptanol, (±) C7H16O 52390-72-4 116.201 159 0.8167201.421020sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 5687 3-Heptanol, ( S)C7H16O 26549-25-7 116.201 liq -70 157; 66180.8227201.420120sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 5688 4-Heptanol Dipropylcarbinol C7H16O 589-55-9 116.201 liq -41.2 156 0.8183201.420520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 5689 2-Heptanone Methyl pentyl ketone C7H14O 110-43-0 114.185 liq -35 151.05 0.8111201.408820vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 5690 3-Heptanone Ethyl butyl ketone C7H14O 106-35-4 114.185 liq -39 147 0.8183201.405720sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 5691 4-Heptanone Dipropyl ketone C7H14O 123-19-3 114.185 liq -33 144 0.8174201.406920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 5692 Heptanoyl chloride C7H13ClO 2528-61-2 148.630 liq -83.8 125.2 0.9590201.434518s eth; sl ctc; vs lig 5693 2-Heptenal Butylacrolein C7H12O 2463-63-0 112.169 166 0.864171.446817 5694 1-Heptene C7H14 592-76-7 98.186 liq -118.9 93.64 0.6970201.399820i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 5695 cis-2-Heptene C7H14 6443-92-1 98.186 98.4 0.708201.40620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g19/g20HeptadecylbenzeneO trans ,trans -2,4-Heptadienal 1,6-Heptadiene 1,6-HeptadiyneF FF FFFF OH O Heptafluorobutanoic acidF FF FFFF O OOFF FFFFF Heptafluorobutanoic anhydride F FF FFFF OH 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanolF FF FFFF Cl O Heptafluorobutanoyl chlorideO OFF FFFFF 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedioneF FF FIFFF Heptafluoro-2-iodopropaneF FF FFFF 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane SiO OH Si Si 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-HeptamethyltrisiloxaneO HeptanalNOH Heptanal oximeNH 2 2-HeptanamineNH 2 4-Heptanamine HeptaneNH 2 H2N 1,7-Heptanediamine N N HeptanedinitrileHO OOH O Heptanedioic acidHO OH 1,7-HeptanediolO O 2,3-HeptanedioneO O 3,5-HeptanedioneCl OCl O Heptanedioyl dichlorideN Heptanenitrile SH 1-HeptanethiolO O O 2,4,6-HeptanetrioneOHO Heptanoic acidO OO Heptanoic anhydrideOH 1-HeptanolOH 2-Heptanol, (±)OH 3-Heptanol, ( S) OH 4-HeptanolO 2-HeptanoneO 3-HeptanoneO 4-HeptanoneCl O Heptanoyl chlorideO 2-Heptenal 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g19/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125696 trans -2-Heptene C7H14 14686-13-6 98.186 liq -109.5 98 0.7012201.404520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl 5697 cis-3-Heptene C7H14 7642-10-6 98.186 liq -136.6 95.8 0.7030201.405920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl 5698 trans -3-Heptene C7H14 14686-14-7 98.186 liq -136.6 95.7 0.6981201.404320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 5699 6-Heptenoic acid C7H12O2 1119-60-4 128.169 liq -6.5 226 0.9515141.440414 5700 1-Hepten-4-ol C7H14O 3521-91-3 114.185 152.1 0.8384221.434720 5701 trans -2-Hepten-1-ol C7H14O 33467-76-4 114.185 178; 75100.8516201.446020s EtOH, ace 5702 Heptyl acetate C9H18O2 112-06-1 158.238 liq -50.2 193 0.8750151.415020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 5703 Heptylamine 1-Heptanamine C7H17N 111-68-2 115.217 liq -18 156 0.7754201.425120sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 5704 Heptylbenzene C13H20 1078-71-3 176.298 liq -48 240; 109100.8567201.486520i H2O; s bz, chl 5705 Heptyl butanoate C11H22O2 5870-93-9 186.292 liq -57.5 225.8 0.8637201.423120vs EtOH 5706 Heptylcyclohexane C13H26 5617-41-4 182.345 liq -30 244 0.8109201.448420 5707 Heptylcyclopentane C12H24 5617-42-5 168.319 liq -53 224 0.8010201.442120vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5708 5-Heptyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone 4-Hydroxyundecanoic acid lactone C11H20O2 104-67-6 184.276 286 0.9494201.451220vs EtOH 5709 Heptyl formate C8H16O2 112-23-2 144.212 178.1 0.8784201.414020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 5710 Heptyl pentanoate C12H24O2 5451-80-9 200.318 liq -46.4 245.2 0.8623201.425415vs ace, eth, EtOH 5711 6-Heptyltetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-one 5-Dodecanolide C12H22O2 713-95-1 198.302 liq -12 1010.03 5712 1-Heptyne C7H12 628-71-7 96.170 liq -81 99.7 0.7328201.408720sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth 5713 2-Heptyne 1-Methyl-2-butylacetylene C7H12 1119-65-9 96.170 112 0.744251.423020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth 5714 3-Heptyne 1-Ethyl-2-propylacetylene C7H12 2586-89-2 96.170 liq -130.5 107.2 0.7336251.418920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth 5715 Hesperetin C16H14O6 520-33-2 302.278 pl (dil al + 1/2 w)227.5 sub 205 vs eth, EtOH 5716 Hesperidin C28H34O15 520-26-3 610.561 wh nd (dil MeOH,HOAc)262 vs py, EtOH, HOAc 5717 Hexabromobenzene C 6Br6 87-82-1 551.488 mcl nd (bz) 327 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 5718 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexabromobiphenyl C12H4Br6 59080-40-9 627.584 cry (ctc) 160 5719 1,2,5,6,9,10- HexabromocyclododecaneC12H18Br6 3194-55-6 641.695 cry 167 5720 Hexabromoethane C2Br6 594-73-0 503.445 orth pr (bz) dec 200 3.823201.863 sl EtOH, eth, CS2 5721 Hexabutyldistannoxane Bis(tributyltin) oxide C24H54OSn2 56-35-9 596.105 45 1802 5722 Hexacene C26H16 258-31-1 328.405 dk bl-grn cry (sub)380 sub i H2O, EtOH 5723 Hexachloroacetone C3Cl6O 116-16-5 264.749 liq -1.0 203 1.7434121.511220sl H2O; s ace 5724 Hexachlorobenzene Perchlorobenzene C6Cl6 118-74-1 284.782 nd (sub) 228.83 325 2.044231.569123i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl; vs bz 5725 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl C12H4Cl6 38380-07-3 360.878 cry 151 i H2O 5726 2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl C12H4Cl6 33979-03-2 360.878 cry 112.5 i H2O 5727 2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl C12H4Cl6 38411-22-2 360.878 cry (hx) 114.2 i H2O 5728 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl C12H4Cl6 35065-27-1 360.878 cry 103.5 5729 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene C4Cl6 87-68-3 260.761 liq -21 215 1.556251.554220i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5730 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)Lindane C6H6Cl6 58-89-9 290.830 nd (al) 112.5 323.4 vs ace, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g19/g22trans -2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans -3-HepteneOH O 6-Heptenoic acidOH 1-Hepten-4-olOH trans -2-Hepten-1-olOO Heptyl acetate NH 2 Heptylamine HeptylbenzeneOO Heptyl butanoate Heptylcyclohexane HeptylcyclopentaneOO 5-Heptyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone O O Heptyl formateOO Heptyl pentanoateOO 6-Heptyltetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-one 1-Heptyne 2-Heptyne 3-Heptyne OO HO OHOOH HesperetinOOH OO OH OO HO OHOHOOCH3 HOOH HO HesperidinBr Br Br BrBrBr HexabromobenzeneBr Br BrBr BrBr 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-HexabromobiphenylBr Br Br BrBrBr 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane BrBrBr Br Br Br HexabromoethaneSn SnO Hexabutyldistannoxane HexaceneO Cl Cl Cl ClCl Cl HexachloroacetoneCl Cl Cl ClClCl HexachlorobenzeneCl ClCl Cl Cl Cl 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl Cl Cl ClClCl Cl 2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-HexachlorobiphenylCl Cl ClCl ClCl 2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-HexachlorobiphenylCl Cl ClClCl Cl 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-HexachlorobiphenylCl ClCl ClClCl Hexachloro-1,3-butadieneClClCl Cl ClCl 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1 α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β) /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g19/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125731 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1 α,2 α,3 β,4 α,5 β,6 β) α-Hexachlorocyclohexane C6H6Cl6 319-84-6 290.830 cry 158 5732 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1 α,2 β,3 α,4 β,5 α,6 β) β-Hexachlorocyclohexane C6H6Cl6 319-85-7 290.830 cry (bz, al, xyl) 600.501.8919i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc 5733 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3α,4β,5α,6β)δ-Lindane C6H6Cl6 319-86-8 290.830 pl 141.5 600.36 5734 Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene Perchlorocyclopentadiene C5Cl6 77-47-4 272.772 ye grn liq -9 239; 480.31.7019251.565820 5735 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo- p- dioxinC12H2Cl6O2 57653-85-7 390.861 cry 285 5736 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo- p- dioxinC12H2Cl6O2 19408-74-3 390.861 cry 243 5737 Hexachloroethane Perchloroethane C2Cl6 67-72-1 236.739 orth (al-eth) 186.8 tp 184.7 sp 2.09120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl liq HF 5738 Hexachlorophene C13H6Cl6O2 70-30-4 406.904 nd (bz) 166.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, dil alk 5739 Hexachloropropene C3Cl6 1888-71-7 248.750 liq -72.9 209.5 1.7632201.509120i H2O; s ctc, chl 5740 Hexacontane C60H122 7667-80-3 843.611 99.3 5741 Hexacosane C26H54 630-01-3 366.707 mcl, tcl or orth (bz) cry (eth)56.1 412.2 0.7783601.435760vs bz, lig, chl 5742 Hexacosanoic acid Cerotic acid C26H52O2 506-46-7 396.690 88.5 0.81981001.4301100i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5743 1-Hexacosanol C26H54O 506-52-5 382.706 orth pl (dil al) 80 30520dec i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5744 Hexadecamethylheptasiloxane C16H48O6Si7 541-01-5 533.147 liq -78 270 0.9012201.396520vs bz, lig 5745 Hexadecanal C16H32O 629-80-1 240.424 pl (eth), nd (peth)35 20029i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 5746 Hexadecanamide C16H33NO 629-54-9 255.439 lf 107 236121.000020i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ace, eth 5747 Hexadecane Cetane C16H34 544-76-3 226.441 lf (HOAc) 18.12 286.86 0.7701251.432925i H2O; sl EtOH; msc eth; s ctc 5748 Hexadecanedioic acid C16H30O4 505-54-4 286.407 pl (al) 126.6 vs ace, EtOH 5749 Hexadecanenitrile C16H31N 629-79-8 237.424 hex 31 333 0.8303201.445020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 5750 1-Hexadecanethiol Cetyl mercaptan C16H34S 2917-26-2 258.506 cry (lig) 19 1250.5i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth 5751 Hexadecanoic acid Palmitic acid C16H32O2 57-10-3 256.424 nd (al) 62.5 351.5 0.8527621.4334560i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth; vs chl 5752 Hexadecanoic anhydride C32H62O3 623-65-4 494.832 lf (peth) 64 0.8388831.436468vs eth 5753 1-Hexadecanol Cetyl alcohol C16H34O 36653-82-4 242.440 fl (AcOEt) 49.2 312 0.8187501.428379i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace 5754 3-Hexadecanone C16H32O 18787-64-9 240.424 lf (peth) 43 18417, 1402s chl 5755 Hexadecanoyl chloride C16H31ClO 112-67-4 274.869 12 199200.9016251.451420vs eth 5756 1-Hexadecene 1-Cetene C16H32 629-73-2 224.425 lf 2.1 284.9 0.7811201.441220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth 5757 cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid Palmitoleic acid C16H30O2 373-49-9 254.408 0.5 1821 5758 Hexadecyl acetate C18H36O2 629-70-9 284.478 -18.5 2222050.8574251.443820i H2O; sl EtOH; s ctc 5759 Hexadecylamine 1-Hexadecanamine C16H35N 143-27-1 241.456 lf 46.8 322.5 0.8129201.449620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace 5760 Hexadecylbenzene C22H38 1459-09-2 302.537 27 385 0.8547201.481320i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, CS2 5761 Hexadecyldimethylamine N,N-Dimethyl-1-hexadecanamine C18H39N 112-69-6 269.510 330.0 5762 Hexadecyl hexadecanoate Cetyl palmitate C32H64O2 540-10-3 480.849 mcl lf 54 0.989201.439870vs eth, EtOH 5763 Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2- naphthalenecarboxylateHexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate C27H40O3 531-84-0 412.605 grn-wh fl 72.5 vs bz, HOAc 5764 Hexadecyl 2-hydroxypropanoate Cetyl lactate C19H38O3 35274-05-6 314.503 wax 41 21910, 17011.441040 5765 Hexadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate C20H38O2 2495-27-4 310.515 24 18320.8720 5766 3-(Hexadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol, (S)Chimyl alcohol C19H40O3 506-03-6 316.519 lf (hx) 64 1200.005vs ace, peth, chl 5767 1-Hexadecylpyridinium bromide C21H38BrN 140-72-7 384.438 61No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g19/g24Cl ClClCl Cl Cl 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1 α,2 α,3 β,4α,5β,6β)Cl ClClCl Cl Cl 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1 α,2 β,3 α,4β,5α,6β)Cl ClClCl Cl Cl 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1 α,2 α,3 α,4β,5α,6β)Cl Cl ClClCl Cl Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadieneOOCl Cl Cl ClClCl 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxinOOCl Cl Cl ClClCl 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxinCl ClClCl ClCl Hexachloroethane OH OH Cl Cl Cl ClCl Cl HexachloropheneCl ClCl Cl ClCl HexachloropropeneH3C(CH 2)58CH3 Hexacontane HexacosaneOHO Hexacosanoic acidOH 1-Hexacosanol SiOSiOSiOSiOSiOSiOSi HexadecamethylheptasiloxaneO HexadecanalNH 2O Hexadecanamide Hexadecane/g3 OHO OH O Hexadecanedioic acidN HexadecanenitrileSH 1-Hexadecanethiol OHO Hexadecanoic acidOO O Hexadecanoic anhydrideOH 1-HexadecanolO 3-HexadecanoneClO Hexadecanoyl chloride 1-HexadeceneOHO cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid OO Hexadecyl acetateNH 2 Hexadecylamine HexadecylbenzeneN Hexadecyldimethylamine OO Hexadecyl hexadecanoateOO OH Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylateO O OH Hexadecyl 2-hydroxypropanoate O O Hexadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoateO OHOH 3-(Hexadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol, ( S)N Br 1-Hexadecylpyridinium bromide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g19/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125768 1-Hexadecylpyridinium chloride Cetylpyridinium chloride C21H38ClN 123-03-5 339.987 wh pow 80 vs H2O, chl 5769 Hexadecyl stearate Cetyl stearate C34H68O2 1190-63-2 508.903 lf or pl (eth, HOAc)57 1.441070vs ace, eth, chl 5770 Hexadecyltrichlorosilane C16H33Cl3Si 5894-60-0 359.878 269 5771 Hexadecyl vinyl ether 1-(Ethenyloxy)hexadecane C18H36O 822-28-6 268.478 16 16020.821271.444425 5772 1-Hexadecyne C16H30 629-74-3 222.409 15 284 0.7965201.444020vs bz 5773 trans ,trans -2,4-Hexadienal Sorbinaldehyde C6H8O 142-83-6 96.127 liq -16.5 174; 76300.898201.538420 5774 1,2-Hexadiene Propylallene C6H10 592-44-9 82.143 76 0.7149201.428220vs eth, chl 5775 cis-1,3-Hexadiene C6H10 14596-92-0 82.143 73.1 0.7033251.437920 5776 trans -1,3-Hexadiene C6H10 20237-34-7 82.143 liq -102.4 73.2 0.6995251.440620 5777 cis-1,4-Hexadiene C6H10 7318-67-4 82.143 66.3 0.695251.404920vs eth 5778 trans -1,4-Hexadiene C6H10 7319-00-8 82.143 liq -138.7 65.0 0.695251.410420 5779 1,5-Hexadiene Biallyl C6H10 592-42-7 82.143 liq -140.7 59.4 0.6878251.404220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc 5780 cis,cis -2,4-Hexadiene C6H10 6108-61-8 82.143 liq 85 0.7298251.460620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 5781 trans,cis -2,4-Hexadiene C6H10 5194-50-3 82.143 liq -96.1 83.5 0.7185251.456020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 5782 trans,trans -2,4-Hexadiene C6H10 5194-51-4 82.143 liq -44.9 82.2 0.7101251.451020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 5783 2,4-Hexadienoic acid Sorbic acid C6H8O2 110-44-1 112.127 nd (dil al) nd (w)134.5 dec 228; 153501.20419s H2O, EtOH, chl; vs eth 5784 2,4-Hexadien-1-ol Sorbic alcohol C6H10O 111-28-4 98.142 nd 30.5 76120.8967231.498120i H2O; s EtOH, eth 5785 trans ,trans -2,4-Hexadienoyl chloride C6H7ClO 2614-88-2 130.572 82221.0666191.554520vs ace 5786 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne Divinylacetylene C6H6 821-08-9 78.112 liq -88 85 0.7851201.503520i H2O; s bz 5787 1,5-Hexadiyne Bipropargyl C6H6 628-16-0 78.112 liq -6 86 0.8049201.438023i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 5788 2,4-Hexadiyne Dimethyldiacetylene C6H6 2809-69-0 78.112 pr (sub) 67.8 129.5 vs EtOH, eth 5789 Hexaethylbenzene C18H30 604-88-6 246.431 mcl pr (al or bz) 129 298 0.83051301.4736130i H2O; s EtOH, sulf; vs eth, bz 5790 Hexaethyldisiloxane C12H30OSi2 994-49-0 246.536 233; 129300.8457201.434020 5791 Hexaethyl tetraphosphate Ethyl tetraphosphate C12H30O13P4 757-58-4 506.253 hyg -40 dec 150 1.2917271.427327vs ace, bz, EtOH 5792 Hexafluorenium bromide C36H42Br2N2 317-52-2 662.539 cry (PrOH) 188 5793 Hexafluoroacetylacetone C5H2F6O2 1522-22-1 208.059 54.15 1.485201.333320 5794 Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorobenzene C6F6 392-56-3 186.054 5.03 80.26 1.6184201.377720 5795 1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene C4F6 685-63-2 162.033 col gas -132 6 1.553-201.378-20 5796 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne C4F6 692-50-2 162.033 col gas -117.4 -24.6 s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc 5797 Hexafluorocyclobutene C4F6 697-11-0 162.033 col gas -60 5.5 1.602-201.298-20 5798 Hexafluoroethane Perfluoroethane C2F6 76-16-4 138.011 col gas -100.05 -78.1 1.590-78i H2O; sl EtOH, eth 5799 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane Refrigerant 236ea C3H2F6 431-63-0 152.038 col gas 6.1 1.50260 5800 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane Refrigerant 236fa C3H2F6 690-39-1 152.038 col gas -93.6 -1.0 1.43430 5801 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol C3H2F6O 920-66-1 168.037 liq -2.0 59 1.460021 5802 Hexahydro-1 H-azepine Hexamethylenimine C6H13N 111-49-9 99.174 138 0.8643221.463120s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5803 Hexahydro-1 H-1,4-diazepine C5H12N2 505-66-8 100.162 hyg 40.5 169 5804 1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-Hexahydro-4a(4 H)- dibenzofurancarboxaldehydeC13H16O2 126-15-8 204.265 liq -80 307 1.10201.525420i H2O 5805 cis-1,2,3,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7- dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene,(1S)C 15H24 483-76-1 204.352 125120.9160151.508915 5806 1,2,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-4,7- dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, [1S-(1α,4aβ,8aα)]C15H24 523-47-7 204.352 274; 136110.9230201.505920vs eth, lig 5807 Hexahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione Hexahydrophthalic anhydride C8H10O3 85-42-7 154.163 32 14518No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g19/g26 N Cl 1-Hexadecylpyridinium chlorideOO Hexadecyl stearateSi Cl ClCl Hexadecyltrichlorosilane O Hexadecyl vinyl ether 1-HexadecyneO trans ,trans -2,4-HexadienalC 1,2-Hexadiene cis-1,3-Hexadiene trans -1,3-Hexadiene cis-1,4-Hexadiene trans -1,4-Hexadiene 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis -2,4-Hexadiene trans,cis -2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans -2,4-HexadieneOHO 2,4-Hexadienoic acid OH 2,4-Hexadien-1-olClO trans ,trans -2,4-Hexadienoyl chloride 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne 1,5-Hexadiyne 2,4-Hexadiyne HexaethylbenzeneOSi Si Hexaethyldisiloxane OPOPOPOPOO OO OO OO O Hexaethyl tetraphosphateNNBr Br Hexafluorenium bromideO F FFO F FF HexafluoroacetylacetoneF F F FFF HexafluorobenzeneF F F FFF 1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-1,3-butadieneFF FF FF 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne F FF FF F HexafluorocyclobuteneFF FF FF Hexafluoroethane/g3 F F FF FF 1,1,1,2,3,3-HexafluoropropaneF FFF FF 1,1,1,3,3,3-HexafluoropropaneOH F FFF FF 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanolN H Hexahydro-1 H-azepineNH N H Hexahydro-1 H-1,4-diazepine O O 1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-Hexahydro-4a(4 H)-dibenzofurancarboxaldehydeH cis-1,2,3,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, (1 S)H H 1,2,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, [1 S-(1α,4aβ,8aα)]OO O Hexahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g19/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125808 Hexahydro-1-methyl-1 H-1,4- diazepineC6H14N2 4318-37-0 114.188 154 0.9111201.476920 5809 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrimidineC7H12N2 3001-72-7 124.183 967, 8121.005251.519020 5810 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5- triazineCyclonite C3H6N6O6 121-82-4 222.116 orth cry (ace) 205.5 1.8220i H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth, MeOH; s ace, HOAc 5811 Hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5- triazineC21H21N3 91-78-1 315.412 144 185; 6029i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, tol 5812 1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydroxy-9,10- anthracenedioneRufigallol C14H8O8 82-12-2 304.209 red rhom, red- ye nd (sub)sub i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, alk 5813 Hexamethylbenzene Mellitene C12H18 87-85-4 162.271 orth pr or nd (al)165.5 263.4 1.063025i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl 5814 2,2,4,4,6,6- HexamethylcyclotrisilazaneC6H21N3Si3 1009-93-4 219.508 liq -10 188 0.9196201.44820 5815 Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane Dimethylsiloxane cyclic trimer C6H18O3Si3 541-05-9 222.462 64.5 134 1.120020i H2O 5816 Hexamethyldisilane C6H18Si2 1450-14-2 146.378 13.5 113.5 0.7247221.422920i H2O; s eth, ace, bz; dec alk 5817 Hexamethyldisilathiane C6H18SSi2 3385-94-2 178.443 162.5 0.85120 5818 Hexamethyldisilazane C6H19NSi2 999-97-3 161.393 125 0.7741251.409020 5819 Hexamethyldisiloxane C6H18OSi2 107-46-0 162.377 liq -66 99 0.7638201.377420i H2O 5820 Hexamethylenediamine carbamate (6-Aminohexyl)carbamic acid C7H16N2O2 143-06-6 160.214 cry 150 5821 Hexamethylene diisocyanate C8H12N2O2 822-06-0 168.193 12210, 9411.0528201.458520 5822 Hexamethylenetetramine Methenamine C6H12N4 100-97-0 140.186 orth (al) >250 sub 1.331-5vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, bz 5823 Hexamethylolmelamine C9H18N6O6 531-18-0 306.275 137 vs H2O 5824 Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine oxide C6H18N3OP 680-31-9 179.200 232.5 1.03201.457920s EtOH, eth 5825 Hexamethylphosphorous triamide Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine C6H18N3P 1608-26-0 163.201 s chl 5826 2,6,10,15,19,23- HexamethyltetracosaneSqualane C30H62 111-01-3 422.813 liq -38 350 0.8115151.453015i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s eth, chl; msc bz 5827 Hexanal Caproaldehyde C6H12O 66-25-1 100.158 liq -56 131 0.8335201.403920sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 5828 Hexanamide C6H13NO 628-02-4 115.173 cry (ace) 101 255 0.999201.4200110vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 5829 Hexane C6H14 110-54-3 86.175 liq -95.35 68.73 0.6606251.372725i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl 5830 Hexanedial C6H10O2 1072-21-5 114.142 -8 9391.003191.435020vs bz, eth, EtOH 5831 Hexanediamide C6H12N2O2 628-94-4 144.171 pl 220 vs EtOH 5832 1,6-Hexanediamine Hexamethylenediamine C6H16N2 124-09-4 116.204 orth bipym pl 39.13 205 vs H2O; s EtOH, bz 5833 Hexanedioic acid, dihydrazide C6H14N4O2 1071-93-8 174.201 181.8 5834 1,2-Hexanediol C6H14O2 6920-22-5 118.174 45 224; 871.51.443120 5835 1,6-Hexanediol Hexamethylene glycol C6H14O2 629-11-8 118.174 41.5 208 1.457925s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz 5836 2,5-Hexanediol Diisopropanol C6H14O2 2935-44-6 118.174 cry (eth) 43 218; 8610.9610201.447520s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 5837 1,6-Hexanediol dimethacrylate Hexamethylene methacrylate C14H22O4 6606-59-3 254.323 0.99825 5838 2,3-Hexanedione Acetylbutyryl C6H10O2 3848-24-6 114.142 128 0.93419 5839 2,4-Hexanedione Propionylacetone C6H10O2 3002-24-2 114.142 oil 160 0.959201.451620 5840 2,5-Hexanedione Acetonylacetone C6H10O2 110-13-4 114.142 liq -5.5 194 0.7370201.423220vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 5841 3,4-Hexanedione Bipropionyl C6H10O2 4437-51-8 114.142 liq -10 130 0.941211.413021 5842 Hexanedioyl dichloride C6H8Cl2O2 111-50-2 183.033 12612sl chl 5843 1,6-Hexanedithiol C6H14S2 1191-43-1 150.305 liq -21 237; 118150.9886251.511020 5844 Hexanenitrile Capronitrile C6H11N 628-73-9 97.158 liq -80.3 163.65 0.8051201.406820i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 5845 1-Hexanethiol Hexyl mercaptan C6H14S 111-31-9 118.240 liq -81 152.7 0.8424201.449620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5846 2-Hexanethiol C6H14S 1679-06-7 118.240 liq -147 142 0.8345201.445120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g19/g28NH N Hexahydro-1-methyl-1 H-1,4-diazepineNN 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidineNNNNOO N NO OO O Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazineNNN Hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazineO OOH OH OHHO HO OH 1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione Hexamethylbenzene Si HNSiNHSiHN 2,2,4,4,6,6-HexamethylcyclotrisilazaneSi OSiOSiO HexamethylcyclotrisiloxaneSi Si HexamethyldisilaneSSi Si HexamethyldisilathianeHNSi Si HexamethyldisilazaneOSi Si HexamethyldisiloxaneN HOHO H2N Hexamethylenediamine carbamate NCONCO Hexamethylene diisocyanateNN NN HexamethylenetetramineN NNNO H HO N N OH OH HOHO HexamethylolmelamineO PNN N Hexamethylphosphoric triamideN PNN Hexamethylphosphorous triamide 2,6,10,15,19,23-HexamethyltetracosaneO HexanalNH 2O Hexanamide HexaneOO HexanedialNH 2H2N OO Hexanediamide H2NNH 2 1,6-HexanediamineN HH N ONH 2H2NO Hexanedioic acid, dihydrazideOH OH 1,2-HexanediolOHHO 1,6-HexanediolOH OH 2,5-HexanediolO OOO 1,6-Hexanediol dimethacrylate O O 2,3-HexanedioneO O 2,4-HexanedioneO O 2,5-HexanedioneOO 3,4-HexanedioneClO Cl O Hexanedioyl dichlorideSHHS 1,6-HexanedithiolN HexanenitrileSH 1-HexanethiolSH 2-Hexanethiol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g20/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125847 1,2,6-Hexanetriol 1,2,6-Trihydroxyhexane C6H14O3 106-69-4 134.173 1703, 16111.1049201.5820 5848 Hexanoic acid Caproic acid C6H12O2 142-62-1 116.158 liq -3 205.2 0.9212251.416320sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 5849 Hexanoic anhydride C12H22O3 2051-49-2 214.301 -41 dec 255 0.9240151.429720vs eth, EtOH 5850 1-Hexanol Caproyl alcohol C6H14O 111-27-3 102.174 liq -47.4 157.6 0.8136201.417820sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth, bz 5851 2-Hexanol C6H14O 20281-86-1 102.174 140 0.8159201.414420sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 5852 3-Hexanol C6H14O 17015-11-1 102.174 135 0.8182201.416720sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth 5853 2-Hexanone Butyl methyl ketone C6H12O 591-78-6 100.158 liq -55.5 127.6 0.8113201.400720sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 5854 3-Hexanone Ethyl propyl ketone C6H12O 589-38-8 100.158 liq -55.4 123.5 0.8118201.400420sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 5855 Hexanoyl chloride Caproyl chloride C6H11ClO 142-61-0 134.603 liq -87 153 0.9784201.426420s eth, ace 5856 Hexatriacontane C36H74 630-06-8 506.973 75.8 298.430.7803801.439780 5857 cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene C6H8 2612-46-6 80.128 liq -12 78 0.7175201.457720i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, peth 5858 trans -1,3,5-Hexatriene C6H8 821-07-8 80.128 liq -12 78.5 0.7369151.513520i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, peth 5859 Hexazinone C12H20N4O2 51235-04-2 252.313 99 dec 1.25 5860 trans -2-Hexenal C6H10O 6728-26-3 98.142 146.5; 50200.8491201.448020 5861 cis-3-Hexenal C6H10O 6789-80-6 98.142 121 0.8533221.430021 5862 1-Hexene C6H12 592-41-6 84.159 liq -139.76 63.48 0.6685251.385225i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth 5863 cis-2-Hexene C6H12 7688-21-3 84.159 liq -141.11 68.8 0.6824251.397920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig 5864 trans -2-Hexene C6H12 4050-45-7 84.159 liq -133 67.9 0.6733251.393620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig 5865 cis-3-Hexene C6H12 7642-09-3 84.159 liq -137.8 66.4 0.6778201.394720i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig 5866 trans -3-Hexene C6H12 13269-52-8 84.159 liq -115.4 67.1 0.6772201.394320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig 5867 trans -3-Hexenedinitrile trans -1,4-Dicyano-2-butene C6H6N2 1119-85-3 106.125 cry 76 5868 2-Hexenoic acid C6H10O2 1191-04-4 114.142 nd (w, al) 36.5 216.5 0.965201.446040vs eth 5869 3-Hexenoic acid Hydrosorbic acid C6H10O2 4219-24-3 114.142 12 208 0.9640231.493520 5870 5-Hexenoic acid C6H10O2 1577-22-6 114.142 liq -37 203 0.9610201.434320vs eth, EtOH 5871 1-Hexen-3-ol C6H12O 4798-44-1 100.158 134 0.834221.429718sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH 5872 cis-2-Hexen-1-ol C6H12O 928-94-9 100.158 157 0.8472201.439720s H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc 5873 trans -2-Hexen-1-ol C6H12O 928-95-0 100.158 157 0.8490161.434020 5874 cis-3-Hexen-1-ol C6H12O 928-96-1 100.158 156.5 0.8478221.438020s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5875 trans -3-Hexen-1-ol C6H12O 928-97-2 100.158 154.5 1.437420 5876 trans -4-Hexen-1-ol C6H12O 928-92-7 100.158 159 0.8513201.440220 5877 4-Hexen-2-ol C6H12O 52387-50-5 100.158 137.5 0.8405181.439220sl H2O 5878 5-Hexen-2-ol C6H12O 626-94-8 100.158 139 0.84216sl H2O 5879 cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate C8H14O2 3681-71-8 142.196 liq 6612 5880 trans -2-Hexen-1-ol, acetate C8H14O2 2497-18-9 142.196 liq 166; 68150.898 1.427020 5881 5-Hexen-2-one C6H10O 109-49-9 98.142 129.5 0.833271.417827 5882 4-Hexen-3-one C6H10O 2497-21-4 98.142 138.5 0.8559201.438820s EtOH, eth; vs ace 5883 Hexestrol C18H22O2 84-16-2 270.367 nd (bz) 186.5 vs ace, eth, EtOH 5884 Hexobarbital C12H16N2O3 56-29-1 236.266 146.5 5885 Hexocyclium methyl sulfate C21H36N2O5S 115-63-9 428.586 cry 205 sl chl; i eth 5886 Hexyl acetate C8H16O2 142-92-7 144.212 liq -80.9 171.5 0.8779151.409220i H2O; vs eth, EtOH 5887 sec-Hexyl acetate C8H16O2 108-84-9 144.212 147.5 0.8805251.398020sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH 5888 Hexyl acrylate C9H16O2 2499-95-8 156.222 -45 4010.87820 5889 Hexylamine 1-Hexanamine C6H15N 111-26-2 101.190 liq -22.9 132.8 0.7660201.418020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 5890 Hexylbenzene C12H18 1077-16-3 162.271 liq -61 226.1 0.8575201.486420i H2O; msc eth; s bz, peth 5891 4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol 4-Hexylresorcinol C12H18O2 136-77-6 194.270 nd (bz) 68 334 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g20/g20 OH OHHO 1,2,6-HexanetriolOOH Hexanoic acidOO O Hexanoic anhydrideOH 1-HexanolOH 2-HexanolOH 3-HexanolO 2-HexanoneO 3-Hexanone O Cl Hexanoyl chloride Hexatriacontane cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene trans -1,3,5-HexatrieneN NN NO O HexazinoneO trans -2-HexenalO cis-3-Hexenal 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans -2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans -3-HexeneN N trans -3-HexenedinitrileOHO 2-Hexenoic acidOHO 3-Hexenoic acidOHO 5-Hexenoic acid OH 1-Hexen-3-olOH cis-2-Hexen-1-olOH trans -2-Hexen-1-olOH cis-3-Hexen-1-olOH trans -3-Hexen-1-olOH trans -4-Hexen-1-olOH 4-Hexen-2-ol/g3OH 5-Hexen-2-ol OO cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetateOO trans -2-Hexen-1-ol, acetateO 5-Hexen-2-oneO 4-Hexen-3-oneHOOH HexestrolNNH OO O HexobarbitalN N HOSO OO O Hexocyclium methyl sulfate OO Hexyl acetateOO sec-Hexyl acetateOO Hexyl acrylateNH 2 Hexylamine HexylbenzeneOH OH 4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g20/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125892 Hexyl benzoate C13H18O2 6789-88-4 206.281 272; 13980.979320i H2O; s EtOH, ace 5893 Hexyl butanoate C10H20O2 2639-63-6 172.265 liq -78 208 0.8652201.416015i H2O; s EtOH; sl chl 5894 Hexylcyclohexane C12H24 4292-75-5 168.319 liq -43 224 0.8076201.446220 5895 Hexylcyclopentane C11H22 4457-00-5 154.293 liq -73 203 0.7965201.439220vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5896 2-Hexyldecanoic acid C16H32O2 25354-97-6 256.424 visc oil 1450.021.443224 5897 Hexyl formate C7H14O2 629-33-4 130.185 liq -62.6 155.5 0.8813201.407120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 5898 Hexyl hexanoate Hexyl caproate C12H24O2 6378-65-0 200.318 liq -55 246 0.865181.426415vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5899 Hexyl isocyanate C7H13NO 2525-62-4 127.184 447 5900 Hexyl methacrylate C10H18O2 142-09-6 170.249 162; 86170.880251.42925vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5901 Hexyl methyl ether C7H16O 4747-07-3 116.201 126.1 5902 1-Hexylnaphthalene C16H20 2876-53-1 212.330 liq -18 322 0.9566201.564720 5903 Hexyl octanoate C14H28O2 1117-55-1 228.371 liq -30.6 277.4 0.8603201.432325i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 5904 4-(Hexyloxy)benzoic acid C13H18O3 1142-39-8 222.280 cry 106 5905 2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether C8H18O2 112-25-4 146.228 liq -45.1 208 0.8878201.429120sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5906 Hexyl pentanoate C11H22O2 1117-59-5 186.292 liq -63.1 226.3 0.8635201.422815vs ace, eth, EtOH 5907 4-Hexylphenol C12H18O 2446-69-7 178.270 1489 5908 1-Hexyl propanoate C9H18O2 2445-76-3 158.238 liq -57.5 190 0.8698201.416215i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, AcOEt 5909 1-Hexyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthaleneC16H24 66325-11-9 216.362 liq 305 0.9176251.512725 5910 1-Hexyne Butylacetylene C6H10 693-02-7 82.143 liq -131.9 71.3 0.7155251.398920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc 5911 2-Hexyne 1-Methyl-2-propylacetylene C6H10 764-35-2 82.143 liq -89.6 84.5 0.7315201.413820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth 5912 3-Hexyne Diethylacetylene C6H10 928-49-4 82.143 liq -103 81 0.7231201.411520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, peth 5913 3-Hexyne-2,5-diol C6H10O2 3031-66-1 114.142 121151.0180201.469120 5914 3-Hexyn-1-ol 3-Hexynol C6H10O 1002-28-4 98.142 162; 65120.8982201.453020 5915 1-Hexyn-3-ol C6H10O 105-31-7 98.142 liq -80 142 0.8704201.434025s ctc 5916 5-Hexyn-2-one C6H8O 2550-28-9 96.127 149 0.9065201.436620 5917 Histamine C5H9N3 51-45-6 111.145 wh nd (chl) 83 20918s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth 5918 L-Histidine Glyoxaline-5-alanine C6H9N3O2 71-00-1 155.154 nd or pl (dil al) 287 dec s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, bz, chl 5919 L-Histidine, monohydrochloride C6H10ClN3O2 645-35-2 191.615 245 dec s H2O 5920 Homatropine C16H21NO3 87-00-3 275.343 pr (al, eth) 99.5 sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 5921 Homatropine hydrobromide Tropanol mandelate C16H22BrNO3 51-56-9 356.255 orth pym or pl (w)217 dec vs H2O, EtOH 5922 Homochlorocyclizine C19H23ClN2 848-53-3 314.852 oil 1770.8 5923 DL-Homocysteine DL-2-Amino-4-mercaptobutanoic acid C4H9NO2S 454-29-5 135.185 272 dec s H2O; i eth, bz 5924 L-Homocysteine L-2-Amino-4-mercaptobutanoic acid C4H9NO2S 6027-13-0 135.185 platelets 232 5925 Homocystine C8H16N2O4S2 870-93-9 268.354 264 sl H2O; i eth, bz 5926 L-Homoserine 2-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid, ( S)C4H9NO3 672-15-1 119.119 pr (90% al) 203 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz 5927 Humulene C15H24 6753-98-6 204.352 123100.8905201.503820 5928 Humulon C21H30O5 26472-41-3 362.460 ye cry (eth) 66.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk 5929 Hydralazine 1-Hydrazinophthalazine C8H8N4 86-54-4 160.177 ye cry (MeOH) 172 s acid 5930 Hydramethylnon C25H24F6N4 67485-29-4 494.476 190 5931 Hydrastine C21H21NO6 118-08-1 383.395 ye pr (al) 132 i H2O; s ace, bz 5932 Hydrastinine C11H13NO3 6592-85-4 207.226 nd (lig), cry (eth)116.5 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 5933 Hydrazinecarbothioamide Thiosemicarbazide CH5N3S 79-19-6 91.136 lo nd (w) 183 vs H2O, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g20/g22OO Hexyl benzoateOO Hexyl butanoate Hexylcyclohexane HexylcyclopentaneOH O 2-Hexyldecanoic acidO O Hexyl formate OO Hexyl hexanoateNCO Hexyl isocyanateOO Hexyl methacrylateO Hexyl methyl ether 1-HexylnaphthaleneOO Hexyl octanoate OH O O 4-(Hexyloxy)benzoic acidOOH 2-(Hexyloxy)ethanolOO Hexyl pentanoateOH 4-HexylphenolOO 1-Hexyl propanoate 1-Hexyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne 3-HexyneHO OH 3-Hexyne-2,5-diolOH 3-Hexyn-1-olOH 1-Hexyn-3-olO 5-Hexyn-2-one/g3 N N HH2N HistamineN N HO HO NH 2 L-HistidineN N HHOO NH 2 HCl L-Histidine, monohydrochloride N O OOH HomatropineN O OOHHBr Homatropine hydrobromideNNCl HomochlorocyclizineOHO NH 2HS DL-HomocysteineOHHSO NH 2 L-HomocysteineHOSSOHO ONH 2 NH 2 HomocystineHOOHO NH 2 L-Homoserine HumuleneO O OH HO HO HumulonNN HNNH 2 HydralazineFF F FF FNNNH HN HydramethylnonO OO ONO O H H HydrastineNOO OH HydrastinineH2NN HS NH 2 Hydrazinecarbothioamide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g20/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g125934 Hydrazinecarboxaldehyde CH4N2O 624-84-0 60.055 ye lf or nd (al) 54 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 5935 Hydrazinecarboxamide CH5N3O 57-56-7 75.070 pr (al) 96 1.4848vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl 5936 Hydrazinecarboximidamide Aminoguanidine CH6N4 79-17-4 74.086 cry dec vs H2O, EtOH 5937 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxaldehyde C2H4N2O2 628-36-4 88.065 pr (al) 161.0 vs H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO; i eth 5938 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide C2H6N4O2 110-21-4 118.095 pl (w) 258 1.60417 5939 4-Hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid Phenylhydrazine-4-sulfonic acid C6H8N2O3S 98-71-5 188.204 nd, lf (w) 286 sl H2O, EtOH 5940 4-Hydrazinobenzoic acid C7H8N2O2 619-67-0 152.151 ye nd or pl (w) 221 dec sl H2O; i eth 5941 2-Hydrazinoethanol C2H8N2O 109-84-2 76.097 liq -70 219; 12017.51.11925vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH 5942 Hydrindantin C18H10O6 5103-42-4 322.268 pr (ace) 250 dec 5943 Hydrochlorothiazide C7H8ClN3O4S2 58-93-5 297.740 274 5944 Hydrocinchonidine C19H24N2O 485-64-3 296.406 lf (al) 229 vs EtOH 5945 Hydrocinchonine C19H24N2O 485-65-4 296.406 pr 268.5 s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth 5946 Hydrocodone C18H21NO3 125-29-1 299.365 198 i H2O; s EtOH 5947 Hydrocortisone C21H30O5 50-23-7 362.460 pl (al or i- PrOH)220 sl H2O; s EtOH, diox, HOAc 5948 Hydrocortisone 21-acetate Cortisol acetate C23H32O6 50-03-3 404.496 223 dec 1.28920 5949 Hydrocotarnine C12H15NO3 550-10-7 221.252 56 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 5950 Hydroflumethiazide C8H8F3N3O4S2 135-09-1 331.293 270.5 5951 Hydrofuramide C15H12N2O3 494-47-3 268.267 nd (al) 117 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5952 Hydrogen cyanide Hydrocyanic acid CHN 74-90-8 27.026 vol liq or gas -13.29 26 0.6876201.261420msc H2O, EtOH, eth 5953 Hydrohydrastinine C11H13NO2 494-55-3 191.227 nd (lig), cry (peth)66 303 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 5954 Hydromorphone 7,8-Dihydromorphin-6-one C17H19NO3 466-99-9 285.338 cry (EtOH) 266.5 5955 Hydroprene C17H30O2 41096-46-2 266.419 174190.895520 5956 Hydroquinidine C20H26N2O2 1435-55-8 326.432 nd (al) 168.5 s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 5957 Hydroquinine C20H26N2O2 522-66-7 326.432 nd (eth, chl) 172.5 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 5958 p-Hydroquinone 1,4-Benzenediol C6H6O2 123-31-9 110.111 mcl pr (sub) nd(w) pr (MeOH)172.4 285 1.330 201.63225s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; i bz 5959 Hydroxocobalamin Vitamin B-12a C62H89CoN13O1 5P13422-51-0 1346.355 red cry (ace aq) 200 dec s H2O, EtOH; i ace, eth, bz 5960 Hydroxyacetonitrile Glyconitrile C2H3NO 107-16-4 57.051 <-72 dec 183; 119241.411719vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl 5961 (Hydroxyacetyl)benzene C8H8O2 582-24-1 136.149 hex pl (al), pl (w or dil al)90 12512, 5611.096399s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl lig 5962 17-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one, (5α,17β)Stanolone C19H30O2 521-18-6 290.440 181 sub 135 5963 3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3α,5α)Androsterone C19H30O2 53-41-8 290.440 lf or nd (al, ace) 185 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 5964 3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3 β,5α) Epiandrosterone C19H30O2 481-29-8 290.440 cry (bz-peth, ace)178 5965 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17β)Testosterone C19H28O2 58-22-0 288.424 nd (dil ace) 155 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 5966 1-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione C14H8O3 129-43-1 224.212 red-oran nd (al) 193.8 sub i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl liq NH3 5967 2-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione C14H8O3 605-32-3 224.212 ye pl or nd (al or HOAc)306 sub i H2O; s EtOH, eth, aq NH3, KOH 5968 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 3-Formylphenol C7H6O2 100-83-4 122.122 nd (w) 108 240 1.1179130sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i lig 5969 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Formylphenol C7H6O2 123-08-0 122.122 nd (w) 117 1.1291301.5705130sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth; s bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g20/g24 HN HNH 2O HydrazinecarboxaldehydeO H2NN HNH 2 HydrazinecarboxamideNH H2NNHNH 2 HydrazinecarboximidamideH NN HOO 1,2-HydrazinedicarboxaldehydeH2NN HH N NH 2 OO 1,2-HydrazinedicarboxamideSOH O O HNNH 2 4-Hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acidOH O HNNH 2 4-Hydrazinobenzoic acidH2NH NOH 2-HydrazinoethanolO OOO OH HO Hydrindantin SNHH N Cl SH2N OOO O HydrochlorothiazideNNHO H HydrocinchonidineNNHO H HydrocinchonineO HNO O HydrocodoneOHHO OHOHO Hydrocortisone/g3 OHHO OHOOO Hydrocortisone 21-acetateNO O O Hydrocotarnine SNHH N OOF FF SH2N OO HydroflumethiazideON N O O HydrofuramideHC N Hydrogen cyanideNO O HydrohydrastinineHO O OHN HydromorphoneOO HydropreneNOHONH Hydroquinidine NONHO H Hydroquinine OH OH p-Hydroquinone/g3 N N N NCoOHO H2NON H 2NH 2 O NH 2O H H2N O O NH O H OHOO HONN P OONH 2O HydroxocobalaminNHO HydroxyacetonitrileO OH (Hydroxyacetyl)benzeneOHOH 17-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one, (5 α,17 β) /g3HOHO 3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3 α,5 α) /g3HHOO 3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3 β,5 α) /g3 HOH O 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17 β)OH O O 1-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneOHO O 2-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneO OH 3-HydroxybenzaldehydeO OH 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g20/g25/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 5970 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, [(2- hydroxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazoneC 14H12N2O2 959-36-4 240.257 214 i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs bz, alk 5971 2-Hydroxybenzamide Salicylamide C7H7NO2 65-45-2 137.137 142 181.5141.175140sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH 5972 N-Hydroxybenzamide C7H7NO2 495-18-1 137.137 orth ta, lf (eth) 131 exp s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz 5973 α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±) DL-Mandelic acid C8H8O3 611-72-3 152.148 orth pl 119 1.289020s H2O, eth, EtOH, i-PrOH 5974 2-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid C8H8O3 614-75-5 152.148 148 240 sl H2O, chl; s eth 5975 3-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid C8H8O3 621-37-4 152.148 nd (bz-lig) 132 19011vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz; sl lig 5976 4-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid C8H8O3 156-38-7 152.148 nd (w) 152 sub sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 5977 α-Hydroxybenzeneacetonitrile Mandelonitrile C8H7NO 532-28-5 133.148 ye oily liq -10 1.12 i H2O; vs chl, eth, EtOH 5978 2-Hydroxybenzenecarbodithioic acid Dithiosalicylic acid C7H6OS2 527-89-9 170.252 oran-ye nd 49 vs bz, eth, EtOH 5979 4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid C8H6O5 636-46-4 182.131 nd(w), lf (dil al) 310 i H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc 5980 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acidC8H6O5 618-83-7 182.131 nd(w+2) cr(aq- al)sub vs bz, eth, EtOH 5981 4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acidPhenoldisulfonic acid C6H6O7S2 96-77-5 254.238 nd (w) >100 dec vs H2O, EtOH 5982 4-Hydroxybenzeneethanol C8H10O2 501-94-0 138.164 91.8 310.0 5983 2-Hydroxybenzenemethanol Salicyl alcohol C7H8O2 90-01-7 124.138 lf (bz), nd or pl (w, eth)87 sub 1.161325s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl 5984 3-Hydroxybenzenemethanol 3-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol C7H8O2 620-24-6 124.138 nd (bz), cry (CCl4)73 dec 300 1.16125vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 5985 4-Hydroxybenzenemethanol 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol C7H8O2 623-05-2 124.138 pr or nd (w) 124.5 252 vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth; sl DMSO 5986 4-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid p-Hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid C9H10O3 501-97-3 166.173 130.8 20914s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS2 5987 α-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid, (±) (±)-3-Phenyllactic acid C9H10O3 828-01-3 166.173 cry (chl, bz), pr (w)98 14915vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 5988 3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid m-Phenolsulfonic acid C6H6O4S 585-38-6 174.175 nd (w+2) 5989 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid p-Phenolsulfonic acid C6H6O4S 98-67-9 174.175 nd vs H2O, EtOH 5990 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid Salicylic acid C7H6O3 69-72-7 138.121 nd (w), mcl pr (al)159.0 211201.443201.565 sl H2O, bz, chl, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace 5991 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O3 99-06-9 138.121 nd (w) pl, pr (al)202.5 1.48525sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz 5992 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O3 99-96-7 138.121 pr or pl (w, al) cry (ace)214.5 1.4625sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH; s eth, ace 5993 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrazide C7H8N2O2 936-02-7 152.151 148 vs bz, EtOH 5994 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO 611-20-1 119.121 98 149141.10521001.5372100sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 5995 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO 873-62-1 119.121 pr (al, eth) lf (w) 82.8 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl 5996 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO 767-00-0 119.121 lf (w) 113 1481sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, chl 5997 4-Hydroxybenzophenone 4-Hydroxyphenyl phenyl ketone C13H10O2 1137-42-4 198.217 nd (al), pr (dil al)135 1.133172sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc 5998 4-Hydroxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one C9H6O3 1076-38-6 162.142 nd (w) 213.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO 5999 7-Hydroxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one Umbelliferone C9H6O3 93-35-6 162.142 nd (w) 230.5 sub vs EtOH, HOAc, chl 6000 1-Hydroxy-1 H-benzotriazole C6H5N3O 2592-95-2 135.123 157.8 6001 2-Hydroxybenzoyl chloride C7H5ClO2 1441-87-8 156.567 19 92151.3112201.581220vs eth 6002 4-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)morpholine 4-Salicyloylmorpholine C11H10NO3 3202-84-4 204.202 s DMSO 6003 2-Hydroxybiphenyl [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2-ol C12H10O 90-43-7 170.206 57.5 286 1.21325i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, py 6004 3-Hydroxybiphenyl [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3-ol C12H10O 580-51-8 170.206 78 >300 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s chl TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g20/g26NNOH OH 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, [(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazoneOHNH 2O 2-HydroxybenzamideN HO OH N-HydroxybenzamideOH OH O α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (± )OH O OH 2-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acidOHOH O 3-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acidOOH HO 4-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid NOH α-Hydroxybenzeneacetonitril eOHSH S 2-Hydroxybenzenecarbodithioic acidOHOH OOH O 4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acidHOOH O OH O 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acidS S OO OHOOOH OH 4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acidOH HO 4-HydroxybenzeneethanolOHOH 2-Hydroxybenzenemethanol OHOH 3-HydroxybenzenemethanolOH OH 4-HydroxybenzenemethanolOHO HO 4-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acidOHOHO α-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid, (± )OHSOOOH 3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acidOHSOOOH 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acidOHOH O 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid OHOH O 3-Hydroxybenzoic acidOHHO O 4-Hydroxybenzoic acidOHNH ONH 2 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrazideOHN 2-HydroxybenzonitrileOHN 3-HydroxybenzonitrileOHN 4-HydroxybenzonitrileHOO 4-HydroxybenzophenoneOOOH 4-Hydroxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one OO HO 7-Hydroxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one/g3 NNN OH 1-Hydroxy-1 H-benzotriazoleOHCl O 2-Hydroxybenzoyl chlorideN OO OH 4-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)morpholineHO 2-HydroxybiphenylOH 3-Hydroxybiphenyl /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g20/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126005 4-Hydroxybiphenyl [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ol C12H10O 92-69-3 170.206 166 305 sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, chl, py 6006 3-Hydroxybutanal Aldol C4H8O2 107-89-1 88.106 83201.103201.423820msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace 6007 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) C4H8O3 600-15-7 104.105 44.2 dec 260; 140141.12520s H2O, EtOH, eth 6008 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) C4H8O3 625-71-8 104.105 49 13012, 940.11.442420vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz 6009 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid C4H8O3 591-81-1 104.105 <-17 dec 180 6010 1-Hydroxy-2-butanone C4H8O2 5077-67-8 88.106 160; 78601.0272201.418920vs H2O, EtOH, eth 6011 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone, (±) Acetoin C4H8O2 52217-02-4 88.106 15 148 1.0044201.417120msc H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; i lig 6012 4-Hydroxy-2-butanone C4H8O2 590-90-9 88.106 182; 90111.0233201.458514msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace 6013 2-Hydroxy-3-butenenitrile C4H5NO 5809-59-6 83.089 liq 9417 6014 4-Hydroxybutyramide C4H9NO2 927-60-6 103.120 52 6015 3-Hydroxycamphor 3-Hydroxy-1,7,7- trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-oneC 10H16O2 10373-81-6 168.233 nd (bz-peth) 205.5 vs eth, EtOH, chl 6016 3-Hydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β)Lithocholic acid C24H40O3 434-13-9 376.573 hex lf (al) pr (dil al)186 i H2O, lig; s EtOH, chl, HOAc; sl eth 6017 Hydroxycodeinone C18H19NO4 508-54-3 313.349 275 dec 6018 2-Hydroxycyclodecanone Sebacoin C10H18O2 96-00-4 170.249 cry (peth) 38.5 13614 6019 2-Hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1- oneC7H6O2 533-75-5 122.122 nd 50.8 sub 40 s H2O, eth, ace 6020 1-Hydroxycyclohexanecarbonitrile C7H11NO 931-97-5 125.168 35 132201.0172201.469320vs H2O, eth 6021 2-Hydroxycyclohexanone C6H10O2 533-60-8 114.142 nd (al) 1.478521vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, peth 6022 1-(1-Hydroxycyclohexyl)ethanone C8H14O2 1123-27-9 142.196 125.5; 91111.0248251.467025vs eth, EtOH 6023 4-Hydroxydecanoic acid γ-lactone 5-Hexyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone C10H18O2 706-14-9 170.249 liq 281 6024 2-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid 3,5-Diiodosalicylic acid C7H4I2O3 133-91-5 389.914 nd (al) 235.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i bz, chl 6025 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid C7H4I2O3 618-76-8 389.914 237 dec 260 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl, lig 6026 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile C7H3I2NO 1689-83-4 370.914 201 dec 6027 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodo- α- phenylbenzenepropanoic acidIodoalphionic acid C15H12I2O3 577-91-3 494.063 164 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl 6028 2-Hydroxy-4,6- dimethoxybenzaldehydeC9H10O4 708-76-9 182.173 70 19325, 16510i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 6029 4-Hydroxy-3,5- dimethoxybenzaldehydeSyringaldehyde C9H10O4 134-96-3 182.173 br nd (lig) 113 19214sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 6030 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acidC9H10O5 530-57-4 198.172 nd (w) 204.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH 6031 7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal C10H20O2 107-75-5 172.265 10330.9220201.449420sl H2O; s EtOH, ace 6032 3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal Hydroxypivaldehyde C5H10O2 597-31-9 102.132 nd (w) 89.5 173; 6814 6033 2-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid C7H4N2O7 609-99-4 228.116 ye nd or pl (+1w)182 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 6034 11-Hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-5,13- dien-1-oic acid, (5 Z,11α,13E)15-Oxo-prostaglandin E2 C20H30O5 26441-05-4 350.449 cry 6035 1-Hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonoethane Etidronic acid C2H8O7P2 2809-21-4 206.028 cry (w) 105 s H2O, EtOH, MeOH 6036 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen- 17-oneEquilenin C18H18O2 517-09-9 266.335 258.5 sub 170 sl EtOH, ace, chl 6037 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen- 17-oneEquilin C18H20O2 474-86-2 268.351 pl (AcOEt) 239 sub 170 sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, diox, AcOEt 6038 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-propenoate C5H8O3 818-61-1 116.116 liq 191; 91121.01123No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g20/g28OH 4-HydroxybiphenylOOH 3-HydroxybutanalOHO OH 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)OHO OH 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)OHO HO 4-Hydroxybutanoic acidOH O 1-Hydroxy-2-butanoneOH O 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone, (±)HOO 4-Hydroxy-2-butanone OH N 2-Hydroxy-3-butenenitrileO NH 2HO 4-HydroxybutyramideOH O 3-HydroxycamphorHO HOHO H 3-Hydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3 α,5β)O O N OH O HydroxycodeinoneO OH 2-HydroxycyclodecanoneO OH 2-Hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one HON 1-HydroxycyclohexanecarbonitrileO OH 2-HydroxycyclohexanoneOH O 1-(1-Hydroxycyclohexyl)ethanoneOO 4-Hydroxydecanoic acid γ-lactoneOH I IOH O 2-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acidOH O OHI I 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acidOHI IN 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile HOOHO II 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodo- α-phenylbenzenepropanoic acidOH OOO 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxybenzaldehydeO OHO O 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehydeOHO OHO O 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acidOHO 7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanalO HO 3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal HO O OH N NO OO O 2-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acidO HOHOO O 11-Hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid, (5 Z,11α,13E)PPOH OH OOHHO OHO 1-Hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonoethaneHOO 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen-17-oneO HO 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen-17-oneOHO O 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g21/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126039 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide C14H29NO2 142-78-9 243.386 88.5 6040 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acidC10H18N2O7 150-39-0 278.259 cry 165 dec 6041 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Glycol salicylate C9H10O4 87-28-5 182.173 37 173151.252615sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 6042 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate C6H10O3 868-77-9 130.141 10313, 6731.079201.451520 6043 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phthalimide C10H9NO3 3891-07-4 191.183 nd (al), lf (w) 130.3 sl H2O 6044 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone C6H11NO2 3445-11-2 129.157 20 295 1.143520 6045 4-Hydroxy-4 H-furo[3,2-c]pyran- 2(6H)-onePatulin C7H6O4 149-29-1 154.121 pl or pr (eth, chl)111 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth 6046 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid 16-Hydroxypalmitic acid C16H32O3 506-13-8 272.423 96.5 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz 6047 2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid C6H12O3 6064-63-7 132.157 pr (eth) 60 vs H2O 6048 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid C6H12O3 1191-25-9 132.157 liq 6049 3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2- methylpropanoic acidDimethylolpropionic acid C5H10O4 4767-03-7 134.131 190 6050 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4 H- pyran-4-oneKojic acid C6H6O4 501-30-4 142.110 pr nd (ace) 153.5 sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, DMSO 6051 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5- quinolinesulfonic acidFerron C9H6INO4S 547-91-1 351.118 ye pr, lf (al) 260 dec sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s con sulf 6052 2-Hydroxy-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)- dioneC8H5NO3 524-38-9 163.131 232 s DMSO 6053 2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,4,6- cycloheptatrien-1-oneC10H12O2 499-44-5 164.201 pa ye (peth) 51.5 137101.060665sl H2O, bz, lig; s ctc 6054 Hydroxylupanine C15H24N2O2 15358-48-2 264.364 cry (ace) 169.5 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 6055 N-Hydroxymethanamine N-Methylhydroxylamine CH5NO 593-77-1 47.057 hyg nd 87.5 62.5151.0003201.416420vs H2O, EtOH 6056 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde C8H8O3 148-53-8 152.148 lt ye lf, grn nd (w, lig)44.5 265.5 sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, ctc 6057 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde C8H8O3 673-22-3 152.148 nd (w), cry (al) 42.0 s EtOH, eth, bz, lig 6058 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde C8H8O3 672-13-9 152.148 ye liq (w) 4 247.5 vs eth, EtOH 6059 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde C8H8O3 621-59-0 152.148 114 179151.19625sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; vs chl 6060 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde Vanillin C8H8O3 121-33-5 152.148 tetr (w, lig) 81.5 285 1.05625sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, lig 6061 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acidHomovanillic acid C9H10O4 306-08-1 182.173 143.5 6062 4-Hydroxy-3- methoxybenzenemethanolC8H10O3 498-00-0 154.163 pr (w), nd (bz) 115 dec s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 6063 4-Hydroxy-3- methoxybenzenepropanolC10H14O3 2305-13-7 182.216 65 197151.554525vs eth, EtOH 6064 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O4 2612-02-4 168.148 142 6065 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid Vanillic acid C8H8O4 121-34-6 168.148 wh nd 211.5 sub sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, DMSO 6066 7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2 H-1- benzopyran-2-oneScopoletin C10H8O4 92-61-5 192.169 nd or pr (al) 204 sl H2O, EtOH; s chl; i bz, CS2 6067 4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2- butanoneZingerone C11H14O3 122-48-5 194.227 cry (ace, eth) 40.5 18714vs eth 6068 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethanoneC9H10O3 552-41-0 166.173 nd (al) 52.5 158201.3102811.545281vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 6069 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) ethanoneApocynin C9H10O3 498-02-2 166.173 pr (w) 115 297; 23415sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, chl 6070 (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanoneOxybenzone C14H12O3 131-57-7 228.243 65.5 s ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g21/g20H NOH O N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)dodecanamideN NCOOH COOHHOOC HO N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acidOH OO OH 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxybenzoateOOHO 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylateNO OOH N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phthalimide NO OH 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinoneO OOH O 4-Hydroxy-4 H-furo[3,2-c]pyran-2(6 H)-oneOHO HO 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acidOHO OH 2-Hydroxyhexanoic acidOHO HO 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid OH OHO HO 3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropanoic acidOO HO OH 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4 H-pyran-4-oneN I OHSOOOH 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acidNO OOH 2-Hydroxy-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dioneO OH 2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one NN OH HOH HydroxylupanineH NOH N-HydroxymethanamineOH OO 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde/g3O OH O 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehydeO OH O 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehydeO OH O 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde O OHO 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehydeOHOOH O 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acidHO O OH 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanolOH OHO 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenepropanolOH O OH O 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acidOH O O OH 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid OOO HO 7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneHO OO 4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanoneO OH O 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanoneO OHO 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanoneO OO H (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g21/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126071 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2- propenalC10H10O3 458-36-6 178.184 cry (bz) 84 1.1562102vs bz, eth, EtOH 6072 N-Hydroxymethylamine hydrochloride N-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochlorideCH6ClNO 4229-44-1 83.518 83.5 6073 4-Hydroxy- α-[(methylamino) methyl]benzenemethanolSynephrine C9H13NO2 94-07-5 167.205 184.5 6074 17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrostan-3- one, (5 α,17 β)Mestanolone C20H32O2 521-11-9 304.467 192.5 sl AcOEt 6075 N-Hydroxy-4-methylaniline C7H9NO 623-10-9 123.152 lf (bz) 96 dec 117 vs eth, EtOH, chl 6076 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde C8H8O2 613-84-3 136.149 pl (aq, al) 56 217.5 1.0913591.54759vs eth, EtOH, chl 6077 α-(Hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic acid, (±)Tropic acid C9H10O3 552-63-6 166.173 nd, pl (al, bz, w) 118 dec vs H2O, eth, EtOH 6078 α-Hydroxy- α-methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±)Atrolactic acid C9H10O3 4607-38-9 166.173 nd, pl (lig) 94 vs ace, bz 6079 2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3- benzenedimethanolC9H12O3 91-04-3 168.189 130.5 6080 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzenediol Gentisyl alcohol C7H8O3 495-08-9 140.137 nd (chl) 100 sub 75 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 6081 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzoic acid p-Cresotic acid C8H8O3 89-56-5 152.148 151 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i CS2 6082 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid o-Cresotic acid C8H8O3 83-40-9 152.148 165.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 6083 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid m-Cresotic acid C8H8O3 50-85-1 152.148 cry, lf 177 sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth 6084 7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1- benzopyran-2-oneHymecromone C10H8O3 90-33-5 176.169 nd (al) 194.5 sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH, alk, HOAc 6085 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid C5H10O3 625-08-1 118.131 <-32 162120.9384201.508120vs H2O, eth, EtOH 6086 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone C5H10O2 115-22-0 102.132 140 0.952620s chl 6087 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten- 1-oneC6H8O2 80-71-7 112.127 104.8 6088 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2- furancarboxaldehyde5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde C6H6O3 67-47-0 126.110 nd (eth-peth) 31.5 11511.2062251.562718s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, ctc 6089 2-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3- isopropylbenzoic acido-Thymotic acid C11H14O3 548-51-6 194.227 nd (w, bz, lig) 127 sub vs bz, eth, EtOH 6090 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-2- cyclohexen-1-oneDiosphenol C10H16O2 490-03-9 168.233 83 10910 6091 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3- propanediolC5H12O3 77-85-0 120.147 wh pow or nd (al)204 13615msc H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; vs HOAc 6092 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4- naphthalenedionePhthiocol C11H8O3 483-55-6 188.180 ye pr (eth-peth) 173.5 sub vs ace, eth 6093 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4- naphthalenedionePlumbagin C11H8O3 481-42-5 188.180 gold pr or oran- ye nd (dil al)78.5 sub vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6094 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3- propanediolTris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane C4H9NO5 126-11-4 151.118 nd or pr 165 dec vs H2O, eth, EtOH 6095 2-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid, (S)L-Leucic acid C6H12O3 13748-90-8 132.157 orth (eth) 81.5 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 6096 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl) ethanoneC9H10O2 6921-64-8 150.174 21 245 1.1012101.552713 6097 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) ethanoneC9H10O2 1450-72-2 150.174 pr (lig) 50 210; 120201.079753vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 6098 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl- β-D- glucopyranosideSalicin C13H18O7 138-52-3 286.278 orth nd or lf (w) 207 dec 240 1.43420vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc 6099 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-1- propanoneC10H12O2 938-45-4 164.201 1.0 12916.51.0841141.54913s chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g21/g22OHOO 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenalHNHO HCl N-Hydroxymethylamine hydrochlorideHOOHH N 4-Hydroxy- α-[(methylamino)methyl]benzenemethanolOHOH 17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrostan-3-one, (5 α,17β)HNOH N-Hydroxy-4-methylanilineO OH 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde OH OH O α-(Hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic acid, (± )OH OOH α-Hydroxy- α-methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±)OH OH OH 2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzenedimethanolOH OH HO 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzenediolOO H OH 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzoic acidOHOO H 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid OO H OH 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acidO HO O 7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneOHO HO 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acidO HO 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanoneO OH 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-oneOO HO 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde HO O OH 2-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3-isopropylbenzoic acidOH O 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen-1-oneOH HO OH 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediolO OOH 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthalenedioneO O OH 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione HO OH O2NO H 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3-propanediolOHO OH 2-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid, ( S)O OH 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanoneO OH 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanoneOH O O HO OHOH OH 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl- β-D-glucopyranosideOHO 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-1-propanone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g21/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126100 N-(Hydroxymethyl)phthalimide C9H7NO3 118-29-6 177.157 lf, pr (to) 141.5 i H2O, eth, ctc; sl EtOH, bz; s tol 6101 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanal C4H8O2 38433-80-6 88.106 oil 6102 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid C4H8O3 594-61-6 104.105 hyg pr (eth) nd (bz)82.5 212 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz 6103 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid C4H8O3 2068-83-9 104.105 oil 6104 N-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-propenamide N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide C4H7NO2 924-42-5 101.105 cry 76 6105 4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2 H-pyran-2-one Triacetic acid lactone C6H6O3 675-10-5 126.110 189 dec 6106 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4 H-pyran-4-one Maltol C6H6O3 118-71-8 126.110 mcl pr (chl) 161.5 sub 93 sl H2O, eth, bz; vs chl; s alk; peth 6107 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4- pyridinedimethanolPyridoxin C8H11NO3 65-23-6 169.178 nd (HOAc) 160 1400.0001 6108 4-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2-quinolinone 4-Hydroxy- N-methylcarbostyril C10H9NO2 1677-46-9 175.184 265 sl DMSO 6109 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acidMethionine hydroxy analog C5H10O3S 583-91-5 150.196 oil 6110 3-Hydroxy- α-methyl- L-tyrosine Methyldopa C10H13NO4 555-30-6 211.215 cry (MeOH) 300 dec 6111 (Hydroxymethyl)urea C2H6N2O2 1000-82-4 90.081 pr (al) 111 vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, HOAc; i eth 6112 2-Hydroxy-1- naphthalenecarboxaldehydeC11H8O2 708-06-5 172.181 pr (al), nd (AcOEt)83 19227i H2O; s EtOH, eth, aq alk, sulf, peth 6113 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid2-Hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid C11H8O3 2283-08-1 188.180 157.3 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, lig, chl 6114 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid C11H8O3 86-48-6 188.180 cry (al) nd (al, eth, bz)195 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 6115 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid C11H8O3 92-70-6 188.180 nd (dil al) ye lf (dil al)222.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, tol 6116 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione Lawsone C10H6O3 83-72-7 174.153 ye pr (HOAc) 195 dec vs EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s HOAc 6117 5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione Juglone C10H6O3 481-39-0 174.153 ye nd (bz) peth) 155 sub i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl; sl lig 6118 7-Hydroxy-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid2-Naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acid C10H8O7S2 118-32-1 304.297 s H2O 6119 3-Hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid2-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid C10H8O7S2 148-75-4 304.297 hyg nd dec vs H2O, EtOH 6120 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenepropanoic acidAllenolic acid C13H12O3 553-39-9 216.232 cry (dil MeOH) 180.5 vs py, EtOH, MeOH 6121 4-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid1-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid C10H8O4S 84-87-7 224.234 tab or pl (w) 170 dec vs H2O; i eth 6122 7-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acidCroceic acid C10H8O4S 132-57-0 224.234 s H2O 6123 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid1-Naphthol-2-sulfonic acid C10H8O4S 567-18-0 224.234 pl (w) >250 sl H2O, dil HCl; s EtOH; i eth 6124 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid2-Naphthol-6-sulfonic acid C10H8O4S 93-01-6 224.234 lf, cry (w+1) 125 vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s HOAc 6125 Hydroxynaphthol blue, trisodium salt C20H14N2Na3O11 S363451-35-4 623.495 dk red cry 6126 N-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthyl)acetamide C12H11NO2 117-93-1 201.221 lf (w, dil al) 235 dec sub vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6127 1-(1-Hydroxy-2-naphthyl)ethanone C12H10O2 711-79-5 186.206 pr (bz, lig) grn- ye nd (al)101 dec 325 vs bz, HOAc 6128 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde C7H5NO4 5274-70-4 167.120 nd (HOAc) 109.5 vs bz, EtOH 6129 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde C7H5NO4 97-51-8 167.120 cry (dil HOAc) 127.0 s ace 6130 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrosalicylic acid C7H5NO5 85-38-1 183.119 ye nd (HOAc, w+1)148 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g21/g24NO OOH N-(Hydroxymethyl)phthalimideHO O 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanalOHO HO 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acidHO OHO 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acidN HO OH N-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-propenamideOHO O 4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2 H-pyran-2-oneOO OH 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4 H-pyran-4-one NHOHO OH 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanolNOH O 4-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2-quinolinoneOHO OHS 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acidHO OHOHO H2N 3-Hydroxy- α-methyl- L-tyrosineN HOH H2NO (Hydroxymethyl)ureaOHO 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxaldehyde HO O OH 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acidOH OHO 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acidOHOHO 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acidO OOH 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedioneO O OH 5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedioneHOSOOOH S OO OH 7-Hydroxy-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid SS OHO OOH OOHO 3-Hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acidOHO HO 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenepropanoic acidOHSOOOH 4-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acidHOSOOOH 7-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acidHO S OOOH 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acidHOSO OOH 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid NaO 3SS O 3Na OH NN SO3NaHO Hydroxynaphthol blue, trisodium saltOHNHO N-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthyl)acetamideOH O 1-(1-Hydroxy-2-naphthyl)ethanoneO OH N OO 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehydeO OH N OO 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehydeOH O OH N OO 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g21/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126131 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid 5-Nitrosalicylic acid C7H5NO5 96-97-9 183.119 nd (w) 229.5 1.65020sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl 6132 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3- nonadecanetricarboxylic acidAgaricic acid C22H40O7 666-99-9 416.549 cry pow 142 dec s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, chl 6133 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid 12-Hydroxysteric acid C18H36O3 106-14-9 300.477 cry (al) 82 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 6134 cis-12-Hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, (R)Ricinoleic acid C18H34O3 141-22-0 298.461 visc liq 5.5 227100.9450211.471621i H2O; vs eth, EtOH 6135 2-Hydroxyoctanoic acid C8H16O3 617-73-2 160.211 pl 70 16210sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 6136 5-Hydroxy-4-octanone Butyroin C8H16O2 496-77-5 144.212 liq -10 185 0.9107161.434516 6137 [2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy) phenyl]phenylmethanoneOctabenzone C21H26O3 1843-05-6 326.429 48.5 6138 3-Hydroxy-2-oxopropanoic acid Hydroxypyruvic acid C3H4O4 1113-60-6 104.062 81 dec 6139 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4 H-pyran-2,6- dicarboxylic acidMeconic acid C7H4O7 497-59-6 200.103 orth pl (w, dil HCl) (+3w)120 dec sl H2O, MeOH, ace, eth; s EtOH, bz 6140 2-Hydroxypentanoic acid C5H10O3 617-31-2 118.131 hyg pl 34 sub s H2O, EtOH, eth 6141 5-Hydroxy-2-pentanone C5H10O2 1071-73-4 102.132 209; 117331.0071201.439020msc H2O; s EtOH, eth 6142 7-Hydroxy-3 H-phenoxazin-3-one Resorufine C12H7NO3 635-78-9 213.189 br nd (PhNO2) pr (HCl)i H2O; sl EtOH; i eth; vs alk 6143 N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide C8H9NO2 614-80-2 151.163 pl (dil al) 209 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s DMSO 6144 N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide C8H9NO2 621-42-1 151.163 nd (w) 148.5 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, DMSO 6145 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide Acetaminophen C8H9NO2 103-90-2 151.163 mcl pr (w) 170 1.29321i H2O; vs EtOH 6146 2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzoic acidC13H10N2O3 1634-82-8 242.229 206 sl DMSO 6147 2-Hydroxy- N-phenylbenzamide Salicylanilide C13H11NO2 87-17-2 213.232 pr (w, al) 136.5 s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl 6148 N-Hydroxy- N-phenylbenzamide C13H11NO2 304-88-1 213.232 120.3 6149 α-Hydroxy- α-phenylbenzeneacetic acidBenzilic acid C14H12O3 76-93-7 228.243 mcl nd (w) 150 dec 180 sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth; s con sulf 6150 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1- benzopyran-4-oneC15H10O3 577-85-5 238.238 pa ye nd (al) 169.5 s EtOH 6151 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)butanamide 4’-Hydroxybutyranilide C10H13NO2 101-91-7 179.216 nd (w) 139.5 vs H2O, EtOH 6152 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone C10H12O2 5471-51-2 164.201 82.5 6153 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O2 118-93-4 136.149 2.5 218 1.1307201.558420vs eth, EtOH, HOAc 6154 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O2 121-71-1 136.149 nd or lf 96 296; 15351.09921091.5348109sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig 6155 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O2 99-93-4 136.149 nd (eth, dil al) 109.5 14731.10901091.5577109sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth 6156 4-Hydroxyphenyl- β-D- glucopyranosideArbutin C12H16O7 497-76-7 272.251 nd (w+1) 199.5 vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, CS2 6157 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)- D-glycine Oxfenicine C8H9NO3 22818-40-2 167.162 cry 240 dec 6158 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine C8H9NO3 122-87-2 167.162 lf (w) pl (w) 246 dec sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s AcOEt, chl 6159 2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2(4- hydroxyphenyl)propane2,4’-Isopropylidenediphenol C15H16O2 837-08-1 228.287 cry (bz) 111 6160 2-[[(2-Hydroxyphenyl) imino]methyl]phenolN-Salicylidene- o-aminophenol C13H11NO2 1761-56-4 213.232 185 6161 N-Hydroxy- N-(phenylmethyl) benzenemethanamineC14H15NO 621-07-8 213.275 122.5 s chl 6162 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)octadecanamide C24H41NO2 103-99-1 375.589 133.8 239.510i H2O; sl eth, bz, chl; s ace 6163 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoic acid4-Hydroxy- α-oxobenzenepropanoic acidC9H8O4 156-39-8 180.158 cry (w) 220 dec s H2O; dec alk 6164 (2-Hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone C13H10O2 117-99-7 198.217 pl (dil al) 40 250560i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, pethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g21/g26OH O OH N OO 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acidCOOH HO COOHCOOH 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-nonadecanetricarboxylic acidOHO OH 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acidOHO OH cis-12-Hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, ( R) OHO OH 2-Hydroxyoctanoic acidO OH 5-Hydroxy-4-octanoneO OOH [2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)phenyl]phenylmethanoneO OH OHO 3-Hydroxy-2-oxopropanoic acidOO OH OH OHO O 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4 H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acidOHO OH 2-Hydroxypentanoic acid HOO 5-Hydroxy-2-pentanoneON HO O 7-Hydroxy-3 H-phenoxazin-3-oneOHH N O N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamideOHH N O N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamideHOH N O N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamideN HO N OHO 2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzoic acidOHN HO 2-Hydroxy- N-phenylbenzamide NO OH N-Hydroxy- N-phenylbenzamideHOOHO α-Hydroxy- α-phenylbenzeneacetic acidOOHO 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-oneHOH N O N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)butanamideO HO 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanoneOHO 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanoneO OH 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone O HO 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone/g3 O HO OHOHO OH OH 4-Hydroxyphenyl- β-D-glucopyranosideHONH 2 OOH 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)- D-glycineHOH NOHO N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)glycineOH OH 2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2(4-hydroxyphenyl)propaneN OH HO 2-[[(2-Hydroxyphenyl)imino]methyl]phenol OHN N-Hydroxy- N-(phenylmethyl)benzenemethanamineHOH N O N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)octadecanamideOO HOOH 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoic acidO OH (2-Hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g21/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126165 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-2- propen-1-one2’-Hydroxychalcone C15H12O2 1214-47-7 224.255 90 6166 2-Hydroxy-1-phenyl-1-propanone C9H10O2 5650-40-8 150.174 ye oil 251 1.1085181.53623 6167 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone C9H10O2 610-99-1 150.174 15080, 115151.550120sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, alk 6168 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone Paroxypropione C9H10O2 70-70-2 150.174 wh nd or pl (w) 149 sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, alk 6169 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acidp-Coumaric acid C9H8O3 7400-08-0 164.158 nd 211.5 vs eth, EtOH 6170 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4- quinolinecarboxylic acidOxycinchophen C16H11NO3 485-89-2 265.263 ye pr (al) 206 dec vs bz, EtOH, HOAc 6171 N-Hydroxypiperidine 1-Piperidinol C5H11NO 4801-58-5 101.147 hyg 39.3 11055 6172 3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3 α,5α) Allopregnan-3 α-ol-20-one C21H34O2 516-54-1 318.494 cry (al) 177 6173 3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3 β,5α) Allopregnan-3 β-ol-20-one C21H34O2 516-55-2 318.494 189.5 6174 17-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 17 α-Hydroxyprogesterone C21H30O3 68-96-2 330.461 sl chl 6175 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione Deoxycorticosterone C21H30O3 64-85-7 330.461 pl (eth) 141.5 sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; s chl 6176 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20- trione11-Dehydrocorticosterone C21H28O4 72-23-1 344.445 pr (ace-w, al, ace-eth)183.5 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz 6177 cis-4-Hydroxy- L-proline C5H9NO3 618-27-9 131.130 nd (w+1) 239.5 vs H2O 6178 trans -4-Hydroxy- L-proline C5H9NO3 51-35-4 131.130 lf (dil al) pr (w) 274 vs H2O; sl EtOH 6179 3-Hydroxypropanal Hydracrolein C3H6O2 2134-29-4 74.079 9018, 380.2vs ace, eth, EtOH 6180 Hydroxypropanedioic acid Tartronic acid C3H4O5 80-69-3 120.061 pr (w+1) 157 sub s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 6181 2-Hydroxypropanenitrile Acetaldehyde cyanohydrin C3H5NO 78-97-7 71.078 liq -40 183 0.9877201.405818msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl; i CS2, peth 6182 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Hydracrylonitrile C3H5NO 109-78-4 71.078 liq -46 221 1.0404251.424820msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s chl; i CS2 6183 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Hydracrylic acid C3H6O3 503-66-2 90.078 syr dec 1.448920vs H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 6184 1-Hydroxy-2-propanone Acetone alcohol C3H6O2 116-09-6 74.079 hyg liq -17 145.5 1.0805201.429520vs H2O, EtOH, eth 6185 4-(3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2- methoxyphenolConiferyl alcohol C10H12O3 458-35-5 180.200 pr (eth-lig) 74 1643i H2O; s EtOH, alk; vs eth 6186 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate C6H10O3 999-61-1 130.141 liq 702 6187 (2-Hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chlorideC6H16ClNO 2382-43-6 153.650 pr (Bu OH) 165 dec vs H2O, EtOH 6188 3-Hydroxy-1 H-pyridin-2-one C5H5NO2 16867-04-2 111.100 245 dec 6189 1-Hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione N-Hydroxysuccinimide C4H5NO3 6066-82-6 115.088 hyg 96.3 sl DMSO 6190 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid Kynurenic acid C10H7NO3 492-27-3 189.168 ye nd (+w, dil al)282.5 sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs alk 6191 8-Hydroxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid C9H7NO4S 84-88-8 225.222 ye lf, nd (+ 1w) (dil HCl)322.5 sl H2O 6192 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinone 2,4-Quinolinediol C9H7NO2 86-95-3 161.158 360 dec sl EtOH, PhNO2, gl HOAc 6193 3-Hydroxyspirostan-12-one, (3β,5α,25R)Hecogenin C27H42O4 467-55-0 430.620 pl (eth) 266.5 vs ace, eth, EtOH 6194 4-Hydroxystyrene 4-Vinylphenol C8H8O 2628-17-3 120.149 73.5 6195 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid 5-Sulfosalicylic acid C7H6O6S 97-05-2 218.184 hyg nd 120 vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 6196 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid dihydrate5-Sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate C7H10O8S 5965-83-3 254.214 wh cry (w) vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 6197 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinol C9H19NO 2403-88-5 157.253 130 213.5 6198 5-Hydroxytryptamine 3-(2-Aminoethyl)indol-5-ol C10H12N2O 50-67-9 176.214 s H2O 6199 5-Hydroxy- DL-tryptophan C11H12N2O3 114-03-4 220.224 rod or nd (al) 300 dec 6200 Hydroxyurea CH4N2O2 127-07-1 76.055 nd (al) 141 dec vs H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g21/g28O OH 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-oneO OH 2-Hydroxy-1-phenyl-1-propanoneO OH 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoneO HO 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoneHOOHO 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acidNOHOO H 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acidN OH N-Hydroxypiperidine HOO H 3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3 α,5α)HOO H 3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3 β,5α)OO OH 17-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dioneOOOH H 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dioneOOOH O H 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trioneN HHO OH O cis-4-Hydroxy- L-prolineN HOH OHO trans -4-Hydroxy- L-proline HO O 3-HydroxypropanalOH OOH HO O Hydroxypropanedioic acidOH N 2-HydroxypropanenitrileHO N 3-HydroxypropanenitrileHO OHO 3-Hydroxypropanoic acidOHO 1-Hydroxy-2-propanoneOH OHO 4-(3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenolOO OH 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate N OHCl (2-Hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chlorideNOH O H 3-Hydroxy-1 H-pyridin-2-oneNO O OH 1-Hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedioneNOH OOH 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acidN OHSOOOH 8-Hydroxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acidN HOOH 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinoneOO H HHOO 3-Hydroxyspirostan-12-one, (3 β,5α,25R) OH 4-HydroxystyreneSOHOH O O OHO 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acidSOHOH O O O HO2H2O 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid dihydrateNOH H 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidineNHO HNH 2 5-HydroxytryptamineN HHO NH 2OHO 5-Hydroxy- DL-tryptophanHON HNH 2O Hydroxyurea /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g22/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126201 Hydroxyzine C21H27ClN2O2 68-88-2 374.904 oil 2200.5 6202 Hymecromone O,O-diethyl phosphorothioateC14H17O5PS 299-45-6 328.321 nd 38 2101.0 dec 1.260381.568537vs H2O; sl peth 6203 Hymenoxone C15H22O5 57377-32-9 282.333 cry 6204 Hyoscyamine C17H23NO3 101-31-5 289.370 tetr nd (dil al) 108.5 sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl 6205 Hypoglycin A C7H11NO2 156-56-9 141.168 ye pl (Me aq) 282 6206 Hypoxanthine C5H4N4O 68-94-0 136.112 oct nd (w) 150 dec sl H2O; s alk, dil acid 6207 Ibuprofen 2-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid C13H18O2 15687-27-1 206.281 col cry 76 sl H2O; s os 6208 Icosylamine 1-Eicosanamine C20H43N 10525-37-8 297.562 372.4 6209 D-Idose C6H12O6 5978-95-0 180.155 syr vs H2O 6210 L-Idose C6H12O6 5934-56-5 180.155 syr vs H2O 6211 Imazalil C14H14Cl2N2O 35554-44-0 297.179 50 dec 1.24323 6212 Imazapyr C13H15N3O3 81334-34-1 261.276 171 6213 Imazaquin C17H17N3O3 81335-37-7 311.335 221 6214 Imazethapyr C15H19N3O3 81335-77-5 289.330 173 6215 Imidazole 1,3-Diazole C3H4N2 288-32-4 68.077 mcl pr (bz) 89.5 257 1.03031011.4801101vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, py; sl bz 6216 1 H-Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid C5H4N2O4 570-22-9 156.097 pr 290 dec 1.74925sl H2O, py; i EtOH, eth, bz 6217 1 H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine, dihydrochlorideC5H11Cl2N3 56-92-8 184.066 pl (eth-HOAc), pr (w)251.3 1.4320vs H2O, MeOH 6218 2,4-Imidazolidinedione Hydantoin C3H4N2O2 461-72-3 100.076 nd (MeOH), lf (w)220 s H2O, EtOH, alk; sl eth; i peth 6219 2-Imidazolidinethione Ethylene thiourea C3H6N2S 96-45-7 102.158 nd (al), pr (al) 203 vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; sl DMSO 6220 Imidazolidinetrione Parabanic acid C3H2N2O3 120-89-8 114.059 mcl nd (w) 244 dec sub 100 s H2O; vs EtOH 6221 2-Imidazolidinone Ethylene urea C3H6N2O 120-93-4 86.092 131 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl 6222 Imidodicarbonic diamide Biuret C2H5N3O2 108-19-0 103.080 pl (al), nd (w+1)190 dec sl H2O; vs EtOH; i eth 6223 3,3’-Iminobispropanenitrile Bis(2-cyanoethyl)amine C6H9N3 111-94-4 123.155 -6 16251.016520 6224 Iminodiacetic acid C4H7NO4 142-73-4 133.104 orth pr 247.5 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth 6225 Iminodiacetic acid, dinitrile 2,2’-Iminobisacetonitrile C4H5N3 628-87-5 95.103 78 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl 6226 Imipramine C19H24N2 50-49-7 280.407 1600.1 6227 Imipramine hydrochloride Tofranil C19H25ClN2 113-52-0 316.868 174.5 vs H2O; s EtOH; sl ace 6228 Imperatorin C16H14O4 482-44-0 270.280 cry (al) 102 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, peth; vs chl 6229 Indaconitine C34H47NO10 4491-19-4 629.738 cry 202 dec vs eth, EtOH, chl 6230 Indalone Butopyronoxyl C12H18O4 532-34-3 226.269 ye-red liq 263 1.057201.47525i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 6231 Indan C9H10 496-11-7 118.175 liq -51.38 177.97 0.9639201.537820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl 6232 1-Indanamine 1-Aminoindane C9H11N 34698-41-4 133.190 221; 9681.038151.561320sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz 6233 1 H-Indazole 1 H-Benzopyrazole C7H6N2 271-44-3 118.136 nd (al, w) 148 269 s H2O, EtOH, eth 6234 1 H-Indazol-3-ol 1,2-Dihydro-3 H-indazol-3-one C7H6N2O 7364-25-2 134.135 nd or lf (MeOH) pl or nd (al)252.5 sl H2O, eth; s MeOH, EtOH 6235 Indene Indonaphthene C9H8 95-13-6 116.160 liq -1.5 182 0.9960251.576820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, py; sl chl 6236 1 H-Indene-1,3(2 H)-dione C9H6O2 606-23-5 146.143 nd (eth, lig) 131 dec 1.3721sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, alk 6237 1 H-Indene-1,2,3-trione monohydrate Ninhydrin C9H6O4 485-47-2 178.142 pa ye pr (w, al) 242 dec vs H2O; s EtOH, alk; sl eth 6238 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 1,10-(1,2-Phenylene)pyrene C22H12 193-39-5 276.330 ye cry (cy) 162 6239 Indigo C16H10N2O2 482-89-3 262.262 dk bl pow 390 dec sub 300No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g22/g20 N NCl OOH HydroxyzineO OPO O SO Hymecromone O,O-diethyl phosphorothioateOHO OHH O O HymenoxoneOH OON HyoscyamineOH ONH 2 Hypoglycin AN N NNO HH HypoxanthineOH O Ibuprofen NH 2 IcosylamineCHO HO H HO H HO H HO H CH2OH D-IdoseCHO HO H HO H HO H HO H CH2OH L-IdoseCl ClONN ImazalilN NNOHO O H ImazapyrN NNOHO O H ImazaquinN NNOHO O H Imazethapyr N N H ImidazoleN N HOOH HO O 1H-Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acidN N HH2N 2HCl 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine, dihydrochlorideN NOH O H 2,4-ImidazolidinedioneN NH HS 2-ImidazolidinethioneN NO O O HH ImidazolidinetrioneN HNH O 2-ImidazolidinoneH2NN HO NH 2O Imidodicarbonic diamideN N HN 3,3’-Iminobispropanenitrile O HOH NOHO Iminodiacetic acidN HNN Iminodiacetic acid, dinitrileN N ImipramineHClN N Imipramine hydrochlorideO O OO ImperatorinHOOOHO OO O OO ONHH IndaconitineOO O O Indalone IndanNH 2 1-IndanamineNN H 1H-IndazoleNNOH H 1H-Indazol-3-ol Indene/g3O O 1H-Indene-1,3(2 H)-dioneO OOH OH 1H-Indene-1,2,3-trione monohydrate Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyreneNNO H OH Indigo /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g22/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126240 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium saltIndigo Carmine C16H8N2Na2O8 S2860-22-0 466.353 dk-bl pow sl H2O, EtOH; i os 6241 Indocyanine green C43H47N2NaO6 S23599-32-4 774.962 grn pow 244 dec 6242 1 H-Indol-5-amine C8H8N2 5192-03-0 132.163 132 6243 1 H-Indole 2,3-Benzopyrrole C8H7N 120-72-9 117.149 lf (w, peth) cry (eth)52.5 253.6 1.2225s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, tol; sl ctc 6244 1 H-Indole-3-acetic acid Indoleacetic acid C10H9NO2 87-51-4 175.184 lf (bz), pl (chl) 168.5 i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl 6245 1 H-Indole-3-acetonitrile C10H8N2 771-51-7 156.184 36 1600.2 6246 1 H-Indole-3-butanoic acid Indolebutyric acid C12H13NO2 133-32-4 203.237 124.5 vs bz; s DMSO; i peth 6247 1 H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde C9H7NO 487-89-8 145.158 197.8 6248 1 H-Indole-2,3-dione Isatin C8H5NO2 91-56-5 147.132 oran mcl pr 203 dec s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH; sl eth 6249 1 H-Indole-2,3-dione, 3- thiosemicarbazoneIsatin, 3-thiosemicarbazone C9H8N4OS 487-16-1 220.251 283 6250 1 H-Indole-3-ethanamine, monohydrochlorideTryptamine hydrochloride C10H13ClN2 343-94-2 196.676 nd (al-bz or lig) 255 vs ace, EtOH 6251 1 H-Indole-3-ethanol Tryptophol C10H11NO 526-55-6 161.200 pr (bz-peth) 59 1742vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 6252 1 H-Indole-3-lactic acid, ( S) α-Hydroxy-1 H-indole-3-propanoic acidC11H11NO3 7417-65-4 205.210 cry (peth) 100 6253 1 H-Indole-3-propanoic acid C11H11NO2 830-96-6 189.211 134.5 sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 6254 Indolizine C8H7N 274-40-8 117.149 pl 75 205 i H2O; s EtOH 6255 1 H-Indol-3-ol, acetate C10H9NO2 608-08-2 175.184 129 6256 1-(1 H-Indol-3-yl)ethanone C10H9NO 703-80-0 159.184 nd (bz) 192.3 14410vs EtOH 6257 1-(1 H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propanone 3-Indolylacetone C11H11NO 1201-26-9 173.211 br orth (bz), nd (aq MeOH)116 6258 3-(1 H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propenoic acid 3-Indolylacrylic acid C11H9NO2 1204-06-4 187.195 185 dec 6259 Indomethacin C19H16ClNO4 53-86-1 357.788 155 (form a); 162 (form b 6260 Inosine Hypoxanthine riboside C10H12N4O5 58-63-9 268.226 pl (w + 2), nd (80% al)218 dec sl H2O; vs EtOH 6261 Inosine 5’-monophosphate 5’-Inosinic acid C10H13N4O8P 131-99-7 348.206 visc liq or glass vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth 6262 myo-Inositol (1 α,2α,3α,4β,5α,6β)- CyclohexanehexolC6H12O6 87-89-8 180.155 cry (w) 225 1.752 s H2O 6263 Iocetamic acid C12H13I3N2O3 16034-77-8 613.955 wh-ye pow 225 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth, ace 6264 Iodipamide C20H14I6N2O6 606-17-7 1139.761 307 dec i H2O, bz; sl EtOH, eth, ace 6265 2-Iodoacetamide C2H4INO 144-48-9 184.963 93.0 s H2O; sl tfa 6266 Iodoacetic acid C2H3IO2 64-69-7 185.948 82.5 dec s H2O, EtOH, peth; sl eth, chl 6267 Iodoacetone C3H5IO 3019-04-3 183.975 62122.1715s EtOH 6268 Iodoacetonitrile C2H2IN 624-75-9 166.948 185 2.307251.574420 6269 Iodoacetylene C2HI 14545-08-5 151.933 32 6270 2-Iodoaniline C6H6IN 615-43-0 219.023 nd (dil al) 60.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace 6271 3-Iodoaniline C6H6IN 626-01-7 219.023 lf 33 145151.681120i H2O; s EtOH, chl 6272 4-Iodoaniline C6H6IN 540-37-4 219.023 nd (w) 67.5 sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth 6273 2-Iodobenzaldehyde C7H5IO 26260-02-6 232.018 37 12914sl H2O; s ace 6274 4-Iodobenzaldehyde C7H5IO 15164-44-0 232.018 77.5 265 sl H2O; s EtOH, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g22/g22 NNO HOH Na O 3SS O 3Na 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium saltN S OO ON S OO ON a Indocyanine greenN HH2N 1H-Indol-5-amineNH 1H-IndoleN HOH O 1H-Indole-3-acetic acidN HN 1H-Indole-3-acetonitrileN HOH O 1H-Indole-3-butanoic acid N HO 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehydeNO O H 1H-Indole-2,3-dioneNN O HNHNH 2S 1H-Indole-2,3-dione, 3-thiosemicarbazoneN HNH 2HCl 1H-Indole-3-ethanamine, monohydrochlorideN HOH 1H-Indole-3-ethanolN HOHOHO 1H-Indole-3-lactic acid, ( S)NOHO H 1H-Indole-3-propanoic acidN IndolizineN HO O 1H-Indol-3-ol, acetate NO H 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethanoneN HO 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propanoneN HOHO 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propenoic acidNO OOH O Cl IndomethacinNNN NHO O HO OHHO InosineNNN NHO O HO OHOP OHO HO Inosine 5’-monophosphateOH HO OHOHHOOH myo-InositolN O I INH 2IOOH Iocetamic acid H N ON HO I I IOOHIOO H I I IodipamideO NH 2I 2-IodoacetamideO OHI Iodoacetic acidIO IodoacetoneI N IodoacetonitrileI IodoacetyleneNH 2 I 2-IodoanilineNH 2 I 3-IodoanilineNH 2 I 4-IodoanilineO I 2-IodobenzaldehydeO I 4-Iodobenzaldehyde /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g22/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126275 Iodobenzene C6H5I 591-50-4 204.008 liq -31.3 188.4 1.8308201.620020i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc 6276 2-Iodobenzenemethanol C7H7IO 5159-41-1 234.034 92 148321.634920 6277 4-Iodobenzenesulfonyl chloride Pipsyl chloride C6H4ClIO2S 98-61-3 302.517 85 6278 2-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 88-67-5 248.018 nd (w) 163 exp 233 2.2525sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth 6279 3-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 618-51-9 248.018 mcl pr (ace) 188.3 sub sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH 6280 4-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 619-58-9 248.018 mcl pr (dil al) lf (sub)270 sub 2.18420i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, DMSO 6281 4-Iodobenzonitrile C7H4IN 3058-39-7 229.018 127.5 6282 2-Iodobenzoyl chloride C7H4ClIO 609-67-6 266.463 38.3 15927, 13519 6283 4-Iodobenzoyl chloride C7H4ClIO 1711-02-0 266.463 65.5 16432 6284 2-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl C12H9I 2113-51-1 280.103 19036, 169171.5511251.662020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 6285 3-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl C12H9I 20442-79-9 280.103 26.5 188161.596725 6286 4-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl C12H9I 1591-31-7 280.103 nd (al, HOAc) 113.5 320; 18311i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 6287 1-Iodobutane Butyl iodide C4H9I 542-69-8 184.018 liq -103 130.5 1.6154201.500120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl 6288 2-Iodobutane, (±) (±)- sec-Butyl iodide C4H9I 52152-71-3 184.018 liq -104.2 120.1 1.5920201.499120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl 6289 Iodocyclohexane Cyclohexyl iodide C6H11I 626-62-0 210.055 dec 180; 81201.6244201.547720i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 6290 Iodocyclopentane Cyclopentyl iodide C5H9I 1556-18-9 196.029 166.5 1.7096201.544720i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc 6291 1-Iododecane C10H21I 2050-77-3 268.178 liq -16.3 263.7; 132151.2546201.485820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 6292 1-Iodo-2,4-dimethylbenzene C8H9I 4214-28-2 232.061 dec 231; 111141.6282161.600816i H2O; s ace, bz 6293 2-Iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzene C8H9I 608-28-6 232.061 oil 11.2 229.5 1.6158201.603520i H2O; s ace, bz 6294 2-Iodo-1,4-dimethylbenzene C8H9I 1122-42-5 232.061 dec 227 1.6168171.599217i H2O; s ace, bz 6295 1-Iodo-2,2-dimethylpropane C5H11I 15501-33-4 198.045 dec 128 1.4940201.489020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 6296 1-Iodododecane Lauryl iodide C12H25I 4292-19-7 296.231 0.3 298.2 1.1999201.484020i H2O; s EtOH, MeOH; msc eth, ace, ctc 6297 Iodoethane Ethyl iodide C2H5I 75-03-6 155.965 liq -111.1 72.3 1.9357201.513320sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl 6298 2-Iodoethanol C2H5IO 624-76-0 171.964 dec 176 2.1967201.571320vs H2O, eth, EtOH 6299 Iodoethene Vinyl iodide C2H3I 593-66-8 153.949 56 2.037201.538520vs eth, EtOH 6300 (2-Iodoethyl)benzene C8H9I 17376-04-4 232.061 liq 122131.603 1.601020 6301 2-(1-Iodoethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4- methanolIodinated glycerol C6H11IO3 5634-39-9 258.053 pale ye liq 1.797 1.547 s eth, chl, thf, AcOEt 6302 Iodofenphos C8H8Cl2IO3PS 18181-70-9 412.997 wh cry 76 i H2O; s ace, xyl; sl EtOH 6303 1-Iodoheptane C7H15I 4282-40-0 226.098 liq -48.2 204.0 1.3791201.490420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl ctc 6304 3-Iodoheptane C7H15I 31294-92-5 226.098 89301.367620 6305 1-Iodohexadecane C16H33I 544-77-4 352.337 pa ye liq 24.7 357; 212151.1213251.479720i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace; msc bz; vs chl 6306 1-Iodohexane Hexyl iodide C6H13I 638-45-9 212.071 liq -74.2 181.3 1.4397201.492820i H2O 6307 Iodomethane Methyl iodide CH3I 74-88-4 141.939 liq -66.4 42.43 2.2789201.530820sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth 6308 1-Iodo-2-methoxybenzene o-Iodoanisole C7H7IO 529-28-2 234.034 241; 9121.820vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, lig 6309 1-Iodo-3-methoxybenzene m-Iodoanisole C7H7IO 766-85-8 234.034 244.5 1.965020vs EtOH, eth 6310 1-Iodo-4-methoxybenzene p-Iodoanisole C7H7IO 696-62-8 234.034 lf (al), nd (MeOH)53 238; 13825s EtOH, eth, chl 6311 1-Iodo-2-methylbenzene C7H7I 615-37-2 218.035 211.5 1.713201.607920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 6312 1-Iodo-3-methylbenzene C7H7I 625-95-6 218.035 liq -27.2 213 1.705201.605320i H2O; msc EtOH, ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g22/g24 I IodobenzeneOH I 2-IodobenzenemethanolSOOCl I 4-Iodobenzenesulfonyl chlorideOO H I 2-Iodobenzoic acidOO H I 3-Iodobenzoic acidOO H I 4-Iodobenzoic acidIN 4-IodobenzonitrileOC l I 2-Iodobenzoyl chlorideOC l I 4-Iodobenzoyl chlorideI 2-Iodo-1,1’-biphenylI 3-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl I 4-Iodo-1,1’-biphenylI 1-IodobutaneI 2-Iodobutane, (±)I IodocyclohexaneI IodocyclopentaneI 1-IododecaneI 1-Iodo-2,4-dimethylbenzeneI 2-Iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzeneI 2-Iodo-1,4-dimethylbenzeneI 1-Iodo-2,2-dimethylpropane I 1-IodododecaneI IodoethaneOHI 2-IodoethanolI IodoetheneI (2-Iodoethyl)benzeneO OI HO 2-(1-Iodoethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanolCl Cl IOPO SO IodofenphosI 1-IodoheptaneI 3-Iodoheptane I 1-IodohexadecaneI 1-IodohexaneH HI H IodomethaneI O 1-Iodo-2-methoxybenzeneI O 1-Iodo-3-methoxybenzeneI O 1-Iodo-4-methoxybenzeneI 1-Iodo-2-methylbenzeneI 1-Iodo-3-methylbenzene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g22/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126313 (Iodomethyl)benzene C7H7I 620-05-3 218.035 col or ye nd (MeOH)24.5 93101.7335251.633425vs bz, eth, EtOH 6314 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane Isopentyl iodide C5H11I 541-28-6 198.045 147 1.5118201.493920sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 6315 2-Iodo-2-methylbutane C5H11I 594-38-7 198.045 124.5 1.4937201.498120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 6316 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane Isobutyl iodide C4H9I 513-38-2 184.018 121.1 1.6035201.495920 6317 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane tert-Butyl iodide C4H9I 558-17-8 184.018 liq -38.2 100.1 1.571251.491820msc EtOH, eth 6318 Iodomethylsilane CH5ISi 18089-64-0 172.041 col liq -109.5 71.8 6319 1-Iodonaphthalene C10H7I 90-14-2 254.067 2.1 302 1.7399201.702620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 6320 2-Iodonaphthalene C10H7I 612-55-5 254.067 lf (dil al) 54.5 308 1.6319991.666299i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc 6321 1-Iodo-2-nitrobenzene C6H4INO2 609-73-4 249.006 ye orth nd (al) 54 290; 162181.918675i H2O; s EtOH, eth 6322 1-Iodo-3-nitrobenzene C6H4INO2 645-00-1 249.006 mcl pr 38.5 280 1.947750i H2O; s EtOH, eth 6323 1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzene C6H4INO2 636-98-6 249.006 ye nd (al) 174.7 288 1.8090155i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; sl DMSO 6324 1-Iodononane C9H19I 4282-42-2 254.151 col liq -20 245.0 1.2836251.484825 6325 1-Iodooctadecane C18H37I 629-93-6 380.391 lf (lig), nd (ace, al-ace)34.0 383 1.0994201.481020i H2O; sl EtOH, eth 6326 1-Iodooctane C8H17I 629-27-6 240.125 liq -45.7 225.1 1.3298201.488520s EtOH, eth 6327 2-Iodooctane, (±) 2-Octyl iodide, (±) C8H17I 36049-78-2 240.125 210; 95161.3251201.489620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, lig 6328 1-Iodopentane Pentyl iodide C5H11I 628-17-1 198.045 liq -85.6 157.0 1.5161201.495920s chl 6329 3-Iodopentane C5H11I 1809-05-8 198.045 145.5 1.5176201.497420vs ace, bz, eth 6330 2-Iodophenol C6H5IO 533-58-4 220.007 nd 43 186160, 9121.875780s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2 6331 3-Iodophenol C6H5IO 626-02-8 220.007 nd (lig) 118 186100sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 6332 4-Iodophenol C6H5IO 540-38-5 220.007 nd (w or sub) 93.5 1395 dec 1.8573112sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 6333 1-(3-Iodophenyl)ethanone 3-Iodoacetophenone C8H7IO 14452-30-3 246.045 1298, 11741.62220s bz 6334 1-(4-Iodophenyl)ethanone 4-Iodoacetophenone C8H7IO 13329-40-3 246.045 86 15318s EtOH, bz, CS2, HOAc; sl lig, eth 6335 1-Iodopropane Propyl iodide C3H7I 107-08-4 169.992 liq -101.3 102.5 1.7489201.505820sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 6336 2-Iodopropane Isopropyl iodide C3H7I 75-30-9 169.992 liq -90 89.5 1.7042201.502820sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl 6337 3-Iodopropanoic acid C3H5IO2 141-76-4 199.975 lf (w) 85 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, ace 6338 3-Iodo-1-propanol C3H7IO 627-32-7 185.991 visc oil 226; 115381.9976201.558520 6339 3-Iodopropene Allyl iodide C3H5I 556-56-9 167.976 ye liq -99.3 103 1.848121.554021i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 6340 2-Iodopyridine C5H4IN 5029-67-4 204.997 10015, 93131.928251.636620s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 6341 5-Iodo-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 5-Iodouracil C4H3IN2O2 696-07-1 237.983 275 dec 6342 1-Iodo-2,5-pyrrolidinedione N-Iodosuccinimide C4H4INO2 516-12-1 224.985 cry (ace) 200.5 2.24525vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, DMSO 6343 Iodosylbenzene C6H5IO 536-80-1 220.007 ye pow 210 exp s H2O, EtOH; i eth, ace, bz, peth 6344 2-Iodothiophene C4H3IS 3437-95-4 210.036 liq -40 181 2.0595251.646525vs EtOH, eth; sl chl 6345 4-Iodotoluene C7H7I 624-31-7 218.035 lf (al) 36.5 211 1.67820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2; sl chl 6346 L-3-Iodotyrosine C9H10INO3 70-78-0 307.084 cry (w) 205 dec 6347 trans -α-Ionone, (±) C13H20O 30685-95-1 192.297 146280.9298211.504120vs ace, eth, EtOH 6348 trans -β-Ionone C13H20O 79-77-6 192.297 12410, 730.10.945201.519820sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 6349 Iopanoic acid C11H12I3NO2 96-83-3 570.932 wh solid 156 i H2O; s dil alk, EtOH 6350 Iophendylate Ethyl 10-(4-iodophenyl)undecanoate C19H29IO2 99-79-6 416.336 visc liq 19711.25201.52525sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl 6351 Iopodic acid Ipodate C12H13I3N2O2 5587-89-3 597.956 cry 168 i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, chl, ace 6352 Iprodione C13H13Cl2N3O336734-19-7 330.166 136 6353 Iridomyrmecin Hexahydro-4,7- dimethylcyclopenta[c]pyran-3(1 H)- oneC10H16O2 485-43-8 168.233 pr 61 1061.51.460765sl H2O; s ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g22/g26 I (Iodomethyl)benzeneI 1-Iodo-3-methylbutaneI 2-Iodo-2-methylbutaneI 1-Iodo-2-methylpropaneI 2-Iodo-2-methylpropaneH SiI H IodomethylsilaneI 1-IodonaphthaleneI 2-IodonaphthaleneI NOO 1-Iodo-2-nitrobenzene I NO O 1-Iodo-3-nitrobenzeneI NOO 1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzeneI 1-IodononaneI 1-IodooctadecaneI 1-IodooctaneI 2-Iodooctane, (±)I 1-Iodopentane I 3-IodopentaneOH I 2-IodophenolOH I 3-IodophenolOH I 4-IodophenolO I 1-(3-Iodophenyl)ethanoneO I 1-(4-Iodophenyl)ethanoneI 1-IodopropaneI 2-IodopropaneOHO I 3-Iodopropanoic acidIO H 3-Iodo-1-propanol I 3-IodopropeneNI 2-IodopyridineNNO HH OI 5-Iodo-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedioneNO O I 1-Iodo-2,5-pyrrolidinedioneIO IodosylbenzeneSI 2-IodothiopheneI 4-Iodotoluene/g3 HO INH 2OHO L-3-IodotyrosineO trans -α-Ionone, (±) O trans -β-IononeOHI I NH 2O I Iopanoic acidIO O IophendylateI IIOHO N N Iopodic acidN NOOCl Cl N HO IprodioneOO HH Iridomyrmecin /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g22/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126354 α-Irone 4-(2,5,6,6-Tetramethyl-2- cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-oneC14H22O 79-69-6 206.324 900.40.9362201.500220 6355 β-Irone 4-(2,5,6,6-Tetramethyl-1- cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-oneC14H22O 79-70-9 206.324 125110.9434211.516225sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 6356 Iron hydrocarbonyl Hydrogen tetracarbonylferrate(II) C4H2FeO4 17440-90-3 169.902 col liq; unstab -70 dec s alk 6357 Iron nonacarbonyl Diiron nonacarbonyl C9Fe2O9 15321-51-4 363.781 oran-ye cry 100 dec 2.85 6358 Iron(III) NTA Nitrilotriacetatoiron(III) C6H6FeNO6 16448-54-7 243.960 solid s H2O 6359 Iron pentacarbonyl C5FeO5 13463-40-6 195.896 col to ye oily liq -20 103 1.5201.45322i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, ace, ctc 6360 Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Ferric acetylacetonate C15H21FeO6 14024-18-1 353.169 179 5.24 6361 Isanic acid 17-Octadecene-9,11-diynoic acid C18H26O2 506-25-2 274.398 cry 39.5 0.9309451.4914850s ace, EtOH, i-PrOH; sl peth 6362 Isatidine Retrorsine N-oxide C18H25NO7 15503-86-3 367.395 cry 145 6363 Isaxonine N-Isopropyl-2-pyrimidineamine C7H11N3 4214-72-6 137.182 28 9312 6364 Isazophos C9H17ClN3O3PS 67329-04-8 313.741 170; 1000.0011.2220 6365 Isobenzan C9H4Cl8O 297-78-9 411.751 cry (hp) 121 s eth, bz, xyl, tol 6366 1(3 H)-Isobenzofuranone C8H6O2 87-41-2 134.133 nd or pl (w) 75 290 1.1636991.53699s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl 6367 Isoborneol 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan- 2-ol, exo-(±)C10H18O 24393-70-2 154.249 tab (peth) 212 sub 1.1020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz 6368 Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate C13H19NO2S 115-31-1 253.361 ye oily liq 950.061.1465251.51225i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl, peth 6369 6-Isobornyl-3,4-xylenol Xibornol C18H26O 13741-18-9 258.398 cry 95 16731.0240201.538220 6370 Isobutanal 2-Methyl-1-propanal C4H8O 78-84-2 72.106 liq -65.9 64.5 0.7891201.373020s H2O, eth, ace, chl; sl ctc 6371 Isobutane 2-Methylpropane C4H10 75-28-5 58.122 col gas -159.4 -11.73 0.551025 (p>1 atm1.3518-25sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 6372 Isobutene C4H8 115-11-7 56.107 col gas -140.7 -6.9 0.58925 (p>1 atm)1.3926-25i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, sulf 6373 Isobutyl acetate C6H12O2 110-19-0 116.158 liq -98.8 116.5 0.8712201.390220sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 6374 Isobutyl acrylate C7H12O2 106-63-8 128.169 liq -61 132 0.8896201.415020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH 6375 5-Isobutyl-3-allyl-2-thioxo-4- imidazolidinoneAlbutoin C10H16N2OS 830-89-7 212.311 210.5 6376 Isobutylamine 2-Methyl-1-propanamine C4H11N 78-81-9 73.137 liq -86.7 67.75 0.724251.398819 6377 Isobutyl 4-aminobenzoate Isobutyl p-aminobenzoate C11H15NO2 94-14-4 193.243 64.5 6378 Isobutylbenzene C10H14 538-93-2 134.218 liq -51.4 172.79 0.8532201.486620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 6379 Isobutyl benzoate C11H14O2 120-50-3 178.228 242 0.999020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 6380 Isobutyl butanoate C8H16O2 539-90-2 144.212 156.9 0.8364181.403220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 6381 Isobutyl carbamate C5H11NO2 543-28-2 117.147 lf 67 207 1.409876vs eth, EtOH 6382 Isobutyl chlorocarbonate C5H9ClO2 543-27-1 136.577 128.8 1.0426181.407118s EtOH, bz, chl; msc eth 6383 Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate C7H13ClO2 114489-96-2 164.630 176 1.0312201.424720 6384 Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate C7H13ClO2 62108-68-3 164.630 191.3 1.0323201.429520vs eth, EtOH 6385 Isobutylcyclohexane C10H20 1678-98-4 140.266 liq -95 171.3 0.7952201.438620i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; vs eth, bz 6386 Isobutylcyclopentane C9H18 3788-32-7 126.239 liq -115.2 148 0.7769251.429820 6387 Isobutyldimethylamine N,N,2-Trimethyl-1-propanamine C6H15N 7239-24-9 101.190 80.5 0.7097201.390720vs H2O 6388 Isobutyl formate C5H10O2 542-55-2 102.132 liq -95.8 98.2 0.8776201.385720sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 6389 Isobutyl heptanoate Isobutyl enanthate C11H22O2 7779-80-8 186.292 208 0.859320vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6390 Isobutyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Isobutyl salicylate C11H14O3 87-19-4 194.227 5.9 261 1.0639201.508720i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 6391 Isobutyl isobutanoate C8H16O2 97-85-8 144.212 liq -80.7 148.6 0.8542201.399920sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; msc eth 6392 Isobutyl isocyanate C5H9NO 1873-29-6 99.131 106 6393 Isobutyl isothiocyanate 1-Isothiocyanato-2-methylpropane C5H9NS 591-82-2 115.197 160 0.9631141.500514No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g22/g28 O α-IroneO β-IroneH2Fe(CO) 4 Iron hydrocarbonylFe Fe OC COCO COOC OC OOO Iron nonacarbonylN FeO OO O OO Iron(III) NTACO Fe COCOOC OC Iron pentacarbonylOOO O O OFe Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioateOOH Isanic acid OO N OO OHO OH H IsatidineNN N H IsaxonineN NNClOPS OO IsazophosOCl Cl Cl ClClCl Cl Cl IsobenzanO O 1(3H)-IsobenzofuranoneOH IsoborneolO OSN Isobornyl thiocyanoacetateOH 6-Isobornyl-3,4-xylenol O Isobutanal Isobutane IsobuteneOO Isobutyl acetateOO Isobutyl acrylateN NO S H 5-Isobutyl-3-allyl-2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinoneNH 2 IsobutylamineO O H2N Isobutyl 4-aminobenzoate Isobutylbenzene O O Isobutyl benzoateOO Isobutyl butanoateO H2NO Isobutyl carbamateO ClO Isobutyl chlorocarbonateOO Cl Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoateOO Cl Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate Isobutylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclopentane N IsobutyldimethylamineOO H Isobutyl formateOO Isobutyl heptanoateOO OH Isobutyl 2-hydroxybenzoateOO Isobutyl isobutanoateNCO Isobutyl isocyanateNCS Isobutyl isothiocyanate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g23/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126394 Isobutyl methacrylate C8H14O2 97-86-9 142.196 155 0.8858201.419920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 6395 Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Isobutyl isovalerate C9H18O2 589-59-3 158.238 168.5 0.853201.405720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl 6396 Isobutyl methyl ether C5H12O 625-44-5 88.148 58.6 0.731120vs eth, EtOH 6397 Isobutyl nitrate C4H9NO3 543-29-3 119.119 123.4 1.0152201.402820 6398 Isobutyl nitrite C4H9NO2 542-56-3 103.120 col liq 67 0.8699221.371522sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 6399 Isobutyl pentanoate C9H18O2 10588-10-0 158.238 179 0.8625251.404620i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace 6400 Isobutyl phenylacetate C12H16O2 102-13-6 192.254 247 0.99918i H2O; s EtOH, eth 6401 Isobutyl propanoate Isobutyl propionate C7H14O2 540-42-1 130.185 liq -71.4 137 0.88801.397320sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl, ctc 6402 Isobutyl stearate C22H44O2 646-13-9 340.583 wax 28.9 223150.849820vs eth 6403 Isobutyl thiocyanate C5H9NS 591-84-4 115.197 liq -59 175.4 vs eth, EtOH 6404 Isobutyl trichloroacetate C6H9Cl3O2 33560-15-5 219.493 188 1.2636201.448320vs bz, eth, EtOH 6405 Isobutyl vinyl ether C6H12O 109-53-5 100.158 liq -112 83 0.7645201.396620sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth 6406 Isocitric acid C6H8O7 320-77-4 192.124 ye syr 105 6407 Isocorybulbine C21H25NO4 22672-74-8 355.429 lf (al) 187.5 1.04520i H2O; s EtOH, chl, acid 6408 Isocorydine C20H23NO4 475-67-2 341.402 pl 185 vs chl 6409 2-Isocyanato-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2,6-Dimethylphenyl isocyanate C9H9NO 28556-81-2 147.173 liq 10013 6410 1-Isocyanato-2-methoxybenzene C8H7NO2 700-87-8 149.148 9417 6411 1-Isocyanato-3-methoxybenzene C8H7NO2 18908-07-1 149.148 10215 6412 1-Isocyanato-2-methylbenzene 2-Tolyl isocyanate C8H7NO 614-68-6 133.148 185 1.528220i H2O; s eth 6413 1-Isocyanato-3-methylbenzene 3-Tolyl isocyanate C8H7NO 621-29-4 133.148 196.5 1.033020vs bz, eth 6414 1-Isocyanato-4-methylbenzene 4-Tolyl isocyanate C8H7NO 622-58-2 133.148 187 vs bz, eth 6415 2-Isocyanato-2-methylpropane tert-Butyl isocyanate C5H9NO 1609-86-5 99.131 85.5 0.867071.406120 6416 1-Isocyanatonaphthalene 1-Naphthyl isocyanate C11H7NO 86-84-0 169.180 269 1.177420s eth, bz 6417 1-Isocyanato-2-nitrobenzene 2-Nitrophenyl isocyanate C7H4N2O3 3320-86-3 164.118 wh nd (peth) 41 13718vs bz, eth, chl 6418 1-Isocyanato-3-nitrobenzene 3-Nitrophenyl isocyanate C7H4N2O3 3320-87-4 164.118 wh lf (lig) 51 13011vs bz, eth, chl 6419 1-Isocyanato-4-nitrobenzene 4-Nitrophenyl isocyanate C7H4N2O3 100-28-7 164.118 pa ye nd 57 16220, 13711vs bz, eth, chl 6420 2-Isocyanatopropane Isopropyl isocyanate C4H7NO 1795-48-8 85.105 74.5 0.866251.382520 6421 1-Isocyanato-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl isocyanate C8H4F3NO 329-01-1 187.119 54111.3455201.469020 6422 Isocyanobenzene Phenyl isocyanide C7H5N 931-54-4 103.122 unstab liq 80400.9815 6423 Isocyanomethane Methyl isocyanide C2H3N 593-75-9 41.052 -45 exp 59.6 0.7564 6424 (Isocyanomethyl)benzene Benzyl isocyanide C8H7N 10340-91-7 117.149 dec 199; 93550.972151.519320 6425 2-Isocyanopropane Isopropyl isocyanide C4H7N 598-45-8 69.106 87 0.759625i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 6426 Isodecyl acrylate C13H24O2 1330-61-6 212.329 -100 158500.885201.441620 6427 Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate C22H31O4P 29761-21-5 390.452 24910 dec 6428 Isodecyl methacrylate C14H26O2 29964-84-9 226.355 126100.87620 6429 8-Isoestrone C18H22O2 517-06-6 270.367 pr (MeOH) 254 vs eth, Diox 6430 Isoeugenol C10H12O2 97-54-1 164.201 266 1.080251.573919vs eth, EtOH 6431 Isofenphos C15H24NO4PS 25311-71-1 345.395 <-12 1200.011.13420 6432 Isoflurophate C6H14FO3P 55-91-4 184.145 6291.055251.383025sl H2O, lig; s eth; vs oils 6433 1 H-Isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione Phthalimide C8H5NO2 85-41-6 147.132 nd (w), pr (HOAc) lf (sub)238 vs bz 6434 Isolan C10H17N3O2 119-38-0 211.261 col liq 1182.51.0720msc H2O; s EtOH, xylNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g23/g20 OO Isobutyl methacrylateOO Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoateO Isobutyl methyl etherONO O Isobutyl nitrateONO Isobutyl nitriteOO Isobutyl pentanoateO O Isobutyl phenylacetateOO Isobutyl propanoate O O Isobutyl stearateS N Isobutyl thiocyanateOO Cl ClCl Isobutyl trichloroacetateO Isobutyl vinyl etherHO O OHOO H OHO Isocitric acidNO HOHO O Isocorybulbine NO O HO OH IsocorydineNCO 2-Isocyanato-1,3-dimethylbenzeneN OCO 1-Isocyanato-2-methoxybenzeneN OCO 1-Isocyanato-3-methoxybenzeneNCO 1-Isocyanato-2-methylbenzene/g3 NCO 1-Isocyanato-3-methylbenzeneNCO 1-Isocyanato-4-methylbenzene NCO 2-Isocyanato-2-methylpropaneNCO 1-IsocyanatonaphthaleneN NOOCO 1-Isocyanato-2-nitrobenzeneN NO OCO 1-Isocyanato-3-nitrobenzeneN NO OCO 1-Isocyanato-4-nitrobenzeneOCN 2-IsocyanatopropaneN F FFCO 1-Isocyanato-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneNC Isocyanobenzene NC IsocyanomethaneN C (Isocyanomethyl)benzeneC N 2-IsocyanopropaneOO Isodecyl acrylateOP OO O Isodecyl diphenyl phosphateO O Isodecyl methacrylate HOHO 8-IsoestroneOH O IsoeugenolO O OPS OH N IsofenphosO POF O IsoflurophateNHO O 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dioneNNO NO Isolan /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g23/g21/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 6435 DL-Isoleucine C6H13NO2 443-79-8 131.173 292 dec 6436 L-Isoleucine 2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid C6H13NO2 73-32-5 131.173 284 dec s H2O; i EtOH 6437 Isolongifolene C15H24 1135-66-6 204.352 liq 820.4 6438 Isolysergic acid C16H16N2O2 478-95-5 268.310 cry (w+2) 218 dec sl H2O, EtOH; s py 6439 α-Isomaltose 6- O- α-D-Glucopyranosyl- D-glucose C12H22O11 499-40-1 342.296 120 6440 Isoniazid 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide C6H7N3O 54-85-3 137.139 cry (al) 171.4 vs H2O, EtOH 6441 Isopentane 2-Methylbutane C5H12 78-78-4 72.149 vol liq or gas -159.77 27.88 0.6201201.353720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 6442 Isopentyl acetate C7H14O2 123-92-2 130.185 liq -78.5 142.5 0.876151.400020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 6443 Isopentylbenzene C11H16 2049-94-7 148.245 195 0.856201.486710i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 6444 Isopentyl butanoate C9H18O2 106-27-4 158.238 179 0.865191.411020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 6445 Isopentyl formate C6H12O2 110-45-2 116.158 liq -93.5 123.5 0.877201.396720sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH; msc eth 6446 Isopentyl hexanoate Isopentyl caproate C11H22O2 2198-61-0 186.292 225.5 0.86120i H2O; s EtOH, eth 6447 Isopentyl α-hydroxybenzeneacetate Isopentyl mandelate C13H18O3 5421-04-5 222.280 oily liq 17211 6448 Isopentyl isopentanoate Isoamyl isovalerate C10H20O2 659-70-1 172.265 190.4 0.8583191.413019 6449 Isopentyl lactate C8H16O3 19329-89-6 160.211 202.4 0.9589251.424025vs eth, EtOH 6450 Isopentyl 2-methylpropanoate Isopentyl isobutyrate C9H18O2 2050-01-3 158.238 168.5 0.862720sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 6451 Isopentyl nitrite Isoamyl nitrite C5H11NO2 110-46-3 117.147 99.2 0.8828201.391820sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 6452 Isopentyl pentanoate C10H20O2 2050-09-1 172.265 193 6453 Isopentyl propanoate C8H16O2 105-68-0 144.212 160.2 0.8697201.406920vs eth, EtOH 6454 Isopentyl salicylate C12H16O3 87-20-7 208.253 278; 151151.0535201.508020i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl; sl ctc 6455 Isopentyl trichloroacetate C7H11Cl3O2 57392-55-9 233.520 217 1.2314201.452120vs eth, EtOH 6456 Isophorone 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one C9H14O 78-59-1 138.206 liq -8.1 215.2 0.9255201.476618 6457 Isophorone diisocyanate C12H18N2O2 4098-71-9 222.283 60 2171001.06220 6458 Isophthalic acid 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid C8H6O4 121-91-5 166.132 nd (w, al) 347 sub sl H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz, lig 6459 Isopilosine C16H18N2O3 491-88-3 286.325 pl (al), pr (w, dil al)187 vs EtOH 6460 Isopropalin Benzenamine, 4-(1-methylethyl)-2,6- dinitro- N,N-dipropyl-C15H23N3O4 33820-53-0 309.362 red-oran liq i H2O; s os 6461 Isopropamide iodide C23H33IN2O 71-81-8 480.424 cry or pow 190 s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i chl 6462 Isopropenyl acetate C5H8O2 108-22-5 100.117 liq -92.9 94 0.9090201.403320sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, ace; vs eth 6463 Isopropenylbenzene α-Methyl styrene C9H10 98-83-9 118.175 liq -23.2 165.4 0.9106201.538620i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc 6464 p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene C12H16 2388-14-9 160.255 liq -30.6 220.8 0.8936201.523820vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6465 p-Isopropenylstyrene C11H12 16262-48-9 144.213 liq 242 0.93 1.568420 6466 4-Isopropoxydiphenylamine 4-Isopropoxy- N-phenylaniline C15H17NO 101-73-5 227.302 83 6467 2-Isopropoxyethanol C5H12O2 109-59-1 104.148 145 0.9030201.409520msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace 6468 3-Isopropoxypropanenitrile 1-Cyano-2-isopropoxyethane C6H11NO 110-47-4 113.157 6510s chl 6469 Isopropyl acetate C5H10O2 108-21-4 102.132 liq -73.4 88.6 0.8718201.377320s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth 6470 Isopropyl acrylate Isopropyl 2-propenoate C6H10O2 689-12-3 114.142 liq 51103 6471 Isopropylamine 2-Propanamine C3H9N 75-31-0 59.110 liq -95.13 31.76 0.6891201.374220msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, chl 6472 Isopropylamine hydrochloride 2-Propanamine hydrochloride C3H10ClN 15572-56-2 95.571 164 s DMSO 6473 2-(Isopropylamino)ethanol C5H13NO 109-56-8 103.163 128.5 173 0.8970201.439520msc H2O, EtOH, eth 6474 2-Isopropylaniline C9H13N 643-28-7 135.206 221; 95130.976012i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc 6475 4-Isopropylaniline Cumidine C9H13N 99-88-7 135.206 225 0.95320 6476 N-Isopropylaniline C9H13N 768-52-5 135.206 203 0.9526251.538020s EtOH, eth, ace, bz TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g23/g22 O OH NH 2 DL-IsoleucineO OH NH 2 L-Isoleucine IsolongifoleneN NHOO HH Isolysergic acidO HO O HO O HO OH HOHO OH OH α-IsomaltoseNOH NNH 2 Isoniazid IsopentaneOO Isopentyl acetate Isopentylbenzene OO Isopentyl butanoateO HO Isopentyl formateOO Isopentyl hexanoateO OOH Isopentyl α-hydroxybenzeneacetateOO Isopentyl isopentanoateOO OH Isopentyl lactateOO Isopentyl 2-methylpropanoate NO O Isopentyl nitriteOO Isopentyl pentanoateOO Isopentyl propanoateOH OO Isopentyl salicylateOO Cl Cl Cl Isopentyl trichloroacetateO IsophoroneN C ONCO Isophorone diisocyanateOO H OH O Isophthalic acid O NN OHOH IsopilosineNOO NOON IsopropalinNH 2 ON I Isopropamide iodideOO Isopropenyl acetate Isopropenylbenzene p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene p-IsopropenylstyreneH N O 4-Isopropoxydiphenylamine OOH 2-IsopropoxyethanolON 3-IsopropoxypropanenitrileO O Isopropyl acetateOO Isopropyl acrylateNH 2 IsopropylamineNH 2HCl Isopropylamine hydrochlorideN HOH 2-(Isopropylamino)ethanolNH 2 2-IsopropylanilineNH 2 4-IsopropylanilineHN N-Isopropylaniline /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g23/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126477 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde Cuminaldehyde C10H12O 122-03-2 148.201 235.5 0.9755201.530120i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 6478 Isopropylbenzene Cumene C9H12 98-82-8 120.191 liq -96.02 152.41 0.8640251.491520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 6479 Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide Cumene hydroperoxide C9H12O2 80-15-9 152.190 liq 153; 8481.0320 6480 4-Isopropylbenzenemethanol Cumic alcohol C10H14O 536-60-7 150.217 28 249 0.9818201.521020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz 6481 α-Isopropylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenyl-2-methylpropyl alcohol C10H14O 611-69-8 150.217 223 0.9869141.519314i H2O; s EtOH, ace 6482 Isopropyl benzoate C10H12O2 939-48-0 164.201 216 1.0163151.489020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 6483 4-Isopropylbenzoic acid Cumic acid C10H12O2 536-66-3 164.201 tcl pl (al) 117.5 sub 1.1624sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth 6484 Isopropyl butanoate C7H14O2 638-11-9 130.185 130.5 0.8588201.393620i H2O; s EtOH 6485 Isopropyl carbamate C4H9NO2 1746-77-6 103.120 nd 93 183 0.995166 6486 Isopropyl chloroacetate C5H9ClO2 105-48-6 136.577 150.5 1.0888201.438220vs eth 6487 Isopropyl chloroformate C4H7ClO2 108-23-6 122.551 105 1.401320vs eth 6488 Isopropyl 2-chloropropanoate C6H11ClO2 40058-87-5 150.603 151.5 1.0315201.414920i H2O; s EtOH, eth 6489 Isopropylcyclohexane C9H18 696-29-7 126.239 liq -89.4 154.8 0.8023201.441020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz 6490 4-Isopropylcyclohexanone C9H16O 5432-85-9 140.222 214; 1391000.9099301.455225 6491 Isopropylcyclopentane C8H16 3875-51-2 112.213 liq -111.4 126.5 0.7765201.425820i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, ctc; s eth, bz 6492 Isopropylcyclopropane C6H12 3638-35-5 84.159 liq -112.9 58.3 0.6936251.386520 6493 Isopropyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetateC11H12Cl2O3 94-11-1 263.117 5 14011.26251.520925 6494 N-Isopropyl-4,4- diphenylcyclohexanaminePramiverin C21H27N 14334-40-8 293.446 70 1650.05 6495 Isopropyl dodecanoate Isopropyl laurate C15H30O2 10233-13-3 242.398 19660, 1050.80.8536201.428025vs eth, EtOH 6496 Isopropyl formate C4H8O2 625-55-8 88.106 68.2 0.8728201.367820sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl 6497 Isopropyl 2-furancarboxylate Isopropyl 2-furanoate C8H10O3 6270-34-4 154.163 198.5 1.0655241.468224i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 6498 Isopropyl glycidyl ether (1-Methylethoxy)methyloxirane C6H12O2 4016-14-2 116.158 137 0.918620s H2O, ace, EtOH 6499 4-Isopropylheptane C10H22 52896-87-4 142.282 158.9 0.7354251.415320 6500 Isopropylhydrazine C3H10N2 2257-52-5 74.124 liq 107 s H2O, bz, EtOH; sl eth 6501 Isopropyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Isopropyl salicylate C10H12O3 607-85-2 180.200 238 1.0729201.506520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 6502 Isopropyl isobutanoate Isopropyl isobutyrate C7H14O2 617-50-5 130.185 120.7 0.847121i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 6503 Isopropyl lactate C6H12O3 617-51-6 132.157 167 0.9980201.408225vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 6504 Isopropyl methacrylate Isopropyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate C7H12O2 4655-34-9 128.169 125 0.8847201.412220vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6505 Isopropyl methanesulfonate C4H10O3S 926-06-7 138.185 826 6506 Isopropylmethylamine Methylisopropylamine C4H11N 4747-21-1 73.137 50.4 6507 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene o-Cymene C10H14 527-84-4 134.218 liq -71.5 178.1 0.8766201.500620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 6508 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene m-Cymene C10H14 535-77-3 134.218 liq -63.7 175.1 0.8610201.493020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 6509 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene p-Cymene C10H14 99-87-6 134.218 liq -67.94 177.1 0.8573201.490920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 6510 Isopropyl 3-methylbutanoate C8H16O2 32665-23-9 144.212 142; 70550.8538171.396020vs ace, eth, EtOH 6511 5-Isopropyl-2-methyl-1,3- cyclohexadiene, ( R)C10H16 4221-98-1 136.234 173 0.8421201.477219 6512 5-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen- 1-one, (±)Homocamfin C10H16O 535-86-4 152.233 pa ye 244; 121150.9340211.486521vs ace, EtOH 6513 6-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen- 1-one, (±)(±)-Piperitone C10H16O 6091-52-7 152.233 liq -19 232.5 0.9331201.484520vs ace, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g23/g24 O 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde IsopropylbenzeneOOH Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxideOH 4-IsopropylbenzenemethanolOH α-IsopropylbenzenemethanolOO Isopropyl benzoateOH O 4-Isopropylbenzoic acidOO Isopropyl butanoate H2NOO Isopropyl carbamateOO Cl Isopropyl chloroacetateCl OO Isopropyl chloroformateOO Cl Isopropyl 2-chloropropanoate IsopropylcyclohexaneO 4-Isopropylcyclohexanone Isopropylcyclopentane IsopropylcyclopropaneO Cl ClOO Isopropyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate HN N-Isopropyl-4,4-diphenylcyclohexanamineOO Isopropyl dodecanoateO HO Isopropyl formateOO O Isopropyl 2-furancarboxylateO O Isopropyl glycidyl ether 4-IsopropylheptaneHNNH 2 Isopropylhydrazine OO OH Isopropyl 2-hydroxybenzoateO O Isopropyl isobutanoateOO OH Isopropyl lactateOO Isopropyl methacrylateSOOO Isopropyl methanesulfonateN H Isopropylmethylamine 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzeneOO Isopropyl 3-methylbutanoate 5-Isopropyl-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene, ( R)O 5-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, (±)O 6-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, (±) /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g23/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126514 Isopropyl methyl ether 2-Methoxypropane C4H10O 598-53-8 74.121 30.77 0.7237151.357620sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 6515 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol Carvacrol C10H14O 499-75-2 150.217 nd 1 237.7 0.9772201.523020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace 6516 2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol C8H12N2O 2814-20-2 152.193 cry 173 6517 Isopropyl methyl sulfide C4H10S 1551-21-9 90.187 liq -101.5 84.8 0.8291201.493220s EtOH, eth, ace 6518 1-Isopropylnaphthalene C13H14 6158-45-8 170.250 liq -16 268 0.9956201.595220 6519 2-Isopropylnaphthalene C13H14 2027-17-0 170.250 14.5 268.2 0.9753201.584820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 6520 Isopropyl nitrate C3H7NO3 1712-64-7 105.093 100 1.034191.391216s EtOH, eth 6521 Isopropyl nitrite C3H7NO2 541-42-4 89.094 pa ye oil 40 0.868415i H2O; s EtOH, eth 6522 1-Isopropyl-4-nitrobenzene C9H11NO2 1817-47-6 165.189 pa ye oil 12291.084201.536720i H2O; s ace, bz, lig 6523 N-Isopropyl- N-nitroso-2- propanamineC6H14N2O 601-77-4 130.187 cry (eth,w) 48 194.5 0.942220sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 6524 Isopropyl 3-oxobutanoate Isopropyl acetoacetate C7H12O3 542-08-5 144.168 liq -27.3 186 0.9835201.417320vs eth, EtOH, lig 6525 Isopropyl palmitate Isopropyl hexadecanoate C19H38O2 142-91-6 298.504 13.5 16020.8404381.436425vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6526 Isopropyl pentanoate C8H16O2 18362-97-5 144.212 0.8579201.406120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 6527 2-Isopropylphenol C9H12O 88-69-7 136.190 15.5 213.5 1.012201.531520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 6528 3-Isopropylphenol C9H12O 618-45-1 136.190 26 228 1.526120vs eth 6529 4-Isopropylphenol C9H12O 99-89-8 136.190 nd (peth) 62.3 230; 110100.990201.522820sl H2O; s EtOH, chl 6530 N-Isopropyl- N’-phenyl-1,4- benzenediamineC15H18N2 101-72-4 226.317 72.5 1482 6531 Isopropyl phenylcarbamate Propham C10H13NO2 122-42-9 179.216 wh nd (al) 90 1.09201.498991vs bz, EtOH 6532 1-(4-Isopropylphenyl)ethanone C11H14O 645-13-6 162.228 254 0.9753151.523520 6533 Isopropyl propanoate C6H12O2 637-78-5 116.158 109.5 0.8660201.387220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 6534 N-Isopropyl-2-propenamide C6H11NO 2210-25-5 113.157 64.5 11015 6535 Isopropylpropylamine N-Propyl-2-propanamine C6H15N 21968-17-2 101.190 96.9 6536 Isopropyl propyl sulfide C6H14S 5008-73-1 118.240 132.1 0.826920 6537 4-Isopropylpyridine C8H11N 696-30-0 121.180 liq -54.9 178 0.9382251.496220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 6538 Isopropyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Isopropyl nicotinate C9H11NO2 553-60-6 165.189 12630, 92.551.0624201.492620 6539 Isopropyl silicate Tetra(isopropoxy)silane C12H28O4Si 1992-48-9 264.434 184 0.877020s ctc, CS2 6540 Isopropyl stearate C21H42O2 112-10-7 326.557 28 20760.840338vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 6541 4-Isopropylstyrene C11H14 2055-40-5 146.229 liq -44.7 204.1 0.8850201.528920vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6542 Isopropyl tetradecanoate Isopropyl myristate C17H34O2 110-27-0 270.451 19320, 14020.8532201.432525i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz 6543 (Isopropylthio)benzene C9H12S 3019-20-3 152.256 208 0.9852201.546420 6544 Isopropyl trichloroacetate C5H7Cl3O2 3974-99-0 205.468 175; 66151.2911251.442820vs bz, eth, EtOH 6545 Isopropylurea C4H10N2O 691-60-1 102.134 nd 1030.1s H2O, EtOH, chl, ace; sl eth 6546 Isopropyl vinyl ether 2-(Ethenyloxy)propane C5H10O 926-65-8 86.132 liq -140 55.5 0.7534201.384020vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6547 Isoproterenol 4-[1-Hydroxy-2- [isopropylamino]ethyl]-1,2-benzenediolC 11H17NO3 7683-59-2 211.258 170.5 6548 Isopsoralen C11H6O3 523-50-2 186.164 139 6549 1-Isoquinolinamine C9H8N2 1532-84-9 144.173 pl(w) 123 1648sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH 6550 3-Isoquinolinamine C9H8N2 25475-67-6 144.173 178.5 6551 Isoquinoline Benzo[c]pyridine C9H7N 119-65-3 129.159 hyg pl 26.47 243.22 1.0910301.614820i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; msc eth, bz 6552 7-Isoquinolinol C9H7NO 7651-83-4 145.158 230 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH 6553 Isosorbide C6H10O4 652-67-5 146.141 63 1702 6554 Isosorbide dinitrate 1,4:3,6-Dianhydroglucitol C6H8N2O8 87-33-2 236.136 col cry 52 vs EtOH, eth, ace 6555 Isosystox Demeton-S C8H19O3PS2 126-75-0 258.339 liq 13321.13221s H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g23/g26O Isopropyl methyl etherOH 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenolNNOH 2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinolS Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1-Isopropylnaphthalene 2-IsopropylnaphthaleneONOO Isopropyl nitrateONO Isopropyl nitriteNOO 1-Isopropyl-4-nitrobenzene N NO N-Isopropyl- N-nitroso-2-propanamineOO O Isopropyl 3-oxobutanoateOO Isopropyl palmitateOO Isopropyl pentanoateOH 2-IsopropylphenolOH 3-IsopropylphenolOH 4-IsopropylphenolN HH N N-Isopropyl- N’-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine H N O O Isopropyl phenylcarbamateO 1-(4-Isopropylphenyl)ethanoneOO Isopropyl propanoateN HO N-Isopropyl-2-propenamideH N IsopropylpropylamineS Isopropyl propyl sulfideN 4-IsopropylpyridineNOO Isopropyl 3-pyridinecarboxylateSiO OO O Isopropyl silicate OO Isopropyl stearate 4-IsopropylstyreneO O Isopropyl tetradecanoateS (Isopropylthio)benzeneOO Cl Cl Cl Isopropyl trichloroacetateH2NN HO IsopropylureaO Isopropyl vinyl etherH NOH HO HO Isoproterenol O O O IsopsoralenN NH 2 1-IsoquinolinamineNNH 2 3-IsoquinolinamineN IsoquinolineNHO 7-IsoquinolinolO O OHHOH H Isosorbide/g3 O OH HOO N OONO O Isosorbide dinitratePO OO SS Isosystox /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g23/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126556 Isothebaine C19H21NO3 568-21-8 311.375 orth cry (al) 203.5 i H2O; msc EtOH, chl; sl eth; s MeOH 6557 Isothiocyanic acid CHNS 3129-90-6 59.091 unstab gas 6558 L-Isovaline 2-Amino-2-methylbutyric acid C5H11NO2 595-40-4 117.147 nd (w) ≈300 s EtOH; sl eth 6559 Isoxaben C18H24N2O4 82558-50-7 332.395 wh cry 173 s EtOAc, MeCN, MeOH 6560 Isoxazole 1-Oxa-2-azacyclopentadiene C3H3NO 288-14-2 69.062 95 1.078201.429817s H2O 6561 Isoxsuprine C18H23NO3 395-28-8 301.381 cry 103.0 6562 Jacobine C18H25NO6 6870-67-3 351.395 pl (EtOH) 228 6563 Javanicin C15H14O6 476-45-9 290.268 red cry (al) 208 dec s alk 6564 Jervine C27H39NO3 469-59-0 425.604 243 dec i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth 6565 Kaempferol C15H10O6 520-18-3 286.236 ye nd (al, + 1 w) 277 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; i bz 6566 Kainic acid C10H15NO4 487-79-6 213.231 cry (EtOH aq) 253 dec s H2O; i EtOH 6567 Kanamycin A C18H36N4O11 59-01-8 484.499 cry (EtOH) 6568 Kepone Chlordecone C10Cl10O 143-50-0 490.636 350 dec 1.6125 6569 Ketamine 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino) cyclohexanone, (±)C13H16ClNO 6740-88-1 237.725 cry (eth- pentane)92.5 6570 Ketene C2H2O 463-51-4 42.036 col gas -151 -49.8 sl eth, ace 6571 Khellin 4,9-Dimethoxy-7-methyl-5 H- furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-5-oneC14H12O5 82-02-0 260.242 eth, al 154 dec 1900.05i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, chl 6572 L-Kynurenine Benzenebutanoic acid, α,2-diamino- γ-oxo-C10H12N2O3 343-65-7 208.213 lf (+l/2w) 191 dec sl H2O 6573 Labetalol C19H24N2O3 36894-69-6 328.405 cry (MeOH) 164 6574 DL-Lactic acid 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, (±) C3H6O3 598-82-3 90.078 ye cry 16.8 122151.2060211.439220vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth 6575 D-Lactic acid D-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid C3H6O3 10326-41-7 90.078 pl (chl) 53 1032vs H2O, EtOH 6576 L-Lactic acid L-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid C3H6O3 79-33-4 90.078 hyg pr (eth) 25.5 vs H2O, EtOH 6577 Lactofen C19H15ClF3NO777501-63-4 461.773 ye pow (bz) 93 6578 δ-Lactone- D-gluconic acid δ-D-Gluconolactone C6H10O6 90-80-2 178.139 nd (al) 6579 α-Lactose C12H22O11 14641-93-1 342.296 wh pow 222.8 vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl 6580 β-D-Lactose C12H22O11 5965-66-2 342.296 254 1.5920vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl 6581 α-Lactose monohydrate C12H24O12 5989-81-1 360.312 mcl (w) 201 dec 1.54720vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl, MeOH 6582 Lactulose 4- O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl- D- fructoseC12H22O11 4618-18-2 342.296 hx pl (MeOH) 169 vs H2O 6583 Laminaribiose 3- O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl- D-glucose C12H22O11 34980-39-7 342.296 205 6584 Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3 β) Lanosterol C30H50O 79-63-0 426.717 nd (eth), cry (MeOH-ace)140.5 vs eth, EtOH, chl 6585 Lantadene A Rehmannic acid C35H52O5 467-81-2 552.785 cry (MeOH) 297 6586 Lantadene B C35H52O5 467-82-3 552.785 cry (EtOH) 302 6587 L-Lanthionine L-Cysteine, S-(2-amino-2- carboxyethyl)-, ( R)-C6H12N2O4S 922-55-4 208.235 hex pl 294 dec sl H2O 6588 Lapachol 2-Hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- 1,4-naphthalenedioneC15H14O3 84-79-7 242.270 ye pr (eth, bz) pl (al)139.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc 6589 Lappaconitine C32H44N2O8 32854-75-4 584.699 hex pl (al) 217.5 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 6590 Lasiocarpine C21H33NO7 303-34-4 411.490 col pl (peth) 95.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth 6591 Laudanidine C20H25NO4 301-21-3 343.418 hex pr (al) 184.5 vs H2O, bz 6592 Laudanine C20H25NO4 85-64-3 343.418 ye wh pr (dil al, al-chl)167 1.2620sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 6593 Laudanosine C21H27NO4 2688-77-9 357.444 nd (peth), pr (al)89 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g23/g28 NO HO OH IsothebaineHN C S Isothiocyanic acidOHO NH 2 L-IsovalineN HO ON OO IsoxabenON IsoxazoleHOH NOOH IsoxsuprineNOHOO OOOH JacobineO OOH OHOO JavanicinH N OO HOH H Jervine O HOOH O OH OH KaempferolN HOH OOH O Kainic acidO HO OHNH 2HO O H2N NH 2HOOO HO OHH2N OH Kanamycin AO ClClClClCl Cl ClCl Cl KeponeNHClO KetamineH2CCO KeteneO OO O O KhellinNH 2O OH ONH 2 L-KynurenineON H 2HOOHHN Labetalol O OH OH DL-Lactic acidO OH OH D-Lactic acidO OH OH L-Lactic acidO F FFCl OO O ONO O LactofenO HO OHHO O OH δ-Lactone- D-gluconic acidO HO OHO O OH OHHO OHHO OH α-LactoseO HO OHO O OHHO OHHO OHOH β-D-LactoseO HO OHO O OHHO OHHO OH OH H2O α-Lactose monohydrate O HO OOHO OHOHHOHO OHOH LactuloseO HO OHO OH OHHO OHO OHHO LaminaribioseHOH Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3 β)OHO OH OO Lantadene AOHO OH OO Lantadene B L-LanthionineHO S OHO NH 2 NH 2O O OOH LapacholOO NHOO NO HO HOH O LappaconitineNH OO HOO O O OH Lasiocarpine LaudanidineO ON HOH ON OH OO O LaudanineNO OHO O Laudanosine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g24/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126594 Laureline C19H19NO3 81-38-9 309.359 tab (al) cubes (peth)114 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, dil acid, con sulf 6595 Laurocapram 1-Dodecylhexahydro-2 H-azepin-2- oneC18H35NO 59227-89-3 281.477 col liq -7 160500.91 1.4701 i H2O 6596 Lead bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) C6H12N2PbS4 19010-66-3 447.6 pale ye nd 258 6597 Ledol C15H26O 577-27-5 222.366 nd (al) 105 292 0.90781001.4667110vs ace, eth, EtOH 6598 Lenacil C13H18N2O2 2164-08-1 234.294 290 1.3225vs py 6599 Leptophos C13H10BrCl2O2P S21609-90-5 412.066 tan waxy solid 71 1.5325i H2O; vs bz; s ace, 2-PrOH, xyl 6600 DL-Leucine C6H13NO2 328-39-2 131.173 lf (w) 293 sub 1.29318s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth 6601 D-Leucine C6H13NO2 328-38-1 131.173 pl (al) 293 sub sl H2O 6602 L-Leucine 2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid C6H13NO2 61-90-5 131.173 hex pl (dil al) 293 sub 1.29318sl H2O; i EtOH, eth 6603 N-Leucylglycine C8H16N2O3 686-50-0 188.224 248 dec s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i ace, bz, chl 6604 Leuprolide C59H84N16O12 53714-56-0 1209.398 fluffy solid 6605 Leurosine C46H56N4O9 23360-92-1 808.959 cry 203 6606 Levallorphan 17-Allylmorphinan-3-ol C19H25NO 152-02-3 283.408 cry (EtOH aq) 181 6607 Levodopa L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine C9H11NO4 59-92-7 197.188 pl (dil al) pr or nd (w+SO2)277 dec s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s alk, MeOH 6608 Levopimaric acid C20H30O2 79-54-9 302.451 orth cry 150 6609 Levorphanol 17-Methylmorphinan-3-ol C17H23NO 77-07-6 257.371 cry 198 6610 d-Limonene p-Mentha-1,8-diene, ( R)C10H16 5989-27-5 136.234 oil -74.0 178 0.8411201.473020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 6611 l-Limonene p-Mentha-1,8-diene, ( S)C10H16 5989-54-8 136.234 oil 178; 64.4150.843201.474620i H2O; vs eth, EtOH 6612 Linalol 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, (±)- C10H18O 22564-99-4 154.249 198; 86130.870151.4627 6613 Linalyl acetate 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-yl acetateC12H20O2 115-95-7 196.286 liq 220; 440.20.895201.446020i H2O; misc EtOH, eth 6614 Lincomycin C18H34N2O6S 154-21-2 406.537 amor solid sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl 6615 Linoleic acid cis,cis -9,12-Octadecadienoic acid C18H32O2 60-33-3 280.446 -7 229160.9022201.469920vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6616 Linolenic acid cis,cis,cis -9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acidC18H30O2 463-40-1 278.430 -11 23117, 1290.050.9164201.480020i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz 6617 Linuron N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)- N’-methoxy- N’-methylureaC9H10Cl2N2O2 330-55-2 249.093 93 6618 Liothyronine C15H12I3NO4 6893-02-3 650.974 cry 236 dec i H2O, EtOH; s dil alk 6619 Lipoamide 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanamide C8H15NOS2 940-69-2 205.341 cry 128 6620 α-Lipoic acid 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid C8H14O2S2 1077-28-7 206.326 ye pl (cy) 60 8725i H2O 6621 Lisinopril C21H35N3O7 83915-83-7 441.519 wh cry pow 159 i EtOH, chl, ace; sl MeOH 6622 Lithium oxalate C2Li2O4 30903-87-8 101.901 dec 2.12117s H2O; i EtOH, eth 6623 Lobelanidine C22H29NO2 552-72-7 339.471 sc (al, eth) 150 i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; vs ace, bz, py 6624 Lobelanine C22H25NO2 579-21-5 335.440 nd (eth, peth) 99 vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl 6625 Lobeline C22H27NO2 90-69-7 337.455 nd (al, bz) 130.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace 6626 Loflucarban C13H9Cl2FN2S 790-69-2 315.192 163.5 6627 Longifolene Kuromatsuene C15H24 475-20-7 204.352 258; 126150.9319181.504020i H2O; s bz 6628 Loratadine Claritin C22H23ClN2O2 79794-75-5 382.883 cry (MeCN) 132 6629 Lovastatin Mevacor C24H36O5 75330-75-5 404.540 wh cry (ace aq) 174 i H2O; vs chl; s DMF; sl ace, EtOH 6630 Lovozal C15H7Cl2F3N2O214255-88-0 375.130 ye cry 103 s ace, diox 6631 Loxapine C18H18ClN3O 1977-10-2 327.808 ye cry (peth) 109.5 6632 Loxoprofen α-Methyl-4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl) methyl]benzeneacetic acidC15H18O3 68767-14-6 246.302 col oil 110 1920.3No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g24/g20 NO O H O LaurelineN O LaurocapramPb SS SS N N Lead bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)OHH H LedolN HNO O LenacilOPS OBrCl Cl LeptophosO OH NH 2 DL-LeucineO OH NH 2 D-LeucineO OH NH 2 L-Leucine O OHH N ONH 2 N-LeucylglycineH-5-oxoPro-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr- D-Leu-Leu-Arg-Pro-NHEt LeuprolideNN O H NN H HOO OH OO OOO LeurosineN HHO LevallorphanNH 2OHO HO OH LevodopaHOO Levopimaric acid HNHO Levorphanol d-Limonene l-LimoneneHO Linalol Linalyl acetateOON O S OHOHHOCH3 C HO CH NH H O LincomycinOHO Linoleic acidOHO Linolenic acidHN N O ClClO Linuron O OH III NH 2 HO O LiothyronineNH 2O HS SH LipoamideSSOHO α-Lipoic acidN HOO HNH 2 ON HO O LisinoprilOO OO2Li Lithium oxalateNOH OH H H LobelanidineNOO HH Lobelanine NH HO OH LobelineN HN HSFCl Cl Loflucarban LongifoleneNCl N OO Loratadine/g3 OOOO HO LovastatinNN Cl Cl FF F OO LovozalONNN Cl LoxapineO OHO Loxoprofen /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g24/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126633 Luciculine Napelline C22H35NO3 5008-52-6 361.518 cry (+1w, ace) 149 1650.02vs EtOH 6634 Lunacrine C16H19NO3 82-40-6 273.327 s chl 6635 Lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol, (3 β) Betulin C30H50O2 473-98-3 442.717 nd (al +1) 250 sub 240 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s eth, AcOEt, lig 6636 Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3 β) Lupeol C30H50O 545-47-1 426.717 nd (al, ace) 216 0.94572181.4910218i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 6637 Lupulon C26H38O4 468-28-0 414.578 pr (MeOH) 93 i H2O; s EtOH, peth, hx 6638 Luteolin C15H10O6 491-70-3 286.236 ye nd (dil al, + 1 w)329 dec sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk, con sulf 6639 Luteoskyrin 8,8’-Dihydroxyrugulosin C30H22O12 21884-44-6 574.489 ye nd (EtOH) 278 dec 6640 Lycodine C16H22N2 20316-18-1 242.359 orth pr 99 1901.0s H2O, chl, eth, EtOH; i peth 6641 Lycomarasmine C9H15N3O7 7611-43-0 277.231 228 dec 6642 Lycorine C16H17NO4 476-28-8 287.311 pr (al, py) 280 sub i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl 6643 Lysergamide C16H17N3O 478-94-4 267.325 cry (MeOH), pr (aq, ace)137.5 sl EtOH, ace, os 6644 Lysergic acid C16H16N2O2 82-58-6 268.310 lf or hex sc (w) 240 dec sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, py 6645 Lysergide C20H25N3O 50-37-3 323.432 82 6646 DL-Lysine 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, (±) C6H14N2O2 70-54-2 146.187 224 sl H2O 6647 D-Lysine 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, ( D)C6H14N2O2 923-27-3 146.187 218 dec s H2O 6648 L-Lysine 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, ( L)C6H14N2O2 56-87-1 146.187 nd (w, dil al) 224 dec s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz 6649 L-Lysine, hydrochloride C6H15ClN2O2 10098-89-2 182.648 263 dec 6650 D-Lyxose C5H10O5 1114-34-7 150.130 108 1.54520 6651 L-Lyxose C5H10O5 1949-78-6 150.130 110 6652 Maclurin (3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)(2,4,6- trihydroxyphenyl)methanoneC13H10O6 519-34-6 262.214 ye nd (al) 222.5 vs eth, EtOH 6653 Magenta base Rosaniline C20H19N3 3248-93-9 301.385 br-red cry 186 dec 6654 Magenta I Rosaniline hydrochloride C20H20ClN3 632-99-5 337.846 grn cry 200 dec sl H2O, EtOH; i eth 6655 Magnesium stearate Magnesium octadecanoate C36H70MgO4 557-04-0 591.244 wh pow 132 i H2O; reac acid 6656 Malachite Green C23H25ClN2 569-64-2 364.911 grn cry vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH 6657 Malaoxon (Dimethoxyphosphinylthio) butanedioic acidC10H19O7PS 1634-78-2 314.293 liq 1320.1 6658 Malathion C10H19O6PS2 121-75-5 330.358 ye-br liq 1.4 1560.7 dec 1.2076201.496020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 6659 Maleic acid cis-2-Butenedioic acid C4H4O4 110-16-7 116.073 mcl pr (w) 139 1.59020vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth; i bz, chl 6660 Maleic anhydride C4H2O3 108-31-6 98.057 nd (chl, eth) 52.56 202 1.31460s H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl lig 6661 Maleonitrile cis-Butenedinitrile C4H2N2 928-53-0 78.072 pr (EtOH) 31.5 11120 6662 Malic acid Hydroxybutanedioic acid C4H6O5 617-48-1 134.088 132 1.60120s H2O; vs eth, EtOH, MeOH 6663 Malonaldehyde 1,3-Propanedial C3H4O2 542-78-9 72.063 hyg nd 73 6664 Malonic acid C3H4O4 141-82-2 104.062 tcl (al) 135 dec sub 1.61910vs H2O, py; s EtOH, eth; i bz 6665 Malononitrile C3H2N2 109-77-3 66.061 32 218.5 1.1910201.414634s H2O, ace, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth 6666 Maltopentaose C30H52O26 34620-76-3 828.718 cry (w) 78 (hyd) 6667 α-Maltose C12H22O11 4482-75-1 342.296 nd (al) 162.5 1.54620vs H2O 6668 6- O-α-Maltosyl- β-cyclodextrin C54H90O45 104723-60-6 1459.266 cry (MeOH) 6669 Maltotetraose C24H42O21 34612-38-9 666.577 amorp solid 170 dec 6670 Malvidin chloride C17H15ClO7 643-84-5 366.750 >300 sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH 6671 Mandelic acid α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid C8H8O3 90-64-2 152.148 orth pl 119 1.289020s H2O, eth, EtOH, i-PrOH 6672 Mandelonitrile glucoside C14H17NO6 138-53-4 295.288 wh nd or pl (al) 122 vs H2O, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g24/g22 OHOH N HH OH LuciculineN O OO LunacrineOHH HO Lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol, (3 β)H HO Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3 β)O O OH O LupulonOOH HOO OH OH Luteolin OHOH OO O OOH OHHOHO OH LuteoskyrinNHNH LycodineHO N HHNNH 2O HO OOO HO LycomarasmineNO OOH HO HH LycorineN NHHH2NO LysergamideNHHOO NH Lysergic acidN NHNO H Lysergide O OH NH 2H2N DL-LysineO OH NH 2H2N D-LysineO OH NH 2H2N L-LysineO OH NH 2H2N HCl L-Lysine, hydrochlorideCHO HO HHO H HO H CH 2OH D-LyxoseCHO HO HHO H HO H CH 2OH L-LyxoseO HO HO HOOH OH MaclurinNH NH 2H2N Magenta base NH H2N NH 2HCl Magenta I Magnesium stearateOO Mg2 2N N Cl Malachite GreenOOSPOOO OO MalaoxonPOSO OO OS O MalathionO O OH HO Maleic acid OO O Maleic anhydrideN N MaleonitrileO OHOH HO O Malic acidO O MalonaldehydeO OH HOO Malonic acidN N MalononitrileO HO OHO OHHO HO OHOOHOO OHHO OH 3OH MaltopentaoseO HO OHO OH OHHO HO OHOOH α-Maltose O HO OHO OHO OHO O OHO O OHHO OHOHO OHOOH OHHO OHHO 5 O 6-O-α-Maltosyl- β-cyclodextrin/g3 O HO OHO OHHO HO OHOOHOO OHHO OH 2OH MaltotetraoseOO OH OOHOH HO Cl Malvidin chlorideOH OOH Mandelic acidON O HO OHHO OH Mandelonitrile glucoside /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g24/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126673 Maneb Manganese, [[1,2- ethanediylbis[carbamodithioato]](2-)]-C 4H6MnN2S4 12427-38-2 265.302 dec 200 6674 Manganese(II) acetate C4H6O4Mn 638-38-0 173.027 red cry (w) 210 s H2O, MeOH, HOAc; i ace 6675 Manganese carbonyl Dimanganese decacarbonyl C10Mn2O10 10170-69-1 389.977 ye mcl cry 154 1.75 i H2O; s os 6676 Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonylC8H5MnO3 12079-65-1 204.062 pale ye cry 77.0 subl s os 6677 Manganese 2-methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonylC9H7MnO3 12108-13-3 218.088 ye liq 1.5 233; 102101.38820i H2O; misc bz 6678 D-Mannitol Cordycepic acid C6H14O6 69-65-8 182.171 orth nd or pr (w)168 2953.51.489201.3330 vs H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth 6679 D-Mannitol hexanitrate C6H8N6O18 15825-70-4 452.157 nd (al) 107 exp 1.820vs bz, eth, EtOH 6680 D-Mannose Seminose C6H12O6 3458-28-4 180.155 nd or orth pr (al)132 dec 1.53920vs H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH; i eth, bz 6681 L-Mannose C6H12O6 10030-80-5 180.155 cry (al) 132 vs H2O 6682 Matridin-15-one Matrine C15H24N2O 519-02-8 248.364 α-nd or pl; β- orth pr,22361.528625s H2O, eth, ace; vs EtOH, bz; sl peth 6683 Mazindol C16H13ClN2O 22232-71-9 284.739 cry (ace/hx) 198 i H2O; s EtOH 6684 Mebendazole C16H13N3O3 31431-39-7 295.292 cry (HOAc/ MeOH)288.5 i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 6685 Mebhydroline C19H20N2 524-81-2 276.375 cry 95 2111i H2O; sl eth; vs EtOH, ace, MeOH 6686 Mecarbam C10H20NO5PS2 2595-54-2 329.374 ye oil 1440.021.22320sl H2O 6687 Meclizine C25H27ClN2 569-65-3 390.948 230 s CS2 6688 Medroxyprogesterone C22H32O3 520-85-4 344.487 214.5 vs chl 6689 Mefenamic acid 2-[(2,3-Dimethylphenyl) amino]benzoic acidC15H15NO2 61-68-7 241.286 hyg cry 230 dec s alk; sl eth, chl 6690 Mefloquine C17H16F6N2O 53230-10-7 378.311 cry (MeOH aq) 178.2 6691 Mefluidide C11H13F3N2O3S 53780-34-0 310.292 184 6692 Melezitose C18H32O16 597-12-6 504.437 cry (w+2) 153 1.556525vs H2O 6693 α-D-Melibiose 6- O-α-D-Galactopyranosyl- D- glucoseC12H22O11 585-99-9 342.296 vs H2O; sl EtOH; dec acid 6694 Melinamide N-(1-Phenylethyl)-9,12- octadecadieneamide, ( Z,Z)-C26H41NO 14417-88-0 383.610 oil <4 2020.071.505023 6695 Melphalan L-Phenylalanine, 4-[bis(2- chloroethyl)amino]-C13H18Cl2N2O2148-82-3 305.200 nd 183 dec i H2O; s EtOH 6696 Menaquinone 7 Vitamin K2(35) C46H64O2 2124-57-4 648.999 cry 54 6697 Menazon C6H12N5O2PS2 78-57-9 281.296 cry (MeOH) 160 sl H2O; s thf 6698 p-Menthane hydroperoxide 1-Methyl-1-(4-methylcyclohexyl) ethyl hydroperoxideC10H20O2 80-47-7 172.265 259 0.92 6699 p-Menth-8-en-2-one 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexanoneC10H16O 7764-50-3 152.233 223.0 6700 Menthol 3-methylbutanoate Menthol, isovalerate C15H28O2 16409-46-4 240.382 12990.908151.448620i H2O; s EtOH, ace 6701 Meperidine Pethidine C15H21NO2 57-42-1 247.334 30 1555 6702 Mephenytoin C12H14N2O2 50-12-4 218.251 136 6703 Mephobarbital C13H14N2O3 115-38-8 246.261 wh cry (w) 176 sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH 6704 Mephosfolan C8H16NO3PS2 950-10-7 269.322 ye liq 1200.0011.535426s ace, EtOH, bz 6705 Mepiquat chloride Piperidinium, 1,1-dimethyl-, chloride C7H16ClN 24307-26-4 149.662 223 6706 Mepivacaine N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-1-methyl-2- piperidinecarboxamideC15H22N2O 96-88-8 246.348 cry (eth) 150.5 s CS2No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g24/g24 S SMn SSHN NH ManebOOMn2 2 Manganese(II) acetateCO Mn COOCOC OCMnCO COCOCO CO Manganese carbonylMnCO COCO Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonylMnCO COCO Manganese 2-methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonylCH2OH HO H HO H HO HHO H CH 2OH D-MannitolCH2ONO 2 O2NO H O2NO H H ONO 2 H ONO 2 CH2ONO 2 D-Mannitol hexanitrate CHO HO HHO H HO HHO H CH 2OH D-MannoseCHO HO HHO H HO HHO H CH 2OH L-MannoseN NO H H HH Matridin-15-oneNN HO Cl MazindolNHNO HN O O MebendazoleNN MebhydrolinePSNOO O SO O Mecarbam N NCl MeclizineOO OH MedroxyprogesteroneH NHO O Mefenamic acidNN H FFFF FFHO H MefloquineH NSFFF OO HNOO MefluidideO HO OHO HO OH O OHOHO OH HO OHOHHO O Melezitose O HO OHO HO OH OHOHHO O OH α-D-MelibioseN HO Melinamide/g3 NH 2OHO NCl Cl MelphalanO OH 53 Menaquinone 7N NN H2NN H 2SPO OS MenazonOOH p-Menthane hydroperoxide O p-Menth-8-en-2-oneOO Menthol 3-methylbutanoateNOO MeperidineNNH O O MephenytoinNNHO O O MephobarbitalSS NPOO O MephosfolanN Cl Mepiquat chlorideNH N O Mepivacaine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g24/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126707 Mepivacaine monohydrochloride Carbocaine hydrochloride C15H23ClN2O 1722-62-9 282.809 cry 263 s H2O 6708 Mercaptoacetic acid, 2-ethylhexyl esterC10H20O2S 7659-86-1 204.330 133.5 0.9720 6709 2-Mercaptobenzoic acid o-Thiosalicylic acid C7H6O2S 147-93-3 154.187 lf or nd (al, w, HOAc)168.5 sub s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO, lig 6710 Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether 2,2’-Dithiobis[benzothiazole] C14H8N2S4 120-78-5 332.487 ye nd 180 1.50 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ctc, ace 6711 2-Mercaptoethanol C2H6OS 60-24-2 78.133 158; 55131.1143201.499620s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 6712 2-Mercapto-2-methylpropanoic acid C4H8O2S 4695-31-2 120.171 47 10115vs H2O 6713 2-Mercapto- N-2-naphthylacetamide Thionalide C12H11NOS 93-42-5 217.286 111.5 i H2O; vs EtOH, os 6714 2-Mercaptophenol C6H6OS 1121-24-0 126.176 oil 5.5 217; 8981.23710vs bz, eth, EtOH 6715 4-Mercaptophenol C6H6OS 637-89-8 126.176 cry 29.5 16745, 135111.1285251.510125s H2O, EtOH, alk, con sulf 6716 3-Mercapto-1,2-propanediol Thioglycerol C3H8O2S 96-27-5 108.160 visc 10011.2455201.526820sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; msc EtOH; vs ace 6717 3-Mercaptopropanoic acid C3H6O2S 107-96-0 106.144 amor 18 11115, 8631.218211.49420s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc 6718 3-Mercapto- D-valine Penicillamine C5H11NO2S 52-67-5 149.212 198.5 6719 Mercury(II) benzoate Mercuric benzoate C14H10HgO4 583-15-3 442.81 cry pow (w) ≈125 i EtOH 6720 Mercury(II) oleate Mercuric oleate C36H66HgO4 1191-80-6 763.35 ye-br solid i H2O; sl EtOH, eth 6721 Mercury(II) phenyl acetate Phenylmercuric acetate C8H8HgO2 62-38-4 336.74 153 i H2O; s chl 6722 Merphos Phosphorotrithious acid, S,S,S - tributyl esterC12H27PS3 150-50-5 298.511 100 1370.7, 176151.0220 6723 Mesityl oxide Isobutenyl methyl ketone C6H10O 141-79-7 98.142 liq -59 130 0.8653201.444020s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth 6724 Mesoridazine C21H26N2OS2 5588-33-0 386.573 oil 6725 Mestranol C21H26O2 72-33-3 310.430 cry 151 i H2O; s diox, eth, EtOH, chl 6726 [2.2]Metacyclophane Tricyclo[9.3.1.1]hexadeca-1(15) ,4,6,8(16),11,13-hexaeneC16H16 2319-97-3 208.298 orth pr 132.5 290 sl EtOH; s bz, eth 6727 Metalaxyl C15H21NO4 57837-19-1 279.333 71 6728 Metaldehyde Metacetaldehyde (polymer) (C2H4O)x 37273-91-9 tetr nd or pr (al) 246 sub 115 i H2O, ace; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl 6729 Metanil Yellow C18H14N3NaO3S 587-98-4 375.377 br-ye pow vs H2O, EtOH; s bz, eth; sl ace 6730 Metaraminol 2-Amino-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- propanol, (1 R,2S)C9H13NO2 54-49-9 167.205 hyg cry (HCl) s H2O 6731 Metaxalone C12H15NO3 1665-48-1 221.252 cry (AcOEt) 122 2231.5 6732 Methacholine chloride C8H18ClNO2 62-51-1 195.688 hyg cry 172 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 6733 Methacrylic acid 2-Methylpropenoic acid C4H6O2 79-41-4 86.090 pr 16 162.5 1.0153201.431420s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 6734 Methacycline C22H22N2O8 914-00-1 442.418 cry 205 dec 6735 Methadone hydrochloride 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3- heptanone hydrochlorideC21H28ClNO 1095-90-5 345.906 pl (al-eth) 235 vs H2O, EtOH 6736 Methallenestril C18H22O3 517-18-0 286.366 cry (MeOH aq) 139 s eth 6737 Methamidophos Phosphoramidothioic acid, O,S- dimethyl esterC2H8NO2PS 10265-92-6 141.130 46 1.3120 6738 Methamphetamine C10H15N 537-46-2 149.233 212 6739 Methamphetamine hydrochloride N,α-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine, hydrochloride, ( S)-C10H16ClN 51-57-0 185.694 173.8 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 6740 Methandrostenolone C20H28O2 72-63-9 300.435 166 6741 Methane CH4 74-82-8 16.043 col gas -182.47 -161.48 0.4228-162sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz, tol, MeOH 6742 Methanearsonic acid CH5AsO3 124-58-3 139.971 160.5 s H2O, EtOH 6743 Methanedisulfonic acid Methionic acid CH4O6S2 503-40-2 176.169 98 i H2O; s HNO3 6744 Methanesulfonic acid Methylsulfonic acid CH4O3S 75-75-2 96.106 20 167101.4812181.431718s H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g24/g26 NH N OHCl Mepivacaine monohydrochlorideO OHS Mercaptoacetic acid, 2-ethylhexyl esterOH O SH 2-Mercaptobenzoic acidSNS SSN Mercaptobenzthiazyl etherHSOH 2-MercaptoethanolSH OH O 2-Mercapto-2-methylpropanoic acidH N OSH 2-Mercapto- N-2-naphthylacetamide HO SH 2-MercaptophenolOH SH 4-MercaptophenolOH OHHS 3-Mercapto-1,2-propanediolO OH HS 3-Mercaptopropanoic acidO OH NH 2HS 3-Mercapto- D-valineOO Hg2 2 Mercury(II) benzoateOO Hg O O Mercury(II) oleate Hg OO Mercury(II) phenyl acetateS PSS MerphosO Mesityl oxideSNN SO MesoridazineHO OH Mestranol [2.2]MetacyclophaneNO O OO MetalaxylOOOO Metaldehyde H N NN SO 3Na Metanil YellowOHOH NH 2 MetaraminolO ONH O MetaxaloneO ON Cl Methacholine chlorideO OH Methacrylic acidOH O OHOH OH NH 2 O ON HOH H MethacyclineN O HCl Methadone hydrochloride OOHO MethallenestrilO P OS NH 2 MethamidophosHN MethamphetamineHNHCl Methamphetamine hydrochlorideOH H O MethandrostenoloneH HH H MethaneOH AsO OH Methanearsonic acidSO 3H HS O 3H H Methanedisulfonic acidO SO H O Methanesulfonic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g24/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126745 Methanesulfonyl chloride CH3ClO2S 124-63-0 114.552 162; 55111.4805181.457320i H2O; s EtOH, eth 6746 Methanesulfonyl fluoride CH3FO2S 558-25-8 98.097 123.5 6747 Methanethiol Methyl mercaptan CH4S 74-93-1 48.108 col gas -123 5.9 0.866520sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 6748 Methanimidamide Formamidine CH4N2 463-52-5 44.056 pr 81 dec vs H2O, EtOH 6749 Methanimidamide, monoacetate Formamidine acetate C3H8N2O2 3473-63-0 104.108 161.5 vs H2O 6750 Methanol Methyl alcohol CH4O 67-56-1 32.042 liq -97.53 64.6 0.7914201.328820msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz; s chl 6751 Methantheline bromide C21H26BrNO3 53-46-3 420.340 cry (i-PrOH) 174.5 s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth 6752 Methapyrilene C14H19N3S 91-80-5 261.386 17431.591520 6753 Metharbital 5,5-Diethyl-1-methyl- 2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrioneC9H14N2O3 50-11-3 198.218 nd 150.5 s H2O; sl chl 6754 Methazolamide C5H8N4O3S2 554-57-4 236.273 cry (w) 213 dec 6755 Methazole C9H6Cl2N2O3 20354-26-1 261.061 123 1.2425 6756 Methenamine allyl iodide Allylhexamethylenetetramine iodide C9H17IN4 36895-62-2 308.162 cry 148 dec vs H2O; i chl, eth 6757 Methestrol C20H26O2 130-73-4 298.419 cry (dil HOAc) 145 6758 Methidathion C6H11N2O4PS3 950-37-8 302.330 39 6759 Methiocarb Phenol, 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylthio)- , methylcarbamateC11H15NO2S 2032-65-7 225.308 120 6760 L-Methionine C5H11NO2S 63-68-3 149.212 hex pl (dil al) 281 dec s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl HOAc 6761 Methocarbamol Guaifenesin-1-carbamate C11H15NO5 532-03-6 241.241 cry (bz) 93 s EtOH 6762 Methomyl C5H10N2O2S 16752-77-5 162.210 78 1.294624 6763 Methoprene C19H34O3 40596-69-8 310.471 1000.050.92620 6764 Methoprotryne C11H21N5OS 841-06-5 271.383 cry 69 sl H2O; s os 6765 Methotrexate C20H22N8O5 59-05-2 454.440 ye cry (w) 190 dec 6766 Methoxamine hydrochloride C11H18ClNO3 61-16-5 247.719 cry 214 vs H2O; i eth, bz, chl 6767 Methoxsalen 9-Methoxy-7 H-furo[3,2- g][1]benzopyran-7-oneC12H8O4 298-81-7 216.190 pr (dil al) nd (peth)148 sl H2O, eth, ace, peth; vs EtOH 6768 Methoxyacetaldehyde C3H6O2 10312-83-1 74.079 92 1.005251.395020vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 6769 Methoxyacetic acid C3H6O3 625-45-6 90.078 hyg 203.5 1.1768201.416820s H2O, EtOH, eth 6770 Methoxyacetonitrile C3H5NO 1738-36-9 71.078 119 0.9492201.383120sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, alk, acid 6771 Methoxyacetyl chloride C3H5ClO2 38870-89-2 108.524 112.5 1.1871201.419920s eth, ace, ctc; vs chl 6772 2-Methoxyaniline o-Anisidine C7H9NO 90-04-0 123.152 6.2 224 1.0923201.571510sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 6773 3-Methoxyaniline m-Anisidine C7H9NO 536-90-3 123.152 liq -1 251 1.096201.579420sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 6774 4-Methoxyaniline p-Anisidine C7H9NO 104-94-9 123.152 orth pl 57.2 243 1.071571.555960s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth 6775 2-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride o-Anisidine hydrochloride C7H10ClNO 134-29-2 159.613 nd 225 6776 1-Methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione C15H10O3 82-39-3 238.238 170.3 sl EtOH; vs bz, chl 6777 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde C8H8O2 135-02-4 136.149 pr 37.5 243.5 1.1326201.560020i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; vs eth, ace, chl 6778 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde C8H8O2 591-31-1 136.149 231 1.1187201.553020i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, chl 6779 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde p-Anisaldehyde C8H8O2 123-11-5 136.149 0 248; 134121.119151.573020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, chl; s bz 6780 4-Methoxybenzamide C8H9NO2 3424-93-9 151.163 nd or tab (w) 166.5 295 vs H2O, EtOH 6781 4-Methoxybenzeneacetaldehyde C9H10O2 5703-26-4 150.174 255.5 1.096201.535920 6782 2-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid C9H10O3 93-25-4 166.173 nd (w) 124 1002s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 6783 4-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid C9H10O3 104-01-8 166.173 pl (w) 87 1382i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz; sl chl, ligNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g24/g28 O SC l O Methanesulfonyl chlorideO S OF Methanesulfonyl fluorideSHH H H MethanethiolH2N NH MethanimidamideO OHNH H2N Methanimidamide, monoacetateH HHO H MethanolOOON Br Methantheline bromideSNNN MethapyrileneNNH OO O Metharbital N N S NO SNH 2 OO MethazolamideN ONO OCl Cl MethazoleNN NNI Methenamine allyl iodideOHOH MethestrolN N S O OSPS OO MethidathionOHN OS MethiocarbO OH NH 2S L-MethionineOOOH ON H 2 O Methocarbamol N HONSO MethomylOO O MethopreneN NN SN HHN O MethoprotryneN NNNNH 2 H2NNN HOOH O OH O MethotrexateOH NH 2O OHCl Methoxamine hydrochloride O O O O MethoxsalenOO MethoxyacetaldehydeO OHO Methoxyacetic acidNO MethoxyacetonitrileOClO Methoxyacetyl chlorideNH 2 O 2-MethoxyanilineNH 2 O 3-MethoxyanilineNH 2 O 4-MethoxyanilineNH 2 OHCl 2-Methoxyaniline hydrochlorideO OO 1-Methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione OO 2-MethoxybenzaldehydeOO 3-MethoxybenzaldehydeOO 4-MethoxybenzaldehydeNH 2 O O 4-MethoxybenzamideO O 4-MethoxybenzeneacetaldehydeOH OO 2-Methoxybenzeneacetic acidOH OO 4-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g25/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126784 4-Methoxybenzeneacetonitrile C9H9NO 104-47-2 147.173 286.5 1.0845201.530920s EtOH, eth, chl 6785 4-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Methoxy- o-phenylenediamine C7H10N2O 102-51-2 138.166 grn pl 51 20021, 16811vs eth 6786 4-Methoxy-1,3-benzenediamine 4-Methoxy- m-phenylenediamine C7H10N2O 615-05-4 138.166 nd (eth) 67.5 s EtOH, eth; sl DMSO 6787 2-Methoxy-1,4-benzenediamine 2,5-Diaminoanisole C7H10N2O 5307-02-8 138.166 cry 107 6788 3-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediol C7H8O3 934-00-9 140.137 nd 42.8 16348, 12910s chl 6789 4-Methoxybenzeneethanamine C9H13NO 55-81-2 151.205 139201.537920 6790 4-Methoxybenzeneethanol C9H12O2 702-23-8 152.190 29 335 6791 2-Methoxybenzenemethanamine C8H11NO 6850-57-3 137.179 228 1.051251.547520 6792 4-Methoxybenzenemethanamine C8H11NO 2393-23-9 137.179 236.5 1.050151.546220sl H2O, EtOH, eth 6793 2-Methoxybenzenemethanol C8H10O2 612-16-8 138.164 249 1.0386251.545520i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 6794 3-Methoxybenzenemethanol C8H10O2 6971-51-3 138.164 30 252 1.112251.544020 6795 4-Methoxybenzenemethanol Anise alcohol C8H10O2 105-13-5 138.164 nd 25 259.1 1.109261.542025s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth 6796 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride C7H7ClO3S 98-68-0 206.647 nd or pr (bz) 42.5 1030.25s EtOH, eth, bz 6797 3-Methoxybenzenethiol C7H8OS 15570-12-4 140.203 224.5; 114201.587420s chl 6798 4-Methoxybenzenethiol C7H8OS 696-63-9 140.203 228 1.1313251.580125s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 6799 2-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 579-75-9 152.148 pl (w) 101 200 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s bz, ctc 6800 3-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 586-38-9 152.148 nd (w) 107 17010sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl 6801 4-Methoxybenzoic acid p-Anisic acid C8H8O3 100-09-4 152.148 185 276.5 i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, eth; s chl 6802 2-Methoxybenzonitrile C8H7NO 6609-56-9 133.148 24.5 255.5 1.106320s EtOH; vs eth 6803 3-Methoxybenzonitrile C8H7NO 1527-89-5 133.148 14034, 111131.089251.540220 6804 4-Methoxybenzonitrile C8H7NO 874-90-8 133.148 nd (w) lf (al) 61.5 256.5 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 6805 7-Methoxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one C10H8O3 531-59-9 176.169 lf (w, MeOH) 118.3 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, con sulf, alk 6806 6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolamine C8H8N2OS 1747-60-0 180.227 166 6807 2-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid o-(p-Anisoyl)benzoic acid C15H12O4 1151-15-1 256.254 lf (w), cry (al, to)146 vs eth, EtOH, tol 6808 2-Methoxybenzoyl chloride C8H7ClO2 21615-34-9 170.594 254 6809 4-Methoxybenzoyl chloride p-Anisoyl chloride C8H7ClO2 100-07-2 170.594 nd 24.5 262.5 1.261201.58020s eth, ace; vs bz; sl ctc 6810 4-Methoxybenzyl acetate C10H12O3 104-21-2 180.200 84 270; 150231.10525s ctc 6811 2-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl C13H12O 86-26-0 184.233 pr (peth) 29 274 1.0233991.564199i H2O; s EtOH, peth; sl ctc 6812 4-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl C13H12O 613-37-6 184.233 pl (al) 90 157101.02781001.5744100i H2O; s EtOH, eth 6813 1-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene C5H8O 3036-66-6 84.117 91.5 0.8296201.459420s H2O, EtOH 6814 2-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene C5H8O 3588-30-5 84.117 75 0.8272201.444220vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6815 3-Methoxy-1-butanol C5H12O2 2517-43-3 104.148 157 0.923231.414825vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl chl 6816 1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne C5H6O 2798-73-4 82.101 dec 123; 39230.906201.481820i H2O; s chl 6817 Methoxychlor C16H15Cl3O2 72-43-5 345.648 cry (dil al) 87 1.4125i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz 6818 Methoxycyclohexane C7H14O 931-56-6 114.185 liq -74.4 133 0.8756201.435520vs eth, EtOH 6819 1-Methoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene C7H6N2O5 119-27-7 198.133 nd (al or w) 94.5 206121.33641311.54615sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs py 6820 1-Methoxy-3,5-dinitrobenzene 3,5-Dinitroanisole C7H6N2O5 5327-44-6 198.133 nd (al) 105.3 1.55812vs ace, bz, MeOH 6821 2-Methoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone C15H14O2 3524-62-7 226.271 nd (lig) 49.5 188151.127814vs bz, eth, EtOH 6822 2-Methoxyethanol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether C3H8O2 109-86-4 76.095 liq -85.1 124.1 0.9647201.402420msc H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; s ace; sl chl 6823 (2-Methoxyethoxy)ethene C5H10O2 1663-35-0 102.132 107 6824 2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy) ethoxy]ethanolTriethyleneglycol monomethyl ether C7H16O4 112-35-6 164.200 246No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g25/g20ON 4-MethoxybenzeneacetonitrileNH 2 NH 2 O 4-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediamineNH 2 NH 2 O 4-Methoxy-1,3-benzenediamineNH 2 NH 2O 2-Methoxy-1,4-benzenediamineOH OH O 3-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediolNH 2 O 4-MethoxybenzeneethanamineOOH 4-MethoxybenzeneethanolNH 2 O 2-Methoxybenzenemethanamine NH 2 O 4-MethoxybenzenemethanamineOH O 2-MethoxybenzenemethanolOH O 3-MethoxybenzenemethanolOH O 4-MethoxybenzenemethanolOSCl O O 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chlorideSH O 3-MethoxybenzenethiolSH O 4-MethoxybenzenethiolOH O O 2-Methoxybenzoic acid OH O O 3-Methoxybenzoic acidOH O O 4-Methoxybenzoic acidN O 2-MethoxybenzonitrileN O 3-MethoxybenzonitrileN O 4-MethoxybenzonitrileOO O 7-Methoxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneSN NH 2 O 6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolamineO OHO O 2-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid Cl O O 2-Methoxybenzoyl chlorideCl O O 4-Methoxybenzoyl chlorideOO O 4-Methoxybenzyl acetateO 2-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenylO 4-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenylO 1-Methoxy-1,3-butadieneO 2-Methoxy-1,3-butadieneOHO 3-Methoxy-1-butanolO 1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne OCl ClCl O MethoxychlorO Methoxycyclohexane/g3O NOO NOO 1-Methoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzeneO NO ONO O 1-Methoxy-3,5-dinitrobenzeneO O 2-Methoxy-1,2-diphenylethanoneOHO 2-MethoxyethanolOO (2-Methoxyethoxy)etheneHOOOO 2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g25/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126825 2-Methoxyethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetateC5H10O3 110-49-6 118.131 liq -70 143 1.0074191.400220s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 6826 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate 2-Methoxyethyl 2-propenoate C6H10O3 3121-61-7 130.141 6716, 56121.01220 6827 2-Methoxyethylamine 1-Amino-2-methoxyethane C3H9NO 109-85-3 75.109 95 vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl 6828 Methoxyethylmercuric acetate C5H10HgO3 151-38-2 318.72 nd (peth) 42 6829 2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine Metyridine C8H11NO 114-91-0 137.179 203; 96170.988201.497520vs H2O, EtOH 6830 2-Methoxyfuran C5H6O2 25414-22-6 98.101 110.5 1.0646251.446825 6831 4-Methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline Dictamnine C12H9NO2 484-29-7 199.205 pr (al) 133.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, AcOEt 6832 12-Methoxyibogamine Ibogaine C20H26N2O 83-74-9 310.432 148 s chl 6833 5-Methoxy-1 H-indole-3-ethanamine 5-Methoxytryptamine C11H14N2O 608-07-1 190.241 cry (al) 121.5 6834 N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl) ethyl]acetamideMelatonin C13H16N2O2 73-31-4 232.278 pa ye lf (bz) 117 6835 3-Methoxyisopropylamine 1-Methoxy-2-propanamine C4H11NO 37143-54-7 89.136 97 1.403125 6836 4-Methoxy- N-(4-methoxyphenyl) aniline4,4’-Dimethoxydiphenylamine C14H15NO2 101-70-2 229.275 lf (EtOH) 103 6837 N-Methoxymethylamine N-Methoxymethanamine C2H7NO 1117-97-1 61.083 liq 42.4 6838 2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline 5-Methyl- o-anisidine C8H11NO 120-71-8 137.179 53 235 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, peth 6839 4-Methoxy-2-methylaniline C8H11NO 102-50-1 137.179 cry (lig) 29.5 248.5 1.065251.564720vs EtOH 6840 4-Methoxy- α- methylbenzenemethanolC9H12O2 3319-15-1 152.190 dec 310; 140171.0794201.531025s ctc 6841 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane Methyl tert-pentyl ether C6H14O 994-05-8 102.174 86.1 0.7660251.386225sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH 6842 2-(Methoxymethyl)furan C6H8O2 13679-46-4 112.127 132 1.0163201.457020i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth 6843 2-(Methoxymethyl)-5-nitrofuran C6H7NO4 586-84-5 157.125 10431.281201.532520vs EtOH 6844 (Methoxymethyl)oxirane C4H8O2 930-37-0 88.106 113 0.9890201.432020vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 6845 3-Methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5- hexadienoic acidPenicillic acid C8H10O4 90-65-3 170.163 orth or hex pl (+ 1w)83 s H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl peth 6846 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone Pentoxone C7H14O2 107-70-0 130.185 160 0.8980251.41820 6847 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol Creosol C8H10O2 93-51-6 138.164 pr 5.5 221 1.098201.535325vs eth, EtOH 6848 1-Methoxynaphthalene C11H10O 2216-69-5 158.196 <-10 269 1.0963141.694025i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs CS2 6849 2-Methoxynaphthalene C11H10O 93-04-9 158.196 lf (eth), pl (peth)73.5 274 vs bz, eth, chl 6850 2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthalenedione C11H8O3 2348-82-5 188.180 183.0 6851 4-Methoxy-1-naphthol C11H10O2 84-85-5 174.196 129.8 6852 2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline C7H8N2O3 97-52-9 168.150 141.0 s DMSO 6853 2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline 5-Nitro- o-anisidine C7H8N2O3 99-59-2 168.150 118 1.206815s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace, bz; sl lig 6854 4-Methoxy-2-nitroaniline C7H8N2O3 96-96-8 168.150 dk red pr (w or al)129 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 6855 2-Methoxyphenol Guaiacol C7H8O2 90-05-1 124.138 hex pr 32 205 1.1287211.542920sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl 6856 3-Methoxyphenol C7H8O2 150-19-6 124.138 <-17 11451.131251.551020sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 6857 4-Methoxyphenol C7H8O2 150-76-5 124.138 pl 57 243 s H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH, eth 6858 2-Methoxyphenol benzoate Guaiacol benzoate C14H12O3 531-37-3 228.243 57.5 vs eth, chl 6859 2-Methoxyphenol carbonate (2:1) Guaiacol carbonate C15H14O5 553-17-3 274.269 cry (al) 89 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs chl 6860 2-Methoxyphenol phosphate (3:1) Guaiacol phosphate C21H21O7P 563-03-1 416.362 91 2773vs ace, tol, chl 6861 5-[(2-Methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2- oxazolidinoneMephenoxalone C11H13NO4 70-07-5 223.226 144 6862 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)-1,2- propanediolGuaifenesin C10H14O4 93-14-1 198.216 orth pr (eth, eth-peth)78.5 21519, 1270.2s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH; i pethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g25/g22 OO O 2-Methoxyethyl acetateO OO 2-Methoxyethyl acrylateONH 2 2-MethoxyethylamineO OHgO Methoxyethylmercuric acetateNO 2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridineO O 2-MethoxyfuranN OO 4-Methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinolineO NHN H 12-Methoxyibogamine NHONH 2 5-Methoxy-1 H-indole-3-ethanamineNHOHN O N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamideNH 2 O 3-MethoxyisopropylamineOHN O 4-Methoxy- N-(4-methoxyphenyl)anilineNHO N-MethoxymethylamineNH 2 O 2-Methoxy-5-methylanilineNH 2 O 4-Methoxy-2-methylaniline OOH 4-Methoxy- α-methylbenzenemethanolO 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutaneOO 2-(Methoxymethyl)furanOONO O 2-(Methoxymethyl)-5-nitrofuranOO (Methoxymethyl)oxiraneO OHO O 3-Methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5-hexadienoic acidOO 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone OOH 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenolO 1-MethoxynaphthaleneO 2-MethoxynaphthaleneOO O 2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthalenedioneOOH 4-Methoxy-1-naphtholNH 2 O NOO 2-Methoxy-4-nitroanilineNH 2 NO OO 2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline/g3 NH 2 ONOO 4-Methoxy-2-nitroanilineOH O 2-Methoxyphenol OOH 3-MethoxyphenolOH O 4-MethoxyphenolOO O 2-Methoxyphenol benzoateOO OOO 2-Methoxyphenol carbonate (2:1)O P OO O OOO 2-Methoxyphenol phosphate (3:1)O ONH OO 5-[(2-Methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2-oxazolidinoneOOH OH O 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g25/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126863 N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide o-Acetanisidine C9H11NO2 93-26-5 165.189 nd (w) 87.5 304 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, HOAc 6864 N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide m-Acetanisidine C9H11NO2 588-16-9 165.189 nd or pl (w) 81 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace 6865 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide p-Acetanisidine C9H11NO2 51-66-1 165.189 pl (w) 131 vs ace, EtOH, chl 6866 2-Methoxyphenyl acetate 2-Acetoxyanisole C9H10O3 613-70-7 166.173 31.5 123131.1285251.510125i H2O; s EtOH, eth 6867 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one C11H12O2 943-88-4 176.212 lf (al, eth, HOAc)74.0 187.519i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc, sulf 6868 2-Methoxy-1-phenylethanone C9H10O2 4079-52-1 150.174 ye liq 8 245; 125191.0897201.539320sl H2O; s EtOH, ace 6869 1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone C9H10O2 586-37-8 150.174 95.5 240 1.0343191.541020s H2O, EtOH, ace, ctc 6870 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1 H-indene- 1,3(2 H)-dioneAnisindione C16H12O3 117-37-3 252.264 pa ye cry (HOAc, al)156.5 6871 4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate C8H7NO2 5416-93-3 149.148 11010 6872 2-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate 1-Isothiocyanato-2-methoxybenzene C8H7NOS 3288-04-8 165.213 264; 131111.1878201.645820 6873 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3- oxobutanamideC11H13NO3 5437-98-9 207.226 117.3 s EtOH, chl; sl eth 6874 2-Methoxyphenyl pentanoate Guaiacol valerate C12H16O3 531-39-5 208.253 265 1.0525vs bz, eth, EtOH 6875 (4-Methoxyphenyl)phenyldiazene C13H12N2O 2396-60-3 212.246 oran-red pl, lf (al, peth)56 340 1.1275i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 6876 N-(p-Methoxyphenyl)- p- phenylenediamineN-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,4- benzenediamineC13H14N2O 101-64-4 214.262 nd 102 23812sl H2O, peth; vs bz, eth, EtOH 6877 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)- p- phenylenediamine hydrochlorideC13H15ClN2O 3566-44-7 250.723 cry 245 dec 6878 (4-Methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone C14H12O2 611-94-9 212.244 pr (eth) 61.5 355; 16812i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HOAc 6879 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2- propen-1-oneC16H14O2 959-33-1 238.281 ye nd (al) 79 18719i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, chl, HOAc 6880 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone Ethyl 4-methoxyphenyl ketone C10H12O2 121-97-1 164.201 25.5 266 1.079816s ctc 6881 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone Anisyl methyl ketone C10H12O2 122-84-9 164.201 <-15 268 1.0694171.525320vs eth, EtOH 6882 trans -3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2- propenoic acidtrans -4-Methoxycinnamic acid C10H10O3 943-89-5 178.184 173.5 sl H2O, EtOH, bz, DMSO; s ctc, HOAc 6883 trans -1-Methoxy-4-(2-phenylvinyl) benzeneC15H14O 1694-19-5 210.271 136.5 142.515i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth 6884 1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene Methoxyallene C4H6O 13169-00-1 70.090 oil 51.5 6885 3-Methoxy-1-propanamine C4H11NO 5332-73-0 89.136 117.5 0.8727201.439120s H2O, ace, bz, ctc, chl, MeOH 6886 3-Methoxy-1,2-propanediol Glycerol 3-methyl ether C4H10O3 623-39-2 106.120 hyg liq 220 1.114201.44225vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth 6887 3-Methoxypropanenitrile C4H7NO 110-67-8 85.105 163 0.9379201.404320s EtOH, eth, chl 6888 2-Methoxy-1-propanol C4H10O2 1589-47-5 90.121 130 0.938201.407020 6889 1-Methoxy-2-propanone Methoxyacetone C4H8O2 5878-19-3 88.106 116 0.957251.397020 6890 2-Methoxy-1-propene C4H8O 116-11-0 72.106 38 0.737220 6891 3-Methoxy-1-propene C4H8O 627-40-7 72.106 44 0.77111.377820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 6892 trans -1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzeneAnethole C10H12O 4180-23-8 148.201 col oily liq 22.5 235; 812.30.9882201.561520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs bz 6893 1-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene Estragole C10H12O 140-67-0 148.201 215.5 0.965251.519520vs EtOH, chl 6894 cis-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol C10H12O2 5912-86-7 164.201 134131.0837201.572620sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 6895 trans -2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) phenolC10H12O2 5932-68-3 164.201 33.5 141131.0852201.578420sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 6896 1-Methoxy-4-propylbenzene C10H14O 104-45-0 150.217 211.5 0.9472201.504520sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; vs eth 6897 2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol C10H14O2 2785-87-7 166.217 12110 6898 3-Methoxy-1-propyne C4H6O 627-41-8 70.090 63 0.83121.503520vs eth, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g25/g24OH N O N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)acetamideOH N O N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetamideOH N O N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetamideOOO 2-Methoxyphenyl acetateO O 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-oneO O 2-Methoxy-1-phenylethanone OO 1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanoneO OO 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1 H-indene-1,3(2 H)-dioneONCO 4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanateONCS 2-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanateOHN OO N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamideO OO 2-Methoxyphenyl pentanoate N NO (4-Methoxyphenyl)phenyldiazeneOH N NH 2 N-(p-Methoxyphenyl)- p-phenylenediamineOH NHCl NH 2 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)- p-phenylenediamine hydrochlorideOO (4-Methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanoneOO 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one OO 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-propanoneOO 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propanoneOOHO trans -3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acidO trans -1-Methoxy-4-(2-phenylvinyl)benzeneH2CC O 1-Methoxy-1,2-propadieneON H 2 3-Methoxy-1-propanamine OO H OH 3-Methoxy-1,2-propanediolO N 3-MethoxypropanenitrileOH O 2-Methoxy-1-propanolO O 1-Methoxy-2-propanoneO 2-Methoxy-1-propeneO 3-Methoxy-1-propeneO trans -1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene O 1-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzeneHO O cis-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenolOHO trans -2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenolO 1-Methoxy-4-propylbenzeneOHO 2-Methoxy-4-propylphenolO 3-Methoxy-1-propyne /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g25/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126899 5-Methoxypsoralen Bergaptene C12H8O4 484-20-8 216.190 nd (EtOH) 188 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl 6900 6-Methoxy-3-pyridinamine C6H8N2O 6628-77-9 124.140 30 12510, 8711.574520 6901 2-Methoxypyridine C6H7NO 1628-89-3 109.126 142.5 1.0457201.504220 6902 3-Methoxypyridine C6H7NO 7295-76-3 109.126 liq 178.5; 65151.083 1.518020 6903 4-Methoxypyridine C6H7NO 620-08-6 109.126 192; 9545msc H2O 6904 6-Methoxyquinoline C10H9NO 5263-87-6 159.184 hyg lf 26.5 306; 153121.15220s EtOH, eth, chl, dil HCl 6905 6-Methoxy-4-quinolinecarboxylic acidQuininic acid C11H9NO3 86-68-0 203.194 pa ye pr (dil al) 285 dec sub sl H2O, eth, bz, tfa; i chl; s EtOH 6906 2-Methoxy-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene Methyl picrate C7H5N3O7 606-35-9 243.131 nd (dil MeOH) 69 1.494780i H2O; vs EtOH, chl, bz; s eth 6907 (2-Methoxyvinyl)benzene C9H10O 4747-15-3 134.174 211.5 0.9894231.562024 6908 Methscopolamine bromide Scopolamine methobromide C18H24BrNO4 155-41-9 398.293 cry (EtOH) 215 dec s H2O; sl EtOH 6909 Methyl abietate C21H32O2 127-25-3 316.478 pa ye lf (liq) 225161.049201.5344 i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc 6910 N-Methylacetamide C3H7NO 79-16-3 73.094 28 205 0.9371251.430120vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6911 4-Methylacetanilide C9H11NO 103-89-9 149.189 mcl cry or nd (dil al)152 307 1.212015vs eth, EtOH 6912 Methyl acetate C3H6O2 79-20-9 74.079 liq -98.25 56.87 0.9342201.361420vs H2O, eth, EtOH 6913 Methyl acetoacetate C5H8O3 105-45-3 116.116 27.5 171.7 1.0762201.418420vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 6914 4-Methylacetophenone C9H10O 122-00-9 134.174 nd 28 226; 93.571.0051201.533520vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 6915 Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Methyl o-acetylsalicylate C10H10O4 580-02-9 194.184 pl (peth) 51.5 1359vs eth, EtOH, chl 6916 Methyl acrylate Methyl propenoate C4H6O2 96-33-3 86.090 liq <-75 80.7 0.9535201.404020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 6917 2-Methylacrylonitrile 2-Methylpropenenitrile C4H5N 126-98-7 67.090 liq -35.8 90.3 0.8001201.400320sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth, ace, tol 6918 2-Methylalanine α-Aminoisobutyric acid C4H9NO2 62-57-7 103.120 mcl pr 335 sub 280 vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth 6919 5-Methyl-3-allyl-2,4- oxazolidinedioneAloxidone C7H9NO3 526-35-2 155.151 13835, 860.51.468825 6920 Methylamine Methanamine CH5N 74-89-5 31.058 col gas -93.5 -6.32 0.65625 (p>1 atm)vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth 6921 Methylamine hydrochloride Methanamine hydrochloride CH6ClN 593-51-1 67.519 hyg tetr tab (al) 227.5 22715s H2O, EtOH; i chl, ace 6922 1-(Methylamino)-9,10- anthracenedioneC15H11NO2 82-38-2 237.254 ye-red nd 171.0 s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc 6923 Methyl 2-aminobenzoate Methyl anthranilate C8H9NO2 134-20-3 151.163 24.5 256 1.1682101.5810 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 6924 Methyl 3-aminobenzoate C8H9NO2 4518-10-9 151.163 39 152111.23220vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s lig; sl peth 6925 Methyl 4-aminobenzoate C8H9NO2 619-45-4 151.163 lf or nd (aq MeOH)113.0 s chl 6926 2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid C8H9NO2 119-68-6 151.163 pl (al or lig) 180.5 800.01sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 6927 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid C8H9NO2 51524-84-6 151.163 pl (peth) 127 vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl 6928 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid C8H9NO2 10541-83-0 151.163 nd (bz, w, dil al) 168 s H2O, bz, AcOEt; vs EtOH, eth; sl tfa 6929 Methyl 3-amino-2-butenoate C5H9NO2 14205-39-1 115.131 s chl 6930 N-[(Methylamino)carbonyl]acetamide C4H8N2O2 623-59-6 116.119 tcl (w, al), pr (w)180.5 dec s H2O, chl; sl EtOH, eth 6931 2-(Methylamino)-2-deoxy- α-L- glucopyranoseN-Methyl- α-L-glucosamine C7H15NO5 42852-95-9 193.198 glass s MeOH 6932 2-(Methylamino)ethanesulfonic acid N-Methyltaurine C3H9NO3S 107-68-6 139.173 241.5 vs H2O; i EtOH, eth 6933 4-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]-1,2- benzenediolDeoxyepinephrine C9H13NO2 501-15-5 167.205 188.5 6934 Methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate Orthocaine C8H9NO3 536-25-4 167.162 nd (bz or HOAc)143 i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, alk; sl bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g25/g26 O O OO 5-MethoxypsoralenN ONH 2 6-Methoxy-3-pyridinamineNO 2-MethoxypyridineNO 3-MethoxypyridineNO 4-MethoxypyridineNO 6-MethoxyquinolineNOHO O 6-Methoxy-4-quinolinecarboxylic acidNOO O NO ONO O 2-Methoxy-1,3,5-trinitrobenzeneO (2-Methoxyvinyl)benzene N O O OOHBr Methscopolamine bromideH OO Methyl abietateO N H N-MethylacetamideHN O 4-MethylacetanilideO O Methyl acetateO OO Methyl acetoacetateO 4-MethylacetophenoneO OOO Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoateO O Methyl acrylateN 2-MethylacrylonitrileOOHNH 2 2-Methylalanine ONO O 5-Methyl-3-allyl-2,4-oxazolidinedioneH H HNH 2 MethylamineHClH H HNH 2 Methylamine hydrochlorideO OHN 1-(Methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedioneOO NH 2 Methyl 2-aminobenzoateO O NH 2 Methyl 3-aminobenzoateNH 2OO Methyl 4-aminobenzoateOO H H N 2-(Methylamino)benzoic acidOO H N H 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid OO H HN 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acidNH 2 OO Methyl 3-amino-2-butenoateO N HN HO N-[(Methylamino)carbonyl]acetamideO OH HO OHMeHNCH 2OH 2-(Methylamino)-2-deoxy- α-L-glucopyranos eOSO OHH N 2-(Methylamino)ethanesulfonic acidOHHOH N 4-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]-1,2-benzenediolNH 2HOOO Methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g25/g27/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 6935 4-(Methylamino)phenol sulfate C14H20N2O6S 1936-57-8 344.383 cry 260 dec sl EtOH; i eth 6936 3-(Methylamino)propanenitrile C4H8N2 693-05-0 84.120 10249, 74160.8992201.432020s H2O, ace, bz, chl, MeOH 6937 4-[2-(Methylamino)propyl]phenol Pholedrine C10H15NO 370-14-9 165.232 cry (MeOH) 161 vs eth, EtOH 6938 2-Methylaniline o-Toluidine C7H9N 95-53-4 107.153 liq -14.41 200.3 0.9984201.572520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ctc 6939 3-Methylaniline m-Toluidine C7H9N 108-44-1 107.153 liq -31.3 203.3 0.9889201.568120vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 6940 4-Methylaniline p-Toluidine C7H9N 106-49-0 107.153 lf (w+1) 43.6 200.4 0.9619201.553445sl H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth, ace, ctc 6941 N-Methylaniline C7H9N 100-61-8 107.153 liq -57 196.2 0.9891201.568420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl 6942 2-Methylaniline, hydrochloride o-Toluidine, hydrochloride C7H10ClN 636-21-5 143.614 mcl pr (w) 215 vs H2O, EtOH 6943 4-Methylaniline, hydrochloride C7H10ClN 540-23-8 143.614 mcl nd (eth- HOAc)244.5 258 1.193018vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc 6944 2-Methylanisole C8H10O 578-58-5 122.164 liq -34.1 171 0.985251.516120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 6945 3-Methylanisole C8H10O 100-84-5 122.164 liq -47 175.5 0.969251.513020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc 6946 4-Methylanisole C8H10O 104-93-8 122.164 liq -32 175.5 0.969251.511220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 6947 1-Methylanthracene C15H12 610-48-0 192.256 bl nd (MeOH) lf (al)85.5 199.5 1.0471991.680299i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, sulf 6948 2-Methylanthracene C15H12 613-12-7 192.256 grn bl flr lf (sub)209 sub 1.800i H2O, ace; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, CS2 6949 9-Methylanthracene C15H12 779-02-2 192.256 ye nd (dil al) pr (bz, al)81.5 196121.065991.695999s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 6950 2-Methyl-9,10-anthracenedione 2-Methylanthraquinone C15H10O2 84-54-8 222.239 ye nd (al, HOAc)177 sub vs bz, EtOH, HOAc 6951 Methylarsine CH5As 593-52-2 91.973 col gas -143 2 vs ace, eth, EtOH 6952 9-Methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan- 3-onePseudopelletierine C9H15NO 552-70-5 153.221 orth pr (peth) 54 246 1.0011001.4760100vs H2O, eth, EtOH 6953 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Tropane C8H15N 529-17-9 125.212 166 0.925115 6954 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- oneC8H13NO 532-24-1 139.195 43 227; 113251.98721001.4598100s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl chl 6955 Methyl azide CH3N3 624-90-8 57.055 exp 20.5 0.86915 6956 Methylazoxymethanol acetate C4H8N2O3 592-62-1 132.118 191; 490.45 6957 2-Methylbenzaldehyde o-Tolualdehyde C8H8O 529-20-4 120.149 200; 94101.0328201.546220sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace 6958 3-Methylbenzaldehyde m-Tolualdehyde C8H8O 620-23-5 120.149 199 1.0189211.541321sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, chl 6959 4-Methylbenzaldehyde p-Tolualdehyde C8H8O 104-87-0 120.149 204; 106101.0194171.545420sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl 6960 2-Methylbenzamide o-Toluamide C8H9NO 527-85-5 135.163 147 sl H2O, eth, tfa, bz; vs EtOH 6961 4-Methylbenzamide p-Toluamide C8H9NO 619-55-6 135.163 162.5 sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s tfa 6962 N-Methylbenzamide C8H9NO 613-93-4 135.163 82 291; 16712s EtOH, ace 6963 7-Methylbenz[a]anthracene C19H14 2541-69-7 242.314 ye pl (al) 141 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc, CS2 6964 8-Methylbenz[a]anthracene C19H14 2381-31-9 242.314 pl (bz-al), nd (bz-lig)156.5 2723, 1600.11.23100i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, xyl 6965 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene C19H14 2381-16-0 242.314 nd (al) 152.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, CS2, xyl 6966 10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene C19H14 2381-15-9 242.314 184 i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc 6967 12-Methylbenz[a]anthracene C19H14 2422-79-9 242.314 pl (al) 150.5 i H2O; s EtOH, CS2, HOAc 6968 2-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde C9H10O 10166-08-2 134.174 221; 92101.024110vs eth, EtOH, chl 6969 4-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde C9H10O 104-09-6 134.174 40 221.5 1.0052201.525520vs eth, EtOH, chl 6970 α-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde C9H10O 93-53-8 134.174 203.5 1.0089201.517620vs EtOH 6971 2-Methylbenzeneacetic acid C9H10O2 644-36-0 150.174 nd (w) 89 s H2O, chl TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g25/g28 NHOH H2SO 4 2 4-(Methylamino)phenol sulfateNHN 3-(Methylamino)propanenitrileHN HO 4-[2-(Methylamino)propyl]phenolNH 2 2-MethylanilineNH 2 3-MethylanilineNH 2 4-MethylanilineNH N-MethylanilineNH 2 HCl 2-Methylaniline, hydrochloride HClNH 2 4-Methylaniline, hydrochlorideO 2-MethylanisoleO 3-MethylanisoleO 4-Methylanisole 1-Methylanthracene 2-Methylanthracene 9-MethylanthraceneO O 2-Methyl-9,10-anthracenedione As HH MethylarsineN O 9-Methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-oneN 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octaneN O 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-oneNNN Methyl azideO N N OO Methylazoxymethanol acetateO 2-Methylbenzaldehyde O 3-MethylbenzaldehydeO 4-MethylbenzaldehydeH2NO 2-MethylbenzamideH2NO 4-MethylbenzamideH N O N-Methylbenzamide 7-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 8-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 12-Methylbenz[a]anthraceneO 2-MethylbenzeneacetaldehydeO 4-MethylbenzeneacetaldehydeO α-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyd eO OH 2-Methylbenzeneacetic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g26/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g126972 3-Methylbenzeneacetic acid C9H10O2 621-36-3 150.174 nd (w) 62 12126s H2O, chl 6973 4-Methylbenzeneacetic acid C9H10O2 622-47-9 150.174 nd or pl (al, w) 93 265 vs bz, eth, EtOH 6974 α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±) C9H10O2 2328-24-7 150.174 <-20 263 1.101.523720 6975 4-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile C9H9N 2947-61-7 131.174 18 242.5 0.992251.519020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 6976 α-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile C9H9N 1823-91-2 131.174 231 0.9854201.509525vs eth, EtOH 6977 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine Toluene-2,3-diamine C7H10N2 2687-25-4 122.167 63.5 255 vs ace, bz, EtOH 6978 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine Toluene-3,4-diamine C7H10N2 496-72-0 122.167 pl (lig) 89.5 265 vs H2O; s lig 6979 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine Toluene-2,6-diamine C7H10N2 823-40-5 122.167 pr (bz, w) 106 s H2O, EtOH, bz 6980 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine Toluene-2,5-diamine C7H10N2 95-70-5 122.167 pl (bz) 64 273.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, HOAc 6981 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol C7H8O2 488-17-5 124.138 lf (bz) 68 248 s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl 6982 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol C7H8O2 452-86-8 124.138 lf (bz-lig), pr (bz)65 258 1.1287741.542574s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl lig 6983 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol C7H8O2 608-25-3 124.138 pr (bz) 120 265 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 6984 4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol C7H8O2 496-73-1 124.138 cry (bz-peth) 105 270 s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, peth 6985 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol Orcinol C7H8O2 504-15-4 124.138 pr(w+1), lf(chl) 107 287 1.2904s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig, peth 6986 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol C7H8O2 95-71-6 124.138 125 283; 16311vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, lig 6987 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenedithiol Toluene-3,4-dithiol C7H8S2 496-74-2 156.269 29 s chl 6988 β-Methylbenzeneethanamine C9H13N 582-22-9 135.206 210 0.943341.525520vs bz, eth, EtOH 6989 N-Methylbenzeneethanamine C9H13N 589-08-2 135.206 206 0.93251.516220 6990 2-Methylbenzeneethanol C9H12O 19819-98-8 136.190 1.0 243.5 1.016251.535520 6991 4-Methylbenzeneethanol C9H12O 699-02-5 136.190 244.5; 9461.0028201.526720 6992 2-Methylbenzenemethanamine C8H11N 89-93-0 121.180 liq -30 206; 81150.9766191.543619 6993 3-Methylbenzenemethanamine C8H11N 100-81-2 121.180 203.5 0.966251.536020 6994 4-Methylbenzenemethanamine C8H11N 104-84-7 121.180 12.5 195 0.952201.534020 6995 N-Methylbenzenemethanamine C8H11N 103-67-3 121.180 180.5 0.944218vs H2O 6996 α-Methylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenylethanol C8H10O 98-85-1 122.164 20 205 1.013251.526520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 6997 2-Methylbenzenemethanol o-Tolyl alcohol C8H10O 89-95-2 122.164 nd (peth-eth) 38 224; 118201.02340vs eth, EtOH, chl 6998 3-Methylbenzenemethanol m-Tolyl alcohol C8H10O 587-03-1 122.164 <-20 215.5 0.915717sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 6999 4-Methylbenzenemethanol p-Tolyl alcohol C8H10O 589-18-4 122.164 nd (lig) 61.5 217 0.97822vs eth, EtOH 7000 α-Methylbenzenemethanol, acetate C10H12O2 93-92-5 164.201 oil 10918 7001 4-Methylbenzenepropanal C10H12O 5406-12-2 148.201 223 0.999141.52514 7002 α-Methylbenzenepropanamine 1-Methyl-3-phenylpropylamine C10H15N 22374-89-6 149.233 143 223; 101140.9289151.515220vs EtOH 7003 β-Methylbenzenepropanoic acid, (±) C10H12O2 772-17-8 164.201 46.5 168141.0701201.515520sl H2O; s peth 7004 α-Methylbenzenepropanol C10H14O 2344-70-9 150.217 239; 123150.9899161.51716 7005 4-Methylbenzenesulfinic acid p-Toluenesulfinic acid C7H8O2S 536-57-2 156.203 orth pl or nd (w)86.5 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz 7006 4-Methylbenzenesulfinyl chloride C7H7ClOS 10439-23-3 174.648 nd 57 1133.5vs chl 7007 2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide C7H9NO2S 88-19-7 171.217 oct cry (al), pr (w)158.7 21410sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH 7008 4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide p-Toluenesulfonamide C7H9NO2S 70-55-3 171.217 mcl pl (w+2) 138 21410sl H2O, eth; s EtOH 7009 Methyl benzenesulfonate C7H8O3S 80-18-2 172.202 4.5 150151.2730171.515120sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 7010 2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid C7H8O3S 88-20-0 172.202 hyg pl (w+2) 67.5 128.825vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth 7011 2-Methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride o-Toluenesulfonyl chloride C7H7ClO2S 133-59-5 190.648 10.2 154361.3383201.556520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 7012 2-Methylbenzenethiol C7H8S 137-06-4 124.204 15 195 1.041201.57020i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth 7013 3-Methylbenzenethiol C7H8S 108-40-7 124.204 liq -20 195 1.044201.57220i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 7014 4-Methylbenzenethiol C7H8S 106-45-6 124.204 43 195 1.022051i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g26/g20O OH 3-Methylbenzeneacetic acidO OH 4-Methylbenzeneacetic acidO OH α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±)N 4-MethylbenzeneacetonitrileN α-Methylbenzeneacetonitril eNH 2 NH 2 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamineNH 2 NH 2 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamineNH 2 NH 2 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine NH 2 NH 2 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamineOH OH 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediolOH OH 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol/g3 OH OH 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediolOH OH 4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediolOH OH 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediolOH OH 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediolSH SH 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenedithiolNH 2 β-Methylbenzeneethanamine H N N-MethylbenzeneethanamineOH 2-MethylbenzeneethanolOH 4-MethylbenzeneethanolNH 2 2-MethylbenzenemethanamineNH 2 3-MethylbenzenemethanamineNH 2 4-MethylbenzenemethanamineH N N-MethylbenzenemethanamineOH α-MethylbenzenemethanolHO 2-Methylbenzenemethanol HO 3-MethylbenzenemethanolHO 4-MethylbenzenemethanolOO α-Methylbenzenemethanol, acetateO 4-MethylbenzenepropanalNH 2 α-MethylbenzenepropanamineOHO β-Methylbenzenepropanoic acid, (±)OH α-MethylbenzenepropanolSOO H 4-Methylbenzenesulfinic acid SOC l 4-Methylbenzenesulfinyl chlorideS OONH 2 2-MethylbenzenesulfonamideS OONH 2 4-MethylbenzenesulfonamideS OOO Methyl benzenesulfonateSO OOH 2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acidSO OCl 2-Methylbenzenesulfonyl chlorideSH 2-MethylbenzenethiolSH 3-MethylbenzenethiolSH 4-Methylbenzenethiol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g26/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127015 1-Methyl-1 H-benzimidazole C8H8N2 1632-83-3 132.163 nd (peth), pl (al)66 286 1.1254201.60137s peth 7016 2-Methyl-1 H-benzimidazole C8H8N2 615-15-6 132.163 pr or nd (w) 177.8 s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz 7017 Methyl benzoate C8H8O2 93-58-3 136.149 liq -12.4 199 1.0837251.516420i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, MeOH; msc eth 7018 Methyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5- carboxylateC9H8O4 326-56-7 180.158 nd or lf (peth) 53 dec 273 vs eth, EtOH 7019 2-Methylbenzofuran C9H8O 4265-25-2 132.159 197.5 1.0540201.549522vs eth, EtOH 7020 2-Methylbenzonitrile o-Tolunitrile C8H7N 529-19-1 117.149 liq -13.5 205 0.9955201.527920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7021 3-Methylbenzonitrile m-Tolunitrile C8H7N 620-22-4 117.149 liq -23 213 1.0316201.525220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7022 4-Methylbenzonitrile p-Tolunitrile C8H7N 104-85-8 117.149 29.5 217.0 0.976230i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7023 6-Methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one C10H8O2 92-48-8 160.170 76.5 304; 17414vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, peth 7024 7-Methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one 7-Methylcoumarin C10H8O2 2445-83-2 160.170 nd, (pl) (aq al) 128 171.511sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc; s eth 7025 3-Methyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one Tricromyl C10H8O2 85-90-5 160.170 s chl 7026 6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolamine C8H8N2S 2536-91-6 164.228 nd (w) pr (dil al)142 sl H2O; s EtOH 7027 2-Methylbenzothiazole C8H7NS 120-75-2 149.214 14 238 1.1763191.609219i H2O; s EtOH, chl 7028 3-Methyl-2(3 H)-benzothiazolethione C8H7NS2 2254-94-6 181.279 nd (al), pr (HOAc)90 335 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs bz, chl 7029 4-(6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolyl)aniline C14H12N2S 92-36-4 240.323 194.8 434 sl EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 7030 1-Methyl-1 H-benzotriazole C7H7N3 13351-73-0 133.151 pl (bz-lig) 64.5 270.5 vs bz, EtOH, HOAc 7031 1-Methyl-2 H-3,1-benzoxazine- 2,4(1 H)-dioneC9H7NO3 10328-92-4 177.157 180 7032 2-Methylbenzoxazole C8H7NO 95-21-6 133.148 9.5 200.5 1.1211201.549720i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth 7033 Methyl benzoylacetate C10H10O3 614-27-7 178.184 pa ye dec 265; 151121.158291.53720vs ace, eth, EtOH 7034 Methyl 2-benzoylbenzoate C15H12O3 606-28-0 240.254 pl or mcl pr (dil al)52 351 1.1903191.59120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf 7035 2-(4-Methylbenzoyl)benzoic acid 2-( p-Toluoyl)benzoic acid C15H12O3 85-55-2 240.254 146 sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 7036 2-Methylbenzoyl chloride C8H7ClO 933-88-0 154.594 213.5 1.554920vs eth, EtOH 7037 3-Methylbenzoyl chloride C8H7ClO 1711-06-4 154.594 liq -23 219.5 1.0265211.50522vs eth, EtOH 7038 4-Methylbenzoyl chloride C8H7ClO 874-60-2 154.594 liq -1.5 226 1.1686201.554720s ctc 7039 Methyl benzoylsalicylate 2-(Benzoyloxy)benzoic acid, methyl esterC15H12O4 610-60-6 256.254 cry 85 385 i H2O; s bz, chl, eth, EtOH 7040 α-Methylbenzylamine, (±) 1-Amino-1-phenylethane C8H11N 618-36-0 121.180 32 187 0.9395151.523825s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 7041 1-Methyl-2-benzylbenzene C14H14 713-36-0 182.261 6.6 280.5 1.0020201.576320 7042 1-Methyl-4-benzylbenzene C14H14 620-83-7 182.261 liq -30 286 0.9976201.571220vs eth, bz, EtOH, chl 7043 α-Methylbenzyl formate C9H10O2 7775-38-4 150.174 liq 7044 1-Methyl-2-benzyl-4(1 H)- quinazolinoneGlycosine C16H14N2O 6873-15-0 250.294 161.5 7045 1-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane C7H12 4625-24-5 96.170 93.1 7046 2-Methylbiphenyl C13H12 643-58-3 168.234 liq -0.2 255.3 1.0113201.591420i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7047 3-Methylbiphenyl C13H12 643-93-6 168.234 2.3 272.7 1.0182171.597220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 7048 4-Methylbiphenyl C13H12 644-08-6 168.234 pl (lig, MeOH) 49.5 267.5 1.01527i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7049 4-Methyl- N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl) anilineC21H21N 1159-53-1 287.399 cry (HOAc) 117 vs ace, bz, eth, chl 7050 Methyl bromoacetate C3H5BrO2 96-32-2 152.975 132 1.6350201.452020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 7051 Methyl 2-bromobenzoate C8H7BrO2 610-94-6 215.045 244 i H2O; s EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g26/g22NN 1-Methyl-1 H-benzimidazoleN HN 2-Methyl-1 H-benzimidazoleOO Methyl benzoateOOOO Methyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylateO 2-MethylbenzofuranN 2-MethylbenzonitrileN 3-MethylbenzonitrileN 4-Methylbenzonitrile OO 6-Methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneOO 7-Methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-oneOO 3-Methyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-oneSN NH 2 6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolamineSN 2-MethylbenzothiazoleSN S 3-Methyl-2(3 H)-benzothiazolethioneSN NH 2 4-(6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolyl)aniline NNN 1-Methyl-1 H-benzotriazoleNOO O 1-Methyl-2 H-3,1-benzoxazine-2,4(1 H)-dioneON 2-MethylbenzoxazoleOOO Methyl benzoylacetateOOO Methyl 2-benzoylbenzoateOOO H 2-(4-Methylbenzoyl)benzoic acidOC l 2-Methylbenzoyl chloride OC l 3-Methylbenzoyl chlorideOC l 4-Methylbenzoyl chlorideOO OO Methyl benzoylsalicylateNH 2 α-Methylbenzylamine, (±) 1-Methyl-2-benzylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-benzylbenzeneO O α-Methylbenzyl formateNNO 1-Methyl-2-benzyl-4(1 H)-quinazolinone 1-Methylbicyclo[3,1,0]hexane 2-Methylbiphenyl 3-Methylbiphenyl 4-MethylbiphenylN 4-Methyl- N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)anilineBrOO Methyl bromoacetateOO Br Methyl 2-bromobenzoate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g26/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127052 Methyl 3-bromobenzoate C8H7BrO2 618-89-3 215.045 pl 32 12515sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 7053 Methyl 4-bromobenzoate C8H7BrO2 619-42-1 215.045 lf (dil al), nd (eth)81 1.68925s EtOH, eth, ace, peth; vs bz, chl 7054 Methyl 2-bromobutanoate C5H9BrO2 3196-15-4 181.028 168 1.4528201.402925vs EtOH 7055 Methyl 4-bromobutanoate C5H9BrO2 4897-84-1 181.028 186.5 1.4251.456725vs EtOH 7056 Methyl 4-bromo-2-butenoate C5H7BrO2 1117-71-1 179.013 84121.490191.49819 7057 Methyl 5-bromopentanoate C6H11BrO2 5454-83-1 195.054 liq 101141.363 1.463020 7058 Methyl 3-bromopropanoate C4H7BrO2 3395-91-3 167.002 10560, 62121.4123181.454220s EtOH, eth, ace 7059 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene C5H8 598-25-4 68.118 liq -113.6 40.83 0.6806251.420320vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 7060 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Isoprene C5H8 78-79-5 68.118 liq -145.9 34.0 0.679201.421920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz 7061 3-Methylbutanal Isovaleraldehyde C5H10O 590-86-3 86.132 liq -51 92.5 0.7977201.390220sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 7062 3-Methylbutanamide Isovaleramide C5H11NO 541-46-8 101.147 mcl lf (al) 137 226 s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs peth 7063 3-Methyl-1-butanamine Isopentylamine C5H13N 107-85-7 87.164 96 0.7505201.408320msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 7064 2-Methyl-2-butanamine C5H13N 594-39-8 87.164 liq -105 77 0.731251.395425vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 7065 3-Methyl-2-butanamine C5H13N 598-74-3 87.164 liq -50 85.5 0.7574191.409618vs H2O; s EtOH 7066 3-Methyl-1,3-butanediol C5H12O2 2568-33-4 104.148 202.5 0.9448201.445220s H2O, EtOH 7067 2-Methylbutanenitrile C5H9N 18936-17-9 83.132 125 0.7913151.393320vs eth, EtOH 7068 3-Methylbutanenitrile Isobutyl cyanide C5H9N 625-28-5 83.132 liq -101 127.5 0.7914201.392720sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 7069 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+) C5H12S 20089-07-0 104.214 liq 119.1 0.8420201.444020 7070 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol Isopentyl mercaptan C5H12S 541-31-1 104.214 liq 116 0.8350201.441220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 7071 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol C5H12S 1679-09-0 104.214 liq 99.1 0.8120201.438520 7072 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol C5H12S 2084-18-6 104.214 liq -127.1 109.8 7073 Methyl butanoate C5H10O2 623-42-7 102.132 liq -85.8 102.8 0.8984201.387820sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 7074 2-Methylbutanoic acid (±)-2-Methylbutyric acid C5H10O2 600-07-7 102.132 <-80 177 0.934201.405120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 7075 3-Methylbutanoic acid Isovaleric acid C5H10O2 503-74-2 102.132 liq -29.3 176.5 0.931201.403320s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl 7076 3-Methylbutanoic anhydride C10H18O3 1468-39-9 186.248 215 0.9327201.404320vs eth 7077 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±) C5H12O 34713-94-5 88.148 127.5 0.8152251.409220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 7078 3-Methyl-1-butanol Isopentyl alcohol C5H12O 123-51-3 88.148 liq -117.2 131.1 0.8104201.405320sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH 7079 2-Methyl-2-butanol tert-Pentyl alcohol C5H12O 75-85-4 88.148 liq -9.1 102.4 0.8096201.405220s H2O, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 7080 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±) C5H12O 70116-68-6 88.148 112.9 0.8180201.408920sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, ctc 7081 2-Methyl-1-butanol acetate C7H14O2 624-41-9 130.185 140 0.8740201.404020vs ace, eth, EtOH 7082 3-Methyl-2-butanone Methyl isopropyl ketone C5H10O 563-80-4 86.132 liq -93.1 94.33 0.8051201.388020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc 7083 2-Methylbutanoyl chloride, (±) C5H9ClO 57526-28-0 120.577 116 0.9917201.417020 7084 3-Methylbutanoyl chloride Isovaleryl chloride C5H9ClO 108-12-3 120.577 114 0.9844201.414920s eth 7085 trans -2-Methyl-2-butenal Tiglic aldehyde C5H8O 497-03-0 84.117 liq 117; 641190.8710201.447520sl H2O; vs EtOH 7086 3-Methyl-2-butenal Senecialdehyde C5H8O 107-86-8 84.117 134 0.8722201.452820s H2O, EtOH, eth 7087 2-Methyl-1-butene C5H10 563-46-2 70.133 liq -137.53 31.2 0.6504201.377820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 7088 3-Methyl-1-butene C5H10 563-45-1 70.133 vol liq or gas -168.43 20.1 0.6213251.364320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz 7089 2-Methyl-2-butene C5H10 513-35-9 70.133 liq -133.72 38.56 0.6623201.387420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc; vs lig 7090 cis-2-Methyl-2-butenedioic acid Citraconic acid C5H6O4 498-23-7 130.100 nd (eth-lig) tcl pr (eth-bz)93.5 1.61725vs H2O; sl eth, chl; i bz, CS2 7091 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile C5H7N 4786-24-7 81.117 liq 141 7092 Methyl cis-2-butenoate Methyl isocrotonate C5H8O2 4358-59-2 100.117 118 1.417520No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g26/g24OO Br Methyl 3-bromobenzoateOO Br Methyl 4-bromobenzoateBrOO Methyl 2-bromobutanoateBrOO Methyl 4-bromobutanoateBrOO Methyl 4-bromo-2-butenoateBr OO Methyl 5-bromopentanoateBr OO Methyl 3-bromopropanoateC 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadieneO 3-MethylbutanalNH 2O 3-MethylbutanamideNH 2 3-Methyl-1-butanamineNH 2 2-Methyl-2-butanamineNH 2 3-Methyl-2-butanamineOHOH 3-Methyl-1,3-butanediol/g3 N 2-MethylbutanenitrileN 3-Methylbutanenitrile SH 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+)SH 3-Methyl-1-butanethiolSH 2-Methyl-2-butanethiolSH 3-Methyl-2-butanethiolOO Methyl butanoateOHO 2-Methylbutanoic acidOHO 3-Methylbutanoic acidOOO 3-Methylbutanoic anhydride OH 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±)OH 3-Methyl-1-butanolOH 2-Methyl-2-butanolOH 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)OO 2-Methyl-1-butanol acetateO 3-Methyl-2-butanoneOCl 2-Methylbutanoyl chloride, (±)OCl 3-Methylbutanoyl chloride O trans -2-Methyl-2-butenalO 3-Methyl-2-butenal 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-buteneOH HO OO cis-2-Methyl-2-butenedioic acidN 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrileOO Methyl cis-2-butenoate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g26/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127093 Methyl trans -2-butenoate Methyl crotonate C5H8O2 623-43-8 100.117 liq -42 121 0.9444201.424220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 7094 cis-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid Angelic acid C5H8O2 565-63-9 100.117 mcl pr or nd 45.5 185 0.9834491.443447sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth 7095 trans -2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid Tiglic acid C5H8O2 80-59-1 100.117 tab (w) 64.5 198.5 0.9641761.433076s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 7096 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid C5H8O2 541-47-9 100.117 69.5 197 1.006224 7097 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol C5H10O 556-82-1 86.132 140 0.848251.441220 7098 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol C5H10O 763-32-6 86.132 129.9 7099 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol C5H10O 115-18-4 86.132 liq -28 97 0.8220 7100 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol C5H10O 10473-14-0 86.132 114 0.8531171.428817 7101 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Isopropenyl methyl ketone C5H8O 814-78-8 84.117 liq -54 98 0.8527201.422020vs EtOH 7102 3-Methyl-2-butenoyl chloride C5H7ClO 3350-78-5 118.562 146 1.065251.477020 7103 (3-Methyl-2-butenyl)guanidine Galegine C6H13N3 543-83-9 127.187 hyg 62.5 dec vs H2O, EtOH 7104 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne Isopropenylacetylene C5H6 78-80-8 66.102 liq -113 32 0.6801111.414020s chl 7105 [(3-Methylbutoxy)methyl]benzene C12H18O 122-73-6 178.270 236; 118190.909201.479220vs eth, EtOH 7106 1-[2-(3-Methylbutoxy)-2- phenylethyl]pyrrolidineAmixetrine C17H27NO 24622-72-8 261.402 12121.497822 7107 2-Methylbutyl acrylate C8H14O2 44914-03-6 142.196 160; 45100.8936201.424020vs eth, EtOH 7108 3-Methylbutyl benzoate Isopentyl benzoate C12H16O2 94-46-2 192.254 261 0.99315vs EtOH 7109 3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate C8H15ClO2 62108-69-4 178.657 208 1.0050201.428920 7110 3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate C8H15ClO2 62108-70-7 178.657 208; 87121.0171201.434320vs eth, EtOH 7111 Methyl tert-butyl ether tert-Butyl methyl ether C5H12O 1634-04-4 88.148 liq -108.6 55.0 0.7353251.366425s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 7112 3-Methylbutyl nitrate Isopentyl nitrate C5H11NO3 543-87-3 133.146 148 0.996221.412221 7113 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-amine C5H9N 2978-58-7 83.132 18 79.5 0.79251.423520 7114 3-Methyl-1-butyne C5H8 598-23-2 68.118 vol liq or gas -89.7 26.3 0.6660201.372320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 7115 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol 1,1-Dimethylpropargyl alcohol C5H8O 115-19-5 84.117 1.5 104 0.8618201.420720 7116 Methyl carbamate C2H5NO2 598-55-0 75.067 nd 54 177 1.1361561.412556vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 7117 3-Methyl-9 H-carbazole C13H11N 4630-20-0 181.233 pl (HOAc) 208.5 365 vs bz, eth 7118 9-Methyl-9 H-carbazole C13H11N 1484-12-4 181.233 nd, lf (al) 89.34 343.64; 19512vs eth 7119 Methyl chloroacetate C3H5ClO2 96-34-4 108.524 liq -32.1 129.5 1.236201.421820vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 7120 Methyl 2-chloroacrylate C4H5ClO2 80-63-7 120.535 52511.189201.442020vs eth 7121 Methyl 2-chlorobenzoate C8H7ClO2 610-96-8 170.594 234 s EtOH 7122 Methyl 3-chlorobenzoate C8H7ClO2 2905-65-9 170.594 21 229 7123 Methyl 4-chlorobenzoate C8H7ClO2 1126-46-1 170.594 nd or mcl pr 43.5 1.38220vs EtOH 7124 Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate C5H9ClO2 3153-37-5 136.577 174; 5541.1293201.432120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace 7125 Methyl chlorocarbonate C2H3ClO2 79-22-1 94.497 70.5 1.2231201.386820msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl 7126 Methyl 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate C8H7ClO3 4068-78-4 186.593 nd (al) 50 dec 249; 12012vs EtOH 7127 Methyl 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate C8H6ClNO4 51282-49-6 215.592 pl (MeOH) 48.5 1.45318vs MeOH 7128 Methyl chlorooxoacetate C3H3ClO3 5781-53-3 122.507 119 1.3316201.418920 7129 Methyl 2-chloropropanoate C4H7ClO2 17639-93-9 122.551 132.5 1.075025 7130 3-Methylchrysene C19H14 3351-31-3 242.314 lf (bz-peth) 173.3 vs EtOH 7131 5-Methylchrysene C19H14 3697-24-3 242.314 118.3 i H2O 7132 6-Methylchrysene C19H14 1705-85-7 242.314 161 7133 Methyl trans -cinnamate Methyl trans -3-phenyl-2-propenoate C10H10O2 1754-62-7 162.185 cry (peth, dil al) 36.5 261.9 1.042361.576622i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl 7134 trans-o -Methylcinnamic acid C10H10O2 2373-76-4 162.185 cry (EtOH) 175No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g26/g26OO Methyl trans -2-butenoateOHO cis-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acidOHO trans -2-Methyl-2-butenoic acidOHO 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acidOH 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-olOH 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-olOH 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol OH 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-olO 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-oneClO 3-Methyl-2-butenoyl chlorideN HNHNH 2 (3-Methyl-2-butenyl)guanidine 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yneO [(3-Methylbutoxy)methyl]benzeneN O 1-[2-(3-Methylbutoxy)-2-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine OO 2-Methylbutyl acrylateOO 3-Methylbutyl benzoateClOO 3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoateCl OO 3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoateO Methyl tert-butyl etherONOO 3-Methylbutyl nitrateNH 2 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-amine 3-Methyl-1-butyneOH 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-olH2NOO Methyl carbamateN H 3-Methyl-9 H-carbazoleN 9-Methyl-9 H-carbazoleOO Cl Methyl chloroacetateOO Cl Methyl 2-chloroacrylateClOO Methyl 2-chlorobenzoate OO Cl Methyl 3-chlorobenzoateOO Cl Methyl 4-chlorobenzoateOO Cl Methyl 4-chlorobutanoateO ClO Methyl chlorocarbonateOO OH Cl Methyl 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoateOO NOO Cl Methyl 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzoateOO OCl Methyl chlorooxoacetate OO Cl Methyl 2-chloropropanoate 3-Methylchrysene 5-Methylchrysene 6-MethylchryseneOO Methyl trans -cinnamateOHO trans-o -Methylcinnamic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g26/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127135 trans-m -Methylcinnamic acid C10H10O2 3029-79-6 162.185 cry (w) 115 7136 trans-p -Methylcinnamic acid C10H10O2 1866-39-3 162.185 198.5 7137 Methyclothiazide C9H11Cl2N3O4S2135-07-9 360.237 cry (EtOH aq) 225 i H2O, bz, chl; sl MeOH; vs ace, py 7138 Methyl cyanate C2H3NO 1768-34-9 57.051 unstab gas -30 exp 7139 Methyl cyanoacetate C4H5NO2 105-34-0 99.089 liq -22.5 200.5 1.1225251.417620vs eth, EtOH 7140 Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Mecrylate C5H5NO2 137-05-3 111.100 4721.1012201.4430 7141 Methylcyclobutane C5H10 598-61-8 70.133 liq -161.5 36.3 0.6884201.386620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, peth 7142 Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate C6H10O2 765-85-5 114.142 135.5 7143 2-Methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene 4,5-Dihydrotoluene C7H10 1489-57-2 94.154 107.5 0.8260181.466218 7144 2-Methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4- dioneC7H6O2 553-97-9 122.122 ye pl or nd 69 sub 1.0875sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 7145 Methylcyclohexane C7H14 108-87-2 98.186 liq -126.6 100.93 0.7694201.423120i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, lig 7146 Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate C8H14O2 4630-82-4 142.196 183 0.9954151.443320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 7147 α-Methylcyclohexanemethanol C8H16O 1193-81-3 128.212 189 0.928251.465620vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7148 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol C8H16O 34885-03-5 128.212 752.50.9074201.461720 7149 1-Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 590-67-0 114.185 25 155; 70250.9194201.459520i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl 7150 cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 615-38-3 114.185 7 165 0.9360201.464020vs EtOH 7151 trans -2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) C7H14O 615-39-4 114.185 liq -2.0 167.5 0.9247201.461620vs eth, EtOH 7152 cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) C7H14O 5454-79-5 114.185 liq -5.5 168; 94120.9155201.475220vs eth, EtOH 7153 trans -3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) C7H14O 7443-55-2 114.185 liq -0.5 167; 84130.9214301.458020vs eth, EtOH 7154 cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 7731-28-4 114.185 liq -9.2 173 0.9170201.461420vs eth, EtOH 7155 trans -4-Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 7731-29-5 114.185 174 0.9118211.456120sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth 7156 2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±) C7H12O 24965-84-2 112.169 liq -13.9 165 0.9250201.448325i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7157 3-Methylcyclohexanone, (±) C7H12O 625-96-7 112.169 liq -73.5 169; 65150.9136201.445620i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7158 4-Methylcyclohexanone C7H12O 589-92-4 112.169 liq -40.6 170 0.9138201.445120i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7159 1-Methylcyclohexene C7H12 591-49-1 96.170 liq -120.4 110.3 0.8102201.450320i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc 7160 3-Methylcyclohexene, (±) C7H12 56688-75-6 96.170 liq -115.5 104 0.7990201.441420vs bz, eth, chl, peth 7161 4-Methylcyclohexene C7H12 591-47-9 96.170 liq -115.5 102.7 0.7991201.441420i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7162 Methyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate C8H12O2 6493-77-2 140.180 182; 80201.0130201.461020 7163 2-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one C7H10O 1121-18-2 110.153 178.5 0.966201.483320s bz 7164 3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one C7H10O 1193-18-6 110.153 liq -21 201 0.9693201.4947520msc H2O; s bz 7165 3-Methylcyclopentadecanone Muscone C16H30O 541-91-3 238.408 oily liq 329; 1300.50.9221171.480217vs ace, eth, EtOH 7166 1-Methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene C6H8 96-39-9 80.128 liq 73 0.81201.451220 7167 Methylcyclopentane C6H12 96-37-7 84.159 liq -142.42 71.8 0.7486201.409720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 7168 1-Methylcyclopentanol C6H12O 1462-03-9 100.158 nd 36 136; 53300.9044231.442923 7169 cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol C6H12O 25144-05-2 100.158 148.5 0.9379161.450416 7170 2-Methylcyclopentanone C6H10O 1120-72-5 98.142 liq -75 139.5 0.9139201.436420s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace 7171 3-Methylcyclopentanone, (±) C6H10O 6195-92-2 98.142 liq -58.4 144 0.913221.432920s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc 7172 1-Methylcyclopentene C6H10 693-89-0 82.143 liq -126.5 75.5 0.7748251.432220 7173 3-Methylcyclopentene C6H10 1120-62-3 82.143 64.9 0.7572251.421620 7174 4-Methylcyclopentene C6H10 1759-81-5 82.143 liq -160.8 65.7 0.7634251.420920 7175 2-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one C6H8O 1120-73-6 96.127 157 0.9808161.476215 7176 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one C6H8O 2758-18-1 96.127 157.5 0.9712201.471420No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g26/g28 OHO trans-m -Methylcinnamic acidOHO trans-p -Methylcinnamic acidSNN SO OH2NCl OOClH MethyclothiazideO N Methyl cyanateOON Methyl cyanoacetateOON Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Methylcyclobutane OO Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate 2-Methyl-1,3-cyclohexadieneOO 2-Methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione MethylcyclohexaneOO Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylateHO α-MethylcyclohexanemethanolOH 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol OH 1-MethylcyclohexanolOH cis-2-MethylcyclohexanolOH trans -2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)OH cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)OH trans -3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)OH cis-4-MethylcyclohexanolOH trans -4-Methylcyclohexanol O 2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)O 3-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)O 4-Methylcyclohexanone 1-Methylcyclohexene 3-Methylcyclohexene, (±) 4-MethylcyclohexeneOO Methyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate O 2-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-oneO 3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-oneO 3-Methylcyclopentadecanone 1-Methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene MethylcyclopentaneOH 1-MethylcyclopentanolOH cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol O 2-MethylcyclopentanoneO 3-Methylcyclopentanone, (±) 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene 4-MethylcyclopenteneO 2-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-oneO 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g27/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127177 Methylcyclopropane C4H8 594-11-6 56.107 col gas -177.6 0.7 0.6912-20vs eth, EtOH 7178 Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate C5H8O2 2868-37-3 100.117 114.9 0.9848201.414419s ace, chl 7179 α-Methylcyclopropanemethanol C5H10O 765-42-4 86.132 liq -32.1 123.5 0.8805201.431620 7180 Methyl L-cysteine hydrochloride C4H10ClNO2S 18598-63-5 171.646 cry (MeOH) 140.5 7181 Methyl trans -2,cis-4-decadienoate C11H18O2 4493-42-9 182.260 710.150.9128221.487422 7182 Methyl trans -2,trans -4-decadienoate C11H18O2 7328-33-8 182.260 8713, 700.20.9082221.491822 7183 2-Methyldecane C11H24 6975-98-0 156.309 liq -48.9 189.3 0.7368201.415420 7184 3-Methyldecane C11H24 13151-34-3 156.309 liq -92.9 188.1 0.7422201.417720 7185 4-Methyldecane C11H24 2847-72-5 156.309 liq -77.5 187 1.435220 7186 Methyl decanoate C11H22O2 110-42-9 186.292 liq -18 224 0.8730201.425920i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; msc chl 7187 Methyl demeton C6H15O3PS2 8022-00-2 230.285 ye liq 890.15, 11811.20201.506320i H2O; s os 7188 Methyldiborane(6) CH8B2 23777-55-1 41.697 unstab gas s eth 7189 Methyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate C4H6Br2O2 1729-67-5 245.898 206 1.9333201.512720s EtOH 7190 Methyl dichloroacetate C3H4Cl2O2 116-54-1 142.969 liq -51.9 142.9 1.3774201.442920i H2O; s EtOH, ctc 7191 Methyl 2,5-dichlorobenzoate C8H6Cl2O2 2905-69-3 205.039 cry 38 7192 Methyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate 2,4-D methyl ester C9H8Cl2O3 1928-38-7 235.064 119 14118 7193 Methyl (3,4-dichlorophenyl) carbamateSwep C8H7Cl2NO2 1918-18-9 220.054 nd 114 7194 Methyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate C4H6Cl2O2 3674-09-7 156.996 9250, 63101.328220vs ace, eth, EtOH 7195 Methyldifluoroarsine CH3AsF2 420-24-6 127.954 liq, fumes in air -29.7 76.5 1.92418 7196 Methyldifluorophosphine (Difluoro)methylphosphine CH3F2P 753-59-3 84.006 gas -110 -28 7197 Methyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate C8H8O4 2150-47-2 168.148 116.5 sl EtOH, ace 7198 Methyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate C8H8O4 2150-44-9 168.148 165 7199 Methyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate C10H12O4 2150-38-1 196.200 nd (dil al) 60.8 283 vs bz, eth, EtOH 7200 Methyldimethoxysilane C3H10O2Si 16881-77-9 106.196 61 7201 3-Methyl-4’-(dimethylamino) azobenzeneC15H17N3 55-80-1 239.316 oran cry 122 7202 2-Methyl- N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethyl- o-toluidine C9H13N 609-72-3 135.206 liq -60 194.1 0.9286201.515220vs eth, EtOH 7203 3-Methyl- N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethyl- m-toluidine C9H13N 121-72-2 135.206 212 0.9410201.549220msc EtOH, eth 7204 4-Methyl- N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethyl- p-toluidine C9H13N 99-97-8 135.206 211 0.9366201.536620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 7205 Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropionate C6H12O2 598-98-1 116.158 101.1 0.89101.390520vs eth, EtOH 7206 Methyl dimethylthioborane Dimethyl(methylthio)borane C3H9BS 19163-05-4 87.979 liq -84 71 vs ace, eth 7207 2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide Dinitolmide C8H7N3O5 148-01-6 225.159 cry 181 7208 1-Methyl-2,3-dinitrobenzene 2,3-Dinitrotoluene C7H6N2O4 602-01-7 182.134 63 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 7209 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene C7H6N2O4 121-14-2 182.134 ye nd or mcl pr (CS2)70.5 dec 300 1.3208711.442 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, bz; vs ace, py 7210 1-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene 3,5-Dinitrotoluene C7H6N2O4 618-85-9 182.134 ye orth nd (HOAc)93 sub 1.2772111sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 7211 2-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene 2,6-Dinitrotoluene C7H6N2O4 606-20-2 182.134 orth nd (al) 66.0 285 1.28331111.479 s EtOH, chl 7212 2-Methyl-1,4-dinitrobenzene 2,5-Dinitrotoluene C7H6N2O4 619-15-8 182.134 nd (al) 52.5 1.282111s EtOH, bz; vs CS2 7213 4-Methyl-1,2-dinitrobenzene 3,4-Dinitrotoluene C7H6N2O4 610-39-9 182.134 ye nd (CS2) 59.0 1.2594111i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl 7214 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 4,6-Dinitro- o-cresol C7H6N2O5 534-52-1 198.133 ye pr or nd (al) 86.5 sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 7215 4-Methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol 2,6-Dinitro- p-cresol C7H6N2O5 609-93-8 198.133 ye nd (eth, peth)85 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 7216 Methyldioctylamine N-Methyl- N-octyl-1-octanamine C17H37N 4455-26-9 255.483 -30.1 158101.442420 7217 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane C5H10O2 1120-97-4 102.132 liq -44.5 114 0.9758201.415920sl H2O; vs osNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g27/g20MethylcyclopropaneOO Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylateOH α-MethylcyclopropanemethanolO O NH 2HS HCl Methyl L-cysteine hydrochlorideOO Methyl trans -2,cis-4-decadienoateOO Methyl trans -2,trans -4-decadienoate 2-Methyldecane 3-Methyldecane 4-MethyldecaneOO Methyl decanoateSSP OO O Methyl demetonBH HHBH H Methyldiborane(6)O Br BrO Methyl 2,3-dibromopropanoateCl ClOO Methyl dichloroacetate OO Cl Cl Methyl 2,5-dichlorobenzoateCl ClOOO Methyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetateCl ClHN O O Methyl (3,4-dichlorophenyl)carbamateCl ClOO Methyl 2,3-dichloropropanoateAs FF MethyldifluoroarsinePFF MethyldifluorophosphineOO OH OH Methyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate OO OH HO Methyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoateOO O O Methyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzoateSi OH O MethyldimethoxysilaneN NN 3-Methyl-4’-(dimethylamino)azobenzeneN 2-Methyl- N,N-dimethylanilineN 3-Methyl- N,N-dimethylanilineN 4-Methyl- N,N-dimethylaniline OO Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoateBS Methyl dimethylthioboraneON H 2 NO ONO O 2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamideNOO NO O 1-Methyl-2,3-dinitrobenzeneNOO NOO 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzeneNO ONO O 1-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzeneNOO NO O 2-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene NOO NOO 2-Methyl-1,4-dinitrobenzeneNOO NOO 4-Methyl-1,2-dinitrobenzeneOH NOONOO 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenolOH NOO NOO 4-Methyl-2,6-dinitrophenolN MethyldioctylamineOO 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g27/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127218 2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane C4H8O2 497-26-7 88.106 81.5 0.9811201.403517vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth 7219 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane C4H8O2 1072-47-5 88.106 liq 85 0.99201.398020 7220 Methyldiphenylamine N-Methyl- N-phenylbenzenamine C13H13N 552-82-9 183.249 liq -7.5 293.5 1.0476201.619320i H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH; s ctc 7221 4-Methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1-pentene C18H20 6362-80-7 236.352 liq 1728, 1020.20.9925 7222 Methyldiphenylsilane C13H14Si 776-76-1 198.336 93.510.996201.569420s ctc 7223 Methyldiphenylsilanol C13H14OSi 778-25-6 214.335 167 18424, 14831.084025s ctc, CS2 7224 2-Methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridinyl-1- propanoneMetyrapone C14H14N2O 54-36-4 226.273 50.5 7225 Methyl docosanoate Methyl behenate C23H46O2 929-77-1 354.610 nd (ace) 54 1.433960vs eth, EtOH 7226 Methyl cis-13-docosenoate C23H44O2 1120-34-9 352.594 -1.2 2205 7227 Methyl dodecanoate Methyl laurate C13H26O2 111-82-0 214.344 5.2 267 0.8702201.431920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl, ctc 7228 2-Methyldodecanoic acid C13H26O2 2874-74-0 214.344 pl 22 15310.89018 7229 Methyl eicosanoate Methyl arachidate C21H42O2 1120-28-1 326.557 lf (MeOH) 54.5 215101.431760vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 7230 (Methyleneamino)acetonitrile C3H4N2 109-82-0 68.077 129 7231 α-Methylenebenzeneacetic acid Atropic acid C9H8O2 492-38-6 148.159 lf (al), nd (w) 106.5 dec 267 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 7232 Methylenebis(4- cyclohexylisocyanate)C15H22N2O2 5124-30-1 262.348 liq 1.066 1.497020 7233 4,4’-Methylenebis[2,6-di- tert- butylphenol]Bis(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenyl)methaneC29H44O2 118-82-1 424.658 154 28940, 25010 7234 4,4’-Methylenebis( N-methylaniline) N,N’-Dimethyl-4,4’- diaminodiphenylmethaneC15H18N2 1807-55-2 226.317 s ctc, CS2 7235 Methylene blue C16H18ClN3S 61-73-4 319.852 dk grn cry or pow (chl-eth)s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth; sl py 7236 Methylenecyclobutane C5H8 1120-56-5 68.118 liq -134.7 42.2 0.7401201.421020 7237 Methylenecyclohexane C7H12 1192-37-6 96.170 liq -106.7 102.5 0.8074201.452320i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 7238 2-Methylenecyclohexanol C7H12O 4065-80-9 112.169 83130.955201.484320 7239 Methylenecyclopentane C6H10 1528-30-9 82.143 75.5 0.7787201.435520s bz, chl 7240 Methylenecyclopropene C4H4 4095-06-1 52.075 solid stab at -196 7241 2,4’-Methylenedianiline 2,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane C13H14N2 1208-52-2 198.263 lf (bz) 88.5 2229 7242 5,5’-Methylenedisalicylic acid C15H12O6 122-25-8 288.252 nd (bz) 243.5 vs ace, eth, EtOH 7243 5-Methylene-2(5 H)-furanone Protoanemonin C5H4O2 108-28-1 96.085 pa ye oil 7311sl H2O; s chl 7244 3-Methyleneheptane C8H16 1632-16-2 112.213 120 0.7270201.415720i H2O; vs eth, bz, peth 7245 4-Methylene-1- isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ol,[1S-(1α,3β,5α)]4(10)-Thujene-3-ol C 10H16O 471-16-9 152.233 208 0.9488191.487125s eth 7246 4-Methylene-1-isopropylcyclohexene C10H16 99-84-3 136.234 173.5 0.838221.475422 7247 2-Methylenepentanedinitrile 2,4-Dicyano-1-butene C6H6N2 1572-52-7 106.125 10351.456120s chl 7248 Methylene thiocyanate Dithiocyanatomethane C3H2N2S2 6317-18-6 130.191 solid 102 7249 2-Methylene-1,3,3-trimethylindoline Fischer’s base C12H15N 118-12-7 173.254 244 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 7250 N-Methylephedrine, [ R-(R*,S*)] (1 R,2S)-N-Methylephedrine C11H17NO 552-79-4 179.259 nd or pl (al, eth) 87.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH 7251 Methylergonovine Methylergometrine C20H25N3O2 113-42-8 339.432 pr (MeOH,ace) 172 i H2O; s EtOH, ace 7252 N-Methyl-1,2-ethanediamine C3H10N2 109-81-9 74.124 115 0.841251.439520 7253 N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine C3H9NO 109-83-1 75.109 158 0.937201.438520msc H2O, EtOH, eth 7254 1-(1-Methylethoxy)butane Butyl isopropyl ether C7H16O 1860-27-1 116.201 108 0.7594151.387015i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, con sulf 7255 2-[2-(1-Methylethoxy)ethyl]pyridine C10H15NO 70715-19-4 165.232 133500.9502251.482025vs H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g27/g22O O 2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolaneO O 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolaneN Methyldiphenylamine 4-Methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1-penteneSiH MethyldiphenylsilaneSiOH MethyldiphenylsilanolNON 2-Methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridinyl-1-propanone OO Methyl docosanoateOO Methyl cis-13-docosenoateOO Methyl dodecanoateOHO 2-Methyldodecanoic acid OO Methyl eicosanoateNN (Methyleneamino)acetonitrileOH O α-Methylenebenzeneacetic acidNCONCO Methylenebis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate)HO OH 4,4’-Methylenebis[2,6-di- tert-butylphenol]N HN H 4,4’-Methylenebis( N-methylaniline) SN NNCl Methylene blue Methylenecyclobutane MethylenecyclohexaneOH 2-Methylenecyclohexanol Methylenecyclopentane MethylenecyclopropeneNH 2 H2N 2,4’-Methylenedianiline HO OH OO H OO H 5,5’-Methylenedisalicylic acidOO 5-Methylene-2(5 H)-furanone 3-MethyleneheptaneHO 4-Methylene-1-isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ol, [1 S-(1α,3β,5α)] 4-Methylene-1-isopropylcyclohexeneN N 2-Methylenepentanedinitrile SS NN Methylene thiocyanateN 2-Methylene-1,3,3-trimethylindolineOH N N-Methylephedrine, [ R-(R*,S*)]N N HHOH N OH MethylergonovineH2NH N N-Methyl-1,2-ethanediamineHOH N N-Methyl-2-ethanolamineO 1-(1-Methylethoxy)butaneNO 2-[2-(1-Methylethoxy)ethyl]pyridine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g27/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127256 1-(1-Methylethoxy)propane C6H14O 627-08-7 102.174 83 0.7370201.37621sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace 7257 1-(1-Methylethoxy)-2-propanol 1-Isopropoxy-2-propanol C6H14O2 3944-36-3 118.174 137.5 0.879201.407020 7258 Methyl 2-ethylacetoacetate C7H12O3 51756-08-2 144.168 182 0.99514vs ace, eth, EtOH 7259 5-(1-Methylethylidene)-1,3- cyclopentadieneC8H10 2175-91-9 106.165 1.4 155; 49110.881201.547420 7260 1-Methyl-9 H-fluorene C14H12 1730-37-6 180.245 87 7261 9-Methyl-9 H-fluorene C14H12 2523-37-7 180.245 pr 46.5 155151.0263661.61066i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 7262 Methyl fluorosulfonate CH3FO3S 421-20-5 114.096 col liq -95 93 1.412 1.332620 7263 N-Methylformamide C2H5NO 123-39-7 59.067 liq -3.8 199.51 1.011191.431920vs H2O, ace, EtOH 7264 Methyl formate C2H4O2 107-31-3 60.052 liq -99 31.7 0.9713201.341920vs H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH 7265 Methyl 4-formylbenzoate C9H8O3 1571-08-0 164.158 nd (w) 63 265 7266 2-Methylfuran C5H6O 534-22-5 82.101 liq -91.3 64.7 0.9132201.434220sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 7267 3-Methylfuran C5H6O 930-27-8 82.101 65.5 0.923181.433019i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7268 5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde C6H6O2 620-02-0 110.111 187; 89261.1072181.526420s H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc 7269 Methyl 2-furancarboxylate Methyl 2-furanoate C6H6O3 611-13-2 126.110 181.3 1.1786211.486020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 7270 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione C5H4O3 616-02-4 112.084 7.5 213.5 1.2469161.471021vs ace, eth, EtOH 7271 N-Methyl-2-furanmethanamine C6H9NO 4753-75-7 111.141 149 0.989251.472920 7272 5-Methyl-2-furanmethanol C6H8O2 3857-25-8 112.127 dec 195; 81231.0769201.485320vs eth, EtOH 7273 α-Methyl-2-furanmethanol C6H8O2 4208-64-4 112.127 162.5 1.0739251.482715 7274 5-Methyl-2(3 H)-furanone C5H6O2 591-12-8 98.101 nd 18 56121.084201.447620s H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; sl ctc 7275 5-Methyl-2(5 H)-furanone C5H6O2 591-11-7 98.101 <-17 209; 98151.0810201.445420msc H2O; s EtOH, eth 7276 Methylgermane CH6Ge 1449-65-6 90.70 col gas -158 -23 7277 Methyl β-D-glucopyranoside C7H14O6 709-50-2 194.182 109 s H2O 7278 Methyl α-D-glucopyranoside α-Methylglucoside C7H14O6 97-30-3 194.182 orth nd (al) 168 2000.21.4630vs H2O 7279 3-Methylglutaric acid 3-Methylpentanedioic acid C6H10O4 626-51-7 146.141 87 1660.5s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl; i lig 7280 Methyl Green C27H35BrClN3 14855-76-6 516.944 grn pow (al) vs H2O 7281 Methyl heptadecanoate C18H36O2 1731-92-6 284.478 pl (al) 30 1859, 1520.05i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; vs eth, bz 7282 Methyl heptafluorobutanoate C5H3F7O2 356-24-1 228.066 liq -86 80 1.483201.29520sl H2O; s eth, ace 7283 6-Methyl-2-heptanamine, (±) Octodrine C8H19N 5984-58-7 129.244 visc liq 155 0.767251.420920 7284 N-Methyl-2-heptanamine C8H19N 540-43-2 129.244 155 7285 2-Methylheptane C8H18 592-27-8 114.229 liq -109.02 117.66 0.6980201.394920i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, ctc 7286 3-Methylheptane C8H18 589-81-1 114.229 col liq -120.48 118.9 0.7017251.396125i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl 7287 4-Methylheptane C8H18 589-53-7 114.229 liq -121.0 117.72 0.7046201.397920i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz 7288 Methyl heptanoate C8H16O2 106-73-0 144.212 liq -56 174 0.8815201.415220sl H2O, ctc, ace; s EtOH, eth 7289 2-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±) C8H18O 111675-77-5 130.228 col liq -112 175.6 0.8022201.42420 7290 3-Methyl-1-heptanol C8H18O 1070-32-2 130.228 liq -90 186; 101200.824241.429525 7291 4-Methyl-1-heptanol C8H18O 817-91-4 130.228 188 0.8065251.425325vs EtOH 7292 5-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±) C8H18O 111767-95-4 130.228 col liq -104 186.6 0.8153251.427225 7293 6-Methyl-1-heptanol Isooctyl alcohol C8H18O 1653-40-3 130.228 liq -106 188; 95.8200.8176251.425125i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7294 2-Methyl-2-heptanol C8H18O 625-25-2 130.228 liq -50.4 156 0.8142201.425020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7295 3-Methyl-2-heptanol C8H18O 31367-46-1 130.228 166.1 0.8177251.419925i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 7296 4-Methyl-2-heptanol C8H18O 56298-90-9 130.228 col liq -102 171.6 0.8027201.42420No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g27/g24 O 1-(1-Methylethoxy)propaneOH O 1-(1-Methylethoxy)-2-propanolO OO Methyl 2-ethylacetoacetate 5-(1-Methylethylidene)-1,3-cyclopentadiene 1-Methyl-9 H-fluorene 9-Methyl-9 H-fluoreneO S OF O Methyl fluorosulfonateHN HO N-MethylformamideHOO Methyl formate OO O Methyl 4-formylbenzoateO 2-MethylfuranO 3-MethylfuranOO 5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehydeOO O Methyl 2-furancarboxylateOO O 3-Methyl-2,5-furandioneOHN N-Methyl-2-furanmethanamineOOH 5-Methyl-2-furanmethanolO OH α-Methyl-2-furanmethanolOO 5-Methyl-2(3 H)-furanone OO 5-Methyl-2(5 H)-furanoneH Ge H H MethylgermaneOO HO OHHO OH Methyl β-D-glucopyranosideO HO O OHOHHO Methyl α-D-glucopyranosideOHO HOO 3-Methylglutaric acidNN NCl Br Methyl GreenO O Methyl heptadecanoate OO F FFFF FF Methyl heptafluorobutanoateNH 2 6-Methyl-2-heptanamine, (±)HN N-Methyl-2-heptanamine 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-MethylheptaneOO Methyl heptanoateOH 2-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±) OH 3-Methyl-1-heptanolOH 4-Methyl-1-heptanolOH 5-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±)OH 6-Methyl-1-heptanolOH 2-Methyl-2-heptanolOH 3-Methyl-2-heptanolOH 4-Methyl-2-heptanol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g27/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127297 5-Methyl-2-heptanol C8H18O 54630-50-1 130.228 liq -61 170 0.817421 7298 6-Methyl-2-heptanol C8H18O 4730-22-7 130.228 liq -105 174 0.8218201.423810 7299 2-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±) C8H18O 100296-26-2 130.228 liq -85 167.5 0.8235201.426520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 7300 3-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Ethyl-2-hexanol C8H18O 5582-82-1 130.228 liq -83 163 0.8282201.427920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 7301 4-Methyl-3-heptanol C8H18O 14979-39-6 130.228 liq -123 170 0.827251.430020 7302 5-Methyl-3-heptanol C8H18O 18720-65-5 130.228 liq -91.2 172 0.8425251.43324 7303 6-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±) C8H18O 100295-85-0 130.228 col liq -61 169 0.8220201.425420 7304 2-Methyl-4-heptanol C8H18O 21570-35-4 130.228 liq -81 164 0.8207201.4203 vs eth, EtOH 7305 3-Methyl-4-heptanol C8H18O 1838-73-9 130.228 liq 164.7 0.8329251.421125sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 7306 4-Methyl-4-heptanol C8H18O 598-01-6 130.228 liq -82 161 0.8248201.425820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 7307 6-Methyl-2-heptanol acetate C10H20O2 67952-57-2 172.265 187 0.8474201.41320vs EtOH 7308 6-Methyl-2-heptanone C8H16O 928-68-7 128.212 167 0.8151201.416220sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl 7309 5-Methyl-3-heptanone C8H16O 541-85-5 128.212 liq 161 7310 6-Methyl-3-heptanone C8H16O 624-42-0 128.212 164 0.8304201.420920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 7311 2-Methyl-4-heptanone Isobutyl propyl ketone C8H16O 626-33-5 128.212 154 0.81322i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7312 2-Methyl-1-heptene C8H16 15870-10-7 112.213 liq -90 119.3 0.7104251.412320 7313 6-Methyl-1-heptene C8H16 5026-76-6 112.213 113.2 0.7079251.407020 7314 2-Methyl-2-heptene C8H16 627-97-4 112.213 122.6 0.7200251.417020i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl 7315 cis-3-Methyl-2-heptene C8H16 22768-19-0 112.213 122 0.725251.41920 7316 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol C8H16O 1569-60-4 128.212 175 0.8545201.450520 7317 3-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one C8H14O 38552-72-6 126.196 63200.8463181.434518 7318 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one C8H14O 110-93-0 126.196 173.5 0.8546161.444520vs eth, EtOH 7319 2-Methylheptyl acetate, (±) C10H20O2 74112-36-0 172.265 195 0.8626141.414620vs eth, EtOH 7320 2-Methyl-1,5-hexadiene C7H12 4049-81-4 96.170 liq -128.8 88.1 0.7153251.418320 7321 Methyl trans ,trans -2,4-hexadienoate Methyl sorbate C7H10O2 689-89-4 126.153 lf 15 180; 70200.9777201.502522i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7322 2-Methylhexanal C7H14O 925-54-2 114.185 liq 141; 13260 7323 3-Methylhexanal 3-Methylcaproaldehyde C7H14O 19269-28-4 114.185 143 0.8203201.412220i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7324 3-Methyl-1-hexanamine C7H17N 65530-93-0 115.217 149; 67450.772261.424925 7325 4-Methyl-2-hexanamine C7H17N 105-41-9 115.217 132.5 0.7655201.415025sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, dil acid 7326 2-Methylhexane C7H16 591-76-4 100.202 liq -118.2 90.04 0.6787201.384820i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, lig, chl 7327 3-Methylhexane C7H16 78918-91-9 100.202 liq -119.4 92 0.687211.385425i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, lig, chl 7328 5-Methyl-2,3-hexanedione 2-Methylhexa-4,5-dione C7H12O2 13706-86-0 128.169 138 0.908221.411920 7329 Methyl hexanoate Methyl caproate C7H14O2 106-70-7 130.185 liq -71 149.5 0.8846201.404920i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc 7330 2-Methylhexanoic acid C7H14O2 4536-23-6 130.185 215.5 0.918201.419320vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 7331 2-Methyl-1-hexanol, (±) C7H16O 111768-04-8 116.201 164; 71150.826201.422620vs eth, EtOH 7332 5-Methyl-1-hexanol C7H16O 627-98-5 116.201 169; 54150.8192241.417520vs eth, EtOH 7333 2-Methyl-2-hexanol C7H16O 625-23-0 116.201 143 0.8119201.417520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 7334 3-Methyl-2-hexanol C7H16O 2313-65-7 116.201 151; 80520.8220251.419818i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace 7335 5-Methyl-2-hexanol C7H16O 627-59-8 116.201 151; 78280.814201.418020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 7336 3-Methyl-3-hexanol C7H16O 597-96-6 116.201 143 0.8233201.423120sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 7337 5-Methyl-2-hexanone Methyl isopentyl ketone C7H14O 110-12-3 114.185 144 0.888201.406220sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc 7338 2-Methyl-3-hexanone Propyl isopropyl ketone C7H14O 7379-12-6 114.185 135 0.8091201.404220s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace 7339 5-Methyl-2-hexanone oxime C7H15NO 624-44-2 129.200 195.5 0.8881201.444820sl chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g27/g26OH 5-Methyl-2-heptanolOH 6-Methyl-2-heptanolOH 2-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±)OH 3-Methyl-3-heptanolOH 4-Methyl-3-heptanolOH 5-Methyl-3-heptanolOH 6-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±) OH 2-Methyl-4-heptanolOH 3-Methyl-4-heptanolOH 4-Methyl-4-heptanolOO 6-Methyl-2-heptanol acetateO 6-Methyl-2-heptanoneO 5-Methyl-3-heptanoneO 6-Methyl-3-heptanone O 2-Methyl-4-heptanone 2-Methyl-1-heptene 6-Methyl-1-heptene 2-Methyl-2-heptene cis-3-Methyl-2-hepteneOH 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-olO 3-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one O 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-oneOO 2-Methylheptyl acetate, (±) 2-Methyl-1,5-hexadieneOO Methyl trans ,trans -2,4-hexadienoateO 2-MethylhexanalO 3-MethylhexanalNH 2 3-Methyl-1-hexanamine NH 2 4-Methyl-2-hexanamine 2-Methylhexane 3-MethylhexaneOO 5-Methyl-2,3-hexanedioneOO Methyl hexanoateOHO 2-Methylhexanoic acidOH 2-Methyl-1-hexanol, (±) OH 5-Methyl-1-hexanolOH 2-Methyl-2-hexanolOH 3-Methyl-2-hexanolOH 5-Methyl-2-hexanolOH 3-Methyl-3-hexanolO 5-Methyl-2-hexanoneO 2-Methyl-3-hexanone/g3 NOH 5-Methyl-2-hexanone oxime /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g27/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127340 2-Methyl-1-hexene C7H14 6094-02-6 98.186 liq -102.8 92 0.7000201.403520 7341 3-Methyl-1-hexene C7H14 3404-61-3 98.186 83.9 0.6871251.396520 7342 4-Methyl-1-hexene C7H14 3769-23-1 98.186 liq -141.5 86.7 0.6942251.400020 7343 5-Methyl-1-hexene C7H14 3524-73-0 98.186 85.3 0.6877251.396720 7344 2-Methyl-2-hexene C7H14 2738-19-4 98.186 liq -130.4 95.4 0.7038251.410620 7345 cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene C7H14 10574-36-4 98.186 liq -118.5 95.6 0.712201.412620 7346 cis-4-Methyl-2-hexene C7H14 3683-19-0 98.186 86.3 0.6952251.402620 7347 trans -4-Methyl-2-hexene C7H14 3683-22-5 98.186 liq -125.7 87.6 0.6925251.402520 7348 cis-5-Methyl-2-hexene C7H14 13151-17-2 98.186 89.5 0.697251.40420 7349 trans -5-Methyl-2-hexene C7H14 7385-82-2 98.186 liq -124.3 88.1 0.6883251.400620 7350 cis-2-Methyl-3-hexene C7H14 15840-60-5 98.186 86 0.690251.40120 7351 trans -2-Methyl-3-hexene C7H14 692-24-0 98.186 liq -141.6 85.9 0.6853251.400120 7352 cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene C7H14 4914-89-0 98.186 95.4 0.7079251.412620 7353 trans -3-Methyl-3-hexene C7H14 3899-36-3 98.186 93.5 0.7050251.410920 7354 Methyl 3-hexenoate C7H12O2 2396-78-3 128.169 67340.9132251.424023 7355 5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one 2-Oxo-5-methylhex-3-ene C7H12O 5166-53-0 112.169 7750, 65130.8549281.439522 7356 5-Methyl-5-hexen-2-one C7H12O 3240-09-3 112.169 150 0.8460201.434820vs ace, eth, EtOH 7357 5-Methyl-1-hexyne C7H12 2203-80-7 96.170 liq -125 92 0.7274201.4059-20i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, peth 7358 5-Methyl-2-hexyne C7H12 53566-37-3 96.170 liq -92.9 102.5 0.7378201.417620i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl, peth 7359 2-Methyl-3-hexyne C7H12 36566-80-0 96.170 liq -116.7 95.2 0.7263201.412020vs bz, eth, chl, peth 7360 Methyl 2-hexynoate C7H10O2 18937-79-6 126.153 80230.964825 7361 L-1-Methylhistidine C7H11N3O2 332-80-9 169.181 pl (DMF aq) 249 7362 L-3-Methylhistidine C7H11N3O2 368-16-1 169.181 250 7363 Methylhydrazine CH6N2 60-34-4 46.072 liq -52.36 87.5 1.432520s H2O, eth, ctc; msc EtOH; i lig 7364 Methyl hydrazinecarboxylate Methyl carbazate C2H6N2O2 6294-89-9 90.081 73 10812s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth 7365 Methyl hydrogen succinate Monomethyl succinate C5H8O4 3878-55-5 132.116 58 15120, 1224s H2O 7366 Methyl hydroperoxide Methyl hydrogen peroxide CH4O2 3031-73-0 48.042 liq -72 86; 39651.9967151.364115vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 7367 Methyl hydroxyacetate C3H6O3 96-35-5 90.078 149; 52171.167718s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 7368 Methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate C8H8O3 19438-10-9 152.148 nd (bz-peth) 73 281; 178171.1528100s EtOH, bz, peth; sl chl 7369 Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Methylparaben C8H8O3 99-76-3 152.148 nd (dil al) 131 dec 275 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s tfa 7370 Methyl α-hydroxydiphenylacetate Methyl diphenylglycolate C15H14O3 76-89-1 242.270 mcl or tcl cry (al)75.8 18713vs eth, EtOH 7371 O-Methylhydroxylamine Methoxyamine CH5NO 67-62-9 47.057 49 7372 O-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochlorideMethoxyamine hydrochloride CH6ClNO 593-56-6 83.518 pr 150.0 vs H2O, EtOH 7373 Methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate C9H10O4 3943-74-6 182.173 nd (dil al) 64 286 s EtOH, peth; sl chl 7374 Methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoate C9H10O3 23287-26-5 166.173 29 235 1.1683251.535416 7375 Methyl 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzoate C9H10O3 22717-57-3 166.173 liq -1 244.5 1.1673251.535115 7376 Methyl 2-hydroxy-2- methylpropanoateMethyl 2-methyllactate C5H10O3 2110-78-3 118.131 137 1.405620vs H2O, EtOH 7377 Methyl 3-hydroxy-2- naphthalenecarboxylateMethyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate C12H10O3 883-99-8 202.205 pa ye orth nd (dil MeOH)75.5 206 i H2O; s EtOH 7378 Methyl α-hydroxyphenylacetate, (±) (±)-Methyl mandelate C9H10O3 4358-87-6 166.173 pl (bz-lig) 58 dec 250; 144201.175620vs EtOH, chl 7379 1-Methylimidazol C4H6N2 616-47-7 82.104 liq -6 195.5 1.0325201.497020vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 7380 2-Methyl-1 H-imidazole C4H6N2 693-98-1 82.104 144 267 vs H2O, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g27/g28 2-Methyl-1-hexene 3-Methyl-1-hexene 4-Methyl-1-hexene 5-Methyl-1-hexene 2-Methyl-2-hexene cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene cis-4-Methyl-2-hexene trans -4-Methyl-2-hexene cis-5-Methyl-2-hexene trans -5-Methyl-2-hexene cis-2-Methyl-3-hexene trans -2-Methyl-3-hexene cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans -3-Methyl-3-hexeneOO Methyl 3-hexenoate O 5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-oneO 5-Methyl-5-hexen-2-one 5-Methyl-1-hexyne 5-Methyl-2-hexyne 2-Methyl-3-hexyneOO Methyl 2-hexynoateN NNH 2HOO L-1-Methylhistidine N NNH 2HOO L-3-MethylhistidineH NH2N MethylhydrazineH2NH N O O Methyl hydrazinecarboxylateOOH O O Methyl hydrogen succinateOOH Methyl hydroperoxideOO HO Methyl hydroxyacetateOO OH Methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate OO OH Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoateHOO O Methyl α-hydroxydiphenylacetateONH 2 O-MethylhydroxylamineONH 2HCl O-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochlorideOO O OH Methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoateOO OH Methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoate OO OH Methyl 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzoateOO HO Methyl 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoateOO OH Methyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylateOH O O Methyl α-hydroxyphenylacetate, (±)N N 1-MethylimidazolN N H 2-Methyl-1 H-imidazole /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g28/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127381 4-Methyl-1 H-imidazole C4H6N2 822-36-6 82.104 56 263 1.0416141.503714vs H2O, EtOH 7382 N-Methyliminodiacetic acid N-(Carboxymethyl)- N-methylglycine C5H9NO4 4408-64-4 147.130 cry (w) 226 s H2O; i EtOH, eth 7383 1-Methyl-1 H-indene C10H10 767-59-9 130.186 199; 82150.970251.561620 7384 2-Methyl-1 H-indene C10H10 2177-47-1 130.186 80 208 0.974251.565220i H2O; s eth, ace, bz 7385 3-Methyl-1 H-indene C10H10 767-60-2 130.186 198 0.972251.562120i H2O; s eth, ace, bz 7386 1-Methyl-1 H-indole C9H9N 603-76-9 131.174 237 1.070725i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 7387 2-Methyl-1 H-indole C9H9N 95-20-5 131.174 pl (dil al) nd or lf (w)61 272 1.0720sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 7388 3-Methyl-1 H-indole Skatole C9H9N 83-34-1 131.174 lf (lig) 97.5 266 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 7389 5-Methyl-1 H-indole C9H9N 614-96-0 131.174 60 267 1.020278s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, lig 7390 7-Methyl-1 H-indole C9H9N 933-67-5 131.174 85 266 1.0202100 7391 Methyl 2-iodobenzoate C8H7IO2 610-97-9 262.045 280; 146161.605220s EtOH 7392 Methyl 3-iodobenzoate C8H7IO2 618-91-7 262.045 nd (dil al) 54.5 277; 15018i H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs eth, ace 7393 Methyl 4-iodobenzoate C8H7IO2 619-44-3 262.045 nd (eth-al) 114.8 sub 2.020010s EtOH, eth 7394 5-Methyl-1,3-isobenzofurandione C9H6O3 19438-61-0 162.142 93.0 295 7395 Methyl isobutanoate C5H10O2 547-63-7 102.132 liq -84.7 92.5 0.8906201.384020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc 7396 Methyl isocyanate C2H3NO 624-83-9 57.051 liq -45 39.5 0.9230271.341918vs H2O 7397 2-Methyl-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)- dioneC9H7NO2 550-44-7 161.158 nd (al), lf (sub) 134 286 i H2O; sl EtOH 7398 Methyl isopentanoate Methyl isovalerate C6H12O2 556-24-1 116.158 116.5 0.8808201.392720i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace 7399 6-Methyl- N-isopentyl-2-heptanamine Octamylamine C13H29N 502-59-0 199.376 1007 7400 2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline C10H15N 2051-53-8 149.233 liq -16 241 0.9942201.538720s ctc, CS2 7401 α-Methyl-4- isopropylbenzenepropanal3-p-Cumenyl-2- methylpropionaldehydeC13H18O 103-95-7 190.281 270; 135990.9459201.506820vs bz, eth, EtOH 7402 2-Methyl-5- isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-eneC10H16 2867-05-2 136.234 151 0.8301201.451520 7403 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-2,5- cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneC10H12O2 490-91-5 164.201 45.5 232 s chl 7404 cis-1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane C10H20 6069-98-3 140.266 liq -89.9 172 0.8039201.443120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth 7405 trans -1-Methyl-4- isopropylcyclohexanetrans-p -Menthane C10H20 1678-82-6 140.266 oil -86.3 170.6 0.7928201.436620vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig 7406 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexanol C10H20O 21129-27-1 156.265 208.5 0.90201.461920 7407 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2β,5α)]-(+)-Menthol C10H20O 15356-60-2 156.265 39 1039vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 7408 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1R-(1α,2β,5α)]-(-)-Menthol C10H20O 2216-51-5 156.265 nd (MeOH) 43 216 0.903151.46022sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth 7409 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2α,5β)]-(+)-Neomenthol C10H20O 2216-52-6 156.265 oil -22 211.7 0.897221.460020vs ace, EtOH 7410 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2β,5β)]-(+)-Isomenthol C10H20O 23283-97-8 156.265 nd(dil al) 82.5 218 vs eth, EtOH 7411 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol acetate, [1 R-(1α,2α,5β)]C12H22O2 2623-23-6 198.302 222; 109100.9244201.446920 7412 cis-5-Methyl-2- isopropylcyclohexanoneMenthone C10H18O 491-07-6 154.249 205; 89150.8995201.452720 7413 trans -5-Methyl-2- isopropylcyclohexanone, (2 S)l-Menthone C10H18O 14073-97-3 154.249 liq -6 207 0.8954201.450520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; s ace 7414 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene C10H18 5502-88-5 138.250 174.5 0.8457151.473520No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g28/g20 N N H 4-Methyl-1 H-imidazoleHOO NOHO N-Methyliminodiacetic acid 1-Methyl-1 H-indene 2-Methyl-1 H-indene 3-Methyl-1 H-indeneN 1-Methyl-1 H-indoleN H 2-Methyl-1 H-indoleN H 3-Methyl-1 H-indoleN H 5-Methyl-1 H-indole N H 7-Methyl-1 H-indoleOO I Methyl 2-iodobenzoateOO I Methyl 3-iodobenzoateOO I Methyl 4-iodobenzoateOO O 5-Methyl-1,3-isobenzofurandioneOO Methyl isobutanoateNC O Methyl isocyanateNO O 2-Methyl-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dioneOO Methyl isopentanoate N H 6-Methyl- N-isopentyl-2-heptanamineNH 2 2-Methyl-5-isopropylanilineO α-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzenepropanal 2-Methyl-5-isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-eneOO 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione cis-1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane trans -1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexaneOH 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexanolOH 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1 S-(1α,2β,5α)]-OH 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1 R-(1α,2β,5α)]-OH 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1 S-(1α,2α,5β)]- OH 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1 S-(1α,2β,5β)]-OO 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol acetate, [1 R-(1α,2α,5β)]O cis-5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanoneO trans -5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanone, (2 S) 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g28/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127415 3-Methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen- 1-olC10H18O 491-04-3 154.249 9715.50.9119251.472925 7416 4-Methyl-1-isopropyl-3-cyclohexen- 1-olC10H18O 562-74-3 154.249 209 0.926201.478519 7417 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexyl ethoxyacetate, (1 α,2 β,5 α)C14H26O3 579-94-2 242.354 15520, 144140.954520vs eth, EtOH, chl 7418 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2-nitrobenzene C10H13NO2 943-15-7 179.216 126101.0744201.530120vs eth, EtOH 7419 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-7- oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptaneC10H18O 470-67-7 154.249 1 173.5 0.8997201.456220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, lig 7420 1-Methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene Retene C18H18 483-65-8 234.336 101 390 1.03525i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2, HOAc 7421 4-Methyl-2-isopropylphenol C10H14O 4427-56-9 150.217 nd (HOAc) 36.5 228.5 0.9910201.527520sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl 7422 5-Methyl-2-isopropylphenyl acetate Thymol, acetate C12H16O2 528-79-0 192.254 245 1.0099vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 7423 1-Methylisoquinoline Isoquinaldine C10H9N 1721-93-3 143.185 10 248 1.0777201.609520sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz 7424 3-Methylisoquinoline C10H9N 1125-80-0 143.185 cry (eth) 68 249 sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace 7425 Methyl isothiocyanate C2H3NS 556-61-6 73.117 36 119 1.0691371.5258 sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth 7426 5-Methyl-3-isoxazolamine C4H6N2O 1072-67-9 98.103 62 7427 4-Methylisoxazole C4H5NO 6454-84-8 83.089 liq 127 7428 5-Methylisoxazole C4H5NO 5765-44-6 83.089 122 1.023201.438620s DMSO 7429 Methyl lactate, (±) Methyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, (±) C4H8O3 2155-30-8 104.105 oil 144.8 1.0928201.414120vs H2O, eth, EtOH 7430 Methyl linoleate C19H34O2 112-63-0 294.472 -35 215200.8886101.463820vs eth, EtOH 7431 Methyl linolenate C19H32O2 301-00-8 292.456 -45.5 20714, 18230.895251.470920 7432 Methyl magnesium bromide Bromomethylmagnesium CH3BrMg 75-16-1 119.244 s eth, thf; i hx, bz 7433 Methylmagnesium chloride Chloromethylmagnesium CH3ClMg 676-58-4 74.793 stab in thf soln i peth, bz 7434 Methylmalonic acid C4H6O4 516-05-2 118.089 nd (bz-AcOEt) pr (eth-bz)135 dec 1.45520vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, tfa; s AcOEt 7435 Methyl mercaptoacetate C3H6O2S 2365-48-2 106.144 42101.465720vs eth, EtOH 7436 Methyl 3-mercaptopropanoate C4H8O2S 2935-90-2 120.171 54141.085251.464020 7437 Methylmercuric dicyanamide 1-Cyano-3-(methylmercurio) guanidineC3H6HgN4 502-39-6 298.70 157 7438 Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 80-62-6 100.117 liq -47.55 100.5 0.9377251.414220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s chl 7439 Methyl methanesulfonate C2H6O3S 66-27-3 110.132 20 202.5 1.2943201.413820 7440 Methyl methoxyacetate C4H8O3 6290-49-9 104.105 131 1.0511201.396220sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace 7441 Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate C9H10O3 606-45-1 166.173 246.5 1.1571191.53419i H2O; s EtOH 7442 Methyl 3-methoxybenzoate C9H10O3 5368-81-0 166.173 248 1.1310201.522420i H2O; s EtOH 7443 Methyl 4-methoxybenzoate C9H10O3 121-98-2 166.173 lf (al or eth) 49 244 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 7444 Methyl 3-methoxy-2-(methylamino) benzoateDamascenine C10H13NO3 483-64-7 195.215 pr (al) 28 271; 14710vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig 7445 Methyl 3-methoxypropanoate C5H10O3 3852-09-3 118.131 142.8 1.0139151.403020 7446 Methyl 2-methylacetoacetate C6H10O3 17094-21-2 130.141 177.4 1.0217251.41624vs eth, EtOH 7447 Methyl 2-(methylamino)benzoate C9H11NO2 85-91-6 165.189 cry (peth) 19 255 1.120151.583915i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7448 Methyl 2-methylbenzoate C9H10O2 89-71-4 150.174 <-50 215 1.06820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 7449 Methyl 3-methylbenzoate C9H10O2 99-36-5 150.174 221 1.06120i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc 7450 Methyl 4-methylbenzoate C9H10O2 99-75-2 150.174 cry (aq MeOH, peth)33.2 220 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 7451 Methyl 2-methyl-2-butenoate, ( E)C6H10O2 6622-76-0 114.142 139 0.9349121.437020 7452 Methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate C6H10O2 924-50-5 114.142 114 136.5 0.9337201.43220 7453 3-Methyl-4-methylenehexane C8H16 3404-67-9 112.213 112.5 0.725251.414220No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g28/g22 HO 3-Methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen-1-olHO 4-Methyl-1-isopropyl-3-cyclohexen-1-olOO O 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexyl ethoxyacetate, (1 α,2β,5α)NOO 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2-nitrobenzeneO 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 1-Methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene OH 4-Methyl-2-isopropylphenolOO 5-Methyl-2-isopropylphenyl acetateN 1-MethylisoquinolineN 3-MethylisoquinolineNC S Methyl isothiocyanateONNH 2 5-Methyl-3-isoxazolamineON 4-MethylisoxazoleON 5-MethylisoxazoleOHOO Methyl lactate, (±) OO Methyl linoleateOO Methyl linolenateMgBr Methyl magnesium bromideMgCl Methylmagnesium chlorideHO OHO O Methylmalonic acidHSOO Methyl mercaptoacetateHS OO Methyl 3-mercaptopropanoateHgN HN HNHN Methylmercuric dicyanamide OO Methyl methacrylateO S OO Methyl methanesulfonateOO O Methyl methoxyacetateOO O Methyl 2-methoxybenzoateOO O Methyl 3-methoxybenzoateOO O Methyl 4-methoxybenzoateOO HN O Methyl 3-methoxy-2-(methylamino)benzoateOO O Methyl 3-methoxypropanoate OO O Methyl 2-methylacetoacetateOO HN Methyl 2-(methylamino)benzoateOO Methyl 2-methylbenzoateOO Methyl 3-methylbenzoateOO Methyl 4-methylbenzoateOO Methyl 2-methyl-2-butenoate, ( E)OO Methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate 3-Methyl-4-methylenehexane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g28/g23/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 7454 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexanone, (2 R-trans )C10H16O 5524-05-0 152.233 221.5 0.928191.4724 vs ace, eth 7455 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene) cyclohexanoneC10H16O 15932-80-6 152.233 93100.9367201.486920 7456 3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)-2- cyclohexen-1-onePiperitenone C10H14O 491-09-8 150.217 120140.9774201.529420vs EtOH, eth 7457 1-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene- 4-hexenyl)cyclohexene, ( S)C15H24 495-61-4 204.352 129100.8673201.488020 7458 N-Methyl- N-(2-methylphenyl) acetamideC10H13NO 573-26-2 163.216 55.5 260 s EtOH, chl 7459 4-Methyl- N-(4-methylphenyl)aniline C14H15N 620-93-9 197.276 nd (peth) 79.8 330.5 vs eth, peth 7460 2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3 H)- quinazolinoneMethaqualone C16H14N2O 72-44-6 250.294 120 vs eth, EtOH, chl 7461 Methyl 3-(methylthio)propanoate 2-Methoxycarbonylethyl methyl sulfideC5H10O2S 13532-18-8 134.197 7513, 69111.077251.465020 7462 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)benzene C10H12 1195-32-0 132.202 liq -20 185.3 0.8936231.528323 7463 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanol β-Terpineol C10H18O 138-87-4 154.249 nd 32.5 210; 90100.917201.474720 7464 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanol, [1 R-(1 α,2 β,5 α)]C10H18O 89-79-2 154.249 78 93140.911201.472320sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 7465 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanol acetate, [1 R- (1 α,2 β,5 α)]C12H20O2 57576-09-7 196.286 85 11380.925251.456620 7466 trans -5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanoneC10H16O 29606-79-9 152.233 100180.9198201.467520 7467 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylvinyl)-2- cyclohexen-1-olC10H16O 99-48-9 152.233 228 0.9484251.494225 7468 4-Methylmorpholine C5H11NO 109-02-4 101.147 liq -64.40 116 0.9051201.433220s H2O, EtOH, eth 7469 α-Methyl-4-morpholineethanol C7H15NO2 2109-66-2 145.200 12118, 93131.0174201.463820vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH 7470 1-Methylnaphthalene C11H10 90-12-0 142.197 liq -30.43 244.7 1.0202201.617020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 7471 2-Methylnaphthalene C11H10 91-57-6 142.197 mcl (al) 34.6 241.1 1.0058201.601540i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 7472 Methyl 1-naphthalenecarboxylate Methyl 1-naphthoate C12H10O2 2459-24-7 186.206 59.5 16820, 1010.041.1290201.608620vs bz, EtOH 7473 Methyl 2-naphthalenecarboxylate Methyl 2-naphthoate C12H10O2 2459-25-8 186.206 lf (MeOH) 77 290 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 7474 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenediol diacetateMenadiol diacetate C15H14O4 573-20-6 258.270 pr (al) 113 vs EtOH 7475 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione Menadione C11H8O2 58-27-5 172.181 ye nd (al, peth) 107 i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s eth, bz, chl 7476 Methyl-1-naphthylamine N-Methyl-1-naphthalenamine C11H11N 2216-68-4 157.212 oil 174 294.5 1.672220vs eth, EtOH 7477 Methyl nitrate CH3NO3 598-58-3 77.040 exp gas -83.0 exp 64.6 1.2075201.374820sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 7478 Methyl nitrite CH3NO2 624-91-9 61.041 ye gas -16 -12 0.99115s EtOH, eth 7479 Methyl nitroacetate C3H5NO4 2483-57-0 119.077 107281.3200 7480 2-Methyl-3-nitroaniline C7H8N2O2 603-83-8 152.151 ye orth nd (w), ye lf (al)92 305 1.378015sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 7481 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline C7H8N2O2 99-52-5 152.151 133.5 1.1586140sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, bz, HOAc 7482 2-Methyl-5-nitroaniline C7H8N2O2 99-55-8 152.151 105.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 7483 2-Methyl-6-nitroaniline C7H8N2O2 570-24-1 152.151 96 1.1900100sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 7484 4-Methyl-2-nitroaniline C7H8N2O2 89-62-3 152.151 116.3 1.16121sl H2O; s EtOH, chl 7485 4-Methyl-3-nitroaniline C7H8N2O2 119-32-4 152.151 79.8 sl H2O, CS2; s EtOH, eth, bz TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g28/g24 O 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexanone, (2 R-trans )O 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexanoneO 3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)-2-cyclohexen-1-oneH 1-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl)cyclohexene, ( S) NO N-Methyl- N-(2-methylphenyl)acetamideHN 4-Methyl- N-(4-methylphenyl)anilineNNO 2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3 H)-quinazolinoneSOO Methyl 3-(methylthio)propanoate 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)benzeneHO 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol OH 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol, [1 R-(1α,2β,5α)]OO 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol acetate, [1 R-(1α,2β,5α)]O trans -5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanoneOH 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylvinyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-olN O 4-Methylmorpholine N OOH α-Methyl-4-morpholineethanol 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-MethylnaphthaleneOO Methyl 1-naphthalenecarboxylateOO Methyl 2-naphthalenecarboxylateOO O O 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenediol diacetateO O 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione HN Methyl-1-naphthylamineONO O Methyl nitrateONO Methyl nitriteOO NOO Methyl nitroacetateNH 2 NO O 2-Methyl-3-nitroanilineNH 2 NOO 2-Methyl-4-nitroanilineNH 2 NO O 2-Methyl-5-nitroanilineNH 2 NOO 2-Methyl-6-nitroanilineNH 2 NOO 4-Methyl-2-nitroanilineNH 2 NO O 4-Methyl-3-nitroaniline /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g28/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127486 N-Methyl-2-nitroaniline C7H8N2O2 612-28-2 152.151 red or oran nd (peth)38 15818sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 7487 N-Methyl-4-nitroaniline C7H8N2O2 100-15-2 152.151 br-ye pr (al) cry (eth)152 dec 1.201155i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, lig 7488 2-Methyl-1-nitro-9,10- anthracenedioneC15H9NO4 129-15-7 267.237 pa ye nd (HOAc)273.0 i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl; s PhNO2 7489 2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid C7H7NO5S 121-03-9 217.200 135.8 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 7490 Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate C8H7NO4 606-27-9 181.147 liq -13 275 1.285520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig 7491 Methyl 3-nitrobenzoate C8H7NO4 618-95-1 181.147 78 27960i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH 7492 Methyl 4-nitrobenzoate C8H7NO4 619-50-1 181.147 96 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 7493 2-Methyl-4-nitro-1 H-imidazole C4H5N3O2 696-23-1 127.102 253 7494 N-Methyl- N-nitromethanamine C2H6N2O2 4164-28-7 90.081 nd(eth) 58 187 1.1090721.446272vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 7495 2-Methyl-1-nitronaphthalene C11H9NO2 881-03-8 187.195 ye pr or nd (al) 81.5 18820i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace 7496 N-Methyl- N’-nitro- N- nitrosoguanidineC2H5N5O3 70-25-7 147.093 s DMSO 7497 3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol C7H7NO3 2581-34-2 153.136 nd or pr (w) 129 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 7498 4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol C7H7NO3 119-33-5 153.136 ye nd (al, w) 36.5 125221.2399201.574440vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 7499 1-Methyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene 2-Methylphenyl 4-nitrophenyl ether C13H11NO3 2444-29-3 229.231 ye cry (peth) 22027vs bz, eth, EtOH 7500 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol C4H9NO4 77-49-6 135.119 mcl 150.1 dec vs H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO 7501 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol C4H9NO3 76-39-1 119.119 nd or pl (MeOH)89.5 9410sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 7502 3-Methyl-4-nitroquinoline- N-oxide C10H8N2O3 14073-00-8 204.182 cry (MeOH) 179 7503 N-Methyl- N-nitrosoaniline C7H8N2O 614-00-6 136.151 ye cry 14.7 dec 225; 121131.1240201.576920i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7504 N-Methyl- N-nitrosourea N-Nitroso- N-methylurea C2H5N3O2 684-93-5 103.080 col or ye pl (eth)123 dec sl H2O, EtOH, eth 7505 Methyl nonadecanoate C20H40O2 1731-94-8 312.531 41.3 1904 7506 2-Methylnonane C10H22 871-83-0 142.282 liq -74.6 167.1 0.7281201.409920i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 7507 3-Methylnonane C10H22 5911-04-6 142.282 liq -84.8 167.9 0.7354201.412520vs bz, eth, chl 7508 4-Methylnonane C10H22 17301-94-9 142.282 liq -99 165.7 0.7323201.412320vs bz, eth, chl 7509 5-Methylnonane C10H22 15869-85-9 142.282 liq -87.7 165.1 0.7326201.411620i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 7510 Methyl nonanoate C10H20O2 1731-84-6 172.265 213.5 0.8799151.421420i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7511 8-Methyl-1-nonanol C10H22O 55505-26-5 158.281 10810 7512 2-Methyl-1-nonene C10H20 2980-71-4 140.266 liq -64.2 168.4 0.7412251.424120 7513 2-Methyl-2-norbornene 2-Methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene C8H12 694-92-8 108.181 liq 122 7514 Methyl trans -9-octadecenoate C19H36O2 1937-62-8 296.488 13.5 218240.8730201.451320vs eth, EtOH 7515 2-Methyloctane C9H20 3221-61-2 128.255 liq -80.3 143.2 0.7095251.403120i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs peth 7516 3-Methyloctane C9H20 2216-33-3 128.255 liq -107.6 144.2 0.717251.404025 7517 4-Methyloctane C9H20 2216-34-4 128.255 liq -113.3 142.4 0.716251.403925i H2O 7518 Methyl octanoate Methyl caprylate C9H18O2 111-11-5 158.238 liq -40 192.9 0.8775201.417020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7519 2-Methyloctanoic acid C9H18O2 3004-93-1 158.238 13814, 8841.428125 7520 2-Methyl-2-octanol C9H20O 628-44-4 144.254 178 0.8210201.428020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7521 3-Methyl-3-octanol C9H20O 5340-36-3 144.254 8318, 3630.8108251.425725 7522 5-Methyl-2-octanone C9H18O 58654-67-4 142.238 10150 7523 2-Methyl-1-octene C9H18 4588-18-5 126.239 liq -77.8 144.8 0.7343201.418420 7524 7-Methyl-1-octene C9H18 13151-06-9 126.239 liq 138.9 7525 Methyloctylamine N-Methyl-1-octanamine C9H21N 2439-54-5 143.270 688No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g28/g26HN NOO N-Methyl-2-nitroanilineHN NOO N-Methyl-4-nitroanilineO ONOO 2-Methyl-1-nitro-9,10-anthracenedioneS NO OOOOH 2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acidOO NOO Methyl 2-nitrobenzoateOO NO O Methyl 3-nitrobenzoateOO NOO Methyl 4-nitrobenzoateN N HNO O 2-Methyl-4-nitro-1 H-imidazole NN OO N-Methyl- N-nitromethanamineNOO 2-Methyl-1-nitronaphthaleneNHNNOON H NO N-Methyl- N’-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidineOH NOO 3-Methyl-4-nitrophenolOH NOO 4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol/g3 O NO O 1-Methyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzeneHO OHNO 2 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol OHNO 2 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanolNNOO O 3-Methyl-4-nitroquinoline- N-oxideNNO N-Methyl- N-nitrosoanilineH2NNO NO N-Methyl- N-nitrosoureaOO Methyl nonadecanoate 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 4-Methylnonane 5-MethylnonaneOO Methyl nonanoateOH 8-Methyl-1-nonanol 2-Methyl-1-nonene 2-Methyl-2-norbornene OO Methyl trans -9-octadecenoate 2-Methyloctane 3-Methyloctane 4-MethyloctaneOO Methyl octanoateOHO 2-Methyloctanoic acid OH 2-Methyl-2-octanolOH 3-Methyl-3-octanolO 5-Methyl-2-octanone 2-Methyl-1-octene 7-Methyl-1-octeneNH Methyloctylamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g22/g28/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127526 Methyl 2-octynoate C9H14O2 111-12-6 154.206 217; 107200.926201.446420 7527 3-Methyl-1-octyn-3-ol C9H16O 23580-51-0 140.222 174; 75100.8547201.44310 7528 Methyl oleate C19H36O2 112-62-9 296.488 -19.9 218.5200.8739201.452220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 7529 Methyl Orange Sodium p- dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonateC14H14N3NaO3S 547-58-0 327.334 oran, ye pl or sc (w)dec sl H2O, EtOH, py; i eth 7530 2-Methyloxazole C4H5NO 23012-10-4 83.089 liq 87.5 7531 4-Methyloxazole C4H5NO 693-93-6 83.089 88 1.015251.431720 7532 5-Methyloxazole C4H5NO 66333-88-8 83.089 liq 88 7533 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline C4H7NO 1120-64-5 85.105 111 1.005251.434020 7534 2-Methyloxetane C4H8O 2167-39-7 72.106 hyg 59 0.841251.388520 7535 4-Methyl-2-oxetanone 3-Hydroxybutyric acid lactone C4H6O2 3068-88-0 86.090 8650, 5791.055520 7536 Methyloxirane 1,2-Propylene oxide C3H6O 16033-71-9 58.079 liq -111.9 35 0.85901.366020vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 7537 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid C5H8O3 759-05-7 116.116 31.5 170.5 0.9968201.385016s H2O, EtOH, eth 7538 N-Methyl- N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine N-Dodecanoylsarcosine C15H29NO3 97-78-9 271.396 44.5 s chl 7539 Methyl 4-oxopentanoate Methyl levulinate C6H10O3 624-45-3 130.141 196 1.0511201.423320sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, ctc; msc eth 7540 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid C6H10O3 816-66-0 130.141 liq 10 8415 7541 Methyl 2-oxopropanoate Methyl pyruvate C4H6O3 600-22-6 102.089 135.5 1.15401.404625sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 7542 Methyl palmitate Methyl hexadecanoate C17H34O2 112-39-0 270.451 30 417; 14820.824775i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; s eth 7543 Methyl parathion C8H10NO5PS 298-00-0 263.208 cry 38 1.358201.536725i H2O; s os 7544 Methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide S-Methyl pentachlorobenzenethiol C7H3Cl5S 1825-19-0 296.429 cry (EtOH) 95.5 7545 Methyl pentadecanoate C16H32O2 7132-64-1 256.424 nd (dil al) 18.5 153.5 0.8618251.439025s EtOH, eth 7546 cis-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene C6H10 1501-60-6 82.143 liq -117.6 75.8 0.714251.44620 7547 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene C6H10 4549-74-0 82.143 77 0.730251.45220 7548 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 1,1-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene C6H10 926-56-7 82.143 76.5 0.7181201.453220 7549 Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether 1-Methoxyperfluoroethane C3H3F5O 22410-44-2 150.047 col gas 5.59 7550 Methyl pentafluoropropanoate C4H3F5O2 378-75-6 178.058 59.5 1.390251.286925 7551 2-Methylpentanal 2-Methylvaleraldehyde C6H12O 123-15-9 100.158 117 s H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc 7552 2-Methylpentane Isohexane C6H14 107-83-5 86.175 liq -153.6 60.26 0.650251.371520i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl 7553 3-Methylpentane C6H14 96-14-0 86.175 liq -162.90 63.27 0.6598251.376520i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth, ace, bz, hp 7554 2-Methylpentanedinitrile 2-Methylglutaronitrile C6H8N2 4553-62-2 108.141 liq -45 270; 134130.950 1.434020s H2O 7555 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Hexylene glycol C6H14O2 107-41-5 118.174 liq -50 197.1 0.923151.427620s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7556 4-Methylpentanenitrile Isopentyl cyanide C6H11N 542-54-1 97.158 liq -51 156.5 0.8030201.405920i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc 7557 2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol C6H14S 1633-97-2 118.240 liq 125.0; 3630 7558 Methyl pentanoate Methyl valerate C6H12O2 624-24-8 116.158 127.4 0.8947201.400320sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 7559 2-Methylpentanoic acid, (±) C6H12O2 22160-39-0 116.158 195.6 0.9230201.41320s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7560 3-Methylpentanoic acid, (±) C6H12O2 22160-40-3 116.158 liq -41.6 197.5 0.9262201.415920vs eth, EtOH 7561 4-Methylpentanoic acid C6H12O2 646-07-1 116.158 liq -33 200.5 0.9225201.414420sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 7562 2-Methyl-1-pentanol C6H14O 105-30-6 102.174 149 0.8263201.418220sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 7563 3-Methyl-1-pentanol, (±) C6H14O 20281-83-8 102.174 153 0.8242201.411223i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7564 4-Methyl-1-pentanol Isohexyl alcohol C6H14O 626-89-1 102.174 151.9 0.8131201.413425i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7565 2-Methyl-2-pentanol C6H14O 590-36-3 102.174 liq -103 121.1 0.8350161.410020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 7566 3-Methyl-2-pentanol C6H14O 565-60-6 102.174 134.3 0.8307201.418220sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 7567 4-Methyl-2-pentanol C6H14O 108-11-2 102.174 liq -90 131.6 0.8075201.410020sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g22/g28/g28 OO Methyl 2-octynoateOH 3-Methyl-1-octyn-3-olOO Methyl oleateN NN S OO O Na Methyl OrangeN O 2-MethyloxazoleN O 4-Methyloxazole N O 5-MethyloxazoleN O 2-Methyl-2-oxazolineO 2-MethyloxetaneOO 4-Methyl-2-oxetanoneO Methyloxirane/g3 OHO O 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acidNO OH O N-Methyl- N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine OO O Methyl 4-oxopentanoateOH OO 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acidOO O Methyl 2-oxopropanoateOO Methyl palmitateNO OOPOS O Methyl parathionS Cl Cl ClClCl Methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide OO Methyl pentadecanoate cis-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadieneOFF F FF Methyl pentafluoroethyl etherOO FFFFF Methyl pentafluoropropanoate O 2-Methylpentanal 2-Methylpentane 3-MethylpentaneN N 2-MethylpentanedinitrileOH OH 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediolN 4-MethylpentanenitrileSH 2-Methyl-2-pentanethiolOO Methyl pentanoate OH O 2-Methylpentanoic acid, (±)OH O 3-Methylpentanoic acid, (±)OH O 4-Methylpentanoic acidOH 2-Methyl-1-pentanolOH 3-Methyl-1-pentanol, (±)OH 4-Methyl-1-pentanolOH 2-Methyl-2-pentanolOH 3-Methyl-2-pentanolOH 4-Methyl-2-pentanol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g19/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127568 2-Methyl-3-pentanol C6H14O 565-67-3 102.174 126.5 0.8243201.417520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 7569 3-Methyl-3-pentanol C6H14O 77-74-7 102.174 liq -23.6 122.4 0.8286201.418620sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 7570 2-Methyl-1-pentanol acetate C8H16O2 7789-99-3 144.212 163 0.87025vs eth, EtOH 7571 3-Methyl-2-pentanone, (±) (±)- sec-Butyl methyl ketone C6H12O 55156-16-6 100.158 117.5 0.8130201.400220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 7572 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Isobutyl methyl ketone C6H12O 108-10-1 100.158 liq -84 116.5 0.7965251.396220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl 7573 2-Methyl-3-pentanone Ethyl isopropyl ketone C6H12O 565-69-5 100.158 113.5 0.814181.397520sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace; s chl 7574 4-Methylpentanoyl chloride C6H11ClO 38136-29-7 134.603 143 0.972520 7575 2-Methyl-2-pentenal C6H10O 623-36-9 98.142 136.5 0.8581201.448820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH 7576 2-Methyl-1-pentene C6H12 763-29-1 84.159 liq -135.7 62.1 0.6799201.392020i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc 7577 3-Methyl-1-pentene C6H12 760-20-3 84.159 liq -153 54.2 0.6675201.384120i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth 7578 4-Methyl-1-pentene C6H12 691-37-2 84.159 liq -153.6 53.9 0.6642201.382820i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth 7579 2-Methyl-2-pentene C6H12 625-27-4 84.159 liq -135 67.3 0.6863201.400420i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl 7580 3-Methyl- cis-2-pentene C6H12 922-62-3 84.159 liq -134.8 67.7 0.6886251.401620i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth 7581 3-Methyl- trans -2-pentene C6H12 616-12-6 84.159 liq -138.5 70.4 0.6930251.404520i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl, peth 7582 4-Methyl- cis-2-pentene C6H12 691-38-3 84.159 liq -134.8 56.3 0.6690201.380020i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth 7583 4-Methyl- trans -2-pentene C6H12 674-76-0 84.159 liq -140.8 58.6 0.6686201.388920i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc 7584 trans -2-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid C6H10O2 16957-70-3 114.142 pr 24.4 214; 112120.9751201.451320sl H2O; s eth, chl, CS2 7585 4-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid 4,4-Dimethyl-2-butenoic acid C6H10O2 10321-71-8 114.142 35 217 0.9529211.448921vs ace, eth, EtOH 7586 2-Methyl-3-pentenoic acid C6H10O2 37674-63-8 114.142 199 0.966151.440225 7587 4-Methyl-3-penten-2-ol C6H12O 4325-82-0 100.158 134 0.840151.937715 7588 3-Methyl-2-penten-4-one C6H10O 565-62-8 98.142 138 1.450820 7589 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one C6H10O 3744-02-3 98.142 liq -72.6 124.2 0.841120 7590 cis-3-Methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-2- cyclopenten-1-oneJasmone C11H16O 488-10-8 164.244 ye oil 258; 134120.9437221.497922sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, lig 7591 3-(4-Methyl-3-pentenyl)furan C10H14O 539-52-6 150.217 185.5 0.9017201.470521 7592 3-Methyl-3-penten-1-yne C6H8 1574-33-0 80.128 66.5 0.739201.433220s eth, bz 7593 3-Methyl-2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten-1- oneC11H18O 1128-08-1 166.260 14322, 116120.9165181.476720 7594 Methyl pentyl ether C6H14O 628-80-8 102.174 99 0.759221.386222vs ace, eth, EtOH 7595 5-Methyl-2-pentylphenol 6-Pentyl- m-cresol C12H18O 1300-94-3 178.270 24 13815vs ace, eth, EtOH 7596 Methyl pentyl sulfide C6H14S 1741-83-9 118.240 liq -94 145.1 0.8431201.450620s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 7597 Methyl tert-pentyl sulfide 2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)butane C6H14S 13286-92-5 118.240 liq 150 0.84 1.457020 7598 4-Methyl-1-pentyne C6H10 7154-75-8 82.143 liq -104.6 61.2 0.7000251.393620i H2O; s bz, chl 7599 4-Methyl-2-pentyne C6H10 21020-27-9 82.143 liq -110.3 73.1 0.7112251.405720vs bz, chl 7600 3-Methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol Meparfynol C6H10O 77-75-8 98.142 30.5 120.5 0.8688201.431020 7601 Methyl perfluorooctanoate C9H3F15O2 376-27-2 428.095 158 1.684201.30427 7602 1-Methylphenanthrene C15H12 832-69-9 192.256 lf, pl (dil al) 123 354 i H2O; s EtOH 7603 3-Methylphenanthrene C15H12 832-71-3 192.256 pr or nd (al) 65 350; 1456i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl chl 7604 4-Methylphenanthrene C15H12 832-64-4 192.256 pl (90% al) 53.5 17710i H2O; s EtOH, ctc 7605 Methylphenidate C14H19NO2 113-45-1 233.307 1360.6i H2O, peth; s chl, EtOH, eth, AcOEt 7606 10-Methyl-10 H-phenothiazine C13H11NS 1207-72-3 213.298 101 7607 10-Methyl-10 H-phenothiazine-2- acetic acidMetiazinic acid C15H13NO2S 13993-65-2 271.335 144 s chl 7608 Methyl phenoxyacetate C9H10O3 2065-23-8 166.173 245 1.1493201.515520vs eth, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g19/g20OH 2-Methyl-3-pentanolOH 3-Methyl-3-pentanolOO 2-Methyl-1-pentanol acetateO 3-Methyl-2-pentanone, (±)O 4-Methyl-2-pentanoneO 2-Methyl-3-pentanoneCl O 4-Methylpentanoyl chlorideO 2-Methyl-2-pentenal 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl- cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl- trans -2-pentene 4-Methyl- cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl- trans -2-penteneOH O trans -2-Methyl-2-pentenoic acidOH O 4-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid OH O 2-Methyl-3-pentenoic acidOH 4-Methyl-3-penten-2-olO 3-Methyl-2-penten-4-oneO 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-oneO cis-3-Methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-oneO 3-(4-Methyl-3-pentenyl)furan 3-Methyl-3-penten-1-yne /g3 O 3-Methyl-2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten-1-oneO Methyl pentyl etherOH 5-Methyl-2-pentylphenolS Methyl pentyl sulfideS Methyl tert-pentyl sulfide 4-Methyl-1-pentyne 4-Methyl-2-pentyneOH 3-Methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol OO FFFF FFFF FFFF F FF Methyl perfluorooctanoate 1-Methylphenanthrene 3-Methylphenanthrene 4-MethylphenanthreneN HOO H MethylphenidateSN 10-Methyl-10 H-phenothiazineSN OH O 10-Methyl-10 H-phenothiazine-2-acetic acidOOO Methyl phenoxyacetate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g19/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127609 1-Methyl-3-phenoxybenzene C13H12O 3586-14-9 184.233 272 1.051251.572720 7610 [(2-Methylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane C10H12O2 2210-79-9 164.201 12321.088420 7611 3-(2-Methylphenoxy)-1,2- propanediolMephenesin C10H14O3 59-47-2 182.216 70 dec sl H2O, eth; s EtOH 7612 N-(2-Methylphenyl)acetamide C9H11NO 120-66-1 149.189 nd (al) 110 296 1.16815sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc 7613 N-(3-Methylphenyl)acetamide C9H11NO 537-92-8 149.189 nd (w) 65.5 303 1.14115sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 7614 N-Methyl- N-phenylacetamide N-Methylacetanilide C9H11NO 579-10-2 149.189 nd (eth), pr (al) 103 256 1.00361051.576 s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig 7615 2-Methylphenyl acetate o-Cresyl acetate C9H10O2 533-18-6 150.174 208 1.0533151.500220vs eth, EtOH 7616 3-Methylphenyl acetate m-Cresyl acetate C9H10O2 122-46-3 150.174 12 212 1.043201.497820vs bz, eth, EtOH 7617 4-Methylphenyl acetate p-Cresyl acetate C9H10O2 140-39-6 150.174 212.5 1.0512171.516322sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, chl 7618 Methyl 2-phenylacetate C9H10O2 101-41-7 150.174 216.5 1.0622161.507520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc 7619 2-(Methylphenylamino)ethanol C9H13NO 93-90-3 151.205 218110, 150141.01430s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 7620 2-[(2-Methylphenyl)amino]ethanol C9H13NO 136-80-1 151.205 285.5 1.0794201.567520vs eth, EtOH 7621 3-Methyl- N-phenylaniline C13H13N 1205-64-7 183.249 30 316; 183171.635020vs bz, eth, EtOH 7622 N-(4-Methylphenyl)benzamide C14H13NO 582-78-5 211.259 orth nd (al) 158 1.20215vs eth, EtOH 7623 N-Methyl- N- phenylbenzenemethanamineC14H15N 614-30-2 197.276 s ctc 7624 4-Methyl- α-phenylbenzenemethanol C14H14O 1517-63-1 198.260 52 7625 α-Methyl- α-phenylbenzenemethanol C14H14O 599-67-7 198.260 285; 190121.105915 7626 4-Methyl- N- phenylbenzenesulfonamideC13H13NO2S 68-34-8 247.313 ( α) tcl, ( β) mcl pr (al, bz)103.5 i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, HOAc 7627 4-Methylphenyl benzoate C14H12O2 614-34-6 212.244 pl (eth-al) 71.5 316 vs eth, EtOH 7628 1-Methyl- N-phenyl- N-benzyl-4- piperidinamineBamipine C19H24N2 4945-47-5 280.407 cry (MeOH) 115 7629 Methyl 2-phenylbutanoate C11H14O2 2294-71-5 178.228 nd (dil al) 77.5 228 vs eth, EtOH 7630 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-butanone C11H14O 582-62-7 162.228 236.5 0.9701161.513915i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 7631 3-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenamide β-Benzalbutyramide C11H13NO 7236-47-7 175.227 133 7632 Methylphenylcarbamic chloride C8H8ClNO 4285-42-1 169.609 pl (al) 88.5 280 vs eth, EtOH 7633 1-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanone C9H10O 577-16-2 134.174 214 1.026201.527620 7634 1-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanone C9H10O 585-74-0 134.174 220 1.016501.53315s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 7635 4-(1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol C15H16O 599-64-4 212.287 pr (peth) 74.5 335 7636 N-Methyl- N-phenylformamide C8H9NO 93-61-8 135.163 14.5 243 1.0948201.558920sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace 7637 N-(2-Methylphenyl)formamide C8H9NO 94-69-9 135.163 lf (al) 62 288 1.08655s H2O; vs EtOH 7638 5-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-hexen-3-one C13H16O 2892-18-4 188.265 cry 43 154250.9509461.552325sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl 7639 1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine C7H10N2 618-40-6 122.167 228; 131351.0404201.569120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl 7640 3-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4- imidazolidinedione3-Methyl-5-phenylhydantoin C10H10N2O2 6846-11-3 190.198 164.5 s chl 7641 1-Methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b]pyridin-2-aminePhIP C13H12N4 105650-23-5 224.261 solid 327 7642 2-[Methyl(phenylmethyl) amino]ethanolC10H15NO 101-98-4 165.232 13414 7643 4-Methyl- N-(phenylmethylene)aniline C14H13N 2272-45-9 195.260 ye cry 35 318; 17811vs ace 7644 3-Methyl-2-phenylmorpholine Phenmetrazine C11H15NO 134-49-6 177.243 13912, 1041 7645 2-Methyl-2-phenyloxirane C9H10O 2085-88-3 134.174 84171.0228201.523220 7646 N-(2-Methylphenyl)-3-oxo- butanamideC11H13NO2 93-68-5 191.227 pr (AcOEt) 107.5 vs bz, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g19/g22O 1-Methyl-3-phenoxybenzeneOO [(2-Methylphenoxy)methyl]oxiraneOOH OH 3-(2-Methylphenoxy)-1,2-propanediolHNO N-(2-Methylphenyl)acetamideHNO N-(3-Methylphenyl)acetamideNO N-Methyl- N-phenylacetamideOO 2-Methylphenyl acetateOO 3-Methylphenyl acetateOO 4-Methylphenyl acetate O O Methyl 2-phenylacetateNOH 2-(Methylphenylamino)ethanolHNOH 2-[(2-Methylphenyl)amino]ethanolHN 3-Methyl- N-phenylanilineHN O N-(4-Methylphenyl)benzamideN N-Methyl- N-phenylbenzenemethanamineOH 4-Methyl- α-phenylbenzenemethanolOH α-Methyl- α-phenylbenzenemethanol /g3SOOH N 4-Methyl- N-phenylbenzenesulfonamideO O 4-Methylphenyl benzoateNN 1-Methyl- N-phenyl- N-benzyl-4-piperidinamineO O Methyl 2-phenylbutanoateO 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-butanoneNH 2 O 3-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenamideNC l O Methylphenylcarbamic chloride O 1-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanoneO 1-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanoneOH 4-(1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenolN O N-Methyl- N-phenylformamideHN O N-(2-Methylphenyl)formamideO 5-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-hexen-3-oneNNH 2 1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine/g3 NNO HO 3-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione N NN NH 2 1-Methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-amineNOH 2-[Methyl(phenylmethyl)amino]ethanolN 4-Methyl- N-(phenylmethylene)anilineNO H 3-Methyl-2-phenylmorpholineO 2-Methyl-2-phenyloxiraneHNOO N-(2-Methylphenyl)-3-oxo-butanamide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g19/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127647 N-(4-Methylphenyl)-3- oxobutanamideC11H13NO2 2415-85-2 191.227 pr (AcOEt) 95 sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, bz 7648 (2-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone C14H12O 131-58-8 196.244 <-18 308; 128121.109820i H2O; vs EtOH 7649 (3-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone C14H12O 643-65-2 196.244 oil 2 317; 17091.09520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 7650 (4-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone C14H12O 134-84-9 196.244 mcl pr 59.5 228700.99260i H2O; sl EtOH, lig; s eth, bz, chl 7651 Methyl 3-phenylpropanoate Methyl dihydrocinnamate C10H12O2 103-25-3 164.201 238.5; 9141.045525i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, AcOEt 7652 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-propanone C10H12O 5337-93-9 148.201 7.2 236 0.9926201.527820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 7653 2-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone C10H12O 611-70-1 148.201 liq -0.7 220 0.9863111.517220vs eth, EtOH 7654 2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal C10H10O 101-39-3 146.185 248; 1501001.0407171.605717 7655 Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propynoate C10H8O2 4891-38-7 160.170 26 15848, 132161.0830251.561825 7656 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-5- amineC10H11N3 1131-18-6 173.214 116 333 s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl bz 7657 2-Methyl-5-phenylpyridine C12H11N 3256-88-0 169.222 189501.0590251.605525 7658 5-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- pyrimidinetrionePhenylmethylbarbituric acid C11H10N2O3 76-94-8 218.208 cry 220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk 7659 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-2,5- pyrrolidinedionePhensuximide C11H11NO2 86-34-0 189.211 cry (hot al) 72 vs EtOH, MeOH 7660 Methylphenylsilane C7H10Si 766-08-5 122.240 140 0.8895201.505820 7661 Methyl phenyl sulfone C7H8O2S 3112-85-4 156.203 88 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc 7662 1-Methyl-4-(phenylthio)benzene C13H12S 3699-01-2 200.299 15.7 317 1.0986251.622525i H2O; s ace, bz 7663 (2-Methylphenyl)thiourea o-Tolylthiourea C8H10N2S 614-78-8 166.243 nd (dil al, w) 162 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth 7664 N-Methyl- N’-phenylthiourea C8H10N2S 2724-69-8 166.243 ta, pl 112.5 vs EtOH 7665 Methyl phosphate Methyl dihydrogen phosphate CH5O4P 812-00-0 112.022 oil 7666 Methylphosphine CH5P 593-54-4 48.025 col gas -16 vs eth 7667 Methylphosphonic acid CH5O3P 993-13-5 96.023 hyg pl 108.5 dec vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, peth 7668 Methylphosphonic difluoride CH3F2OP 676-99-3 100.005 liq 98; 22271.331420 7669 Methylphosphonofluoridic acid, isopropyl esterSarin C4H10FO2P 107-44-8 140.093 liq -57 147 1.1020dec H2O 7670 Methyl phosphorodichloridite Methyl dichlorophosphite CH3Cl2OP 3279-26-3 132.914 hyg liq -91 93 1.406 1.474020 7671 1-Methylpiperazine C5H12N2 109-01-3 100.162 138 1.437820vs H2O, eth, EtOH 7672 2-Methylpiperazine C5H12N2 109-07-9 100.162 hyg lf (al) 62 153 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 7673 1-Methylpiperidine C6H13N 626-67-5 99.174 liq -102.7 107 0.8159201.435520vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 7674 2-Methylpiperidine, (±) C6H13N 3000-79-1 99.174 liq -2.5 118 0.8436241.445920vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl; i dil KOH 7675 3-Methylpiperidine, (±) C6H13N 53152-98-0 99.174 liq -24 125.5 0.8446261.447020vs H2O; sl chl 7676 4-Methylpiperidine C6H13N 626-58-4 99.174 130 0.8674251.445820vs H2O; sl chl 7677 1-Methyl-3-piperidinol C6H13NO 3554-74-3 115.173 9326, 77110.9635161.473520 7678 1-Methyl-4-piperidinol C6H13NO 106-52-5 115.173 29 200 1.477520 7679 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone C6H11NO 931-20-4 113.157 221; 105121.0263251.482020 7680 1-Methyl-4-piperidinone C6H11NO 1445-73-4 113.157 8545, 57110.971251.458025 7681 Methylprednisolone C22H30O5 83-43-2 374.470 cry 232 7682 2-Methylpropanamide C4H9NO 563-83-7 87.120 129.0 217 1.01320s chl 7683 N-Methylpropanamide C4H9NO 1187-58-2 87.120 liq -30.9 148 0.9305251.434525 7684 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine C4H12N2 811-93-8 88.151 123 0.841251.441020s ctc 7685 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol C4H10O2 558-43-0 90.121 176 1.0024201.435020vs H2O, eth, EtOH 7686 2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol C4H10O2 2163-42-0 90.121 liq -91 211.6; 124201.015201.445020 7687 2-Methylpropanenitrile Isobutyronitrile C4H7N 78-82-0 69.106 liq -71.5 103.9 0.7704201.372020sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g19/g24 HNOO N-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-oxobutanamideO (2-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanoneO (3-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanoneO (4-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanoneOO Methyl 3-phenylpropanoateO 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-propanoneO 2-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone O 2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenalOO Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propynoateNNH2N 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-amineN 2-Methyl-5-phenylpyridineNNO H O HO 5-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrioneNO O 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedioneSiHH Methylphenylsilane SOO Methyl phenyl sulfoneS 1-Methyl-4-(phenylthio)benzeneH N NH 2 S (2-Methylphenyl)thioureaH NH N S N-Methyl- N’-phenylthioureaO POO H OH Methyl phosphatePHH MethylphosphineO PO H OH Methylphosphonic acidO PF F Methylphosphonic difluorideO POF Methylphosphonofluoridic acid, isopropyl ester Cl POC l Methyl phosphorodichloriditeNNH 1-MethylpiperazineNNH H 2-MethylpiperazineN 1-MethylpiperidineN H 2-Methylpiperidine, (±)N H 3-Methylpiperidine, (±)N H 4-MethylpiperidineNOH 1-Methyl-3-piperidinolNOH 1-Methyl-4-piperidinolNO 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone NO 1-Methyl-4-piperidinoneOHO HOHOOH MethylprednisoloneNH 2 O 2-MethylpropanamideH N O N-MethylpropanamideNH 2NH 2 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamineOHOH 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediolOH HO 2-Methyl-1,3-propanediolN 2-Methylpropanenitrile /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g19/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127688 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol Isobutyl mercaptan C4H10S 513-44-0 90.187 <-70 88.5 0.8357201.438720sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc 7689 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol tert-Butyl mercaptan C4H10S 75-66-1 90.187 liq -0.5 64.2 0.7943251.423220i H2O; s ctc, hp 7690 Methyl propanoate Methyl propionate C4H8O2 554-12-1 88.106 liq -87.5 79.8 0.9150201.377520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc 7691 2-Methylpropanoic acid Isobutyric acid C4H8O2 79-31-2 88.106 liq -46 154.45 0.9681201.393020vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 7692 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride Isobutryic anhydride C8H14O3 97-72-3 158.195 liq -53.5 183; 89320.9535201.406119msc eth; s chl 7693 2-Methyl-1-propanol Isobutyl alcohol C4H10O 78-83-1 74.121 liq -101.9 107.89 0.8018201.395520s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 7694 2-Methyl-2-propanol tert-Butyl alcohol C4H10O 75-65-0 74.121 25.69 82.4 0.7887201.387820msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 7695 2-Methylpropanoyl chloride Isobutyric acid chloride C4H7ClO 79-30-1 106.551 liq -90 92 1.407920s eth 7696 2-Methylpropenal Methacrolein C4H6O 78-85-3 70.090 68.4 0.840251.414420msc H2O, EtOH, eth 7697 2-Methyl-2-propenamide C4H7NO 79-39-0 85.105 cry (bz) 110.5 sl eth, chl; s EtOH, CH2Cl2 7698 N-Methyl-2-propen-1-amine C4H9N 627-37-2 71.121 64 1.406520vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 7699 2-Methyl-2-propene-1,1-diol diacetateMethacrolein diacetate C8H12O4 10476-95-6 172.179 191 1.424120 7700 2-Methyl-1-propene, tetramer C16H32 15220-85-6 224.425 liq -98 244; 109150.7944201.448220 7701 2-Methyl-2-propenoic anhydride Methacrylic acid anhydride C8H10O3 760-93-0 154.163 8951.454020msc EtOH, eth 7702 2-Methyl-2-propenol Methallyl alcohol C4H8O 513-42-8 72.106 114.5 0.8515201.425520vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth 7703 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride Methacrylic acid chloride C4H5ClO 920-46-7 104.535 liq -60 96 1.0871201.443520s eth, ace, chl 7704 cis-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene C10H12 767-99-7 132.202 194.7; 1775000.9191251.540225i H2O; s bz, chl 7705 trans -(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene C10H12 768-00-3 132.202 liq -23.5 194.7 0.9138251.542520i H2O; s bz, chl 7706 (2-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene C10H12 768-49-0 132.202 liq -48.0 183; 99430.900201.538820 7707 4-(2-Methylpropenyl)morpholine 1-Morpholinoisobutene C8H15NO 2403-55-6 141.211 120 89201.466320 7708 2-(2-Methylpropoxy)ethanol C6H14O2 4439-24-1 118.174 160 0.8900201.414320 7709 Methylpropylamine N-Methyl-1-propanamine C4H11N 627-35-0 73.137 63 0.720417 7710 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene C10H14 1074-17-5 134.218 liq -60.3 185 0.8697251.499620 7711 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene C10H14 1074-43-7 134.218 liq -82.5 182 0.8569251.493520 7712 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene C10H14 1074-55-1 134.218 liq -63.6 183.4 0.8544251.492220i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7713 cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane C9H18 932-43-4 126.239 liq -104 152.6 0.7881251.434320 7714 trans -1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane C9H18 932-44-5 126.239 liq -123 146.4 0.7735251.427420 7715 Methyl propyl disulfide C4H10S2 2179-60-4 122.252 liq 70430.980 1.508020 7716 Methyl propyl ether 1-Methoxypropane C4H10O 557-17-5 74.121 39.1 0.7356131.357925s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth 7717 1-Methyl-2-propylpiperidine, ( S) Methylconiine C9H19N 35305-13-6 141.254 174 0.8326221.453812vs ace, EtOH 7718 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol C7H16O2 78-26-2 132.201 cry (hx) 62.5 234; 12110s H2O, hx; sl chl 7719 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamateMeprobamate C9H18N2O4 57-53-4 218.250 cry (w) 105 vs bz, eth, EtOH 7720 Methyl propyl sulfide C4H10S 3877-15-4 90.187 liq -113 95.6 0.8424201.444220s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace 7721 N-Methyl-2-propyn-1-amine C4H7N 35161-71-8 69.106 83 0.819251.433220 7722 N-Methyl- N-2- propynylbenzenemethanaminePargyline C11H13N 555-57-7 159.228 96110.944251.521320 7723 3-Methylpyrazinamine 2-Amino-3-methylpyrazine C5H7N3 19838-08-5 109.130 nd (hx/AcOEt) 174 7724 2-Methylpyrazine C5H6N2 109-08-0 94.115 liq -29 137 1.03201.504220msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc 7725 1-Methyl-1 H-pyrazole C4H6N2 930-36-9 82.104 127 0.9929131.478713 7726 3-Methyl-1 H-pyrazole C4H6N2 1453-58-3 82.104 36.5 204; 108251.0203161.491520msc H2O, EtOH, eth 7727 4-Methyl-1 H-pyrazole Fomepizole C4H6N2 7554-65-6 82.104 206; 95131.01520 7728 3-Methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one C4H6N2O 108-26-9 98.103 215 vs H2O; sl EtOH 7729 1-Methylpyrene C17H12 2381-21-7 216.277 71.3 410No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g19/g26 SH 2-Methyl-1-propanethiolSH 2-Methyl-2-propanethiolOO Methyl propanoateOH O 2-Methylpropanoic acidO OO 2-Methylpropanoic anhydrideOH 2-Methyl-1-propanolOH 2-Methyl-2-propanolCl O 2-Methylpropanoyl chlorideO 2-MethylpropenalNH 2 O 2-Methyl-2-propenamide HN N-Methyl-2-propen-1-amineOO OO 2-Methyl-2-propene-1,1-diol diacetate 2-Methyl-1-propene, tetramerO OO 2-Methyl-2-propenoic anhydrideOH 2-Methyl-2-propenolCl O 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride cis-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene trans -(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene (2-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzeneNO 4-(2-Methylpropenyl)morpholineOOH 2-(2-Methylpropoxy)ethanolHN Methylpropylamine 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane trans -1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentaneSS Methyl propyl disulfideO Methyl propyl etherN 1-Methyl-2-propylpiperidine, ( S)HO OH 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediolO ON H 2 OH2N O 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamateS Methyl propyl sulfideN H N-Methyl-2-propyn-1-amine N N-Methyl- N-2-propynylbenzenemethanamineNN NH 2 3-MethylpyrazinamineNN 2-MethylpyrazineNN 1-Methyl-1 H-pyrazoleNN H 3-Methyl-1 H-pyrazoleNN H 4-Methyl-1 H-pyrazole/g3 NN HO 3-Methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one 1-Methylpyrene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g19/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127730 2-Methylpyrene C17H12 3442-78-2 216.277 fl (EtOH) 143 409.8 7731 3-Methylpyridazine 3-Methyl-1,2-diazine C5H6N2 1632-76-4 94.115 184 214 1.0450261.514520 7732 3-Methyl-2-pyridinamine 2-Amino-3-picoline C6H8N2 1603-40-3 108.141 hyg 33.5 222; 958vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc; sl lig 7733 4-Methyl-2-pyridinamine 2-Amino-4-picoline C6H8N2 695-34-1 108.141 lf or pl (lig) 100 11611vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i lig; sl chl 7734 5-Methyl-2-pyridinamine C6H8N2 1603-41-4 108.141 76.5 227 7735 6-Methyl-2-pyridinamine 2-Amino-6-picoline C6H8N2 1824-81-3 108.141 hyg (lig) 41 208.5 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig 7736 N-Methyl-2-pyridinamine C6H8N2 4597-87-9 108.141 15 200.5 1.04829s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc 7737 N-Methyl-4-pyridinamine C6H8N2 1121-58-0 108.141 pl (eth) 118.8 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 7738 2-Methylpyridine 2-Picoline C6H7N 109-06-8 93.127 liq -66.68 129.38 0.9443201.495720vs H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 7739 3-Methylpyridine 3-Picoline C6H7N 108-99-6 93.127 liq -18.14 144.14 0.9566201.504020msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc 7740 4-Methylpyridine 4-Picoline C6H7N 108-89-4 93.127 3.67 145.36 0.9548201.503720msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc 7741 6-Methyl-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde C7H7NO 1122-72-1 121.137 32 7712 7742 Methyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Methyl nicotinate C7H7NO2 93-60-7 137.137 cry 42.5 204 s H2O, EtOH, bz 7743 Methyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate Methyl isonicotinate C7H7NO2 2459-09-8 137.137 16.1 208 1.1599201.513520sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz 7744 2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide C6H7NO 931-19-1 109.126 49 260 7745 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide C6H7NO 1003-73-2 109.126 39 14815s chl 7746 4-Methylpyridine-1-oxide C6H7NO 1003-67-4 109.126 185.8 7747 1-Methyl-2(1 H)-pyridinone C6H7NO 694-85-9 109.126 nd 31 250 1.112020msc H2O; sl peth, lig 7748 1-(6-Methyl-3-pyridinyl)ethanone C8H9NO 36357-38-7 135.163 17.6 144501.0168251.530225vs H2O 7749 4-Methyl-2-pyrimidinamine C5H7N3 108-52-1 109.130 pl (w), nd (sub) 160.3 sub s H2O, EtOH; sl chl 7750 2-Methylpyrimidine 2-Methyl-1,3-diazine C5H6N2 5053-43-0 94.115 liq -4 138 msc H2O 7751 4-Methylpyrimidine 4-Methyl-1,3-diazine C5H6N2 3438-46-8 94.115 32 142 1.030161.50020msc H2O 7752 5-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methyl-1,3-diazine C5H6N2 2036-41-1 94.115 30.5 153 vs H2O 7753 6-Methyl-2,4(1 H,3H)- pyrimidinedione6-Methyluracil C5H6N2O2 626-48-2 126.114 oct pr or nd (w, al)275 dec s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, tfa; vs NH3 7754 1-Methylpyrrole C5H7N 96-54-8 81.117 liq -56.32 112.81 0.9145151.487520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 7755 2-Methylpyrrole C5H7N 636-41-9 81.117 liq -35.6 147.6 0.9446151.503516i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 7756 3-Methylpyrrole C5H7N 616-43-3 81.117 liq -48.4 142.9; 45111.497020msc EtOH, eth 7757 N-Methylpyrrolidine C5H11N 120-94-5 85.148 81 0.8188201.424720vs H2O, eth 7758 1-Methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione C5H7NO2 1121-07-9 113.116 nd (eth- peth, al, ace)71 234 s H2O, EtOH; vs eth 7759 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinethione C5H9NS 10441-57-3 115.197 oil 1000.08 7760 5-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone C5H9NO 108-27-0 99.131 43 248 1.045820 7761 1-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-2- propanone, ( R)Hygrine C8H15NO 496-49-1 141.211 76.5111.455520vs EtOH, chl 7762 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (±)C10H14N2 22083-74-5 162.231 244 1.0082201.528920msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s lig 7763 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone C5H9NO 872-50-4 99.131 liq -23.09 202 1.0230251.468420vs H2O; s eth, ace, chl 7764 1-(1-Methyl-1 H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone C7H9NO 932-16-1 123.152 201252, 93221.0445151.540315s EtOH, bz, chl 7765 6-Methyl-8-quinolinamine 8-Amino-6-methylquinoline C10H10N2 68420-93-9 158.199 nd 73 sub vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 7766 2-Methylquinoline Quinaldine C10H9N 91-63-4 143.185 col oily liq -0.8 246.5 1.06251.611620sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, chl 7767 3-Methylquinoline C10H9N 612-58-8 143.185 pr 16.5 259.8 1.0673201.617120vs ace, eth, EtOH 7768 4-Methylquinoline Lepidine C10H9N 491-35-0 143.185 col oily liq 9.5 262 1.083201.620020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i alk 7769 5-Methylquinoline C10H9N 7661-55-4 143.185 col cry 19 262.7 1.0832201.621920sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 7770 6-Methylquinoline C10H9N 91-62-3 143.185 col oily liq -22 258.6 1.0654201.615720sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, aceNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g19/g28 2-MethylpyreneNN 3-MethylpyridazineNN H 2 3-Methyl-2-pyridinamineNN H 2 4-Methyl-2-pyridinamineNN H 2 5-Methyl-2-pyridinamineNN H 2 6-Methyl-2-pyridinamineNN H N-Methyl-2-pyridinamineNHN N-Methyl-4-pyridinamineN 2-Methylpyridine N 3-MethylpyridineN 4-MethylpyridineNO 6-Methyl-2-pyridinecarboxaldehydeNOO Methyl 3-pyridinecarboxylateNOO Methyl 4-pyridinecarboxylateN O 2-Methylpyridine-1-oxideN O 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxideN O 4-Methylpyridine-1-oxide NO 1-Methyl-2(1 H)-pyridinoneNO 1-(6-Methyl-3-pyridinyl)ethanoneNN NH 2 4-Methyl-2-pyrimidinamineNN 2-MethylpyrimidineNN 4-MethylpyrimidineNN 5-MethylpyrimidineNN HH OO 6-Methyl-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedioneN 1-Methylpyrrole N H 2-MethylpyrroleN H 3-MethylpyrroleN N-MethylpyrrolidineNO O 1-Methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedioneNS N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinethioneNO H 5-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinoneNO 1-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-2-propanone, ( R)NN 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (±) NO N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidoneN O 1-(1-Methyl-1 H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethanoneN NH 2 6-Methyl-8-quinolinamineN 2-MethylquinolineN 3-MethylquinolineN 4-MethylquinolineN 5-MethylquinolineN 6-Methylquinoline /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g20/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127771 7-Methylquinoline m-Toluquinoline C10H9N 612-60-2 143.185 ye cry 39 257.6 1.0609201.615020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 7772 8-Methylquinoline C10H9N 611-32-5 143.185 col liq -80 247.5 1.0719201.616420sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 7773 2-Methyl-8-quinolinol C10H9NO 826-81-3 159.184 73.8 267 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 7774 1-Methyl-2(1 H)-quinolinone C10H9NO 606-43-9 159.184 nd (lig) 74 325 sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz 7775 1-Methyl-4(1 H)-quinolinone Echinopsine C10H9NO 83-54-5 159.184 α-nd (bz); β- cry (al)s H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth 7776 2-Methylquinoxaline C9H8N2 7251-61-8 144.173 ye cry 180.5 244 msc H2O, eth, ace, bz; vs EtOH; s ctc 7777 Methyl Red Benzoic acid, 2-[[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl]azo]-C15H15N3O2 493-52-7 269.299 viol or red pr (to, bz)183 sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs ace, bz, chl 7778 Methyl β-D-ribofuranoside C6H12O5 7473-45-2 164.156 80 7779 Methyl salicylate Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate C8H8O3 119-36-8 152.148 liq -8 222.9 1.181251.53520sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl 7780 Methylsilane CH6Si 992-94-9 46.145 col gas -156.5 -57.5 7781 Methyl silyl ether CH6OSi 2171-96-2 62.144 col gas -98.5 -21; -8710 7782 Methylstannane CH6Sn 1631-78-3 136.769 col gas 0 dec H2O 7783 Methyl stearate C19H38O2 112-61-8 298.504 39.1 443; 215150.8498401.436740vs eth, chl 7784 2-Methylstyrene C9H10 611-15-4 118.175 liq -68.5 169.8 0.9077251.543720i H2O; s bz, chl 7785 3-Methylstyrene C9H10 100-80-1 118.175 liq -86.3 164 0.9076251.541120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 7786 4-Methylstyrene C9H10 622-97-9 118.175 liq -34.1 172.8 0.9173251.5420 i H2O; s bz 7787 Methylsuccinic acid C5H8O4 636-60-2 132.116 pr 115 dec 1.420001.4303 vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s eth; sl chl 7788 Methyl sulfate CH4O4S 75-93-4 112.106 <-30 dec 135 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 7789 (Methylsulfinyl)benzene C7H8OS 1193-82-4 140.203 32.0 263.5; 140131.588520 7790 1-(Methylsulfinyl)decane Decyl methyl sulfoxide C11H24OS 3079-28-5 204.373 cry 52.5 7791 3-Methyl sulfolane C5H10O2S 872-93-5 134.197 1 276 1.188251.477220 7792 (Methylsulfonyl)ethene C3H6O2S 3680-02-2 106.144 122241.2117201.463620s eth, ace 7793 Methyl terephthalate Methyl 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate C9H8O4 1679-64-7 180.158 nd (w) 222 subl ≈ 230 7794 17-Methyltestosterone 17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrost-4-en- 3-one, (17 β)C20H30O2 58-18-4 302.451 163.5 vs eth, EtOH 7795 Methyl tetradecanoate C15H30O2 124-10-7 242.398 19 295; 15570.8671201.42545i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc 7796 5- N-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidC20H25N7O6 134-35-0 459.456 cry (w) 7797 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran C5H10O 96-47-9 86.132 78 0.8552201.405921s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc 7798 N-Methyl- N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline Tetryl C7H5N5O8 479-45-8 287.144 ye pr (al) 131.5 exp 180 1.5710i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl; s ace, bz, py 7799 4-Methyl-2-thiazolamine 2-Amino-4-methylthiazole C4H6N2S 1603-91-4 114.169 45.5 12520, 700.4vs H2O, EtOH, eth 7800 2-Methylthiazole C4H5NS 3581-87-1 99.155 128 1.510 msc H2O; s EtOH, ace 7801 4-Methylthiazole C4H5NS 693-95-8 99.155 133.3 1.11225s H2O, EtOH, eth 7802 4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanol C6H9NOS 137-00-8 143.206 col to pa ye 13571.19624vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 7803 4-Methyl-2(3 H)-thiazolethione C4H5NS2 5685-06-3 131.220 ye cry (dil al) 89.3 1883vs EtOH 7804 Methylthiirane C3H6S 1072-43-1 74.145 liq -91 72.5 0.941201.47220s chl 7805 (Methylthio)acetic acid C3H6O2S 2444-37-3 106.144 13.0 130271.221201.49520 7806 2-(Methylthio)aniline C7H9NS 2987-53-3 139.218 234 1.111251.623920 7807 4-(Methylthio)aniline C7H9NS 104-96-1 139.218 272.5 1.1379201.639520s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 7808 (Methylthio)benzene Methyl phenyl sulfide C7H8S 100-68-5 124.204 193 1.0579201.586820i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace 7809 2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole C8H7NS2 615-22-5 181.279 pr (dil al) 52 17422s EtOH, chl 7810 Methyl thiocyanate C2H3NS 556-64-9 73.117 col liq -2.5 132.9 1.0678251.466925sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g20/g20 N 7-MethylquinolineN 8-MethylquinolineN OH 2-Methyl-8-quinolinolNO 1-Methyl-2(1 H)-quinolinoneNO 1-Methyl-4(1 H)-quinolinoneNN 2-MethylquinoxalineN NNOH O Methyl RedOHOO HO OH Methyl β-D-ribofuranoside OHOO Methyl salicylateH Si HH MethylsilaneH SiOH H Methyl silyl etherH Sn H H MethylstannaneOO Methyl stearate 2-Methylstyrene 3-Methylstyrene 4-Methylstyrene HOOH OO Methylsuccinic acidO SOO OH Methyl sulfateSO (Methylsulfinyl)benzeneS O 1-(Methylsulfinyl)decaneS OO 3-Methyl sulfolaneS OO (Methylsulfonyl)etheneOO H OO Methyl terephthalateOOH 17-Methyltestosterone OO Methyl tetradecanoateN NNN H H2NO HN HN HOO OH OH O 5-N-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidO 2-MethyltetrahydrofuranN NO 2NO 2 NO 2O2N N-Methyl- N,2,4,6-tetranitroanilineN SNH 2 4-Methyl-2-thiazolamineN S 2-Methylthiazole N S 4-MethylthiazoleN S HO 4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanolN SSH 4-Methyl-2(3 H)-thiazolethioneS MethylthiiraneSOHO (Methylthio)acetic acidNH 2 S 2-(Methylthio)anilineSNH 2 4-(Methylthio)anilineS (Methylthio)benzeneNS S 2-(Methylthio)benzothiazoleNS Methyl thiocyanate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g20/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127811 2-(Methylthio)ethanol C3H8OS 5271-38-5 92.160 70201.063201.486130vs H2O, eth, EtOH 7812 (Methylthio)ethene C3H6S 1822-74-8 74.145 69.5 0.9026201.483720s eth, ace, chl 7813 [(Methylthio)methyl]benzene C8H10S 766-92-7 138.230 liq -30 210; 120481.0274201.562020 7814 4-(Methylthio)-2-oxobutanoic acid C5H8O3S 583-92-6 148.181 oil 7815 2-Methylthiophene C5H6S 554-14-3 98.167 liq -63.4 112.6 1.0193201.520320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, hp, ctc 7816 3-Methylthiophene C5H6S 616-44-4 98.167 liq -69 115.5 1.0218201.520420i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl 7817 5-Methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde C6H6OS 13679-70-4 126.176 114251.582520s chl 7818 4-(Methylthio)phenol C7H8OS 1073-72-9 140.203 84 15420, 1136 7819 3-(Methylthio)propanal C4H8OS 3268-49-3 104.171 6211 7820 3-(Methylthio)propanoic acid S-Methylpropiothetin C4H8O2S 646-01-5 120.171 ye oil or fl (hx) 21 13213 7821 3-(Methylthio)-1-propene C4H8S 10152-76-8 88.172 92 0.8767201.471420 7822 N-Methylthiosemicarbazide N-Methylhydrazinecarbothioamide C2H7N3S 6610-29-3 105.162 136.5 s H2O, EtOH, DMSO; i eth, bz, lig 7823 Methylthiouracil C5H6N2OS 56-04-2 142.179 330 dec sub i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH, bz 7824 Methylthiourea C2H6N2S 598-52-7 90.147 pr (EtOH) 121 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s ace 7825 1-Methylthymine 1,5-Dimethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)- pyrimidinedioneC6H8N2O2 4160-72-9 140.140 nd (w) 295 s H2O 7826 Methylthymol blue, sodium salt C37H40N2O13Na4 S1945-77-3 844.743 bl-viol cry s H2O 7827 Methyl 4-toluenesulfonate C8H10O3S 80-48-8 186.228 28.5 292; 186221.208740i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ctc; sl lig 7828 Methyltriacetoxysilane Methylsilanetriol, triacetate C7H12O6Si 4253-34-3 220.252 40.5 111171.1750201.408320 7829 6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2 H,4H)- dione6-Azathymine C4H5N3O2 932-53-6 127.102 cry (w) 211 s H2O, EtOH, ace 7830 5-Methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidin-7-olC6H6N4O 2503-56-2 150.138 >245 7831 Methyl trichloroacetate C3H3Cl3O2 598-99-2 177.414 liq -17.5 153.8 1.4874201.457220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 7832 Methyltrichlorosilane CH3Cl3Si 75-79-6 149.480 liq -90 65.6 1.273201.410620dec H2O, EtOH 7833 Methyl tridecanoate C14H28O2 1731-88-0 228.371 6.5 9211.440520msc EtOH; s ctc 7834 Methyltriethyllead Triethylmethylplumbane C7H18Pb 1762-28-3 309.4 col liq 70161.7120 7835 Methyl trifluoroacetate C3H3F3O2 431-47-0 128.050 43.0 1.2820 7836 Methyl trifluoromethyl ether C2H3F3O 421-14-7 100.039 col gas -149 -23.66 7837 Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate C8H8O5 99-24-1 184.147 mcl pr (MeOH) 202 sl H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH 7838 Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate C11H14O5 1916-07-0 226.226 83 274.5 7839 Methyltriphenoxysilane C19H18O3Si 3439-97-2 322.430 269100, 17921.135201.559920 7840 Methyl trithion C9H12ClO2PS3 953-17-3 314.812 ye liq -18 sl H2O; misc os 7841 N-Methyl- L-tryptophan L-Abrine C12H14N2O2 526-31-8 218.251 pr (w) 295 dec sl H2O, MeOH; i eth; s alk 7842 N-Methyl- L-tyrosine Surinamine C10H13NO3 537-49-5 195.215 nd 293 7843 α-Methyl- DL-tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochlorideC11H16ClNO3 7361-31-1 245.703 190 dec s H2O 7844 2-Methylundecanal C12H24O 110-41-8 184.318 11916, 114100.832151.432120sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 7845 2-Methylundecane C12H26 7045-71-8 170.334 liq -45.6 210.2 1.419120 7846 3-Methylundecane C12H26 1002-43-3 170.334 col liq -58.0 211.2 0.7485251.420825 7847 Methyl undecanoate C12H24O2 1731-86-8 200.318 12310 7848 2-Methyl-1-undecanol C12H26O 10522-26-6 186.333 129120.8300151.438220vs eth, EtOH 7849 Methyl 10-undecenoate C12H22O2 111-81-9 198.302 liq -27.5 248 0.889151.439320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc 7850 N-Methylurea C2H6N2O 598-50-5 74.081 orth pr (w, al) 104.9 dec 1.20400vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s CS2, ligNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g20/g22 SOH 2-(Methylthio)ethanolS (Methylthio)etheneS [(Methylthio)methyl]benzeneOHO OS 4-(Methylthio)-2-oxobutanoic acidS 2-MethylthiopheneS 3-MethylthiopheneSO 5-Methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehydeOH S 4-(Methylthio)phenol O S 3-(Methylthio)propanalOH OS 3-(Methylthio)propanoic acidS 3-(Methylthio)-1-propeneHNHN SNH 2 N-MethylthiosemicarbazideNNOH SH H MethylthiouracilHN NH 2 S MethylthioureaNN OHO 1-Methylthymine /g3 HO O NOH O NOH O Na SO3OHO HOO Methylthymol blue, sodium saltSOOO Methyl 4-toluenesulfonateO SiO OO O O MethyltriacetoxysilaneNNN O OH H 6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2 H,4H)-dioneNN NN OH 5-Methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-olOO Cl ClCl Methyl trichloroacetate Cl SiCl Cl MethyltrichlorosilaneOO Methyl tridecanoatePb MethyltriethylleadOO F FF Methyl trifluoroacetateOF FF Methyl trifluoromethyl etherOO OH OHHO Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoateOO O OO Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate SiO OO MethyltriphenoxysilaneClS SPOS O Methyl trithionN HHN OH O N-Methyl- L-tryptophanHOHNOHO N-Methyl- L-tyrosineHCl HONH 2OO α-Methyl- DL-tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochlorideO 2-Methylundecanal 2-Methylundecane 3-MethylundecaneOO Methyl undecanoateOH 2-Methyl-1-undecanolOO Methyl 10-undecenoateH N NH 2 O N-Methylurea /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g20/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127851 5-Methyluridine Thymine riboside C10H14N2O6 1463-10-1 258.227 cry (EtOH) 184 7852 3-Methyl- L-valine L-tert-Leucine C6H13NO2 20859-02-3 131.173 248 dec 7853 2-(1-Methylvinyl)aniline C9H11N 52562-19-3 133.190 11520, 95130.977251.572220 7854 1-Methyl-4-vinylcyclohexene C9H14 17699-86-4 122.207 liq 152 0.85 1.470120 7855 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1- carboxaldehyde, ( R)d-Perillaldehyde C10H14O 5503-12-8 150.217 oil 238; 9970.953201.505820s ctc 7856 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1- carboxaldehyde, ( S)l-Perillaldehyde C10H14O 18031-40-8 150.217 oil 104100.9645201.507220 7857 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1- methanolC10H16O 536-59-4 152.233 244; 12.5120.9690201.500520 7858 (1-Methylvinyl)cyclopropane C6H10 4663-22-3 82.143 liq -102.3 70 0.751201.425220 7859 Methyl vinyl ether C3H6O 107-25-5 58.079 col gas -122 5.5 0.772501.37300sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 7860 Methyl Violet C.I. Basic Violet 1 C24H28ClN3 8004-87-3 393.952 bl-viol pow 137 dec s H2O, EtOH 7861 Methysergide C21H27N3O2 361-37-5 353.458 cry 195 7862 Methysticin C15H14O5 495-85-2 274.269 nd (MeOH), pr (ace)137 7863 Metobromuron 3-( p-Bromophenyl)-1-methoxy-1- methylureaC9H11BrN2O2 3060-89-7 259.099 95 1.6020 7864 Metolachlor C15H22ClNO2 51218-45-2 283.795 1000.0011.1220 7865 Metolazone C16H16ClN3O3S 17560-51-9 365.834 cry (EtOH) 254 7866 Metoprolol tartrate C34H56N2O12 56392-17-7 684.815 cry 121 7867 Metribuzin C8H14N4OS 21087-64-9 214.288 126 1.3120 7868 Metronidazole 2-Methyl-5-nitro-1 H-imidazole-1- ethanolC6H9N3O3 443-48-1 171.153 160.5 7869 Metsulfuron-methyl C14H15N5O6S 74223-64-6 381.364 wh cry 163 sl H2O 7870 Mevinphos C7H13O6P 7786-34-7 224.148 21 ( E), 6.9 ( Z) 1010.3 7871 Mexacarbate 4-(Dimethylamino)-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamateC12H18N2O2 315-18-4 222.283 cry 85 vs EtOH, bz, ace 7872 MGK 264 C17H25NO2 113-48-4 275.387 <-20 157 1.04 7873 Mifepristone RU-486 C29H35NO2 84371-65-3 429.594 cry 150 7874 Mimosine C8H10N2O4 500-44-7 198.176 tab (w) 228 dec sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s dil alk 7875 Minocycline C23H27N3O7 10118-90-8 457.476 ye-oran amorp solid 7876 Minoxidil C9H15N5O 38304-91-5 209.248 cry 248 i ace, bz, chl, sl; EtOH, MeOH 7877 Mipafox Bis(isopropylamido)fluorophosphate C6H16FN2OP 371-86-8 182.175 cry (peth) 65 1252sl H2O 7878 Mirex Hexachloropentadiene dimer C10Cl12 2385-85-5 545.543 cry (bz) 485 dec vs bz, diox 7879 Misoprostol C22H38O5 59122-46-2 382.534 ye oil s H2O 7880 Mithramycin Plicamycin C52H76O24 18378-89-7 1085.145 ye cry (ace) 182 s H2O, EtOH, AcOEt; sl bz, eth 7881 Mitomycin A C16H19N3O6 4055-39-4 349.338 purp nd 160 dec 7882 Mitomycin B C16H19N3O6 4055-40-7 349.338 purp-bl nd dec 7883 Mitomycin C C15H18N4O5 50-07-7 334.328 bl-viol cry 360 s H2O, MeOH, ace 7884 Mitotane C14H10Cl4 53-19-0 320.041 77 7885 Mitragynine 9-Methoxycorynantheidine C23H30N2O4 4098-40-2 398.495 wh amor pow 104 2355s EtOH, chl, HOAc 7886 Molinate Ethyl 1- hexamethyleneiminecarbothiolateC9H17NOS 2212-67-1 187.302 202101.06320 7887 Molindone C16H24N2O2 7416-34-4 276.374 cry 180 7888 Molybdenum hexacarbonyl C6MoO6 13939-06-5 264.00 dec 150 s osNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g20/g24 O HO OHN HON OO H 5-MethyluridineOH ONH 2 3-Methyl- L-valineNH 2 2-(1-Methylvinyl)aniline 1-Methyl-4-vinylcyclohexeneO 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, ( R)O 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, ( S)OH 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-methanol (1-Methylvinyl)cyclopropaneO Methyl vinyl etherN NHN Cl Methyl VioletNNHN HOHO MethysergideO OOO O MethysticinBrHNO NO MetobromuronNO Cl O MetolachlorNNS OOH2N Cl HO Metolazone OOOHHN 2O OHOH OHOOH Metoprolol tartrate MetribuzinNNNNH 2 OS N NN OHO O MetronidazoleOO SN HOO N HO N NNO Metsulfuron-methylO O OPO O O MevinphosO NNHO MexacarbateNO O MGK 264N H HHO O Mifepristone N ONH 2OHO OH MimosineN OH OH OH OHOHN OH NH 2 O MinocyclineNNN NH 2NH 2 O MinoxidilO P HN F NH MipafoxCl ClClCl Cl ClClClCl Cl Cl Cl MirexHOO OHOO Misoprostol/g3O OH OHO OH O OO O OHOO OH HOO HOOOO HOH OHO CH3 OHHO Mithramycin NNOO OOONH 2O H Mitomycin ANNOO OOHONH 2O Mitomycin BNH2N OO NHOONH 2O Mitomycin CCl ClClCl MitotaneNN OO HH HH O O MitragynineN OS MolinateN O N HO MolindoneCO Mo OC COCO COOC Molybdenum hexacarbonyl /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g20/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127889 Monobutyl phthalate 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, monobutyl esterC12H14O4 131-70-4 222.237 pl (ace, al) 73.5 vs EtOH, chl 7890 Monobutyltin trichloride C4H9Cl3Sn 1118-46-3 282.183 hyg liq -63 93100.8520s bz, CH2Cl2 7891 Monocrotaline C16H23NO6 315-22-0 325.357 wh pr (EtOH) 198 dec 7892 Monocrotophos C7H14NO5P 6923-22-4 223.164 55 1250.00051.3320 7893 Monolinuron N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)- N-methoxy- N- methylureaC9H11ClN2O2 1746-81-2 214.648 solid 77 7894 Monomethyl adipate C7H12O4 627-91-8 160.168 lf (Me3N- MeOH)9 158101.0623201.428320s EtOH 7895 Monomethyl glutarate C6H10O4 1501-27-5 146.141 15827, 150101.169251.438120 7896 Monosodium L-glutamate C5H8NNaO4 142-47-2 169.113 s H2O 7897 Moquizone C20H21N3O3 19395-58-5 351.399 136 s chl 7898 Morin C15H10O7 480-16-0 302.236 pa ye nd (+ 1 w, dil al)303.5 sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s bz, alk; i CS2 7899 Morphine C17H19NO3 57-27-2 285.338 pr 255 sub 190 i H2O, eth, ace; s MeOH, py; sl EtOH 7900 4-Morpholinamine C4H10N2O 4319-49-7 102.134 166 1.059251.477220 7901 Morpholine Tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine C4H9NO 110-91-8 87.120 hyg liq -4.8 128 1.0005201.454820msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl 7902 4-Morpholinecarboxaldehyde C5H9NO2 4394-85-8 115.131 21 239 1.1520201.484520 7903 4-Morpholineethanamine C6H14N2O 2038-03-1 130.187 25.6 205 0.9897201.471520msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace 7904 4-Morpholineethanol C6H13NO2 622-40-2 131.173 liq -0.8 227 1.0710201.476320s H2O, EtOH; sl ctc 7905 4-Morpholinepropanamine 4-(3-Aminopropyl)morpholine C7H16N2O 123-00-2 144.214 liq -15 220; 134500.9854201.476220msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace; sl ctc 7906 2-(4-Morpholinothio)benzothiazole 4-(2-Benzothiazolylthio)morpholine C11H12N2OS2 102-77-2 252.355 cry (EtOH) 85 7907 4-(4-Morpholinyl)aniline C10H14N2O 2524-67-6 178.230 131.6 7908 2-(4-Morpholinyldithio)benzothiazole C11H12N2OS3 95-32-9 284.420 135 7909 Muldamine C29H47NO3 36069-45-1 457.688 210 7910 Murexide 5,5’-Nitrilobarbituric acid, ammonium saltC8H10N6O7 3051-09-0 302.201 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; s alk 7911 Muscimol 5-(Aminomethyl)-3(2 H)-isoxazolone C4H6N2O2 2763-96-4 114.103 cry (EtOH) 175 dec 7912 Myclobutanil C15H17ClN4 88671-89-0 288.776 ye cry 65 2051.0i H2O, peth; s EtOH 7913 Mycophenolic acid C17H20O6 24280-93-1 320.337 nd (w) 141 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, tol 7914 β-Myrcene 7-Methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene C10H16 123-35-3 136.234 167 0.8013151.472220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 7915 Myristicin C11H12O3 607-91-0 192.211 <-20 276.5 1.1416201.540320i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz 7916 Nabam Sodium ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acidC4H6N2Na2S4 142-59-6 256.344 cry (w) s H2O 7917 Nadolol C17H27NO4 42200-33-9 309.401 cry (bz) ≈130 s EtOH; sl chl; i ace, eth, hx 7918 Naled 1,2-Dibromo-2,2- dichloroethylphosphoric acid, dimethyl esterC 4H7Br2Cl2O4P 300-76-5 380.784 27 1100.51.9620 7919 Nalidixic acid C12H12N2O3 389-08-2 232.234 229.5 sl EtOH, eth; s chl 7920 Nalmefene C21H25NO3 55096-26-9 339.429 cry (AcOEt) 189 7921 Nalorphine Acetorphin C19H21NO3 62-67-9 311.375 cry (eth) 208 sl H2O; s alk, ace, EtOH 7922 Naloxone C19H21NO4 465-65-6 327.375 cry (AcOEt) 178 i peth; s chl 7923 Naltrexone C20H23NO4 16590-41-3 341.402 cry (ace) 169 7924 Nandrolone 17-Hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one C18H26O2 434-22-0 274.398 cry 112 s EtOH, eth, chl 7925 Naphazoline hydrochloride C14H14ClN2 550-99-2 245.727 sl H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g20/g26 HO O OO Monobutyl phthalateSnCl ClCl Monobutyltin trichlorideOO NOH HO O OH MonocrotalineO NH OPOO O MonocrotophosClHNO N O MonolinuronOHOOO Monomethyl adipateO HO OO Monomethyl glutarateOO NH 2HOO Na Monosodium L-glutamate NNO ONO MoquizoneOOH HOO OHOH OH MorinOHO HOHN MorphineN ONH 2 4-MorpholinamineONH MorpholineN OO 4-MorpholinecarboxaldehydeONNH 2 4-MorpholineethanamineONOH 4-Morpholineethanol/g3 ONNH 2 4-Morpholinepropanamine SN SN O 2-(4-Morpholinothio)benzothiazoleNNH 2 O 4-(4-Morpholinyl)anilineSN S SN O 2-(4-Morpholinyldithio)benzothiazoleN O HOHH O MuldamineN NN NNO H O HOO H O HONH 4 MurexideONOH H2N MuscimolN N N NCl Myclobutanil O OO OH OOH Mycophenolic acid β-MyrceneOOO MyristicinSH N SNHSS NaNa NabamOOH OHH NOH NadololO POO O Br ClBr Cl NaledNNOHO O Nalidixic acid OHO OHN NalmefeneOHO HOHN NalorphineOHO OOHN NaloxoneOHO OOHN NaltrexoneOHHOH NandroloneNN HHCl Naphazoline hydrochloride /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g20/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127926 Naphthacene 2,3-Benzanthracene C18H12 92-24-0 228.288 oran-ye lf (bz, xyl)357 sub i H2O; sl bz; s con sulf 7927 5,12-Naphthacenedione C18H10O2 1090-13-7 258.271 285 dec sl ace, bz, gl HOAc 7928 Naphthalene C10H8 91-20-3 128.171 mcl pl (al) 80.26 217.9 1.0253201.589825i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, CS2 7929 1-Naphthaleneacetamide C12H11NO 86-86-2 185.221 nd(w, al) sub 180 i H2O; s eth, bz, CS2, HOAc 7930 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 1-Naphthylacetic acid C12H10O2 86-87-3 186.206 nd (w) 135 dec sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl; s bz 7931 2-Naphthaleneacetic acid 2-Naphthylacetic acid C12H10O2 581-96-4 186.206 lf(w) cry (bz) 143 vs eth, lig, chl 7932 1-Naphthaleneacetonitrile C12H9N 132-75-2 167.206 32.5 19218, 163121.619220s EtOH 7933 1-Naphthalenecarbonitrile C11H7N 86-53-3 153.181 nd (lig) 37.5 299 1.1080251.629818i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig 7934 2-Naphthalenecarbonitrile C11H7N 613-46-7 153.181 lf (lig) 66 306.5 1.075560sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, lig 7935 1-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride C11H7ClO 879-18-5 190.626 20 297.5 7936 2-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride C11H7ClO 2243-83-6 190.626 cry (peth) 51 305 vs bz, eth, chl 7937 1-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde C11H8O 66-77-3 156.181 pa ye 33.5 292 1.1503201.650720i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, sulf 7938 2-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde C11H8O 66-99-9 156.181 lf (w) 62 160191.0775991.621199sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace 7939 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Naphthoic acid C11H8O2 86-55-5 172.181 nd (HOAc-w, w, al)161 >300 1.398251.46 i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl 7940 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthoic acid C11H8O2 93-09-4 172.181 nd (lig, chl, sub) pl (ace)185.5 >300 1.077100sl H2O, DMSO, lig; s EtOH, eth, chl 7941 1,5-Naphthalenediamine 1,5-Diaminonaphthalene C10H10N2 2243-62-1 158.199 pr (eth, al, w) 190 sub 1.425s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs chl 7942 1,8-Naphthalenediamine 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene C10H10N2 479-27-6 158.199 66.5 205121.1265901.682899vs eth, EtOH 7943 2,3-Naphthalenediamine 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene C10H10N2 771-97-1 158.199 lf (eth, w) 199 1.0968261.639226sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH; s eth 7944 1,8-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid Naphthalic acid C12H8O4 518-05-8 216.190 260 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth 7945 2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid C12H8O4 2169-87-1 216.190 pr (HOAc, w, sub)244.5 i H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH, eth, DMSO 7946 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid C12H8O4 1141-38-4 216.190 nd (al or sub) >300 dec vs EtOH 7947 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl esterC14H12O4 840-65-3 244.243 190.0 7948 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate 1,5-Diisocyanatonaphthalene C12H6N2O2 3173-72-6 210.188 cry 127 18310 7949 1,3-Naphthalenediol Naphthoresorcinol C10H8O2 132-86-5 160.170 lf (w) 123.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, lig 7950 1,4-Naphthalenediol C10H8O2 571-60-8 160.170 mcl nd (bz, w) 192 s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace; i bz 7951 1,5-Naphthalenediol C10H8O2 83-56-7 160.170 pr (w), nd (sub) 262 dec sub sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace; i bz; s HOAc 7952 1,6-Naphthalenediol C10H8O2 575-44-0 160.170 pr (bz) 138 sub sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, DMSO 7953 1,7-Naphthalenediol C10H8O2 575-38-2 160.170 nd (bz or sub) 180.5 sub sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc 7954 2,3-Naphthalenediol C10H8O2 92-44-4 160.170 lf (w) 163.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, HOAc 7955 2,6-Naphthalenediol C10H8O2 581-43-1 160.170 orth pl (w) 220 sub sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; i lig 7956 2,7-Naphthalenediol C10H8O2 582-17-2 160.170 nd, (w, dil al), pl (dil al)193 sub s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ace; i lig 7957 1,2-Naphthalenedione 1,2-Naphthoquinone C10H6O2 524-42-5 158.154 ye-red nd (eth) oran lf (bz)146 1.45025s H2O, EtOH, eth, sulf; sl lig 7958 1,4-Naphthalenedione 1,4-Naphthoquinone C10H6O2 130-15-4 158.154 bt ye nd (al, peth) ye (sub)128.5 sub sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS2 7959 1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid Armstrong’s acid C10H8O6S2 81-04-9 288.297 pl (+4w, dil HOAc)242 dec 1.49325vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth 7960 1,6-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid Naphthalene-1,6-disulfonic acid C10H8O6S2 525-37-1 288.297 oran pr (+4w, HOAc or w)125 dec vs H2O; s EtOH; i ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g20/g28 NaphthaceneOO 5,12-Naphthacenedione NaphthaleneO NH 2 1-NaphthaleneacetamideO OH 1-Naphthaleneacetic acidOH O 2-Naphthaleneacetic acidN 1-Naphthaleneacetonitrile N 1-NaphthalenecarbonitrileN 2-NaphthalenecarbonitrileOC l 1-Naphthalenecarbonyl chlorideClO 2-Naphthalenecarbonyl chlorideO 1-NaphthalenecarboxaldehydeO 2-NaphthalenecarboxaldehydeOO H 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid OHO 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acidNH 2NH 2 1,5-NaphthalenediamineNH 2 NH 2 1,8-NaphthalenediamineNH 2 NH 2 2,3-NaphthalenediamineHOOC COOH 1,8-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acidOOH O OH 2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acidOOH HO O 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid OO O O 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl esterNC NCO O 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanateOH OH 1,3-NaphthalenediolOH OH 1,4-NaphthalenediolOH OH 1,5-NaphthalenediolOH HO 1,6-NaphthalenediolOH HO 1,7-Naphthalenediol OH OH 2,3-NaphthalenediolOH HO 2,6-NaphthalenediolOH HO 2,7-NaphthalenediolO O 1,2-NaphthalenedioneO O 1,4-NaphthalenedioneS SOOOH OO OH 1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonic acidS SO OHOOOOH 1,6-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g21/g19/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 7961 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid Naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid C10H8O6S2 92-41-1 288.297 hyg nd (conc HCl)199 s H2O; sl con HCl 7962 1-Naphthalenemethanamine C11H11N 118-31-0 157.212 292 1.095820s EtOH, eth, sulf, CS2 7963 1-Naphthalenemethanol C11H10O 4780-79-4 158.196 nd (w, al), cry (bz-lig)64 304; 163121.103980sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 7964 2-Naphthalenemethanol C11H10O 1592-38-7 158.196 lf 81.3 17812sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 7965 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid α-Naphthylsulfonic acid C10H8O3S 85-47-2 208.234 pr (+2 w, dil HCl)140 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 7966 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid β-Naphthylsulfonic acid C10H8O3S 120-18-3 208.234 hyg pl (+1w), cry (+3w, HCl)91 dec 1.441 25vs H2O, EtOH; s eth; sl bz 7967 1-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride C10H7ClO2S 85-46-1 226.680 lf (eth) 68 20920, 1470.9vs bz, eth, EtOH 7968 2-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride C10H7ClO2S 93-11-8 226.680 pow or lf (bz- peth)81 20113, 1480.5i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl peth; vs eth 7969 1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acidC14H8O8 128-97-2 304.209 lf or nd (w, dil HCl)320 sl H2O, bz, chl, EtOH; vs ace 7970 1-Naphthalenethiol 1-Naphthyl mercaptan C10H8S 529-36-2 160.236 dec 285; 161201.1607201.680220sl H2O, dil alk; vs EtOH, eth 7971 2-Naphthalenethiol 2-Naphthyl mercaptan C10H8S 91-60-1 160.236 pl (al) 81 288 1.55025sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig 7972 N-(1-Naphthalenyl)-1,2- ethanediamine, dihydrochlorideC12H16Cl2N2 1465-25-4 259.174 hex pr 189 vs H2O, EtOH 7973 1-Naphthalenylthiourea ANTU C11H10N2S 86-88-4 202.275 pr (al) 198 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace 7974 Naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dione 2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid anhydrideC12H6O3 716-39-2 198.174 246 sl EtOH, chl; s eth, bz 7975 1-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenol C10H8O 90-15-3 144.170 ye nd (w) 95.0 288; 184401.0989991.622499i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc 7976 2-Naphthol 2-Naphthalenol C10H8O 135-19-3 144.170 mcl lf (w) 121.5 285 1.2820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl lig 7977 1-Naphthol, acetate 1-Naphthyl acetate C12H10O2 830-81-9 186.206 nd or pl (al) 49 1141i H2O; s EtOH, eth 7978 2-Naphthol, acetate 2-Naphthyl acetate C12H10O2 1523-11-1 186.206 nd (al) 71.0 1322i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 7979 p-Naphtholbenzein C27H18O2 145-50-6 374.431 123 7980 1 H,3H-Naphtho[1,8-cd]pyran-1,3- dioneC12H6O3 81-84-5 198.174 275.0 i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc 7981 1-Naphthylamine α-Naphthylamine C10H9N 134-32-7 143.185 49.2 300.7 1.0228201.614020s chl 7982 2-Naphthylamine β-Naphthylamine C10H9N 91-59-8 143.185 113 306.2 1.6414981.649398s H2O, EtOH, eth 7983 2-[(1-Naphthylamino) carbonyl]benzoic acidNaptalam C18H13NO3 132-66-1 291.301 185 1.420i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz, tfa 7984 2-Naphthyl benzoate 2-Naphthalenol benzoate C17H12O2 93-44-7 248.276 nd or pr (al) 107 i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, HOAc 7985 N-1-Naphthalenylacetamide C12H11NO 575-36-0 185.221 160 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 7986 N-1-Naphthyl-1,2-ethanediamine N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine C12H14N2 551-09-7 186.252 visc lig 20491.114251.664825 7987 1-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 1-Naphthyl salicylate C17H12O3 550-97-0 264.275 83 vs eth 7988 1-Naphthylhydroxylamine N-Hydroxyl-1-naphthalenamine C10H9NO 607-30-7 159.184 79 7989 1-Naphthyl isothiocyanate 1-Isothiocyanatonaphthalene C11H7NS 551-06-4 185.246 wh nd (al) 58 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 7990 N-2-Naphthyl-2-naphthalenamine β, β’-Dinaphthylamine C20H15N 532-18-3 269.340 lf(bz) 172.2 471 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, DMSO; s eth, HOAc 7991 (2-Naphthyloxy)acetic acid 2-Naphthoxyacetic acid C12H10O3 120-23-0 202.205 pr(w) 156 s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO 7992 1-Naphthyl phosphate 1-Naphthalenol, dihydrogen phosphateC10H9O4P 1136-89-6 224.149 cry 160 7993 2-Naphthyl salicylate 2-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate C17H12O3 613-78-5 264.275 cry (al) 95.5 1.11116i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz 7994 1,5-Naphthyridine 1,5-Diazanaphthalene C8H6N2 254-79-5 130.147 ye nd (peth) 75 112121.210020 TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g21/g20 S SOO HO O OOH 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acidNH 2 1-NaphthalenemethanamineOH 1-NaphthalenemethanolOH 2-NaphthalenemethanolSOOOH 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acidSOOO H 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acidSOOCl 1-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride SOOC l 2-Naphthalenesulfonyl chlorideCOOH COOH HOOCHOOC 1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acidSH 1-NaphthalenethiolSH 2-NaphthalenethiolHNNH 2 2HCl N-(1-Naphthalenyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, dihydrochlorideHN NH 2S 1-Naphthalenylthiourea OO O Naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dioneOH 1-NaphtholOH 2-NaphtholOO 1-Naphthol, acetateO O 2-Naphthol, acetateO HO p-NaphtholbenzeinOO O 1H,3H-Naphtho[1,8-cd]pyran-1,3-dione NH 2 1-NaphthylamineNH 2 2-NaphthylamineHNOOO H 2-[(1-Naphthylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acidO O 2-Naphthyl benzoateHNO N-1-NaphthalenylacetamideHNNH 2 N-1-Naphthyl-1,2-ethanediamineOOO H 1-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate HNOH 1-NaphthylhydroxylamineNCS 1-Naphthyl isothiocyanateH N N-2-Naphthyl-2-naphthalenamineOOHO (2-Naphthyloxy)acetic acidOP HO OHO 1-Naphthyl phosphateO OO H 2-Naphthyl salicylateNN 1,5-Naphthyridine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g21/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g127995 1,6-Naphthyridine C8H6N2 253-72-5 130.147 29.5 7996 Napropamide Propanamide, N,N-diethyl-2-(1- naphthalenyloxy)-C17H21NO2 15299-99-7 271.355 75 7997 Naproxen 6-Methoxy- α-methyl-2- naphthaleneacetic acidC14H14O3 22204-53-1 230.259 cry (ace/hx) 155 i H2O; sl eth; s MeOH, chl 7998 Narceine C23H27NO8 131-28-2 445.462 138 i H2O 7999 Narcobarbital C11H15BrN2O3 125-55-3 303.152 115 sl H2O; s EtOH, py 8000 Naringenin C15H12O5 480-41-1 272.253 nd (dil al) 251 vs bz, eth, EtOH 8001 Naringin C27H32O14 10236-47-2 580.535 nd (w+8) sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s HOAc 8002 Nealbarbital C12H18N2O3 561-83-1 238.282 156 vs ace, eth, EtOH 8003 Nellite Diamidafos C8H13N2O2P 1754-58-1 200.175 cry (ctc) 103.5 sl AcOEt, bz 8004 Neoabietic acid 8(14),13(15)-Abietadien-18-oic acid C20H30O2 471-77-2 302.451 cry (EtOH aq) 173 8005 Neobornylamine C10H19N 2223-67-8 153.265 pow 184 vs ace, eth 8006 Neopentane 2,2-Dimethylpropane C5H12 463-82-1 72.149 col gas -16.4 9.48 0.585225 (p>1 atm1.34766i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 8007 Neopine C18H21NO3 467-14-1 299.365 nd (peth) 127.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl; sl lig 8008 Neostigmine bromide C12H19BrN2O2 114-80-7 303.195 cry (al-eth) 167 dec vs H2O; s EtOH 8009 Nepetalactone C10H14O2 490-10-8 166.217 710.051.0663251.485925 8010 cis-Nerolidol C15H26O 142-50-7 222.366 276; 700.10.8778201.489820vs EtOH; s eth, ace, HOAc 8011 Neurine C5H13NO 463-88-7 103.163 syr vs H2O, eth, EtOH 8012 Neutral Red C15H17ClN4 553-24-2 288.776 grn pow s H2O, ethylene glycol, EtOH; i xyl 8013 Nialamide C16H18N4O2 51-12-7 298.340 151.6 8014 Nickel(II) acetate C4H6NiO4 373-02-4 176.782 vs H2O; s EtOH 8015 Nickel bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate) C18H36N2NiS4 13927-77-0 467.445 grn cry (bz/ EtOH)91 s bz, ace 8016 Nickel bis(2,4-pentanedioate) Nickel acetylacetonate C10H14NiO4 3264-82-2 256.909 grn orth cry 230 22711s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH; i eth 8017 Nickel carbonyl Nickel tetracarbonyl C4NiO4 13463-39-3 170.734 col liq -19.3 43 (exp 60) 1.3125 8018 Nickelocene Bis( η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl) nickelC10H10Ni 1271-28-9 188.879 172 8019 Niclosamide C13H8Cl2N2O4 50-65-7 327.120 227 8020 Nicofibrate C16H16ClNO3 31980-29-7 305.756 49 1800.4 8021 Nicosulfuron C15H18N6O6S 111991-09-4 410.405 172 8022 Nicotelline 3,2’:4’,3’’-Terpyridine C15H11N3 494-04-2 233.268 prismatic nd 148 >300 sl H2O, eth; s bz, chl, EtOH 8023 Nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotideNicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide C21H26N6O15P21851-07-6 664.410 pow 8024 β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide NMN C11H15N2O8P 1094-61-7 334.219 amor pow vs H2O; i ace 8025 L-Nicotine 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (S)-C10H14N2 54-11-5 162.231 hyg liq -79 247; 125181.0097201.528220msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s lig 8026 Nifurthiazole C8H6N4O4S 3570-75-0 254.224 cry 215 dec 8027 Nitralin 4-(Methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro- N,N- dipropylanilineC13H19N3O6S 4726-14-1 345.371 150 8028 Nitranilic acid 2,5-Dihydroxy-3,6-dinitro-2,5- cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneC6H2N2O8 479-22-1 230.088 gold-ye pl (+w, dil HNO3170 dec vs H2O, EtOH; i eth 8029 Nitrapyrin Pyridine, 2-chloro-6- (trichloromethyl)-C6H3Cl4N 1929-82-4 230.907 63 13611 8030 Nitrilotriacetic acid N,N-Bis(carboxymethyl)glycine C6H9NO6 139-13-9 191.138 pr cry (w) 242 dec sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH 8031 2,2’,2’’-Nitrilotriacetonitrile Tricyanotrimethylamine C6H6N4 7327-60-8 134.139 nd (EtOH) 125.5No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g21/g22 NN 1,6-NaphthyridineON O NapropamideOO OH NaproxenO ON OOO HO O O NarceineNNHO O OBr NarcobarbitalOO OH HO OH NaringeninOOH OO OHO OHO HOOH OHO OH OH Naringin N HNHO O O NealbarbitalO P HN NH O NelliteOHO Neoabietic acidNH 2 Neobornylamine NeopentaneOO HON NeopineBr N ONO Neostigmine bromideO OHH NepetalactoneHO cis-NerolidolN OH Neurine NN N H2N HCl Neutral RedNN HOH NH N O NialamideOO Ni2 2 Nickel(II) acetateS SS Ni SN N Nickel bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)OOO ONi Nickel bis(2,4-pentanedioate)CO Ni OCCOCO Nickel carbonylNi Nickelocene OH ClN HOCl NOO NiclosamideNOO O Cl NicofibrateNSH N OH N NNO OOONO NicosulfuronN N N Nicotelline/g3 O OH OHO OHOHNN N NNOH OPOO OHPOO OH2NO Nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide O OH OHNNH 2O OPOOHO β-Nicotinamide mononucleotideNNH L-NicotineO NO OSN N HH N O NifurthiazoleNOO NOO N SOO NitralinO ONO OHONOO OH Nitranilic acidNC lCl ClCl NitrapyrinN COOH HOOCCOOH Nitrilotriacetic acidNNN N 2,2’,2’’-Nitrilotriacetonitrile /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g21/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128032 Nitroacetic acid C2H3NO4 625-75-2 105.050 nd (chl) 92 dec vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 8033 Nitroacetone C3H5NO3 10230-68-9 103.077 pl, nd (eth, bz) 50.3 10324vs bz, eth, EtOH 8034 2-Nitroaniline C6H6N2O2 88-74-4 138.124 71.0 284 0.901525sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl 8035 3-Nitroaniline C6H6N2O2 99-09-2 138.124 113.4 dec 306 0.901125sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs MeOH 8036 4-Nitroaniline C6H6N2O2 100-01-6 138.124 pa ye mcl nd (w)147.5 332 1.42420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl bz, DMSO 8037 2-Nitroanisole 1-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene C7H7NO3 91-23-6 153.136 10.5 277; 14441.2540201.516120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 8038 3-Nitroanisole 1-Methoxy-3-nitrobenzene C7H7NO3 555-03-3 153.136 nd (al), pl (bz- lig)38.5 258 1.37318i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth 8039 4-Nitroanisole 1-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzene C7H7NO3 100-17-4 153.136 pr (al), nd (dil al)54 274 1.2192601.507060i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc; sl peth 8040 9-Nitroanthracene C14H9NO2 602-60-8 223.227 ye nd (al) pr (HOAc or xyl)146 27517i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs ace, CS2 8041 1-Nitro-9,10-anthracenedione C14H7NO4 82-34-8 253.211 nd (HOAc) ye pr (ace)231.5 2707i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 8042 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde C7H5NO3 552-89-6 151.120 ye nd (w) 43.5 153231.284420sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 8043 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde C7H5NO3 99-61-6 151.120 lt ye nd (w) 58.5 164231.279220sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz 8044 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde C7H5NO3 555-16-8 151.120 lf, pr (w) 107 sub 1.49625sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s bz, chl, HOAc 8045 3-Nitrobenzamide C7H6N2O3 645-09-0 166.134 142.7 312.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth 8046 4-Nitrobenzamide C7H6N2O3 619-80-7 166.134 nd (w) 200.7 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8047 Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 98-95-3 123.110 5.7 210.8 1.2037201.556220sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 8048 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid o-Nitrophenylacetic acid C8H7NO4 3740-52-1 181.147 nd (w, pl (dil al) 141.5 s H2O, EtOH 8049 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid m-Nitrophenylacetic acid C8H7NO4 1877-73-2 181.147 nd (w) 122 vs EtOH 8050 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid p-Nitrophenylacetic acid C8H7NO4 104-03-0 181.147 pa ye nd (w) 154 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 8051 2-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile 2-Nitrobenzyl cyanide C8H6N2O2 610-66-2 162.146 nd (dil al), pr (HOAc, al)84 17812, 1381vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 8052 4-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Nitrobenzyl cyanide C8H6N2O2 555-21-5 162.146 pr (al) 117 19612sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 8053 4-Nitro-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Nitro- o-phenylenediamine C6H7N3O2 99-56-9 153.139 dk red nd (dil al)199.5 s acid 8054 4-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine C6H7N3O2 5131-58-8 153.139 oran pr (w) 161 8055 5-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine C6H7N3O2 5042-55-7 153.139 red cry (w) 143 8056 2-Nitro-1,4-benzenediamine C6H7N3O2 5307-14-2 153.139 140.0 8057 3-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid C8H5NO6 603-11-2 211.129 pa ye pr (w) 218 sl H2O, ace; s EtOH; i bz, peth, chl 8058 4-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid C8H5NO6 610-27-5 211.129 pa ye nd (w, eth)164.8 s H2O, EtOH; i bz, chl, CS2, peth 8059 2-Nitrobenzeneethanol C8H9NO3 15121-84-3 167.162 1.0 267 1.19251.563720 8060 4-Nitrobenzeneethanol C8H9NO3 100-27-6 167.162 63 1482 8061 2-Nitrobenzenemethanol 2-Nitrobenzyl alcohol C7H7NO3 612-25-9 153.136 nd (w) 74 270; 16820sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 8062 3-Nitrobenzenemethanol 3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol C7H7NO3 619-25-0 153.136 orth nd (w) 30.5 17731.29619s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 8063 4-Nitrobenzenemethanol 4-Nitrobenzyl alcohol C7H7NO3 619-73-8 153.136 nd (w) 96.5 dec 255; 18512sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth 8064 2-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride C6H4ClNO2S 7669-54-7 189.620 ye nd (bz) 75 vs eth, bz, chl 8065 4-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride C6H4ClNO2S 937-32-6 189.620 ye lf (peth) 52 1250.1vs bz 8066 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide C6H6N2O4S 6325-93-5 202.188 180 dec 8067 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid C6H5NO5S 98-47-5 203.173 pl 48 vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz 8068 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid C6H5NO5S 138-42-1 203.173 95 vs H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g21/g24 NOO OHO Nitroacetic acidNOO O NitroacetoneNH 2 NOO 2-NitroanilineNH 2 NO O 3-NitroanilineNH 2 NOO 4-NitroanilineO NOO 2-NitroanisoleO NO O 3-NitroanisoleO NOO 4-NitroanisoleNOO 9-NitroanthraceneO ONOO 1-Nitro-9,10-anthracenedioneO NOO 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde /g3O NO O 3-NitrobenzaldehydeO NOO 4-NitrobenzaldehydeON H 2 NO O 3-NitrobenzamideNOOON H 2 4-NitrobenzamideNOO NitrobenzeneNOO HO O 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acidO HO NO O 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acidO HO NOO 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acidNOON 2-NitrobenzeneacetonitrileNOON 4-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile NOONH 2NH 2 4-Nitro-1,2-benzenediamineNOONH 2 NH 2 4-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamineNO ONH 2 NH 2 5-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamineNOO NH 2 NH 2 2-Nitro-1,4-benzenediamineNO OOHOHO O 3-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acidNOOOHOHO O 4-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acidNO OOH 2-NitrobenzeneethanolNO OOH 4-Nitrobenzeneethanol HO NOO 2-NitrobenzenemethanolHO NO O 3-NitrobenzenemethanolNOOHO 4-NitrobenzenemethanolS NOOCl 2-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chlorideNOOSCl 4-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chlorideSOONH 2 NOO 4-NitrobenzenesulfonamideNO OSOOOH 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acidSOOOH NOO 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g21/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128069 2-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride C6H4ClNO4S 1694-92-4 221.619 pr (lig, eth- peth)68.5 s eth; sl peth 8070 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride C6H4ClNO4S 121-51-7 221.619 mcl pr (eth) nd (lig)64 i H2O; s EtOH 8071 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride C6H4ClNO4S 98-74-8 221.619 mcl pr (peth) 79.5 1431.5s peth 8072 5-Nitro-1 H-benzimidazole C7H5N3O2 94-52-0 163.134 nd (w) 207.8 i H2O, eth, bz, chl; s acid; vs EtOH 8073 2-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 552-16-9 167.120 tcl nd (w) 147.5 1.57520s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, lig 8074 3-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 121-92-6 167.120 mcl pr (w) 141.1 1.49420sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s chl 8075 4-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 62-23-7 167.120 mcl lf (w) 242 sub 1.61020vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl, MeOH 8076 3-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide C7H7N3O3 618-94-0 181.149 153.5 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl 8077 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide C7H7N3O3 636-97-5 181.149 215.5 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl 8078 3-Nitrobenzonitrile C7H4N2O2 619-24-9 148.119 118 16516s H2O, EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace; i peth 8079 4-Nitrobenzonitrile C7H4N2O2 619-72-7 148.119 150.0 sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc 8080 5-Nitro-1 H-benzotriazole C6H4N4O2 2338-12-7 164.122 217 8081 2-Nitrobenzoyl chloride C7H4ClNO3 610-14-0 185.565 20 vs eth; sl ctc 8082 3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride C7H4ClNO3 121-90-4 185.565 36 276.5 vs eth 8083 4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride C7H4ClNO3 122-04-3 185.565 ye nd (lig) 75 203105, 15115s eth 8084 2-Nitrobiphenyl 2-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl C12H9NO2 86-00-0 199.205 pl (al, MeOH) 37.2 320 1.4425i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 8085 3-Nitrobiphenyl 3-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl C12H9NO2 2113-58-8 199.205 ye pl or nd (dil al)62 22735, 1439i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc, lig 8086 4-Nitrobiphenyl 4-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl C12H9NO2 92-93-3 199.205 ye nd (al) 114 340 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc 8087 2-Nitro-1,1-bis( p-chlorophenyl) propaneC15H13Cl2NO2 117-27-1 310.176 cry 81 1800.16 8088 1-Nitrobutane C4H9NO2 627-05-4 103.120 153 0.970251.430320sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s alk 8089 2-Nitro-1-butanol C4H9NO3 609-31-4 119.119 -47 105101.1332251.439020s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 8090 3-Nitro-2-butanol C4H9NO3 6270-16-2 119.119 919, 550.51.1260201.441420 8091 6-Nitrochrysene C18H11NO2 7496-02-8 273.286 ye nd (bz) ≈215 dec 8092 Nitrocyclohexane C6H11NO2 1122-60-7 129.157 liq -34 205; 95221.0610201.461219i H2O; s EtOH, lig 8093 1-Nitrodecane C10H21NO2 4609-87-4 187.280 8611.433720 8094 N-Nitrodiethylamine N-Ethyl- N-nitroethanamine C4H10N2O2 7119-92-8 118.134 206.5 1.05715vs eth, EtOH 8095 Nitroethane C2H5NO2 79-24-3 75.067 liq -89.5 114.0 1.0448251.391720sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 8096 2-Nitroethanol C2H5NO3 625-48-9 91.066 liq -80 194; 102101.270151.443819msc H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz 8097 Nitroethene C2H3NO2 3638-64-0 73.051 liq -55.5 98.5 1.2212141.428220vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 8098 (2-Nitroethyl)benzene C8H9NO2 6125-24-2 151.163 liq -23 250; 137161.126241.540719 8099 Nitrofen 2,4-Dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy) benzeneC12H7Cl2NO3 1836-75-5 284.095 70 8100 2-Nitro-9 H-fluorene C13H9NO2 607-57-8 211.216 nd (50% HOAc ace)159.3 i H2O; s ace, bz 8101 2-Nitro-9 H-fluoren-9-one C13H7NO3 3096-52-4 225.200 ye nd or lf (HOAc)224.3 sub sl EtOH; s ace, sulf, HOAc 8102 5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate C9H9NO7 92-55-7 243.170 92.0 s chl 8103 2-Nitrofuran C4H3NO3 609-39-2 113.072 ye mcl cry (peth)30 134123, 8413s H2O, EtOH, eth 8104 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxaldehyde C5H3NO4 698-63-5 141.083 pa ye (peth) 35.5 13010sl H2O; s peth 8105 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid C5H3NO5 645-12-5 157.082 pa ye pl (w) 186 sub s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz; i chl 8106 Nitrofurantoin C8H6N4O5 67-20-9 238.158 263No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g21/g26 NOO SOOCl 2-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chlorideNO OSOOCl 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chlorideNOOSOOCl 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chlorideN HN NOO 5-Nitro-1 H-benzimidazoleHO O NOO 2-Nitrobenzoic acidNO OHO O 3-Nitrobenzoic acidHO O NOO 4-Nitrobenzoic acidH N O NO OH2N 3-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide HN OH2N NOO 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazideNO ON 3-NitrobenzonitrileN NOO 4-NitrobenzonitrileNHNN NOO 5-Nitro-1 H-benzotriazoleCl O NOO 2-Nitrobenzoyl chlorideCl O NO O 3-Nitrobenzoyl chlorideCl O NOO 4-Nitrobenzoyl chlorideNO O 2-Nitrobiphenyl NOO 3-NitrobiphenylN OO 4-NitrobiphenylNO O Cl Cl 2-Nitro-1,1-bis( p-chlorophenyl)propaneONO 1-NitrobutaneOH NOO 2-Nitro-1-butanolOH NOO 3-Nitro-2-butanol/g3 NOO 6-NitrochryseneNOO Nitrocyclohexane NO O 1-NitrodecaneO NNO N-NitrodiethylamineONO NitroethaneOHNOO 2-NitroethanolONO NitroetheneNOO (2-Nitroethyl)benzeneO NO OCl Cl NitrofenNOO 2-Nitro-9 H-fluorene O NOO 2-Nitro-9 H-fluoren-9-oneOO OO ONO O 5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetateO NO O 2-NitrofuranO NO OO 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxaldehydeO NO OOH O 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acidO NO ON N HO O Nitrofurantoin /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g21/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128107 Nitrofurazone 2-[(5-Nitro-2-furanyl) methylene]hydrazinecarboxamideC6H6N4O4 59-87-0 198.137 pa ye nd 238 dec i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; s alk 8108 Nitrogen mustard N-oxide hydrochlorideMechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride C5H12Cl3NO 302-70-5 208.514 pr (ace) 110 s H2O 8109 Nitroguanidine CH4N4O2 556-88-7 104.069 nd or pr (w) 239 dec sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; vs alk 8110 1-Nitrohexane C6H13NO2 646-14-0 131.173 193; 84210.9396201.427020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk 8111 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid Roxarsone C6H6AsNO6 121-19-7 263.037 ye nd or pl (w) 300 sl hot H2O; i eth, EtOAc; vs MeOH, EtOH 8112 2-Nitro-1 H-imidazole Azomycin C3H3N3O2 527-73-1 113.075 cry (MeOH) 287 dec 8113 4-Nitro-1 H-imidazole C3H3N3O2 3034-38-6 113.075 303 dec 8114 5-Nitro-1 H-indazole C7H5N3O2 5401-94-5 163.134 ye nd or col nd (al)208 s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, HOAc; i lig 8115 6-Nitro-1 H-indazole C7H5N3O2 7597-18-4 163.134 nd (w, al, ace) 181 dec s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace; i lig 8116 4-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione C8H3NO5 641-70-3 193.114 nd (ace, al) 164 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, HOAc; sl bz 8117 5-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione C8H3NO5 5466-84-2 193.114 120.3 1968i H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace; sl eth 8118 2-Nitroisobutane C4H9NO2 594-70-7 103.120 26.23 127.16 0.9501281.401520msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl; i alk 8119 5-Nitro-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione C8H4N2O4 89-40-7 192.129 col nd (w), ye lf (al-ace)202 vs ace 8120 Nitromersol C7H5HgNO3 133-58-4 351.71 i H2O; sl ace, EtOH; s alk 8121 N-Nitromethanamine CH4N2O2 598-57-2 76.055 38 82101.2433491.461649vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth; sl peth 8122 Nitromethane CH3NO2 75-52-5 61.041 liq -28.38 101.19 1.1371201.381720s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, alk 8123 (Nitromethyl)benzene C7H7NO2 622-42-4 137.137 ye liq 226; 135251.1596201.532320vs ace, eth 8124 Nitron C20H16N4 2218-94-2 312.368 ye lf (al), nd (chl)189 dec vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl 8125 1-Nitronaphthalene C10H7NO2 86-57-7 173.169 ye nd (al) 61 180141.33220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, py 8126 2-Nitronaphthalene C10H7NO2 581-89-5 173.169 ye orth nd or pl (al)79 314; 16515i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 8127 1-Nitro-2-naphthol C10H7NO3 550-60-7 189.168 ye nd, lf or pr (al)104 1150.05s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl chl 8128 1-Nitrooctane C8H17NO2 629-37-8 159.227 15 208.5 0.9346201.432220 8129 1-Nitropentane C5H11NO2 628-05-7 117.147 172.5 0.9525201.417520s EtOH, eth, bz 8130 3-Nitropentane C5H11NO2 551-88-2 117.147 154 0.9570vs ace, eth, EtOH 8131 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline C12H7N3O2 4199-88-6 225.203 202.3 8132 2-Nitrophenol C6H5NO3 88-75-5 139.109 ye nd or pr (eth, al)44.8 216 1.2942401.572350sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, py 8133 3-Nitrophenol C6H5NO3 554-84-7 139.109 ye mcl (eth, aq Hcl)96.8 194701.2797100sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 8134 4-Nitrophenol C6H5NO3 100-02-7 139.109 ye mcl pr (to) 113.6 1.47920sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s tol, py 8135 1-Nitro-2-phenoxybenzene C12H9NO3 2216-12-8 215.204 ye liq <-20 23560, 18481.2539221.57520vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 8136 1-Nitro-4-phenoxybenzene C12H9NO3 620-88-2 215.204 pl (peth), MeOH)61 320; 22530i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz 8137 N-(2-Nitrophenyl)acetamide C8H8N2O3 552-32-9 180.161 94 1000.11.41915s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, lig; vs eth 8138 N-(3-Nitrophenyl)acetamide C8H8N2O3 122-28-1 180.161 wh lf (al) 155 1000.0074s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth; sl tfa 8139 N-(4-Nitrophenyl)acetamide C8H8N2O3 104-04-1 180.161 ye pr (w) 216 1000.008sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH, tfa, alk 8140 2-Nitrophenyl acetate C8H7NO4 610-69-5 181.147 nd or pr (lig) 40.5 dec 253; 14111s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ligNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g21/g28 O NO ONN HNH 2O NitrofurazoneHCl ClNClO Nitrogen mustard N-oxide hydrochlorideN H2NH2N NO O NitroguanidineNO O 1-NitrohexaneAsOOH OH NO O OH 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acidN N HNO O 2-Nitro-1 H-imidazole N N HNOO 4-Nitro-1 H-imidazoleNNHNOO 5-Nitro-1 H-indazoleNNH NO O 6-Nitro-1 H-indazoleOO ONOO 4-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione/g3 OO ONOO 5-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandioneNO 2 2-Nitroisobutane NHO ONOO 5-Nitro-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dioneNOO OHg NitromersolH NNO O N-NitromethanamineH HH NO 2 NitromethaneNO O (Nitromethyl)benzeneN NNN NitronNOO 1-Nitronaphthalene NOO 2-NitronaphthaleneNOO OH 1-Nitro-2-naphtholNO O 1-NitrooctaneNOO 1-NitropentaneNOO 3-NitropentaneNNNO O 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthrolineOH NOO 2-Nitrophenol OH NO O 3-NitrophenolOH NOO 4-NitrophenolONOO 1-Nitro-2-phenoxybenzeneO NO O 1-Nitro-4-phenoxybenzeneNH NOO O N-(2-Nitrophenyl)acetamideNHO NO O N-(3-Nitrophenyl)acetamideNHO NOO N-(4-Nitrophenyl)acetamideOO NOO 2-Nitrophenyl acetate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g22/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128141 4-Nitrophenyl acetate C8H7NO4 830-03-5 181.147 lf (dil al) 82.3 vs H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, lig 8142 2-Nitro- N-phenylaniline C12H10N2O2 119-75-5 214.219 75.5 215151.366020i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc 8143 4-Nitro- N-phenylaniline C12H10N2O2 836-30-6 214.219 135.3 21130i H2O; vs EtOH; sl ace; s con sulf 8144 (4-Nitrophenyl)arsonic acid Nitarsone C6H6AsNO5 98-72-6 247.038 lf or nd (w) >310 dec sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO 8145 4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-1,3- benzenediolMagneson C12H9N3O4 74-39-5 259.217 red pow (al or MeOH)200 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, HOAc, tol 8146 1-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol C16H11N3O3 6410-10-2 293.276 br-oran pl (to or bz)257 vs bz, EtOH 8147 (3-Nitrophenyl)boronic acid C6H6BNO4 13331-27-6 166.928 274.5 8148 1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 2-Nitroacetophenone C8H7NO3 577-59-3 165.147 28.5 17832, 158161.2370251.546820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 8149 1-(3-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 3-Nitroacetophenone C8H7NO3 121-89-1 165.147 nd (al) 81 202; 16718vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl 8150 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 4-Nitroacetophenone C8H7NO3 100-19-6 165.147 ye pr (al) 81.8 1655vs eth, EtOH 8151 2-Nitro-1-phenylethanone C8H7NO3 614-21-1 165.147 106 15816, 142101.546830vs eth, EtOH 8152 (4-Nitrophenyl)hydrazine C6H7N3O2 100-16-3 153.139 oran-red lf or nd (al)158 dec sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt 8153 (4-Nitrophenyl)phenylmethanone C13H9NO3 1144-74-7 227.215 nd or lf (al) 138 1.4069vs bz 8154 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-2- propen-1-oneNitrochalcone C15H11NO3 1222-98-6 253.253 pa ye nd (al) pl (bz)164 s EtOH, chl; i eth, lig 8155 4-Nitrophenyl phosphate 4-Nitrophenyl dihydrogen phosphate C6H6NO6P 330-13-2 219.089 ye-wh nd 155 i cold H2O; s EtOH, chl, bz 8156 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 2-Nitrobeazenepropanoic acid C9H9NO4 2001-32-3 195.172 ye cry 115 8157 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 4-Nitrobenzenepropanoic acid C9H9NO4 16642-79-8 195.172 nd (w) 163 8158 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-propenal 4-Nitrocinnamaldehyde C9H7NO3 1734-79-8 177.157 nd (w, al) 141.5 s H2O, eth, ace, bz; vs EtOH 8159 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-propynoic acid o-Nitrophenylpropiolic acid C9H5NO4 530-85-8 191.141 ≈157 dec; may explodesl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i CS2O 8160 1-Nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzene C12H9NO2S 952-97-6 231.270 pa ye mcl pr (lig)56 288100, 24025vs eth, EtOH 8161 (4-Nitrophenyl)urea p-Nitrophenylurea C7H7N3O3 556-10-5 181.149 pr (al), nd (dil al)238 vs H2O, EtOH 8162 N-Nitropiperidine C5H10N2O2 7119-94-0 130.145 liq -5.5 245; 121201.1519261.495426 8163 1-Nitropropane C3H7NO2 108-03-2 89.094 liq -108 131.1 0.9961251.401820sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 8164 2-Nitropropane C3H7NO2 79-46-9 89.094 liq -91.3 120.2 0.9821251.394420sl H2O; s chl 8165 3-Nitropropanoic acid C3H5NO4 504-88-1 119.077 62 1.5920vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl; i lig 8166 2-Nitro-1-propanol C3H7NO3 2902-96-7 105.093 12032, 100121.1841251.437920s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 8167 1-Nitro-1-propene C3H5NO2 3156-70-5 87.078 6034, 37101.0661201.452720s eth, ace, chl 8168 2-Nitro-1-propene C3H5NO2 4749-28-4 87.078 ye-grn liq 5280, 32301.0559251.435820s eth, ace, chl 8169 5-Nitro-2-propoxyaniline C9H12N2O3 553-79-7 196.202 oran (PrOH- peth)49 vs EtOH 8170 N-(5-Nitro-2-propoxyphenyl) acetamide5’-Nitro-2’-propoxyacetanilide C11H14N2O4 553-20-8 238.240 cry (PrOH) 102.5 8171 1-Nitropyrene C16H9NO2 5522-43-0 247.248 ye nd (MeCN) 152 8172 5-Nitro-2-pyridinamine C5H5N3O2 4214-76-0 139.113 ye lf (dil al) 188 sl H2O, eth, bz, lig; s EtOH 8173 4-Nitropyridine C5H4N2O2 1122-61-8 124.098 pl (aq al) 50 8174 4-Nitropyridine 1-oxide C5H4N2O3 1124-33-0 140.097 160.5 8175 5-Nitropyrimidinamine C4H4N4O2 3073-77-6 140.101 nd (al) 236.5 sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, ace; i eth, bz 8176 5-Nitro-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 5-Nitrouracil C4H3N3O4 611-08-5 157.085 gold nd (al) >300 exp sl H2O; s EtOH 8177 5-Nitro-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- pyrimidinetrione5-Nitrobarbituric acid C4H3N3O5 480-68-2 173.084 pr, lf (w+3) 180.5 s H2O, EtOH; i ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g22/g20 OO NOO 4-Nitrophenyl acetateH NNOO 2-Nitro- N-phenylanilineH N NO O 4-Nitro- N-phenylanilineAs NOOO HO OH (4-Nitrophenyl)arsonic acidN NN OOOH HO 4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-1,3-benzenediolOHN NN OO 1-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphtholBHO OH NO O (3-Nitrophenyl)boronic acid O NOO 1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethanoneO NO O 1-(3-Nitrophenyl)ethanoneO NOO 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethanoneO NOO 2-Nitro-1-phenylethanoneHNNH 2 NOO (4-Nitrophenyl)hydrazineO NO O (4-Nitrophenyl)phenylmethanoneO NO O 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one/g3 NO OPHO OHO O 4-Nitrophenyl phosphate OHO NO O 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acidOH NO OO 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acidO NO O 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-propenalNO OOHO 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-propynoic acidS NO O 1-Nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzeneH N NH 2 ONO O (4-Nitrophenyl)ureaN NOO N-Nitropiperidine NOO 1-NitropropaneNOO 2-NitropropaneNOO OH O 3-Nitropropanoic acidOHNOO 2-Nitro-1-propanolNOO 1-Nitro-1-propeneNOO 2-Nitro-1-propeneNH 2 O NO O 5-Nitro-2-propoxyanilineHNO O NO O N-(5-Nitro-2-propoxyphenyl)acetamideNOO 1-Nitropyrene NN H 2NOO 5-Nitro-2-pyridinamineNNOO 4-NitropyridineN ONOO 4-Nitropyridine 1-oxideNN NH 2NOO 5-NitropyrimidinamineNN HOHO NOO 5-Nitro-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedioneNN HOHO NOO O 5-Nitro-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g22/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128178 5-Nitroquinoline C9H6N2O2 607-34-1 174.156 pl (w, al) nd (+w)74 sub sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, bz 8179 6-Nitroquinoline C9H6N2O2 613-50-3 174.156 ye pl (HCl- HOAc)153.5 1700.2s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; vs bz 8180 8-Nitroquinoline C9H6N2O2 607-35-2 174.156 mcl pr (al) 91.5 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, acid 8181 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide C9H6N2O3 56-57-5 190.155 ye nd, pl (ace) 154 8182 5-Nitro-8-quinolinol Nitroxoline C9H6N2O3 4008-48-4 190.155 180 8183 Nitrosobenzene C6H5NO 586-96-9 107.110 orth or mcl (al- eth)67 5818i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig 8184 N-Nitrosodibutylamine Dibutylnitrosamine C8H18N2O 924-16-3 158.241 1058 8185 N-Nitrosodiethanolamine 2,2’-(Nitrosoimino)ethanol C4H10N2O3 1116-54-7 134.133 wh-ye oil 1250.011.484920 8186 N-Nitrosodiethylamine Diethylnitrosamine C4H10N2O 55-18-5 102.134 ye oil 176.9 0.9422201.438620s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 8187 N-Nitrosodimethylamine Dimethylnitrosamine C2H6N2O 62-75-9 74.081 ye liq 152 1.0048201.436820vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 8188 p-Nitroso- N,N-dimethylaniline C8H10N2O 138-89-6 150.177 grn pl (eth) 92.5 1.14520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HCONH2 8189 N-Nitrosodiphenylamine N,N-Diphenylnitrosamine C12H10N2O 86-30-6 198.219 ye pl(lig) 66.5 i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s bz 8190 4-( N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3- pyridyl)-1-butanoneKetone, 3-pyridyl-3-( N-methyl- N- nitrosamino)propylC10H13N3O2 64091-91-4 207.229 63 sl H2O 8191 N-Nitrosomethylethylamine C3H8N2O 10595-95-6 88.108 ye liq 6740 8192 N-Nitroso- N-methylvinylamine N-Methyl- N-nitrosoethenamine C3H6N2O 4549-40-0 86.092 ye liq 47 sl H2O 8193 4-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosomorpholine C4H8N2O2 59-89-2 116.119 29 225; 14025s H2O 8194 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol C10H7NO2 132-53-6 173.169 157 dec sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace, HOAc 8195 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol 1-Nitroso- β-naphthol C10H7NO2 131-91-9 173.169 ye-br nd (peth) 109.5 vs bz, eth 8196 N-Nitrosonornicotine N’-Nitroso-3-(2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine C9H11N3O 16543-55-8 177.202 1550.2 8197 4-Nitrosophenol C6H5NO2 104-91-6 123.110 pa ye orth nd (ace, bz)144 dec sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, dil alk 8198 4-Nitroso- N-phenylaniline p-Nitrosodiphenylamine C12H10N2O 156-10-5 198.219 143 sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, bz 8199 N-Nitrosopiperidine 1-Nitrosopiperidine C5H10N2O 100-75-4 114.145 pa ye 219; 109201.0631181.493318s H2O, HCl 8200 N-Nitroso- N-propyl-1-propanamine N-Nitrosodipropylamine C6H14N2O 621-64-7 130.187 gold 206; 113400.9163201.443720sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8201 N-Nitrosopyrrolidine C4H8N2O 930-55-2 100.119 214 1.085251.488025 8202 5-Nitro-2-thiazolamine 2-Amino-5-nitrothiazole C3H3N3O2S 121-66-4 145.140 oran-ye pow 202 dec 8203 N-(5-Nitro-2-thiazolyl)acetamide Aminitrozole C5H5N3O3S 140-40-9 187.177 nd (al), pl (HOAc)264.5 s alk 8204 4-Nitrothioanisole C7H7NO2S 701-57-5 169.202 72 13721.2391801.640120i H2O; s ace, bz 8205 2-Nitrothiophene C4H3NO2S 609-40-5 129.138 lt ye mcl nd (peth)46.5 224.5 1.364443i H2O; vs EtOH; s alk; sl peth 8206 2-Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 88-72-2 137.137 liq -10.4 222 1.1611191.545020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 8207 3-Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 99-08-1 137.137 pa ye 15.5 232 1.1581201.546620i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; msc eth 8208 4-Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 99-99-0 137.137 orth cry (al, eth)51.63 238.3 1.103875i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl 8209 1-Nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene C7H4F3NO2 384-22-5 191.108 cry (al) 32.5 217; 10520i H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc, bz; sl ctc 8210 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene C7H4F3NO2 98-46-4 191.108 liq -2.4 202.8; 103401.4357151.471920i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 8211 Nitrourea CH3N3O3 556-89-8 105.053 pl (al-peth) 158 dec vs ace, EtOH 8212 trans -(2-Nitrovinyl)benzene C8H7NO2 5153-67-3 149.148 ye pr (peth, al) 60 255 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, chl, CS2 8213 Nivalenol C15H20O7 23282-20-4 312.316 cry (MeOH) 224 dec sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH 8214 Nizatidine C12H21N5O2S2 76963-41-2 331.458 cry (EtOH/ AcOEt)131 sl H2O; s MeOH; vs chl; i bz, ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g22/g22 NNOO 5-NitroquinolineNNOO 6-NitroquinolineN NOO 8-NitroquinolineN ONOO 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxideNNOO OH 5-Nitro-8-quinolinolNO NitrosobenzeneNNO N-NitrosodibutylamineNOH HONO N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N NO N-NitrosodiethylamineNNO N-NitrosodimethylamineN NO p-Nitroso- N,N-dimethylaniline/g3 NNO N-NitrosodiphenylamineNO NNO 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanoneN NO N-NitrosomethylethylamineN NO N-Nitroso- N-methylvinylamine N ONO 4-NitrosomorpholineOH NO 2-Nitroso-1-naphtholNO OH 1-Nitroso-2-naphtholN N NH OH N-NitrosonornicotineOH NO 4-NitrosophenolH N NO 4-Nitroso- N-phenylanilineN NO N-NitrosopiperidineN NO N-Nitroso- N-propyl-1-propanamine N NO N-NitrosopyrrolidineN S NO ONH 2 5-Nitro-2-thiazolamineN S NO ON HO N-(5-Nitro-2-thiazolyl)acetamideS NOO 4-NitrothioanisoleS NO O 2-NitrothiopheneNOO 2-NitrotolueneNO O 3-NitrotolueneNOO 4-Nitrotoluene NOO FFF 1-Nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneNOO F FF 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneH2NN HO NOO NitroureaNOO trans -(2-Nitrovinyl)benzeneO OOH OHH O HO HOH NivalenolN SNSH N HNNO O Nizatidine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g22/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128215 2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’- NonachlorobiphenylC12HCl9 52663-77-1 464.213 cry 180.5 i H2O 8216 Nonacontane C90H182 7667-51-8 1264.408 612200 8217 Nonacosane C29H60 630-03-5 408.786 orth cry (peth) 63.7 440.8 0.8083201.452920i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz; sl chl 8218 Nonadecafluorodecanoic acid C10HF19O2 335-76-2 514.084 219 8219 Nonadecane C19H40 629-92-5 268.521 wax 32.0 329.9 0.7855201.440920i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, ctc 8220 Nonadecanoic acid C19H38O2 646-30-0 298.504 lf (al) 69.4 297100, 228100.846870i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig 8221 1-Nonadecanol C19H40O 1454-84-8 284.520 cry (ace) 61.7 345; 1660.31.432875s eth, ace 8222 2-Nonadecanone C19H38O 629-66-3 282.504 pr (al) 57 266110, 16520.810856i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz; vs eth, ctc 8223 10-Nonadecanone C19H38O 504-57-4 282.504 lf(al) 65.5 >350; 1561.1i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, lig; vs bz 8224 1-Nonadecene C19H38 18435-45-5 266.505 23.4 329.0 0.7886251.444525 8225 Nonadecylbenzene C25H44 29136-19-4 344.617 40 419 0.8545201.480720 8226 trans ,trans -2,4-Nonadienal C9H14O 5910-87-2 138.206 98100.862251.520720 8227 1,8-Nonadiene C9H16 4900-30-5 124.223 142.5 0.7511201.430220 8228 2,6-Nonadien-1-ol C9H16O 7786-44-9 140.222 10824, 98110.8604251.459825 8229 1,8-Nonadiyne C9H12 2396-65-8 120.191 liq -27.3 162 0.8158201.449020i H2O; s eth, ace 8230 Nonanal Nonaldehyde C9H18O 124-19-6 142.238 -19.3 191 0.8264221.427320s eth, chl 8231 Nonane C9H20 111-84-2 128.255 liq -53.46 150.82 0.7192201.405820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp 8232 Nonanedioic acid Azelaic acid C9H16O4 123-99-9 188.221 lf or nd 106.5 287100, 225101.225251.4303111sl H2O, eth, bz, DMSO; s EtOH 8233 1,9-Nonanediol C9H20O2 3937-56-2 160.254 cry (bz) 45.8 17320, 1503sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; i lig 8234 Nonanedioyl dichloride C9H14Cl2O2 123-98-8 225.112 166181.143 1.468020s eth; vs bz 8235 Nonanenitrile C9H17N 2243-27-8 139.238 liq -34.2 224.4 0.8178201.425520i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 8236 1-Nonanethiol Nonyl mercaptan C9H20S 1455-21-6 160.320 liq -20.1 220 0.842251.454820 8237 Nonanoic acid Pelargonic acid C9H18O2 112-05-0 158.238 12.4 254.5 0.9052201.434319i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 8238 1-Nonanol Nonyl alcohol C9H20O 143-08-8 144.254 liq -5 213.37 0.8280201.433320i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 8239 2-Nonanol, (±) C9H20O 74683-66-2 144.254 liq -35 193.5 0.8471201.435320i H2O; vs eth, EtOH 8240 3-Nonanol, (±) C9H20O 74742-08-8 144.254 22 195; 93180.8250201.428920i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8241 4-Nonanol C9H20O 52708-03-9 144.254 192.5; 94180.8282201.419720i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8242 5-Nonanol Dibutylcarbinol C9H20O 623-93-8 144.254 5.6 193; 97200.8220201.428920i H2O; s EtOH 8243 2-Nonanone Heptyl methyl ketone C9H18O 821-55-6 142.238 liq -7.5 195.3 0.8208201.421020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, chl 8244 3-Nonanone Ethyl hexyl ketone C9H18O 925-78-0 142.238 liq -8 190; 86200.8241201.420820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace 8245 4-Nonanone Pentyl propyl ketone C9H18O 4485-09-0 142.238 187.5 0.8190251.418920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace 8246 5-Nonanone Dibutyl ketone C9H18O 502-56-7 142.238 liq -3.8 188.45 0.8217201.419520i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl 8247 Nonanoyl chloride C9H17ClO 764-85-2 176.683 liq -60.5 215.3 0.946315s eth, ace 8248 trans -2-Nonenal C9H16O 18829-56-6 140.222 liq 10116, 89120.846 1.453120 8249 1-Nonene C9H18 124-11-8 126.239 liq -81.3 146.9 0.7253251.425720 8250 2-Nonenoic acid C9H16O2 3760-11-0 156.222 17320, 1365 8251 3-Nonenoic acid C9H16O2 4124-88-3 156.222 -4.4 15618, 10610.9254201.445425 8252 1-Nonen-3-ol 1-Vinylheptanol C9H18O 21964-44-3 142.238 193.5 0.824211.438215 8253 Nonyl acetate C11H22O2 143-13-5 186.292 liq -26 210 0.8785151.42620 8254 Nonylamine 1-Nonanamine C9H21N 112-20-9 143.270 liq -1 202.2 0.7886201.433620sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g22/g24ClCl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl 2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’-NonachlorobiphenylH3C(CH 2)88CH3 Nonacontane NonacosaneF FFOHO FF FFFF FFFF FFFF FF Nonadecafluorodecanoic acid Nonadecane OH O Nonadecanoic acidOH 1-NonadecanolO 2-NonadecanoneO 10-Nonadecanone 1-Nonadecene NonadecylbenzeneO trans ,trans -2,4-Nonadienal 1,8-NonadieneOH 2,6-Nonadien-1-ol 1,8-NonadiyneO Nonanal NonaneOH OHO O Nonanedioic acidOH HO 1,9-NonanediolCl OCl O Nonanedioyl dichlorideN Nonanenitrile SH 1-NonanethiolOH O Nonanoic acidOH 1-NonanolOH 2-Nonanol, (±)OH 3-Nonanol, (±)OH 4-Nonanol OH 5-NonanolO 2-NonanoneO 3-NonanoneO 4-NonanoneO 5-Nonanone/g3Cl O Nonanoyl chlorideO trans -2-Nonenal 1-NoneneOH O 2-Nonenoic acidOH O 3-Nonenoic acidOH 1-Nonen-3-olOO Nonyl acetateNH 2 Nonylamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g22/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128255 Nonylbenzene C15H24 1081-77-2 204.352 liq -24 280.5 0.8584201.481620 8256 Nonylcyclohexane C15H30 2883-02-5 210.399 liq -10 282 0.8163201.451920 8257 Nonylcyclopentane C14H28 2882-98-6 196.372 liq -29 262 0.8081201.446720vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 8258 Nonyl formate C10H20O2 5451-92-3 172.265 liq -33 214 0.86 1.421620 8259 1-Nonylnaphthalene C19H26 26438-26-6 254.409 8 366 0.9371201.547720 8260 4-Nonylphenol C15H24O 104-40-5 220.351 visc ye liq 42 ≈295; 180100.950201.51320i H2O; s bz, ctc, hp 8261 1-Nonyne Heptylacetylene C9H16 3452-09-3 124.223 liq -50 150.8 0.7658201.421720i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc 8262 Norbormide C33H25N3O3 991-42-4 511.570 cry (eth) 194 8263 2,5-Norbornadiene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene C7H8 121-46-0 92.139 liq -19.1 89.5 0.9064201.470220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; msc tol 8264 5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydrideC9H8O3 826-62-0 164.158 166 8265 5-Norbornene-2-methylolacrylate C11H14O2 95-39-6 178.228 col liq 104 1.02925s os 8266 24-Norcholan-23-oic acid, (5 β) Norcholanic acid C23H38O2 511-18-2 346.547 nd(HOAc) 177 8267 Nordazepam 7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2 H- 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-oneC15H11ClN2O 1088-11-5 270.713 216.5 8268 Nordihydroguaiaretic acid C18H22O4 500-38-9 302.366 nd(w, al, HOAc) 185.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, alk; i bz 8269 Norea C13H22N2O 18530-56-8 222.326 177 8270 Norepinephrine Noradrenaline C8H11NO3 51-41-2 169.178 217 dec sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs alk, dil HCl 8271 Norethisterone 19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 17- hydroxy-, (17 α)-C20H26O2 68-22-4 298.419 cry 204 8272 Norethynodrel C20H26O2 68-23-5 298.419 cry (MeOH) 170 8273 Norflurazon C12H9ClF3N3O 27314-13-2 303.666 184 8274 Norhyoscyamine C16H21NO3 537-29-1 275.343 nd 140.5 vs EtOH, chl 8275 DL-Norleucine 2-Aminohexanoic acid, ( DL)C6H13NO2 616-06-8 131.173 lf(w) 327 dec 1.17225s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth 8276 L-Norleucine 2-Aminohexanoic acid, ( L)C6H13NO2 327-57-1 131.173 301 dec sl H2O 8277 Normorphine C16H17NO3 466-97-7 271.311 273 8278 Norplant Norgestrel, (-) C21H28O2 797-63-7 312.446 cry (MeOH) 206 8279 19-Nortestosterone phenylpropionate Nandrolone phenpropionate C27H34O3 62-90-8 406.557 cry 95 8280 Nortriptyline hydrochloride C19H22ClN 894-71-3 299.838 cry (eth) 214 s H2O, EtOH; i bz, eth, ace 8281 DL-Norvaline 2-Aminopentanoic acid, (±) C5H11NO2 760-78-1 117.147 lf(al, w) 303 sub s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl, AcOEt, lig 8282 L-Norvaline 2-Aminopentanoic acid, ( S)C5H11NO2 6600-40-4 117.147 cry (dil al) 307 s H2O 8283 Noscapine C22H23NO7 128-62-1 413.421 pr or nd (al) 176 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth; vs ace 8284 Novobiocin Streptonivicin C31H36N2O11 303-81-1 612.624 wh-ye orth cry 154 1.3448 i H2O; s EtOH, EtOAc, ace, py 8285 Nuarimol C17H12ClFN2O 63284-71-9 314.740 126 8286 Nylidrin Buphenine C19H25NO2 447-41-6 299.408 cry (MeOH) 111 8287 Ochratoxin A C20H18ClNO6 303-47-9 403.813 cry (xyl) 169 8288 Ochratoxin B C20H19NO6 4825-86-9 369.368 cry (MeOH) 221 8289 Ochratoxin C C22H22ClNO6 4865-85-4 431.866 amorp solid 8290 Octacaine 3-(Diethylamino)- N- phenylbutanamideC14H22N2O 13912-77-1 234.337 cry 47 2001vs EtOH, bz, eth 8291 2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’-Octachlorobiphenyl C12H2Cl8 2136-99-4 429.768 cry 161 i H2O 8292 Octachlorocyclopentene Perchlorocyclopentene C5Cl8 706-78-5 343.678 nd 40 283 1.8200501.566050i H2O; vs EtOH 8293 Octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin C12Cl8O2 3268-87-9 459.751 nd 331 8294 Octachloronaphthalene Perchloronaphthalene C10Cl8 2234-13-1 403.731 nd (bz-CCl4) 197.5 4417, 2480.5sl EtOH; vs bz, chl, lig 8295 Octachlorostyrene Perchlorostyrene C8Cl8 29082-74-4 379.710 cry (ace/EtOH) 99No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g22/g26Nonylbenzene Nonylcyclohexane NonylcyclopentaneO O Nonyl formate 1-NonylnaphthaleneOH 4-Nonylphenol 1-NonyneNN N OH OHO HH Norbormide 2,5-NorbornadieneOO O 5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydrideOO 5-Norbornene-2-methylolacrylateOH O H 24-Norcholan-23-oic acid, (5 β)N N ClHO NordazepamOHHO OH OH Nordihydroguaiaretic acid H HHN N O NoreaHO OHNH 2OH NorepinephrineOHHHO NorethisteroneOHO NorethynodrelNNFFFOClH N NorflurazonHN OOH O NorhyoscyamineNH 2OHO DL-NorleucineNH 2OHO L-Norleucine O HOHNHHO NormorphineOHO NorplantOHHOO 19-Nortestosterone phenylpropionateN H HCl Nortriptyline hydrochlorideOHO NH 2 DL-NorvalineOHO NH 2 L-NorvalineNO O O OOOHH O Noscapine OO O OH OOHN OOH OOH OH2N NovobiocinOH NNCl F NuarimolH NOH HO NylidrinO OCl OHH N OO HO Ochratoxin AO O OHH N OO HO Ochratoxin B O OCl OHH N OO O Ochratoxin CHN ON OctacaineClCl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl 2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’-OctachlorobiphenylCl Cl ClCl ClClClCl OctachlorocyclopenteneO OCl Cl Cl ClCl Cl Cl Cl Octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxinCl Cl Cl Cl ClClClCl OctachloronaphthaleneCl Cl ClCl ClClClCl Octachlorostyrene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g22/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128296 Octacontane C80H162 7667-88-1 1124.142 112 672 8297 Octacosane C28H58 630-02-4 394.761 mcl or orth (bz- al)61.1 431.6 0.8067201.433070i H2O; msc ace; s bz, chl 8298 Octacosanoic acid Montanic acid C28H56O2 506-48-9 424.744 90.9 0.81911001.4313100vs bz, chl 8299 1-Octacosanol Montanyl alcohol C28H58O 557-61-9 410.760 cry (ace, peth) 83.4 2001i H2O; s CS2 8300 trans, trans -9,12-Octadecadienoic acid Linolelaidic acid C18H32O2 506-21-8 280.446 cry (MeOH) 28.5 1810.8sl H2O; s ace, hx 8301 Octadecahydrochrysene C18H30 2090-14-4 246.431 115 353 vs EtOH 8302 Octadecamethyloctasiloxane C18H54O7Si8 556-69-4 607.302 -63 18620, 15350.913251.397020vs bz, peth, lig 8303 Octadecanamide C18H37NO 124-26-5 283.493 lf (al) 109 25012vs eth, chl 8304 Octadecane C18H38 593-45-3 254.495 nd (al, eth- MeOH)28.2 316.3 0.7768281.439020i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl, lig 8305 Octadecanenitrile C18H35N 638-65-3 265.478 41 362 0.8325201.438945i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl 8306 1-Octadecanethiol Stearyl mercaptan C18H38S 2885-00-9 286.560 30 207110.8475201.464520vs eth 8307 1-Octadecanol Stearyl alcohol C18H38O 112-92-5 270.494 lf (al) 57.9 335; 210.5150.812459i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz 8308 Octadecanoyl chloride C18H35ClO 112-76-5 302.923 23 215150.896901.452324sl EtOH 8309 trans,cis,trans -9,11,13- Octadecatrienoic acidcis-Eleostearic acid C18H30O2 506-23-0 278.430 nd (al) 49 23512 dec, 17010.9028501.511250vs eth, EtOH 8310 trans,trans,trans -9,11,13- Octadecatrienoic acidtrans -Eleostearic acid C18H30O2 544-73-0 278.430 lf (al) 71.5 18810.8839801.500080vs EtOH 8311 cis-9-Octadecenamide C18H35NO 301-02-0 281.477 76 vs eth 8312 1-Octadecene C18H36 112-88-9 252.479 17.5 17915, 14580.7891201.444820i H2O; s ace, ctc 8313 cis-9-Octadecenenitrile C18H33N 112-91-4 263.462 -1 dec 332 0.847171.456620vs EtOH 8314 cis-6-Octadecenoic acid Petroselinic acid C18H34O2 593-39-5 282.462 lf 29.8 238180.8700401.453340s eth; sl hp, MeOH 8315 trans -11-Octadecenoic acid Vaccenic acid C18H34O2 693-72-1 282.462 44 1.449960s ace 8316 cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol Oleyl alcohol C18H36O 143-28-2 268.478 6.5 207150.8489201.460620i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 8317 cis-9-Octadecenylamine Oleylamine C18H37N 112-90-3 267.494 oil 25 1472 8318 Octadecyl acetate C20H40O2 822-23-1 312.531 34.5 20890.851030vs EtOH 8319 Octadecyl acrylate Stearyl 2-propenoate C21H40O2 4813-57-4 324.542 s ctc, CS2 8320 Octadecylamine 1-Octadecanamine C18H39N 124-30-1 269.510 cry (w) 52.9 346.8 0.8618201.452220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace 8321 Octadecylbenzene C24H42 4445-07-2 330.590 36 400 0.85361.47936 8322 Octadecylcyclohexane C24H48 4445-06-1 336.638 41.6 409; 17510.8300201.461020 8323 Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenyl)propanoateIrganox 1076 C35H62O3 2082-79-3 530.865 cry (MeOH/ AcOEt)50 8324 Octadecyl isocyanate 1-Isocyanatooctadecane C19H37NO 112-96-9 295.503 15.5 1725 8325 Octadecyl methacrylate Stearyl methacrylate C22H42O2 32360-05-7 338.567 19560.880251.42925 8326 Octadecyl octadecanoate Octadecyl stearate C36H72O2 2778-96-3 536.956 cry (EtOH) 60 8327 3-(Octadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol Batyl alcohol C21H44O3 544-62-7 344.572 70.5 2172vs eth 8328 Octadecyl vinyl ether 1-(Ethenyloxy)octadecane C20H40O 930-02-9 296.531 30 18230.813840sl chl 8329 1,7-Octadiene C8H14 3710-30-3 110.197 115.5 0.734201.424520 8330 1,7-Octadiyne C8H10 871-84-1 106.165 135.5; 59350.8169211.452118s eth 8331 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol C5H4F8O 355-80-6 232.072 140.5 1.6647201.317820 8332 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydroanthracene C14H18 1079-71-6 186.293 pl (al) 78 294 0.9703801.537280i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs bz; sl ctc 8333 Octahydroazocine C7H15N 1121-92-2 113.201 29 52150.896251.472020 8334 Octahydroindene C9H16 496-10-6 124.223 liq -53 167 0.876251.470220 8335 Octahydroindolizine C8H15N 13618-93-4 125.212 75430.9074101.4748 vs eth, EtOH 8336 trans -Octahydro-1(2 H)- naphthalenoneC10H16O 21370-71-8 152.233 33 122200.986201.484921No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g22/g28 H3C(CH 2)78CH3 Octacontane OctacosaneOHO Octacosanoic acidOH 1-OctacosanolOHO 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid Octadecahydrochrysene SiOSiOSiOSiOSiOSiOSiOSi OctadecamethyloctasiloxaneNH 2O Octadecanamide OctadecaneN OctadecanenitrileSH 1-OctadecanethiolOH 1-Octadecanol ClO Octadecanoyl chlorideOHO trans,cis,trans -9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acidOHO trans,trans,trans -9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acidNH 2O cis-9-Octadecenamide 1-OctadeceneN cis-9-Octadecenenitrile OHO cis-6-Octadecenoic acidOHO trans -11-Octadecenoic acidOH cis-9-Octadecen-1-olNH 2 cis-9-OctadecenylamineOO Octadecyl acetateOO Octadecyl acrylate NH 2 Octadecylamine Octadecylbenzene OctadecylcyclohexaneOHO O Octadecyl 3-(3,5-Di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate NCO Octadecyl isocyanateOO Octadecyl methacrylateO O Octadecyl octadecanoateO OHOH 3-(Octadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediolO Octadecyl vinyl ether 1,7-Octadiene 1,7-OctadiyneOHFF FFFF F F 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-OctahydroanthraceneNH Octahydroazocine OctahydroindeneN Octahydroindolizine/g3OH H trans -Octahydro-1(2 H)-naphthalenone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g23/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128337 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8- OctahydrophenanthreneC14H18 5325-97-3 186.293 16.7 295 1.026201.556917i H2O; s ace, bz, CS2, HOAc 8338 trans -Octahydro-2 H-quinolizine-1- methanol, (1 R)Lupinine C10H19NO 486-70-4 169.264 orth (peth) 70 270 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth 8339 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8- OctamethylcyclotetrasilazaneC8H28N4Si4 1020-84-4 292.677 97 8340 Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane C8H24O4Si4 556-67-2 296.617 17.5 175.8 0.9561201.396820i H2O; s ctc 8341 1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7- OctamethyltetrasiloxaneC8H26O3Si4 16066-09-4 282.632 170 0.8559201.385420 8342 Octamethyltrisiloxane C8H24O2Si3 107-51-7 236.533 liq -80 153; 51170.8200201.384020sl EtOH; s bz, peth 8343 Octanal Caprylic aldehyde C8H16O 124-13-0 128.212 171 0.8211201.421720vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 8344 Octanamide C8H17NO 629-01-6 143.227 lf, pl 108 239 0.8450110sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, ace 8345 2-Octanamine, (±) C8H19N 44855-57-4 129.244 97 164 0.7744201.423225vs eth, EtOH 8346 Octane C8H18 111-65-9 114.229 liq -56.82 125.67 0.6986251.394425i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz 8347 1,8-Octanediamine C8H20N2 373-44-4 144.258 pl 51.64 225 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 8348 Octanedinitrile Suberonitrile C8H12N2 629-40-3 136.194 -1.8 185150.954251.443620 8349 Octanedioic acid Suberic acid C8H14O4 505-48-6 174.195 lo nd or pl (w) 144 21920i H2O; msc eth, bz; sl DMSO 8350 1,2-Octanediol C8H18O2 1117-86-8 146.228 30 13110, 1040.2 8351 1,8-Octanediol C8H18O2 629-41-4 146.228 nd (bz-lig), pr 63 17220sl H2O, eth, chl, lig; vs EtOH; s bz 8352 Octanenitrile Caprylnitrile C8H15N 124-12-9 125.212 liq -45.6 205.25 0.8136201.420320vs eth 8353 1-Octanethiol Octyl mercaptan C8H18S 111-88-6 146.294 liq -49.2 199.1 0.8433201.454020s EtOH; sl ctc 8354 Octanoic acid Caprylic acid C8H16O2 124-07-2 144.212 16.5 239 0.9073251.428520sl H2O; msc EtOH, chl, CH3CN 8355 Octanoic anhydride C16H30O3 623-66-5 270.407 liq -1 282.5 0.9065181.435818vs ace, eth, EtOH 8356 1-Octanol Capryl alcohol C8H18O 111-87-5 130.228 liq -14.8 195.16 0.8262251.429520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 8357 2-Octanol (±)- sec-Caprylic alcohol C8H18O 4128-31-8 130.228 liq -31.6 179.3 0.8193201.420320sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 8358 3-Octanol C8H18O 589-98-0 130.228 liq -45 171 0.825820 8359 4-Octanol C8H18O 74778-22-6 130.228 liq -40.7 176.3 0.8186201.424820sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH 8360 2-Octanone Hexyl methyl ketone C8H16O 111-13-7 128.212 liq -16 172.5 0.820201.415120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8361 3-Octanone Ethyl pentyl ketone C8H16O 106-68-3 128.212 167.5 0.822251.415020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8362 4-Octanone Butyl propyl ketone C8H16O 589-63-9 128.212 163 0.8146251.417314i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 8363 Octanoyl chloride C8H15ClO 111-64-8 162.657 liq -63 195.6 0.9535151.433520s eth 8364 Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane C48H40O4Si4 546-56-5 793.172 nd (bz-al, HOAc)200.5 3301i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, chl, HOAc 8365 1,3,5,7-Octatetraene C8H10 1482-91-3 106.165 cry (bz) 50 sub s peth, HOAc 8366 trans -2-Octenal C8H14O 2548-87-0 126.196 liq 85190.846 1.450020 8367 1-Octene Caprylene C8H16 111-66-0 112.213 liq -101.7 121.29 0.7149201.408720i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc 8368 cis-2-Octene C8H16 7642-04-8 112.213 liq -100.2 125.6 0.7243201.415020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 8369 trans -2-Octene C8H16 13389-42-9 112.213 liq -87.7 125 0.7199201.413220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl 8370 cis-3-Octene C8H16 14850-22-7 112.213 liq -126 122.9 0.7159201.413520vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 8371 trans -3-Octene C8H16 14919-01-8 112.213 liq -110 123.3 0.7152201.412620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 8372 cis-4-Octene C8H16 7642-15-1 112.213 liq -118.7 122.5 0.7212201.414820vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 8373 trans -4-Octene C8H16 14850-23-8 112.213 liq -93.8 122.3 0.7141201.411420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc 8374 1-Octen-3-ol C8H16O 3391-86-4 128.212 174; 69120.8395131.439112 8375 2-Octen-1-ol C8H16O 22104-78-5 128.212 88110.850201.447020 8376 1-Octen-3-yne C8H12 17679-92-4 108.181 134; 62600.7749201.459220vs eth 8377 Octhilinone 2-Octyl-3(2 H)-isothiazolone C11H19NOS 26530-20-1 213.340 1200.01No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g23/g201,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-OctahydrophenanthreneNOH H trans -Octahydro-2 H-quinolizine-1-methanol, (1 R)N NSiNSi Si N SiH HH H 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8-OctamethylcyclotetrasilazaneO OSiOSi Si O Si OctamethylcyclotetrasiloxaneSi OSi OH Si OH Si 1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7-OctamethyltetrasiloxaneOSi OSi Si Octamethyltrisiloxane O OctanalNH 2O OctanamideNH 2 2-Octanamine, (±) OctaneNH 2H2N 1,8-OctanediamineNN Octanedinitrile HO OOHO Octanedioic acidOH OH 1,2-OctanediolOHHO 1,8-OctanediolN OctanenitrileSH 1-Octanethiol OHO Octanoic acidOOO Octanoic anhydrideOH 1-OctanolOH 2-OctanolOH 3-Octanol OH 4-OctanolO 2-OctanoneO 3-OctanoneO 4-OctanoneClO Octanoyl chlorideO OSiOSi Si O Si Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane 1,3,5,7-OctatetraeneO trans -2-Octenal 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans -2-Octene cis-3-Octene trans -3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans -4-OcteneOH 1-Octen-3-olOH 2-Octen-1-ol 1-Octen-3-yneSNO Octhilinone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g23/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128378 Octyl acetate C10H20O2 112-14-1 172.265 liq -38.5 210 0.8705201.415020i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 8379 Octyl acrylate Octyl 2-propenoate C11H20O2 2499-59-4 184.276 229; 570.050.881020 8380 Octylamine 1-Octanamine C8H19N 111-86-4 129.244 0 179.6 0.7826201.429220sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 8381 Octylamine hydrochloride 1-Octanamine hydrochloride C8H20ClN 142-95-0 165.705 196.5 s H2O 8382 4-Octylaniline C14H23N 16245-79-7 205.340 20 310; 13850.912820vs eth 8383 Octylbenzene C14H22 2189-60-8 190.325 liq -36 264 0.8562201.484520i H2O; msc eth, bz 8384 Octyl butanoate C12H24O2 110-39-4 200.318 liq -55.6 244.1 0.8629201.426715vs EtOH 8385 Octylcyclohexane C14H28 1795-15-9 196.372 liq -20 264 0.8138201.450320 8386 Octylcyclopentane C13H26 1795-20-6 182.345 liq -44 243 0.8048201.444620 8387 2-Octyldecanoic acid C18H36O2 619-39-6 284.478 nd or lf (al) 38.5 215130.844770vs eth, EtOH 8388 Octyldimethylamine N,N-Dimethyl-1-octanamine C10H23N 7378-99-6 157.297 194 8389 Octyl diphenyl phosphate C20H27O4P 115-88-8 362.399 1.0925 8390 Octyl formate C9H18O2 112-32-3 158.238 liq -39.1 198.8 0.8744201.420815i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc 8391 Octyl isocyanate C9H17NO 3158-26-7 155.237 786 8392 Octyl methacrylate C12H22O2 2157-01-9 198.302 239.5 8393 Octyl nitrate C8H17NO3 629-39-0 175.226 110200.9750sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 8394 Octyl nitrite C8H17NO2 629-46-9 159.227 174.5 0.862171.412720sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 8395 Octyl octanoate C16H32O2 2306-88-9 256.424 liq -18.1 306.8 0.8554201.435220vs ace, eth, EtOH 8396 Octyloxirane C10H20O 2404-44-6 156.265 liq 12895, 9730 8397 4-(Octyloxy)benzaldehyde C15H22O2 24083-13-4 234.335 1310.5 8398 4-Octylphenol C14H22O 1806-26-4 206.324 43.0 16910, 1504 8399 Octyl phenyl ether (Octyloxy)benzene C14H22O 1818-07-1 206.324 8 285 0.9131151.487520i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8400 4-Octylphenyl salicylate 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-octylphenyl esterC21H26O3 2512-56-3 326.429 wh cry 73 8401 Octyl propanoate C11H22O2 142-60-9 186.292 liq -42.6 228 0.8663201.422115i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc 8402 1-Octyne Hexylacetylene C8H14 629-05-0 110.197 liq -79.3 126.3 0.7461201.415920i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8403 2-Octyne Methylpentylacetylene C8H14 2809-67-8 110.197 liq -61.6 137.6 0.7596201.427820i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8404 3-Octyne C8H14 15232-76-5 110.197 liq -103.9 133.1 0.7529201.425020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8405 4-Octyne Dipropylacetylene C8H14 1942-45-6 110.197 liq -101 131.6 0.7509201.424820i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8406 2-Octyn-1-ol 2-Octynol C8H14O 20739-58-6 126.196 -18 98150.8805201.455620vs eth 8407 Oleandrin C32H48O9 465-16-7 576.718 cry (EtOH) 250 dec i H2O; s EtOH, chl 8408 Olean-12-en-3-ol, (3 β) β-Amyrin C30H50O 559-70-6 426.717 nd (lig or al) 197 26005i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, lig; s eth, bz 8409 Oleanolic acid C30H48O3 508-02-1 456.700 nd or pr (al) 310 dec sub 280 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace; vs py, HOAc 8410 Oleic acid cis-9-Octadecenoic acid C18H34O2 112-80-1 282.462 13.4 360; 2861000.8935201.458220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc 8411 Omeprazole C17H19N3O3S 73590-58-6 345.416 cry (MeCN) 156 8412 Omethoate C5H12NO4PS 1113-02-6 213.192 oil ≈135 dec 1.32201.498720msc H2O; i hx 8413 Orange I 1-Naphthol Orange C16H11N2NaO4S 523-44-4 350.324 red-br pow s H2O; sl EtOH; i bz 8414 Orange IV Tropaeolin OO C18H14N3NaO3S 554-73-4 375.377 ye pow s H2O 8415 Orcein 1400-62-0 br-red pow 8416 L-Ornithine 2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid, ( S)C5H12N2O2 70-26-8 132.161 micro cry (al- eth)140 vs H2O, EtOH 8417 L-Ornithine, monohydrochloride C5H13ClN2O2 3184-13-2 168.622 nd 215 vs H2O 8418 Orotic acid 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4- pyrimidinecarboxylic acidC5H4N2O4 65-86-1 156.097 cry (w) 345.5 sl H2O; i osNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g23/g22 OO Octyl acetate/g3OO Octyl acrylate/g3 NH 2 Octylamine/g3 NH 2HCl Octylamine hydrochlorideNH 2 4-Octylaniline OctylbenzeneOO Octyl butanoate Octylcyclohexane OctylcyclopentaneOHO 2-Octyldecanoic acidN OctyldimethylamineO POO O Octyl diphenyl phosphateO O Octyl formateNCO Octyl isocyanate OO Octyl methacrylateONOO Octyl nitrateONO Octyl nitriteOO Octyl octanoateO OctyloxiraneO O 4-(Octyloxy)benzaldehyde OH 4-Octylphenol/g3 O Octyl phenyl ether/g3OH OO 4-Octylphenyl salicylate/g3O O Octyl propanoate 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne/g3 OH 2-Octyn-1-olO HO OOHH OHO OOO Oleandrin HOH Olean-12-en-3-ol, (3 β)OH OH HO Oleanolic acidOHO Oleic acidN HNSNO O OmeprazoleO POSOH N O OmethoateHONNSO OO Na Orange I H N NN S OO O Na Orange IVO OH NH 2H2N L-OrnithineO OH H2N NH 2HCl L-Ornithine, monohydrochlorideNHNHOO H O O Orotic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g23/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128419 Oroxylin A 5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenyl- 4H-1-benzopyran-4-oneC16H12O5 480-11-5 284.263 ye nd (al) 231.5 vs ace, eth, EtOH 8420 Orphenadrine C18H23NO 83-98-7 269.382 19512 8421 Oryzalin Benzenesulfonamide, 4- (dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitro-C12H18N4O6S 19044-88-3 346.359 141 8422 Ouabain C29H44O12 630-60-4 584.652 hyg pl (+9w) 200 sl H2O; vs EtOH 8423 7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane C6H10O 286-20-4 98.142 <-10 131.5 0.9663201.451920i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl; sl ctc 8424 6-Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane C5H8O 285-67-6 84.117 102 0.964251.433620 8425 Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one Exaltolide C15H28O2 106-02-5 240.382 thick oil 176150.9549201.470820 8426 1,3,4-Oxadiazole 1-Oxa-3,4-diazacyclopentadiene C2H2N2O 288-99-3 70.049 150 1.430025 8427 Oxadiazon C15H18Cl2N2O319666-30-9 345.221 90 8428 Oxadixyl C14H18N2O4 77732-09-3 278.304 104 8429 Oxalic acid C2H2O4 144-62-7 90.035 orth pym or oct 189.5 dec sub 157 1.90017s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, peth 8430 Oxalic acid dihydrate C2H6O6 6153-56-6 126.065 mcl tab or pr 101.5 1.65318s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 8431 Oxaloacetic acid Oxalacetic acid C4H4O5 328-42-7 132.072 161 dec 8432 Oxalyl chloride Oxalyl dichloride C2Cl2O2 79-37-8 126.926 liq -16 63.5 1.4785201.431620s eth 8433 Oxalyl dihydrazide C2H6N4O2 996-98-5 118.095 nd (w) 244.0 1.45822s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl 8434 Oxamic acid C2H3NO3 471-47-6 89.050 cry (w) 210 dec sl H2O; i EtOH, eth 8435 Oxamide C2H4N2O2 471-46-5 88.065 nd (w) 350 dec 1.66720sl H2O, EtOH; i eth 8436 Oxamniquine C14H21N3O3 21738-42-1 279.335 ye-oran cry 149 s ace, chl, MeOH 8437 Oxamyl C7H13N3O3S 23135-22-0 219.261 109 dec 0.9725 8438 Oxandrolone C19H30O3 53-39-4 306.439 236 8439 1,4-Oxathiane C4H8OS 15980-15-1 104.171 liq -17 147 1.117420sl H2O 8440 Oxazepam C15H11ClN2O2 604-75-1 286.713 cry (EtOH) 205.5 i H2O; s EtOH, chl, diox 8441 Oxazole C3H3NO 288-42-6 69.062 69.5 1.428517 8442 Oxepane C6H12O 592-90-5 100.158 119 0.89251.440020 8443 2-Oxepanone Caprolactone C6H10O2 502-44-3 114.142 liq -1.0 215 1.0761201.461120s EtOH, eth, ace 8444 Oxetane Trimethylene oxide C3H6O 503-30-0 58.079 liq -97 47.6 0.8930251.396120msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace 8445 2-Oxetanone β-Propiolactone C3H4O2 57-57-8 72.063 liq -33.4 162 1.1460201.410520msc eth; s chl 8446 3-Oxetanone C3H4O2 6704-31-0 72.063 unstab liq 106 1.137 8447 Oxirane Ethylene oxide C2H4O 75-21-8 44.052 vol liq or gas -112.5 10.6 0.8821101.35977s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz 8448 Oxiranecarboxaldehyde Glycidaldehyde C3H4O2 765-34-4 72.063 liq -62 112.5 1.1403201.426520 8449 Oxiranemethanol, (±) Glycidol C3H6O2 61915-27-3 74.079 -45 dec 167; 662.51.1143251.428720vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH; s bz, chl 8450 α-Oxobenzeneacetaldehyde aldoxime Isonitrosoacetophenone C8H7NO2 532-54-7 149.148 129 sl H2O; s chl 8451 α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid C8H6O3 611-73-4 150.132 pr (CCl4) 66 16315vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; i CS2 8452 α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid, methyl esterC9H8O3 15206-55-0 164.158 247 1.526820 8453 α-Oxobenzeneacetonitrile C8H5NO 613-90-1 131.132 32.5 206 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl 8454 γ-Oxobenzenebutanoic acid C10H10O3 2051-95-8 178.184 lf (dil al) 116.5 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 8455 β-Oxobenzenepropanenitrile Benzoylacetonitrile C9H7NO 614-16-4 145.158 80.5 16010sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, alk, aq KCN 8456 α-Oxobenzenepropanoic acid 3-Phenylpyruvic acid C9H8O3 156-06-9 164.158 lf (bz, chl) 157.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig 8457 2-Oxo-2 H-1-benzopyran-3- carboxylic acidCoumarin-3-carboxylic acid C9H6O3 531-81-7 162.142 nd (w, bz) 190 dec vs EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g23/g24 OO OH O HO Oroxylin AON OrphenadrineSOONH 2 NO ONO ON OryzalinOOHH OH O HO OH OHHO HO HOOO OuabainO 7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptaneO 6-Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexaneO O Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one NN O 1,3,4-OxadiazoleNN OOClClO OxadiazonONNOO O OxadixylO OHHO O Oxalic acidO OHOOH2H2O Oxalic acid dihydrateO OHOH HO O Oxaloacetic acidO OClCl Oxalyl chlorideO NHNH 2H N OH2N Oxalyl dihydrazide O NH 2HO O Oxamic acidO NH 2H2N O OxamideN HH NNO OHO OxamniquineN SO N OH N O OxamylOH OOH OxandroloneSO 1,4-OxathianeNH NO ClOH OxazepamON Oxazole /g3 O OxepaneOO 2-OxepanoneO OxetaneOO 2-OxetanoneOO 3-OxetanoneO OxiraneOO OxiranecarboxaldehydeOOH Oxiranemethanol, (±)O NOH α-Oxobenzeneacetaldehyde aldoximeO OH O α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid O O O α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid, methyl esterO N α-OxobenzeneacetonitrileO OH O γ-Oxobenzenebutanoic acidON β-OxobenzenepropanenitrileOOHO α-Oxobenzenepropanoic acidOOOHO 2-Oxo-2 H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxylic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g23/g25/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 8458 Oxobis(2,4-pentanedione)vanadium Vanadyl acetylacetonate C10H14O5V 3153-26-2 265.157 bl cry 258 1740.2i H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, bz, chl 8459 2-Oxobutanoic acid C4H6O3 600-18-0 102.089 33 81161.200171.397220vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth 8460 4-Oxobutanoic acid C4H6O3 692-29-5 102.089 oil 13514s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 8461 2-Oxoglutaric acid α-Ketoglutaric acid C5H6O5 328-50-7 146.099 cry (ace-bz) 115.5 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace 8462 6-Oxoheptanoic acid C7H12O3 3128-07-2 144.168 40.2 251280, 13511.430625vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 8463 5-Oxohexanoic acid C6H10O3 3128-06-1 130.141 13.5 274.5 1.09251.445120s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 8464 α-Oxo-1 H-indole-3-propanoic acid Indole-3-pyruvic acid C11H9NO3 392-12-1 203.194 gray cry 211 8465 Oxolinic acid C13H11NO5 14698-29-4 261.230 cry (DMF) 313 dec 8466 4-Oxopentanal C5H8O2 626-96-0 100.117 <-21 dec 187 1.0134211.425722vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 8467 3-Oxopentanedioic acid Acetonedicarboxylic acid C5H6O5 542-05-2 146.099 nd (AcOEt) 138 dec s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, lig 8468 2-Oxopentanoic acid C5H8O3 1821-02-9 116.116 6.5 179 1.097014sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, lig, CS2 8469 4-Oxopentanoic acid Levulinic acid C5H8O3 123-76-2 116.116 lf or pl 33 dec 245 1.1335201.439620vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 8470 4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)butanoic acid Succinanilic acid C10H11NO3 102-14-7 193.199 nd (w) 148.5 sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth 8471 cis-4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)-2- butenoic acidMaleanilic acid C10H9NO3 555-59-9 191.183 mcl ye cry 192 dec 1.41830 8472 Oxophenylarsine Phenylarsine oxide C6H5AsO 637-03-6 168.025 cry (bz-eth) or (chl-eth)145 i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; vs bz, chl 8473 4-Oxo-4-phenyl-2-butenoic acid C10H8O3 583-06-2 176.169 nd or pr (tol) 99 sl H2O, chl, lig; s EtOH, eth, tol 8474 2-Oxopropanal oxime Isonitrosoacetone C3H5NO2 306-44-5 87.078 nd(CCl4) lf (eth-peth)69 sub 1.074467s H2O, eth; sl bz, ctc, chl 8475 2-Oxopropanenitrile C3H3NO 631-57-2 69.062 92.3 0.9745201.376420s eth, ace, CH3CN 8476 17-(1-Oxopropoxy)-androst-4-en-3- one, (17 β)Testosterone-17-propionate C22H32O3 57-85-2 344.487 120 vs eth, py, EtOH 8477 2-Oxo-2 H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid Coumalic acid C6H4O4 500-05-0 140.094 pr (MeOH) 207 dec 218120sl H2O, eth, ace; i bz, chl; s EtOH, HOAc 8478 4-Oxo-4 H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acidChelidonic acid C7H4O6 99-32-1 184.103 rose mcl nd (al- w,+1w)262 sl H2O, EtOH 8479 17-Oxosparteine C15H24N2O 489-72-5 248.364 ye to col hyg nd (peth)84 20912vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 8480 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl chloride) Diphenyl ether 4,4’-disulfonyl chlorideC12H8Cl2O5S2 121-63-1 367.225 cry (peth) 128 8481 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide)C12H14N4O5S2 80-51-3 358.393 cry (H2O) 164 dec 8482 Oxybutynin C22H31NO3 5633-20-5 357.486 cry 114 8483 Oxycarboxin Carboxin S,S-dioxide C12H13NO4S 5259-88-1 267.301 pr (EtOH) 129 sl H2O; s bz, EtOH; vs ace 8484 Oxychlordane C10H4Cl8O 27304-13-8 423.762 cry (pentane) 100 8485 Oxycodone Dihydro-14-hydroxycodeinone C18H21NO4 76-42-6 315.365 rods (EtOH) 219 i H2O, eth; s EtOH, chl 8486 Oxydemeton-methyl C6H15O4PS2 301-12-2 246.284 <-20 1060.011.28920 8487 10,10’-Oxydiphenoxarsine 10,10’-Oxybis[10 H-phenoxarsine] C24H16As2O3 58-36-6 502.225 col mcl cry 185 1.41 i H2O; s EtOH, chl; i CH2Cl2 8488 Oxyfluorfen C15H11ClF3NO442874-03-3 361.701 84 dec 358 1.3573 8489 Oxymetazoline C16H24N2O 1491-59-4 260.374 cry (bz) 182 i eth, chl 8490 Oxymetholone C21H32O3 434-07-1 332.477 cry 179 8491 Oxymethurea C3H8N2O3 140-95-4 120.107 pr(al) 126 14925s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl DMSO 8492 Oxyphenbutazone C19H20N2O3 129-20-4 324.373 cry (eth/peth) 124 s EtOH, MeOH, chl, bz, eth 8493 Oxyphenonium bromide C21H34BrNO3 50-10-2 428.404 191.5 vs H2O; sl EtOH 8494 Oxytetracycline C22H24N2O9 79-57-2 460.434 184.5 1.63420 8495 Oxytocin C43H66N12O12S250-56-6 1007.187 wh pow s H2O, BuOH TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g23/g26O V OO OO Oxobis(2,4-pentanedione)vanadiumOHO O 2-Oxobutanoic acidO OHO 4-Oxobutanoic acidO OH OHOO 2-Oxoglutaric acidO OH O 6-Oxoheptanoic acidO OHO 5-Oxohexanoic acidN HOOHO α-Oxo-1 H-indole-3-propanoic acid NO OOHO O Oxolinic acidOO 4-OxopentanalO OHO HOO 3-Oxopentanedioic acidO OH O 2-Oxopentanoic acidO OH O 4-Oxopentanoic acidO OH OHN 4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)butanoic acidHN O O OH cis-4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-butenoic acid AsO OxophenylarsineO OH O 4-Oxo-4-phenyl-2-butenoic acidO NOH 2-Oxopropanal oximeO N 2-OxopropanenitrileOHO O 17-(1-Oxopropoxy)-androst-4-en-3-one, (17 β)OOHOO 2-Oxo-2 H-pyran-5-carboxylic acidOO OH OHO O 4-Oxo-4 H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid NNHO H 17-OxosparteineSO O OClSO OCl 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl chloride)O SSO OO O N HN HNH 2 H2N 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide)OHO ON OxybutyninO SH N O OO OxycarboxinOClClCl Cl ClCl ClCl Oxychlordane OOO OHN OxycodoneO PSOOSO Oxydemeton-methylO AsOAs O 10,10’-OxydiphenoxarsineO F FFClO NO O OxyfluorfenOHNH N OxymetazolineOH HOHO Oxymetholone O N HN HOH HO OxymethureaN NO O OH OxyphenbutazoneOHOO N Br Oxyphenonium bromideHOH HN OH NH 2 O O O HOHO HOOH OxytetracyclineCys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly(NH 2) Oxytocin /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g23/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128496 Paclobutrazol C15H20ClN3O 76738-62-0 293.792 wh cry 166 1.22 i H2O; vs ace, MeOH; s xyl, hx 8497 Palustric acid C20H30O2 1945-53-5 302.451 cry (MeOH) 164.5 8498 Pamoic acid C23H16O6 130-85-8 388.369 315 8499 Pancuronium dibromide C35H60Br2N2O415500-66-0 732.670 cry 215 sl chl 8500 Panose 4- α-Isomaltosylglucose C18H32O16 33401-87-5 504.437 223 dec 8501 Panthesin C18H32N2O5S 135-44-4 388.522 pa ye pow (al) 158 vs H2O, EtOH 8502 Pantolactone C6H10O3 599-04-2 130.141 92 8503 Pantothenic acid C9H17NO5 79-83-4 219.235 ye visc oil vs H2O, bz, eth 8504 Papaveraldine C20H19NO5 522-57-6 353.369 nd (al),cry (bz, peth)210.5 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 8505 Papaverine C20H21NO4 58-74-2 339.386 wh pr (al-eth), nd (chl-peth)147.5 sub 135 1.337201.625 sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s ace, bz, py 8506 Papaverine hydrochloride Cerespan C20H22ClNO4 61-25-6 375.847 wh mcl pr (w) 224.5 vs H2O, EtOH 8507 Paraformaldehyde (CH2O)x 30525-89-4 30.026 164 dec 8508 Paraldehyde 2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane C6H12O3 123-63-7 132.157 12.6 124.3 0.9943201.404920sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl 8509 Paramethadione C7H11NO3 115-67-3 157.167 liq 1.121251.44925sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, bz, eth 8510 Paraoxon O,O-Diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphateC10H14NO6P 311-45-5 275.195 oily liq 1610.51.2683251.5096 s eth 8511 Paraquat C12H14N2 4685-14-7 186.252 cation 8512 Pararosaniline hydrochloride Basic fuchsin C19H18ClN3 569-61-9 323.819 pale viol pow 269 dec 8513 Parasorbic acid C6H8O2 10048-32-5 112.127 oily lig 100151.079181.473620vs H2O, eth, EtOH 8514 Parathion C10H14NO5PS 56-38-2 291.261 ye liq 6.1 375 1.2681201.537025i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc; vs EtOH, AcOEt 8515 Patchouli alcohol C15H26O 5986-55-0 222.366 56 0.9906651.502965i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8516 Pebulate C10H21NOS 1114-71-2 203.345 142200.9458201.475220vs ace, bz, MeOH 8517 Pelargonidin chloride C15H11ClO5 134-04-3 306.698 red br hyg (anh) pr or pl>350 s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl, MeOH 8518 Pellotine C13H19NO3 83-14-7 237.295 pl (al, peth) 111.5 vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth 8519 Pemoline 2-Amino-5-phenyl-4(5 H)-oxazolone C9H8N2O2 2152-34-3 176.172 cry 256 dec i H2O, eth, ace; sl hot EtOH 8520 Pendimethalin N-(1-Ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6- dinitroanilineC13H19N3O4 40487-42-1 281.308 56 dec 1.1925 8521 Penicillamine cysteine disulfide C8H16N2O4S2 18840-45-4 268.354 195 8522 Penicillin G Benzylpenicillinic acid C16H18N2O4S 61-33-6 334.390 amor wh pow sl H2O; s MeOH, EtOH, eth, chl, bz, ace 8523 Penicillin G procaine C29H38N4O6S 54-35-3 570.700 108 dec 1.255525s H2O, EtOH, chl 8524 Penicillin V Phenoxymethylpenicillin C16H18N2O5S 87-08-1 350.389 cry 124 dec sl H2O; s os 8525 1,2,3,4,5-Pentabromo-6- chlorocyclohexaneC6H6Br5Cl 87-84-3 513.085 cry 204 8526 Pentabromomethylbenzene C7H3Br5 87-83-2 486.619 288 2.9717i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s bz 8527 Pentabromophenol C6HBr5O 608-71-9 488.591 mcl pr (HOAc) nd (al)229.5 sub i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc; sl eth 8528 1,1,1,3,3-Pentabromo-2-propanone Pentabromoacetone C3HBr5O 79-49-2 452.559 nd (w, al) pr (eth)79.5 sub i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 8529 Pentac Dienochlor C10Cl10 2227-17-0 474.637 tan cry (peth) 122 8530 Pentacene Benzo[b]naphthacene C22H14 135-48-8 278.346 ye grn nd or lf (xyl)>300 dec i H2O; sl bz; s PhNO2 8531 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroaniline C6H2Cl5N 527-20-8 265.352 nd (al) 233.0 vs eth, EtOH, lig 8532 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroanisole Methyl pentachlorophenyl ether C7H3Cl5O 1825-21-4 280.363 nd MeOH 108.5No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g23/g28 ClN NN HO PaclobutrazolHOO Palustric acidHO OHO OH OHO Pamoic acidNN OOHOO BrBr Pancuronium dibromideO HO OHO OHO OH OHOHHO O HOOHOHO OH Panose H2NOO NOH SOO PanthesinOOH O PantolactoneHON HOHO O OH Pantothenic acidN OO OO O PapaveraldineNO O O O PapaverineNO O O OHCl Papaverine hydrochloride HHO x ParaformaldehydeO OO ParaldehydeONO O ParamethadioneNO OOPO OO ParaoxonNN ParaquatNH H2NN H 2HCl Pararosaniline hydrochlorideOO Parasorbic acidNO OOPO SO Parathion HO H Patchouli alcoholSNO PebulateOOH OHOH HO Cl Pelargonidin chlorideNO O OH PellotineONHO NH PemolineNOO NOO NH PendimethalinO OH NH 2SSNH 2 HO O Penicillamine cysteine disulfide S NOH OH OH N O Penicillin GS NOH OH OH N OOO N Penicillin G procaineNS OH OH OH N OO Penicillin VBr Br Br BrBrCl 1,2,3,4,5-Pentabromo-6-chlorocyclohexaneBr Br BrBrBr Pentabromomethylbenzene OH Br Br BrBrBr PentabromophenolO Br BrBr BrBr 1,1,1,3,3-Pentabromo-2-propanoneCl Cl ClCl Cl ClClClCl Cl Pentac PentaceneCl ClCl Cl ClNH 2 2,3,4,5,6-PentachloroanilineO Cl Cl ClClCl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroanisole /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g24/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128533 Pentachlorobenzene C6HCl5 608-93-5 250.337 nd (al) 86 277 1.834216i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS2 8534 Pentachlorobenzenethiol Pentachlorophenyl mercaptan C6HCl5S 133-49-3 282.402 231.5 8535 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl C12H5Cl5 18259-05-7 326.433 nd (peth) 123.5 i H2O 8536 2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl C12H5Cl5 37680-73-2 326.433 cry (EtOH) 78.5 i H2O 8537 1,2,3,4,7-Pentachlorodibenzo- p- dioxinC12H3Cl5O2 39227-61-7 356.416 cry (bz/MeOH) 195 8538 Pentachloroethane Refrigerant 120 C2HCl5 76-01-7 202.294 liq -28.78 162.0 1.6796201.502520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8539 Pentachlorofluoroethane C2Cl5F 354-56-3 220.284 col liq 101.3 138 1.7425i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8540 Pentachloronitrobenzene Quintozene C6Cl5NO2 82-68-8 295.335 cry (al) 144 dec 328 1.71825i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, chl 8541 Pentachlorophenol C6HCl5O 87-86-5 266.336 mcl pr (al + 1w) nd (bz)174 dec 310 1.97822i H2O; sl lig; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 8542 1,1,2,2,3-Pentachloropropane C3H3Cl5 16714-68-4 216.321 1815001.633251.509825 8543 1,1,2,3,3-Pentachloro-1-propene C3HCl5 1600-37-9 214.305 185 1.6317341.531320vs eth 8544 Pentachloropyridine C5Cl5N 2176-62-7 251.326 125.5 280 vs bz, EtOH, lig 8545 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene C7H3Cl5 877-11-2 264.364 nd (bz, peth) 224.8 301 sl EtOH, eth, CS2; s bz, tol, peth 8546 Pentacontane C50H102 6596-40-3 703.345 92.1 575.0 8547 Pentacosane C25H52 629-99-2 352.681 53.93 401.9; 282400.8012201.449120s bz, chl 8548 1 H-Pentadecafluoroheptane C7HF15 375-83-7 370.059 96.0 1.725251.269025 8549 Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid C8HF15O2 335-67-1 414.069 54.3 188 8550 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8- Pentadecafluoro-1-octanol1,1-Dihydroperfluorooctanol C8H3F15O 307-30-2 400.085 waxy solid 47 164; 688 8551 Pentadecanal C15H30O 2765-11-9 226.398 nd 24.5 18525vs ace, eth, EtOH 8552 Pentadecane C15H32 629-62-9 212.415 9.95 270.6 0.7685201.431520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 8553 Pentadecanoic acid Pentadecylic acid C15H30O2 1002-84-2 242.398 pl (dil al, HOAc) cry (peth)52.3 257 100, 15810.8423801.425480i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl tfa 8554 1-Pentadecanol C15H32O 629-76-5 228.414 43.9 300 0.834725i H2O 8555 2-Pentadecanone C15H30O 2345-28-0 226.398 39.5 294 0.818239 8556 8-Pentadecanone C15H30O 818-23-5 226.398 cry (al) 43 291 0.818039s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl 8557 1-Pentadecene C15H30 13360-61-7 210.399 liq -1.4 268.2 0.7764201.438920i H2O; s ace 8558 Pentadecylamine Pentadecanamine C15H33N 2570-26-5 227.430 37.3 307.6 0.8104201.448020vs eth, EtOH 8559 Pentadecylbenzene C21H36 2131-18-2 288.511 22 373 0.8548201.481520 8560 3-Pentadecyl-1,2-benzenediol 3-Pentadecylcatechol C21H36O2 492-89-7 320.510 nd (to, peth) 59.5 vs bz, eth, EtOH 8561 Pentadecylcyclohexane C21H42 6006-95-7 294.558 29 373 0.8267201.458820 8562 3-Pentadecylphenol C21H36O 501-24-6 304.510 nd (peth) 53.5 2308, 1971.5vs ace, bz, EtOH 8563 1-Pentadecyne C15H28 765-13-9 208.383 10 268 0.7928201.441920vs ace 8564 1,2-Pentadiene Ethylallene C5H8 591-95-7 68.118 liq -137.3 44.9 0.6926201.420920msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, hp 8565 cis-1,3-Pentadiene cis-Piperylene C5H8 1574-41-0 68.118 liq -140.8 44.1 0.6910201.436320msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, hp 8566 trans -1,3-Pentadiene trans -Piperylene C5H8 2004-70-8 68.118 liq -87.4 42 0.6710251.430120 8567 1,4-Pentadiene C5H8 591-93-5 68.118 vol liq or gas -148.2 26 0.6608201.388820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 8568 2,3-Pentadiene 1,3-Dimethylallene C5H8 591-96-8 68.118 liq -125.6 48.2 0.6950201.428420i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, hp, ctc 8569 1,4-Pentadien-3-ol C5H8O 922-65-6 84.117 115.5 0.860231.440017 8570 1,3-Pentadiyne Methyldiacetylene C5H4 4911-55-1 64.086 liq -38.5 55 0.7909201.443121i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 8571 Pentaerythritol C5H12O4 115-77-5 136.147 cry (dil HCl) 258 sub 1.548 s H2O; i eth, bz 8572 Pentaerythritol tetraacetate 2,2-Bis[(acetyloxy)methyl]-1,3- propanediol diacetateC13H20O8 597-71-7 304.293 tetr nd (w, bz) 83.5 1.27318s H2O; vs EtOH, ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g24/g20 Cl Cl Cl ClCl PentachlorobenzeneSH Cl Cl ClClCl PentachlorobenzenethiolCl Cl Cl Cl Cl 2,3,4,5,6-PentachlorobiphenylCl ClClClCl 2,2’,4,5,5’-PentachlorobiphenylOOCl Cl Cl ClCl 1,2,3,4,7-Pentachlorodibenzo- p-dioxinCl ClCl ClCl PentachloroethaneCl ClCl ClFCl PentachlorofluoroethaneN Cl Cl ClClClOO Pentachloronitrobenzene OH Cl Cl ClClCl PentachlorophenolCl ClCl Cl Cl 1,1,2,2,3-PentachloropropaneCl ClCl ClCl 1,1,2,3,3-Pentachloro-1-propeneNC lClCl Cl Cl PentachloropyridineCl Cl ClClCl 2,3,4,5,6-PentachlorotolueneH3C(CH 2)48CH3 Pentacontane PentacosaneF F FFF FFFF FFFF FF 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane O OH FFFF FFFF FFFF F FF Pentadecafluorooctanoic acidF FF FFFF FFFF FFFF OH 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Pentadecafluoro-1-octanolO Pentadecanal PentadecaneO OH Pentadecanoic acidOH 1-Pentadecanol O 2-PentadecanoneO 8-Pentadecanone 1-PentadeceneNH 2 Pentadecylamine Pentadecylbenzene OH OH 3-Pentadecyl-1,2-benzenediol PentadecylcyclohexaneOH 3-Pentadecylphenol 1-PentadecyneC CH2 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans -1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-PentadieneC 2,3-PentadieneOH 1,4-Pentadien-3-ol 1,3-PentadiyneHO HO OHOH PentaerythritolO OO O OOO O Pentaerythritol tetraacetate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g24/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128573 Pentaerythritol tetrakis(2- mercaptoacetate)C13H20O8S4 10193-99-4 432.553 liq 25011.385251.547020 8574 Pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate Tetramethylolmethane tetramethacrylateC21H28O8 3253-41-6 408.442 53.5 8575 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate C5H8N4O12 78-11-5 316.138 tetr (ace) pr (ace-al)140.5 1.77320sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, py 8576 Pentaethylbenzene C16H26 605-01-6 218.377 <-20 277 0.8971191.512720 8577 Pentaethyl tantalate Ethanol, tantalum(5+) salt C10H25O5Ta 6074-84-6 406.251 1511 8578 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluoroaniline C6H2F5N 771-60-8 183.079 34 153.5 8579 Pentafluorobenzaldehyde C7HF5O 653-37-2 196.074 20 167 1.450620 8580 Pentafluorobenzene C6HF5 363-72-4 168.064 liq -47.4 85.74 1.514251.390520 8581 Pentafluorobenzenethiol C6HF5S 771-62-0 200.129 liq -24 143 1.501251.464520 8582 Pentafluorobenzoic acid C7HF5O2 602-94-8 212.074 101 220 8583 Pentafluorobenzonitrile C7F5N 773-82-0 193.074 1.2 162 1.563201.440225 8584 Pentafluoroethane C2HF5 354-33-6 120.021 col gas -103 -48.1 8585 Pentafluoroiodobenzene C6F5I 827-15-6 293.960 liq -29 166 2.212201.495025 8586 Pentafluoromethoxybenzene Methyl pentafluorophenyl ether C7H3F5O 389-40-2 198.090 liq -37 138.5 1.493201.408720 8587 Pentafluorophenol C6HF5O 771-61-9 184.063 37.5 145.6 1.426320 8588 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane Refrigerant 245cb C3H3F5 1814-88-6 134.048 col gas -17.4 8589 2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol C3H3F5O 422-05-9 150.047 2650 8590 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene C7H3F5 771-56-2 182.091 liq -29.78 117.5 1.440201.401625 8591 1,1,2,4,4-Pentafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl)-1,3-butadieneC5F8 384-04-3 212.041 39 1.52701.30000vs ace, bz, eth 8592 Pentagastrin C37H49N7O9S 5534-95-2 767.892 col nd 230 dec i H2O, bz, EtOH, eth 8593 trans -3,3’,4’,5,7- Pentahydroxyflavanone, (±)Taxifolin C15H12O7 480-18-2 304.252 227 dec s chl 8594 Pentamethonium bromide C11H28Br2N2 541-20-8 348.161 301 sl H2O 8595 Pentamethylbenzene C11H16 700-12-9 148.245 pr (al) 54.5 232 0.917201.52720i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s chl 8596 2,4,6,8,10- PentamethylcyclopentasiloxaneC5H20O5Si5 6166-86-5 300.638 liq -108 169 0.9985201.391220 8597 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane C12H26 13475-82-6 170.334 liq -67 177.8 0.7463201.444020 8598 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl-3-heptene C12H24 123-48-8 168.319 liq 180.5 8599 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane C10H22 16747-44-7 142.282 liq -36.4 166.1 0.7767251.436120 8600 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane C10H22 16747-45-8 142.282 liq -38.7 159.3 0.7636251.430720 8601 Pentamethylphenol C11H16O 2819-86-5 164.244 nd (al, peth, ace)128 267 i H2O; s EtOH 8602 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine Pempidine C10H21N 79-55-0 155.281 147 0.858001.455021 8603 Pentamethylsilanamine C5H15NSi 2083-91-2 117.266 86 0.7400201.437924 8604 Pentanal Valeraldehyde C5H10O 110-62-3 86.132 liq -91.5 103 0.8095201.394420sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 8605 Pentanamide C5H11NO 626-97-1 101.147 mcl pl (peth, al) 106 225 0.87351101.4183110vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 8606 3-Pentanamine C5H13N 616-24-0 87.164 89 0.7487201.406320s EtOH; sl chl 8607 Pentane C5H12 109-66-0 72.149 liq -129.67 36.06 0.6262201.357520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc 8608 Pentanedial Glutaraldehyde C5H8O2 111-30-8 100.117 dec 188 msc H2O, EtOH; s bz 8609 1,5-Pentanediamine Cadaverine C5H14N2 462-94-2 102.178 11.83 179 0.873251.46320s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 8610 Pentanedinitrile Glutaronitrile C5H6N2 544-13-8 94.115 liq -29 286 0.9911151.429520vs EtOH, chl 8611 1,2-Pentanediol, (±) C5H12O2 91049-43-3 104.148 209 0.9723201.439719No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g24/g22 O OO O OOO OSH HS HSSH Pentaerythritol tetrakis(2-mercaptoacetate)O OO OOO OO Pentaerythritol tetramethacrylateO O OONN N NO O OO O OO O Pentaerythritol tetranitrate PentaethylbenzeneOTaO OOO Pentaethyl tantalateF FF F FNH 2 2,3,4,5,6-PentafluoroanilineO F F F FF PentafluorobenzaldehydeF F FFF Pentafluorobenzene SH F F FFF PentafluorobenzenethiolF F FFFHO O Pentafluorobenzoic acidF F FFFN PentafluorobenzonitrileFFF FF PentafluoroethaneF F FFFI PentafluoroiodobenzeneO F F FFF PentafluoromethoxybenzeneOH F F FFF PentafluorophenolFF F FF 1,1,1,2,2-PentafluoropropaneFF FOHFF 2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol F F FFF 2,3,4,5,6-PentafluorotolueneFF FF F FFF 1,1,2,4,4-Pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-butadieneN HN HOH N O SH N N HOH N ONH 2OOHO OO PentagastrinOOH HOO OH OH OH trans -3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavanone, (±)NNBr Br Pentamethonium bromide PentamethylbenzeneO Si OSiOSi OSiOSi 2,4,6,8,10-Pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl-3-heptene 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane 2,2,3,4,4-PentamethylpentaneOH PentamethylphenolN 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine NSi PentamethylsilanamineO PentanalNH 2O PentanamideNH 2 3-Pentanamine PentaneOO PentanedialH2NN H 2 1,5-PentanediamineN N PentanedinitrileOH OH 1,2-Pentanediol, (±) /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g24/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128612 1,4-Pentanediol C5H12O2 626-95-9 104.148 202; 125100.9883201.445223vs H2O, EtOH, chl 8613 1,5-Pentanediol Pentamethylene glycol C5H12O2 111-29-5 104.148 liq -18 239 0.9914201.449420s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz 8614 2,3-Pentanediol C5H12O2 42027-23-6 104.148 187.5; 100170.9798191.441225s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 8615 2,4-Pentanediol 2,4-Amylene glycol C5H12O2 625-69-4 104.148 199; 97130.9635201.434920vs H2O, EtOH 8616 1,5-Pentanediol diacetate Pentamethylene acetate C9H16O4 6963-44-6 188.221 2 241; 12331.0296201.426119 8617 2,3-Pentanedione Acetylpropionyl C5H8O2 600-14-6 100.117 dk ye liq 108 0.9565191.401419s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace 8618 2,4-Pentanedione Acetylacetone C5H8O2 123-54-6 100.117 liq -23 138 0.9721251.449420vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl 8619 Pentanedioyl dichloride C5H6Cl2O2 2873-74-7 169.006 217 1.324201.472820s eth; sl chl 8620 Pentanenitrile Valeronitrile C5H9N 110-59-8 83.132 liq -96.2 141.3 0.8008201.397120s eth, ace, bz; sl ctc 8621 1-Pentanethiol Pentyl mercaptan C5H12S 110-66-7 104.214 liq -75.65 126.6 0.850201.446920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8622 2-Pentanethiol sec-Pentyl mercaptan C5H12S 2084-19-7 104.214 liq -169 112.9 0.8327201.441220s EtOH, lig 8623 3-Pentanethiol 3-Pentyl mercaptan C5H12S 616-31-9 104.214 liq -110.8 105 0.8410201.444720s EtOH; sl DMSO 8624 Pentanoic acid Valeric acid C5H10O2 109-52-4 102.132 liq -33.6 186.1 0.9339251.408520s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 8625 Pentanoic anhydride C10H18O3 2082-59-9 186.248 liq -56.1 227 0.924201.417126vs eth, EtOH 8626 1-Pentanol Amyl alcohol C5H12O 71-41-0 88.148 liq -77.6 137.98 0.8144201.410120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 8627 2-Pentanol sec-Amyl alcohol C5H12O 6032-29-7 88.148 liq -73 119.3 0.8094201.405320sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl 8628 3-Pentanol Diethyl carbinol C5H12O 584-02-1 88.148 liq -69 116.25 0.8203201.410420sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 8629 2-Pentanone Methyl propyl ketone C5H10O 107-87-9 86.132 liq -76.8 102.26 0.809201.389520sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 8630 3-Pentanone Diethyl ketone C5H10O 96-22-0 86.132 liq -39 101.7 0.8098251.390525s H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 8631 2-Pentanone oxime Methyl propyl ketone oxime C5H11NO 623-40-5 101.147 168 0.9095201.445020vs H2O, eth, EtOH 8632 Pentanoyl chloride Valeroyl chloride C5H9ClO 638-29-9 120.577 liq -110 109 1.0155151.420020 8633 Pentaphene 2,3:6,7-Dibenzphenanthrene C22H14 222-93-5 278.346 ye grn lf(xyl) 257 i H2O; sl EtOH, xyl, eth; s bz 8634 1,2,3,5,6-Pentathiepane Lenthionine C2H4S5 292-46-6 188.378 60.5 8635 Pentatriacontane C35H72 630-07-9 492.947 cry (al) 74.6 490 0.8157201.456820i H2O; sl eth; s ace 8636 18-Pentatriacontanone C35H70O 504-53-0 506.930 lf (lig) 89.0 2700.10.79395i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, chl 8637 Pentazocine C19H27NO 359-83-1 285.423 cry (MeOH aq) 147 8638 4-Pentenal C5H8O 2100-17-6 84.117 99 0.852201.419120i H2O; s eth, ace 8639 1-Pentene α-Amylene C5H10 109-67-1 70.133 vol liq or gas -165.12 29.96 0.6405201.371520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc 8640 cis-2-Pentene cis-β-Amylene C5H10 627-20-3 70.133 liq -151.36 36.93 0.6556201.383020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, dil sulf 8641 trans -2-Pentene trans -β-Amylene C5H10 646-04-8 70.133 liq -140.21 36.34 0.6431251.379320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; vs dil sulf 8642 trans -3-Pentenenitrile C5H7N 16529-66-1 81.117 liq 144 0.837 1.422020 8643 4-Pentenenitrile C5H7N 592-51-8 81.117 140 0.8239241.421314i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8644 trans -3-Pentenoic acid C5H8O2 1617-32-9 100.117 193.2 0.98919 8645 4-Pentenoic acid Allylacetic acid C5H8O2 591-80-0 100.117 liq -22.5 188.5 0.9809201.428120sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 8646 1-Penten-3-ol C5H10O 616-25-1 86.132 115 0.839201.423920sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8647 cis-2-Penten-1-ol C5H10O 1576-95-0 86.132 138 0.8529201.435420s EtOH, eth, ace 8648 trans -2-Penten-1-ol C5H10O 1576-96-1 86.132 138 0.8471201.434120s EtOH, eth, ace 8649 3-Penten-2-ol, (±) C5H10O 42569-16-4 86.132 121.6; 65700.8328251.428020vs ace, eth, EtOH 8650 4-Penten-1-ol C5H10O 821-09-0 86.132 141 0.8457201.430920sl H2O, ctc; s eth 8651 4-Penten-2-ol C5H10O 625-31-0 86.132 116 0.8367201.422520vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8652 1-Penten-3-one Ethyl vinyl ketone C5H8O 1629-58-9 84.117 103; 44900.8468201.419520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 8653 trans -3-Penten-2-one C5H8O 3102-33-8 84.117 122 0.8624201.435020s H2O, eth, ace, ctc 8654 2-(3-Pentenyl)pyridine C10H13N 2057-43-4 147.217 216; 93120.9234251.507625 8655 1-Penten-3-yne Methylvinylacetylene C5H6 646-05-9 66.102 59.5 0.7401201.449620vs bz, eth 8656 1-Penten-4-yne C5H6 871-28-3 66.102 42.5 0.738161.412516i H2O; s eth, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g24/g24 OH OH 1,4-PentanediolOH HO 1,5-PentanediolOH OH 2,3-PentanediolOH OH 2,4-PentanediolOO OO 1,5-Pentanediol diacetateOO 2,3-PentanedioneO O 2,4-PentanedioneClO ClO Pentanedioyl dichlorideN Pentanenitrile SH 1-PentanethiolSH 2-PentanethiolSH 3-PentanethiolOHO Pentanoic acidOOO Pentanoic anhydrideOH 1-PentanolOH 2-PentanolOH 3-PentanolO 2-PentanoneO 3-Pentanone NHO 2-Pentanone oximeClO Pentanoyl chloride PentapheneS S SSS 1,2,3,5,6-Pentathiepane PentatriacontaneO 18-PentatriacontanoneHOH N Pentazocine O 4-Pentenal 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans -2-PenteneN trans -3-PentenenitrileN 4-PentenenitrileOHO trans -3-Pentenoic acidOHO 4-Pentenoic acidOH 1-Penten-3-olOH cis-2-Penten-1-ol OH trans -2-Penten-1-olOH 3-Penten-2-ol, (±)OH 4-Penten-1-olOH 4-Penten-2-olO 1-Penten-3-oneO trans -3-Penten-2-oneN 2-(3-Pentenyl)pyridine 1-Penten-3-yne 1-Penten-4-yne /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g24/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128657 cis-3-Penten-1-yne C5H6 1574-40-9 66.102 44.6 8658 trans -3-Penten-1-yne C5H6 2004-69-5 66.102 52.2 8659 Pentetic acid Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid C14H23N3O10 67-43-6 393.347 cry (w) 219 s H2O, alk 8660 Pentostatin C11H16N4O4 53910-25-1 268.270 wh cry (MeOH aq)222 8661 Pentryl 2-( N,2,4,6-Tetranitroanilino)ethanol C8H6N6O11 4481-55-4 362.167 wh-ye cry 129 1.82 i H2O, ctc; s chl; vs eth, bz 8662 Pentyl acetate Amyl acetate C7H14O2 628-63-7 130.185 liq -70.8 149.2 0.8756201.402320sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 8663 sec-Pentyl acetate ( R) sec-Amyl acetate ( R)C7H14O2 54638-10-7 130.185 142 0.8803181.401220vs eth, EtOH 8664 Pentylamine Amylamine C5H13N 110-58-7 87.164 liq -55 104.3 0.7544201.44820msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; sl chl 8665 4- tert-Pentylaniline C11H17N 2049-92-5 163.260 260.5 8666 Pentylbenzene Amylbenzene C11H16 538-68-1 148.245 liq -75 205.4 0.8585201.487820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 8667 Pentyl benzoate C12H16O2 2049-96-9 192.254 13715 8668 4-Pentylbenzoyl chloride C12H15ClO 49763-65-7 210.699 14410, 12181.036251.530020 8669 Pentyl butanoate Amyl butyrate C9H18O2 540-18-1 158.238 liq -73.2 186.4 0.8713151.412320i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 8670 tert-Pentyl carbamate tert-Amyl carbamate C6H13NO2 590-60-3 131.173 nd (dil al) 86 vs ace, bz 8671 Pentyl chloroformate C6H11ClO2 638-41-5 150.603 61151.418118s eth 8672 Pentylcyclohexane C11H22 4292-92-6 154.293 liq -57.5 203.7 0.8037201.443720vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 8673 Pentylcyclopentane C10H20 3741-00-2 140.266 liq -83 180 0.7912201.435620i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 8674 Pentyl formate Amyl formate C6H12O2 638-49-3 116.158 liq -73.5 130.4 0.8853201.399220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8675 Pentyl heptanoate Amyl enanthate C12H24O2 7493-82-5 200.318 liq -50 245.4 0.8623201.426315vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 8676 Pentyl hexanoate Amyl caproate C11H22O2 540-07-8 186.292 liq -47 226 0.8612251.420225s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 8677 1-Pentylnaphthalene C15H18 86-89-5 198.304 liq -22 307 0.9656201.572520 8678 Pentyl nitrite Amyl nitrite C5H11NO2 463-04-7 117.147 104.5 0.8817201.385120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8679 Pentyl nonanoate Pentyl pelargonate C14H28O2 61531-45-1 228.371 -27 131200.8506251.431820 8680 Pentyl octanoate Amyl octanoate C13H26O2 638-25-5 214.344 liq -34.8 260.2 0.8613201.426225i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 8681 4-(Pentyloxy)benzoyl chloride C12H15ClO2 36823-84-4 226.699 19830, 182251.087251.543420 8682 Pentyl pentanoate C10H20O2 2173-56-0 172.265 liq -78.8 203.7 0.8638201.416420sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8683 4-Pentylphenol C11H16O 14938-35-3 164.244 23 250.5 0.960201.527225vs eth, EtOH 8684 Pentyl propanoate C8H16O2 624-54-4 144.212 liq -73.1 168.6 0.8761251.409615i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc 8685 Pentyl salicylate C12H16O3 2050-08-0 208.253 270 1.064151.50620sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8686 Pentyl stearate C23H46O2 6382-13-4 354.610 pl 30 1.434250vs eth, EtOH 8687 1-Pentyne Propylacetylene C5H8 627-19-0 68.118 liq -90 40.1 0.6901201.385220i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s bz, chl; sl ctc 8688 2-Pentyne C5H8 627-21-4 68.118 liq -109.3 56.1 0.7058251.403920i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s bz, chl 8689 4-Pentynoic acid Propargylacetic acid C5H6O2 6089-09-4 98.101 57.7 11030, 10217vs eth, EtOH 8690 2-Pentyn-1-ol C5H8O 6261-22-9 84.117 liq -49.7 154; 61150.909201.451817 8691 3-Pentyn-1-ol C5H8O 10229-10-4 84.117 154 0.9002201.445420 8692 4-Pentyn-1-ol C5H8O 5390-04-5 84.117 154 0.913201.441420 8693 Perazine 10-[3-(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl) propyl]-10 H-phenothiazineC20H25N3S 84-97-9 339.498 cry 52 1650.001 8694 Perfluidone C14H12F3NO4S237924-13-3 379.375 143 8695 Perfluoroacetone Hexafluoroacetone C3F6O 684-16-2 166.021 col gas -125.45 -27.4 8696 Perfluorobutane Decafluorobutane C4F10 355-25-9 238.027 col gas -129.1 -1.9 1.648425s bz, chl 8697 Perfluoro-2-butene C4F8 360-89-4 200.030 col gas -129 1.5 1.529725No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g24/g26 cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans -3-Penten-1-yneNN HOOCHOOCCOOH N COOHCOOH Pentetic acidNN HN NOH O OHHO PentostatinNO 2 O2N NOONNOO ONO O PentrylOO Pentyl acetateOO sec-Pentyl acetate ( R) NH 2 PentylamineNH 2 4-tert-Pentylaniline PentylbenzeneOO Pentyl benzoateOC l 4-Pentylbenzoyl chlorideOO Pentyl butanoateO H2NO tert-Pentyl carbamateO ClO Pentyl chloroformate Pentylcyclohexane PentylcyclopentaneO O Pentyl formateOO Pentyl heptanoateOO Pentyl hexanoate 1-PentylnaphthaleneONO Pentyl nitrite OO Pentyl nonanoateOO Pentyl octanoateOCl O 4-(Pentyloxy)benzoyl chlorideOO Pentyl pentanoateOH 4-PentylphenolOO Pentyl propanoate OO OH Pentyl salicylateOO Pentyl stearate 1-Pentyne 2-PentyneOHO 4-Pentynoic acidOH 2-Pentyn-1-olOH 3-Pentyn-1-olOH 4-Pentyn-1-ol SNNN PerazineSOO N HS F FFOO PerfluidoneO F FFF FF PerfluoroacetoneFF FFFF FFFF PerfluorobutaneFFFF FF FF Perfluoro-2-butene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g24/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128698 Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran C8F16O 335-36-4 416.059 102.6 8699 Perfluorocyclobutane Octafluorocyclobutane C4F8 115-25-3 200.030 col gas -40.19 -5.9 1.50025 (p>1 atm)i H2O; s eth 8700 Perfluorocyclohexane C6F12 355-68-0 300.045 62.5 (triple point)52.8 sp 8701 Perfluorocyclohexene C6F10 355-75-9 262.048 52.0 1.6650251.29320 8702 Perfluorodecalin C10F18 306-94-5 462.078 liq -10 142 8703 Perfluorodecane C10F22 307-45-9 538.072 144.2 i H2O 8704 Perfluorodimethoxymethane C3F8O2 53772-78-4 220.018 col gas -161 -10 8705 Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane C6F14 354-96-1 338.042 liq -15 59.8 8706 Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether C4H5F5O 22052-81-9 164.074 vol liq or gas 28.11 8707 Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl etherC4H2F8O 156053-88-2 218.045 vol liq or gas 27.89 8708 Perfluoroheptane C7F16 335-57-9 388.049 liq -51.2 82.5 1.7333201.261820i H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 8709 Perfluoro-1-heptene C7F14 355-63-5 350.053 81.0 8710 Perfluorohexane C6F14 355-42-0 338.042 liq -88.2 56.6 1.6995201.251520i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 8711 Perfluoro-1-hexene C6F12 755-25-9 300.045 57.0 vs chl 8712 Perfluoroisobutane C4F10 354-92-7 238.027 col gas 0 8713 Perfluoroisobutene Perfluoroisobutylene C4F8 382-21-8 200.030 col gas -130 7 1.59220 8714 Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether C4H3F7O 22052-84-2 200.055 vol liq or gas 29.34 1.420520 8715 Perfluoromethylcyclohexane C7F14 355-02-2 350.053 liq -44.7 76.3 1.7878251.28517s ace, bz, ctc, tol, AcOEt 8716 Perfluoro-2-methylpentane C6F14 355-04-4 338.042 57.6 1.7326201.256422i H2O; s bz 8717 Perfluoro-3-methylpentane C6F14 865-71-4 338.042 liq -115 58.4 s bz 8718 Perfluoronaphthalene C10F8 313-72-4 272.094 87.5 209 8719 Perfluorononane C9F20 375-96-2 488.064 125.3 1.80025 8720 Perfluorooctane C8F18 307-34-6 438.057 105.9 1.73201.28220i H2O 8721 Perfluorooctylsulfonyl fluoride C8F18O2S 307-35-7 502.121 liq 154 8722 Perfluorooxetane C3F6O 425-82-1 166.021 col gas -117 -28.4 8723 Perfluoropentane C5F12 678-26-2 288.035 vol liq or gas -10 29.2 i H2O 8724 Perfluoropropane C3F8 76-19-7 188.019 col gas -147.70 -36.6 i H2O 8725 Perfluoropropene C3F6 116-15-4 150.022 col gas -156.5 -29.6 1.583-40i H2O 8726 Perfluoropropyl methyl ether C4H3F7O 375-03-1 200.055 34.23 1.409220 8727 Perfluoropyridine Pentafluoropyridine C5F5N 700-16-3 169.053 83.7 8728 Perfluorotoluene C7F8 434-64-0 236.062 liq -65.49 104.5 1.367020 8729 Perfluorotripropylamine C9F21N 338-83-0 521.069 130 1.82241.27925 8730 1 H-Perimidine C11H8N2 204-02-4 168.195 grn cry (dil al) 223.0 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl DMSO 8731 Permethrin C21H20Cl2O3 52645-53-1 391.288 cry or ye liq 34 2000.011.2320i H2O; s os 8732 Peroxyacetic acid Ethaneperoxoic acid C2H4O3 79-21-0 76.051 liq -0.2 110 1.226151.397420vs H2O, eth, sulf; s EtOH 8733 Peroxypropanoic acid Propaneperoxoic acid C3H6O3 4212-43-5 90.078 exp 119.7 1.414815 8734 Perphenazine C21H26ClN3OS 58-39-9 403.968 97 8735 Perthane Ethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis( p- ethylphenyl)-C18H20Cl2 72-56-0 307.258 56 8736 Perylene Dibenz[de,kl]anthracene C20H12 198-55-0 252.309 gold-br, ye pl (bz, HOAc)277.76 1.3525i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs ace, chl; s bz 8737 Peucedanin 3-Methoxy-2-isopropyl-7 H-furo[3,2- g][1]benzopyran-7-oneC15H14O4 133-26-6 258.270 pr or pl (bz- peth)85 27817sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; vs chl, CS2No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g24/g28 OFF FFFF F FF FF FFFFF Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuranFF F F F FFF PerfluorocyclobutaneFF FF FF FFF FF F PerfluorocyclohexaneF F F FFFFFF F PerfluorocyclohexeneFFF FFF FFFFFFFFF FF F PerfluorodecalinFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF F FF PerfluorodecaneFOO FFFFFF F PerfluorodimethoxymethaneFFFF FFFFF FFFF F Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutaneOF FFFF Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether OF FFFF F FF Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl etherF FFF FFFF FFFF FFFF PerfluoroheptaneF FFFF FFFF FFF FF Perfluoro-1-hepteneFF FFFF FFFF FFFF PerfluorohexaneFFFF FF FF FFFF Perfluoro-1-hexeneF FFFFF FF FF PerfluoroisobutaneFFFF F FFF PerfluoroisobuteneOF FFFFF F Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether FF F F FFFFFFFF FF PerfluoromethylcyclohexaneF FFF FFFF FFFF FF Perfluoro-2-methylpentaneFF FF FFFFF F F FF F Perfluoro-3-methylpentaneF F F F FFFF PerfluoronaphthaleneFF FFFF FFFF FFFF F FFF FF PerfluorononaneFFFF FFFFFF FFFF FFFF PerfluorooctaneSF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFFFO O Perfluorooctylsulfonyl fluoride OF FF F F F PerfluorooxetaneF FFF FFFF FFFF PerfluoropentaneF FFF FFFF PerfluoropropaneF FF F FF PerfluoropropeneO FFFF F FF Perfluoropropyl methyl etherNF F F FF PerfluoropyridineFFF F F FFF PerfluorotolueneN FF FF FFFF FF F FF FF FF FF F F PerfluorotripropylamineNH N 1H-Perimidine Cl ClO OO PermethrinOOHO Peroxyacetic acidOOHO Peroxypropanoic acidNS Cl N NOH PerphenazineCl Cl Perthane PeryleneOO OO Peucedanin /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g25/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128738 Phalloidin C35H48N8O11S 17466-45-4 788.868 nd (w) 281 (hyd) s EtOH, MeOH, py 8739 Phalloin C35H48N8O10S 28227-92-1 772.869 cry (w) 250 dec 8740 α-Phellandrene 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1,3- cyclohexadieneC10H16 99-83-2 136.234 238 174.9 0.8410201.47125i H2O; s eth 8741 β-Phellandrene p-Mentha-1(7),2-diene C10H16 555-10-2 136.234 171.5 0.8520201.478820i H2O, EtOH; s eth 8742 9-Phenanthrenamine C14H11N 947-73-9 193.244 lt ye cry (al) 138.3 sub sl eth, bz, chl 8743 Phenanthrene C14H10 85-01-8 178.229 mcl pl (al), lf (sub)99.24 340 0.980041.5943 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 8744 9,10-Phenanthrenedione Phenanthrenequinone C14H8O2 84-11-7 208.213 oran nd (to) oran-red pl (sub)209 1.405 22i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s eth 8745 Phenanthridine C13H9N 229-87-8 179.217 nd (dil al) 107.4 348.9 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; s ace 8746 1,7-Phenanthroline C12H8N2 230-46-6 180.205 pl (anh), nd (w+2)78 360 s H2O; vs EtOH; i eth, bz, lig 8747 1,10-Phenanthroline o-Phenanthroline C12H8N2 66-71-7 180.205 wh nd (bz) cry (w+1)117 >300 vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; i peth 8748 4,7-Phenanthroline C12H8N2 230-07-9 180.205 nd (w) 177 sub 100 s H2O, lig; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz, CS2 8749 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate o-Phenanthroline monohydrate C12H10N2O 5144-89-8 198.219 wh cry pow 93 s EtOH, ace; sl bz 8750 Phenazine Dibenzopyrazine C12H8N2 92-82-0 180.205 ye-red nd (HOAc)176.5 sl H2O, eth; s bz, EtOH 8751 2,3-Phenazinediamine 2,3-Diaminophenazine C12H10N4 655-86-7 210.234 ye nd 264 sub vs bz, EtOH 8752 1-Phenazinol Hemipyocyanine C12H8N2O 528-71-2 196.204 ye nd (bz, dil MeOH)158 sub sl H2O, EtOH; s bz, py, dil alk 8753 Phenazopyridine 2,6-Diamino-3-phenylazopyridine C11H11N5 94-78-0 213.239 red cry 139 8754 Phenazopyridine hydrochloride 3-(Phenylazo)-2,6-pyridinediamine, monohydrochlorideC11H12ClN5 136-40-3 249.700 ye-red cry sl H2O, EtOH; i bz, ace; s HOAc 8755 Phencarbamide C19H24N2OS 3735-90-8 328.471 48.5 1210.01vs eth, chl, MeOH, peth 8756 Phendimetrazine 3,4-Dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine C12H17NO 634-03-7 191.269 13412, 780.35 8757 Phenethicillin potassium C17H19KN2O5S 132-93-4 402.506 cry (ace) 235 s H2O 8758 Phenicin C14H10O6 128-68-7 274.225 ye-br (al) 230.5 sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl, HOAc 8759 Phenindamine C19H19N 82-88-2 261.361 cry 91 1.17 8760 Phenmedipham C16H16N2O4 13684-63-4 300.309 143 8761 Phenobarbital 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- pyrimidinetrioneC12H12N2O3 50-06-6 232.234 pl (w) 174 i H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; sl DMSO 8762 Phenol Hydroxybenzene C6H6O 108-95-2 94.111 40.89 181.87 1.0545451.540841s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; msc ace, bz 8763 Phenolphthalein 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3 H)- isobenzofuranoneC20H14O4 77-09-8 318.323 wh orth nd 262.5 1.27732i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, chl 8764 Phenolphthalin 2-[Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]benzoic acidC20H16O4 81-90-3 320.339 nd (w) 230.5 vs eth, EtOH 8765 Phenolphthalol C20H18O3 81-92-5 306.355 cry (dil al) 201.5 8766 Phenol Red Phenolsulfonphthalein C19H14O5S 143-74-8 354.376 dk red nd or pl >300 sl H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth, chl 8767 10 H-Phenothiazine Thiodiphenylamine C12H9NS 92-84-2 199.271 ye pr (al) ye lf or pl (tol)187.5 371 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 8768 Phenothrin C23H26O3 26002-80-2 350.450 col liq 1.061251.548325i H2O; s ace, xyl 8769 10 H-Phenoxazine C12H9NO 135-67-1 183.205 lf (dil al, bz) 156 dec vs bz, eth, EtOH 8770 Phenoxyacetic acid C8H8O3 122-59-8 152.148 nd or pl (w) 98.5 dec 285 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 8771 Phenoxyacetyl chloride C8H7ClO2 701-99-5 170.594 225.5 s ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g25/g20 OH N O NHHO OH NHO OH N H OON HOHN OHNO NHS PhalloidinOH N O NHOH NHO OH NH OON HOHN OHNO NHS Phalloin α-Phellandren e β-PhellandreneNH 2 9-Phenanthrenamine PhenanthreneOO 9,10-Phenanthrenedione N PhenanthridineNN 1,7-PhenanthrolineN N 1,10-PhenanthrolineNN 4,7-PhenanthrolineNN H2O 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrateNN PhenazineNN NH2 NH 2 2,3-PhenazinediamineNNOH 1-Phenazinol NNN NH 2 H2N PhenazopyridineNN H 2 H2NNN HCl Phenazopyridine hydrochlorideNS ON PhencarbamideN O PhendimetrazineKN OH H N OO OO Phenethicillin potassiumOO O O OH HO Phenicin N PhenindamineH N O OH N O O PhenmediphamN HNHO O O PhenobarbitalOH PhenolOO HO OH Phenolphthalein/g3HO OHOOH PhenolphthalinOH HO OH Phenolphthalol OSO O OH HO Phenol RedSH N 10H-PhenothiazineO OO PhenothrinOH N 10H-PhenoxazineOOHO Phenoxyacetic acidOClO Phenoxyacetyl chloride /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g25/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128772 Phenoxyacetylene C8H6O 4279-76-9 118.133 -36 61251.0614201.512520vs eth, EtOH 8773 2-Phenoxyaniline C12H11NO 2688-84-8 185.221 cry (lig) 45.8 308; 17214s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz 8774 3-Phenoxyaniline C12H11NO 3586-12-7 185.221 pr (lig) 37 315; 180101.158325s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig 8775 4-Phenoxyaniline C12H11NO 139-59-3 185.221 nd (w), cry (dil al)85.5 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl lig 8776 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde C13H10O2 39515-51-0 198.217 14.0 16911, 1400.11.147251.595420 8777 Phenoxybenzamine C18H22ClNO 59-96-1 303.827 39 s bz 8778 Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride C18H23Cl2NO 63-92-3 340.288 139 sl H2O; s EtOH 8779 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid C13H10O3 2243-42-7 214.216 lf (dil al) 113 355 1.155350i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 8780 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid C13H10O3 3739-38-6 214.216 nd (aq al) 145.8 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8781 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid C13H10O3 2215-77-2 214.216 pr (chl) 161 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 8782 2-Phenoxyethanol C8H10O2 122-99-6 138.164 oil 14 245 1.102221.53420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, alk 8783 2-Phenoxyethyl acrylate Phenyl Cellosolve acrylate C11H12O3 48145-04-6 192.211 11021.09025vs ace, eth, chl 8784 2-Phenoxyethyl butanoate C12H16O3 23511-70-8 208.253 251; 8821.038821vs ace, eth, EtOH 8785 3-Phenoxyphenol C12H10O2 713-68-8 186.206 1757 8786 4-Phenoxyphenol C12H10O2 831-82-3 186.206 84.0 8787 2-(3-Phenoxyphenyl)propanoic acid, (±)Fenoprofen C15H14O3 31879-05-7 242.270 visc oil 1700.111.574225 8788 3-Phenoxy-1,2-propanediol Phenylglyceryl ether C9H12O3 538-43-2 168.189 nd (eth, peth) 67.5 200221.22520vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 8789 2-Phenoxypropanoic acid C9H10O3 940-31-8 166.173 nd (w) 115.5 266; 10551.1865201.518420 8790 2-Phenoxy-1-propanol C9H12O2 4169-04-4 152.190 244 0.9801251.476025s EtOH, eth 8791 1-Phenoxy-2-propanol C9H12O2 770-35-4 152.190 233; 134201.0622201.523220 8792 1-Phenoxy-2-propanone Phenoxyacetone C9H10O2 621-87-4 150.174 229.5 1.0903201.522820s eth, ace 8793 2-Phenoxypropanoyl chloride C9H9ClO2 122-35-0 184.619 147; 116101.1865201.517820s eth 8794 Phenprocoumon 3-( α-Ethylbenzyl)-4- hydroxycoumarinC18H16O3 435-97-2 280.318 pr (MeOH aq) 179 8795 Phenthoate C12H17O4PS2 2597-03-7 320.364 ye oil 1230.01sl H2O; s hx 8796 Phentolamine C17H19N3O 50-60-2 281.352 175 8797 Phenyl acetate C8H8O2 122-79-2 136.149 196; 7581.0780201.503520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc 8798 2-Phenylacetophenone C14H12O 451-40-1 196.244 pl (al) 60 320 1.2010sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl 8799 N-(Phenylacetyl)-7- aminodeacetoxycephalosporanicacid7- Phenylacetamidodeacetoxycephalosporanic acidC 16H16N2O4S 27255-72-7 332.374 cry (2-PrOH/ peth)200 8800 Phenylacetylene Ethynylbenzene C8H6 536-74-3 102.134 liq -44.8 143 0.9300201.547020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl chl 8801 ( N-Phenylacetyl)glycine Phenaceturic acid C10H11NO3 500-98-1 193.199 lf (EtOH) 143 8802 Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Phenyl acetylsalicylate C15H12O4 134-55-4 256.254 96 8803 (Phenylacetyl)urea Phenacemide C9H10N2O2 63-98-9 178.187 cry (al) 215 vs bz, eth, EtOH 8804 9-Phenylacridine C19H13N 602-56-2 255.313 ye nd, lf (al) 184 404 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs bz 8805 L-Phenylalaninamide α-Aminobenzenepropanamide, ( S)- C9H12N2O 5241-58-7 164.203 82 8806 L-Phenylalanine α-Aminobenzenepropanoic acid, ( S)C9H11NO2 63-91-2 165.189 pr (w) 283 dec sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, acid 8807 L-Phenylalanine, ethyl ester Ethyl 2-amino-3-phenylpropionate C11H15NO2 3081-24-1 193.243 136 148131.06515sl H2O 8808 L-Phenylalanylglycine C11H14N2O3 721-90-4 222.240 262 dec s H2O 8809 3-Phenylallyl acetate C11H12O2 103-54-8 176.212 1235 8810 5-Phenyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- pyrimidinetrionePhenallymal C13H12N2O3 115-43-5 244.245 156.5 sl H2O, bz, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; i lig 8811 4-(Phenylamino)benzenesulfonic acid N-Phenylsulfanilic acid C12H11NO3S 101-57-5 249.285 pl (al-eth) 206 vs H2O, EtOH 8812 2-(Phenylamino)benzoic acid N-Phenylanthranilic acid C13H11NO2 91-40-7 213.232 lf (al) 183.5 i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bzNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g25/g22O PhenoxyacetyleneONH 2 2-PhenoxyanilineO NH 2 3-PhenoxyanilineO NH 2 4-PhenoxyanilineOO 3-PhenoxybenzaldehydeONCl PhenoxybenzamineONCl HCl Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride OHO O 2-Phenoxybenzoic acidO OO H 3-Phenoxybenzoic acidO HO O 4-Phenoxybenzoic acidOOH 2-PhenoxyethanolOOO 2-Phenoxyethyl acrylateOOO 2-Phenoxyethyl butanoateOO H 3-Phenoxyphenol O OH 4-PhenoxyphenolOO H O 2-(3-Phenoxyphenyl)propanoic acid, (±)OO HOH 3-Phenoxy-1,2-propanediolOOHO 2-Phenoxypropanoic acidOOH 2-Phenoxy-1-propanolOOH 1-Phenoxy-2-propanolOO 1-Phenoxy-2-propanone OClO 2-Phenoxypropanoyl chlorideOOH O PhenprocoumonS PSO OO O PhenthoateN N HNOH PhentolamineO O Phenyl acetateO 2-PhenylacetophenoneH N ONS HO OOH N-(Phenylacetyl)-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid PhenylacetyleneH N OOHO (N-Phenylacetyl)glycineOO OO Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoateH N ONH 2 O (Phenylacetyl)ureaN 9-PhenylacridineNH 2NH 2O L-PhenylalaninamideO OH NH 2 L-Phenylalanine NH 2OO L-Phenylalanine, ethyl esterNH 2N HO OH O L-PhenylalanylglycineOO 3-Phenylallyl acetateNHNH O OO 5-Phenyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrioneH N SOHO O 4-(Phenylamino)benzenesulfonic acidH NOO H 2-(Phenylamino)benzoic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g25/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128813 Phenyl 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoate Phenyl p-aminosalicylate C13H11NO3 133-11-9 229.231 153 8814 3-(Phenylamino)phenol C12H11NO 101-18-8 185.221 lf (w) 81.5 340 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, acid 8815 4-(Phenylamino)phenol C12H11NO 122-37-2 185.221 lf (w) 73 330 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s acid 8816 9-Phenylanthracene C20H14 602-55-1 254.325 bl lf (al)(HOAc) 156 417 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 8817 Phenylarsonous diiodide C6H5AsI2 6380-34-3 405.835 15 20514, 185101.626415 8818 4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediamine monohydrochlorideChrysoidine hydrochloride C12H13ClN4 532-82-1 248.711 red-br cry pow 118.5 vs ace 8819 4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediol C12H10N2O2 2051-85-6 214.219 dk red nd (dil al)170 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 8820 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine N-Phenyl-4-(phenylazo)benzenamine C18H15N3 101-75-7 273.332 ye pl or pr 84.0 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig 8821 4-(Phenylazo)-1-naphthalenamine α-Naphthyl Red C16H13N3 131-22-6 247.294 red-viol cry (EtOH)123 s EtOH, dil HCl, bz 8822 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenamine Yellow AB C16H13N3 85-84-7 247.294 red pl (al) 103 vs EtOH, HOAc 8823 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthol Sudan I C16H12N2O 842-07-9 248.278 ye cry 132 8824 4-(Phenylazo)phenol C12H10N2O 1689-82-3 198.219 ye lf (bz) oran pr (al)155 22520dec i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf 8825 1-[[4-(Phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-2- naphtholSudan III C22H16N4O 85-86-9 352.388 br lf (grn lustre) (HOAc)195 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, xyl, chl 8826 N-Phenylbenzamide Benzanilide C13H11NO 93-98-1 197.232 lf (al) 163 sub 117 1.31525i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, HOAc 8827 α-Phenylbenzeneacetaldehyde C14H12O 947-91-1 196.244 dec 315; 15771.1061211.592021i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz 8828 α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid Diphenylacetic acid C14H12O2 117-34-0 212.244 nd (w), lf (al) 147.29 194251.25715sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl 8829 α-Phenylbenzeneacetonitrile C14H11N 86-29-3 193.244 pr (eth), lf (dil al)74.3 18416s EtOH, chl; vs eth; sl lig 8830 α-Phenylbenzeneacetyl chloride C14H11ClO 1871-76-7 230.689 56.5 17016s lig 8831 N-Phenylbenzenecarbothioamide C13H11NS 636-04-4 213.298 ye pl or pr (al) 102 dec i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; sl lig 8832 N-Phenyl-1,2-benzenediamine C12H12N2 534-85-0 184.236 nd(w) 79.5 313 sl H2O, lig; s ace, bz, chl 8833 N-Phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine p-Aminodiphenylamine C12H12N2 101-54-2 184.236 nd(al) 66 354 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, lig 8834 α-Phenylbenzeneethanamine C14H15N 25611-78-3 197.276 311; 175151.03115vs eth, EtOH 8835 α-Phenylbenzeneethanol C14H14O 614-29-9 198.260 nd (peth-bz) 67 177151.036070 8836 α-Phenylbenzenemethanamine Benzhydrylamine C13H13N 91-00-9 183.249 hex pl 34 304; 176231.0633201.5963 sl H2O; s ace 8837 α-Phenylbenzenemethanimine C13H11N 1013-88-3 181.233 282 1.0847191.619119vs eth 8838 β-Phenylbenzenepropanoic acid C15H14O2 606-83-7 226.271 nd (dil al) 156.0 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace 8839 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Phenzidole C13H10N2 716-79-0 194.231 pl (HOAc) (al- w) nd (bz, w)293 sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, HOAc 8840 Phenyl benzoate C13H10O2 93-99-2 198.217 mcl pr (eth-al) 71 314 1.23520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 8841 2-Phenylbenzoic acid C13H10O2 947-84-2 198.217 lf (dil al) 114.3 343.5 i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, HOAc 8842 4-Phenylbenzoic acid C13H10O2 92-92-2 198.217 nd (bz, al) 228 sub i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 8843 2-Phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one Flavone C15H10O2 525-82-6 222.239 nd (lig), cry (30% al)100 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 8844 3-Phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one Isoflavone C15H10O2 574-12-9 222.239 148 8845 2-Phenylbenzothiazole C13H9NS 883-93-2 211.282 nd (dil al) 115 371 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 8846 N-Phenyl- N- benzylbenzenemethanamineC20H19N 91-73-6 273.372 69 226101.0444801.606580i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s eth, bz 8847 Phenyl biguanide N-Phenylimidodicarbonimidic diamideC8H11N5 102-02-3 177.207 143No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g25/g24H2NO O OH Phenyl 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoateH N OH 3-(Phenylamino)phenolH N OH 4-(Phenylamino)phenol 9-PhenylanthraceneAsII Phenylarsonous diiodideN NH2N NH 2HCl 4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediamine monohydrochlorideN NHO OH 4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediol HN NN 4-PhenylazodiphenylamineNNNH 2 4-(Phenylazo)-1-naphthalenamineNH 2NN 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenamineNN OH 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphtholNN OH 4-(Phenylazo)phenol/g3 OHNNNN 1-[[4-(Phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-2-naphtholN HO N-Phenylbenzamide O α-Phenylbenzeneacetaldehyd eOO H α-Phenylbenzeneacetic aci dN α-Phenylbenzeneacetonitril eOC l α-Phenylbenzeneacetyl chlorid eN HS N-PhenylbenzenecarbothioamideH NNH 2 N-Phenyl-1,2-benzenediamineNH 2H N N-Phenyl-1,4-benzenediamineNH 2 α-Phenylbenzeneethanamine OH α-PhenylbenzeneethanolNH 2 α-Phenylbenzenemethanamin eNH α-Phenylbenzenemethanimin e/g3O OH β-Phenylbenzenepropanoic acidN HN 2-PhenylbenzimidazoleOO Phenyl benzoateOH O 2-Phenylbenzoic acidOOH 4-Phenylbenzoic acid OO 2-Phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-oneOO 3-Phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-oneSN 2-PhenylbenzothiazoleN N-Phenyl- N-benzylbenzenemethanamineH NH N NHNH 2 HN Phenyl biguanide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g25/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128848 2-Phenyl-1,3-butadiene C10H10 2288-18-8 130.186 60170.925201.548920i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 8849 N-Phenylbutanamide C10H13NO 1129-50-6 163.216 mcl pr (al, bz, eth)97 189151.13425i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl 8850 Phenylbutanedioic acid, (±) C10H10O4 10424-29-0 194.184 lf or nd (w) 168 dec sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; i bz 8851 1-Phenyl-1,3-butanedione C10H10O2 93-91-4 162.185 pr 56 261.5 1.0599741.567878i H2O; s eth; sl chl 8852 Phenyl butanoate Phenyl butyrate C10H12O2 4346-18-3 164.201 225 1.038215i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8853 1-Phenyl-1-butanone C10H12O 495-40-9 148.201 12 228.5 0.988201.520320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc 8854 1-Phenyl-2-butanone C10H12O 1007-32-5 148.201 228; 111160.987720i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth; vs ace 8855 4-Phenyl-2-butanone C10H12O 2550-26-7 148.201 liq -13 233.5 0.9849221.51122i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace 8856 Phenylbutazone C19H20N2O2 50-33-9 308.374 105 8857 2-Phenyl-1-butene α-Ethylstyrene C10H12 2039-93-2 132.202 182 0.887251.528820 8858 1-Phenyl-2-buten-1-one C10H10O 495-41-0 146.185 20.5 11191.025151.562618 8859 trans -4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one Benzilideneacetone C10H10O 1896-62-4 146.185 pl 41.5 261 1.0097451.583645i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl peth 8860 4-Phenyl-3-butyn-2-one C10H8O 1817-57-8 144.170 4.5 7921.0215201.576220 8861 Phenyl chloroacetate C8H7ClO2 620-73-5 170.594 nd or pl (al) 44.5 232.5 1.2202441.514644i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 8862 Phenyl chloroformate C7H5ClO2 1885-14-9 156.567 719 8863 4-Phenyl-2-chlorophenol 3-Chloro-(1,1’-biphenyl)-4-ol C12H9ClO 92-04-6 204.651 wh-ye cry 77 1617 8864 2-Phenyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4- dioneC12H8O2 363-03-1 184.191 ye lf (peth, al) 114 sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth; vs chl 8865 4-Phenylcyclohexanone C12H14O 4894-75-1 174.238 cry (peth) 79 15812 8866 1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine Phencyclidine C17H25N 77-10-1 243.388 46.5 1361.0 8867 3-Phenyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one C11H10O 3810-26-2 158.196 liq -23 234.2 0.9711201.544020s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth 8868 N-Phenyl- N,N-diethanolamine C10H15NO2 120-07-0 181.232 57 200101.20160vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 8869 2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane C10H12O2 772-01-0 164.201 nd (peth) 41 253 1.605360vs EtOH, eth 8870 4-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane C10H12O2 772-00-9 164.201 247 1.1038201.530618i H2O; s os 8871 1-Phenyl-1-dodecanone C18H28O 1674-38-0 260.414 47 2019, 18150.8794181.470018i H2O; s ace; sl ctc 8872 1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol Styrene glycol C8H10O2 93-56-1 138.164 nd (lig) 67.5 273 vs H2O, eth, bz, EtOH; sl lig 8873 N-Phenylethanolamine C8H11NO 122-98-5 137.179 279.5; 150101.0945201.576020sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 8874 1-Phenylethanone oxime C8H9NO 613-91-2 135.163 nd (w) 60 245 1.051578sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc 8875 2-Phenylethyl acetate C10H12O2 103-45-7 164.201 liq -31.1 232.6 1.0883201.517120vs eth, EtOH 8876 1-Phenylethyl hydroperoxide C8H10O2 3071-32-7 138.164 liq 500.01 8877 N-(2-Phenylethyl) imidodicarbonimidic diamide, monohydrochloridePhenformin hydrochloride C 10H16ClN5 834-28-6 241.721 cry 177.3 s H2O 8878 2-Phenylethyl 2-methylpropanoate Benzylcarbinol isobutyrate C12H16O2 103-48-0 192.254 250; 123150.9950151.487120 8879 2-Phenylethyl phenylacetate C16H16O2 102-20-5 240.297 26.5 1774.51.07725vs EtOH 8880 2-Phenylethyl propanoate Phenethyl propionate C11H14O2 122-70-3 178.228 liq 244 1.02251.495020 8881 2-(2-Phenylethyl)pyridine C13H13N 2116-62-3 183.249 liq -1.5 289 1.04650 8882 N-Phenylformamide Formanilide C7H7NO 103-70-8 121.137 mcl pr (lig-xyl) 46 271 1.118650s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH 8883 Phenyl formate C7H6O2 1864-94-4 122.122 liq 178; 8215 8884 2-Phenylfuran C10H8O 17113-33-6 144.170 10818, 8251.083201.592020vs ace, bz 8885 Phenyl α-D-glucopyranoside C12H16O6 4630-62-0 256.251 174 8886 Phenyl glycidyl ether C9H10O2 122-60-1 150.174 243 1.1109211.530721 8887 N-Phenylglycine Phenylaminoacetic acid C8H9NO2 103-01-5 151.163 127.5 vs H2O, EtOH 8888 1-Phenyl-1-heptanone C13H18O 1671-75-6 190.281 lf 16.4 283.3 0.9516201.506020vs ace, eth, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g25/g262-Phenyl-1,3-butadieneH N O N-PhenylbutanamideO OHHO O Phenylbutanedioic acid, (±)OO 1-Phenyl-1,3-butanedioneO O Phenyl butanoateO 1-Phenyl-1-butanoneO 1-Phenyl-2-butanoneO 4-Phenyl-2-butanoneNNO O Phenylbutazone 2-Phenyl-1-buteneO 1-Phenyl-2-buten-1-oneO trans -4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-oneO 4-Phenyl-3-butyn-2-oneOCl O Phenyl chloroacetateOC l O Phenyl chloroformateOHCl 4-Phenyl-2-chlorophenolO O 2-Phenyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneO 4-Phenylcyclohexanone N 1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)piperidineO 3-Phenyl-2-cyclopenten-1-oneNOH HO N-Phenyl- N,N-diethanolamineOO 2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane/g3 OO 4-Phenyl-1,3-dioxaneO 1-Phenyl-1-dodecanoneOH OH 1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediolH NOH N-Phenylethanolamine NOH 1-Phenylethanone oximeO O 2-Phenylethyl acetateOOH 1-Phenylethyl hydroperoxideNHH2NNN H 2 NH HCl N-(2-Phenylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide, monohydrochlorideO O 2-Phenylethyl 2-methylpropanoateO O 2-Phenylethyl phenylacetateO O 2-Phenylethyl propanoate N 2-(2-Phenylethyl)pyridineH N O N-PhenylformamideO O Phenyl formateO 2-PhenylfuranO HO O HOHO OH Phenyl α-D-glucopyranosideOO Phenyl glycidyl etherH NOHO N-PhenylglycineO 1-Phenyl-1-heptanone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g25/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128889 1-Phenyl-1-hexanone C12H16O 942-92-7 176.254 fl 27 265 0.9576201.502725sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace 8890 Phenylhydrazine C6H8N2 100-63-0 108.141 mcl pr or pl 20.6 243.5 1.0986201.608410s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace 8891 2-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide Phenicarbazide C7H9N3O 103-03-7 151.165 172 sl H2O, eth, bz, lig; s EtOH, ace 8892 N-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide 4-Phenylsemicarbazide C7H9N3O 537-47-3 151.165 nd (bz), pl (w) 128 sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth 8893 Phenylhydrazine monohydrochloride C6H9ClN2 59-88-1 144.601 lf (al) 244 dec sub vs H2O, EtOH 8894 Phenylhydroxylamine N-Hydroxybenzenamine C6H7NO 100-65-2 109.126 nd (w, bz, peth) 83.5 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 8895 Phenyl 1-hydroxy-2- naphthalenecarboxylateC17H12O3 132-54-7 264.275 96 vs bz, EtOH 8896 1-Phenyl-1 H-imidazole C9H8N2 7164-98-9 144.173 13 276 1.1397151.602525i H2O; vs eth, ace, chl 8897 2-Phenyl-1 H-imidazole C9H8N2 670-96-2 144.173 lf (bz) 149.3 340 vs EtOH 8898 5-Phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione 5-Phenylhydantoin C9H8N2O2 89-24-7 176.172 184.5 8899 Phenylimidocarbonyl chloride C7H5Cl2N 622-44-6 174.028 liq 210; 105301.2815 8900 2-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol C13H11NO 779-84-0 197.232 49.5 1.08725i H2O; s EtOH 8901 4-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol N-(4-Hydroxybenzilidene)aniline C13H11NO 1689-73-2 197.232 196.0 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl 8902 1-Phenyl-1 H-indene C15H12 1961-96-2 192.256 oil 1587 8903 2-Phenyl-1 H-indene-1,3(2 H)-dione Phenindione C15H10O2 83-12-5 222.239 lf (al, bz) 150 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl 8904 2-Phenyl-1 H-indole C14H11N 948-65-2 193.244 190.5 25010sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc, CS2 8905 Phenyliodine diacetate Iodobenzene diacetate C10H11IO4 3240-34-4 322.096 cry 161 8906 Phenyl isocyanate C7H5NO 103-71-9 119.121 163; 55131.0956201.536820vs eth; sl chl 8907 2-Phenyl-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)- dioneC14H9NO2 520-03-6 223.227 wh nd (al) 210 sub i H2O; sl EtOH; msc chl 8908 Phenyl isopropyl ether Isopropoxybenzene C9H12O 2741-16-4 136.190 liq -33 176.8 0.9408251.497520s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz 8909 Phenyl isothiocyanate C7H5NS 103-72-0 135.187 liq -21 221 1.1303201.649223i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 8910 3-Phenyl-2-isoxazolin-5-one C9H7NO2 1076-59-1 161.158 151 sl chl 8911 Phenyl laurate Phenyl dodecanoate C18H28O2 4228-00-6 276.414 lf (al) 24.5 210150.935430vs ace, eth, EtOH 8912 Phenylmagnesium chloride Chlorophenylmagnesium C6H5ClMg 100-59-4 136.862 cry reac H2O; s thf, eth 8913 Phenylmercuric chloride Chlorophenylmercury C6H5ClHg 100-56-1 313.15 pl (bz) 251 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz 8914 Phenylmercuric nitrate C6H5HgNO3 55-68-5 339.70 ≈181 8915 4-(Phenylmethoxy)benzaldehyde C14H12O2 4397-53-9 212.244 73 21713 8916 N2-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]- L- arginineC14H20N4O4 1234-35-1 308.334 174 8917 N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]- L- aspartic acidC12H13NO6 1152-61-0 267.234 117.0 8918 2-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol C13H12O2 6272-38-4 200.233 20520, 173131.154221.590618vs eth, EtOH 8919 4-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol Monobenzone C13H12O2 103-16-2 200.233 pl (w) 122 sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth; s ace 8920 N-(Phenylmethylene)aniline Benzylideneaniline C13H11N 538-51-2 181.233 pa ye nd (CS2) pl (dil al)54 310 1.038551.600100i H2O; s EtOH, eth, NH3; sl chl 8921 cis-α-(Phenylmethylene) benzeneacetic acidcis-α-Phenylcinnamic acid C15H12O2 91-47-4 224.255 silky needles 174 s H2O, EtOH, MeOH, eth, bz 8922 trans -α-(Phenylmethylene) benzeneacetic acidtrans -α-Phenylcinnamic acid C15H12O2 91-48-5 224.255 prisms 138 vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, eth, bz 8923 N-(Phenylmethylene) benzenemethanamineC14H13N 780-25-6 195.260 20520 8924 2-(Phenylmethylene)butanal C11H12O 28467-92-7 160.212 18 243; 15751.0201221.57820 8925 N-(Phenylmethylene)ethanamine C9H11N 6852-54-6 133.190 195 0.937201.537815i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8926 2-(Phenylmethylene)heptanal C14H18O 122-40-7 202.292 ye oil 80 174200.9711201.538120i H2O; s ace, ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g25/g28 O 1-Phenyl-1-hexanoneHNNH 2 PhenylhydrazineHNN HNH 2O 2-PhenylhydrazinecarboxamideHNHN ONH 2 N-PhenylhydrazinecarboxamideHNNH 2HCl Phenylhydrazine monohydrochlorideHNOH PhenylhydroxylamineOO OH Phenyl 1-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylateN N 1-Phenyl-1 H-imidazole N NH 2-Phenyl-1 H-imidazoleNHNHO O 5-Phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedioneNC l Cl Phenylimidocarbonyl chlorideOH N 2-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenolNHO 4-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol 1-Phenyl-1 H-indeneO O 2-Phenyl-1 H-indene-1,3(2 H)-dioneN H 2-Phenyl-1 H-indole IOO O O Phenyliodine diacetateNCO Phenyl isocyanateN OO 2-Phenyl-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dioneO Phenyl isopropyl etherNCS Phenyl isothiocyanateN O O 3-Phenyl-2-isoxazolin-5-oneO O Phenyl laurateMgCl Phenylmagnesium chloride HgCl Phenylmercuric chlorideHgONO 2 Phenylmercuric nitrateO O 4-(Phenylmethoxy)benzaldehydeON HOOO H H N NH NH 2 N2-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]- L-arginineON HOO OH OHO N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]- L-aspartic acidOH O 2-(Phenylmethoxy)phenolOH O 4-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol N N-(Phenylmethylene)anilineOH O cis-α-(Phenylmethylene)benzeneacetic aci dOHO trans -α-(Phenylmethylene)benzeneacetic aci dN N-(Phenylmethylene)benzenemethanamineO 2-(Phenylmethylene)butanalN N-(Phenylmethylene)ethanamineO 2-(Phenylmethylene)heptanal /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g26/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g128927 N-(Phenylmethylene)methanamine Benzylidenemethylamine C8H9N 622-29-7 119.164 185; 92340.9671141.552620s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 8928 2-(Phenylmethylene)octanal 2-Hexyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal C15H20O 101-86-0 216.319 liq 4 252; 16920 8929 3-(Phenylmethylene)-2-pentanone Methyl α-ethylstyryl ketone C12H14O 3437-89-6 174.238 137121.0005221.565022 8930 N-(Phenylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine C9H14N2 4152-09-4 150.220 13011 8931 Phenylmethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate C14H12O3 94-18-8 228.243 sl chl 8932 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol C10H14O 100-86-7 150.217 nd 24 215 0.9787161.517316 8933 N-(Phenylmethyl)-1 H-purin-6-amine C12H11N5 1214-39-7 225.249 232.8 8934 4-Phenylmorpholine C10H13NO 92-53-5 163.216 cry (al-eth) 58.3 i H2O, EtOH; vs eth 8935 N-Phenyl-1-naphthalenamine 1-Naphthylphenylamine C16H13N 90-30-2 219.281 61 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 8936 N-Phenyl-2-naphthalenamine N-Phenyl- β-naphthylamine C16H13N 135-88-6 219.281 108 395.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl 8937 1-Phenylnaphthalene C16H12 605-02-7 204.266 cry 45 334 1.096201.666420i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s ctc 8938 2-Phenylnaphthalene C16H12 612-94-2 204.266 lf (al) 103.5 345.5 1.218020s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc; vs eth 8939 1-Phenyl-1-octanone C14H20O 1674-37-9 204.308 22.8 285; 164150.936030s EtOH, eth 8940 Phenyloxirane Styrene-7,8-oxide C8H8O 96-09-3 120.149 colorless liq -35.6 194.1 1.0490251.534220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 8941 3-Phenyloxiranecarboxylic acid, ethyl esterC11H12O3 121-39-1 192.211 1365 8942 5-Phenyl-2,4-pentadienal C11H10O 13466-40-5 158.196 42.5 1603, 1331.0i H2O; msc EtOH, bz; vs eth 8943 1-Phenyl-1,4-pentanedione C11H12O2 583-05-1 176.212 ye oil 162121.525030vs ace 8944 1-Phenyl-1-pentanol C11H16O 583-03-9 164.244 14125, 10230.9655201.408625vs ace, eth, EtOH 8945 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone C11H14O 1009-14-9 162.228 liq -9.4 245 0.986201.515820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 8946 1-Phenyl-1-penten-3-one C11H12O 3152-68-9 160.212 lf (lig) 38.5 142120.8697201.568420sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz 8947 Phenylphosphine Monophenylphosphine C6H7P 638-21-1 110.094 160.5 1.001151.579620 8948 Phenylphosphinic acid Benzenephosphinic acid C6H7O2P 1779-48-2 142.093 83.8 s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, chl 8949 Phenylphosphonic acid Benzenephosphonic acid C6H7O3P 1571-33-1 158.092 lf (w) 160 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz 8950 Phenylphosphonic dichloride C6H5Cl2OP 824-72-6 194.983 1 258 1.197251.558125sl DMSO 8951 Phenylphosphonothioic dichloride Dichlorophenylphosphine sulfide C6H5Cl2PS 3497-00-5 211.049 2051301.37613 8952 Phenylphosphonous dichloride Dichlorophenylphosphine C6H5Cl2P 644-97-3 178.984 liq -51 225; 142571.356201.603020vs bz 8953 Phenyl phosphorodichloridate Phenyl dichlorophosphate C6H5Cl2O2P 770-12-7 210.983 hyg liq 242; 10051.412201.523020 8954 1-Phenylpiperazine C10H14N2 92-54-6 162.231 pa ye oil 286.5; 161151.0621201.587520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 8955 1-Phenylpiperidine C11H15N 4096-20-2 161.244 4.7 258 0.9944251.559825vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 8956 4-Phenylpiperidine C11H15N 771-99-3 161.244 60.5 257 0.999616s chl 8957 N-Phenylpropanamide C9H11NO 620-71-3 149.189 pl (eth, al, bz) 105.5 222.2 1.17525sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 8958 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione C9H8O2 579-07-7 148.159 ye oil <20 222; 102121.1006201.53710s H2O, EtOH, eth 8959 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione, 2-oxime C9H9NO2 119-51-7 163.173 wh nd (w) 115 8960 Phenyl propanoate C9H10O2 637-27-4 150.174 pr 20 211 1.0436251.498020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 8961 2-Phenyl-1-propanol C9H12O 1123-85-9 136.190 12126, 105110.975251.55822i H2O; s EtOH 8962 1-Phenyl-2-propanol C9H12O 698-87-3 136.190 12525, 120200.991201.519020 8963 Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride C9H14ClNO 154-41-6 187.666 194 vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl 8964 1-Phenyl-1-propanone Propiophenone C9H10O 93-55-0 134.174 18.6 217.5 1.0096201.526920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 8965 1-Phenyl-2-propanone Phenylacetone C9H10O 103-79-7 134.174 liq -15 216.5 1.0157201.516820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc bz, xyl; s chl 8966 cis-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile C9H7N 24840-05-9 129.159 liq -4.4 249; 139301.0289201.584320i H2O; s EtOH; vs bz 8967 trans -3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile C9H7N 1885-38-7 129.159 22 263.8 1.0304201.601320i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g26/g20 N N-(Phenylmethylene)methanamineO 2-(Phenylmethylene)octanalO 3-(Phenylmethylene)-2-pentanoneNHNH 2 N-(Phenylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamineOO OH Phenylmethyl 4-hydroxybenzoateOH 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanolN N N HNNH N-(Phenylmethyl)-1 H-purin-6-amine N O 4-PhenylmorpholineHN N-Phenyl-1-naphthalenamineHN N-Phenyl-2-naphthalenamine 1-Phenylnaphthalene 2-PhenylnaphthaleneO 1-Phenyl-1-octanoneO PhenyloxiraneO O O 3-Phenyloxiranecarboxylic acid, ethyl ester O 5-Phenyl-2,4-pentadienalO O 1-Phenyl-1,4-pentanedioneOH 1-Phenyl-1-pentanolO 1-Phenyl-1-pentanoneO 1-Phenyl-1-penten-3-onePHH PhenylphosphinePHO OH Phenylphosphinic acidP HO OHO Phenylphosphonic acidP ClO Cl Phenylphosphonic dichloride P ClS Cl Phenylphosphonothioic dichloridePCl Cl Phenylphosphonous dichlorideOPCl ClO Phenyl phosphorodichloridateNH N 1-PhenylpiperazineN 1-PhenylpiperidineNH 4-PhenylpiperidineH N O N-PhenylpropanamideO O 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedioneO NOH 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione, 2-oxime O O Phenyl propanoateOH 2-Phenyl-1-propanolOH 1-Phenyl-2-propanolOH NH 2HCl Phenylpropanolamine hydrochlorideO 1-Phenyl-1-propanoneO 1-Phenyl-2-propanoneN cis-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrileN trans -3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g26/g21/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 8968 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic anhydride Cinnamic anhydride C18H14O3 538-56-7 278.302 nd (bz or al) pt (al)136 vs bz 8969 cis-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol C9H10O 4510-34-3 134.174 wh nd (eth- peth)34 257.5 1.0440201.581920vs eth, EtOH 8970 trans -3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol C9H10O 4407-36-7 134.174 wh nd (eth- peth)34 257.5 1.0440201.581920sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 8971 trans -3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol acetate trans -Cinnamyl acetate C11H12O2 21040-45-9 176.212 265; 145151.0567201.542520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 8972 trans -3-Phenyl-2-propenoyl chloride Cinnamoyl chloride C9H7ClO 17082-09-6 166.604 ye cry 37.5 257.5 1.1617451.61442i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, lig 8973 3-Phenylpropyl acetate Benzenepropanol, acetate C11H14O2 122-72-5 178.228 col liq -40 691 8974 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (±) Amphetamine C9H13N 300-62-9 135.206 oil 203 0.9306251.51826sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH 8975 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, ( S) Dexamphetamine C9H13N 51-64-9 135.206 oil 27.5 203.5; 80120.949151.470420sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 8976 Phenyl propyl ether Propoxybenzene C9H12O 622-85-5 136.190 liq -27 189.9 0.9474201.501420s EtOH, eth 8977 4-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine C14H15N 2057-49-0 197.276 322; 15051.024251.561625vs bz, eth, py, EtOH 8978 3-Phenyl-2-propynal C9H6O 2579-22-8 130.143 12728, 104111.0622201.607912 8979 3-Phenyl-2-propynoic acid Phenylacetylenecarboxylic acid C9H6O2 637-44-5 146.143 nd (w) 137.5 1.2820sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 8980 3-Phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol C9H8O 1504-58-1 132.159 137151.078201.587328s eth, ace, bz 8981 6-Phenyl-2,4,7-pteridinetriamine Triamterene C12H11N7 396-01-0 253.262 ye pl (BuOH) 316 i eth; sl EtOH, chl 8982 1-Phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone C9H10N2O 92-43-3 162.187 126 i eth, lig 8983 2-Phenylpyridine C11H9N 1008-89-5 155.196 271 1.0833251.621020sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 8984 3-Phenylpyridine C11H9N 1008-88-4 155.196 pa ye oil 164 272 1.612325sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 8985 4-Phenylpyridine C11H9N 939-23-1 155.196 pl (w) 77.5 281 s H2O, EtOH, eth 8986 Phenyl-2-pyridinylmethanone C12H9NO 91-02-1 183.205 42 317 1.155620s chl 8987 Phenyl-4-pyridinylmethanone C12H9NO 14548-46-0 183.205 nd (peth), pl (w)72 315; 17010sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 8988 1-Phenyl-1 H-pyrrole C10H9N 635-90-5 143.185 pl (sub), red in air62 234 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs peth 8989 2-Phenyl-1 H-pyrrole C10H9N 3042-22-6 143.185 pl (al, sub) 129 272 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig 8990 1-Phenyl-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dione N-Phenylmaleimide C10H7NO2 941-69-5 173.169 ye nd (bz-lig) 90.5 16212vs bz, eth, EtOH 8991 1-Phenylpyrrolidine C10H13N 4096-21-3 147.217 11 11912, 10251.018201.581320s eth 8992 1-Phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione Succinanil C10H9NO2 83-25-0 175.184 mcl pr or nd (w, al)156 400 1.35625i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8993 2-Phenylquinoline C15H11N 612-96-4 205.255 nd (dil al) 86 363; 1946sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 8994 2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid Cinchophen C16H11NO2 132-60-5 249.264 nd 214.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl ace, bz 8995 Phenyl salicylate C13H10O3 118-55-8 214.216 43 173121.261430i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, HOAc 8996 Phenylsilane C6H8Si 694-53-1 108.214 119 0.8681201.512520i H2O 8997 1-Phenylsilatrane C12H17NO3Si 2097-19-0 251.354 pr or nd (ace) 209 8998 Phenyl stearate C24H40O2 637-55-8 360.574 52 26715i H2O; s EtOH, eth 8999 5’-Phenyl-1,1’:3’,1’’-terphenyl C24H18 612-71-5 306.400 orth nd (al or HOAc)176 462 1.19930i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz; sl chl 9000 5-Phenyl-2,4-thiazolediamine Amiphenazole C9H9N3S 490-55-1 191.252 fl (dil al) br in air163 dec 9001 Phenyl-2-thienylmethanone C11H8OS 135-00-2 188.246 nd (dil al) 56.5 300 1.1890541.618154i H2O; s EtOH, eth 9002 N-Phenylthioacetamide Thioacetanilide C8H9NS 637-53-6 151.229 nd (w) 75.5 dec 9003 Phenyl thiocyanate C7H5NS 5285-87-0 135.187 232.5 1.15318i H2O; s EtOH, eth 9004 2-Phenylthiosemicarbazide 2-Phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide C7H9N3S 645-48-7 167.231 pr (al) 200 dec 9005 4-Phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide N-Phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide C7H9N3S 5351-69-9 167.231 pl (al) 140 dec i EtOH, lig; sl bz TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g26/g22 OOO 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic anhydrideOH cis-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-olOH trans -3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-olOO trans -3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol acetateClO trans -3-Phenyl-2-propenoyl chlorideOO 3-Phenylpropyl acetateNH 2 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (±) NH 2 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, ( S)O Phenyl propyl etherN 4-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridineO 3-Phenyl-2-propynalOHO 3-Phenyl-2-propynoic acidOH 3-Phenyl-2-propyn-1-olNN NNNH 2 NH 2 H2N 6-Phenyl-2,4,7-pteridinetriamineNNHO 1-Phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone N 2-PhenylpyridineN 3-PhenylpyridineN 4-PhenylpyridineN O Phenyl-2-pyridinylmethanoneNO Phenyl-4-pyridinylmethanoneN 1-Phenyl-1 H-pyrroleN H 2-Phenyl-1 H-pyrroleNO O 1-Phenyl-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dioneN 1-Phenylpyrrolidine NO O 1-Phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedioneN 2-PhenylquinolineNOO H 2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acidOHOO Phenyl salicylateSiHHH PhenylsilaneNO O OSi 1-PhenylsilatraneO O Phenyl stearate 5’-Phenyl-1,1’:3’,1’’-terphenylN SH2N NH 2 5-Phenyl-2,4-thiazolediamineS O Phenyl-2-thienylmethanoneH N S N-PhenylthioacetamideSCN Phenyl thiocyanateNNH 2 NH 2 S 2-PhenylthiosemicarbazideH NH N SNH 2 4-Phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g26/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129006 Phenylthiourea C7H8N2S 103-85-5 152.217 nd (w), pr (al) 154 sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH 9007 3-Phenyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 3-Phenylrhodanine C9H7NOS2 1457-46-1 209.288 ye pr (HOAc) nd or pr (al)194.5 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl, HOAc 9008 6-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine Benzoguanamine C9H9N5 91-76-9 187.201 nd, pl (al) 226.5 s EtOH, eth; sl tfa 9009 N-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine Amanozine C9H9N5 537-17-7 187.201 cry (diox, 50% al)235.5 9010 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione C8H7N3O2 15988-11-1 177.161 205.5 9011 Phenyltrimethylammonium iodide C9H14IN 98-04-4 263.118 lf (al) 224 vs H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; sl ace; i chl 9012 Phenyl(triphenylmethyl)diazene C25H20N2 981-18-0 348.440 111 dec 9013 Phenylurea C7H8N2O 64-10-8 136.151 mcl pr (w, al) 147 238 1.30225sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH, AcOEt 9014 trans -5-(2-Phenylvinyl)-1,3- benzenediolPinosylvin C14H12O2 22139-77-1 212.244 nd (HOAc) 156 vs ace, bz, chl, HOAc 9015 Phenyl vinyl ether C8H8O 766-94-9 120.149 155.5 0.9770201.522420i H2O; vs eth 9016 Phenytoin 5,5-Diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione C15H12N2O2 57-41-0 252.268 nd (al) 286 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz 9017 Phloretin C15H14O5 60-82-2 274.269 nd (dil al), cry (ace)263 dec sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, bz; i eth; s ace 9018 Phorate C7H17O2PS3 298-02-2 260.378 <-15 1190.81.1625 9019 Phorbol C20H28O6 17673-25-5 364.432 cry (EtOH) 250 dec s H2O, ace 9020 Phorone C9H14O 504-20-1 138.206 ye-grn pr 28 197.5 0.8850201.499820sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 9021 Phosalone C12H15ClNO4P S22310-17-0 367.808 46 9022 Phosfolan C7H14NO3PS2 947-02-4 255.295 36.5 1170.001vs H2O, bz, ace; sl eth; s hx 9023 Phosmet C11H12NO4PS2 732-11-6 317.321 72 dec 9024 Phosphamidon C10H19ClNO5P 13171-21-6 299.689 oil -45 1621.51.2132251.471825msc H2O; s hx 9025 N-Phospho- L-arginine C6H15N4O5P 1189-11-3 254.181 cry (ace aq) 177 9026 O-Phosphorylethanolamine Ethanolamine O-phosphate C2H8NO4P 1071-23-4 141.063 cry (EtOH aq) 242 9027 O-Phosphoserine C3H8NO6P 407-41-0 185.073 cry 166 dec 9028 Phthalazine 2,3-Benzodiazine C8H6N2 253-52-1 130.147 90.5 316 s H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth; i lig 9029 Phthalic acid 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid C8H6O4 88-99-3 166.132 pl (w) 230 dec dec 2.18191sl H2O, eth; i chl; s EtOH 9030 Phthalic anhydride C8H4O3 85-44-9 148.116 wh nd (al, bz) 130.8 295 1.5274sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz 9031 29 H,31H-Phthalocyanine C32H18N8 574-93-6 514.539 grsh-bl mcl (quinoline)sub 550 i H2O, EtOH, eth; s PhNH2 9032 Phthalylsulphathiazole C17H13N3O5S2 85-73-4 403.432 273 i H2O, eth, chl; sl EtOH; s acid, alk 9033 Physostigmine C15H21N3O2 57-47-6 275.347 orth pr (eth, bz) 105.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 9034 Phytol 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen- 1-ol, [ R-[R*,R*-(E)]]C20H40O 150-86-7 296.531 oily liq 203100.8497251.459525 9035 Picene Benzo[a]chrysene C22H14 213-46-7 278.346 lf, pl (xyl, py, sub)368 519 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl; s con sulf 9036 Picrolonic acid C10H8N4O5 550-74-3 264.195 ye nd (al) 116 dec sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH 9037 Picropodophyllin C22H22O8 477-47-4 414.405 col nd (al, bz) 228 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 9038 Picrotoxin C30H34O13 124-87-8 602.583 orth lf 203.5 vs py, EtOH 9039 Pilocarpine C11H16N2O2 92-13-7 208.257 nd 34 2605s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs chl; i peth 9040 Pilocarpine, monohydrochloride C11H17ClN2O2 54-71-7 244.718 hyg cry 204.5 vs H2O, EtOH 9041 Pilocarpine, mononitrate C11H17N3O5 148-72-1 271.270 wh pow or cry (al)178 vs H2O 9042 Pilosine C16H18N2O3 13640-28-3 286.325 nd (al) 179No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g26/g24H N NH 2 S PhenylthioureaN SO S 3-Phenyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinoneN NNNH 2 NH 2 6-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineN NN N HNH 2 N-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineN NNO H HO 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dioneN I Phenyltrimethylammonium iodideNN Phenyl(triphenylmethyl)diazeneH N NH 2 O Phenylurea OH OH trans -5-(2-Phenylvinyl)-1,3-benzenediolO Phenyl vinyl etherN NOH O H PhenytoinO OH HO OH OH PhloretinS POS O S PhorateO CH2OHH HOOH OHOH H PhorbolO PhoroneON ClOSPOSO Phosalone S S NPOOO Phosfolan/g3 NO OSP OS O PhosmetO ClO N PO O O PhosphamidonHOPN HO HON HNH H2NOHO N-Phospho- L-arginineH2NOPOH OHO O-PhosphorylethanolamineHOPOO HONH 2OHO O-PhosphoserineNN PhthalazineHO O OOH Phthalic acid OO O Phthalic anhydrideN NNH NHNNNN 29H,31H-PhthalocyanineN S N HS OO NH O OHO PhthalylsulphathiazoleNNHOH N O PhysostigmineOH Phytol PiceneNNNO O OH NOO Picrolonic acid OO OOH O OOOHH PicropodophyllinOOO O O OHOO O O OH OHO PicrotoxinOON N PilocarpineOON N HCl Pilocarpine, monohydrochlorideOON NHNO 3 Pilocarpine, mononitrateOON NOHH Pilosine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g26/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129043 Pimaric acid Dextropimaric acid C20H30O2 127-27-5 302.451 orth (ace) pr (al)218.5 28218vs eth, py, EtOH 9044 Pinane 2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptane C10H18 473-55-2 138.250 oil -53 169 0.8467211.460521 9045 trans -2-Pinanol Pinene hydrate C10H18O 35408-04-9 154.249 60 8110 9046 Pindolol C14H20N2O2 13523-86-9 248.321 cry (EtOH) 172 9047 α-Pinene 2-Pinene C10H16 80-56-8 136.234 liq -64 156.2 0.8539251.463225i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl 9048 β-Pinene Nopinene C10H16 127-91-3 136.234 liq -61.5 166 0.860251.476825i H2O; s bz, EtOH, eth, chl 9049 Piperazine Diethylenediamine C4H10N2 110-85-0 86.135 hyg pl or lf (al) 106 146 1.446113vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; i eth 9050 1-Piperazinecarboxaldehyde C5H10N2O 7755-92-2 114.145 950.51.509420 9051 1,4-Piperazinediethanol C8H18N2O2 122-96-3 174.241 135 21730 9052 Piperazine dihydrochloride Diethylenediamine dihydrochloride C4H12Cl2N2 142-64-3 159.057 sl H2O; i EtOH 9053 2,5-Piperazinedione C4H6N2O2 106-57-0 114.103 tab or pl (w) 312 dec sub 260 sl H2O, EtOH; s HCl 9054 1,4-Piperazinedipropanamine 1,4-Bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine C10H24N4 7209-38-3 200.325 15 15120.973251.501520 9055 1-Piperazineethanamine 1-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine C6H15N3 140-31-8 129.203 220 0.985251.498320 9056 1-Piperazineethanol C6H14N2O 103-76-4 130.187 246 1.061251.506520 9057 1-Piperidinamine C5H12N2 2213-43-6 100.162 147 0.928251.475020 9058 Piperidine Azacyclohexane C5H11N 110-89-4 85.148 liq -11.02 106.22 0.8606201.453020msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl 9059 1-Piperidinecarboxaldehyde C6H11NO 2591-86-8 113.157 liq -30.8 222.5 1.0158251.480525msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig 9060 4-Piperidinecarboxamide C6H12N2O 39546-32-2 128.171 138.5 9061 2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid, ( S) L-Pipecolic acid C6H11NO2 3105-95-1 129.157 nd (MeOH/eth) 260 9062 3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid Nipecotic acid C6H11NO2 498-95-3 129.157 261 dec vs H2O 9063 4-Piperidinecarboxylic acid Isonipecotic acid C6H11NO2 498-94-2 129.157 nd 336 9064 1-Piperidineethanol C7H15NO 3040-44-6 129.200 17.9 202; 90120.9703251.474920msc H2O; vs EtOH 9065 2-Piperidineethanol 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperidine C7H15NO 1484-84-0 129.200 69 202; 145361.0127vs H2O 9066 4-Piperidineethanol 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperidine C7H15NO 622-26-4 129.200 syr 132.5 227.5 1.0059151.490720vs H2O, eth, EtOH 9067 Piperidine, hydrochloride Piperidinium chloride C5H12ClN 6091-44-7 121.609 142 dec vs H2O, chl 9068 4-Piperidinemethanamine 4-(Aminomethyl)piperidine C6H14N2 7144-05-0 114.188 25 200; 31101.490020 9069 2-Piperidinemethanol C6H13NO 3433-37-2 115.173 69 10410, 801sl chl 9070 3-Piperidinemethanol C6H13NO 4606-65-9 115.173 61 1063.51.0263201.496420sl chl 9071 1-Piperidinepropanenitrile C8H14N2 3088-41-3 138.210 -6.8 145500.9403251.467625 9072 2-Piperidinone C5H9NO 675-20-7 99.131 hyg 39.5 256 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s dil acid; i con alk 9073 2-(1-Piperidinylmethyl) cyclohexanonePimeclone C12H21NO 534-84-9 195.301 11914 9074 1-(2-Piperidinyl)-2-propanone, (±) C8H15NO 539-00-4 141.211 oil 91140.9624201.468320vs EtOH, chl 9075 3-(2-Piperidinyl)pyridine, ( S) Anabasine C10H14N2 494-52-0 162.231 liq 9 276; 146141.0455201.543020msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 9076 Piperine C17H19NO3 94-62-2 285.338 pr (AcOEt) pl or mcl pr (al), cry131.5 i H 2O; s EtOH, bz, py; sl eth; vs chl 9077 Piperonyl butoxide C19H30O5 51-03-6 338.438 18011.0525 9078 Piperonyl sulfoxide Isosafrole octyl sulfoxide C18H28O3S 120-62-7 324.478 ye-br liq dec 1.53025sl H2O; misc os 9079 Pipobroman C10H16Br2N2O254-91-1 356.054 106 9080 Piprotal Tropital C24H40O8 5281-13-0 456.570 liq 2150.04 9081 Pirimicarb C11H18N4O2 23103-98-2 238.287 90.5 9082 Pirimiphos-ethyl C13H24N3O3PS 23505-41-1 333.387 dec >130 1.1420 9083 Pirimiphos-methyl C11H20N3O3PS 29232-93-7 305.334 15 dec 1.1720No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g26/g26 OOH Pimaric acid PinaneHO trans -2-PinanolN HO OHN H Pindolol α-Pinene β-PineneNNH H PiperazineNNH O 1-PiperazinecarboxaldehydeN N OHOH 1,4-PiperazinediethanolNNH H2HCl Piperazine dihydrochlorideNNH HOO 2,5-Piperazinedione NNNH 2 NH 2 1,4-PiperazinedipropanamineNNH NH 2 1-PiperazineethanamineNNH OH 1-PiperazineethanolN NH 2 1-PiperidinamineN H PiperidineN O 1-PiperidinecarboxaldehydeN HON H 2 4-PiperidinecarboxamideN HOH O 2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid, ( S)NOHO H 3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid N HOO H 4-Piperidinecarboxylic acidN OH 1-PiperidineethanolN HOH 2-PiperidineethanolN HOH 4-PiperidineethanolN HHCl Piperidine, hydrochlorideNNH 2 H 4-PiperidinemethanamineN HOH 2-PiperidinemethanolN HOH 3-PiperidinemethanolNN 1-Piperidinepropanenitrile NO H 2-PiperidinoneO N 2-(1-Piperidinylmethyl)cyclohexanoneN HO 1-(2-Piperidinyl)-2-propanone, (±)NN H 3-(2-Piperidinyl)pyridine, ( S)O OO N PiperineO OOOO Piperonyl butoxide O OSO Piperonyl sulfoxideNNOB r OB r PipobromanO OOO OOOO PiprotalNNOON N PirimicarbNNOPS OO N Pirimiphos-ethylNNOPS OO N Pirimiphos-methyl /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g26/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129084 Pithecolobine C22H46N4O2 22368-82-7 398.626 cry 68 2300.007s H2O, chl, eth, EtOH, peth 9085 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione Pindone C14H14O3 83-26-1 230.259 ye cry 109 9086 Plasmocid C17H25N3O 551-01-9 287.400 1821.01.0569241.585524 9087 Plumericin C15H14O6 77-16-7 290.268 s chl 9088 Podophyllotoxin C22H22O8 518-28-5 414.405 183 sl H2O; vs EtOH; i eth; s ace, bz, HOAc 9089 Polythiazide C11H13ClF3N3O4 S3346-18-9 439.882 214 9090 Ponceau 3R C.I. Food Red 6 C19H16N2Na2O7 S23564-09-8 494.449 dk red pow s H2O; sl EtOH 9091 Populin C20H22O8 99-17-2 390.384 nd (w+2), pr (al)180 9092 21 H,23H-Porphine C20H14N4 101-60-0 310.352 red or oran lf (chl-MeOH)360 sub 300 1.33625i H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl EtOH; s diox 9093 Potassium benzoate C7H5KO2 582-25-2 160.212 hyg cry 9094 Potassium dichloroisocyanurate Troclosene potassium C3Cl2KN3O3 2244-21-5 236.054 hyg cry 250 dec 9095 Potassium D-gluconate C6H11KO7 299-27-4 234.245 ye-wh cry 183 dec vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl 9096 Potassium trans ,trans -2,4- hexadienoatePotassium sorbate C6H7KO2 24634-61-5 150.217 >270 dec 1.36125vs H2O; s EtOH 9097 Potassium hydrogen phthalate Potassium biphthalate C8H5KO4 877-24-7 204.222 1.63625s H2O; sl EtOH 9098 Potassium cis-9-octadecenoate Potassium oleate C18H33KO2 143-18-0 320.552 ye-br solid s H2O, EtOH 9099 Prazosin C19H21N5O4 19216-56-9 383.402 cry 279 9100 Prednisolone C21H28O5 50-24-8 360.444 235 9101 5 α-Pregnane Allopregnane C21H36 641-85-0 288.511 84.5 9102 5 β-Pregnane 17 β-Ethyletiocholane C21H36 481-26-5 288.511 mcl sc or pl (MeOH)83.5 1.03215i H2O; s chl, MeOH 9103 5 α-Pregnane-3 α,20α-diol Allopregnane-3 α,20α-diol C21H36O2 566-58-5 320.510 cry (MeOH) 244 9104 5 β-Pregnane-3 α,20S-diol Pregnanediol C21H36O2 80-92-2 320.510 pl (ace) 243.5 1.1525sl EtOH, eth; s ace 9105 5 α-Pregnane-3,20-dione 3,20-Allopregnanedione C21H32O2 566-65-4 316.478 cry 200 9106 5 β-Pregnane-3,20-dione C21H32O2 128-23-4 316.478 nd (dil al) cry (dil ace)123 i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace 9107 5-Pregnane-3,17,21-triol-20-one 3,17,21-Trihydroxypregnan-20-one, (3α,5β)C21H34O4 68-60-0 350.493 cry (EtOAc) 226 9108 Pregnan-3 α-ol-20-one C21H34O2 128-20-1 318.494 nd (bz), cry (dil al)149.5 vs EtOH 9109 Pregnenolone C21H32O2 145-13-1 316.478 nd (dil al) 192 9110 Prenoxdiazine hydrochloride C23H28ClN3O 982-43-4 397.940 186.5 9111 Prephenic acid C10H10O6 126-49-8 226.182 free acid unstab 9112 Pridinol 1,1-Diphenyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1- propanolC20H25NO 511-45-5 295.419 cry 120 s ace 9113 Prilocaine N-(2-Methylphenyl)-2-(propylamino) propanamideC13H20N2O 721-50-6 220.310 nd 38 16011.529920 9114 Procainamide 4-Amino- N-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl]benzamideC13H21N3O 51-06-9 235.325 47 2122 9115 Procainamide hydrochloride C13H22ClN3O 614-39-1 271.786 166 vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz; sl chl 9116 Procarbazine hydrochloride C12H20ClN3O 366-70-1 257.759 cry (MeOH) 225 9117 Prochlorperazine C20H24ClN3S 58-38-8 373.943 228 9118 Procymidone C13H11Cl2NO2 32809-16-8 284.138 166 1.45225No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g26/g28HN HNO NH NO H PithecolobineO OO 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandioneNO NH N Plasmocid PlumericinOH OOOO OHO OOHOH OH O OO PodophyllotoxinSNN Cl SO OH2NOOH SF FF Polythiazide Ponceau 3RNOHO3SS O 3 Na Na OO HO OHO OOH OH PopulinNNH HNN 21H,23H-PorphineK OO Potassium benzoate Potassium dichloroisocyanurateN NN KOOO Cl ClCOO OH HO OHOH CH 2OHK H H HH Potassium D-gluconateOO K Potassium trans ,trans -2,4-hexadienoateOH O OO K Potassium hydrogen phthalate O OK Potassium cis-9-octadecenoateNN O ON NH 2NO O PrazosinOHO HHOO OH PrednisoloneHH 5α-PregnaneHH 5β-PregnaneHHOH HO 5α-Pregnane-3 α,20α-diol /g3 HHOH HO 5 β-Pregnane-3 α,20S-diolHOO 5α-Pregnane-3,20-dioneHOO 5β-Pregnane-3,20-dioneHHOOHOOH 5-Pregnane-3,17,21-triol-20-oneHHOO Pregnan-3 α-ol-20-oneHOO PregnenoloneNN ONHCl Prenoxdiazine hydrochloride HO HOH O OHO O Prephenic acidN OH PridinolHN ON H PrilocaineH2N OHNN ProcainamideH2N OHNN HCl Procainamide hydrochlorideOHN N HH NHCl Procarbazine hydrochlorideNS N NCl ProchlorperazineNO OCl Cl Procymidone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g27/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129119 Prodiamine C13H17F3N4O4 29091-21-2 350.294 124 1.4725 9120 Profenofos C11H15BrClO3P S41198-08-7 373.631 1100.0011.45520 9121 Profluralin C14H16F3N3O4 26399-36-0 347.290 34 9122 Progesterone Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione C21H30O2 57-83-0 314.462 pr 129 1.16623i H2O; s EtOH, diox, ace 9123 DL-Proline C5H9NO2 609-36-9 115.131 hyg nd (al-eth) cry (+w)205 dec vs H2O, EtOH 9124 L-Proline 2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid C5H9NO2 147-85-3 115.131 nd (al-eth) pr (w)221 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz; i eth, PrOH 9125 Promazine C17H20N2S 58-40-2 284.419 2060.3 9126 Promecarb Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, methylcarbamateC12H17NO2 2631-37-0 207.269 87 1170.01 9127 Promethazine N,N,α-Trimethyl-10 H-phenothiazine- 10-ethanamineC17H20N2S 60-87-7 284.419 60 1910.5i H2O; vs dil HCl 9128 Promethazine hydrochloride Diprazin C17H21ClN2S 58-33-3 320.880 231 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 9129 Prometone C10H19N5O 1610-18-0 225.291 solid 91.5 9130 Prometryn N,N’-Diisopropyl-6-(methylthio)- 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineC10H19N5S 7287-19-6 241.357 119 1.15720 9131 Propachlor Acetamide, 2-chloro- N-(1- methylethyl)- N-phenyl-C11H14ClNO 1918-16-7 211.688 77 1100.031.24225 9132 Propanal Propionaldehyde C3H6O 123-38-6 58.079 liq -80 48 0.8657251.363620s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 9133 Propanal oxime C3H7NO 627-39-4 73.094 40 131.5 0.9258201.428720 9134 Propanamide Propionamide C3H7NO 79-05-0 73.094 rhom, pl (bz) 81.3 213 0.92621101.4180110vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 9135 Propane C3H8 74-98-6 44.096 col gas -187.63 -42.1 0.49325 (p>1 atm)s H2O, EtOH; vs eth, bz; sl ace 9136 Propanediamide C3H6N2O2 108-13-4 102.092 mcl pr(w) 170.8 s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO 9137 1,2-Propanediamine, (±) Propylenediamine C3H10N2 10424-38-1 74.124 hyg 119.5 0.878151.446020vs H2O; i eth; vs chl 9138 1,3-Propanediamine 1,3-Diaminopropane C3H10N2 109-76-2 74.124 liq -10.8 139.8 0.884251.460020s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 9139 1,2-Propanediol diacetate C7H12O4 623-84-7 160.168 190.5 1.059201.417320vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 9140 1,3-Propanediol diacetate C7H12O4 628-66-0 160.168 209.5 1.070141.4192 vs H2O; s EtOH 9141 1,2-Propanediol 1-methacrylate 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate C7H12O3 923-26-2 144.168 909, 570.51.066251.445820 9142 1,2-Propanedione Pyruvaldehyde C3H4O2 78-98-8 72.063 ye hyg liq 72 1.0455201.400218s EtOH, eth, bz 9143 Propanedioyl dichloride C3H2Cl2O2 1663-67-8 140.953 57281.4509201.463920s eth, AcOEt 9144 1,2-Propanedithiol C3H8S2 814-67-5 108.226 152 1.08201.53220s chl 9145 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethylene dimercaptan C3H8S2 109-80-8 108.226 liq -79 172.9 1.0772201.539220sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth, bz 9146 2,2’-[1,3- Propanediylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]bisphenolDisalicylidene-1,3-propanediamine C 17H18N2O2 120-70-7 282.337 54.3 9147 Propanenitrile Ethyl cyanide C3H5N 107-12-0 55.079 liq -92.78 97.14 0.7818201.365520vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 9148 1-Propanesulfonic acid C3H8O3S 5284-66-2 124.159 8 13611.251625 9149 1-Propanesulfonyl chloride C3H7ClO2S 10147-36-1 142.605 dec 180; 77121.267201.45220 9150 1,3-Propane sultone 1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide C3H6O3S 1120-71-4 122.143 s chl 9151 1-Propanethiol Propyl mercaptan C3H8S 107-03-9 76.161 liq -113.13 67.8 0.8411201.438020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 9152 2-Propanethiol Isopropyl mercaptan C3H8S 75-33-2 76.161 liq -130.5 52.6 0.8143201.425520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl 9153 1,2,3-Propanetriamine 1,2,3-Triaminopropane C3H11N3 21291-99-6 89.139 visc oil 190; 929s H2O 9154 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid Tricarballylic acid C6H8O6 99-14-9 176.124 orth (eth) 166 vs H2O, EtOH; sl ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g27/g20 NH 2 NOO N NOOFFF ProdiamineBr ClOPSO O ProfenofosN NO 2 O2N FFF ProfluralinOHO ProgesteroneN HOH O DL-ProlineN HOH O L-ProlineSNN PromazineOHN O Promecarb SNN PromethazineSNN HCl Promethazine hydrochlorideN NNHN N HO PrometoneN NNHN N HS PrometrynN OCl PropachlorO PropanalNOH Propanal oximeNH 2 O Propanamide PropaneH2N ONH 2 O Propanediamide NH 2NH 2 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)NH 2 H2N 1,3-PropanediamineO OOO 1,2-Propanediol diacetateO OO O 1,3-Propanediol diacetateOHOO 1,2-Propanediol 1-methacrylateOO 1,2-PropanedioneCl OCl O Propanedioyl dichlorideSHSH 1,2-PropanedithiolSH HS 1,3-Propanedithiol NNOH OH 2,2’-[1,3-Propanediylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]bisphenolN PropanenitrileSOOOH 1-Propanesulfonic acidSOOCl 1-Propanesulfonyl chlorideSO OO 1,3-Propane sultoneSH 1-PropanethiolSH 2-PropanethiolNH 2NH 2 H2N 1,2,3-PropanetriamineCOOHCOOH HOOC 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g27/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129155 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate C5H10O4 106-61-6 134.131 158165, 12931.2060201.415720vs H2O, EtOH 9156 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-(4- aminobenzoate)Glyceryl p-aminobenzoate C10H13NO4 136-44-7 211.215 i H2O; s EtOH 9157 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate 1,3-Diacetin C7H12O5 105-70-4 176.167 hyg liq 260; 149121.179151.439520vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i CS2 9158 1,2,3-Propanetriol tribenzoate C24H20O6 614-33-5 404.412 nd (MeOH) 76 1.22812i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl 9159 1,2,3-Propanetriol tripropanoate C12H20O6 139-45-7 260.283 17520, 157131.108151.431819i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth 9160 1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate C21H38O6 621-70-5 386.523 -60 >200 0.9867201.442720i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace 9161 1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate C27H50O6 538-23-8 470.682 10 233 0.9540201.448220i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl, lig 9162 Propanidid C18H27NO5 1421-14-3 337.411 2110.7i H2O; s EtOH, chl 9163 Propanil Propanamide, N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) -C9H9Cl2NO 709-98-8 218.079 92 1.2525 9164 Propanoic acid Propionic acid C3H6O2 79-09-4 74.079 liq -20.5 141.15 0.9882251.380920msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; sl chl 9165 Propanoic anhydride Propionic anhydride C6H10O3 123-62-6 130.141 liq -45 170; 67.5181.0110201.403820msc eth; sl ctc 9166 1-Propanol Propyl alcohol C3H8O 71-23-8 60.095 liq -124.39 97.2 0.7997251.385020msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; vs bz 9167 2-Propanol Isopropyl alcohol C3H8O 67-63-0 60.095 liq -87.9 82.3 0.7809251.377620msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; vs bz 9168 2-Propanone oxime Acetoxime C3H7NO 127-06-0 73.094 pr (al) 61 136; 61200.9113621.415620s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig 9169 2-Propanone phenylhydrazone Acetone, phenylhydrazone C9H12N2 103-02-6 148.204 orth 42 16350s EtOH, eth, dil acid 9170 Propanoyl chloride Propionyl chloride C3H5ClO 79-03-8 92.524 liq -94 80 1.0646201.403220s eth 9171 Propanoyl fluoride Propionyl fluoride C3H5FO 430-71-7 76.069 44 0.972151.32913 9172 Propantheline bromide C23H30BrNO3 50-34-0 448.393 cry 160 vs H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth, bz 9173 Propargite C19H26O4S 2312-35-8 350.472 1.1025 9174 Propargyl acetate C5H6O2 627-09-8 98.101 121.5 0.9982201.418720sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 9175 Propargyl alcohol 3-Hydroxy-1-propyne C3H4O 107-19-7 56.063 liq -51.8 113.6 0.9478201.432220s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 9176 Propatyl nitrate 2-Ethyl-2-[(nitrooxy)methyl]-1,3- propanediol, dinitrateC6H11N3O9 2921-92-8 269.166 wh pow 52 1.49 i H2O; s EtOH, ace 9177 Propazine 6-Chloro- N,N’-diisopropyl-1,3,5- triazine-2,4-diamineC9H16ClN5 139-40-2 229.710 213 1.16220 9178 Propene Propylene C3H6 115-07-1 42.080 col gas -185.24 -47.69 0.5O525 (p>1 atm)1.3567-70sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc 9179 trans -1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acidMesaconic acid C5H6O4 498-24-8 130.100 orth nd or mcl pr (eth)204.5 sub 1.46620sl H2O, bz, CS2; vs EtOH; s eth, tfa 9180 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Itaconic acid C5H6O4 97-65-4 130.100 rhom (bz) 175 dec 1.63225s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, peth 9181 2-Propene-1-thiol C3H6S 870-23-5 74.145 65 0.925231.483220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 9182 cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acidcis-Aconitic acid C6H6O6 585-84-2 174.108 nd (w) 125 s H2O; sl eth 9183 trans -1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acidtrans -Aconitic acid C6H6O6 4023-65-8 174.108 lf (w) nd (w, eth)196 dec vs H2O, EtOH 9184 1-Propen-1-one Methylketene C3H4O 6004-44-0 56.063 col gas -80 -23 vs eth 9185 2-Propenoyl chloride Acrylic acid chloride C3H3ClO 814-68-6 90.508 75.5 1.1136201.434320vs chl 9186 cis-1-Propenylbenzene C9H10 766-90-5 118.175 liq -61.6 167.5 0.9088201.542020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 9187 trans -1-Propenylbenzene C9H10 873-66-5 118.175 liq -29.3 178.3 0.9023251.550620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz 9188 trans -5-(1-Propenyl)-1,3- benzodioxoleC10H10O2 4043-71-4 162.185 6.8 253 1.1224201.578220i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl 9189 4-(1-Propenyl)phenol p-Anol C9H10O 539-12-8 134.174 lf 94 dec 250 sl H2O; vs DMFNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g27/g22 HOOH O O 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetateH2NOO OHOH 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-(4-aminobenzoate)OH O OO O 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetateO OOO O O 1,2,3-Propanetriol tribenzoateO O O O OO 1,2,3-Propanetriol tripropanoateOO OO O O 1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate OO OO O O 1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoateOO OON O PropanididCl ClHN O PropanilOH O Propanoic acidO OO Propanoic anhydrideOH 1-PropanolOH 2-Propanol NOH 2-Propanone oximeNH N 2-Propanone phenylhydrazoneCl O Propanoyl chlorideF O Propanoyl fluorideOOONB r Propantheline bromideOS OO O PropargiteOO Propargyl acetate OH Propargyl alcoholO OONO O NOON OO Propatyl nitrateN NNHN Cl N H Propazine PropeneHO OOHO trans -1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acidOHO OH O 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acidSH 2-Propene-1-thiolHOOC COOHCOOH cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid HOOCCOOHCOOH trans -1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acidC O 1-Propen-1-oneCl O 2-Propenoyl chloride cis-1-Propenylbenzene trans -1-PropenylbenzeneOO trans -5-(1-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxoleOH 4-(1-Propenyl)phenol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g27/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129190 2-(1-Propenyl)piperidine β-Coniceine C8H15N 538-90-9 125.212 8 168 0.871615 9191 Propetamphos C10H20NO4PS 31218-83-4 281.309 880.0051.129420 9192 Propiconazole C15H17Cl2N3O260207-90-1 342.221 1800.11.2720 9193 Propiomazine C20H24N2OS 362-29-8 340.482 2400.5 9194 Propionyl- L-carnitine Carnitine, O-propanoyl C10H19NO4 20064-19-1 217.263 hyg pr (2- PrOH)147 dec 9195 Propofol C12H18O 2078-54-8 178.270 19 256; 136300.955201.514020 9196 Propoxur Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-, methylcarbamateC11H15NO3 114-26-1 209.242 87 dec 1.1220 9197 2-Propoxyethanol Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether C5H12O2 2807-30-9 104.148 149.8 0.9112201.413320s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 9198 D-Propoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene C22H29NO2 469-62-5 339.471 cry (peth) 75.5 9199 L-Propoxyphene Levopropoxyphene C22H29NO2 2338-37-6 339.471 cry (peth) 75.5 9200 1-Propoxy-2-propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1-propyl ether C6H14O2 1569-01-3 118.174 150 0.8886201.413020 9201 3-Propoxy-1-propene C6H12O 1471-03-0 100.158 91 0.7764201.391920vs ace, eth, EtOH 9202 Propranolol C16H21NO2 525-66-6 259.344 cry (cyhex) 96 9203 Propyl acetate C5H10O2 109-60-4 102.132 liq -93 101.54 0.8878201.384220sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 9204 Propyl acrylate 2-Propenoic acid, propyl ester C6H10O2 925-60-0 114.142 122; 63100 9205 Propylamine 1-Propanamine C3H9N 107-10-8 59.110 liq -84.75 47.22 0.7173201.387020msc H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s bz, chl; sl ctc 9206 Propylamine hydrochloride 1-Propanamine hydrochloride C3H10ClN 556-53-6 95.571 163.5 s DMSO 9207 Propyl 4-aminobenzoate Risocaine C10H13NO2 94-12-2 179.216 pr 75 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 9208 2-(Propylamino)ethanol C5H13NO 16369-21-4 103.163 182 0.9005201.442820 9209 4-Propylaniline C9H13N 2696-84-6 135.206 227 9210 N-Propylaniline C9H13N 622-80-0 135.206 222; 98110.9443201.542820vs eth, EtOH 9211 Propylarsonic acid 1-Propanearsonic acid C3H9AsO3 107-34-6 168.023 nd (al), pl (w) 134.5 vs H2O, EtOH; i eth 9212 Propylbenzene Isocumene C9H12 103-65-1 120.191 liq -99.6 159.24 0.8593251.489525i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 9213 α-Propylbenzenemethanol, ( R)C10H14O 22144-60-1 150.217 16 232 0.9740201.513920vs eth, EtOH 9214 Propyl benzenesulfonate C9H12O3S 80-42-2 200.254 162151.1804171.503525sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl 9215 Propyl benzoate C10H12O2 2315-68-6 164.201 liq -51.6 211 1.0230201.500020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 9216 5-Propyl-1,3-benzodioxole Dihydrosafrole C10H12O2 94-58-6 164.201 228 s ctc 9217 Propyl butanoate C7H14O2 105-66-8 130.185 liq -95.2 143.0 0.8730201.400120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 9218 Propyl carbamate C4H9NO2 627-12-3 103.120 pr 60 196 vs ace, eth, EtOH 9219 Propyl chloroacetate C5H9ClO2 5396-24-7 136.577 161 1.104201.426120vs eth 9220 Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate C7H13ClO2 62108-71-8 164.630 183 1.025220 9221 Propyl chlorocarbonate C4H7ClO2 109-61-5 122.551 115.2 1.0901201.403520msc EtOH, eth 9222 Propyl 3-chloropropanoate C6H11ClO2 62108-66-1 150.603 180 1.0656201.429020vs eth, EtOH 9223 S-Propyl chlorothioformate S-Propyl carbonochloridothioate C4H7ClOS 13889-92-4 138.616 liq 5926 9224 Propyl trans -cinnamate Propyl trans -3-phenyl-2-propenoate C12H14O2 74513-58-9 190.238 285 1.04330i H2O 9225 Propylcyclohexane C9H18 1678-92-8 126.239 liq -94.9 156.7 0.7936201.437020i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, ctc; s eth, bz 9226 2-Propylcyclohexanone C9H16O 94-65-5 140.222 197 0.927201.453820i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, bz 9227 Propylcyclopentane C8H16 2040-96-2 112.213 liq -117.3 131 0.7763201.426620i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz; vs ctc 9228 1-Propylcyclopentanol C8H16O 1604-02-0 128.212 liq -37.5 173.5 0.9040251.450225 9229 Propylene carbonate 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one C4H6O3 108-32-7 102.089 liq -48.8 242 1.2047201.418920vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz 9230 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,2-Propanediol C3H8O2 57-55-6 76.095 liq -60 187.6 1.0361201.432420msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g27/g24 N H 2-(1-Propenyl)piperidineO P HN O S O O PropetamphosO ONN N ClCl PropiconazoleSNN O PropiomazineOO NO O Propionyl- L-carnitineOH PropofolOO NHO PropoxurOOH 2-Propoxyethanol ON O D-PropoxypheneON O L-PropoxypheneOH O 1-Propoxy-2-propanolO 3-Propoxy-1-propeneO OHNH PropranololOO Propyl acetateOO Propyl acrylateNH 2 Propylamine NH 2HCl Propylamine hydrochlorideH2NOO Propyl 4-aminobenzoateH NOH 2-(Propylamino)ethanolNH 2 4-PropylanilineHN N-PropylanilineO AsOH OH Propylarsonic acid PropylbenzeneOH α-Propylbenzenemethanol, ( R)SOOO Propyl benzenesulfonate OO Propyl benzoateOO 5-Propyl-1,3-benzodioxoleOO Propyl butanoateO H2NO Propyl carbamateOO Cl Propyl chloroacetateOO Cl Propyl 2-chlorobutanoateO ClO Propyl chlorocarbonateOO Cl Propyl 3-chloropropanoate S ClO S-Propyl chlorothioformateOO Propyl trans -cinnamate PropylcyclohexaneO 2-Propylcyclohexanone PropylcyclopentaneHO 1-PropylcyclopentanolO OO Propylene carbonateOHOH 1,2-Propylene glycol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g27/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129231 1,3-Propylene glycol Trimethylene glycol C3H8O2 504-63-2 76.095 liq -27.7 214.4 1.0538201.439820msc H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl bz 9232 1,2-Propylene glycol 2- tert-butyl ether 2-(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)-1-propanol C7H16O2 94023-15-1 132.201 liq 152 0.87 9233 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate C3H6N2O6 6423-43-4 166.089 liq exp 9210 9234 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether1-Methoxy-2-propanol C4H10O2 107-98-2 90.121 119 0.9620201.403420 9235 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate2-Acetoxy-1-methoxypropane C6H12O3 108-65-6 132.157 liq 147 9236 Propyleneimine 2-Methylaziridine C3H7N 75-55-8 57.095 67 0.81216 9237 Propyl formate C4H8O2 110-74-7 88.106 liq -92.9 80.9 0.9073201.37720sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 9238 Propyl 3-(2-furyl)acrylate C10H12O3 623-22-3 180.200 11316, 9231.0744201.539224vs bz, eth, EtOH 9239 4-Propylheptane C10H22 3178-29-8 142.282 157.5 0.7321251.413520 9240 Propyl hexanoate C9H18O2 626-77-7 158.238 liq -68.7 187 0.8672201.417020vs eth, EtOH 9241 Propyl 2-hydroxybenzoate C10H12O3 607-90-9 180.200 97 239 1.0979201.516120s ctc, CS2 9242 Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Propylparaben C10H12O3 94-13-3 180.200 pr (eth) 97 1.06301021.5050102i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 9243 Propyliodone C10H11I2NO3 587-61-1 447.008 186 9244 Propyl isobutanoate C7H14O2 644-49-5 130.185 135.4 0.884301.395520sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth 9245 Propyl isocyanate 1-Isocyanatopropane C4H7NO 110-78-1 85.105 83.5 0.908251.397020 9246 Propyl isothiocyanate 1-Isothiocyanatopropane C4H7NS 628-30-8 101.171 153 0.9781161.508516sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 9247 Propyl methacrylate C7H12O2 2210-28-8 128.169 141 0.9022201.419020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 9248 Propyl 3-methylbutanoate Propyl isopentanoate C8H16O2 557-00-6 144.212 155.9 0.8617201.403120vs eth, EtOH 9249 1-Propylnaphthalene C13H14 2765-18-6 170.250 liq -8.6 274.5 0.9897201.592320 9250 Propyl nitrate C3H7NO3 627-13-4 105.093 110 1.0538201.397320sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 9251 Propyl nitrite C3H7NO2 543-67-9 89.094 liq 48 0.886201.360420sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 9252 Propyl octanoate C11H22O2 624-13-5 186.292 liq -46.2 226.4 0.8659201.419125vs ace, eth, EtOH 9253 Propyl pentanoate C8H16O2 141-06-0 144.212 liq -70.7 167.5 0.8699201.406520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 9254 2-Propylpentanoic acid Valproic acid C8H16O2 99-66-1 144.212 col liq 221; 120140.904251.42525sl H2O 9255 2-Propylphenol C9H12O 644-35-9 136.190 7 220 1.01520vs eth, EtOH 9256 4-Propylphenol C9H12O 645-56-7 136.190 22 232.6 1.009201.537925sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH 9257 2-Propylpiperidine, ( S) Coniine C8H17N 458-88-8 127.228 liq -1.0 166.5 0.8440201.451222sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH; vs eth; s bz 9258 trans -6-Propyl-3-piperidinol, (3 S) Pseudoconhydrine C8H17NO 140-55-6 143.227 hyg nd (eth) 106 236 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 9259 N-Propylpropanamide C6H13NO 3217-86-5 115.173 154 215; 10890.898525sl H2O, eth 9260 Propyl propanoate Propyl propionate C6H12O2 106-36-5 116.158 liq -75.9 122.5 0.8809201.393520sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 9261 2-Propylpyridine C8H11N 622-39-9 121.180 1.0 167 0.9119201.492520sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 9262 4-Propylpyridine C8H11N 1122-81-2 121.180 185 0.9381151.496620vs eth, EtOH 9263 2-Propyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide Protionamide C9H12N2S 14222-60-7 180.269 136.7 9264 Propyl Red Benzoic acid, 2-[[4-(dipropylamino) phenyl]azo]-C19H23N3O2 2641-01-2 325.405 viol-bl or purp red cry (al)s EtOH, KOH 9265 (Propylthio)benzene C9H12S 874-79-3 152.256 liq -45 220 0.9995201.557120 9266 Propyl 4-toluenesulfonate C10H14O3S 599-91-7 214.281 <-20 18991.144201.499820 9267 Propyl trichloroacetate C5H7Cl3O2 13313-91-2 205.468 187 1.3221201.450120vs eth, EtOH 9268 Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Propyl gallate C10H12O5 121-79-9 212.199 nd (w) 130 sl H2O 9269 Propylurea C4H10N2O 627-06-5 102.134 pr (al) 108.5 sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH 9270 Propyl vinyl ether 1-(Ethenyloxy)propane C5H10O 764-47-6 86.132 65 0.7674201.390820 9271 2-Propynal Propargyl aldehyde C3H2O 624-67-9 54.047 60 0.9152201.403325msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, tol 9272 2-Propyn-1-amine C3H5N 2450-71-7 55.079 83 0.803251.448020No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g27/g26 OH HO 1,3-Propylene glycolOHO 1,2-Propylene glycol 2- tert-butyl etherONO 2 ONO 2 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrateOH O 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl etherOOO 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetateN H PropyleneimineO O Propyl formateOO O Propyl 3-(2-furyl)acrylate 4-PropylheptaneOO Propyl hexanoateOHOO Propyl 2-hydroxybenzoateOHOO Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoateNI IO O O PropyliodoneOO Propyl isobutanoateNCO Propyl isocyanateNCS Propyl isothiocyanateOO Propyl methacrylate OO Propyl 3-methylbutanoate 1-PropylnaphthaleneONO O Propyl nitrateONO Propyl nitriteOO Propyl octanoateOO Propyl pentanoateOO H 2-Propylpentanoic acidOH 2-PropylphenolOH 4-Propylphenol N H 2-Propylpiperidine, ( S)N HOH trans -6-Propyl-3-piperidinol, (3 S)N HO N-PropylpropanamideOO Propyl propanoateN 2-PropylpyridineN 4-PropylpyridineNSN H 2 2-Propyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamideN HOONN Propyl Red S (Propylthio)benzeneSOOO Propyl 4-toluenesulfonateOO Cl ClCl Propyl trichloroacetateOH OHHOOO Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoateH N NH 2 O PropylureaO Propyl vinyl etherO 2-PropynalNH 2 2-Propyn-1-amine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g27/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129273 Propyne Methylacetylene C3H4 74-99-7 40.064 col gas -102.7 -23.2 0.60725 (p>1 atm)1.3863-40sl H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, chl 9274 2-Propynoic acid Propiolic acid C3H2O2 471-25-0 70.047 cry (CS2) 9 dec 144; 72501.1380201.430620vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl 9275 1-Propynylbenzene C9H8 673-32-5 116.160 183 0.942151.56315 9276 Propyzamide N-(1,1-Dimethyl-2-propynyl)-3,5- dichlorobenzamideC12H11Cl2NO 23950-58-5 256.127 155 9277 Prostaglandin E1 11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-13- prostenoic acidC20H34O5 745-65-3 354.481 cry (EtOAc) 115 s H2O 9278 Prostaglandin E2 11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-5,13- prostadienoic acidC20H32O5 363-24-6 352.465 col cry 67 s H2O, thf 9279 Prostaglandin F2α 9,11,15-Trihydroxyprosta-5,13- dienoic acidC20H34O5 551-11-1 354.481 oil or solid ≈30 sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, chl, AcOEt 9280 Protopine Fumarine C20H19NO5 130-86-9 353.369 mcl pr (al-chl) 208 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth; s chl 9281 Protoverine C27H43NO9 76-45-9 525.632 nd (MeOH) 221 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, aq acid, MeOH 9282 Protriptyline hydrochloride Triptil C19H22ClN 1225-55-4 299.838 cry (2-PrOH/ eth)170 9283 Prunetin C16H12O5 552-59-0 284.263 239.5 9284 Pseudoaconitine C36H51NO12 127-29-7 689.790 tcl (MeOH) 214 vs eth, EtOH 9285 Pseudocodeine C18H21NO3 466-96-6 299.365 wh nd 181.5 1.290801.574 9286 Pseudojervine C33H49NO8 36069-05-3 587.744 wh nd or hex cry304 dec i H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol, peth; s EtOH 9287 Pseudomorphine C34H36N2O6 125-24-6 568.659 cry (aq NH3, + 3 w)282.5 i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, sulf; s py, NH3 9288 Pseudotropine 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan- 3-ol, exoC8H15NO 135-97-7 141.211 orth cry (eth), orth bipym (peth-bz)109 241 vs H 2O, EtOH; sl eth; s bz, chl 9289 Psoralen C11H6O3 66-97-7 186.164 nd (w, EtOH) 171 9290 Pteridine Pyrazino[2,3-d]pyrimidine C6H4N4 91-18-9 132.123 ye pl (bz, sub) 139.5 sub 125 vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz 9291 2,4(1 H,3H)-Pteridinedione Lumazine C6H4N4O2 487-21-8 164.122 ye-oran nd (w) 348.5 vs HOAc 9292 Pulegone C10H16O 89-82-7 152.233 224 0.9346451.489420i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc 9293 1 H-Purine 6 H-Imidazo[4,5-d]pyrimidine C5H4N4 120-73-0 120.113 216.5 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; s ace 9294 1 H-Purine-2,6-diamine 2,6-Diaminopurine C5H6N6 1904-98-9 150.142 cry (dil al) 302 9295 Pyocyanine C13H10N2O 85-66-5 210.230 dk bl nd (w + 1) (chl-peth)133 dec sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, ace; i eth; vs chl 9296 4 H-Pyran 1,4-Pyran C5H6O 289-65-6 82.101 unstab oil 80 1.455920s EtOH, eth, bz 9297 2 H-Pyran-2-one C5H4O2 504-31-4 96.085 8.5 207.5 1.200201.527025msc H2O; vs ace 9298 4 H-Pyran-4-one C5H4O2 108-97-4 96.085 32.5 212.5 1.190251.5238 vs H2O, chl, eth; s EtOH, bz; sl CS2 9299 Pyrantel C11H14N2S 15686-83-6 206.307 cry (MeOH) 178 9300 4 H-Pyran-4-thione C5H4OS 1120-93-0 112.150 49 s H2O 9301 8,16-Pyranthrenedione C30H14O2 128-70-1 406.431 red-ye or red- br nd (PhNO 2)dec sub 9302 Pyrazine 1,4-Diazine C4H4N2 290-37-9 80.088 pr (w) 51.0 115 1.0311611.495361s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 9303 Pyrazinecarboxamide Pyrazinamide C5H5N3O 98-96-4 123.113 wh nd (w, al) 192 sub s H2O, EtOH 9304 Pyrazinecarboxylic acid Pyrazinoic acid C5H4N2O2 98-97-5 124.098 wh nd (w) 225 dec sub 9305 2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic acid 2,3-Dicarboxypyrazine C6H4N2O4 89-01-0 168.107 pr (w+2) 193 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, MeOH 9306 1 H-Pyrazole 1,2-Diazole C3H4N2 288-13-1 68.077 nd or pr (lig) 70.7 187 1.4203 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g27/g28 PropyneOHO 2-Propynoic acid 1-PropynylbenzeneCl ClOH N PropyzamideO HOOHOHO Prostaglandin E1O HOOHOH O Prostaglandin E2HO HOOHOH O Prostaglandin F2α O ON O OO ProtopineN HO HOO OHHOHHO OHOHH OHH HH H ProtoverineNHHCl Protriptyline hydrochlorideOOH OOOH PrunetinO HON O OO O OO O OH O OHH H PseudoaconitineOO OHNH Pseudocodeine O HO OHHOONHH HO O OH PseudojervineOH O O HOHNHN OH HO PseudomorphineN OH PseudotropineO O O PsoralenNN NN PteridineNN NN HH OO 2,4(1 H,3H)-PteridinedioneO PulegoneN N NN H 1H-PurineN N NN H2NNH 2 H 1H-Purine-2,6-diamine NNO PyocyanineO 4H-PyranOO 2H-Pyran-2-oneOO 4H-Pyran-4-oneNN S PyrantelOS 4H-Pyran-4-thioneO O 8,16-PyranthrenedioneNN PyrazineNNNH2O PyrazinecarboxamideN NOHO Pyrazinecarboxylic acidNN OH OOHO 2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic acidN HN 1H-Pyrazole /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g28/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129307 1-Pyrenamine C16H11N 1606-67-3 217.265 ye nd (hx) lf (dil al)117.5 s EtOH, ace, hx, acid; sl chl 9308 Pyrene Benzo[def]phenanthrene C16H10 129-00-0 202.250 pa ye pl (to, sub)150.62 404 1.27123i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, tol; sl ctc 9309 Pyrethrin I C21H28O3 121-21-1 328.445 visc liq 1700.1 dec 1.5192181.519218i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth 9310 Pyrethrin II C22H28O5 121-29-9 372.454 visc liq 2000.1 dec 1.525820i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth 9311 Pyridate C19H23ClN2O2S 55512-33-9 378.916 br oil 27 2200.11.555201.56820i H2O 9312 Pyridazine 1,2-Diazabenzene C4H4N2 289-80-5 80.088 liq -8 208 1.1035231.521820msc H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz; i peth 9313 2-Pyridinamine 2-Aminopyridine C5H6N2 504-29-0 94.115 lf (lig) 57.5 10520s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl 9314 3-Pyridinamine 3-Aminopyridine C5H6N2 462-08-8 94.115 lf (bz-lig) 64.5 252 s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig 9315 4-Pyridinamine 4-Aminopyridine C5H6N2 504-24-5 94.115 nd (bz) 158.5 273 s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; sl lig 9316 Pyridine Azine C5H5N 110-86-1 79.101 liq -41.70 115.23 0.9819201.509520msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 9317 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile C6H4N2 100-70-9 104.109 nd or pr (eth) 29 224.5 1.0810251.524225s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc 9318 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile C6H4N2 100-54-9 104.109 nd (lig), peth- eth)51 206.9; 1703001.159025vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s chl; sl lig 9319 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile C6H4N2 100-48-1 104.109 nd(lig-eth) 83 186 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig 9320 3-Pyridinecarbothioamide C6H6N2S 4621-66-3 138.190 192 9321 4-Pyridinecarbothioamide C6H6N2S 2196-13-6 138.190 198 dec 9322 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde C6H5NO 1121-60-4 107.110 180; 62131.1181251.538918s H2O, EtOH, eth, AcOEt; sl ctc 9323 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nicotinaldehyde C6H5NO 500-22-1 107.110 92231.139425s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, peth 9324 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde C6H5NO 872-85-5 107.110 77121.542320s H2O, eth, ctc 9325 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oxime C6H6N2O 873-69-8 122.124 112.5 9326 2-Pyridinecarboxamide C6H6N2O 1452-77-3 122.124 mcl pr (w) 108.3 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, bz 9327 3-Pyridinecarboxamide Niacinamide C6H6N2O 98-92-0 122.124 wh pw, nd (bz) 130 1570.00051.400251.466 vs H2O, EtOH, glycerol; sl chl 9328 4-Pyridinecarboxamide C6H6N2O 1453-82-3 122.124 157.5 9329 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid Picolinic acid C6H5NO2 98-98-6 123.110 nd (w, al, bz) 136.5 sub sl H2O, bz; s EtOH; i eth, chl, CS2 9330 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid Nicotinic acid C6H5NO2 59-67-6 123.110 nd (al, w) 236.6 sub 1.47325sl H2O, EtOH, eth 9331 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid Isonicotinic acid C6H5NO2 55-22-1 123.110 nd(w) 315 sub 260 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 9332 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide Oxiniacic acid C6H5NO3 2398-81-4 139.109 nd 254 dec vs H2O, MeOH 9333 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide C6H5NO3 13602-12-5 139.109 273 dec 9334 2,3-Pyridinediamine C5H7N3 452-58-4 109.130 lf or pl (dil al) 120.8 1495s H2O, EtOH, bz 9335 2,5-Pyridinediamine 2,5-Diaminopyridine C5H7N3 4318-76-7 109.130 nd 110.3 18212vs H2O, EtOH 9336 2,6-Pyridinediamine C5H7N3 141-86-6 109.130 121.5 285; 1485sl H2O, ace 9337 3,4-Pyridinediamine C5H7N3 54-96-6 109.130 nd or lf 219.3 9338 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Quinolinic acid C7H5NO4 89-00-9 167.120 mcl pr (w) 228.5 sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz 9339 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Lutidinic acid C7H5NO4 499-80-9 167.120 lf (w+1) 249 0.94225sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, CS2 9340 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Isocinchomeronic acid C7H5NO4 100-26-5 167.120 lf or pr (dil HCl) 254 s H2O, HCl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz 9341 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Dipicolinic acid C7H5NO4 499-83-2 167.120 nd (w+3/2) 252 sl H2O, EtOH, HOAc 9342 3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Cinchomeronic acid C7H5NO4 490-11-9 167.120 cry (w) 256 sub sl H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth, i chl 9343 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Dinicotinic acid C7H5NO4 499-81-0 167.120 cry (w) 324 sub i H2O; sl eth, HOAc; s DMSO, HCl 9344 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid anhydrideFuro[3,4-b]pyridine-5,7-dione C7H3NO3 699-98-9 149.104 138 9345 2-Pyridineethanamine C7H10N2 2706-56-1 122.167 213; 131501.0220251.533525 9346 4-Pyridineethanamine C7H10N2 13258-63-4 122.167 121101.0302251.538125vs H2O 9347 2-Pyridineethanol C7H9NO 103-74-2 123.152 -7.8 190200, 1701001.091251.536620vs H2O, EtOH, chl; sl ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g28/g20 NH 2 1-Pyrenamine PyreneO OO Pyrethrin IO OO O O Pyrethrin IINNClOO S PyridateNN PyridazineNN H 2 2-Pyridinamine NNH 2 3-PyridinamineNNH 2 4-PyridinamineN PyridineN N 2-PyridinecarbonitrileNN 3-PyridinecarbonitrileNN 4-PyridinecarbonitrileNNH 2S 3-PyridinecarbothioamideNSN H 2 4-PyridinecarbothioamideNO 2-PyridinecarboxaldehydeNO 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde NO 4-PyridinecarboxaldehydeNNOH 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oximeNNH 2 O 2-PyridinecarboxamideNNH 2O 3-PyridinecarboxamideNH2NO 4-PyridinecarboxamideNOH O 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acidNOHO 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acidNHO O 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acidN OOHO 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide N OHO O 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxideNNH 2 NH 2 2,3-PyridinediamineNN H 2H2N 2,5-PyridinediamineNN H 2 H2N 2,6-PyridinediamineNNH 2 NH 2 3,4-PyridinediamineNOHOHO O 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acidNHO O OH O 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acidNHOO OH O 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid NOH OHO O 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acidNOHHO OO 3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acidNHOO OHO 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acidNOO O 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid anhydrideNN H 2 2-PyridineethanamineNNH 2 4-PyridineethanamineNO H 2-Pyridineethanol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g28/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129348 Pyridine hydrochloride C5H6ClN 628-13-7 115.562 hyg pl or sc (al) 146 222 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 9349 2-Pyridinemethanamine C6H8N2 3731-51-9 108.141 203; 91171.0525251.543125vs H2O 9350 3-Pyridinemethanamine C6H8N2 3731-52-0 108.141 liq -21.1 226 1.064201.55220vs H2O, eth, EtOH 9351 4-Pyridinemethanamine C6H8N2 3731-53-1 108.141 liq -7.6 230; 103111.072201.549525vs H2O 9352 2-Pyridinemethanol C6H7NO 586-98-1 109.126 11216, 102.581.1317201.544420msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 9353 3-Pyridinemethanol Nicotinyl alcohol C6H7NO 100-55-0 109.126 liq -6.5 266 1.131201.545520vs H2O, eth 9354 4-Pyridinemethanol 4-Picolyl alcohol C6H7NO 586-95-8 109.126 53 14112s chl 9355 Pyridine-1-oxide Pyridine N-oxide C5H5NO 694-59-7 95.100 65.5 14613 9356 2-Pyridinepropanol C8H11NO 2859-68-9 137.179 34 260.2; 11641.060251.529820vs H2O 9357 3-Pyridinepropanol C8H11NO 2859-67-8 137.179 284; 13031.063251.531320vs H2O 9358 3-Pyridinesulfonic acid 3-Pyridylsulfonic acid C5H5NO3S 636-73-7 159.164 orth 357 dec 1.71325vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth 9359 2-Pyridinethiol, 1-oxide C5H5NOS 1121-31-9 127.165 70.5 9360 2(1 H)-Pyridinethione C5H5NS 2637-34-5 111.166 130.0 s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl 9361 2-Pyridinol C5H5NO 72762-00-6 95.100 nd (bz) 107.8 1.391020vs H2O, bz, EtOH 9362 3-Pyridinol C5H5NO 109-00-2 95.100 nd (bz) 129 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl 9363 4-Pyridinol C5H5NO 626-64-2 95.100 pr or nd (w+1) 149.8 >350; 25710s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz 9364 2(1 H)-Pyridinone C5H5NO 142-08-5 95.100 nd (bz) 107.8 280 1.391020s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, DMSO 9365 2(1 H)-Pyridinone hydrazone 2-Pyridinylhydrazine C5H7N3 4930-98-7 109.130 46.6 185140, 901s chl 9366 α-[(2-Pyridinylamino) methyl]benzenemethanolPhenyramidol C13H14N2O 553-69-5 214.262 cry (dil MeOH) 83.5 9367 1-(2-Pyridinyl)ethanone C7H7NO 1122-62-9 121.137 ye in air 192 1.077251.520320s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc 9368 1-(3-Pyridinyl)ethanone Methyl pyridyl ketone C7H7NO 350-03-8 121.137 13.5 220 1.534120s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid 9369 1-(4-Pyridinyl)ethanone C7H7NO 1122-54-9 121.137 16 212 1.097251.528225sl EtOH, eth, acid 9370 N-(2-Pyridinylmethyl)-2- pyridinemethanamineC12H13N3 1539-42-0 199.251 20010, 13911.1074251.575725 9371 N-2-Pyridinyl-2-pyridinamine C10H9N3 1202-34-2 171.198 90.5 307.5 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 9372 Pyridoxal hydrochloride Vitamin B6 C8H10ClNO3 65-22-5 203.623 orth 165 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH 9373 Pyridoxal 5-phosphate Pyridoxal 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) C8H10NO6P 54-47-7 247.142 wh-ye pow or cry141 9374 Pyridoxamine 4-(Aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-6- methyl-3-pyridinemethanolC8H12N2O2 85-87-0 168.193 cry 198 s EtOH, acid 9375 Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride C8H14Cl2N2O2 524-36-7 241.115 pl (al) 226 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH 9376 Pyridoxine hydrochloride 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4- pyridinedimethanol hydrochlorideC8H12ClNO3 58-56-0 205.639 pl (al, ace) 207 sub vs H2O 9377 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol PAN C15H11N3O 85-85-8 249.267 red-br cry 130 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 9378 4-(2’-Pyridylazo)resorcinol PAR C11H9N3O2 1141-59-9 215.208 red-br cry 187 dec 9379 Pyrilamine C17H23N3O 91-84-9 285.384 2015 9380 2-Pyrimidinamine C4H5N3 109-12-6 95.103 nd (AcOEt) 127.5 sub s H2O; sl chl 9381 4-Pyrimidinamine C4H5N3 591-54-8 95.103 pl (AcOEt) 151.5 vs H2O, EtOH 9382 Pyrimidine 1,3-Diazine C4H4N2 289-95-2 80.088 22 123.8 1.499820msc H2O; s EtOH 9383 2,4,5,6(1 H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone Alloxan C4H2N2O4 50-71-5 142.070 256 dec sub vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc 9384 2,4,5,6(1 H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone 5- oximeVioluric acid C4H3N3O4 87-39-8 157.085 pa ye orth 203 dec sl H2O; s EtOH 9385 2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine C4H7N5 1004-38-2 125.133 248 dec 9386 Pyriminil C13H12N4O3 53558-25-1 272.259 solid 224 decNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g28/g22 NHCl Pyridine hydrochlorideNNH 2 2-PyridinemethanamineNNH 2 3-PyridinemethanamineNNH 2 4-PyridinemethanamineNOH 2-PyridinemethanolNOH 3-PyridinemethanolNOH 4-PyridinemethanolN O Pyridine-1-oxideNOH 2-Pyridinepropanol NOH 3-PyridinepropanolNSOOH 3-Pyridinesulfonic acidN OSH 2-Pyridinethiol, 1-oxideNS H 2(1H)-PyridinethioneNO H 2-PyridinolNOH 3-PyridinolNOH 4-PyridinolNHO 2(1H)-PyridinoneNN HNH 2 2(1H)-Pyridinone hydrazone NN HOH α-[(2-Pyridinylamino)methyl]benzenemethanolN O 1-(2-Pyridinyl)ethanoneNO 1-(3-Pyridinyl)ethanoneNO 1-(4-Pyridinyl)ethanoneNH NN N-(2-Pyridinylmethyl)-2-pyridinemethanamineNN HN N-2-Pyridinyl-2-pyridinamine/g3 NOHO HOHCl Pyridoxal hydrochloride NO OP HOOHOOH Pyridoxal 5-phosphateNOHNH 2 HO PyridoxamineNNH 2 OHHO2HCl Pyridoxamine dihydrochlorideNOH HOOH HCl Pyridoxine hydrochlorideNNN OH 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphtholNNN HO OH 4-(2’-Pyridylazo)resorcinolNNN O Pyrilamine NN NH 2 2-PyrimidinamineNNNH 2 4-PyrimidinamineNN PyrimidineN HNHO O OO 2,4,5,6(1 H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone/g3 N HNH OO HON O 2,4,5,6(1 H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone 5-oximeNN NH 2NH 2 H2N 2,4,6-PyrimidinetriamineNN HN HONOO Pyriminil /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g28/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129387 Pyrithione zinc C10H8N2O2S2Zn 13463-41-7 317.722 wh solid 262 s chl, DMSO, DMF 9388 Pyrocatechol 1,2-Benzenediol C6H6O2 120-80-9 110.111 cry 104.6 245 1.344201.60425vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 9389 L-Pyroglutamic acid 5-Oxo- L-proline C5H7NO3 98-79-3 129.115 162 s DMSO 9390 Pyrolan C13H15N3O2 87-47-8 245.277 50 1610.2s ctc, CS2 9391 Pyrrobutamine 1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-2- butenyl]pyrrolidineC20H22ClN 91-82-7 311.849 cry 49 1920.3 9392 Pyrrole Imidole C4H5N 109-97-7 67.090 liq -23.39 129.79 0.9698201.508520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 9393 1 H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde C5H5NO 1003-29-8 95.100 orth pr (peth) 46.5 218 1.593916sl chl, lig 9394 1 H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid C5H5NO2 634-97-9 111.100 lf (w) 208 dec s H2O, EtOH, eth 9395 1 H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid 3-Pyrrolecarboxylic acid C5H5NO2 931-03-3 111.100 nd (lig) 161.5 9396 1 H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione C4H3NO2 541-59-3 97.073 pl (bz) 94 sub 1.2493106s H2O, EtOH, eth 9397 Pyrrolidine Azacyclopentane C4H9N 123-75-1 71.121 col liq -57.79 86.56 0.8586201.443120msc H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl 9398 1-Pyrrolidineethanamine C6H14N2 7154-73-6 114.188 166; 68230.901251.468720 9399 1-Pyrrolidineethanol C6H13NO 2955-88-6 115.173 187; 80130.9750201.471320 9400 1-[4-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-2- pyrrolidinoneOxotremorine C12H18N2O 70-22-4 206.283 pa ye liq 1240.10.991251.516020 9401 3-(2-Pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, ( S) Nornicotine C9H12N2 494-97-3 148.204 hyg 270 1.0737191.537818vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 9402 2-Pyrrolidone γ-Butyrolactam C4H7NO 616-45-5 85.105 cry (peth) 25 251; 133121.120201.480630vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 9403 1-(1 H-Pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone C6H7NO 1072-83-9 109.126 mcl nd (w) 90 220 s H2O, EtOH, eth 9404 Pyruvic acid C3H4O3 127-17-3 88.062 13.8 dec 165; 54101.2272201.428020msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace 9405 Pyrvinium chloride C26H28ClN3 548-84-5 417.973 red pow (w) 250 dec 9406 1,1’:4’,1’’:4’’,1’’’-Quaterphenyl C24H18 135-70-6 306.400 320 42818i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; s bz, PhNO2, HOAc 9407 Quercetin C15H10O7 117-39-5 302.236 ye nd (dil al, + 2 w)316.5 sub sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH, ace, py 9408 Quercitrin Quercetin-3- L-rhamnoside C21H20O11 522-12-3 448.377 pa ye nd or pl (+2w, dil al)170 i H2O, eth; s EtOH, HOAc, MeOH, alk 9409 Quillaic acid C30H46O5 631-01-6 486.683 nd (dil al) 294 vs ace, eth, py, EtOH 9410 Quinacrine Mepacrine C23H30ClN3O 83-89-6 399.956 ye oil 87 9411 Quinaldine Red C21H23IN2 117-92-0 430.325 dk red pow s H2O; vs EtOH 9412 Quinamine C19H24N2O2 464-85-7 312.406 pr (bz), nd (80% al)185.5 i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace 9413 Quinazoline 1,3-Benzodiazine C8H6N2 253-82-7 130.147 ye pl (peth) 48 241 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl 9414 Quinclorac 3,7-Dichloroquinoline-8-carboxylic acidC10H5Cl2NO2 84087-01-4 242.059 274 1.75 9415 Quinethazone C10H12ClN3O3S 73-49-4 289.738 s tfa 9416 Quinic acid C7H12O6 77-95-2 192.166 162.5 1.6425vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc 9417 Quinidine C20H24N2O2 56-54-2 324.417 cry (+2.5w, dil al)174 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz; vs chl; i peth 9418 Quinine 6’-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol, (8 α,9R)C20H24N2O2 130-95-0 324.417 57 1.62515sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, py; s eth, chl 9419 Quinine hydrochloride 6’-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol monohydrochloride, (8 α,9R)C20H25ClN2O2 130-89-2 360.878 silky efflor nd (w)159 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 9420 Quinine sulfate C40H50N4O8S 804-63-7 746.912 silky nd (w) 235.2 vs EtOH 9421 Quininone C20H22N2O2 84-31-1 322.401 nd, lf (eth) 108 vs bz, eth, EtOH 9422 2-Quinolinamine 2-Aminoquinoline C9H8N2 580-22-3 144.173 lf (w) 131.5 sub vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl bz 9423 3-Quinolinamine 3-Aminoquinoline C9H8N2 580-17-6 144.173 orth (w, dil al) 94 vs eth, EtOH, chl 9424 4-Quinolinamine 4-Aminoquinoline C9H8N2 578-68-7 144.173 nd (bz, dil al) 154.8 18012s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g28/g24 NOZnS SNO Pyrithione zincOH OH PyrocatecholNHOOH O L-Pyroglutamic acidN NO N O PyrolanNCl PyrrobutamineNH PyrroleNHO 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydeN HOH O 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acidNHOHO 1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acidN HO O 1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione NH PyrrolidineN NH 2 1-PyrrolidineethanamineN OH 1-PyrrolidineethanolN ON 1-[4-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-2-pyrrolidinoneNN HH 3-(2-Pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, ( S)NHO 2-PyrrolidoneN HO 1-(1H-Pyrrol-2-yl)ethanoneOHO O Pyruvic acidN N ClN Pyrvinium chloride 1,1’:4’,1’’:4’’,1’’’-QuaterphenylOO OH OH OHOH HO QuercetinO OOH HOO OH OHO OH OHHO CH3 QuercitrinOH OH HO OOH Quillaic acidNOHN ClN Quinacrine N N I Quinaldine RedNHOOH H QuinamineNN QuinazolineNCl Cl HO O QuincloracNHH N OCl SH2NOO QuinethazoneOHO HO OHOHHO Quinic acidNOHONH QuinidineNOHONH Quinine NOHONH HCl Quinine hydrochlorideNOHONHH2SO4 2 Quinine sulfateNOO HN QuininoneNN H 2 2-QuinolinamineNNH 2 3-QuinolinamineNNH 2 4-Quinolinamine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g28/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129425 5-Quinolinamine 5-Aminoquinoline C9H8N2 611-34-7 144.173 ye nd (al) lf (eth)110 310; 18410sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; i lig 9426 6-Quinolinamine 6-Aminoquinoline C9H8N2 580-15-4 144.173 cry (w+2), pr (eth)114 18712sl H2O, eth; s NH3, EtOH 9427 8-Quinolinamine 8-Aminoquinoline C9H8N2 578-66-5 144.173 pa ye nd (sub) cry (al, lig)70 15719vs H2O, EtOH 9428 Quinoline 1-Azanaphthalene C9H7N 91-22-5 129.159 liq -14.78 237.16 1.0977151.626820sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s ctc 9429 4-Quinolinecarboxaldehyde Cinchoninaldehyde C10H7NO 4363-93-3 157.169 nd (to-peth) 51 1224vs eth, tol 9430 2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid Quinaldic acid C10H7NO2 93-10-7 173.169 156 s H2O; vs bz 9431 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 8-Carboxyquinoline C10H7NO2 86-59-9 173.169 nd (w) 187 sub vs EtOH 9432 2(1 H)-Quinolinethione C9H7NS 2637-37-8 161.224 187 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO 9433 2-Quinolinol 2-Hydroxyquinoline C9H7NO 59-31-4 145.158 pr (MeOH) 199.5 sub sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl 9434 3-Quinolinol 3-Hydroxyquinoline C9H7NO 580-18-7 145.158 cry (bz, dil al) 201.3 i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl; vs bz 9435 4-Quinolinol 4-Hydroxyquinoline C9H7NO 611-36-9 145.158 nd (w+3) 210 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, peth 9436 5-Quinolinol 5-Hydroxyquinoline C9H7NO 578-67-6 145.158 nd (al), pl 226 dec sub s H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH; vs MeOH; i lig 9437 6-Quinolinol 6-Hydroxyquinoline C9H7NO 580-16-5 145.158 pr (al, eth) 195 360 i H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH, eth; s alk 9438 7-Quinolinol 7-Hydroxyquinoline C9H7NO 580-20-1 145.158 pr (al), nd (dil al-eth)239 sub vs EtOH 9439 8-Quinolinol 8-Hydroxyquinoline C9H7NO 148-24-3 145.158 nd (dil al) 75.5 267 1.03420i H2O, eth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s ace 9440 8-Quinolinol benzoate Benzoxiquine C16H11NO2 86-75-9 249.264 sl chl 9441 8-Quinolinol sulfate (2:1) 8-Hydroxyquinoline sulfate C18H16N2O6S 134-31-6 388.934 177.5 vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth 9442 Quinovic acid C30H46O5 465-74-7 486.683 pl or nd 298 dec 9443 Quinovose C6H12O5 7658-08-4 164.156 cry (AcOEt) 139.5 vs H2O, EtOH 9444 Quinoxaline 1,4-Benzodiazine C8H6N2 91-19-0 130.147 cry (peth) 28 229.5 1.1334481.623148s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl 9445 2(1 H)-Quinoxalinone C8H6N2O 1196-57-2 146.146 lf (al) 271 sub 200 9446 Quizalofop-Ethyl C19H17ClN2O4 76578-14-8 372.802 wh cry 93 2200.2i H2O; s bz, EtOH, ace, xyl 9447 Radicinin C12H12O5 10088-95-6 236.220 221.5 sl chl 9448 Raffinose C18H32O16 512-69-6 504.437 80 1.46525s H2O, py; vs MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth 9449 Ranitidine C13H22N4O3S 66357-35-5 314.404 solid 69.5 9450 Raubasine C21H24N2O3 483-04-5 352.427 258 dec i H2O; s MeOH 9451 Raunescine C31H36N2O8 117-73-7 564.626 165 i H2O; s EtOH, chl, HOAc 9452 Reinecke salt C4H12CrN7OS413573-16-5 354.440 red cry (w) 270 dec s H2O, EtOH, ace; i bz 9453 Resazurin 7-Hydroxy-3 H-phenoxazin-3-one, 10-oxideC12H7NO4 550-82-3 229.189 dk red to gr pr or pl (HOAc)sub i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, HOAc; s alk 9454 Rescinnamine C35H42N2O9 24815-24-5 634.716 nd (bz) 238.5 i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, chl, AcOEt 9455 Reserpic acid C22H28N2O5 83-60-3 400.467 cry (MeOH) 242 9456 Reserpine C33H40N2O9 50-55-5 608.679 lo pr (dil ace) 264.5 sl H2O, eth, ace; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt 9457 cis-Resmethrin, (-) C22H26O3 10453-86-8 338.439 75 9458 Resorcinol 1,3-Benzenediol C6H6O2 108-46-3 110.111 nd (bz), pl (w) 109.4 276.5; 178161.278201.57825vs H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl 9459 11- cis-Retinal Vitamin A1 aldehyde C20H28O 564-87-4 284.435 cry 9460 Retinal (all trans )C20H28O 116-31-4 284.435 oran cry 64 i H2O; s EtOH, chl, cy, peth 9461 13- cis-Retinoic acid Accutane C20H28O2 4759-48-2 300.435 cry (EtOH) 189 9462 13- trans -Retinoic acid C20H28O2 302-79-4 300.435 cry (MeOH) 181.5No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g23/g28/g26 NNH 2 5-QuinolinamineNH2N 6-QuinolinamineN NH 2 8-QuinolinamineN QuinolineNO 4-QuinolinecarboxaldehydeNOH O 2-Quinolinecarboxylic acidN HO O 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acidN HS 2(1H)-QuinolinethioneNO H 2-QuinolinolNOH 3-QuinolinolNOH 4-Quinolinol NOH 5-QuinolinolNHO 6-QuinolinolN HO 7-QuinolinolN OH 8-QuinolinolN O O 8-Quinolinol benzoateN OH2H2SO4 8-Quinolinol sulfate (2:1)HOH COOH COOH Quinovic acidO HO OH OHOH QuinovoseNN QuinoxalineNHN O 2(1H)-Quinoxalinone O NN Cl OO O Quizalofop-EthylO OHOO O RadicininO OO OHHO OHO HOOH OHOHHOHO OH OHO RaffinoseONSN HN HNOO RanitidineN HN OH HH O O Raubasine N HN OO OO OOHO OH HH RaunescineNH 3 Cr SCN NCSNCS NH 3SCN NH 4 . H 2O Reinecke saltNO OO HO ResazurinN HNOH H H O OO OO O O O RescinnamineN HNOH H H OOHHO O Reserpic acid N HNOH H H OOO OO O O O ReserpineO OO cis-Resmethrin, (-)/g3OH OH Resorcinol /g3O 11-cis-Retinal /g3O Retinal (all trans ) /g3 O HO 13-cis-Retinoic acidOHO 13-trans -Retinoic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g28/g27/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 9463 Retinol Vitamin A C20H30O 68-26-8 286.451 ye pr (peth) 63.5 1370.000001i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 9464 Retinyl palmitate Retinol, hexadecanoate C36H60O2 79-81-2 524.860 28 9465 Retronecine, (+) C8H13NO2 480-85-3 155.195 cry (ace) 121 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 9466 Retrorsine C18H25NO6 480-54-6 351.395 cry (AcOEt) 212 sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, chl; i eth 9467 Rhamnetin C16H12O7 90-19-7 316.262 ye nd (al) 295 sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, PhOH; vs dil alk 9468 DL- α-Rhamnose C6H12O5 116908-82-8 164.156 cry (w) 151 vs H2O, EtOH 9469 D-Rhamnose 6-Deoxy- D-mannose C6H12O5 634-74-2 164.156 s H2O 9470 Rheadine C21H21NO6 2718-25-4 383.395 nd (chl, eth, al) 257 sub 9471 Rhein C15H8O6 478-43-3 284.221 ye or oran nd (MeOH, py)321 sub sl H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs py 9472 Rhenium carbonyl Dirhenium decacarbonyl C10O10Re2 14285-68-8 652.515 ye-wh cry 170 dec 2.87 s os 9473 Rhizopterin C15H12N6O4 119-20-0 340.294 lt ye pl (w) >300 i H2O, EtOH, eth; s aq alk, aq NH3, py 9474 Rhodamine B C28H32ClN2O3 81-88-9 480.018 165 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, xyl 9475 Rhodium carbonyl chloride Dirhodium tetracarbonyl dichloride C4Cl2O4Rh2 14523-22-9 388.758 red-oran cry 124 s os 9476 Ribavirin Tribavirin C8H12N4O5 36791-04-5 244.205 col cry (EtOH) 175 s H2O 9477 Ribitol Adonitol C5H12O5 488-81-3 152.146 pr (w), nd (al) 104 s H2O, EtOH; i eth, lig 9478 Riboflavin C17H20N4O6 83-88-5 376.364 ye or oran-ye nd (w)280 dec i H2O, eth, ace, chl; sl EtOH 9479 Riboflavin-5’-phosphate C17H20N4O9P 146-17-8 455.336 ye cry (w) 9480 D-Ribose C5H10O5 50-69-1 150.130 pl (al) 88 s H2O; sl EtOH 9481 L-Ribose C5H10O5 24259-59-4 150.130 81 9482 D-Ribulose erythro -2-Pentulose C5H10O5 488-84-6 150.130 syrup vs H2O 9483 Ricinine 1,2-Dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2- oxo-3-pyridinecarbonitrileC8H8N2O2 524-40-3 164.162 pr or lf (w, al) 201.5 sub 170 s H2O, chl; sl EtOH, bz; vs py; i peth 9484 Rifabutin C46H62N4O11 72559-06-9 847.004 viol-red cry i H2O; vs chl; s MeOH; sl EtOH 9485 Rifampin C43H58N4O12 13292-46-1 822.941 red-oran pl (ace)185 dec 9486 Rinderine Echinatine-3’-epimer C15H25NO5 6029-84-1 299.364 cry (ace) 100.5 9487 Ronnel C8H8Cl3O3PS 299-84-3 321.546 41 1520.41.44321.533535 9488 Rotenone C23H22O6 83-79-4 394.417 nd or lf (al, aq- ace)176 2150.5i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl eth; vs chl 9489 Rubijervine C27H43NO2 79-58-3 413.636 nd (+1w, dil al) 242 vs bz, EtOH, chl 9490 Rubratoxin B C26H30O11 21794-01-4 518.509 cry (MeCN) 169 dec 9491 Rutecarpine C18H13N3O 84-26-4 287.315 ye nd (al, AcOEt)259.5 sl EtOH, ace, bz 9492 Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl Triruthenium dodecacarbonyl C12O12Ru3 15243-33-1 639.33 oran cry dec 150 9493 Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate C15H21O6Ru 14284-93-6 398.39 230 9494 Rutinose C12H22O10 90-74-4 326.297 hyg pow (al, eth)190 dec vs H2O, EtOH 9495 Sabadine C29H47NO8 124-80-1 537.685 nd (eth) 258 vs ace, EtOH 9496 Saccharin C7H5NO3S 81-07-2 183.185 nd (ace) pr (al), lf (w)228 dec sub 0.82825sl H2O, bz, eth, chl; s ace, EtOH 9497 Saccharin sodium 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one, 1,1- dioxide, sodium saltC7H4NNaO3S 128-44-9 205.168 wh cry 229 s H2O 9498 Safranal 2,6,6-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene- 1-carboxaldehydeC10H14O 116-26-7 150.217 7010.9734191.528119vs EtOH, peth TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g23/g28/g28 OH RetinolOO Retinyl palmitateNOHH HO Retronecine, (+)NOO HOOHO OH RetrorsineOO OHOH OOH OH RhamnetinO HOOHHO OH DL-α-RhamnoseCHO HO HHO H HO HHO H CH 3 D-Rhamnose OO N OH H O OO RheadineOHO OH OO OH RheinRe ReOC OCOC OCCO COCO CO CO OC Rhenium carbonylNN NNHO NH 2NHOO O RhizopterinOOO NN Cl Rhodamine BOC OCCO COCl Rh ClRh Rhodium carbonyl chlorideO HO OHNN NNH 2O HO Ribavirin CH2OH CH2OHOH OHOHH HH RibitolHN NNNO O CH2 HO H HO HHO H CH 2OH RiboflavinHN NNNO O CH2 HO H HO HHO H CH 2OP OHO OH Riboflavin-5’-phosphateCHO HO HHO HHO H CH 2OH D-RiboseHO H HO HHO H CH 2OHCHO L-RiboseCH2OH O HO HHO H CH 2OH D-RibuloseNON O RicinineO NHO OHHO O OOHOO O NNH NO Rifabutin/g3 OHNN NOH NHO OHHO OO OOHOO O Rifampin NHHO OO OHOH RinderineOPO OSCl Cl Cl RonnelO OO OH HO O RotenoneN HOHHOH HH HH RubijervineOO HO H H OOO O OHO HOO H Rubratoxin BNHN NO RutecarpineRu OC OCOCOC Ru COCO COCORuCO OCOC CO Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl OOO O O ORh Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioateOO HO OH OHO HO OH OHOH RutinoseN OO HOHH HO HOH H OHOHOHH SabadineSNHO OO SaccharinSN NaO OO Saccharin sodiumO Safranal /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g19/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129499 Safrole 5-(2-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole C10H10O2 94-59-7 162.185 mcl 11.2 234.5 1.1000201.538120i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, chl 9500 Salcomine N,N’-Bis(salicylidene) ethylenediaminocobalt(II)C16H14CoN2O2 14167-18-1 325.227 red cry (DMF) s bz, chl, py 9501 Salicylaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde C7H6O2 90-02-8 122.122 liq -7 197 1.1674201.574020sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz 9502 Salicylaldoxime C7H7NO2 94-67-7 137.137 57 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s chl; i lig 9503 Salsoline C11H15NO2 89-31-6 193.243 pow or cry (al) 221.5 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, peth; s chl, alk 9504 Salvarsan dihydrochloride Arsphenamine C12H14As2Cl2N2 O2139-93-5 439.001 ye hyg pow 190 dec vs H2O 9505 Sanguinarine C20H15NO5 2447-54-3 349.337 cry (eth, al) 266 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 9506 α-Santalol C15H24O 115-71-9 220.351 301.5 0.9679201.502320i H2O; s EtOH 9507 β-Santalol C15H24O 77-42-9 220.351 167100.9750201.511520 9508 Santonic acid C15H20O4 510-35-0 264.318 cry 171 28515sl H2O; s chl, eth, HOAc, EtOH 9509 α-Santonin C15H18O3 481-06-1 246.302 orth (w, eth) 175 1.59025sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i peth 9510 Sarcosine N-Methylglycine C3H7NO2 107-97-1 89.094 cry (al) 212 dec s H2O 9511 Sarmentogenin C23H34O5 76-28-8 390.513 pr (95% al, MeOH-eth)280 i H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH; sl ace, chl 9512 Sarpagan-17-al Vellosimine C19H20N2O 6874-98-2 292.374 cry (MeOH) 305.5 sub 180 9513 Sarpagan-10,17-diol Sarpagine C19H22N2O2 482-68-8 310.390 nd 320 i H2O; s EtOH 9514 Saxitoxin dihydrochloride C10H19Cl2N7O435554-08-6 372.209 hyg wh solid vs H2O, MeOH, EtOH 9515 Scarlet red C24H20N4O 85-83-6 380.442 dk br pow or nd 185; dec 260 i H2O; sl ace, bz; vs chl, peth 9516 Schradan C8H24N4O3P2 152-16-9 286.250 17 1542.01.09251.46225vs H2O, EtOH, chl 9517 Scilliroside C32H44O12 507-60-8 620.684 lo pr (dil MeOH)169 dec sl H2O, ace, chl; vs EtOH, diox; i eth 9518 Scopolamine C17H21NO4 51-34-3 303.354 visc liq vs hot H2O, EtOH, ace; sl bz 9519 Scopoline C8H13NO2 487-27-4 155.195 hyg nd (lig, eth, chl, peth)108.5 248 1.0891134s H2O 9520 Sebacic acid C10H18O4 111-20-6 202.248 lf 130.9 295100, 232101.2705201.422133sl H2O; s EtOH, eth; i bz 9521 Selenium methionine Selenomethionine C5H11NO2Se 1464-42-2 196.11 hex pl (MeOH aq)265 dec 9522 Selenoformaldehyde CH2Se 6596-50-5 92.99 unstab gas 9523 Selenourea Carbamimidoselenoic acid CH4N2Se 630-10-4 123.02 pr or nd (w) dec 200 vs H2O 9524 Semicarbazide hydrochloride CH6ClN3O 563-41-7 111.531 pr (dil al) 176 dec vs H2O 9525 Senecionine C18H25NO5 130-01-8 335.396 pl 232 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s chl 9526 Seneciphylline C18H23NO5 480-81-9 333.380 pl (AcOEt) 217 dec s chl; sl EtOH, ace; i eth 9527 Senkirkin C19H27NO6 2318-18-5 365.420 pl (ace) 197 9528 L-Sepiapterin 6-Lactoyl-7,8-dihydropterin C9H11N5O3 17094-01-8 237.215 ye pow or cry 9529 DL-Serine C3H7NO3 302-84-1 105.093 mcl pr or lf (w) 246 dec 1.60322s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 9530 D-Serine C3H7NO3 312-84-5 105.093 nd or hex pr (w) 229 dec dec vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 9531 L-Serine 2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, ( S)C3H7NO3 56-45-1 105.093 hex pl or pr (w) 228 dec sub 150 1.622s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 9532 Serpentine alkaloid C21H20N2O3 18786-24-8 348.395 175 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 9533 Sesin 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyethyl benzoate C15H12Cl2O3 94-83-7 311.160 cry 66 1851.5 9534 Sesone Sodium 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) ethyl sulfateC8H7Cl2NaO5S 136-78-7 309.100 245 dec 9535 Sethoxydim C17H29NO3S 74051-80-2 327.482 >900.000031.04325 9536 Shikimic acid C7H10O5 138-59-0 174.151 nd 184 subl sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl 9537 Siduron C14H20N2O 1982-49-6 232.321 cry solid 135 s EtOH, DMF, CH2Cl2No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g19/g20 OO SafroleOCo ONN SalcomineO OH SalicylaldehydeOHNOH SalicylaldoximeNHHO O SalsolineAs OHNH 22HCl 2 Salvarsan dihydrochlorideN O OOO SanguinarineOH α-SantalolCH2OH β-Santalol O H OHO HO Santonic acidO OH O α-SantoninHNOHO SarcosineOO OHHO HOH SarmentogeninN HN HO Sarpagan-17-alNHN HOHHO Sarpagan-10,17-diolHN N NHHN NH HN OH OHHO H2N O 2HCl Saxitoxin dihydrochloride N NN NOH Scarlet redO PNO NPO N N SchradanO OOH OHOO OOHO HOOH OH ScillirosideN O O OOH ScopolamineON HO ScopolineOHO HO O Sebacic acidO OH NH 2Se Selenium methionine HHSe SelenoformaldehydeH2NN H 2Se SelenoureaO N HNH 2H2NHCl Semicarbazide hydrochlorideNHO OOHHO O SenecionineNHOOOOHO SeneciphyllineNOOO OOH O SenkirkinN HN NNHO NH 2O OH L-SepiapterinO OH NH 2HO DL-SerineO OH NH 2HO D-Serine O OH NH 2HO L-Serine/g3NN OHH O O Serpentine alkaloidCl ClOOO SesinCl ClOOSO NaOO SesoneO ON S O SethoxydimHO OHOHHO O Shikimic acidHN N HO Siduron /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g19/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129538 Silvex Propanoic acid, 2-(2,4,5- trichlorophenoxy)-C9H7Cl3O3 93-72-1 269.509 181.6 9539 Simazine 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro- N,N’-diethyl-C7H12ClN5 122-34-9 201.657 226 1.30220 9540 Simfibrate C23H26Cl2O6 14929-11-4 469.354 cry 52 2250.15 9541 Sinapinic acid 3-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- 2-propenoic acidC11H12O5 530-59-6 224.210 wh pow i H2O; s MeOH, ace 9542 Sinomenine C19H23NO4 115-53-7 329.391 nd (bz) 162 sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, dil alk 9543 α1-Sitosterol 4-Methylstigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3- ol, (3 β,4α,5α,24Z)C30H50O 474-40-8 426.717 nd (al) 166 vs EtOH, chl 9544 Sodium arsanilate Sodium (4-aminophenyl)arsonate C6H7AsNNaO3 127-85-5 239.037 wh cry s H2O 9545 Sodium ascorbate C6H7NaO6 134-03-2 198.106 cry 218 dec 9546 Sodium benzenesulfinate C6H5NaO2S 873-55-2 164.158 cry 300 9547 Sodium benzenesulfonate Monosodium benzenesulfonate C6H5NaO3S 515-42-4 180.157 >300 s H2O; sl EtOH 9548 Sodium benzoate C7H5NaO2 532-32-1 144.104 >300 s H2O 9549 Sodium cacodylate Sodium dimethylarsonate C2H6AsNaO2 124-65-2 159.980 gran cry 60 (hyd) vs H2O; s EtOH 9550 Sodium 2,2-dichloropropanoate C3H3Cl2NaO2 127-20-8 164.951 hyg pow 166 dec 9551 Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate Dithiocarb sodium C5H10NNaS2 148-18-5 171.260 cry (EtOH) 95 s H2O, EtOH, MeOH, ace; i eth, bz 9552 Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrateDiethyldithiocarbamate sodium salt trihydrateC5H16NNaO3S220624-25-3 225.306 orth cry (ace) 95 vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; i bz, eth 9553 Sodium 4,5-dihydroxy-2,7- naphthalenedisulfonic acidChromotropic acid disodium salt C10H6Na2O8S2 129-96-4 364.260 wh nd or lf (w) vs H2O 9554 Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate C3H7NNaS2 128-04-1 144.215 col cry (w) 121 (hyd) 9555 Sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate C18H29NaO3S 2211-98-5 348.476 cry 144 9556 Sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate C12H25NaO4S 151-21-3 288.379 wh pow 205 9557 Sodium ethanolate Sodium ethoxide C2H5NaO 141-52-6 68.050 hyg wh pow 260 dec reac H2O; s EtOH 9558 Sodium fluoroacetate C2H2FNaO2 62-74-8 100.024 wh mcl cry 200 i ace, chl; sl EtOH, MeOH 9559 Sodium formaldehyde bisulfite Sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate CH3NaO4S 870-72-4 134.088 cry (EtOH aq) 9560 Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate CH3NaO3S 149-44-0 118.088 cry (w) 63 (hyd) s H2O; i EtOH, bz, eth 9561 Sodium gluconate C6H11NaO7 527-07-1 218.137 s H2O 9562 Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate Monosodium 2- hydroxyethanesulfonateC2H5NaO4S 1562-00-1 148.114 s H2O 9563 Sodium 2-hydroxy-2- propanesulfonateMonosodium 2-hydroxy-2- propanesulfonateC3H7NaO4S 540-92-1 162.141 cry s H2O; sl EtOH 9564 Sodium iodomethanesulfonate Methiodal sodium CH2INaO3S 126-31-8 243.984 cry sl EtOH, ace, bz 9565 Sodium O-isopropyl xanthate C4H7NaOS2 140-93-2 158.218 hyg wh-ye pow 150 dec 9566 Sodium methanolate Sodium methoxide CH3NaO 124-41-4 54.024 wh hyg tetr cry 300 reac H2O; s MeOH, EtOH 9567 Sodium methylarsonate CH4AsNaO3 2163-80-6 161.953 cry (w) 115 vs H2O; s MeOH; i os 9568 Sodium methyldithiocarbamate Metham sodium C2H4NNaS2 137-42-8 129.180 cry (w) vs H2O 9569 Sodium β-naphthoquinone-4- sulfonateSodium 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dioxo-1- naphthalenesulfonateC10H5NaO5S 521-24-4 260.199 287 dec 9570 Sodium 2-oxopropanoate C3H3NaO3 113-24-6 110.044 s H2O; sl abs EtOH 9571 Sodium phenolate Sodium phenoxide C6H5NaO 139-02-6 116.093 hyg cry 384 vs H2O; s EtOH, thf 9572 Sodium propanoate C3H5NaO2 137-40-6 96.061 sl H2O 9573 Sodium sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein sodium C20H8Br4Na2O10 S271-67-0 837.998 hyg cry s H2O; i EtOH, ace 9574 Sodium tartrate C4H4Na2O6 868-18-8 194.051 s H2O 9575 Sodium tartrate dihydrate C4H8Na2O8 6106-24-7 230.082 1.54525s H2O; i EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g19/g22 Cl ClCl OOHO SilvexN NNNH NHCl SimazineClOOO OO O Cl SimfibrateOHO HO OO Sinapinic acidO OO HO HN SinomenineHOH α1-Sitosterol NH 2As HO O NaO Sodium arsanilateNa O HO OHOCH2O OH Sodium ascorbateSOO Na Sodium benzenesulfinateSO OONa Sodium benzenesulfonateOO Na Sodium benzoateO As ONa Sodium cacodylateO OCl ClNa Sodium 2,2-dichloropropanoateNS S Na Sodium diethyldithiocarbamateS SN Na3H2O Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate SO3 O3S OH OHNa Na Sodium 4,5-dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acidS SN Na Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamateSOOONa Sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonateSOO OO Na Sodium dodecyl sulfateONa Sodium ethanolateO OFNa Sodium fluoroacetate O SO NaOHO Sodium formaldehyde bisulfiteO SO NaHO Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylateCOO Na H HO HH CH 2OHOH OHHOH Sodium gluconateO SO NaOHO Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonateO S OHO O Na Sodium 2-hydroxy-2-propanesulfonateO S OIO Na Sodium iodomethanesulfonateO HSS Sodium O-isopropyl xanthateOC H 3 Na Sodium methanolate O As HO O Na Sodium methylarsonateS SN HNa Sodium methyldithiocarbamateOO SOO ONa Sodium β-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonateO O Na O Sodium 2-oxopropanoateONa Sodium phenolateOO Na Sodium propanoateO OSO3Na OHHO NaO 3S Br Br Br Br Sodium sulfobromophthaleinCOO Na HO H HO H COO Na Sodium tartrateCOO Na HO H HO H COO Na2H2O Sodium tartrate dihydrate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g19/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129576 Sodium tetraphenylborate C24H20BNa 143-66-8 342.217 nd 300 s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, chl; i peth 9577 Sodium trichloroacetate C2Cl3NaO2 650-51-1 185.369 ye-wh pow 300 s H2O, EtOH 9578 Sodium trifluoroacetate C2F3NaO2 2923-18-4 136.005 cry 207 dec 9579 Solanid-5-ene-3,18-diol, (3 β) Isorubijervine C27H43NO2 468-45-1 413.636 pr(al) 242.5 vs bz, chl 9580 Solanine C45H73NO15 20562-02-1 868.060 nd (EtOH aq) 286 dec i H2O, eth, chl; s hot EtOH 9581 Solanone C13H22O 1937-54-8 194.313 6010.870201.475520 9582 Soman C7H16FO2P 96-64-0 182.173 liq 9583 Sophoricoside C21H20O10 152-95-4 432.378 274 9584 Sorbitan oleate C24H44O6 1338-43-8 428.602 ye oil 0.986 1.480020i H2O; s EtOH 9585 L-Sorbose L-Sorbinose C6H12O6 87-79-6 180.155 orth (al) 165 1.61217s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH 9586 Sparteine C15H26N2 90-39-1 234.380 30.5 325; 17381.0196201.531220vs eth, EtOH, chl 9587 Spinulosin C8H8O5 85-23-4 184.147 red-bl 202.5 sub 120 sl H2O; s alk 9588 Spironolactone C24H32O4S 52-01-7 416.574 134 9589 Spiro[2.2]pentane C5H8 157-40-4 68.118 liq -107.0 39 0.7266201.412020 9590 Spirosolan-3-ol, (3 β,5α,22β,25S) Tomatidine C27H45NO2 77-59-8 415.652 pl 210.5 s EtOH, eth 9591 Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,22α,25R) Solasodine C27H43NO2 126-17-0 413.636 hex pl (sub) 202 s EtOH, ace, bz, diox, py; sl eth; vs chl 9592 Spirostan-2,3-diol, (2 α,3β,5α,25R) Gitogenin C27H44O4 511-96-6 432.636 lf (bz), nd (eth) 271.5 i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth 9593 Spirostan-3-ol, (3 β,5α,25R) Tigogenin C27H44O3 77-60-1 416.636 lf (al +1w) pr (ace)205.5 s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, MeOH, peth 9594 Spirostan-3-ol, (3 β,5β,25R) Smilagenin C27H44O3 126-18-1 416.636 nd (ace) 185 vs ace, bz, EtOH 9595 Spirostan-3-ol, (3 β,5β,25S) Sarsasapogenin C27H44O3 126-19-2 416.636 lo pr, nd (ace) 200.5 s EtOH, ace, bz, chl 9596 Spirostan-2,3,15-triol, (2α,3β,5α,15β,25R)Digitogenin C27H44O5 511-34-2 448.635 nd (al) 281.5 vs chl 9597 Spirost-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,25R) Diosgenin C27H42O3 512-04-9 414.620 cry (ace) 205.5 vs EtOH 9598 Spiro[5.5]undecane C11H20 180-43-8 152.277 208 0.8783201.4731 9599 S-Propyl thioacetate C5H10OS 2307-10-0 118.197 137.9 0.953525 9600 Squalene C30H50 111-02-4 410.718 oil -4.8 421.3; 280170.8584201.499020i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, ctc 9601 Stachydrine C7H13NO2 471-87-4 143.184 cry (w+1) 235 vs H2O, EtOH 9602 Stanozolol C21H32N2O 10418-03-8 328.491 cry (EtOH) ≈236 9603 Stearaldehyde C18H36O 638-66-4 268.478 nd (peth) 261 9604 Stearic acid Octadecanoic acid C18H36O2 57-11-4 284.478 mcl lf (al) 69.3 dec 350; 232150.9408201.429980i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl, CS2 9605 Stearic acid anhydride Octadecanoic anhydride C36H70O3 638-08-4 550.939 72 0.8365821.436280i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz 9606 Sterigmatocystin C18H12O6 10048-13-2 324.284 ye nd 246 dec 9607 Stigmasta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3 β) 7-Dehydrositosterol C29H48O 521-04-0 412.690 144.5 vs bz, eth, EtOH 9608 Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3 β,22E) Stigmasterol C29H48O 83-48-7 412.690 170 vs bz, eth, EtOH 9609 Stigmastan-3-ol, (3 β,5α)C29H52O 83-45-4 416.722 144 9610 Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,24R) β-Sitosterol C29H50O 83-46-5 414.706 pl (al) 137 s EtOH, eth, HOAc 9611 Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,24S) γ-Sitosterol C29H50O 83-47-6 414.706 cry (EtOH) 148 s EtOH 9612 cis-Stilbene cis-1,2-Diphenylethene C14H12 645-49-8 180.245 -5 141121.0143201.613020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl 9613 trans -Stilbene trans -1,2-Diphenylethene C14H12 103-30-0 180.245 cry (al) 124.2 307; 166120.9707201.626417i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz 9614 Streptomycin N-Methyl- L- glucosamidinostreptosidostreptidineC21H39N7O12 57-92-1 581.575 hyg pow s H2O 9615 Streptomycin sulfate C42H84N14O36S33810-74-0 1457.383 pow ≈230 decNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g19/g24 BNa Sodium tetraphenylborateClCl ClOO Na Sodium trichloroacetate/g3 FF FOO Na Sodium trifluoroacetateN HOHOH HH Solanid-5-ene-3,18-diol, (3 β)N OH O O OHO HO HO HOOH OHCH3HO OH OHOHH O SolanineOOO H OHOOHO HOOH OH SophoricosideO SolanoneOPO F Soman O OH OHHOO O Sorbitan oleate CH2OH O HO H OH H HO H CH2OH L-SorboseNNH H SparteineO OOH HO O Spinulosin SpironolactoneOO H OS O Spiro[2.2]pentaneOH N HOHHH HH H Spirosolan-3-ol, (3 β,5α,22β,25S)OH N H HOH Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,22α,25R)OO HHOHHO Spirostan-2,3-diol, (2 α,3β,5α,25R) OO HHOH Spirostan-3-ol, (3 β,5α,25R)OO HHOH Spirostan-3-ol, (3 β,5β,25R)OO HHOH Spirostan-3-ol, (3 β,5β,25S)OO HOH OHHO H Spirostan-2,3,15-triol, (2 α,3β,5α,15β,25R)OO HOH Spirost-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,25R) Spiro[5.5]undecaneO S S-Propyl thioacetate SqualeneNO O StachydrineHN NOH HH StanozololO StearaldehydeOHO Stearic acidOO O Stearic acid anhydride trans -Stilbene cis-StilbeneOO O H H OO OH SterigmatocystinHO Stigmasta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3 β)/g3HO Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3 β,22E) /g3HOH Stigmastan-3-ol, (3 β,5 α) /g3 HOH Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,24R)HOH Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,24S)OO HO OHNH NH HO CH2OH MeHNO H3CCHO OHONH H2N NH 2NH HOOH StreptomycinOO HO OHNH NH HO CH2OH MeHNO H3CCHO OHONH H2N NH 2NH HOOH 3H2SO4 2 Streptomycin sulfate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g19/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129616 Streptozotocin C8H15N3O7 18883-66-4 265.221 pl 115 dec s H2O, EtOH 9617 Strophanthidin C23H32O6 66-28-4 404.496 orth tab (MeOH-w) lf (w+2)173 dec i H 2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc, chl 9618 Strychnidin-10-one mononitrate Strychnine nitrate C21H23N3O5 66-32-0 397.425 nd (w) 295 1.62725vs H2O, MeOH; sl bz; s chl, EtOH 9619 Strychnidin-10-one sulfate (2:1) Strychnine sulfate C42H46N4O8S 60-41-3 766.901 200 dec s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl chl 9620 Strychnine C21H22N2O2 57-24-9 334.412 orth pr (al) 287 27051.3620sl H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth; s chl 9621 Styrene Vinylbenzene C8H8 100-42-5 104.150 liq -30.65 145 0.9016251.544025i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl ctc 9622 Succimer 2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid, (R*,S*)C4H6O4S2 304-55-2 182.219 wh cry (MeOH) 193 9623 Succinamide C4H8N2O2 110-14-5 116.119 orth nd (w) 268 dec sub 125 s H2O 9624 Succinic acid C4H6O4 110-15-6 118.089 tcl or mcl pr 187.9 dec 235 1.572251.450 sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz 9625 Succinic anhydride C4H4O3 108-30-5 100.073 nd (al), orth pym (chl)119 261 1.220i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth 9626 Succinimide C4H5NO2 123-56-8 99.089 pl (+1w, al) orth (ace)126.5 dec 287 1.41825s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace 9627 Succinonitrile Butanedinitrile C4H4N2 110-61-2 80.088 57.98 266 0.9867601.417360vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; sl eth 9628 Succinylcholine chloride Suxamethonium chloride C14H30Cl2N2O471-27-2 361.305 cry (w) 190 sl EtOH, bz, chl; i eth 9629 Succinylsulphathiazole C13H13N3O5S2 116-43-8 355.389 cry 193.5 i H2O, eth, chl; sl EtOH, ace; s alk 9630 Sucralfate C12H54Al16O75S854182-58-0 2086.737 wh amorp pow i H2O, EtOH, chl; s dil HCl, alk 9631 Sucrose C12H22O11 57-50-1 342.296 mcl 185.5 1.5805171.5376 s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth 9632 Sucrose monohexadecanoate Sucrose palmitate C28H52O12 26446-38-8 580.706 cry 61 s H2O 9633 Sucrose octaacetate C28H38O19 126-14-7 678.591 nd (al) 86.5 25011.27161.4660 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 9634 Sufentanil C22H30N2O2S 56030-54-7 386.550 cry (peth) 96.6 9635 Sulfabenzamide N-[(4-Aminophenyl) sulfonyl]benzamideC13H12N2O3S 127-71-9 276.310 hex pr (60% al) 181.5 9636 Sulfachlorpyridazine C10H9ClN4O2S 80-32-0 284.722 187 9637 Sulfacytine C12H14N4O3S 17784-12-2 294.329 cry (MeOH/ BuOH)167 i H2O; s alk 9638 Sulfadimethoxine C12H14N4O4S 122-11-2 310.329 203.5 9639 Sulfaguanidine C7H10N4O2S 57-67-0 214.245 nd (w) 191.5 9640 Sulfallate Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2- chloro-2-propenyl esterC8H14ClNS2 95-06-7 223.787 12911.088 9641 Sulfamerazine C11H12N4O2S 127-79-7 264.304 cry 236 sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO; i eth, chl 9642 Sulfamethazine C12H14N4O2S 57-68-1 278.330 pa ye (w+1/2) cry (diox-w)198.5 s H2O, acid, alk; sl DMSO 9643 Sulfamethiazole C9H10N4O2S2 144-82-1 270.331 cry (w) 210 sl hot H2O 9644 Sulfamethoxazole C10H11N3O3S 723-46-6 253.277 ye-wh pow 171 i eth 9645 Sulfamethoxypyridazine C11H12N4O3S 80-35-3 280.303 182.5 9646 Sulfamethylthiazole C10H11N3O2S2 515-59-3 269.343 237 vs EtOH 9647 N4-Sulfanilylsulfanilamide 4-Amino- N-[4-(aminosulfonyl) phenyl]benzenesulfonamideC12H13N3O4S2 547-52-4 327.379 137 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i chl, peth 9648 Sulfanilylurea C7H9N3O3S 547-44-4 215.229 cry (w) 147 dec 9649 Sulfaphenazole C15H14N4O2S 526-08-9 314.363 cry (EtOH) 181 sl EtOH, MeOH, gl HOAc 9650 Sulfasalazine C18H14N4O5S 599-79-1 398.393 220 decNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g19/g26 O HO HNOHHO OH ONNO StreptozotocinOO HOH OH OHO StrophanthidinN OHN H HOHHNO 3 Strychnidin-10-one mononitrateN OHN H HOHH2SO4 2 Strychnidin-10-one sulfate (2:1)N OHN H HOH Strychnine StyreneCOOH HS HHS H COOH SuccimerO H2NNH 2 O Succinamide OHHOO O Succinic acidOOO Succinic anhydrideN HO O SuccinimideNN SuccinonitrileO ONO ONClCl Succinylcholine chlorideN S NHSOO N HOHO O SuccinylsulphathiazoleO ORO ROOR ORRO ORRO ORO R = SO 3[Al2(OH) 5] Sucralfate O OHO HOOH HOHO OHHO OHO SucroseO OOAcO AcOOAc AcO AcO OAcAcO OAc Sucrose octaacetateN SNO O SufentanilH2NSN HO OO SulfabenzamideNNCl N HSOO H2N SulfachlorpyridazineH2NSNHOO N NO SulfacytineH2NSN HOO N NO O Sulfadimethoxine H2NSN HOO NH 2NH Sulfaguanidine/g3 S N ClS SulfallateH2NSN HOO NN SulfamerazineNN N HSOO H2N SulfamethazineNN S NHSOO H2N SulfamethiazoleN HSOO H2NNO SulfamethoxazoleH2NSN HOO NNO Sulfamethoxypyridazine S N N HS H2NOO SulfamethylthiazoleSN HOO H2NSOONH 2 N4-SulfanilylsulfanilamideH2NSN HOO NH 2O SulfanilylureaH2NSN HOO N N SulfaphenazoleNH NS OONNOH OH O Sulfasalazine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g19/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129651 Sulfathiazole 4-Amino- N-2- thiazolylbenzenesulfonamideC9H9N3O2S2 72-14-0 255.316 br pl, rods or pow (45% al)175(form a); 202(form b)sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO 9652 Sulfathiourea C7H9N3O2S2 515-49-1 231.295 182 i H2O; sl EtOH 9653 Sulfinpyrazone C23H20N2O3S 57-96-5 404.481 137 9654 N-Sulfinylaniline C6H5NOS 1122-83-4 139.175 200 1.236251.627020 9655 Sulfisoxazole C11H13N3O3S 127-69-5 267.304 191 9656 Sulfoacetic acid C2H4O5S 123-43-3 140.115 hyg tab (w+1) 85 dec 245 vs H2O, ace, EtOH 9657 2-Sulfobenzoic acid C7H6O5S 632-25-7 202.185 nd (w+3) 141 vs H2O, EtOH 9658 Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene, 1-1-dioxide C4H8O2S 126-33-0 120.171 27.6 287.3 1.2723181.483318s chl 9659 Sulfometuron methyl C15H16N4O5S 74222-97-2 364.377 wh solid 202 9660 Sulfonmethane 2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)propane C7H16O4S2 115-24-2 228.330 mcl (w), pr (al) 125.8 dec 300 vs bz, EtOH, chl 9661 Sulfonyldiacetic acid C4H6O6S 123-45-5 182.152 187 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, sulf 9662 4-Sulfophthalic acid 4-Sulfo-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid C8H6O7S 89-08-7 246.195 cry 139 9663 Sulfotep C8H20O5P2S2 3689-24-5 322.320 13721.196251.475325i H2O; s EtOH 9664 Sulfuryl chloride isocyanate CClNO3S 1189-71-5 141.534 liq -44 107 1.626251.446720 9665 Sulphan Blue C27H31N2NaO6 S2129-17-9 566.664 viol pow s EtOH 9666 Sulprofos C12H19O2PS3 35400-43-2 322.447 1560.11.20201.5859 sl H2O 9667 Sunset Yellow FCF C.I. Food Yellow 3 C16H10N2Na2O7 S22783-94-0 452.369 cry >300 s H2O; sl EtOH 9668 Suprasterol II C28H44O 562-71-0 396.648 pr 110 1900.005s MeOH 9669 Sutan Carbamothioic acid, bis(2- methylpropyl)-, S-ethyl esterC11H23NOS 2008-41-5 217.372 138210.940225 9670 Symclosene 1,3,5-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine- 2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioneC3Cl3N3O3 87-90-1 232.409 246.7 dec 9671 Syringin C17H24O9 118-34-3 372.368 cry (w), nd (al) 192 vs EtOH 9672 Tabun Dimethylphosphoroamidocyanidic acid, ethyl esterC5H11N2O2P 77-81-6 162.127 liq -50 240 1.077 1.425020msc H2O 9673 Tachysterol 9,10-Secoergosta-5(10),6,8,22- tetraen-3-ol, (3 β,6E,22E)-C28H44O 115-61-7 396.648 i H2O, MeOH; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 9674 D-Tagatose C6H12O6 87-81-0 180.155 cry (dil al) 134.5 vs H2O 9675 Talbutal C11H16N2O3 115-44-6 224.256 cry 109 i H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace, eth, chl 9676 Tamoxifen C26H29NO 10540-29-1 371.514 cry (peth) 97 9677 Tannic acid Tannin C76H52O46 1401-55-4 1701.198 ye-br amorp pow≈210 dec vs EtOH, ace; i bz, chl, eth, ctc 9678 DL-Tartaric acid 2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, ( R*, R*)-(±)-C4H6O6 133-37-9 150.087 mcl pr (w, al +1w)206 1.78825s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz 9679 meso -Tartaric acid C4H6O6 147-73-9 150.087 tcl pl (w) 147 1.66620vs H2O, EtOH 9680 D-Tartaric acid 2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, [ S- (R*,R*)]-C4H6O6 147-71-7 150.087 mcl, orth pr (w+1)172.5 1.7598201.495520sl DMSO 9681 L-Tartaric acid 2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, [ R- (R*,R*)]-C4H6O6 87-69-4 150.087 169 9682 Taurocholic acid Cholaic acid C26H45NO7S 81-24-3 515.703 pr (al-eth) 125 dec vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, AcOEt 9683 Taxine A C35H47NO10 1361-49-5 641.749 cry (ace) 205 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 9684 Taxol Paclitaxel C47H51NO14 33069-62-4 853.907 nd (MeOH aq) 214 dec 9685 Tebuconazole C16H23ClN3O 107534-96-3 308.826 102.4 9686 Tebuthiuron C9H16N4OS 34014-18-1 228.314 163 dec 9687 Teniposide C32H32O13S 29767-20-2 656.653 cry (EtOH) 244No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g19/g28 H2NSN HOO N S SulfathiazoleH2NSN HOO NH 2S SulfathioureaNNOSO O SulfinpyrazoneNSO N-SulfinylanilineH2NSN HOO N O SulfisoxazoleOHSHOO OO Sulfoacetic acidHO O SOOOH 2-Sulfobenzoic acidS OO Sulfolane OO SN HOO N HO NN Sulfometuron methylSSO OO O SulfonmethaneHOSOHOOOO Sulfonyldiacetic acidHO O OHO SOO OH 4-Sulfophthalic acidPOPS S O OOO SulfotepNS COClOO Sulfuryl chloride isocyanateNSO3SO3 Na N Sulphan BlueSOPSO S Sulprofos HOSO3 Na NN SO3 Na Sunset Yellow FCFHOHH H Suprasterol IIN SO SutanN NNO Cl O ClCl O SymcloseneO OOOHHO HOOH OHO SyringinO PON N TabunOH TachysterolCH2OH O HO HHO H OH H CH 2OH D-Tagatose N HNHO O O TalbutalON TamoxifenOCH2OR OR RO OROR R =OO HO HO OHHOOH O Tannic acidO OH OHOH HO O DL-Tartaric acidCOOH HO HHO H COOH meso -Tartaric acidCOOH HO H HO H COOH D-Tartaric acidCOOH HO H HO H COOH L-Tartaric acidOH N HO SOOOH OH HOH Taurocholic acid O OHO O OH H O OO HO N Taxine AN HOOHOOHOO OHOH O OH OOH OO TaxolClN NNOH TebuconazoleNN S N N HO TebuthiuronO O OOHO S OH OO O O OO OHH Teniposide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g20/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129688 Tephrosin C23H22O7 76-80-2 410.417 pr (chl-MeOH) 198 vs ace, eth, chl 9689 Terbacil 5-Chloro-3- tert-butyl-6-methyl- 2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedioneC9H13ClN2O2 5902-51-2 216.664 176 sub 175 1.3425 9690 Terbufos C9H21O2PS3 13071-79-9 288.431 -29.2 690.011.10524 9691 Terbuthylazine 6-Chloro- N-tert-butyl- N’-ethyl-1,3,5- triazine-2,4-diamineC9H16ClN5 5915-41-3 229.710 178 1.18820 9692 Terbutryn C10H19N5S 886-50-0 241.357 104 1570.061.11520 9693 Terebic acid Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3- furancarboxylic acidC7H10O4 79-91-4 158.152 cry 175 0.815 sl H2O; s EtOH 9694 Terephthalic acid 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid C8H6O4 100-21-0 166.132 nd (sub) sub 300 i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc; sl ctc 9695 Terfenadine Seldane C32H41NO2 50679-08-8 471.674 147 i H2O; s EtOH; sl hx 9696 o-Terphenyl C18H14 84-15-1 230.304 mcl pr (MeOH) 56.20 332 i H2O; s ace, bz, chl, MeOH 9697 m-Terphenyl C18H14 92-06-8 230.304 ye nd (al) 87 363 1.19920i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl 9698 p-Terphenyl C18H14 92-94-4 230.304 213.9 376 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS2 9699 α-Terpinene 4-Isopropyl-1-methyl-1,3- cyclohexadieneC10H16 99-86-5 136.234 174 0.8375191.47719i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 9700 γ-Terpinene C10H16 99-85-4 136.234 183 0.849201.476514 9701 α-Terpineol C10H18O 2438-12-2 154.249 cry (peth) 40.5 220 0.9337201.483120sl H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 9702 α-Terpineol acetate C12H20O2 80-26-2 196.286 14040, 105110.9659211.468921i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 9703 Terpinolene p-Mentha-1,4(8)-diene C10H16 586-62-9 136.234 186 0.8632151.488320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc 9704 2,2’:6’,2’’-Terpyridine C15H11N3 1148-79-4 233.268 88.0 370 9705 Terrazole 1,2,4-Thiadiazole, 5-ethoxy-3- (trichloromethyl)-C5H5Cl3N2OS 2593-15-9 247.530 19.9 9511.50325 9706 2,2’:5’,2’’-Terthiophene α-Terthienyl C12H8S3 1081-34-1 248.387 ye-oran pl (MeOH)93 i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, eth, ace, peth 9707 Testolactone C19H24O3 968-93-4 300.392 cry (ace) 218 9708 3,6,9,12-Tetraazatetradecane-1,14- diaminePentaethylenehexamine C10H28N6 4067-16-7 232.369 liq 0.950 1.509620 9709 Tetrabenazine C19H27NO3 58-46-8 317.422 128 s chl 9710 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene C6H2Br4 636-28-2 393.696 mcl pr (CS2) 182 3.1203.07220i H2O; vs eth 9711 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane Acetylene tetrabromide C2H2Br4 79-27-6 345.653 ye visc liq 0 243.5; 151542.9655201.635320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc 9712 Tetrabromoethene Tetrabromoethylene C2Br4 79-28-7 343.637 pl (dil al), nd (al)56.5 226 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl 9713 2’,4’,5’,7’-Tetrabromofluorescein, disodium saltEosine YS C20H6Br4Na2O517372-87-1 691.855 ye-red cry 295.5 vs EtOH 9714 4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1,3- isobenzofurandioneC8Br4O3 632-79-1 463.700 nd (xyl, HOAc) 280 i H2O, EtOH; sl bz; s PhNO2 9715 Tetrabromomethane Carbon tetrabromide CBr4 558-13-4 331.627 mcl tab (dil al) 92.3 189.5 2.96081001.5942100i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs CS2 9716 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromo-6-methylphenol 3,4,5,6-Tetrabromo- o-cresol C7H4Br4O 576-55-6 423.722 ye nd (chl, HOAc)208 dec i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig, HOAc 9717 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein C20H10Br4O4 76-62-0 633.907 nd (al, eth) 296 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s alk, HOAc 9718 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl esterC22H14Br4O4 1176-74-5 661.960 ye cry (bz) 210 9719 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium saltC22H13Br4KO4 62637-91-6 700.050 210 9720 Tetrabutylammonium bromide TMAB C16H36BrN 1643-19-2 322.368 99 s chl 9721 Tetrabutylammonium chloride C16H36ClN 1112-67-0 277.917 cry 74No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g20/g20 OOOO O OH HO TephrosinN HNO OCl TerbacilS POSO S TerbufosN NNCl N HN H TerbuthylazineN NNNH N HS TerbutrynOOHO O Terebic acidHO O HO O Terephthalic acid N OHOH Terfenadine o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl α-Terpinene γ-TerpineneOH α-TerpineolO O α-Terpineol acetate Terpinolene NNN 2,2’:6’,2’’-TerpyridineN SNOClClCl TerrazoleS SS 2,2’:5’,2’’-TerthiopheneO O O TestolactoneH2NH NN HH NN HNH 2 3,6,9,12-Tetraazatetradecane-1,14-diamine NO O O TetrabenazineBr Br BrBr 1,2,4,5-TetrabromobenzeneBrBr BrBr 1,1,2,2-TetrabromoethaneBrBr BrBr TetrabromoetheneOOO Br O BrBr BrO Na Na 2’,4’,5’,7’-Tetrabromofluorescein, disodium saltOBr Br Br BrO O 4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1,3-isobenzofurandioneBr Br Br Br Tetrabromomethane OH Br Br BrBr 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromo-6-methylphenolOHOOBr BrBr HO Br 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-TetrabromophenolphthaleinOOOBr BrBr HO Br 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl esterOOOBr BrBr O BrK 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium saltN Br Tetrabutylammonium bromideN Cl Tetrabutylammonium chloride /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g20/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129722 Tetrabutylammonium fluoride C16H36FN 429-41-4 261.462 cry (w) 37 9723 Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide C16H37NO 2052-49-5 259.471 stab in soln s H2O, MeOH 9724 Tetrabutylammonium iodide C16H36IN 311-28-4 369.368 lf (w, bz) 148 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH 9725 Tetrabutylammonium sulfate C32H72N2O4S 32503-27-8 580.990 170 sl chl 9726 Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide C16H36BrP 3115-68-2 339.335 cry (ace/eth) 102 9727 Tetrabutyl silicate Silicic acid, tetrabutyl ester C16H36O4Si 4766-57-8 320.541 256; 12030.8990201.412820 9728 Tetrabutylstannane C16H36Sn 1461-25-2 347.167 liq -97 14510, 950.281.0620 9729 N,N,N’,N’ - Tetrabutylthioperoxydicarbonic diamideBis(dibutylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide C 18H36N2S4 1634-02-2 408.752 39.5 1.0320i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth 9730 Tetrabutyl titanate Titanium(IV) butoxide C16H36O4Ti 5593-70-4 340.322 292.4 9731 Tetracaine hydrochloride C15H25ClN2O2 136-47-0 300.825 147 9732 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene C6H2Cl4 634-66-2 215.892 nd (al) 47.5 254 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, CS2 9733 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene C6H2Cl4 634-90-2 215.892 nd (al) 54.5 246 i H2O 9734 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene C6H2Cl4 95-94-3 215.892 nd, mcl pr (eth, al or bz)139.5 244.5 1.85822i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS2 9735 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol C6H2Cl4O2 1198-55-6 247.891 cry (dil al, bz) 194 sl H2O 9736 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzenediol C6H2Cl4O2 87-87-6 247.891 nd (HOAc) sub i H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; sl HOAc 9737 2,2’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl C12H6Cl4 41464-40-8 291.988 cry (MeOH) 66.5 i H2O 9738 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl C12H6Cl4 33284-53-6 291.988 cry 92.2 i H2O 9739 3,3’,4’,4’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl C12H6Cl4 32598-13-3 291.988 cry (EtOH) 180 9740 2,2’,6,6’-Tetrachlorobisphenol A C15H12Cl4O2 79-95-8 366.067 cry (HOAc) 136 9741 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5- cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneChloranil C6Cl4O2 118-75-2 245.875 ye mcl, pr (bz) ye lf (HOAc)290 sub i H2O, liq; sl EtOH, chl; s eth 9742 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-3,5- cyclohexadiene-1,2-dioneC6Cl4O2 2435-53-2 245.875 130.5 9743 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin Dioxin C12H4Cl4O2 1746-01-6 321.971 nd 295 9744 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran C12H4Cl4O 51207-31-9 305.971 cry 227 9745 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2- difluoroethaneC2Cl4F2 76-11-9 203.830 41.0 92.8 1.64925i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 9746 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2- difluoroethaneC2Cl4F2 76-12-0 203.830 24.8 92.8 1.5951501.413025i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 9747 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,5-dimethoxy- 1,3-cyclopentadieneC7H6Cl4O2 2207-27-4 263.934 109 1.501251.528220 9748 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6- dimethylbenzeneC8H6Cl4 877-08-7 243.946 228 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 9749 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6- dimethylbenzeneC8H6Cl4 877-09-8 243.946 223 1.70325i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl 9750 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2- dimethyldisilaneC2H6Cl4Si2 4518-98-3 228.052 154 9751 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane C2H2Cl4 630-20-6 167.849 liq -70.2 130.2 1.5406201.482120sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth 9752 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Acetylene tetrachloride C2H2Cl4 79-34-5 167.849 liq -42.4 145.2 1.5953201.494020sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth 9753 Tetrachloroethene Perchloroethylene C2Cl4 127-18-4 165.833 liq -22.3 121.3 1.6230201.505920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz 9754 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane C2HCl4F 354-11-0 185.839 liq -95.3 117.1 9755 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane C2HCl4F 354-14-3 185.839 liq -82.6 116.7 1.5497171.439020No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g20/g22 N F Tetrabutylammonium fluorideN HO Tetrabutylammonium hydroxideN I Tetrabutylammonium iodideN 2SO42 Tetrabutylammonium sulfateP Br Tetrabutylphosphonium bromideO SiOO O Tetrabutyl silicateSn Tetrabutylstannane S SNS N S N,N,N’,N’ -Tetrabutylthioperoxydicarbonic diamideO TiOO O Tetrabutyl titanateN HOO N HCl Tetracaine hydrochlorideCl Cl Cl Cl 1,2,3,4-TetrachlorobenzeneCl Cl Cl Cl 1,2,3,5-TetrachlorobenzeneCl Cl ClCl 1,2,4,5-TetrachlorobenzeneOH OH Cl ClClCl 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol OH Cl Cl OHClCl 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzenediolCl Cl ClCl 2,2’,4’,5-TetrachlorobiphenylCl Cl Cl Cl 2,3,4,5-TetrachlorobiphenylCl Cl Cl Cl 3,3’,4’,4’-TetrachlorobiphenylCl OH Cl ClHOCl 2,2’,6,6’-Tetrachlorobisphenol AO OClCl Cl Cl 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione O O ClClCl Cl 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dioneOO Cl ClCl Cl 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxinOCl ClCl Cl 2,3,7,8-TetrachlorodibenzofuranCl ClClF FCl 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethaneCl ClFCl ClF 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethaneCl Cl Cl ClOO 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,5-dimethoxy-1,3-cyclopentadiene Cl Cl Cl Cl 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6-dimethylbenzeneCl Cl Cl Cl 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6-dimethylbenzeneSiSiCl Cl Cl Cl 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-dimethyldisilaneClCl Cl Cl 1,1,1,2-TetrachloroethaneClCl Cl Cl 1,1,2,2-TetrachloroethaneClCl ClCl TetrachloroetheneCl FCl Cl Cl 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethaneCl ClF Cl Cl 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g20/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129756 Tetrachloromethane Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 56-23-5 153.823 liq -22.62 76.8 1.5940201.460120i H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth, bz, chl 9757 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol Drosophilin A C7H4Cl4O2 484-67-3 261.918 116 9758 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol C7H4Cl4O 10460-33-0 245.918 nd (peth) 189.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, KOH 9759 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene C10H4Cl4 20020-02-4 265.951 199 9760 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5-nitrobenzene C6HCl4NO2 879-39-0 260.890 66 9761 1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene C6HCl4NO2 117-18-0 260.890 99.5 304 1.74425i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl 9762 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol C6H2Cl4O 4901-51-3 231.891 nd (peth, sub) 116.5 sub vs EtOH 9763 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol C6H2Cl4O 58-90-2 231.891 nd (lig) 70 15015i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc; vs NaOH 9764 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol C6H2Cl4O 935-95-5 231.891 lf (lig) 115 sl H2O; vs bz; s lig 9765 Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride C8Cl4O3 117-08-8 285.896 254.5 sub 1.49275sl eth 9766 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane C3H4Cl4 812-03-3 181.876 liq -64 152.5 1.473201.486720i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl 9767 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane C3H4Cl4 1070-78-6 181.876 157 1.4509201.482520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 9768 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropane C3H4Cl4 18495-30-2 181.876 179.5 1.513171.503717i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth 9769 1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane C3H4Cl4 13116-53-5 181.876 165 1.500181.494018i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 9770 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropene C3H2Cl4 10436-39-2 179.860 liq 167.2; 59171.5520 9771 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloropyridine C5HCl4N 2402-79-1 216.881 cry (aq al) 90.5 250.5 vs eth, EtOH, peth 9772 Tetrachloropyrimidine C4Cl4N2 1780-40-1 217.868 69.0 9773 3,3’,4’,5-Tetrachlorosalicylanilide 3,5-Dichloro- N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) -2-hydroxybenzamideC13H7Cl4NO2 1154-59-2 351.013 161 9774 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroterphthaloyl dichlorideC8Cl6O2 719-32-4 340.803 cry (ctc) 146.5 9775 Tetrachlorothiophene C4Cl4S 6012-97-1 221.920 nd (dil al) 30.5 233.4 1.7036301.591530i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth 9776 Tetrachlorovinphos C10H9Cl4O4P 961-11-5 365.961 97 9777 Tetracontane C40H82 4181-95-7 563.079 81.5 522; 400500.8171251.457225 9778 Tetracosamethylundecasiloxane Tetracosamethylhendecasiloxane C24H72O10Si11 107-53-9 829.764 322.8; 202470.9247251.399420vs bz 9779 Tetracosane C24H50 646-31-1 338.654 cry (eth) 50.4 391.3 0.7991201.428370i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth 9780 Tetracosanoic acid Lignoceric acid C24H48O2 557-59-5 368.637 87.5 272100.82071001.4287100vs bz, eth 9781 1-Tetracosanol C24H50O 506-51-4 354.653 77 2100.4 9782 cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid Nervonic acid C24H46O2 506-37-6 366.621 43 9783 Tetracyanoethene Tetracyanoethylene C6N4 670-54-2 128.091 199 223 1.348251.56025sl eth, bz, ctc, chl; s ace 9784 Tetracycline C22H24N2O8 60-54-8 444.434 cry (+3w) 172 dec 9785 Tetracycline hydrochloride C22H25ClN2O8 64-75-5 480.895 214 9786 Tetradecahydrophenanthrene C14H24 5743-97-5 192.341 liq -3 270; 8720.944201.501120i H2O; s eth, ace, bz 9787 Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane C14H42O5Si6 107-52-8 458.993 liq -59 245.5 0.8910201.394820vs bz 9788 Tetradecanal C14H28O 124-25-4 212.371 lf 30 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 9789 Tetradecanamide C14H29NO 638-58-4 227.386 lf (ace) 104 21712vs EtOH 9790 Tetradecane C14H30 629-59-4 198.388 5.82 253.58 0.7596201.429020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 9791 Tetradecanedioic acid C14H26O4 821-38-5 258.354 125.5 9792 1,14-Tetradecanediol C14H30O2 19812-64-7 230.387 nd (bz) 85.8 2009vs eth, EtOH 9793 Tetradecanenitrile Myristonitrile C14H27N 629-63-0 209.371 19 226100, 11910.8281191.439223i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc 9794 1-Tetradecanethiol C14H30S 2079-95-0 230.453 7 310; 178220.8641201.459720i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 9795 Tetradecanoic acid Myristic acid C14H28O2 544-63-8 228.371 lf (eth) 54.2 2501000.8622541.472370i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth; vs bz 9796 Tetradecanoic anhydride C28H54O3 626-29-9 438.727 lf (peth) 53.4 0.8502701.433570vs eth, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g20/g24 Cl Cl Cl Cl TetrachloromethaneOH Cl Cl OClCl 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenolOH Cl Cl ClCl 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenolCl Cl Cl Cl 1,2,3,4-TetrachloronaphthaleneCl Cl Cl ClNO O 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5-nitrobenzeneCl Cl NO O ClCl 1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzeneOH Cl Cl ClCl 2,3,4,5-TetrachlorophenolOH Cl Cl Cl Cl 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol Cl Cl ClClOH 2,3,5,6-TetrachlorophenolOO OClClClCl Tetrachlorophthalic anhydrideCl Cl ClCl 1,1,1,2-TetrachloropropaneCl Cl Cl Cl 1,1,1,3-TetrachloropropaneCl ClCl Cl 1,1,2,3-TetrachloropropaneClCl Cl Cl 1,2,2,3-TetrachloropropaneCl ClCl Cl 1,1,2,3-TetrachloropropeneNC lCl Cl Cl 2,3,5,6-TetrachloropyridineNNCl Cl Cl Cl Tetrachloropyrimidine OHNOH Cl ClCl Cl 3,3’,4’,5-Tetrachlorosalicylanilide/g3OC l Cl Cl OC lClCl 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroterphthaloyl dichlorideSClCl Cl Cl TetrachlorothiopheneClCl Cl OCl P OO O TetrachlorovinphosH3C(CH 2)38CH3 TetracontaneSi OSi OSi OSi OSi OSi OSi OSi OSi OSi OSi Tetracosamethylundecasiloxane TetracosaneO OH Tetracosanoic acidOH 1-TetracosanolOH O cis-15-Tetracosenoic acidN N NN Tetracyanoethene OH O HO O OHHOHHOHN NH 2 O TetracyclineOH O HO O OHHOHHOHN NH 2 OHCl Tetracycline hydrochloride TetradecahydrophenanthreneSi OSi OSi OSi OSi OSi TetradecamethylhexasiloxaneO TetradecanalNH 2O Tetradecanamide TetradecaneOHO OH O Tetradecanedioic acidOHOH 1,14-TetradecanediolN TetradecanenitrileSH 1-TetradecanethiolOHO Tetradecanoic acidOO O Tetradecanoic anhydride /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g20/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129797 1-Tetradecanol Tetradecyl alcohol C14H30O 112-72-1 214.387 lf 38.2 287 0.823638i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 9798 2-Tetradecanone Dodecyl methyl ketone C14H28O 2345-27-9 212.371 cry (dil al) 33.5 205100, 13413i H2O; s EtOH, ace 9799 Tetradecanoyl chloride Myristoyl chloride C14H27ClO 112-64-1 246.816 -1 171160.907825s eth 9800 12- O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetateCocarcinogen A1 C36H56O8 16561-29-8 616.825 oil 9801 1-Tetradecene C14H28 1120-36-1 196.372 liq -12 233 0.7745251.435120i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc 9802 Tetradecyl acetate 1-Tetradecanol, acetate C16H32O2 638-59-5 256.424 17310 9803 Tetradecylamine 1-Tetradecanamine C14H31N 2016-42-4 213.403 83.1 291.2 0.8079201.446320i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace 9804 Tetradecylbenzene C20H34 1459-10-5 274.484 16 359 0.8549201.481820 9805 Tetradecylcyclohexane C20H40 1795-18-2 280.532 24 360 0.8254201.457920 9806 Tetradifon 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-[(4-chlorophenyl) sulfonyl]benzeneC12H6Cl4O2S 116-29-0 356.052 146 1.15120 9807 Tetraethoxygermane Ethanol, germanium(4+) salt C8H20GeO4 14165-55-0 252.88 139200 9808 Tetraethoxymethane Tetraethyl orthocarbonate C9H20O4 78-09-1 192.253 159.5 0.9186201.390525msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 9809 Tetraethylammonium bromide C8H20BrN 71-91-0 210.156 hyg (al) 286 dec 1.397020vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH 9810 Tetraethylammonium chloride C8H20ClN 56-34-8 165.705 hyg cry vs H2O, EtOH, ace, chl 9811 Tetraethylammonium iodide C8H20IN 68-05-3 257.156 cry (w) 300 dec s H2O 9812 1,2,3,5-Tetraethylbenzene C14H22 38842-05-6 190.325 249.0 9813 N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2- benzenedicarboxamideN,N,N’,N’-Tetraethylphthalamide C16H24N2O2 83-81-8 276.374 36 20416 9814 Tetra(2-ethylbutyl) silicate Silicic acid, tetrakis(2-ethylbutyl) esterC24H52O4Si 78-13-7 432.754 liq 0.8920201.430720i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz 9815 Tetraethylene glycol 3,6,9-Trioxaundecane-1,11-diol C8H18O5 112-60-7 194.226 liq -6.2 328 1.1285151.457720vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, diox 9816 Tetraethylene glycol diacrylate C14H22O7 17831-71-9 302.321 1.12525 9817 Tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate C16H26O7 109-17-1 330.373 22011.461025 9818 Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether C10H22O5 143-24-8 222.279 275.3 1.011420msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 9819 Tetraethylene glycol monostearate C26H52O6 106-07-0 460.687 40 328 1.1285151.459320 9820 Tetraethylenepentamine C8H23N5 112-57-2 189.303 341.5 1.504220s H2O 9821 N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2- ethanediamineC10H24N2 150-77-6 172.311 192 0.808251.434320 9822 Tetraethylgermane C8H20Ge 597-63-7 188.89 164.5 1.199 9823 Tetraethyl lead C8H20Pb 78-00-2 323.4 dec 200 1.653201.519820i H2O; s bz; sl EtOH 9824 N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethylmethanediamine C9H22N2 102-53-4 158.284 165.8 0.8000201.442025 9825 Tetraethyl pyrophosphate C8H20O7P2 107-49-3 290.188 170 dec 15531.1847201.418020msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, xyl, chl; sl ctc 9826 Tetraethylsilane C8H20Si 631-36-7 144.331 154.7 0.7658201.426820i H2O 9827 Tetraethylstannane Tin tetraethyl C8H20Sn 597-64-8 234.955 liq -112 181; 64121.187251.473020 9828 Tetraethylthiodicarbonic diamide Sulfiram C10H20N2S3 95-05-6 264.474 23231.1220s chl 9829 Tetraethylurea C9H20N2O 1187-03-7 172.267 209 0.919201.447420i H2O, alk, acid 9830 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene C6H2F4 551-62-2 150.074 94.3 1.405420 9831 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene C6H2F4 2367-82-0 150.074 liq -46.25 84.4 1.319251.403520 9832 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene C6H2F4 327-54-8 150.074 3.88 90.2 1.4255201.407520 9833 3,3,4,4-Tetrafluorodihydro-2,5- furandioneC4F4O3 699-30-9 172.035 54.5 1.6209201.324020 9834 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1,2-dinitroethane C2F4N2O4 356-16-1 192.026 liq -41.5 58.5 1.6024251.326525i H2O; s ace 9835 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane C2H2F4 811-97-2 102.031 col gas -103.3 -26.08 1.207225i H2O; s ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g20/g26 OH 1-TetradecanolO 2-TetradecanoneClO Tetradecanoyl chlorideOOO OOH OHOHO H H 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate 1-TetradeceneOO Tetradecyl acetateNH 2 Tetradecylamine Tetradecylbenzene TetradecylcyclohexaneCl SO OCl Cl Cl TetradifonO GeOO O TetraethoxygermaneO OO O TetraethoxymethaneN Br Tetraethylammonium bromide NC l Tetraethylammonium chlorideNI Tetraethylammonium iodide 1,2,3,5-TetraethylbenzeneNONO N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxamideO SiOO O Tetra(2-ethylbutyl) silicateHOOOOOH Tetraethylene glycol OO OOOOO Tetraethylene glycol diacrylateOO OOOOO Tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylateOOOOO Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl etherOOOOOH O Tetraethylene glycol monostearate H2NH NN HH NNH 2 TetraethylenepentamineNN N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2-ethanediamineGe TetraethylgermanePb Tetraethyl leadN N N,N,N’,N’-TetraethylmethanediaminePOPO OOOO O Tetraethyl pyrophosphateSi TetraethylsilaneSn Tetraethylstannane NSS NS Tetraethylthiodicarbonic diamideNNO TetraethylureaF F F F 1,2,3,4-TetrafluorobenzeneF F F F 1,2,3,5-TetrafluorobenzeneF F FF 1,2,4,5-TetrafluorobenzeneOO OF FF F 3,3,4,4-Tetrafluorodihydro-2,5-furandioneNNOO FFFF O O 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1,2-dinitroethaneFFF F 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g20/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129836 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane C2H2F4 359-35-3 102.031 col gas -89 -19.9 9837 Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoroethylene C2F4 116-14-3 100.015 col gas -131.15 -75.9 1.519-76i H2O 9838 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl etherRefrigerant 236me C3H2F6O 57041-67-5 168.037 vol liq or gas 23.35 1.454023 9839 Tetrafluoromethane Carbon tetrafluoride CF4 75-73-0 88.005 col gas -183.60 -128.0 3.03425i H2O; s bz, chl 9840 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol C3H4F4O 76-37-9 132.057 liq -15 109.5 1.4853201.319720s EtOH, ace, chl 9841 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5 H- benzocyclohepten-5-oneC11H12O 826-73-3 160.212 17540, 12471.080201.569820s EtOH 9842 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1 H,5H- benzo[ij]quinolizineJulolidine C12H15N 479-59-4 173.254 40 dec 280; 155171.003201.56825 9843 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,3’-bipyridine, (S)Anatabine C10H12N2 581-49-7 160.215 145101.091191.567620msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 9844 2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1 H-carbazole C12H13N 942-01-8 171.238 lf (dil al) 120 327.5 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, bz, MeOH 9845 Tetrahydrocortisone C21H32O5 53-05-4 364.476 cry (EtOAc) 190 9846 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- 1,2-dimethylisoquinoline, (±)Carnegine C13H19NO2 490-53-9 221.296 pa br syr 1701vs H2O, eth, EtOH 9847 Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran C6H12O3 696-59-3 132.157 145.7 1.02251.418020 9848 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-3,6- dimethylbenzofuranC10H14O 494-90-6 150.217 86 80180.97215 9849 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,5- dimethylnaphthaleneC12H16 21564-91-0 160.255 239 0.941201.52620 9850 Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3- furanacetic acidTerpenylic acid C8H12O4 26754-48-3 172.179 lf or pr (w+1) 90 vs H2O 9851 cis-Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethylthiophene C6H12S 5161-13-7 116.224 liq -89 142.3 0.9222201.479920vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 9852 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-9 H-fluoren-9-one Phentydrone C13H12O 634-19-5 184.233 lt ye nd or pr (pentane)81.5 1390.05 9853 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acid C19H23N7O6 135-16-0 445.429 pow s H2O 9854 Tetrahydrofuran Tetramethylene oxide C4H8O 109-99-9 72.106 liq -108.44 65 0.8833251.405025s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz 9855 Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanamine Tetrahydrofurfurylamine C5H11NO 4795-29-3 101.147 153 0.9752201.455120vs H2O, eth, EtOH 9856 Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol propanoateC8H14O3 637-65-0 158.195 205.5 1.04420vs eth, EtOH, chl 9857 Tetrahydro-3-furanol C4H8O2 453-20-3 88.106 181 1.09251.450020 9858 Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate C7H12O3 637-64-9 144.168 193; 89181.0624201.435025vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl 9859 Tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate C8H12O3 2399-48-6 156.179 <-60 9661.06120 9860 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Tetrahydro-2-furancarbinol C5H10O2 97-99-4 102.132 <-80 178 1.0524201.452020vs ace, eth 9861 Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate C9H14O3 2455-24-5 170.205 265; 8141.040251.455425 9862 Tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole- 2,5(1 H,3H)-dioneAcetyleneurea C4H6N4O2 496-46-8 142.117 nd or pr (w) 300 dec sl H2O; i EtOH, HOAc; s eth, HCl, alk 9863 cis-3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-1,3- isobenzofurandione4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, anhydrideC8H8O3 935-79-5 152.148 cry (peth) 103.5 s EtOH, ace, chl, bz; sl peth 9864 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-1,3- isobenzofurandione1-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, anhydrideC8H8O3 2426-02-0 152.148 pl (EtOH) 74 1.2105s EtOH, ace, chl; vs eth 9865 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline C9H11N 91-21-4 133.190 <-15 232.5 1.0642241.566820i H2O; s EtOH, bz, acid, xyl 9866 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2 H- azepineC7H13NO 2525-16-8 127.184 liq 4916, 66240.887 1.463020 9867 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6- methoxyquinolineC10H13NO 120-15-0 163.216 pr (peth, al) orth pym (w)42.5 284; 12811.571820s chl 9868 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1- methylnaphthaleneC11H14 1559-81-5 146.229 220.6 0.9583201.535320No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g20/g28 FF FF 1,1,2,2-TetrafluoroethaneFF FF TetrafluoroetheneOFF F F FF 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl etherF FF F TetrafluoromethaneOHFF F F 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanolO 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5 H-benzocyclohepten-5-oneN 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1 H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizineNN HH 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,3’-bipyridine, ( S) N H 2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1 H-carbazoleHOHHOO OHOH TetrahydrocortisoneNO O 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2-dimethylisoquinoline, (±)O O O Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuranO 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-3,6-dimethylbenzofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,5-dimethylnaphthalene OOOH O Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3-furanacetic acidS cis-Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethylthiopheneO 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-9 H-fluoren-9-oneNN NN H2N H N H NOH OOO HO OHH H 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acidO TetrahydrofuranONH 2 Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanamine OO O Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol propanoateOOH Tetrahydro-3-furanolOO O Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetateOO O Tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylateOOH Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcoholOO O Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylateNN N NO O H HH H Tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5(1 H,3H)-dione OO OH H cis-3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandioneOO O 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandioneNH 1,2,3,4-TetrahydroisoquinolineN O 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2 H-azepine/g3 N HO 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxyquinoline 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-methylnaphthalene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g21/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129869 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5- methylnaphthaleneC11H14 2809-64-5 146.229 liq -23 234 0.9720201.543920 9870 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6- methylnaphthaleneC11H14 1680-51-9 146.229 liq -40 229 0.9537201.535720 9871 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-4- phenylpyridineMPTP C12H15N 28289-54-5 173.254 cry 41 870.8 9872 Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2 H-thiopyran C6H12S 5258-50-4 116.224 liq -60 158 0.9473201.492220 9873 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1- naphthalenamineC10H13N 2217-41-6 147.217 38 279 1.0625161.590020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid 9874 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetralin C10H12 119-64-2 132.202 liq -35.7 207.6 0.9645251.541320i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, PhNH2 9875 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro- α-naphthol C10H12O 529-33-9 148.201 34.5 255; 10321.0996201.563820 9876 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro- α-naphthol C10H12O 529-35-1 148.201 70 266; 143111.055675 9877 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol Tetralol C10H12O 530-91-6 148.201 15.5 14012 9878 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro- β-naphthol C10H12O 1125-78-6 148.201 57 275.5 1.055265 9879 Tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2 H-pyran-2-one 5-Hydroxydecanoic acid lactone C10H18O2 705-86-2 170.249 liq -27 1213 9880 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrophenanthrene C14H14 1013-08-7 182.261 lf (MeOH) 33.5 173111.060140i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl, lig 9881 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrophthalimide C8H9NO2 85-40-5 151.163 cry (EtOH) 137 9882 Tetrahydro-6-propyl-2 H-pyran-2-one 5-Hydroxyoctanoic acid lactone C8H14O2 698-76-0 142.196 liq -13 12615 9883 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-6-propylpyridine γ-Coniceine C8H15N 1604-01-9 125.212 174 0.8753151.466116 9884 Tetrahydropyran Oxane C5H10O 142-68-7 86.132 liq -49.1 88 0.8814201.420020s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 9885 Tetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-methanol C6H12O2 100-72-1 116.158 185 1.027251.45820 9886 Tetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-one C5H8O2 542-28-9 100.117 liq -12.5 219 1.1082201.450320s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 9887 Tetrahydro-4 H-pyran-4-one C5H8O2 29943-42-8 100.117 166.5 1.084251.452020 9888 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine ∆3-Piperidine C5H9N 694-05-3 83.132 liq -48 108 0.911251.480020s chl 9889 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-3- pyridinecarboxylic acidGuvacine C6H9NO2 498-96-4 127.141 pr (w), rods (+1w dil al)295 dec vs H2O 9890 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2(1 H)- pyrimidinethioneHexahydropyrimidine-2-thione C4H8N2S 2055-46-1 116.185 211 1.3320 9891 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline C9H11N 635-46-1 133.190 nd 20 251 1.0588201.606219s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth 9892 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline 2,3-Cyclohexenopyridine C9H11N 10500-57-9 133.190 222 1.0304131.543520sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 9893 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoxaline C8H10N2 3476-89-9 134.178 lf (w, eth, peth) 99 289 s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl peth 9894 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5 H-tetrazolo[1,5- a]azepinePentylenetetrazole C6H10N4 54-95-5 138.170 cry (bz-lig) 59.5 19412vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth, bz; sl chl 9895 Tetrahydrothiophene Thiacyclopentane C4H8S 110-01-0 88.172 liq -96.2 121.1 0.9987201.487118i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl 9896 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,1,6- trimethylnaphthaleneC13H18 475-03-6 174.282 240; 9040.9303201.525720s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 9897 1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10- anthracenedioneQuinalizarin C14H8O6 81-61-8 272.210 oran nd >275 sl H2O, ace, bz, EtOH, eth 9898 2,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxy-5 H- benzocyclohepten-5-onePurpurogallin C11H8O5 569-77-7 220.179 red nd (gl HOAc)274 dec 9899 2,2’,4,4’-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone C13H10O5 131-55-5 246.215 ye nd (w+1) 197 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 9900 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2,5- cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneTetroquinone C6H4O6 319-89-1 172.092 bl-blk cry sl H2O, eth, ctc; vs EtOH 9901 11,17,20,21-Tetrahydroxypregn-4- en-3-one, (11 β,20R)4-Pregnene-11 β,17α,20β,21-tetrol- 3-onC21H32O5 116-58-5 364.476 cry (aq ace) 125 dec vs ace, EtOHNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g21/g20 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5-methylnaphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methylnaphthaleneN 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridineS Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2 H-thiopyranNH 2 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthalenamine 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene OH 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphtholOH 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphtholOH 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-naphtholOH 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2-naphtholOO Tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2 H-pyran-2-one 1,2,3,4-TetrahydrophenanthreneNHO O 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrophthalimide OO Tetrahydro-6-propyl-2 H-pyran-2-oneN 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-6-propylpyridineO TetrahydropyranOOH Tetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-methanolOO Tetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-oneOO Tetrahydro-4 H-pyran-4-oneN H 1,2,5,6-TetrahydropyridineNOHO H 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid NNH S H 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2(1 H)-pyrimidinethioneN H 1,2,3,4-TetrahydroquinolineN 5,6,7,8-TetrahydroquinolineNNH H 1,2,3,4-TetrahydroquinoxalineNNNN 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5 H-tetrazolo[1,5-a]azepineS Tetrahydrothiophene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene OH OH OOO H OH 1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneHOO OHOHOH 2,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxy-5 H-benzocyclohepten-5-oneO OH OH OH HO 2,2’,4,4’-TetrahydroxybenzophenoneO OH OH OHOHO 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneOHOOH OHOH 11,17,20,21-Tetrahydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, (11 β,20R) /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g21/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129902 N,N,N’,N’-Tetra(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamineENTPROL C14H32N2O4 102-60-3 292.415 1.030251.47825sl chl 9903 Tetraiodoethene Tetraiodoethylene C2I4 513-92-8 531.639 ye lf, pr (eth) 187 sub 2.98320vs bz, chl 9904 4,5,6,7-Tetraiodo-1,3- isobenzofurandioneC8I4O3 632-80-4 651.702 ye pr, nd (HOAc) nd (sub)327.5 sub i H 2O, EtOH, bz; sl HOAc 9905 Tetraiodomethane Carbon tetraiodide CI4 507-25-5 519.629 red lf (bz, chl) 171 1351.54.2320vs py, chl 9906 2,3,4,5-Tetraiodo-1 H-pyrrole Iodopyrrole C4HI4N 87-58-1 570.676 ye nd (al) 150 dec vs ace, eth, chl 9907 Tetraisobutyl titanate 2-Methyl-1-propanol, titanium(4+) saltC16H36O4Ti 7425-80-1 340.322 2565000.96050dec H2O 9908 Tetraisopropyl titanate 2-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt C12H28O4Ti 546-68-9 284.215 227.5 0.971120dec H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 9909 N,N,N’,N’ -Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)- 1,2-ethanediamineC10H24N2O4 140-07-8 236.309 sl H2O, EtOH 9910 Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chlorideC4H12ClO4P 124-64-1 190.562 152.5 s H2O 9911 Tetrakis(methylthio)methane C5H12S4 6156-25-8 200.409 s chl 9912 1-Tetralone C10H10O 529-34-0 146.185 8 11561.0988161.567220 9913 Tetramethoxymethane C5H12O4 1850-14-2 136.147 liq -2.5 114 1.023251.384520 9914 1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane C7H16O4 102-52-3 164.200 183; 66120.997251.408120 9915 Tetramethrin C19H25NO4 7696-12-0 331.407 wh cry ≈65-80 1.108201.517521 9916 N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethyl-3,6- acridinediamine,monohydrochlorideAcridine Orange C 17H20ClN3 65-61-2 301.814 oran-ye soln s H2O, EtOH 9917 Tetramethylammonium bromide C4H12BrN 64-20-0 154.049 hyg bipym 230 dec 1.5625vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s MeOH 9918 Tetramethylammonium chloride C4H12ClN 75-57-0 109.598 hyg bipym (dil al)420 dec 1.16920s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; vs MeOH 9919 Tetramethylammonium iodide C4H12IN 75-58-1 201.049 >230 dec 1.82925sl H2O, alk, EtOH, ace; i eth, chl 9920 N,N,2,6-Tetramethylaniline C10H15N 769-06-2 149.233 liq -36 196; 88200.914720 9921 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene C10H14 488-23-3 134.218 liq -6.2 205 0.9052201.520320i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 9922 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene Isodurene C10H14 527-53-7 134.218 liq -23.7 198 0.8903201.513020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 9923 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Durene C10H14 95-93-2 134.218 79.3 196.8 0.8380811.479081i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 9924 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2- benzenediamineC10H16N2 704-01-8 164.247 8.9 215.5 0.956020 9925 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4- benzenediamineTetramethyl- p-phenylenediamine C10H16N2 100-22-1 164.247 lf (dil al or lig) 51 260 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 9926 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediol Durohydroquinone C10H14O2 527-18-4 166.217 nd (al) 233 s EtOH; sl eth 9927 Tetramethyl 1,2,4,5- benzenetetracarboxylateC14H14O8 635-10-9 310.256 nd (al) 144 sub vs EtOH 9928 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]- 4,4’-diamineC16H20N2 54827-17-7 240.343 168.5 9929 N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethyl-[1,1’- biphenyl]-4,4’-diamineC16H20N2 366-29-0 240.343 196.0 9930 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]- 4,4’-diolC16H18O2 2417-04-1 242.313 pa ye nd or pr (HOAc)221.8 sub sl EtOH, bz, gl HOAc, tol; i lig 9931 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane C8H18 594-82-1 114.229 lf (eth) 100.7 106.45 0.8242201.469520i H2O; s eth, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g21/g22 NNOH OHHO OH N,N,N’,N’-Tetra(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamineII II TetraiodoetheneO OOI I I I 4,5,6,7-Tetraiodo-1,3-isobenzofurandioneI II I TetraiodomethaneNII I I H 2,3,4,5-Tetraiodo-1 H-pyrroleO TiOO O Tetraisobutyl titanateO TiOO O Tetraisopropyl titanate NNOHOH HO HO N,N,N’,N’ -Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-ethanediamineP HO OHHO OH Cl Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chlorideHS HS SHSH Tetrakis(methylthio)methaneO 1-TetraloneO OO O TetramethoxymethaneO OO O 1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane NO OO O TetramethrinN NN HCl N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochlorideN Br Tetramethylammonium bromideNC l Tetramethylammonium chlorideNI Tetramethylammonium iodideN N,N,2,6-Tetramethylaniline 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-TetramethylbenzeneN N N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2-benzenediamineN N N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediamineOH OH 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediol OO OO OOO O Tetramethyl 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylateH2NN H 2 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamineNN N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamineHO OH 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diol 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g21/g23/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 9932 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4- butanediamineC8H20N2 111-51-3 144.258 168 0.7942151.462125msc H2O; s EtOH, eth 9933 4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenol C14H22O 140-66-9 206.324 85.8 279 9934 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3- cyclobutanedioneC8H12O2 933-52-8 140.180 s chl 9935 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-2,5- cyclohexadiene-1,4-dioneDuroquinone C10H12O2 527-17-3 164.201 ye nd (al or lig) 111.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, sulf, chl 9936 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylcyclohexane C10H20 3726-45-2 140.266 0.8219201.453120 9937 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane C9H18 50876-33-0 126.239 liq -88.4 118 0.7469251.412520 9938 1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane C7H14 4127-47-3 98.186 liq -81 76 9939 2,4,6,8-Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane C4H16O4Si4 2370-88-9 240.510 liq -65 134.5 0.9912201.387020i H2O 9940 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7- diolC14H26O2 126-86-3 226.355 47 16540 9941 N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethyl-4,4’- diaminobenzophenoneMichler’s ketone C17H20N2O 90-94-8 268.353 lf (al), nd (bz) 179 dec 360 i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; vs bz; s chl 9942 Tetramethyldiarsine Cacodyl C4H12As2 471-35-2 209.981 liq -6 165 1.44715vs eth, EtOH 9943 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3- diphenyldisiloxaneC16H22OSi2 56-33-7 286.516 liq -80 292; 156130.9763201.517620s ctc 9944 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane C4H14OSi2 3277-26-7 134.324 71 0.756201.370020 9945 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3- disiloxanediolC4H14O3Si2 1118-15-6 166.323 66 1.09525 9946 N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethyl-1,2- ethanediamine1,2-Dimethylaminoethane C6H16N2 110-18-9 116.204 liq -55 121 0.77251.417920 9947 Tetramethylgermane Germanium tetramethyl C4H12Ge 865-52-1 132.78 325001.006 9948 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine C5H13N3 80-70-6 115.177 s ctc 9949 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione Dipivaloylmethane C11H20O2 1118-71-4 184.276 9335, 7260.883251.458920sl ctc 9950 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acidPhytanic acid C20H40O2 14721-66-5 312.531 -65 9951 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1-hexadecen- 3-olIsophytol C20H40O 505-32-8 296.531 oil 1080.010.8519201.457120vs bz, eth, EtOH 9952 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane C10H22 13475-81-5 142.282 liq -54 160.3 0.7609251.428220 9953 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane C10H22 1071-81-4 142.282 liq -12.6 137.4 0.7148251.405520 9954 3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane C10H22 5171-84-6 142.282 170.0 0.7789251.436820 9955 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,6- hexanediamineC10H24N2 111-18-2 172.311 209.5 0.806251.435920 9956 Tetramethyl lead C4H12Pb 75-74-1 267.3 liq -30.2 110 1.99520 9957 N,N,N’,N’ - TetramethylmethanediamineC5H14N2 51-80-9 102.178 83 0.749118s H2O 9958 Tetramethyloxirane C6H12O 5076-20-0 100.158 90.4 0.8156161.398416s H2O 9959 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane Pristane C19H40 1921-70-6 268.521 296 0.7791251.437025vs bz, eth, chl, peth 9960 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane C9H20 7154-79-2 128.255 liq -9.75 140.2 0.7530251.423620 9961 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane C9H20 1186-53-4 128.255 liq -121.0 133.0 0.7389201.414720 9962 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane Di- tert-butylmethane C9H20 1070-87-7 128.255 liq -66.54 122.29 0.7195201.406920i H2O; vs EtOH, bz 9963 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane C9H20 16747-38-9 128.255 liq -102.1 141.5 0.7547201.422220 9964 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol C9H20O 14609-79-1 144.254 52 165.5 9965 2,3,4,5-Tetramethylphenol Prehnitenol C10H14O 488-70-0 150.217 nd (lig, aq al) 85.3 266 sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth 9966 2,3,4,6-Tetramethylphenol C10H14O 3238-38-8 150.217 cry (peth) 80.5 240 s EtOH 9967 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylphenol C10H14O 527-35-5 150.217 nd (lig), pr (al) 118.5 247 s chl, peth, HOAc TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g21/g24 NN N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4-butanediamineHO 4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenolO O 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedioneOO 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylcyclohexane 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane 1,1,2,2-TetramethylcyclopropaneO OSiOSi Si O SiHH HH 2,4,6,8-TetramethylcyclotetrasiloxaneOH HO 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diolNNO N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethyl-4,4’-diaminobenzophenoneAs As TetramethyldiarsineSi OSi 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxane SiOSiH H 1,1,3,3-TetramethyldisiloxaneSiOSiOH HO 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-disiloxanediolNN N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamineGe TetramethylgermaneNNNH 1,1,3,3-TetramethylguanidineOO 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione OHO 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acidOH 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1-hexadecen-3-ol 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane NN N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediaminePb Tetramethyl leadN N N,N,N’,N’ -TetramethylmethanediamineO Tetramethyloxirane 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-TetramethylpentaneOH 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanolOH 2,3,4,5-TetramethylphenolOH 2,3,4,6-TetramethylphenolOH 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylphenol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g21/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g129968 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine C9H20N2 36768-62-4 156.268 17 188.5 0.912251.470620 9969 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Norpempidine C9H19N 768-66-1 141.254 28 156 0.8367161.445520vs eth 9970 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinone C9H17NO 826-36-8 155.237 orth pl (eth-w) nd (eth)36 205 s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 9971 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,3- propanediamineC7H18N2 110-95-2 130.231 144 0.783718msc H2O, EtOH, eth 9972 Tetramethylpyrazine C8H12N2 1124-11-4 136.194 cry (w) 86 190 9973 Tetramethylsilane TMS C4H12Si 75-76-3 88.224 vol liq or gas -99.06 26.6 0.648191.358720i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i sulf 9974 Tetramethyl silicate Methyl silicate C4H12O4Si 681-84-5 152.222 liq -1.0 121 1.0232201.368320vs EtOH 9975 Tetramethylstannane C4H12Sn 594-27-4 178.848 liq -55.1 78 1.314251.4386 i H2O; s ctc, CS2 9976 Tetramethylsuccinonitrile Tetramethylbutanedinitrile C8H12N2 3333-52-6 136.194 mcl pl, lf, pr (dil al)170.5 1.07025s EtOH 9977 2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8- tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxaneC28H32O4Si4 77-63-4 544.894 cry (HOAc) 99 2371151.1183201.546120i H2O; msc ace, hp 9978 Tetramethylthiodicarbonic diamide C6H12N2S3 97-74-5 208.367 109.5 1.3725i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; sl eth 9979 Tetramethylthiourea C5H12N2S 2782-91-4 132.227 79.3 245 s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth 9980 Tetramethylurea C5H12N2O 632-22-4 116.161 liq -0.6 176.5 0.9687201.449623sl EtOH, eth, ctc 9981 Tetranitromethane CN4O8 509-14-8 196.033 13.8 126.1 1.6380201.438420i H2O; s EtOH, eth 9982 2,4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane C7H12O4 126-54-5 160.168 48.3 14753, 681vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 9983 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxatridecan-13-ol C9H20O5 23783-42-8 208.252 164110.987251.445320 9984 Tetraphenoxysilane C24H20O4Si 1174-72-7 400.500 49 417; 23611.141260 9985 1,1,4,4-Tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene C28H22 1450-63-1 358.475 203.5 s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc 9986 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-2,4- cyclopentadien-1-oneC29H20O 479-33-4 384.468 blk-viol lf (HOAc, xyl)222.3 s EtOH, bz, xyl, HOAc 9987 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethane C26H22 632-50-8 334.453 cry (bz), orth nd (chl)214.5 360 sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc 9988 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenyl-1,2-ethanediol Benzopinacol C26H22O2 464-72-2 366.452 pr (bz), cry (ace)182 i H2O, peth; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, CS2 9989 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethene C26H20 632-51-9 332.437 mcl or orth (bz- eth or chl-al)225 420 1.1550i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth; vs bz 9990 Tetraphenylgermane Germanium tetraphenyl C24H20Ge 1048-05-1 381.06 229.0 9991 Tetraphenylmethane C25H20 630-76-2 320.427 orth nd (bz, sub)282 431 i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig, HOAc; s bz, tol 9992 5,6,11,12-Tetraphenylnaphthacene Rubrene C42H28 517-51-1 532.671 oran-red (bz- lig)332.5 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, py; s bz 9993 Tetraphenylplumbane C24H20Pb 595-89-1 515.6 228.3 126131.529820s chl 9994 Tetraphenylsilane C24H20Si 1048-08-4 336.502 236.5 22831.07820s ctc, CS2 9995 Tetraphenylstannane C24H20Sn 595-90-4 427.126 228 420 sl chl 9996 Tetrapropoxysilane C12H28O4Si 682-01-9 264.434 226 0.9158201.401220s ctc, CS2 9997 Tetrapropylammonium bromide N,N,N -Tripropyl-1-propanaminium bromideC12H28BrN 1941-30-6 266.261 252 vs H2O, chl 9998 Tetrapropylammonium iodide C12H28IN 631-40-3 313.261 orth bipym 280 dec 1.313825vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, HOAc; sl eth 9999 Tetrapropylstannane C12H28Sn 2176-98-9 291.060 liq -109.1 228 1.1065201.474520 10000 Tetrapropyl thiodiphosphate Aspon C12H28O5P2S2 3244-90-4 378.425 amber liq 1040.11.12251.471021sl H2O, peth 10001 Tetrapropyl titanate 1-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt C12H28O4Ti 3087-37-4 284.215 206100 10002 Tetrasodium EDTA Edetate sodium C10H12N2Na4O864-02-8 380.169 amorp pow 300 (dihydrate) sl EtOH 10003 Tetratetracontane C44H90 7098-22-8 619.186 85.6 10004 Tetratriacontane C34H70 14167-59-0 478.920 pl (eth) 72.5 285.430.7728901.429690No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g21/g26 NNH 2 H 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinamineN H 2,2,6,6-TetramethylpiperidineNO H 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinoneN N N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamineNN TetramethylpyrazineSi TetramethylsilaneO SiOO O Tetramethyl silicateSn Tetramethylstannane NN TetramethylsuccinonitrileO OO OSi Si SiSi 2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxaneS N SN S Tetramethylthiodicarbonic diamideNNS TetramethylthioureaNNO TetramethylureaNO 2 O2NN O 2 NO 2 TetranitromethaneOO OO 2,4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane HOOOOO 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxatridecan-13-olO SiOO O Tetraphenoxysilane 1,1,4,4-Tetraphenyl-1,3-butadieneO 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-one 1,1,2,2-TetraphenylethaneHO OH 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenyl-1,2-ethanediol 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethene Ge Tetraphenylgermane Tetraphenylmethane 5,6,11,12-TetraphenylnaphthacenePb TetraphenylplumbaneSi TetraphenylsilaneSn TetraphenylstannaneO SiOO O TetrapropoxysilaneNB r Tetrapropylammonium bromide NI Tetrapropylammonium iodideSn TetrapropylstannaneS PO OOP OOS Tetrapropyl thiodiphosphateO TiOO O Tetrapropyl titanateNNCOO Na COO Na OOCOOC Na Na Tetrasodium EDTAH3C(CH 2)42CH3 TetratetracontaneH3C(CH 2)32CH3 Tetratriacontane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g21/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210005 Tetravinylsilane C8H12Si 1112-55-6 136.267 130.2 0.7999201.462520 10006 2,4,6,8-Tetravinyl-2,4,6,8- tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxaneC12H24O4Si4 2554-06-5 344.659 liq -43.5 224; 111120.987520s ctc, CS2 10007 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine sym-Tetrazine C2H2N4 290-96-0 82.064 dk red pr 99 sub s H2O, EtOH, eth, sulf 10008 1 H-Tetrazol-5-amine CH3N5 4418-61-5 85.069 204 dec 10009 1 H-Tetrazole CH2N4 288-94-8 70.054 pl (al) 157.3 sub 1.406020sl H2O 10010 Tetrodotoxin C11H17N3O8 4368-28-9 319.268 cry 225 dec sl H2O,eth, EtOH; s dil HOAc 10011 Thalidomide 2-(2,6-Dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1 H- isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dioneC13H10N2O4 50-35-1 258.229 nd 270 vs py, diox 10012 Thallium(I) ethanolate Thallous ethoxide C2H5OTl 20398-06-5 249.443 cloudy liq -3 dec 130 3.49 dec H2O 10013 Thebaine C19H21NO3 115-37-7 311.375 pl (eth), pr (dil al)193 sub 91 1.30520i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; sl eth; s bz 10014 Thebainone C18H21NO3 467-98-1 299.365 nd or pr (al) 151.5 sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, AcOEt 10015 Thenaldine 1-Methyl- N-phenyl- N-(2- thienylmethyl)-4-piperidinamineC17H22N2S 86-12-4 286.435 96 1590.02 10016 Thenyldiamine C14H19N3S 91-79-2 261.386 17011.591520 10017 Theobromine C7H8N4O2 83-67-0 180.165 orth or mcl nd (w)357 sub 290 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, ctc, lig, chl 10018 Theophylline 3,7-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1 H- purine-2,6-dioneC7H8N4O2 58-55-9 180.165 nd or pl (w+1) 273 s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl 10019 Thiabendazole 1 H-Benzimidazole, 2-(4-thiazolyl)- C10H7N3S 148-79-8 201.248 sub 305 10020 Thiacetazone C10H12N4OS 104-06-3 236.293 225 dec i H2O, os, CS2 10021 Thiacyclohexane C5H10S 1613-51-0 102.198 19 141.8 0.9861201.506720i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 10022 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Piazthiole C2H2N2S 288-39-1 86.115 liq -50.1 94 1.268251.515025 10023 1,3,4-Thiadiazole C2H2N2S 289-06-5 86.115 cry (sub) 42.5 204 10024 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione C2H2N2S3 1072-71-5 150.245 ye cry (MeOH) 168 s H2O 10025 Thiamine chloride C12H17ClN4OS 59-43-8 300.807 cry 164 s H2O 10026 Thiamine hydrochloride C12H18Cl2N4OS 67-03-8 337.268 mcl pl 248 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl 10027 Thiamine O-phosphate, chloride C12H18ClN4O4P S532-40-1 380.787 200 10028 Thianthrene C12H8S2 92-85-3 216.322 mcl pr or pl (al) 159.3 365 1.442020i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS2 10029 2-Thiazolamine 2-Aminothiazole C3H4N2S 96-50-4 100.142 ye pl (al) 93 14011sl H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; vs dil HCl 10030 Thiazole C3H3NS 288-47-1 85.128 -33.62 118 1.1998171.596920sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 10031 Thiazolidine C3H7NS 504-78-9 89.160 164.5 1.131251.55120msc H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, ace 10032 4-Thiazolidinecarboxylic acid Timonacic C4H7NO2S 444-27-9 133.170 cry (w) 196.5 vs H2O 10033 2,4-Thiazolidinedione C3H3NO2S 2295-31-0 117.127 pl (w), pr (al) 128 17919vs eth 10034 2-Thiazolidinethione C3H5NS2 96-53-7 119.209 nd (w, MeOH) 107.3 s H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, CS2 10035 Thidiazuron N-Phenyl- N’-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl- ureaC9H8N4OS 51707-55-2 220.251 211 dec 10036 1-(2-Thienyl)ethanone C6H6OS 88-15-3 126.176 10.5 213.5 1.1679201.566720sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 10037 Thiepane Hexamethylene sulfide C6H12S 4753-80-4 116.224 liq 0.5 173.5 0.991201.504418i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 10038 Thietane Trimethylene sulfide C3H6S 287-27-4 74.145 liq -73.24 95.0 1.0200201.510220i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s ace 10039 Thietane 1,1-dioxide Trimethylene sulfone C3H6O2S 5687-92-3 106.144 75.5 91.2141.515620s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth 10040 Thiethylperazine C22H29N3S2 1420-55-9 399.615 cry 63 2270.01sl ace 10041 Thiirane Ethylene sulfide C2H4S 420-12-2 60.118 -109 dec 57 1.0130201.493520sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 10042 Thioacetaldehyde trimer 2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-trithiane C6H12S3 2765-04-0 180.354 α-mcl pl; β-nd (ace)101 246.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g21/g28 Si TetravinylsilaneO OSiOSi Si O Si 2,4,6,8-Tetravinyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxaneN NNN 1,2,4,5-TetrazineNN NN HH2N 1H-Tetrazol-5-amineNN NN H 1H-TetrazoleHN NHOHOH OH OHHNOOH HOOH TetrodotoxinN N O HOOO ThalidomideTlO Thallium(I) ethanolate OO N O ThebaineO HO ON ThebainoneSN N ThenaldineN N NS ThenyldiamineN N NN OHO TheobromineN N NNH OO TheophyllineNN NS H Thiabendazole NN HH2NSH N O ThiacetazoneS ThiacyclohexaneN SN 1,2,5-ThiadiazoleNN S 1,3,4-ThiadiazoleNN SSSH H 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithioneN S NN HONH 2 Cl Thiamine chlorideN S NN HONH 2 Cl HCl Thiamine hydrochloride N S NN ONH 2 Cl P HO OH O Thiamine O-phosphate, chlorideSS ThianthreneN SNH 2 2-ThiazolamineN S ThiazoleN SH ThiazolidineN SOOH H 4-Thiazolidinecarboxylic acidN SOOH 2,4-ThiazolidinedioneN SSH 2-Thiazolidinethione H NH N O SNN ThidiazuronS O 1-(2-Thienyl)ethanoneS ThiepaneS ThietaneS OO Thietane 1,1-dioxideSNNN S ThiethylperazineS ThiiraneS SS Thioacetaldehyde trimer /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g22/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210043 Thioacetamide Ethanethioamide C2H5NS 62-55-5 75.133 115.5 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s DMSO 10044 Thioacetic acid C2H4OS 507-09-5 76.117 ye fuming liq <-17 93; 26351.064201.464820s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth 10045 Thiobencarb C12H16ClNOS 28249-77-6 257.779 1.7 1270.0081.1620 10046 4,4’-Thiobis(6- tert-butyl- m-cresol) Bis(5- tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2- methylphenyl) sulfideC22H30O2S 96-69-5 358.537 cry 163 10047 2,2’-Thiobisethanamine Bis(2-aminoethyl) sulfide C4H12N2S 871-76-1 120.216 ye cry 232; 11917 10048 3,3’-Thiobispropanoic acid, didodecyl esterDidodecyl thiobispropanoate C30H58O4S 123-28-4 514.845 39 10049 Thioctic acid 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid C8H14O2S2 62-46-4 206.326 ye nd 61 162 i H2O 10050 Thiocyanic acid CHNS 463-56-9 59.091 dec 0 vs H2O; s os 10051 Thiodicarb C10H18N4O4S3 59669-26-0 354.470 173 1.420 10052 Thiodiglycolic acid Thiodiacetic acid C4H6O4S 123-93-3 150.154 cry (w) 129 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s bz 10053 3,3’-Thiodipropionic acid C6H10O4S 111-17-1 178.206 cry wh pow 129 vs H2O, EtOH 10054 Thiofanox C9H18N2O2S 39196-18-4 218.316 57 10055 Thioformaldehyde Methanethial CH2S 865-36-1 46.092 unstab gas 10056 Thioglycolic acid C2H4O2S 68-11-1 92.117 -16.5 120201.3253201.508020msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 10057 Thioimidodicarbonic diamide 2,4-Dithiobiuret C2H5N3S2 541-53-7 135.211 mcl cry 181 dec vs ace 10058 Thiolactic acid C3H6O2S 71563-86-5 106.144 12 106151.1938201.481020s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 10059 Thiometon C6H15O2PS3 640-15-3 246.351 oil 1100.1, 770.011.20920sl H2O; s os 10060 Thiomorpholine Thiamorpholine C4H9NS 123-90-0 103.186 175; 1101001.0882201.538620vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 10061 Thionazin Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O- pyrazinyl esterC8H13N2O3PS 297-97-2 248.239 liq -0.9 80 10062 Thiophanate-methyl C12H14N4O4S2 23564-05-8 342.394 172 dec 10063 Thiophene Thiofuran C4H4S 110-02-1 84.140 liq -38.21 84.0 1.0649201.528920msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, diox, py; sl chl 10064 2-Thiopheneacetic acid C6H6O2S 1918-77-0 142.176 cry (w) 76 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 10065 2-Thiopheneacetonitrile C6H5NS 20893-30-5 123.176 120231.155251.542520 10066 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 2-Cyanothiophene C5H3NS 1003-31-2 109.150 192 1.172251.562920s chl 10067 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Cyanothiophene C5H3NS 1641-09-4 109.150 oil 204; 8515 10068 2-Thiophenecarbonyl chloride C5H3ClOS 5271-67-0 146.595 280 10069 2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde C5H4OS 98-03-3 112.150 pa ye liq 197; 85161.2127211.592020i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; sl chl 10070 3-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde 3-Formylthiophene C5H4OS 498-62-4 112.150 86.7201.585520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 10071 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 2-Carboxythiophene C5H4O2S 527-72-0 128.150 nd (w) 129.5 dec 260 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl; sl peth 10072 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 3-Thenoic acid C5H4O2S 88-13-1 128.150 138 s H2O 10073 2,5-Thiophenedicarboxylic acid 2,5-Dicarboxythiophene C6H4O4S 4282-31-9 172.159 359 sub 150 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 10074 2-Thiophenemethanol C5H6OS 636-72-6 114.166 207; 86101.2053161.528020s EtOH, ace 10075 2-Thiophenesulfonyl chloride C4H3ClO2S2 16629-19-9 182.649 28 1006s eth 10076 Thiopropazate C23H28ClN3O2S 84-06-0 446.005 2160.1 10077 4 H-Thiopyran-4-thione C5H4S2 1120-94-1 128.216 47 10078 Thioquinox C9H4N2S3 93-75-4 236.336 br-ye pow 180 i H2O; sl ace, EtOH, peth 10079 Thioridazine C12H26N2S2 50-52-2 262.477 cry 73 2300.02sl ace 10080 cis-Thiothixene C23H29N3O2S2 3313-26-6 443.625 cry 148 10081 Thiourea Thiocarbamide CH4N2S 62-56-6 76.121 orth (al) 178 1.40525s H2O, EtOH; i eth 10082 9 H-Thioxanthene Dibenzothiapyran C13H10S 261-31-4 198.283 nd (al-chl) 128.5 341 s chl 10083 9 H-Thioxanthen-9-one Thioxanthone C13H8OS 492-22-8 212.267 ye nd (chl) 209 373 i H2O, peth; sl EtOH; s bz, chl, CS2 10084 2-Thioxo-4-imidazolidinone 2-Thiohydantoin C3H4N2OS 503-87-7 116.141 wh nd (w) 230 dec vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, alkNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g22/g20 NH 2S ThioacetamideOHS Thioacetic acidS N O Cl ThiobencarbHO S OH 4,4’-Thiobis(6- tert-butyl- m-cresol)H2NSNH 2 2,2’-ThiobisethanamineOS OO O 3,3’-Thiobispropanoic acid, didodecyl ester SSOHO Thioctic acidHS N Thiocyanic acidS NO N ON OO N S ThiodicarbO HOSOHO Thiodiglycolic acidSO H HOOO 3,3’-Thiodipropionic acidSNOO NH ThiofanoxS HH ThioformaldehydeO OHHS Thioglycolic acidH2NNHNH 2SS Thioimidodicarbonic diamide O OH SH Thiolactic acidOPSS OS ThiometonSH N ThiomorpholineNN OPOS O ThionazinNH NHS N HOO SH N O O Thiophanate-methylS ThiopheneS OHO 2-Thiopheneacetic acidSN 2-ThiopheneacetonitrileSN 2-ThiophenecarbonitrileSN 3-ThiophenecarbonitrileSCl O 2-Thiophenecarbonyl chloride SO 2-ThiophenecarboxaldehydeSO 3-ThiophenecarboxaldehydeSOH O 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acidSOHO 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acidSOH OHO O 2,5-Thiophenedicarboxylic acidSOH 2-ThiophenemethanolS SCl OO 2-Thiophenesulfonyl chlorideN SNNO ClO Thiopropazate SS 4H-Thiopyran-4-thioneNN SS S ThioquinoxSNN S ThioridazineS SN OONN cis-ThiothixeneS H2NN H 2 ThioureaS 9H-ThioxantheneSO 9H-Thioxanthen-9-oneNHNH SO 2-Thioxo-4-imidazolidinone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g22/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210085 2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone Rhodanine C3H3NOS2 141-84-4 133.192 lt ye pr (al, w) 170 0.86825sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth 10086 Thiram C6H12N2S4 137-26-8 240.432 wh or ye mcl (chl-al)155.6 12920vs chl 10087 L-Threonine 2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, [ R- (R*,S*)]C4H9NO3 72-19-5 119.119 256 dec s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl 10088 D-Threose C4H8O4 95-43-2 120.105 hyg-syr or nd (w)129 10089 L-Threose C4H8O4 95-44-3 120.105 vs H2O 10090 Thujic acid 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3,6-cycloheptatriene- 1-carboxylic acidC10H12O2 499-89-8 164.201 cry (peth) 88.5 10091 α-Thujone 4-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one, ( l)C10H16O 546-80-5 152.233 201.2 0.9109251.449015i H2O; s EtOH 10092 3-Thujopsene Widdrene C15H24 470-40-6 204.352 liq 122120.932241.503125 10093 Thymidine Thymine 2-desoxyriboside C10H14N2O5 50-89-5 242.228 nd (AcOEt) 186.5 s H2O, EtOH, ace, py, HOAc; sl chl 10094 Thymine C5H6N2O2 65-71-4 126.114 316 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, DMSO 10095 Thymol 2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenol C10H14O 89-83-8 150.217 49.5 232.5 0.970251.522720i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, AcOEt 10096 Thymol Blue C27H30O5S 76-61-9 466.589 grn-red (al, eth) 222 dec sl H2O, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc, PhNH2 10097 Thymol iodide C20H24I2O2 552-22-7 550.213 amorp i H2O; s eth; vs EtOH 10098 Thymolphthalein C28H30O4 125-20-2 430.536 pr or nd (al) 253 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl DMSO 10099 L-Thyroxine C15H11I4NO4 51-48-9 776.871 nd 235 sl H2O; i EtOH, bz 10100 Timolol C13H24N4O3S 26839-75-8 316.420 oil 10101 Tiocarlide C23H32N2O2S 910-86-1 400.577 146 10102 Tipepidine 3-(Di-2-thienylmethylene)-1- methylpiperidineC15H17NS2 5169-78-8 275.433 ye cry 65 1814.5 10103 Tobramycin C18H37N5O9 32986-56-4 467.516 cry s H2O 10104 β-Tocopherol 5,8-Dimethyltocol C28H48O2 148-03-8 416.680 pa ye visc oil 2050.1vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 10105 γ-Tocopherol 7,8-Dimethyltocol C28H48O2 7616-22-0 416.680 pa ye visc oil -1.5 2050.1i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl 10106 δ-Tocopherol 8-Methyltocol C27H46O2 119-13-1 402.653 pa ye visc oil 1500.001i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 10107 Tolazamide C14H21N3O3S 1156-19-0 311.400 cry 172 10108 Tolbutamide N-[(Butylamino)carbonyl]-4- methylbenzenesulfonamideC12H18N2O3S 64-77-7 270.347 orth cry 128.5 1.24525sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 10109 o-Tolidine 3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine C14H16N2 119-93-7 212.290 wh-red lf (EtOH aq)131 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 10110 Tolmetin C15H15NO3 26171-23-3 257.285 cry (MeCN) 156 dec 10111 Toluene Methylbenzene C7H8 108-88-3 92.139 liq -94.95 110.63 0.8668201.496120i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, CS2 10112 Toluene-2,4-diamine 4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine C7H10N2 95-80-7 122.167 nd (w), cry (al) 99 292 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s chl 10113 Toluene-3,5-diamine 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine C7H10N2 108-71-4 122.167 oil 284 10114 Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate C9H6N2O2 584-84-9 174.156 20.5 251 1.224420vs ace, bz, eth 10115 Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate C9H6N2O2 91-08-7 174.156 18.3 dec H2O; s ace, bz 10116 p-Toluenesulfonic acid C7H8O3S 104-15-4 172.202 hyg pl (w+1) mcl lf or pl104.5 14020vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 10117 p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate 4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid, monohydrateC7H10O4S 6192-52-5 190.217 105.3 s H2O 10118 p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride C7H7ClO2S 98-59-9 190.648 tcl (eth, peth) 71 14515i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz 10119 o-Toluic acid C8H8O2 118-90-1 136.149 pr or nd (w) 103.5 259 1.0621151.512115i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 10120 m-Toluic acid C8H8O2 99-04-7 136.149 109.9 1.0541121.509 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 10121 p-Toluic acid C8H8O2 99-94-5 136.149 179.6 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, MeOH; sl tfaNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g22/g22 NH S SO 2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinoneNS SSNS ThiramO OHOH NH 2 L-ThreonineCHO HO H HO H CH2OH D-ThreoseCHO HO H HO H CH2OH L-ThreoseHO O Thujic acidO α-Thujone 3-ThujopseneHN N OO O OHHO ThymidineN HNHO O Thymine OH ThymolSOHO OH OO Thymol BlueOO II Thymol iodideO OHO OH ThymolphthaleinO INH 2HOOI IOH I L-ThyroxineN N SN OO OHHN Timolol H NH N SO O TiocarlideNSS TipepidineO HO OH NH 2 NH 2O HOO H2NHO NH 2 O OHH2N TobramycinOHO β-Tocopherol OHO γ-Tocopherol OHO δ-TocopherolN HN OH NS OO TolazamideSH N OOH N O TolbutamideH2NN H 2 o-TolidineN HOO O Tolmetin Toluene NH 2 NH 2 Toluene-2,4-diamineH2NN H 2 Toluene-3,5-diamineN NCCO O Toluene-2,4-diisocyanateNCONCO Toluene-2,6-diisocyanateSOOOH p-Toluenesulfonic acidSOOOH H2O p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrateSOOCl p-Toluenesulfonyl chlorideHO O o-Toluic acidHO O m-Toluic acidHO O p-Toluic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g22/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210122 N-o-Tolylbiguanide N-(2-Methylphenyl) imidodicarbonimidic diamideC9H13N5 93-69-6 191.233 nd or pl (w+1) 145.0 sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace; i bz, chl, eth 10123 Tomatine C50H83NO21 17406-45-0 1034.188 nd (MeOH) 270 vs EtOH, diox 10124 Tralomethrin C22H19Br4NO3 66841-25-6 665.007 oran-ye solid 10125 Tranylcypromine 2-Phenylcyclopropylamine C9H11N 155-09-9 133.190 cry 44 12732 10126 Trehalose C12H22O11 99-20-7 342.296 orth cry 203 1.5824vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz 10127 Triacetamide C6H9NO3 641-06-5 143.140 nd (eth) 79 vs eth 10128 Triacetin Glycerol triacetate C9H14O6 102-76-1 218.203 col oily liq -78 259 1.1583201.430120sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace 10129 Triacontane C30H62 638-68-6 422.813 orth (eth, bz) 65.1 449.7 0.8097201.435270i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs bz 10130 Triacontanoic acid C30H60O2 506-50-3 452.796 sc, nd (al, ace) 93.6 1.4323100vs bz, CS2, chl 10131 1-Triacontanol Myricyl alcohol C30H62O 593-50-0 438.812 nd (eth),pl (bz) 88 0.77795vs bz, eth, EtOH 10132 Triadimenol Mercury, chloro(2-methoxyethyl)- C3H7ClHgO 123-88-6 295.13 cry 115 i H2O; s EtOH, ace 10133 Triallate C10H16Cl3NOS 2303-17-5 304.664 29 1170.00031.27325 10134 Triallyl phosphate C9H15O4P 1623-19-4 218.186 -50 10871.081520sl chl 10135 1,3,5-Triallyl-1,3,5-triazine- 2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioneC12H15N3O3 1025-15-6 249.265 20.5 1494, 1050.51.159020 10136 Triamcinolone Fluoxiprednisolone C21H27FO6 124-94-7 394.433 cry 270 10137 Triamiphos C12H19N6OP 1031-47-6 294.292 cry (EtOH aq) 167 sl H2O; s os 10138 Triasulfuron C14H16ClN5O5S 82097-50-5 401.826 186 10139 1,2,4-Triazine C3H3N3 290-38-0 81.076 pa ye oil 16.5 157 1.514925 10140 1,3,5-Triazine C3H3N3 290-87-9 81.076 80.3 114 1.3825s EtOH, eth 10141 1,2,4-Triazine-3,5(2 H,4H)-dione C3H3N3O2 461-89-2 113.075 276.8 10142 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine Melamine C3H6N6 108-78-1 126.120 mcl pr (w) 345 dec sub 1.573161.87220sl H2O, EtOH; i eth 10143 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- trithioneTrithiocyanuric acid C3H3N3S3 638-16-4 177.271 ye pr >300 10022 10144 Triazofos C12H16N3O3PS 24017-47-8 313.312 ye-br oil 5 1.251420i H2O; s os 10145 Triazolam C17H12Cl2N4 28911-01-5 343.210 tan cry (2- PrOH)234 10146 1 H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Amitrole C2H4N4 61-82-5 84.080 cry (w, al) 159 vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, ace; s chl; sl AcOEt 10147 1 H-1,2,3-Triazole C2H3N3 288-36-8 69.065 hyg cry 23 204 1.1861251.485425s H2O; s eth, ace; i lig 10148 1 H-1,2,4-Triazole Pyrrodiazole C2H3N3 288-88-0 69.065 nd (bz/EtOH) 120.5 260 dec s H2O, EtOH 10149 1 H-1,2,4-Triazole-3,5-diamine C2H5N5 1455-77-2 99.095 211.5 s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz 10150 Tribenuron-methyl C15H17N5O6S 101200-48-0 395.391 solid 141 10151 Tribenzylamine N,N-Bis(phenylmethyl) benzenemethanamineC21H21N 620-40-6 287.399 pl (eth), mcl (al)91.5 385 0.991295sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ctc 10152 Tribromoacetaldehyde Bromal C2HBr3O 115-17-3 280.740 174 2.6649251.593920vs ace, eth, EtOH 10153 Tribromoacetic acid C2HBr3O2 75-96-7 296.740 mcl 132 dec 245 s H2O, EtOH, eth 10154 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline C6H4Br3N 147-82-0 329.815 nd (al, bz) 122 300 2.3520i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl 10155 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene C6H3Br3 615-54-3 314.800 44.5 275 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace; sl bz 10156 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene C6H3Br3 626-39-1 314.800 nd or pr (al) 122.8 271 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl 10157 1,1,2-Tribromobutane C4H7Br3 3675-68-1 294.811 216.2 2.1835201.562617vs eth, EtOH, chl 10158 1,2,2-Tribromobutane C4H7Br3 3675-69-2 294.811 213.8 2.1692201.56820vs eth, EtOH, chl 10159 1,2,3-Tribromobutane C4H7Br3 632-05-3 294.811 liq -19 220 2.1907201.568020vs eth, EtOH, chl 10160 1,2,4-Tribromobutane C4H7Br3 38300-67-3 294.811 liq -18 215 2.170201.560820vs eth, EtOH, chl 10161 2,2,3-Tribromobutane C4H7Br3 62127-47-3 294.811 0.9 206 2.1723201.560220i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g22/g24 HNHN NHNH 2 HN N-o-TolylbiguanideOH N OHHH O OHO OO HO OH OHO HO OH OHOHOHO O HO HO HO TomatineOO NO BrBrBrBr Tralomethrin NH 2 TranylcypromineO HO O OH O HO OHHO OH HO OH TrehaloseNO O O TriacetamideO O O OOO Triacetin TriacontaneOHO Triacontanoic acidOH 1-TriacontanolClHg O TriadimenolCl Cl ClSNO TriallateO POOO Triallyl phosphate N NNO O O 1,3,5-Triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioneOHO H FOHOHO OH TriamcinoloneNN N H2N PNNO TriamiphosN NNO NHN HO SOO OCl TriasulfuronNNN 1,2,4-TriazineN NN 1,3,5-TriazineNNHH N OO 1,2,4-Triazine-3,5(2 H,4H)-dione/g3 N NNNH 2 NH 2 H2N 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine HN N HNHS S S 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trithioneNN NOPO SO TriazofosNN ClNN Cl TriazolamNN N HNH 2 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amineN N HN 1H-1,2,3-TriazoleNN N H 1H-1,2,4-TriazoleNN N HNH 2 H2N 1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3,5-diamineN NNO N N HO SOOOO Tribenuron-methyl/g3 N Tribenzylamine BrBr BrO TribromoacetaldehydeBrBr BrOHO Tribromoacetic acidNH 2 Br BrBr 2,4,6-TribromoanilineBr Br Br 1,2,4-TribromobenzeneBr Br Br 1,3,5-TribromobenzeneBrBr Br 1,1,2-TribromobutaneBr Br Br 1,2,2-TribromobutaneBr BrBr 1,2,3-TribromobutaneBrBr Br 1,2,4-TribromobutaneBr BrBr 2,2,3-Tribromobutane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g22/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210162 Tribromochloromethane CBr3Cl 594-15-0 287.176 lf (eth) 55 158.5 2.7115vs eth 10163 1,1,2-Tribromoethane C2H3Br3 78-74-0 266.757 liq -29.3 188.93 2.6210201.593320i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 10164 2,2,2-Tribromoethanol C2H3Br3O 75-80-9 282.756 nd or pr (peth) 81 9210vs bz, eth, EtOH 10165 Tribromoethene C2HBr3 598-16-3 264.741 164 2.708201.604516sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 10166 Tribromofluoromethane CBr3F 353-54-8 270.721 liq -73.6 108 i H2O; s EtOH 10167 Tribromomethane Bromoform CHBr3 75-25-2 252.731 8.69 149.1 2.8788251.594825sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, lig, chl 10168 1,3,5-Tribromo-2-methoxybenzene C7H5Br3O 607-99-8 344.826 nd (al) 88 298 2.49125sl H2O, EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc 10169 2,4,6-Tribromo-3-methylphenol 2,4,6-Tribromo- m-cresol C7H5Br3O 4619-74-3 344.826 84 s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl, peth 10170 1,1,1-Tribromo-2-methyl-2-propanol 1,1,1-Tribromo- tert-butyl alcohol C4H7Br3O 76-08-4 310.810 nd (lig) cry (dil al)169 sub sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth 10171 Tribromonitromethane CBr3NO2 464-10-8 297.729 pr 10 127182.811121.579020i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz 10172 2,4,6-Tribromophenol C6H3Br3O 118-79-6 330.799 nd (al), pr (bz) 95.5 286 2.5520i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc, chl 10173 1,1,2-Tribromopropane C3H5Br3 14602-62-1 280.784 200.5 2.3547201.579020i H2O; s EtOH, chl, HOAc; vs eth 10174 1,2,2-Tribromopropane C3H5Br3 14476-30-3 280.784 190.5 2.2984201.567020vs eth, EtOH, chl 10175 1,2,3-Tribromopropane C3H5Br3 96-11-7 280.784 16.9 222.1 2.4208201.586220i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 10176 2,3,5-Tribromothiophene C4HBr3S 3141-24-0 320.828 nd (al) 29 260 s chl 10177 Tribromotrimethyldialuminum Methyl aluminum sesquibromide C3H9Al2Br3 12263-85-3 338.778 hyg col liq 11050 10178 Tributyl 2-(acetyloxy)-1,2,3- propanetricarboxylateC20H34O8 77-90-7 402.479 1731sl chl 10179 Tributyl aluminate 1-Butanol, aluminum salt C12H27AlO3 3085-30-1 246.322 2605 10180 Tributylaluminum C12H27Al 1116-70-7 198.324 1022 10181 Tributylamine N,N-Dibutyl-1-butanamine C12H27N 102-82-9 185.349 liq -70 216.5 0.7770201.429920sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 10182 Tributyl borate C12H27BO3 688-74-4 230.151 oil <-70 234 0.8567201.410618s EtOH, bz; vs eth, MeOH 10183 Tributylfluorostannane Tributyltin fluoride C12H27FSn 1983-10-4 309.050 nd ≈260 sub >200 10184 2,4,6-Tri- tert-butylphenol C18H30O 732-26-3 262.430 cry (al, peth) 131 278 0.86427i H2O, alk; s EtOH, ace, ctc 10185 Tributyl phosphate C12H27O4P 126-73-8 266.313 289 0.9727251.422425s H2O, eth, bz, CS2; msc EtOH 10186 Tributylphosphine C12H27P 998-40-3 202.316 240; 150500.812251.461920 10187 Tributyl phosphite Tributoxyphosphine C12H27O3P 102-85-2 250.314 13726, 122120.9259201.432119s EtOH; sl ctc; vs eth 10188 S,S,S -Tributyl phosphorotrothioate S,S,S -Tributyl trithiophosphate C12H27OPS3 78-48-8 314.510 <-25 1500.31.05720 10189 Tributylsilane C12H28Si 998-41-4 200.436 221 0.7794201.438020 10190 Tributylstannane Tributyltin hydride C12H28Sn 688-73-3 291.060 liq 1138, 760.71.10320 10191 Tributyrin Butanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl esterC15H26O6 60-01-5 302.363 liq -75 307.5 1.0350201.435920i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs eth 10192 Tricalcium citrate Calcium citrate C12H10Ca3O14 813-94-5 498.433 cry (w) ≈100 dec (hyd) sl H2O; i EtOH 10193 Trichlorfon C4H8Cl3O4P 52-68-6 257.437 77 1000.11.7320 10194 Trichloroacetaldehyde Chloral C2HCl3O 75-87-6 147.387 liq -57.5 97.8 1.512201.458020vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 10195 2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide C2H2Cl3NO 594-65-0 162.402 142 240 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 10196 Trichloroacetic acid C2HCl3O2 76-03-9 163.387 hyg cry 59.2 196.5 1.6126641.460361vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 10197 Trichloroacetic anhydride C4Cl6O3 4124-31-6 308.759 dec 223; 139601.690820vs eth, HOAc 10198 Trichloroacetonitrile C2Cl3N 545-06-2 144.387 liq -42 85.7 1.4403251.440920i H2O 10199 Trichloroacetyl chloride C2Cl4O 76-02-8 181.832 117.9 1.6202201.469520msc eth 10200 2,3,4-Trichloroaniline C6H4Cl3N 634-67-3 196.462 nd (lig) 73 292 vs EtOH 10201 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline C6H4Cl3N 636-30-6 196.462 nd (lig) 96.5 270 s EtOH, eth; vs CS2; sl ligNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g22/g26 Cl Br Br Br TribromochloromethaneBrBr Br 1,1,2-TribromoethaneBrOH BrBr 2,2,2-TribromoethanolBrH BrBr TribromoetheneF Br Br Br TribromofluoromethaneH Br Br Br TribromomethaneBr Br BrO 1,3,5-Tribromo-2-methoxybenzeneBr BrBrOH 2,4,6-Tribromo-3-methylphenolHOBrBrBr 1,1,1-Tribromo-2-methyl-2-propanol NO 2 Br Br Br TribromonitromethaneOH Br Br Br 2,4,6-TribromophenolBrBr Br 1,1,2-TribromopropaneBr Br Br 1,2,2-TribromopropaneBr BrBr 1,2,3-TribromopropaneSBr Br Br 2,3,5-TribromothiopheneBr Al BrAlBr TribromotrimethyldialuminumOO OOO OO O Tributyl 2-(acetyloxy)-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate O AlOO Tributyl aluminateAl TributylaluminumN TributylamineO BOO Tributyl borateFSn TributylfluorostannaneOH 2,4,6-Tri- tert-butylphenolO POOO Tributyl phosphate P TributylphosphineO POO Tributyl phosphiteO PSSS S,S,S -Tributyl phosphorotrothioateSi H TributylsilaneSn H TributylstannaneOO OOO O TributyrinO OOO OHOO 23Ca2 Tricalcium citrate O POO OH ClClCl TrichlorfonOCl ClCl TrichloroacetaldehydeO NH 2Cl ClCl 2,2,2-TrichloroacetamideO OHCl ClCl Trichloroacetic acidO OO ClCl ClCl ClCl Trichloroacetic anhydrideClCl ClN TrichloroacetonitrileO ClCl ClCl Trichloroacetyl chlorideNH 2 Cl Cl Cl 2,3,4-TrichloroanilineNH 2 Cl ClCl 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g22/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210202 2,4,6-Trichloroaniline C6H4Cl3N 634-93-5 196.462 cry (al), nd (lig or peth)78.5 262 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs CS2 10203 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzaldehyde C7H3Cl3O 4659-47-6 209.457 nd (lig) 87.3 vs ace, bz, eth 10204 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene C6H3Cl3 87-61-6 181.447 pl (al) 51.3 218.5 1.453325i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz 10205 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene C6H3Cl3 120-82-1 181.447 orth 16.92 213.5 1.459251.571720i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth 10206 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene C6H3Cl3 108-70-3 181.447 nd 62.8 208 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s chl 10207 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzeneacetic acid Chlorfenac C8H5Cl3O2 85-34-7 239.484 161 10208 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol C6H3Cl3O2 56961-20-7 213.446 (i) pr (HOAc) (ii) pr (bz)115(form a); 134(form b)sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, HOAc 10209 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid C7H3Cl3O2 50-31-7 225.457 124.5 sl H2O; s eth 10210 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl C12H7Cl3 15862-07-4 257.543 cry 78.5 i H2O 10211 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl C12H7Cl3 35693-92-6 257.543 cry (EtOH aq) 62.5 17215i H2O 10212 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4- chlorophenyl)ethaneDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)C14H9Cl5 50-29-3 354.486 nd (al) 108.5 260; 1860.05i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, py 10213 2,2,3-Trichlorobutanal 2,2,3-Trichlorobutyraldehyde C4H5Cl3O 76-36-8 175.441 164 1.3956201.475520vs H2O, eth, EtOH 10214 2,3,4-Trichloro-1-butene C4H5Cl3 2431-50-7 159.442 6020, 40101.3430201.494420vs ace, chl 10215 3,4,4’-Trichlorocarbanilide Triclocarban C13H9Cl3N2O 101-20-2 315.581 fine pl 256 10216 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-(chloromethyl) benzeneC7H4Cl4 3955-26-8 229.919 273 1.54720vs ace, eth, EtOH 10217 Trichloro(chloromethyl)silane (Chloromethyl)trichlorosilane CH2Cl4Si 1558-25-4 183.925 118 1.4650201.455520 10218 Trichloro(4-chlorophenyl)silane C6H4Cl4Si 825-94-5 245.994 233; 116201.4062201.541820 10219 Trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silane C3H6Cl4Si 2550-06-3 211.978 181.5 1.3590201.466820 10220 Trichloro(dichloromethyl)silane (Dichloromethyl)trichlorosilane CHCl5Si 1558-24-3 218.370 145 1.5518201.471420 10221 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane C2HCl3F2 354-12-1 169.385 73 10222 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane C2HCl3F2 354-21-2 169.385 -140 71.9 1.5447201.388920 10223 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane C2HCl3F2 354-15-4 169.385 -174 72.5 10224 2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol C8H7Cl3O 6972-47-0 225.500 ye nd (peth) 175 i H2O; s chl; vs peth 10225 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane C14H11Cl3 2971-22-4 285.596 65 s EtOH; sl chl 10226 Trichlorododecylsilane Dodecyltrichlorosilane C12H25Cl3Si 4484-72-4 303.772 155101.458120 10227 1,1,1-Trichloro-3,4-epoxybutane (2,2,2-Trichloroethyl)oxirane C4H5Cl3O 3083-25-8 175.441 liq 110100 10228 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Methyl chloroform C2H3Cl3 71-55-6 133.404 liq -30.01 74.09 1.3390201.437920sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; msc eth 10229 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Vinyl trichloride C2H3Cl3 79-00-5 133.404 liq -36.3 113.8 1.4397201.471420i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 10230 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol C2H3Cl3O 115-20-8 149.403 hyg orth tab or pl19 152; 52111.486120sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s alk 10231 Trichloroethene Trichloroethylene C2HCl3 79-01-6 131.388 liq -84.7 87.21 1.4642201.477320sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 10232 2,2,2-Trichloro-1-ethoxyethanol Chloral alcoholate C4H7Cl3O2 515-83-3 193.457 56.5 115.5 1.14340s H2O, EtOH, eth 10233 Trichloroethoxysilane C2H5Cl3OSi 1825-82-7 179.505 liq -135 101.9 1.2274201.404520vs EtOH 10234 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl- β-D- glucopyranosiduronic acidUrochloralic acid C8H11Cl3O7 97-25-6 325.528 nd 142 vs H2O, EtOH 10235 Trichloroethylsilane Ethyltrichlorosilane C2H5Cl3Si 115-21-9 163.506 liq -105.6 100.5 1.2373201.425620s ctc 10236 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane Refrigerant 131b C2H2Cl3F 2366-36-1 151.394 liq 86.5 10237 1,1,2-Trichloro-1-fluoroethane Refrigerant 131a C2H2Cl3F 811-95-0 151.394 -104.7 88.0 1.49220 10238 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane C2H2Cl3F 359-28-4 151.394 102.4 1.5393201.439020i H2O 10239 Trichlorofluoromethane Refrigerant 11 CCl3F 75-69-4 137.368 vol liq or gas -110.44 23.7 i H2O 10240 2,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,1,3,4,4,4- heptafluorobutaneC4Cl3F7 335-44-4 287.391 2.0 98 1.7484201.353020 10241 Trichlorohexylsilane Hexyltrichlorosilane C6H13Cl3Si 928-65-4 219.612 190 1.110020dec H2ONo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g22/g28 NH 2 Cl ClCl 2,4,6-TrichloroanilineCl ClClO 2,3,6-TrichlorobenzaldehydeCl Cl Cl 1,2,3-TrichlorobenzeneCl Cl Cl 1,2,4-TrichlorobenzeneCl Cl Cl 1,3,5-TrichlorobenzeneCl ClClOHO 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzeneacetic acidOH OH Cl ClCl 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediolCl ClClOO H 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acidCl Cl Cl 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl Cl ClCl 2,4,6-TrichlorobiphenylClCl ClCl Cl 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethaneCl Cl ClO 2,2,3-TrichlorobutanalCl ClCl 2,3,4-Trichloro-1-buteneHN Cl ClHN OCl 3,4,4’-Trichlorocarbanilide/g3 Cl Cl ClCl 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-(chloromethyl)benzeneClSiCl ClCl Trichloro(chloromethyl)silane Si ClCl ClCl Trichloro(4-chlorophenyl)silaneCl SiCl ClCl Trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silaneCl SiClCl ClCl Trichloro(dichloromethyl)silaneClCl ClFF 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethaneFCl FCl Cl 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethaneF ClF ClCl 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethaneCl ClClOH 2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Cl ClCl 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-diphenylethaneSiCl ClCl TrichlorododecylsilaneO ClClCl 1,1,1-Trichloro-3,4-epoxybutaneH HCl ClClH 1,1,1-TrichloroethaneCl ClCl 1,1,2-TrichloroethaneClClOHCl 2,2,2-TrichloroethanolClCl ClH TrichloroetheneClClClOOH 2,2,2-Trichloro-1-ethoxyethanolCl Si ClCl O Trichloroethoxysilane OO HO OHHO O OHCl ClCl 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl- β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acidClSi ClCl TrichloroethylsilaneClCl ClF 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-fluoroethaneClClClF 1,1,2-Trichloro-1-fluoroethaneClClCl F 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethaneF Cl Cl Cl TrichlorofluoromethaneFFFCl Cl FC lF FF 2,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,1,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutaneSi ClClCl Trichlorohexylsilane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g23/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210242 N-(2,2,2-Trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl) formamideChloral formamide C3H4Cl3NO2 515-82-2 192.429 cry 120 vs ace, eth, EtOH 10243 3,3,3-Trichloro-2- hydroxypropanenitrileChlorocyanohydrin C3H2Cl3NO 513-96-2 174.413 pl (w) 61 dec 217 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 10244 Trichloroisobutylsilane C4H9Cl3Si 18169-57-8 191.559 143.3 1.15420dec H2O 10245 Trichloromethane Chloroform CHCl3 67-66-3 119.378 liq -63.41 61.17 1.4788251.445920sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, ctc 10246 Trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride Perchloromethyl mercaptan CCl4S 594-42-3 185.888 ye oil 149 1.6947201.548420s eth 10247 Trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride CCl4O2S 2547-61-7 217.887 cry (al-w) 140.5 170 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 10248 Trichloromethanethiol Trichloromethyl mercaptan CHCl3S 75-70-7 151.443 oran oil 12515 10249 Trichloromethiazide C8H8Cl3N3O4S2133-67-5 380.657 270 dec sl H2O; s EtOH 10250 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methoxybenzene C7H5Cl3O 6130-75-2 211.473 nd (dil al) 77.5 254 vs EtOH, ace 10251 1,3,5-Trichloro-2-methoxybenzene 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole C7H5Cl3O 87-40-1 211.473 mcl nd (al) 61.5 241 1.64025s EtOH, bz, chl; vs ace 10252 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzene 2,4,5-Trichlorotoluene C7H5Cl3 6639-30-1 195.474 nd or lf (al) 82.4 231 i H2O; s EtOH, ace 10253 (Trichloromethyl)benzene Benzotrichloride C7H5Cl3 98-07-7 195.474 liq -4.42 221 1.3723201.558020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 10254 (Trichloromethyl)oxirane C3H3Cl3O 3083-23-6 161.414 149; 44131.495201.473725vs eth; s chl 10255 2,3,4-Trichloro-6-methylphenol 4,5,6-Trichloro- o-cresol C7H5Cl3O 551-78-0 211.473 nd (peth) 77 10256 2,3,6-Trichloro-4-methylphenol 2,3,6-Trichloro- p-cresol C7H5Cl3O 551-77-9 211.473 nd (HOAc, peth)66.5 vs EtOH 10257 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol 2,4,6-Trichloro- m-cresol C7H5Cl3O 551-76-8 211.473 nd or pl (w, peth)46 265 i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, chl 10258 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol 1,1,1-Trichloro- tert-butyl alcohol C4H7Cl3O 57-15-8 177.457 hyg nd (w + 1) 97 167 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, chl 10259 Trichloronate C10H12Cl3O2PS 327-98-0 333.599 ye liq 1080.011.36520 10260 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-nitrobenzene C6H2Cl3NO2 89-69-0 226.445 pr (al), nd (al) 57.5 288 1.79023i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS2 10261 Trichloronitromethane Chloropicrin CCl3NO2 76-06-2 164.376 liq -64 112 1.6558201.461120s H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz, MeOH, HOAc 10262 3,4,6-Trichloro-2-nitrophenol C6H2Cl3NO3 82-62-2 242.444 pa ye cry (peth) 92.5 10263 Trichlorooctadecylsilane Octadecyltrichlorosilane C18H37Cl3Si 112-04-9 387.932 223100.984251.460220 10264 Trichlorooctylsilane Octyltrichlorosilane C8H17Cl3Si 5283-66-9 247.666 232 1.448020dec H2O, EtOH; s ctc 10265 1,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,2,3,3- pentafluoropropaneC3Cl3F5 76-17-5 237.383 liq -72 73.7 1.6631201.351220 10266 Trichloropentylsilane Amyltrichlorosilane C5H11Cl3Si 107-72-2 205.586 172; 60.5151.1330201.450320 10267 2,3,4-Trichlorophenol C6H3Cl3O 15950-66-0 197.446 nd (bz, lig, sub) 83.5 sub s EtOH, eth, bz, alk, HOAc 10268 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol C6H3Cl3O 933-78-8 197.446 nd (al) 62 248250vs eth, EtOH 10269 2,3,6-Trichlorophenol C6H3Cl3O 933-75-5 197.446 nd (dil al, lig) 58 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc 10270 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol C6H3Cl3O 95-95-4 197.446 nd (al, peth) 69 247 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc 10271 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol C6H3Cl3O 88-06-2 197.446 orth nd (HOAc) 69 246 1.490175sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc 10272 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol C6H3Cl3O 609-19-8 197.446 nd (lig) 101 275 sl H2O, lig; s eth 10273 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-T C8H5Cl3O3 93-76-5 255.483 cry (bz) 153 dec i H2O; s EtOH; vs bz 10274 2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)ethyl 2,2- dichloropropanoatePentanate C11H9Cl5O3 136-25-4 366.452 49 1620.51.5550i H2O; s EtOH, ace, xyl 10275 Trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane C8H9Cl3Si 940-41-0 239.602 242; 9851.2397201.518520 10276 (2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)hydrazine C6H5Cl3N2 5329-12-4 211.476 cry (bz) 143 s H2O, bz 10277 Trichlorophenylsilane C6H5Cl3Si 98-13-5 211.549 201 1.321201.523020s ctc, chl, CS2 10278 1,1,2-Trichloropropane C3H5Cl3 598-77-6 147.431 132.0; 1175001.37215i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth; sl ctc 10279 1,1,3-Trichloropropane C3H5Cl3 20395-25-9 147.431 liq -59 145.5 1.3557201.471820vs eth, EtOH, chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g23/g20 O N HOH Cl ClCl N-(2,2,2-Trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)formamideClCl ClOH N 3,3,3-Trichloro-2-hydroxypropanenitrileSiCl ClCl TrichloroisobutylsilaneH Cl Cl Cl TrichloromethaneClCl ClSCl Trichloromethanesulfenyl chlorideCl S ClClClOO Trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride SH Cl Cl Cl TrichloromethanethiolSNHHNClCl OOCl SH2N OO TrichloromethiazideCl Cl ClO 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methoxybenzeneCl Cl ClO 1,3,5-Trichloro-2-methoxybenzeneCl Cl Cl 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzeneCl ClCl (Trichloromethyl)benzene O Cl ClCl (Trichloromethyl)oxiraneOH Cl Cl Cl 2,3,4-Trichloro-6-methylphenolCl ClClOH 2,3,6-Trichloro-4-methylphenolOH Cl ClCl 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenolOH Cl ClCl 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanolClCl ClOPO S Trichloronate Cl Cl ClNO O 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-nitrobenzeneNO 2 Cl Cl Cl TrichloronitromethaneCl ClCl NOO OH 3,4,6-Trichloro-2-nitrophenolSiCl ClCl TrichlorooctadecylsilaneSiCl ClCl TrichlorooctylsilaneFFFCl Cl FFCl 1,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane SiClClCl TrichloropentylsilaneOH Cl Cl Cl 2,3,4-TrichlorophenolCl Cl ClOH 2,3,5-TrichlorophenolCl ClClOH 2,3,6-TrichlorophenolOH Cl ClCl 2,4,5-TrichlorophenolOH Cl Cl Cl 2,4,6-TrichlorophenolCl ClClOH 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol Cl Cl ClOOHO 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acidO Cl ClClOO Cl Cl 2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)ethyl 2,2-dichloropropanoateSi ClCl Cl Trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silaneNHH2N Cl Cl Cl (2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)hydrazineSiCl ClCl TrichlorophenylsilaneClCl Cl 1,1,2-TrichloropropaneCl ClCl 1,1,3-Trichloropropane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g23/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210280 1,2,2-Trichloropropane C3H5Cl3 3175-23-3 147.431 124 1.318251.460920i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl 10281 1,2,3-Trichloropropane C3H5Cl3 96-18-4 147.431 liq -14.7 157 1.3889201.485220sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth; vs chl 10282 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanol C3H5Cl3O 76-00-6 163.430 50.5 163; 5412vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 10283 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanone 1,1,1-Trichloroacetone C3H3Cl3O 918-00-3 161.414 149; 28101.435201.463517i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 10284 1,2,3-Trichloro-1-propene C3H3Cl3 96-19-5 145.415 142 1.412201.503020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 10285 3,3,3-Trichloro-1-propene C3H3Cl3 2233-00-3 145.415 liq -30 114.5 1.367201.482720i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 10286 2,3,3-Trichloro-2-propenoyl chloride C3Cl4O 815-58-7 193.843 158 1.527118vs bz 10287 Trichloropropylsilane Propyltrichlorosilane C3H7Cl3Si 141-57-1 177.533 123.5 1.195201.431020 10288 2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine C4HCl3N2 3764-01-0 183.423 22.5 212.5 1.570020 10289 3-(Trichlorosilyl)propanenitrile C3H4Cl3NSi 1071-22-3 188.516 10930 10290 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine Cyanuric acic trichloride C3Cl3N3 108-77-0 184.411 cry (eth, bz) 154 192 vs EtOH 10291 2,2’,2’’-Trichlorotriethylamine C6H12Cl3N 555-77-1 204.525 pa ye -2.0 14315vs bz, eth, EtOH 10292 Trichlorotriethyldialuminum Ethylaluminum sesquichloride C6H15Al2Cl3 12075-68-2 247.505 ye liq 115.550, 36.20.2 10293 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6- trifluorobenzeneC6Cl3F3 319-88-0 235.418 198.4 10294 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane C2Cl3F3 354-58-5 187.375 14.37 45.5 1.5790201.361035i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 10295 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane C2Cl3F3 76-13-1 187.375 liq -36.22 47.7 1.5635251.355725i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz 10296 Trichlorovinylsilane Vinyltrichlorosilane C2H3Cl3Si 75-94-5 161.490 liq -95 91.5 1.2426201.429520vs chl 10297 Trichodermin 12,13-Epoxytrichothec-9-en-4-ol acetateC17H24O4 4682-50-2 292.371 cry 59 1110.05sl H2O; s EtOH, chl 10298 Triclofos 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol dihydrogen phosphateC2H4Cl3O4P 306-52-5 229.383 cry (bz) 120.5 10299 Triclopyr Acetic acid, [(3,5,6-trichloro-2- pyridinyl)oxy]-C7H4Cl3NO3 55335-06-3 256.471 149 dec 290 10300 Tricosane C23H48 638-67-5 324.627 lf (eth-al) 47.76 380 0.7785481.446820i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ctc 10301 12-Tricosanone Diundecyl ketone C23H46O 540-09-0 338.610 lf (al) 70.2 0.8086691.428380vs bz, eth, chl 10302 Tri- o-cresyl phosphate Tri- o-tolyl phosphate C21H21O4P 78-30-8 368.363 col or pa ye 11 410 1.1955201.557520i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ctc, tol; s HOAc 10303 Tri- m-cresyl phosphate Tri- m-tolyl phosphate C21H21O4P 563-04-2 368.363 wax 25.5 260151.150251.557520i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ctc, tol 10304 Tri- p-cresyl phosphate Tri- p-tolyl phosphate C21H21O4P 78-32-0 368.363 nd (al), tab (eth)77.5 224351.24725s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 10305 1,3,6-Tricyanohexane C9H11N3 1772-25-4 161.203 br liq 25721.040 1.466020 10306 Tricyclazole 1,2,4-Triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazole, 5-methyl-C9H7N3S 41814-78-2 189.237 187 10307 T ricyclene 1,7,7- Trimethyltricyclo[2.2.1.02,6]heptaneC10H16 508-32-7 136.234 cry (al) 67.5 152.5 0.8668801.429680 10308 Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-amine Amantadine C10H17N 768-94-5 151.249 180 sl H2O 10309 Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane Adamantane C10H16 281-23-2 136.234 nd (sub) 268 sub 1.07251.568 s bz, ctc 10310 Tridecanal C13H26O 10486-19-8 198.344 14 156130.8356181.438418i H2O; s EtOH 10311 Tridecane C13H28 629-50-5 184.361 liq -5.4 235.47 0.7564201.425620i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 10312 Tridecanedioic acid C13H24O4 505-52-2 244.328 114 sl H2O, bz, tfa; s EtOH, eth, chl 10313 Tridecanenitrile C13H25N 629-60-7 195.345 9.7 293 0.8257201.437820vs EtOH, eth 10314 Tridecanoic acid Tridecylic acid C13H26O2 638-53-9 214.344 cry (peth ace) 41.5 236100, 14010.8458801.428660i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace 10315 1-Tridecanol Tridecyl alcohol C13H28O 112-70-9 200.360 cry (al) 31.7 274; 152140.822331i H2O; s EtOH, eth 10316 2-Tridecanone Methyl undecyl ketone C13H26O 593-08-8 198.344 30.5 263 0.8217301.431820i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 10317 7-Tridecanone Dihexyl ketone C13H26O 462-18-0 198.344 lf (al) 33 261 0.82530s EtOH, chl, lig; vs ethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g23/g22 Cl Cl Cl 1,2,2-TrichloropropaneCl Cl Cl 1,2,3-TrichloropropaneCl ClClOH 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanolCl ClClO 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanoneCl Cl Cl 1,2,3-Trichloro-1-propeneCl ClCl 3,3,3-Trichloro-1-propeneO Cl ClCl Cl 2,3,3-Trichloro-2-propenoyl chloride SiCl ClCl TrichloropropylsilaneNN ClCl Cl 2,4,6-TrichloropyrimidineSiClN ClCl 3-(Trichlorosilyl)propanenitrileN NNCl Cl Cl 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazineNCl Cl Cl 2,2’,2’’-TrichlorotriethylamineAl ClAlCl Cl Trichlorotriethyldialuminum/g3 F FFCl Cl Cl 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene ClCl Cl FF F 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethaneClCl F FF Cl 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethaneClSiCl Cl TrichlorovinylsilaneO H OH OO TrichoderminClCl ClOPOHO OH TriclofosNCl ClCl OOH O Triclopyr TricosaneO 12-TricosanoneOPO O O Tri-o-cresyl phosphateOPOO O Tri-m-cresyl phosphateOPOO O Tri-p-cresyl phosphate N NN 1,3,6-TricyanohexaneSNNN Tricyclazole TricycleneNH 2 Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-amine Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decaneO Tridecanal TridecaneOHO HOO Tridecanedioic acidN TridecanenitrileOHO Tridecanoic acid OH 1-TridecanolO 2-TridecanoneO 7-Tridecanone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g23/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210318 1-Tridecene C13H26 2437-56-1 182.345 liq -13 232.8 0.7658201.434020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 10319 Tridecyl acrylate C16H30O2 3076-04-8 254.408 liq 150100.8820 10320 Tridecylaluminum C30H63Al 1726-66-5 450.803 hyg visc liq -38 10321 Tridecylamine N,N-Didecyl-1-decanamine C30H63N 1070-01-5 437.828 406 10322 (Tridecyl)amine 1-Tridecanamine C13H29N 2869-34-3 199.376 27.4 275.8 0.8049201.444320sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 10323 Tridecylbenzene 1-Phenyltridecane C19H32 123-02-4 260.457 10 346 0.8550201.482120 10324 Tridecylcyclohexane C19H38 6006-33-3 266.505 18.5 346 0.8239201.457020 10325 Tridecyl methacrylate C17H32O2 2495-25-2 268.435 11810.881201.44825 10326 Tri(decyl) phosphite C30H63O3P 2929-86-4 502.793 liq 2553, 1800.1 10327 1-Tridecyne C13H24 26186-02-7 180.330 2.5 234; 94250.7842201.430920vs bz, eth 10328 Tridiphane 2-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethyl)oxirane, (±)C10H7Cl5O 58138-08-2 320.427 42.8 10329 Tridodecylamine N,N-Didodecyl-1-dodecanamine C36H75N 102-87-4 521.988 16.4 2200.03 10330 Triethanolamine Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine C6H15NO3 102-71-6 149.188 hyg cry 20.5 335.4 1.1242201.485220msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s chl 10331 1,3,5-Triethoxybenzene C12H18O3 2437-88-9 210.269 cry (al, dil al) 43.5 17024vs eth, EtOH 10332 Triethoxy(3-chloropropyl)silane (3-Chloropropyl)triethoxysilane C9H21ClO3Si 5089-70-3 240.800 col gas -149 10333 1,1,1-Triethoxyethane C8H18O3 78-39-7 162.227 145 0.8847251.398020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ctc, chl 10334 Triethoxyethylsilane C8H20O3Si 78-07-9 192.329 158.5 0.8963201.395520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 10335 Triethoxymethane C7H16O3 122-51-0 148.200 143; 60200.8909201.392220s EtOH, eth 10336 Triethoxymethylsilane C7H18O3Si 2031-67-6 178.302 142 0.8948251.383220 10337 Triethoxypentylsilane C11H26O3Si 2761-24-2 234.408 10030, 95130.8862201.405920 10338 Triethoxyphenylsilane C12H20O3Si 780-69-8 240.371 232; 113100.996251.460420 10339 1,1,1-Triethoxypropane C9H20O3 115-80-0 176.253 171 1.400025vs eth, EtOH 10340 Triethoxysilane C6H16O3Si 998-30-1 164.275 133.5 0.874520 10341 3-(Triethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine C9H23NO3Si 919-30-2 221.370 119290.9506201.422520 10342 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propanenitrile C9H19NO3Si 919-31-3 217.338 liq 109100.97420 10343 Triethyl 2-acetoxy-1,2,3- propanetricarboxylateTriethyl acetylcitrate C14H22O8 77-89-4 318.320 214401.135251.4380 10344 Triethylaluminum Hexaethyldialuminum C6H15Al 97-93-8 114.165 col hyg liq -46 194; 100130.83225 10345 Triethylamine N,N-Diethylethanamine C6H15N 121-44-8 101.190 liq -114.7 89 0.7275201.401020s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace, bz, chl 10346 Triethylamine hydrochloride N,N-Diethylethanamine hydrochloride C6H16ClN 554-68-7 137.651 hex (al) 260 dec sub 245 1.068921vs H2O, EtOH, chl 10347 Triethylarsine C6H15As 617-75-4 162.105 138.5 1.150201.46720vs ace, eth, EtOH 10348 1,2,3-Triethylbenzene C12H18 42205-08-3 162.271 col liq -26 172 10349 1,2,4-Triethylbenzene C12H18 877-44-1 162.271 218; 99150.8738201.502420i H2O; s EtOH, eth 10350 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene C12H18 102-25-0 162.271 liq -66.5 215.9 0.8631201.496920i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 10351 Triethylborane C6H15B 97-94-9 97.994 liq -93 95 0.70231.3971 s EtOH, eth 10352 Triethyl borate Boric acid, triethyl ester C6H15BO3 150-46-9 145.992 liq -84.8 120 0.8546201.374920msc EtOH, eth 10353 Triethyl citrate C12H20O7 77-93-0 276.283 294 1.1369201.445520i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 10354 Triethylenediamine C6H12N2 280-57-9 112.172 159 s chl 10355 Triethylene glycol Triglycol C6H14O4 112-27-6 150.173 hyg liq -7 285 1.1274151.453120msc H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth, chl; i peth 10356 Triethylene glycol bis(2- ethylhexanoate)C22H42O6 94-28-0 402.564 s chl 10357 Triethylene glycol diacetate C10H18O6 111-21-7 234.246 liq -50 286 1.115320vs H2O, eth, EtOH 10358 Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate C14H22O6 109-16-0 286.321 17051.092201.459525vs ace, eth, EtOH, pethNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g23/g24 1-TrideceneOO Tridecyl acrylateAl Tridecylaluminum N TridecylamineNH 2 (Tridecyl)amine Tridecylbenzene Tridecylcyclohexane OO Tridecyl methacrylateO POO Tri(decyl) phosphite 1-TridecyneO Cl ClClCl Cl Tridiphane N TridodecylamineNHO OHOH TriethanolamineO O O 1,3,5-TriethoxybenzeneSi O OOCl Triethoxy(3-chloropropyl)silaneOOO 1,1,1-TriethoxyethaneSi OOO Triethoxyethylsilane O OO TriethoxymethaneSi OOO TriethoxymethylsilaneSi O OO TriethoxypentylsilaneSiO O O TriethoxyphenylsilaneOOO 1,1,1-TriethoxypropaneO Si OOH TriethoxysilaneSiH2N O OO 3-(Triethoxysilyl)-1-propanamineSi OOON 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propanenitrileO OO OOO OO Triethyl 2-acetoxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate Al TriethylaluminumN TriethylamineN HCl Triethylamine hydrochlorideAs Triethylarsine 1,2,3-Triethylbenzene 1,2,4-Triethylbenzene 1,3,5-TriethylbenzeneB TriethylboraneO BO O Triethyl borateEtOOC COOEtCOOEt OH Triethyl citrateNN Triethylenediamine HOOOOH Triethylene glycolOOOO OO Triethylene glycol bis(2-ethylhexanoate)OOOO OO Triethylene glycol diacetateOOOO OO Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g23/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210359 Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triglyme C8H18O4 112-49-2 178.227 liq -45 216 0.986201.422420vs H2O, bz 10360 Triethylene glycol dinitrate Ethanol, 2,2’-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy) ]bis-, dinitrateC6H12N2O8 111-22-8 240.167 820.03 10361 Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether 2-[2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol C8H18O4 112-50-5 178.227 256 1.020920 10362 Triethylenephosphoramide Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine, oxide C6H12N3OP 545-55-1 173.152 cry 41 9123vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace 10363 Triethylenethiophosphoramide Thiotepa C6H12N3PS 52-24-4 189.218 cry 51.5 vs H2O; s bz, chl, eth, EtOH 10364 1,3,5-Triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine C9H21N3 7779-27-3 171.283 7861.458025 10365 Triethyl phosphate Ethyl phosphate C6H15O4P 78-40-0 182.154 liq -56.4 215.5 1.0695201.405320s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; sl chl 10366 Triethylphosphine C6H15P 554-70-1 118.157 liq -88 129 0.8006191.45815i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 10367 Triethylphosphine oxide C6H15OP 597-50-2 134.156 wh hyg nd 48 243 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 10368 Triethylphosphine sulfide C6H15PS 597-51-3 150.222 cry (al) 94 s H2O; sl ctc 10369 Triethyl phosphite Triethoxyphosphine C6H15O3P 122-52-1 166.155 157.9 0.9629201.412720i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 10370 O,O,O -Triethyl phosphorothioate O,O,O -Triethyl thiophosphate C6H15O3PS 126-68-1 198.220 217; 100161.0768201.448020 10371 Triethylsilane C6H16Si 617-86-7 116.277 liq -156.9 109 0.7302201.44720i H2O, sulf 10372 Triethylsilanol C6H16OSi 597-52-4 132.276 154 0.8647201.432920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 10373 Triethylstibine C6H15Sb 617-85-6 208.943 liq -98 161.4 1.322415i H2O; s EtOH, eth 10374 Trifenmorph 4-(Triphenylmethyl)morpholine C23H23NO 1420-06-0 329.435 cry (EtOH) 176 i H2O; s chl, ctc 10375 Triflumizole C15H15ClF3N3O 68694-11-1 345.747 63.5 10376 Trifluoperazine C21H24F3N3S 117-89-5 407.496 cry 2060.7 10377 Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride Stelazine C21H26Cl2F3N3S 440-17-5 480.417 241.5 10378 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide C2H2F3NO 354-38-1 113.038 73.8 162.5 10379 Trifluoroacetic acid C2HF3O2 76-05-1 114.023 liq -15.2 73 1.535125s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace 10380 Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride C4F6O3 407-25-0 210.031 liq -65 39.5 1.490251.26925 10381 1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone Methyl trifluoromethyl ketone C3H3F3O 421-50-1 112.050 vol liq or gas 21.5 1.25225 10382 Trifluoroacetonitrile C2F3N 353-85-5 95.023 col gas -68.8 10383 Trifluoroacetyl chloride C2ClF3O 354-32-5 132.468 col gas -146 -18 10384 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene C6H3F3 367-23-7 132.083 90 1.264251.417120 10385 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene C6H3F3 372-38-3 132.083 liq -5.5 75.5 1.277251.414020 10386 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Methyl fluoroform C2H3F3 420-46-2 84.040 col gas -111.3 -47.25 s eth, chl 10387 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane C2H3F3 430-66-0 84.040 col gas -84 3.7 10388 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol C2H3F3O 75-89-8 100.039 liq -43.5 74 1.3842201.290722vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl 10389 Trifluoroethene Trifluoroethylene C2HF3 359-11-5 82.024 col gas -51 1.26-70i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth 10390 2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanamine C2H4F3N 753-90-2 99.055 36 1.24525 10391 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether C3H5F3O 460-43-5 114.066 31.62 10392 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane C2H2F3I 353-83-3 209.936 54.5 2.13251.400920 10393 Trifluoroiodomethane CF3I 2314-97-8 195.910 col gas -22.5 2.3607-321.3790-32 10394 Trifluoroisocyanomethane Trifluoromethyl isocyanide C2F3N 19480-01-4 95.023 col gas -80 10395 Trifluoromethane Fluoroform CHF3 75-46-7 70.014 col gas -155.2 -82.1 0.67325 (p>1 atm)s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH; sl chl 10396 Trifluoromethanesulfenyl chloride CClF3S 421-17-0 136.524 col gas -0.7 i H2O 10397 Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid CHF3O3S 1493-13-6 150.077 hyg liq 45 162 vs eth 10398 Trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride CClF3O2S 421-83-0 168.523 162; 62181.334420i H2O 10399 Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride CF4O2S 335-05-7 152.069 col gas -21.7 10400 2-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline C7H6F3N 88-17-5 161.125 35.5 68151.282251.481020 10401 3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline C7H6F3N 98-16-8 161.125 5.5 187; 74101.3047121.478720sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 10402 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline C7H6F3N 455-14-1 161.125 38 117.5601.283271.481525No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g23/g26 OOOO Triethylene glycol dimethyl etherOOOONNO OO O Triethylene glycol dinitrateOOOOH Triethylene glycol monoethyl etherO PNN N TriethylenephosphoramideS PNN N TriethylenethiophosphoramideN NN 1,3,5-Triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine O POO O Triethyl phosphateP TriethylphosphineO P Triethylphosphine oxideSP Triethylphosphine sulfideO PO O Triethyl phosphiteS POO O O,O,O -Triethyl phosphorothioateH Si TriethylsilaneOH Si TriethylsilanolSb TriethylstibineNO Trifenmorph Cl FFF N N NO TriflumizoleSNFFFNN TrifluoperazineSNFFFNN 2HCl Trifluoperazine dihydrochlorideNH 2O F FF 2,2,2-TrifluoroacetamideOHO F FF Trifluoroacetic acidFFFO OOFFF Trifluoroacetic acid anhydrideO F FF 1,1,1-TrifluoroacetoneFF FN TrifluoroacetonitrileFF FClO Trifluoroacetyl chloride F F F 1,2,4-TrifluorobenzeneF F F 1,3,5-TrifluorobenzeneFF F 1,1,1-TrifluoroethaneFF F 1,1,2-TrifluoroethaneFF OHF 2,2,2-TrifluoroethanolFF F TrifluoroetheneFF F NH 2 2,2,2-TrifluoroethylamineOFFF 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl etherFF F I 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethaneFI FF Trifluoroiodomethane NF FF TrifluoroisocyanomethaneH FF F TrifluoromethaneFF FSCl Trifluoromethanesulfenyl chlorideS FF FOOOH Trifluoromethanesulfonic acidFFS FOOCl Trifluoromethanesulfonyl chlorideFF FSOOF Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluorideNH 2 FFF 2-(Trifluoromethyl)anilineNH 2 F FF 3-(Trifluoromethyl)anilineNH 2 FFF 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g23/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210403 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde C8H5F3O 455-19-6 174.120 80251.463020 10404 (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzotrifluoride C7H5F3 98-08-8 146.110 liq -28.95 102.1 1.1884201.414620msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 10405 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile C8H4F3N 368-77-4 171.120 14.5 189 1.2813201.450820 10406 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile C8H4F3N 455-18-5 171.120 37.5 10407 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride C8H4ClF3O 2251-65-2 208.565 oil 186; 80161.383 1.477020 10408 Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether C2HF5O 3822-68-2 136.020 col gas -157 -38 10409 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol C7H5F3O 444-30-4 162.109 45.5 147.5 10410 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol C7H5F3O 98-17-9 162.109 liq -0.9 178 1.341825 10411 2-[[3-(Trifluoromethyl) phenyl]amino]benzoic acidFlufenamic acid C14H10F3NO2 530-78-9 281.230 133.5 s DMSO 10412 Trifluoromethylsilane CH3F3Si 373-74-0 100.116 col gas -73 -30 10413 (Trifluoromethyl)silane CH3F3Si 10112-11-5 100.116 col gas -124 -38.3 10414 Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethyl etherC3HF7O 2356-61-8 186.028 col gas -141 -3 10415 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione 1,1,1-Trifluoroacetylacetone C5H5F3O2 367-57-7 154.088 liq 107 s os 10416 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3- butanedioneC10H7F3O2 326-06-7 216.157 cry 39 224 i H2O; s EtOH, ace 10417 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylethanone C8H5F3O 434-45-7 174.120 liq -40 153 1.279201.458320 10418 Trifluorophenylsilane C6H5F3Si 368-47-8 162.185 liq -18 101.5 1.2169201.411020vs bz, EtOH 10419 1,1,1-Trifluoropropane C3H5F3 421-07-8 98.067 col gas -13 10420 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-propanol, (±) C3H5F3O 17556-48-8 114.066 liq -52 78 1.2632251.313025vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc 10421 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene C3H3F3 677-21-4 96.051 col gas -17 10422 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne (Trifluoromethyl)acetylene C3HF3 661-54-1 94.035 col gas -48.3 10423 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3- butanedioneThenoyltrifluoroacetone C8H5F3O2S 326-91-0 222.185 42.8 978 10424 Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)oxirane Perfluoropropylene oxide C3F6O 428-59-1 166.021 gas -27.4 10425 Triflupromazine Fluopromazine C18H19F3N2S 146-54-3 352.417 visc oil 1760.71.578023 10426 Trifluralin 2,6-Dinitro- N,N-dipropyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)anilineC13H16F3N3O4 1582-09-8 335.279 49 1404.2 10427 Triforine C10H14Cl6N4O226644-46-2 434.962 155 dec 10428 Trigonelline C7H7NO2 535-83-1 137.137 pr (aq, al, +1w) vs H2O 10429 Trihexylamine N,N-Dihexyl-1-hexanamine C18H39N 102-86-3 269.510 261.7 0.797621i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s acid 10430 Trihexyl borate C18H39BO3 5337-36-0 314.312 1432sl ctc 10431 Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride α-Cyclohexyl- α-phenyl-1- piperidinepropanol hydrochlorideC20H32ClNO 52-49-3 337.927 258.5 10432 Trihydro(pyridine)boron Borane pyridine C5H8BN 110-51-0 92.936 10.5 0.920201.528025i H2O; dec acid 10433 1,2,3-Trihydroxy-9,10- anthracenedioneAnthragallol C14H8O5 602-64-2 256.211 ye nd (dil al) 313 sub 290 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc, CS2 10434 1,2,4-Trihydroxy-9,10- anthracenedionePurpurin C14H8O5 81-54-9 256.211 oran red or oran-ye nd (al)259 sub sl H 2O; vs EtOH, bz, HOAc; s eth 10435 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O5 610-02-6 170.120 nd (+w) 221 sub sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS2 10436 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O5 83-30-7 170.120 cry (w+1) 100 dec sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; i bz 10437 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid Gallic acid C7H6O5 149-91-7 170.120 pr (w+1) 253 dec 1.6946sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s ace; i bz, chl 10438 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone Alizarin Yellow A C13H10O4 1143-72-2 230.216 ye nd (dil al) 140.5 sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc 10439 2’,4,4’-Trihydroxychalcone Isoliquiritigenin C15H12O4 961-29-5 256.254 ye nd (EtOH-w) 200No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g23/g28O FFF 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehydeFFF (Trifluoromethyl)benzeneN F FF 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrileN FFF 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrileOC l F FF 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chlorideO F FFF F Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl etherOH FFF 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenolOH F FF 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol HNOO H F FF 2-[[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]benzoic acidF SiF F TrifluoromethylsilaneSi HH H FF F (Trifluoromethyl)silaneOF FFFFFF Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl etherOO F FF 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedioneOO F FF 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedioneO F FF 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylethanone SiF FF TrifluorophenylsilaneF FF 1,1,1-TrifluoropropaneOH F FF 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-propanol, (±)FF F 3,3,3-TrifluoropropeneF FF 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyneS OOFFF 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedioneO FF F F FF Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)oxiraneSNN FFF Triflupromazine O2NN NO 2 FFF TrifluralinN NNH HNO ClCl Cl ClCl ClO TriforineN MeOO TrigonellineN TrihexylamineO BOO Trihexyl borateOHN HCl Trihexyphenidyl hydrochlorideN BHH H Trihydro(pyridine)boron OO OH OH OH 1,2,3-Trihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneOO OH OH OH 1,2,4-Trihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedioneOO H OH OH OH 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzoic acidOO H OH OHHO 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acidOO H OH OHHO 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acidO OH OH OH 2,3,4-TrihydroxybenzophenoneOH HOO OH 2’,4,4’-Trihydroxychalcone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g24/g19/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility 10440 9,10,16-Trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid Aleuritic acid C16H32O5 6949-98-0 304.422 lf (dil al), nd (w) 102 sl H2O 10441 1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10- anthracenedioneEmodin C15H10O5 518-82-1 270.237 oran-red mcl nd (HOAc)257 sub vs eth, EtOH 10442 9,10,18-Trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid, (R*,R*)Phloionolic acid C18H36O5 583-86-8 332.476 cry (dil al) 101.5 10443 5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1- benzopyran-4-oneBaicalein C15H10O5 491-67-8 270.237 ye pr (al) 264 dec sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc 10444 1-(2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1- butanoneC10H12O4 1421-63-2 196.200 153.8 10445 1-(2,3,4-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone Gallacetophenone C8H8O4 528-21-2 168.148 173 s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, chl 10446 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone 2’,4’,6’-Trihydroxyacetophenone C8H8O4 480-66-0 168.148 221.0 sl H2O, chl, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace 10447 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1- propanoneFlopropione C9H10O4 2295-58-1 182.173 nd (w, +1w) 175.5 vs eth, EtOH 10448 2,6,7-Trihydroxy-9-phenyl-3 H- xanthen-3-onePhenylfluorone C19H12O5 975-17-7 320.295 oran red (al- HCl)>300 10449 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid C7H3I3O2 88-82-4 499.811 pr (al) 225 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz 10450 Triiodomethane Iodoform CHI3 75-47-8 393.732 ye cry 121.2 218 4.00825i H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl DMSO 10451 2,4,6-Triiodophenol C6H3I3O 609-23-4 471.800 nd (dil al) 159.8 sub i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace 10452 3,3’,5-Triiodothyropropanoic acid C15H11I3O4 51-26-3 635.959 cry (EtOH) 200 sl EtOH 10453 Triisobutyl aluminate 2-Methyl-1-propanol, aluminum salt C12H27AlO3 3453-79-0 246.322 27550 10454 Triisobutylaluminum C12H27Al 100-99-2 198.324 liq 6 8610 10455 Triisobutylamine 2-Methyl- N,N-bis(2-methylpropyl)- 1-propanamineC12H27N 1116-40-1 185.349 liq -21.8 191.5 0.7684201.425217vs eth, EtOH 10456 Triisobutylborane C12H27B 1116-39-8 182.153 188; 86200.7380251.418823vs bz, eth, EtOH 10457 Triisobutyl phosphate C12H27O4P 126-71-6 266.313 264 0.9681201.419320vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 10458 Triisopentylamine 3-Methyl- N,N-bis(3-methylbutyl)-1- butanamineC15H33N 645-41-0 227.430 235 0.7848201.433120i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, bz, ctc 10459 Triisopropanolamine C9H21NO3 122-20-3 191.268 45 175101.020s H2O, EtOH; sl chl 10460 Triisopropoxymethane Isopropyl orthoformate C10H22O3 4447-60-3 190.280 167 0.8621201.400020vs eth, EtOH 10461 Triisopropoxyvinylsilane C11H24O3Si 18023-33-1 232.393 179.5; 77200.8627251.398120s ctc 10462 1,2,4-Triisopropylbenzene C15H24 948-32-3 204.352 244 0.8574251.489625 10463 1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene C15H24 717-74-8 204.352 liq -7.4 238 0.8545201.488220s ace, bz, chl 10464 Triisopropyl borate C9H21BO3 5419-55-6 188.072 140; 75760.8251201.377720vs EtOH, eth, bz, PrOH 10465 Triisopropyl phosphate C9H21O4P 513-02-0 224.234 219 0.9867201.405720vs EtOH 10466 Triisopropyl phosphite C9H21O3P 116-17-6 208.235 7420, 60100.9063201.408525s EtOH, eth, chl 10467 Triisopropyl vanadate Vanadium, oxotris(2-propanolato)-, (T-4)-C9H21O4V 5588-84-1 244.203 10410 10468 Trimecaine 2-Diethylamino-2’,4’,6’- trimethylacetanilideC15H24N2O 616-68-2 248.364 cry 44 1876 10469 Trimellitic anhydride C9H4O5 552-30-7 192.125 162 24114 10470 Trimeprazine N,N, β-Trimethyl-10 H-phenothiazine- 10-propanamineC18H22N2S 84-96-8 298.446 cry 68 1620.3 10471 Trimethoate C9H20NO3PS2 2275-18-5 285.364 solid 28.5 1350.1sl H2O 10472 Trimethobenzamide hydrochloride C21H29ClN2O5 554-92-7 424.918 cry 188 vs H2O 10473 Trimethoprim C14H18N4O3 738-70-5 290.318 ye cry 201 sl chl, MeOH; i eth, bz 10474 3,4,5-Trimethoxyaniline C9H13NO3 24313-88-0 183.204 112.8 10475 2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde C10H12O4 2103-57-3 196.200 1220.51.554720 TeamLRN/g3 /g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g24/g20 OHO OH OHHO 9,10,16-Trihydroxyhexadecanoic acidO OOH OH OH 1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthracenedioneOHO OH OHHO 9,10,18-Trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid, ( R*,R*)OO OH HO HO 5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one O OH OHHO 1-(2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1-butanoneO OH OH OH 1-(2,3,4-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanoneO OH OHHO 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanoneO OH OHHO 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone/g3 OHO HOOH O 2,6,7-Trihydroxy-9-phenyl-3 H-xanthen-3-oneOO H I I I 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acidH II I TriiodomethaneOH I II 2,4,6-Triiodophenol HO IO II OH O 3,3’,5-Triiodothyropropanoic acidO AlOO Triisobutyl aluminateAl TriisobutylaluminumN TriisobutylamineB TriisobutylboraneO POO O Triisobutyl phosphateN TriisopentylamineNHO OH HO TriisopropanolamineO OO Triisopropoxymethane SiOO O Triisopropoxyvinylsilane 1,2,4-Triisopropylbenzene 1,3,5-TriisopropylbenzeneO BOO Triisopropyl borateO POO O Triisopropyl phosphateO POO Triisopropyl phosphiteO VOO O Triisopropyl vanadateHNO N TrimecaineOO OOOH Trimellitic anhydride SNN TrimeprazineS POO S N HO TrimethoateN HO O OO ON HCl Trimethobenzamide hydrochlorideNNO O ONH 2NH 2 TrimethoprimNH 2 O OO 3,4,5-TrimethoxyanilineO O O O 2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g24/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210476 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde C10H12O4 4460-86-0 196.200 114 s H2O, eth, chl, lig 10477 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde C10H12O4 86-81-7 196.200 72.5 1485s chl 10478 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene C9H12O3 634-36-6 168.189 orth nd (al) 48.5 235 1.100945i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 10479 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene C9H12O3 621-23-8 168.189 pr (al), lf (peth) 54.5 255.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 10480 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzeneethanamine Mescaline C11H17NO3 54-04-6 211.258 cry 35.5 18012s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; i eth, peth 10481 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzenemethanol 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl alcohol C10H14O4 3840-31-1 198.216 3 228251.1427201.543920 10482 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid C10H12O5 490-64-2 212.199 nd (al or bz- peth)145 300 vs H2O, bz, EtOH, peth 10483 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid C10H12O5 118-41-2 212.199 mcl nd (w) 172.3 22610sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 10484 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl chloride C10H11ClO4 4521-61-3 230.645 82 18518 10485 Trimethoxyboroxin C3H9B3O6 102-24-9 173.532 1.4025 10486 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’- dimethylberbaman-12-olBerbamine C37H40N2O6 478-61-5 608.723 lf (+2w, al) cry (peth)198.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, peth 10487 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’- dimethyloxyacanthan-12’-olOxyacanthine C37H40N2O6 548-40-3 608.723 nd (al, eth) 216.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig 10488 7’,10,11-Trimethoxyemetan-6’-ol Cephaeline C28H38N2O4 483-17-0 466.613 nd (eth) 115.5 vs ace, EtOH, MeOH, chl 10489 1,1,1-Trimethoxyethane C5H12O3 1445-45-0 120.147 108 0.9438251.385925vs eth, EtOH 10490 4,7,8-Trimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline Skimmianine C14H13NO4 83-95-4 259.258 pym (al) 177 i H2O, peth; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, CS2 10491 Trimethoxymethane C4H10O3 149-73-5 106.120 15 104 0.9676201.379320s EtOH, eth 10492 Trimethoxymethylsilane C4H12O3Si 1185-55-3 136.222 102.5 0.9548201.369620s chl 10493 Trimethoxyphenylsilane C9H14O3Si 2996-92-1 198.291 13045, 110201.064201.473420s ctc, CS2 10494 Trimethoxysilane C3H10O3Si 2487-90-3 122.195 32100 10495 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane C6H16O3SSi 4420-74-0 196.340 12850, 93101.015251.442025 10496 N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2- ethanediamineC8H22N2O3Si 1760-24-3 222.358 140.5151.01251.441625 10497 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylateC10H20O5Si 2530-85-0 248.349 liq 1075, 951 10498 Trimethyl aluminum C3H9Al 75-24-1 72.085 15.4 130; 2080.75220 10499 Trimethylamine N,N-Dimethylmethanamine C3H9N 75-50-3 59.110 col gas -117.1 2.87 0.62725 (p>1 atm)1.36310vs H2O, chl, tol; s EtOH, eth, bz 10500 Trimethylamine borane N,N-Dimethylmethanamine borane C3H12BN 75-22-9 72.945 94 172 0.79225vs eth, EtOH 10501 Trimethylamine hydrochloride N,N-Dimethylmethanamine hydrochlorideC3H10ClN 593-81-7 95.571 mcl hyg nd (al) 277.5 sub 200 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 10502 Trimethylamine oxide N,N-Dimethylmethanamine oxide C3H9NO 1184-78-7 75.109 hyg nd (w+2) 256 vs H2O, EtOH 10503 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline C9H13N 137-17-7 135.206 nd (w) 68 234.5 0.95725vs EtOH 10504 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline Mesitylamine C9H13N 88-05-1 135.206 liq -2.5 232.5 0.9633251.549520sl ctc 10505 Trimethylarsine C3H9As 593-88-4 120.025 liq -87.3 52 1.14415vs bz, eth, EtOH 10506 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde C10H12O 487-68-3 148.201 14 238.5 1.015425i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 10507 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene Hemimellitene C9H12 526-73-8 120.191 liq -25.4 176.12 0.8944201.513920i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 10508 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Pseudocumene C9H12 95-63-6 120.191 liq -43.77 169.38 0.8758201.504820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 10509 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Mesitylene C9H12 108-67-8 120.191 liq -44.72 164.74 0.8615251.499420i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 10510 2,3,5-Trimethyl-1,4-benzenediol C9H12O2 700-13-0 152.190 nd (w) 169 dec sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz 10511 N,α,α-Trimethylbenzeneethanamine Mephentermine C11H17N 100-92-5 163.260 liq 959i H2O; s eth; vs EtOH 10512 Trimethyl 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate Trimethyl trimellitate C12H12O6 2459-10-1 252.219 visc oil -13 194121.261 1.523020No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g24/g22 O O OO 2,4,5-TrimethoxybenzaldehydeO O OO 3,4,5-TrimethoxybenzaldehydeO O O 1,2,3-TrimethoxybenzeneO O O 1,3,5-TrimethoxybenzeneNH 2 O OO 3,4,5-TrimethoxybenzeneethanamineOH O OO 3,4,5-TrimethoxybenzenemethanolOO H O OO 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid OO H O OO 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acidOC l O OO 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl chlorideB OBOBO O O O TrimethoxyboroxinN HO O OHON H OO 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’-dimethylberbaman-12-olN HO OHON H OO O 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’-dimethyloxyacanthan-12’-ol NO OH H NHHO OH 7’,10,11-Trimethoxyemetan-6’-olOOO 1,1,1-TrimethoxyethaneN OO O O 4,7,8-Trimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinolineO OO TrimethoxymethaneSi O OO TrimethoxymethylsilaneOSiO O TrimethoxyphenylsilaneH SiOO O TrimethoxysilaneSH Si OOO 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol Si N HNH 2 O OO N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2-ethanediamineO SiO O O O 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylateAl Trimethyl aluminumN TrimethylamineNBH H H Trimethylamine boraneN HCl Trimethylamine hydrochlorideNO Trimethylamine oxideNH 2 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline NH 2 2,4,6-TrimethylanilineAs TrimethylarsineO 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-TrimethylbenzeneOHOH 2,3,5-Trimethyl-1,4-benzenediolH N N,α,α-TrimethylbenzeneethanamineOO OO OO Trimethyl 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g24/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210513 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoic acid C10H12O2 480-63-7 164.201 pr (lig) 156.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 10514 Trimethylbenzylsilane C10H16Si 770-09-2 164.320 190.5 0.8933201.494120 10515 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane C10H18 464-15-3 138.250 hex pl(al), pr(MeOH)161 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt, MeOH 10516 1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan- 2-ol, (1 S-endo ) α-Fenchyl alcohol, ( l)C10H18O 512-13-0 154.249 pr 48 94200.903484 10517 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan- 2-ol acetate, endoBornyl acetate C12H20O2 76-49-3 196.286 29 221 10518 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2- eneC10H16 464-17-5 136.234 cry (al) 113 146 vs bz, eth, EtOH 10519 4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3- en-2-ol, (1 α,2α,5α)C10H16O 1820-09-3 152.233 24 92100.9657251.490825 10520 4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3- en-2-ol, (1 α,2β,5α)C10H16O 1845-30-3 152.233 15.5 90100.9684251.491225 10521 2,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2- en-6-oneChrysanthenone C10H14O 473-06-3 150.217 88121.472022vs EtOH 10522 Trimethylborane C3H9B 593-90-8 55.914 col gas -161.5 -20.2 10523 Trimethyl borate C3H9BO3 121-43-7 103.912 liq -29.3 67.5 0.915251.356820vs eth, MeOH 10524 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane Triptane C7H16 464-06-2 100.202 liq -24.6 80.86 0.6901201.386420i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc 10525 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol C7H16O 594-83-2 116.201 cry (dil al +1/ 2w)17 131 0.8380251.423322sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH 10526 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene C7H14 594-56-9 98.186 liq -109.9 77.9 0.7050201.402520i H2O; s eth, bz, chl, MeOH 10527 Trimethylchlorosilane C3H9ClSi 75-77-4 108.642 liq -40 60 0.856251.387020 10528 Trimethyl citrate C9H14O7 1587-20-8 234.203 tcl 79.3 285; 17616vs eth, EtOH 10529 2,6,6-Trimethyl-2,4-cycloheptadien- 1-oneEucarvone C10H14O 503-93-5 150.217 210; 105220.9490201.508720s eth, ace 10530 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane C9H18 7094-26-0 126.239 liq -29 145.2 0.7963251.438220 10531 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane C9H18 3073-66-3 126.239 liq -65.7 136.6 0.7749251.429520i H2O 10532 1 α,2β,4β-1,2,4- TrimethylcyclohexaneC9H18 7667-60-9 126.239 liq -83.5 142.9 0.7870251.434120 10533 1 α,3α,5β-1,3,5- Trimethylcyclohexanetrans -1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane C9H18 1795-26-2 126.239 liq -107.4 140.5 0.7794201.430720vs bz, eth, lig 10534 cis-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol C9H18O 933-48-2 142.238 37.3 202; 92120.9006161.455016i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 10535 trans -3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol C9H18O 767-54-4 142.238 cry (eth) 55.8 189.2 0.863160i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 10536 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone C9H16O 2408-37-9 140.222 liq -31.8 178.5 0.9043181.447020 10537 2,4,4-Trimethylcyclohexanone C9H16O 2230-70-8 140.222 191 0.902201.449320 10538 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanone Dihydroisophorone C9H16O 873-94-9 140.222 ye oil 189 0.8919191.445415 10539 2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1- carboxaldehydeβ-Cyclocitral C10H16O 432-25-7 152.233 11229, 97150.959151.497115 10540 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol Isophorol C9H16O 470-99-5 140.222 6950.914201.471720 10541 4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1- yl)-3-buten-2-olβ-Ionol C13H22O 22029-76-1 194.313 130140.9243201.496920s EtOH, eth, ace 10542 4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1- yl)-3-buten-2-olα-Ionol C13H22O 25312-34-9 194.313 oil 127140.9189201.473520 10543 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane C8H16 4259-00-1 112.213 liq -21.6 114; 531000.7660201.419920 10544 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane C8H16 4516-69-2 112.213 liq -142.4 104.9 0.7439251.411220i H2O 10545 1 α,2α,4β-1,2,4- TrimethylcyclopentaneC8H16 4850-28-6 112.213 liq -132.6 116.7 0.7592251.418620No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g24/g24 OO H 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoic acidSi Trimethylbenzylsilane 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptaneOH 1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, (1 S-endo )O O 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol acetate, endo 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene OH 4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, (1 α,2α,5α)OH 4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, (1 α,2β,5α)O 2,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-6-oneB TrimethylboraneO BOO Trimethyl borate 2,2,3-TrimethylbutaneOH 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-buteneSiCl TrimethylchlorosilaneMeOOC COOMeCOOMe OH Trimethyl citrateO 2,6,6-Trimethyl-2,4-cycloheptadien-1-one 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1α,2β,4β-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclohexane 1α,3α,5β-1,3,5-TrimethylcyclohexaneOH cis-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol/g3 OH trans -3,3,5-TrimethylcyclohexanolO 2,2,6-TrimethylcyclohexanoneO 2,4,4-TrimethylcyclohexanoneO 3,3,5-TrimethylcyclohexanoneO 2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde OH 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-olOH 4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-olOH 4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-ol 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 1α,2α,4β-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g24/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210546 1 α,2 β,4 α-1,2,4- TrimethylcyclopentaneC8H16 16883-48-0 112.213 liq -130.8 109.3 0.7430251.410620 10547 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3- cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1 R, 3S)(+)-Camphoric acid C10H16O4 124-83-4 200.232 pr, lf (w) 187 1.18620sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl 10548 2,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone C8H14O 28056-54-4 126.196 liq -40.6 158 0.877251.430020 10549 2,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone C8H14O 4694-12-6 126.196 liq -25.6 160.5 0.8785181.43318 10550 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane C6H12 4127-45-1 84.159 liq -138.2 54 0.6897251.386420 10551 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10- dodecatrienalC15H24O 19317-11-4 220.351 172140.893181.4995 10552 Trimethylgallium C3H9Ga 1445-79-0 114.826 55.7 dec H2O (exp) 10553 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane C10H22 1190-83-6 142.282 liq -105 148.9 0.7200251.407820 10554 2,5,5-Trimethylheptane C10H22 1189-99-7 142.282 152.8 0.7362251.414920 10555 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane C10H22 7154-80-5 142.282 155.7 0.7248201.417020i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl 10556 3,4,5-Trimethylheptane C10H22 20278-89-1 142.282 162.5 0.7519251.422920 10557 2,2,3-Trimethylhexane C9H20 16747-25-4 128.255 133.6 0.7257251.410620 10558 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane C9H20 16747-26-5 128.255 liq -120 126.5 0.711201.403320 10559 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane C9H20 3522-94-9 128.255 liq -105.7 124.09 0.7072201.399720i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc 10560 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane C9H20 16747-28-7 128.255 liq -116.8 137.7 0.7345251.414120 10561 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane C9H20 921-47-1 128.255 139.1 0.7354251.414420 10562 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane C9H20 1069-53-0 128.255 liq -127.9 131.4 0.7218201.405120 10563 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane C9H20 16747-30-1 128.255 liq -113.4 130.7 0.7201251.407420 10564 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane C9H20 16747-31-2 128.255 liq -101.2 140.5 0.7414251.417820 10565 3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoic acid Isononanoic acid C9H18O2 3302-10-1 158.238 liq 12110, 854 10566 3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol C9H20O 3452-97-9 144.254 194 0.8236251.430025 10567 1,2,3-Trimethylindene C12H14 4773-83-5 158.239 liq 100.5100.9714201.552120 10568 Trimethylindium Indium trimethyl C3H9In 3385-78-2 159.921 135.7 1.56819 10569 2,3,3-Trimethyl-3 H-indole C11H13N 1640-39-7 159.228 10711 10570 Trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane C10H16Si 3728-43-6 164.320 38 192; 73100.8666201.490020 10571 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene C13H14 2131-41-1 170.250 lf (MeOH) 63 14512i H2O 10572 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-nitrobenzene C9H11NO2 603-71-4 165.189 orth pr (al) 44 255 1.5125vs EtOH 10573 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanol C12H26O 123-17-1 186.333 225.4 0.817820sl ctc 10574 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane C11H24 62016-38-0 156.309 168.1 10575 Trimethylolpropane C6H14O3 77-99-6 134.173 wh pow or pl 58 1605vs H2O, EtOH 10576 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione Trimethadione C6H9NO3 127-48-0 143.140 46 795s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth 10577 Trimethyloxonium fluoborate C3H9BF4O 420-37-1 147.907 hyg nd 148 dec vs ace, chl 10578 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanamine C8H19N 107-45-9 129.244 s chl 10579 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane C8H18 564-02-3 114.229 liq -112.2 110 0.7161201.403020i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, hp; s bz 10580 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Isooctane C8H18 540-84-1 114.229 liq -107.3 99.22 0.6878251.388425i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, hp; s eth, ctc 10581 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane C8H18 560-21-4 114.229 liq -100.9 114.8 0.7262201.407520i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, hp 10582 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane C8H18 565-75-3 114.229 liq -109.2 113.5 0.7191201.404220i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz; sl ctc 10583 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol C8H18O2 144-19-4 146.228 pl (bz) 51.5 235; 8110.936151.451315sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 10584 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanethiol C8H18S 141-59-3 146.294 liq 7650 10585 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol C8H18O 690-37-9 130.228 liq -20 147.5 0.8225201.428420i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth 10586 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol C8H18O 5162-48-1 130.228 liq -13 150.5 0.8297201.428820No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g24/g261α,2β,4α-1,2,4-TrimethylcyclopentaneHOOC COOH cis-1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1 R)O 2,2,4-TrimethylcyclopentanoneO 2,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone 1,1,2-TrimethylcyclopropaneO 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal Ga Trimethylgallium 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane 2,5,5-Trimethylheptane 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 3,4,5-Trimethylheptane 2,2,3-Trimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3,4-TrimethylhexaneOHO 3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoic acidOH 3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol 1,2,3-Trimethylindene In TrimethylindiumN 2,3,3-Trimethyl-3 H-indoleSi Trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane 1,4,5-TrimethylnaphthaleneNOO 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-nitrobenzeneOH 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanol 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane OH HOOH TrimethylolpropaneN OOO 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedioneOF BFF F Trimethyloxonium fluoborateNH 2 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanamine 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-TrimethylpentaneOH OH 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediolSH 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanethiolOH 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanolOH 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g24/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210587 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone tert-Butyl isopropyl ketone C8H16O 5857-36-3 128.212 135.1 0.8065201.4060 i H2O; s eth, ace 10588 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene C8H16 560-23-6 112.213 liq -69 108.3 0.7308251.417420 10589 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene C8H16 107-39-1 112.213 liq -93.5 101.4 0.7150201.408620i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl, lig 10590 2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene C8H16 565-77-5 112.213 liq -113.4 116.5 0.7434201.427420 10591 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene C8H16 107-40-4 112.213 liq -106.3 104.9 0.7218201.416020i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl; vs lig 10592 2,3,4-Trimethylphenol C9H12O 526-85-2 136.190 nd (peth) 81 236 vs bz, eth, EtOH 10593 2,3,5-Trimethylphenol C9H12O 697-82-5 136.190 94.5 233 10594 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol C9H12O 2416-94-6 136.190 63 10595 2,4,5-Trimethylphenol C9H12O 496-78-6 136.190 nd (lig) 72 232 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 10596 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol C9H12O 527-60-6 136.190 nd (peth, MeOH)73 220 vs eth, EtOH 10597 3,4,5-Trimethylphenol C9H12O 527-54-8 136.190 nd (peth) 108 248.5 10598 Trimethylphenoxysilane C9H14OSi 1529-17-5 166.292 liq -55 119 0.8681201.512520 10599 Trimethylphenylammonium chloride Phenyltrimethylammonium chloride C9H14ClN 138-24-9 171.667 vs H2O, EtOH 10600 1-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)ethanone C11H14O 1667-01-2 162.228 241; 120120.9754201.517520i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 10601 1,1,1-Trimethyl- N-phenylsilanamine Phenyl(trimethylsilyl)amine C9H15NSi 3768-55-6 165.308 206 0.94020 10602 Trimethylphenylsilane C9H14Si 768-32-1 150.293 169.5 0.8722201.490720s ctc, CS2 10603 Trimethyl phosphate Methyl phosphate C3H9O4P 512-56-1 140.074 liq -46 197.2 1.2144201.396720vs H2O; sl EtOH; s eth 10604 Trimethylphosphine C3H9P 594-09-2 76.077 liq -85 37.5 i H2O; s eth 10605 Trimethyl phosphite C3H9O3P 121-45-9 124.075 111.5 1.0518201.409520vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 10606 1,2,4-Trimethylpiperazine C7H16N2 120-85-4 128.215 149.5 1.443320s ctc 10607 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine C8H17N 101257-71-0 127.228 148 0.832151.445820vs eth, EtOH 10608 Trimethylpyrazine C7H10N2 14667-55-1 122.167 8735 10609 1,3,5-Trimethyl-1 H-pyrazole C6H10N2 1072-91-9 110.156 37 170 0.9269401.458957 10610 2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine 2,3,6-Collidine C8H11N 1462-84-6 121.180 171.6 0.9220251.505320s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz 10611 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2,4,6-Collidine C8H11N 108-75-8 121.180 liq -46 170.6 0.9166221.495925s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc 10612 1,2,5-Trimethyl-1 H-pyrrole C7H11N 930-87-0 109.169 171 0.807251.496920 10613 N,N,2-Trimethyl-6-quinolinamine C12H14N2 92-99-9 186.252 ye pr (HOAc, AcOEt)101 319 s ctc, CS2 10614 Trimethylsilane C3H10Si 993-07-7 74.197 col gas -135.9 6.7 10615 1-(Trimethylsilyl)-1 H-imidazole C6H12N2Si 18156-74-6 140.258 s chl 10616 3-(Trimethylsilyl)-1-propanol C6H16OSi 2917-47-7 132.276 141; 82240.822251.429820 10617 Trimethylstibine C3H9Sb 594-10-5 166.863 liq -62 80.6 1.523151.4215i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 10618 Trimethylsulfonium iodide C3H9IS 2181-42-2 204.072 cry (eth) 211 dec 10619 Trimethylthiourea C4H10N2S 2489-77-2 118.200 pr (bz-lig) 87.5 vs bz, EtOH, chl 10620 2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6- triphenylcyclotrisiloxaneC21H24O3Si3 546-45-2 408.671 100 1901.51.1062201.539720 10621 Trimethylurea C4H10N2O 632-14-4 102.134 pr (eth) 75.5 232.5 1.190020s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz 10622 Trinitroacetonitrile C2N4O6 630-72-8 176.044 wax 41.5 exp 220 vs eth 10623 2,4,6-Trinitroaniline C6H4N4O6 489-98-5 228.119 dk ye pr (HOAc)193.5 exp 1.76210i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, AcOEt 10624 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene sym-Trinitrobenzene C6H3N3O6 99-35-4 213.104 orth pl (bz) lf (w)122.9 315 1.4775152sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, py 10625 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol Styphnic acid C6H3N3O8 82-71-3 245.103 hex ye cry (dil al)175.5 sub vs eth, EtOH 10626 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid C7H3N3O8 129-66-8 257.114 orth (w) 228 dec sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH; s eth, aceNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g24/g28 O 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-penteneOH 2,3,4-TrimethylphenolOH 2,3,5-Trimethylphenol OH 2,3,6-TrimethylphenolOH 2,4,5-TrimethylphenolOH 2,4,6-TrimethylphenolOH 3,4,5-TrimethylphenolOSi TrimethylphenoxysilaneN Cl Trimethylphenylammonium chlorideO 1-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)ethanone HNSi 1,1,1-Trimethyl- N-phenylsilanamineSi TrimethylphenylsilaneO POO O Trimethyl phosphateP TrimethylphosphineO POO Trimethyl phosphiteNN 1,2,4-TrimethylpiperazineN H 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine NN TrimethylpyrazineNN 1,3,5-Trimethyl-1 H-pyrazoleN 2,3,6-TrimethylpyridineN 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine/g3 N 1,2,5-Trimethyl-1 H-pyrroleNN N,N,2-Trimethyl-6-quinolinamineH Si Trimethylsilane N N Si 1-(Trimethylsilyl)-1 H-imidazoleOH Si 3-(Trimethylsilyl)-1-propanolSb TrimethylstibineS I Trimethylsulfonium iodideNN HS TrimethylthioureaSi OSiOSiO 2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane NNHO TrimethylureaNO 2O2N O2NN TrinitroacetonitrileNH 2 NOO NOONOO 2,4,6-TrinitroanilineNOO NO ONO O 1,3,5-TrinitrobenzeneOH OHNOO NOONOO 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediolOO H NOO NOONOO 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g25/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210627 2,4,7-Trinitro-9 H-fluoren-9-one C13H5N3O7 129-79-3 315.195 pa ye nd (bz, HOAc)175.8 sl H2O; vs ace, bz, chl 10628 Trinitrofluoromethane Fluorotrinitromethane CFN3O6 1840-42-2 169.025 86.3 1.5920 10629 Trinitroglycerol Nitroglycerin C3H5N3O9 55-63-0 227.087 pa ye tcl or orth 13.5 exp 218; 930.311.5931201.478612sl H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth; vs ace, chl 10630 Trinitromethane CHN3O6 517-25-9 151.035 15 exp 1.479201.445124vs ace, EtOH 10631 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol Picric acid C6H3N3O7 88-89-1 229.104 ye lf (w), pr (eth) pl (al)122.5 exp 300 1.763 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace 10632 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, sodium salt Sodium picrate C6H2N3NaO7 3324-58-1 251.086 nd (w) 270.4 10633 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 2-Methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene C7H5N3O6 118-96-7 227.131 orth (al) 80.5 exp 240 1.65425i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz 10634 2,4,6-Trinitro- N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) anilineDipicrylamine C12H5N7O12 131-73-7 439.208 pa ye pr(HOAc) 244 dec i H2O, EtOH, bz, ctc; sl eth, ace; vs py 10635 Trioctylaluminum C24H51Al 1070-00-4 366.644 hyg visc liq -62 0.701 10636 Trioctylamine N,N-Dioctyl-1-octanamine C24H51N 1116-76-3 353.669 liq -34.6 366 0.8110201.451019 10637 Trioctylphosphine oxide TOPO C24H51OP 78-50-2 386.635 52 2012 10638 1,3,5-Trioxane Formaldehyde, trimer C3H6O3 110-88-3 90.078 orth nd (eth) 60.29 114.5 1.1765vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; i peth 10639 1,3,5-Trioxane-2,4,6-triimine Cyamelide C3H3N3O3 462-02-2 129.074 amor pow dec dec 1.12715vs eth, EtOH 10640 4,7,10-Trioxatridecane-1,13-diamine Diethyleneglycol diaminopropyl ether C10H24N2O3 4246-51-9 220.309 liq 14741.005 1.464020 10641 3,7,12-Trioxocholan-24-oic acid, (5 β) Dehydrocholic acid C24H34O5 81-23-2 402.524 237 i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, AcOEt 10642 Tripentylamine N,N-Dipentyl-1-pentanamine C15H33N 621-77-2 227.430 242.5 0.7907201.436620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid 10643 Triphenylamine N,N-Diphenylbenzenamine C18H15N 603-34-9 245.319 mcl (MeOH, bz)126.5 365 0.77401.35316i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, MeOH 10644 Triphenylarsine C18H15As 603-32-7 306.234 61 360 1.2634181.688821i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s chl 10645 Triphenylarsine oxide C18H15AsO 1153-05-5 322.233 192 324.0 10646 Triphenylbismuthine C18H15Bi 603-33-8 440.292 77.6 242141.715751.704075sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz, CS2 10647 Triphenylborane C18H15B 960-71-4 242.123 wh cry 142 i H2O; sl eth; s bz, lig 10648 Triphenylene Benzo[1]phenanthrene C18H12 217-59-4 228.288 nd (al, chl, bz) 197.8 425 i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs bz, chl 10649 1,1,2-Triphenylethane C20H18 1520-42-9 258.357 mcl lf (dil al), nd (al)57 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl MeOH 10650 1,1,2-Triphenylethene C20H16 58-72-0 256.341 lf (al) 72.5 220141.0373781.629278i H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH; vs eth 10651 N,N’,N’’ -Triphenylguanidine C19H17N3 101-01-9 287.358 nd or pr (al) 146.5 dec 1.16320sl H2O; s EtOH 10652 2,4,5-Triphenyl-1 H-imidazole C21H16N2 484-47-9 296.365 nd (al) 275 sub i H2O; s EtOH, eth 10653 Triphenylmethane C19H16 519-73-3 244.330 orth (al) 93.4 359; 200101.014991.583999i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, py, chl; s bz 10654 Triphenylmethanol C19H16O 76-84-6 260.329 pl (al), trg (bz) 164.2 380 1.1990i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 10655 Triphenyl phosphate C18H15O4P 115-86-6 326.283 cry (lig), pr (al) nd (eth)50.5 245111.205550i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, bz, ctc, chl 10656 Triphenylphosphine C18H15P 603-35-0 262.286 80 18811.0749801.635880i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth 10657 Triphenylphosphine oxide C18H15OP 791-28-6 278.285 pr 156.5 >360 1.212423sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH, bz 10658 Triphenyl phosphite C18H15O3P 101-02-0 310.284 25 360 1.1842201.590020i H2O; vs EtOH 10659 Triphenylsilane C18H16Si 789-25-3 260.406 s ctc, CS2 10660 Triphenylsilanol C18H16OSi 791-31-1 276.405 154.8 1.177720s ctc, CS2 10661 Triphenylstibine C18H15Sb 603-36-1 353.072 pr (peth) 53.5 >360 1.4343251.694842i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl 10662 Triphenyltetrazolium chloride C19H15ClN4 298-96-4 334.802 nd (al,chl) 243 dec s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; i eth 10663 Triphenyltin hydroxide Stannane, hydroxytriphenyl- C18H16OSn 76-87-9 367.029 119 1.5420 10664 2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine C21H15N3 493-77-6 309.364 257No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g25/g20O NOO NOO NOO 2,4,7-Trinitro-9 H-fluoren-9-oneF O2NN O 2 NO 2 TrinitrofluoromethaneO2NOONO 2 ONO 2 TrinitroglycerolH O2NN O 2 NO 2 TrinitromethaneOH N N NOO OO OO 2,4,6-TrinitrophenolO N N NOO OO OONa 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, sodium saltNOO NOO NO O 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene HNNO 2O2N NO 2 O2N NO 2O2N 2,4,6-Trinitro- N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)anilineAl TrioctylaluminumN Trioctylamine/g3O P Trioctylphosphine oxide O OO 1,3,5-TrioxaneO OO HN NHNH 1,3,5-Trioxane-2,4,6-triimineH2NOOO NH 2 4,7,10-Trioxatridecane-1,13-diamineOHH OO OHO 3,7,12-Trioxocholan-24-oic acid, (5 β)N TripentylamineN Triphenylamine As TriphenylarsineO As Triphenylarsine oxideBi TriphenylbismuthineB Triphenylborane Triphenylene 1,1,2-Triphenylethane 1,1,2-TriphenyletheneNH N NH N,N’,N’’ -Triphenylguanidine N N H 2,4,5-Triphenyl-1 H-imidazole TriphenylmethaneOH TriphenylmethanolO POO O Triphenyl phosphateP TriphenylphosphineO P Triphenylphosphine oxideO POO Triphenyl phosphite Si H TriphenylsilaneOH Si TriphenylsilanolSb TriphenylstibineNNNNCl Triphenyltetrazolium chlorideOH Sn Triphenyltin hydroxideN NN 2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g25/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210665 Tripotassium citrate Potassium citrate C6H5K3O7 866-84-2 306.395 wh cry (w) 275 dec vs H2O; i EtOH 10666 Triprolidine C19H22N2 486-12-4 278.391 cry (peth) 60 10667 Tri-2-propenoyl-2-ethyl-2- (hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediolTrimethylolpropane triacrylate C15H20O6 15625-89-5 296.316 >20011.473520 10668 Tripropylamine N,N-Dipropyl-1-propanamine C9H21N 102-69-2 143.270 liq -93.5 156 0.7558201.418120vs eth, EtOH 10669 Tripropylborane C9H21B 1116-61-6 140.074 liq -56 159 0.7204251.413522 10670 Tripropyl borate Boric acid, tripropyl ester C9H21BO3 688-71-1 188.072 179.5 0.8576201.394820vs EtOH; msc eth; s PrOH 10671 Tripropylene glycol [(1-Methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis(oxy) ]bispropanolC9H20O4 24800-44-0 192.253 liq 268; 11521.02201.444020 10672 Tripropylene glycol diacrylate C15H24O6 42978-66-5 300.348 >1201 10673 Tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-[2-(2-Methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-1- methylethoxy]-2-propanolC10H22O4 20324-33-8 206.280 241.3 10674 Tripropyl phosphate C9H21O4P 513-08-6 224.234 252 1.0121201.416520sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, tol, CS2 10675 Tripropyl phosphite Tripropoxyphosphine C9H21O3P 923-99-9 208.235 206.5 0.9417201.428220vs eth, EtOH 10676 Tripropylsilane C9H22Si 998-29-8 158.357 172 0.772301.428020i H2O 10677 Tris(4-aminophenyl)methanol C.I. Basic Red 9 C19H19N3O 467-62-9 305.373 purp cry 205 10678 2,4,6-Tris(1-aziridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine Triethylenemelamine C9H12N6 51-18-3 204.231 cry pow 139 dec s H2O 10679 Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate C18H39O7P 78-51-3 398.473 liq 255101.0225i H2O 10680 Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate C6H12Cl3O4P 115-96-8 285.489 330; 194101.39251.472120s ctc 10681 Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphite C6H12Cl3O3P 140-08-9 269.490 12031.3443261.486820 10682 Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphateFyrol FR-2 C9H15Cl6O4P 13674-87-8 430.904 visc liq 23651.502220i H2O 10683 Tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methane Paraleucaniline C25H31N3 603-48-5 373.534 lf (al), nd (bz) 176.5 vs bz, eth, chl 10684 Tris(2,4-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 2,4-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1) C24H27O4P 3862-12-2 410.442 233.5 1.142381.555020i H2O; s bz, chl, hx 10685 Tris(2,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 2,5-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1) C24H27O4P 19074-59-0 410.442 79.8 26281.19725i H2O; sl EtOH, hx; s eth, bz, ctc 10686 Tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 2,6-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1) C24H27O4P 121-06-2 410.442 wax 137.8 2636i H2O; sl EtOH, hx; s bz 10687 Tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate C24H27O4P 25653-16-1 410.442 46.2 29010i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, hx; s HOAc 10688 Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate C24H51O4P 78-42-2 434.633 liq 21550.9920 10689 Tris(ethylthio)methane Triethyl orthothioformate C7H16S3 6267-24-9 196.397 dec 235; 127121.053201.541015vs eth, EtOH 10690 1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanuric acidC9H15N3O6 839-90-7 261.231 cry 136 10691 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane trinitrate2-Methyl-2-[(nitrooxy)methyl]-1,3- propanediol, dinitrateC5H9N3O9 3032-55-1 255.140 830.05 10692 N,N’,N’’ -Tris(hydroxymethyl)melamine Trimethylolmelamine C6H12N6O3 1017-56-7 216.197 cry 148 10693 Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3- propanediolC4H11NO3 77-86-1 121.135 171.5 21910vs H2O; s MeOH 10694 Tris(methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane C11H24O6Si 1067-53-4 280.391 s ctc 10695 Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)chloroethene Chlorotrianisene C23H21ClO3 569-57-3 380.864 115 10696 Tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine C21H21P 6163-58-2 304.366 127.0 10697 Tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphine C21H21P 6224-63-1 304.366 101.0 10698 Tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine C21H21P 1038-95-5 304.366 147.0 10699 Tris(2-methyl-2-propenoyl)-2-ethyl- 2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylateC18H26O6 3290-92-4 338.395 >20011.47025 10700 Trisodium citrate Sodium citrate C6H5Na3O7 68-04-2 258.069 wh cry (w) 300 vs H2O; i EtOH 10701 Trisodium N- hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetateVersen-Ol C 10H15N2Na3O7139-89-9 344.204 288 (hyd)No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g25/g22OHOO OO 3KOO Tripotassium citrateN N TriprolidineO OO OO O Tri-2-propenoyl-2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediolN TripropylamineB TripropylboraneO BOO Tripropyl borateHOOOOH Tripropylene glycol O OOOO O Tripropylene glycol diacrylateHOOOO Tripropylene glycol monomethyl etherO POOO Tripropyl phosphateO POO Tripropyl phosphite TripropylsilaneSi HOH NH 2NH 2 H2N Tris(4-aminophenyl)methanol N NN 2,4,6-Tris(1-aziridinyl)-1,3,5-triazineO POOOO O O Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphateO POOOCl ClCl Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphateO POOCl Cl Cl Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphiteO POOCl OCl ClCl Cl Cl Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphateN N N Tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methane O POO O Tris(2,4-dimethylphenyl) phosphateO POO O Tris(2,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphateO POO O Tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl) phosphateO POO O Tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphateO POOO Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphateS SS Tris(ethylthio)methane N NNO O OOH HO OH 1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanuric acidONO 2 O2NO O2NO 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane trinitrateN NNHN OH N HOH N HHO N,N’,N’’ -Tris(hydroxymethyl)melamineNH 2 HO OH HO Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamineSi OOOO O O Tris(methoxyethoxy)vinylsilaneOCl OO Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)chloroethene P Tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphineP Tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphine/g3 P Tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine Tris(2-methyl-2-propenoyl)-2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediolOO OO O OOHOO OO 3NaOO Trisodium citrateNa NHO OOCNCOO COONa Na Trisodium N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g25/g23/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210702 Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Trinonafluorobutylamine C12F27N 311-89-7 671.092 178 1.884251.29125s ace 10703 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine 2,4,6-Tripyridyl- s-triazine C18H12N6 3682-35-7 312.328 210 10704 Tris( o-tolyl) phosphite C21H21O3P 2622-08-4 352.364 11 23811, 19721.1423201.574028s eth; sl chl 10705 Tris( p-tolyl) phosphite C21H21O3P 620-42-8 352.364 pa ye 52 252101.1280251.570328vs eth 10706 Tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium carbonyl hydrideCarbonylhydrotris(triphenylphosphin e)rhodiumC55H46OP3Rh 17185-29-4 918.781 ye cry 121 1.33 sl bz, chl 10707 1,3,5-Trithiane C3H6S3 291-21-4 138.275 hex (bz), pr (w) nd (al)220 sub 1.637424sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz 10708 Trithiocarbonic acid CH2S3 594-08-1 110.222 red oil -26.9 57.8 1.476251.822520dec H2O, EtOH; vs tol, chl 10709 Tritriacontane C33H68 630-05-7 464.893 71.2 10710 Tropacocaine C15H19NO2 537-26-8 245.318 pl or tab 49 dec 1.04261001.5080100vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth 10711 Tropine 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan- 3-ol, endoC8H15NO 120-29-6 141.211 hyg pl (eth) 64 233 1.0161001.4811100vs H2O, eth, EtOH 10712 Trypan blue C34H24N6Na4O14 S472-57-1 960.805 dk bl cry 300 s H2O, acid; i EtOH 10713 Tryptamine C10H12N2 61-54-1 160.215 nd (al-bz, lig) 118 1370.15i H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace 10714 L-Tryptophan α-Aminoindole-3-propionic acid, ( l)C11H12N2O2 73-22-3 204.225 lf or pl (dil al) 289 dec sl H2O, HOAc; s EtOH; i eth, chl 10715 Tsuduranine C18H19NO3 517-97-5 297.349 nd (eth) 204 vs ace, eth, EtOH 10716 T-2 Toxin Mycotoxin T2 C24H34O9 21259-20-1 466.522 nd 151 sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, chl, DMSO 10717 Tubocurarine dichloride C37H42Cl2N2O657-94-3 681.644 hyg cry 275 dec s MeOH; i py, bz, ace, eth 10718 Tungsten carbonyl Tungsten hexacarbonyl C6O6W 14040-11-0 351.90 wh cry dec 170 sub 2.65 i H2O; s os 10719 Turanose C12H22O11 547-25-1 342.296 pr (w-al, MeOH)168 vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH 10720 Tybamate C13H26N2O4 4268-36-4 274.356 cry 50 1510.06 10721 L-Tyrosine 4-Hydroxy- L-phenylalanine C9H11NO3 60-18-4 181.188 nd (w) 343 dec sub sl H2O, HOAc; i EtOH, eth 10722 Tyrosineamide C9H12N2O2 4985-46-0 180.203 pl or pl (al) 153.5 vs H2O, EtOH 10723 L-Tyrosine, ethyl ester C11H15NO3 949-67-7 209.242 pr (AcOEt) 108.5 vs bz, EtOH, AcOEt 10724 L-Tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochlorideC10H14ClNO3 3417-91-2 231.676 191.0 s H2O 10725 1,10-Undecadiyne C11H16 4117-15-1 148.245 -17 83120.8182211.45321vs ace, bz 10726 Undecafluorocyclohexane C6HF11 308-24-7 282.054 62.0 10727 Undecanal C11H22O 112-44-7 170.292 -2.0 117180.8251231.452020i H2O; s EtOH, eth 10728 Undecane Hendecane C11H24 1120-21-4 156.309 liq -25.5 195.9 0.7402201.416420i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 10729 Undecanenitrile Decyl cyanide C11H21N 2244-07-7 167.292 253 0.8254301.429330i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc 10730 1-Undecanethiol Undecyl mercaptan C11H24S 5332-52-5 188.374 liq -1.5 257.4 0.8448201.458520 10731 Undecanoic acid C11H22O2 112-37-8 186.292 cry (ace) 28.6 280 0.8907201.429445i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; msc bz 10732 1-Undecanol Undecyl alcohol C11H24O 112-42-5 172.308 15.9 245 0.8298201.439220i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth 10733 2-Undecanol sec-Undecyl alcohol C11H24O 1653-30-1 172.308 col liq 0 229.7 0.8234251.435225 10734 2-Undecanone Methyl nonyl ketone C11H22O 112-12-9 170.292 15 231.5 0.8250201.429120i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 10735 6-Undecanone Butyl hexyl ketone C11H22O 927-49-1 170.292 14.5 228 0.8308201.427020i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 10736 Undecanoyl chloride C11H21ClO 17746-05-3 204.737 sl ctc 10737 10-Undecenal C11H20O 112-45-8 168.276 sl ctc 10738 1-Undecene C11H22 821-95-4 154.293 liq -49.2 192.7 0.7503201.426120i H2O; s eth, chl, lig 10739 cis-2-Undecene C11H22 821-96-5 154.293 liq -66.5 196.1 0.757620 10740 trans -2-Undecene C11H22 693-61-8 154.293 liq -48.3 192.5 0.7528201.429220 10741 cis-4-Undecene C11H22 821-98-7 154.293 liq -97 192.6 0.7541201.430220 10742 trans -4-Undecene C11H22 693-62-9 154.293 liq -63.7 193 0.7508201.428520No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g25/g24 NFFFFFFFFF F FF FF FF FFF FF FF FF F FTris(perfluorobutyl)amineN NN NNN 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridinyl)-1,3,5-triazineOPOO Tris(o-tolyl) phosphiteO POO Tris(p-tolyl) phosphiteCO RhR HR RR = P Tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium carbonyl hydrideS SS 1,3,5-TrithianeS HS SH Trithiocarbonic acid TritriacontaneN O O TropacocaineN OH TropineN NN N NaO 3SOH NH 2 SO3NaOH NH 2 NaO 3SS O 3Na Trypan blueNHNH 2 Tryptamine N HNH 2OHO L-TryptophanNHO O HOH TsuduranineO OOHH OO O OOOH T-2 ToxinCl ClNO OHON OO H HOH Tubocurarine dichlorideCO W OC COCO COOC Tungsten carbonylO HO OHO HO OHHO OH OOH OH Turanose OH NOH2NO O TybamateHONH 2OHO L-TyrosineHONH 2NH 2O TyrosineamideHONH 2OO L-Tyrosine, ethyl esterHONH 2OO HCl L-Tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride 1,10-UndecadiyneFF FF FFF FF FF Undecafluorocyclohexane O Undecanal UndecaneN UndecanenitrileSH 1-UndecanethiolOHO Undecanoic acid OH 1-UndecanolOH 2-UndecanolO 2-UndecanoneO 6-UndecanoneClO Undecanoyl chlorideO 10-Undecenal 1-Undecene cis-2-Undecene trans -2-Undecene cis-4-Undecene trans -4-Undecene /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g25/g25/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210743 cis-5-Undecene C11H22 764-96-5 154.293 liq -106.5 192.3 0.7537201.430220 10744 trans -5-Undecene C11H22 764-97-6 154.293 liq -61.1 192 0.7497201.428520vs eth, chl, lig 10745 10-Undecenoic acid Undecylenic acid C11H20O2 112-38-9 184.276 cry 24.5 275 0.9072241.448624i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 10746 10-Undecen-1-ol C11H22O 112-43-6 170.292 liq -1.0 250 0.8495151.450020i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 10747 10-Undecenoyl chloride C11H19ClO 38460-95-6 202.721 127130.944201.45420 10748 Undecylamine 1-Undecanamine C11H25N 7307-55-3 171.324 cry (eth, al) 17 242 0.7979201.439820s H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl ctc 10749 Undecylbenzene C17H28 6742-54-7 232.404 liq -5 316 0.8553201.482820 10750 1-Undecyne C11H20 2243-98-3 152.277 liq -25 196 0.7728201.430620vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 10751 2-Undecyne C11H20 60212-29-5 152.277 liq -30.1 204.2 0.7827201.439120 10752 Uracil C4H4N2O2 66-22-8 112.087 nd (w) 338 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil NH3 10753 Uracil mustard C8H11Cl2N3O2 66-75-1 252.098 206 dec sl H2O 10754 Uranyl acetate dihydrate C4H10O8U 6159-44-0 424.146 ye cry (HOAc) 80 dec 2.89 sl EtOH 10755 Urazole C2H3N3O2 3232-84-6 101.064 lf (w) 249 dec 10756 Urea Carbamide CH4N2O 57-13-6 60.055 tetr pr (al) 133.3 dec 1.3230201.484 vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s HOAc, py 10757 Urea hydrochloride CH5ClN2O 506-89-8 96.516 145 dec s H2O 10758 Urea nitrate CH5N3O4 124-47-0 123.069 mcl lf (w) 152 dec 1.69020vs EtOH 10759 Uric acid C5H4N4O3 69-93-2 168.111 orth pr or pl dec dec 1.8925i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk, glycerol; sl acid 10760 Uridine 1- β-D-Ribofuranosyluracil C9H12N2O6 58-96-8 244.200 nd (aq al) 165 s H2O, EtOH, py 10761 5’-Uridylic acid Uridine 5’-phosphoric acid C9H13N2O9P 58-97-9 324.180 pr (MeOH) 202 dec vs H2O; s MeOH 10762 Urocanic acid Imidazole-4-acrylic acid C6H6N2O2 104-98-3 138.124 227 s H2O, ace; i EtOH, eth 10763 Urs-12-en-3-ol, (3 β) α-Amyrin C30H50O 638-95-9 426.717 nd (al) 186 2430.5s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc; sl peth 10764 Ursolic acid C30H48O3 77-52-1 456.700 pl (al) 284 vs ace, eth, chl 10765 Uzarin C35H54O14 20231-81-6 698.796 pr 269 10766 Vacciniin D-Glucose, 6-benzoate C13H16O7 14200-76-1 284.262 amor (aq ace, +1w)122 vs H2O, ace, EtOH, eth 10767 Validamycin A C20H35NO13 37248-47-8 497.491 amorp pow 95 dec 10768 L-Valine 2-Aminoisovaleric acid C5H11NO2 72-18-4 117.147 lf (w-al) 315 sub 1.2325s H2O 10769 Valinomycin C54H90N6O18 2001-95-8 1111.322 cry 187 10770 Valium C16H13ClN2O 439-14-5 284.739 132 10771 Vamidothion C8H18NO4PS2 2275-23-2 287.337 oil i peth; s os 10772 Vanadium carbonyl Vanadium hexacarbonyl C6O6V 14024-00-1 219.002 bl-grn cry dec 60 sub 10773 Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Vanadium(III) acetylacetonate C15H21O6V 13476-99-8 348.266 brn cry ≈185 sub ≈1.0 s MeOH, ace, bz, chl 10774 DL-Vasicine DL-Peganine C11H12N2O 6159-56-4 188.225 nd (al) 210.8 sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, chl 10775 L-Vasicine L-Peganine C11H12N2O 6159-55-3 188.225 nd (al) 211.5 sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, chl 10776 Verapamil C27H38N2O4 52-53-9 454.602 ye oil 2450.011.544825i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, hx 10777 Veratramine C27H39NO2 60-70-8 409.605 nd 206 s EtOH, bz, chl, dil acid; i dil alk 10778 Veratramine, 3-glucoside C33H49NO7 475-00-3 571.745 nd (aq. MeOH) 242 dec 10779 Veratridine C36H51NO11 71-62-5 673.790 ye amorp pow 180 i H2O; sl eth 10780 d-Verbenone C10H14O 18309-32-5 150.217 9.8 227.5 0.9978201.499318s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz 10781 Vernolate Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S- propyl esterC10H21NOS 1929-77-7 203.345 150300.95220 10782 Versalide C18H26O 88-29-9 258.398 cry 46.5 1302s EtOH 10783 α-Vetivone Isonootkatone C15H22O 15764-04-2 218.335 cry (peth) 51.5 14421.0035201.537020vs ace 10784 β-Vetivone C15H22O 18444-79-6 218.335 cry (peth) 44.5 14121.0001201.530920s aceNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g25/g26 cis-5-Undecene trans -5-UndeceneOHO 10-Undecenoic acidOH 10-Undecen-1-olClO 10-Undecenoyl chlorideNH 2 Undecylamine Undecylbenzene 1-Undecyne 2-UndecyneNHNHO O UracilN HNHO ONCl Cl Uracil mustard/g3 2H2OO U OOO O O Uranyl acetate dihydrateN NNO OH HH UrazoleO H2NN H 2 UreaO H2NN H 2HCl Urea hydrochlorideO H2NN H 2HNO 3 Urea nitrateHN N HN HH N OO O Uric acidO OH OHHOHN N OO UridineO OH OHOPO HO OHHN NO O 5’-Uridylic acidN N HOHO Urocanic acidHOH Urs-12-en-3-ol, (3 β) HOHOH O Ursolic acidOO OH HO O HO OHO HO O HOHO OH OH UzarinO HO OH OHOHO O VacciniinHO OH OH ONH OHO OH OHHO OH HOOH HO Validamycin AOH NH 2O L-ValineOO NHO OO NHO O O N HOO OOHNO OH NO O O HN O Valinomycin NNO Cl ValiumO POSOSN HO Vamidothion Vanadium carbonylCO V OC COCO COOC OOO O O OV Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioateNN OH DL-VasicineNN OH L-VasicineO ONN O O VerapamilH N HOH HOH H Veratramine HN OH HOH H O OHHO OH HO Veratramine, 3-glucosideNH OH OHOH O OHHHH OHOH O O OOH VeratridineO d-VerbenoneNSO VernolateO VersalideO α-VetivoneO β-Vetivone /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g25/g27/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210785 Vicine 2,6-Diamino-5-( β-D- glucopyranosyloxy)-4(1 H)- pyrimidinoneC10H16N4O7 152-93-2 304.257 nd (w, dil al, +1 w)240 dec sl H2O, EtOH; vs acid, alk 10786 Vidarabine β-D-9-Arabinofuranosyladenine C10H15N5O5 5536-17-4 285.257 nd (w) 257 10787 Vinblastine C46H58N4O9 865-21-4 810.975 nd (MeOH) 216 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt 10788 Vincamine C21H26N2O3 1617-90-9 354.442 231.5 10789 Vinclozolin C12H9Cl2NO3 50471-44-8 286.110 108 1310.051.51 10790 Vincristine C46H56N4O10 57-22-7 824.958 219 10791 Vinyl acetate C4H6O2 108-05-4 86.090 liq -93.2 72.8 0.9256251.392625sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl 10792 4-Vinylaniline C8H9N 1520-21-4 119.164 23.5 11691.010201.625022s ace, bz 10793 α-Vinylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenylallyl alcohol C9H10O 4393-06-0 134.174 1.0249211.540620sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 10794 Vinyl butanoate C6H10O2 123-20-6 114.142 116.7; 641300.900620 10795 Vinyl trans -2-butenoate Vinyl crotonate C6H8O2 3234-54-6 112.127 s ctc 10796 9-Vinyl-9 H-carbazole C14H11N 1484-13-5 193.244 cry (al) 66 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth 10797 Vinylcyclohexane C8H14 695-12-5 110.197 128 0.8166191.45519 10798 1-Vinylcyclohexene C8H12 2622-21-1 108.181 145 0.8623151.491520i H2O; s eth, bz; vs MeOH 10799 4-Vinylcyclohexene C8H12 100-40-3 108.181 liq -108.9 128 0.8299201.463920i H2O; s eth, bz, peth 10800 Vinylcyclopentane C7H12 3742-34-5 96.170 liq -126.5 97 0.7834201.436020 10801 Vinyldiethoxymethylsilane C7H16O2Si 5507-44-8 160.287 133 0.8620201.400120 10802 Vinylethoxydimethylsilane C6H14OSi 5356-83-2 130.260 99 0.790201.398320 10803 1-Vinyl-4-fluorobenzene C8H7F 405-99-2 122.140 -34.5 67.450, 3041.0220201.515020i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 10804 Vinyl formate C3H4O2 692-45-5 72.063 visc liq -78 46 0.965201.384220 10805 2-Vinylfuran C6H6O 1487-18-9 94.111 liq -94 99.5 0.9445191.499219 10806 1-Vinyl-2-methoxybenzene C9H10O 612-15-7 134.174 nd 29 197; 83121.0049171.538820vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 10807 1-Vinyl-3-methoxybenzene C9H10O 626-20-0 134.174 9115, 7050.9919201.558623i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 10808 1-Vinyl-4-methoxybenzene C9H10O 637-69-4 134.174 2.0 205; 91131.0001131.564213i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc 10809 6-Vinyl-6-methyl-1-isopropyl-3-(1- methylethylidene)cyclohexene, ( S)C15H24 5951-67-7 204.352 12580.8782201.513026vs ace, bz 10810 1-Vinylnaphthalene C12H10 826-74-4 154.207 124151.0656201.64420 10811 2-Vinylnaphthalene C12H10 827-54-3 154.207 66 13518, 952i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz 10812 1-Vinyl-3-nitrobenzene C8H7NO2 586-39-0 149.148 -10 120111.1552321.583620i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig, HOAc 10813 1-Vinyl-4-nitrobenzene C8H7NO2 100-13-0 149.148 pr (lig) 29 dec vs EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, lig 10814 2-Vinyl-5-norbornene 5-Vinylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene C9H12 3048-64-4 120.191 liq -80 139 0.841 1.481020 10815 Vinyl octadecanoate Vinyl stearate C20H38O2 111-63-7 310.515 29 16720.851720sl chl 10816 3-Vinyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane C8H12O 106-86-5 124.180 <-100 169; 70200.9581201.470020 10817 Vinyloxirane C4H6O 930-22-3 70.090 68 0.9006251.416820s EtOH, eth, bz 10818 2-(Vinyloxy)ethanol Ethylene glycol monovinyl ether C4H8O2 764-48-7 88.106 141.6 0.9821201.456417s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i lig 10819 Vinyl propanoate Vinyl propionate C5H8O2 105-38-4 100.117 91.2 10820 2-Vinylpyridine C7H7N 100-69-6 105.138 159.5 0.9983201.549520sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 10821 3-Vinylpyridine C7H7N 1121-55-7 105.138 162 0.9879201.553020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 10822 4-Vinylpyridine C7H7N 100-43-6 105.138 red to dk-br 121150, 79330.9879201.544920s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth 10823 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone C6H9NO 88-12-0 111.141 13.5 193400, 93111.0420 10824 Vinylsilane C2H6Si 7291-09-0 58.155 col gas -171.6 -22.8 10825 Vinyl sulfoxide C4H6OS 1115-15-7 102.155 liq 8618No. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g25/g28 NN H2NN H 2 OHO O OHOHHO HO VicineO OHHOHONN NNNH 2 VidarabineNN OH HHO OOOON HN OH H OO VinblastineNN HO OOH VincamineONO OCl Cl VinclozolinNN OH HHO OOOON HN OH H OO O Vincristine O O Vinyl acetateNH 2 4-VinylanilineOH α-VinylbenzenemethanolO O Vinyl butanoateO O Vinyl trans -2-butenoateN 9-Vinyl-9 H-carbazole Vinylcyclohexane 1-Vinylcyclohexene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Vinylcyclopentane Si OO VinyldiethoxymethylsilaneSi O VinylethoxydimethylsilaneF 1-Vinyl-4-fluorobenzeneO O Vinyl formateO 2-VinylfuranO 1-Vinyl-2-methoxybenzeneO 1-Vinyl-3-methoxybenzeneO 1-Vinyl-4-methoxybenzene 6-Vinyl-6-methyl-1-isopropyl-3-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexene, ( S) 1-Vinylnaphthalene 2-VinylnaphthaleneNO O 1-Vinyl-3-nitrobenzeneNOO 1-Vinyl-4-nitrobenzene 2-Vinyl-5-norborneneO O Vinyl octadecanoate O 3-Vinyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptaneO VinyloxiraneOOH 2-(Vinyloxy)ethanolO O Vinyl propanoateN 2-VinylpyridineN 3-VinylpyridineN 4-VinylpyridineN O 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinoneSi HHH VinylsilaneO S Vinyl sulfoxide /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g26/g19/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210826 Vinyltriacetoxysilane Vinylsilanetriol, triacetate C8H12O6Si 4130-08-9 232.263 115101.169201.422620 10827 Vinyltriethoxysilane C8H18O3Si 78-08-0 190.313 160; 62200.901201.396025s chl 10828 Vinyltrimethylsilane C5H12Si 754-05-2 100.235 55 0.65201.391420i H2O 10829 Violaxanthin C40H56O4 126-29-4 600.871 red pr (MeOH, al-eth)208 s EtOH, eth, CS2; i peth 10830 Viquidil C20H24N2O2 84-55-9 324.417 red ye amor 60 vs eth, EtOH, chl 10831 Visnadine C21H24O7 477-32-7 388.412 nd 85.5 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 10832 Visnagin 4-Methoxy-7-methyl-5 H-furo[3,2- g][1]benzopyran-5-oneC13H10O4 82-57-5 230.216 nd (w, MeOH) 144.5 sl H2O, EtOH; vs chl 10833 Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin C63H88CoN14 O14P68-19-9 1355.365 >300 10834 Vitamin D2 C28H44O 50-14-6 396.648 pr (ace) 116.5 sub i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 10835 Vitamin D3 9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien- 3-ol, (3 β,5Z,7E)-C27H44O 67-97-0 384.637 84.5 i H2O; s os 10836 Vitamin E α-Tocopherol C29H50O2 59-02-9 430.706 pale ye oil 3.0 2100.10.950251.504525i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 10837 Vitamin E acetate C31H52O3 58-95-7 472.743 -27.5 1840.010.9533211.49720i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 10838 Vitamin K1 C31H46O2 84-80-0 450.696 -20 1420.0010.964251.525025i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl 10839 Vomicine 4-Hydroxy-19-methyl-16,19- secostrychnidine-10,16-dioneC22H24N2O4 125-15-5 380.437 nd (80% al) pr (ace)282 sl EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl; s AcOEt 10840 Warfarin Coumadin C19H16O4 81-81-2 308.328 cry (al) 161 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, diox 10841 9 H-Xanthene 10 H-9-Oxaanthracene C13H10O 92-83-1 182.217 ye lf (al) 100.5 311 i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz, chl 10842 9 H-Xanthen-9-ol C13H10O2 90-46-0 198.217 nd (aq al) 125 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 10843 Xanthine C5H4N4O2 69-89-6 152.112 ye pl (w) dec sub i H2O 10844 Xanthone C13H8O2 90-47-1 196.202 nd (al) 174 351; 1463i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth 10845 Xanthopterin C6H5N5O2 119-44-8 179.137 hyg ye amor or oran pow (HOAc)>410 dec 99 181.55925i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs acid, alk 10846 Xanthosine C10H12N4O6 146-80-5 284.225 pr cry (w) sl cold H2O; vs hot H2O; dec acid 10847 Xanthoxyletin C15H14O4 84-99-1 258.270 pr (MeOH, peth)133 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth; vs bz, alk 10848 Xanthyletin 8,8-Dimethyl-2 H,8H-benzo[1,2- b:5,4-b’]dipyran-2-oneC14H12O3 553-19-5 228.243 pr (MeOH) 131.5 1420.1s EtOH, peth 10849 p-Xenylcarbimide 4-Isocyanato-1,1’-biphenyl C13H9NO 92-95-5 195.216 nd 56 dec 283 vs eth 10850 Xibenolol C15H25NO2 81584-06-7 251.366 cry 57 1350.7s EtOH 10851 o-Xylene 1,2-Dimethylbenzene C8H10 95-47-6 106.165 liq -25.2 144.5 0.8802101.505520i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 10852 m-Xylene 1,3-Dimethylbenzene C8H10 108-38-3 106.165 liq -47.8 139.12 0.8596251.497210i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl 10853 p-Xylene 1,4-Dimethylbenzene C8H10 106-42-3 106.165 mcl pr (al) 13.25 138.37 0.8566251.495820i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl 10854 2,3-Xylenol 2,3-Dimethylphenol C8H10O 526-75-0 122.164 nd (w, dil al) 72.5 216.9 1.542020sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 10855 2,4-Xylenol 2,4-Dimethylphenol C8H10O 105-67-9 122.164 nd (w) 24.5 210.98 0.9650201.542014sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 10856 2,5-Xylenol 2,5-Dimethylphenol C8H10O 95-87-4 122.164 nd (w), pr (al- eth)74.8 211.1 s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl chl 10857 2,6-Xylenol 2,6-Dimethylphenol C8H10O 576-26-1 122.164 lf or nd (al) 45.8 201.07 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc 10858 3,4-Xylenol 3,4-Dimethylphenol C8H10O 95-65-8 122.164 65.1 227 0.983020sl H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth 10859 3,5-Xylenol 3,5-Dimethylphenol C8H10O 108-68-9 122.164 nd (w, peth) 63.4 221.74 0.968020s H2O, EtOH, ctcNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g26/g20 Si OOOO O O VinyltriacetoxysilaneSi OOO VinyltriethoxysilaneSi VinyltrimethylsilaneHOOOH O ViolaxanthinNONH HO ViquidilOO O O OO O Visnadine OO OO VisnaginN CoNO H2N NH 2O H2NO N NH2N O NHO H OPOO ONN OHO HOR R = CNO H2N H O NH 2 Vitamin B12HO Vitamin D2/g3HO Vitamin D3/g3OHO Vitamin E/g3 OO O Vitamin E acetateO O Vitamin K1 N OO H HOHOHN H VomicineOOOH O WarfarinO 9H-XantheneOOH 9H-Xanthen-9-olHN N HNH NO O XanthineOO XanthoneNH N NNHO NH 2O Xanthopterin/g3 HN N HNNO O O OH OHHO XanthosineOOO O Xanthoxyletin OO O XanthyletinNC O p-XenylcarbimideOOHH N Xibenolol o-Xylene m-Xylene p-XyleneOH 2,3-XylenolOH 2,4-XylenolOH 2,5-XylenolOH 2,6-XylenolOH 3,4-XylenolOH 3,5-Xylenol /g3 /g22/g16/g3 /g24/g26/g21/g3/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g1210860 Xylenol orange C31H32N2O13S 1611-35-4 672.656 dk red cry 286 dec s H2O 10861 Xylitol Xylite C5H12O5 87-99-0 152.146 mcl (al) 93.5 216 vs H2O, py, EtOH 10862 6- O- β-D-Xylopyranosyl- D-glucose Primeverose C11H20O10 26531-85-1 312.271 cry (MeOH) 210 vs H2O, MeOH 10863 D-Xylose C5H10O5 58-86-6 150.130 mcl nd 90.5 1.52520vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth 10864 D-Xylulose D-threo -2-Pentulose C5H10O5 551-84-8 150.130 visc liq s H2O 10865 L-Xylulose L-threo -2-Pentulose C5H10O5 527-50-4 150.130 syrup vs H2O 10866 3,5-Xylyl methylcarbamate 3,5-Dimethylphenyl methylcarbamate C10H13NO2 2655-14-3 179.216 cry 99 sl H2O; s os 10867 Yohimbine C21H26N2O3 146-48-5 354.442 nd (dil al) 241 sub 160 sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl 10868 Yohimbine hydrochloride Tosanpin C21H27ClN2O3 65-19-0 390.903 orth nd or pl (w, dil HCl)302 vs H2O 10869 Zearalenone C18H22O5 17924-92-4 318.365 cry 164 i H2O; s alk, bz, EtOH, eth 10870 Zidovudine 3’-Azido-3’-deoxythymidine C10H13N5O4 30516-87-1 267.242 cry (w) 121 10871 Zinc benzoate C14H10O4Zn 553-72-0 307.636 sl H2O 10872 Zinc bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate) C18H36N2S4Zn 136-23-2 474.161 cry 138 10873 Zinc N,N’-ethylenebisdithiocarbamate Zineb C4H6N2S4Zn 12122-67-7 275.773 157 dec 10874 Zinc gluconate C12H22O14Zn 4468-02-4 455.704 pow 10875 Zinc 2,4-pentanedioate Zinc acetylacetonate C10H14O4Zn 14024-63-6 263.625 s DMSO 10876 Zinc propanoate C6H10O4Zn 557-28-8 211.550 hyg pl or nd sl EtOH 10877 Ziram Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato- S,S’)-, (T-4)-C6H12N2S4Zn 137-30-4 305.841 cry 250 1.6625i H2O; sl bz; s chlNo. Name Synonym Mol. Form. CAS RN Mol. Wt.Physical Form mp/˚C bp/˚C den/g cm-3 nD Solubility TeamLRN/g51/g43/g60/g54/g44/g38/g36/g47/g3/g38/g50/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g54/g3/g50/g41/g3/g50/g53/g42/g36/g49/g44/g38/g3/g38/g50/g48/g51/g50/g56/g49/g39/g54/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g71/g12 /g22/g16/g24/g26/g22O NO OH HO OSO3HHO N OO HO HO Xylenol orangeCH2OH OH H HO H HO H CH2OH XylitolOO HO OHO HO OHOH OH OH 6-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl- D-glucoseCHO HO H HO H HO H CH2OH D-XyloseCH2OH O HO H HO H CH2OH D-XyluloseHO H HO H CH2OHOCH2OH L-Xylulose ON HO 3,5-Xylyl methylcarbamateN HN H HH OHO O YohimbineN HN H HH OHO OHCl Yohimbine hydrochlorideO OO OH HO ZearalenoneO N3HOHNO ON ZidovudineOO Zn2 2 Zinc benzoate SZnS SS N N Zinc bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)S SS Zn SHN NH Zinc N,N’-ethylenebisdithiocarbamateCOO HO H HO H HO HHO H CH 2OHZn2 2 Zinc gluconateOOO OZn Zinc 2,4-pentanedioateZn OOO O Zinc propanoateSZnS SS N N Ziram 3-737DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS When a material is placed in a magnetic field H, a magnetization M is induced in the material which is related to H by M = κH, where κ is called the volume susceptibility. Since H and M have the same dimensions, κ is dimensionless. A more useful parameter is the molar susceptibility χm , defined by χm = κVm = κ M/ρ where Vm is the molar volume of the substance, M the molar mass, and ρ the mass density . When the cgs system is used, the customary unit for χm is cm3 mol-1; the corresponding SI unit is m3 mol-1. Substances with no unpaired electrons are called diamagnetic; they have negative values of χm. This table gives values of the diamagnetic susceptibility for about 400 common organic compounds. All values refer to room temp erature and atmospheric pressure and to the physical form that is stable under these conditions. Substances are arranged by molecular formu la in Hill order. A more extensive table may be found in Reference 1. In keeping with customary practice, the molar susceptibility is given here in units appropriate to the cgs system. These values should be multiplied by 4π to obtain values for use in SI equations (where the magnetic field strength H has units of A m-1). REFERENCES 1.Landolt-Bšrnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/16 , Diamagnetic Susceptibility, Gupta, R. R., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg , 1986 . 2. Barter, C., Meisenheimer, R. G., and Stevenson, D. P., J. Phys. Chem . 64, 1312, 1960. 3. Broersma, S., J. Chem. Phys . 17, 873, 1949. Molecular Formula Compound - χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 CBrCl3 Bromotrichloromethane 73.2 CBr4 Tetrabromomethane 93.7 CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane 45.3 CClN Cyanogen chloride 32.4 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane 52.2 CCl2O Carbonyl chloride 47.9 CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane 58.7 CCl3NO2 Trichloronitromethane 75.3 CCl4 Tetrachloromethane 66.8 CHBrCl2 Bromodichloromethane 66.3 CHBr3 Tribromomethane 82.6 CHCl3 Trichloromethane 58.9 CHI3 Triiodomethane 117.1 CH2BrCl Bromochloromethane 55.1 CH2Br2 Dibromomethane 65.1 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 46.6 CH2I2 Diiodomethane 93.1 CH2N2 Cyanamide 24.8 CH2O Formaldehyde 18.6 CH2O2 Formic acid 19.9 CH3Br Bromomethane 42.8 CH3Cl Chloromethane 32.0 CH3F Fluoromethane 17.8 CH3I Iodomethane 57.2 CH3NO Formamide 23.0 CH3NO2 Nitromethane 21.0 CH4 Methane 17.4 CH4N2O Urea 33.5 CH4O Methanol 21.4 CH5N Methylamine 27.0 CI4 Tetraiodomethane 136 CN4O8 Tetranitromethane 43.0 C2ClF3 Chlorotrifluoroethylene 49.1 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene 81.6 C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane 112.8 C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 65.8Molecular Formula Compound - χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 C2HCl3O Trichloroacetaldehyde 73.0 C2HCl3O Dichloroacetyl chloride 69.0 C2HCl3O2 Trichloroacetic acid 73.0 C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane 99.1 C2HF3O2 Trifluoroacetic acid 43.3 C2H2 Acetylene 20.8 C2H2Br4 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 123.4 C2H2Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethylene 49.2 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 51.0 C2H2Cl2 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 48.9 C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 89.8 C2H3Cl Chloroethylene 35.9 C2H3ClO Acetyl chloride 39.3 C2H3N Acetonitrile 27.8 C2H4 Ethylene 18.8 C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane 78.9 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 57.4 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 59.6 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 22.2 C2H4O Ethylene oxide 30.5 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 31.8 C2H4O2 Methyl formate 31.1 C2H5Br Bromoethane 78.8 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 69.9 C2H5I Iodoethane 69.1 C2H5NO Acetamide 33.9 C2H5NO2 Nitroethane 35.4 C2H5NO2 Glycine 39.6 C2H6 Ethane 26.8 C2H6O Ethanol 33.7 C2H6O Dimethyl ether 26.3 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol 38.9 C2H6S Ethanethiol 47.0 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide 44.9 C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine 46.5 C2N2 Cyanogen 21.6 TeamLRN3-738C3H4 Allene 25.3 C3H4O2 Vinyl formate 34.7 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene 58.6 C3H5Cl 2-Chloropropene 47.8 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 47.8 C3H5N Propanenitrile 38.6 C3H6 Propene 30.7 C3H6 Cyclopropane 39.2 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 36.7 C3H6O Propanal 34.2 C3H6O Acetone 33.8 C3H6O Methyloxirane 42.5 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid 43.2 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 42.4 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 65.6 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane 65.1 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 56.0 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane 84.3 C3H7N Allylamine 40.1 C3H7NO2 1-Nitropropane 45.0 C3H7NO2 2-Nitropropane 45.4 C3H7NO2 Ethyl carbamate 57.0 C3H8 Propane 38.6 C3H8O 1-Propanol 44.8 C3H8O 2-Propanol 45.7 C3H8O2 1,3-Propylene glycol 50.2 C3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane 47.3 C3H8O3 Glycerol 57.1 C4H2O3 Maleic anhydride 35.8 C4H4N2 Pyrazine 37.8 C4H4N2 Pyrimidine 43.1 C4H4O Furan 43.1 C4H4O3 Succinic anhydride 47.5 C4H4O4 Maleic acid 49.6 C4H4O4 Fumaric acid 49.1 C4H4S Thiophene 57.3 C4H5N Pyrrole 48.6 C4H6 1,2-Butadiene 35.6 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene 32.1 C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate 46.4 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride 52.8 C4H6O4 Succinic acid 58.0 C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate 55.7 C4H7N Butanenitrile 50.4 C4H8 1-Butene 41.0 C4H8 cis-2-Butene 42.6 C4H8 trans-2-Butene 43.3 C4H8 Isobutene 40.8 C4H8 Cyclobutane 40.0 C4H8O Ethyl vinyl ether 47.9 C4H8O 1,2-Epoxybutane 54.8 C4H8O Butanal 45.9 C4H8O 2-Butanone 45.6 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid 55.2 C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid 56.1 C4H8O2 Propyl formate 55.0 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 54.1 C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 54.5C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 52.2 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 77.1 C4H9Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 79.9 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 67.1 C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane 67.4 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane 93.6 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 54.8 C4H9NO Morpholine 55.0 C4H10 Butane 50.3 C4H10 Isobutane 50.5 C4H10O 1-Butanol 56.4 C4H10O 2-Butanol 57.6 C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 57.6 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 56.6 C4H10O Diethyl ether 55.5 C4H10O2 1,3-Butanediol 61.8 C4H10O2 1,4-Butanediol 61.8 C4H10S 1-Butanethiol 70.2 C4H11N Butylamine 58.9 C4H11N Isobutylamine 59.8 C4H11N Diethylamine 56.8 C5H4O2 Furfural 47.2 C5H5N Pyridine 48.7 C5H6O2 Furfuryl alcohol 61.0 C5H7NO2 Ethyl cyanoacetate 67.3 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 46.0 C5H8O Cyclopentanone 51.6 C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate 57.3 C5H8O2 2,4-Pentanedione 54.9 C5H10 1-Pentene 54.6 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 54.7 C5H10 Cyclopentane 56.2 C5H10O Cyclopentanol 64.0 C5H10O Pentanal 57.5 C5H10O 2-Pentanone 57.5 C5H10O 3-Pentanone 57.7 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid 66.5 C5H10O2 3-Methylbutanoic acid 67.7 C5H10O2 Butyl formate 65.8 C5H10O2 Isobutyl formate 66.8 C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 65.9 C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate 67.0 C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate 66.3 C5H10O2 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 69.4 C5H10O3 Diethyl carbonate 75.4 C5H11N Piperidine 64.2 C5H12 Pentane 61.5 C5H12 Isopentane 63.0 C5H12 Neopentane 63.0 C5H12O 1-Pentanol 67.0 C5H12O 2-Pentanol 69.1 C5H12O2 1,5-Pentanediol 73.5 C5H13N Pentylamine 69.3 C6Cl6 Hexachlorobenzene 147.0 C6H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 75.5 C6H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 77.2 C6H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 74.7 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene 84.4DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula Compound - χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1Molecular Formula Compound - χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 3-739C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene 84.1 C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene 81.7 C6H4O2 p-Benzoquinone 36 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 78.4 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 69.5 C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol 77.3 C6H5ClO m-Chlorophenol 77.6 C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol 77.7 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 58.4 C6H5I Iodobenzene 92.0 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 61.9 C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol 68.9 C6H5NO3 m-Nitrophenol 65.9 C6H5NO3 p-Nitrophenol 66.9 C6H6 Benzene 54.8 C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline 79.5 C6H6ClN m-Chloroaniline 76.6 C6H6ClN p-Chloroaniline 76.7 C6H6N2O2 o-Nitroaniline 67.4 C6H6N2O2 m-Nitroaniline 69.7 C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline 68.0 C6H6O Phenol 60.6 C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone 64.7 C6H6O2 Pyrocatechol 68.2 C6H6O2 Resorcinol 67.2 C6H7N Aniline 62.4 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 59.8 C6H8 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 48.7 C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine 72.5 C6H8N2 m-Phenylenediamine 70.4 C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine 70.7 C6H10 1,5-Hexadiene 55.1 C6H10 1-Hexyne 64.5 C6H10 Cyclohexene 58.0 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 62.0 C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate 71.7 C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate 81.7 C6H12 1-Hexene 66.4 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene 65.9 C6H12 Cyclohexane 68 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 70.2 C6H12O Hexanal 69.4 C6H12O 2-Hexanone 69.2 C6H12O 3-Hexanone 69.0 C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 69.7 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 73.4 C6H12O2 Hexanoic acid 78.1 C6H12O2 Isopentyl formate 78.4 C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate 78.7 C6H12O2 Propyl propanoate 77.7 C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 86.1 C6H14 Hexane 74.1 C6H14 2-Methylpentane 75.3 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 75.5 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane 76.2 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane 76.2 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 79.5 C6H14O 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 80.4C6H14O Dipropyl ether 79.4 C6H14O2 1,6-Hexanediol 84.3 C6H14O2 1,1-Diethoxyethane 81.4 C6H14O6 D-Glucitol 107.8 C6H15N Triethylamine 83.3 C7H5N Benzonitrile 65.2 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 60.7 C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde 66.8 C7H6O3 Salicylic acid 75 C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 88.7 C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene 82.4 C7H7Cl m-Chlorotoluene 79.7 C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene 80.3 C7H7Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene 81.6 C7H7NO Benzamide 72.0 C7H7NO2 o-Nitrotoluene 72.2 C7H7NO2 m-Nitrotoluene 72.7 C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene 73.3 C7H8 Toluene 65.6 C7H8O o-Cresol 73.3 C7H8O m-Cresol 72.2 C7H8O p-Cresol 72.4 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 71.8 C7H8O Anisole 72.2 C7H9N o-Methylaniline 74.9 C7H9N m-Methylaniline 74.6 C7H9N p-Methylaniline 72.5 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 74.1 C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 71.3 C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 72.5 C7H9NO o-Methoxyaniline [ o-Anisidine] 79.1 C7H12O4 Diethyl malonate 92.6 C7H14 1-Heptene 77.8 C7H14 Cycloheptane 73.9 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 78.9 C7H14O 1-Heptanal 81.0 C7H14O 2-Heptanone 80.5 C7H14O 3-Heptanone 80.7 C7H14O 4-Heptanone 80.5 C7H14O 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 81.1 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid 89.0 C7H14O2 Pentyl acetate 88.9 C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate 89.4 C7H14O2 Butyl propanoate 89.1 C7H14O2 Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 91.1 C7H16 Heptane 85.2 C7H16 3-Ethylpentane 86.2 C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane 87.0 C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane 87.5 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane 87.5 C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane 89.5 C7H16O 1-Heptanol 91.7 C7H16O 4-Heptanol 92.1 C8H4O3 Phthalic anhydride 66.7 C8H6O4 Phthalic acid 83.6 C8H6O4 Isophthalic acid 84.6 C8H6O4 Terephthalic acid 83.5 C8H7N Benzeneacetonitrile 76.9DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula Compound - χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1Molecular Formula Compound - χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 TeamLRN3-740C8H7N Indole 85.0 C8H8 Styrene 68.2 C8H8O Acetophenone 72.5 C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid 84.3 C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid 83.0 C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid 82.4 C8H8O2 Benzeneacetic acid 82.4 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate 81.6 C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate 86.6 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 77.3 C8H10 o-Xylene 77.7 C8H10 m-Xylene 76.4 C8H10 p-Xylene 77.0 C8H10O Phenetole 84.5 C8H11N N-Ethylaniline 85.6 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 85.1 C8H11N 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 83.1 C8H14O4 Ethyl succinate 105.0 C8H16 1-Octene 88.8 C8H16 Cyclooctane 85.3 C8H16O2 Octanoic acid 99.5 C8H16O2 Hexyl acetate 100.9 C8H17Cl 1-Chlorooctane 114.9 C8H18 Octane 96.6 C8H18 4-Methylheptane 97.3 C8H18 3-Ethylhexane 97.8 C8H18 3,4-Dimethylhexane 99.1 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 99.1 C8H18 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 99.8 C8H18O 1-Octanol 101.6 C8H19N Dibutylamine 103.7 C9H7N Quinoline 86.1 C9H7N Isoquinoline 83.9 C9H8 Indene 83 C9H10 Isopropenylbenzene 80.0 C9H10O2 Ethyl benzoate 93.8 C9H10O2 Benzyl acetate 93.2 C9H12 Propylbenzene 89.1 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] 89.5 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 92.3 [Mesitylene] C9H18 1-Nonene 100.1 C9H18O 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 104.3 C9H20 Nonane 108.1 C10H7Br 1-Bromonaphthalene 123.6 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene 107.6 C10H8 Naphthalene 91.6 C10H8 Azulene 123.7 C10H8O 1-Naphthol 96.2 C10H8O 2-Naphthol 96.8 C10H9N 1-Naphthalenamine 92.5 C10H9N 2-Naphthalenamine 98.0C10H10O2 Safrole 97.5 C10H10O4 Dimethyl terephthalate 101.6 C10H14 Butylbenzene 100.7 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene 101.8 C10H14 Isobutylbenzene 101.7 C10H14 p-Cymene 102.8 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 101.2 C10H14O p-tert-Butylphenol 108.0 C10H15N N,N-Diethylaniline 107.9 C10H16 d-Limonene 98.0 C10H16 α-Pinene 100.7 C10H16 β-Pinene 101.9 C10H16O Camphor, (+) 103.0 C10H18 cis-Decahydronaphthalene 107.0 C10H18 trans-Decahydronaphthalene 107.6 C10H22 Decane 119.5 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 102.9 C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 102.7 C11H24 Undecane 131.8 C12H8 Acenaphthylene 111.6 C12H9N Carbazole 119.9 C12H10 Acenaphthene 109.9 C12H10 Biphenyl 103.3 C12H10N2 Azobenzene 106.8 C12H11N Diphenylamine 108.4 C12H14O4 Diethyl phthalate 127.5 C12H18 Hexamethylbenzene 122.5 C12H24O2 Dodecanoic acid 113.0 C13H9N Acridine 118.8 C13H10O Benzophenone 109.6 C13H12 Diphenylmethane 116.0 C13H28 Tridecane 153.7 C14H8O2 9,10-Anthracenedione 113.0 C14H10 Anthracene 129.8 C14H10 Phenanthrene 127.6 C14H10 Diphenylacetylene 116 C14H10O2 Benzil 106.8 C14H12O2 Benzyl benzoate 132.2 C14H14 1,2-Diphenylethane 127.8 C14H28O2 Tetradecanoic acid [Myristic acid] 176.0 C14H30 Tetradecane 166.2 C16H10 Pyrene 147 C16H32O2 Hexadecanoic acid [Palmitic acid] 198.6 C16H34 Hexadecane 187.6 C16H34O 1-Hexadecanol 183.5 C18H12 Chrysene 148.0 C18H14 o-Terphenyl 150.4 C18H14 m-Terphenyl 155.5 C18H14 p-Terphenyl 156.0 C18H34O2 cis-9-Octadecenoic acid 208.5 [Oleic acid] C18H36O2 Octadecanoic acid [Steric acid] 220.8 C20H12 Perylene 167.5DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula Compound - χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1Molecular Formula Compound - χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds The Elements Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25°C Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals Crystallographic Data on Minerals TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS C. R. Hammond One of the most striking facts about the elements is their unequal distribution and occurrence in nature. Present knowledge of the chemical composition of the universe, obtained from the study of the spectra of stars and nebulae, indicates that hydrogen is by far the most abundant element and may account for more than 90% of the atoms or about 75% of the mass of the universe. Helium atoms make up most of the remai nder. All of the other elements together contribute only slightly to the total mass. The chemical composition of the universe is undergoing continuous change. Hydrogen is being converted into helium, and helium i s being changed into heavier elements. As time goes on, the ratio of heavier elements increases relative to hydrogen. Presumably, the process i s not reversible. Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle, and more recently, Peebles, Penzias, and others have studied the synthesis of elements i n stars. To explain all of the features of the nuclear abundance curve — obtained by studies of the composition of the earth, meteorites, stars, et c. — it is necessary to postulate that the elements were originally formed by at least eight different processes: (1) hydrogen burning, (2) helium burn ing, (3) χ process, (4) e process, (5) s process, (6) r process, (7) p process, and (8) the X process. The X process is thought to account for the existence of light nuclei such as D, Li, Be, and B. Common metals such as Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ti, Zn, etc. were likely produced early in the history of our galax y. It is also probable that most of the heavy elements on earth and elsewhere in the universe were originally formed in supernovae, or in the hot int erior of stars. Studies of the solar spectrum have led to the identification of 67 elements in the sun’s atmosphere; however, all elements cann ot be identified with the same degree of certainty. Other elements may be present in the sun, although they have not yet been detected spectroscopica lly. The element helium was discovered on the sun before it was found on earth. Some elements such as scandium are relatively more plentiful in the sun and stars than here on earth. Minerals in lunar rocks brought back from the moon on the Apollo missions consist predominantly of plagioclase {(Ca,Na)(Al,Si)O 4O8} and pyroxene {(Ca,Mg,Fe) 2Si2O6} — two minerals common in terrestrial volcanic rock. No new elements have been found on the moon that cannot be accounted for on earth; however, three minerals, armalcolite {(Fe,Mg)Ti2O5}, pyroxferroite {CaFe6(SiO3)7}, and tranquillityite {Fe8(Zr,Y)Ti3Si3O2}, are new. The oldest known terrestrial rocks are about 4 billion years old. One rock, known as the “Genesis Rock,” brought back from the Apollo 15 Mission, is about 4.15 billion years old. This is only about one-half billion years younger than the supposed age of the moon a nd solar system. Lunar rocks appear to be relatively enriched in refractory elements such as chromium, titanium, zirconium, and the rare earths, and i mpoverished in volatile elements such as the alkali metals, in chlorine, and in noble metals such as nickel, platinum, and gold. Even older than the “Genesis Rock” are carbonaceous chondrites, a type of meteorite that has fallen to earth and has been studied. These are some of the most primitive objects of the solar system yet found. The grains making up these objects probably condensed directly out the gaseous nebula from which the sun and planets were born. Most of the condensation of the grains probably was completed within 50,000 years of the time the disk of the nebula was first formed — about 4.6 billion years ago. It is now thought that this type of meteorite may contain a small percentage of presolar dust grains. The relative abundances of the elements of these meteorites are about the same as the abundances found in the sola r chromosphere. The X-ray fluorescent spectrometer sent with the Viking I spacecraft to Mars shows that the Martian soil contains about 12 to 1 6% iron, 14 to 15% silicon, 3 to 8% calcium, 2 to 7% aluminum, and one-half to 2% titanium. The gas chromatograph — mass spectrometer on Viking I I found no trace of organic compounds that should be present if life ever existed there. F. W. Clarke and others have carefully studied the composition of rocks making up the crust of the earth. Oxygen accounts for a bout 47% of the crust, by weight, while silicon comprises about 28% and aluminum about 8%. These elements, plus iron, calcium, sodium, potassiu m, and magnesium, account for about 99% of the composition of the crust. Many elements such as tin, copper, zinc, lead, mercury, silver, platinum, antimony, arsenic, and gold, which are so essential t o our needs and civilization, are among some of the rarest elements in the earth’s crust. These are made available to us only by the processes of concentration in ore bodies. Some of the so-called rare-earth elements have been found to be much more plentiful than originally thought and are about as abundant as uranium, mercury, lead, or bismuth. The least abundant rare-earth or lanthanide element, thulium, is now believed to be more plentiful on earth than silver, cadmium, gold, or iodine, for example. Rubidium, the 16th most abundant element, is more plentiful than chlorine while its compounds are little known in chemistry and commerce. It is now thought that at least 24 elements are essential to living matter. The four most abundant in the human body are hydrog en, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. The seven next most common, in order of abundance, are calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, potassium, sulfur, sodium, and magnesium. Iron, copper, zinc, silicon, iodine, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, fluorine, tin, chromium, selenium, and vanadium are needed and play a role in living matter. Boron is also thought essential for some plants, and it is possible that aluminum, nickel, and germanium may tur n out to be necessary. Ninety-one elements occur naturally on earth. Minute traces of plutonium-244 have been discovered in rocks mined in Southern Ca lifornia. This discovery supports the theory that heavy elements were produced during creation of the solar system. While technetium and prome thium have not yet been found naturally on earth, they have been found to be present in stars. Technetium has been identified in the spectra of ce rtain “late” type stars, and promethium lines have been identified in the spectra of a faintly visible star HR465 in Andromeda. Promethium must have bee n made very recently near the star’s surface for no known isotope of this element has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. It has been suggested that californium is present in certain stellar explosions known as supernovae; however, this has not been proved. At present no elements are found elsewhere in the universe that cannot be accounted for here on earth. All atomic mass numbers from 1 to 238 are found naturally on earth except for masses 5 and 8. About 285 relatively stable and 6 7 naturally radioactive isotopes occur on earth totaling 352. In addition, the neutron, technetium, promethium, and the transuranic element s (lying beyond uranium) have now been produced artificially. In June 1999, scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory reported that they h ad found evidence of an isotope of Element 118 and its immediate decay products of Elements 116, 114, and 112. This sequence of events tended to rei nforce the theory that was predicted since the 1970s that an “island of stability” existed for nuclei with approximately 114 protons and 184 neut rons. This “island” refers to nuclei in which the decay lasts for a period of time instead of a decay that occurs instantaneously. However, on July 27, 20 01, researchers at LBNL reported that their laboratory and the facilities at the GSI Laboratory in Germany and at Japanese laboratories failed to confi rm the results of their earlier experiments where the fusion of a krypton atom with a lead target resulted in Element 118, with chains of decay leading to Elem ents 116, 114, and 112, and on down to Element 106. Therefore, the discovery was reported to be spurious. However, with the announcement it was sa id that different 4-1 THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-2experiments at the Livermore Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia indicated that Element 116 ha d since been created directly. (See also under Elements 116 and 118.) Laboratory processes have now extended the radioactive element mass numbers beyond 238 to about 280. Each element from atomic n umbers 1 to 110 is known to have at least one radioactive isotope. As of December 2001, about 3286 isotopes and isomers were thought to be known and recognized. Many stable and radioactive isotopes are now produced and distributed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ri dge, Tenn., U.S.A., to customers licensed by the U.S. Department of Energy. The nucleus of an atom is characterized by the number of protons it contains, denoted by Z, and by the number of neutrons, N. Isotopes of an element have the same value of Z, but different values of N. The mass number A, is the sum of Z and N. For example, Uranium-238 has a mass number of 238, and contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons. There is evidence that the definition of chemical elements must be broadened to include the electron. Several compounds known a s electrides, have recently been made of alkaline metal elements and electrons. A relatively stable combination of a positron and electron, known as positronium, has also been studied. The well-known proton, neutron, and electron are now thought to be members of a group that includes other fundamental particles that have been discovered or hypothesized by physicists. These very elemental particles, of which all matter is made, are now thought to belon g to one of two families: namely, quarks or leptons . Each of these two families consists of six particles. Also, there are four different force carriers that lead to interactions between particles. The six members or “flavors” of the quark family are called up, charm , top, down , strange , and bottom . The force carriers for the quarks are the gluon and the photon . The six members of the lepton family are the e neutrino , the mu neutrino , the tau neutrino , the electron , the muon particle , and the tau particle . The force carriers for these are the w boson and the z boson . Furthermore, it appears that each of these particles has an anti-particle that has an opposite electrical charge from the above particles. Quarks are not found individually, but are found with other quarks arranged to form composites known as hadrons . There are two basic types of hadrons: baryons , composed of three quarks, and mesons , composed of a quark and an anti-quark. Examples of baryons are the neutron and the proton. Neutrons are made of two down quarks and one up quark. Protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark. An example of the meson is the pion . This particle is made of an up quark and a down anti-quark. Such particles are unstable and tend to decay rapidly. The anti-p article of the proton is the anti-proton. The exception to the rule is the electron, whose anti-particle is the positron . In recent years a search has been made for a hypothetical particle known as the Higgs particle or Higgs boson , suggested in 1966 by Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh, which could possibly explain why the carriers of the “electro-weak” field (w and z bosons) have mass. The Higgs particle is thought to be responsible possibly for the mass of objects throughout the universe. Many physicists now hold that all matter and energy in the universe is controlled by four fundamental forces: the electromagnetic force , gravity , a weak nuclear force , and a strong nuclear force . The gluon binds quarks together by carrying the strong nuclear force. Each of these natural forces is passed back and forth among the basic particles of matter by the force carriers mentioned above. The electromagnetic force i s carried by the photon, the weak nuclear force by the intermediate vector boson , and the gravity by the graviton . For more complete information on these fundamental particles, please consult recent articles and books on nuclear or particle p hysics. The available evidence leads to the conclusion that elements 89 (actinium) through 103 (lawrencium) are chemically similar to t he rare-earth or lanthanide elements (elements 57 to 71, inclusive). These elements therefore have been named actinides after the first member of this series. Those elements beyond uranium that have been produced artificially have the following names and symbols: neptunium, 93 (Np); plutoniu m, 94 (Pu); americium, 95 (Am); curium, 96 (Cm); berkelium, 97 (Bk); californium, 98 (Cf); einsteinium, 99 (Es); fermium, 100 (Fm); mendele vium, 101 (Md); nobelium, 102 (No); and lawrencium, 103 (Lr). It is now claimed that Elements 104 through 112 have been produced and identified . More recently, Elements 118, 116, and 114 were reported found (see Element 118). In August 1997, the International Union of Pure and Applied C hemistry (IUPAC) gave final approval to the following names for Elements 104 to 109: Element 104 — rutherfordium (Rf); Element 105 — dubnium (Db ); Element 106 — seaborgium (Sg); Element 107 — bohrium (Bh); Element 108 — hassium (Hs); and Element 109 — meitnerium (Mt). The recently disc overed elements 110, 111, 112, 114, etc. have not yet been named, but may carry temporary names as designated by the International Uni on of Pure and Applied Chemistry. IUPAC recommends that until the existence of a new element is proven to their satisfaction, the elements are to have names and symbols derived according to these precise and simple rules: The name is based on the digits in the element’s atomic number. Each digit is replaced with these expressions, with the end using the usual –ium suffix as follows: 0 nil, 1 un, 2 bi, 3 tri, 4 quad, 5 pent, 6 hex, 7 sept, 8 oct, 9 enn . Double letter i’s are not used, as for example Ununbiium, but would be Ununbium. The symbol used would be the first letter of the three main syll ables. For example, Element 126 would be Unbihexium, with the symbol Ubh. It is thought there is a possibility of producing elements beyond Element 116 and discovering Elements 117, 115, and 113 by altering the beams of ions and the targets from those now being used. There are many claims in the literature of the existence of various allotropic modifications of the elements, some of which are based on doubtful or incomplete evidence. Also, the physical properties of an element may change drastically by the presence of small amounts of impurities. With new methods of purification, which are now able to produce elements with 99.9999% purity, it has been necessary to restudy the prop erties of the elements. For example, the melting point of thorium changes by several hundred degrees by the presence of a small percentage of ThO 2 as an impurity. Ordinary commercial tungsten is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Pure tungsten, however, can be cut with a hacksaw, forge d, spun, drawn, or extruded. In general, the value of a physical property given here applies to the pure element, when it is known. Many of the chemical elements and their compounds are toxic and should be handled with due respect and care. In recent years th ere has been a greatly increased knowledge and awareness of the health hazards associated with chemicals, radioactive materials, and other age nts. Anyone working with the elements and certain of their compounds should become thoroughly familiar with the proper safeguards to be taken. Inf ormation on specific hazards and recommended exposure limits may also be found in Section 16. Reference should also be made to publications such as the following: 1.Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Labor. With additions found in issues of the Federal Register . 2.Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Energy. With additions found in issues of the Federal Register . (Published by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Supt. of Documents.) 3.Occupational Safety and Health Reporter (latest edition with amendments and corrections), Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, D.C. TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-34.Atomic Energy Law Reporter, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, IL. 5.Nuclear Regulation Reporter, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, IL. 6.TLVs® Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents is issued annually be the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio. 7.The Sigma Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data. Vol. 3, Robert E. Lenga and Kristine L. Volonpal, Sigma Chemical Co. and Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc. 1993. 8.Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, Richard J. Lewis, Sr., 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, Dec. 1997. 9.Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed., Noyes Publications, 2001/2. 10.Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials , Richard J. Lewis and N. Irving Sax, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999. 11.World Wide Limits for Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals in Air, Water, and Soil, Marshall Sittig, Noyes Publishers. The prices of elements as indicated in this article are intended to be only a rough guide. Prices may vary, over time, widely w ith supplier, quantity, and purity. Actinium — (Gr. aktis, aktinos, beam or ray), Ac; at. wt. (227); at. no. 89; m.p. 1051 °C, b.p. 3200 ± 300°C (est.); sp. gr. 10.07 (calc.). Discovered by Andre Debierne in 1899 and independently by F. Giesel in 1902. Occurs naturally in association with uranium minerals. Thirty four isotopes and isomers are now recognized. All are radioactive. Actinium-227, a decay product of uranium-235, is an alpha and beta emitter wit h a 21.77-year half- life. Its principal decay products are thorium-227 (18.72-day half-life), radium-223 (11.4-day half-life), and a number of shor t-lived products including radon, bismuth, polonium, and lead isotopes. In equilibrium with its decay products, it is a powerful source of alpha rays. Act inium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor at about 1100 to 1300 °C. The chemical behavior of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. Purified actinium comes into equilibrium with its decay products at the end of 185 day s, and then decays according to its 21.77-year half-life. It is about 150 times as active as radium, making it of value in the production of neutr ons. Actinium-225, with a purity of 99%, is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to holders of a permit for about $500/millicurie, plus pac king charges. Aluminum — (L. alumen, alum ), Al; at. wt. 26.981539(5); at. no. 13; f.p. 660.323 °C; b.p. 2519 °C; sp. gr. 2.6989 (20 °C); valence 3. The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum in medicine as an astringent, and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal. Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name alumium for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum . Shortly thereafter, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the “ium” ending of most elements, and this spelling is now in use elsewhere in the world. Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. The method of obtaining aluminum metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production, but has been replaced by an artificial mix ture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides. Bauxite, an impure hydrated oxide ore, is found in large deposits in Jamaica, Australia, Suriname, Guyana, Russia, Arkansas, and elsewhere. The Bayer process is most commonly used today to refine bauxite so it can be accommodated in the Hall- Heroult refining process, used to make most aluminum. Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at pr esent. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth’s crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the miner als mentioned above, it is found in feldspars, granite, and in many other common minerals. Twenty-two isotopes and isomers are known. Natural aluminum is made of one isotope, 27Al. Pure aluminum, a silvery-white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nontoxic, has a pleasing appea rance, can easily be formed, machined, or cast, has a high thermal conductivity, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is nonmagnetic and no nsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used for kitchen utensils, outside buildin g decoration, and in thousands of industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although its electrical conductivity i s only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but it can be alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, and other elements to impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for bot h visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They have fou nd application in coatings for telescope mirrors, in making decorative paper, packages, toys, and in many other uses. The compounds of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, the sulfate, and the soluble sulfate with potassium (alum). The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby, sapphire, corundum, a nd emery, and is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and sapphire have found application in the construction of lasers for producing coherent light. In 1852, the price of aluminum was about $1200/kg, and just before Hall’s discovery in 1886, about $25/kg. The price rapidly dropped to 60¢ and has been as low as 33¢/kg. The price in December 2001 was about 64¢/lb or $1.40/kg. Americium — (the Americas), Am; at. wt. 243; at. no. 95; m.p. 1176 °C; b.p. 2011 °C; sp. gr. 13.67 (20 °C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Americium was the fourth transuranium element to be discovered; the isotope 241Am was identified by Seaborg, James, Morgan, and Ghiorso late in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago as the result of successive neutron capture reactions by plutoniu m isotopes in a nuclear reactor: Since the isotope 241Am can be prepared in relatively pure form by extraction as a decay product over a period of years from strongly neutron- bombarded plutonium, 241Pu, this isotope is used for much of the chemical investigation of this element. Better suited is the isotope 243Am due to its longer half-life (7.37 × 103 years as compared to 432.2 years for 241Am). A mixture of the isotopes 241Am, 242Am, and 243Am can be prepared by intense neutron irradiation of 241Am according to the reactions 241Am (n, γ) → 242Am (n, γ) → 243Am. Nearly isotopically pure 243Am can be prepared by a sequence of neutron bombardments and chemical separations as follows: neutron bombardment of 241Am yields 242Pu by the reactions 241Am (n, γ) → 242Am → 242Pu, after chemical separation the 242Pu can be transformed to 243Am via the reactions 242Pu (n, γ) → 243Pu → 243Am, and the 243Am can239 240 241 241Pu n Pu n Pu Am ,,γγβ() → () → →  THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-4be chemically separated. Fairly pure 242Pu can be prepared more simply by very intense neutron irradiation of 239Pu as the result of successive neutron- capture reactions. Seventeen radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Americium metal has been prepared by reducing the trifluoride with barium vapor at 1000 to 1200 °C or the dioxide by lanthanum metal. The luster of freshly prepared americium metal is white and more silvery than plutonium or neptunium prepared in the same manner. It appears to be more malleable than uranium or neptunium and tarnishe s slowly in dry air at room temperature. Americium is thought to exist in two forms: an alpha form which has a double hexagonal close-packed st ructure and a loose- packed cubic beta form. Americium must be handled with great care to avoid personal contamination. As little as 0.03 µCi of 241Am is the maximum permissible total body burden. The alpha activity from 241Am is about three times that of radium. When gram quantities of 241Am are handled, the intense gamma activity makes exposure a serious problem. Americium dioxide, AmO 2, is the most important oxide. AmF3, AmF4, AmCl3, AmBr3, AmI3, and other compounds have been prepared. The isotope 241Am has been used as a portable source for gamma radiography. It has also been used as a radioactive glass thickness gage for the flat glass industry, and as a source of ionization for smoke detectors. Americum-243 ( 99%) is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a cost of about $750/g plus packing charges. Antimony — (Gr. anti plus monos — a metal not found alone), Sb; at. wt. 121.760(1); at. no. 51; m.p. 630.63 °C; b.p. 1587 °C; sp. gr. 6.691 (20 °C); valence 0, –3, +3, or +5. Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier. It is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found native, but more fre quently as the sulfide, stibnite (Sb 2S3); it is also found as antimonides of the heavy metals, and as oxides. It is extracted from the sulfide by roasting to the oxid e, which is reduced by salt and scrap iron; from its oxides it is also prepared by reduction with carbon. Two allotropic forms of antimony exist: the normal stable, metallic form, and the amorphous gray form. The so-called explosive antimony is an ill-defined material always containing an ap preciable amount of halogen; therefore, it no longer warrants consideration as a separate allotrope. The yellow form, obtained by oxidation of stibine, SbH 3, is probably impure, and is not a distinct form. Natural antimony is made of two stable isotopes, 121Sb and 123Sb. Forty five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Metallic antimony is an extremely brittle metal of a flaky, crystalline texture. It is bluish white and has a metallic luster. It is not acted on by air at room temperature, but burns brilliantly when heated with the formation of white fumes of Sb 2O3. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, and has a hardness of 3 to 3.5. Antimony, available commercially with a purity of 99.999 + %, is finding use in se miconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes, and Hall-effect devices. Commercial-grade antimony is widely used in alloys with percent ages ranging from 1 to 20. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small a rms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodiu m antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery. Ta rtar emetic (hydrated potassium antimonyl tartate) has been used in medicine. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic. Antimony costs about $1.3 0/kg or about $12/g (99.999%). Argon — (Gr. argos, inactive), Ar; at. wt. 39.948(1); at. no. 18; m.p. –189.35 °C; b.p. –185.85 °C; tc -122.28; density 1.7837 g/l. Its presence in air was suspected by Cavendish in 1785, discovered by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894. The gas is prepared by frac tionation of liquid air, the atmosphere containing 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 p.p.m. of 36Ar. Argon is two and one half times as soluble in water as nitrogen, having about the same solubility as oxygen. It is recognized by the characteristic lines in the r ed end of the spectrum. It is used in electric light bulbs and in fluorescent tubes at a pressure of about 400 Pa, and in filling photo tubes, glow tubes, etc. Argon is also used as an inert gas shield for arc welding and cutting, as a blanket for the production of titanium and other reactive elements, and a s a protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals. Argon is colorless and odorless, both as a gas and liquid. It is available in high- purity form. Commercial argon is available at a cost of about 3¢ per cubic foot. Argon is considered to be a very inert gas and is not known to form tr ue chemical compounds, as do krypton, xenon, and radon. However, it does form a hydrate having a dissociation pressure of 105 atm at 0 °C. Ion molecules such as (ArKr)+, (ArXe)+, (NeAr)+ have been observed spectroscopically. Argon also forms a clathrate with β-hydroquinone. This clathrate is stable and can be stored for a considerable time, but a true chemical bond does not exist. Van der Waals’ forces act to hold the argon. In August 2000, researchers at the University of Helsinki, Finland reported they made a new argon compound HArF by shining UV light on frozen argon that contained a small amount of HF. Naturally occurring argon is a mixture of three isotopes. Seventeen other radioactive isotopes are now known to exist. C ommercial argon is priced at about $70/300 cu. ft. or 8.5 cu. meters. Arsenic — (L. arsenicum, Gr. arsenikon, yellow orpiment, identified with arsenikos, male, from the belief that metals were different sexes; Arabic, Az-zernikh, the orpiment from Persian zerni-zar , gold), As; at. wt. 74.92160(2); at. no. 33; valence –3, 0, +3 or +5. Elemental arsenic occurs in two solid modifications: yellow, and gray or metallic, with specific gravities of 1.97, and 5.73, respectively. Gray arsenic, the o rdinary stable form, has a triple point of 817 °C and sublimes at 614 °C and has a critical temperature of 1400 °C. Several other allotropic forms of arsenic are reported in the literature. It is believed that Albertus Magnus obtained the element in 1250 A.D. In 1649 Schroeder published two methods of pr eparing the element. It is found native, in the sulfides realgar and orpiment, as arsenides and sulfarsenides of heavy metals, as the oxide, and as arsenates. Mispickel, arsenopyrite, (FeSAs) is the most common mineral, from which on heating the arsenic sublimes leaving ferrous sulfide. The eleme nt is a steel gray, very brittle, crystalline, semimetallic solid; it tarnishes in air, and when heated is rapidly oxidized to arsenous oxide (As2O3) with the odor of garlic. Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous. Exposure to arsenic and its compounds should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 as elemental As during an 8-h work day. These values, however, are being studied, and may be lowered. Arsenic is also used in bronzing, pyrotechny, and for harden ing and improving the sphericity of shot. The most important compounds are white arsenic (As 2O3), the sulfide, Paris green 3Cu(AsO2)2 · Cu(C2H3O2)2, calcium arsenate, and lead arsenate; the last three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. Marsh’s test makes use of the format ion and ready decomposition of arsine (AsH3). Arsenic is available in high-purity form. It is finding increasing uses as a doping agent in solid-state devices such as transistors. Gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light. Natural arsen ic is made of one isotope 75As. Thirty other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Arsenic (99%) costs about $75/50g. Purified arsenic (99.9995%) costs a bout $50/g. Astatine — (Gr. astatos, unstable), At; at. wt. (210); at. no. 85; m.p. 300 °C (est.); valence probably 1, 3, 5, or 7. Synthesized in 1940 by D. R. Corson, K. R. MacKenzie, and E. Segre at the University of California by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles. The longest-lived iso tope, 210At, has a half-life of only 8.1 hours. Thirty-six other isotopes and isomers are now known. Minute quantities of 215At, 218At, and 219At exist in equilibrium in nature with naturally occurring uranium and thorium isotopes, and traces of 217At are equilibrium with 233U and 239Np resulting from interaction of thorium and uranium with naturally produced neutrons. The total amount of astatine present in the earth’s crust, however, is pr obably less than 1 oz. Astatine can be produced by bombarding bismuth with energetic alpha particles to obtain the relatively long-lived 209–211At, which can be distilled TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-5from the target by heating it in air. Only about 0.05 µg of astatine has been prepared to date. The “time of flight” mass spectrometer has been used to confirm that this highly radioactive halogen behaves chemically very much like other halogens, particularly iodine. The inte rhalogen compounds AtI, AtBr, and AtCl are known to form, but it is not yet known if astatine forms diatomic astatine molecules. HAt and CH 3At (methyl astatide) have been detected. Astatine is said to be more metallic that iodine, and, like iodine, it probably accumulates in the thyroid gland . Workers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory have recently used reactive scattering in crossed molecular beams to identify and measure elementary reacti ons involving astatine. Barium — (Gr. barys, heavy), Ba; at. wt. 137.327(7), at. no. 56; m.p. 727 °C; b.p. 1897 °C; sp. gr. 3.5 (20 °C); valence 2. Baryta was distinguished from lime by Scheele in 1774; the element was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. It is found only in combination with oth er elements, chiefly in barite or heavy spar (sulfate) and witherite (carbonate) and is prepared by electrolysis of the chloride. Large deposits of barite are found in China, Germany, India, Morocco, and in the U.S. Barium is a metallic element, soft, and when pure is silvery white like lead; it belon gs to the alkaline earth group, resembling calcium chemically. The metal oxidizes very easily and should be kept under petroleum or other suitable oxyge n-free liquids to exclude air. It is decomposed by water or alcohol. The metal is used as a “getter” in vacuum tubes. The most important compound s are the peroxide (BaO 2), chloride, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, and chlorate. Lithopone, a pigment containing barium sulfate and zinc sulfide, has go od covering power, and does not darken in the presence of sulfides. The sulfate, as permanent white or blanc fixe, is also used in paint, in X-ray diagnostic work, and in glassmaking. Barite is extensively used as a weighting agent in oilwell drilling fluids, and also in making rubber. The carbonate has been used as a rat poison, while the nitrate and chlorate give green colors in pyrotechny. The impure sulfide phosphoresces after exposure to the light. The compounds and the metal are not expensive. Barium metal (99.2 + % pure) costs about $3/g. All barium compounds that are water or acid sol uble are poisonous. Naturally occurring barium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Thirty six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known t o exist. Berkelium — (Berkeley, home of the University of California), Bk; at. wt. (247); at. no. 97; m.p. 1050 °C; valence 3 or 4; sp. gr. 14 (est.). Berkelium, the eighth member of the actinide transition series, was discovered in December 1949 by Thompson, Ghiorso, and Seaborg, and was the fifth transuranium element synthesized. It was produced by cyclotron bombardment of milligram amounts of 241Am with helium ions at Berkeley, California. The first isotope produced had a mass number of 243 and decayed with a half-life of 4.5 hours. Thirteen isotopes ar e now known and have been synthesized. The existence of 249Bk, with a half-life of 320 days, makes it feasible to isolate berkelium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. One of the first visible amounts of a pure berkelium compound, berkelium chlor ide, was produced in 1962. It weighed 3 billionth of a gram. Berkelium probably has not yet been prepared in elemental form, but it is expected t o be a silvery metal, easily soluble in dilute mineral acids, and readily oxidized by air or oxygen at elevated temperatures to form the oxide. X-ray diffraction methods have been used to identify the following compounds: BkO2, BkO3, BkF3, BkCl, and BkOCl. As with other actinide elements, berkelium tends to accumulate in the skeletal system. The maximum permissible body burden of 249Bk in the human skeleton is about 0.0004 µg. Because of its rarity, berkelium presently has no commercial or technological use. Berkelium most likely resembles terbium with respect to chemical properties. Berkelium-249 is available from O.R.N.L. at a cost of $185/ µg plus packing charges. Beryllium — (Gr. beryllos, beryl; also called Glucinium or Glucinum, Gr. glykys, sweet), Be; at. wt. 9.012182(3); at no. 4; m.p. 1287 °C; b.p. 2471 °C; sp. gr. 1.848 (20 °C); valence 2. Discovered as the oxide by Vauquelin in beryl and in emeralds in 1798. The metal was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and by Bussy independently by the action of potassium on beryllium chloride. Beryllium is found in some 30 mineral speci es, the most important of which are bertrandite, beryl, chrysoberyl, and phenacite. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of beryl. Beryllium minerals are found in the U.S., Brazil, Russia, Kazakhstan, and elsewhere. Colombia is known for its emeralds. Beryl (3BeO · Al2O3 · 6SiO2) and bertrandite (4BeO · 2SiO2 · H2O) are the most important commercial sources of the element and its compounds. Most of the metal is now prepared by reducing be ryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Beryllium metal did not become readily available to industry until 1957. The metal, steel gray i n color, has many desirable properties. It is one of the lightest of all metals, and has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. I ts modulus of elasticity is about one third greater than that of steel. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity, and is nonmagnetic. It has a high permeability to X-rays, and when bombarded by alpha particles, as from radium or polonium, neutrons are produced in the ratio o f about 30 neutrons/ million alpha particles. At ordinary temperatures beryllium resists oxidation in air, although its ability to scratch glass is probably due to the formation of a thin layer of the oxide. Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper which is extensively used fo r springs, electrical contacts, spot-welding electrodes, and nonsparking tools. It has found application as a structural material for high-speed airc raft, missiles, spacecraft, and communication satellites. It is being used in the windshield frame, brake discs, support beams, and other structural compon ents of the space shuttle. Because beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays, ultra-thin Be-foil is finding use in X-ray lithography for reproduction of microminiature integrated circuits. Natural beryllium is made of 9Be and is stable. Eight other radioactive isotopes are known. Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator for it has a low thermal neutron absorption cross section. It is used in gyroscopes, computer parts, and instruments where lightness, stiffness, and dimensional stability are required. The oxide has a very high m elting point and is also used in nuclear work and ceramic applications. Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of car e. Beryllium and its compounds should not be tasted to verify the sweetish nature of beryllium (as did early experimenters). The metal, its alloys, and its salts can be handled safely if certain work codes are observed, but no attempt should be made to work with beryllium before becoming familiar with p roper safeguards. Beryllium metal is available at a cost of about $5/g (99.5% pure). Bismuth — (Ger. Weisse Masse, white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum ), Bi; at. wt. 208.98038(2); at. no. 83; m.p. 271.4 °C; b.p. 1564 °C; sp. gr. 9.747 (20 °C); valence 3 or 5. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753. It is a white crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs native. The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, a nd the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e ., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). “Bismanol” is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making o f sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting allo ys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons a nd is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide . The metal is also used as a thermocouple material, and has found application as a carrier for U235 or U233 fuel in atomic reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-6insoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extens ively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine. Natural bismuth contains only one isotope 209Bi. Forty-four isotopes and isomers of bismuth are known. Bismuth metal (99.5%) costs about $250/kg. Bohrium — (Named after Niels Bohr [1885-1962], Danish atomic and nuclear physicist.) Bh; at.wt. [262]. at.no. 107. Bohrium is expected t o have chemical properties similar to rhenium. This element was synthesized and unambiguously identified in 1981 using the Universal L inear Accelerator (UNILAC) at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (G.S.I.) in Darmstadt, Germany. The discovery team was led by Armbruster and Münzenberg. The reaction producing the element was proposed and applied earlier by a Dubna Group led by Oganessian in 1976. A t arget of 209Bi was bombarded by a beam of 54Cr ions. In 1983 experiments at Dubna using the 157-inch cyclotron, produced 262107 by the reaction 209Bi + 54Cr. The alpha decay of 246Cf, the sixth member in the decay chain of 262107, served to establish a 1-neutron reaction channel. The IUPAC adopted the name Bohrium with the symbol Bh for Element 107 in August 1997. Five isotopes of bohrium are now recognized. One isotope of bohrium appears to have a relatively long life of 15 seconds. Work on this relatively long-lived isotope has been performed with the 88-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence-Berkeley National Laboratory. Boron — (Ar. Buraq, Pers. Burah ), B; at. wt. 10.811(7); at. no. 5; m.p. 2075 °C; b.p. 4000 °C; sp. gr. of crystals 2.34, of amorphous variety 2.37; valence 3. Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually in certain volcanic spri ng waters and as borates in borax and colemanite. Ulexite, another boron mineral, is interesting as it is nature’s own version of “fiber optics.” Important sources of boron are the ores rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore). Both of these ores are found in the Mojave Desert. Tincal is the most important source of boron from the Mojave. Extensive borax deposits are also found in Turkey. Boron exists naturally as 19.9% 10B isotope and 80.1% 11B isotope. Ten other isotopes of boron are known. High-purity crystalline boron may be prepared by the vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or tribromi de with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. The impure, or amorphous, boron, a brownish-black powder, can be obtained by heating the trioxid e with magnesium powder. Boron of 99.9999% purity has been produced and is available commercially. Elemental boron has an energy band gap of 1.5 0 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium. It has interesting optical characteristics, transmitting portions of the infrared, and is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature, but a good conductor at high temperature. Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter. By far the most commercially important boron compound in terms of dollar sales is Na2B4O7 · 5H2O. This pentahydrate is used in very large quantities in the manufacture of insulation fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach. Bor ic acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile fiberglass and in cellulose insulation as a flame retardant. Next in order of impo rtance is borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O) which is used principally in laundry products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in terms of dollars and tons. Boro n compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactor s, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a ma terial as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. It also has lubricating properties simila r to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. Demand is increasing fo r boron filaments, a high- strength, lightweight material chiefly employed for advanced aerospace structures. Boron is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carboranes, metalloboranes, phosphacarboranes, and other families comprise thousands of c ompounds. Crystalline boron (99.5%) costs about $6/g. Amorphous boron (94–96%) costs about $1.50/g. Elemental boron and the borates are n ot considered to be toxic, and they do not require special care in handling. However, some of the more exotic boron hydrogen compounds are defin itely toxic and do require care. Bromine — (Gr. bromos, stench), Br; at. wt. 79.904(1); at. no. 35; m.p. –7.2 °C; b.p. 58.8 °C; tc 315°C; density of gas 7.59 g/l, liquid 3.12 (20 °C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860. A member of the halogen group of elements, it is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Little bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only a bout 85 ppm. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature t o a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in wa ter or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bl eaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken whe n handling it. Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in making gasoline an tiknock compounds. Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced, due to environmental considerations. This will greatly affect future p roduction of bromine. Bromine is also used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizers, ino rganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important. Natural bromine is made of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Thirty-four isotopes and isomers are known. Bromine (99.8%) costs about $70/kg. Cadmium — (L. cadmia; Gr. kadmeia — ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate), Cd; at. wt. 112.411(8); at. no. 48; m.p. 321.07 °C; b.p. 767 °C; sp. gr. 8.65 (20 °C); valence 2. Discovered by Stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium most often occurs in small quantitie s associated with zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite (CdS) is the only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatment of zinc, copper, and lead ores. It is a soft, bluish-white metal which is easily c ut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc. It is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coeffic ients of friction and great resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in ma ny types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for Ni-Cd batteries, and as a barrier to control atomic fission. The market for Ni-Cd batteries is expected to gr ow significantly in the next few years. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tube s. It forms a number of salts, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and solutions of its compounds are toxic. Failure to appreciate the toxic properties of cadmium may cause workers to be unwittingly exposed to dangerous fumes. Some silver solders, for example, contain cadmium and should be handled with care. Serious toxicity problems have been found from long-term exposure and work with cadmiu m plating baths. Cadmium is present in certain phosphate rocks. This has raised concerns that the long-term use of certain phosphate fertilizers might pose a health hazard from levels of cadmium that might enter the food chain. In 1927 the International Conference on Weights and Measures red efined the meter in terms of the wavelength of the red cadmium spectral line (i.e. 1 m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has been cha nged (see under TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-7Krypton). The current price of cadmium is about 50¢/g (99.5%). It is available in high purity form for about $550/kg. Natural c admium is made of eight isotopes. Thirty four other isotopes and isomers are now known and recognized. Calcium — (L. calx, lime), Ca; at. wt. 40.078(4); at. no. 20; m.p. 842 °C; b.p. 1484 °C; sp. gr. 1.55 (20 °C); valence 2. Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century under the name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal. Calcium is a metallic element, fif th in abundance in the earth’s crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never fo und in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O), and fluorite (CaF2); apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium. The metal has a silvery color, is rather hard, and is prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride to which calcium fluoride is added to lower the melting point. Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of oxide in air, reacts with water , burns with a yellow-red flame, forming largely the oxide. The metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals such as thorium, uranium, zir conium, etc., and is used as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, and inclusion modifier for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys. It is also used as an alloying agent for aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys, and serves as a “getter” for residual gases in vacuum tubes, etc. Its natural an d prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), made by heating limestone and changed into slaked lime by the careful addition of water, is t he great cheap base of chemical industry with countless uses. Mixed with sand it hardens as mortar and plaster by taking up carbon dioxide from the air. Calcium from limestone is an important element in Portland cement. The solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide causes the formation of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water. Other important compounds are the carbide (CaC2), chloride (CaCl2), cyanamide (CaCN 2), hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and sulfide (CaS). Calcium sulfide is phosphorescent after being exposed to light. Natural calcium contains six isotopes. Sixteen other radioactive isotopes are known. Metallic calcium (99.5%) costs about $200/ kg. Californium — (State and University of California), Cf; at. wt. (251); m.p. 900 °C; at. no. 98. Californium, the sixth transuranium element to be discovered, was produced by Thompson, Street, Ghioirso, and Seaborg in 1950 by bombarding microgram quantities of 242Cm with 35 MeV helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. Californium (III) is the only ion stable in aqueous solutions, all attempts to reduce o r oxidize californium (III) having failed. The isotope 249Cf results from the beta decay of 249Bk while the heavier isotopes are produced by intense neutron irradiation by the reactions: followed by The existence of the isotopes 249Cf, 250Cf, 251Cf, and 252Cf makes it feasible to isolate californium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. Californium-252 is a very strong neutron emitter. One microgram releases 170 million neutrons per minute, which presents biological hazards. Proper safeguards should be used in handling californium. Twenty isotopes of californium are now recognized. 249Cf and 252Cf have half-lives of 351 years and 900 years, respectively. In 1960 a few tenths of a microgram of californium trichloride, Cf Cl3, californium oxychloride, CfOCl, and californium oxide, Cf2O3, were first prepared. Reduction of californium to its metallic state has not yet been accomplished. Because californium is a very efficient source of neutrons, many new uses are expected for it. It has already fou nd use in neutron moisture gages and in well-logging (the determination of water and oil-bearing layers). It is also being used as a portable neutron sour ce for discovery of metals such as gold or silver by on-the-spot activation analysis. 252Cf is now being offered for sale by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (O.R.N.L.) at a cost of $60/ µg and 249Cf at a cost of $185/ µg plus packing charges. It has been suggested that californium may be produced in certain stellar explosions, called supernovae, for the radioactive decay of 254Cf (55-day half-life) agrees with the characteristics of the light curves of such explosions observed through telescopes. This suggestion, however, is questioned. Californium is expected to have chemical properties similar to dys prosium. Carbon — (L. carbo, charcoal), C; at. wt. 12.0107(8); at. no. 6; sublimes at 3642 °C; triple point (graphite-liquid-gas), 4492 °C at a pressure of 101.325 kPa; sp. gr. amorphous 1.8 to 2.1, graphite 1.9 to 2.3, diamond 3.15 to 3.53 (depending on variety); gem diamond 3.513 (25°C); valence 2, 3, or 4. Carbon, an element of prehistoric discovery, is very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun , stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite or lamporite of ancient formations called “pipes,” such as found in South Africa, Arkansas, and elsewhere. Diamonds are now also being recov ered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. About 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically. Th e energy of the sun and stars can be attributed at least in part to the well-known carbon-nitrogen cycle. Carbon is found free in nature in three a llotropic forms: amorphous, graphite, and diamond. A fourth form, known as “white” carbon, is now thought to exist. Graphite is one of the softest known ma terials while diamond is one of the hardest. Graphite exists in two forms: alpha and beta. These have identical physical properties, except for their crystal structure. Naturally occurring graphites are reported to contain as much as 30% of the rhombohedral (beta) form, whereas synthetic materials contain only the alpha form. The hexagonal alpha type can be converted to the beta by mechanical treatment, and the beta form reverts to the alpha on heatin g it above 1000 °C. In 1969 a new allotropic form of carbon was produced during the sublimation of pyrolytic graphite at low pressures. Under free- vaporization conditions above ~2550 K, “white” carbon forms as small transparent crystals on the edges of the basal planes of graphite. The interplanar spacings of “white” carbon are identical to those of carbon form noted in the graphitic gneiss from the Ries (meteoritic) Crater of Germany. “White ” carbon is a transparent birefringent material. Little information is presently available about this allotrope. Of recent interest is the discovery of a ll-carbon molecules, known as “buckyballs” or fullerenes, which have a number of unusual properties. These interesting molecules, consisting of 60 or 70 c arbon atoms linked together, seem capable of withstanding great pressure and trapping foreign atoms inside their network of carbon. They are said to be capable of magnetism and superconductivity and have potential as a nonlinear optical material. Buckyball films are reported to remain supe rconductive at temperatures as high as 45 K. In combination, carbon is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the earth and dissolved in all natural waters. It is a component of great rock masses in the form of carbonates of calcium (limestone), magnesium, and iron. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons. Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. With hydrogen, oxyge n, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, carbon atom often being linked to carbon atom. There are close to te n million known carbon249 250 250 249 250Bk n Bk Cf and Cf n Cf , ,γγβ() → →  () → 250 251 252Cf n Cf n Cf ,,γγ() → () → THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-8compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes. Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossi ble. While it has been thought that silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of similar compounds, it is now not possible to form stab le compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96.2% CO 2. Some of the most important compounds of carbon are carbon dioxide (CO 2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C 6H6), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and their derivatives. Carbon has fifteen isotopes. Natural carbon consists of 98.89% 12C and 1.11% 13C. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-14, an isotope with a half-life of 5715 years, has been widely used to date such materials as wood, archeologic al specimens, etc. A new brittle form of carbon, known as “glassy carbon”, has been developed. It can be obtained with high purity. It has a high re sistance to corrosion, has good thermal stability, and is structurally impermeable to both gases and liquids. It has a randomized structure, making it useful in ultra-high technology applications, such as crystal growing, crucibles for high-temperature use, etc. Glassy carbon is available at a cost of about $35/10gms. Fullerene powder is available at a cost of about $55/10mg (99%C 10). Diamond powder (99.9%) costs about $40/g Cerium — (named for the asteroid Ceres, which was discovered in 1801 only 2 years before the element), Ce; at. wt. 140.115(4); at. no. 58; m.p. 798°C; b.p. 3424 °C; sp. gr. 6.770 (25 °C); valence 3 or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Klaproth and by Berzelius and Hisinger; metal prepared by Hillebrand and Norton in 1875. Cerium is the most abundant of the metals of the so-called rare earths. It is found in a number of minerals including allanite (also known as orthite ), monazite, bastnasite, cerite, and samarskite. Monazite and bastnasite are presently the two most important sources of cerium. Large deposits of monazite found on the beaches of Travancore, India, in river sands in Brazil, and deposits of allanite in the western United States, and bastnasite in Southern California will supply cerium, thorium, and the other rare-earth metals for many years to come. Metallic cerium is prepared by metallothermic reduction techniques, such as by reducing cerous fluoride with calcium, or by electrolysis of molten cerous c hloride or other cerous halides. The metallothermic technique is used to produce high-purity cerium. Cerium is especially interesting because of its va riable electronic structure. The energy of the inner 4f level is nearly the same as that of the outer or valence electrons, and only small amount s of energy are required to change the relative occupancy of these electronic levels. This gives rise to dual valency states. For example, a volume chan ge of about 10% occurs when cerium is subjected to high pressures or low temperatures. It appears that the valence changes from about 3 to 4 when it i s cooled or compressed. The low temperature behavior of cerium is complex. Four allotropic modifications are thought to exist: cerium at room temperatu re and at atmospheric pressure is known as γ cerium. Upon cooling to –16 °C, γ cerium changes to β cerium. The remaining γ cerium starts to change to α cerium when cooled to –172 °C, and the transformation is complete at –269 °C. α Cerium has a density of 8.16; δ cerium exists above 726 °C. At atmospheric pressure, liquid cerium is more dense than its solid form at the melting point. Cerium is an iron-gray lustrous metal. It is malleable, and oxid izes very readily at room temperature, especially in moist air. Except for europium, cerium is the most reactive of the “rare-earth” metals. It slowly de composes in cold water, and rapidly in hot water. Alkali solutions and dilute and concentrated acids attack the metal rapidly. The pure metal is likely to ignite if scratched with a knife. Ceric salts are orange red or yellowish; cerous salts are usually white. Cerium is a component of misch metal, which i s extensively used in the manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters, etc. Natural cerium is stable and contains four isotopes. Thirty-t wo other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. While cerium is not radioactive, the impure commercial grade may contain traces of thorium, which is rad ioactive. The oxide is an important constituent of incandescent gas mantles and it is emerging as a hydrocarbon catalyst in “self-cleaning” ovens. In this application it can be incorporated into oven walls to prevent the collection of cooking residues. As ceric sulfate it finds extensive use as a vol umetric oxidizing agent in quantitative analysis. Cerium compounds are used in the manufacture of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer. The oxide is finding increased use as a glass polishing agent instead of rouge, for it is much faster than rouge in polishing glass surfaces. Cerium compounds are finding use in automobile exhaust catalysts. Cerium is also finding use in making permanent magnets. Cerium, with other rare earths, is used in carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry. It is also finding use as an important catalyst in petroleum refining and in metallurgical and nuclear applications. In small lots, cerium costs about $5/g (99.9%). Cesium — (L. caesius, sky blue), Cs; at. wt. 132.90545(2); at. no. 55; m.p. 28.44 °C; b.p. 671 °C; sp. gr. 1.873 (20 °C); valence 1. Cesium was discovered spectroscopically by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860 in mineral water from Durkheim. Cesium, an alkali metal, occurs in lepidolite, pollucite (a hydrated silicate of aluminum and cesium), and in other sources. One of the world’s richest sources of cesium is located at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. The deposits are estimated to contain 300,000 tons of pollucite, averaging 20% cesium. It can be isolated by electrolysis of th e fused cyanide and by a number of other methods. Very pure, gas-free cesium can be prepared by thermal decomposition of cesium azide. The metal is ch aracterized by a spectrum containing two bright lines in the blue along with several others in the red, yellow, and green. It is silvery white, soft, and ductile. It is the most electropositive and most alkaline element. Cesium, gallium, and mercury are the only three metals that are liquid at room temperature. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and reacts with ice at temperatures above –116 °C. Cesium hydroxide, the strongest base known, attacks glass. Because of its great affinity for oxygen the metal is used as a “getter” in electron tubes. It is also used in photoelectric ce lls, as well as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds. The metal has recently found application in ion propulsion systems. Cesium is u sed in atomic clocks, which are accurate to 5 s in 300 years. A second of time is now defined as being the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the r adiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyper-fine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. Its chief compounds are the chl oride and the nitrate. Cesium has 52 isotopes and isomers with masses ranging from 112 to 148. The present price of cesium is about $50/g (99.98%) sea led in a glass ampoule. Chlorine — (Gr. chloros, greenish yellow), Cl; at. wt. 35.4527(9); at. no. 17; m.p. –101.5 °C; b.p. –34.04 °C; tc 143.8 °C; density 3.214 g/l; sp. gr. 1.56 (–33.6 °C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele, who thought it contained oxygen; named in 1810 by Davy, who insisted it was an element. In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite (KMgCl3 · 6H2O), and sylvite (KCl). It is a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of elements and is obtained from chlorides by the action of oxidizing agents and more often by electrolysis; it is a greenish-yellow gas, combining directly with nearly all elements. At 10 °C one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine, at 30 °C only 1.77 volumes. Chlorine is widely used in making many everyday products. It is used for producing safe drinking water the world over. Even the smallest water supplies are now usually chlorinated. It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, foodstuffs, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer produ cts. Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile process ing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine. Organic chemistry demands muc h from chlorine, both as an oxidizing agent and in substitution, since it often brings desired properties in an organic compound when substituted for hydrogen, as in one form TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-9of synthetic rubber. Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucous membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odor, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. It was used as a war gas in 1915. Natural chlorine contains two isotopes. Twenty other isotopes and isomers are known. Chromium — (Gr. chroma, color), Cr; at. wt. 51.9961(6); at. no. 24; m.p. 1907 °C; b.p. 2671 °C; sp. gr. 7.18 to 7.20 (20 °C); valence chiefly 2, 3, or 6. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin, who prepared the metal the next year, chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish. The principal ore is chromite (FeCr 2O4), which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, the Philippines, and elsewhere. The U.S. has no appreciable chromite ore reserves. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum. Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and to form many useful alloys. Much is used i n plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium is used to give glass an emerald green color. It finds wide use as a catalyst. All compounds of chromium are colored; the most important are the chromates of sodium and potassium (K2CrO4) and the dichromates (K2Cr2O7) and the potassium and ammonium chrome alums, as KCr(SO 4)2 · 12H2O. The dichromates are used as oxidizing agents in quantitative analysis, also in tanning leather. Other compounds are of industrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the t extile industry as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum. The refractory industry has found chromite useful for forming bricks and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stability of crystalline structure. Chromium is an essential trace element for human health. Many chromium compounds, however, are acutely toxic, chronically toxic, and may be carcinogenic. They should be handled with proper safeguards. Natural chromium contains four isotopes. Twenty other isotopes are known. Chromium metal (99.95%) costs abou t $1000/kg. Commercial grade chromium (99%) costs about $75/kg. Cobalt — (Kobald, from the German, goblin or evil spirit, cobalos, Greek, mine), Co; at. wt. 58.93320(1); at. no. 27; m.p. 1495 °C; b.p. 2927 °C; sp. gr. 8.9 (20 °C); valence 2 or 3. Discovered by Brandt about 1735. Cobalt occurs in the mineral cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. It is also present in meteorites. Important ore deposits are found in Congo-Kinshasa, Australia, Zambia, Russia, Canada, and elsewhere. The U.S. Geological Survey has anno unced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in waters close to the Haw aiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories. Cobalt is a brittle, hard metal, closely resembling iron and nickel in appearance. It has a magnetic permeability of about two thirds that of iron. Cobalt tends to exist as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range; the β-form predominates below 400 °C, and the α above that temperature. The transformation is sluggish and accounts in part for the wide variation in reported data on physica l properties of cobalt. It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses . Stellite alloys, containing cobalt, chromium, and tungsten, are used for high-speed, heavy-duty, high temperature cutting tools, and for dies. C obalt is also used in other magnet steels and stainless steels, and in alloys used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators. The metal is used in e lectroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation. The salts have been used for centuries for the production of brilliant a nd permanent blue colors in porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. It is the principal ingredient in Sevre’s and Thenard’s blue. A solution of t he chloride (CoCl 2 · 6H2O) is used as sympathetic ink. The cobalt ammines are of interest; the oxide and the nitrate are important. Cobalt carefully used in the form of the chloride, sulfate, acetate, or nitrate has been found effective in correcting a certain mineral deficiency disease in animals. Soils shou ld contain 0.13 to 0.30 ppm of cobalt for proper animal nutrition.Cobalt is found in Vitamin B-12, which is essential for human nutrition. Cobalt of 99.9+ % purity is priced at about$250/kg. Cobalt-60, an artificial isotope, is an important gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a tracer and a rad iotherapeutic agent. Single compact sources of Cobalt-60 vary from about $1 to $10/curie, depending on quantity and specific activity. Thirty isotopes and isomers of cobalt are known. Columbium — See Niobium. Copper — (L. cuprum, from the island of Cyprus), Cu; at. wt. 63.546(3); at. no. 29; f.p. 1084.62 °C; b.p. 2562 °C; sp. gr. 8.96 (20 °C); valence 1 or 2. The discovery of copper dates from prehistoric times. It is said to have been mined for more than 5000 years. It is one o f man’s most important metals. Copper is reddish colored, takes on a bright metallic luster, and is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat a nd electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity). The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Copper occasionally occu rs native, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by sm elting, leaching, and by electrolysis. Its alloys, brass and bronze, long used, are still very important; all American coins are now copper alloys; m onel and gun metals also contain copper. The most important compounds are the oxide and the sulfate, blue vitriol; the latter has wide use as an agricul tural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds such as Fehling’s solution are widely used in analytical chemistry in tests fo r sugar. High-purity copper (99.999 + %) is readily available commercially. The price of commercial copper has fluctuated widely. The price of coppe r in December 2001 was about $1.50/kg. Natural copper contains two isotopes. Twenty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Curium — (Pierre and Marie Curie), Cm; at. wt. (247); at. no. 96; m.p. 1345 °C; sp. gr. 13.51 (calc.); valence 3 and 4. Although curium follows americium in the periodic system, it was actually known before americium and was the third transuranium element to be discovere d. It was identified by Seaborg, James, and Ghiorso in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago as a result of helium-ion bombardment of 239Pu in the Berkeley, California, 60-inch cyclotron. Visible amounts (30 µg) of 242Cm, in the form of the hydroxide, were first isolated by Werner and Perlman of the University of California in 1947. In 1950, Crane, Wallmann, and Cunningham found that the magnetic susceptibility of mic rogram samples of CmF 3 was of the same magnitude as that of GdF3. This provided direct experimental evidence for assigning an electronic configuration to Cm+3. In 1951, the same workers prepared curium in its elemental form for the first time. Sixteen isotopes of curium are now known. The most stable, 247Cm, with a half-life of 16 million years, is so short compared to the earth’s age that any primordial curium must have disappeared long ago from the natural scene. Minute amounts of curium probably exist in natural deposits of uranium, as a result of a sequence of neutron captures an d β decays sustained by the very low flux of neutrons naturally present in uranium ores. The presence of natural curium, however, has never been det ected. 242Cm and 244Cm are available in multigram quantities. 248Cm has been produced only in milligram amounts. Curium is similar in some regards to gadolinium, its rare- earth homolog, but it has a more complex crystal structure. Curium is silver in color, is chemically reactive, and is more elec tropositive than aluminum. CmO2, Cm2O3, CmF3, CmF4, CmCl3, CmBr3, and CmI3 have been prepared. Most compounds of trivalent curium are faintly yellow in color. 242Cm generates about three watts of thermal energy per gram. This compares to one-half watt per gram of 238Pu. This suggests use for curium as a power source. 244Cm is now offered for sale by the O.R.N.L. at $185/mg plus packing charges. 248Cm is available at a cost of $160/ µg, plus packing charges, THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-10from the O.R.N.L. Curium absorbed into the body accumulates in the bones, and is therefore very toxic as its radiation destroys the red-cell forming mechanism. The maximum permissible total body burden of 244Cm (soluble) in a human being is 0.3 µCi (microcurie). Deuterium , an isotope of hydrogen — see Hydrogen. Dubnium — (named after the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia). Db; at.wt. [262]; at.no. 105. In 1967 G. N. Flerov rep orted that a Soviet team working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna may have produced a few atoms of 260105 and 261105 by bombarding 243Am with 22Ne. Their evidence was based on time-coincidence measurements of alpha energies. More recently, it was reported that early in 1 970 Dubna scientists synthesized Element 105 and that by the end of April 1970 “had investigated all the types of decay of the new element and had determined its chemical properties.” In late April 1970, it was announced that Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K. A. Y. Eskola, and P. L. Eskola, working at the University of California at Berkeley, had positively identified Element 105. The discovery was made by bombarding a targ et of 249Cf with a beam of 84 MeV nitrogen nuclei in the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC). When a 15N nuclear is absorbed by a 249Cf nucleus, four neutrons are emitted and a new atom of 260105 with a half-life of 1.6 s is formed. While the first atoms of Element 105 are said to have been detected conclusively on March 5, 1970, there is evidence that Element 105 had been formed in Berkeley experiments a year earlier by the method descr ibed. Ghiorso and his associates have attempted to confirm Soviet findings by more sophisticated methods without success. In October 1971, it was announced that two new isotopes of Element 105 were synthesized with the heavy ion linear accelerator b y A. Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley. Element 261105 was produced both by bombarding 250Cf with 15N and by bombarding 249Bk with 16O. The isotope emits 8.93-MeV α particles and decays to 257Lr with a half-life of about 1.8 s. Element 262105 was produced by bombarding 249Bk with 18O. It emits 8.45 MeV α particles and decays to 258Lr with a half-life of about 40 s. Nine isotopes of Dubnium are now recognized. Soon after the discovery the names Hahnium and Joliotium, named after Otto Hahn and Jean-Frederic Joliot and Mme. Joliot-Curie, were suggested as names for Element 105. The IUPAC in August 1997 finally resolved the issue, naming Element 105 Dubnium with the symbol Db. Dubnium is thought to have properties similar to tantalum. Dysprosium — (Gr. dysprositos, hard to get at), Dy; at. wt. 162.50(3); at. no. 66; m.p. 1412 °C; b.p. 2567 °C; sp. gr. 8.551 (25 °C); valence 3. Dysprosium was discovered in 1886 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not isolated. Neither the oxide nor the metal was available in r elatively pure form until the development of ion-exchange separation and metallographic reduction techniques by Spedding and associates about 1950. Dysprosium occurs along with other so-called rare-earth or lanthanide elements in a variety of minerals such as xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, and blomstrandine . The most important sources, however, are from monazite and bastnasite. Dysprosium can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with calcium. The element has a metallic, bright silver luster. It is relatively stable in air at room temperature, and is read ily attacked and dissolved, with the evolution of hydrogen, by dilute and concentrated mineral acids. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and c an be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties. While dysprosium ha s not yet found many applications, its thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high melting point suggest metallurgical uses in nuclear control applications and for alloying with special stainless steels. A dysprosium oxide-nickel cermet has found use in cooling nuclear reactor rods. This ce rmet absorbs neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment. In combination with vanadium and other rare earths , dysprosium has been used in making laser materials. Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides, as sources of infrared radiation, have been used for stu dying chemical reactions. The cost of dysprosium metal has dropped in recent years since the development of ion-exchange and solvent extractio n techniques, and the discovery of large ore bodies. Thirty two isotopes and isomers are now known. The metal costs about $6/g (99.9% purity). Einsteinium — (Albert Einstein [1879–1955]), Es; at. wt. (252); m.p. 860 °C (est.); at. no. 99. Einsteinium, the seventh transuranic element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley in December 1952 in debris from the firs t large thermonuclear explosion, which took place in the Pacific in November 1952. The isotope produced was the 20-day 253Es isotope. In 1961, a sufficient amount of einsteinium was produced to permit separation of a macroscopic amount of 253Es. This sample weighed about 0.01 µg. A special magnetic-type balance was used in making this determination. 253Es so produced was used to produce mendelevium. About 3 µg of einsteinium has been produced at Oak Ridge National Laboratories by irradiating for several years kilogram quantities of 239Pu in a reactor to produce 242Pu. This was then fabricated into pellets of plutonium oxide and aluminum powder, and loaded into target rods for an initial 1-year irradiation at the Savannah R iver Plant, followed by irradiation in a HFIR (High Flux Isotopic Reactor). After 4 months in the HFIR the targets were removed for chemical separat ion of the einsteinium from californium. Nineteen isotopes and isomers of einsteinium are now recognized. 254Es has the longest half-life (276 days). Tracer studies using 253Es show that einsteinium has chemical properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element. Einsteinium is extremely radio active. Great care must be taken when handling it. Element 93 — See Neptunium. Element 94 — See Plutonium. Element 95 — See Americium. Element 96 — See Curium. Element 97 — See Berkelium. Element 98 — See Californium. Element 99 — See Einsteinium. Element 100 — See Fermium (unnilnilium). Element 101 — See Mendelevium (unnilunium). Element 102 — See Nobelium (unnilbium). Element 103 — See Lawrencium (unniltrium). Element 104 — See Rutherfordium (unnilquadium). Element 105 — See Dubnium (unnilpentium). Element 106 — See Seaborgium (unnilhexium). Element 107 — See Bohrium (unnilseptium). Element 108 — See Hassium (unniloctium). Element 109 — See Meitnerium (unnilennium). TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-11Element 110 — In 1987 Oganessian, et al., at Dubna, claimed discovery of this element. Their experiments indicated the spontaneous fissionin g nuclide 272110 with a half-life of 10 ms. More recently a group led by Armbruster at G.S.I. in Darmstadt, Germany, reported evidence of 269110, which was produced by bombarding lead for many days with more than 1018 nickel atoms. A detector searched each collision for Element 110’s distinct decay sequence. On November 9, 1994, evidence of 110 was detected. In 2003 IUPAC approved the name darmstadtium, symbol Ds, for Eleme nt 110. Seven isotopes of Element 110 are now recognized. Element 111 — On December 20, 1994, scientists at GSI Darmstadt, Germany announced they had detected three atoms of a new element with 111 protons and 161 neutrons. This element was made by bombarding 83Bi with 28Ni. Signals of Element 111 appeared for less than 0.002 sec, then decayed into lighter elements including Element 268109 and Element 264107. These isotopes had not previously been observed. A name for Element 111 has not been suggested although IUPAC has suggested a temporary name of Unununium, with the symbol Uuu. Element 111 is expe cted to have properties similar to gold. Also see element 115. Element 112 — In late February 1996, Siguard Hofmann and his collaborators at GSI Darmstadt announced their discovery of Element 112, having 112 protons and 165 neutrons, with an atomic mass of 277. This element was made by bombarding a lead target with high-energy zi nc ions. A single nucleus of Element 112 was detected, which decayed after less than 0.001 sec by emitting an α particle, consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This created Element 110 273, which in turn decayed by emitting an α particle to form a new isotope of Element 108 and so on. Evidence indicates that nuclei with 162 neutrons are held together more strongly than nuclei with a smaller or larger number of neutrons. This suggests a narrow “peninsula” of relatively stable isotopes around Element 114. GSI scientists are experimenting to bombard targets with ions heavier than zi nc to produce Elements 113 and 114. A name has not yet been suggested for Element 112, although the IUPAC suggested the temporary name of ununbium, wi th the symbol of Uub, when the element was discovered. Element 112 is expected to have properties similar to mercury. Element 113 — (Ununtrium) See Element 115. Element 114 — (Ununquadium) Symbol Uuq. Element 114 is the first new element to be discovered since 1996. This element was found by a Russian–American team, including Livermore researchers, by bombarding a sheet of plutonium with a rare form of calcium hoping t o make the atoms stick together in a new element. Radiation showed that the new element broke into smaller pieces. Data of radiation collected a t the Russian Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in November and December 1998, were analyzed in January 1999. It was found that some of the heav y atoms created when 114 decayed lived up to 30 seconds, which was longer than ever seen before, for such a heavy element. This isotope decayed into a previously unknown isotope of Element 112, which itself lasted 15 minutes. That isotope, in turn, decayed to a previously undiscovered iso tope of Element 108, which survived 17 minutes. Isotopes of these and those with longer life-times have been predicted for some time by theorists. I t appears that these isotopes are on the edge of the “island of stability”, and that some of the isotopes in this region might last long enough for studies of their nuclear behavior and for a chemical evaluation to be made. No name has yet been suggested for Element 114; however, the temporary name of ununqu adium with symbol Uuq may be used. Element 115 — (Ununpentium) On February 2, 2004, it was reported that Element 115 had been discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. Four atoms of this element were produced by JINR physicists and collaborators from the Lawren ce Livermore (California) Laboratory using a 248-MeV beam of calcium-48 ions striking a target of americium-243 atoms. The nuclei of these a toms are said to have a life of 90 milliseconds. The relatively long lifetime of Element 115 suggests that these experiments might be getting cl oser to the “island of stability” long sought to exist by some nuclear physicists. These atoms were thought to decay first to Element 113 by the emiss ion of an alpha particle, then decaying further to Element 111 by alpha emission again, and then by three more alpha decay processes to Element 105 (dubn ium), which after a long delay from the time of the initial interaciton, fissioned. This experiment entailed separating four atoms from trillions of other atoms. A gas-filled separator, employing chemistry, was important in this experiment. Names for Elements 115, Element 113, and Element 111 have not yet been chosen. Element 116 — (Ununhexium) Symbol Uuh. As of January 2004 it is questionable if this element has been discovered. Element 117 — (Ununseptium) Symbol Uus. As of January 2004, this element remains undiscovered. Element 118 — (Ununoctium) Symbol Uuo. In June 1999 it was announced that Elements 118 and 116 had been discovered at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. A lead target was bombarded for more than 10 days with roughly 1 quintillion krypton ions. The te am reported that three atoms of Element 118 were made, which quickly decayed into Elements 116, 114, and elements of lower atomic mass. It was s aid that the isotopes of Element 118 lasted only about 200 milliseconds, while the isotope of Element 116 lasted only 1.2 milliseconds. It was hoped that these elements might be members of “an island of stability”, which had long been sought. At that time it was hoped that a target of bismuth mi ght be bombarded with krypton ions to make Element 119, which, in turn, would decay into Elements 117, 115, and 113. On July 27, 2001 researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory announced that their discovery of Element 118 was being retrac ted because workers at the GSI Laboratory in Germany and at Japanese laboratories failed to confirm their results. However, it was reported that different experiments at the Livermore Laboratory and Joint Institute from Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia indicated that Element 116 h ad since been created. Researchers at the Australian National Laboratory suggest that super-heavy elements may be more difficult to make than previous ly thought. Their data suggest the best way to encourage fusion in making super-heavy elements is to combine the lightest projectiles possible wi th the heaviest possible targets. This would minimize a so-called “quasi-fission process” in which a projectile nucleus steals protons and neutrons from a target nucleus. In this process the two nuclei are said to fly apart without ever having actually combined. Erbium — (Ytterby , a town in Sweden), Er; at. wt. 167.26(3); at. no. 68; m.p. 1529 °C; b.p. 2868 °C; sp. gr. 9.066 (25 °C); valence 3, Erbium, one of the so-called rare-earth elements of the lanthanide series, is found in the minerals mentioned under dysprosium above. In 18 42 Mosander separated “yttria,” found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and terbia. The names erbia and terbia became confused in this early period. After 1860, Mosander’s terbia was known as erbia, and after 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as erbia, scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonably pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare-earth meta ls, its properties depend to a certain extent on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other rare-earth metals. Naturally occurring erbium is a mixture of six isotopes, all of which are stable. Twenty-seven radioactive isotopes of erbium are also recognized. Recent production techniques, using ion-exchange reactions, have resulted in much lower prices of the rare-earth metals and their comp ounds in recent years. THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-12The cost of 99.9% erbium metal is about $21/g. Erbium is finding nuclear and metallurgical uses. Added to vanadium, for example , erbium lowers the hardness and improves workability. Most of the rare-earth oxides have sharp absorption bands in the visible, ultraviolet, a nd near infrared. This property, associated with the electronic structure, gives beautiful pastel colors to many of the rare-earth salts. Erbium oxide gives a pink color and has been used as a colorant in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes. Europium — (Europe), Eu; at. wt. 151.964(1); at. no. 63; m.p. 822 °C; b.p. 1596 °C; sp. gr. 5.244 (25 °C); valence 2 or 3. In 1890 Boisbaudran obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spark spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. These lines subsequently have been shown to belong to europium. The discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay, who sepa rated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years. Europium is now prepared by mixing Eu 2O3 with a 10%-excess of lanthanum metal and heating the mixture in a tantalum crucible under high vacuum. The element is collected as a silvery-whit e metallic deposit on the walls of the crucible. As with other rare-earth metals, except for lanthanum, europium ignites in air at about 150 to 18 0°C. Europium is about as hard as lead and is quite ductile. It is the most reactive of the rare-earth metals, quickly oxidizing in air. It resembles calcium in its reaction with water. Bastnasite and monazite are the principal ores containing europium. Europium has been identified spectroscopically in the sun and certain stars. Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are being studied for use in nuclear control applications. Europium oxide is n ow widely used as a phosphor activator and europium-activated yttrium vanadate is in commercial use as the red phosphor in color TV tubes. Europi um-doped plastic has been used as a laser material. With the development of ion-exchange techniques and special processes, the cost of the metal has been greatly reduced in recent years. Natural europium contains two stable isotopes. Thirty five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. E uropium is one of the rarest and most costly of the rare-earth metals. It is priced at about $60/g (99.9% pure). Fermium — (Enrico Fermi [1901–1954], nuclear physicist), Fm; at. wt. [257]; at. no. 100; m.p. 1527 °C. Fermium, the eighth transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers in 1952 in the debris from a thermonuclear ex plosion in the Pacific in work involving the University of California Radiation Laboratory, the Argonne National Laboratory, and the Los Alamos Scient ific Laboratory. The isotope produced was the 20-hour 255Fm. During 1953 and early 1954, while discovery of elements 99 and 100 was withheld from publication for security reasons, a group from the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm bombarded 238U with 16O ions, and isolated a 30-min α-emitter, which they ascribed to 250100, without claiming discovery of the element. This isotope has since been identified positively, and the 30-min half-life con firmed. The chemical properties of fermium have been studied solely with tracer amounts, and in normal aqueous media only the (III) oxi dation state appears to exist. The isotope 254Fm and heavier isotopes can be produced by intense neutron irradiation of lower elements such as plutonium by a process of successive neutron capture interspersed with beta decays until these mass numbers and atomic numbers are reached. Twenty isotop es and isomers of fermium are known to exist. 257Fm, with a half-life of about 100.5 days, is the longest lived. 250Fm, with a half-life of 30 min, has been shown to be a product of decay of Element 254102. It was by chemical identification of 250Fm that production of Element 102 (nobelium) was confirmed. Fermium would probably have chemical properties resembling erbium. Fluorine — (L. and F. fluere, flow, or flux), F; at. wt. 18.9984032(5); at. no. 9; m.p. –219.62 °C (1 atm); b.p. –188.12 °C (1 atm); tc -129.02 °C; density 1.696 g/L (0 °C, 1 atm); liq. den. at b.p. 1.50 g/cm3; valence 1. In 1529, Georgius Agricola described the use of fluorspar as a flux, and as early as 1670 Schwandhard found that glass was etched when exposed to fluorspar treated with acid. Scheele and many later investigato rs, including Davy, Gay-Lussac, Lavoisier, and Thenard, experimented with hydrofluoric acid, some experiments ending in tragedy. The element was fi nally isolated in 1886 by Moisson after nearly 74 years of continuous effort. Fluorine occurs chiefly in fluorspar (CaF2) and cryolite (Na2AlF6), and is in topaz and other minerals. It is a member of the halogen family of elements, and is obtained by electrolyzing a solution of potassium hydr ogen fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in a vessel of metal or transparent fluorspar. Modern commercial production methods are essentially variation s on the procedures first used by Moisson. Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements. It is a pale yellow, corrosive gas, w hich reacts with practically all organic and inorganic substances. Finely divided metals, glass, ceramics, carbon, and even water burn in fluorine with a br ight flame. Until World War II, there was no commercial production of elemental fluorine. The atom bomb project and nuclear energy applications, howeve r, made it necessary to produce large quantities. Safe handling techniques have now been developed and it is possible at present to transport liquid fluorine by the ton. Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing uranium (from the hexafluoride) and more than 100 commercial fluorochemicals, including many well-known high-temperature plastics. Hydrofluoric acid is extensively used for etching the glass of light bulbs, etc. Fluoroch loro hydrocarbons have been extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration. However, in recent years the U.S. and other countries have been ph asing out ozone-depleting substances, such as the fluorochloro hydrocarbons that have been used in these applications. It has been suggested that fluorin e might be substituted for hydrogen wherever it occurs in organic compounds, which could lead to an astronomical number of new fluorine compounds. The presence of fluorine as a soluble fluoride in drinking water to the extent of 2 ppm may cause mottled enamel in teeth, when used by childre n acquiring permanent teeth; in smaller amounts, however, fluorides are said to be beneficial and used in water supplies to prevent dental cavities. Elemental fluorine has been studied as a rocket propellant as it has an exceptionally high specific impulse value. Compounds of fluorine with rare gases ha ve now been confirmed. Fluorides of xenon, radon, and krypton are among those known. Elemental fluorine and the fluoride ion are highly toxic. The fre e element has a characteristic pungent odor, detectable in concentrations as low as 20 ppb, which is below the safe working level. The recommen ded maximum allowable concentration for a daily 8-hour time-weighted exposure is 1 ppm. Fluorine is known to have fourteen isotopes. Francium — (France), Fr; at. no. 87; at. wt. [223]; m.p. 27 °C; valence 1. Discovered in 1939 by Mlle. Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute, Paris. Francium, the heaviest known member of the alkali metal series, occurs as a result of an alpha disintegration of actiniu m. It can also be made artificially by bombarding thorium with protons. While it occurs naturally in uranium minerals, there is probably less than an ounce of francium at any time in the total crust of the earth. It has the highest equivalent weight of any element, and is the most unstable of the first 101 elements of the periodic system. Thirty-six isotopes and isomers of francium are recognized. The longest lived 223Fr(Ac, K), a daughter of 227Ac, has a half-life of 21.8 min. This is the only isotope of francium occurring in nature. Because all known isotopes of francium are highly unstable, know ledge of the chemical properties of this element comes from radiochemical techniques. No weighable quantity of the element has been prepared or isola ted. The chemical properties of francium most closely resemble cesium. In 1996, researchers Orozco, Sprouse, and co-workers at the State Universi ty of New York, Stony Brook, reported that they had produced francium atoms by bombarding 18O atoms at a gold target heated almost to its melting point. Collisions between gold and oxygen nuclei created atoms of francium-210 which had 87 protons and123 neutrons. This team reported they had generate d about 1 million francium-210 ions per second and held 1000 or more atoms at a time for about 20 secs. in a magnetic trap they had devised befor e the atoms decayed or escaped. Enough francium was trapped so that a video camera could capture the light given off by the atoms as they fluoresce d. A cluster of about TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-1310,000 francium atoms appeared as a glowing sphere about 1 mm in diameter. It is thought that the francium atoms could serve as miniature laboratoires for probing interactions between electrons and quarks. Gadolinium — (gadolinite, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist), Gd; at. wt. 157.25(3); at. no. 64; m.p. 1313 °C; b.p. 3273 °C; sp. gr. 7.901 (25 °C); valence 3. Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Marignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently iso lated the element from Mosander’s “yttria” in 1886. The element was named for the mineral gadolinite from which this rare earth was originally obtained. Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are of commercial importance. The element has been isolated only in recent years. With the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, the availability and price of gad olinium and the other rare-earth metals have greatly improved. Thirty-one isotopes and isomers of gadolinium are now recognized; seven are stable and occur naturally. The metal can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous fluoride with metallic calcium. As with other related rare-earth metals , it is silvery white, has a metallic luster, and is malleable and ductile. At room temperature, gadolinium crystallizes in the hexagonal, close-packed α form. Upon heating to 1235 °C, α gadolinium transforms into the β form, which has a body-centered cubic structure. The metal is relatively stable in dry air, but in moist air it tarnishes with the formation of a loosely adhering oxide film which spalls off and exposes more surface to oxidation. The me tal reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid. Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known element (49, 000 barns). Natural gadolinium is a mixture of seven isotopes. Two of these, 155Gd and 157Gd, have excellent capture characteristics, but they are present naturally in low concentrations. As a result, gadolinium has a very fast burnout rate and has limited use as a nuclear control rod material. It has been used in making gadolinium yttrium garnets, which have microwave applications. Compounds of gadolinium are used in making phosphors for color T V tubes. The metal has unusual superconductive properties. As little as 1% gadolinium has been found to improve the workability and resistan ce of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation. Gadolinium ethyl sulfate has extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance of amplifiers, such as the maser. The metal is ferromagnetic. Gadolinium is unique for its high magnetic moment and for its special Curie temperature (above which ferromagnetism vanishes) lying just at room temperature. This suggests uses as a magnetic compon ent that senses hot and cold. The price of the metal is about $5/g (99.9% purity). Gallium — (L. Gallia, France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of Lecoq, a cock), Ga; at. wt. 69.723(1); at. no. 31; m.p. 29.76 °C; b.p. 2204 °C; sp. gr. 5.904 (29.6 °C) solid; sp. gr. 6.095 (29.6 °C) liquid; valence 2 or 3. Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution o f the hydroxide in KOH. Gallium is often found as a trace element in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite, and coal. Some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain as much as 1.5% gallium. It is the only metal, except for mercury, cesium, and rubidium, which can be liquid near ro om temperatures; this makes possible its use in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vap or pressure even at high temperatures. There is a strong tendency for gallium to supercool below its freezing point. Therefore, seeding may be necessary to initiate solidification. Ultra-pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. Th e metal expands 3.1% on solidifying; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, as they may break as the metal solidifies. Galliu m wets glass or porcelain, and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass. It is widely used in doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors. High-purity gallium is attacked only slowly by mineral acids. Magnesium gallate containing divalent impurities such as Mn+2 is finding use in commercial ultraviolet activated powder phosphors. Gallium nitride has been used to produce blue light-emitting diodes. Blue LE D’s used in compact disc applications can be used to store a 2-hr movie, for example, on one 5-in. diameter disc. Extensive use of gallium has foun d recent application in the Gallex Detector Experiment located in the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory in Italy. This underground facility has been built by the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in the middle of a highway tunnel through the Abruzzese mountains, about 150 km east of R ome. The experiment is shielded by a 3300-m water-equivalent of rock. In this experiment, 30.3 tons of gallium in the form of 110 tons of GaCl3-HCl solution are being used to detect solar neutrinos. The production of 71Ge from gallium is being measured.Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. Gallium readily alloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low-melting alloys. Its toxic ity appears to be of a low order, but should be handled with care until more data are forthcoming. Natural gallium contains two stable isotopes. Twent y-six other isotopes, one of which is an isomer, are known. The metal can be supplied in ultrapure form (99.99999+%). The cost is about $5/g (99.999% ). Germanium — (L. Germania, Germany), Ge; at. wt. 72.61(2); at. no. 32; m.p. 938.25 °C; b.p. 2833 °C; sp. gr. 5.323 (25 °C); valence 2 and 4. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekasilicon, and discovered by Winkler in 1886. The metal is found in argyrodite, a sulfide of germanium and silver; in germanite, which contains 8% of the element; in zinc ores; in coal; and in other minerals. The element is frequently obtained commercially from flue dusts of smelters processing zinc ores, and has been recovered from the by-products of combustion of certain coals. Its pr esence in coal insures a large reserve of the element in the years to come. Germanium can be separated from other metals by fractional distillation of its volatile tetrachloride. The tetrachloride may then be hydrolyzed to give GeO2; the dioxide can be reduced with hydrogen to give the metal. Recently developed zone-refining techniques permit the production of germanium of ultra-high purity. The element is a gray-white metalloid, and in its pure stat e is crystalline and brittle, retaining its luster in air at room temperature. It is a very important semiconductor material. Zone-refining techniques have l ed to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with an impurity of only one part in 1010. Doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor element in thousands of electronic applications. Its application in fiber optics and infra-red optical systems now provides the largest use for germanium. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluoresce nt lamps, and as a catalyst. Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optica l equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors. Germanium oxide’s high index of refraction and dispersion has made it useful as a compo nent of glasses used in wide-angle camera lenses and microscope objectives. The field of organogermanium chemistry is becoming increasingly importan t. Certain germanium compounds have a low mammalian toxicity, but a marked activity against certain bacteria, which makes them of interest as chemotherapeutic agents. The cost of germanium is about $10/g (99.999% purity). Thirty isotopes and isomers are known, five of which occur naturally. Gold — (Sanskrit Jval; Anglo-Saxon gold), Au (L. aurum, gold); at. wt. 196.96654(3); at. no. 79; m.p. 1064.18 °C; b.p. 2856 °C; sp. gr. ~19.3 (20°C); valence 1 or 3. Known and highly valued from earliest times, gold is found in nature as the free metal and in tellurides; i t is very widely distributed and is almost always associated with quartz or pyrite. It occurs in veins and alluvial deposits, and is often separ ated from rocks and other minerals by sluicing and panning operations. About 25% of the world’s gold output comes from South Africa, and about two thirds of the total U.S. production now comes from South Dakota and Nevada. The metal is recovered from its ores by cyaniding, amalgamating, and smeltin g processes. THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-14Refining is also frequently done by electrolysis. Gold occurs in sea water to the extent of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the l ocation where the sample is taken. As yet, no method has been found for recovering gold from sea water profitably. It is estimated that all the gold in the world, so far refined, could be placed in a single cube 60 ft on a side. Of all the elements, gold in its pure state is undoubtedly the most beautiful . It is metallic, having a yellow color when in a mass, but when finely divided it may be black, ruby, or purple. The Purple of Cassius is a delicate test for au ric gold. It is the most malleable and ductile metal; 1 oz. of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2. It is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary syste ms in many countries. It is also extensively used for jewelry, decoration, dental work, and for plating. It is used for coating certain space satellites , as it is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. Gold, like other precious metals, is measured in troy weight; when alloyed with other metals, the term carat is used to express the amount of gold present, 24 carats being pure gold. For many years the value of gold was set by the U.S. at $20.67/troy ounc e; in 1934 this value was fixed by law at $35.00/troy ounce, 9/10th fine. On March 17, 1968, because of a gold crisis, a two-tiered pricing system wa s established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00/troy ounce price while the price of gold on the private market would be allowed to fluctuate. Since this time, the price of gold on the free market has fluctuated widely. The price of gold on the free market reached a price of $620/ troy oz. in January 1980. More recently, the U.K. and other nations, including the I.M.F. have sold or threatened to sell a siz eable portion of their gold reserves. This has caused wide fluctuations in the price of gold. Because this has damaged the economy of some countries, a mor atorium for a few years has been declared. This has tended to stabilize temporarily the price of gold. The most common gold compounds are auric c hloride (AuCl 3) and chlorauric acid (HAuCl4), the latter being used in photography for toning the silver image. Gold has forty-eight recognized isotopes and isomers; 198Au, with a half-life of 2.7 days, is used for treating cancer and other diseases. Disodium aurothiomalate is administered intramusc ularly as a treatment for arthritis. A mixture of one part nitric acid with three of hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia (because it dissolved gold, the King of Metals). Gold is available commercially with a purity of 99.999+%. For many years the temperature assigned to the freezing point of gold has been 1063.0 °C; this has served as a calibration point for the International Temperature Scales (ITS-27 and ITS-48) and the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS- 48). In 1968, a new International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-68) was adopted, which demanded that the freezing point of gold be changed to 1064.43 °C. In 1990 a new International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) was adopted bringing the t.p. (triple point) of H2O (t90 (°C)) to 0.01 °C and the freezing point of gold to 1064.18 °C.The specific gravity of gold has been found to vary considerably depending on temperature, how the metal is precipitated, and cold-worked. As of December 2001, gold was priced at about $275/troy oz. ($8.50/g). Hafnium — (Hafnia, Latin name for Copenhagen), Hf; at. wt. 178.49(2); at. no. 72; m.p. 2233 °C; b.p. 4603 °C; sp. gr. 13.31 (20 °C); valence 4. Hafnium was thought to be present in various minerals and concentrations many years prior to its discovery, in 1923, credited t o D. Coster and G. von Hevesey. On the basis of the Bohr theory, the new element was expected to be associated with zirconium. It was finally identifi ed in zircon from Norway, by means of X-ray spectroscopic analysis. It was named in honor of the city in which the discovery was made. Most zirconium min erals contain 1 to 5% hafnium. It was originally separated from zirconium by repeated recrystallization of the double ammonium or potassium fluori des by von Hevesey and Jantzen. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by van Arkel and deBoer by passing the vapor of the tetraiodide over a heated tungsten filament. Almost all hafnium metal now produced is made by reducing the tetrachloride with magnesium or with sodium (Kroll Process). Hafn ium is a ductile metal with a brilliant silver luster. Its properties are considerably influenced by the impurities of zirconium present. Of all the elements, zirconium and hafnium are two of the most difficult to separate. Their chemistry is almost identical, however, the density of zirconium i s about half that of hafnium. Very pure hafnium has been produced, with zirconium being the major impurity. Natural hafnium contains six isotopes, one of whi ch is slightly radioactive. Hafnium has a total of 41 recognized isotopes and isomers. Because hafnium has a good absorption cross section for thermal neutrons (almost 600 times that of zirconium), has excellent mechanical properties, and is extremely corrosion resistant, it is used for reactor control rods. Such rods are used in nuclear submarines. Hafnium has been successfully alloyed with iron, titanium, niobium, tantalum, and other me tals. Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary composition known, and the nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides (m.p. 3310 °C). Hafnium is used in gas-filled and incandescent lamps, and is an efficient “getter” for scavenging oxygen and nitrogen. Finely divided hafnium i s pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air. Care should be taken when machining the metal or when handling hot sponge hafnium. At 700 °C hafnium rapidly absorbs hydrogen to form the composition HfH1.86. Hafnium is resistant to concentrated alkalis, but at elevated temperatures reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, and silicon. Halogens react directly to form tetrahalides. The price of the metal is about $2/g. The yea rly demand for hafnium in the U.S. is now in excess of 50,000 kg. Hahnium — A name previously used for Element 105, now named dubnium . Hassium — (named for the German state, Hesse) Hs, at.wt. [265]; at.no. 108. This element was first synthesized and identified in 1964 by the same G.S.I. Darmstadt Group who first identified Bohrium and Meitnerium. Presumably this element has chemical properties similar to osmium. Isotope 265108 was produced using a beam of 58Fe projectiles, produced by the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) to bombard a 208Pb target. Discovery of Bohrium and Meitnerium was made using detection of isotopes with odd proton and neutron numbers. Elements having even atomic numbers have been thought to be less stable against spontaneous fusion than odd elements. The production of 265108 in the same reaction as was used at G.S.I. was confirmed at Dubna with detection of the seventh member of the decay chain 253Es. Isotopes of Hassium are believed to decay by spontaneous fission, explaining why 109 was produced before 108. Isotope 265108 and 266108 are thought to decay to 261106, which in turn decay to 257104 and 253102. The IUPAC adopted the name Hassium after the German state of Hesse in September 1997. In June 2001 it was announced that hassium is now the heaviest element to have its chemical properties analyzed. A research team at the UNILAC heavy-ion accelerator in Darmstadt, Germany bui lt an instrument to detect and analyze hassium. Atoms of curium-248 were collided with atoms of magnesium-26, producing about 6 atoms of hassium with a half- life of 9 sec. This was sufficiently long to obtain data showing that hassium atoms react with oxygen to form hassium oxide mol ecules. These condensed at a temperature consistent with the behavior of Group 8 elements. This experiment appears to confirm hassium’s location under osmium in the periodic table. Helium — (Gr. helios , the sun), He; at. wt. 4.002602(2); at. no. 2; m.p. below — 272.2 °C (26 atm); b.p. — 268.93 °C; tc -267.96 °C; density 0.1785 g/l (0 °C, 1 atm); liquid density 7.62 lb/ft3 at. b.p.; valence usually 0. Evidence of the existence of helium was first obtained by Janssen during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum; Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element; in 1895, Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral cleveite , and it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that α particles are helium nuclei. Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found throughout the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas; all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium. It has been TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-15detected spectroscopically in great abundance, especially in the hotter stars, and it is an important component in both the pro ton-proton reaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars. The fusion of hydrogen into helium provides the energy of the hydrogen bomb. The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. It is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay produ ct. Much of the world’s supply of helium is obtained from wells in Texas, Colorado, and Kansas. The only other known helium extraction plants, outside the United States, in 1999 were in Poland, Russia, China, Algeria, and India. The cost of helium has fallen from $2500/ft3 in 1915 to about 2.5¢/cu.ft. (.028 cu meters) in 1999. Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and has found wide use in cryogenic research, as its boiling point is close to absolute zero. Its use in the study of superconductivity is vital. Using liquid helium, Kurti and co-workers, and others, have succeeded in ob taining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei, starting from about 0.01 K. Liquid helium (He4) exists in two forms: He4I and He4II, with a sharp transition point at 2.174 K (3.83 cm Hg). He4I (above this temperature) is a normal liquid, but He4II (below it) is unlike any other known substance. It expands on cooling; its conductivity for heat is enormous; and neither its heat conduction nor viscosity ob eys normal rules. It has other peculiar properties. Helium is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid d own to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but it can readily be solidified by increasing the pressure. Solid 3He and 4He are unusual in that both can readily be changed in volume by more than 30% by application of pressure. The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Containers filled with helium gas at 5 to 10 K should be treated as though they contained liquid helium due to the large increase in pressure resulting from warming the gas to room tem perature. While helium normally has a 0 valence, it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Means of preparing helium di flouride have been studied, and species such as HeNe and the molecular ions He+ and He++ have been investigated. Helium is widely used as an inert gas shield for arc welding; as a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals, and in titanium and zirconium production; as a cooling medium for nuclear reactors, and as a gas for supersonic wind tunnels. A mixture of helium and oxygen is used as an artificial atmosphere for dive rs and others working under pressure. Different ratios of He/O 2 are used for different depths at which the diver is operating. Helium is extensively used for filling balloons as it is a much safer gas than hydrogen. One of the recent largest uses for helium has been for pressuring liquid fuel rockets. A Saturn booster such as used on the Apollo lunar missions required about 13 million ft3of helium for a firing, plus more for checkouts. Liquid helium’s use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to increase as the medical profession accepts and develops new uses for the equipment. This e quipment is providing accurate diagnoses of problems where exploratory surgery has previously been required to determine problems. Another medical ap plication that is being developed uses MRI to determine by blood analysis whether a patient has any form of cancer. Lifting gas applications are increasing. Various companies in addition to Goodyear, are now using “blimps” for advertising. The Navy and the Air Force are investigating the use of airships to provide early warning systems to detect low-flying cruise missiles. The Drug Enforcement Agency has used radar-equipped blimps to detec t drug smugglers along the southern border of the U.S. In addition, NASA is currently using helium-filled balloons to sample the atmosphere in A ntarctica to determine what is depleting the ozone layer that protects Earth from harmful U.V. radiation. Research on and development of materials whi ch become superconductive at temperatures well above the boiling point of helium could have a major impact on the demand for helium. Less costly refrigerants having boiling points considerably higher could replace the present need to cool such superconductive materials to the boiling point of helium. Natural helium contains two stable isotopes 3He and 4He. 3He is present in very small quantities. Six other isotopes of helium are now recognized. Holmium — (L. Holmia , for Stockholm), Ho; at. wt. 164.93032(2); at. no 67; m.p. 1474 °C; b.p. 2700 °C; sp. gr. 8.795 (25 °C); valence + 3. The spectral absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announced the exist ence of an “Element X”. Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. The element is named after Cleve ’s native city. Pure holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. It is commercially obtained from monazite, occurring in that mineral to the extent of about 0.05%. It has been isolated by the reduct ion of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Pure holmium has a metallic to bright silver luster. It is relatively soft and malleab le, and is stable in dry air at room temperature, but rapidly oxidizes in moist air and at elevated temperatures. The metal has unusual magnetic properties. Few uses have yet been found for the element. The element, as with other rare earths, seems to have a low acute toxic rating. Natural holmium consists of one isotope 165Ho, which is not radioactive. Holmium has 49 other isotopes known, all of which are radioactive. The price of 99.9% holmium metal i s about $20/g. Hydrogen — (Gr. hydro , water, and genes, forming), H; at. wt. 1.00794(7); at. no. 1; m.p. –259.34 °C; b.p. –252.87 °C; tc -240.18; density 0.08988 g/l; density (liquid) 70.8 g/l (–253 °C); density (solid) 70.6 g/l (–262 °C); valence 1. Hydrogen was prepared many years before it was recognized as a distinct substance by Cavendish in 1766. It was named by Lavoisier. Hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the univ erse, and it is thought that the heavier elements were, and still are, being built from hydrogen and helium. It has been estimated that hydrogen makes up more than 90% of all the atoms or three quarters of the mass of the universe. It is found in the sun and most stars, and plays an important part in the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle, which accounts for the energy of the sun and stars. It is thought that hydrogen is a major component of the planet Jupiter and that at some depth in the planet’s interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted into solid metallic hydrogen. In 1973, it was reported that a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the tra nsition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, a Livermore (California) group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. It has been predicted that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature. On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also prese nt in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the extent of les s than 1 ppm by volume. It is the lightest of all gases, and combines with other elements, sometimes explosively, to form compounds. Great quantities of h ydrogen are required commercially for the fixation of nitrogen from the air in the Haber ammonia process and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. It is also used in large quantities in methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. It is also used as a rocket f uel, for welding, for production of hydrochloric acid, for the reduction of metallic ores, and for filling balloons. The lifting power of 1 ft3 of hydrogen gas is about 0.076 lb at 0 °C, 760 mm pressure. Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone now amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. It is prepared by the action of steam on heated carbon, by decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat, by the electrolysis of water, or by the displace ment from acids by certain metals. It is also produced by the action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum. Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogen ics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only a 20 °C above absolute zero. Hydrogen consists of three isotopes, most of which is 1H. The ordinary isotope of hydrogen, H, is known as protium . In 1932, Urey announced the discovery of a stable isotope, deuterium (2H or D) with an atomic weight of 2. Deuterium is present in natural hydrogen to the extent of 0.015%. Two years later an unstable isotope, tritium (3H), with an atomic weight of 3 THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-16was discovered. Tritium has a half-life of about 12.32 years. Tritium atoms are also present in natural hydrogen but in much sm aller proportion. Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb. It is also used as a radioactive ag ent in making luminous paints, and as a tracer. On August 27, 2001 Russian, French, and Japanese physicists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research near Moscow reported they had made “super-heavy hydrogen”, which had a nucleus with one proton and four neutrons. Using an accelerator, the y used a beam of helium-6 nuclei to strike a hydrogen target, which resulted in the occasional production of a hydrogen-5 nucleus plus a helium- 2 nucleus. These unstable particles quickly disintegrated. This resulted in two protons from the He-2, a triton, and two neutrons from the H-5 breakup. D euterium gas is readily available, without permit, at about $1/l. Heavy water, deuterium oxide (D2O), which is used as a moderator to slow down neutrons, is available without permit at a cost of 6c to $1/g, depending on quantity and purity. About 1000 tons (4,400,000 kg) of deuterium oxide (heavy water ) are now in use at the Sudbury (Ontario) Neutrino Observatory. This observatory is taking data to provide new revolutionary insight into the prope rties of neutrinos and into the core of the sun. The heavy water is on loan from Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. (AECL). The observatory and detectors a re located 6800 ft (2072 m) deep in the Creighton mine of the International Nickel Co., near Sudbury. The heavy water is contained in an acryli c vessel, 12 m in diameter. Neutrinos react with the heavy water to produce Cherenkov radiation. This light is then detected with 9600 photomultiplier tube s surrounding the vessel. The detector laboratory is immensely clean to reduce background radiation, which otherwise hide the very weak signals from neut rinos. Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that hydrogen gas under ordinary conditions is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and para - hydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contain s 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state. Since the two forms differ in energy, the physical properties also differ. The melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1 °C lower than those of normal hydrogen. Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Located in remote regions, power plants would electrolyze sea wa ter; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and co uld serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene. Publ ic acceptance, high capital investment, and the high present cost of hydrogen with respect to present fuels are but a few of the problems facing establishm ent of such an economy. Hydrogen is being investigated as a substitute for deep-sea diving applications below 300 m. Hydrogen is readily available from air product suppliers. Indium — (from the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum),In; at. wt. 114.818(3); at. no. 49; m.p. 156.60 °C; b.p. 2072 °C; sp. gr. 7.31 (20 °C); valence 1, 2, or 3. Discovered by Reich and Richter, who later isolated the metal. Indium is most frequently associated with zinc mater ials, and it is from these that most commercial indium is now obtained; however, it is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores. Until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world’s supply of this element in isolated form. It is probably about as abundant as silver. About 4 million troy ounces of indium are now produced annually in the Free World. Canada is presently producing more than 1,000,000 troy ounces annually. The present cost of indium is about $2 to $10/g, depending on quantity and purity. It is available in ultrapure form. Indium is a very soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant luster. The pure metal gives a high- pitched “cry” when bent. It wets glass, as does gallium. It has found application in making low-melting alloys; an alloy of 24% indium-76% gallium is liquid at room temperature. Indium is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, liquid crystal displays, high definition television, batteries, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. There is evidence that indium has a low order of toxicity; however, c are should be taken until further information is available. Seventy isotopes and isomers are now recognized (more than any other element). Natural indium contains two isotopes. One is stable. The other, 115In, comprising 95.71% of natural indium is slightly radioactive with a very long half-life. Iodine — (Gr. iodes, violet), I; at. wt. 126.90447(3); at. no. 53; m.p. 113.7 °C; b.p. 184.4 °C; tc 546°C; density of the gas 11.27 g/l; sp. gr. solid 4.93 (20 °C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered by Courtois in 1811. Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea wa ter from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, in Chilean saltpeter and nitrate-bearing earth, known as caliche in brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells. Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several ot her methods of isolating the element are known. Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatilizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas w ith an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. I t is only slightly soluble in water. Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Forty two isotopes and isomers are r ecognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter. Iodides, and thyroxin which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. Care should be taken in han dling and using iodine, as contact with the skin can cause lesions; iodine vapor is intensely irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Elemental io dine costs about 25 to 75¢/g depending on purity and quantity. Iridium — (L. iris, rainbow), Ir; at. wt. 192.217(3); at. no. 77; m.p. 2446 °C; b.p. 4428 °C; sp. gr. 22.42 (17 °C); valence 3 or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. The name iridium is appropriate, for its salts a re highly colored. Iridium, a metal of the platinum family, is white, similar to platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. It is very hard and brittle, m aking it very hard to machine, form, or work. It is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, and was used in making the standard meter bar of Paris, which is a 90% platinum-10% iridium alloy. This meter bar was replaced in 1960 as a fundamental unit of length (see under Krypton). Iridium is not attacked by any of the acids nor by aqua regia, but is attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. Iridium occurs uncombined in nature with platinum an d other metals of this family in alluvial deposits. It is recovered as a by-product from the nickel mining industry. The largest reserves and pro duction of the platinum group of metals, which includes iridium, is in South Africa, followed by Russia and Canada. The U.S. has only one active mine, located at Nye, MT. The presence of iridium has recently been used in examining the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. Meteorites contain small a mounts of iridium. Because iridium is found widely distributed at the K-T boundary, it has been suggested that a large meteorite or asteroid colli ded with the earth, killing the dinosaurs, and creating a large dust cloud and crater. Searches for such a crater point to one in the Yucatan, known as Chi cxulub. Iridium has found use in making crucibles and apparatus for use at high temperatures. It is also used for electrical contacts. Its principal use is as a hardening agent for platinum. With osmium, it forms an alloy which is used for tipping pens and compass bearings. The specific gravity of iridium i s only very slightly lower than that of osmium, which has been generally credited as being the heaviest known element. Calculations of the densities of iridium and osmium from the space lattices gives values of 22.65 and 22.61 g/cm3, respectively. These values may be more reliable than actual physical measurements. TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-17At present, therefore, we know that either iridium or osmium is the densest known element, but the data do not yet allow select ion between the two. Natural iridium contains two stable isotopes. Forty-five other isotopes, all radioactive, are now recognized. Iridium (99.9%) c osts about $100/g. Iron — (Anglo-Saxon, iron), Fe (L. ferrum ); at. wt. 55.845(2); at. no. 26; m.p. 1538 °C; b.p. 2861 °C; sp. gr. 7.874 (20 °C); valence 2, 3, 4, or 6. The use of iron is prehistoric. Genesis mentions that Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, was “an instructor of every arti ficer in brass and iron.” A remarkable iron pillar, dating to about A.D. 400, remains standing today in Delhi, India. This solid shaft of wrought iron is about 71/4 m high by 40 cm in diameter. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal although it has been exposed to the weather since its erection. Iron i s a relatively abundant element in the universe. It is found in the sun and many types of stars in considerable quantity. Its nuclei are very stable. I t has been suggested that the iron we have here on earth may have originated in a supernova. Iron is a very difficult element to produce in ordinary nucl ear reactions, such as would take place in the sun. Iron is found native as a principal component of a class of iron-nickel meteorites known as siderites , and is a minor constituent of the other two classes of meteorites. The core of the earth, 2150 miles in radius, is thought to be largely compo sed of iron with about 10% occluded hydrogen. The metal is the fourth most abundant element, by weight, making up the crust of the earth. The most common ore is hematite (Fe 2O3). Magnetite (Fe 3O4) is frequently seen as black sands along beaches and banks of streams. Lodestone is another form of magnetite. Taconite is becoming increasingly important as a commercial ore. Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life, and appears in he moglobin. The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals. The pure metal is very reactive chemi cally, and rapidly corrodes, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures. It has four allotropic forms, or ferrites, known as α, β, γ, and δ, with transition points at 700, 928, and 1530 °C. The α form is magnetic, but when transformed into the β form, the magnetism disappears although the lattice remains unchanged. The relations of these forms are peculiar. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3% carbon with varying amounts of S, Si, Mn, a nd P. It is hard, brittle, fairly fusible, and is used to produce other alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of c arbon, is tough, malleable, less fusible, and has usually a “fibrous” structure. Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. Iron is the cheapest and most abundant, useful, and important of all metals. Natural iron contains four isotopes and isomers. Twenty-six other isotopes and isomers, all radioactive, are now recogn ized. Krypton — (Gr. kryptos , hidden), Kr; at. wt. 83.80(1); at. no. 36; m.p. –157.36 °C; b.p. –153.22 ± 0.10°C; tc -63.74 °C; density 3.733 g/l (0 °C); valence usually 0. Discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers in the residue left after liquid air had nearly boiled away. Krypto n is present in the air to the extent of about 1 ppm. The atmosphere of Mars has been found to contain 0.3 ppm of krypton. It is one of the “noble” gas es. It is characterized by its brilliant green and orange spectral lines. Naturally occurring krypton contains six stable isotopes. Thirty other unstab le isotopes and isomers are now recognized. The spectral lines of krypton are easily produced and some are very sharp. In 1960 it was internationally a greed that the fundamental unit of length, the meter, should be defined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of 86Kr. This replaced the standard meter of Paris, which was defined in terms of a bar made of a platinum-iridium alloy. In October 1983 the meter, which originally was defined as being one ten mi llionth of a quadrant of the earth’s polar circumference, was again redefined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures as being the length of path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. Solid krypton is a white crystalline substance with a fa ce-centered cubic structure which is common to all the “rare gases”. While krypton is generally thought of as a rare gas that normally does not combine wit h other elements to form compounds, it now appears that the existence of some krypton compounds is established. Krypton difluoride has been prepare d in gram quantities and can be made by several methods. A higher fluoride of krypton and a salt of an oxyacid of krypton also have been reported. M olecule-ions of ArKr+ and KrH+ have been identified and investigated, and evidence is provided for the formation of KrXe or KrXe+. Krypton clathrates have been prepared with hydroquinone and phenol. 85Kr has found recent application in chemical analysis. By imbedding the isotope in various solids, kryptonates are formed. The activity of these kryptonates is sensitive to chemical reactions at the surface. Estimates of the concentration of reactants are therefore made possible. Krypton is used in certain photographic flash lamps for high-speed photography. Uses thus far have been limited becau se of its high cost. Krypton gas presently costs about $690/100 L. Kurchatovium — See Rutherfordium. Lanthanum — (Gr. lanthanein , to lie hidden), La; at. wt. 138.9055(2); at. no. 57; m.p. 918 °C; b.p. 3464 °C; sp. gr. 6.145 (25 °C); valence 3. Mosander in 1839 extracted a new earth lanthana , from impure cerium nitrate, and recognized the new element. Lanthanum is found in rare-earth minerals such as cerite, monazite, allanite, and bastnasite . Monazite and bastnasite are principal ores in which lanthanum occurs in percentages up to 25 and 38%, respectively. Misch metal, used in making lighter flints, contains about 25% lanthanum. Lanthanum was isolated i n relatively pure form in 1923. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the so-called “rare-earth” el ements. The availability of lanthanum and other rare earths has improved greatly in recent years. The metal can be produced by reducing the anhydrous fl uoride with calcium. Lanthanum is silvery white, malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is one of the most reactive of the r are-earth metals. It oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air. Cold water attacks lanthanum slowly, and hot water attacks it much more rapidly. The metal reacts directly with elemental carbon, nitrogen, boron, selenium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and with halogens. At 310 °C, lanthanum changes from a hexagonal to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865 °C it again transforms into a body-centered cubic structure. Natural lanthanum is mixture of two isotopes, one of which is stable and one of which is radioactive with a very long half-life. Thirty other radioactive isotopes are recognized. Rare-earth compounds containing lanthanum are extensively used in carbon lighting applications, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting a nd projection. This application consumes about 25% of the rare-earth compounds produced. La2O3 improves the alkali resistance of glass, and is used in making special optical glasses. Small amounts of lanthanum, as an additive, can be used to produce nodular cast iron. There is current interes t in hydrogen sponge alloys containing lanthanum. These alloys take up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas, and the process is reversible. Heat energy is released every time they do so; therefore these alloys have possibilities in energy conservation systems. Lanthanum and its compounds ha ve a low to moderate acute toxicity rating; therefore, care should be taken in handling them. The metal costs about $2/g (99.9%). Lawrencium — (Ernest O. Lawrence [1901–1958], inventor of the cyclotron), Lr; at. no. 103; at. mass no. [262]; valence + 3(?). This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A. E. Larsh, and R. M . Latimer.A 3- µg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either 10B or 11B. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitt ing an 8.6-MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s. In 1967, Flerov and associates of the Dubna Laboratory reported their inability to detect an alpha emitter with a half- life of 8 s which was assigned by the Berkeley group to 257103. This assignment has been changed to 258Lr or 259Lr. In 1965, the Dubna workers found THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-18a longer-lived lawrencium isotope, 256Lr, with a half-life of 35 s. In 1968, Ghiorso and associates at Berkeley were able to use a few atoms of this isotope to study the oxidation behavior of lawrencium. Using solvent extraction techniques and working very rapidly, they extracted law rencium ions from a buffered aqueous solution into an organic solvent, completing each extraction in about 30 s. It was found that lawrencium beh aves differently from dipositive nobelium and more like the tripositive elements earlier in the actinide series. Ten isotopes of lawrencium are now r ecognized. Lead — (Anglo-Saxon lead), Pb (L. plumbum ); at. wt. 207.2(1); at. no. 82; m.p. 327.46 °C; b.p. 1749 °C; sp. gr. 11.35 (20 °C); valence 2 or 4. Long known, mentioned in Exodus. The alchemists believed lead to be the oldest metal and associated it with the planet Saturn. Nativ e lead occurs in nature, but it is rare. Lead is obtained chiefly from galena (PbS) by a roasting process. Anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), and minim (Pb3O4) are other common lead minerals. Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, is very soft, highly malleable, ductile, and a poor conduc tor of electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion; lead pipes bearing the insignia of Roman emperors, used as drains from the baths, are still in ser vice. It is used in containers for corrosive liquids (such as sulfuric acid) and may be toughened by the addition of a small percentage of antimony or other m etals. Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: 204Pb (1.4%), 206Pb (24.1%), 207Pb (22.1%), and 208Pb (52.4%). Lead isotopes are the end products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: 206Pb for the uranium series, 207Pb for the actinium series, and 208Pb for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized. Its alloys include solder, type metal, and va rious antifriction metals. Great quantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries. Lead is also used for cable cove ring, plumbing, and ammunition. The metal is very effective as a sound absorber, is used as a radiation shield around X-ray equipment and nuclear r eactors, and is used to absorb vibration. Lead, alloyed with tin, is used in making organ pipes. White lead, the basic carbonate, sublimed white lea d (PbSO4), chrome yellow (PbCrO 4), red lead (Pb3O4), and other lead compounds are used extensively in paints, although in recent years the use of lead in paints has been drastically curtailed to eliminate or reduce health hazards. Lead oxide is used in producing fine “crystal glass” and “flint gl ass” of a high index of refraction for achromatic lenses. The nitrate and the acetate are soluble salts. Lead salts such as lead arsenate have been use d as insecticides, but their use in recent years has been practically eliminated in favor of less harmful organic compounds. Care must be used in handling l ead as it is a cumulative poison. Environmental concern with lead poisoning has resulted in a national program to eliminate the lead tetraethyl in gasoli ne. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has recommended that industries limit airborne lead to 50 µgms/cu. meter. Lead is priced at about 90¢/kg (99.9%). Lithium — (Gr. lithos , stone), Li; at. wt. 6.941(2); at. no. 3; m.p. 180.5 °C; b.p. 1342 °C; sp. gr. 0.534 (20 °C); valence 1. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water. It does not occur free in nature; combined it is found in small amounts in nearly all igneous rocks and in the waters of many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it. Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from Nevada, Chile , and Argentina. Large deposits of spodumene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is s ilvery in appearance, much like Na and K, other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium im parts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly the flame is a dazzling white. Since World War II, the production of lithiu m metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organi c compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium i s used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is o ne of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lit hium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Seven is otopes of lithium are recognized. Natural lithium contains two isotopes. The metal is priced at about $1.50/g (99.9%). Lutetium — (Lutetia, ancient name for Paris, sometimes called cassiopeium by the Germans), Lu; at. wt. 174.967(1); at. no. 71; m.p. 1663 °C; b.p. 3402 °C; sp. gr. 9.841 (25 °C); valence 3. In 1907, Urbain described a process by which Marignac’s ytterbium (1879) could be separated into the two elements, ytterbium (neoytterbium)and lutetium. These elements were identical with “aldebaranium” and “cassiopeium,” indepe ndently discovered by von Welsbach about the same time. Charles James of the University of New Hampshire also independently prepared th e very pure oxide, lutecia , at this time. The spelling of the element was changed from lutecium to lutetium in 1949. Lutetium occurs in very small amounts in nearly all minerals containing yttrium, and is present in monazite to the extent of about 0.003%, which is a commercial source. The pure metal has been isolated only in recent years and is one of the most difficult to prepare. It can be prepared by the reduction of anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The metal is silvery white and relatively stable in air. While new techniques, including ion-exchange reactions, h ave been developed to separate the various rare-earth elements, lutetium is still the most costly of all rare earths. It is priced at about $100/g (9 9.9%). 176Lu occurs naturally (97.41%) with 175Lu (2.59%), which is radioactive with a very long half-life. It is radioactive with a half-life of about 4 × 1010 years. Lutetium has 50 isotopes and isomers that are now recognized. Stable lutetium nuclides, which emit pure beta radiation after thermal neutron ac tivation, can be used as catalysts in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. Virtually no other commercial uses have been found yet for lutetium. While lutetium, like other rare-earth metals, is thought to have a low toxicity rating, it should be handled with care until more inf ormation is available. Magnesium — (Magnesia, district in Thessaly) Mg; at. wt. 24.3050(6); at. no. 12; m.p. 650 °C; b.p. 1090 °C; sp. gr. 1.738 (20 °C); valence 2. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. It was isolated by Davy in 1808, and prepared in coherent form by Bussy in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It does not occur uncomb ined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals. The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water. Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It t arnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame. It is used in flashligh t photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminium, and in alloys is essential for airplane a nd missile contruction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesi um is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron,and is used as an additive to conventional propellants. It is also used as a reducing a gent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide ( milk of magnesia ), chloride, sulfate ( Epsom salts ), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters. Calcined magnesi a is also used for water treatment and in the manufacture of rubber, paper, etc. Organic magnesium compounds (Grignard’s reagents) are important. Magnesium is an important element in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered porphyrins. The adult daily requirement of magnesium is about TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-19300 mg/day, but this is affected by various factors. Great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially in the finely divided state, as serious fires can occur. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires. Natural magnesium contains three isotopes. Twelve other isotopes are recognized. Magnesium metal costs about $100/kg (99.8%). Manganese — (L. magnes , magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite; It. manganese , corrupt form of magnesia ), Mn; at. wt. 54.938049(9); at. no. 25; m.p. 1246 °C; b.p. 2061 °C; sp. gr. 7.21 to 7.44, depending on allotropic form; valence 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7. Recognized by Scheele, Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon. Manganese minerals are widely di stributed; oxides, silicates, and carbonates are the most common. The discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the floor of the ocean s holds promise as a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese together with many other elements in lesser abundance. Most ma nganese today is obtained from ores found in the Ukraine, Brazil, Australia, Republic of So. Africa, Gabon, China, and India. Pyrolusite (MnO 2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminu m, or by electrolysis. It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically, and de composes cold water slowly. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. In steel, manganese improves the rolling and forging qualities, strength, toug hness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness, and hardenability. With aluminum and antimony, especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly f erromagnetic alloys. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form i s stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and ca pable of being bent. The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells, and is used to “decolorize” glass that is colored green by impu rities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the pr eparation of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and i n medicine. Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of v itamin B1. Twenty-seven isotopes and isomers are known. Manganese metal (99.95%) is priced at about $800/kg. Metal of 99.6% purity is priced at about $ 80/kg. Meitnerium — (named for Lise Meitner [1878–1968], Austrian-Swedish physicist and mathematician), Mt; at. wt [266]; at. no. 109. On August 29, 1992, Element 109 was made and identified by physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (G.S.I.), Darmstadt, Germany, by bombarding a target of 209Bi with accelerated nuclei of 58Fe. The production of Element 109 has been extremely small. It took a week of target bombardment (1011 nuclear encounters) to produce a single atom of 109. Oganessian and his team at Dubna in 1994 repeated the Darmstadt experiment using a tenfold irradiation dose. One fission event from seven alpha decays of 109 was observed, thus indirectly confirming the existence of is otope 266109. In August 1997, the IUPAC adopted the name meitnerium for this element, honoring L. Meitner. Four isotopes of meitnerium are now recognized. Mendelevium — (Dmitri Mendeleev [1834–1907]), Md; at. wt. (258); at. no. 101; m.p. 827 °C; valence +2, +3. Mendelevium, the ninth transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered, was first identified by Ghiorso, Harvey, Choppin, Thompson, and S eaborg early in 1955 as a result of the bombardment of the isotope 253Es with helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. The isotope produced was 256Md, which has a half-life of 78 min. This first identification was notable in that 256Md was synthesized on a one-atom-at-a-time basis. Nineteen isotopes and isomers are now recognized. 258Md has a half-life of 51.5 days. This isotope has been produced by the bombardment of an isotope of einsteinium with ions of helium. It now appears possible that eventually enough 258Md can be made so that some of its physical properties can be determined. 256Md has been used to elucidate some of the chemical properties of mendelevium in aqueous solution. Experiments seem to show that the el ement possesses a moderately stable dipositive (II) oxidation state in addition to the tripositive (III) oxidation state,which is characteristi c of actinide elements. Mercury — (Planet Mercury ), Hg ( hydrargyrum , liquid silver); at. wt. 200.59(2); at. no. 80; t.p. –38.83 °C; b.p. 356.73 °C; tc 1447 °C; sp. gr. 13.546 (20°C); valence 1 or 2. Known to ancient Chinese and Hindus; found in Egyptian tombs of 1500 B.C. Mercury is the only common metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. It only rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar (HgS). Spain and China produce about 75% of the world’s supply of the metal. The commercial unit for handling mercury is the “flask,” which weighs 76 lb (34.46 kg). The metal is obtained by heating cinnabar in a current of air and by condensing the vapor. It is a heavy, silvery-white metal; a rather poor conductor of heat, as compared with other metals, and a fair conductor of electricity. It easily forms alloys with many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, which are called amalgams . Its ease in amalgamating with gold is made use of in the recovery of gold from its ores. The metal is widely used in laboratory work for making thermome ters, barometers, diffusion pumps, and many other instruments. It is used in making mercury-vapor lamps and advertising signs, etc. and is used i n mercury switches and other electrical apparatus. Other uses are in making pesticides, mercury cells for caustic soda and chlorine production, de ntal preparations, antifouling paint, batteries, and catalysts. The most important salts are mercuric chloride HgCl2 (corrosive sublimate — a violent poison), mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2(calomel, occasionally still used in medicine), mercury fulminate (Hg(ONC)2), a detonator widely used in explosives, and mercuric sulfide (HgS, vermillion, a high-grade paint pigment). Organic mercury compounds are important. It has been found that an elect rical discharge causes mercury vapor to combine with neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. These products, held together with van der Waals’ forces, corres pond to HgNe, HgAr, HgKr, and HgXe. Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison and dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Air saturated with mercury vapor at 20 °C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxic limit many times. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is therefore important that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. If it is necessary to heat mercury or mercury compounds, it should be done in a well-ventilated hood. Methyl mercury is a dangerous pollutant and is now widely found in water and streams. The triple poi nt of mercury, –38.8344 °C, is a fixed point on the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90). Mercury (99.98%) is priced at about $110/kg. Native mercur y contains seven isotopes. Thirty-six other isotopes and isomers are known. Molybdenum — (Gr. molybdos , lead), Mo; at. wt. 95.94(1); at. no. 42; m.p. 2623 °C; b.p. 4639 °C; sp. gr. 10.22 (20 °C); valence 2, 3, 4?, 5?, or 6. Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore . The metal was prepared in an impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur native, but is obtained principally from molybdenite (MoS 2). Wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (Ca(MoW)O4) are also minor commercial ores. Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The U.S., Canada, Chile, and China produce most of the world’s molybdenum ores. The metal is prepared from the powder made by t he hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate. The metal is silvery white, very hard, but is softer and more du ctile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points . It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of s teel at high temperatures. It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the “Hastelloys®” which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemic al solutions. Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-20oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the ref ining of petroleum. It has found application as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition. Some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperat ures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 psi(lb/in.2) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Natural molybdenum contains seven isotopes. Thirty other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. Moly bdenum metal costs about $1/g (99.999% purity). Molybdenum metal (99.9%) costs about $160/kg. Neodymium — (Gr. neos, new, and didymos , twin), Nd; at. wt. 144.24(3); at. no. 60; m.p. 1021 °C; b.p. 3074 °C; sp. gr. 7.008 (25 °C); valence 3. In 1841, Mosander, extracted from cerite a new rose-colored oxide, which he believed contained a new element. He named the element didymium , as it was an inseparable twin brother of lanthanum . In 1885 von Welsbach separated didymium into two new elemental components, neodymia and praseodymia , by repeated fractionation of ammonium didymium nitrate. While the free metal is in misch metal , long known and used as a pyrophoric alloy for light flints, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. Neodymium is present in misch metal to the extent of about 18%. It is present in the minerals monazite and bastnasite , which are principal sources of rare-earth metals. The element may be obtained by separating neodymium salts from other rare earths by ion-exchange or solvent extraction techniques, and by reducing anhydrous halides such as NdF 3 with calcium metal. Other separation techniques are possible. The metal has a bright silvery metallic luster. Neodymium is one of the more r eactive rare-earth metals and quickly tarnishes in air, forming an oxide that spalls off and exposes metal to oxidation. The metal, therefore, should be kept under light mineral oil or sealed in a plastic material. Neodymium exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at 863 °C. Natural neodymium is a mixture of seven isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Twenty seven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. Didymium, of which neodymium is a component, is used for coloring glass to mak e welder’s goggles. By itself, neodymium colors glass delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. Light transmitted th rough such glass shows unusually sharp absorption bands. The glass has been used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral l ines may be calibrated. Glass containing neodymium can be used as a laser material to produce coherent light. Neodymium salts are also used as a colorant for enamels. The element is also being used with iron and boron to produce extremely strong magnets having energy densities as high as 27 to 35 million gauss oersteds. These are the most compact magnets commercially available. The price of the metal is about $4/g. Neodymium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. As with other rare earths, neodymium should be handled with care. Neon — (Gr. neos, new), Ne; at. wt. 20.1797(6); at. no. 10; t.p. –248.59 °C; b.p. –246.08 °C; tc -228.7 °C (1 atm); density of gas 0.89990 g/l (1 atm, 0°C); density of liquid at b.p. 1.207 g/cm3; valence 0. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898. Neon is a rare gaseous element present in the atmosphere to the extent of 1 part in 65,000 of air. It is obtained by liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases b y fractional distillation. Natural neon is a mixture of three isotopes. Fourteen other unstable isotopes are known. It is very inert element; however, it is said to form a compound with fluorine. It is still questionable if true compounds of neon exist, but evidence is mounting in favor of their existence. The f ollowing ions are known from optical and mass spectrometric studies: Ne+, (NeAr)+, (NeH)+, and (HeNe+). Neon also forms an unstable hydrate. In a vacuum discharge tube, neon glows reddish orange. Of all the rare gases, the discharge of neon is the most intense at ordinary voltages and currents. Neon is used in making the common neon advertising signs, which accounts for its largest use. It is also used to make high-voltage indicators, lightni ng arrestors, wave meter tubes, and TV tubes. Neon and helium are used in making gas lasers. Liquid neon is now commercially available and is finding im portant application as an economical cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity per unit volume than liquid helium and more than three times that of liquid hydrogen. It is compact, inert, and is less expensive than helium when it meets refrigeration requirements. Neon costs about $800/80 cu. ft. (2265 l). Neptunium — (Planet Neptune ), Np; at. wt. (237); at. no. 93; m.p. 644 °C; sp. gr. 20.25 (20 °C); valence 3, 4, 5, and 6. Neptunium was the first synthetic transuranium element of the actinide series discovered; the isotope 239Np was produced by McMillan and Abelson in 1940 at Berkeley, California, as the result of bombarding uranium with cyclotron-produced neutrons. The isotope 237Np (half-life of 2.14 × 106 years) is currently obtained in gram quantities as a by-product from nuclear reactors in the production of plutonium. Twenty-three isotopes and isomers of n eptunium are now recognized. Trace quantities of the element are actually found in nature due to transmutation reactions in uranium ores produce d by the neutrons which are present. Neptunium is prepared by the reduction of NpF3 with barium or lithium vapor at about 1200 °C. Neptunium metal has a silvery appearance, is chemically reactive, and exists in at least three structural modifications: α-neptunium, orthorhombic, density 20.25 g/cm3, β-neptunium (above 280°C), tetragonal, density (313 °C) 19.36 g/cm3; γ-neptunium (above 577 °C), cubic, density (600 °C) 18.0 g/cm3. Neptunium has four ionic oxidation states in solution: Np+3 (pale purple), analogous to the rare earth ion Pm+3, Np+4 (yellow green); NpO+ (green blue); and NpO++ (pale pink). These latter oxygenated species are in contrast to the rare earths which exhibit only simple ions of the (II), (III), and (IV) oxidation sta tes in aqueous solution. The element forms tri- and tetrahalides such as NpF 3, NpF4, NpCl4, NpBr3, NpI3, and oxides of various compositions such as are found in the uranium- oxygen system, including Np3O8 and NpO2. Nickel — (Ger. Nickel, Satan or Old Nick’s and from kupfernickel , Old Nick’s copper), Ni; at. wt. 58.6934(2); at. no. 28; m.p. 1455 °C; b.p. 2913 °C; sp. gr. 8.902 (25 °C); valence 0, 1, 2, 3. Discovered by Cronstedt in 1751 in kupfernickel ( niccolite ). Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites , may contain iron alloyed with from 5 to nearly 20% nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces much of the world’s nickel. It is now thought that the Sudbury deposit is the result of an ancient meteorite impact. Large depo sits of nickel, cobalt, and copper have recently been developed at Voisey’s Bay, Laborador. Other deposits of nickel are found in Russia, New Caledonia , Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere. Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromag netic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms. It is e xtensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar®, Monel®, Inconel®, and the Hastelloys®. Tubing made of a co pper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. Nickel is also now used extensively i n coinage and in making nickel steel for armor plate and burglar-proof vaults, and is a component in Nichrome®, Permalloy®, and constantan. Nickel adde d to glass gives a green color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a cata lyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison® storage battery. The sulf ate and the oxides are TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-21important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; twenty-five other unstable isotopes are known. Nickel sulfide fume and dust is recognized as having carcinogenic potential. Nickel metal (99.9%) is priced at about $2/g or less in larger quantities. Nielsbohrium — See Bohrium. Niobium — (Niobe , daughter of Tantalus), Nb; or Columbium ( Columbia , name for America); at. wt. 92.90638(2); at. no. 41; m.p. 2477 °C; b.p. 4744 °C, sp. gr. 8.57 (20 °C); valence 2, 3, 4?, 5. Discovered in 1801 by Hatchett in an ore sent to England more that a century before by John Winthrop the Younger, first governor of Connecticut. The metal was first prepared in 1864 by Blomstrand, who reduced the chloride by hea ting it in a hydrogen atmosphere. The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by this name. Most metallurgists, leading metal societies, and all but one of the leading U.S. commercial producers, however, still refer to the metal as “columbium”. The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, pyrochlore, and euxenite . Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of pyrochlore . Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Congo-Kinshasa, Rwanda, and Australia. The metal can be isolated from tan talum, and prepared in several ways. It is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200 °C, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere. It is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advan ce air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. It has also found use in super-alloys for applications such as jet engine compon ents, rocket subassemblies, and heat-resisting equipment. The element has superconductive properties; superconductive magnets have been made with Nb-Zr wire, which retains its superconductivity in strong magnetic fields. This type of application offers hope of direct large-scale gener ation of electric power. Natural niobium is composed of only one isotope, 93Nb. Forty-seven other isotopes and isomers of niobium are now recognized. Niobium metal (99.9% pure) is priced at about 50¢/g. Nitrogen — (L. nitrum , Gr. nitron , native soda; genes, forming, N; at. wt. 14.00674(7); at. no. 7; m.p. –210.00 °C; b.p. –198.79 °C; tc -146.94 °C; density 1.2506 g/l; sp. gr. liquid 0.808 (–195.8 °C), solid 1.026 (–252 °C); valence 3 or 5. Discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, but Scheele, Cavendish,Priestley, and others about the same time studied “burnt or dephlogisticated air,” as air without oxygen was then cal led. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the air, by volume. The atmosphere of Mars, by comparison, is 2.6% nitrogen. The estimated amount of this element in our atmosphere is more than 4000 trillion tons. From this inexhaustible source it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. Nitrogen molecules give the orange-red, blue-green, blue-violet, and deep violet shades to the aurora.The element is so inert that Lavoisier named it azote , meaning without life, yet its compounds are so active as to be most important in foods, poisons, fertilizers, and explosives. Nitrogen can be a lso easily prepared by heating a water solution of ammonium nitrite. Nitrogen, as a gas, is colorless, odorless, and a generally inert element. As a liquid it is also colorless and odorless, and is similar in appearance to water. Two allotropic forms of solid nitrogen exist, with the transition from the α to the β form taking place at –237 °C. When nitrogen is heated, it combines directly with magnesium, lithium, or calcium; when mixed with oxygen and subjected to elec tric sparks, it forms first nitric oxide (NO) and then the dioxide (NO2); when heated under pressure with a catalyst with hydrogen, ammonia is formed (Haber process). The ammonia thus formed is of the utmost importance as it is used in fertilizers, and it can be oxidized to nitric acid (Ostwal d process). The ammonia industryis the largest consumer of nitrogen. Large amounts of gas are also used by the electronics industry, which uses the gas as a blanketing medium during production of such components as transistors, diodes, etc. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products. The drug industry also uses large quantities. Nitrogen is used as a refrigerant both for the immersion freezing of fo od products and for transportation of foods. Liquid nitrogen is also used in missile work as a purge for components, insulators for space chambers, etc., and by the oil industry to build up great pressures in wells to force crude oil upward. Sodium and potassium nitrates are formed by the decomp osition of organic matter with compounds of the metals present. In certain dry areas of the world these saltpeters are found in quantity. Ammonia, nitric acid, the nitrates, the five oxides (N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, and N2O5), TNT, the cyanides, etc. are but a few of the important compounds. Nitrogen gas prices vary from 2¢ to $2.75 per 100 ft3 (2.83 cu. meters), depending on purity, etc. Production of elemental nitrogen in the U.S. is more than 9 million short tons pe r year. Natural nitrogen contains two isotopes, 14N and 15N. Ten other isotopes are known. Nobelium — (Alfred Nobel, discoverer of dynamite), No; at. wt. [259]; at. no. 102; valence +2, +3. Nobelium was unambiguously discovered and identified in April 1958 at Berkeley by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J. R. Walton, and G. T. Seaborg, who used a new double-re coil technique. A heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) was used to bombard a thin target of curium (95% 244Cm and 4.5% 246Cm) with 12C ions to produce 102254 according to the 246Cm (12C, 4n) reaction. Earlier in 1957 workers of the U.S., Britain, and Sweden announced the discovery of an isotope of Element 102 with a 10-min half-life at 8.5 MeV, as a result of bombarding 244Cm with 13C nuclei. On the basis of this experiment the name nobelium was assigned and accepted by the Commission on Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The acceptance of th e name was premature, for both Russian and American efforts now completely rule out the possibility of any isotope of Element 102 having a half-life of 10 min in the vicinity of 8.5 MeV. Early work in 1957 on the search for this element, in Russia at the Kurchatov Institute, was marred by the assignment of 8.9 ± 0.4 MeV alpha radiation with a half-life of 2 to 40 sec, which was too indefinite to support claim to discovery. Confirmatory experiments at Berkeley in 1966 have shown the existence of 254102 with a 55-s half-life, 252102 with a 2.3-s half-life, and 257102 with a 25-s half-life. Twelve isotopes are now recognized, one of which — 255102 has a half-life of 3.1 min. In view of the discover’s traditional right to name an element, the Berkeley group, in 1967, suggested that the hastily given name nobelium, along with the symbol No, be retained. Osmium — (Gr. osme , a smell), Os; at. wt. 190.23(3); at. no. 76; m.p. 3033 °C; b.p. 5012 °C; sp. gr. 22.57; valence 0 to +8, more usually +3, +4, +6, and +8. Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. Osmium occurs in iridosmine and in platinum-bearing river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America. It is also found in the nickel-bearing ores of Sud bury, Ontario, region along with other platinum metals. While the quantity of platinum metals in these ores is very small, the large tonnages of nick el ores processed make commercial recovery possible. The metal is lustrous, bluish white, extremely hard, and brittle even at high temperatures. It ha s the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of the platinum group. The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powder can be sint ered in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 2000 °C. The solid metal is not affected by air at room temperature, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which is a powerful oxidizing agent and has a strong smell. The tetroxide is highly toxic, and boils at 1 30°C (760 mm). Concentrations in air as low as 10–7 g/m3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, or eye damage. The tetroxide has been used to detect fingerprints and to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys, with other meta ls of the platinum group, THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-22for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, phonograph needles, and electrical contacts. The price of 99.9% pure osmium powder — the form usually supplied commercially — is about $100/g, depending on quantity and supplier. Natural osmium contains seven isotopes, one of whi ch, 186Os, is radioactive with a very long half-life. Thirty four other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive.The mea sured densities of iridium and osmium seem to indicate that osmium is slightly more dense than iridium, so osmium has generally been credited with being t he heaviest known element. Calculations of the density from the space lattice, which may be more reliable for these elements than actual measurem ents, however, give a density of 22.65 for iridium compared to 22.61 for osmium. At present, therefore, we know either iridium or osmium is the hea viest element, but the data do not allow selection between the two. Oxygen — (Gr. oxys, sharp, acid, and genes , forming; acid former), O; at. wt. 15.9994(3); at. no. 8; t.p. –218.79 °C; tc -118.56 °C; valence 2. For many centuries, workers occasionally realized air was composed of more than one component. The behavior of oxygen and nitrogen as components of air led to the advancement of the phlogiston theory of combustion, which captured the minds of chemists for a century. Oxyge n was prepared by several workers, including Bayen and Borch, but they did not know how to collect it, did not study its properties, and did not recognize it as an elementary substance. Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently. Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, one process thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the aurora. Oxygen, as a gaseous element, forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume from which it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15 % oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth’s crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water i s oxygen. In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalys t. The gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic. Ozone (O 3), a highly active compound, is formed by the action of an electrical discharge or ultraviolet light on oxygen. Ozone’s presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the e quivalent of a layer 3 mm thick at ordinary pressures and temperatures) is of vital importance in preventing harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth’s surface. There has been recent concern that pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozo ne is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black, and solid ozone is violet-black. Oxygen is very reactive and capable of combining with most elements. It is a component of hund reds of thousands of organic compounds. It is essential for respiration of all plants and animals and for practically all combustion. In hospital s it is frequently used to aid respiration of patients. Its atomic weight was used as a standard of comparison for each of the other elements until 1961 w hen the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis. Oxygen has thirteen recognized isotopes. Natural oxygen is a mixture of three isotopes. Oxygen 18 occurs naturally, is stable, and is available commercially. Water (H2O with 1.5% 18O) is also available. Commercial oxygen consumption in the U.S. is estimated to be 20 million short tons per year and the demand is expected to increase substantially in the next few years. Oxygen enrichment of steel blast furnaces accounts for the greatest use of the gas. Large quantities are also used in making sy nthesis gas for ammonia and methanol, ethylene oxide, and for oxy-acetylene welding. Air separation plants produce about 99% of the gas, electrolysis p lants about 1%. The gas costs 5¢/ft3 ($1.75/cu. meters) in small quantities. Palladium — (named after the asteroid Pallas , discovered about the same time; Gr. Pallas , goddess of wisdom), Pd. at. wt. 106.42(1) at. no. 46; m.p. 1554.9 °C; b.p. 2963 °C; sp. gr. 12.02 (20 °C); valence 2, 3, or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston. Palladium is found along with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in deposits of Russia, South Africa, Canada (Ontario), and elsewhere. Natural palladium cont ains six stable isotopes. Twenty-nine other isotopes are recognized, all of which are radioactive. It is frequently found associated with the nickel-copp er deposits such as those found in Ontario. Its separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found. It is a steel-whit e metal, does not tarnish in air, and is the least dense and lowest melting of the platinum group of metals. When annealed, it is soft and ductile; cold working greatly increases its strength and hardness. Palladium is attacked by nitric and sulfuric acid. At room temperatures the metal has the unusual pr operty of absorbing up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, possibly forming Pd2H. It is not yet clear if this a true compound. Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium and this provides a means of purifying the gas. Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogena tion and dehydrogenation reactions. It is alloyed and used in jewelry trades. White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized by the addition of palladium. L ike gold, palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 in. The metal is used in dentistry, watchmaking, and in making surgical instruments an d electrical contacts. Palladium recently has been substituted for higher priced platinum in catalytic converters by some automobile companies. This h as caused a large increase in the cost of palladium. The price of the two metals are now, in 2002, about the same. Palladium, however, is less re sistant to poisoning by sulfur and lead, than platinum, but it may prove useful in controlling emissions from diesel vehicles. The metal sells for abou t $350/tr. oz. ($11/g). Phosphorus — (Gr. phosphoros , light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise), P; at. wt. 30.973762(4); at. no. 15; m.p. (white) 44.15 °C; b.p. 280.5 °C; sp. gr. (white) 1.82 (red) 2.20, (black) 2.25 to 2.69; valence 3 or 5. Discovered in 1669 by Brand, who prepared it from urine. Phosphorus exists in four or more allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phospho rus has two modifications: α and β with a transition temperature at –3.8 °C. Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Twenty-one isotopes of phosphorus are recognized. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite , an impure tri-calcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in the Russia,China, Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere. Phosphor us in an essential ingredient of all cell protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid; when pure it is colorl ess and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. It takes fire spontaneously in air, burning to the pentoxide. It is ver y poisonous, 50 mg constituting an approximate fatal dose. Exposure to white phosphorus should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40-hour work week). White phosphorus should be kept under water, as it is dangerously reactive in air, and it should be handled with forceps, as contact with the skin may cause severe burns. When exposed to sunlight or when heated in its own vapor to 250 °C, it is converted to the red variety, which does not phosphoresce in air as does the white variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is not as dangerous as white phosphorus. It shoul d, however, be handled with care as it does convert to the white form at some temperatures and it emits highly toxic fumes of the oxides of phosphorus when heated. The red modification is fairly stable, sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atm at 417 °C,and is used in the manufacture of safety matches, pyrotechnics, pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, tracer bullets, etc. White phosphorus may be made by several methods. By one process, tri-calci um phosphate, the essential ingredient of phosphate rock, is heated in the presence of carbon and silica in an electric furnace or fuel-fired fur nace. Elementary phosphorus is liberated as vapor and may be collected under water. If desired, the phosphorus vapor and carbon monoxide produced by the re action can be oxidized at once in the presence of moisture to produce phosphoric acid, an important compound in making super-phosphate fertilizers. In recent years, TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-23238 239 239 239Un U N p P u,γββ() → →  → concentrated phosphoric acids, which may contain as much as 70 to 75% P2O5 content, have become of great importance to agriculture and farm production. World-wide demand for fertilizers has caused record phosphate production. Phosphates are used in the production of special glasses, such as those used for sodium lamps. Bone-ash, calcium phosphate, is also used to produce fine chinaware and to produce mono-calcium phosphate used in baking powder. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze, and many other products. Trisodium phosphate is important as a cleaning agent, as a water softener, and for preventing boiler scale and corrosion of pipes and boiler tubes. Or ganic compounds of phosphorus are important. Amorphous (red) phosphorus costs about $70/kg (99%). Platinum — (It. platina , silver), Pt; at. wt. 195.078(2); at. no. 78; m.p. 1768.4 °C; b.p. 3825 °C; sp. gr. 21.45 (20 °C); valence 1?, 2, 3, or 4. Discovered in South America by Ulloa in 1735 and by Wood in 1741. The metal was used by pre-Columbian Indians. Platinum occurs native, acc ompanied by small quantities of iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium, all belonging to the same group of metals. These are fo und in the alluvial deposits of the Ural mountains and in Columbia. Sperrylite (PtAs2), occurring with the nickel-bearing deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, is a source of a considerable amount of metal. The large production of nickel offsets there being only one part of the platinum metals in two mi llion parts of ore. The largest supplier of the platinum group of metals is now South Africa, followed by Russia and Canada. Platinum is a beautiful si lvery-white metal, when pure, and is malleable and ductile. It has a coefficient of expansion almost equal to that of soda-lime-silica glass, and is th erefore used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature, but is corroded by halogens, cyanides, sulfu r, and caustic alkalis. It is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves when they are mixed as aqua regia , forming chloroplatinic acid (H 2PtCl 6), an important compound. Natural platinum contains six isotopes, one of which, 190Pt, is radioactive with a long half-life. Thirty-seven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. The metal is extensively used in jewelry, wire, and vessels for laboratory use, and in many valuable in struments including thermocouple elements. It is also used for electrical contacts, corrosion-resistant apparatus, and in dentistry. Platinum-cobal t alloys have magnetic properties. One such alloy made of 76.7% Pt and 23.3% Co, by weight, is an extremely powerful magnet that offers a B-H (max) al most twice that of Alnico V. Platinum resistance wires are used for constructing high-temperature electric furnaces. The metal is used for coat ing missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles, etc., which must perform reliably for long periods of time at high temperatures. The metal, like palla dium, absorbs large volumes, of hydrogen, retaining it at ordinary temperatures but giving it up at red heat. In the finely divided state platinum is an excellent catalyst, having long been used in the contact process for producing sulfuric acid. It is also used as a catalyst in cracking petroleum products . There is also much current interest in the use of platinum as a catalyst in fuel cells and in its use as antipollution devices for automobiles. Platinum a nodes are extensively used in cathodic protection systems for large ships and ocean-going vessels, pipelines, steel piers, etc. Pure platinum wire will gl ow red hot when placed in the vapor of methyl alcohol. It acts here as a catalyst, converting the alcohol to formaldehyde. This phenomenon has been us ed commercially to produce cigarette lighters and hand warmers. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in the presence of platinum. The price of platinum has varied widely; more than a century ago it was used to adulterate gold. It was nearly eight times as valuable as gold in 1920. The price in January 2002 was about $430/troy oz. ($15/g), higher than the price of gold. Plutonium — (Planet pluto ), Pu; at. wt. (244); at. no. 94; sp. gr. ( α modification) 19.84 (25 °C); m.p. 640 °C; b.p. 3228 °C; valence 3, 4, 5, or 6. Plutonium was the second transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered. The isotope 238Pu was produced in 1940 by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium in the 60-inch cyclotron at Berkeley, California. Plutonium also exists in trace quantities in naturally occurring uranium ores. It is formed in much the same manner as neptunium, by irradiation of natural uranium with the neutrons which are present. By far of greatest importance is the isotope Pu239, with a half-life of 24,100 years, produced in extensive quantities in nuclear reactors from natural uranium: Nineteen isotopes of plutonium are now known. Plutonium has assumed the position of dominant importance among the transuranium elements because of its successful use as an explosive ingredient in nuclear weapons and the place which it holds as a key material in t he development of industrial use of nuclear power. One kilogram is equivalent to about 22 million kilowatt hours of heat energy. The complete detonation of a kilogram of plutonium produces an explosion equal to about 20,000 tons of chemical explosive. Its importance depends on the nuclear property of being readily fissionable with neutrons and its availability in quantity. The world’s nuclear-power reactors are now producing about 20,000 kg of plutoni um/yr. By 1982 it was estimated that about 300,000 kg had accumulated. The various nuclear applications of plutonium are well known. 238Pu has been used in the Apollo lunar missions to power seismic and other equipment on the lunar surface. As with neptunium and uranium, plutonium metal can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with alkaline-earth metals. The metal has a silvery appearance and takes on a yellow tarnish when slightly oxidized. It is chemically reactive. A relatively large piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the energy given off in alpha decay. Larger pieces will produce enough heat to boil water. The metal readily dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, or perchloric acid w ith formation of the Pu+3 ion. The metal exhibits six allotropic modifications having various crystalline structures. The densities of these vary from 16 .00 to 19.86 g/cm3. Plutonium also exhibits four ionic valence states in aqueous solutions: Pu+3(blue lavender), Pu+4 (yellow brown), PuO+ (pink?), and PuO+2 (pink orange). The ion PuO+ is unstable in aqueous solutions, disproportionating into Pu+4 and PuO+2. The Pu+4 thus formed, however, oxidizes the PuO+ into PuO+2, itself being reduced to Pu+3, giving finally Pu+3 and PuO+2. Plutonium forms binary compounds with oxygen: PuO, PuO2, and intermediate oxides of variable composition; with the halides: PuF 3, PuF4, PuCl3, PuBr3, PuI3; with carbon, nitrogen, and silicon: PuC, PuN, PuSi2. Oxyhalides are also well known: PuOCl, PuOBr, PuOI. Because of the high rate of emission of alpha particles and the element being specifically absorbed by bone marrow, plutonium, as well as all of the other transuranium elements except neptunium, are radiological poisons and must be han dled with very special equipment and precautions. Plutonium is a very dangerous radiological hazard. Precautions must also be taken to prevent the uni ntentional formation of a critical mass. Plutonium in liquid solution is more likely to become critical than solid plutonium. The shape of the mass must also be considered where criticality is concerned. Plutonium-239 is available to authorized users from the O.R.N.L. at a cost of about $4.80/mg (9 9.9%) plus packing costs. Polonium — (Poland, native country of Mme. Curie [1867–1934]), Po; at. wt. (209); at. no. 84; m.p. 254 °C; b.p. 962 °C; sp. gr. (alpha modification) 9.32; valence –2, 0, +2, +3(?), +4, and +6. Polonium was the first element discovered by Mme. Curie in 1898, while seeking the cause of radioactivity of pitchblende from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth. Polonium is also called Radium F . Polonium is a very rare natural element. Uranium ores contain only about 100 µg of the element per ton. Its abundance is only about 0.2% of that of radium. In 1934, it was found that when natural bismuth (209Bi) was bombarded by neutrons, 210Bi, the parent of polonium, was obtained. Milligram amounts of THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-24polonium may now be prepared this way, by using the high neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors. Polonium-210 is a low-melting, fai rly volatile metal, 50% of which is vaporized in air in 45 hours at 55 °C. It is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 138.39 days. A milligram emits as many alpha particles as 5 g of radium. The energy released by its decay is so large (140 W/g) that a capsule containing about half a gram reaches a temperature above 500 °C. The capsule also presents a contact gamma-ray dose rate of 0.012 Gy/h. A few curies (1 curie = 3.7 × 1010 Bq) of polonium exhibit a blue glow, caused by excitation of the surrounding gas. Because almost all alpha radiation is stopped within the solid source and its container, giving up its energy, polonium has attracted attention for uses as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power in space satellites. Thirty-eig ht isotopes and isomers of polonium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 192 to 218. All are radioactive. Polonium-210 is the most readily availa ble. Isotopes of mass 209 (half-life 102 years) and mass 208 (half-life 2.9 years) can be prepared by alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron, but these are expensive to produce. Metallic polonium has been prepared from polonium hydroxide and some other polonium compoun ds in the presence of concentrated aqueous or anhydrous liquid ammonia. Two allotropic modifications are known to exist. Polonium is read ily dissolved in dilute acids, but is only slightly soluble in alkalis. Polonium salts of organic acids char rapidly; halide amines are reduced to the metal. Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. It has been used in devices for eliminating static charges in textile mills, etc.; however, beta sources are more commonly used and are less dangerous. It is also used on brushes for removing dust from photogra phic films. The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user. Polonium-210 is very dangerous to handle in even milligram or microgram amounts, and special equipment and strict control is necessary. Damage arises from the complete absorption of the energy of the alpha particle into tissue. The maximum permissible body burden for ingested polonium is only 0.03 µCi, which represents a particle weighing only 6.8 × 10–12 g. Weight for weight it is about 2.5 × 1011 times as toxic as hydrocyanic acid. The maximum allowable concentration for soluble polonium compounds in air is about 2 × 1011 µCi/cm3. Polonium-209 is available on special order from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a cost of $3600/ µCi plus packing costs.. Potassium — (English, potash — pot ashes; L. kalium , Arab. qali, alkali), K; at. wt. 39.0983(1); at. no. 19; m.p. 63.38 °C; b.p. 759 °C; sp. gr. 0.862 (20°C); valence 1. Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by elec trolysis. The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth’s crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty. Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germ any, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 1000 m in Saskatchewan, promise to be impor tant in coming years. Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium. The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers. Potassium is an essential constituent for plant growth and it is found in most soils. Potassium is never found free in nature, but is obtained by electrolysis of the hydroxide, much in the same manner as prepared by Davy. Thermal methods also are commonl y used to produce potassium (such as by reduction of potassium compounds with CaC2, C, Si, or Na). It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately afte r a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and should be preserved in a mineral oil. As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames. Twenty one isotop es, one of which is an isomer, of potassium are known. Ordinary potassium is composed of three isotopes, one of which is 40K (0.0117%), a radioactive isotope with a half- life of 1.26 × 109 years. The radioactivity presents no appreciable hazard. An alloy of sodium and potassium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer med ium. Many potassium salts are of utmost importance, including the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide , cyanide, sulfate, chromate, and dichromate. Metallic potassium is available commercially for about $1200/kg (98% purity) or $75/g (99.95% purity) . Praseodymium — (Gr. prasios, green, and didymos , twin), Pr; at. wt. 140.90765(2); at. no. 59; m.p. 931 °C; b.p. 3520 °C; sp. gr. 6.773; valence 3. In 1841 Mosander extracted the rare earth didymia from lanthana ; in 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a new earth, samaria , from didymia obtained from the mineral samarskite . Six years later, in 1885, von Welsbach separated didymia into two others, praseodymia and neodymia , which gave salts of different colors. As with other rare earths, compounds of these elements in solution have distinctive sharp spect ral absorption bands or lines, some of which are only a few Angstroms wide. The element occurs along with other rare-earth elements in a variety of min erals. Monazite and bastnasite are the two principal commercial sources of the rare-earth metals. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to m uch easier isolation of the rare earths and the cost has dropped greatly in the past few years. Thirty-seven isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Praseodymium can be prepared by several methods, such as by calcium reduction of the anhydrous chloride of fluoride. Misch metal, used in ma king cigarette lighters, contains about 5% praseodymium metal. Praseodymium is soft, silvery, malleable, and ductile. It was prepared in relatively pure form in 1931. It is somewhat more resistant to corrosion in air than europium, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium, but it does develop a green oxide c oating that spalls off when exposed to air. As with other rare-earth metals it should be kept under a light mineral oil or sealed in plastic. The rare-earth oxides, including Pr2O3, are among the most refractory substances known. Along with other rare earths, it is widely used as a core material for carbon arcs used by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. Salts of praseodymium are used to color glasses and enamels; when m ixed with certain other materials, praseodymium produces an intense and unusually clean yellow color in glass. Didymium glass, of which praseodymium is a component, is a colorant for welder’s goggles. The metal (99.9% pure) is priced at about $4/g. Promethium — (Prometheus , who, according to mythology, stole fire from heaven), Pm; at. no. 61; at. wt. (145); m.p. 1042 °C; b.p. 3000 °C (est.); sp. gr. 7.264 (25 °C); valence 3. In 1902 Branner predicted the existence of an element between neodymium and samarium, and this was confirmed by Moseley in 1914. Unsuccessful searches were made for this predicted element over two decades, and various investigators prop osed the names “illinium”, “florentium”, and “cyclonium” for this element. In 1941, workers at Ohio State University irradiated neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, deuterons, and alpha particles, resp., and produced several new radioactivities, which most likely were those of elem ent 61. Wu and Segre, and Bethe, in 1942, confirmed the formation; however, chemical proof of the production of element 61 was lacking because of the difficulty in separating the rare earths from each other at that time. In 1945, Marinsky, Glendenin, and Coryell made the first chemical iden tification by use of ion- exchange chromatography. Their work was done by fission of uranium and by neutron bombardment of neodymium. These investigators named the newly discovered element. Searches for the element on earth have been fruitless, and it now appears that promethium is complete ly missing from the earth’s crust. Promethium, however, has been reported to be in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda. This element is being formed recently near the star’s surface, for no known isotope of promethium has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. Thirty five isotopes and is omers of promethium, with atomic masses from 130 to 158 are now known. Promethium-145,with a half-life of 17.7 years, is the most useful. Promethium -145 has a specific TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-25activity of 940 Ci/g. It is a soft beta emitter; although no gamma rays are emitted, X-radiation can be generated when beta par ticles impinge on elements of a high atomic number, and great care must be taken in handling it. Promethium salts luminesce in the dark with a pale blue o r greenish glow, due to their high radioactivity. Ion-exchange methods led to the preparation of about 10 g of promethium from atomic reactor fuel p rocessing wastes in early 1963. Little is yet generally known about the properties of metallic promethium. Two allotropic modifications exist. The element has applications as a beta source for thickness gages, and it can be absorbed by a phosphor to produce light. Light produced in this manner can be used for signs or signals that require dependable operation; it can be used as a nuclear-powered battery by capturing light in photocells which convert i t into electric current. Such a battery, using 147Pm, would have a useful life of about 5 years. It is being used for fluorescent lighting starters and coatings for self-luminou s watch dials. Promethium shows promise as a portable X-ray source, and it may become useful as a heat source to provide auxiliar y power for space probes and satellites. More than 30 promethium compounds have been prepared. Most are colored. Promethium-147 is available upon special order from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, or from the Westinghouse Hanford Co., Richland, WA. Protactinium — (Gr. protos , first), Pa; at. wt. 231.03588(2); at. no. 91; m.p. 1572 °C; sp. gr. 15.37 (calc.); valence 4 or 5. The first isotope of element 91 to be discovered was 234Pa, also known as UX 2, a short-lived member of the naturally occurring 238U decay series. It was identified by K. Fajans and O. H. Gohring in 1913 and they named the new element brevium . When the longer-lived isotope 231Pa was identified by Hahn and Meitner in 1918, the name protoactinium was adopted as being more consistent with the characteristics of the most abundant isotope. Soddy, Crans on, and Fleck were also active in this work. The name protoactinium was shortened to protactinium in 1949. In 1927, Grosse prepared 2 mg of a white powder, which was shown to be Pa2O5. Later, in 1934, from 0.1 g of pure Pa2O5 he isolated the element by two methods, one of which was by converting the oxide to an iodide and “cracking” it in a high vacuum by an electrically heated filament by the reaction Protactinium has a bright metallic luster which it retains for some time in air. The element occurs in pitchblende to the extent of about 1 part 231Pa to 10 million of ore. Ores from Congo-Kinshasa have about 3 ppm. Protactinium has twenty-eight isotopes and isomers, the most comm on of which is 231Pr with a half-life of 32,500 years. A number of protactinium compounds are known, some of which are colored. The element is su perconductive below 1.4 K. The element is a dangerous toxic material and requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium. In 1959 and 1961, it was announced that the Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority extracted by a 12-stage process 125 g of 99.9% protactinium, th e world’s only stock of the metal for many years to come. The extraction was made from 60 tons of waste material at a cost of about $500,000. Protac tinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements. Radium — (L. radius , ray), Ra; at. wt. (226); at. no. 88; m.p. 700 °C; sp. gr. 5; valence 2. Radium was discovered in 1898 by M. and Mme. Curie in the pitchblende or uraninite of North Bohemia (Czech Republic), where it occurs. There is about 1 g of radium in 7 tons of pitchblende. The element was isolated in 1911 by Mme. Curie and Debierne by the electrolysis of a solution of pure radium chloride, employing a mercury cathode; on distillation in an atmosphere of hydrogen this amalgam yielded the pure metal. Originally, radium was obtained from the rich pitchblende ore found at Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The carnotite sands of Colorado furnish some radium, but richer ores are found in the Republic of Congo-Kinshasa and the Great Bear Lake region of Canada. Radium is present in all uranium minerals, and could be extracted, if desired, from the exten sive wastes of uranium processing. Large uranium deposits are located in Ontario, New Mexico, Utah, Australia, and elsewhere. Radium is obtained comme rcially as the bromide or chloride; it is doubtful if any appreciable stock of the isolated element now exists. The pure metal is brilliant wh ite when freshly prepared, but blackens on exposure to air, probably due to formation of the nitride. It exhibits luminescence, as do its salts; it decomp oses in water and is somewhat more volatile than barium. It is a member of the alkaline-earth group of metals. Radium imparts a carmine red color to a flame. Radium emits alpha, beta, and gamma rays and when mixed with beryllium produce neutrons. One gram of 226Ra undergoes 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per s. The curie (Ci) is defined as that amount of radioactivity which has the same disintegration rate as 1 g of 226Ra. Thirty-six isotopes are now known; radium 226, the common isotope, has a half-life of 1599 years. One gram of radium produces about 0.0001 ml (stp) of emanation, or radon gas, pe r day. This is pumped from the radium and sealed in minute tubes, which are used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. One gram of radium yi elds about 4186 kJ per year. Radium is used in producing self-luminous paints, neutron sources, and in medicine for the treatment of disease. Some of the more recently discovered radioisotopes, such as 60Co, are now being used in place of radium. Some of these sources are much more powerful, and others are safer to use. Radium loses about 1% of its activity in 25 years, being transformed into elements of lower atomic weight. Lead is a fi nal product of disintegration. Stored radium should be ventilated to prevent build-up of radon. Inhalation, injection, or body exposure to rad ium can cause cancer and other body disorders. The maximum permissible burden in the total body for 226Ra is 7400 becquerel. Radon — (from radium ; called niton at first, L. nitens , shining), Rn; at. wt. (222); at. no. 86; m.p. –71 °C; b.p. –61.7 °C; tc 104°C; density of gas 9.73 g/l; sp. gr. liquid 4.4 at –62 °C, solid 4; valence usually 0. The element was discovered in 1900 by Dorn, who called it radium emanation . In 1908 Ramsay and Gray, who named it niton , isolated the element and determined its density, finding it to be the heaviest known gas. It is essentially inert and occupies the last place in the zero group of gases in the Periodic Table. Since 1923, it has been called radon. Thirty-seve n isotopes and isomers are known. Radon-222, coming from radium, has a half-life of 3.823 days and is an alpha emitter; Radon-220, emanating naturally from thorium and called thoron , has a half-life of 55.6 s and is also an alpha emitter. Radon-219 emanates from actinium and is called actinon . It has a half-life of 3.9 s and is also an alpha emitter. It is estimated that every square mile of soil to a depth of 6 inches contains about 1 g of radiu m, which releases radon in tiny amounts to the atmosphere. Radon is present in some spring waters, such as those at Hot Springs, Arkansas. On the average, one part of radon is present to 1 × 1021 part of air. At ordinary temperatures radon is a colorless gas; when cooled below the freezing point, radon exhibits a brillian t phosphorescence which becomes yellow as the temperature is lowered and orange-red at the temperature of liquid air. It has been reported that fluorine reacts with radon, forming radon fluoride. Radon clathrates have also been reported. Radon is still produced for therapeutic us e by a few hospitals by pumping it from a radium source and sealing it in minute tubes, called seeds or needles, for application to patients. This prac tice has now been largely discontinued as hospitals can order the seeds directly from suppliers, who make up the seeds with the desired activity for the day of use. Care must be taken in handling radon, as with other radioactive materials. The main hazard is from inhalation of the element and its soli d daughters, which are collected on dust in the air. Good ventilation should be provided where radium, thorium, or actinium is stored to prevent build -up of this element. Radon build-up is a health consideration in uranium mines. Recently radon build-up in homes has been a concern. Many deaths from lung cancer are caused by radon exposure. In the U.S. it is recommended that remedial action be taken if the air from radon in homes exceeds 4 pCi/l.22PaI Pa + 5I5 2 → THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-26Rhenium — (L. Rhenus, Rhine), Re; at. wt. 186.207(1); at. no. 75; m.p. 3186 °C; b.p. 5596 °C; sp. gr. 21.02 (20 °C); valence –1, +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Discovery of rhenium is generally attributed to Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who announced in 1925 they had detected the elemen t in platinum ores and columbite . They also found the element in gadolinite and molybdenite . By working up 660 kg of molybdenite they were able in 1928 to extract 1 g of rhenium. The price in 1928 was $10,000/g. Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral s pecies. It is, however, widely spread throughout the earth’s crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained f rom molybdenite roaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona, and elsewhere in Arizona and Utah . Some molybdenites contain from 0.002 to 0.2% rhenium. It is estimated that in 1999 about 16,000 kg of rhenium was being produced. The total estim ated world reserves of rhenium is 11,000,000 kg. The total estimated Free World reserve of rhenium metal is 3500 tons. Natural rhenium is a mixture of two isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Thirty nine other unstable isotopes are recognized. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing a mmonium perrhenate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures. The element is silvery white with a metallic luster; its density is exceeded only by th at of platinum, iridium, and osmium, and its melting point is exceeded only by that of tungsten and carbon. It has other useful properties. The usual co mmercial form of the element is a powder, but it can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This p roduces a compact shape in excess of 90% of the density of the metal. Annealed rhenium is very ductile, and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rheni um is used as an additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to impart useful properties. It is widely used for filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gages. Rhenium- molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K. Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material as it has good wear resis tance and withstands arc corrosion. Thermocouples made of Re-W are used for measuring temperatures up to 2200 °C, and rhenium wire has been used in photoflash lamps for photography. Rhenium catalysts are exceptionally resistant to poisoning from nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and are used for hydrogenation of fine chemicals, hydrocracking, reforming, and disproportionation of olefins. Rhenium has recently become especially importan t as a catalyst for petroleum refining and in making super-alloys for jet engines. Rhenium costs about $16/g (99.99% pure). Little is known of its toxicity; therefore, it should be handled with care until more data are available. Rhodium — (Gr. rhodon , rose), Rh; at. wt. 102.90550(3); at. no. 45; m.p. 1964 °C; b.p. 3695 °C; sp. gr. 12.41 (20 °C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Wollaston discovered rhodium in 1803-4 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America. Rhodium occurs native w ith other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide ores of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring here is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium in 1999 was only about 9000 kg. The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the sesquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point a nd lower density than platinum. Its major use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, th ermocouple elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electric al contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produce d by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. It has a high reflectance and is hard and durable. Rhod ium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst. Fifty-two isotopes and isomers are now known. Rhodium metal (powder) costs about $180/g (99. 9%). Rubidium — (L. rubidus , deepest red), Rb; at. wt. 85.4678(3); at. no. 37; m.p. 39.31 °C; b.p. 688 °C; sp. gr. (solid) 1.532 (20 °C), (liquid) 1.475 (39°C); valence 1, 2, 3, 4. Discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope. The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth’s crust. Ru bidium occurs in pollucite, carnallite, leucite, and zinnwaldite , which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in th e extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. Rubidium can be liquid at room temperature. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkal i group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As with other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowish violet. Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods. It must be kept un der a dry mineral oil or in a vacuum or inert atmosphere. Thirty five isotopes and isomers of rubidium are known. Naturally occurring rubidium is made of two isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb. Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.83% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 × 1010 years. Ordinary rubidium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic film in about 30 to 60 days. Rubidium forms four oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, Rb2O4. Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in “ion engines” for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose. It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator u sing the magnetohydro- dynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an armature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a p hotocell component. It has been used in making special glasses. RbAg4I5 is important, as it has the highest room conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At 20 °C its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulfuric acid. This suggests use in thin film batteries and other applications. The pr esent cost in small quantities is about $50/g (99.8% pure). Ruthenium — (L. Ruthenia , Russia), Ru; at. wt. 101.07(2); at. no. 44, m.p. 2334 °C; b.p. 4150 °C; sp. gr. 12.41 (20 °C); valence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Berzelius and Osann in 1827 examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia . While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally rec ognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann’s ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthen ium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia . A member of the platinum group, ruthenium occurs native with other members of the group in ores found in the Ural mountains and in North and South America. It is also found along with other platinum metals in small but comm ercial quantities in pentlandite of the Sudbury, Ontario, nickel-mining region, and in pyroxinite deposits of South Africa. Natural ruthenium contains seven isotopes. Twenty-eight other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. The metal is isolated commercially by a comple x chemical process, the final stage of which is the hydrogen reduction of ammonium ruthenium chloride, which yields a powder. The powder is consoli dated by powder metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding. Ruthenium is a hard, white metal and has four crystal modifications. It does not tarnish at room temperatures, but oxidizes in air at about 800 °C. The metal is not attacked by hot or cold acids or aqua regia , but when potassium chlorate is added to the solution, it oxidizes explosively. It is attacked by halogens, hydroxides, etc. Ruthenium can be plated by electrodeposi tion or by thermal TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-27decomposition methods. The metal is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium, and is alloyed with these m etals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistance. A ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive at 10.6 K. The corrosion resist ance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically b y light using an aqueous suspension of CdS particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is thought this may have application to removal of H2S from oil refining and other industrial processes. Compounds in at least eight oxidation states have been found, but of these, the +2. +3. and +4 states are the most common. Ruthenium tetroxide, like osmium tetroxide, is highly toxic. In addition, it may explode. Ruthenium compounds show a marked res emblance to those of osmium. The metal is priced at about $25/g (99.95% pure). Rutherfordium — (named for Ernest Rutherford [1871–1937], New Zealand, Canadian, and British physicist); Rf; at. wt. [261]; at. no. 104. In 1964, workers of the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (Russia) bombarded plutonium with accelerated 113 to 115 MeV neo n ions. By measuring fission tracks in a special glass with a microscope, they detected an isotope that decays by spontaneous fission. The y suggested that this isotope, which has a half-life of 0.3 ± 0.1 s, might be 260104, produced by the following reaction: 94242 1022 260104 4 Pu Ne n+→ + Element 104, the first transactinide element, is expected to have chemical properties similar to those of hafnium. It would, for example, form a relatively volatile compound with chlorine (a tetrachloride). The Soviet scientists have performed experiments aimed at chemical identific ation, and have attempted to show that the 0.3-s activity is more volatile than that of the relatively nonvolatile actinide trichlorides. This experiment does not fulfill the test of chemically separating the new element from all others, but it provides important evidence for evaluation. New data, reportedly issued by Soviet scientists, have reduced the half-life of the isotope they worked with from 0.3 to 0.15 s. The Dubna scientists suggest the name kurchatovium and symbol Ku for Element 104, in honor of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903—1960), late Head of Soviet Nuclear Research. The Dubna Group also has proposed the name dubnium for Element 104. In 1969, Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K. A. Y. Eskola, and P. L. Eskola of the University of California at Berkeley reported they had positively identified two, and possibly three, isotopes of Element 104. The group also indicated that after repeated attempts so far they have been unable to produce isotope 260104 reported by the Dubna groups in 1964. The discoveries at Berkeley were made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with 12C nuclei of 71 MeV, and 13C nuclei of 69 MeV. The combination of 12C with 249Cf followed by instant emission of four neutrons produced Element 257104. This isotope has a half-life of 4 to 5 s, decaying by emitting an alpha particle into 253No, with a half-life of 105 s. The same reaction, except with the emission of three neutrons, was thought to have produced 258104 with a half-life of about 1/100 s. Element 259104 is formed by the merging of a 13C nuclei with 249Cf, followed by emission of three neutrons. This isotope has a half-life of 3 to 4 s, and decays by emitting an alpha particle into 255No, which has a half-life of 185 s. Thousands of atoms of 257104 and 259104 have been detected. The Berkeley group believe their identification of 258104 was correct. Eleven isotopes of Element 104 have now been identified. The Berkeley group proposed for the new element the name rutherfordium (symbol Rf), in honor of Ernest Rutherford. This name was formally adapted by IUPAC in August 1997. Samarium — (Samarskite a mineral), Sm; at. wt. 150.36(3); at. no. 62; m.p. 1074 °C; b.p. 1794 °C; sp. gr ( α) 7.520 (25 °C); valence 2 or 3. Discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1879 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in the mineral samarskite , named in honor of a Russian mine official, Col. Samarski. Samarium is found along with other members of the rare-earth elements in many minerals, including monazite and bastnasite , which are commercial sources. The largest producer of rare earth minerals is now China, followed by the U.S., India, and Russ ia. It occurs in monazite to the extent of 2.8%. While misch metal containing about 1% of samarium metal, has long been used, samarium has not been isolated in relatively pure form until recent years. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently simplified separation of the rare earths from one another; more recently, electrochemical deposition, using an electrolytic solution of lithium citrate and a mercury electro de, is said to be a simple, fast, and highly specific way to separate the rare earths. Samarium metal can be produced by reducing the oxide with barium or lanthanum. Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformation s at 734 and 922 °C. The metal ignites in air at about 150 °C. Thirty-three isotopes and isomers of samarium are now recognized. Natural samarium is a mixture of seven isotopes, three of which are unstable but have long half-lives. Samarium, along with other rare earths, is used for carbon-arc lighting f or the motion picture industry. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to 1100 °C. SmCo5 has been used in making a new permanent magnet material with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any known material. It is said to have an intri nsic coercive force as high as 2200 kA/m. Samarium oxide has been used in optical glass to absorb the infrared. Samarium is used to dope calcium fl uoride crystals for use in optical masers or lasers. Compounds of the metal act as sensitizers for phosphors excited in the infrared; the oxide exh ibits catalytic properties in the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol. It is used in infrared absorbing glass and as a neutron absorber in nu clear reactors. The metal is priced at about $3.50/g (99.9%). Little is known of the toxicity of samarium; therefore, it should be handled carefully. Scandium — (L. Scandia , Scandinavia), Sc; at. wt. 44.955910(8); at. no. 21; m.p. 1541 °C; b.p. 2836 °C; sp. gr. 2.989 (25 °C); valence 3. On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron , which would have an atomic weight between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite , which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2 g of scandium oxide of high purity. Cleve later pointed out that Nilson’s scandium was identical with Mendeleev’s ekaboron. Scandium is apparently a m uch more abundant element in the sun and certain stars than here on earth. It is about the 23rd most abundant element in the sun, compared to the 50th most abundant on earth. It is widely distributed on earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of be ryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite , found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite , and in wiikite and bazzite . Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grieneisen, who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800 °C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal. The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960. Scandium is a silver-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It is relatively soft, and resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles alumin um or titanium. It is a very light metal and has a much higher melting point than aluminum, making it of interest to designers of spacecraft. Scandium is no t attacked by a 1:1 THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-28mixture of conc. HNO3 and 48% HF. Scandium reacts rapidly with many acids. Twenty-three isotopes and isomers of scandium are recognized. The metal is expensive, costing about $200/g with a purity of about 99.9%. About 20 kg of scandium (as Sc 2O3) are now being used yearly in the U.S. to produce high-intensity lights, and the radioactive isotope 46Sc is used as a tracing agent in refinery crackers for crude oil, etc. Scandium iodide added to mercury vapor lamps produces a highly efficient light source resembling sunlight, which is important for indoor or night-tim e color TV. Little is yet known about the toxicity of scandium; therefore, it should be handled with care. Seaborgium — (named for Glenn T. Seaborg [1912–1999], American chemist and nuclear physicist). Sg; at. wt. [263]; at no. 106. The discover y of Seaborgium , Element 106, took place in 1974 almost simultaneously at the Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratory and at the Joint Institute for Nucl ear Research at Dubna, Russia. The Berkeley Group, under direction of Ghiorso, used the Super-Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (Super H ILAC) as a source of heavy 18O ions to bombard a 259- µg target of 249Cf. This resulted in the production and positive identification of 263106, which decayed with a half- life of 0.9 ± 0.2 s by the emission of alpha particles as follows: 263 259 255106 104αα α→ →  →  No . The Dubna Team, directed by Flerov and Organessian, produced heavy ions of 54Cr with their 310-cm heavy-ion cyclotron to bombard 207Pb and 208Pb and found a product that decayed with a half-life of 7 ms. They assigned 259106 to this isotope. It is now thought seven isotopes of Seaborgium have been identified. Two of the isotopes are believed to have half-lives of about 30 s. Seaborgium most likely would have properties resembling tungsten. The IUPAC adopted the name Seaborgium in August 1997. Normally the naming of an element is not given until after the death of the person for which the element is named; however, in this case, it was named while Dr. Seaborg was still alive. Selenium — (Gr. Selene , moon), Se; at. wt. 78.96(3); at. no. 34; m.p. (gray) 221 °C; b.p. (gray) 685 °C; sp. gr. (gray) 4.79, (vitreous) 4.28; valence –2, +4, or +6. Discovered by Berzelius in 1817, who found it associated with tellurium, named for the earth. Selenium is found in a few rare minerals, such as crooksite and clausthalite . In years past it has been obtained from flue dusts remaining from processing copper sulfide ores, but the anode muds from electrolytic copper refineries now provide the source of most of the world’s selenium. Selenium is recovered by roasting t he muds with soda or sulfuric acid, or by smelting them with soda and niter. Selenium exists in several allotropic forms. Three are generally recogn ized, but as many as six have been claimed. Selenium can be prepared with either an amorphous or crystalline structure. The color of amorphous selenium is either red, in powder form, or black, in vitreous form. Crystalline monoclinic selenium is a deep red; crystalline hexagonal selenium, the mos t stable variety, is a metallic gray. Natural selenium contains six stable isotopes. Twenty-nine other isotopes and isomers have been characterized. T he element is a member of the sulfur family and resembles sulfur both in its various forms and in its compounds. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic a ction, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illum ination. These properties make selenium useful in the production of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Selenium is also able to convert a.c. electricity to d.c., and is extensively used in rectifiers. Below its melting point selenium is a p-type semiconductor and is finding many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. It is used in Xerography for reproducing and copying documents, letters, etc., but rec ently its use in this application has been decreasing in favor of certain organic compounds. It is used by the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make ruby-colored glasses and enamels. It is also used as a photographic toner, and as an additive to stainless steel. Elemental selenium has bee n said to be practically nontoxic and is considered to be an essential trace element; however, hydrogen selenide and other selenium compounds are extre mely toxic, and resemble arsenic in their physiological reactions. Hydrogen selenide in a concentration of 1.5 ppm is intolerable to man. Selen ium occurs in some soils in amounts sufficient to produce serious effects on animals feeding on plants, such as locoweed, grown in such soils. Selenium (99.5%) is priced at about $250/kg. It is also available in high-purity form at a cost of about $350/kg (99.999%). Silicon — (L. silex, silicis , flint), Si; at. wt. 28.0855(3); at. no. 14; m.p. 1414 °C; b.p. 3265 °C; sp. gr. 2.33 (25 °C); valence 4. Davy in 1800 thought silica to be a compound and not an element; later in 1811, Gay Lussac and Thenard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride. Berzelius, generally credited with the discovery, in 1824 succeeded in preparing amorphous silicon by the same general method as used earlier, but he purified the product by removing the fluosilicates by repeated washings. Deville in 1854 first p repared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element. Silicon is present in the sun and stars and is a principal component of a class of m eteorites known as “aerolites”. It is also a component of tektites , a natural glass of uncertain origin. Natural silicon contains three isotopes. Twenty-four other radioactive isotopes are recognized. Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth’s crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. Silicon is not found free in nature, but occurs chiefly as the oxide and as silicates. Sand, quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, and opal are some of the forms in which the oxide appears. Granite, hornblende, asbestos, feldspar, clay mica, etc. are but a few of the numerous silicate minerals. Silicon is prepared commercially by heating silica and carbon in an electric furnace, using carbon electrodes. Severa l other methods can be used for preparing the element. Amorphous silicon can be prepared as a brown powder, which can be easily melted or vaporized. C rystalline silicon has a metallic luster and grayish color. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used fo r solid-state or semiconductor devices. Hyperpure silicon can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of ultra-pure trichlorosilane in a hydrog en atmosphere, and by a vacuum float zone process. This product can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus, or arsenic to produce silicon for us e in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrog enated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silicon is a relatively inert ele ment, but it is attacked by halogens and dilute alkali. Most acids except hydrofluoric, do not affect it. Silicones are important products of silicon. T hey may be prepared by hydrolyzing a silicon organic chloride, such as dimethyl silicon chloride. Hydrolysis and condensation of various substituted c hlorosilanes can be used to produce a very great number of polymeric products, or silicones, ranging from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many us eful properties. Elemental silicon transmits more than 95% of all wavelengths of infrared, from 1.3 to 6.7 µm. Silicon is one of man’s most useful elements. In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick; it is a useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and in the form o f silicates it is used in making enamels, pottery, etc. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excel lent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Glass can be made in a very great variety of shapes, and is used as containers, window glas s, insulators, and thousands of other uses. Silicon tetrachloride can be used to iridize glass. Silicon is important in plant and animal life. Diatoms in bo th fresh and salt water extract silica from the water to build up their cell walls. Silica is present in ashes of plants and in the human skeleton. Silicon is an important ingredient in TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-29steel; silicon carbide is one of the most important abrasives and has been used in lasers to produce coherent light of 4560 Å. A remarkable material, first discovered in 1930, is Aerogel, developed and now used by NASA in their Stardust mission, which is expected to encounter Comet Wild 2 in 2004, returning cometary and interplanet dust to Earth in 2006. Aerogel is a highly insulative material that has the lowest density of any known solid. One form of Aerogel is 99.9% air and 0.1% SiO2, by volume. It is 1000 times less dense than glass. It has been called “blue smoke” or “solid smoke”. A block of Aerogel as large as a person may weigh less than a pound and yet support the weight of 1000 lbs (455 kg). This material is expected to trap cometary particles traveling at speeds of 32 km/sec. Aerogel is said to be non-toxic and non-inflammable. It has high thermal insulating qualities that could be used in home insulation. Its light weight may have aircraft applications. Regular grade silicon (99.5%) costs about $1 60/kg. Silicon (99.9999%) pure costs about $200/kg; hyperpure silicon is available at a higher cost. Miners, stonecutters, and other engaged i n work where siliceous dust is breathed in large quantities often develop a serious lung disease known as silicosis . Silver — (Anglo-Saxon, Seolfor siolfur ), Ag (L. argentum), at. wt. 107.8682(2); at. no. 47; m.p. 961.78 °C; b.p. 2162 °C; sp. gr. 10.50 (20 °C); valence 1, 2. Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C. Silver occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag 2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the princip al silver producers in the western hemisphere. Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at lea st 99.9% silver. Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially. Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metal s, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air co ntaining sulfur. The alloys of silver are important. Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contai ns 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial con sumption going into this application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and hi gh capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposi ted on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate (Ag 2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic , the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. While silver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Natural silver contains two stable isotopes. Fift y-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body. A condition, known as argyria , results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by man y countries of the world. In recent times, however, consumption of silver has at times greatly exceeded the output. In 1939, the price of silver was fixe d by the U.S. Treasury at 71¢/troy oz., and at 90.5¢/troy oz. in 1946. In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized silver, and the price stabilized for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins. The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metalli c composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins. This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the moneta ry system was established in 1792. Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure C u. The composition of the one- and five-cent pieces remains unchanged. One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn. Five-cent coins are 75% Cu and 25% Ni. Old silver dollars are 90% Ag and 10% Cu. Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; how ever, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value. Silver coin s of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals. On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certi ficates with silver. Since that time, the price of silver has fluctuated widely. As of January 2002, the price of silver was about $4.10/troy oz. (1 3¢/g); however the price has fluctuated considerably due to market instability. The price of silver in 2001 was only about four times the cost of the me tal about 150 years ago. This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods. Also, silver has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography. Sodium — (English, soda ; Medieval Latin, sodanum, headache remedy), Na (L. natrium ); at. wt. 22.989770(2); at. no. 11; m.p. 97.80 °C; b.p. 883°C; sp. gr. 0.971 (20 °C); valence 1. Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda. Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spect rum. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth’s crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group o f metals of which it is a member. The most common compound is sodium chloride, but it occurs in many other minerals, such as soda niter, cryolite, amphibole, zeolite, sodalite, etc. It is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of ab solutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago. Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal which floats on water, decomposing it with the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the hydroxide. It may o r may not ignite spontaneously on water, depending on the amount of oxide and metal exposed to the water. It normally does not ignite in air at temperatures below 115°C. Sodium should be handled with respect, as it can be dangerous when improperly handled. Metallic sodium is vital in the manuf acture of sodamide and esters, and in the preparation of organic compounds. The metal may be used to improve the structure of certain all oys, to descale metal, to purify molten metals, and as a heat transfer agent. An alloy of sodium with potassium, NaK, is also an important heat transf er agent. Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodi um salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times. Among the many compounds that are of the greatest industrial importance are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 · 5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O). Seventeen isotopes of sodium are recognized. Metallic sodium is priced at about $575/kg (99.95%). On a volume basis, it is the cheapest of all metals. Sodium m etal should be handled with great care. It should be kept in an inert atmosphere and contact with water and other substances with which sodium reacts should be avoided. Strontium — (Strontian , town in Scotland), Sr; at. wt. 87.62(1); at. no. 38; m.p. 777 °C; b.p. 1382 °C; sp. gr. 2.54; valence 2. Isolated by Davey by electrolysis in 1808; however, Adair Crawford in 1790 recognized a new mineral (strontianite) as differing from other barium minerals (baryta). THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-30Strontium is found chiefly as celestite (SrSO4) and strontianite (SrCO3). Celestite is found in Mexico, Turkey, Iran, Spain, Algeria, and in the U.K. The U.S. has no active celestite mines. The metal can be prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride mixed with potassium chloride, or is made by reducing strontium oxide with aluminum in a vacuum at a temperature at which strontium distills off. Three allotropic forms of the metal exist, with transition points at 235 and 540 °C. Strontium is softer than calcium and decomposes water more vigorously. It does not absorb nitrogen below 380 °C. It should be kept under mineral oil to prevent oxidation. Freshly cut strontium has a silvery appearance, but rapidly turns a y ellowish color with the formation of the oxide. The finely divided metal ignites spontaneously in air. Volatile strontium salts impart a beautiful crim son color to flames, and these salts are used in pyrotechnics and in the production of flares. Natural strontium is a mixture of four stable isotopes. T hirty-two other unstable isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Of greatest importance is 90Sr with a half-life of 29 years. It is a product of nuclear fallout and presents a health problem. This isotope is one of the best long-lived high-energy beta emitters known, and is used in SNAP (Systems for Nuclear A uxiliary Power) devices. These devices hold promise for use in space vehicles, remote weather stations, navigational buoys, etc., where a light weight, long-lived, nuclear-electric power source is needed. The major use for strontium at present is in producing glass for color television pict ure tubes. All color TV and cathode ray tubes sold in the U.S. are required by law to contain strontium in the face plate glass to block X-ray emissio n. Strontium also improves the brilliance of the glass and the quality of the picture. It has also found use in producing ferrite magnets and in refining zinc. Strontium titanate is an interesting optical material as it has an extremely high refractive index and an optical dispersion greater than that of dia mond. It has been used as a gemstone, but it is very soft. It does not occur naturally. Strontium metal (99% pure) costs about $220/kg. Sulfur — (Sanskrit, sulvere ; L. sulphurium ), S; at. wt. 32.066(6); at. no. 16; m.p. 115.21 °C; b.p. 444.60 °C; tc 1041 °C; sp. gr. (rhombic) 2.07, (monoclinic) 1.957 (20 °C); valence 2, 4, or 6. Known to the ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone . Sulfur is found in meteorites. A dark area near the crater Aristarchus on the moon has been studied by R. W. Wood with ultraviolet light. This study suggests strongly tha t it is a sulfur deposit. Sulfur occurs native in the vicinity of volcanoes and hot springs. It is widely distributed in nature as iron pyrites, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, stibnite, gypsum, Epsom salts, celestite, barite, etc. Sulfur is commercially recovered from wells sunk into the salt domes along the Gulf Coast of the U.S. It is obtained from these wells by the Frasch process, which forces heated water into the wells to melt the sulfur, which is then brought to the surface. Sulfur also occurs in natural gas and petroleum crudes and must be removed from these products. Formerly this was done chemical ly, which wasted the sulfur. New processes now permit recovery, and these sources promise to be very important. Large amounts of sulfur are bein g recovered from Alberta gas fields. Sulfur is a pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfi de. In every state, whether gas, liquid or solid, elemental sulfur occurs in more than one allotropic form or modification; these present a confusing multi tude of forms whose relations are not yet fully understood. Amorphous or “plastic” sulfur is obtained by fast cooling of the crystalline form. X-ra y studies indicate that amorphous sulfur may have a helical structure with eight atoms per spiral. Crystalline sulfur seems to be made of rings, each c ontaining eight sulfur atoms, which fit together to give a normal X-ray pattern. Twenty-one isotopes of sulfur are now recognized. Four occur in natur al sulfur, none of which is radioactive. A finely divided form of sulfur, known as flowers of sulfur , is obtained by sublimation. Sulfur readily forms sulfides with many elements. Sulfur is a component of black gunpowder, and is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber and a fungicide. It is also used e xtensively is making phosphatic fertilizers. A tremendous tonnage is used to produce sulfuric acid, the most important manufactured chemical. It is used in making sulfite paper and other papers, as a fumigant, and in the bleaching of dried fruits. The element is a good electrical insulator. Organi c compounds containing sulfur are very important. Calcium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide are but a few of the many other important compounds of sulfur. Sulfur is essential to life. It is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids, and skeletal minera ls. Carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide should be handled carefully. Hydrogen sulfide in small concentrations can be metabolized, but in hi gher concentrations it quickly can cause death by respiratory paralysis. It is insidious in that it quickly deadens the sense of smell. Sulfur dioxide is a dangerous component in atmospheric air pollution. In 1975, University of Pennsylvania scientists reported synthesis of polymeric sulfur nitride, wh ich has the properties of a metal, although it contains no metal atoms. The material has unusual optical and electrical properties. Sulfur (99.999%) c osts about $575/kg. Tantalum — (Gr. Tantalos , mythological character, father of Niobe ), Ta; at. wt. 180.9479(1); at. no. 73; m.p. 3017 °C; b.p. 5458 °C; sp. gr. 16.654; valence 2?, 3, 4?, or 5. Discovered in 1802 by Ekeberg, but many chemists thought niobium and tantalum were identical elements until Rose, in 1844, and Marignac, in1866, showed that niobic and tantalic acids were two different acids. The early investigators only isolated the impure metal. The first relatively pure ductile tantalum was produced by von Bolton in 1903. Tantalum occurs principally in the mineral columbite-tantalite (Fe, Mn)(Nb, Ta)2O6. Tantalum ores are found in Australia, Brazil, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Congo-Kinshasa, Nigeria, and Canada. Separation of tantalum f rom niobium requires several complicated steps. Several methods are used to commercially produce the element, including electrolysi s of molten potassium fluorotantalate, reduction of potassium fluorotantalate with sodium, or reacting tantalum carbide with tantalum oxide. Thirty f our isotopes and isomers of tantalum are known to exist. Natural tantalum contains two isotopes, one of which is radioactive with a very long half-life. Tantalum is a gray, heavy, and very hard metal. When pure, it is ductile and can be drawn into fine wire, which is used as a filament for evaporating meta ls such as aluminum. Tantalum is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150 °C, and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion, and free sulfur trioxide. Alkalis attack it only slowly. At high temperatures, tantalum becomes mu ch more reactive. The element has a melting point exceeded only by tungsten and rhenium. Tantalum is used to make a variety of alloys with desirable properties such as high melting point, high strength, good ductility, etc. Scientists at Los Alamos have produced a tantalum carbide graphite comp osite material, which is said to be one of the hardest materials ever made. The compound has a melting point of 3738 °C. Tantalum has good “gettering” ability at high temperatures, and tantalum oxide films are stable and have good rectifying and dielectric properties. Tantalum is used to make electrolytic capacitors and vacuum furnace parts, which account for about 60% of its use. The metal is also widely used to fabricate chemical process e quipment, nuclear reactors, and aircraft and missile parts. Tantalum is completely immune to body liquids and is a nonirritating metal. It has, t herefore, found wide use in making surgical appliances. Tantalum oxide is used to make special glass with high index of refraction for camera lenses. Th e metal has many other uses. The price of (99.9%) tantalum is about $2/g. Technetium — (Gr. technetos , artificial), Tc; at. wt. (98); at. no. 43; m.p. 2157 °C; b.p. 4265 °C; sp. gr. 11.50 (calc.); valence 0, +2, +4, +5, +6, and +7. Element 43 was predicted on the basis of the periodic table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925, at which time it was named masurium . The element was actually discovered by Perrier and Segre in Italy in 1937. It was found in a sample of molybdenum, which was bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron, and which E. Lawrence sent to these investigators. Technetium was the fir st element to be produced artificially. Since its discovery, searches for the element in terrestrial materials have been made without success. I f it does exist, the concentration must be very small. Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in st ellar matter is leading TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-31to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars. Forty-three isotopes and isomers of technetium, with atomic m asses ranging from 86 to 113, are known. 97Tc has a half-life of 2.6 × 106 years. 98Tc has a half-life of 4.2 × 106 years. The isomeric isotope 95mTc, with a half-life of 61 days, is useful for tracer work, as it produces energetic gamma rays. Technetium metal has been produced in kilogram quantities . The metal was first prepared by passing hydrogen gas at 1100 °C over Tc2S7. It is now conveniently prepared by the reduction of ammonium pertechnetate with hydrogen. Technetium is a silvery-gray metal that tarnishes slowly in moist air. Until 1960, technetium was available only in small amoun ts and the price was as high as $2800/g. 99Tc is now commercially available to holders of O.R.N.L. permits at a price of $83/g plus packing charges. 99Tc is available at a cost of $1.56/ µCi. The chemistry of technetium is said to be similar to that of rhenium. Technetium dissolves in nitric acid, aqua regia, and conc. sulfuric acid, but is not soluble in hydrochloric acid of any strength. The element is a remarkable corrosion inhibitor for ste el. It is reported that mild carbon steels may be effectively protected by as little as 55 ppm of KTcO 4 in aerated distilled water at temperatures up to 250 °C. This corrosion protection is limited to closed systems, since technetium is radioactive and must be confined. 99Tc has a specific activity of 6.2 × 108 Bq/g. Activity of this level must not be allowed to spread. 99Tc is a contamination hazard and should be handled in a glove box. The metal is an excellent superconductor at 11 °K and below. Tellurium — (L. tellus, earth), Te; at. wt. 127.60(3); at. no. 52; m.p. 449.51 °C; b.p. 988 °C; sp. gr. 6.24 (20 °C); valence 2, 4, or 6. Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798. Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is mor e often found as the telluride of gold ( calaverite ), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from the anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element. Crystalline tellurium has a silvery- white appearance, and when pure exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is formed by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to que stion. Tellurium is a p- type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-b lue flame, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel. Tellurium and its compounds are probably toxic and should be handl ed with care. Workmen exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m3 of air, or less, develop “tellurium breath,” which has a garlic-like odor. Forty two isotopes and isomers of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 106 to 138. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes, two of which are radioacti ve with very long half- lives. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive act ion of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium catalysts are used in the oxidation of organic compounds and are used in hydr ogenation and halogenation reactions. Tellurium is also used in electronic and semi-conductor devices. It is also used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Tellurium costs about 50¢/g, with a purity of about 99.5%. The metal with a purity of 99.9999% costs about $5/g. Terbium — (Ytterby , village in Sweden), Tb; at. wt. 158.92534(2); at. no. 65; m.p. 1356 °C; b.p. 3230 °C; sp. gr. 8.230; valence 3, 4. Discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is a member of the lanthanide or “rare earth” group of elements. It is found in cerite, gadolinite , and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is recovered commercially from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime , and from euxenite , a complex oxide containing 1% of more of terbia. Terbium has been isolated only in recent years with the development of ion-exc hange techniques for separating the rare-earth elements. As with other rare earths, it can be produced by reducing the anhydrous chloride or flu oride with calcium metal in a tantalum crucible. Calcium and tantalum impurities can be removed by vacuum remelting. Other methods of isolation are poss ible. Terbium is reasonably stable in air. It is a silver-gray metal, and is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Two cry stal modifications exist, with a transformation temperature of 1289 °C. Forty-two isotopes and isomers are recognized. The oxide is a chocolate or dark maroon color. Sodium terbium borate is used as a laser material and emits coherent light at 0.546 µm. Terbium is used to dope calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate, and strontium molybdate, used in solid-state devices. The oxide has potential application as an activator for green phosphors used in color T V tubes. It can be used with ZrO2 as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperature. Few other uses have been found. The element is pri ced at about $40/g (99.9%). Little is known of the toxicity of terbium. It should be handled with care as with other lanthanide elements. Thallium — (Gr. thallos , a green shoot or twig), Tl; at. wt. 204.3833(2); at. no. 81; m.p. 304 °C; b.p. 1473 °C; sp. gr. 11.85 (20 °C); valence 1, or 3. Thallium was discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by Crookes. The element was named after the beautiful green spectral line, which identified the element. The metal was isolated both by Crookes and Lamy in 1862 about the same time. Thallium occurs in crooksite, lorandite , and hutchinsonite . It is also present in pyrites and is recovered from the roasting of this ore in connection with the production of sulfuric acid. It is also obtained from the smelting of lead and zinc ores. Extraction is somewhat complex and depends on the source of the thallium. Manganese nodules , found on the ocean floor, contain thallium. When freshly exposed to air, thallium exhibits a metallic luster, but soon develops a bluish-gray ting e, resembling lead in appearance. A heavy oxide builds up on thallium if left in air, and in the presence of water the hydroxide is formed. The metal is very soft and malleable. It can be cut with a knife. Forty-seven isotopes of thallium, with atomic masses ranging from 179 to 210 are recognized. Natura l thallium is a mixture of two isotopes. The element and its compounds are toxic and should be handled carefully. Contact of the metal with skin is dan gerous, and when melting the metal adequate ventilation should be provided. Thallium is suspected of carcinogenic potential for man. Thallium sulfate ha s been widely employed as a rodenticide and ant killer. It is odorless and tasteless, giving no warning of its presence. Its use, however, has been pr ohibited in the U.S. since 1975 as a household insecticide and rodenticide. The electrical conductivity of thallium sulfide changes with exposure to infra red light, and this compound is used in photocells. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials. Thallium has bee n used, with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, to produce low melting glasses which become fluid between 125 and 150 °C. These glasses have properties at room temperatures similar to ordinary glasses and are said to be durable and insoluble in water. Thallium oxide has been used to pro duce glasses with a high index of refraction. Thallium has been used in treating ringworm and other skin infections; however, its use has been limited b ecause of the narrow margin between toxicity and therapeutic benefits. A mercury-thallium alloy, which forms a eutectic at 8.5% thallium, is reporte d to freeze at –60 °C, some 20 ° below the freezing point of mercury. Thallium metal (99.999%) costs about $2/g. Thorium — (Thor , Scandinavian god of war), Th; at. wt. 232.0381(1); at. no. 90; m.p. 1750 °C; b.p. 4788 °C; sp. gr. 11.72; valence +2(?), +3(?), +4. Discovered by Berzelius in 1828. Thorium occurs in thorite (ThSiO4) and in thorianite (ThO 2 + UO 2). Large deposits of thorium minerals have been reported in New England and elsewhere, but these have not yet been exploited. Thorium is now thought to be about three tim es as abundant as uranium and about as abundant as lead or molybdenum. The metal is a source of nuclear power. There is probably more energy avai lable for use from thorium in the minerals of the earth’s crust than from both uranium and fossil fuels. Any sizable demand for thorium as a nucle ar fuel is still several THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-32years in the future. Work has been done in developing thorium cycle converter-reactor systems. Several prototypes, including th e HTGR (high- temperature gas-cooled reactor) and MSRE (molten salt converter reactor experiment), have operated. While the HTGR reactors are efficient, they are not expected to become important commercially for many years because of certain operating difficulties. Thorium is recovere d commercially from the mineral monazite , which contains from 3 to 9% ThO2 along with rare-earth minerals. Much of the internal heat the earth produces has been attributed to thorium and uranium. Several methods are available for producing thorium metal: it can be obtained by reducing thorium oxide with calcium, by electrolysis of anhydrous thorium chloride in a fused mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides, by calcium reduction of thoriu m tetrachloride mixed with anhydrous zinc chloride, and by reduction of thorium tetrachloride with an alkali metal. Thorium was originally assigned a position in Group IV of the periodic table. Because of its atomic weight, valence, etc., it is now considered to be the second member of the actinide series of elements. When pure, thorium is a silvery-white metal which is air-stable and retains its luster for several months. When contaminated with th e oxide, thorium slowly tarnishes in air, becoming gray and finally black. The physical properties of thorium are greatly influenced by the degree of c ontamination with the oxide. The purest specimens often contain several tenths of a percent of the oxide. High-purity thorium has been made. Pure tho rium is soft, very ductile, and can be cold-rolled, swaged, and drawn. Thorium is dimorphic, changing at 1400 °C from a cubic to a body-centered cubic structure. Thorium oxide has a melting point of 3300 °C, which is the highest of all oxides. Only a few elements, such as tungsten, and a few compounds, such as tantalum carbide, have higher melting points. Thorium is slowly attacked by water, but does not dissolve readily in most common acids, except hyd rochloric. Powdered thorium metal is often pyrophoric and should be carefully handled. When heated in air, thorium turnings ignite and burn brillia ntly with a white light. The principal use of thorium has been in the preparation of the Welsbach mantle, used for portable gas lights. These mantles, c onsisting of thorium oxide with about 1% cerium oxide and other ingredients, glow with a dazzling light when heated in a gas flame. Thorium is an im portant alloying element in magnesium, imparting high strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. Because thorium has a low work-fun ction and high electron emission, it is used to coat tungsten wire used in electronic equipment. The oxide is also used to control the grain s ize of tungsten used for electric lamps; it is also used for high-temperature laboratory crucibles. Glasses containing thorium oxide have a high refract ive index and low dispersion. Consequently, they find application in high quality lenses for cameras and scientific instruments. Thorium oxide ha s also found use as a catalyst in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid, in petroleum cracking, and in producing sulfuric acid. Thorium has not fo und many uses due to its radioactive nature and its handling and disposal problems. Thirty isotopes of thorium are known with atomic masses ranging from 210 to 237. All are unstable. 232Th occurs naturally and has a half-life of 1.4 × 1010 years. It is an alpha emitter. 232Th goes through six alpha and four beta decay steps before becoming the stable isotope 208Pb. 232Th is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic plate in a few hours. Thorium disintegrates with the production of “thoron” (220Rn), which is an alpha emitter and presents a radiation hazard. Good ventilation of areas where thorium is stored or handled is therefore essential. Thorium metal (99.8%) costs about $25/g. Thulium — (Thule , the earliest name for Scandinavia), Tm; at. wt. 168.93421(3); at. no. 69; m.p. 1545 °C; b.p. 1950 °C; sp. gr. 9.321 (25 °C); valence 3. Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite , which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare earth elements, but with new sources re cently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver, gold, or cadmium. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction technique s have recently permitted much easier separation of the rare earths, with much lower costs. Only a few years ago, thulium metal was not obtainable at any cost; in 1996 the oxide cost $20/g. Thulium metal powder now costs $70/g (99.9%). Thulium can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum meta l or by calcium reduction of the anhydrous fluoride. The pure metal has a bright, silvery luster. It is reasonably stable in air, but the metal should be protected from moisture in a closed container. The element is silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Forty-on e isotopes and isomers are known, with atomic masses ranging from 146 to 176. Natural thulium, which is 100% 169Tm, is stable. Because of the relatively high price of the metal, thulium has not yet found many practical applications. 169Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation source in portable X- ray equipment. 171Tm is potentially useful as an energy source. Natural thulium also has possible use in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. It should be handled with care. Tin — (anglo-Saxon, tin), Sn (L. stannum ); at. wt. 118.710(7); at. no. 50; m.p. 231.93 °C; b.p. 2602 °C; sp. gr. (gray) 5.75, (white) 7.31; valence 2, 4. Known to the ancients. Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world’s supply comes from China, Indonesia, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and Colorado. Tin is obtained by reducin g the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. Ordinary tin is composed of ten stable isotopes; thirty-six unstable isotopes and isomers are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crys tals, a “tin cry” is heard when a bar is bent. The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or α tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2 °C into white, or β tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.2 °C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony o r bismuth. This change from the α to β form is called the tin pest. Tin-lead alloys are used to make organ pipes. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-cal led tin can for preserving food. Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, Whit e metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin. Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked b y strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms SnO2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride (SnCl 2 · H2O), which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshie lds. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process). Of recent inte rest is a crystalline tin- niobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of supercondu ctive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weigh but a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply. The small amount of tin found in canned foods is quite harmless. The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300 mg/kg. The tr ialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are used as biocides and must be handled carefully. Over the past 25 years the price of commercial tin has varied fro m 50¢/lb ($1.10/kg) to its present price of about $6/kg in January 2002. Tin (99.99% pure) costs about $260/kg. Titanium — (L. Titans , the first sons of the Earth, myth.), Ti; at. wt. 47.867(1); at. no. 22; m.p. 1668 °C; b.p. 3287 °C; sp. gr. 4.54; valence 2, 3, or 4. Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; h owever, the pure TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-33metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 by Hunter by heating TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb. Titanium is present in meteorites and in the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO 2. Analyses of rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages. Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the c rust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them. It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene , and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Deposits of ilmenite and rutile are found in Florida, California, Tennessee, and New York. Australia, Norway, Malaysia, India, and China are also large suppliers of titanium minerals. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in pl ants, and in the human body. The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducin g titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is largely used for producing the metal today. The metal can be purified by decomposi ng the iodide. Titanium, when pure, is a lustrous, white metal. It has a low density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent c orrosion resistance. It is ductile only when it is free of oxygen. The metal burns in air and is the only element that burns in nitrogen. Titanium is resi stant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, moist chlorine gas, and chloride solutions. Natural titanium consists of five isotopes w ith atomic masses from 46 to 50. All are stable. Eighteen other unstable isotopes are known. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal α form changes to the cubic β form very slowly at about 880 °C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550 °C. Titanium is important as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Alloys of titanium are principally used for aircraft and missiles wher e lightweight strength and ability to withstand extremes of temperature are important. Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heav ier than aluminum, but twice as strong. Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has exc ellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with p latinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water. Titanium metal is considered to be physiologically inert; however, titanium powder may be a carcinogenic hazard. When pure, titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has an extremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher than diamond. It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit t heir asterism as a result of the presence of TiO 2. Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist’s paint, as it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and i s extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor seeing conditions. Titanium tetrachloride is used to iridize glass. This compound fumes st rongly in air and has been used to produce smoke screens. The price of titanium metal (99.9%) is about $1100/kg. Tungsten — (Swedish, tung sten , heavy stone); also known as wolfram (from wolframite , said to be named from wolf rahm or spumi lupi , because the ore interfered with the smelting of tin and was supposed to devour the tin), W; at. wt. 183.84(1); at. no. 74; m.p. 3422 °C; b.p. 5555 °C; sp. gr. 19.3 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tung sten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite ). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found an acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten (tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite , (Fe, Mn)WO4; scheelite , CaWO4; huebnerite , MnWO4; and ferberite , FeWO4. Important deposits of tungsten occur in California, Colorado, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world’s tungs ten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Thirty two other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognized. The metal is obtained co mmercially by reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon. Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, and can be forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650 °C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the s ame as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-to-metal seals. Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; win dings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy®, Ste llite®, and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries.Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tu ngsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500 °C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints. Zirconium tungstate has found recent applications (see under Zirconium). Tungsten powder (99.999%) costs about $2900/kg. Uranium — (Planet Uranus ), U; at. wt. 238.0289(1); at. no. 92; m.p. 1135 °C; b.p. 4131 °C; sp. gr. ~18.95; valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Yellow-colored glass, containing more than 1% uranium oxide and dating back to 79 A.D., has been found near Naples, Italy. Klaproth recognized an unknown element in pitchblende and attempted to isolate the metal in 1789. The metal apparently was first isolated in 1841 by Peligot, who reduced the anhydro us chloride with potassium. Uranium is not as rare as it was once thought. It is now considered to be more plentiful than mercury, antimony , silver, or cadmium, and is about as abundant as molybdenum or arsenic. It occurs in numerous minerals such as pitchblende, uraninite, carnotite, autunite, uranophane, davidite, and tobernite . It is also found in phosphate rock, lignite, monazite sands , and can be recovered commercially from these sources. Large deposits of uranium ore occur in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Canada, and elsewhere. Uranium can be made by reducing uranium hal ides with alkali or alkaline earth metals or by reducing uranium oxides by calcium, aluminum, or carbon at high temperatures. The metal can also be produced by electrolysis of KUF5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl. High-purity uranium can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament. Uranium exhibits three crystallographic modifications as follows: Uranium is a heavy, silvery-white metal which is pyrophoric when finely divided. It is a little softer than steel, and is attac ked by cold water in a finely divided state. It is malleable, ductile, and slightly paramagnetic. In air, the metal becomes coated with a layer of oxide. Aci ds dissolve the metal, but it is unaffected by alkalis. Uranium has twenty three isotopes, one of which is an isomer and all of which are radioactive. Nat urally occurring uranium contains 99.2745% by weight 238U, 0.720% 235U, and 0.0055% 234U. Studies show that the percentage weight of 235U in natural uranium varies by as much as 0.1%, depending on the source. The U.S.D.O.E. has adopted the value of 0.711 as being their “official” percentage of 235U in natural uranium. Natural uranium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic plate in an hour or so. Much of the internal heat of the e arth is thought to beαβγ688 776°°→ → CC THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-34attributable to the presence of uranium and thorium. 238U with a half-life of 4.46 × 109 years, has been used to estimate the age of igneous rocks. The origin of uranium, the highest member of the naturally occurring elements — except perhaps for traces of neptunium or plutonium — is not clearly understood, although it has been thought that uranium might be a decay product of elements of higher atomic weight, which may h ave once been present on earth or elsewhere in the universe. These original elements may have been formed as a result of a primordial “creation,” kno wn as “the big bang,” in a supernova, or in some other stellar processes. The fact that recent studies show that most trans-uranic elements are extre mely rare with very short half-lives indicates that it may be necessary to find some alternative explanation for the very large quantities of radioactive uranium we find on earth. Studies of meteorites from other parts of the solar system show a relatively low radioactive content, compared to terrestrial r ocks. Uranium is of great importance as a nuclear fuel. 238U can be converted into fissionable plutonium by the following reactions: This nuclear conversion can be brought about in “breeder” reactors where it is possible to produce more new fissionable materia l than the fissionable material used in maintaining the chain reaction. 235U is of even greater importance, for it is the key to the utilization of uranium. 235U, while occurring in natural uranium to the extent of only 0.72%, is so fissionable with slow neutrons that a self-sustaining fission chain react ion can be made to occur in a reactor constructed from natural uranium and a suitable moderator, such as heavy water or graphite, alone. 235U can be concentrated by gaseous diffusion and other physical processes, if desired, and used directly as a nuclear fuel, instead of natural uranium, or used as an explosive. Natural uranium, slightly enriched with 235U by a small percentage, is used to fuel nuclear power reactors for the generation of electricity. Natural thorium can be irradiated with neutrons as follows to produce the important isotope 233U. While thorium itself is not fissionable, 233U is, and in this way may be used as a nuclear fuel. One pound of completely fissioned uranium has the fuel value of over 1500 tons of coal. The uses of nuclear fuels to generate electrical power, to make isotopes for peaceful purposes , and to make explosives are well known. The estimated world-wide production of the 437 nuclear power reactors in operation in 1998 amounted to about 35 2,000 Megawatt hours. In 1998 the U.S. had about 107 commercial reactors with an output of about 100,000 Megawatt-hours. Some nuclear-powered electric generating plants have recently been closed because of safety concerns. There are also serious problems with nuclear waste disp osal that have not been completely resolved. Uranium in the U.S.A. is controlled by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, under the Department of Ene rgy. Uses are being found for the large quantities of “depleted” uranium, now available, where uranium-235 has been lowered to about 0.2%. Depleted uranium has been used for inertial guidance devices, gyrocompasses, counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, ballast for missile reentry ve hicles, and as a shielding material for tanks, etc. Concerns, however, have been raised over its low radioactive properties. Uranium metal is used for X-r ay targets for production of high-energy X-rays. The nitrate has been used as photographic toner, and the acetate is used in analytical chemistry. Crysta ls of uranium nitrate are triboluminescent. Uranium salts have also been used for producing yellow “vaseline” glass and glazes. Uranium and its compo unds are highly toxic, both from a chemical and radiological standpoint. Finely divided uranium metal, being pyrophoric, presents a fire hazard. The m aximum permissible total body burden of natural uranium (based on radiotoxicity) is 0.2 µCi for soluble compounds. Recently, the natural presence of uranium and thorium in many soils has become of concern to homeowners because of the generation of radon and its daughters (see under Radon). Urani um metal is available commercially at a cost of about $6/g (99.7%) in air-tight glass under argon. Unnilnilium etc. — See under the opening paragraphs of this article and also under Elements 110 to 118. Vanadium — (Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis ), V; at. wt. 50.9415(1); at. no. 23; m.p. 1910 °C; b.p. 3407 °C; sp. gr. 6.11 (18.7 °C); valence 2, 3, 4, or 5. Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared del Rio’s new e lement was only impure chromium; del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemist’s statement. The element was rediscovered in 1 830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess Vanadis because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, in 1867, who reduced the chloride with hydrogen. Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1927. Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found i n small percentages in meteorites. Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. China, South Africa, and Russia supply much of the world’s vanadium ores. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magne sium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures. Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybolt. Natural vanadium is a mixture of two isotopes, 50V (0.25%) and 51V (99.75%). 50V is slightly radioactive, having a long half-life. Twenty other unstable isotopes are recognized. Pure vanadium is a bright white metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water, but the metal oxidizes readily above 660°C. The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. Vanadium is used in prod ucing rust resistant, spring, and highspeed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels. About 80% of the vanadium now produced is us ed as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in c eramics and as a catalyst. It is also used in producing a superconductive magnet with a field of 175,000 gauss. Vanadium and its compounds are toxic and s hould be handled with care. Ductile vanadium is commercially available. Vanadium metal (99.7%) costs about $3/g. Wolfram — see Tungsten. Xenon — (Gr. xenon , stranger), Xe; at. wt. 131.29(2); at. no. 54; m.p. –111.79 °C; b.p. –108.12 °C; tc 16.62 °C; density (gas) 5.887 ± 0.009 g/l, sp. gr (liquid) 3.52 (–109 °C); valence usually 0. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898 in the residue left after evaporating liquid air components. Xenon is a member of the so-called noble or “inert” gases. It is present in the atmosphere to the extent of about one part in t wenty million. Xenon is present in the Martian atmosphere to the extent of 0.08 ppm. The element is found in the gases evolved from certain mineral spr ings, and is commercially obtained by extraction from liquid air. Natural xenon is composed of nine stable isotopes. In addition to these, thirty five un stable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Before 1962, it had generally been assumed that xenon and other noble gases were unable to form compou nds. Evidence has232 233 233 233Th n Th Pa U ,γββ() → →  → 238 239 239 239Un U N p P u,γββ() → →  →  TeamLRNTHE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-35been mounting in the past few years that xenon, as well as other members of the zero valence elements, do form compounds. Among the “compounds” of xenon now reported are xenon hydrate, sodium perxenate, xenon deuterate, difluoride, tetrafluoride, hexafluoride, and XePtF 6 and XeRhF6. Xenon trioxide, which is highly explosive, has been prepared. More than 80 xenon compounds have been made with xenon chemically bonde d to fluorine and oxygen. Some xenon compounds are colored. Metallic xenon has been produced, using several hundred kilobars of pressure. Xen on in a vacuum tube produces a beautiful blue glow when excited by an electrical discharge. The gas is used in making electron tubes, strobosc opic lamps, bactericidal lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers for generating coherent light. Xenon is used in the atomic energy field in bubble c hambers, probes, and other applications where its high molecular weight is of value. The perxenates are used in analytical chemistry as oxidizing ag ents. 133Xe and 135Xe are produced by neutron irradiation in air cooled nuclear reactors. 133Xe has useful applications as a radioisotope. The element is available in sealed glass containers for about $20/l of gas at standard pressure. Xenon is not toxic, but its compounds are highly toxic because of their strong oxidizing characteristics. Ytterbium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden), Yb; at. wt. 173.04(3); at. no. 70; m.p. 819 °C; b.p. 1196 °C; sp. gr ( α) 6.903 ( β) 6.966; valence 2, 3. Marignac in 1878 discovered a new component, which he called ytterbia , in the earth then known as erbia . In 1907, Urbain separated ytterbia into two components, which he called neoytterbia and lutecia . The elements in these earths are now known as ytterbium and lutetium , respectively. These elements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium , discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach. Ytterbium occurs along with other rare earths in a number of rare minerals. It is commercially recovered principally from monazite sand , which contains about 0.03%. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in recent years have greatly simplified the separation of the rare ear ths from one another. The element was first prepared by Klemm and Bonner in 1937 by reducing ytterbium trichloride with potassium. Their metal was mi xed, however, with KCl. Daane, Dennison, and Spedding prepared a much purer form in 1953 from which the chemical and physical properties of t he element could be determined. Ytterbium has a bright silvery luster, is soft, malleable, and quite ductile. While the element is fairly stable , it should be kept in closed containers to protect it from air and moisture. Ytterbium is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and reacts slowly with water. Ytterbium has three allotropic forms with transformation points at –13 ° and 795 °C. The beta form is a room-temperature, face-centered, cubic modification, while the high-temperature gamma form is a body-centered cubic form. Another body-centered cubic phase has recently been found to be stable at high pressures at room temperatures. The beta form ordinarily has metallic-type conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor when the pressure is increased above 16,000 atm. The electrical resistance increases tenfold as the pressure is increased to 39,000 atm and drops to about 80% of its standard temperature-pressure resistivity at a pressure of 40,000 atm. Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stabl e isotopes. Twenty six other unstable isotopes and isomers are known. Ytterbium metal has possible use in improving the grain refinement, strength, an d other mechanical properties of stainless steel. One isotope is reported to have been used as a radiation source as a substitute for a portable X -ray machine where electricity is unavailable. Few other uses have been found. Ytterbium metal is available with a purity of about 99.9% for about $10/g. Ytte rbium has a low acute toxic rating, but may present a carcinogenic hazard. Yttrium — (Ytterby , village in Sweden near Vauxholm), Y; at. wt. 88.90585(2); at. no. 39; m.p. 1522 °C; b.p. 3345 °C; sp. gr. 4.469 (25 °C); valence 3. Yttria , which is an earth containing yttrium, was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusually minerals containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium , and ytterbium as well as yttrium . In 1843 Mosander showed that yttria could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was rese rved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia . Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content. It is recovered commercially from monazite sand , which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite , which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques . Yttrium has a silver- metallic luster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400 °C, and finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air. Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It i s widely used in making YVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Many hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application. Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters. Yt trium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also fin ding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond). Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirco nium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear captu re. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of atomic explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased d uctility. Yttrium is also finding application in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization.It has also potential use in ceramic and gla ss formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass. Natural yttrium contains but one isotope, 89Y. Forty- three other unstable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Yttrium metal of 99.9% purity is commercially available at a cost of about $5/g. Zinc — (Ger. Zink, of obscure origin), Zn; at. wt. 65.39(2); at. no. 30; m.p. 419.53 °C; b.p. 907 °C; sp. gr. 7.133 (25 °C); valence 2. Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, is me ntioned as being an “instructor in every artificer in brass and iron.” An alloy containing 87% zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Trans ylvania. Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. in India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was redisco vered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746, who showed that it could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal. The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite or blende (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). Canada, Japan, Belgium, Germany, and The Netherlands are suppliers of zinc ores. Zinc is also mined in Alaska, Tennessee, Missouri, and elsewhere in the U.S. Zinc can b e obtained by roasting its ores to form the oxide and by reduction of the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal. Other methods of extraction are possible. Naturally occurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Twenty-five other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognize d. Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150 °C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide. The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel sil ver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring brass, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys. Large q uantities of zinc are THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4-36used to produce die castings, used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal ®, consisting of 78% zinc and 22% aluminum is reported to be almost as strong as steel but as easy to mold as plastic. It is said to be so plastic that i t can be molded into form by relatively inexpensive die casts made of ceramics and cement. It exhibits superplasticity. Zinc is also extensively used to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35 K. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material to modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber produ cts, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other p roducts. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not yet been fully investigated. Lithopone, a mixture of zin c sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment. Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights. The chlor ide and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficien t animals require 50% more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc. Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as the oxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. It is recommended that where zinc oxide is encountered good ventilation be provided. The commercial price of zinc in January 2002 was roughly 40¢/lb ($90 kg). Zinc metal with a purity of 99.9999% is priced at about $5/g. Zirconium — (Syriac, zargun , color of gold), Zr; at. wt. 91.224(2); at. no. 40; m.p. 1855 °C; b.p. 4409 °C; sp. gr. 6.506 (20 °C); valence +2, +3, and +4. The name zircon may have originated from the Syriac word zargono, which describes the color of certain gemstones now known as zircon, jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. These minerals were not known to contain this element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Sri Lanka and found a new earth, which Werner named zircon ( silex circonius ), and Klaproth called Zirkonerde (zirconia) . The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small iron tube. Pure zirconium was first prepared in 1914. Very pure zirconium was first produced in 1925 by van Arkel and de Boer by an iodide decomposition process they developed. Zirconium is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analyses of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestial rocks. Naturally occurring zirconium contains five isotopes. Thirty-one other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Zircon , ZrSiO4, the principal ore, is found in deposits in Florida, South Carolina, Australia, South Africa, and elsewhere. Baddeleyite , found in Brazil, is an important zirconium mineral. It is principally pure ZrO2in crystalline form having a hafnium content of about 1%. Zirconium also occurs in some 30 other recognized mineral species. Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of the chloride with magnesium (the Kroll Process), and by other methods. It is a grayish-white lustrous metal. When finely divided, the metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably fo und in zirconium ores, and the separation is difficult. Commercial-grade zirconium contains from 1 to 3% hafnium. Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for neutrons, and is therefore used for nuclear energy applications, such as for cladding fuel elements. Commercial nuclear power generation now takes more than 90% of zirconium metal production. Reactors of the size now being made may use as much as a half-million lineal feet of zirconi um alloy tubing. Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy ® is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. It is used extensi vely by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol . With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35 K. Zirc onium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractor y material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed. Zirconium tungstate is an unusual material that shrinks, rather than expands, when heated. Whi le this compound has been known for more than 30 years, it is only now that it is being studied to determine the nature of this unusual behavior. A few other compounds are known to possess this property, but they tend to shrink in one direction, while they stretch out in others in order to main tain an overall volume. Zirconium tungstate shrinks in all directions over a wide temperature range of from near absolute zero to +777 °C. This material is being considered for use in very small computer chips, which are subject to severe temperature changes. It is also being considered for use in c omposite materials where thermal expansion may be a problem. Zirconium of about 99.5% purity is available at a cost of about $2000/kg or about $4/g. TeamLRN4-37PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS The compounds in this table were selected on the basis of their laboratory and industrial importance, as well as their value in illustrating trends in the variation of physical properties with position in the periodic table. An effort has been made to include the most frequentl y encountered inor- ganic substances; a limited number of organometallics are also covered. Many, if not most, of the compounds that are solids at ambient temperature can exist in more than one crystalline modification. The information given here applies to the most stable or common crystallin e form. In cases where two or more forms are of practical importance, separate entries will be found in the table. Compounds are arranged primarily in alphabetical order by the most commonly used name. However, adjustments are made in many in stances in order to bring closely related compounds together. For example, hydrides of elements such as boron, silicon, and germanium are grouped together immediately following the entry for the parent element, since they would otherwise be scattered throughout the table. Likewise , the oxoacids of an element are given in one group whenever a strict alphabetical order would separate them (e.g., sulfuric acid and fluorosulfuric acid). The Formula Index following the table provides another means of locating a compound. There is also an index to CAS Registry Numbers. The following data fields appear in the table: •Name: Systematic name for the substance. The valence state of a metallic element is indicated by a Roman numeral, e.g., copper in the +1 state is written as copper(I) rather than cuprous, iron in the +3 state is iron(III) rather than ferric. •Formula: The simplest descriptive formula is given, but this does not necessarily specify the actual structure of the compound. For example, aluminum chloride is designated as AlCl3, even though a more accurate representation of the structure in the solid phase (and, under some conditions, in the gas phase) is Al2Cl6. A few exceptions are made, such as the use of Hg2+2for the mercury(I) ion. •CAS Registry Number: Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. An asterisk (*) following the CAS RN for a hydrate indi- cates that the number refers to the anhydrous compound. In most cases the generic CAS RN for the compound is given rather thanthe number for a specific crystalline form or mineral. •Mol. Weight: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as calculated with the 1997 IUPAC Recommended Atomic Weights. The number of decimal places corresponds to the number of places in the atomic weight of the least accurately known element (e.g., one place for lead compounds, two places for compounds of selenium, germanium, etc.); a maximum of three places is given. For com-pounds of radioactive elements for which IUPAC makes no recommendation, the mass number of the isotope with longest half-lifeis used, and the result is rounded to the nearest integer. •Physical Form: The crystal system is given, when available, for compounds that are solid at room temperature, together with color and other descriptive features. Abbreviations are listed below. •mp: Normal melting point in ˚C. The notation “tp” indicates the temperature at which solid, liquid, and gas are in equilibrium at a pressure greater than one atmosphere (i.e., the normal melting point does not exist). When available, the triple point press ure is listed. •bp: Normal boiling point in ˚C (referred to 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg pressure). The notation “sp” following the number indicates the temperature where the pressure of the vapor in equilibrium with the solid reaches as 101.325 kPa. See Reference 8, p. 23, for further discussion of sublimation points and triple points. A notation “sublimes” without a temperature being given indicates that there is a perceptible sublimation pressure above the solid at ambient temperatures. •Density: Density values for solids and liquids are always in units of grams per cubic centimeter and can be assumed to refer to tem- peratures near room temperature unless otherwise stated. Values for gases are the calculated ideal gas densities in grams per liter at 25˚C and 101.325 kPa; the unit is always specified for a gas value. •Aqueous Solubility: Solubility is expressed as the number of grams of the compound (excluding any water of hydration) that will dissolve in 100 g of water. The temperature in ˚C is given as a superscript. Solubility at other temperatures can be found for many compounds in the table “Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures” in Section 8. •Qualitative Solubility: Qualitative information on the solubility in other solvents (and in water, if quantitative data are unavailable) is given here. The abbreviations are:i insolublesl slightly solubles solublevs very soluble Data were taken from a wide variety of reliable sources, including monographs, treatises, review articles, evaluated compilatio ns and databases, and in some cases the primary literature. Some of the most useful references for the properties covered here are listed below. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ac acetyl ace acetoneacid acid solutionsalk alkaline solutionsamorp amorphousanh anhydrousaq aqueousblk blackbrn brown bz benzenechl chloroformcol colorlessconc concentratedcry crystals, crystallinecub cubiccyhex cyclohexanedec decomposes dil dilutediox dioxaneeth ethyl etherEtOH ethanolexp explodes, explosiveflam flammablegl glass, glassy 4-38PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (CONTINUED) grn green hc hydrocarbon solvents hex hexagonal hp heptanehex hexanehyd hydratehyg hygroscopic i insoluble inliq liquidMeOH methanolmono monoclinicoctahed octahedraloran orangeorth orthorhombicos organic solventspeth petroleum ether pow powder prec precipitate pur purplepy pyridinereac reacts withrefrac refractoryrhom rhombohedrals soluble insilv silverysl slightly soluble insoln solutionsp sublimation pointstab stablesubl sublimestemp temperature tetr tetragonal thf tetrahydrofuran tol toluenetp triple pointtrans transition, transformationtricl triclinictrig trigonalunstab unstableviol violetvisc viscousvs very soluble inwh whitexyl xyleneyel yellow REFERENCES 1. Phillips, S. L., and Perry, D.L., Handbook of Inorganic Compounds , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 2. Trotman-Dickenson, A. F., Executive Editor, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry , V ol. 1-5, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 3. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition , Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. 4. Budavari, S., Editor, The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition , Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. 5.GMELIN Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 6. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , V ol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985; Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Monograph No. 9, 1998. 7. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition , V olumes 2 and 4, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Commit- tee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 8. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H.V ., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 9.Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1985. 10.Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds , Chapman & Hall, New York, 1992. 11. Massalski, T. B., Editor, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd Edition , ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1990. 12.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition , II/4, Caloric Quantities of State, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. 13. Deer, W. A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals , 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. 14. Carmichael, R. S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 15. Dinsdale, A.T., “SGTE Data for Pure Elements”, CALPHAD , 15, 317-425, 1991. 16. Madelung, O., Semiconductors: Group IV Elements and III-IV Compounds , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991. 17. Daubert, T.E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H.M., and Stebbins, C.C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compila- tion, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 18. Lidin, R. A., Andreeva, L. L., and Molochko, V . A., Constants of Inorganic Substances , Begell House, New York, 1995. 19. Gurvich, L. V ., Veyts, I. V ., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 20.The Combined Chemical Dictionary on CDROM , Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000./g3 /g3 TeamLRN4-39PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1 Actinium Ac 7440-34-8 227 silv metal; cub 1051 3198 10 2 Actinium bromide AcBr3 33689-81-5 467 wh hex cry 800 subl 5.85 s H2O 3 Actinium chloride AcCl3 22986-54-5 333 wh hex cry 960 subl 4.81 4 Actinium fluoride AcF3 33689-80-4 284 wh hex cry 7.88 i H2O 5 Actinium iodide AcI3 33689-82-6 608 wh cry s H2O 6 Actinium oxide Ac2O3 12002-61-8 502 wh hex cry 1977 9.19 i H2O 7 Aluminum Al 7429-90-5 26.982 silv-wh metal; cub cry 660.32 2519 2.70 i H2O; s acid, alk 8 Aluminum ammonium sulfate AlNH4(SO4)2 7784-25-0 237.148 wh powder sl H2O; i EtOH 9 Aluminum ammonium sulfate dodecahydrateAlNH4(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O 7784-26-1 453.331 col cry or powder 94.5 >280 dec 1.65 s H2O; i EtOH 10 Aluminum antimonide AlSb 25152-52-7 148.742 cub cry 1065 4.26 11 Aluminum arsenide AlAs 22831-42-1 101.903 oran cub cry; hyg 1740 3.7612 Aluminum borate 2Al 2O3 ⋅ B2O3 11121-16-7 273.543 needles ≈1050 i H2O 13 Aluminum boride AlB2 12041-50-8 48.604 powder >920 dec 3.19 s dil HCl 14 Aluminum borohydride Al(BH4)3 16962-07-5 71.510 flam liq -64.5 44.5 reac H2O 15 Aluminum bromate nonahydrate Al(BrO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O 11126-81-1* 572.826 wh hyg cry 62 >100 dec s H2O 16 Aluminum bromide AlBr3 7727-15-3 266.694 wh-yel monocl cry; hyg 97.5 255 3.2 reac H2O; s bz, tol 17 Aluminum bromide hexahydrate AlBr3 ⋅ 6H2O 7784-11-4 374.785 col-yel hyg cry 93 2.54 s H2O, EtOH, CS2 18 Aluminum carbide Al4C3 1299-86-1 143.958 yel hex cry 2100 >2200 dec 2.36 reac H2O 19 Aluminum chlorate nonahydrate Al(ClO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O 15477-33-5 439.472 hyg cry vs H2O; s EtOH 20 Aluminum chloride AlCl3 7446-70-0 133.340 wh hex cry or powder; hyg 192.6 180 sp 2.48 45.125s bz, ctc, chl 21 Aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlCl3 ⋅ 6H2O 7784-13-6 241.431 col hyg cry 100 dec 2.398 45.125s EtOH, eth 22 Aluminum diacetate Al(OH)(C2H3O2)2 142-03-0 162.078 wh amorp powder i H2O 23 Aluminum ethanolate Al(C2H5O)3 555-75-9 162.163 liq, condenses to wh solid 140 reac H2O; sl xyl 24 Aluminum fluoride AlF3 7784-18-1 83.977 wh hex cry ≈2250 tp (220 MPa) 1276 sp 3.10 0.5025 25 Aluminum fluoride monohydrate AlF3 ⋅ H2O 32287-65-3 101.992 orth cry 2.17 0.5025 26 Aluminum fluoride trihydrate AlF3 ⋅ 3H2O 15098-87-0 138.023 wh hyg cry 1.914 0.5025 27 Aluminum hexafluorosilicate nonahydrate Al2(SiF6)3 ⋅ 9H2O 17099-70-6 642.329 hex prisms >500 dec s H2O 28 Aluminum hydride AlH3 7784-21-6 30.006 col hex cry >150 dec reac H2O 29 Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 21645-51-2 78.004 wh amorp powder 2.42 i H2O; s alk, acid 30 Aluminum hydroxychloride Al2(OH)5Cl ⋅ 2H2O 1327-41-9 210.483 gl solid s H2O 31 Aluminum hypophosphite Al(H2PO2)3 7784-22-7 221.948 cry powder 220 dec i H2O; s alk, acid 32 Aluminum iodide AlI3 7784-23-8 407.695 wh leaflets 188.28 382 3.98 reac H2O 33 Aluminum iodide hexahydrate AlI3 ⋅ 6H2O 10090-53-6 515.786 yel hyg cry powder vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 34 Aluminum lactate Al(C3H5O3)3 18917-91-4 294.192 powder vs H2O 35 Aluminum nitrate Al(NO3)3 13473-90-0 212.997 wh hyg solid dec 68.925vs EtOH; sl ace 36 Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate Al(NO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O 7784-27-2 375.134 wh hyg mono cry 73 135 dec 1.72 68.925vs EtOH; i pyr 37 Aluminum nitride AlN 24304-00-5 40.989 blue-wh hex cry 3000 3.255 reac H2O 38 Aluminum oleate Al(C18H33O2)3 688-37-9 871.342 yel solid i H2O; s EtOH, bz 39 Aluminum phosphate AlPO4 7784-30-7 121.953 wh rhomb plates >1460 2.56 i H2O; sl acid 40 Aluminum metaphosphate Al(PO3)3 32823-06-6 263.898 col powder; tetr ≈1525 2.78 i H2O 41 Aluminum oxide (corundum) Al2O3 1344-28-1 101.961 wh powder; hex 2053 ≈3000 3.97 i H2O, os; sl alk 42 Aluminum oxyhydroxide AlO(OH) 14457-84-2 59.989 ortho cry 3.44 i H2O; s acid, alk 43 Aluminum palmitate Al(C15H31COO)3 555-35-1 793.230 wh-yel powder i H2O, EtOH; s peth 44 Aluminum perchlorate nonahydrate Al(ClO4)3 ⋅ 9H2O 14452-39-2 487.470 wh hyg cry 82 dec 2.0 182.40 45 Aluminum phosphide AlP 20859-73-8 57.956 grn or yel cub cry 2550 2.40 reac H2O 4-40PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 46 Aluminum selenide Al2Se3 1302-82-5 290.84 yel-brown powder 960 3.437 reac H2O 47 Aluminum silicate Al2SiO5 12183-80-1 162.046 gray-grn cry 3.145 48 Aluminum silicate dihydrate Al2O3 ⋅ 2SiO2 ⋅ 2H2O 1332-58-7 258.161 wh-yel powder; tricl 2.59 i H2O, acid, alk 49 Aluminum stearate Al(C18H35O2)3 637-12-7 877.390 wh powder 115 1.070 i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk 50 Aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3 10043-01-3 342.154 wh cry 1040 dec 38.525i EtOH 51 Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate Al2(SO4)3⋅ 18H2O 7784-31-8 666.429 col monocl cry 86 dec 1.69 38.525 52 Aluminum sulfide Al2S3 1302-81-4 150.161 yel-gray powder 1100 2.02 53 Aluminum telluride Al2Te3 12043-29-7 436.76 gray-blk hex cry ≈895 4.5 54 Aluminum thiocyanate Al(SCN)3 538-17-0 201.232 yel powder s H2O; i EtOH, eth 55 Americium Am 7440-35-9 243 silv metal; hex or cub 1176 2011 12 s acid 56 Americium(III) oxide Am2O3 12254-64-7 534 tan hex cry 11.77 s acid 57 Americium(III) bromide AmBr3 14933-38-1 483 wh orth cry 6.85 s H2O 58 Americium(III) chloride AmCl3 13464-46-5 349 pink hex cry 500 5.87 59 Americium(III) fluoride AmF3 13708-80-0 300 pink hex cry 1393 9.53 60 Americium(III) iodide AmI3 13813-47-3 624 yel ortho cry ≈950 6.9 61 Americium(IV) fluoride AmF4 15947-41-8 319 tan monocl cry 7.23 62 Americium(IV) oxide AmO2 12005-67-3 275 blk cub cry >1000 dec 11.68 s acid 63 Ammonia NH3 7664-41-7 17.031 col gas -77.73 -33.33 0.696 g/L vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 64 Ammonium acetate NH4C2H3O2 631-61-8 77.083 wh hyg cry 114 1.073 1484s EtOH; sl ace 65 Ammonium azide NH4N3 12164-94-2 60.059 ortho cry; flam 160 exp 1.346 20.230 66 Ammonium benzoate NH4C7H5O2 1863-63-4 139.152 wh cry or powder 198 1.26 s H2O; sl EtOH 67 Ammonium hydrogen malate NH4C4H4O5 5972-71-4 151.118 ortho cry 160 1.15 s H2O; sl EtOH 68 Ammonium borate tetrahydrate (NH4)2B4O7⋅ 4H2O 12228-87-4 263.377 tetr cry s H2O; i EtOH 69 Ammonium bromate NH4BrO3 13843-59-9 145.941 col hex cry exp vs H2O 70 Ammonium bromide NH4Br 12124-97-9 97.943 wh hyg tetr cry 542 dec 396 sp 2.429 78.325s EtOH, ace; sl eth 71 Ammonium caprylate NH4C8H15O2 5972-76-9 161.243 hyg monocl cry ≈75 reac H2O; s EtOH; i chl, bz 72 Ammonium carbamate NH2COONH4 1111-78-0 78.071 cry powder vs H2O; s EtOH 73 Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 506-87-6 96.086 col cry powder 58 dec 10015 74 Ammonium cerium(III) sulfate tetrahydrate NH4Ce(SO4)2⋅ 4H2O 21995-38-0* 422.343 monocl cry s H2O 75 Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 16774-21-3 548.223 red-oran cry vs H2O 76 Ammonium chlorate NH4ClO3 10192-29-7 101.490 wh cry 102 exp 1.80 28.70 77 Ammonium chloride NH4Cl 12125-02-9 53.492 col cub cry 520 tp (dec) 338 sp 1.519 39.525 78 Ammonium chromate (NH4)2CrO4 7788-98-9 152.071 yel cry 185 dec 1.90 3725sl ace, MeOH; i EtOH 79 Ammonium chromic sulfate dodecahydrate NH4Cr(SO4)2⋅ 12H2O 10022-47-6 478.345 blue-viol cry 94 dec 1.72 s H2O; sl EtOH 80 Ammonium cobalt(II) phosphate CoNH4PO4 14590-13-7 171.943 red-viol powder (hyd) i H2O; s acid 81 Ammonium cobalt(II) sulfate hexahydrate (NH4)2Co(SO4)2⋅ 6H2O 13586-38-4 395.229 red monocl prisms 1.90 s H2O; i EtOH 82 Ammonium copper(II) chloride CuCl2⋅ 2NH4Cl 10060-13-6* 241.434 yel hyg orth cry s H2O 83 Ammonium copper(II) chloride dihydrate CuCl2⋅ 2NH4Cl⋅ 2H2O 10060-13-6 277.464 blue-grn tetr cry 110 dec 1.993 s H2O, EtOH 84 Ammonium cyanide NH4CN 12211-52-8 44.056 col tetr cry dec 1.10 vs H2O 85 Ammonium dichromate (NH4)2Cr2O7 7789-09-5 252.065 oran-red monocl cry; hyg 180 dec 2.155 35.620 86 Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate NH4H2AsO4 13462-93-6 158.975 tetr cry 300 dec 2.311 52.725 87 Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate NH4H2PO4 7722-76-1 115.026 wh tetr cry 190 1.80 40.425sl EtOH; i ace 88 Ammonium dithiocarbamate NH4NH2CSS 513-74-6 110.204 yel ortho cry 99 dec 1.45 s H2O 89 Ammonium ferric chromate NH4Fe(CrO4)2 7789-08-4 305.871 red powder i H2O 90 Ammonium ferric oxalate trihydrate (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3⋅ 3H2O 13268-42-3 428.063 grn monocl cry; hyg ≈160 dec 1.780 vs H2O; i EtOH TeamLRN4-41PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)91 Ammonium ferric sulfate dodecahydrate NH4Fe(SO4)2⋅ 12H2O 10138-04-2 482.194 col to viol cry ≈37 1.71 vs H2O; i EtOH 92 Ammonium ferricyanide trihydrate (NH4)3Fe(CN)6⋅ 3H2O 14221-48-8* 320.111 red cry s H2O; i EtOH 93 Ammonium ferrocyanide trihydrate (NH4)4Fe(CN)6⋅ 3H2O 14481-29-9* 338.149 yel cry dec s H2O; i EtOH 94 Ammonium ferrous sulfate hexahydrate (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2⋅ 6H2O 10045-89-3 392.141 blue-grn monocl cry ≈100 dec 1.86 s H2O; i EtOH 95 Ammonium fluoride NH4F 12125-01-8 37.037 wh hex cry; hyg dec 1.015 83.525sl EtOH 96 Ammonium tetrafluoroborate NH4BF4 13826-83-0 104.844 wh powder; orth 487 dec 1.871 2520 97 Ammonium fluorosulfonate NH4SO3F 13446-08-7 117.101 col needles 245 s H2O, EtOH, MeOH 98 Ammonium formate NH4CHO2 540-69-2 63.057 hyg cry 116 1.27 14320s EtOH 99 Ammonium hexachloroiridate(IV) (NH4)2IrCl6 16940-92-4 441.010 blk cry powder dec 2.856 1.0925 100 Ammonium hexachloroosmiate(IV) (NH4)2OsCl6 12125-08-5 439.02 red cry or powder subl 2.93 s H2O, EtOH 101 Ammonium hexachloropalladate(IV) (NH4)2PdCl6 19168-23-1 355.21 red-brn hyg cry dec 2.418 102 Ammonium hexabromoplatinate(IV) (NH4)2PtBr6 17363-02-9 710.58 powder 145 dec 0.5920 103 Ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV) (NH4)2PtCl6 16919-58-7 443.87 red-oran cub cry 380 dec 3.065 0.520i EtOH 104 Ammonium hexafluoroaluminate (NH4)3AlF6 7784-19-2 195.087 cub cry 1.78 s H2O 105 Ammonium hexafluorogallate (NH4)3GaF6 14639-94-2 237.828 col cub cry >200 dec 2.10 106 Ammonium hexafluorogermanate (NH4)2GeF6 16962-47-3 222.68 wh cry 380 subl 2.564 s H2O; i EtOH 107 Ammonium hexafluorophosphate NH4PF6 16941-11-0 163.003 wh cub cry 58 dec 2.180 vs H2O; s ace, EtOH, MeOH 108 Ammonium hexafluorosilicate (NH4)2SiF6 16919-19-0 178.153 wh cub or trig cry dec 2.011 22.725i EtOH, ace 109 Ammonium hexafluorozirconate(IV) (NH4)2ZrF6 16919-31-6 241.291 wh hex cry 1.154 s H2O 110 Ammonium hydrogen arsenate (NH4)2HAsO4 7784-44-3 176.004 wh powder 1.99 s H2O 111 Ammonium hydrogen borate trihydrate NH4HB4O7⋅ 3H2O 10135-84-9 228.332 col cry ≈2.5 s H2O 112 Ammonium hydrogen carbonate NH4HCO3 1066-33-7 79.056 col or wh prisms 107 dec 1.586 24.825i EtOH, bz 113 Ammonium hydrogen citrate (NH4)2HC6H5O7 3012-65-5 226.184 col cry 1.48 vs H2O; sl EtOH 114 Ammonium hydrogen fluoride NH4HF2 1341-49-7 57.044 wh orth cry 125 240 dec 1.50 60.220 115 Ammonium hydrogen oxalate monohydrate NH4HC2O4⋅ H2O 5972-72-5* 125.081 col rhomb cry dec 1.56 sl H2O, EtOH 116 Ammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH4)2HPO4 7783-28-0 132.055 wh cry 155 dec 1.619 69.525i EtOH, ace 117 Ammonium hydrogen selenate NH4HSeO4 10294-60-7 162.01 rhom cry dec 2.162 118 Ammonium hydrogen sulfate NH4HSO4 7803-63-6 115.111 wh hyg cry 147 1.78 10020i EtOH, ace, py 119 Ammonium hydrogen sulfide NH4HS 12124-99-1 51.113 wh tetr or orth cry dec 1.17 1280sl ace; i bz, eth 120 Ammonium hydrogen sulfite NH4HSO3 10192-30-0 99.111 col cry dec 2.03 71.80 121 Ammonium hydrogen tartrate NH4C4H4O6 3095-65-6 167.117 wh cry 1.68 sl H2O; s alk; i EtOH 122 Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH 1336-21-6 35.046 exists only in soln 123 Ammonium hypophosphite NH4H2PO2 7803-65-8 83.028 wh hyg cry dec vs H2O; sl EtOH; i ace 124 Ammonium iodate NH4IO3 13446-09-8 192.941 wh powder 150 3.3 3.8425 125 Ammonium iodide NH4I 12027-06-4 144.943 wh tetr cry; hyg 551 dec 405 sp 2.514 17825sl EtOH, MeOH 126 Ammonium lactate NH4C3H5O3 52003-58-4 107.108 col cry 92 s H2O, EtOH; sl MeOH; i ace, eth 127 Ammonium metatungstate hexahydrate (NH4)6W7O24⋅ 6H2O 12028-48-7 1887.19 wh cry s H2O; i EtOH 128 Ammonium metavanadate NH4VO3 7803-55-6 116.979 wh-yel cry 200 dec 2.326 4.820 129 Ammonium molybdate(VI) tetrahydrate (NH4)6Mo7O24⋅ 4H2O 12054-85-2 1235.86 col or grn-yel cry 90 dec 2.498 43 i EtOH 130 Ammonium molybdophosphate (NH4)3PO4⋅ 12MoO3 54723-94-3* 1876.35 yel cry pow dec 0.02 s alk; i acid 131 Ammonium nickel chloride hexahydrate NH4NiCl3⋅ 6H2O 16122-03-5* 291.181 grn hyg cry 1.65 s H2O 132 Ammonium nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2⋅ 6H2O 7785-20-8 394.989 blue-grn cry dec 1.923 sl H2O; i EtOH 133 Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 6484-52-2 80.043 wh hyg cry; orth 169.7 dec 200-260 1.72 21325sl MeOH 134 Ammonium nitrite NH4NO2 13446-48-5 64.044 wh-yel cry 60 exp 1.69 22125i eth 135 Ammonium nitroferricyanide (NH4)2Fe(CN)5NO 14402-70-1 252.016 red-brn cry s H2O, EtOH 136 Ammonium oleate NH4C18H33O2 544-60-5 299.493 yel-brn paste 21 s H2O; sl ace 137 Ammonium oxalate (NH4)2C2O4 1113-38-8 124.096 col sol 1.5 5.2025 138 Ammonium oxalate monohydrate (NH4)2C2O4⋅ H2O 6009-70-7 142.110 wh orth cry dec 1.50 5.2025sl EtOH 4-42PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 139 Ammonium palmitate NH4C15H31CO2 593-26-0 273.455 yel-wh powder 22 s H2O; sl bz, xyl; i ace, EtOH, ctc 140 Ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate NH4B5O8⋅ 4H2O 12007-89-5 272.150 wh cry 7.0318 141 Ammonium pentachlorozincate (NH4)3ZnCl5 14639-98-6 296.77 hyg orth cry 1.81 vs H2O 142 Ammonium perchlorate NH4ClO4 7790-98-9 117.490 wh orth cry dec, exp 1.95 24.525s MeOH; sl EtOH, ace; i eth 143 Ammonium permanganate NH4MnO4 13446-10-1 136.975 purp rhomb cry 70 dec 2.22 7.915 144 Ammonium peroxydisulfate (NH4)2S2O8 7727-54-0 228.204 monocl cry or wh powder dec 1.982 83.525 145 Ammonium perrhenate NH4ReO4 13598-65-7 268.244 col powder 3.97 6.2320 146 Ammonium phosphate trihydrate (NH4)3PO4⋅ 3H2O 10361-65-6* 203.133 wh prisms 25.025i ace 147 Ammonium phosphite, dibasic, monohydrate(NH4)2HPO3⋅ H2O 51503-61-8 134.071 hyg cry s H2O 148 Ammonium phosphomolybdate monohydrate(NH4)3PO4⋅ 12MoO3⋅ H2O 54723-94-3 1894.36 yel cry or powder dec 0.02 149 Ammonium phosphotungstate dihydrate (NH4)3PO4⋅ 12WO3⋅ 2H2O 1311-90-6 2967.18 cry powder sl H2O 150 Ammonium picrate NH4C6H2N3O7 131-74-8 246.135 yel orth cry exp 1.72 sl H2O 151 Ammonium salicylate NH4C7H5O3 528-94-9 155.151 wh cry powder vs H2O; s EtOH 152 Ammonium selenate (NH4)2SeO4 7783-21-3 179.04 wh monocl cry dec 2.194 11725i EtOH, ace 153 Ammonium selenite (NH4)2SeO3 7783-19-9 163.04 wh or red hyg cry dec 12125 154 Ammonium stearate NH4C18H35O2 1002-89-7 301.509 yel-wh powder 22 0.89 sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, MeOH; i ace 155 Ammonium sulfamate NH4NH2SO3 7773-06-0 114.125 wh hyg cry 131 160 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH 156 Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 7783-20-2 132.141 wh or brn orth cry 280 dec 1.77 76.425i EtOH, ace 157 Ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S 12135-76-1 68.143 yel-oran cry ≈0 dec s H2O, EtOH, alk 158 Ammonium sulfite (NH4)2SO3 17026-44-7 116.141 wh hyg cry 64.225 159 Ammonium sulfite monohydrate (NH4)2SO3⋅ H2O 7783-11-1 134.156 col cry dec 1.41 64.225i EtOH, ace 160 Ammonium tartrate (NH4)2C4H4O6 3164-29-2 184.147 wh cry dec 1.601 s H2O 161 Ammonium tellurate (NH4)2TeO4 13453-06-0 227.68 wh powder dec 3.024 162 Ammonium tetrachloroaluminate NH4AlCl4 7784-14-7 186.832 wh hyg solid 304 s H2O, eth 163 Ammonium tetrachloroplatinate(II) (NH4)2PtCl4 13820-41-2 372.97 red cry dec 2.936 s H2O; i EtOH 164 Ammonium tetrachlorozincate (NH4)2ZnCl4 14639-97-5 243.28 wh orth plates; hyg 150 dec 1.879 vs H2O 165 Ammonium tetrathiotungstate (NH4)2WS4 13862-78-7 348.18 oran cry dec 2.71 s H2O 166 Ammonium thiocyanate NH4SCN 1762-95-4 76.122 col hyg cry ≈149 dec 1.30 18125vs EtOH; s ace; i chl 167 Ammonium thiosulfate (NH4)2S2O3 7783-18-8 148.207 wh cry 150 dec 1.678 vs H2O; i EtOH, eth 168 Ammonium titanium oxalate monohydrate (NH4)2TiO(C2O4)2⋅ H2O 10580-03-7 293.996 hyg cry vs H2O 169 Ammonium tungstate(VI) (NH4)10W12O41 11120-25-5 3042.44 cry pow 2.3 s H2O; i EtOH 170 Ammonium uranate(VI) (NH4)2U2O7 7783-22-4 624.131 red-yel amorp powder i H2O, alk; s acid 171 Ammonium uranium fluoride UO2(NH4)3F5 18433-40-4 419.135 grn-yel monocl cry s H2O; i EtOH 172 Ammonium valerate NH4C4H9CO2 42739-38-8 119.163 hyg cry 108 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth 173 Ammonium zirconyl carbonate dihydrate (NH4)3ZrOH(CO3)3⋅ 2H2O 12616-24-9* 362.404 prisms; unstable s H2O 174 Antimony Sb 7440-36-0 121.760 silv metal; hex 630.628 1587 6.68 i dil acid 175 Stibine SbH3 7803-52-3 124.784 col gas; flam -88 -17 5.100 g/L sl H2O; s EtOH 176 Antimony arsenide SbAs 12322-34-8 196.682 hex cry ≈680 6.0 177 Antimony(III) bromide SbBr3 7789-61-9 361.472 yel orth cry; hyg 96.6 280 4.35 reac H2O; s ace, bz, chl 178 Antimony(III) chloride SbCl3 10025-91-9 228.118 col orth cry; hyg 73.4 220.3 3.14 98725s acid, EtOH, bz, ace 179 Antimony(III) fluoride SbF3 7783-56-4 178.755 wh orth cry; hyg 292 ≈345 4.38 49225 180 Antimony(III) iodide SbI3 7790-44-5 502.473 red rhomb cry 168 401 4.92 reac H2O; s EtOH, ace; i ctc 181 Antimony(III) oxide (senarmontite) Sb2O3 1309-64-4 291.518 col cub cry 570 trans 1425 5.58 sl H2O; i os 182 Antimony(III) oxide (valentinite) Sb2O3 1309-64-4 291.518 wh orth cry 655 1425 5.7 sl H2O; i os TeamLRN4-43PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)183 Antimony(III) oxychloride SbOCl 7791-08-4 173.212 wh momo cry 170 dec reac H2O; i EtOH, eth 184 Antimony(III) selenide Sb2Se3 1315-05-5 480.40 grn orth cry 611 5.81 sl H2O 185 Antimony(III) sulfate Sb2(SO4)3 7446-32-4 531.711 wh cry powder; hyg dec 3.62 sl H2O 186 Antimony(III) sulfide Sb2S3 1345-04-6 339.718 gray-blk orth cry 550 4.562 i H2O; s conc HCl 187 Antimony(III) teluride Sb2Te3 1327-50-0 626.32 gray cry 620 6.5 188 Antimony(III,V) oxide Sb2O4 1332-81-6 307.518 yel orth cry 6.64 189 Antimony(V) chloride SbCl5 7647-18-9 299.024 col or yel liq 4 140 dec 2.34 reac H2O; s chl, ctc 190 Antimony(V) fluoride SbF5 7783-70-2 216.752 hyg visc liq 8.3 141 3.10 reac H2O 191 Antimony(V) dichlorotrifluoride SbCl2F3 7791-16-4 249.660 visc liq reac H2O 192 Antimony(V) oxide Sb2O5 1314-60-9 323.517 yel powder; cub dec 3.78 0.320 193 Antimony(V) sulfide Sb2S5 1315-04-4 403.850 oran-yel powder 75 dec 4.120 i H2O; s acid, alk 194 Argon Ar 7440-37-1 39.948 col gas -189.36 tp (69 kPa) -185.847 1.633 g/L sl H2O 195 Arsenic (gray) As 7440-38-2 74.922 gray metal; rhomb 817 tp (3.70 MPa) 603 sp 5.75 i H2O 196 Arsine AsH3 7784-42-1 77.946 col gas -116 -62.5 3.186 g/L sl H2O 197 Diarsine As2H4 15942-63-9 153.875 unstable liq ≈100 198 Arsenic acid H3AsO4 7778-39-4 141.944 exists only in soln 199 Arsenic acid hemihydrate H3AsO4⋅ 0.5H2O 7778-39-4* 150.951 wh hyg cry 35.5 ≈2 vs H2O, EtOH 200 Arsenious acid H3AsO3 13464-58-9 125.944 exists only in soln 201 Arsenic diiodide As2I4 13770-56-4 657.461 red cry 137 reac H2O; s os 202 Arsenic hemiselenide As2Se 1303-35-1 228.80 blk cry i H2O, os; dec acid, alk 203 Arsenic sulfide As4S4 12279-90-2 427.950 red monocl cry 320 565 3.5 i H2O; sl bz; s alk 204 Arsenic(III) bromide AsBr3 7784-33-0 314.634 yel orth cry; hyg 31.1 221 3.40 reac H2O; s hc, ctc; vs eth, bz 205 Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl3 7784-34-1 181.280 col liq -16 130 2.150 reac H2O; vs chl, ctc, eth 206 Arsenic(III) fluoride AsF3 7784-35-2 131.917 col liq -5.9 57.8 2.7 reac H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 207 Arsenic(III) iodide AsI3 7784-45-4 455.635 red hex cry 140.9 424 4.73 sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz. tol 208 Arsenic(III) oxide (arsenolite) As2O3 1327-53-3 197.841 wh cub cry 274 460 3.86 2.0525 209 Arsenic(III) oxide (claudetite) As2O3 1327-53-3 197.841 wh monocl cry 313 460 3.74 2.0525s dil acid, alk; i EtOH 210 Arsenic(III) selenide As2Se3 1303-36-2 386.72 brn-blk solid 260 4.75 i H2O; s alk 211 Arsenic(III) sulfide As2S3 1303-33-9 246.041 yel-oran monocl cry 310 707 3.46 i H2O; s alk 212 Arsenic(III) telluride As2Te3 12044-54-1 532.64 blk monocl cry 621 6.50 213 Arsenic(V) chloride AsCl5 22441-45-8 252.186 stable at low temp ≈-50 dec 214 Arsenic(V) fluoride AsF5 7784-36-3 169.914 col gas -79.8 -52.8 6.945 g/L reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth 215 Arsenic(V) oxide As2O5 1303-28-2 229.840 wh amorp powder 315 4.32 65.820vs EtOH 216 Arsenic(V) selenide As2Se5 1303-37-3 544.64 blk solid dec i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk 217 Arsenic(V) sulfide As2S5 1303-34-0 310.173 brn-yel amorp solid dec i H2O; s alk 218 Triethyl arsenite As(OC2H5)3 3141-12-6 210.103 liq 166 1.21 219 Astatine At 7440-68-8 210 cry 302 s HNO3, os 220 Barium Ba 7440-39-3 137.327 silv-yel metal; cub 727 1897 3.62 reac H2O; sl EtOH 221 Barium acetate Ba(C2H3O2)2 543-80-6 255.416 wh powder 2.47 79.225 222 Barium acetate monohydrate Ba(C2H3O2)2⋅ H2O 5908-64-5 273.431 wh cry 110 dec 2.19 79.225sl EtOH 223 Barium aluminate BaAl2O4 12004-04-5 255.288 hex cry 1827 224 Barium azide Ba(N3)2 18810-58-7 221.367 monocl cry; exp ≈120 dec 2.936 17.320sl EtOH; i eth 225 Barium bromate monohydrate Ba(BrO3)2⋅ H2O 10326-26-8 411.147 wh monocl cry 260 dec 3.99 0.83125i EtOH 226 Barium bromide BaBr2 10553-31-8 297.135 wh orth cry 857 1835 4.781 10025 227 Barium bromide dihydrate BaBr2⋅ 2H2O 7791-28-8 333.166 wh cry 75 dec 3.7 10025s MeOH; i EtOH, ace, diox 228 Barium carbide BaC2 50813-65-5 161.348 gray tetr cry dec 3.74 reac H2O 229 Barium carbonate BaCO3 513-77-9 197.336 wh orth cry 1555 4.2865 0.001420s acid 4-44PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 230 Barium chlorate Ba(ClO3)2 13477-00-4 304.228 wh cry 414 37.925sl EtOH, ace 231 Barium chlorate monohydrate Ba(ClO3)2⋅ H2O 10294-38-9 322.244 wh monocl cry 120 dec 3.179 37.925s acid; sl EtOH, ace 232 Barium chloride BaCl2 10361-37-2 208.232 wh orth cry; hyg 962 1560 3.9 37.025 233 Barium chloride dihydrate BaCl2⋅ 2H2O 10326-27-9 244.263 wh monocl cry ≈120 dec 3.097 37.025i EtOH 234 Barium chromate(V) Ba3(CrO4)2 12345-14-1 643.968 grn-blk hex cry 5.25 s H2O 235 Barium chromate(VI) BaCrO4 10294-40-3 253.321 yel orth cry 1380 4.50 0.0002620reac acid 236 Barium citrate monohydrate Ba3(C6H5O7)2⋅ H2O 512-25-4* 808.195 gray-wh cry s H2O, acid 237 Barium copper yttrium oxide BaCuY2O5 82642-06-6 458.682 grn cry; not superconductor 238 Barium copper yttrium oxide Ba2Cu3YO7 109064-29-1 666.194 blk solid; HT superconductor 239 Barium copper yttrium oxide Ba2Cu4YO8 114104-80-2 745.739 HT superconductor 240 Barium copper yttrium oxide Ba4Cu7Y2O15 124365-83-9 1411.933 HT superconductor 241 Barium cyanide Ba(CN)2 542-62-1 189.361 wh cry powder vs H2O; s EtOH 242 Barium dichromate dihydrate BaCr2O7⋅ 2H2O 10031-16-0 389.346 brn-red needles dec reac H2O 243 Barium dithionate dihydrate BaS2O6⋅ 2H2O 13845-17-5 333.486 wh cry 140 dec 4.54 22.120sl EtOH 244 Barium ferrocyanide hexahydrate Ba2Fe(CN)6⋅ 6H2O 13821-06-2* 594.694 yel monocl cry 80 dec i H2O, EtOH 245 Barium fluoride BaF2 7787-32-8 175.324 wh cub cry 1368 2260 4.893 0.16125 246 Barium formate Ba(CHO2)2 541-43-5 227.362 cry 3.21 s H2O; i EtOH 247 Barium hexaboride BaB6 12046-08-1 202.193 blk cub cry 2070 4.36 i H2O; s acid; i EtOH 248 Barium hexafluorosilicate BaSiF6 17125-80-3 279.403 wh orth needles 300 dec 4.29 i H2O, EtOH; sl acid 249 Barium hydride BaH2 13477-09-3 139.343 gray orth cry 1200 4.16 reac H2O 250 Barium hydrogen phosphate BaHPO4 10048-98-3 233.306 wh cry powder 400 dec 4.16 0.01520s dil acid 251 Barium hydrosulfide Ba(HS)2 25417-81-6 203.475 yel hyg cry s H2O 252 Barium hydrosulfide tetrahydrate Ba(HS)2⋅ 4H2O 12230-74-9 275.536 yel rhomb cry 50 dec s H2O 253 Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 17194-00-2 171.342 wh powder 408 4.9125 254 Barium hydroxide monohydrate Ba(OH)2⋅ H2O 22326-55-2 189.357 wh powder 3.743 4.9125s acid 255 Barium hydroxide octahydrate Ba(OH)2⋅ 8H2O 12230-71-6 315.464 wh monocl cry 78 dec 2.18 4.9125 256 Barium hypophosphite monohydrate Ba(H2PO2)2⋅ H2O 14871-79-5* 285.320 monocl plates 2.90 s H2O; i EtOH 257 Barium iodate Ba(IO3)2 10567-69-8 487.132 wh cry powder 476 dec 5.23 0.039625 258 Barium iodate monohydrate Ba(IO3)2⋅ H2O 7787-34-0 505.148 cry 130 dec 5.00 0.039625s acid; i EtOH 259 Barium iodide BaI2 13718-50-8 391.136 wh orth cry 711 5.15 22125 260 Barium iodide dihydrate BaI2⋅ 2H2O 7787-33-9 427.167 col cry 740 dec 5.0 22125s EtOH, ace 261 Barium manganate(VI) BaMnO4 7787-35-1 256.263 grn-gray hyg cry 4.85 0.0004120 262 Barium metaborate monohydrate Ba(BO2)2⋅ H2O 26124-86-7 240.962 wh powder >900 3.3 sl H2O 263 Barium molybdate BaMoO4 7787-37-3 297.27 wh powder 1450 4.975 0.002120 264 Barium niobate Ba(NbO3)2 12009-14-2 419.136 yel orth cry 1455 5.44 i H2O 265 Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2 10022-31-8 261.336 wh cub cry 590 3.24 10.325sl EtOH, ace 266 Barium nitride Ba3N2 12047-79-9 439.994 yel-brn cry >500 dec 4.78 reac H2O 267 Barium nitrite Ba(NO2)2 13465-94-6 229.338 col hex cry 267 3.234 79.525 268 Barium nitrite monohydrate Ba(NO2)2⋅ H2O 7787-38-4 247.353 yel-wh hex cry 217 dec 3.18 79.525i EtOH 269 Barium oxalate BaC2O4 516-02-9 225.346 wh powder 400 dec 2.658 0.0075 270 Barium oxalate monohydrate BaC2O4⋅ H2O 13463-22-4 243.361 wh cry powder 2.66 0.007520s acid 271 Barium oxide BaO 1304-28-5 153.326 wh-yel powder; cub and hex 1972 5.72(cub) 1.520s dil acid, EtOH; i ace 272 Barium perchlorate Ba(ClO4)2 13465-95-7 336.227 col hex cry 505 3.20 31225vs EtOH 273 Barium perchlorate trihydrate Ba(ClO4)2⋅ 3H2O 10294-39-0 390.273 col cry 2.74 31225s MeOH; sl EtOH, ace; i eth 274 Barium permanganate Ba(MnO4)2 7787-36-2 375.198 brn-viol cry 200 dec 3.77 62.520reac EtOH TeamLRN4-45PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)275 Barium peroxide BaO2 1304-29-6 169.326 gray-wh tetr cry 450 dec 4.96 0.09120reac dil acid 276 Barium metaphosphate Ba(PO3)2 13466-20-1 295.271 wh powder 1560 i H2O; sl acid 277 Barium potassium chromate BaK2(CrO4)2 27133-66-0 447.511 yel hex cry 3.63 vs H2O 278 Barium pyrophosphate Ba2P2O7 13466-21-2 448.597 wh powder 1430 3.9 0.008820s acid 279 Barium selenate BaSeO4 7787-41-9 280.29 wh rhomb cry dec 4.75 0.01520 280 Barium selenide BaSe 1304-39-8 216.29 cub cry powder 1780 5.02 reac H2O 281 Barium selenite BaSeO3 13718-59-7 264.29 solid i H2O 282 Barium disilicate BaSi2O5 12650-28-1 273.495 wh orth cry 1420 3.70 283 Barium metasilicate BaSiO3 13255-26-0 213.411 col rhomb powder 1605 4.40 i H2O; s acid 284 Barium silicide BaSi2 1304-40-1 193.498 gray lumps 1180 reac H2O 285 Barium sodium niobate Ba2Na(NbO3)5 12323-03-4 1002.167 wh orth cry 1437 5.40 i H2O 286 Barium stannate BaSnO3 12009-18-6 304.035 cub cry 7.24 sl H2O 287 Barium stannate trihydrate BaSnO3⋅ 3H2O 12009-18-6* 358.081 wh cry powder sl H2O; s acid 288 Barium stearate Ba(C18H35O2)2 6865-35-6 704.266 wh powder 160 1.145 i H2O, EtOH 289 Barium sulfate BaSO4 7727-43-7 233.391 wh orth cry 1580 4.49 0.0003120i EtOH 290 Barium sulfide BaS 21109-95-5 169.393 col cub cry or gray powder 2229 4.3 8.9425 291 Barium sulfite BaSO3 7787-39-5 217.391 wh monocl cry dec 4.44 0.001125i EtOH 292 Barium tartrate BaC4H4O6 5908-81-6 285.398 wh cry 2.98 s H2O; i EtOH 293 Barium tetracyanoplatinate(II) tetrahydrate BaPt(CN)4⋅ 4H2O 13755-32-3 508.54 yel powder or cry 2.076 sl H2O; i EtOH 294 Barium tetraiodomercurate(II) BaHgI4 10048-99-4 845.54 yel-red hyg cry vs H2O, EtOH 295 Barium thiocyanate Ba(SCN)2 2092-17-3 253.493 hyg cry 16725s ace, MeOH, EtOH 296 Barium thiocyanate dihydrate Ba(SCN)2⋅ 2H2O 2092-17-3* 289.524 hyg wh cry 16725s EtOH 297 Barium thiocyanate trihydrate Ba(SCN)2⋅ 3H2O 68016-36-4 307.539 wh needles; hyg 2.286 16725s EtOH 298 Barium thiosulfate BaS2O3 35112-53-9 249.457 wh cry powder 220 dec 0.220i EtOH 299 Barium thiosulfate monohydrate BaS2O3⋅ H2O 7787-40-8 267.473 wh cry powder dec 3.5 0.2 i EtOH 300 Barium titanate BaTiO3 12047-27-7 233.192 wh tetr cry 1625 6.02 i H2O 301 Barium tungstate BaWO4 7787-42-0 385.17 wh tetr cry 1475 1730 5.04 0.001620 302 Barium uranium oxide BaU2O7 10380-31-1 725.381 oran-yel powder i H2O; s acid 303 Barium orthovanadate Ba3(VO4)2 39416-30-3 641.859 hex cry 707 5.14 304 Barium zirconate BaZrO3 12009-21-1 276.549 gray-wh cub cry 2500 5.52 i H2O, alk; sl acid 305 Berkelium ( α form) Bk 7440-40-6 247 hex 1050 14.78 306 Berkelium ( βform) Bk 7440-40-6 247 cub cry 986 13.25 307 Beryllium Be 7440-41-7 9.012 hex 1287 2471 1.85 s acid, alk308 Beryllium acetate Be(C 2H3O2)2 543-81-7 127.101 wh cry 60 dec i H2O, EtOH 309 Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate Be(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 10210-64-7 207.228 monocl cry powder 108 270 1.168 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 310 Beryllium aluminate BeAl2O4 12004-06-7 126.973 orth cry 3.65 311 Beryllium aluminum metasilicate Be3Al2(SiO3)6 1302-52-9 537.502 col or grn-yel cry; hex 2.64 312 Beryllium basic acetate Be4O(C2H3O2)6 1332-52-1 406.312 wh cry 285 330 1.25 i H2O; s eth, os 313 Beryllium boride BeB2 12228-40-9 30.634 refrac solid >1970 314 Beryllium borohydride Be(BH4)2 17440-85-6 36.682 solid 125 dec subl reac H2O 315 Beryllium bromide BeBr2 7787-46-4 168.820 orth cry; hyg 508 520 3.465 vs H2O; s EtOH, pyr 316 Beryllium carbide Be2C 506-66-1 30.035 red cub cry >2100 dec 1.90 reac H2O 317 Beryllium carbonate tetrahydrate BeCO3⋅ 4H2O 60883-64-9 93.085 wh solid 100 dec 0.360 318 Beryllium carbonate, basic Be3(OH)2(CO3)2 66104-24-3 181.069 wh pow i H2O; s acid, alk 319 Beryllium chloride BeCl2 7787-47-5 79.917 wh-yel orth cry; hyg 415 482 1.90 71.525s EtOH, eth, py; i bz, tol 320 Beryllium fluoride BeF2 7787-49-7 47.009 tetr cry or gl; hyg 552 1169 2.1 vs H2O; sl EtOH 321 Beryllium formate Be(CHO2)2 1111-71-3 99.047 powder >250 dec reac H2O; i os 322 Beryllium hydride BeH2 7787-52-2 11.028 wh amorp solid 250 dec 0.65 reac H2O; i eth, tol 4-46PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 323 Beryllium hydrogen phosphate BeHPO4 13598-15-7 104.991 cry i H2O 324 Beryllium hydroxide Be(OH)2 13327-32-7 43.027 wh powder or cry ≈200 dec 1.92 sl H2O, alk; s acid 325 Beryllium iodide BeI2 7787-53-3 262.821 hyg needles 470 487 4.32 reac H2O; s EtOH 326 Beryllium nitrate trihydrate Be(NO3)2⋅ 3H2O 13597-99-4 187.068 yel-wh hyg cry ≈30 dec 10720s EtOH 327 Beryllium nitride Be3N2 1304-54-7 55.050 gray refrac cry; cub 2200 2.71 reac acid, alk 328 Beryllium oxide BeO 1304-56-9 25.011 wh hex cry 2577 3.01 i H2O; sl acid, alk 329 Beryllium perchlorate tetrahydrate Be(ClO4)2⋅ 4H2O 7787-48-6 279.974 hyg cry 250 dec 19825 330 Beryllium selenate tetrahydrate BeSeO4⋅ 4H2O 10039-31-3 224.03 orth cry 100 dec 2.03 vs H2O 331 Beryllium sulfate BeSO4 13510-49-1 105.076 col tetr cry; hyg 1127 2.5 41.325 332 Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate BeSO4⋅ 4H2O 7787-56-6 177.137 col tetr cry ≈100 dec 1.71 41.325i EtOH 333 Beryllium sulfide BeS 13598-22-6 41.078 col cub cry dec 2.36 reac hot H2O 334 Bismuth Bi 7440-69-9 208.980 gray-wh soft metal 271.402 1564 9.79 s acid 335 Bismuth arsenate BiAsO4 13702-38-0 347.900 wh mono cry 7.14 i H2O; sl conc HNO3 336 Bismuth basic carbonate (BiO)2CO3 5892-10-4 509.969 wh powder 6.86 i H2O; s acid 337 Bismuth tribromide BiBr3 7787-58-8 448.692 yel cub cry 218 453 5.72 reac H2O; s dil acid, ace; i EtOH 338 Bismuth trichloride BiCl3 7787-60-2 315.338 yel-wh cub cry; hyg 230 447 4.75 reac H2O; s acid, EtOH, ace 339 Bismuth citrate BiC6H5O7 813-93-4 398.080 wh powder 3.458 i H2O; sl EtOH 340 Bismuth trifluoride BiF3 7787-61-3 265.975 wh-gray cub cry 725 900 8.3 i H2O 341 Bismuth pentafluoride BiF5 7787-62-4 303.972 wh tetr needles; hyg 154 230 5.55 reac H2O 342 Bismuth hydride BiH3 18288-22-7 212.004 col gas; unstable -67 ≈17 8.665 g/L 343 Bismuth hydroxide Bi(OH)3 10361-43-0 260.002 wh-yel amorp powder 4.962 i H2O; s acid 344 Bismuth triiodide BiI3 7787-64-6 589.693 blk hex cry 408.6 542 5.778 0.0007820s EtOH 345 Bismuth hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Bi(CF3COCHCOCF3)3 830.132 pow 96 346 Bismuth molybdate Bi2(MoO4)3 51898-99-8 897.77 monocl cry 5.95 347 Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bi(NO3)3⋅ 5H2O 10035-06-0 485.071 col tricl cry; hyg ≈75 dec 2.83 reac H2O; s ace; i EtOH 348 Bismuth oleate Bi(C18H33O2)3 52951-38-9 1053.340 soft yel-brn solid i H2O; s eth; sl bz 349 Bismuth oxalate Bi2(C2O4)3 6591-55-5 682.018 wh powder i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 350 Bismuth oxide Bi2O3 1304-76-3 465.959 yel monocl cry or powder 817 1890 8.9 i H2O; s acid 351 Bismuth oxybromide BiOBr 7787-57-7 304.883 col tetr cry 8.08 i H2O, EtOH; s acid 352 Bismuth oxychloride BiOCl 7787-59-9 260.432 wh tetr cry 7.72 i H2O 353 Bismuth oxyiodide BiOI 7787-63-5 351.883 red tetr cry >300 dec 7.92 i H2O, EtOH, chl; s HCl 354 Bismuth oxynitrate BiONO3 10361-46-3 286.985 wh powder 260 dec 4.93 i H2O, EtOH; s acid 355 Bismuth phosphate BiPO4 10049-01-1 303.951 monocl cry 6.32 sl H2O, dil acid; i EtOH 356 Bismuth potassium iodide K4BiI7 41944-01-8 1253.704 red cry reac H2O; s alk iodide soln 357 Bismuth selenide Bi2Se3 12068-69-8 654.84 blk hex cry 710 dec 7.5 i H2O 358 Bismuth stannate pentahydrate Bi2(SnO3)3⋅ 5H2O 12777-45-6 1008.162 wh cry i H2O 359 Bismuth subnitrate Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4 1304-85-4 1461.987 hyg cry pow 260 dec 4.928 i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 360 Bismuth sulfate Bi2(SO4)3 7787-68-0 706.152 wh needles or powder 405 dec 5.08 reac H2O, EtOH 361 Bismuth sulfide Bi2S3 1345-07-9 514.159 blk-brn orth cry 850 6.78 i H2O; s acid 362 Bismuth telluride Bi2Te3 1304-82-1 800.76 gray hex plates 580 7.74 i H2O; s EtOH 363 Bismuth tetroxide Bi2O4 12048-50-9 481.959 red-oran powder 305 5.6 reac H2O 364 Bismuth titanate Bi4(TiO4)3 12048-51-0 1171.516 wh orth cry 7.85 365 Bismuth tungstate Bi2(WO4)3 13595-87-4 1161.47 wh pow 366 Bismuth vanadate BiVO4 14059-33-7 323.920 orth cry trans 500 6.25 i H2O; s acid 367 Boron B 7440-42-8 10.811 blk rhomb cry 2075 4000 2.34 i H2O TeamLRN4-47PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)368 Diborane B2H6 19287-45-7 27.670 col gas; flam -165.5 -92.4 1.131 g/L reac H2O 369 Tetraborane(10) B4H10 18283-93-7 53.323 col gas -121 18 2.180 g/L reac H2O 370 Pentaborane(9) B5H9 19624-22-7 63.126 flam liq -46.6 60 0.60 reac hot H2O 371 Pentaborane(11) B5H11 18433-84-6 65.142 col liq; unstable -122 65 reac H2O 372 Hexaborane(10) B6H10 23777-80-2 74.945 col liq -62.3 108 dec 0.67 reac hot H2O 373 Hexaborane(12) B6H12 12008-19-4 76.961 col liq; unstable -82.3 ≈80 reac H2O 374 Nonaborane(15) B9H15 19465-30-6 112.418 col liq 2.6 375 Decaborane(14) B10H14 17702-41-9 122.221 wh orth cry 99.6 ≈213 0.94 sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, CS2, ctc 376 Borane carbonyl BH3CO 13205-44-2 41.845 col gas -137 -64 1.710 g/L reac H2O 377 Borazine B3N3H6 6569-51-3 80.501 col liq -58 53 0.824 reac H2O 378 Boric acid (orthoboric acid) H3BO3 10043-35-3 61.833 col tricl cry 170.9 1.5 5.8025sl EtOH 379 Metaboric acid ( α form) HBO2 13460-50-9 43.818 col orth cry; hyg 176 1.784 s H2O 380 Metaboric acid ( β form) HBO2 13460-50-9 43.818 col monocl cry; hyg 201 2.045 s H2O 381 Metaboric acid ( γ form) HBO2 13460-50-9 43.818 col cub cry 236 2.487 s H2O 382 Tetrafluoroboric acid HBF4 16872-11-0 87.813 col liq 130 dec ≈1.8 vs H2O, EtOH 383 Boron arsenide BAs 12005-69-5 85.733 cub cry 920 dec 5.22 384 Boron tribromide BBr3 10294-33-4 250.523 col liq; hyg -45 91 2.6 reac H2O, EtOH 385 Boron carbide B4C 12069-32-8 55.255 hard blk cry 2350 >3500 2.50 i H2O, acid 386 Boron trichloride BCl3 10294-34-5 117.169 col liq or gas -107 12.65 4.789 g/L reac H2O, EtOH 387 Tetrachlorodiborane B2Cl4 13701-67-2 163.433 col liq; flam -92.6 65 reac H2O 388 Boron trifluoride BF3 7637-07-2 67.806 col gas -126.8 -101 2.772 g/L s H2O 389 Tetrafluorodiborane B2F4 13965-73-6 97.616 col gas; flam -56 -34 3.990 g/L reac H2O 390 Boron triiodide BI3 13517-10-7 391.524 wh needles 49.7 209.5 3.35 i H2O 391 Boron nitride BN 10043-11-5 24.818 wh powder; hex or cub cry 2966 2.18 i H2O, acid 392 Boron oxide B2O3 1303-86-2 69.620 col gl or hex cry; hyg 450 2.55 2.220s EtOH 393 Boron phosphide BP 20205-91-8 41.785 red cub cry or powder 1125 dec reac H2O, acid 394 Boron sulfide B2S3 12007-33-9 117.820 yel amorp solid softens ≈320 ≈1.7 395 Bromine Br2 7726-95-6 159.808 red liq -7.2 58.8 3.1028 sl H2O 396 Bromic acid HBrO3 7789-31-3 128.910 stable only in aq soln s H2O 397 Bromine oxide Br2O 21308-80-5 175.807 brn solid -17.5 dec 398 Bromine dioxide BrO2 21255-83-4 111.903 unstable yel cry ≈0 dec 399 Bromine azide BrN3 13973-87-0 121.924 red cry; exp ≈45 exp 400 Bromine chloride BrCl 13863-41-7 115.357 unstable red-brn gas ≈-66 ≈5 dec 4.715 g/L reac H2O; s eth, CS2 401 Bromine fluoride BrF 13863-59-7 98.902 unstable red-brn gas ≈-33 ≈20 dec 4.043 g/L 402 Bromine trifluoride BrF3 7787-71-5 136.899 col hyg liq 8.77 125.8 2.803 reac H2O 403 Bromine pentafluoride BrF5 7789-30-2 174.896 col liq -60.5 40.76 2.460 reac H2O (exp) 404 Bromyl fluoride BrO2F 22585-64-4 130.901 col liq -9 50 dec reac H2O 405 Cadmium Cd 7440-43-9 112.411 silv-wh metal 321.069 767 8.69 i H2O; reac acid 406 Cadmium acetate Cd(C2H3O2)2 543-90-8 230.500 col cry 255 2.34 s H2O, EtOH 407 Cadmium acetate dihydrate Cd(C2H3O2)2⋅ 2H2O 5743-04-4 266.529 wh cry 130 dec 2.01 vs H2O; s EtOH 408 Cadmium antimonide CdSb 12014-29-8 234.171 orth cry 456 6.92 409 Cadmium arsenide Cd3As2 12006-15-4 487.076 gray tetr cry 721 6.25 410 Cadmium azide Cd(N3)2 14215-29-3 196.451 yel-wh orth cry; exp exp 3.24 411 Cadmium bromide CdBr2 7789-42-6 272.219 wh hex powder or flakes; hyg 568 844 5.19 11525sl ace, eth 412 Cadmium bromide tetrahydrate CdBr2⋅ 4H2O 13464-92-1 344.281 wh-yel cry 11525s ace, EtOH 413 Cadmium carbonate CdCO3 513-78-0 172.420 wh hex cry 500 dec 4.258 i H2O; s acid 414 Cadmium chlorate dihydrate Cd(ClO3)2⋅ 2H2O 22750-54-5* 315.343 col hyg cry 80 dec 2.28 2.640 415 Cadmium chloride CdCl2 10108-64-2 183.316 rhomb cry; hyg 564 960 4.08 12025s ace; sl EtOH; i eth 4-48PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 416 Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate CdCl2⋅ 2.5H2O 7790-78-5 228.354 wh rhomb leaflets 3.327 12025s ace 417 Cadmium chloride monohydrate CdCl2⋅ H2O 34330-64-8 201.331 wh cry 12025 418 Cadmium chromate CdCrO4 14312-00-6 228.405 yel orth cry 4.5 i H2O 419 Cadmium cyanide Cd(CN)2 542-83-6 164.445 wh cub cry 2.23 1.715 420 Cadmium 2-ethylhexanoate Cd(C8H15O2)2 2420-98-6 398.818 pow 421 Cadmium fluoride CdF2 7790-79-6 150.408 cub cry 1110 1748 6.33 4.3625s acid; i EtOH 422 Cadmium hydroxide Cd(OH)2 21041-95-2 146.426 wh trig or hex cry 130 dec 4.79 0.0001520s dil acid 423 Cadmium iodate Cd(IO3)2 7790-81-0 462.216 wh powder 6.48 0.09125s HNO3 424 Cadmium iodide CdI2 7790-80-9 366.220 hex flakes 387 742 5.64 86.225s EtOH, eth, ace 425 Cadmium metasilicate CdSiO3 13477-19-5 188.495 grn monocl cry 1252 5.10 426 Cadmium molybdate CdMoO4 13972-68-4 272.35 col tetr cry ≈900 dec 5.4 i H2O; s acid 427 Cadmium niobate Cd2Nb2O7 12187-14-3 522.631 cub cry ≈1410 6.28 i H2O 428 Cadmium nitrate Cd(NO3)2 10325-94-7 236.420 wh cub cry; hyg 350 3.6 15625s EtOH 429 Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cd(NO3)2⋅ 4H2O 10022-68-1 308.482 col orth cry; hyg 59.5 2.45 15625s EtOH, ace 430 Cadmium oxalate CdC2O4 814-88-0 200.430 wh solid 3.32 0.006025 431 Cadmium oxalate trihydrate CdC2O4⋅ 3H2O 20712-42-9 254.476 wh amorp powder 340 dec 0.006025i EtOH; s dil acid 432 Cadmium oxide CdO 1306-19-0 128.410 brn cub cry 1559 sp 8.15 i H2O; s dil acid 433 Cadmium perchlorate hexahydrate Cd(ClO4)2⋅ 6H2O 10326-28-0 419.403 wh hex cry 2.37 191.525 434 Cadmium phosphate Cd3(PO4)2 13477-17-3 527.176 pow ≈1500 i H2O 435 Cadmium phosphide Cd3P2 12014-28-7 399.181 gr tetr needles 700 5.96 s dil HCl 436 Cadmium selenate dihydrate CdSeO4⋅ 2H2O 10060-09-0 291.40 orth cry 100 dec 3.62 70.525 437 Cadmium selenide CdSe 1306-24-7 191.37 wh cub cry 1240 5.81 i H2O 438 Cadmium sulfate CdSO4 10124-36-4 208.475 col orth cry 1000 4.69 76.725i EtOH 439 Cadmium sulfate monohydrate CdSO4⋅ H2O 7790-84-3 226.490 monocl cry 105 3.79 76.725 440 Cadmium sulfate octahydrate CdSO4⋅ 8H2O 15244-35-6 352.597 col monocl cry 40 dec 3.08 76.725 441 Cadmium sulfide CdS 1306-23-6 144.477 yel-oran cub cry 1750 4.83 i H2O; s acid 442 Cadmium telluride CdTe 1306-25-8 240.01 brn-blk cub cry 1042 6.2 i H2O, dil acid 443 Cadmium tetrafluoroborate Cd(BF4)2 14486-19-2 286.020 col hyg liq 1.6 vs H2O, EtOH 444 Cadmium titanate CdTiO3 12014-14-1 208.276 orth cry 6.5 445 Cadmium tungstate CdWO4 7790-85-4 360.25 wh monocl cry 8.0 i H2O, acid; s NH4OH 446 Calcium Ca 7440-70-2 40.078 silv-wh metal 842 1484 1.54 reac H2O; i bz 447 Calcium acetate Ca(C2H3O2)2 62-54-4 158.167 wh hyg cry 160 dec 1.50 s H2O; sl EtOH 448 Calcium acetate monohydrate Ca(C2H3O2)2⋅ H2O 5743-26-0 176.182 wh needles or powder ≈150 dec s H2O; sl EtOH 449 Calcium aluminate CaAl2O4 12042-68-1 158.039 wh monocl cry 1605 2.98 reac H2O 450 Calcium aluminate ( β form) Ca3Al2O6 12042-78-3 270.193 wh cub cry; refr 1535 3.04 i H2O 451 Calcium arsenate Ca3(AsO4)2 7778-44-1 398.072 wh powder dec 3.6 0.003620s dil acid 452 Calcium arsenite CaAsO3 52740-16-6 162.998 wh pow sl H2O; s acid 453 Calcium boride CaB6 12007-99-7 104.944 refrac solid 2235 2.49 454 Calcium bromide CaBr2 7789-41-5 199.886 rhomb cry; hyg 742 1815 3.38 15625s EtOH, ace 455 Calcium bromide hexahydrate CaBr2⋅ 6H2O 13477-28-6 307.977 wh hyg powder 38 dec 2.29 15625 456 Calcium carbide CaC2 75-20-7 64.099 gray-blk orth cry 2300 2.22 reac H2O 457 Calcium carbonate (aragonite) CaCO3 471-34-1 100.087 wh orth cry or powder 825 dec 2.83 0.0006620s dil acid 458 Calcium carbonate (calcite) CaCO3 471-34-1 100.087 wh hex cry or powder 1330 2.71 0.0006620s dil acid 459 Calcium chlorate Ca(ClO3)2 10137-74-3 206.979 wh cry 340 19725 460 Calcium chlorate dihydrate Ca(ClO3)2⋅ 2H2O 10035-05-9 243.010 wh monocl cry; hyg 100 dec 2.711 19725s EtOH TeamLRN4-49PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)461 Calcium chloride CaCl2 10043-52-4 110.983 wh cub cry or powder; hyg 775 1935.5 2.15 81.325vs EtOH 462 Calcium chloride dihydrate CaCl2⋅ 2H2O 10035-04-8 147.014 hyg flakes or powder 175 dec 1.85 81.325vs EtOH 463 Calcium chloride hexahydrate CaCl2⋅ 6H2O 7774-34-7 219.074 wh hex cry; hyg 30 dec 1.71 81.325 464 Calcium chloride monohydrate CaCl2⋅ H2O 13477-29-7 128.998 wh hyg cry 260 dec 2.24 81.325s EtOH 465 Calcium chromate dihydrate CaCrO4⋅ 2H2O 13765-19-0 192.102 yel orth cry 2.50 13.220 466 Calcium cyanamide CaCN2 156-62-7 80.102 col hex cry ≈1340 subl 2.29 reac H2O 467 Calcium cyanide Ca(CN)2 592-01-8 92.112 wh rhomb cry; hyg s H2O, EtOH 468 Calcium dichromate trihydrate CaCr2O7⋅ 3H2O 14307-33-6* 310.112 red-oran cry 100 dec 2.37 vs H2O; reac EtOH; i eth, ctc 469 Calcium 2-ethylhexanoate Ca(C8H15O2)2 136-51-6 326.485 pow 470 Calcium fluoride CaF2 7789-75-5 78.075 wh cub cry or powder 1418 2533.4 3.18 0.001625sl acid 471 Calcium formate Ca(CHO2)2 544-17-2 130.113 orth cry 300 dec 2.02 16.620i EtOH 472 Calcium hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Ca(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 121012-90-6 454.180 pow 135 473 Calcium hexafluorosilicate dihydrate CaSiF6⋅ 2H2O 16925-39-6 218.185 col tetr cry 2.25 0.5220i ace; reac hot H2O 474 Calcium hydride CaH2 7789-78-8 42.094 gray orth cry or powder 1000 1.7 reac H2O, EtOH 475 Calcium hydrogen phosphate CaHPO4 7757-93-9 136.057 wh tricl cry dec 2.92 0.0225i EtOH 476 Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate CaHPO4⋅ 2H2O 7789-77-7 172.088 monocl cry ≈100 dec 2.31 0.0225i EtOH; s dil acid 477 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 1305-62-0 74.093 soft hex cry ≈2.2 0.16020s acid 478 Calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2 7778-54-3 142.982 pow 100 2.350 479 Calcium hypophosphite Ca(H2PO2)2 7789-79-9 170.055 wh monocl cry 300 dec s H2O; i EtOH 480 Calcium iodate Ca(IO3)2 7789-80-2 389.883 wh monocl cry 4.52 0.30625s HNO3; i EtOH 481 Calcium iodide CaI2 10102-68-8 293.887 hyg hex cry 783 3.96 21525s MeOH, EtOH, ace; i eth 482 Calcium iodide hexahydrate CaI2⋅ 6H2O 71626-98-7 401.978 wh hex needles or powder 42 dec 2.55 21525vs EtOH 483 Calcium metaborate Ca(BO2)2 13701-64-9 125.698 pow 0.1320 484 Calcium molybdate CaMoO4 7789-82-4 200.02 wh tetr cry 965 dec 4.35 0.001120i EtOH; s conc acid 485 Calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 10124-37-5 164.087 wh cub cry; hyg 561 2.5 14425s EtOH, MeOH, ace 486 Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Ca(NO3)2⋅ 4H2O 13477-34-4 236.149 wh cry ≈40 dec 1.82 14425s EtOH, ace 487 Calcium nitride Ca3N2 12013-82-0 148.247 red-brn cub cry 1195 2.67 s H2O, acid; i EtOH 488 Calcium nitrite Ca(NO2)2 13780-06-8 132.089 wh-yel hex cry; hyg 2.23 94.625sl EtOH 489 Calcium oxalate CaC2O4 563-72-4 128.097 wh cry powder 2.2 0.0006120 490 Calcium oxalate monohydrate CaC2O4⋅ H2O 5794-28-5 146.112 cub cry 200 dec 2.2 0.0006120s dil acid 491 Calcium oxide CaO 1305-78-8 56.077 gray-wh cub cry 2898 3.34 reac H2O; s acid 492 Calcium oxide silicate Ca3OSiO4 12168-85-3 228.317 refrac solid 2150 493 Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate Ca(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 19372-44-2 238.294 cry 175 dec 494 Calcium perchlorate Ca(ClO4)2 13477-36-6 238.978 wh cry 270 dec 2.65 18825s EtOH 495 Calcium permanganate Ca(MnO4)2 10118-76-0 277.949 purp hyg cry 2.4 33120reac EtOH 496 Calcium peroxide CaO2 1305-79-9 72.077 wh-yel tetr cry; hyg ≈200 dec 2.9 sl H2O; s acid 497 Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 7758-87-4 310.177 wh amorp powder 1670 3.14 0.0001220i EtOH; s dil acid 498 Calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrateCa(H2PO4)2⋅ H2O 10031-30-8 252.068 col tricl plates 100 dec 2.220 sl H2O; s dil acid 499 Calcium phosphide Ca3P2 1305-99-3 182.182 red-brn hyg cry ≈1600 2.51 reac H2O; i EtOH, eth 500 Calcium propanoate Ca(C3H5O2)2 4075-81-4 186.219 mono cry, pow s H2O; sl MeOH, EtOH; i ace, bz 501 Calcium pyrophosphate Ca2P2O7 7790-76-3 254.099 wh powder 1353 3.09 i H2O; s dil acid 502 Calcium selenate dihydrate CaSeO4⋅ 2H2O 7790-74-1 219.07 wh monocl cry 2.75 8.318 503 Calcium selenide CaSe 1305-84-6 119.04 wh-brn cub cry 1400 dec 3.8 reac H2O 504 Calcium metasilicate CaSiO3 1344-95-2 116.162 wh monocl cry 1540 2.92 i H2O 505 Calcium silicide CaSi2 12013-56-8 96.249 gray hex cry 1040 2.50 i cold H2O; reac hot H2O; s acid 506 Calcium silicide CaSi 12013-55-7 68.164 orth cry 1324 2.39 507 Calcium stearate Ca(C18H35O2)2 1592-23-0 607.017 granular pow 180 i H2O, EtOH 4-50PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 508 Calcium sulfate CaSO4 7778-18-9 136.142 orth cry 1460 2.96 0.20525 509 Calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4⋅ 2H2O 10101-41-4 172.172 monocl cry or powder 150 dec 2.32 0.20520i os 510 Calcium sulfate hemihydrate CaSO4⋅ 0.5H2O 10034-76-1 145.149 wh powder 0.20525 511 Calcium sulfide CaS 20548-54-3 72.144 wh-yel cub cry; hyg 2524 2.59 sl H2O; i EtOH 512 Calcium sulfite dihydrate CaSO3⋅ 2H2O 10257-55-3 156.173 wh powder 0.007025sl EtOH; s acid 513 Calcium telluride CaTe 12013-57-9 167.68 wh cub cry 1600 dec 4.87 514 Calcium tetrahydroaluminate Ca(AlH4)2 16941-10-9 102.105 gray powder; flam reac H2O; s thf; i eth, bz 515 Calcium thiocyanate tetrahydrate Ca(SCN)2⋅ 4H2O 2092-16-2 228.306 hygr cry 160 dec vs H2O; s EtOH, ace 516 Calcium thiosulfate hexahydrate CaS2O3⋅ 6H2O 10124-41-1 260.300 tricl cry 45 dec 1.87 s H2O; i EtOH 517 Calcium titanate CaTiO3 12049-50-2 135.943 cub cry 1980 3.98 518 Calcium tungstate CaWO4 7790-75-2 287.92 wh tetr cry 1620 6.06 0.218s hot acid 519 Calcium zirconate CaZrO3 12013-47-7 179.300 pow 2550 520 Californium Cf 7440-71-3 251 hex or cub metal 900 15.1521 Carbon (diamond) C 7782-40-3 12.011 col cub cry 4440 (12.4 GPa) 3.513 i H 2O 522 Carbon (graphite) C 7782-42-5 12.011 soft blk hex cry 4489 tp (10.3 MPa) 3825 sp 2.2 i H2O 523 Carbon (fullerene-C60)C60 99685-96-8 720.642 yel needles or plates >280 s os 524 Carbon (fullerene-C70)C70 115383-22-7 840.749 red-brn solid >280 s bz, tol 525 Fullerene fluoride C60F60 134929-59-2 1860.546 col plates 287 vs ace; s thf; i chl 526 Carbon monoxide CO 630-08-0 28.010 col gas -205.02 -191.5 1.145 g/L sl H2O; s chl, EtOH 527 Carbon dioxide CO2 124-38-9 44.010 col gas -56.56 tp -78.4 sp 1.799 g/L s H2O 528 Carbon diselenide CSe2 506-80-9 169.93 yel liq -43.7 125.5 2.6626 i H2O; vs ctc, tol 529 Carbon disulfide CS2 75-15-0 76.143 col or yel liq -112.1 46 1.2555 i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, os 530 Carbon oxyselenide COSe 1603-84-5 106.97 col gas; unstable -124.4 -21.7 4.372 g/L reac H2O 531 Carbon oxysulfide COS 463-58-1 60.076 col gas -138.8 -50 2.456 g/L s H2O, EtOH 532 Carbon sulfide selenide CSSe 5951-19-9 123.04 yel liq -85 84.5 1.99 i H2O 533 Carbon sulfide telluride CSTe 10340-06-4 171.68 red-yel liq; unstable -54 20 dec reac H2O 534 Carbon suboxide C3O2 504-64-3 68.031 col gas -111.3 6.8 2.781 g/L reac H2O 535 Carbon subsulfide C3S2 627-34-9 100.164 red liq -1 90 dec 1.27 reac H2O 536 Carbonyl bromide COBr2 593-95-3 187.818 col liq 64.5 2.5 reac H2O 537 Carbonyl chloride COCl2 75-44-5 98.915 col gas -127.78 8 4.043 g/L sl H2O; s bz, tol 538 Carbonyl fluoride COF2 353-50-4 66.007 col gas -111.26 -84.57 2.698 g/L reac H2O 539 Cyanogen C2N2 460-19-5 52.034 col gas -27.83 -21.1 2.127 g/L sl H2O, eth; s EtOH 540 Cyanogen bromide BrCN 506-68-3 105.922 wh hyg needles 52 61.5 2.005 s H2O, EtOH, eth 541 Cyanogen chloride ClCN 506-77-4 61.470 col gas -6.55 13 2.513 g/L s H2O, EtOH, eth 542 Cyanogen fluoride FCN 1495-50-7 45.016 col gas -82 -46 1.840 g/L 543 Cyanogen iodide ICN 506-78-5 152.922 col needles 146.7 1.84 s H2O, EtOH, eth 544 Cerium Ce 7440-45-1 140.116 silv metal; cub or hex 798 3443 6.770 s dil acid 545 Cerium boride CeB6 12008-02-5 204.982 blue refrac solid; hex 2550 4.87 i H2O, HCl 546 Cerium carbide CeC2 12012-32-7 164.137 red hex cry 2250 5.47 reac H2O 547 Cerium nitride CeN 25764-08-3 154.123 refrac cub cry 2557 7.89 548 Cerium silicide CeSi2 12014-85-6 196.287 tetr cry 1620 5.31 i H2O 549 Cerium(II) hydride CeH2 13569-50-1 142.132 cub cry 5.45 reac H2O 550 Cerium(II) iodide CeI2 19139-47-0 393.925 bronze cry 808 551 Cerium(II) sulfide CeS 12014-82-3 172.182 yel cub cry 2445 5.9552 Cerium(III) bromide CeBr 3 14457-87-5 379.828 wh hex cry; hyg 733 1457 s H2O TeamLRN4-51PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)553 Cerium(III) bromide heptahydrate CeBr3⋅ 7H2O 7789-56-2 505.935 col hyg needles 732 s H2O, EtOH 554 Cerium(III) carbide Ce2C3 12115-63-8 316.264 yel-brn cub cry 1505 6.9 555 Cerium(III) carbonate hydrate Ce2(CO3)3⋅ 5H2O 72520-94-6 550.335 wh powder i H2O; s dil acid 556 Cerium(III) chloride CeCl3 7790-86-5 246.474 wh hex cry 817 3.97 s H2O, EtOH 557 Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate CeCl3⋅ 7H2O 18618-55-8 372.581 yel orth cry; hyg 90 dec vs H2O, EtOH 558 Cerium(III) fluoride CeF3 7758-88-5 197.111 wh hex cry; hyg 1430 6.157 i H2O 559 Cerium(III) iodide CeI3 7790-87-6 520.829 yel orth cry; hyg 766 s H2O 560 Cerium(III) iodide nonahydrate CeI3⋅ 9H2O 7790-87-6* 682.967 wh-red cry vs H2O; s EtOH 561 Cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Ce(NO3)3⋅ 6H2O 10108-73-3* 434.222 col-red cry 150 dec 17625s ace 562 Cerium(III) oxide Ce2O3 1345-13-7 328.230 yel-grn cub cry 2210 3730 6.2 i H2O; s acid 563 Cerium(III) sulfate octahydrate Ce2(SO4)3⋅ 8H2O 13454-94-9 712.545 wh orth cry ≈250 dec 2.87 s H2O 564 Cerium(III) sulfide Ce2S3 12014-93-6 376.430 red cub cry 2450 5.02 i H2O 565 Cerium(IV) fluoride CeF4 10060-10-3 216.110 wh hyg powder ≈600 dec 4.77 i H2O 566 Cerium(IV) oxide CeO2 1306-38-3 172.115 wh-yel powder; cub 2400 7.65 i H2O, dil acid 567 Cerium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate Ce(SO4)2⋅ 4H2O 10294-42-5 404.305 yel-oran orth cry 180 dec 3.91 9.6620 568 Cesium Cs 7440-46-2 132.905 silv-wh metal 28.5 671 1.93 reac H2O 569 Cesium acetate CsC2H3O2 3396-11-0 191.949 hyg lumps 194 1011 570 Cesium amide CsNH2 22205-57-8 148.928 wh tetr cry 3.70 571 Cesium azide CsN3 22750-57-8 174.925 hyg tetr cry; exp 326 ≈3.5 2240 572 Cesium bromate CsBrO3 13454-75-6 260.807 col hex cry 4.11 3.8325 573 Cesium bromide CsBr 7787-69-1 212.809 wh cub cry; hyg 636 ≈1300 4.43 12325s EtOH; i ace 574 Cesium carbonate Cs2CO3 534-17-8 325.820 wh monocl cry; hyg 792 4.24 26115s EtOH, eth 575 Cesium chlorate CsClO3 13763-67-2 216.356 col hex cry 3.57 7.7825 576 Cesium chloride CsCl 7647-17-8 168.358 wh cub cry; hyg 645 1297 3.988 19125s EtOH 577 Cesium cyanide CsCN 21159-32-0 158.923 wh cub cry; hyg 350 3.34 vs H2O 578 Cesium fluoride CsF 13400-13-0 151.903 wh cub cry; hyg 703 4.64 57325s MeOH; i diox, py 579 Cesium formate CsCHO2 3495-36-1 177.923 wh cry 1.017 vs H2O 580 Cesium hydride CsH 58724-12-2 133.913 wh cub cry; flam ≈170 dec 3.42 reac H2O 581 Cesium hydrogen carbonate CsHCO3 15519-28-5 193.922 rhom cry 175 dec 20915s EtOH 582 Cesium hydrogen fluoride CsHF2 12280-52-3 171.910 tetr cry 170 3.86 583 Cesium hydrogen sulfate CsHSO4 7789-16-4 229.977 col rhom prisms dec 3.352 s H2O 584 Cesium hydroxide CsOH 21351-79-1 149.912 wh-yel hyg cry 342.3 3.68 30030s EtOH 585 Cesium iodate CsIO3 13454-81-4 307.807 wh mono cry 4.85 2.625 586 Cesium iodide CsI 7789-17-5 259.809 col cub cry; hyg 621 ≈1280 4.51 84.825s EtOH, MeOH, ace 587 Cesium metaborate CsBO2 92141-86-1 175.715 cub cry 732 ≈3.7 588 Cesium nitrate CsNO3 7789-18-6 194.910 wh hex or cub cry 414 3.66 27.925s ace; sl EtOH 589 Cesium oxide Cs2O 20281-00-9 281.810 yel-oran hex cry 490 4.65 vs H2O 590 Cesium superoxide CsO2 12018-61-0 164.904 yel tetr cry 432 3.77 reac H2O 591 Cesium perchlorate CsClO4 13454-84-7 232.356 wh orth cry; hyg 250 3.327 2.0025 592 Cesium periodate CsIO4 13478-04-1 323.807 wh rhom prisms 4.26 2.215 593 Cesium sulfate Cs2SO4 10294-54-9 361.875 wh orth cry or hex prisms; hyg 1005 4.24 18225i EtOH, ace, py 594 Cesium sulfide tetrahydrate Cs2S⋅ 4H2O 12214-16-3 369.939 wh hyg cry vs H2O 595 Chlorine Cl2 7782-50-5 70.905 grn-yel gas -101.5 -34.04 2.898 g/L sl H2O 596 Hypochlorous acid HOCl 7790-92-3 52.460 grn-yel; stable only in aq soln s H2O 597 Perchloric acid HClO4 7601-90-3 100.459 col hyg liq -112 ≈90 dec 1.77 s H2O 598 Chlorine monoxide Cl2O 7791-21-1 86.904 yel-brn gas -120.6 2.2 3.552 g/L vs H2O 599 Chlorine dioxide ClO2 10049-04-4 67.452 oran-grn gas -59 11 2.757 g/L sl H2O 600 Chlorine trioxide Cl2O3 17496-59-2 118.903 dark brn solid exp <25 4-52PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 601 Chlorine hexoxide Cl2O6 12442-63-6 166.901 red liq 3.5 ≈200 reac H2O 602 Chlorine heptoxide Cl2O7 10294-48-1 182.901 col oily liq; exp -91.5 82 1.9 reac H2O 603 Chlorine fluoride ClF 7790-89-8 54.451 col gas -155.6 -101.1 2.226 g/L reac H2O 604 Chlorine trifluoride ClF3 7790-91-2 92.448 gas -76.34 11.75 3.779 g/L reac H2O 605 Chlorine trifluoride oxide ClOF3 30708-80-6 108.447 col liq -42 29 reac H2O 606 Chlorine pentafluoride ClF5 13637-63-3 130.445 col gas -103 -13.1 5.332 g/L 607 Chloryl fluoride ClO2F 13637-83-7 86.450 col gas -15 -6 3.534 g/L reac H2O 608 Chloryl trifluoride ClO2F3 38680-84-1 124.447 col gas -81 -22 5.087 g/L reac H2O 609 Perchloryl fluoride ClO3F 7616-94-6 102.449 col gas -147 -46.75 4.187 g/L 610 Chlorine perchlorate ClOClO3 27218-16-2 134.903 unstable liq -117 ≈25 dec 1.810 611 Chromium Cr 7440-47-3 51.996 blue-wh metal; cub 1907 2671 7.15 reac dil acid 612 Chromium antimonide CrSb 12053-12-2 173.756 hex cry 1110 7.11613 Chromium arsenide Cr 2As 12254-85-2 178.914 tetr cry 7.04 614 Chromium boride CrB 12006-79-0 62.807 refrac orth cry 2100 6.1615 Chromium boride CrB 2 12007-16-8 73.618 refrac solid; hex 2200 5.22 616 Chromium boride Cr5B3 12007-38-4 292.414 tetr cry 1900 6.10 617 Chromium carbide Cr3C2 12012-35-0 180.009 gray orth cry 1895 6.68 618 Chromium carbonyl Cr(CO)6 13007-92-6 220.056 col orth cry 130 dec subl 1.77 i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl 619 Chromium nitride Cr2N 12053-27-9 117.999 hex cry 1650 6.8 620 Chromium nitride CrN 24094-93-7 66.003 gray cub cry 1080 dec 5.9621 Chromium phosphide CrP 26342-61-0 82.970 orth cry 5.25622 Chromium selenide CrSe 12053-13-3 130.96 hex cry ≈1500 6.1 623 Chromium silicide Cr 3Si 12018-36-9 184.074 cub cry 1770 6.4 624 Chromium silicide CrSi2 12018-09-6 108.167 gray hex cry 1490 4.91 625 Chromium(II) acetate monohydrate Cr(C2H3O2)2⋅ H2O 628-52-4* 188.100 red monocl cry 1.79 sl H2O 626 Chromium(II) bromide CrBr2 10049-25-9 211.804 wh monocl cry; aq soln blue 842 4.236 s H2O, EtOH 627 Chromium(II) chloride CrCl2 10049-05-5 122.901 hyg needles; aq soln blue 814 1300 2.88 s H2O 628 Chromium(II) chloride tetrahydrate Cr(H2O)4Cl2⋅ 4H2O 13931-94-7 267.023 blue hyg cry 51 dec s H2O 629 Chromium(II) fluoride CrF2 10049-10-2 89.993 blue-grn monocl cry 894 3.79 sl H2O; i EtOH 630 Chromium(II) iodide CrI2 13478-28-9 305.805 red-brn cry; hyg 868 5.1 631 Chromium(II) oxalate monohydrate CrC2O4⋅ H2O 814-90-4* 158.030 yel-grn powder 2.468 sl H2O 632 Chromium(II) sulfate pentahydrate CrSO4⋅ 5H2O 13825-86-0 238.136 blue cry 210s dil acid; sl EtOH; i ace 633 Chromium(II,III) oxide Cr3O4 12018-34-7 219.986 cub cry 6.1 634 Chromium(III) acetate Cr(C2H3O2)3 1066-30-4 229.127 bl-grn pwd sl H2O 635 Chromium(III) acetate hexahydrate Cr(C2H3O2)3⋅ 6H2O 1066-30-4* 337.220 blue needles s H2O 636 Chromium(III) bromide CrBr3 10031-25-1 291.708 dark grn hex cry 1130 4.68 s hot H2O 637 Chromium(III) bromide hexahydrate ( β) Cr(H2O)6Br3 10031-25-1* 399.799 viol hyg cry s H2O; i EtOH, eth 638 Chromium(III) bromide hexahydrate ( α) CrBr3(H2O)4⋅ 2H2O 18721-05-6 399.799 grn hyg cry s H2O, EtOH 639 Chromium(III) chloride CrCl3 10025-73-7 158.354 purp hex plates 1152 1300 dec 2.87 sl H2O 640 Chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl⋅ 2H2O 10060-12-5 266.445 grn monocl cry; hyg s H2O, EtOH; sl ace; i eth 641 Chromium(III) fluoride CrF3 7788-97-8 108.991 grn needles 1400 3.8 i H2O, EtOH 642 Chromium(III) fluoride trihydrate CrF3⋅ 3H2O 16671-27-5 163.037 grn hex cry 2.2 sl H2O 643 Chromium(III) hydroxide trihydrate Cr(OH)3⋅ 3H2O 1308-14-1 157.063 blue-grn powder i H2O; s acid 644 Chromium(III) iodide CrI3 13569-75-0 432.709 dark grn hex cry 500 dec 5.32 sl H2O 645 Chromium(III) nitrate Cr(NO3)3 13548-38-4 238.011 grn hyg powder >60 dec vs H2O TeamLRN4-53PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)646 Chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate Cr(NO3)3⋅ 9H2O 7789-02-8 400.148 grn-blk monocl cry 66.3 >100 dec 1.80 vs H2O 647 Chromium(III) oxide Cr2O3 1308-38-9 151.990 grn hex cry 2329 ≈3000 5.22 i H2O, EtOH; sl acid, alk 648 Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Cr(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 21679-31-2 349.320 red monocl cry 208 345 1.34 i H2O; s bz 649 Chromium(III) phosphate CrPO4 7789-04-0 146.967 blue orth cry >1800 4.6 i H2O, acid, aqua regia 650 Chromium(III) phosphate hemiheptahydrate CrPO4⋅ 3.5H2O 84359-31-9 210.021 blue-grn powder 2.15 i H2O; s acid 651 Chromium(III) phosphate hexahydrate CrPO4⋅ 6H2O 84359-31-9 255.059 viol cry >500 dec 2.121 i H2O; s acid, alk 652 Chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrateCrK(SO4)2⋅ 12H2O 7788-99-0 499.405 viol-blk cub cry 89 dec 1.83 s H2O; i EtOH 653 Chromium(III) sulfate Cr2(SO4)3 10101-53-8 392.183 red-brn hex cry 3.1 6425vs acid 654 Chromium(III) sulfide Cr2S3 12018-22-3 200.190 brn-blk hex cry 3.8 655 Chromium(III) telluride Cr2Te3 12053-39-3 486.79 hex cry ≈1300 7.0 656 Chromium(IV) chloride CrCl4 15597-88-3 193.807 gas, stable at high temp >600 dec 7.922 g/L 657 Chromium(IV) fluoride CrF4 10049-11-3 127.990 grn cry 277 658 Chromium(IV) oxide CrO2 12018-01-8 83.995 brn-blk tetr powder ≈400 dec 4.89 i H2O; s acid 659 Chromium(V) fluoride CrF5 14884-42-5 146.988 red orth cry 34 117 660 Chromium(VI) fluoride CrF6 13843-28-2 165.986 yel solid; stable at low temp -100 dec 661 Chromium(VI) oxide CrO3 1333-82-0 99.994 red orth cry 197 ≈250 dec 2.7 16925 662 Chromic acid H2CrO4 7738-94-5 118.010 aq soln only s H2O 663 Chromyl chloride CrO2Cl2 14977-61-8 154.900 red liq -96.5 117 1.91 reac H2O; s ctc, chl, bz 664 Cobalt Co 7440-48-4 58.933 gray metal; hex or cub 1495 2927 8.86 s dil acid 665 Cobalt antimonide CoSb 12052-42-5 180.693 hex cry 1202 8.8666 Cobalt arsenic sulfide CoAsS 12254-82-9 165.921 silv-wh solid ≈6.1 667 Cobalt arsenide CoAs 27016-73-5 133.855 orth cry 1180 8.22 668 Cobalt arsenide CoAs 2 12044-42-7 208.776 monocl cry 7.2 669 Cobalt arsenide CoAs3 12256-04-1 283.698 cub cry 942 6.84 670 Cobalt boride Co2B 12045-01-1 128.677 refrac solid 1280 8.1 671 Cobalt boride CoB 12006-77-8 69.744 refrac solid 1460 7.25 reac H2O, HNO3 672 Cobalt carbonyl Co2(CO)8 10210-68-1 341.947 oran cry 51 dec 1.78 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 673 Cobalt phosphide Co2P 12134-02-0 148.840 gray needles 1386 6.4 i H2O; s HNO3 674 Cobalt silicide CoSi2 12017-12-8 115.104 gray cub cry 1326 4.9 s hot HCl 675 Cobalt disulfide CoS2 12013-10-4 123.065 cub cry 4.3 676 Cobalt dodecacarbonyl Co4(CO)12 17786-31-1 571.854 blk cry 60 dec 2.09 677 Cobalt(II) acetate Co(C2H3O2)2 71-48-7 177.022 pink cry vs H2O; s EtOH 678 Cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate Co(C2H3O2)2⋅ 4H2O 6147-53-1 249.082 red monocl cry 1.705 s H2O, EtOH, dil acid 679 Cobalt(II) aluminate CoAl2O4 13820-62-7 176.894 blue cub cry 4.37 i H2O 680 Cobalt(II) arsenate octahydrate Co3(AsO4)2⋅ 8H2O 24719-19-5 598.760 red monocl needles 400 dec 1000 dec 3.0 i H2O; s dil acid 681 Cobalt(II) bromate hexahydrate Co(BrO3)2⋅ 6H2O 13476-01-2 422.829 viol cry ≈2.5 vs H2O 682 Cobalt(II) bromide CoBr2 7789-43-7 218.741 grn hex cry; hyg 678 4.91 113.220s MeOH, EtOH, ace 683 Cobalt(II) bromide hexahydrate CoBr2⋅ 6H2O 13762-12-4 326.832 red hyg cry 47 dec 100 dec 2.46 113.2 684 Cobalt(II) carbonate CoCO3 513-79-1 118.942 pink rhomb cry 4.2 0.0001420i EtOH 685 Cobalt(II) chloride CoCl2 7646-79-9 129.838 blue hyg leaflets 740 1049 3.36 56.225s EtOH, eth, ace, py 686 Cobalt(II) chloride dihydrate CoCl2⋅ 2H2O 16544-92-6 165.869 viol-blue cry 2.477 56.225 687 Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate CoCl2⋅ 6H2O 7791-13-1 237.929 pink-red monocl cry 87 dec 1.924 56.225s EtOH, ace, eth 688 Cobalt(II) chromate CoCrO4 24613-38-5 174.927 yel-brn orth cry ≈4.0 i H2O; s acid 689 Cobalt(II) chromite CoCr2O4 13455-25-9 226.923 blue-grn cub cry 5.14 i H2O, conc acid 690 Cobalt(II) cyanide Co(CN)2 542-84-7 110.967 blue hyg cry 1.872 i H2O 691 Cobalt(II) cyanide dihydrate Co(CN)2⋅ 2H2O 20427-11-6 146.998 pink-brn needles i H2O, acid 692 Cobalt(II) ferricyanide Co3[Fe(CN)6]2 14049-81-1 600.699 red needles i H2O, HCl; s NH4OH 4-54PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 693 Cobalt(II) fluoride CoF2 10026-17-2 96.930 red tetr cry 1127 ≈1400 4.46 1.425s acid 694 Cobalt(II) fluoride tetrahydrate CoF2⋅ 4H2O 13817-37-3 168.992 red orth cry dec 2.22 1.425 695 Cobalt(II) formate dihydrate Co(CHO2)2⋅ 2H2O 6424-20-0 184.998 red cry powder 140 dec 2.13 5.0320i EtOH 696 Cobalt(II) hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Co(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 19648-83-0 473.035 pow 197 697 Cobalt(II) hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate CoSiF6⋅ 6H2O 12021-68-0 309.100 pale red cry 2.087 76.822 698 Cobalt(II) hydroxide Co(OH)2 21041-93-0 92.948 blue-grn cry ≈160 dec 3.60 sl H2O; s acid 699 Cobalt(II) iodate Co(IO3)2 13455-28-2 408.738 blk-viol needles 200 dec 5.09 0.4620 700 Cobalt(II) iodide CoI2 15238-00-3 312.742 blk hex cry; hyg 520 5.60 20325 701 Cobalt(II) iodide hexahydrate CoI2⋅ 6H2O 15238-00-3* 420.833 red hex prisms 130 dec 2.90 20325s EtOH, eth, ace 702 Cobalt(II) titanate CoTiO3 12017-01-5 154.798 grn rhomb cry 5.0 703 Cobalt(II) molybdate CoMoO4 13762-14-6 218.87 blk monocl cry 1040 4.7 704 Cobalt(II) nitrate Co(NO3)2 10141-05-6 182.942 pale red powder 100 dec 2.49 10325 705 Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate Co(NO3)2⋅ 6H2O 10026-22-9 291.034 red monocl cry; hyg ≈55 1.88 10325s EtOH 706 Cobalt(II) oxalate CoC2O4 814-89-1 146.952 pink powder 250 dec 3.02 0.003720s acid, NH4OH 707 Cobalt(II) oxalate dihydrate CoC2O4⋅ 2H2O 5965-38-8 182.982 pink needles dec 0.0037 sl acid; s NH4OH 708 Cobalt(II) oxide CoO 1307-96-6 74.932 gray cub cry 1830 6.44 i H2O; s acid 709 Cobalt(II) perchlorate Co(ClO4)2 13455-31-7 257.833 red needles 3.33 11325i EtOH, ace 710 Cobalt(II) phosphate octahydrate Co3(PO4)2⋅ 8H2O 10294-50-5 510.865 pink amorp powder 2.77 i H2O; s acid 711 Cobalt(II) potassium sulfate hexahydrate CoK2(SO4)2⋅ 6H2O 10026-20-7 437.349 red monocl cry 75 dec 2.22 vs H2O 712 Cobalt(II) selenate pentahydrate CoSeO4⋅ 5H2O 14590-19-3 291.97 red tricl cry dec 2.51 5515 713 Cobalt(II) selenide CoSe 1307-99-9 137.89 yel hex cry 1055 7.65 i H2O, alk; s aqua regia 714 Cobalt(II) selenite dihydrate CoSeO3⋅ 2H2O 19034-13-0 221.92 blue-red powder i H2O 715 Cobalt(II) orthosilicate Co2SiO4 12017-08-2 209.950 red-viol orth cry 1345 4.63 i H2O; s dil HCl 716 Cobalt(II) stannate Co2SnO4 12139-93-4 300.574 grn-blue cub cry 6.30 i H2O; s alk 717 Cobalt(II) sulfate CoSO4 10124-43-3 154.997 red orth cry >700 3.71 38.325 718 Cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate CoSO4⋅ 7H2O 10026-24-1 281.103 pink monocl cry 41 dec 2.03 38.325sl EtOH, MeOH 719 Cobalt(II) sulfate monohydrate CoSO4⋅ H2O 13455-34-0 173.012 red monocl cry 3.08 38.325 720 Cobalt(II) sulfide CoS 1317-42-6 90.999 blk amorp powder 1182 5.45 i H2O; s acid 721 Cobalt(II) telluride CoTe 12017-13-9 186.53 hex cry ≈8.8 722 Cobalt(II) thiocyanate Co(SCN)2 3017-60-5 175.099 yel-brn pow 10325s EtOH, MeOH, ace, eth 723 Cobalt(II) thiocyanate trihydrate Co(SCN)2⋅ 3H2O 97126-35-7 229.145 viol rhomb cry 10325s EtOH, eth, ace 724 Cobalt(II) tungstate CoWO4 12640-47-0 306.77 blue monocl cry ≈7.8 i H2O; s hot conc acid 725 Cobalt(II,III) oxide Co3O4 1308-06-1 240.798 blk cub cry 900 dec 6.11 i H2O; s acid, alk 726 Cobalt(III) acetate Co(C2H3O2)3 917-69-1 236.064 grn hyg cry 100 dec s H2O, EtOH 727 Cobalt(III) ammonium tetranitrodiammine NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] 13600-89-0 295.054 red-brn orth cry 1.97 s H2O 728 Cobalt(III) fluoride CoF3 10026-18-3 115.928 brn hex cry 927 3.88 reac H2O 729 Cobalt(III) hexammine chloride Co(NH3)6Cl3 10534-89-1 267.474 red monocl cry 1.71 s H2O; i EtOH 730 Cobalt(III) hydroxide Co(OH)3 1307-86-4 109.955 brn powder dec ≈4i H2O; s acid 731 Cobalt(III) nitrate Co(NO3)3 15520-84-0 244.948 grn cub cry; hyg ≈3.0 s H2O; reac os 732 Cobalt(III) oxide Co2O3 1308-04-9 165.864 gray-blk powder 895 dec 5.18 i H2O; s conc acid 733 Cobalt(III) oxide monohydrate Co2O3⋅ H2O 12016-80-7 183.880 brn-blk hex cry 150 dec i H2O; s acid 734 Cobalt(III) potassium nitrite sesquihydrate CoK3(NO2)6⋅ 1.5H2O 13782-01-9* 479.284 yel cub cry 2.6 sl H2O; reac acid; i EtOH 735 Cobalt(III) sulfide Co2S3 1332-71-4 214.064 blk cub cry 4.8 reac acid 736 Cobalt(III) titanate Co2TiO4 12017-38-8 229.731 grn-blk cub cry 5.1 s conc HCl 737 Copper Cu 7440-50-8 63.546 red metal; cub 1084.62 2562 8.96 sl dil acid TeamLRN4-55PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)738 Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Cu(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 13395-16-9 261.762 blue powder 284 dec subl sl H2O; s chl 739 Copper nitride Cu3N 1308-80-1 204.645 cub cry 300 dec 5.84 740 Copper(II) 2-ethylhexanoate Cu(C8H15O2)2 149-11-1 349.953 pow 252 dec 741 Copper phosphide CuP2 12019-11-3 125.494 monocl cry ≈900 4.20 742 Copper silicide Cu5Si 12159-07-8 345.816 solid 825 743 Copper(I) acetate CuC2H3O2 598-54-9 122.590 col cry dec subl reac H2O 744 Copper(I) acetylide Cu2C2 1117-94-8 151.113 red amorp powder; exp 745 Copper(I) azide CuN3 14336-80-2 105.566 tetr cry; exp 746 Copper(I) bromide CuBr 7787-70-4 143.450 wh cub cry; hyg 497 1345 4.98 0.001220i ace 747 Copper(I) chloride CuCl 7758-89-6 98.999 wh cub cry 430 ≈1400 4.14 0.004720i EtOH, ace 748 Copper(I) cyanide CuCN 544-92-3 89.564 wh powder or grn orth cry 474 dec 2.9 i H2O, EtOH; s KCN soln 749 Copper(I) fluoride CuF 13478-41-6 82.544 cub cry 7.1 750 Copper(I) hydride CuH 13517-00-5 64.554 red-brn solid 60 dec751 Copper(I) iodide CuI 7681-65-4 190.450 wh cub cry 606 ≈1290 5.67 0.000020 20i dil acid 752 Copper(I) mercury iodide Cu2HgI4 13876-85-2 835.30 red cry powder trans ≈60 (brn) i H2O, EtOH 753 Copper(I) oxide Cu2O 1317-39-1 143.091 red-brn cub cry 1235 1800 dec 6.0 i H2O 754 Copper(I) selenide Cu2Se 20405-64-5 206.05 blue-blk tetr cry 1113 6.84 i H2O; s acid 755 Copper(I) sulfide Cu2S 22205-45-4 159.158 blue-blk orth cry ≈1100 5.6 i H2O; sl acid 756 Copper(I) sulfite monohydrate Cu2SO3⋅ H2O 225.172 cry 3.83 sl H2O; s HCl 757 Copper(I) sulfite hemihydrate Cu2SO3⋅ 0.5H2O 13982-53-1* 216.164 wh-yel hex cry sl H2O; s acid, alk; i EtOH, eth 758 Copper(I) telluride Cu2Te 12019-52-2 254.69 blue hex cry 1127 4.6 759 Copper(I) thiocyanate CuSCN 1111-67-7 121.630 wh-yel amorp powder 1084 2.85 i H2O, dil acid, EtOH, ace; s eth 760 Copper(I,II) sulfite dihydrate Cu2SO3⋅ CuSO3⋅ 2H2O 13814-81-8 386.797 red prisms or powder i H2O, EtOH; s HCl 761 Copper(II) acetate Cu(C2H3O2)2 142-71-2 181.635 blue-grn hyg powder 762 Copper(II) acetate metaarsenite Cu(C2H3O2)2⋅ 3Cu(AsO2)212002-03-8 1013.795 grn cry powder i H2O; reac acid 763 Copper(II) acetate monohydrate Cu(C2H3O2)2⋅ H2O 6046-93-1 199.650 grn monocl cry 115 240 dec 1.88 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 764 Copper(II) acetylide CuC2 12540-13-5 87.567 brn-blk solid; exp exp 100 765 Copper(II) arsenate Cu3(AsO4)2 10103-61-4 468.476 blue-grn cry i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 766 Copper(II) arsenite CuHAsO3 10290-12-7 187.474 yel-grn powder i H2O, EtOH; s acid 767 Copper(II) azide Cu(N3)2 14215-30-6 147.586 brn orth cry; exp ≈2.6 768 Copper(II) basic acetate Cu(C2H3O2)2⋅ CuO ⋅ 6H2O 52503-64-7 369.271 blue-grn cry or powder sl H2O, EtOH; s dil acid, NH4OH 769 Copper(II) borate Cu(BO2)2 39290-85-2 149.166 blue-grn powder 3.859 i H2O; s acid 770 Copper(II) bromide CuBr2 7789-45-9 223.354 blk monocl cry; hyg 498 900 4.710 12625s EtOH, ace; i bz, eth 771 Copper(II) butanoate monohydrate Cu(C4H7O2)2⋅ H2O 540-16-9 255.756 grn monocl plates s H2O, diox, bz; sl EtOH 772 Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide CuCO3⋅ Cu(OH)2 12069-69-1 221.116 grn monocl cry 200 dec 4.0 i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 773 Copper(II) chlorate hexahydrate Cu(ClO3)2⋅ 6H2O 14721-21-2 338.539 blue-grn hyg cry 65 100 dec 16418vs EtOH 774 Copper(II) chloride CuCl2 7447-39-4 134.451 yel-brn monocl cry; hyg 630 dec 3.4 75.725s EtOH, ace 775 Copper(II) chloride dihydrate CuCl2⋅ 2H2O 10125-13-0 170.482 grn-blue orth cry; hyg 100 dec 2.51 75.720vs EtOH, MeOH; s ace; i eth 776 Copper(II) chloride hydroxide Cu2(OH)3Cl 1332-65-6 213.567 pale grn cry i H2O; s acid 777 Copper(II) chromate CuCrO4 13548-42-0 179.540 red-brn cry i H2O; s EtOH 778 Copper(II) chromite CuCr2O4 12018-10-9 231.536 gray-blk tetr cry 5.4 i H2O, dil acid 779 Copper(II) citrate hemipentahydrate Cu2C6H4O7⋅ 2.5H2O 10402-15-0 360.221 blue-grn cry 100 dec sl H2O; s dil acid 780 Copper(II) cyanide Cu(CN)2 14763-77-0 115.580 grn powder i H2O; s acid, alk 781 Copper(II) cyclohexanebutanoate Cu(C10H17O2)2 2218-80-6 402.028 pow 126 dec 782 Copper(II) dichromate dihydrate CuCr2O7⋅ 2H2O 13675-47-3 315.565 red-brn tricl cry 2.286 vs H2O 783 Copper(II) ethanolate Cu(C2H5O)2 2850-65-9 153.667 blue hyg solid 120 dec i os 784 Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate Cu(C2H5CO2CHCOCH3)2 14284-06-1 321.813 pow 192 s EtOH 785 Copper(II) ferrocyanide Cu2Fe(CN)6 13601-13-3 339.041 red-br cub cry or powder 2.2 i H2O, acid, os 4-56PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 786 Copper(II) ferrous sulfide CuFeS2 1308-56-1 183.523 yel tetr cry 950 4.2 i H2O, HCl; s HNO3 787 Copper(II) fluoride CuF2 7789-19-7 101.543 wh monocl cry 836 1676 4.23 0.07525 788 Copper(II) fluoride dihydrate CuF2⋅ 2H2O 13454-88-1 137.574 blue monocl cry 130 dec 2.934 0.07525 789 Copper(II) formate Cu(CHO2)2 544-19-4 153.581 blue cry 12.520i os 790 Copper(II) formate tetrahydrate Cu(CHO2)2⋅ 4H2O 5893-61-8 225.641 blue monocl cry 12.5 sl EtOH; i os 791 Copper(II) hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Cu(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 14781-45-4 477.648 cry 98 220 dec s MeOH, ace, tol 792 Copper(II) hexafluorosilicate tetrahydrate CuSiF6⋅ 4H2O 12062-24-7 277.684 blue monocl cry dec 2.56 99.717sl EtOH 793 Copper(II) hydroxide Cu(OH)2 20427-59-2 97.561 blue-grn powder 3.37 i H2O; s acid, conc alk 794 Copper(II) iodate Cu(IO3)2 13454-89-2 413.351 grn mono cry dec 5.241 0.1520s dil acid 795 Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Cu(IO3)2⋅ H2O 13454-90-5 431.367 blue tricl cry 248 dec 4.872 0.1520s dil H2SO4 796 Copper(II) molybdate CuMoO4 13767-34-5 223.48 grn cry ≈500 3.4 0.038 797 Copper(II) nitrate Cu(NO3)2 3251-23-8 187.555 blue-grn orth cry; hyg 255 subl 14525s diox; reac eth 798 Copper(II) nitrate hexahydrate Cu(NO3)2⋅ 6H2O 13478-38-1 295.647 blue rhomb cry; hyg 2.07 14525s EtOH 799 Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Cu(NO3)2⋅ 3H2O 10031-43-3 241.602 blue rhomb cry 114 170 dec 2.32 14525vs EtOH 800 Copper(II) oleate Cu(C18H33O2)2 1120-44-1 626.453 blue-grn solid i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth 801 Copper(II) oxalate CuC2O4 814-91-5 151.565 blue-wh powder 310 dec 0.002620i EtOH, eth; s NH4OH 802 Copper(II) oxalate hemihydrate CuC2O4⋅ 0.5H2O 814-91-5* 144.573 blue-wh cry 200 dec 0.002620s NH4OH 803 Copper(II) oxide CuO 1317-38-0 79.545 blk powder or monocl cry 1446 6.31 i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 804 Copper(II) perchlorate Cu(ClO4)2 13770-18-8 262.446 grn hyg cry 130 dec 14630s eth, diox; i bz, ctc 805 Copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Cu(ClO4)2⋅ 6H2O 10294-46-9 370.538 blue monocl cry; hyg 82 120 dec 2.22 14630vs EtOH, HOAc, ace; sl eth 806 Copper(II) phosphate Cu3(PO4)2 7798-23-4 380.581 blue-grn tricl cry i H2O; s acid, NH4OH 807 Copper(II) phosphate trihydrate Cu3(PO4)2⋅ 3H2O 10031-48-8 434.627 blue-grn orth cry i H2O; s acid, NH4OH 808 Copper(II) selenate pentahydrate CuSeO4⋅ 5H2O 10031-45-5 296.58 blue tricl cry 80 dec 2.56 27.425s acid, NH4OH; sl ace; i EtOH 809 Copper(II) selenide CuSe 1317-41-5 142.51 blue-blk needles or plates 550 dec 5.99 reac acid 810 Copper(II) selenite dihydrate CuSeO3⋅ 2H2O 15168-20-4 226.54 blue orth cry 3.31 i H2O; s acid, NH4OH 811 Copper(II) stearate Cu(C18H35O2)2 660-60-6 630.485 blue-grn amorp powder ≈250 i H2O, EtOH, eth; s py 812 Copper(II) sulfate CuSO4 7758-98-7 159.610 wh-grn amorp powder or rhomb cry560 dec 3.60 22.025i EtOH 813 Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate CuSO4⋅ 5H2O 7758-99-8 249.686 blue tricl cry 110 dec 2.286 22.025s MeOH; sl EtOH 814 Copper(II) sulfate, basic Cu3(OH)4SO4 1332-14-5 354.731 grn rhomb cry 3.88 i H2O 815 Copper(II) sulfide CuS 1317-40-4 95.612 blk hex cry trans 507 4.76 i H2O, EtOH, dil acid, alk 816 Copper(II) tartrate trihydrate CuC4H4O6⋅ 3H2O 815-82-7 265.663 blue-grn powder sl H2O; s acid, alk 817 Copper(II) telluride CuTe 12019-23-7 191.15 yel orth cry trans ≈400 7.09 818 Copper(II) tetrafluoroborate Cu(BF4)2 14735-84-3 237.155 solid s H2O 819 Copper(II) tungstate CuWO4 13587-35-4 311.38 yel-brn powder 7.5 820 Copper(II) tungstate dihydrate CuWO4⋅ 2H2O 13587-35-4* 347.41 grn powder i H2O; sl HOAc; reac conc acid 821 Copper(II) vanadate Cu(VO3)2 12789-09-2 261.425 pow 822 Curium Cm 7440-51-9 247 silv metal; hex or cub 1345 ≈3100 13.51 823 Dysprosium Dy 7429-91-6 162.50 silv metal; hex 1412 2567 8.55 s dil acid824 Dysprosium boride DyB 4 12310-43-9 205.74 tetr cry 2500 6.98 825 Dysprosium nitride DyN 12019-88-4 176.51 cub cry 9.93826 Dysprosium silicide DySi 2 12133-07-2 218.67 orth cry 5.2 827 Dysprosium(II) chloride DyCl2 13767-31-2 233.41 blk cry 721 dec reac H2O 828 Dysprosium(II) iodide DyI2 36377-94-3 416.31 purp cry 659 reac H2O 829 Dysprosium(III) bromide DyBr3 14456-48-5 402.21 wh hyg cry 879 s H2O 830 Dysprosium(III) chloride DyCl3 10025-74-8 268.86 yel cry 680 3.67 s H2O TeamLRN4-57PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)831 Dysprosium(III) fluoride DyF3 13569-80-7 219.50 grn cry 1154 832 Dysprosium(III) hydride DyH3 13537-09-2 165.52 hex cry 7.1 833 Dysprosium(III) iodide DyI3 15474-63-2 543.21 grn cry 978 834 Dysprosium(III) nitrate pentahydrate Dy(NO3)3⋅ 5H2O 10143-38-1* 438.59 yel cry 88.6 208.425 835 Dysprosium(III) oxide Dy2O3 1308-87-8 373.00 wh cub cry 2228 3900 7.81 s acid 836 Dysprosium(III) sulfide Dy2S3 12133-10-7 421.20 red-brn monocl cry 6.08 837 Einsteinium Es 7429-92-7 252 metal; cub 860 838 Erbium Er 7440-52-0 167.26 silv metal; hex 1529 2868 9.07 i H2O; s acid 839 Erbium boride ErB4 12310-44-0 210.50 tetr cry 2450 7.0 840 Erbium bromide ErBr3 13536-73-7 406.97 viol hyg cry 923 s H2O 841 Erbium chloride ErCl3 10138-41-7 273.62 viol monocl cry; hyg 776 4.1 s H2O 842 Erbium chloride hexahydrate ErCl3⋅ 6H2O 10025-75-9 381.71 pink hyg cry dec s H2O; sl EtOH 843 Erbium fluoride ErF3 13760-83-3 224.26 pink orth cry 1147 7.8 i H2O 844 Erbium hydride ErH3 13550-53-3 170.28 hex cry ≈7.6 845 Erbium iodide ErI3 13813-42-8 547.97 viol hex cry; hyg 1014 ≈5.5 s H2O 846 Erbium nitrate pentahydrate Er(NO3)3⋅ 5H2O 10168-80-6* 443.35 red cry 130 dec 240.825s EtOH, ace 847 Erbium nitride ErN 12020-21-2 181.27 cub cry 10.6 848 Erbium oxide Er2O3 12061-16-4 382.52 pink powder 2344 3920 8.64 i H2O; s acid 849 Erbium silicide ErSi2 12020-28-9 223.43 orth cry 7.26 850 Erbium sulfate Er2(SO4)3 13478-49-4 622.71 hyg powder dec 3.68 1320 851 Erbium sulfate octahydrate Er2(SO4)3⋅ 8H2O 10031-52-4 766.83 pink monocl cry dec 3.20 1320 852 Erbium sulfide Er2S3 12159-66-9 430.72 red-brn monocl cry 1730 6.07 853 Erbium telluride Er2Te3 12020-39-2 717.32 orth cry 1213 7.11 854 Europium Eu 7440-53-1 151.964 soft silv metal; cub 822 1529 5.24 reac H2O 855 Europium boride EuB6 12008-05-8 216.830 cub cry ≈2600 4.91 856 Europium nitride EuN 12020-58-5 165.971 cub cry 8.7857 Europium silicide EuSi 2 12434-24-1 208.135 tetr cry 1500 5.46 858 Europium(II) bromide EuBr2 13780-48-8 311.772 wh cry 683 s H2O 859 Europium(II) chloride EuCl2 13769-20-5 222.869 wh orth cry 731 4.9 s H2O 860 Europium(II) fluoride EuF2 14077-39-5 189.961 grn-yel cub cry ≈1380 6.5 861 Europium(II) iodide EuI2 22015-35-6 405.773 grn cry 580 s H2O 862 Europium(II) selenide EuSe 12020-66-5 230.92 brn cub cry 6.45 863 Europium(II) sulfate EuSO4 10031-54-6 248.028 col orth cry 4.99 i H2O 864 Europium(II) sulfide EuS 12020-65-4 184.030 cub cry 5.7 865 Europium(II) telluride EuTe 12020-69-8 279.56 blk cub cry 1526 6.48866 Europium(III) bromide EuBr 3 13759-88-1 391.676 gray cry dec s H2O 867 Europium(III) chloride EuCl3 10025-76-0 258.322 grn-yel needles 623 4.89 868 Europium(III) chloride hexahydrate EuCl3⋅ 6H2O 13759-92-7 366.413 wh-yel hyg cry 850 4.89 s H2O 869 Europium(III) fluoride EuF3 13765-25-8 208.959 wh hyg cry 1276 i H2O 870 Europium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Eu(NO3)3⋅ 6H2O 10031-53-5 446.070 wh-pink hyg cry 85 dec 19325 871 Europium(III) oxide Eu2O3 1308-96-9 351.926 pink powder 2291 3790 7.42 i H2O; s acid 872 Europium(III) sulfate Eu2(SO4)3 13537-15-0 592.119 pale pink cry 4.99 2.120 873 Europium(III) sulfate octahydrate Eu2(SO4)3⋅ 8H2O 10031-52-4 736.241 pink cry 375 dec 2.120 874 Fermium Fm 7440-72-4 257 metal 1527 875 Fluorine F2 7782-41-4 37.997 pale yel gas -219.67 tp -188.12 1.553 g/L reac H2O 876 Fluorine monoxide F2O 7783-41-7 53.996 col gas -223.8 -144.75 2.207 g/L sl H2O 877 Fluorine dioxide F2O2 7783-44-0 69.996 gas, stable only at low temp -154 -57 2.861 g/L 878 Fluorine nitrate FNO3 7789-26-6 81.003 col gas -175 -46 3.311 g/L reac H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace 4-58PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 879 Fluorine perchlorate FOClO3 10049-03-3 118.449 col gas; exp -167.3 -16 4.841 g/L reac H2O 880 Francium Fr 7440-73-5 223 short-lived alkali metal 27 881 Gadolinium Gd 7440-54-2 157.25 silv metal; hex 1313 3273 7.90 s dil acid882 Gadolinium boride GdB 6 12008-06-9 222.12 blk-brn cub cry 2510 5.31 883 Gadolinium nitride GdN 25764-15-2 171.26 cub cry 9.10 884 Gadolinium silicide GdSi2 12134-75-7 213.42 orth cry 5.9 885 Gadolinium(II) iodide GdI2 13814-72-7 411.06 bronze cry 831 886 Gadolinium(II) selenide GdSe 12024-81-6 236.21 cub cry 2170 8.1887 Gadolinium(III) bromide GdBr 3 13818-75-2 396.96 wh monocl cry; hyg 770 4.56 888 Gadolinium(III) chloride GdCl3 10138-52-0 263.61 wh monocl cry; hyg 609 4.52 s H2O 889 Gadolinium(III) chloride hexahydrate GdCl3⋅ 6H2O 19423-81-5 371.70 col hyg cry 2.424 s H2O 890 Gadolinium(III) fluoride GdF3 13765-26-9 214.25 wh cry 1231 891 Gadolinium(III) iodide GdI3 13572-98-0 537.96 yel cry 925 892 Gadolinium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Gd(NO3)3⋅ 6H2O 19598-90-4 451.36 hyg tricl cry 91 dec 2.33 19025s EtOH 893 Gadolinium(III) nitrate pentahydrate Gd(NO3)3⋅ 5H2O 52788-53-1 433.34 wh cry 92 dec 2.41 19025 894 Gadolinium(III) oxide Gd2O3 12064-62-9 362.50 wh hyg powder 2339 3900 7.07 i H2O; s acid 895 Gadolinium(III) sulfate octahydrate Gd2(SO4)3⋅ 8H2O 13450-87-8 746.81 col monocl cry 400 dec 4.14 2.320 896 Gadolinium(III) sulfide Gd2S3 12134-77-9 410.70 yel cub cry 6.1 897 Gadolinium(III) telluride Gd2Te3 12160-99-5 697.30 orth cry 1255 7.7 898 Gallium Ga 7440-55-3 69.723 silv liq or gray orth cry 29.7666 tp 2204 5.91 reac alk899 Gallium antimonide GaSb 12064-03-8 191.483 cub cry 712 5.6137900 Gallium arsenide GaAs 1303-00-0 144.645 gray cub cry 1238 5.3176901 Gallium nitride GaN 25617-97-4 83.730 gray hex cry >2500 6.1902 Gallium phosphide GaP 12063-98-8 100.697 yel cub cry 1457 4.138903 Gallium suboxide Ga 2O 12024-20-3 155.445 brn powder >660 >800 dec 4.77 904 Gallium(II) chloride GaCl2 24597-12-4 140.628 wh orth cry 172.4 535 2.74 905 Gallium(II) selenide GaSe 12024-11-2 148.68 hex cry 960 5.03906 Gallium(II) sulfide GaS 12024-10-1 101.789 hex cry 965 3.86907 Gallium(II) telluride GaTe 12024-14-5 197.32 monocl cry 824 5.44908 Gallium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Ga(CH 3COCHCOCH3)3 14405-43-7 367.047 wh powder 193 subl 1.42 909 Gallium(III) bromide GaBr3 13450-88-9 309.435 wh orth cry 121.5 279 3.69 910 Gallium(III) chloride GaCl3 13450-90-3 176.081 col needles or gl solid 77.9 201 2.47 911 Gallium(III) fluoride GaF3 7783-51-9 126.718 wh powder or col needles >1000 4.47 i H2O 912 Gallium(III) fluoride trihydrate GaF3⋅ 3H2O 22886-66-4 180.764 wh cry >140 dec sl H2O 913 Gallium(III) hydride GaH3 13572-93-5 72.747 visc liq -15 ≈0 dec 914 Gallium(III) hydroxide Ga(OH)3 12023-99-3 120.745 unstable prec 915 Gallium(III) iodide GaI3 13450-91-4 450.436 monocl cry 212 340 4.5 916 Gallium(III) nitrate Ga(NO3)3 13494-90-1 255.738 wh cry powder s H2O, EtOH, eth 917 Gallium(III) oxide Ga2O3 12024-21-4 187.444 wh cry 1806 ≈6.0 s hot acid 918 Gallium(III) oxide hydroxide GaOOH 20665-52-5 102.730 orth cry 5.23 919 Gallium(III) selenide Ga2Se3 12024-24-7 376.33 cub cry 937 4.92 920 Gallium(III) sulfate Ga2(SO4)3 13494-91-2 427.637 hex cry 921 Gallium(III) sulfate octadecahydrate Ga2(SO4)3⋅ 18H2O 13780-42-2 751.912 octahed cry s H2O, EtOH 922 Gallium(III) sulfide Ga2S3 12024-22-5 235.644 monocl cry 1090 3.7 923 Gallium(III) telluride Ga2Te3 12024-27-0 522.25 cub cry 790 5.57 TeamLRN4-59PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)924 Germanium Ge 7440-56-4 72.61 gray-wh cub cry 938.25 2833 5.3234 i H2O, dil acid, alk 925 Germane GeH4 7782-65-2 76.64 col gas; flam -165 -88.1 3.133 g/L i H2O 926 Digermane Ge2H6 13818-89-8 151.27 col liq; flam -109 29 1.98-109 927 Trigermane Ge3H8 14691-44-2 225.89 col liq -105.6 110.5 2.20-105i H2O 928 Tetragermane Ge4H10 14691-47-5 300.52 col liq 176.9 i H2O 929 Pentagermane Ge5H12 15587-39-0 375.15 col liq 234 i H2O 930 Bromogermane GeH3Br 13569-43-2 155.54 col liq -32 52 2.34 reac H2O 931 Chlorogermane GeH3Cl 13637-65-5 111.09 col liq -52 28 1.75 reac H2O 932 Chlorotrifluorogermane GeF3Cl 14188-40-0 165.06 gas -66.2 -20.3 6.747 g/L 933 Dibromogermane GeH2Br2 13769-36-3 234.43 col liq -15 89 2.80 reac H2O 934 Dichlorogermane GeH2Cl2 15230-48-5 145.53 col liq -68 69.5 1.90 reac H2O 935 Dichlorodifluorogermane GeF2Cl2 24422-21-7 181.51 col gas -51.8 -2.8 7.419 g/L 936 Fluorogermane GeH3F 13537-30-9 94.63 col gas 3.868 g/L reac H2O 937 Iodogermane GeH3I 13573-02-9 202.54 liq -15 ≈90 reac H2O 938 Tribromogermane GeHBr3 14779-70-5 313.33 col liq -25 dec reac H2O 939 Trichlorogermane GeHCl3 1184-65-2 179.98 liq -71 75.3 1.93 reac H2O 940 Trichlorofluorogermane GeCl3F 24422-20-6 197.97 liq -49.8 37.5 941 Methylgermane GeH3CH3 1449-65-6 90.67 col gas -158 -23 3.706 g/L 942 Germanium(II) bromide GeBr2 24415-00-7 232.42 yel monocl cry 122 150 dec reac H2O 943 Germanium(II) chloride GeCl2 10060-11-4 143.51 wh-yel hyg powder dec reac H2O; s eth, bz 944 Germanium(II) fluoride GeF2 13940-63-1 110.61 wh orth cry; hyg 110 130 dec 3.64 reac H2O 945 Germanium(II) iodide GeI2 13573-08-5 326.42 oran-yel hex cry 550 dec 5.4 reac H2O 946 Germanium(II) oxide GeO 20619-16-3 88.61 blk solid 700 dec 947 Germanium(II) selenide GeSe 12065-10-0 151.57 gray orth cry or brn powder 667 5.6948 Germanium(II) sulfide GeS 12025-32-0 104.68 gray orth cry 615 4.1949 Germanium(II) telluride GeTe 12025-39-7 200.21 cub cry 725 6.16 i H 2O; s conc HNO3 950 Germanium(IV) bromide GeBr4 13450-92-5 392.23 wh cry 26.1 186.35 3.132 reac H2O 951 Germanium(IV) chloride GeCl4 10038-98-9 214.42 col liq -51.50 86.55 1.88 reac H2O; s bz, eth, EtOH, ctc 952 Germanium(IV) fluoride GeF4 7783-58-6 148.60 col gas -15 tp -36.5 sp 6.074 g/L reac H2O 953 Germanium(IV) iodide GeI4 13450-95-8 580.23 red-oran cub cry 146 377 4.322 reac H2O 954 Germanium(IV) nitride Ge3N4 12065-36-0 273.86 orth cry 900 dec i H2O, acid, aqua regia 955 Germanium(IV) oxide GeO2 1310-53-8 104.61 wh hex cry 1115 4.25 i H2O 956 Germanium(IV) selenide GeSe2 12065-11-1 230.53 yel-oran orth ccry 707 dec 4.56 957 Germanium(IV) sulfide GeS2 12025-34-2 136.74 blk orth cry 530 3.01 958 Gold Au 7440-57-5 196.967 soft yel metal 1064.18 2856 19.3 s aqua regia959 Bromoauric acid pentahydrate HAuBr 4⋅ 5H2O 17083-68-0 607.667 red-brn hyg cry 27 s H2O, EtOH 960 Chloroauric acid tetrahydrate HAuCl4⋅ 4H2O 16903-35-8 411.847 yel monocl cry; hyg ≈3.9 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth 961 Gold(I) bromide AuBr 10294-27-6 276.871 yel-gray tetr cry 165 dec 8.20 i H2O 962 Gold(I) chloride AuCl 10294-29-8 232.420 yel orth cry 289 dec 7.6 0.00003120 963 Gold(I) cyanide AuCN 506-65-0 222.985 yel hex cry dec 7.2 i H2O, EtOH, eth, dil acid 964 Gold(I) iodide AuI 10294-31-2 323.871 yel-grn powder; tetr 120 dec 8.25 i H2O; s CN soln 965 Gold(I) sulfide Au2S 1303-60-2 425.999 brn-blk cub cry; unstable 240 dec ≈11 i H2O, acid; s aqua regia 966 Gold(III) bromide AuBr3 10294-28-7 436.679 red-br monocl cry ≈160 dec s H2O, EtOH 967 Gold(III) chloride AuCl3 13453-07-1 303.325 red monocl cry >160 dec 4.7 6820 968 Gold(III) cyanide trihydrate Au(CN)3⋅ 3H2O 535-37-5* 329.065 wh hyg cry 50 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH 969 Gold(III) fluoride AuF3 14720-21-9 253.962 oran-yel hex cry >300 subl 6.75 970 Gold(III) hydroxide Au(OH)3 1303-52-2 247.989 brn powder ≈100 dec i H2O; s acid 971 Gold(III) iodide AuI3 31032-13-0 577.680 unstable grn powder 20 dec 4-60PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 972 Gold(III) oxide Au2O3 1303-58-8 441.931 brn powder ≈150 dec i H2O; s acid 973 Gold(III) selenate Au2(SeO4)3 10294-32-3 822.81 yel cry i H2O; s acid 974 Gold(III) selenide Au2Se3 1303-62-4 630.81 blk amorp solid dec 4.65 s aqua regia 975 Gold(III) sulfide Au2S3 1303-61-3 490.131 unstable blk powder 200 dec 976 Hafnium Hf 7440-58-6 178.49 gray metal; hex 2233 4603 13.3 s HF 977 Hafnium boride HfB2 12007-23-7 200.11 gray hex cry 3100 10.5 978 Hafnium(IV) bromide HfBr4 13777-22-5 498.11 wh cub cry 424 tp 323 sp 4.90 979 Hafnium carbide HfC 12069-85-1 190.50 refrac cub cry ≈3000 12.2 980 Hafnium(IV) chloride HfCl4 13499-05-3 320.30 wh monocl cry 432 tp 317 sp reac H2O 981 Hafnium fluoride HfF4 13709-52-9 254.48 wh monocl cry >970 970 sp 7.1 982 Hafnium hydride HfH2 12770-26-2 180.51 refrac tetr cry 11.4 983 Hafnium iodide HfI4 13777-23-6 686.11 yel-oran cub cry 449 tp 394 sp 5.6 984 Hafnium nitride HfN 25817-87-2 192.50 yel-brn cub cry 3305 13.8985 Hafnium oxide HfO 2 12055-23-1 210.49 wh cub cry 2774 9.68 i H2O 986 Hafnium oxychloride octahydrate HfOCl2⋅ 8H2O 14456-34-9 409.52 wh tetr cry dec s H2O 987 Hafnium phosphide HfP 12325-59-6 209.46 hex cry 9.78 988 Hafnium selenide HfSe2 12162-21-9 336.41 brn hex cry 7.46 989 Hafnium orthosilicate HfSiO4 13870-13-8 270.57 tetr cry 7.0 990 Hafnium silicide HfSi2 12401-56-8 234.66 gray orth cry ≈1700 7.6 991 Hafnium sulfate Hf(SO4)2 15823-43-5 370.62 wh cry >500 dec 992 Hafnium sulfide HfS2 18855-94-2 242.62 purp-brn hex cry 6.03 993 Helium He 7440-59-7 4.003 col gas -268.93 0.164 g/L sl H2O; i EtOH 994 Holmium Ho 7440-60-0 164.930 silv metal; hex 1474 2700 8.80 s dil acid 995 Holmium bromide HoBr3 13825-76-8 404.642 yel hyg cry 919 1470 996 Holmium chloride HoCl3 10138-62-2 271.288 yel monocl cry; hyg 718 1500 3.7 s H2O 997 Holmium fluoride HoF3 13760-78-6 221.925 pink-yel orth cry; hyg 1143 >2200 7.664 s H2O 998 Holmium iodide HoI3 13813-41-7 545.643 yel hex cry 994 5.4 999 Holmium nitride HoN 12029-81-1 178.937 cub cry 10.61000 Holmium oxide Ho 2O3 12055-62-8 377.859 yel cub cry 2330 3900 8.41 s acid 1001 Holmium silicide HoSi2 12136-24-2 221.101 hex cry 7.1 1002 Holmium sulfide Ho2S3 12162-59-3 426.059 yel-oran monocl cry 5.92 1003 Hydrazine N2H4 302-01-2 32.045 col oily liq 1.4 113.55 1.0036 vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH 1004 Hydrazine hydrate N2H4⋅ H2O 7803-57-8 50.060 fuming liq -51.7 119 1.030 vs H2O, EtOH; i chl, eth 1005 Hydrazine hydrobromide N2H4⋅ HBr 13775-80-9 112.957 wh monocl cry flakes 84 ≈190 dec 2.3 s H2O, EtOH 1006 Hydrazine hydrochloride N2H4⋅ HCl 2644-70-4 68.506 wh orth cry 89 240 dec 1.5 s H2O; i os 1007 Hydrazine dihydrochloride N2H4⋅ 2HCl 5341-61-7 104.966 wh orth cry 198 dec 1.42 s H2O; sl EtOH 1008 Hydrazine hydroiodide N2H4⋅ HI 10039-55-1 159.957 hyg cry 125 s H2O 1009 Hydrazine nitrate N2H4⋅ HNO3 13464-97-6 95.058 monocl cry; exp 70 vs H2O 1010 Hydrazine sulfate N2H4⋅ H2SO4 10034-93-2 130.125 col orth cry 254 1.378 sl H2O; i EtOH 1011 Hydrazoic acid HN3 7782-79-8 43.028 col liq; exp -80 35.7 s H2O 1012 Hydroxylamine H2NOH 7803-49-8 33.030 wh orth flakes or needles 33.1 58 1.21 vs H2O, MeOH 1013 Hydroxylamine sulfate (H2NOH)2⋅ H2SO4 10039-54-0 164.139 cry 170 vs H2O 1014 Hydrogen H2 1333-74-0 2.016 col gas; flam -259.198 tp -252.762 0.082 g/L sl H2O 1015 Hydrogen bromide HBr 10035-10-6 80.912 col gas -86.80 -66.38 3.307 g/L vs H2O; s EtOH 1016 Hydrogen chloride HCl 7647-01-0 36.461 col gas -114.17 -85 1.490 g/L vs H2O TeamLRN4-61PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1017 Hydrogen chloride dihydrate HCl ⋅ 2H2O 13465-05-9 72.492 col liq -17.7 1.46 1018 Hydrogen cyanide HCN 74-90-8 27.026 col liq -13.29 26 0.684 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth 1019 Hydrogen fluoride HF 7664-39-3 20.006 col gas -83.35 20 0.818 g/L vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth 1020 Hydrogen iodide HI 10034-85-2 127.912 col or yel gas -50.76 -35.55 5.228 g/L vs H2O; s os 1021 Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 7722-84-1 34.015 col liq -0.43 150.2 1.44 vs H2O 1022 Hydrogen selenide H2Se 7783-07-5 80.98 col gas; flam -65.73 -41.25 3.310 g/L s H2O 1023 Hydrogen sulfide H2S 7783-06-4 34.082 col gas; flam -85.5 -59.55 1.393 g/L s H2O 1024 Hydrogen disulfide H2S2 13465-07-1 66.148 col liq 70.7 1.334 1025 Hydrogen telluride H2Te 7783-09-7 129.62 col gas -49 -2 5.298 g/L s H2O, EtOH, alk 1026 Indium In 7440-74-6 114.818 soft wh metal 156.60 2072 7.31 s acid 1027 Indium antimonide InSb 1312-41-0 236.578 blk cub cry 525 5.77471028 Indium arsenide InAs 1303-11-3 189.740 gray cub cry 942 5.67 i acid1029 Indium nitride InN 25617-98-5 128.825 hex cry 1100 6.881030 Indium phosphide InP 22398-80-7 145.792 blk cub cry 1062 4.81 sl acid1031 Indium(I) bromide InBr 14280-53-6 194.722 oran-red orth cry 290 656 4.96 reac H 2O 1032 Indium(I) chloride InCl 13465-10-6 150.271 yel cub cry 211 608 4.19 reac H2O 1033 Indium(I) iodide InI 13966-94-4 241.722 orth cry 364.4 712 5.32 1034 Indium(II) bromide InBr2 21264-43-7 274.626 orth cry 4.22 reac H2O 1035 Indium(II) chloride InCl2 13465-11-7 185.723 col orth cry 235 3.64 reac H2O 1036 Indium(II) sulfide InS 12030-14-7 146.884 red-brn orth cry 692 5.2 1037 Indium(III) bromide InBr3 13465-09-3 354.530 hyg yel-wh monocl cry 420 4.74 41420 1038 Indium(III) chloride InCl3 10025-82-8 221.176 yel monocl cry; hyg 583 4.0 195.122s EtOH 1039 Indium(III) fluoride InF3 7783-52-0 171.813 wh hex cry; hyg 1170 >1200 4.39 sl H2O; s dil acid 1040 Indium(III) fluoride trihydrate InF3⋅ 3H2O 14166-78-0 225.859 wh cry 100 dec s H2O 1041 Indium(III) hydroxide In(OH)3 20661-21-6 165.840 cub cry 4.4 1042 Indium(III) iodide InI3 13510-35-5 495.531 yel-red monocl cry; hyg 207 4.69 130822 1043 Indium(III) oxide In2O3 1312-43-2 277.634 yel cub cry 1912 7.18 i H2O; s hot acid 1044 Indium(III) perchlorate octahydrate In(ClO4)3⋅ 8H2O 13465-15-1 557.291 wh cry ≈80 200 dec 1045 Indium(III) phosphate InPO4 14693-82-4 209.789 wh orth cry 4.9 i H2O 1046 Indium(III) selenide In2Se3 1312-42-1 466.52 blk hex cry 660 5.8 1047 Indium(III) sulfate In2(SO4)3 13464-82-9 517.827 hyg wh powder 3.44 11720 1048 Indium(III) sulfide In2S3 12030-24-9 325.834 oran cub cry 1050 4.45 1049 Indium(III) telluride In2Te3 1312-45-4 612.44 blk cub cry 667 5.75 1050 Iodine I2 7553-56-2 253.809 blue-blk plates 113.7 184.4 4.933 0.0320s bz, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl 1051 Iodic acid HIO3 7782-68-5 175.910 col orth cry 110 dec 4.63 30825i EtOH, eth 1052 Periodic acid dihydrate HIO4⋅ 2H2O 10450-60-9 227.940 monocl hyg cry 122 dec s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 1053 Iodine tetroxide I2O4 12399-08-5 317.807 yel cry 85 dec 4.2 sl H2O 1054 Iodine pentoxide I2O5 12029-98-0 333.806 hyg wh cry ≈300 dec 4.98 253.420i EtOH, eth, CS2 1055 Iodine nonaoxide I4O9 73560-00-6 651.613 hyg yel powder 75 dec 1056 Iodine bromide IBr 7789-33-5 206.808 blk orth cry 40 116 dec 4.3 s H2O, EtOH, eth 1057 Iodine chloride ICl 7790-99-0 162.357 red cry or oily liq 27.39 100 dec 3.24 reac H2O; s EtOH 1058 Iodine trichloride ICl3 865-44-1 233.262 yel tricl cry; hyg 101 tp (16 atm) 64 sp dec 3.2 reac H2O; s EtOH, bz 1059 Iodine fluoride IF 13873-84-2 145.902 disproportionates at room temp 1060 Iodine trifluoride IF3 22520-96-3 183.899 yel solid, stable at low temp -28 dec 1061 Iodine pentafluoride IF5 7783-66-6 221.896 yel liq 9.43 100.5 3.19 reac H2O 1062 Iodine heptafluoride IF7 16921-96-3 259.893 col gas 6.5 tp 4.8 sp 10.62 g/L s H2O 1063 Iridium Ir 7439-88-5 192.217 silv-wh metal; cub 2446 4428 22.5 s aqua regia 1064 Iridium(III) sulfide Ir2S3 12136-42-4 480.632 orth cry 10.2 4-62PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1065 Iridium(III) bromide IrBr3 10049-24-8 431.929 red-brn monocl cry 6.82 i H2O, acid, alk 1066 Iridium(III) bromide tetrahydrate IrBr3⋅ 4H2O 10049-24-8* 503.991 grn-brn cry s H2O; i EtOH 1067 Iridium(III) chloride IrCl3 10025-83-9 298.575 brn monocl cry 763 dec 5.30 i H2O, acid, alk 1068 Iridium(III) fluoride IrF3 23370-59-4 249.212 blk hex cry 250 dec ≈8.0 i H2O, dil acid 1069 Iridium(III) iodide IrI3 7790-41-2 572.930 dark brn monocl cry ≈7.4 i H2O, acid, bz, chl; s alk 1070 Iridium(III) oxide Ir2O3 1312-46-5 432.432 blue-blk cry 1000 dec i H2O; sl hot HCl 1071 Iridium(IV) chloride IrCl4 10025-97-5 334.028 brn hyg solid ≈700 dec s H2O, EtOH 1072 Iridium(IV) oxide IrO2 12030-49-8 224.216 brn tetr cry 1100 dec 11.7 1073 Iridium(IV) sulfide IrS2 12030-51-2 256.349 orth cry 9.3 1074 Iridium(VI) fluoride IrF6 7783-75-7 306.207 yel cub cry; hyg 44 53.6 4.8 reac H2O 1075 Iron Fe 7439-89-6 55.845 silv-wh or gray met 1538 2861 7.87 s dil acid 1076 Ferrocene Fe(C5H5)2 102-54-5 186.031 oran needles 172.5 249 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, dil HNO3 1077 Iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO)5 13463-40-6 195.896 yel oily liq; flam -20 103 1.490 i H2O; s eth, bz, ace 1078 Iron nonacarbonyl Fe2(CO)9 15321-51-4 363.781 oran-yel cry 100 dec 2.85 1079 Iron dodecacarbonyl Fe3(CO)12 12088-65-2 503.656 blk cry 140 2.00 1080 Iron hydrocarbonyl FeH2(CO)4 17440-90-3 169.902 col liq; unstable -70 dec s alk 1081 Iron arsenide FeAs 12044-16-5 130.767 gray orth cry 1030 7.85 1082 Iron boride FeB 12006-84-7 66.656 refr solid; orth 1650 ≈7 1083 Iron boride Fe2B 12006-86-9 122.501 refr solid; tetr 1389 7.3 1084 Iron carbide Fe3C 12011-67-5 179.546 gray cub cry 1227 7.694 1085 Iron phosphide FeP 26508-33-8 86.819 rhom cry 6.071086 Iron phosphide Fe 2P 1310-43-6 142.664 gray hex needles 1370 6.8 i H2O, dil acid, alk 1087 Iron phosphide Fe3P 12023-53-9 198.509 gray solid 1100 6.74 i H2O 1088 Iron disulfide FeS2 1317-66-4 119.977 blk cub cry >600 dec 5.02 i H2O 1089 Iron silicide FeSi 12022-95-6 83.931 gray cub cry 1410 6.1 1090 Iron silicide FeSi2 12022-99-0 112.016 gray tetr cry 1220 4.74 1091 Iron(II) aluminate Fe(AlO2)2 12068-49-4 173.806 blk cub cry 4.3 1092 Iron(II) arsenate Fe3(AsO4)2 10102-50-8 445.373 grn pow i H2O 1093 Iron(II) arsenate hexahydrate Fe3(AsO4)2⋅ 6H2O 10102-50-8* 553.465 grn amorp pow dec i H2O; s acid 1094 Iron(II) bromide FeBr2 7789-46-0 215.653 yel-brn hex cry; hyg 691 dec 4.636 12025vs EtOH 1095 Iron(II) bromide hexahydrate FeBr2⋅ 6H2O 13463-12-2 323.744 grn hyg cry 27 dec 4.64 12025s EtOH 1096 Iron(II) carbonate FeCO3 563-71-3 115.854 gray-brn hex cry 3.9 0.00006220 1097 Iron(II) chloride FeCl2 7758-94-3 126.750 wh hex cry; hyg 677 1023 3.16 65.025vs EtOH, ace; sl bz 1098 Iron(II) chloride dihydrate FeCl2⋅ 2H2O 16399-77-2 162.781 wh-grn monocl cry 120 dec 2.39 65.025 1099 Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate FeCl2⋅ 4H2O 13478-10-9 198.812 grn monocl cry 105 dec 1.93 65.025s EtOH 1100 Iron(II) chromite FeCr2O4 1308-31-2 223.835 blk cub cry 5.0 1101 Iron(II) fluoride FeF2 7789-28-8 93.842 wh tetr cry 1100 4.09 sl H2O; s dil HF; i EtOH, eth 1102 Iron(II) fluoride tetrahydrate FeF2⋅ 4H2O 13940-89-1 165.904 col hex cry 2.20 1103 Iron(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2 18624-44-7 89.860 wh-grn hex cry 3.4 0.00005220 1104 Iron(II) iodide FeI2 7783-86-0 309.654 red-viol hex cry; hyg 587 5.3 s H2O, EtOH, eth 1105 Iron(II) iodide tetrahydrate FeI2⋅ 4H2O 7783-86-0* 381.716 blk hyg leaflets 90 dec 2.87 s H2O, EtOH 1106 Iron(II) molybdate FeMoO4 13718-70-2 215.78 brn-yel monocl cry 1115 5.6 i H2O 1107 Iron(II) nitrate Fe(NO3)2 14013-86-6 179.854 grn solid 87.525 1108 Iron(II) nitrate hexahydrate Fe(NO3)2⋅ 6H2O 14013-86-6* 287.946 grn solid 60 dec 87.525 1109 Iron(II) oxalate dihydrate FeC2O4⋅ 2H2O 6047-25-2 179.894 yel cry 150 dec 2.28 0.07825s acid TeamLRN4-63PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1110 Iron(II) oxide FeO 1345-25-1 71.844 blk cub cry 1377 6.0 i H2O, alk; s acid 1111 Iron(II) perchlorate Fe(ClO4)2 13933-23-8 254.745 grn-wh hyg needles >100 dec 21025 1112 Iron(II) phosphate octahydrate Fe3(PO4)2⋅ 8H2O 14940-41-1 501.600 gray-blue monocl cry; hyg 2.58 i H2O; s acid 1113 Iron(II) selenide FeSe 1310-32-3 134.81 blk hex cry 6.7 i H2O 1114 Iron(II) orthosilicate Fe2SiO4 10179-73-4 203.774 brn orth cry 4.30 1115 Iron(II) sulfate FeSO4 7720-78-7 151.909 wh orth cry; hyg 3.65 29.525 1116 Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate FeSO4⋅ H2O 17375-41-6 169.924 wh-yel monocl cry 300 dec 3.0 29.525 1117 Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate FeSO4⋅ 7H2O 7782-63-0 278.015 blue-grn monocl cry ≈60 dec 1.895 29.525i EtOH 1118 Iron(II) sulfide FeS 1317-37-9 87.911 col hex or tetr cry; hyg 1188 dec 4.7 i H2O; reac acid 1119 Iron(II) tantalate Fe(TaO3)2 513.737 brn tetr cry 7.33 1120 Iron(II) tartrate FeC4H4O6 203.916 wh cry 0.88 vs acid; s NH4OH 1121 Iron(II) telluride FeTe 12125-63-2 183.45 tetr cry 914 6.8 1122 Iron(II) thiocyanate trihydrate Fe(SCN)2⋅ 3H2O 6010-09-9 226.057 grn monocl cry s H2O, EtOH, eth 1123 Iron(II) titanate FeTiO3 12168-52-4 151.710 blk rhomb cry ≈1470 4.72 1124 Iron(II) tungstate FeWO4 13870-24-1 303.68 monocl cry 7.51 1125 Iron(II,III) oxide Fe3O4 1317-61-9 231.533 blk cub cry or amorp powder 1597 5.17 i H2O; s acid 1126 Iron(III) acetate, basic FeOH(C2H3O2)2 10450-55-2 190.941 brn-red amorp powder i H2O; s EtOH, acid 1127 Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Fe(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 14024-18-1 353.169 red-oran cry 179 5.24 sl H2O; s os 1128 Iron(III) arsenate dihydrate FeAsO4⋅ 2H2O 10102-49-5 230.795 grn-brn powder dec 3.18 i H2O; s dil acid 1129 Iron(III) bromide FeBr3 10031-26-2 295.557 dark red hex cry; hyg dec 4.5 45525s EtOH, eth 1130 Iron(III) chloride FeCl3 7705-08-0 162.203 grn hex cry; hyg 304 ≈316 2.90 91.225s EtOH, eth, ace 1131 Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate FeCl3⋅ 6H2O 10025-77-1 270.294 yel-oran monocl cry; hyg 37 dec 1.82 91.225s EtOH, eth, ace 1132 Iron(III) chromate Fe2(CrO4)3 10294-52-7 459.671 yel powder i H2O, EtOH; s acid 1133 Iron(III) citrate pentahydrate FeC6H5O7⋅ 5H2O 3522-50-7 335.021 red-brn cry s H2O; i EtOH 1134 Iron(III) dichromate Fe2(Cr2O7)3 10294-53-8 759.654 red-brn solid s H2O, acid 1135 Iron(III) ferrocyanide Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 14038-43-8 859.229 dark blue powder 1.80 i H2O, dil acid, os 1136 Iron(III) fluoride FeF3 7783-50-8 112.840 grn hex cry >1000 3.87 5.9225i EtOH, eth, bz 1137 Iron(III) fluoride trihydrate FeF3⋅ 3H2O 15469-38-2 166.886 yel-brn tetr cry 2.3 5.9225 1138 Iron(III) formate Fe(CHO2)3 555-76-0 190.897 red-yel cry pow s H2O; sl EtOH 1139 Iron(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3 1309-33-7 106.867 yel monocl cry 3.12 1140 Iron(III) hydroxide oxide FeO(OH) 20344-49-4 88.852 red-brn orth cry 4.26 i H2O; s acid 1141 Iron(III) nitrate Fe(NO3)3 10421-48-4 241.860 cry 82.520 1142 Iron(III) nitrate hexahydrate Fe(NO3)3⋅ 6H2O 13476-08-9 349.951 viol cub cry 35 dec 82.520 1143 Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate Fe(NO3)3⋅ 9H2O 7782-61-8 403.997 viol-gray hyg cry 47 dec 1.68 82.520vs EtOH, ace 1144 Iron(III) oxalate Fe2(C2O4)3 19469-07-9 375.747 yel amorp powder 100 dec s H2O, acid; i alk 1145 Iron(III) oxide Fe2O3 1309-37-1 159.688 red-brn hex cry 1565 5.25 i H2O; s acid 1146 Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate FePO4⋅ 2H2O 10045-86-0 186.847 gray-wh orth cry 2.87 i H2O; s HCl 1147 Iron(III) pyrophosphate nonahydrate Fe4(P2O7)3⋅ 9H2O 10058-44-3 907.348 yel powder i H2O; s acid 1148 Iron(III) hypophosphite Fe(H2PO2)3 7783-84-8 250.811 wh-gray powder i H2O 1149 Iron(III) sodium pyrophosphate FeNaP2O7 10045-87-1 252.778 wh pow 1.5 i H2O; s HCl 1150 Iron(III) sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 10028-22-5 399.881 gray-wh rhomb cry; hyg 3.10 44020sl EtOH; i ace 1151 Iron(III) sulfate nonahydrate Fe2(SO4)3⋅ 9H2O 13520-56-4 562.018 yel hex cry 400 dec 2.1 44020 1152 Iron(III) thiocyanate monohydrate Fe(SCN)3⋅ H2O 4119-52-2 248.110 red hyg cry dec s H2O, EtOH, ace; i tol, chl 1153 Iron(III) metavanadate Fe(VO3)3 65842-03-7 352.665 gray-brn powder i H2O, EtOH; s acid 1154 Krypton Kr 7439-90-9 83.80 col gas -157.375 tp (73.2 kPa) -153.34 3.425 g/L sl H2O 1155 Krypton difluoride KrF2 13773-81-4 121.80 col tetr cry ≈25 dec 3.24 reac H2O 1156 Lanthanum La 7439-91-0 138.906 silv metal; hex 918 3464 6.15 s dil acid 1157 Lanthanum boride LaB6 12008-21-8 203.772 blk cub cry; refrac 2715 4.76 4-64PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1158 Lanthanum bromide LaBr3 13536-79-3 378.618 wh hex cry; hyg 788 5.1 s H2O 1159 Lanthanum carbide LaC2 12071-15-7 162.927 tetr cry 2360 5.29 1160 Lanthanum carbonate octahydrate La2(CO3)3⋅ 8H2O 6487-39-4 601.960 wh cry powder 2.6 i H2O; s dil acid 1161 Lanthanum chloride LaCl3 10099-58-8 245.264 wh hex cry; hyg 859 3.84 95.725 1162 Lanthanum chloride heptahydrate LaCl3⋅ 7H2O 20211-76-1 371.371 wh tricl cry; hyg 91 dec 95.725s EtOH 1163 Lanthanum fluoride LaF3 13709-38-1 195.901 wh hex cry; hyg 1493 5.9 i H2O, acid 1164 Lanthanum hydride LaH3 13864-01-2 141.930 blk cub cry 5.36 1165 Lanthanum hydroxide La(OH)3 14507-19-8 189.928 wh amorp solid dec 0.00002020 1166 Lanthanum iodate La(IO3)3 13870-19-4 663.614 col cry 1.7 1167 Lanthanum iodide LaI3 13813-22-4 519.619 wh orth cry; hyg 778 5.6 s H2O 1168 Lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate La(NO3)3⋅ 6H2O 10277-43-7 433.012 wh hyg tricl cry ≈40 dec 20025vs EtOH; s ace 1169 Lanthanum nitride LaN 25764-10-7 152.913 cub cry 6.73 1170 Lanthanum oxide La2O3 1312-81-8 325.809 wh amorp powder 2304 3620 6.51 i H2O; s dil acid 1171 Lanthanum silicide LaSi2 12056-90-5 195.077 gray tetr cry 5.0 1172 Lanthanum sulfate nonahydrate La2(SO4)3⋅ 9H2O 10294-62-9 728.139 hex cry 2.82 2.720i EtOH 1173 Lanthanum sulfide La2S3 12031-49-1 374.009 red cub cry 2110 4.9 1174 Lanthanum sulfide LaS 12031-30-0 170.972 yel cub cry 2300 5.61 1175 Lawrencium Lr 22537-19-5 262 metal 1627 1176 Lead Pb 7439-92-1 207.2 soft silv-gray metal; cub 327.462 1749 11.3 s conc acid1177 Lead(II) acetate Pb(C 2H3O2)2 301-04-2 325.3 wh cry 280 dec 3.25 44.320 1178 Lead(II) acetate trihydrate Pb(C2H3O2)2⋅ 3H2O 6080-56-4 427.3 col cry 75 dec 2.55 vs H2O; sl EtOH 1179 Lead(II) acetate, basic Pb(C2H3O2)2⋅ 2Pb(OH)2 1335-32-6 807.7 wh pow dec 6.30 1180 Lead(II) antimonate Pb3(SbO4)2 13510-89-9 993.1 oran-yel powder 6.58 i H2O, dil acid 1181 Lead(II) arsenate Pb3(AsO4)2 3687-31-8 899.4 wh cry 1042 dec 5.8 i H2O; s HNO3 1182 Lead(II) arsenite Pb(AsO2)2 10031-13-7 421.0 wh powder 5.85 i H2O; s dil HNO3 1183 Lead(II) azide Pb(N3)2 13424-46-9 291.2 col orth needles; exp exp ≈350 4.7 0.02318vs HOAc 1184 Lead(II) borate monohydrate Pb(BO2)2⋅ H2O 10214-39-8 310.8 wh powder 500 dec 5.6 i H2O; s dil HNO3 1185 Lead(II) bromate monohydrate Pb(BrO3)2⋅ H2O 10031-21-7 481.0 col cry ≈180 dec 5.53 1.3320 1186 Lead(II) bromide PbBr2 10031-22-8 367.0 wh orth cry 371 892 6.69 0.97525i EtOH 1187 Lead(II) butanoate Pb(C4H7O2)2 819-73-8 381.4 col solid ≈90 i H2O; s dil HNO3 1188 Lead(II) carbonate PbCO3 598-63-0 267.2 col orth cry ≈315 dec 6.6 i H2O 1189 Lead(II) carbonate, basic Pb(OH)2⋅ 2PbCO3 1319-46-6 775.6 wh hex cry 400 dec ≈6.5 i H2O, EtOH; s acid 1190 Lead(II) chlorate Pb(ClO3)2 10294-47-0 374.1 col hyg cry 230 dec 3.9 14418vs EtOH 1191 Lead(II) chloride PbCl2 7758-95-4 278.1 wh orth needles or powder 501 951 5.98 1.0825s alk 1192 Lead(II) chloride fluoride PbClF 13847-57-9 261.7 tetr cry 7.05 0.03520 1193 Lead(II) chromate PbCrO4 7758-97-6 323.2 yel-oran monocl cry 844 6.12 0.00001720s alk, dil acid 1194 Lead(II) chromate(VI) oxide PbCrO4⋅ PbO 18454-12-1 546.4 red powder i H2O 1195 Lead(II) citrate trihydrate Pb3(C6H5O7)2⋅ 3H2O 512-26-5 1053.8 wh cry powder s H2O; sl EtOH 1196 Lead(II) cyanide Pb(CN)2 592-05-2 259.2 wh-yel powder sl H2O; reac acid 1197 Lead(II) 2-ethylhexanoate Pb(C7H15CO2)2 301-08-6 493.6 visc liq 1.56 1198 Lead(II) fluoride PbF2 7783-46-2 245.2 wh orth cry 830 1293 8.44 0.067025 1199 Lead(II) fluoroborate Pb(BF4)2 13814-96-5 380.8 stable only in aq soln s H2O 1200 Lead(II) formate Pb(CHO2)2 811-54-1 297.2 wh prisms or needles 190 dec 4.63 1.616i EtOH 1201 Lead(II) hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Pb(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 19648-88-5 621.3 cry 155 210 1202 Lead(II) hydrogen arsenate PbHAsO4 7784-40-9 347.1 wh monocl cry 280 dec 5.943 i H2O; s HNO3, alk TeamLRN4-65PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1203 Lead(II) hydrogen phosphate PbHPO4 15845-52-0 303.2 wh monocl cry dec 5.66 1204 Lead(II) hydroxide Pb(OH)2 19783-14-3 241.2 wh powder 145 dec 7.59 0.0001220s acid 1205 Lead(II) iodate Pb(IO3)2 25659-31-8 557.0 wh orth cry 6.50 0.002525 1206 Lead(II) iodide PbI2 10101-63-0 461.0 yel hex cry or powder 410 872 dec 6.16 0.07625i EtOH 1207 Lead(II) lactate Pb(C3H5O3)2 18917-82-3 385.3 wh cry powder s H2O, hot EtOH 1208 Lead(II) molybdate PbMoO4 10190-55-3 367.1 yel tetr cry ≈1060 6.7 i H2O; s HNO3, NaOH 1209 Lead(II) niobate Pb(NbO3)2 12034-88-7 489.0 rhomb or tetr cry 1343 6.6 i H2O 1210 Lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 10099-74-8 331.2 col cub cry 470 4.53 59.725sl EtOH 1211 Lead(II) oleate Pb(C18H33O2)2 1120-46-3 770.1 wax-like solid i H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth 1212 Lead(II) oxalate PbC2O4 814-93-7 295.2 wh powder 300 dec 5.28 0.0002520s dil HNO3 1213 Lead(II) oxide (litharge) PbO 1317-36-8 223.2 red tetr cry trans to massicot 489 9.35 i H2O, EtOH; s dil HNO3 1214 Lead(II) oxide (massicot) PbO 1317-36-8 223.2 yel orth cry 897 9.64 i H2O, EtOH; s dil HNO3 1215 Lead(II) oxide hydrate 3PbO ⋅ H2O 1311-11-1 687.6 wh powder 7.41 i H2O; s dil acid 1216 Lead(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Pb(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 15282-88-9 405.4 cry 143 1217 Lead(II) perchlorate Pb(ClO4)2 13453-62-8 406.1 wh cry 44125 1218 Lead(II) perchlorate trihydrate Pb(ClO4)2⋅ 3H2O 13637-76-8 460.1 wh cry 100 dec 2.6 44125s EtOH 1219 Lead(II) phosphate Pb3(PO4)2 7446-27-7 811.5 wh hex cry 1014 7.01 i H2O, EtOH 1220 Lead(II) hypophosphite Pb(H2PO2)2 10294-58-3 337.2 hyg cry powder dec sl H2O; i EtOH 1221 Lead(II) metasilicate PbSiO3 10099-76-0 283.3 wh monocl cry powder 764 6.49 i H2O, os 1222 Lead(II) orthosilicate Pb2SiO4 13566-17-1 506.5 monocl cry 743 7.60 1223 Lead(II) hexafluorosilicate dihydrate PbSiF6⋅ 2H2O 1310-03-8 385.3 col cry dec vs H2O 1224 Lead(II) selenate PbSeO4 7446-15-3 350.2 orth cry 6.37 0.01325s conc acid 1225 Lead(II) selenide PbSe 12069-00-0 286.2 gray cub cry 1078 8.1 i H2O; s HNO3 1226 Lead(II) selenite PbSeO3 7488-51-9 334.2 wh monocl cry ≈500 7.0 i H2O 1227 Lead(II) sodium thiosulfate Na4Pb(S2O3)3 10101-94-7 635.6 wh cry sl H2O 1228 Lead(II) stearate Pb(C18H35O2)2 1072-35-1 774.1 wh powder ≈100 1.4 i H2O; s hot EtOH 1229 Lead(II) sulfate PbSO4 7446-14-2 303.3 orth cry 1087 6.29 0.004425i acid; sl alk 1230 Lead(II) sulfide PbS 1314-87-0 239.3 blk powder or silv cub cry 1113 7.60 i H2O; s acid 1231 Lead(II) sulfite PbSO3 7446-10-8 287.3 wh powder dec i H2O; s HNO3 1232 Lead(II) tantalate Pb(TaO3)2 12065-68-8 665.1 orth cry 7.9 i H2O 1233 Lead(II) telluride PbTe 1314-91-6 334.8 gray cub cry 924 8.164 i H2O, acid 1234 Lead(II) thiocyanate Pb(SCN)2 592-87-0 323.4 wh-yel powder 3.82 0.0520 1235 Lead(II) thiosulfate PbS2O3 13478-50-7 319.3 wh cry dec 5.18 i H2O; s acid 1236 Lead(II) titanate PbTiO3 12060-00-3 303.1 yel tetr cry 7.9 i H2O; reac HCl 1237 Lead(II) tungstate (stolzite) PbWO4 7759-01-5 455.0 yel tetr cry 1130 8.24 0.0320s alk 1238 Lead(II) tungstate (raspite) PbWO4 7759-01-5 455.0 monocl cry trans 400 8.46 0.0320s alk 1239 Lead(II) metavanadate Pb(VO3)2 10099-79-3 405.1 yel powder i H2O; reac HNO3 1240 Lead(II) zirconate PbZrO3 12060-01-4 346.4 col orth cry ≈8i H2O, alk; s acid 1241 Lead(II,IV) oxide Pb2O3 1314-27-8 462.4 blk monocl cry or red amorp powder530 dec 10.05 i H2O; s alk; reac conc HCl 1242 Lead(II,II,IV) oxide Pb3O4 1314-41-6 685.6 red tetr cry 830 8.92 i H2O, EtOH; s hot HCl 1243 Lead(IV) acetate Pb(C2H3O2)4 546-67-8 443.4 col monocl cry ≈175 2.23 reac H2O, EtOH; s bz, chl 1244 Lead(IV) bromide PbBr4 13701-91-2 526.8 unstable liq 1245 Lead(IV) chloride PbCl4 13463-30-4 349.0 yel oily liq -15 ≈50 dec 1246 Lead(IV) fluoride PbF4 7783-59-7 283.2 wh tetr cry; hyg ≈600 6.7 1247 Lead(IV) oxide PbO2 1309-60-0 239.2 red tetr cry or brn powder 290 dec 9.64 1248 Lithium Li 7439-93-2 6.941 soft silv-wh metal 180.50 1342 0.534 reac H2O 1249 Lithium acetate LiC2H3O2 546-89-4 65.985 cry 286 45.025vs EtOH 4-66PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1250 Lithium acetate dihydrate LiC2H3O2⋅ 2H2O 6108-17-4 102.016 wh rhomb cry 58 dec 1.3 45.025s EtOH 1251 Lithium aluminum hydride LiAlH4 16853-85-3 37.955 gray-wh monocl cry >125 dec 0.917 reac H2O, EtOH; s eth, thf 1252 Lithium amide LiNH2 7782-89-0 22.964 tetr cry 380 1.18 reac H2O 1253 Lithium arsenate Li3AsO4 13478-14-3 159.743 col orth cry 3.07 sl H2O; s HOAc 1254 Lithium azide LiN3 19597-69-4 48.961 hyg monocl cry; exp 1.83 vs H2O 1255 Lithium metaborate LiBO2 13453-69-5 49.751 wh monocl cry; hyg 849 2.18 vs H2O; s EtOH 1256 Lithium borohydride LiBH4 16949-15-8 21.784 wh-gray orth cry or powder 268 380 dec 0.66 s alk, eth, thf 1257 Lithium bromide LiBr 7550-35-8 86.845 wh cub cry; hyg 552 ≈1300 3.464 18125s EtOH, eth 1258 Lithium carbonate Li2CO3 554-13-2 73.891 wh monocl cry 723 1300 dec 2.11 1.3025s acid; i EtOH 1259 Lithium chlorate LiClO3 13453-71-9 90.392 col hyg rhom needles 127.6 300 dec 1.119 45925vs EtOH; sl ace 1260 Lithium chloride LiCl 7447-41-8 42.394 wh cub cry or powder; hyg 610 1383 2.07 84.525s EtOH, ace, py 1261 Lithium chromate dihydrate Li2CrO4⋅ 2H2O 7789-01-7 165.906 yel orth cry; hyg 75 dec 2.15 vs H2O; s EtOH 1262 Lithium dichromate dihydrate Li2Cr2O7⋅ 2H2O 10022-48-7 265.901 yel-red hyg cry 130 dec 2.34 vs H2O 1263 Lithium dihydrogen phosphate LiH2PO4 13453-80-0 103.928 col hyg cry >100 2.461 1260 1264 Lithium ferrosilicon LiFeSi 64082-35-5 90.872 dark brittle cry reac H2O 1265 Lithium fluoride LiF 7789-24-4 25.939 wh cub cry or powder 848.2 1673 2.640 0.13425s acid 1266 Lithium formate monohydrate Li(CHO2)⋅ H2O 6108-23-2 69.974 col-wh cry 1.46 s H2O 1267 Lithium hydride LiH 7580-67-8 7.949 gray cub cry or powder; hyg 688.7 0.78 reac H2O, EtOH 1268 Lithium hydroxide LiOH 1310-65-2 23.948 col tetr cry 471.1 1626 1.45 12.525sl EtOH 1269 Lithium hydroxide monohydrate LiOH ⋅ H2O 1310-66-3 41.964 wh monocl cry or powder 1.51 12.525sl EtOH 1270 Lithium iodate LiIO3 13765-03-2 181.843 wh hyg hex cry 4.502 77.925i EtOH 1271 Lithium iodide LiI 10377-51-2 133.845 wh cub cry; hyg 469 1171 4.06 16525 1272 Lithium iodide trihydrate LiI ⋅ 3H2O 7790-22-9 187.891 wh hyg cry 73 3.48 16525vs EtOH, ace 1273 Lithium niobate LiNbO3 12031-63-9 147.845 wh hex cry ≈1240 4.30 1274 Lithium nitrate LiNO3 7790-69-4 68.946 col hex cry; hyg 253 2.38 10225s EtOH 1275 Lithium nitride Li3N 26134-62-3 34.830 red hex cry 813 1.27 reac H2O 1276 Lithium nitrite monohydrate LiNO2⋅ H2O 13568-33-7* 70.962 col needles >100 1.615 139.525vs EtOH 1277 Lithium phosphate Li3PO4 10377-52-3 115.794 wh orth cry 1205 2.46 0.02725 1278 Lithium oxide Li2O 12057-24-8 29.881 wh cub cry 1570 2.013 1279 Lithium perchlorate LiClO4 7791-03-9 106.392 wh orth cry or powder 236 430 dec 2.428 58.725s EtOH, ace, eth 1280 Lithium peroxide Li2O2 12031-80-0 45.881 wh hex cry 2.31 s H2O; i EtOH 1281 Lithium selenate monohydrate Li2SeO4⋅ H2O 7790-71-8 174.86 monocl cry 2.56 vs H2O 1282 Lithium metasilicate Li2SiO3 10102-24-6 89.966 wh orth needles 1201 2.52 i cold H2O; reac dil acid 1283 Lithium sulfate Li2SO4 10377-48-7 109.946 wh monocl cry; hyg 859 2.21 34.225 1284 Lithium sulfate monohydrate Li2SO4⋅ H2O 10102-25-7 127.961 col cry 130 dec 2.06 34.225sl EtOH 1285 Lithium sulfide Li2S 12136-58-2 45.948 wh cub cry; hyg 1372 1.64 1286 Lithium thiocyanate LiSCN 556-65-0 65.025 wh hyg cry 12025 1287 Lutetium Lu 7439-94-3 174.967 silv metal; hex 1663 3402 9.84 s dil acid1288 Lutetium boride LuB 4 12688-52-7 218.211 tetr cry 2600 ≈7.0 1289 Lutetium bromide LuBr3 14456-53-2 414.679 wh hyg cry 1025 vs H2O 1290 Lutetium chloride LuCl3 10099-66-8 281.325 wh monocl cry; hyg 925 3.98 s H2O 1291 Lutetium fluoride LuF3 13760-81-1 231.962 orth cry 1182 2200 8.3 i H2O 1292 Lutetium iodide LuI3 13813-45-1 555.680 brn hex cry; hyg 1050 ≈5.6 vs H2O 1293 Lutetium nitride LuN 12125-25-6 188.974 cub cry 11.6 1294 Lutetium oxide Lu2O3 12032-20-1 397.932 wh cub cry or powder 2427 3980 9.41 TeamLRN4-67PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1295 Lutetium sulfate octahydrate Lu2(SO4)3⋅ 8H2O 13473-77-3 782.247 wh cry vs H2O 1296 Lutetium sulfide Lu2S3 12163-20-1 446.132 gray rhomb cry 1750 dec 6.26 1297 Lutetium telluride Lu2Te3 12163-22-3 732.73 orth cry 7.8 1298 Magnesium Mg 7439-95-4 24.305 silv-wh metal 650 1090 1.74 s dil acid1299 Magnesium acetate Mg(C 2H3O2)2 142-72-3 142.394 wh orth/mcl cry 323 dec 1.50 65.625 1300 Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate Mg(C2H3O2)2⋅ 4H2O 16674-78-5 214.454 col monocl cry; hyg 80 dec 1.45 65.625vs EtOH 1301 Magnesium amide Mg(NH2)2 7803-54-5 56.350 wh powder; flam dec 1.39 reac H2O 1302 Magnesium antimonide Mg3Sb2 12057-75-9 316.435 hex cry 1245 3.99 1303 Magnesium boride MgB2 12007-25-9 45.927 hex cry 800 dec 2.57 1304 Magnesium bromate hexahydrate Mg(BrO3)2⋅ 6H2O 7789-36-8 388.201 col cub cry 200 dec 2.29 9825 1305 Magnesium bromide MgBr2 7789-48-2 184.113 wh hex cry; hyg 711 3.72 10225 1306 Magnesium bromide hexahydrate MgBr2⋅ 6H2O 13446-53-2 292.204 col monocl cry 165 dec 2.0 10225s EtOH 1307 Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 546-93-0 84.314 wh hex cry 990 3.05 0.1820i EtOH; s acid 1308 Magnesium chlorate hexahydrate Mg(ClO3)2⋅ 6H2O 13446-19-0 299.298 wh hyg cry ≈35 dec 1.80 14225sl EtOH 1309 Magnesium chloride MgCl2 7786-30-3 95.210 wh hex leaflets; hyg 714 1412 2.325 56.025 1310 Magnesium chloride hexahydrate MgCl2⋅ 6H2O 7791-18-6 203.301 wh hyg cry ≈100 dec 1.56 56.025s EtOH 1311 Magnesium chromate heptahydrate MgCrO4⋅ 7H2O 13423-61-5* 266.405 yel rhom cry 1.695 54.825 1312 Magnesium fluoride MgF2 7783-40-6 62.302 wh tetr cry 1263 2227 3.148 0.01325 1313 Magnesium formate dihydrate Mg(CHO2)2⋅ 2H2O 6150-82-9 150.370 wh cry dec s H2O; i EtOH 1314 Magnesium germanide Mg2Ge 1310-52-7 121.22 cub cry 1117 3.09 1315 Magnesium hydride MgH2 7693-27-8 26.321 wh tetr cry 327 1.45 reac H2O 1316 Magnesium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate MgHPO4⋅ 3H2O 7757-86-0 174.331 wh powder 550 dec 2.13 sl H2O; s dil acid 1317 Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 1309-42-8 58.320 wh hex cry 350 2.37 0.0006920s dil acid 1318 Magnesium iodate tetrahydrate Mg(IO3)2⋅ 4H2O 7790-32-1* 446.172 col mono cry 210 dec 3.3 11.125 1319 Magnesium iodide MgI2 10377-58-9 278.114 wh hex cry; hyg 634 4.43 14625 1320 Magnesium iodide octahydrate MgI2⋅ 8H2O 7790-31-0 422.236 wh orth cry; hyg 41 dec 2.10 14625s EtOH 1321 Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 10377-60-3 148.314 wh cub cry ≈2.3 71.225 1322 Magnesium nitrate dihydrate Mg(NO3)2⋅ 2H2O 15750-45-5 184.345 wh cry ≈100 dec 1.45 71.225s EtOH 1323 Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate Mg(NO3)2⋅ 6H2O 13446-18-9 256.406 col monocl cry; hyg ≈95 dec 1.46 71.225s EtOH 1324 Magnesium nitride Mg3N2 12057-71-5 100.928 yel cub cry ≈1500 dec 2.71 1325 Magnesium nitrite trihydrate Mg(NO2)2⋅ 3H2O 15070-34-5 170.362 wh hyg prisms 100 dec 129.925s EtOH 1326 Magnesium oxalate MgC2O4 547-66-0 112.324 wh pdw 0.03825 1327 Magnesium oxalate dihydrate MgC2O4⋅ 2H2O 6150-88-5 148.354 wh powder 0.03825i EtOH; s dil acid 1328 Magnesium oxide MgO 1309-48-4 40.304 wh cub cry 2825 3600 3.6 sl H2O; i EtOH 1329 Magnesium perchlorate Mg(ClO4)2 10034-81-8 223.205 wh hyg powder 250 dec 2.2 10025 1330 Magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate Mg(ClO4)2⋅ 6H2O 13446-19-0 331.297 wh hyg cry 190 dec 1.98 10025s EtOH 1331 Magnesium permanganate hexahydrate Mg(MnO4)2⋅ 6H2O 10377-62-5 370.268 blue-blk cry dec 2.18 s H2O 1332 Magnesium peroxide MgO2 1335-26-8 56.304 wh cub cry 100 dec ≈3.0 i H2O; s dil acid 1333 Magnesium phosphate pentahydrate Mg3(PO4)2⋅ 5H2O 7757-87-1* 352.934 wh cry 400 dec 0.0000920s dil acid 1334 Magnesium phosphate octahydrate Mg3(PO4)2⋅ 8H2O 13446-23-6 406.980 wh monocl cry 2.17 0.0000920s acid 1335 Magnesium pyrophosphate trihydrate Mg2P2O7⋅ 3H2O 10102-34-8 276.600 wh powder 100 dec 2.56 i H2O; s acid 1336 Magnesium phosphide Mg3P2 12057-74-8 134.863 yel cub cry 2.06 reac H2O 1337 Magnesium selenate hexahydrate MgSeO4⋅ 6H2O 13446-28-1 275.35 wh monocl cry 1.928 55.525 1338 Magnesium selenide MgSe 1313-04-8 103.27 brn cub cry 4.2 reac H2O 1339 Magnesium selenite hexahydrate MgSeO3⋅ 6H2O 15593-61-0 259.36 col hex cry 2.09 i H2O; s dil acid 1340 Magnesium metasilicate MgSiO3 13776-74-4 100.389 wh monocl cry ≈1550 dec 3.19 i H2O; sl HF 1341 Magnesium orthosilicate Mg2SiO4 26686-77-1 140.694 wh orth cry 1897 3.21 i H2O 1342 Magnesium trisilicate Mg2Si3O8 14987-04-3 260.862 wh pow i H2O, EtOH 4-68PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1343 Magnesium hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate MgSiF6⋅ 6H2O 60950-56-3 274.472 wh cry 120 dec 1.79 39.318i EtOH 1344 Magnesium silicide Mg2Si 22831-39-6 76.696 gray cub cry 1102 1.99 reac H2O 1345 Magnesium stannide Mg2Sn 1313-08-2 167.320 blue cub cry 771 3.60 s H2O, dil HCl 1346 Magnesium sulfate MgSO4 7487-88-9 120.369 col orth cry 1127 2.66 35.725 1347 Magnesium sulfate monohydrate MgSO4⋅ H2O 14168-73-1 138.384 col monocl cry 150 dec 2.57 35.725 1348 Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate MgSO4⋅ 7H2O 10034-99-8 246.475 col orth cry 150 dec 1.67 35.725sl EtOH 1349 Magnesium sulfide MgS 12032-36-9 56.371 red-brn cub cry 2226 2.68 reac H2O 1350 Magnesium sulfite trihydrate MgSO3⋅ 3H2O 19086-20-5 158.415 col orth cry 2.12 0.7925 1351 Magnesium sulfite hexahydrate MgSO3⋅ 6H2O 13446-29-2 212.461 wh hex cry 200 dec 1.72 0.7925i EtOH 1352 Magnesium thiosulfate hexahydrate MgS2O3⋅ 6H2O 13446-30-5 244.527 col cry 170 dec 1.82 9325i EtOH 1353 Magnesium titanate MgTiO3 1312-99-8 120.170 col hex cry 1565 3.85 1354 Magnesium tungstate MgWO4 13573-11-0 272.14 wh monocl cry 6.89 0.01620i EtOH 1355 Manganese Mn 7439-96-5 54.938 hard gray metal 1246 2061 7.3 s dil acids 1356 Manganese antimonide MnSb 12032-82-5 176.698 hex cry 840 6.91357 Manganese antimonide Mn 2Sb 12032-97-2 231.636 tetr cry 948 7.0 1358 Manganese boride MnB 12045-15-7 65.749 orth cry 1890 6.451359 Manganese boride MnB 2 12228-50-1 76.560 hex cry 1827 5.3 1360 Manganese boride Mn2B 12045-16-8 120.687 red-brn tetr cry 1580 7.20 1361 Manganese carbide Mn3C 12266-65-8 176.825 refrac solid 1520 6.89 1362 Manganese carbonyl Mn2(CO)10 10170-69-1 389.977 yel monocl cry 154 1.75 i H2O; s os 1363 Manganese phosphide MnP 12032-78-9 85.912 orth cry 1147 5.49 1364 Manganese phosphide Mn2P 12333-54-9 140.850 hex cry 1327 6.0 1365 Manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate Mn(C2H3O2)2⋅ 4H2O 6156-78-1 245.087 red monocl cry 80 1.59 s H2O, EtOH 1366 Manganese(II) tetraborate octahydrate MnB4O7⋅ 8H2O 12228-91-0 354.300 red solid i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 1367 Manganese(II) bromide MnBr2 13446-03-2 214.746 pink hex cry 698 4.385 15125 1368 Manganese(II) bromide tetrahydrate MnBr2⋅ 4H2O 10031-20-6 286.808 red hyg cry 64 dec 15125 1369 Manganese(II) carbonate MnCO3 598-62-9 114.947 pink hex cry >200 dec 3.70 0.0000820s dil acid 1370 Manganese(II) chloride MnCl2 7773-01-5 125.843 pink trig cry; hyg 650 1190 2.977 77.325s py, EtOH; i eth 1371 Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate MnCl2⋅ 4H2O 13446-34-9 197.905 red monocl cry; hyg 87.5 1.913 77.325s EtOH; i eth 1372 Manganese(II) dihydrogen phosphate dihydrateMn(H2PO4)2⋅ 2H2O 18718-07-5 284.944 col hyg cry s H2O; i EtOH 1373 Manganese(II) fluoride MnF2 7782-64-1 92.935 red tetr cry 930 3.98 1.0225i EtOH 1374 Manganese(II) hydroxide Mn(OH)2 18933-05-6 88.953 pink hex cry dec 3.26 0.0003420 1375 Manganese(II) iodide MnI2 7790-33-2 308.747 wh hex cry; hyg 638 5.04 s H2O, EtOH 1376 Manganese(II) iodide tetrahydrate MnI2⋅ 4H2O 7790-33-2* 380.809 red cry vs H2O; s EtOH 1377 Manganese(II) molybdate MnMoO4 14013-15-1 214.88 yel monocl cry 4.05 1378 Manganese(II) nitrate Mn(NO3)2 10377-93-2 178.948 col orth cry; hyg 2.2 16125s diox, thf 1379 Manganese(II) nitrate hexahydrate Mn(NO3)2⋅ 6H2O 10377-66-9 287.040 rose monocl cry 28 dec 1.8 16125vs EtOH 1380 Manganese(II) nitrate tetrahydrate Mn(NO3)2⋅ 4H2O 20694-39-7 251.010 pink hyg cry 37.1 dec 2.13 16125s EtOH 1381 Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate MnC2O4⋅ 2H2O 6556-16-7 178.987 wh cry powder 150 dec 2.45 0.03220s acid 1382 Manganese(II) oxide MnO 1344-43-0 70.937 gr cub cry or powder 1839 5.37 i H2O; s acid 1383 Manganese(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Mn(ClO4)2⋅ 6H2O 15364-94-0 361.930 pink hex cry 2.10 1384 Manganese(II) pyrophosphate Mn2P2O7 53731-35-4 283.819 wh monocl cry 1196 3.71 i H2O 1385 Manganese(II) metasilicate MnSiO3 7759-00-4 131.022 red orth cry 1291 3.48 i H2O 1386 Manganese(II) orthosilicate Mn2SiO4 13568-32-6 201.960 orth cry 4.11 i H2O 1387 Manganese(II) selenide MnSe 1313-22-0 133.90 gray cub cry 1460 5.45 i H2O TeamLRN4-69PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1388 Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4 7785-87-7 151.002 wh orth cry 700 850 dec 3.25 63.725 1389 Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate MnSO4⋅ H2O 10034-96-5 169.017 red monocl cry 2.95 63.725i EtOH 1390 Manganese(II) sulfate tetrahydrate MnSO4⋅ 4H2O 10101-68-5 223.063 red monocl cry 38 dec 2.26 63.725i EtOH 1391 Manganese(II) sulfide ( αform) MnS 18820-29-6 87.004 grn cub cry 1610 4.0 i H2O; s dil acid 1392 Manganese(II) sulfide ( βform) MnS 18820-29-6 87.004 red cub cry 3.3 i H2O; s dil acid 1393 Manganese(II) sulfide ( γform) MnS 18820-29-6 87.004 red hex cry ≈3.3 i H2O; s dil acid 1394 Manganese(II) telluride MnTe 12032-88-1 182.54 hex cry ≈1150 6.0 1395 Manganese(II) titanate MnTiO3 12032-74-5 150.803 red hex cry 1360 4.55 1396 Manganese(II) tungstate MnWO4 13918-22-4 302.78 wh monocl cry 7.2 0.005420 1397 Manganese(II,III) oxide Mn3O4 1317-35-7 228.812 brn tetr cry 1567 4.84 i H2O; s HCl 1398 Manganese(III) fluoride MnF3 7783-53-1 111.933 red monocl cry; hyg >600 dec 3.54 reac H2O 1399 Manganese(III) hydroxide MnO(OH) 1332-63-4 87.945 blk monocl cry 250 dec ≈4.3 i H2O 1400 Manganese(III) oxide Mn2O3 1317-34-6 157.874 blk cub cry 1080 dec ≈5.0 i H2O 1401 Manganese(IV) oxide MnO2 1313-13-9 86.937 blk tetr cry 535 dec 5.08 i H2O, HNO3 1402 Manganese(VII) oxide Mn2O7 12057-92-0 221.872 grn oil; exp 5.9 95 exp 2.40 vs H2O 1403 Mendelevium Md 7440-11-1 258 Metal 827 1404 Mercury Hg 7439-97-6 200.59 heavy silv liq -38.837 tp 356.62 13.5336 i H2O 1405 Mercury(I) acetate Hg2(C2H3O2)2 631-60-7 519.27 col scales dec sl H2O; i EtOH, eth 1406 Mercury(I) bromate Hg2(BrO3)2 13465-33-3 656.98 col cry dec i H2O; sl acid 1407 Mercury(I) bromide Hg2Br2 15385-58-7 560.99 wh tetr cry or powder 407 7.307 i H2O, EtOH, eth 1408 Mercury(I) carbonate Hg2CO3 6824-78-8 461.19 yel-brn cry 130 dec 0.0000045 i EtOH 1409 Mercury(I) chlorate Hg2(ClO3)2 10294-44-7 568.08 wh rhom cry ≈250 dec 6.409 sl H2O; s EtOH 1410 Mercury(I) chloride Hg2Cl2 10112-91-1 472.09 wh tetr cry 525 tp 383 sp 7.16 0.000425i EtOH, eth 1411 Mercury(I) fluoride Hg2F2 13967-25-4 439.18 yel cub cry 570 dec subl 8.73 reac H2O 1412 Mercury(I) iodide Hg2I2 15385-57-6 654.99 yel amorp powder 290 7.70 i H2O, EtOH, eth 1413 Mercury(I) nitrate Hg2(NO3)2 10415-75-5 525.19 cry sl H2O 1414 Mercury(I) nitrate dihydrate Hg2(NO3)2⋅ 2H2O 7782-86-7 561.22 col cry 70 dec 4.8 sl H2O 1415 Mercury(I) nitrite Hg2(NO2)2 13492-25-6 493.19 yel cry 100 dec 7.3 reac H2O 1416 Mercury(I) oxalate Hg2C2O4 2949-11-3 489.20 cry i H2O; sl HNO3 1417 Mercury(I) oxide Hg2O 15829-53-5 417.18 prob mixture of HgO+Hg 100 dec 9.8 i H2O; s HNO3 1418 Mercury(I) perchlorate tetrahydrate Hg2(ClO4)2⋅ 4H2O 65202-12-2 672.14 cry 64 44225 1419 Mercury(I) sulfate Hg2SO4 7783-36-0 497.24 wh-yel cry powder 7.56 0.05125s dil HNO3 1420 Mercury(I) thiocyanate Hg2(SCN)2 517.35 col pow dec 0.0325s HCl, KCNS 1421 Mercury(I) tungstate Hg2WO4 38705-19-0 649.02 yel amorp solid dec i H2O, EtOH 1422 Mercury(II) acetate Hg(C2H3O2)2 1600-27-7 318.68 wh-yel cry or powder 179 dec 3.28 2510s EtOH 1423 Mercury(II) amide chloride Hg(NH2)Cl 10124-48-8 252.07 wh solid subl 5.38 i H2O, EtOH; s warm acid 1424 Mercury(II) bromate Hg(BrO3)2 26522-91-8 456.39 cry 130 dec 0.15 s acid 1425 Mercury(II) bromide HgBr2 7789-47-1 360.40 wh rhomb cry or powder 236 322 6.05 0.6125sl chl; s EtOH, MeOH 1426 Mercury(II) chlorate Hg(ClO3)2 367.49 wh needles dec 4.998 25 1427 Mercury(II) chloride HgCl2 7487-94-7 271.50 wh orth cry 276 304 5.6 7.3125sl bz; s EtOH, MeOH, ace, eth 1428 Mercury(II) chromate HgCrO4 13444-75-2 316.58 red monocl cry 6.06 sl H2O 1429 Mercury(II) cyanide Hg(CN)2 592-04-1 252.62 col tetr cry 320 dec 4.00 11.425s EtOH; sl eth 1430 Mercury(II) dichromate HgCr2O7 7789-10-8 416.58 red cry powder i H2O; s acid 1431 Mercury(II) fluoride HgF2 7783-39-3 238.59 wh cub cry; hyg 645 dec 8.95 reac H2O 1432 Mercury(II) fulminate Hg(CNO)2 628-86-4 284.62 gray cry exp 4.42 sl H2O; s EtOH, NH4OH 1433 Mercury(II) hydrogen arsenate HgHAsO4 7784-37-4 340.52 yel powder i H2O; s acid 1434 Mercury(II) iodate Hg(IO3)2 7783-32-6 550.40 wh powder 175 dec i H2O 1435 Mercury(II) iodide HgI2 7774-29-0 454.40 red tetr cry or powder 259 354 6.28 0.005525sl EtOH, ace, eth 4-70PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1436 Mercury(II) nitrate Hg(NO3)2 10045-94-0 324.60 col hyg cry 79 4.3 s H2O; i EtOH 1437 Mercury(II) nitrate dihydrate Hg(NO3)2⋅ 2H2O 10045-94-0* 360.63 monocl cry 4.78 s H2O 1438 Mercury(II) nitrate monohydrate Hg(NO3)2⋅ H2O 7783-34-8 342.62 wh-yel hyg cry 4.3 s H2O, dil acid 1439 Mercury(II) oxalate HgC2O4 3444-13-1 288.61 pwd 165 dec i H2O 1440 Mercury(II) oxide HgO 21908-53-2 216.59 red or yel orth cry 500 dec 11.14 i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 1441 Mercury(II) oxide sulfate (Hg3O2)SO4 1312-03-4 729.83 yel pow i H2O; s acid 1442 Mercury(II) oxycyanide Hg(CN)2⋅ HgO 1335-31-5 469.21 wh orth cry exp 4.44 11.425 1443 Mercury(II) perchlorate trihydrate Hg(ClO4)2⋅ 3H2O 7616-83-3 453.54 cry 1444 Mercury(II) phosphate Hg3(PO4)2 7782-66-3 791.71 wh-yel powder i H2O, EtOH; s acid 1445 Mercury(II) selenide HgSe 20601-83-6 279.55 gray cub cry subl 8.21 i H2O 1446 Mercury(II) sulfate HgSO4 7783-35-9 296.65 wh monocl cry 6.47 reac H2O 1447 Mercury(II) sulfide (black) HgS 1344-48-5 232.66 blk cub cry or powder 850 7.70 i H2O; s acid, EtOH 1448 Mercury(II) sulfide (red) HgS 1344-48-5 232.66 red hex cry trans to blk HgS 344 8.17 i H2O, acid; s aqua regia 1449 Mercury(II) telluride HgTe 12068-90-5 328.19 gray cub cry 673 8.63 1450 Mercury(II) thiocyanate Hg(SCN)2 592-85-8 316.76 monocl cry ≈165 dec 3.71 0.07025s dil HCl 1451 Mercury(II) tungstate HgWO4 37913-38-5 448.43 yel cry dec i H2O, EtOH 1452 Molybdenum Mo 7439-98-7 95.94 gray-blk metal; cub 2622 4639 10.2 i H2O, dil acid, alk 1453 Molybdenum boride Mo2B 12006-99-4 202.69 refrac tetr cry 2000 9.2 1454 Molybdenum boride Mo2B5 12007-97-5 245.94 refrac hex cry 1600 ≈7.2 1455 Molybdenum carbide MoC 12011-97-1 107.95 refrac solid; cub 2577 1456 Molybdenum carbide Mo2C 12069-89-5 203.89 gray orth cry 2687 9.18 1457 Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Mo(CO)6 13939-06-5 264.00 wh orth cry 148 155 dec 1.96 i H2O; s bz; sl eth 1458 Molybdenum nitride MoN 12033-19-1 109.95 hex cry 1750 9.20 1459 Molybdenum nitride Mo2N 12033-31-7 205.89 gray cub cry 790 dec 9.46 1460 Molybdenum phosphide MoP 12163-69-8 126.91 blk hex cry 7.341461 Molybdenum silicide MoSi 2 12136-78-6 152.11 gray tetr cry ≈1900 6.2 i H2O; s HF 1462 Molybdenum(II) bromide MoBr2 13446-56-5 255.75 yel-red cry 900 dec 1463 Molybdenum(II) chloride MoCl2 13478-17-6 166.85 yel cry 530 dec 1464 Molybdenum(II) iodide MoI2 14055-74-4 349.75 blk hyg cry 5.278 1465 Molybdenum(III) bromide MoBr3 13446-57-6 335.65 grn hex cry 977 4.89 i H2O 1466 Molybdenum(III) chloride MoCl3 13478-18-7 202.30 dark red monocl cry 1027 3.74 i H2O 1467 Molybdenum(III) fluoride MoF3 20193-58-2 152.94 brn hex cry >600 4.64 i H2O 1468 Molybdenum(III) iodide MoI3 14055-75-5 476.65 blk solid 927 i H2O 1469 Molybdenum(III) oxide Mo2O3 1313-29-7 239.88 gray-blk powder i H2O; sl acid 1470 Molybdenum(IV) bromide MoBr4 13520-59-7 415.56 blk cry dec reac H2O 1471 Molybdenum(IV) chloride MoCl4 13320-71-3 237.75 blk cry >170 dec reac H2O 1472 Molybdenum(IV) fluoride MoF4 23412-45-5 171.93 grn cry dec reac H2O 1473 Molybdenum(IV) oxide MoO2 18868-43-4 127.94 brn-viol tetr cry ≈1100 dec 6.47 sl H2O 1474 Molybdenum(IV) selenide MoSe2 12058-18-3 253.86 gray hex cry >1200 6.90 1475 Molybdenum(IV) sulfide MoS2 1317-33-5 160.07 blk powder or hex cry 1750 5.06 i H2O; s conc acid 1476 Molybdenum(IV) telluride MoTe2 12058-20-7 351.14 gray hex cry 7.7 1477 Molybdenum(V) chloride MoCl5 10241-05-1 273.20 gr-blk monocl cry; hyg 194 268 2.93 s EtOH, eth 1478 Molybdenum(V) fluoride MoF5 13819-84-6 190.93 yel monocl cry 67 213.6 3.5 1479 Molybdenum(V) oxytrichloride MoOCl3 13814-74-9 218.30 blk monocl cry 297 subl reac H2O 1480 Molybdenum(VI) acid monohydrate H2MoO4⋅ H2O 7782-91-4 179.97 wh powder 3.1 sl H2O; s alk TeamLRN4-71PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1481 Molybdenum(VI) fluoride MoF6 7783-77-9 209.93 wh cub cry or col liq; hyg 17.5 34.0 2.54 reac H2O 1482 Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride MoOF4 14459-59-7 187.93 volatile solid 98 186.0 1483 Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrachloride MoOCl4 13814-75-0 253.75 grn hyg powder 101 1484 Molybdenum(VI) dioxydichloride MoO2Cl2 13637-68-8 198.84 yel-oran solid ≈175 3.31 reac H2O 1485 Molybdenum(VI) oxide MoO3 1313-27-5 143.94 wh-yel rhomb cry 801 1155 4.70 0.1420s conc acid 1486 Molybdenum(VI) metaphosphate Mo(PO3)6 133863-98-6 569.77 yel powder 3.28 i H2O, acid 1487 Neodymium Nd 7440-00-8 144.24 silv metal; hex 1021 3074 7.01 1488 Neodymium boride NdB6 12008-23-0 209.11 blk cub cry 2610 4.93 1489 Neodymium bromide NdBr3 13536-80-6 383.95 viol orth cry; hyg 682 1540 5.3 s H2O 1490 Neodymium chloride NdCl3 10024-93-8 250.60 viol hex cry 758 1600 4.13 10025vs EtOH; i eth, chl 1491 Neodymium chloride hexahydrate NdCl3⋅ 6H2O 13477-89-9 358.69 purp cry 124 dec 2.3 10025s EtOH 1492 Neodymium fluoride NdF3 13709-42-7 201.24 viol hex cry; hyg 1377 2300 6.51 i H2O 1493 Neodymium iodide NdI3 13813-24-6 524.95 grn orth cry; hyg 784 5.85 s H2O 1494 Neodymium nitrate Nd(NO3)3 10045-95-1 330.26 viol hyg. cry 15225s EtOH 1495 Neodymium nitrate hexahydrate Nd(NO3)3⋅ 6H2O 14517-29-4 438.35 purp hyg cry 15225s EtOH, ace 1496 Neodymium nitride NdN 25764-11-8 158.25 blk cub cry 7.69 1497 Neodymium oxide Nd2O3 1313-97-9 336.48 blue hex cry; hyg 2233 3760 7.24 i H2O; s dil acid 1498 Neodymium sulfate Nd2(SO4)3 13477-91-3 576.67 pink needles ≈700 dec 7.120 1499 Nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Ni(ClO4)2⋅ 6H2O 13637-71-3* 365.685 grn hex needles 140 158.825s EtOH, ace 1500 Neodymium sulfide Nd2S3 12035-32-4 384.68 orth cry 2207 5.46 1501 Nickel(II) phosphate octahydrate Ni3(PO4)2⋅ 8H2O 10381-36-9* 510.145 grn plates s acid 1502 Nickel(II) selenate hexahydrate NiSeO4⋅ 6H2O 15060-62-5* 309.74 grn tetr cry 2.314 35.520 1503 Neodymium telluride Nd2Te3 12035-35-7 671.28 gray orth cry 1377 7.0 1504 Neon Ne 7440-01-9 20.180 col gas -248.609 tp (43 kPa) -246.053 0.825 g/L sl H2O 1505 Neptunium Np 7439-99-8 237 silv metal 644 20.2 s HCl 1506 Neptunium(IV) oxide NpO2 12035-79-9 269 grn cub cry 2547 11.1 1507 Nickel Ni 7440-02-0 58.693 wh metal; cub 1455 2913 8.90 i H2O; sl dil acid 1508 Nickel antimonide NiSb 12035-52-8 180.453 hex cry 1147 8.74 1509 Nickel arsenide NiAs 27016-75-7 133.615 hex cry 967 7.771510 Nickel boride Ni 3B 12007-02-2 186.891 refrac solid 1156 8.17 1511 Nickel boride NiB 12007-00-0 69.504 grn refrac solid 1035 7.131512 Nickel boride Ni 2B 12007-01-1 128.198 refrac solid 1125 7.90 1513 Nickel carbonyl Ni(CO)4 13463-39-3 170.734 col liq -19.3 43 (exp ≈60) 1.31 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc 1514 Nickel phosphide Ni2P 12035-64-2 148.361 hex cry 1100 7.33 1515 Nickel silicide Ni2Si 12059-14-2 145.473 orth cry 1255 7.40 1516 Nickel silicide NiSi2 12201-89-7 114.864 cub cry 993 4.83 1517 Nickel(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate Ni(NH4)2(SO4)2⋅ 6H2O 15699-18-0 394.989 blue-grn cry 1.923 6.520i EtOH 1518 Nickel(II) arsenate octahydrate Ni3(AsO4)2⋅ 8H2O 7784-48-7 598.040 yel-grn powder dec 4.98 i H2O; s acid 1519 Nickel(II) bromide NiBr2 13462-88-9 218.501 yel hex cry; hyg 963 subl 5.10 13120 1520 Nickel(II) bromide trihydrate NiBr2⋅ 3H2O 13462-88-9* 272.547 yel-grn hyg cry 200 dec vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 1521 Nickel(II) carbonate NiCO3 3333-67-3 118.702 grn rhomb cry 4.39 0.004320s dil acid 1522 Nickel(II) chloride NiCl2 7718-54-9 129.598 yel hex cry; hyg 1009 tp 985 sp 3.51 67.525s EtOH 1523 Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate NiCl2⋅ 6H2O 7791-20-0 237.689 grn monocl cry 67.525s EtOH 1524 Nickel(II) cyanide tetrahydrate Ni(CN)2⋅ 4H2O 13477-95-7 182.789 grn plates 200 dec i H2O; sl dil acid; s NH4OH 1525 Nickel(II) fluoride NiF2 10028-18-9 96.690 yel tetr cry 1474 4.7 2.5625i EtOH, eth 1526 Nickel(II) hydroxide Ni(OH)2 12054-48-7 92.708 grn hex cry 230 dec 4.1 0.0001520 1527 Nickel(II) hydroxide monohydrate Ni(OH)2⋅ H2O 36897-37-7 110.723 grn powder 0.0001520s dil acid 1528 Nickel(II) iodate Ni(IO3)2 13477-98-0 408.498 yel needles 5.07 1.130 4-72PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1529 Nickel(II) iodide NiI2 13462-90-3 312.502 blk hex cry; hyg 780 subl 5.22 15425 1530 Nickel(II) iodide hexahydrate NiI2⋅ 6H2O 7790-34-3 420.593 grn monocl cry; hyg 15425vs EtOH 1531 Nickel(II) nitrate Ni(NO3)2 13138-45-9 182.702 grn cry 99.225s EtOH 1532 Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate Ni(NO3)2⋅ 6H2O 13478-00-7 290.794 grn monocl cry; hyg 56 dec 2.05 99.225s EtOH 1533 Nickel(II) oxide NiO 1313-99-1 74.692 grn cub cry 1955 6.72 i H2O; s acid 1534 Nickel(II) selenide NiSe 1314-05-2 137.65 yel-grn hex cry 980 7.2 1535 Nickel(II) sulfate NiSO4 7786-81-4 154.757 grn-yel orth cry 840 dec 4.01 40.425 1536 Nickel(II) sulfate heptahydrate NiSO4⋅ 7H2O 10101-98-1 280.863 grn orth cry 1.98 40.425s EtOH 1537 Nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate NiSO4⋅ 6H2O 10101-97-0 262.848 blue-grn tetr cry ≈100 dec 2.07 40.425sl EtOH 1538 Nickel(II) sulfide NiS 16812-54-7 90.759 yel hex cry 976 5.5 i H2O 1539 Nickel(II) thiocyanate Ni(SCN)2 13689-92-4 174.859 grn pwd 55.025 1540 Nickel(II) titanate NiTiO3 12035-39-1 154.558 brn hex cry 5.0 1541 Nickel(II,III) sulfide Ni3S4 12137-12-1 304.344 cub cry 995 4.77 1542 Nickel(III) oxide Ni2O3 1314-06-3 165.385 gray-blk cub cry ≈600 dec i H2O; s hot acid 1543 Nickel(III) sulfide Ni3S2 12035-72-2 240.212 hex cry 787 5.87 1544 Niobium Nb 7440-03-1 92.906 gray metal; cub 2477 4744 8.57 i acid1545 Niobium boride NbB 12045-19-1 103.717 gray orth cry 2270 7.5 1546 Niobium boride NbB 2 12007-29-3 114.528 gray hex cry 3050 6.97 1547 Niobium carbide NbC 12069-94-2 104.917 gray cub cry 3608 4300 7.82 i H2O, acid 1548 Niobium carbide Nb2C 12011-99-3 197.824 refrac hex cry 3080 7.8 i H2O 1549 Niobium nitride NbN 24621-21-4 106.913 gray cry; cub 2300 8.47 i HCl, acid 1550 Niobium phosphide NbP 12034-66-1 123.880 tetr cry 6.51551 Niobium silicide NbSi 2 12034-80-9 149.077 gray hex cry 1950 5.7 1552 Niobium(II) oxide NbO 12034-57-0 108.905 gray cub cry 1936 7.301553 Niobium(III) bromide NbBr 3 15752-41-7 332.618 dark brn solid subl 1554 Niobium(III) chloride NbCl3 13569-59-0 199.264 blk solid 1555 Niobium(III) fluoride NbF3 15195-53-6 149.901 blue cub cry 4.2 1556 Niobium(IV) chloride NbCl4 13569-70-5 234.717 viol-blk monocl cry 275 subl 3.2 1557 Niobium(IV) fluoride NbF4 13842-88-1 168.900 blk tetr cry; hyg >350 dec 4.01 1558 Niobium(IV) iodide NbI4 13870-21-8 600.524 gray orth cry 503 5.6 1559 Niobium(IV) oxide NbO2 12034-59-2 124.905 wh tetr cry or powder 1901 5.9 1560 Niobium(IV) selenide NbSe2 12034-77-4 250.83 gray hex cry >1300 6.3 1561 Niobium(IV) sulfide NbS2 12136-97-9 157.038 blk rhomb cry 4.4 1562 Niobium(IV) telluride NbTe2 12034-83-2 348.11 hex cry 7.6 1563 Niobium(V) bromide NbBr5 13478-45-0 492.426 oran orth cry 254 360 4.36 s H2O, EtOH 1564 Niobium(V) chloride NbCl5 10026-12-7 270.170 yel monocl cry; hyg 204.7 254.0 2.78 reac H2O; s HCl, ctc 1565 Niobium(V) fluoride NbF5 7783-68-8 187.898 col monocl cry; hyg 80 229 2.70 reac H2O; sl CS2, chl 1566 Niobium(V) iodide NbI5 13779-92-5 727.428 yel-blk monocl cry ≈200 dec 5.32 1567 Niobium(V) oxide Nb2O5 1313-96-8 265.810 wh orth cry 1512 4.6 i H2O; s HF 1568 Niobium(V) oxybromide NbOBr3 14459-75-7 348.617 yel-brn cry ≈320 dec subl 1569 Niobium(V) oxychloride NbOCl3 13597-20-1 215.263 wh tetr cry subl 3.72 1570 Niobium(V) dioxyfluoride NbO2F 15195-33-2 143.903 wh cub cry 4.0 1571 Nitrogen N2 7727-37-9 28.013 col gas -210.0 -195.798 1.145 g/L sl H2O; i EtOH 1572 Nitramide NO2NH2 7782-94-7 62.028 unstable wh cry 72 dec s H2O, EtOH, ace, eth; i chl 1573 Nitric acid HNO3 7697-37-2 63.013 col liq; hyg -41.6 83 1.512920vs H2O TeamLRN4-73PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1574 Nitrous acid HNO2 7782-77-6 47.014 stable only in soln 1575 Nitrous oxide N2O 10024-97-2 44.012 col gas -90.8 -88.48 1.799 g/L sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 1576 Nitric oxide NO 10102-43-9 30.006 col gas -163.6 -151.74 1.226 g/L sl H2O 1577 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 10102-44-0 46.006 brn gas; equil with N2O4 see N2O4 1.880 g/L reac H2O 1578 Nitrogen trioxide N2O3 10544-73-7 76.011 blue solid or liq (low temp) -101.1 ≈3 dec 1.42reac H2O 1579 Nitrogen tetroxide N2O4 10544-72-6 92.011 col liq; equil with NO2 -9.3 21.15 1.4520reac H2O 1580 Nitrogen pentoxide N2O5 10102-03-1 108.010 col hex cry 33 sp 2.0 s chl; sl ctc 1581 Nitrogen tribromide NBr3 15162-90-0 253.719 unstable solid exp -100 1582 Nitrogen trichloride NCl3 10025-85-1 120.365 yel oily liq; exp -40 71 1.653 i H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc 1583 Nitrogen trifluoride NF3 7783-54-2 71.002 col gas -206.79 -128.75 2.902 g/L i H2O 1584 Nitrogen triiodide NI3 13444-85-4 394.720 unstable blk cry; exp 1585 Nitrogen chloride difluoride NClF2 13637-87-1 87.457 col gas -195 -67 3.575 g/L 1586 Chloramine NH2Cl 10599-90-3 51.476 yel liq -66 s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, CCl4 1587 Fluoramine NH2F 15861-05-9 35.021 unstable gas 1.431 g/L 1588 Difluoramine NHF2 10405-27-3 53.012 col gas -116 -23 2.167 g/L 1589 cis-Difluorodiazine N2F2 13812-43-6 66.010 col gas <-195 -105.75 2.698 g/L 1590 trans-Difluorodiazine N2F2 13776-62-0 66.010 col gas -172 -111.45 2.698 g/L 1591 Tetrafluorohydrazine N2F4 10036-47-2 104.007 col gas -164.5 -74 4.251 g/L 1592 Nitrosyl bromide NOBr 13444-87-6 109.910 red gas -56 ≈0 4.492 g/L reac H2O 1593 Nitrosyl chloride NOCl 2696-92-6 65.459 yel gas -59.6 -5.5 2.676 g/L reac H2O 1594 Nitrosyl fluoride NOF 7789-25-5 49.004 col gas -132.5 -59.9 2.003 g/L 1595 Trifluoramine oxide NOF3 13847-65-9 87.001 col gas -161 -87.5 3.556 g/L 1596 Nitryl chloride NO2Cl 13444-90-1 81.459 col gas -145 -15 3.330 g/L 1597 Nitryl fluoride NO2F 10022-50-1 65.004 col gas -166 -72.4 2.657 g/L reac H2O 1598 Nitrogen selenide N4Se4 12033-88-4 371.87 red monocl cry; hyg exp 4.2 i H2O, eth, EtOH; sl bz, CS2 1599 Nobelium No 10028-14-5 259 metal 827 1600 Osmium Os 7440-04-2 190.23 blue-wh metal; hex 3033 5012 22.59 s aqua regia1601 Osmium carbonyl Os 3(CO)12 15696-40-9 906.81 yel cry 3.48 1602 Osmium(III) bromide OsBr3 59201-51-3 429.94 dark gray cry 340 dec 1603 Osmium(III) chloride OsCl3 13444-93-4 296.59 gray cub cry >450 dec i H2O; s HNO3 1604 Osmium(IV) chloride OsCl4 10026-01-4 332.04 red-blk orth cry 450 sp 4.38 reac H2O 1605 Osmium(IV) fluoride OsF4 54120-05-7 266.22 yel cry 230 1606 Osmium(IV) oxide OsO2 12036-02-1 222.23 yel-brn tetr cry 11.4 i H2O, acid 1607 Osmium(V) fluoride OsF5 31576-40-6 285.22 blue cry 70 225.9 reac H2O 1608 Osmium(VI) fluoride OsF6 13768-38-2 304.22 yel cub cry 33.2 47.5 4.1 reac H2O 1609 Osmium(VIII) oxide OsO4 20816-12-0 254.23 yel monocl cry 41 135 5.1 6.4420 1610 Oxygen O2 7782-44-7 31.999 col gas -218.79 -182.953 1.308 g/L sl H2O, EtOH, os 1611 Ozone O3 10028-15-6 47.998 blue gas -193 -111.35 1.962 g/L sl H2O 1612 Palladium Pd 7440-05-3 106.42 silv-wh metal; cub 1554.8 2963 12.0 s aqua regia 1613 Palladium(II) sulfide PdS 12125-22-3 138.49 gray tetr cry 6.71614 Palladium(II) bromide PdBr 2 13444-94-5 266.23 red-blk monocl cry; hyg 250 dec ≈5.2 i H2O 1615 Palladium(II) chloride PdCl2 7647-10-1 177.33 red rhomb cry; hyg 679 4.0 s H2O, EtOH, ace 1616 Palladium(II) fluoride PdF2 13444-96-7 144.42 viol tetr cry; hyg 952 5.76 reac H2O 1617 Palladium(II) iodide PdI2 7790-38-7 360.23 blk cry 360 dec 6.0 i H2O, EtOH, eth 1618 Palladium(II) nitrate Pd(NO3)2 10102-05-3 230.43 brn hyg cry dec sl H2O; s dil HNO3 1619 Palladium(II) oxide PdO 1314-08-5 122.42 grn-blk tetr cry 750 dec 8.3 i H2O, acid; sl aqua regia 1620 Phosphorus (white) P 7723-14-0 30.974 col waxlike cub cry 44.15 280.5 1.823 i H2O; sl bz, EtOH, chl; s CS2 1621 Phosphorus (red) P 7723-14-0 30.974 red-viol amorp powder 590 tp 431 sp 2.16 i H2O, os 4-74PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1622 Phosphorus (black) P 7723-14-0 30.974 blk orth cry or amorp solid 610 2.69 i os 1623 Phosphine PH3 7803-51-2 33.998 col gas; flam -133.8 -87.75 1.390 g/L i H2O; sl EtOH, eth 1624 Diphosphine P2H4 13445-50-6 65.980 col liq -99 63.5 dec reac H2O 1625 Diphosphorus tetrachloride P2Cl4 13497-91-1 203.759 col oily liq -28 ≈180 dec 1626 Diphosphorus tetrafluoride P2F4 13824-74-3 137.942 col gas -86.5 -6.2 5.638 g/L 1627 Diphosphorus tetraiodide P2I4 13455-00-0 569.566 red tricl needles 125.5 dec 3.89 1628 Phosphonium chloride PH4Cl 24567-53-1 70.459 gas -27 sp 2.880 g/L reac H2O 1629 Phosphonium iodide PH4I 12125-09-6 161.910 col tetr cry 18.5 62.5 2.86 reac H2O, EtOH 1630 Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid) H3PO4 7664-38-2 97.995 col visc liq 42.4 407 54820s EtOH 1631 Phosphonic acid (phosphorous acid) H3PO3 13598-36-2 81.996 wh hyg cry 74.4 200 1.65 3090vs EtOH 1632 Phosphinic acid (hypophosphorous acid) HPH2O2 6303-21-5 65.997 hyg cry or col oily liq 26.5 130 1.49 vs H2O, EtOH, eth 1633 Metaphosphoric acid HPO3 37267-86-0 79.980 gl solid; hyg sl H2O; s EtOH 1634 Hypophosphoric acid H4P2O6 7803-60-3 161.976 col orth cry 73 dec vs H2O 1635 Diphosphoric acid (pyrophosphoric acid) H4P2O7 2466-09-3 177.975 wh cry 71.5 70923 1636 Difluorophosphoric acid HPO2F2 13779-41-4 101.978 col liq ≈-94 110 dec 1.583 reac H2O 1637 Hexafluorophosphoric acid HPF6 16940-81-1 145.972 col oily liq 25 dec reac H2O 1638 Fluorophosphonic acid H2PFO3 13537-32-1 99.986 col visc liq <-70 1.82 vs H2O 1639 Phosphorus nitride P3N5 12136-91-3 162.955 yel-brn solid 800 dec i H2O; s os 1640 Phosphorus sesquisulfide P4S3 1314-85-8 220.093 yel-grn orth cry 172.5 407 2.03 i H2O; s bz; vs CS2 1641 Phosphorus heptasulfide P4S7 12037-82-0 348.357 pale yel monocl cry 312 523 2.19 sl CS2 1642 Phosphonitrilic chloride trimer (PNCl2)3 940-71-6 347.657 wh hyg cry 128.8 1.98 reac H2O 1643 Phosphorus(III) bromide PBr3 7789-60-8 270.686 col liq -41.5 173.2 2.8 reac H2O, EtOH; s ace, CS2 1644 Phosphorus(III) dibromide fluoride PBr2F 15597-39-4 209.780 col liq -115 78.5 1645 Phosphorus(III) bromide difluoride PBrF2 15597-40-7 148.875 col gas -133.8 -16.1 6.085 g/L 1646 Phosphorus(III) chloride PCl3 7719-12-2 137.332 col liq -93.6 76.1 1.574 reac H2O, EtOH; s bz, chl, eth 1647 Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride PCl2F 15597-63-4 120.877 col gas -144 13.85 4.941 g/L 1648 Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride PClF2 14335-40-1 104.424 col gas -164.8 -47.3 4.268 g/L 1649 Phosphorus(III) fluoride PF3 7783-55-3 87.969 col gas -151.5 -101.8 3.596 g/L reac H2O 1650 Phosphorus(III) iodide PI3 13455-01-1 411.687 red-oran hex cry; hyg 61.2 227 dec 4.18 reac H2O; s EtOH 1651 Phosphorus(III) oxide P2O3 1314-24-5 109.946 col monocl cry or liq 23.8 173 2.13 reac H2O 1652 Tetraphosphorus(III) hexoxide P4O6 12440-00-5 219.891 soft wh cry 23.8 175.4 1653 Phosphorus(III) selenide P2Se3 1314-86-9 298.83 oran-red cry 245 ≈380 1.31 reac H2O; s bz, ctc, CS2, ace 1654 Phosphorus(III) sulfide P2S3 12165-69-4 158.146 yel solid 290 490 reac H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 1655 Phosphorus(V) bromide PBr5 7789-69-7 430.494 yel orth cry, Donnay ≈100 dec 3.61 reac H2O, EtOH; s CS2, ctc 1656 Phosphorus(V) tetrabromide fluoride PBr4F 369.588 pale yel cry 87 dec 1657 Phosphorus(V) dibromide trifluoride PBr2F3 13445-58-4 247.777 yel-red liq -20 15 dec 1658 Phosphorus(V) chloride PCl5 10026-13-8 208.238 wh-yel tetr cry; hyg 167 tp 160 sp 2.1 reac H2O; s CS2, ctc 1659 Phosphorus(V) tetrachloride fluoride PCl4F 13498-11-8 191.783 col liq -59 30 dec 1660 Phosphorus(V) trichloride difluoride PCl3F2 158704-27-9 175.329 col liq -63 1661 Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride PCl2F3 13454-99-4 158.874 col gas -125 7.1 6.494 g/L 1662 Phosphorus(V) chloride tetrafluoride PClF4 142.421 col gas -132 -43.4 5.821 g/L 1663 Phosphorus(V) fluoride PF5 7647-19-0 125.966 col gas -93.8 -84.6 5.149 g/L reac H2O 1664 Phosphorus(V) oxide P2O5 1314-56-3 141.945 wh orth cry; hyg 562 605 2.30 reac H2O, EtOH 1665 Phosphorus(V) selenide P2Se5 1314-82-5 456.75 blk-purp amorp solid reac hot H2O, ctc; i CS2 1666 Phosphorus(V) sulfide P2S5 1314-80-3 222.278 grn-yel hyg cry 285 515 2.03 reac H2O; s CS2 TeamLRN4-75PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1667 Phosphonic difluoride POF2H 14939-34-5 85.978 volatile liq >-120 ≈60 (gas unstab) 1668 Phosphoric tribromide (phosphoryl bromide)POBr3 7789-59-5 286.685 faint oran plates 55 191.7 2.822 reac H2O; s bz, eth, chl 1669 Phosphoric dibromide chloride POBr2Cl 13550-31-7 242.234 yel solid 31 165 1670 Phosphoric dibromide fluoride POBr2F 14014-19-8 225.779 col liq -117.2 110.1 1671 Phosphoric bromide dichloride POBrCl2 13455-03-3 197.782 col liq 11 136.5 2.10414 1672 Phosphoric bromide difluoride POBrF2 14014-18-7 164.874 col liq -84.8 31.6 1673 Phosphoric bromide chloride fluoride POBrClF 14518-81-1 181.328 col liq 791674 Phosphoric trichloride (phosphoryl chloride)POCl 3 10025-87-3 153.331 col liq 1.18 105.5 1.645 reac H2O, EtOH 1675 Phosphoric dichloride fluoride POCl2F 13769-76-1 136.876 col liq -80.1 52.9 1676 Phosphoric chloride difluoride POClF2 13769-75-0 120.423 col gas -96.4 3.1 4.922 g/L 1677 Phosphoric trifluoride (phosphoryl fluoride) POF3 13478-20-1 103.968 col gas -39.1 tp -39.7 sp 4.250 g/L reac H2O 1678 Phosphoric triodide (phosphoryl iodide) POI3 13455-04-4 427.686 viol cry 53 1679 Phosphorothioc tribromide PSBr3 3931-89-3 302.752 yel cry 37.8 212 dec 2.85 1680 Phosphorothioc dibromide fluoride PSBr2F 13706-10-0 241.846 yel liq -75.2 125.3 1681 Phosphorothioc bromide difluoride PSBrF2 13706-09-7 180.941 yel liq -136.9 35.5 1682 Phosphorothioc trichloride PSCl3 3982-91-0 169.398 fuming liq -36.2 125 1.635 reac H2O; s bz, ctc, chl, CS2 1683 Phosphorothioc dichloride fluoride PSCl2F 155698-29-6 152.943 col liq -96.0 64.7 1684 Phosphorothioc chloride difluoride PSClF2 2524-02-9 136.490 col gas -155.2 6.3 5.579 g/L 1685 Phosphorothioc trifluoride PSF3 2404-52-6 120.035 col gas -148.8 -52.25 4.906 g/L 1686 Phosphorothioc triiodide PSI3 63972-04-3 443.753 yel cry 48 dec 1687 Platinum Pt 7440-06-4 195.08 silv-gray metal; cub 1768.2 3825 21.5 i acid; s aqua regia1688 Platinum(II) bromide PtBr 2 13455-12-4 354.89 red-brn powder 250 dec 6.65 i H2O 1689 Platinum(II) chloride PtCl2 10025-65-7 265.98 grn hex cry 581 dec 6.0 i H2O, EtOH, eth; s HCl 1690 Platinum(II) iodide PtI2 7790-39-8 448.89 blk powder 325 dec 6.4 i H2O 1691 Platinum(II) oxide PtO 12035-82-4 211.08 blk tetr cry 325 dec 14.1 i H2O, EtOH; s aqua regia 1692 Platinum(II) sulfide PtS 12038-20-9 227.14 tetr cry 10.25 1693 Platinum(III) bromide PtBr3 25985-07-3 434.79 grn-blk cry 200 dec 1694 Platinum(III) chloride PtCl3 25909-39-1 301.44 grn-blk cry 435 dec 5.26 1695 Platinum(IV) bromide PtBr4 68938-92-1 514.69 brn-blk cry 180 dec 0.4120sl EtOH, eth 1696 Platinum(IV) chloride PtCl4 37773-49-2 336.89 red-brn cub cry 327 dec 4.30 14225 1697 Platinum(IV) chloride pentahydrate PtCl4⋅ 5H2O 13454-96-1 426.97 red cry 2.43 s H2O, EtOH 1698 Platinum(IV) fluoride PtF4 13455-15-7 271.07 red cry 600 1699 Platinum(IV) iodide PtI4 7790-46-7 702.70 brn-blk powder 130 dec s H2O 1700 Platinum(IV) oxide PtO2 1314-15-4 227.08 blk hex cry 450 11.8 i H2O; s conc acid, dil alk 1701 Platinum(IV) sulfide PtS2 12038-21-0 259.21 hex cry 7.85 1702 Platinum(VI) fluoride PtF6 13693-05-5 309.07 red cub cry 61.3 69.1 ≈4.0 1703 cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum Pt(NH3)2Cl2 15663-27-1 300.04 yel solid 270 dec 0.25325 1704 trans-Diamminedichloroplatinum Pt(NH3)2Cl2 14913-33-8 300.04 pale yel solid 270 dec 0.03625s DMF, DMSO 1705 Hexachloroplatinic acid hexahydrate H2PtCl6⋅ 6H2O 16941-12-1 517.90 brn-yel hyg cry 60 2.43 14018vs EtOH 1706 Platinum silicide PtSi 12137-83-6 223.16 orth cry 1229 12.4 1707 Plutonium Pu 7440-07-5 244 silv-wh metal; monocl 640 3228 19.71708 Plutonium nitride PuN 12033-54-4 258 gray cub cry 2550 14.41709 Plutonium(II) oxide PuO 12035-83-5 260 cub cry 14.01710 Plutonium(III) bromide PuBr 3 15752-46-2 484 grn orth cry 681 6.75 s H2O 1711 Plutonium(III) chloride PuCl3 13569-62-5 350 grn hex cry 760 5.71 s H2O 1712 Plutonium(III) fluoride PuF3 13842-83-6 301 purp hex cry 1396 9.33 i H2O; sl acid 4-76PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1713 Plutonium(III) iodide PuI3 13813-46-2 625 grn orth cry; hyg 777 6.92 s H2O 1714 Plutonium(III) oxide Pu2O3 12036-34-9 536 blk cub cry 10.5 1715 Plutonium(IV) fluoride PuF4 13709-56-3 320 red-brn monocl cry 1027 7.1 1716 Plutonium(IV) oxide PuO2 12059-95-9 276 yel-brn cub cry 2400 11.5 1717 Plutonium(VI) fluoride PuF6 13693-06-6 358 red-brn orth cry 52 5.08 1718 Polonium Po 7440-08-6 209 silv metal; cub 254 962 9.201719 Polonium(IV) chloride PoCl 4 10026-02-5 351 yel hyg cry ≈300 390 s H2O, EtOH, ace 1720 Polonium(IV) oxide PoO2 7446-06-2 241 yel cub cry 500 dec 8.9 1721 Potassium K 7440-09-7 39.098 soft silv-wh metal; cub 63.5 759 0.89 reac H2O 1722 Potassium acetate KC2H3O2 127-08-2 98.142 wh hyg cry 309 1.57 26925s EtOH; i eth 1723 Potassium aluminate trihydrate K2Al2O4⋅ 3H2O 12003-63-3* 250.204 wh orth cry 2.13 vs H2O; i EtOH 1724 Potassium aluminum silicate KAlSi3O8 1327-44-2 278.332 col monocl cry 2.56 i H2O 1725 Potassium aluminum sulfate KAl(SO4)2 10043-67-1 258.207 wh hyg powder 5.920 1726 Potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate KAl(SO4)2⋅ 12H2O 7784-24-9 474.391 col cry ≈100 dec 1.72 5.920 1727 Potassium amide KNH2 17242-52-3 55.121 wh/yel-grn hyg cry 335 reac H2O, EtOH 1728 Potassium arsenate K3AsO4 13464-36-3 256.215 col cry 2.8 12525 1729 Potassium arsenite KAsO2 13464-35-2 146.019 wh hyg pow s H2O; sl EtOH 1730 Potassium azide KN3 20762-60-1 81.118 tetr cry; exp 2.04 49.717 1731 Potassium borohydride KBH4 13762-51-1 53.941 wh cub cry ≈500 dec 1.11 s H2O 1732 Potassium bromate KBrO3 7758-01-2 167.000 wh hex cry 434 dec 3.27 8.1725i EtOH 1733 Potassium bromide KBr 7758-02-3 119.002 col cub cry; hyg 734 1435 2.74 67.825sl EtOH 1734 Potassium carbonate K2CO3 584-08-7 138.206 wh monocl cry; hyg 898 dec 2.29 11125i EtOH 1735 Potassium carbonate sesquihydrate K2CO3⋅ 1.5H2O 6381-79-9 165.229 granular cry 11120 1736 Potassium chlorate KClO3 3811-04-9 122.549 wh monocl cry 368 dec 2.32 8.6125 1737 Potassium chloride KCl 7447-40-7 74.551 wh cub cry 771 1.988 35.525i eth, ace 1738 Potassium chromate K2CrO4 7789-00-6 194.191 yel orth cry 975 2.73 65.025 1739 Potassium cyanate KCNO 590-28-3 81.115 wh tetr cry ≈700 dec 2.05 7525sl EtOH 1740 Potassium cyanide KCN 151-50-8 65.116 wh cub cry; hyg 634 1.55 69.920sl EtOH 1741 Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 7778-50-9 294.185 oran-red tricl cry 398 ≈500 dec 2.68 15.125 1742 Potassium dihydrogen arsenate KH2AsO4 7784-41-0 180.034 col cry 288 2.87 196i EtOH 1743 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4 7778-77-0 136.085 wh tetr cry 253 2.34 25.025sl EtOH 1744 Potassium ferricyanide K3Fe(CN)6 13746-66-2 329.244 red cry dec 1.89 48.825 1745 Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate K4Fe(CN)6⋅ 3H2O 14459-95-1 422.388 yel monocl cry 60 dec 1.85 36.025i EtOH, eth 1746 Potassium fluoride KF 7789-23-3 58.096 wh cub cry 858 1502 2.48 10225 1747 Potassium fluoride dihydrate KF ⋅ 2H2O 13455-21-5 94.127 monocl cry 41 dec 2.5 10225 1748 Potassium fluoroborate KBF4 14075-53-7 125.903 col orth cry 530 2.505 0.5525sl EtOH 1749 Potassium fluorotantalate K2TaF7 16924-00-8 392.134 col cry 730 5.24 0.50 1750 Potassium formate KCHO2 590-29-4 84.116 col hyg cry 167 1.91 33118 1751 Potassium hexachloroosmate(IV) K2OsCl6 16871-60-6 481.14 red cub cry vs H2O; sl EtOH 1752 Potassium hexachloroplatinate K2PtCl6 16921-30-5 485.99 yel-oran cub cry 250 dec 3.50 0.7720i EtOH 1753 Potassium hexacyanocobaltate K3Co(CN)6 13963-58-1 332.332 yel monocl cry dec 1.91 vs H2O; i EtOH 1754 Potassium hexafluoromanganate(IV) K2MnF6 16962-31-5 247.125 yel hex cry reac H2O 1755 Potassium hexafluorosilicate K2SiF6 16871-90-2 220.273 wh cry dec 2.27 0.08420i EtOH 1756 Potassium hexafluorozirconate(IV) K2ZrF6 16923-95-8 283.411 col mono cry 3.48 0.782 1757 Potassium hydride KH 7693-26-7 40.106 cub cry 1.43 reac H2O TeamLRN4-77PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1758 Potassium hydrogen arsenate K2HAsO4 21093-83-4 218.125 col mono prisms 300 dec 18.76i EtOH 1759 Potassium hydrogen arsenite KAsO2⋅ HAsO2 10124-50-2 253.947 wh hyg powder s H2O 1760 Potassium hydrogen carbonate KHCO3 298-14-6 100.115 col monocl cry ≈100 dec 2.17 36.225i EtOH 1761 Potassium hydrogen fluoride KHF2 7789-29-9 78.103 col tetr cry 238.9 2.37 39.220i EtOH 1762 Potassium hydrogen phosphate K2HPO4 7758-11-4 174.176 wh hyg cry dec 16825s EtOH 1763 Potassium hydrogen phosphite K2HPO3 13492-26-7 158.177 wh hyg powder dec 17020i EtOH 1764 Potassium hydrogen selenite KHSeO3 7782-70-9 167.06 hyg orth cry >100 dec s H2O; sl EtOH 1765 Potassium hydrogen sulfate KHSO4 7646-93-7 136.170 wh monocl cry; hyg ≈200 2.32 50.625 1766 Potassium hydrogen sulfide KHS 1310-61-8 72.172 wh hex cry; hyg ≈450 1.69 s H2O, EtOH 1767 Potassium hydrogen sulfide hemihydrate KHS ⋅ 0.5H2O 1310-61-8* 81.179 wh-yel hyg cry ≈175 1.7 vs H2O, EtOH 1768 Potassium hydrogen sulfite KHSO3 7773-03-7 120.170 wh cry powder 190 dec 4920i EtOH 1769 Potassium hydrogen tartrate KHC4H4O6 868-14-4 188.177 wh cry 1.98 0.5720s acid, alk; i EtOH 1770 Potassium hydroxide KOH 1310-58-3 56.105 wh rhomb cry; hyg 406 1327 2.044 12125s EtOH; s MeOH 1771 Potassium hypophosphite KH2PO2 7782-87-8 104.087 wh hyg cry dec vs H2O; s EtOH 1772 Potassium iodate KIO3 7758-05-6 214.001 wh monocl cry 560 dec 3.89 9.2225 1773 Potassium iodide KI 7681-11-0 166.003 col cub cry 681 1323 3.12 14825sl EtOH 1774 Potassium iron(III) oxalate trihydrate K3Fe(C2O4)3⋅ 3H2O 491.243 grn mono cry 100 230 dec 2.133 4.70i EtOH 1775 Potassium manganate K2MnO4 10294-64-1 197.133 grn cry 190 dec s H2O; reac HCl 1776 Potassium metaarsenate KAsO3 19197-73-0 162.018 wh solid 660 1777 Potassium metabisulfite K2S2O5 16731-55-8 222.326 wh powder ≈150 dec 2.3 49.525reac acid; i EtOH 1778 Potassium metaborate KBO2 13709-94-9 81.908 wh hex cry ≈2.3 1779 Potassium molybdate K2MoO4 13446-49-6 238.14 wh hyg cry 919 2.3 18325i EtOH 1780 Potassium niobate KNbO3 12030-85-2 180.002 wh rhomb cry ≈1100 4.64 i H2O 1781 Potassium nitrate KNO3 7757-79-1 101.103 col rhomb cry or powder 337 400 dec 2.11 38.325i EtOH 1782 Potassium nitrite KNO2 7758-09-0 85.104 wh hyg cry 441 537 exp 1.915 31225sl EtOH 1783 Potassium oxalate K2C2O4 583-52-8 166.216 wh pwd sl H2O 1784 Potassium oxalate monohydrate K2C2O4⋅ H2O 6487-48-5 184.231 col cry 160 dec 2.13 36.420 1785 Potassium oxide K2O 12136-45-7 94.196 gray cub cry 350 dec 2.35 s H2O, EtOH, eth 1786 Potassium perbromate KBrO4 22207-96-1 183.000 wh cry 275 dec 4.2125 1787 Potassium perchlorate KClO4 7778-74-7 138.549 col orth cry; hyg 525 2.52 2.0825 1788 Potassium periodate KIO4 7790-21-8 230.001 col tetr cry 582 exp 3.618 0.5125 1789 Potassium permanganate KMnO4 7722-64-7 158.034 purp orth cry dec 2.7 7.6025reac EtOH 1790 Potassium peroxide K2O2 17014-71-0 110.196 yel amorp solid 490 reac H2O 1791 Potassium persulfate K2S2O8 7727-21-1 270.324 col cry ≈100 dec 2.48 4.720 1792 Potassium phosphate K3PO4 7778-53-2 212.266 wh orth cry; hyg 1340 2.564 10625i EtOH 1793 Potassium pyrophosphate trihydrate K4P2O7⋅ 3H2O 7320-34-5* 384.383 col hyg cry 1090 2.33 vs H2O; i EtOH 1794 Potassium pyrosulfate K2S2O7 7790-62-7 254.325 col needles ≈325 2.28 s H2O 1795 Potassium selenate K2SeO4 7790-59-2 221.16 wh powder 3.07 11425 1796 Potassium selenide K2Se 1312-74-9 157.16 red cub cry; hyg 800 2.29 s H2O 1797 Potassium selenite K2SeO3 10431-47-7 205.16 wh hyg cry 875 dec 21725sl EtOH 1798 Potassium silver cyanide KAg(CN)2 506-61-6 199.000 wh cry s H2O 1799 Potassium stannate trihydrate K2SnO3⋅ 3H2O 12142-33-5* 298.951 col cry 3.20 vs H2O; i EtOH 1800 Potassium sulfate K2SO4 7778-80-5 174.261 wh orth cry 1069 2.66 12.025i EtOH 1801 Potassium sulfide K2S 1312-73-8 110.263 red-yel cub cry; hyg 948 1.74 s H2O, EtOH; i eth 1802 Potassium sulfide pentahydrate K2S⋅ 5H2O 37248-34-3 200.339 col rhomb cry 60 vs H2O, EtOH; i eth 1803 Potassium sulfite K2SO3 10117-38-1 158.261 col hex cry 10625sl EtOH 1804 Potassium sulfite dihydrate K2SO3⋅ 2H2O 7790-56-9 194.292 wh monocl cry dec 10720sl EtOH; dec dil acid 1805 Potassium superoxide KO2 12030-88-5 71.097 yel tetr cry; hyg 380 2.16 reac H2O 4-78PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1806 Potassium tellurate(VI) trihydrate K2TeO4⋅ 3H2O 15571-91-2* 323.84 wh cry powder s H2O 1807 Potassium tellurite K2TeO3 7790-58-1 253.80 wh hyg cry ≈460 dec vs H2O 1808 Potassium tetraborate pentahydrate K2B4O7⋅ 5H2O 1332-77-0 323.513 wh cry powder 16.530sl EtOH 1809 Potassium tetrachloroaurate dihydrate KAuCl4⋅ 2H2O 13682-61-6 413.907 yel monocl cry s H2O, EtOH, eth 1810 Potassium tetrachloroplatinate K2PtCl4 10025-99-7 415.09 pink-red tetr cry 500 dec 3.38 s H2O; i EtOH 1811 Potassium tetracyanoplatinate(II) trihydrate K2Pt(CN)4⋅ 3H2O 562-76-5* 431.39 col rhomb prisms s H2O 1812 Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) K2HgI4 7783-33-7 786.40 yel hyg cry 4.29 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 1813 Potassium thiocyanate KSCN 333-20-0 97.182 col tetr cry; hyg 173 500 dec 1.88 23825s EtOH 1814 Potassium thiosulfate K2S2O3 10294-66-3 190.327 col hyg cry 16525i EtOH 1815 Potassium titanate K2TiO3 12030-97-6 174.062 wh orth cry 1515 3.1 reac H2O 1816 Potassium triiodide monohydrate KI3⋅ H2O 7790-42-3 437.827 brn monocl cry; hyg 225 dec 3.5 s H2O; reac EtOH, eth 1817 Potassium thiocarbonate K2CS3 26750-66-3 186.406 yel-red hyg cry vs H2O 1818 Potassium tungstate K2WO4 7790-60-5 326.04 hyg cry 921 3.12 vs H2O; i EtOH 1819 Potassium uranate K2U2O7 7790-63-8 666.251 oran cub cry 6.12 i H2O; s acid 1820 Praseodymium Pr 7440-10-0 140.908 silv metal; hex 931 3520 6.77 1821 Praseodymium boride PrB6 12008-27-4 205.774 blk cub cry 2610 4.84 1822 Praseodymium bromide PrBr3 13536-53-3 380.620 grn hex cry; hyg 693 5.28 s H2O 1823 Praseodymium chloride PrCl3 10361-79-2 247.266 grn hex needles; hyg 786 4.0 96.125s EtOH 1824 Praseodymium chloride heptahydrate PrCl3⋅ 7H2O 10025-90-8 373.373 grn cry 110 dec 96.125s EtOH 1825 Praseodymium fluoride PrF3 13709-46-1 197.903 grn hex cry 1395 6.3 1826 Praseodymium iodide PrI3 13813-23-5 521.621 orth hyg cry 737 ≈5.8 s H2O 1827 Praseodymium nitrate Pr(NO3)3 10361-80-5 326.923 pale grn hyg cry 16525s EtOH 1828 Praseodymium nitrate hexahydrate Pr(NO3)3⋅ 6H2O 15878-77-0 435.014 grn needles 16525s EtOH, ace 1829 Praseodymium nitride PrN 25764-09-4 154.915 cub cry 7.46 1830 Praseodymium oxide Pr2O3 12036-32-7 329.813 wh hex cry 2183 3760 6.9 1831 Praseodymium silicide PrSi2 12066-83-0 197.079 tetr cry 1712 5.46 1832 Praseodymium sulfide Pr2S3 12038-13-0 378.013 cub cry 1765 5.1 1833 Praseodymium telluride Pr2Te3 12038-12-9 664.62 cub cry 1500 ≈7.0 1834 Promethium Pm 7440-12-2 145 silv metal; hex 1042 3000 7.26 1835 Protactinium Pa 7440-13-3 231.036 shiny metal; tetr or cub 1572 15.41836 Protactinium(V) chloride PaCl 5 13760-41-3 408.300 yel monocl cry 306 3.74 1837 Radium Ra 7440-14-4 226 wh metal; cub 700 51838 Radium bromide RaBr 2 10031-23-9 386 wh orth cry 728 5.79 70.620s EtOH 1839 Radium chloride RaCl2 10025-66-8 297 wh orth cry 1000 4.9 24.520s EtOH 1840 Radium fluoride RaF2 20610-49-5 264 wh cub cry 6.7 1841 Radium nitrate Ra(NO3)2 10213-12-4 350 cry 13.9 1842 Radium sulfate RaSO4 7446-16-4 322 wh cry i H2O, acid 1843 Radon Rn 10043-92-2 222 col gas -71 -61.7 9.074 g/L sl H2O 1844 Rhenium Re 7440-15-5 186.207 silv-gray metal 3186 5596 20.8 i HCl 1845 Perrhenic acid HReO4 13768-11-1 251.213 exists only in soln vs H2O, os 1846 Rhenium carbonyl Re2(CO)10 14285-68-8 652.515 yel-wh cry 170 dec 2.87 s os 1847 Rhenium(III) bromide ReBr3 13569-49-8 425.919 red-brn monocl cry 500 subl 6.10 s ace, MeOH, EtOH 1848 Rhenium(III) chloride ReCl3 13569-63-6 292.565 red-blk hyg cry 500 dec 4.81 s H2O 1849 Rhenium(III) iodide ReI3 15622-42-1 566.920 blk solid dec 1850 Rhenium(IV) chloride ReCl4 13569-71-6 328.018 purp-blk cry; hyg 300 dec 4.9 TeamLRN4-79PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1851 Rhenium(IV) fluoride ReF4 15192-42-4 262.201 blue tetr cry >300 subl 7.49 1852 Rhenium(IV) oxide ReO2 12036-09-8 218.206 gray orth cry 900 dec 11.4 1853 Rhenium(IV) sulfide ReS2 12038-63-0 250.339 tricl cry 7.6 1854 Rhenium(IV) telluride ReTe2 12067-00-4 441.41 orth cry 8.50 1855 Rhenium(V) bromide ReBr5 30937-53-2 585.727 brn solid 110 dec 1856 Rhenium(V) chloride ReCl5 39368-69-9 363.471 brn-blk solid 220 4.9 reac H2O 1857 Rhenium(V) fluoride ReF5 30937-52-1 281.199 yel-grn solid 48 221.3 1858 Rhenium(V) oxide Re2O5 12165-05-8 452.411 blue-blk tetr cry ≈7 1859 Rhenium(VI) chloride ReCl6 31234-26-1 398.923 red-grn solid 29 1860 Rhenium(VI) dioxydifluoride ReO2F2 81155-18-2 256.203 col cry 156 1861 Rhenium(VI) fluoride ReF6 10049-17-9 300.197 yel liq or cub cry 18.5 33.8 4.06(cry) s HNO3 1862 Rhenium(VI) oxide ReO3 1314-28-9 234.205 redcub cry 400 dec 6.9 i H2O, acid, alk 1863 Rhenium(VI) oxytetrachloride ReOCl4 13814-76-1 344.017 brn cry 29.3 223 reac H2O 1864 Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride ReOF4 17026-29-8 278.200 blue solid 108 171.7 1865 Rhenium(VII) fluoride ReF7 17029-21-9 319.196 yel cub cry 48.3 73.7 4.32 1866 Rhenium(VII) oxide Re2O7 1314-68-7 484.410 yel hyg cry 297 360 6.10 s H2O, EtOH, eth, diox, py 1867 Rhenium(VII) trioxychloride ReO3Cl 7791-09-5 269.658 col liq 4.5 128 3.87 reac H2O 1868 Rhenium(VII) trioxyfluoride ReO3F 42246-24-2 253.203 yel solid 147 164 1869 Rhenium(VII) dioxytrifluoride ReO2F3 57246-89-6 275.201 yel solid 90 185.4 reac H2O 1870 Rhenium(VII) oxypentafluoride ReOF5 23377-53-9 297.198 cream solid 43.8 73.0 1871 Rhenium(VII) sulfide Re2S7 12038-67-4 596.876 brn-blk tetr cry 4.87 i H2O 1872 Rhodium Rh 7440-16-6 102.906 silv-wh metal; cub 1963 3695 12.4 i acid, sl aqua regia 1873 Rhodium carbonyl chloride [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 14523-22-9 388.757 red-oran cry 124 s os 1874 Rhodium dodecacarbonyl Rh4(CO)12 19584-30-6 747.743 red hyg cry 2.52 reac H2O 1875 Rhodium(III) chloride RhCl3 10049-07-7 209.264 red monocl cry 717 5.38 i H2O; s alk 1876 Rhodium(III) fluoride RhF3 60804-25-3 159.901 red hex cry 5.4 1877 Rhodium(III) iodide RhI3 15492-38-3 483.619 blk monocl cry; hyg 6.4 1878 Rhodium(III) oxide Rh2O3 12036-35-0 253.809 gray hex cry 1100 dec 8.2 1879 Rhodium(III) sulfate Rh2(SO4)3 10489-46-0 494.002 red-yel solid >500 dec 1880 Rhodium(IV) oxide RhO2 12137-27-8 134.905 blk tetr cry 7.2 1881 Rhodium(VI) fluoride RhF6 13693-07-7 216.896 blk cub cry ≈70 3.1 1882 Rubidium Rb 7440-17-7 85.468 soft silv metal; cub 39.30 688 1.53 reac H2O 1883 Rubidium acetate RbC2H3O2 563-67-7 144.512 wh hyg cry 246 vs H2O 1884 Rubidium aluminum sulfate RbAl(SO4)2 13530-57-9 304.577 hex cry ≈3.1 1.6020i EtOH 1885 Rubidium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate RbAl(SO4)2⋅ 12H2O 7784-29-4 520.761 col cub cry ≈100 dec ≈1.9 s H2O; i EtOH 1886 Rubidium azide RbN3 22756-36-1 127.488 tetr cry; exp 317 2.79 10716 1887 Rubidium bromate RbBrO3 13446-70-3 213.370 cub cry 430 3.68 2.9525 1888 Rubidium bromide RbBr 7789-39-1 165.372 wh cub cry; hyg 682 1340 3.35 11625 1889 Rubidium carbonate Rb2CO3 584-09-8 230.945 col monocl cry; hyg 837 22320 1890 Rubidium chlorate RbClO3 13446-71-4 168.919 col cry 3.19 6.6325 1891 Rubidium chloride RbCl 7791-11-9 120.921 wh cub cry; hyg 715 1390 2.76 93.925sl EtOH 1892 Rubidium chromate Rb2CrO4 13446-72-5 286.930 yel rhom cry 3.518 76.225 1893 Rubidium cyanide RbCN 19073-56-4 111.486 wh cub cry 2.3 s H2O; i EtOH, eth 1894 Rubidium fluoride RbF 13446-74-7 104.466 wh cub cry; hyg 833 1410 3.2 30020i EtOH 1895 Rubidium hydrogen fluoride RbHF2 12280-64-7 124.473 tetr cry 188 3.3 1896 Rubidium formate RbCHO2 3495-35-0 130.486 wh hyg cry dec 1897 Rubidium hydride RbH 13446-75-8 86.476 wh cub cry; flam ≈170 dec 2.60 reac H2O 1898 Rubidium hydrogen carbonate RbHCO3 19088-74-5 146.485 wh rhomb cry 175 dec 11620 4-80PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1899 Rubidium hydrogen sulfate RbHSO4 15587-72-1 182.540 col monocl cry 208 2.9 s H2O 1900 Rubidium hydroxide RbOH 1310-82-3 102.475 gray-wh orth cry; hyg 382 3.2 17330s EtOH 1901 Rubidium iodate RbIO3 13446-76-9 260.370 mono or cub cry dec 4.33 2.4425vs HCl 1902 Rubidium iodide RbI 7790-29-6 212.372 wh cub cry 642 1300 3.55 16525s EtOH 1903 Rubidium nitrate RbNO3 13126-12-0 147.473 wh hex cry; hyg 305 3.11 65.025 1904 Rubidium oxide Rb2O 18088-11-4 186.935 yel-brn cub cry; hyg 400 dec 4.0 reac H2O 1905 Rubidium perchlorate RbClO4 13510-42-4 184.919 wh hyg cry 281 600 dec 2.8 1.525 1906 Rubidium peroxide Rb2O2 23611-30-5 202.935 wh orth cry 3.8 reac H2O 1907 Rubidium selenide Rb2Se 31052-43-4 249.90 wh cub cry 733 3.22 reac H2O 1908 Rubidium sulfate Rb2SO4 7488-54-2 267.000 wh orth cry 1050 3.6 50.825 1909 Rubidium sulfide Rb2S 31083-74-6 203.002 wh cub cry 425 2.91 s H2O 1910 Rubidium superoxide RbO2 12137-25-6 117.467 tetr cry 412 ≈3.0 1911 Ruthenium Ru 7440-18-8 101.07 silv-wh metal; hex 2333 4150 12.1 i acid, aqua regia1912 Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl Ru 3(CO)12 15243-33-1 639.33 oran cry 150 dec 1913 Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Ru(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 14284-93-6 398.39 red-brn cry 230 1914 Ruthenium(III) bromide RuBr3 14014-88-1 340.78 brn hex cry >400 dec 5.3 1915 Ruthenium(III) chloride RuCl3 10049-08-8 207.43 brn hex cry >500 dec 3.1 i H2O; s EtOH 1916 Ruthenium(III) fluoride RuF3 51621-05-7 158.07 brn rhomb cry >600 dec 5.36 1917 Ruthenium(III) iodide RuI3 13896-65-6 481.78 blk hex cry 6.0 1918 Ruthenium(IV) fluoride RuF4 71500-16-8 177.06 yel cry reac H2O 1919 Ruthenium(IV) oxide RuO2 12036-10-1 133.07 gray-blk tetr cry 7.05 i H2O, acid 1920 Ruthenium(V) fluoride RuF5 14521-18-7 196.06 grn monocl cry 86.5 227 3.90 1921 Ruthenium(VI) fluoride RuF6 13693-08-8 215.06 dark brn orth cry 54 3.54 reac H2O 1922 Ruthenium(VIII) oxide RuO4 20427-56-9 165.07 yel monocl prisms 25.4 40 3.29 1710vs ctc; reac EtOH 1923 Samarium Sm 7440-19-9 150.36 silv metal; rhomb 1074 1794 7.52 1924 Samarium boride SmB6 12008-29-6 215.23 refrac solid 2580 5.07 1925 Samarium silicide SmSi2 12300-22-0 206.53 orth cry 5.14 1926 Samarium(II) bromide SmBr2 50801-97-3 310.17 brn cry 669 reac H2O 1927 Samarium(II) chloride SmCl2 13874-75-4 221.27 brn cry 855 3.69 reac H2O 1928 Samarium(II) fluoride SmF2 15192-17-3 188.36 purp cry reac H2O 1929 Samarium(II) iodide SmI2 32248-43-4 404.17 grn cry 520 reac H2O 1930 Samarium(III) bromide SmBr3 13759-87-0 390.07 yel cry 640 reac H2O 1931 Samarium(III) chloride SmCl3 10361-82-7 256.72 yel cry 682 4.46 93.825 1932 Samarium(III) chloride hexahydrate SmCl3⋅ 6H2O 13465-55-9 364.81 yel cry dec 2.38 93.825 1933 Samarium(III) fluoride SmF3 13765-24-7 207.36 wh cry 1306 reac H2O 1934 Samarium(III) iodide SmI3 13813-25-7 531.07 oran cry 850 reac H2O 1935 Samarium(III) nitrate Sm(NO3)3 10361-83-8 336.38 yel-wh hyg solid 14425s EtOH 1936 Samarium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Sm(NO3)3⋅ 6H2O 13759-83-6 444.47 pale yel cry 78 s H2O, MeOH, ace 1937 Samarium(III) oxide Sm2O3 12060-58-1 348.72 yel-wh cub cry 2269 3780 7.6 1938 Samarium(III) sulfate octahydrate Sm2(SO4)3⋅ 8H2O 13465-58-2 733.03 yel cry 2.93 2.6720 1939 Samarium(III) sulfide Sm2S3 12067-22-0 396.92 gray-brn cub cry 1720 5.87 1940 Samarium(III) telluride Sm2Te3 12040-00-5 683.52 orth cry 7.31 1941 Scandium Sc 7440-20-2 44.956 silv metal; hex 1541 2836 2.991942 Scandium boride ScB 2 12007-34-0 66.578 refrac solid 2250 3.17 1943 Scandium bromide ScBr3 13465-59-3 284.668 wh hyg cry 969 9.33 s H2O TeamLRN4-81PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)1944 Scandium chloride ScCl3 10361-84-9 151.314 wh hyg cry 967 2.4 s H2O; i EtOH 1945 Scandium fluoride ScF3 13709-47-2 101.951 wh powder 1515 sl H2O 1946 Scandium hydroxide Sc(OH)3 17674-34-9 95.978 col amorp sol i H2O; s dil acid 1947 Scandium nitrate Sc(NO3)3 13465-60-6 230.971 wh cry 16925s EtOH 1948 Scandium oxide Sc2O3 12060-08-1 137.910 wh cub cry 2485 3.864 s conc acid 1949 Scandium sulfide Sc2S3 12166-29-9 186.110 yel orth cry 1775 2.91 1950 Scandium telluride Sc2Te3 12166-44-8 472.71 blk hex cry 5.29 1951 Selenium ( αform) Se 7782-49-2 78.96 red monocl cry 221 685 4.39 i H2O, EtOH; sl eth 1952 Selenium (gray) Se 7782-49-2 78.96 gray metallic cry; hex 220.5 685 4.81 i H2O, CS2 1953 Selenium (vitreous) Se 7782-49-2 78.96 blk amorp solid trans to gray Se 180 685 4.28 i H2O; sl CS2 1954 Selenic acid H2SeO4 7783-08-6 144.97 wh hyg solid 58 260 dec 2.95 vs H2O; reac EtOH 1955 Selenous acid H2SeO3 7783-00-8 128.97 wh hyg cry 70 dec 3.0 vs H2O; s EtOH 1956 Selenium dioxide SeO2 7446-08-4 110.96 wh tetr needles or powder 340 tp 315 sp 3.95 26422s EtOH, MeOH; sl ace 1957 Selenium trioxide SeO3 13768-86-0 126.96 wh tetr cry; hyg 118 subl 3.44 s H2O, os 1958 Selenium bromide Se2Br2 7789-52-8 317.73 red liq 225 dec 3.60 reac H2O; s CS2, chl 1959 Selenium chloride Se2Cl2 10025-68-0 228.83 yel-brn oily liq -85 130 dec 2.774 reac H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc, chl 1960 Selenium tetrabromide SeBr4 7789-65-3 398.58 oran-red cry 123 reac H2O; s CS2, chl 1961 Selenium tetrachloride SeCl4 10026-03-6 220.77 wh-yel cry 305 tp 191.4 sp 2.6 reac H2O 1962 Selenium tetrafluoride SeF4 13465-66-2 154.95 col liq -10 106 2.75 reac H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1963 Selenium hexafluoride SeF6 7783-79-1 192.95 col gas -34.6 tp -46.6 sp 7.887 g/L i H2O 1964 Selenium oxybromide SeOBr2 7789-51-7 254.77 red-yel solid 41.6 220 dec 3.38 reac H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc 1965 Selenium oxychloride SeOCl2 7791-23-3 165.86 col or yel liq 8.5 177 2.44 reac H2O; s ctc, chl, bz, tol 1966 Selenium oxyfluoride SeOF2 7783-43-9 132.96 col liq 15 125 2.8 reac H2O 1967 Selenium dioxydifluoride SeO2F2 14984-81-7 148.96 col gas -99.5 -8.4 6.089 g/L reac H2O 1968 Selenium sulfide SeS2 7488-56-4 143.09 red-yel cry 100 i H2O; s acid 1969 Selenium sulfide Se2S6 75926-26-0 350.32 oran needles 121.5 2.44 s CS2; sl bz 1970 Selenium sulfide Se4S4 75926-28-2 444.10 red cry 113 dec 3.29 s bz; sl CS2 1971 Selenium sulfide Se6S2 75926-30-6 537.89 oran cry 121.5 s CS2 1972 Silicon Si 7440-21-3 28.086 gray cry or brn amorp solid 1414 3265 2.3290 i H2O, acid; s alk 1973 Silane SiH4 7803-62-5 32.118 col gas; flam -185 -111.9 1.313 g/L reac H2O; i EtOH, bz 1974 Disilane Si2H6 1590-87-0 62.219 col gas; flam -132.5 -14.3 2.543 g/L reac H2O, ctc, chl; s EtOH, bz 1975 Trisilane Si3H8 7783-26-8 92.321 flam liq -117.4 52.9 0.739 reac H2O 1976 Tetrasilane Si4H10 7783-29-1 122.421 col liq; flam -89.9 108.1 0.792 reac H2O 1977 2-Silyltrisilane Si4H10 13597-87-0 122.421 col liq -99.4 101.7 0.792 reac H2O 1978 Pentasilane Si5H12 14868-53-2 152.523 col liq -72.8 153.2 0.827 reac H2O 1979 2-Silyltetrasilane Si5H12 14868-54-3 152.523 col liq -109.9 146.2 0.820 reac H2O 1980 2,2-Disilyltrisilane Si5H12 15947-57-6 152.523 col liq -57.8 134.3 0.815 reac H2O 1981 Hexasilane Si6H14 14693-61-9 182.624 col liq -44.7 193.6 0.847 reac H2O 1982 2-Silylpentasilane Si6H14 14868-55-4 182.624 col liq -78.4 185.2 0.840 1983 3-Silylpentasilane Si6H14 14868-55-4 182.624 col liq -69 179.5 0.843 reac H2O 1984 Heptasilane Si7H16 14693-65-3 212.726 col liq -30.1 226.8 0.859 reac H2O 1985 Cyclopentasilane Si5H10 289-22-5 150.507 col liq -10.5 194.3 0.963 reac H2O 1986 Cyclohexasilane Si6H12 291-59-8 180.608 col liq 16.5 226 reac H2O 1987 Bromosilane SiH3Br 13465-73-1 111.014 col gas -94 1.9 4.538 g/L 1988 Bromotrichlorosilane SiCl3Br 13465-74-2 214.348 col liq -62 80.3 1.826 reac H2O 1989 Chlorosilane SiH3Cl 13465-78-6 66.563 col gas -118 -30.4 2.721 g/L 1990 Chlorotrifluorosilane SiClF3 14049-36-6 120.534 col gas -138 -70.0 4.927 g/L reac H2O 1991 Dibromodichlorosilane SiBr2Cl2 13465-75-3 258.799 col liq -45.5 104 2.172 reac H2O 4-82PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 1992 Dibromosilane SiH2Br2 13768-94-0 189.910 liq -70.1 66 1993 Dichlorosilane SiH2Cl2 4109-96-0 101.007 col gas; flam -122 8.3 4.129 g/L reac H2O 1994 Dichlorodifluorosilane SiCl2F2 18356-71-3 136.988 col gas -44 -32 5.599 g/L reac H2O 1995 Difluorosilane SiH2F2 13824-36-7 68.099 col gas -122 -77.8 2.783 g/L 1996 Diiodosilane SiH2I2 13760-02-6 283.911 col liq -1 150 1997 Fluorosilane SiH3F 13537-33-2 50.108 col gas -98.6 2.048 g/L 1998 Iodosilane SiH3I 13598-42-0 158.014 col liq -57 45.6 1999 Tetrabromosilane SiBr4 7789-66-4 347.702 col fuming liq 5.39 154 2.8 reac H2O 2000 Tetrachlorosilane SiCl4 10026-04-7 169.897 col fuming liq -68.74 57.65 1.5 reac H2O 2001 Tetrafluorosilane SiF4 7783-61-1 104.080 col gas -90.2 -86 4.254 g/L reac H2O 2002 Tetraiodosilane SiI4 13465-84-4 535.704 wh powder 120.5 287.35 4.1 2003 Tribromosilane SiHBr3 7789-57-3 268.806 flam liq -73 109 2.7 reac H2O 2004 Tribromochlorosilane SiBr3Cl 13465-76-4 303.251 col liq -20.8 127 2.497 reac H2O 2005 Trichlorosilane SiHCl3 10025-78-2 135.452 fuming liq -128.2 33 1.331 reac H2O 2006 Trichlorofluorosilane SiCl3F 14965-52-7 153.442 col gas 12.25 6.272 g/L 2007 Trichloroiodosilane SiCl3I 13465-85-5 261.348 col liq -60 113.5 reac H2O 2008 Trifluorosilane SiHF3 13465-71-9 86.089 col gas -131 -95 3.519 g/L 2009 Triiodosilane SiHI3 13465-72-0 409.807 liq 8 220 dec 2010 Disiloxane (SiH3)2O 13597-73-4 78.218 gas -144 -15.2 3.197 g/L 2011 Metasilicic acid H2SiO3 7699-41-4 78.100 wh amorp powder i H2O; s HF 2012 Orthosilicic acid H4SiO4 10193-36-9 96.116 exists only in soln 2013 Fluorosilicic acid H2SiF6 16961-83-4 144.092 stable only in aq soln s H2O 2014 Silicon carbide (hexagonal) SiC 409-21-2 40.097 hard grn-black hex cry 2830 3.16 i H2O, EtOH 2015 Silicon nitride Si3N4 12033-89-5 140.284 gray refrac solid; hex 1900 3.17 2016 Silicon monoxide SiO 10097-28-6 44.085 blk cub cry, stable >1200 2.182017 Silicon dioxide ( α-quartz) SiO 2 14808-60-7 60.085 col hex cry trans to beta quartz 573 2950 2.648 i H2O, acid; s HF 2018 Silicon dioxide ( β-quartz) SiO2 14808-60-7 60.085 col hex cry trans to tridymite 867 2950 2.533600i H2O, acid; s HF 2019 Silicon dioxide (tridymite) SiO2 15468-32-3 60.085 col hex cry trans cristobalite 1470 2950 2.265 i H2O, acid; s HF 2020 Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) SiO2 14464-46-1 60.085 col hex cry 1722 2950 2.334 i H2O, acid; s HF 2021 Silicon dioxide (vitreous) SiO2 60676-86-0 60.085 col amorp solid 1713 2950 2.196 i H2O, acid; s HF 2022 Silicon monosulfide SiS 12504-41-5 60.152 yel-red hyg powder ≈900 940 1.85 reac H2O 2023 Silicon disulfide SiS2 13759-10-9 92.218 wh rhomb cry 1090 subl 2.04 reac H2O, EtOH; i bz 2024 Silver Ag 7440-22-4 107.868 silv metal; cub 961.78 2162 10.5 2025 Silver azide AgN3 13863-88-2 149.888 orth cry; exp exp ≈250 4.9 0.0008120 2026 Silver subfluoride Ag2F 1302-01-8 234.734 yel hex cry 100 dec 8.6 reac H2O 2027 Silver(I) acetate AgC2H3O2 563-63-3 166.912 wh needles or powder dec 3.26 1.0420 2028 Silver(I) acetylide Ag2C2 7659-31-6 239.757 wh powder; exp 2029 Silver(I) arsenate Ag3AsO4 13510-44-6 462.524 red cub cry dec 6.657 0.00085 s NH4OH 2030 Silver(I) acetylide AgC2H 13092-75-6 132.897 wh powder; exp 2031 Silver(I) bromate AgBrO3 7783-89-3 235.770 wh tetr cry 360 dec 5.21 0.19325 2032 Silver(I) bromide AgBr 7785-23-1 187.772 yel cub cry 432 1502 6.47 0.00001425i acid 2033 Silver(I) carbonate Ag2CO3 534-16-7 275.745 yel monocl cry 218 6.077 0.003620s acid 2034 Silver(I) chlorate AgClO3 7783-92-8 191.319 wh tetr cry 230 270 dec 4.430 17.625sl EtOH 2035 Silver(I) chloride AgCl 7783-90-6 143.321 wh cub cry 455 1547 5.56 0.0001925 2036 Silver(I) chlorite AgClO2 7783-91-7 175.320 yel cry 105 exp 0.5525 TeamLRN4-83PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)2037 Silver(I) chromate Ag2CrO4 7784-01-2 331.730 brn-red monocl cry 5.625 0.0000140 2038 Silver(I) citrate Ag3C6H5O7 126-45-4 512.705 wh cry powder i H2O; s HNO3 2039 Silver(I) cyanide AgCN 506-64-9 133.886 wh-gray hex cry 320 dec 3.95 0.0000011 i EtOH, dil acid 2040 Silver(I) dichromate Ag2Cr2O7 7784-02-3 431.724 red cry 4.770 sl H2O 2041 Silver(I) diethyldithiocarbamate Ag(C2H5)2NCS2 1470-61-7 256.140 pow 173 s py 2042 Silver(I) fluoride AgF 7775-41-9 126.866 yel-brn cub cry; hyg 435 1159 5.852 17220 2043 Silver(I) hexafluoroantimonate AgSbF6 26042-64-8 343.618 pow 2044 Silver(I) hexafluoroarsenate AgAsF6 12005-82-2 296.780 pow 2045 Silver(I) hexafluorophosphate AgPF6 26042-63-7 252.832 pow 102 dec 2046 Silver(I) hydrogen fluoride AgHF2 12249-52-4 146.873 hyg cry dec 2047 Silver(I) iodate AgIO3 7783-97-3 282.770 wh orth cry >200 5.53 0.05325 2048 Silver(I) iodide AgI 7783-96-2 234.772 yel powder; hex 558 1506 5.68 0.000003 i acid2049 Silver(I) lactate monohydrate AgC 3H5O3⋅ H2O 128-00-7 214.954 gray cry powder sl H2O, EtOH 2050 Silver(I) metaphosphate AgPO3 13465-96-8 186.840 grn glass 490 6.37 i H2O; s HNO3, NH4OH 2051 Silver(I) molybdate Ag2MoO4 13765-74-7 375.67 yel cub cry 483 6.18 sl H2O 2052 Silver(I) nitrate AgNO3 7761-88-8 169.873 col rhomb cry 212 440 dec 4.35 23425sl EtOH, ace 2053 Silver(I) nitrite AgNO2 7783-99-5 153.874 yel needles 140 dec 4.453 0.41525i EtOH; reac acid 2054 Silver(I) oxalate Ag2C2O4 533-51-7 303.755 wh cry powder exp 140 5.03 0.004320 2055 Silver(I) oxide Ag2O 20667-12-3 231.735 brn-blk cub cry ≈200 dec 7.2 0.0025 i EtOH; s acid, alk 2056 Silver(I) perchlorate AgClO4 7783-93-9 207.319 col cub cry; hyg 486 dec 2.806 55825s bz, py, os 2057 Silver(I) perchlorate monohydrate AgClO4⋅ H2O 14242-05-8 225.334 hyg wh cry 43 dec 55825 2058 Silver(I) permanganate AgMnO4 7783-98-4 226.804 viol monocl cry dec 4.49 0.9118reac EtOH 2059 Silver(I) phosphate Ag3PO4 7784-09-0 418.576 yel powder 849 6.37 0.0064 sl dil acid 2060 Silver(I) picrate monohydrate AgC6H2N3O7⋅ H2O 146-84-9 353.979 yel cry sl H2O, EtOH; i chl, eth 2061 Silver(I) selenate Ag2SeO4 7784-07-8 358.69 orth cry 5.72 0.11820 2062 Silver(I) selenide Ag2Se 1302-09-6 294.70 gray hex needles 880 8.216 i H2O 2063 Silver(I) selenite Ag2SeO3 7784-05-6 342.69 needles 530 >550 dec 5.930 sl H2O; s acid 2064 Silver(I) sulfate Ag2SO4 10294-26-5 311.800 col cry or powder 652 5.45 0.8425 2065 Silver(I) sulfide Ag2S 21548-73-2 247.802 gray-blk orth powder 825 7.23 i H2O; s acid 2066 Silver(I) sulfite Ag2SO3 13465-98-0 295.800 wh cry 100 dec 0.0004620s acid, NH4OH 2067 Silver(I) telluride Ag2Te 12002-99-2 343.34 blk orth cry 955 8.4 2068 Silver(I) tetraiodomercurate(II) Ag2HgI4 7784-03-4 923.94 yel tetr cry trans to red cub ≈40 6.1 i H2O, dil acid 2069 Silver(I) thiocyanate AgSCN 1701-93-5 165.952 wh powder dec i H2O 2070 Silver(I) thiosulfate Ag2S2O3 23149-52-2 327.866 wh cry dec sl H2O; s NH4OH 2071 Silver(II) oxide AgO 1301-96-8 123.867 gray powder; monocl or cub >100 dec 7.5 0.002725s alk; reac acid 2072 Silver(I) tungstate Ag2WO4 13465-93-5 463.57 yel cry 620 0.015 s HNO3, NH4OH 2073 Silver(II) fluoride AgF2 7783-95-1 145.865 wh or gray hyg cry 690 4.58 reac H2O 2074 Silver(II) oxide (Ag2O2) Ag2O2 25455-73-6 247.735 gray-blk cub cry >100 7.44 i H2O; s acid, NH4OH 2075 Sodium Na 7440-23-5 22.990 soft silv met; cub 97.794 882.940 0.97 reac H2O 2076 Sodium acetate NaC2H3O2 127-09-3 82.034 col cry 328.2 1.528 50.425 2077 Sodium acetate trihydrate NaC2H3O2⋅ 3H2O 6131-90-4 136.079 col cry 58 dec 1.45 50.425sl EtOH 2078 Sodium aluminate NaAlO2 1302-42-7 81.971 wh orth cry; hyg 1650 4.63 vs H2O; i EtOH 2079 Sodium aluminum hydride NaAlH4 13770-96-2 54.004 wh hyg solid 174 dec 1.24 i eth; s thf 2080 Sodium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate NaAl(SO4)2⋅ 12H2O 10102-71-3 458.283 col cry ≈60 1.61 39.720i EtOH 2081 Sodium amide NaNH2 7782-92-5 39.013 wh-grn orth cry 210 500 dec 1.39 reac H2O 2082 Sodium ammonium phosphate tetrahydrate NaNH4HPO4⋅ 4H2O 13011-54-6 209.069 monocl cry ≈80 dec 1.54 s H2O; i EtOH 2083 Sodium arsenite NaAsO2 7784-46-5 129.911 wh-gray hyg powder 1.87 vs H2O; i EtOH 2084 Sodium azide NaN3 26628-22-8 65.010 col hex cry 300 dec 1.846 40.820sl EtOH; i eth 4-84PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 2085 Sodium borohydride NaBH4 16940-66-2 37.833 wh cub cry; hyg ≈400 dec 1.07 5520reac EtOH 2086 Sodium bromate NaBrO3 7789-38-0 150.892 col cub cry 381 3.34 39.425i EtOH 2087 Sodium bromide NaBr 7647-15-6 102.894 wh cub cry 747 1390 3.200 94.625s EtOH 2088 Sodium bromide dihydrate NaBr ⋅ 2H2O 13466-08-5 138.925 wh cry 36 dec 2.18 94.625sl EtOH 2089 Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 497-19-8 105.989 wh hyg powder 858.1 2.54 30.725i EtOH 2090 Sodium carbonate decahydrate Na2CO3⋅ 10H2O 6132-02-1 286.142 col cry 34 dec 1.46 30.725i EtOH 2091 Sodium carbonate monohydrate Na2CO3⋅ H2O 5968-11-6 124.005 col orth cry 100 dec 2.25 30.725i EtOH 2092 Sodium chlorate NaClO3 7775-09-9 106.441 col cub cry 248 >300 dec 2.5 10025sl EtOH 2093 Sodium chloride NaCl 7647-14-5 58.443 col cub cry 800.7 1465 2.17 36.025sl EtOH 2094 Sodium chlorite NaClO2 7758-19-2 90.442 wh hyg cry ≈180 dec 6417 2095 Sodium chromate Na2CrO4 7775-11-3 161.974 yel orth cry 792 2.72 87.625sl EtOH 2096 Sodium chromate tetrahydrate Na2CrO4⋅ 4H2O 10034-82-9 234.035 yel hyg cry dec 87.625sl EtOH 2097 Sodium citrate dihydrate Na3C6H5O7⋅ 2H2O 6132-04-3 294.099 wh cry 150 dec vs H2O; i EtOH, eth 2098 Sodium cyanate NaCNO 917-61-3 65.007 col needles 550 1.89 s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth 2099 Sodium cyanide NaCN 143-33-9 49.008 wh cub cry; hyg 563 1.6 58.220sl EtOH 2100 Sodium cyanoborohydride NaBH3(CN) 25895-60-7 62.843 wh hyg powder 240 dec 1.12 vs H2O; s thf; sl EtOH; i bz, eth 2101 Sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7 10588-01-9 261.968 red hyg cry 357 400 dec 18725 2102 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 7558-80-7 119.977 col mono cry 200 dec 94.925 2103 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrateNaH2PO4⋅ H2O 10049-21-5 137.993 wh hyg cry 100 dec 94.925i EtOH 2104 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate NaH2PO4⋅ 2H2O 13472-35-0 156.008 col orth cry 60 dec 1.91 94.925i EtOH 2105 Sodium dihydrogen hypophosphate hexahydrateNa2H2P2O6⋅ 6H2O 7782-95-8* 314.031 mono plates 110 dec 1.849 2.025i EtOH 2106 Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate Na2H2P2O7 7758-16-9 221.939 wh powder 220 dec ≈1.9 s H2O 2107 Sodium dithionate Na2S2O4 7775-14-6 174.110 gray-wh pow 52 dec 24.120sl EtOH 2108 Sodium dithionate dihydrate Na2S2O6⋅ 2H2O 7631-94-9* 242.139 col orth cry 110 dec 2.19 15.120i EtOH 2109 Sodium ethanolate NaC2H5O 141-52-6 68.050 wh-yel hyg pow reac H2O; s EtOH 2110 Sodium ferricyanide monohydrate Na3Fe(CN)6⋅ H2O 14217-21-1* 298.933 red hyg cry s H2O; i EtOH 2111 Sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate Na4Fe(CN)6⋅ 10H2O 13601-19-9 484.061 yel monocl cry ≈50 dec 1.46 2020i os 2112 Sodium fluoride NaF 7681-49-4 41.988 col cub or tetr cry 996 1704 2.78 4.1325i EtOH 2113 Sodium tetrafluoroborate NaBF4 13755-29-8 109.795 wh orth prisms 384 2.47 10820sl EtOH 2114 Sodium fluorophosphate Na2PO3F 10163-15-2 143.950 pow 2115 Sodium formate NaCHO2 141-53-7 68.008 wh hyg cry 257.3 dec 1.92 94.925sl EtOH 2116 Sodium germanate Na2GeO3 12025-19-3 166.59 wh mono hyg cry 1083 3.31 2117 Sodium hexabromoplatinate(IV) hexahydrateNa2PtBr6⋅ 6H2O 39277-13-9 828.57 cry 2118 Sodium hexachloroiridate(IV) hexahydrate Na2IrCl6⋅ 6H2O 19567-78-3 559.004 cry 600 dec 2119 Sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV) Na2PtCl6 16923-58-3 453.77 yel hyg cry 5316s EtOH 2120 Sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV) hexahydrate Na2PtCl6⋅ 6H2O 16923-58-3 561.87 yel cry 110 dec 2.50 5316s EtOH; i eth 2121 Sodium hexafluoroaluminate Na3AlF6 13775-53-6 209.941 col monocl cry; trans cub 560 1009 2.97 i H2O 2122 Sodium hexafluoroantimonate NaSbF6 16925-25-0 258.740 wh cub cry 3.375 12920s EtOH, ace 2123 Sodium hexafluorophosphate monohydrate NaPF6⋅ H2O 20644-15-9 185.969 col orth cry 2.369 1030s EtOH, MeOH, ace 2124 Sodium hexafluorosilicate Na2SiF6 16893-85-9 188.056 wh hex cry dec 2.7 0.6720i EtOH 2125 Sodium hexanitrocobaltate(III) Na3Co(NO2)6 14649-73-1 403.935 yel-brn cry pow vs H2O; sl EtOH 2126 Sodium hydride NaH 7646-69-7 23.998 silv cub cry; flam 425 dec 1.39 reac H2O, EtOH 2127 Sodium hydrogen arsenate Na2HAsO4 7778-43-0 185.908 wh pow ≈195 dec 5120sl EtOH TeamLRN4-85PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)2128 Sodium hydrogen arsenate heptahydrate Na2HAsO4⋅ 7H2O 10048-95-0 312.014 wh monocl cry ≈50 dec 1.87 5120sl EtOH 2129 Sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3 144-55-8 84.007 wh monocl cry ≈50 dec 2.20 10.325i EtOH 2130 Sodium hydrogen fluoride NaHF2 1333-83-1 61.995 wh hex cry >160 dec 2.08 3.2520 2131 Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4 7558-79-4 141.959 wh hyg powder 1.7 11.825 2132 Sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate Na2HPO4⋅ 12H2O 10039-32-4 358.143 col cry ≈35 dec ≈1.5 11.825i EtOH 2133 Sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate Na2HPO4⋅ 7H2O 7782-85-6 268.066 col cry ≈1.7 11.825i EtOH 2134 Sodium hydrogen sulfate NaHSO4 7681-38-1 120.062 wh hyg cry ≈315 2.43 28.525 2135 Sodium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate NaHSO4⋅ H2O 10034-88-5 138.077 wh monocl cry 2.10 28.525reac EtOH 2136 Sodium hydrogen sulfide NaHS 16721-80-5 56.064 col rhomb cry 350 1.79 s H2O, EtOh, eth 2137 Sodium hydrogen sulfide dihydrate NaHS ⋅ 2H2O 16721-80-5 92.095 yel hyg needles 55 dec vs H2O, EtOH, eth 2138 Sodium hydrogen sulfite NaHSO3 7631-90-5 104.062 wh cry 1.48 s H2O; sl EtOH 2139 Sodium hydroxide NaOH 1310-73-2 39.997 wh orth cry; hyg 323 1388 2.13 10025s EtOH, MeOH 2140 Sodium hypochlorite NaClO 7681-52-9 74.442 stable in aq soln anh form exp 79.925 2141 Sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate NaOCl ⋅ 5H2O 10022-70-5 164.518 pale grn orth cry 18 1.6 s H2O 2142 Sodium iodate NaIO3 7681-55-2 197.892 wh orth cry dec 4.28 9.4725i EtOH 2143 Sodium iodide NaI 7681-82-5 149.894 wh cub cry; hyg 660 1304 3.67 18425s EtOH, ace 2144 Sodium bismuthate NaBiO3 12232-99-4 279.968 yel-brn hyg cry i cold H2O, reac acid 2145 Sodium metabisulfite Na2S2O5 7681-57-4 190.109 wh cry 66.725sl EtOH 2146 Sodium metaborate NaBO2 7775-19-1 65.800 wh hex cry 966 1434 2.46 s H2O 2147 Sodium metasilicate Na2SiO3 6834-92-0 122.064 wh amorp solid; hyg 1089 2.61 s cold H2O; reac hot H2O 2148 Sodium molybdate Na2MoO4 7631-95-0 205.92 col cub cry 687 ≈3.5 65.025 2149 Sodium molybdate dihydrate Na2MoO4⋅ 2H2O 10102-40-6 241.95 cry powder 100 dec ≈3.5 65.025 2150 Sodium niobate NaNbO3 12034-09-2 163.894 rhomb cry 1422 4.55 i H2O 2151 Sodium nitrate NaNO3 7631-99-4 84.995 col hex cry; hyg 307 2.26 91.225sl EtOH, MeOH 2152 Sodium nitrite NaNO2 7632-00-0 68.996 wh orth cry; hyg 271 >320 dec 2.17 84.825sl EtOH; reac acid 2153 Sodium nitroprusside dihydrate Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]⋅ 2H2O 13755-38-9 297.949 red cry 1.72 4016sl EtOH 2154 Sodium orthovanadate Na3VO4 13721-39-6 183.909 col hex prisms 860 s H2O; i EtOH 2155 Sodium oxalate Na2C2O4 62-76-0 133.999 wh powder ≈250 dec 2.34 3.6125i EtOH 2156 Sodium oxide Na2O 1313-59-3 61.979 wh amorp powder 1132 dec 2.27 reac H2O 2157 Sodium perborate tetrahydrate NaBO3⋅ 4H2O 7632-04-4 153.861 wh cry 60 dec reac H2O 2158 Sodium perchlorate NaClO4 7601-89-0 122.441 wh orth cry; hyg 480 dec 2.52 20525 2159 Sodium perchlorate monohydrate NaClO4⋅ H2O 7791-07-3 140.456 wh hyg cry ≈130 dec 2.02 20525 2160 Sodium periodate NaIO4 7790-28-5 213.892 wh tetr cry ≈300 dec 3.86 14.425s acid 2161 Sodium periodate trihydrate NaIO4⋅ 3H2O 13472-31-6 267.938 wh hex cry 175 dec 3.22 14.425 2162 Sodium permanganate trihydrate NaMnO4⋅ 3H2O 10101-50-5* 195.972 red-blk hyg cry 170 dec 2.47 14420reac EtOH 2163 Sodium peroxide Na2O2 1313-60-6 77.979 yel hyg powder 675 2.805 reac H2O 2164 Sodium perrhenate NaReO4 13472-33-8 273.195 cry 300 5.39 2165 Sodium persulfate Na2S2O8 7775-27-1 238.107 wh hyg cry vs H2O; reac EtOH 2166 Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate Na3PO4⋅ 12H2O 10101-89-0 380.124 col hex cry ≈75 1.62 14.425i EtOH 2167 Chlorinated trisodium phosphate Na3PO4⋅ NaOCl 56802-99-4 238.383 wh cry 2525 2168 Sodium phosphinate NaH2PO2 7681-53-0 87.979 wh cry 10025 2169 Sodium phosphinate monohydrate NaH2PO2⋅ H2O 10039-56-2 105.994 col hyg cry 310 dec 10025s EtOH 2170 Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate NaKC4H4O6⋅ 4H2O 304-59-6 282.220 wh cry ≈70 dec anh at 130 1.79 vs H2O; i EtOH 2171 Sodium pyrophosphate Na4P2O7 7722-88-5 265.902 col cry 988 2.53 7.0925 2172 Sodium selenate Na2SeO4 13410-01-0 188.94 col orth cry 58.525 2173 Sodium selenate decahydrate Na2SeO4⋅ 10H2O 10102-23-5 369.09 wh cry 1.61 58.525 2174 Sodium selenide Na2Se 1313-85-5 124.94 amorp solid >875 2.62 reac H2O 2175 Sodium selenite Na2SeO3 10102-18-8 172.94 wh tetr cry 89.825i EtOH 4-86PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 2176 Sodium stearate NaC18H35O2 822-16-2 306.460 wh pow sl H2O, EtOH; vs hot H2O 2177 Sodium succinate hexahydrate Na2C4H4O4⋅ 6H2O 150-90-3 270.144 cry pow 120 dec 20 i EtOH 2178 Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 7757-82-6 142.044 wh orth cry or powder 884 2.7 28.125i EtOH 2179 Sodium sulfate decahydrate Na2SO4⋅ 10H2O 7727-73-3 322.197 col monocl cry 32 dec 1.46 28.125i EtOH 2180 Sodium sulfide Na2S 1313-82-2 78.046 wh cub cry; hyg 1172 1.856 20.625sl EtOH; i eth 2181 Sodium sulfide nonahydrate Na2S⋅ 9H2O 1313-84-4 240.184 wh-yel hyg cry ≈50 dec 1.43 20.625sl EtOH; i eth 2182 Sodium sulfide pentahydrate Na2S⋅ 5H2O 1313-83-3 168.122 col orth cry 120 dec 1.58 20.625s EtOH; i eth 2183 Sodium sulfite Na2SO3 7757-83-7 126.044 wh hex cry dec 2.63 30.725i EtOH 2184 Sodium sulfite heptahydrate Na2SO3⋅ 7H2O 10102-15-5 252.151 wh monocl cry; unstable 1.56 30.725sl EtOH 2185 Sodium superoxide NaO2 12034-12-7 54.989 yel cub cry 552 2.2 reac H2O 2186 Sodium tellurate Na2TeO4 10101-83-4 237.58 wh powder 0.8 2187 Sodium tellurite Na2TeO3 10102-20-2 221.58 wh rhomb prisms sl H2O 2188 Sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7 1330-43-4 201.220 col gl solid; hyg 743 1575 2.4 3.1725sl MeOH 2189 Sodium tetraborate decahydrate Na2B4O7⋅ 10H2O 1303-96-4 381.373 wh monocl cry 75 dec 1.73 3.1725i EtOH 2190 Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate Na2B4O7⋅ 5H2O 12045-88-4 291.296 hex cry dec 1.88 3.1725 2191 Sodium tetraborate tetrahydrate Na2B4O7⋅ 4H2O 12045-87-3 273.281 wh monocl cry 1.95 3.1725 2192 Sodium tetrachloroaluminate NaAlCl4 7784-16-9 191.783 orth cry 2.01 s H2O 2193 Sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate NaAuCl4⋅ 2H2O 13874-02-7 397.799 oran-yel rhom cry 100 dec 15010s EtOH, eth 2194 Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) trihydrate Na2PdCl4⋅ 3H2O 13820-53-6 348.26 brn-red hyg cry vs H2O; s EtOH 2195 Sodium tetrachloroplatinate(II) tetrahydrate Na2PtCl4⋅ 4H2O 10026-00-3 454.93 red prisms 100 s H2O, EtOH 2196 Sodium tetrafluoroberyllate Na2BeF4 13871-27-7 130.986 orth cry 575 2.47 sl H2O 2197 Sodium thiocyanate NaSCN 540-72-7 81.074 col hyg cry 287 15125 2198 Sodium thiophosphate dodecahydrate Na3PO3S⋅ 12H2O 10101-88-9 396.191 hex hyg leaflets 60 vs hot H2O 2199 Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3 7772-98-7 158.110 col mono cry 100 dec 1.69 76.425i EtOH 2200 Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Na2S2O3⋅ 5H2O 10102-17-7 248.186 col cry ≈50 dec 1.69 76.425i EtOH 2201 Sodium trimetaphosphate Na3(PO3)3 7785-84-4 305.885 wh cry 2.49 22 2202 Sodium trimetaphosphate hexahydrate Na3(PO3)3⋅ 6H2O 7785-84-4 413.976 tricl-rhom hyg prisms 53 1.786 22 i EtOH 2203 Sodium tripolyphosphate Na5P3O10 7758-29-4 367.864 wh hyg pow 622 2025 2204 Sodium tungstate Na2WO4 13472-45-2 293.82 wh rhom cry 695 4.18 74.225 2205 Sodium tungstate dihydrate Na2WO4⋅ 2H2O 10213-10-2 329.85 wh orth cry 100 dec 3.25 74.225i EtOH 2206 Sodium uranate(VI) monohydrate Na2U2O7⋅ H2O 13721-34-1 652.049 yel pow i H2O; s acid 2207 Sodium vanadate(V) NaVO3 13718-26-8 121.930 col mono prisms 630 2125 2208 Sodium vanadate(V) tetrahydrate NaVO3⋅ 4H2O 13718-26-8 193.992 yel-wh cry pow 2125 2209 Strontium Sr 7440-24-6 87.62 silv-wh metal; cub 777 1382 2.64 reac H2O; s EtOH 2210 Strontium arsenite tetrahydrate Sr(AsO2)2⋅ 4H2O 10378-48-0 373.52 wh pow sl H2O, EtOH; sol dil acid 2211 Strontium bromate monohydrate Sr(BrO3)2⋅ H2O 14519-18-7 361.44 yel hyg mono cry 120 dec 3.773 39.025 2212 Strontium bromide SrBr2 10476-81-0 247.43 wh tetr cry 657 4.216 10725 2213 Strontium bromide hexahydrate SrBr2⋅ 6H2O 7789-53-9 355.52 col hyg cry 88 dec 10725s EtOH; i eth 2214 Strontium carbide SrC2 12071-29-3 111.64 blk tetr cry >1700 3.19 i H2O 2215 Strontium carbonate SrCO3 1633-05-2 147.63 wh orth cry; hyg 1494 3.5 0.0003420s dil acid 2216 Strontium chlorate Sr(ClO3)2 7791-10-8 254.52 col cry 120 dec 3.15 17625sl EtOH 2217 Strontium chloride SrCl2 10476-85-4 158.53 wh cub cry; hyg 874 1250 3.052 54.725 2218 Strontium chloride hexahydrate SrCl2⋅ 6H2O 10025-70-4 266.62 col hyg cry 100 dec 1.96 54.725s EtOH 2219 Strontium chromate SrCrO4 7789-06-2 203.61 yel monocl cry dec 3.9 0.10620s dil acid 2220 Strontium cyanide dihydrate Sr(CN)2⋅ 4H2O 211.72 wh hyg cry dec vs H2O TeamLRN4-87PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)2221 Strontium ferrocyanide pentadecahydrate SrFe(CN)6⋅ 15H2O 569.80 yel mono cry 50 2222 Strontium fluoride SrF2 7783-48-4 125.62 wh cub cry or powder 1477 2460 4.24 0.02125s dil acid 2223 Strontium formate Sr(CHO2)2 592-89-2 177.66 wh cry 71.9 2.693 9.10 2224 Strontium formate dihydrate Sr(CHO2)2⋅ 2H2O 6160-34-5 213.69 col rhom cry 100 dec 2.25 9.137i EtOH, eth 2225 Strontium hexaboride SrB6 12046-54-7 152.49 blk cub cry 2235 3.39 i H2O; s HNO3 2226 Strontium hydride SrH2 13598-33-9 89.64 orth cry 1050 3.26 reac H2O 2227 Strontium hydroxide Sr(OH)2 18480-07-4 121.64 col orth cry; hyg 535 710 dec 3.625 2.2525 2228 Strontium iodate Sr(IO3)2 13470-01-4 437.43 tricl cry 5.045 0.16525 2229 Strontium iodide SrI2 10476-86-5 341.43 wh hyg cry 538 1773 dec 4.55 17725 2230 Strontium iodide hexahydrate SrI2⋅ 6H2O 73796-25-5 449.52 wh-yel hex cry; hyg 120 dec 4.4 17725s EtOH 2231 Strontium niobate SrNb2O6 12034-89-8 369.43 monocl cry 1225 5.11 i H2O 2232 Strontium nitrate Sr(NO3)2 10042-76-9 211.63 wh cub cry 570 645 2.99 80.225sl EtOH, ace 2233 Strontium nitride Sr3N2 12033-82-8 290.87 refrac solid 1200 reac H2O; s HCl 2234 Strontium nitrite Sr(NO2)2 13470-06-9 179.63 wh-yel hyg needles 240 dec 2.8 72.130 2235 Strontium oxide SrO 1314-11-0 103.62 col cub cry 2531 5.1 reac H2O 2236 Strontium perchlorate Sr(ClO4)2 13450-97-0 286.52 col hyg cry 30625s EtOH, MeOH 2237 Strontium permanganate trihydrate Sr(MnO4)2⋅ 3H2O 379.54 pur cub cry 175 dec 2.75 25018 2238 Strontium peroxide SrO2 1314-18-7 119.62 wh tetr cry; unstable 215 dec 4.78 reac H2O 2239 Strontium phosphate Sr3(PO4)2 7446-28-8 452.80 wh powder 0.00001120s acid 2240 Strontium selenate SrSeO4 7446-21-1 230.58 orth cry 4.25 0.11520s hot HCl 2241 Strontium selenide SrSe 1315-07-7 166.58 wh cub cry 1600 4.54 2242 Strontium orthosilicate Sr2SiO4 13597-55-2 267.32 orth cry 4.5 2243 Strontium silicide SrSi2 12138-28-2 143.79 silv-gray cub cry 1100 3.35 2244 Strontium sulfate SrSO4 7759-02-6 183.68 wh orth cry 1606 3.96 0.013525i EtOH; sl acid 2245 Strontium sulfide SrS 1314-96-1 119.69 gray cub cry 2226 3.70 sl H2O; s acid 2246 Strontium sulfite SrSO3 13451-02-0 167.68 col cry dec 0.001525s H2SO4, HCl 2247 Strontium telluride SrTe 12040-08-3 215.22 wh cub cry 4.83 2248 Strontium thiosulfate pentahydrate SrS2O3⋅ 5H2O 15123-90-7 289.83 mono needles 100 dec 2.17 36.325i EtOH 2249 Strontium titanate SrTiO3 12060-59-2 183.49 wh cub cry 2080 5.1 i H2O 2250 Strontium tungstate SrWO4 13451-05-3 335.46 col tetr cry dec 6.187 0.1415i EtOH 2251 Sulfur (rhombic) S 7704-34-9 32.066 yel orth cry 95.3 (trans to monocl) 444.60 2.07 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth; s CS2 2252 Sulfur (monoclinic) S 7704-34-9 32.066 yel monocl needles, stable 95.3-120115.21 444.60 2.07 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth; s CS2 2253 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 7664-93-9 98.080 col oily liq 10.31 337 1.830220vs H2O 2254 Peroxysulfuric acid H2SO5 7722-86-3 114.079 wh cry; unstable 45 dec vs H2O 2255 Nitrosylsulfuric acid HNOSO4 7782-78-7 127.078 prisms 73 dec reac H2O; s H2SO4 2256 Chlorosulfonic acid SO2(OH)Cl 7790-94-5 116.525 col-yel liq -80 152 1.75 reac H2O; s py 2257 Fluorosulfonic acid SO2(OH)F 7789-21-1 100.070 col liq -89 163 1.726 reac H2O 2258 Sulfurous acid H2SO3 7782-99-2 82.080 exists only in soln soln of SO2in H2O 2259 Sulfamic acid H2NSO3H 5329-14-6 97.095 orth cry ≈205 dec 2.15 14.70sl ace; i eth 2260 Sulfur dioxide SO2 7446-09-5 64.065 col gas -75.5 -10.05 2.619 g/L s H2O, EtOh, eth, chl 2261 Sulfur trioxide SO3 7446-11-9 80.064 col liq 16.8 45 1.92 reac H2O 2262 Sulfur bromide SSBr2 13172-31-1 223.940 red oily liq -46 >25 dec 2.63 reac H2O 2263 Sulfur chloride SSCl2 10025-67-9 135.037 yel-red oily liq -77 137 1.69 reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth, ctc 2264 Sulfur fluoride SSF2 16860-99-4 102.129 col gas -164.6 -10.6 4.174 g/L reac H2O 2265 Sulfur fluoride FSSF 13709-35-8 102.129 col gas -133 15 4.174 g/L reac H2O 2266 Sulfur dichloride SCl2 10545-99-0 102.971 red visc liq -122 59.6 1.62 reac H2O 2267 Sulfur tetrafluoride SF4 7783-60-0 108.060 col gas -125 -40.45 4.417 g/L reac H2O 4-88PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 2268 Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 2551-62-4 146.056 col gas -50.7 tp -63.8 sp 5.970 g/L sl H2O; s EtOH 2269 Sulfur bromide pentafluoride SF5Br 15607-89-3 206.962 col gas -79 3.1 8.459 g/L 2270 Sulfur chloride pentafluoride SF5Cl 13780-57-9 162.511 col gas -64 -19.05 6.642 g/L 2271 Sulfur decafluoride S2F10 5714-22-7 254.116 liq -52.7 30; dec 150 2.08 i H2O 2272 Sulfuryl amide (NH2)2SO2 7803-58-9 96.110 orth plates 93 250 dec vs H2O; sl EtOH 2273 Sulfuryl chloride SO2Cl2 7791-25-5 134.970 col liq -51 69.4 1.680 reac H2O; s bz, tol, eth 2274 Sulfuryl fluoride SO2F2 2699-79-8 102.062 col gas -135.8 -55.4 4.172 g/L sl H2O, EtOH; s tol, ctc 2275 Pyrosulfuryl chloride S2O5Cl2 7791-27-7 215.034 col fuming liq -37 151 1.837 reac H2O 2276 Thionyl bromide SOBr2 507-16-4 207.873 yel liq -50 140 reac H2O 2277 Thionyl chloride SOCl2 7719-09-7 118.970 yel fuming liq -101 75.6 1.631 reac H2O; s bz, ctc, chl 2278 Thionyl fluoride SOF2 7783-42-8 86.062 col gas -129.5 -43.8 3.518 g/L reac H2O; s bz, eth 2279 Sulfur fluoride hypofluorite F5SOF 15179-32-5 162.055 col gas -86 -35.1 6.624 g/L 2280 Tantalum Ta 7440-25-7 180.948 gray metal; cub 3007 5458 16.4 reac HF2281 Tantalum aluminide TaAl 3 12004-76-1 261.893 gray refrac powder ≈1400 7.02 i H2O, acid, alk 2282 Tantalum boride TaB 12007-07-7 191.759 refrac orth cry 2040 14.2 2283 Tantalum boride TaB2 12007-35-1 202.570 blk hex cry 3140 11.2 i H2O, acid, alk 2284 Tantalum carbide TaC 12070-06-3 192.959 gold-brown powder; cub 3880 4780 14.3 s HF-HNO3 mixture 2285 Tantalum carbide Ta2C 12070-07-4 373.907 refrac hex cry 3327 15.1 2286 Tantalum nitride TaN 12033-62-4 194.955 blk hex cry 3090 13.7 i H2O; sl aqua regia; reac alk 2287 Tantalum silicide TaSi2 12039-79-1 237.119 gray powder 2200 9.14 2288 Tantalum(IV) oxide TaO2 12036-14-5 212.947 tetr cry 10.0 2289 Tantalum(IV) selenide TaSe2 12039-55-3 338.87 hex cry 6.7 2290 Tantalum(IV) sulfide TaS2 12143-72-5 245.080 blk hex cry >3000 6.86 i H2O 2291 Tantalum(IV) telluride TaTe2 12067-66-2 436.15 monocl cry 9.4 2292 Tantalum(V) bromide TaBr5 13451-11-1 580.468 yel cry powder 265 349 4.99 2293 Tantalum(V) chloride TaCl5 7721-01-9 358.212 yel monocl cry; hyg 216 239.35 3.68 reac H2O; s EtOH 2294 Tantalum(V) fluoride TaF5 7783-71-3 275.940 wh monocl cry; hyg 95.1 229.2 5.0 s H2O, eth; sl CS2, ctc 2295 Tantalum(V) iodide TaI5 14693-81-3 815.470 blk hex cry; hyg 496 543 5.80 2296 Tantalum(V) oxide Ta2O5 1314-61-0 441.893 wh rhomb cry or powder 1784 8.2 i H2O, EtOH, acid; s HF 2297 Technetium Tc 7440-26-8 98 hex cry 2157 4265 11 2298 Technetium(V) fluoride TcF5 31052-14-9 193 yel solid 50 dec 2299 Technetium(VI) fluoride TcF6 13842-93-8 212 yel cub cry 37.4 55.3 3.0 2300 Tellurium Te 13494-80-9 127.60 gray-wh rhomb cry 449.51 988 6.24 i H2O, bz, CS2 2301 Telluric(VI) acid H6TeO6 7803-68-1 229.64 wh monocl cry 136 3.07 50.130 2302 Tellurous acid H2TeO3 10049-23-7 177.61 wh cry 40 dec 3.0 sl H2O; s dil acid, alk 2303 Tellurium dioxide TeO2 7446-07-3 159.60 wh orth cry 733 1245 5.9 i H2O; s alk, acid 2304 Tellurium trioxide TeO3 13451-18-8 175.60 yel-oran cry 430 5.07 i H2O 2305 Tellurium dibromide TeBr2 7789-54-0 287.41 grn-brn hyg cry 210 339 reac H2O; s eth; sl chl 2306 Tellurium dichloride TeCl2 10025-71-5 198.51 blk amorp solid; hyg 208 328 6.9 reac H2O; i ctc 2307 Tellurium tetrabromide TeBr4 10031-27-3 447.22 yel-oran monocl cry 388 ≈420 dec 4.3 reac H2O; s eth 2308 Tellurium tetrachloride TeCl4 10026-07-0 269.41 wh monocl cry; hyg 224 387 3.0 reac H2O; s EtOH, tol 2309 Tellurium tetrafluoride TeF4 15192-26-4 203.59 col cry 129 195 dec reac H2O 2310 Tellurium tetraiodide TeI4 7790-48-9 635.22 blk orth cry 280 5.05 reac H2O; sl ace 2311 Tellurium hexafluoride TeF6 7783-80-4 241.59 col gas -37.6 tp -38.9 sp 9.875 g/L reac H2O 2312 Terbium Tb 7440-27-9 158.925 silv metal; hex 1356 3230 8.23 TeamLRN4-89PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)2313 Terbium chloride TbCl3 10042-88-3 265.283 wh orth cry; hyg 588 4.35 s H2O 2314 Terbium chloride hexahydrate TbCl3⋅ 6H2O 13798-24-8 373.374 hyg cry 4.35 vs H2O 2315 Terbium iodide TbI3 13813-40-6 539.638 hex cry; hyg 957 ≈5.2 s H2O 2316 Terbium nitrate Tb(NO3)3 10043-27-3 344.940 pink hyg solid 15725s EtOH 2317 Terbium nitrate hexahydrate Tb(NO3)3⋅ 6H2O 13451-19-9 453.031 col needles 89 s H2O, EtOH, ace 2318 Terbium nitride TbN 12033-64-6 172.932 cub cry 9.55 2319 Terbium oxide Tb2O3 12036-41-8 365.849 wh cub cry 2303 7.91 2320 Terbium silicide TbSi2 12039-80-4 215.096 orth cry 6.66 2321 Terbium sulfide Tb2S3 12138-11-3 414.049 cub cry 6.35 2322 Thallium Tl 7440-28-0 204.383 soft blue-wh metal 304 1473 11.8 i H2O; reac acid 2323 Thallium(I) acetate TlC2H3O2 563-68-8 263.427 hyg wh cry 131 3.68 s H2O, EtOH 2324 Thallium(I) bromate TlBrO3 14550-84-6 332.285 col needles 120 dec 0.4930s EtOH 2325 Thallium(I) bromide TlBr 7789-40-4 284.287 yel cub cry 460 819 7.5 0.05920 2326 Thallium(I) carbonate Tl2CO3 6533-73-9 468.776 wh monocl cry 272 7.11 4.6920i EtOH 2327 Thallium(I) chlorate TlClO3 13453-30-0 287.834 col hex cry 5.5 3.9220 2328 Thallium(I) chloride TlCl 7791-12-0 239.836 wh cub cry 430 720 7.0 0.3320i EtOH 2329 Thallium(I) chromate Tl2CrO4 524.761 yel cry 0.00320sl acid, alk 2330 Thallium(I) cyanide TlCN 13453-34-4 230.401 wh hex plates 6.523 s H2O, acid, EtOH 2331 Thallium(I) ethanolate TlC2H5O 20398-06-5 249.443 cloudy liq -3 130 dec 3.49 reac H2O 2332 Thallium(I) fluoride TlF 7789-27-7 223.381 wh orth cry 326 826 8.36 24525 2333 Thallium(I) formate TlCHO2 992-98-3 249.401 hyg col needles 101 4.97 vs H2O; s MeOH 2334 Thallium(I) hexafluorophosphate TlPF6 60969-19-9 349.347 wh cub cry 4.6 2335 Thallium(I) hydroxide TlOH 12026-06-1 221.390 yel needles 139 dec 7.44 34.318 2336 Thallium(I) iodate TlIO3 14767-09-0 379.285 wh needles 0.058 sl HNO3 2337 Thallium(I) iodide TlI 7790-30-9 331.287 yel cry powder 441.7 824 7.1 0.008520i EtOH 2338 Thallium(I) molybdate Tl2MoO4 34128-09-1 568.71 yel-wh cub cry i H2O 2339 Thallium(I) nitrate TlNO3 10102-45-1 266.388 wh cry 206 450 dec 5.55 9.5520i EtOH 2340 Thallium(I) nitrite TlNO2 13826-63-6 250.389 cub cry 5.7 32.125 2341 Thallium(I) oxalate Tl2C2O4 30737-24-7 496.786 wh powder 6.31 1.8320 2342 Thallium(I) oxide Tl2O 1314-12-1 424.766 blk rhomb cry; hyg 579 ≈1080 9.52 s H2O, EtOH 2343 Thallium(I) perchlorate TlClO4 13453-40-2 303.834 col orth cry 4.8 19.730 2344 Thallium(I) selenate Tl2SeO4 7446-22-2 551.73 orth cry >400 6.875 2.820i EtOH, eth 2345 Thallium(I) selenide Tl2Se 15572-25-5 487.73 gray plates 340 i H2O, acid 2346 Thallium(I) sulfate Tl2SO4 7446-18-6 504.831 wh rhomb prisms 632 6.77 5.4725 2347 Thallium(I) sulfide Tl2S 1314-97-2 440.833 blue-blk cry 448 1367 8.39 0.0220sl alk; s acid 2348 Thallium(III) bromide tetrahydrate TlBr3⋅ 4H2O 13701-90-1 516.157 yel orth cry 3.65 s H2O, EtOH 2349 Thallium(III) chloride TlCl3 13453-32-2 310.741 monocl cry 155 4.7 vs H2O, EtOH, eth 2350 Thallium(III) chloride tetrahydrate TlCl3⋅ 4H2O 13453-32-2* 382.803 orth cry 3.00 s H2O 2351 Thallium(III) fluoride TlF3 7783-57-5 261.378 wh orth cry; hyg 550 dec 8.65 reac H2O 2352 Thallium(III) nitrate Tl(NO3)3 13746-98-0 390.398 col cry reac H2O 2353 Thallium(III) oxide Tl2O3 1314-32-5 456.765 brn cub cry 834 10.2 i H2O; reac acid 2354 Thallium(III) sulfate Tl2(SO4)3 16222-66-5 696.958 col leaflets reac H2O 2355 Thallium selenide TlSe 12039-52-0 283.34 blk solid 330 i H2O, acid 2356 Thorium Th 7440-29-1 232.038 soft gray-wh metal; cub 1750 4788 11.7 s acid 2357 Thorium hydride ThH2 16689-88-6 234.054 tetr cry 9.5 2358 Thorium boride ThB6 12229-63-9 296.904 refrac solid 2450 6.99 2359 Thorium(IV) bromide ThBr4 13453-49-1 551.654 wh hyg cry 679 6520 2360 Thorium carbide ThC 12012-16-7 244.049 cub cry 2500 10.6 reac H2O 4-90PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 2361 Thorium dicarbide ThC2 12071-31-7 256.059 yel monocl cry ≈2650 9.0 reac H2O 2362 Thorium(IV) chloride ThCl4 10026-08-1 373.849 gray-wh tetr needles; hyg 770 921 4.59 s H2O, EtOH 2363 Thorium(IV) fluoride ThF4 13709-59-6 308.032 wh monocl cry; hyg 1110 1680 6.1 2364 Thorium(IV) iodide ThI4 7790-49-0 739.656 wh-yel monocl cry 570 837 2365 Thorium(IV) nitrate tetrahydrate Th(NO3)4⋅ 4H2O 33088-16-3 552.119 wh hyg cry 500 dec 19120s EtOH 2366 Thorium nitride ThN 12033-65-7 246.045 refrac cub cry 2820 11.6 reac H2O 2367 Thorium(IV) oxide ThO2 1314-20-1 264.037 wh cub cry 3390 4400 10.0 i H2O, alk; sl acid 2368 Thorium(IV) selenide ThSe2 60763-24-8 389.96 orth cry 8.5 2369 Thorium orthosilicate ThSiO4 14553-44-7 324.122 brn tetr cry 6.7 2370 Thorium silicide ThSi2 12067-54-8 288.209 tetr cry 1850 7.9 2371 Thorium(IV) sulfate nonahydrate Th(SO4)2⋅ 9H2O 10381-37-0 586.303 wh monocl cry dec 2.8 4.220 2372 Thorium(IV) sulfide ThS2 12138-07-7 296.170 dark brn cry 1905 7.30 i H2O; s acid 2373 Thulium Tm 7440-30-4 168.934 silv metal; hex 1545 1950 9.32 s dil acid 2374 Thulium bromide TmBr3 14456-51-0 408.646 wh hyg cry 954 s H2O 2375 Thulium chloride TmCl3 13537-18-3 275.292 yel hyg cry 824 s H2O 2376 Thulium chloride heptahydrate TmCl3⋅ 7H2O 13778-39-7 401.399 hyg cry s H2O, EtOH 2377 Thulium fluoride TmF3 13760-79-7 225.929 wh cry 1158 s H2O 2378 Thulium iodide TmI3 13813-43-9 549.647 yel hyg cry 1021 2379 Thulium nitrate Tm(NO3)3 14985-19-4 354.949 grn hyg solid 21225s EtOH 2380 Thulium nitrate pentahydrate Tm(NO3)3⋅ 5H2O 36548-87-5 445.025 grn hyg cry s H2O, EtOH, ace 2381 Thulium oxide Tm2O3 12036-44-1 385.866 grn-wh cub cry 2341 3945 8.6 sl acid 2382 Tin (gray) Sn 7440-31-5 118.710 cub cry trans to wh Sn 13.2 2602 5.7692383 Tin (white) Sn 7440-31-5 118.710 silv tetr cry 231.93 2602 7.2652384 Stannane SnH 4 2406-52-2 122.742 unstable col gas -146 -51.8 5.017 g/L 2385 Methylstannane SnH3CH3 1631-78-3 136.769 col gas 0 5.590 g/L reac H2O 2386 Tin(II) acetate Sn(C2H3O2)2 638-39-1 236.799 wh orth cry 183 subl 2.31 s dil HCl 2387 Tin(II) bromide SnBr2 10031-24-0 278.518 yel powder 215 639 5.12 850s EtOH, eth, ace 2388 Tin(II) chloride SnCl2 7772-99-8 189.615 wh orth cry 247.1 623 3.90 17810s EtOH, ace, eth; i xyl 2389 Tin(II) chloride dihydrate SnCl2⋅ 2H2O 10025-69-1 225.646 wh monocl cry 37 dec 2.71 17810s EtOH, NaOH; vs HCl 2390 Tin(II) fluoride SnF2 7783-47-3 156.707 wh monocl cry; hyg 213 850 4.57 s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl 2391 Tin(II) hexafluorozirconate SnZrF6 12419-43-1 323.924 cry 4.21 s H2O 2392 Tin(II) hydroxide Sn(OH)2 12026-24-3 152.725 wh amorp solid 2393 Tin(II) iodide SnI2 10294-70-9 372.519 red-oran powder 320 714 5.28 0.9820s bz, chl, CS2 2394 Tin(II) oxalate SnC2O4 814-94-8 206.729 wh powder 280 dec 3.56 i H2O; s dil HCl 2395 Tin(II) oxide SnO 21651-19-4 134.709 blue-blk tetr cry 1080 dec 6.45 i H2O, EtOH; s acid 2396 Tin(II) pyrophosphate Sn2P2O7 15578-26-4 411.363 wh amorp powder 400 dec 4.009 i H2O; s conc acid 2397 Tin(II) selenide SnSe 1315-06-6 197.67 gray orth cry 861 6.18 i H2O; s aqua regia 2398 Tin(II) sulfate SnSO4 7488-55-3 214.774 wh orth cry 378 dec 4.15 18.819 2399 Tin(II) sulfide SnS 1314-95-0 150.776 gray orth cry 880 1210 5.08 i H2O; s conc acid 2400 Tin(II) tartrate SnC4H4O6 815-85-0 266.781 wh cry powder s H2O, dil HCl 2401 Tin(II) telluride SnTe 12040-02-7 246.31 gray cub cry 790 6.5 2402 Tin(IV) bromide SnBr4 7789-67-5 438.326 wh cry 29.1 205 3.34 vs H2O; s EtOH 2403 Tin(IV) chloride SnCl4 7646-78-8 260.521 col fuming liq -34.07 114.15 2.234 reac H2O; s EtOH, ctc, bz, ace 2404 Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate SnCl4⋅ 5H2O 10026-06-9 350.597 wh-yel cry 56 dec 2.04 vs H2O; s EtOH 2405 Tin(IV) chromate Sn(CrO4)2 38455-77-5 350.697 brn-yel cry powder dec s H2O TeamLRN4-91PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)2406 Tin(IV) fluoride SnF4 7783-62-2 194.704 wh tetr cry 705 subl 4.78 reac H2O 2407 Tin(IV) iodide SnI4 7790-47-8 626.328 yel-brn cub cry 143 364.35 4.46 reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, eth 2408 Tin(IV) oxide SnO2 18282-10-5 150.709 gray tetr cry 1630 6.85 i H2O, EtOH; s hot conc alk 2409 Tin(IV) selenide SnSe2 20770-09-6 276.63 red-brn cry 650 ≈5.0 i H2O; s alk, conc acid 2410 Tin(IV) selenite Sn(SeO3)2 7446-25-5 372.63 cry powder i H2O; s hot HCl 2411 Tin(IV) sulfide SnS2 1315-01-1 182.842 gold-yel hex cry 600 dec 4.5 i H2O; s alk, aqua regia 2412 Titanium Ti 7440-32-6 47.867 gray metal; hex 1670 3287 4.506 2413 Titanium hydride TiH2 7704-98-5 49.883 gray-blk powder ≈450 dec 3.75 i H2O 2414 Titanium boride TiB2 12045-63-5 69.489 gray refrac solid; hex 3225 4.38 2415 Titanium carbide TiC 12070-08-5 59.878 cub cry 3067 4.93 i H2O; s HNO3 2416 Titanium nitride TiN 25583-20-4 61.874 yel-brn cub cry 2950 5.21 i H2O; s aqua regia 2417 Titanium phosphide TiP 12037-65-9 78.841 gray hex cry 1990 4.08 2418 Titanium silicide TiSi2 12039-83-7 104.038 blk orth cry 1500 4.0 i H2O, acid, alk; s HF 2419 Titanium(II) bromide TiBr2 13783-04-5 207.675 blk powder 4.0 reac H2O 2420 Titanium(II) chloride TiCl2 10049-06-6 118.772 blk hex cryc 1035 1500 3.13 reac H2O; s EtOH; i chl, eth 2421 Titanium(II) iodide TiI2 13783-07-8 301.676 blk hex cry 5.02 reac H2O 2422 Titanium(II) oxide TiO 12137-20-1 63.866 cub cry 1750 4.95 2423 Titanium(II) sulfide TiS 12039-07-5 79.933 brn hex cry 1780 3.85 s conc acid2424 Titanium(III) bromide TiBr 3 13135-31-4 287.579 blue-blk hex cry s H2O 2425 Titanium(III) chloride TiCl3 7705-07-9 154.225 red-viol hex cry; hyg 425 dec 960 2.64 reac H2O 2426 Titanium(III) fluoride TiF3 13470-08-1 104.862 viol hex cry 1200 1400 2.98 i H2O, dil acid, alk 2427 Titanium(III) oxide Ti2O3 1344-54-3 143.732 viol hex cry 1842 4.486 s hot HF 2428 Titanium(III) sulfate Ti2(SO4)3 10343-61-0 383.925 grn cry i H2O, EtOH; s dil HCl 2429 Titanium(III) sulfide Ti2S3 12039-16-6 191.932 blk hex cry 3.56 2430 Titanium(III,IV) oxide Ti3O5 12065-65-5 223.598 blk monocl cry 1777 4.24 2431 Titanium(IV) bromide TiBr4 7789-68-6 367.483 yel-oran cub cry; hyg 39 230 3.37 reac H2O 2432 Titanium(IV) chloride TiCl4 7550-45-0 189.678 col or yel liq -24.12 136.45 1.73 reac H2O; s EtOH 2433 Titanium(IV) fluoride TiF4 7783-63-3 123.861 wh hyg powder 284 subl 2.798 reac H2O; s EtOH, py 2434 Titanium(IV) iodide TiI4 7720-83-4 555.485 red hyg powder 150 377 4.3 reac H2O 2435 Titanium(IV) oxide TiO2 13463-67-7 79.866 wh tetr cry 1843 4.23 i H2O, dil acid; s conc acid 2436 Titanium(IV) oxysulfate monohydrate TiOSO4⋅ H2O 13825-74-6* 177.945 col orth cry 2.71 reac H2O 2437 Titanium(IV) sulfate Ti(SO4)2 13693-11-3 239.994 wh-yel hyg cry 150 dec s H2O 2438 Titanium(IV) sulfide TiS2 12039-13-3 111.999 yel-brn hex cry; hyg 3.37 s H2SO4 2439 Tungsten W 7440-33-7 183.84 gray-wh metal; cub 3414 5555 19.3 2440 Tungstic acid H2WO4 7783-03-1 249.85 yel amorp powder 100 dec 5.5 i H2O, acid; s alk 2441 Tungsten boride W2B 12007-10-2 378.49 refrac blk powder 2670 16.0 i H2O 2442 Tungsten boride WB 12007-09-9 194.65 blk refrac powder 2665 15.2 i H2O 2443 Tungsten boride W2B5 12007-98-6 421.74 refrac solid 2365 11.0 i H2O 2444 Tungsten carbide W2C 12070-13-2 379.69 refrac hex cry ≈2800 14.8 i H2O 2445 Tungsten carbide WC 12070-12-1 195.85 gray hex cry 2785 15.6 i H2O; s HNO3/HF 2446 Tungsten carbonyl W(CO)6 14040-11-0 351.90 wh cry 170 dec subl 2.65 i H2O; s os 2447 Tungsten nitride WN2 60922-26-1 211.85 hex cry 600 dec 7.7 2448 Tungsten nitride W2N 12033-72-6 381.69 gray cub cry dec 17.8 2449 Tungsten silicide WSi2 12039-88-2 240.01 blue-gray tetr cry 2160 9.3 i H2O 2450 Tungsten silicide W5Si3 12039-95-1 1003.46 blue-gray refrac solid 2320 14.4 2451 Tungsten(II) bromide WBr2 13470-10-5 343.65 yel powder 400 dec 2452 Tungsten(II) chloride WCl2 13470-12-7 254.75 yel solid >500 dec s H2O 2453 Tungsten(II) iodide WI2 13470-17-2 437.65 oran cry 6.79 4-92PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 2454 Tungsten(III) bromide WBr3 15163-24-3 423.55 blk hex cry >80 dec i H2O 2455 Tungsten(III) chloride WCl3 20193-56-0 290.20 red solid 550 dec subl reac H2O 2456 Tungsten(IV) bromide WBr4 14055-81-3 503.46 blk orth cry 240 subl reac H2O 2457 Tungsten(IV) chloride WCl4 13470-13-8 325.65 blk hyg powder 450 dec 4.62 reac H2O 2458 Tungsten(IV) fluoride WF4 13766-47-7 259.83 red-brn cry >800 dec 2459 Tungsten(IV) iodide WI4 14055-84-6 691.46 blk powder dec reac H2O; s EtOH; i eth chl 2460 Tungsten(IV) oxide WO2 12036-22-5 215.84 blue monocl cry ≈1500 dec 10.8 i H2O, os 2461 Tungsten(IV) selenide WSe2 12067-46-8 341.76 gray hex cry 9.2 2462 Tungsten(IV) sulfide WS2 12138-09-9 247.97 gray hex cry 1250 dec 7.6 i H2O, HCl, alk 2463 Tungsten(IV) telluride WTe2 12067-76-4 439.04 gray orth cry 1020 9.43 2464 Tungsten(V) bromide WBr5 13470-11-6 583.36 brn-blk hyg solid 286 333 2465 Tungsten(V) chloride WCl5 13470-14-9 361.10 blk hyg cry 242 286 reac H2O 2466 Tungsten(V) ethanolate W(C2H5O)5 62571-53-3 409.14 pow 105(0.05 mmHg) s EtAc 2467 Tungsten(V) fluoride WF5 19357-83-6 278.83 yel solid >80 dec 2468 Tungsten(V) oxytribromide WOBr3 20213-56-3 439.55 dark brn tetr cry ≈5.9 2469 Tungsten(V) oxytrichloride WOCl3 14249-98-0 306.20 grn tetr cry ≈4.6 2470 Tungsten(VI) bromide WBr6 13701-86-5 663.26 blue-blk cry 309 2471 Tungsten(VI) chloride WCl6 13283-01-7 396.56 purp hex cry; hyg 275 346.75 3.52 s EtOH, os 2472 Tungsten(VI) dioxydibromide WO2Br2 13520-75-7 375.65 red cry 440 subl 2473 Tungsten(VI) dioxydichloride WO2Cl2 13520-76-8 286.74 yel orth cry 265 4.67 i H2O 2474 Tungsten(VI) dioxydiiodide WO2I2 14447-89-3 469.65 grn monocl cry 400 dec 6.39 2475 Tungsten(VI) fluoride WF6 7783-82-6 297.83 col gas 2.3 17.1 12.17 g/L reac H2O 2476 Tungsten(VI) oxide WO3 1314-35-8 231.84 yel powder 1472 7.2 i H2O; sl acid; s alk 2477 Tungsten(VI) oxytetrabromide WOBr4 13520-77-9 519.46 red tetr cry 277 327 ≈5.5 reac H2O 2478 Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride WOCl4 13520-78-0 341.65 red hyg cry 211 227.55 11.92 reac H2O; s bz, CS2 2479 Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride WOF4 13520-79-1 275.83 wh monocl cry 106 185.9 5.07 reac H2O 2480 Tungsten(VI) sulfide WS3 12125-19-8 280.04 brn powder sl H2O; s alk 2481 Uranium U 7440-61-1 238.029 silv-wh orth cry 1135 4131 19.1 2482 Uranium boride UB2 12007-36-2 259.651 refrac solid 2430 12.7 2483 Uranium boride UB4 12007-84-0 281.273 refrac solid 2530 9.32 i H2O 2484 Uranium carbide UC 12070-09-6 250.040 gray cub cry 2790 2485 Uranium carbide UC2 12071-33-9 262.050 gray tetr cry 2350 4370 11.3 reac H2O; sl EtOH 2486 Uranium carbide U2C3 12076-62-9 512.090 gray cub cry ≈1700 dec 12.7 2487 Uranium nitride UN 25658-43-9 252.036 gray cub cry 2805 14.3 i H2O 2488 Uranium nitride U2N3 12033-83-9 518.078 cub cry dec 11.3 2489 Uranium(III) bromide UBr3 13470-19-4 477.741 red hyg cry 727 s H2O 2490 Uranium(III) chloride UCl3 10025-93-1 344.387 grn hyg cry 837 5.51 vs H2O; i bz, ctc 2491 Uranium(III) fluoride UF3 13775-06-9 295.024 blk hex cry dec 8.9 i H2O; s acid 2492 Uranium(III) hydride UH3 13598-56-6 241.053 gray-blk cub cry 11.1 2493 Uranium(III) iodide UI3 13775-18-3 618.742 blk hyg cry 766 s H2O 2494 Uranium(IV) bromide UBr4 13470-20-7 557.645 brn hyg cry 519 s H2O, EtOH 2495 Uranium(IV) chloride UCl4 10026-10-5 379.840 grn octahed cry 590 791 4.72 reac H2O; s EtOH 2496 Uranium(IV) fluoride UF4 10049-14-6 314.023 grn monocl cry 1036 1417 6.7 0.0125s conc acid, alk 2497 Uranium(IV) iodide UI4 13470-22-9 745.647 blk hyg cry 506 s H2O, EtOH 2498 Uranium(IV) oxide UO2 1344-57-6 270.028 brn cub cry 2827 10.97 i H2O, dil acid; s conc acid TeamLRN4-93PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)2499 Uranium(IV,V) oxide U4O9 12037-15-9 1096.111 cub cry 11.2 2500 Uranium(V) bromide UBr5 13775-16-1 637.549 brn hyg cry reac H2O 2501 Uranium(V) chloride UCl5 13470-21-8 415.293 brn hyg cry 287 reac H2O 2502 Uranium(V) fluoride UF5 13775-07-0 333.021 pale blue tetr cry; hyg 348 5.81 s H2O 2503 Uranium(V,VI) oxide U3O8 1344-59-8 842.082 grn-blk orth cry 1300 dec 8.38 2504 Uranium(VI) chloride UCl6 13763-23-0 450.745 green hex cry 177 3.6 2505 Uranium(VI) fluoride UF6 7783-81-5 352.019 wh monocl solid 64.0 tp 56.5 sp 5.09 reac H2O; s ctc, chl 2506 Uranium(VI) oxide UO3 1344-58-7 286.027 oran-yel cry ≈7.3 i H2O; s acid 2507 Uranium(VI) oxide monohydrate UO3⋅ H2O 12326-21-5 304.043 yel orth cry 570 dec 7.05 2508 Uranium peroxide dihydrate UO4⋅ 2H2O 19525-15-6 338.057 yel hyg cry 115 dec i H2O 2509 Uranyl chloride UO2Cl2 7791-26-6 340.933 yel orth cry; hyg 577 vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; i bz 2510 Uranyl fluoride UO2F2 13536-84-0 308.025 yel hyg solid 64.420i bz 2511 Uranyl nitrate UO2(NO3)2 10102-06-4 394.037 yel cry 12725s eth 2512 Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate UO2(NO3)2⋅ 6H2O 13520-83-7 502.129 yel orth cry; hyg 60 118 dec 2.81 12725s EtOH, eth 2513 Uranyl sulfate UO2SO4 1314-64-3 366.091 yel cry 2514 Uranyl sulfate trihydrate UO2SO4⋅ 3H2O 20910-28-5 420.138 yel cry 3.28 15216sl EtOH 2515 Vanadium V 7440-62-2 50.942 gray-wh metal; cub 1910 3407 6.0 i H2O; s acid 2516 Vanadium boride VB 12045-27-1 61.753 refrac solid 2250 i H2O 2517 Vanadium boride VB2 12007-37-3 72.564 refrac solid 2450 2518 Vanadium carbide VC 12070-10-9 62.953 refrac blk cry; cub 2810 5.77 i H2O 2519 Vanadium carbide V2C 12012-17-8 113.894 hex cry 2167 2520 Vanadium carbonyl V(CO)6 14024-00-1 219.002 blue-grn cry; flam 60 dec subl 2521 Vanadium nitride VN 24646-85-3 64.949 blk powder; cub 2050 6.13 i H2O; s aqua regia 2522 Vanadium silicide VSi2 12039-87-1 107.113 metallic prisms 4.42 s HF 2523 Vanadium silicide V3Si 12039-76-8 180.911 cub cry 1935 5.70 2524 Vanadium(II) bromide VBr2 14890-41-6 210.750 oran-brn hex cry 800 subl 4.58 reac H2O 2525 Vanadium(II) chloride VCl2 10580-52-6 121.847 grn hex plates ≈1350 910 subl 3.23 reac H2O; s EtOH, eth 2526 Vanadium(II) fluoride VF2 13842-80-3 88.939 blue hyg cry reac H2O 2527 Vanadium(II) iodide VI2 15513-84-5 304.751 red-viol hex cry 800 subl 5.44 reac H2O 2528 Vanadium(II) oxide VO 12035-98-2 66.941 grn cry 1789 5.758 s acid 2529 Vanadium(II) sulfate heptahydrate VSO4⋅ 7H2O 36907-42-3 273.112 viol cry 2530 Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate V(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 13476-99-8 348.266 brn cry ≈185 subl ≈1.0 s MeOH, ace, bz chl 2531 Vanadium(III) bromide VBr3 13470-26-3 290.654 gray-brn hyg cry 4.00 reac H2O 2532 Vanadium(III) chloride VCl3 7718-98-1 157.300 red-viol hex cry; hyg 500 dec 3.00 reac H2O; s EtOH, eth 2533 Vanadium(III) fluoride VF3 10049-12-4 107.937 yel-grn hex cry ≈1400 subl 3.363 i H2O, EtOH 2534 Vanadium(III) fluoride trihydrate VF3⋅ 3H2O 10049-12-4* 161.983 grn rhomb cry ≈100 dec sl H2O 2535 Vanadium(III) iodide VI3 15513-94-7 431.655 brn-blk rhomb cry; hyg 5.21 reac H2O 2536 Vanadium(III) oxide V2O3 1314-34-7 149.881 blk powder 2067 4.87 i H2O 2537 Vanadium(III) sulfate V2(SO4)3 13701-70-7 390.074 yel powder ≈400 dec sl H2O 2538 Vanadium(III) sulfide V2S3 1315-03-3 198.081 grn-blk powder dec 4.7 i H2O; s hot HCl 2539 Vanadium(IV) bromide VBr4 13595-30-7 370.558 unstable magenta cry -23 dec 2540 Vanadium(IV) chloride VCl4 7632-51-1 192.753 unstable red liq -25.7 148 1.816 reac H2O; s EtOH, eth 2541 Vanadium(IV) fluoride VF4 10049-16-8 126.936 grn hyg powder 325 dec subl 3.15 vs H2O 2542 Vanadium(IV) oxide VO2 12036-21-4 82.941 blue-blk powder 1967 4.339 i H2O; s acid, alk 2543 Vanadium(V) fluoride VF5 7783-72-4 145.934 col liq 19.5 48.3 2.50 reac H2O 2544 Vanadium(V) oxide V2O5 1314-62-1 181.880 yel-brn orth cry 670 1800 dec 3.35 0.0725s conc acid, alk; i EtOH 2545 Vanadyl bromide VOBr 13520-88-2 146.845 viol cry 480 dec 2546 Vanadyl chloride VOCl 13520-87-1 102.394 brn orth cry 127 1.72 4-94PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 2547 Vanadyl dibromide VOBr2 13520-89-3 226.749 yel-brn cry 180 dec 2548 Vanadyl dichloride VOCl2 10213-09-9 137.846 grn hyg cry 380 dec 2.88 reac H2O; s EtOH 2549 Vanadyl difluoride VOF2 13814-83-0 104.938 yel cry 2550 Vanadyl selenite hydrate VOSeO3⋅ H2O 133578-89-9 211.92 grn tricl plates 3.506 2551 Vanadyl sulfate dihydrate VOSO4⋅ 2H2O 27774-13-6 199.036 blue cry powder s H2O 2552 Vanadyl tribromide VOBr3 13520-90-6 306.653 deep red liq 180 dec reac H2O 2553 Vanadyl trichloride VOCl3 7727-18-6 173.299 fuming red liq -79 127 1.829 reac H2O; s MeOH, eth, ace 2554 Vanadyl trifluoride VOF3 13709-31-4 123.936 yel hyg powder 300 480 2.459 reac H2O 2555 Water H2O 7732-18-5 18.015 col liq 0.00 100.0 0.9970 s EtOH, MeOH, ace 2556 Xenon Xe 7440-63-3 131.29 col gas -111.745 tp (81.6 kPa) -108.09 5.366 g/L sl H2O 2557 Xenon trioxide XeO3 13776-58-4 179.29 col orth cry exp ≈25 4.55 s H2O 2558 Xenon tetroxide XeO4 12340-14-6 195.29 yel solid; exp -35.9 ≈0 dec 2559 Xenon difluoride XeF2 13709-36-9 169.29 col tetr cry 129.03 tp 114.35 sp 4.32 sl H2O 2560 Xenon tetrafluoride XeF4 13709-61-0 207.28 col monocl cry 117.10 tp 115.75 sp 4.04 reac H2O 2561 Xenon hexafluoride XeF6 13693-09-9 245.28 col monocl cry 49.5 75.6 3.56 reac H2O 2562 Xenon dioxydifluoride XeO2F2 13875-06-4 201.29 col orth cry 30.8 exp 4.10 2563 Xenon oxytetrafluoride XeOF4 13774-85-1 223.28 col liq -46.2 3.170reac H2O 2564 Xenon fluoride hexafluororuthenate XeFRuF6 22527-13-5 365.35 yel-grn monocl cry 110 3.78 2565 Xenon fluoride undecafluoroantimonate XeFSb2F11 15364-10-0 602.79 yel monocl cry 63 3.69 2566 Xenon fluoride hexafluoroarsenate Xe2F3AsF6 50432-32-1 508.49 yel-grn monocl cry 99 3.62 reac H2O 2567 Xenon fluoride hexafluoroantimonate XeF3SbF6 39797-63-2 424.04 yel-grn monocl cry ≈110 3.92 2568 Xenon trifluoride undecafluoroantimonate XeF3Sb2F11 35718-37-7 640.79 yel-grn tricl cry 82 3.98 2569 Xenon pentafluoride hexafluoroarsenate XeF5AsF6 20328-94-3 415.19 wh monocl cry 130.5 3.51 2570 Xenon pentafluoride hexafluororuthenate XeF5RuF6 39796-98-0 441.34 grn orth cry 152 3.79 2571 Ytterbium Yb 7440-64-4 173.04 silv metal; cub 819 1196 6.90 s dil acid2572 Ytterbium silicide YbSi 2 12039-89-3 229.21 hex cry 7.54 2573 Ytterbium(II) bromide YbBr2 25502-05-0 332.85 yel cry 673 reac H2O 2574 Ytterbium(II) chloride YbCl2 13874-77-6 243.95 grn cry 721 5.27 reac H2O 2575 Ytterbium(II) iodide YbI2 19357-86-9 426.85 blk cry 772 reac H2O 2576 Ytterbium(III) chloride YbCl3 10361-91-8 279.40 wh hyg powder 875 s H2O 2577 Ytterbium(III) chloride hexahydrate YbCl3⋅ 6H2O 19423-87-1 387.49 grn hyg cry 150 dec 2.57 vs H2O 2578 Ytterbium(III) fluoride YbF3 13760-80-0 230.04 wh cry 1157 8.2 i H2O 2579 Ytterbium(III) nitrate Yb(NO3)3 13768-67-7 359.06 col hyg solid 23925s EtOH 2580 Ytterbium(III) oxide Yb2O3 1314-37-0 394.08 col cub cry 2355 4070 9.2 s dil acid 2581 Ytterbium(III) sulfate octahydrate Yb2(SO4)3⋅ 8H2O 10034-98-7 778.39 col cry 3.3 38.420 2582 Yttrium Y 7440-65-5 88.906 silv metal; hex 1522 3345 4.47 reac H2O; s dil acid 2583 Yttrium aluminum oxide Y3Al5O12 12005-21-9 593.619 grn cub cry ≈4.5 2584 Yttrium antimonide YSb 12186-97-9 210.666 cub cry 2310 5.97 2585 Yttrium arsenide YAs 12255-48-0 163.828 cub cry 5.592586 Yttrium boride YB 6 12008-32-1 153.772 refrac solid 2600 3.72 2587 Yttrium bromide YBr3 13469-98-2 328.618 col hyg cry 904 83.330 2588 Yttrium carbide YC2 12071-35-1 112.927 refrac solid ≈2400 4.13 2589 Yttrium carbonate trihydrate Y2(CO3)3⋅ 3H2O 5970-44-5 411.885 red-brn powder i H2O; s dil acid 2590 Yttrium chloride YCl3 10361-92-9 195.264 wh monocl cry; hyg 721 2.61 75.120 2591 Yttrium fluoride YF3 13709-49-4 145.901 wh hyg powder ≈1150 4.0 i H2O TeamLRN4-95PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)2592 Yttrium nitrate Y(NO3)3 10361-93-0 274.921 wh hyg solid 14925s EtOH 2593 Yttrium nitrate tetrahydrate Y(NO3)3⋅ 4H2O 13773-69-8 346.982 red-wh prisms 2.68 14925 2594 Yttrium nitrate hexahydrate Y(NO3)3⋅ 6H2O 13494-98-9 383.012 hyg cry 14925 2595 Yttrium oxide Y2O3 1314-36-9 225.810 wh cry; cub 2438 5.03 s dil acid 2596 Yttrium phosphide YP 12294-01-8 119.880 cub cry ≈4.4 2597 Yttrium sulfate octahydrate Y2(SO4)3⋅ 8H2O 7446-33-5 610.125 red monocl cry 2.6 7.4716 2598 Yttrium sulfide Y2S3 12039-19-9 274.010 yel cub cry 1925 3.87 2599 Zinc Zn 7440-66-6 65.39 blue-wh metal; hex 419.53 907 7.14 s acid, alk2600 Zinc acetate dihydrate Zn(C 2H3O2)2⋅ 2H2O 5970-45-6 219.51 wh powder 237 dec 1.735 30.020s EtOH 2601 Zinc ammonium sulfate Zn(NH4)2(SO4)2 7783-24-6 293.59 wh cry 9.220 2602 Zinc antimonide ZnSb 12039-35-9 187.15 silv-wh orth cry 565 6.33 reac H2O 2603 Zinc arsenate Zn3(AsO4)2 13464-44-3 474.01 wh powder 0.00007820s acid, alk 2604 Zinc arsenate octahydrate Zn3(AsO4)2⋅ 8H2O 13464-45-4 618.13 wh monocl cry 3.33 0.00007820s acid, alk 2605 Zinc arsenide Zn3As2 12006-40-5 346.01 pow 1015 5.528 2606 Zinc arsenite Zn(AsO2)2 10326-24-6 279.23 col powder i H2O; s acid 2607 Zinc borate 3ZnO ⋅ 2B2O3 27043-84-1 383.41 wh amorp powder 3.64 sl H2O; s dil acid 2608 Zinc borate hemiheptahydrate 2ZnO ⋅ 3B2O3⋅ 3.5H2O 12513-27-8 434.69 wh cry 980 4.22 i H2O 2609 Zinc borate pentahydrate 2ZnO ⋅ 3B2O3⋅ 5H2O 12536-65-1 461.72 wh pow 3.64 0.00725sl HCl 2610 Zinc bromate hexahydrate Zn(BrO3)2⋅ 6H2O 13517-27-6 429.29 wh hyg solid 100 2.57 vs H2O 2611 Zinc bromide ZnBr2 7699-45-8 225.20 wh hex cry; hyg 394 697 4.5 48825vs EtOH; s eth 2612 Zinc caprylate Zn(C8H15O2)2 557-09-5 351.80 wh hyg cry 136 sl H2O 2613 Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 3486-35-9 125.40 wh rhomb cry 140 dec 4.4 0.00009120s dil acid, alk 2614 Zinc carbonate hydroxide 3Zn(OH)2⋅ 2ZnCO3 12070-69-8 549.01 wh pow 2615 Zinc chlorate Zn(ClO3)2 10361-95-2 232.29 yel hyg cry 60 dec 2.15 20020 2616 Zinc chloride ZnCl2 7646-85-7 136.29 wh hyg cry 290 732 2.907 40825s EtOH, ace 2617 Zinc chromate ZnCrO4 13530-65-9 181.38 yel prisms 316 3.40 3.08 s acid; i ace 2618 Zinc chromite ZnCr2O4 12018-19-8 233.38 grn cub cry 5.29 2619 Zinc citrate dihydrate Zn3(C6H5O7)2⋅ 2H2O 546-46-3 610.40 col powder sl H2O; s dil acid, alk 2620 Zinc cyanide Zn(CN)2 557-21-1 117.42 wh powder 1.852 0.0004720reac acid 2621 Zinc dithionate ZnS2O4 7779-86-4 193.52 wh amorp solid 200 dec 4020 2622 Zinc fluoride ZnF2 7783-49-5 103.39 wh tetr needles; hyg 872 1500 4.9 1.5525 2623 Zinc fluoride tetrahydrate ZnF2⋅ 4H2O 13986-18-0 175.45 wh orth cry 2.30 1.5525 2624 Zinc fluoroborate hexahydrate Zn(BF4)2⋅ 6H2O 27860-83-9 347.09 hex cry 2.12 vs H2O; s EtOH 2625 Zinc formate dihydrate Zn(CHO2)2⋅ 2H2O 5970-62-7 191.46 wh cry 2.207 5.220i EtOH 2626 Zinc hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate ZnSiF6⋅ 6H2O 16871-71-9 315.56 wh cry s H2O 2627 Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2 20427-58-1 99.41 col orth cry 125 dec 3.05 0.00004220 2628 Zinc iodate Zn(IO3)2 7790-37-6 415.20 wh cry powder 0.6425 2629 Zinc iodide ZnI2 10139-47-6 319.20 wh hyg cry 446 625 4.74 43825s EtOH, eth 2630 Zinc laurate Zn(C12H23O2)2 2452-01-9 464.01 wh powder 128 sl H2O 2631 Zinc molybdate ZnMoO4 13767-32-3 225.33 wh tetr cry >700 4.3 i H2O 2632 Zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2 7779-88-6 189.40 wh powder 12025 2633 Zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zn(NO3)2⋅ 6H2O 10196-18-6 297.49 col orth cry 36 dec 2.067 12025vs EtOH 2634 Zinc nitride Zn3N2 1313-49-1 224.18 blue-gray cub cry 700 dec 6.22 i H2O 2635 Zinc nitrite Zn(NO2)2 10102-02-0 157.40 hyg solid reac H2O 2636 Zinc oleate Zn(C18H33O2)2 557-07-3 628.30 wh powder 70 dec i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 2637 Zinc oxalate ZnC2O4 547-68-2 153.41 wh pwd 0.002625 2638 Zinc oxalate dihydrate ZnC2O4⋅ 2H2O 4255-07-6 189.44 wh powder 100 dec 2.56 0.002625s dil acid 2639 Zinc oxide ZnO 1314-13-2 81.39 wh powder; hex 1974 5.6 i H2O; s dil acid 4-96PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)No. Name FormulaCAS Reg No.Mol. WeightPhysical Form mp/°C bp/°CDensity /g cm–3Solubility g/100 g H2OQualitative Solubility 2640 Zinc 2,4-pentanedioate Zn(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 14024-63-6 263.61 cry 137 dec sl H2O; s EtOH 2641 Zinc perchlorate hexahydrate Zn(ClO4)2⋅ 6H2O 10025-64-6 372.38 wh cub cry; hyg 106 dec 2.2 121.325s EtOH 2642 Zinc permanganate hexahydrate Zn(MnO4)2⋅ 6H2O 23414-72-4 411.35 blk orth cry; hyg 2.45 s H2O; reac EtOH 2643 Zinc peroxide ZnO2 1314-22-3 97.39 yel-wh powder >150 dec 212 exp 1.57 i H2O; reac acid, EtOH, ace 2644 Zinc phosphate Zn3(PO4)2 7779-90-0 386.11 wh monocl cry 900 4.0 i H2O 2645 Zinc phosphate tetrahydrate Zn3(PO4)2⋅ 4H2O 7543-51-3 458.17 col orth cry 3.04 i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid, alk 2646 Zinc phosphide Zn3P2 1314-84-7 258.12 gray tetr cry 1160 4.55 i H2O, EtOH; reac acid; s bz 2647 Zinc pyrophosphate Zn2P2O7 7446-26-6 304.72 wh cry powder 3.75 i H2O; s dil acid 2648 Zinc selenate pentahydrate ZnSeO4⋅ 5H2O 13597-54-1 298.42 tricl cry 50 dec 2.59 63.425 2649 Zinc selenide ZnSe 1315-09-9 144.35 yel-red cub cry >1100 subl 5.65 i H2O; s dil acid 2650 Zinc orthosilicate Zn2SiO4 13597-65-4 222.86 wh hex cry 1509 4.1 i H2O, dil acid 2651 Zinc selenite ZnSeO3 13597-46-1 192.35 wh pow 2652 Zinc stearate Zn(C18H35O2)2 557-05-1 632.33 wh powder 130 1.095 i H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz 2653 Zinc sulfate ZnSO4 7733-02-0 161.45 col orth cry 680 dec 3.8 57.725 2654 Zinc sulfate monohydrate ZnSO4⋅ H2O 7446-19-7 179.47 wh monocl cry 238 dec 3.20 57.725i EtOH 2655 Zinc sulfate heptahydrate ZnSO4⋅ 7H2O 7446-20-0 287.56 col orth cry 100 dec 1.97 57.725i EtOH 2656 Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) ZnS 1314-98-3 97.46 gray-wh cub cry 1700 4.04 i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 2657 Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) ZnS 1314-98-3 97.46 wh hex cry 1700 4.09 i H2O; s dil acid 2658 Zinc sulfite dihydrate ZnSO3⋅ 2H2O 7488-52-0 181.49 wh powder 200 dec 0.22425i EtOH 2659 Zinc telluride ZnTe 1315-11-3 192.99 red cub cry 1239 5.9 i H2O 2660 Zinc thiocyanate Zn(SCN)2 557-42-6 181.56 wh hyg cry sl H2O; s EtOH 2661 Zirconium Zr 7440-67-7 91.224 gray-wh metal; hex 1854 4409 6.52 s hot conc acid 2662 Zirconium boride ZrB2 12045-64-6 112.846 gray refrac solid; hex 3245 6.17 2663 Zirconium carbide ZrC 12020-14-3 103.235 gray refrac solid; cub 3532 6.73 s HF2664 Zirconium(II) chloride ZrCl 2 13762-26-0 162.129 blk cry 772 dec 3.16 reac H2O 2665 Zirconium(II) hydride ZrH2 7704-99-6 93.240 gray tetr cry 800 dec 5.6 i H2O 2666 Zirconium(IV) bromide ZrBr4 13777-25-8 410.840 wh cub cry 450 tp 360 sp 3.98 2667 Zirconium(IV) chloride ZrCl4 10026-11-6 233.035 wh monocl cry; hyg 437 tp 331 sp 2.80 reac H2O; s EtOH, eth 2668 Zirconium(IV) fluoride ZrF4 7783-64-4 167.218 wh monocl cry 932 tp 912 sp 4.43 1.525 2669 Zirconium(IV) hydroxide Zr(OH)4 14475-63-9 159.254 wh amorp powder dec 3.25 i H2O; s acid 2670 Zirconium(IV) iodide ZrI4 13986-26-0 598.842 oran cub cry; hyg 499 tp 431 sp 4.85 vs H2O 2671 Zirconium(IV) nitrate pentahydrate Zr(NO3)4⋅ 5H2O 13746-89-9 429.320 wh hyg cry 100 dec vs H2O; s EtOH 2672 Zirconium(IV) oxide ZrO2 1314-23-4 123.223 wh amorp powder 2709 5.68 i H2O; sl acid 2673 Zirconium(IV) orthosilicate ZrSiO4 10101-52-7 183.308 wh tetr cry 1540 dec 4.6 i H2O, acid 2674 Zirconium(IV) sulfate Zr(SO4)2 14644-61-2 283.351 wh hyg cry 410 dec 3.22 s H2O; sl EtOH 2675 Zirconium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate Zr(SO4)2⋅ 4H2O 7446-31-3 355.413 wh tetr cry 100 dec 2.80 vs H2O 2676 Zirconium(IV) sulfide ZrS2 12039-15-5 155.356 red-brn hex cry 1480 3.82 i H2O 2677 Zirconium nitride ZrN 25658-42-8 105.231 yel cub cry 2960 7.09 s conc HF; sl dil acid 2678 Zirconium phosphide ZrP2 12037-80-8 153.172 orth cry ≈5.1 2679 Zirconium silicide ZrSi2 12039-90-6 147.395 gray powder 1620 4.88 i H2O, aqua regia; s HF 2680 Zirconyl chloride ZrOCl2 7699-43-6 178.128 wh solid 250 dec s H2O, EtOH 2681 Zirconyl chloride octahydrate ZrOCl2⋅ 8H2O 13520-92-8 322.251 tetr cry 400 dec 1.91 vs H2O, EtOH TeamLRNPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS K.A. Gschneidner, Jr. Table 1 Data for the Trivalent Ions of the Rare Earth Elements Electronic configuration for R3+ Spectroscopic Rare Atomic Atomic No. 4f ground state earth Symbol no. wt.a electrons SLJ symbol Scandium Sc 21 44.955910 0 — — — — Yttrium Y 39 88.90585 0 — — — — Lanthanum La 57 138.9055 0 — — — —Cerium Ce 58 140.115 1 1/2 3 5/2 2F5/2 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.90765 2 1 5 43H4 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 3 3/2 6 9/24I9/2 Promethium Pm 61 (145) 4 2 6 45I4 Samarium Sm 62 150.36 5 5/2 5 5/26H5/2 Europium Eu 63 151.965 6 3 3 07F0 Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 7 7/2 0 7/28S7/2 Terbium Tb 65 158.92534 8 3 3 67F6 Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 9 5/2 5 15/26H15/2 Holmium Ho 67 164.93032 10 2 6 85I8 Erbium Er 68 167.26 11 3/2 6 15/24I15/2 Thulium Tm 69 168.93421 12 1 5 63H6 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 13 1/2 3 7/22F7/2 Lutetium Lu 71 174.967 14 — — — — Note: For additional information, see Goldschmidt, Z.B., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978; DeLaeter, J.R., and Heumann, K.G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1313 , 1991; Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 2423, 1994. a 1993 standard atomic weights. Table 2 Crystallographic Data for the Rare Earth Metals at 24 °C (297 K) or Below Rare Metallic radius Atomic earth Crystal Lattice constants(Å) CN = 12 volume Density metal structurea ao bo co (Å) (cm3/mol) (g/cm3) αSc hcp 3.3088 — 5.2680 1.6406 15.039 2.989 αY hcp 3.6482 — 5.7318 1.8012 19.893 4.469 αLa dhcp 3.7740 — 12.171 1.8791 22.602 6.146 αCebfcc 4.85b— — 1.72b17.2b8.16b βCe dhcp 3.6810 — 11.857 1.8321 20.947 6.689 γCecfcc 5.1610 — — 1.8247 20.696 6.770 αPr dhcp 3.6721 — 11.8326 1.8279 20.803 6.773 αNd dhcp 3.6582 — 11.7966 1.8214 20.583 7.008 αPm dhcp 3.65 — 11.65 1.811 20.24 7.264 αSm rhombd3.6290d— 26.207 1.8041 20.000 7.520 Eu bcc 4.5827 — — 2.0418 28.979 5.244αGd hcp 3.6336 — 5.7810 1.8013 19.903 7.901 α′Tb eortho 3.605e6.244e5.706e1.784e19.34e8.219e αTb hcp 3.6055 — 5.6966 1.7833 19.310 8.230 α′Dyf ortho 3.595f 6.184f 5.678f 1.774f 19.00f 8.551f αDy hcp 3.5915 — 5.6501 1.7740 19.004 8.551 Ho hcp 3.5778 — 5.6178 1.7661 18.752 8.795 4-112 Table 2 Crystallographic Data for the Rare Earth Metals at 24 °C (297 K) or Below (continued) Rare Metallic radius Atomic earth Crystal Lattice constants(Å) CN = 12 volume Density metal structureaao bo co (Å) (cm3/mol) (g/cm3) Er hcp 3.5592 — 5.5850 1.7566 18.449 9.066 Tm hcp 3.5375 — 5.5540 1.7462 18.124 9.321 αYbg hcp 3.8799g — 6.3859g 1.9451g 25.067g 6.903g βYb fcc 5.4848 — — 1.9392 24.841 6.966 Lu hcp 3.5052 — 5.5494 1.7349 17.779 9.841 Note: For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K. , Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater. , 1996, to be published. a hcp = hexagonal close-packed; P63/mmc, hP2, A3, Mg-type; dhcp = double-c hexagonal close-packed; P63/mmc, hP4, A3 ′, αLa-type; fcc = face- centered cubic; Fm3m, cF4, A1, Cu-type; rhomb = rhombohedral; R3m, hR3, αSm-type; bcc = body-centered cubic; Im3m, cI2, A2, W-type; ortho = orthorhombic; Cmcm, oC4, α′ Dy-type. b At 77 K (–196 °C). c Equilibrium room temperature (standard state) phase. d Rhombohedral is the primitive cell. Lattice parameters given are for the nonprimitive hexagonal cell. d At 220 K (–53 °C). f At 86 K (–187 °C). g At 23°C. Table 3 Crystallographic Data for Rare Earth Metals at High Temperature Rare Metallic radius Atomic earth Lattice Temp. CN = 8 CN = 12 volume Density metal Structure parameter (Å) ( °C) (Å) (Å) (cm3/mol) (g/cm3) βSc bcc 3.73 (est.) 1337 1.62 1.66 15.6 2.88 βY bcc 4.10a 1478 1.78 1.83 20.8 4.28 βLa fcc 5.303 325 — 1.875 22.45 6.187 γLa bcc 4.26 887 1.84 1.90 23.3 5.97 δCe bcc 4.12 757 1.78 1.84 21.1 6.65 βPr bcc 4.13 821 1.79 1.84 21.2 6.64 βNd bcc 4.13 883 1.79 1.84 21.2 6.80 βPm bcc 4.10 (est.) 890 1.78 1.83 20.8 6.99 βSm hcp a = 3.6630 450b— 1.8176 20.450 7.353 c = 5.8448 γSm bcc 4.10 (est.) 922 1.77 1.82 20.8 7.25 βGd bcc 4.06 1265 1.76 1.81 20.2 7.80 βTb bcc 4.07a1289 1.76 1.81 20.3 7.82 βDy bcc 4.03a 1381 1.75 1.80 19.7 8.23 γYb bcc 4.44 763c1.92 1.98 26.4 6.57 Note: The rare earths Eu, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu are monomorphic. For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood , F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986, 1. a Determined by extrapolation to 0% solute of a vs. composition data for R-Mg alloys at 24 °C and corrected for thermal expansion to temperature given. b The hcp phase was stabilized by impurities and the temperature of measurement was below the equilibrium transition temperatur e (see Table 4). c The bcc phase was stabilized by impurities and the temperature of measurement was below the equilibrium transition temperatur e (see Table 4).PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) 4-113 TeamLRN4-114PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 4 High Temperature Transition Temperatures and Melting Point of Rare Earth Metals Transition I Transition II Rare ( α – β)a(β – γ)aMelting earth Temp. Temp. point metal ( °C) Phases (C °) Phases (C °) Sc 1337 hcp 1 bcc — — 1541 Y 1478 hcp 1 bcc — — 1522 Lab310 dhcp → fcc 865 fcc 1 bcc 918 Cec,d 139 dhcp → fcc (β - γ) 726 fcc 1 bcc (γ - δ) 798 Pr 795 dhcp 1 bcc — — 931 Nd 863 dhcp 1 bcc — — 1021 Pm 890 dhcp 1 bcc — — 1042 Sme 734 rhom → hcp 922 hcp 1 bcc 1074 E u —— —— 8 2 2 Gd 1235 hcp 1 bcc — — 1313 Tb 1289 hcp 1 bcc — — 1356 Dy 1381 hcp 1 bcc — — 1412 Ho — — — — 1474Er — — — — 1529 Tm — — — — 1545 Yb 795 fcc 1 bcc (β - γ) — — 819 Lu — — — — 1663 Note: For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K. , Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater. , 34, 1717, 1996. a For all the transformations listed, unless otherwise noted. b On cooling, fcc → dhcp (β → α), 260°C. c The β 1 γ equilibrium transition temperature is 10 ± 5°C. d On cooling, fcc → dhcp (γ → β), –16°C. e On cooling, hcp → rhomb (β → α), 727°C. Table 5 Low Temperature Transition Temperatures of the Rare Earth Metals Rare earth Cooling metal Transformation °CK Ce γ → βa–16 257 γ → α –172 101 β → α –228 45 Tb α → α′ –53 220 Dy α→ α′ –187 86 Yb β → α –13 260Rare earth Heating metal Transformation °CK Ce α → β –148 125 α → β + γ –104 169 β → γa 139 412 Yb α → β 7 280 Note: For additional information, see Beaudry, B.J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173. Koskenmaki, D.C. andGschneidner, K.A., Jr., 1978, in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 337. Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater. , 34, 1717, 1996. a The β 1 γ equilibrium transition temperature is 10 ± 5°C (283 ± 5K). 4-115PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 6 Heat Capacity, Standard Entropy, Heats of Transformation, and Fusion of the Rare Earth Metals Heat Standard Rare capacity at entropy Heat of transformation Heat of earth 298 K S °298 (kJ/mol) fusion metal (J/mol K) (J/mol K) trans. 1 ΔHtr1trans. 2 ΔHtr2(kJ/mol) Sc 25.5 34.6 α 1 β 4.00 — — 14.1 Y 26.5 44.4 α 1 β 4.99 — — 11.4 La 27.1 56.9 α 1 β 0.36 β 1 γ 3.12 6.20 Ce 26.9 72.0 β 1 γ 0.05 γ 1 δ 2.99 5.46 Pr 27.2 73.2 α 1 β 3.17 — — 6.89 Nd 27.5 71.5 α 1 β 3.03 — — 7.14 Pm 27.3a71.6aα 1 β 3.0a— — 7.7a Sm 29.5 69.6 α 1 β 0.2aβ 1 γ 3.11 8.62 Eu 27.7 77.8 — — — — 9.21Gd 37.0 68.1 α 1 β 3.91 — — 10.0 Tb 28.9 73.2 α 1 β 5.02 — — 10.79 Dy 27.7 75.6 α 1 β 4.16 — — 11.06 Ho 27.2 75.3 — — — — 17.0 a Er 28.1 73.2 — — — — 19.9 Tm 27.0 74.0 — — — — 16.8Yb 26.7 59.9 β 1 γ 1.75 — — 7.66 Lu 26.9 51.0 — — — — 22 a Note: For additional information, see Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973; Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R.L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 11, Suppl 2, 1982; Amitin, E.B., Bessergenev, W.G., Kovalevskaya, Yu. A., and Paukov, I.E., J. Chem. Thermodyn. , 15, 181, 1983; Amitin, E.B., Bessergenev, W.G., Kovalevskaya, Yu. A., and Paukov, I.E., J. Chem. Thermodyn. , 15, 181, 1983. a Estimated. Table 7 Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points, and Heats of Sublimation of Rare Earth Metals Heat of Rare Temperature in °Ca for a vapor pressure of Boiling sublimation earth 10–8 atm 10–6 atm 10–4 atm 10–2 atm pointaat 25°C metal (0.001 Pa) (0.101 Pa) (10.1Pa) (1013 Pa) ( °C) (kJ/mol) Sc 1036 1243 1533 1999 2836 377.8 Y 1222 1460 1812 2360 3345 424.7 La 1301 1566 1938 2506 3464 431.0Ce 1290 1554 1926 2487 3443 422.6 Pr 1083 1333 1701 2305 3520 355.6 Nd 955 1175 1500 2029 3074 327.6Pm — — — — 3000 b 348b Sm 508 642 835 1150 1794 206.7Eu 399 515 685 964 1529 175.3Gd 1167 1408 1760 2306 3273 397.5 Tb 1124 1354 1698 2237 3230 388.7 Dy 804 988 1252 1685 2567 290.4Ho 845 1036 1313 1771 2700 300.8 Er 908 1113 1405 1896 2868 317.1 Tm 599 748 964 1300 1950 232.2Yb 301 400 541 776 1196 152.1 Lu 1241 1483 1832 2387 3402 427.6 Note: For additional information, see Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973 and Beaudry, B.J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173. a International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) values. b Estimated. TeamLRN4-116PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)Table 8 Magnetic Properties of the Rare Earth Metals Effective magnetic moment Néel temp. TN Curie Rare χA × 106Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic (K) temp. θp (K) earth at 298 K at ~298 K at ~0 K Easy Hex Cubic TC Polycryst. metal (emu/mol) TheoryaObs. TheorybObs. axis sites sites (K) |c ⊥c or avg. αSc 295.2 — — — — — — — — — — — αY 187.7 — — — — — — — — — — — αLa 95.9 — — — — — — — — — — — βL a 1 0 5 —— — — —— — — — — – γCe 2,270 2.54 2.52 2.14 — — — 14.4 — — — –50 βCe 2,500 2.54 2.61 2.14 — — 13.7 12.5 — — — –41 αPr 5,530 3.58 3.56 3.20 2.7ca 0.03 — — — — 0 αNd 5,930 3.62 3.45 3.27 2.2cb 19.9 7.5 — 0 5 3.3 αPm — 2.68 — 2.40 — — — — — — — — αSm 1,278d0.85 1.74 0.71 0.5ca 109 14.0 — — — — Eu 30,900 7.94 8.48 7.0 5.9 <110> — 90.4 — — — 100 αGd 185,000e 7.94 7.98 7.0 7.63 30 ° to c — — 293.4 317 317 317 αTb 170,000 9.72 9.77 — — — 230.0 — — 195 239 224 α′Tb — — — 9.0 9.34 b — — 219.5 — — — αDy 98,000 10.64 10.83 — — — 180.2 — — 121 169 153 α′Dy — — — 10.0 10.33 a — — 90.5g —— — Ho 72,900 10.60 11.2 10.0 10.34 b 132 — 19.5 73.0 88.0 83.0 Er 48,000 9.58 9.9 9.0 9.1 30 ° to c 85 — 18.7 61.7 32.5 42.2 Tm 24,700 7.56 7.61 7.0 7.14 c 58 — 32.0 41.0 –17.0 2.3 βYb 67d —— — — —— — — — — — Lu 182.9 — — — — — — — — — — — Note: For additional information, see McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411 and Legvold, S., in Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 1, Wohlfarth, E.P., Ed., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1980, 183; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D ., Phys. Rev. B, 47, 5063, 1993; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., 1996, to be published; Steward, A.M. and Collocott, S.J., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 1, 677, 1988. a g[J(J + 1)]1/2. b gJ. c At 38 T and 4.2 K. d At 290 K. e At 350 K. g On cooling TC = 89.6 K and on warming TC = 91.5 K. 4-117PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)Table 9 Room Temperature Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Resistance, and Hall Coefficient Hall coefficient Rare Expansion αi × 106) Thermal Electrical resistance ( Ri × 1012) earth ( °C–1) conductivity ( µΩ⋅cm) (V ⋅cm/A⋅Oe) metal αa αc αpoly (W/cm-K) ρa ρc ρpoly Ra Rc Rpoly αSc 7.6 15.3 10.2 0.158 70.9 26.9 56.2a— — –0.13 αY 6.0 19.7 10.6 0.172 72.5 35.5 59.6 –0.27 –1.6 — aLa 4.5 27.2 12.1 0.134 — — 61.5 — — –0.35 bCe — — — — — — 82.8 — — — γCe 6.3 — 6.3 0.113 — — 74.4 — — +1.81 αPr 4.5 11.2 6.7 0.125 — — 70.0 — — +0.709 αNd 7.6 13.5 9.6 0.165 — — 64.3 — — +0.971 αPm 9b16b11b0.15b——7 5b—— — αSm 9.6 19.0 12.7 0.133 — — 94.0 — — –0.21 Eu 35.0 — 35.0 0.139b— — 90.0 — — +24.4 αGd 9.1c10.0c 9.4c0.105 135.1 121.7 131.0 –10 –54 –4.48d αTb 9.3 12.4 10.3 0.111 123.5 101.5 115.0 –1.0 –3.7 — αDy 7.1 15.6 9.9 0.107 111.0 76.6 92.6 –0.3 –3.7 — Ho 7.0 19.5 11.2 0.162 101.5 60.5 81.4 +0.2 –3.2 —Er 7.9 20.9 12.2 0.145 94.5 60.3 86.0 +0.3 –3.6 — Tm 8.8 22.2 13.3 0.169 88.0 47.2 67.6 — — –1.8 βYb 26.3 — 26.3 0.385 — — 25.0 — — +3.77 Lu 4.8 20.0 9.9 0.164 76.6 34.7 58.2 +0.45 –2.6 –0.535 Note: For additional information, see Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173 and McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411. a Calculated from single crystal values. b Estimated. c At 100°C. d At 77°C. TeamLRN4-118PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 10 Electronic Specific Heat Constant ( γ), Electron-Electron (Coulomb) Coupling Constant ( µ*), Electron- Phonon Coupling Constant ( λ), Debye Temperature at 0 K( θD), and Superconducting Transition Temperature Rare θD (K) from Superconducting earth γ Heat Elastic temperature metal (mJ/mol ⋅K2) µ* λ capacity constants (K) αSc 10.334 0.16 0.30 345.3 — 0.050a αY 7.878 0.15 0.30 244.4 258 1.3b αLa 9.45 0.08 0.76 150 154 5.10 βLa 11.5 — — 140 — 6.00 αCe 12.8 — — 179 — 0.022c αPr 20 — 1.07d 155e 153 — αNd f — 0.86d 157e 163 — αPm — — — 159e—— αSm 8.1 ± 1.5g — 0.81d 162e,f 169 — Eu f — — f 118 — αGd 4.48 — 0.30 169 182 — α′Tb 3.71 — 0.34d169.6 177 — α′Dy 4.9 — 0.32d 192 183 — Ho 2.1 — 0.30d 175e 190 — Er 8.7 — 0.33d176.9 188 — Tm f — 0.36d 179e 200 — αYb 3.30 — — 117.6 118 — βYb 8.36 — — 109 — — Lu 8.194 0.14 0.31 183.2 185 0.022h Note: For additional information, see Sundström, L.J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 379, Scott, T., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591, Probst, C. and Wittig, J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 749, and Tsang, T.-W.E., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Schmidt, F.A., and Thome, D.K., Phys. Rev., B, 31, 235, 1985. Collocott, S.J., Hill, R.W. and Stewart, A.M., J. Phys. F, 18, L223, 1988. Hill, R.W. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., J. Phys. F, 18, 2545, 1988. Skriver, H.L. and Mertig, I., Phys. Rev. B, 41, 6553, 1990. Collocott, S.J. and Stewart, A.M., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 4, 6743, 1992. Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., Phys. Rev. B, 47, 5063, 1993. a At 18.6 GPa. b At 11 GPa. c At 2.2 GPa. d Calculated value. e Estimated. f Heat capacity results have been reported, but the resultant γ and θD values are unreliable because of the presence of impurities and/or there was no reliable procedure or model to correct for the magnetic contribution to the heat capacity. g Based on the values reported for the purer Sm sample (IV). h At 4.5 GPa. 4-119PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 11 Room Temperature Elastic Moduli and Mechanical Properties Mechanical properties (MPa) Elastic moduli (GPa) Yield Rare Young’s strength Ultimate Uniform Reduction Recryst. earth (elastic) Shear Bulk Poisson’s 0.2% tensile elongation in area temp. metal modulus modulus modulus ratio offset strength (%) (%) ( °C) Sc 74.4 29.1 56.6 0.279 173a 255a 5.0a 8.0a 550 Y 63.5 25.6 41.2 0.243 42 129 34.0 — 550 αLa 36.6 14.3 27.9 0.280 126a130 7.9a— 300 βCe — — — — 86 138 — 24.0 — γCe 33.6 13.5 21.5 0.24 28 117 22.0 30.0 325 αPr 37.3 14.8 28.8 0.281 73 147 15.4 67.0 400 αNd 41.4 16.3 31.8 0.281 71 164 25.0 72.0 400 αPm 46b 18b 33b 0.28b — — — — 400b αSm 49.7 19.5 37.8 0.274 68 156 17.0 29.5 440 Eu 18.2 7.9 8.3 0.152 — — — — 300αGd 54.8 21.8 37.9 0.259 15 118 37.0 56.0 500 αTb 55.7 22.1 38.7 0.261 — — — — 500 αDy 61.4 24.7 40.5 0.247 43 139 30.0 30.0 550 Ho 64.8 26.3 40.2 0.231 — — — — 520 Er 69.9 28.3 44.4 0.237 60 136 11.5 11.9 520 Tm 74.0 30.5 44.5 0.213 — — — — 600βYb 23.9 9.9 30.5 0.207 7 58 43.0 92.0 300 Lu 68.6 27.2 47.6 0.261 — — — — 600 Note: For additional information, see Scott, T., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591. aValue is questionable. bEstimated. TeamLRN4-120PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)Table 12 Liquid Metal Properties Near the Melting Point Magnetic Spectral emittance Rare Surface Heat Thermal susceptibility Electrical at λ = 645 nm earth Density tension Viscosity capacity conductivity χ × 104 resistivity ΔVL→saε Temp. range metal (g/cm3) (N/m) (centipoise) (J/mol K) (W/cm K) (emu/mol) ( µΩ⋅cm) (%) (%) ( °C) Sc 2.80 0.954 — 44.2b—— — — —— Y 4.24 0.871 — 43.1 — — — — 36.8 1522–1647La 5.96 0.718 2.65 34.3 0.238 1.20 133 –0.6 25.4 920–1287 Ce 6.68 0.706 3.20 37.7 0.210 9.37 130 +1.1 32.2 877–1547 Pr 6.59 0.707 2.85 43.0 0.251 17.3 139 –0.02 28.4 931–1537Nd 6.72 0.687 — 48.8 0.195 18.7 151 –0.9 39.4 1021–1567 Pm 6.9 b0.680b—5 0b— — 160b—— — Sm 7.16 0.431 — 50.2b— 18.3 182 –3.6 43.7 1075 Eu 4.87 0.264 — 38.1 — 97 242 –4.8 — — Gd 7.4 0.664 — 37.2 0.149 67 195 –2.0 34.2 1313–1600 Tb 7.65 0.669 — 46.5 — 82 193 –3.1 — — Dy 8.2 0.648 — 49.9 0.187 95 210 –4.5 29.7 1412–1437 Ho 8.34 0.650 — 43.9 — 88 221 –7.4 — — Er 8.6 0.637 — 38.7 — 69 226 –9.0 37.2 1529–1587Tm 9.0 b— — 41.4 — 41 235b–6.9 — — Yb 6.21 0.320 2.67 36.8 — — 113 –5.1 — — Lu 9.3 0.940 — 47.9b— — 224 –3.6 — — Note: For additional information, see Van Zytveld, J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 12, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1989, 357. Stretz, L.A. and Bautista, R.G., in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, part I, H.H. Plumb, Ed., Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, 1972, 489. King, T.S., Baria, D.N., and Bautista, R.G., Met. Trans. B, 7, 411, 1976. Baria, D.N., King, T.S., and Bautista, R.G., Met. Trans. B, 7, 577, 1976. a Volume change on freezing. b Estimated. 4-121PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 13 Ionization Potentials (Electronvolts) I II III IV V Rare Neutral Singly Doubly Triply Quadruply earth atom ionized ionized ionized ionized Sc 6.56144 12.79967 24.75666 73.4894 91.65 Y 6.217 12.24 20.52 60.597 77.0 La 5.5770 11.060 19.1773 49.95 61.6Ce 5.5387 10.85 20.198 36.758 65.55 Pr 5.464 10.55 21.624 38.98 57.53 Nd 5.5250 10.73 22.1 40.41 —Pm 5.554 10.90 22.3 41.1 — Sm 5.6437 11.07 23.4 41.4 — Eu 5.6704 11.241 24.92 42.7 —Gd 6.1500 12.09 20.63 44.0 — Tb 5.8639 11.52 21.91 39.79 — Dy 5.9389 11.67 22.8 41.47 —Ho 6.0216 11.80 22.84 42.5 — Er 6.1078 11.93 22.74 42.7 — Tm 6.18431 12.05 23.68 42.7 —Yb 6.25416 12.1761 25.05 43.56 — Lu 5.42585 13.9 20.9594 45.25 66.8 Note: For references, see the table “Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10. Table 14 Effective Ionic Radii (Å)a Rare earth R2+R3+R4+ ion CN = 6 CN = 8 CN = 6 CN = 8 CN = 12 CN = 6 CN = 8 Sc — — 0.745 0.87 1.116 — — Y — — 0.900 1.015 1.220 — —La — — 1.045 1.18 1.320 — — Ce — — 1.010 1.14 1.290 0.80 0.97 Pr — — 0.997 1.14 1.286 0.78 0.96Nd — — 0.983 1.12 1.276 — — Pm — — 0.97 1.10 1.267 — — Sm 1.19 1.27 0.958 1.09 1.260 — —Eu 1.17 1.25 0.947 1.07 1.252 — — Gd — — 0.938 1.06 1.246 — — Tb — — 0.923 1.04 1.236 0.76 0.88Dy — — 0.912 1.03 1.228 — — Ho — — 0.901 1.02 1.221 — — Er — — 0.890 1.00 1.214 — —Tm — — 0.880 0.99 1.207 — — Yb 1.00 1.07 0.868 0.98 1.199 — — Lu — — 0.861 0.97 1.194 — — Note: For additional information, see Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T., Acta Cryst., 25, 925, 1969 and Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T., Acta Cryst., 26, 1046, 1970. a Radius of O2– is 1.40 Å for a coordination number (CN) of 6. TeamLRN 4- 1 MELTING, BOILING, TRIPLE, AND CRITICAL POINT TEMPERATURES OF THE ELEMENTS This table summarizes the signi ficant points on the phase diagrams for the elements for which data are available. Values are given for the solid- liquid-gas triple point t tp , normal melting point t m , normal boiling point t b , and critical temperature t c ; all are on the ITS-90 scale. An “sp” notation indicates a sublimation point, where the vapor pressure of the solid phase reaches 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Transition temperatures between allotropic forms are included for several elements. The major data sources are listed below; values from Reference 1, which deals with ref erence points on the ITS-90 scale, were adopted when applicable. REFERENCES 1. Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., Metrologia 33, 133, 1996. 2. Dinsdale, A.T., “SGTE Data for Pure Elements,” CALPHAD , 15, 317-425, 1991. 3. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D.J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , V ol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 4. Gurvich, L.V ., Veyts, I.V ., and Alcock, C.B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 5. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition , Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. Element t tp /˚C t m /˚C t b /˚C t c /˚C Actinium 1051 3198 Aluminum 660.32 2519Americium 1176 2011Antimony 630.628 1587Argon -189.36 (69 kPa) -185.847 -122.28Arsenic (gray) 817 (3.70 MPa) 603 sp 1400Astatine 302Barium 727 1897Berkelium ( /H9251 form) 1050 Berkelium ( /H9252 form) 986 Beryllium 1287 2471Bismuth 271.402 1564Boron 2075 4000 Bromine -7.2 58.8 315 Cadmium 321.069 767Calcium 842 1484Californium 900Carbon (graphite) 4489 (10.3 MPa) 3825 spCarbon (diamond) 4440 (12.4 GPa)Cerium 798 3443Cesium 28.5 671 1665Chlorine -101.5 -34.04 143.8Chromium 1907 2671Cobalt 1495 2927Copper 1084.62 2562Curium 1345 ˜3100Dysprosium 1412 2567Einsteinium 860Erbium 1529 2868Europium 822 1529Fermium 1527Fluorine -219.67 -188.12 -129.02Francium 27Gadolinium 1313 3273Gallium 29.7666 2204Germanium 938.25 2833Gold 1064.18 2856Hafnium 2233 4603Helium -268.93 -267.96Holmium 1474 2700 4- 2 MELTING, BOILING, TRIPLE, AND CRITICAL POINT TEMPERATURES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) Hydrogen -259.198 (7.2 kPa) -259.1 -252.762 -240.18 Indium 156.5936 156.60 2072Iodine 113.7 184.4 546Iridium 2446 4428Iron 1538 2861Krypton -157.375 (73.2 kPa) -153.34 -63.74Lanthanum 918 3464Lawrencium 1627Lead 327.462 1749Lithium 180.50 1342 2950Lutetium 1663 3402Magnesium 650 1090Manganese 1246 2061Mendelevium 827Mercury -38.837 -38.8290 356.62 1477Molybdenum 2622 4639Neodymium 1021 3074Neon -248.609 (43 kPa) -246.053 -228.7Neptunium 644Nickel 1455 2913Niobium 2477 4744Nitrogen -209.999 -210.0 -195.798 -146.94Nobelium 827Osmium 3033 5012Oxygen -218.79 -182.953 -118.56Palladium 1554.8 2963 Phosphorus (white) 44.15 280.5 721 Phosphorus (red) 590 431 sp 721Phosphorus (black) 610Platinum 1768.2 3825Plutonium 640 3228Polonium 254 962Potassium 63.5 759 1950Praseodymium 931 3520Promethium 1042 3000Protactinium 1572Radium 700Radon -71 -61.7 104Rhenium 3186 5596Rhodium 1963 3695Rubidium 39.26 39.30 688 1820Ruthenium 2333 4150Samarium 1074 1794Scandium 1541 2836Selenium (vitreous) 180 (trans to gray) 685 1493Selenium (gray) 220.5 685 1493Silicon 1414 3265Silver 961.78 2162Sodium 97.794 882.940 2300Strontium 777 1382Sulfur (rhombic) 95.3 (trans to monocl) 444.61 1041Sulfur (monoclinic) 115.21 444.61 1041Tantalum 3007 5458 Technetium 2157 4265 Element t tp /˚C t m /˚C t b /˚C t c /˚C TeamLRN 4- 3 MELTING, BOILING, TRIPLE, AND CRITICAL POINT TEMPERATURES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) Tellurium 449.51 988 Terbium 1356 3230 Thallium 304 1473Thorium 1750 4788Thulium 1545 1950Tin (gray) 13.2 (trans to white) 2602 Tin (white) 231.93 2602 Titanium 1670 3287 Tungsten 3414 5555 Uranium 1135 4131Vanadium 1910 3407 Xenon -111.745 (81.6 kPa) -108.09 16.62Ytterbium 819 1196Yttrium 1522 3345Zinc 419.53 907Zirconium 1854 4409 Element t tp /˚C t m /˚C t b /˚C t c /˚C 4-135HEAT CAPACITY OF THE ELEMENTS AT 25 °C This table gives the specific heat capacity ( cp) in J/g K and the molar heat capacity ( Cp) in J/mol K at a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar or 0.987 standard atmospheres) for all the elements for which reliable data are available. cp Cp Name J/g K J/mol K Actinium 0.120 27.2 Aluminum 0.897 24.20Antimony 0.207 25.23 Argon 0.520 20.786 Arsenic 0.329 24.64Barium 0.204 28.07 Beryllium 1.825 16.443 Bismuth 0.122 25.52Boron 1.026 11.087 Bromine (Br 2) 0.474 75.69 Cadmium 0.232 26.020Calcium 0.647 25.929 Carbon (graphite) 0.709 8.517 Cerium 0.192 26.94Cesium 0.242 32.210 Chlorine (Cl 2) 0.479 33.949 Chromium 0.449 23.35Cobalt 0.421 24.81 Copper 0.385 24.440 Dysprosium 0.173 28.16Erbium 0.168 28.12 Europium 0.182 27.66 Fluorine (F 2) 0.824 31.304 Gadolinium 0.236 37.03 Gallium 0.373 26.03 Germanium 0.320 23.222Gold 0.129 25.418 Hafnium 0.144 25.73 Helium 5.193 20.786Holmium 0.165 27.15 Hydrogen (H 2) 14.304 28.836 Indium 0.233 26.74Iodine (I 2) 0.214 54.43 Iridium 0.131 25.10 Iron 0.449 25.10Krypton 0.248 20.786 Lanthanum 0.195 27.11 Lead 0.130 26.84 Lithium 3.582 24.860 Lutetium 0.154 26.86 Magnesium 1.023 24.869Manganese 0.479 26.32 Mercury 0.140 27.983Molybdenum 0.251 24.06 Neodymium 0.190 27.45 Neon 1.030 20.786 Nickel 0.444 26.07Niobium 0.265 24.60 Nitrogen (N 2) 1.040 29.124 Osmium 0.130 24.7Oxygen (O 2) 0.918 29.378 Palladium 0.246 25.98 Phosphorus (white) 0.769 23.824Platinum 0.133 25.86 Potassium 0.757 29.600 Praseodymium 0.193 27.20 Radon 0.094 20.786 Rhenium 0.137 25.48 Rhodium 0.243 24.98Rubidium 0.363 31.060 Ruthenium 0.238 24.06 Samarium 0.197 29.54Scandium 0.568 25.52 Selenium 0.321 25.363 Silicon 0.712 19.99Silver 0.235 25.350 Sodium 1.228 28.230 Strontium 0.306 26.79Sulfur (rhombic) 0.708 22.70 Tantalum 0.140 25.36 Tellurium 0.202 25.73Terbium 0.182 28.91 Thallium 0.129 26.32 Thorium 0.118 27.32Thulium 0.160 27.03 Tin (white) 0.227 26.99 Titanium 0.523 25.060Tungsten 0.132 24.27 Uranium 0.116 27.665 Vanadium 0.489 24.89Xenon 0.158 20.786 Ytterbium 0.155 26.74 Yttrium 0.298 26.53Zinc 0.388 25.390 Zirconium 0.278 25.36c p Cp Name J/g K J/mol K TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCVAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS C. B. Alcock This table gives coefficients in an equation for the vapor pressure of 65 metallic elements in both the solid and liquid state. Vapor pressures in the range 10-10 to 102 Pa (10-15 to 10-3 atm) are covered. The equation is: for p in pascals: log ( p/Pa) = 5.006 + A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3 for p in atmospheres: log( p/atm) = A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3, where T is the temperature in K This equation reproduces the observed vapor pressures to an accuracy of ±5% or better. Reprinted with permission of the publisher, Pergamon Press. REFERENCE Alcock, C. B., Itkin, V. P., and Horrigan, M. K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984. Element, Temperature state AB C D range Li sol 5.667 -8310 298-m.p. Li liq 5.055 -8023 m.p.-1000 Na sol 5.298 -5603 298-m.p.Na liq 4.704 -5377 m.p.-700 K sol 4.961 -4646 298-m.p. K liq 4.402 -4453 m.p.-600Rb sol 4.857 -4215 298-m.p. Rb liq 4.312 -4040 m.p.-550 Cs sol 4.711 -3999 298-m.p.Cs liq 4.165 -3830 m.p.-550 Be sol 8.042 -17020 -0.4440 298-m.p. Be liq 5.786 -15731 m.p.-1800Mg sol 8.489 -7813 -0.8253 298-m.p. Ca sol 10.127 -9517 -1.4030 298-m.p. Sr sol 9.226 -8572 -1.1926 298-m.p.Ba sol 12.405 -9690 -2.2890 298-m.p. Ba liq 4.007 -8163 m.p.-1200 Al sol 9.459 -17342 -0.7927 298-m.p.Al liq 5.911 -16211 m.p.-1800 Ga sol 6.657 -14208 298-m.p. Ga liq 6.754 -13984 -0.3413 m.p.-1600In sol 5.991 -12548 298-m.p. In liq 5.374 -12276 m.p.-1500 Tl sol 5.971 -9447 298-m.p. Tl liq 5.259 -9037 m.p.-1100 Sn sol 6.036 -15710 298-m.p. Sn liq 5.262 -15332 m.p.-1850Pb sol 5.643 -10143 298-m.p. Pb liq 4.911 -9701 m.p.-1200 Sc sol 6.650 -19721 0.2885 -0.3663 298-m.p.Sc liq 5.795 -17681 m.p.-2000 Y sol 9.735 -22306 -0.8705 298-m.p. Y liq 5.795 -20341 m.p.-2300La sol 7.463 -22551 -0.3142 298-m.p. La liq 5.911 -21855 m.p.-2450 Ti sol 11.925 -24991 -1.3376 298-m.p.Ti liq 6.358 -22747 m.p.-2400 Zr sol 10.008 -31512 -0.7890 298-m.p Zr liq 6.806 -30295 m.p.-2500Hf sol 9.445 -32482 -0.6735 298-m.p. V sol 9.744 -27132 -0.5501 298-m.p. © 2000 CRC Press LLCV liq 6.929 -25011 m.p.-2500 Nb sol 8.822 -37818 -0.2575 298-2500 Ta sol 16.807 -41346 -3.2152 0.7437 248-2500Cr sol 6.800 -20733 0.4391 -0.4094 298-2000 Mo sol 11.529 -34626 -1.1331 298-2500 W sol 2.945 -44094 1.3677 298-2350W sol -54.527 -57687 -12.2231 2200-2500 Mn sol 12.805 -15097 -1.7896 298-m.p. Re sol 11.543 -40726 -1.1629 298-2500Fe sol 7.100 -21723 0.4536 -0.5846 298-m.p. Fe liq 6.347 -19574 m.p.-2100 Ru sol 9.755 -34154 -0.4723 298-m.p.Os sol 9.419 -41198 -0.3896 298-2500 Co sol 10.976 -22576 -1.0280 298-m.p. Co liq 6.488 -20578 m.p.-2150Rh sol 10.168 -29010 -0.7068 298-m.p. Rh liq 6.802 -26792 m.p.-2500 Ir sol 10.506 -35099 -0.7500 298-2500Ni sol 10.557 -22606 -0.8717 298-m.p. Ni liq 6.666 -20765 m.p.-2150 Pd sol 9.502 -19813 -0.9258 298-m.p.Pd liq 5.426 -17899 m.p.-2100 Pt sol 4.882 -29387 1.1039 -0.4527 298-m.p. Pt liq 6.386 -26856 m.p.-2500Cu sol 9.123 -17748 -0.7317 298-m.p. Cu liq 5.849 -16415 m.p.-1850 Ag sol 9.127 -14999 -0.7845 298-m.p.Ag liq 5.752 -13827 m.p.-1600 Au sol 9.152 -19343 -0.7479 298-m.p. Au liq 5.832 -18024 m.p.-2050Zn sol 6.102 -6776 298-m.p. Zn liq 5.378 -6286 m.p.-750 Cd sol 5.939 -5799 298-m.p.Cd liq 5.242 -5392 m.p.-650 Hg liq 5.116 -3190 298-400 Ce sol 6.139 -21752 298-m.p.Ce liq 5.611 -21200 m.p.-2450 Pr sol 8.859 -18720 -0.9512 298-m.p. Pr liq 4.772 -17315 m.p.-2200Nd sol 8.996 -17264 -0.9519 298-m.p. Nd liq 4.912 -15824 m.p.-2000 Sm sol 9.988 -11034 -1.3287 298-m.p.Eu sol 9.240 -9459 -1.1661 298-m.p. Gd sol 8.344 -20861 -0.5775 298-m.p. Gd liq 5.557 -19389 m.p.-2250Tb sol 9.510 -20457 -0.9247 298-m.p. Tb liq 5.411 -18639 m.p.-2200 Dy sol 9.579 -15336 -1.1114 298-m.p.Ho sol 9.785 -15899 -1.1753 298-m.p. Er sol 9.916 -16642 -1.2154 298-m.p. Er liq 4.668 -14380 m.p.-1900Tm sol 8.882 -12270 -0.9564 298-1400 Yb sol 9.111 -8111 -1.0849 298-900 Lu sol 8.793 -22423 -0.6200 298-m.p. Lu liq 5.648 -20302 m.p.-2350 Th sol 8.668 -31483 -0.5288 298-m.p. Th liq -18.453 -24569 6.6473 m.p.-2500Pa sol 10.552 -34869 -1.0075 298-m.p.VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS (continued) Element, Temperature state AB C D range TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCPa liq 6.177 -32874 m.p.-2500 U sol 0.770 -27729 2.6982 -1.5471 298-m.p. U liq 20.735 -28776 -4.0962 m.p.-2500Np sol 19.643 -24886 -3.9991 298-m.p. Np liq 10.076 -23378 -1.3250 m.p.-2500 Pu sol 26.160 -19162 -6.6675 298-600Pu sol 18.858 -18460 -4.4720 500-m.p. Pu liq 3.666 -16658 m.p.-2450 Am sol 11.311 -15059 -1.3449 298-m.p.Cm sol 8.369 -20364 -0.5770 298-m.p. Cm liq 5.223 -18292 m.p.-2200Element, Temperature state AB C D rangeVAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS (continued) DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS This table lists the liquid density at the melting point, ρm , for elements that are solid at room temperature, as well as for some representative salts of these elements. Densities at higher temperatures (up to the tmax given in the last column) may be estimated from the equation ρ(t) = ρm - k(t-tm) where tm is the melting point and k is given in the fifth column of the table. If a value of tmax is not given, the equation should not be used to extrapolate more than about 20 °C beyond the melting point. Data for the elements were selected from the primary literature; the assistance of Gernot Lang in compiling these data is grate fully acknowledged. The molten salt data were derived from Reference 1. REFERENCE 1. Janz, G. J., Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Molten Salts: Correlation Equations for Critically Evaluated Density, Surface Tension, Electrical Conductance, and Viscosity Data, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 17, Suppl. 2, 1988. 2. Nasch, P. M., and Steinemann, S. G., Phys. Chem. Liq. , 29, 43, 1995. Formula Name tm/°C ρm/g cm–3 k/g cm–3 °C–1 tmax Ag Silver 961.78 9.320 0.0009 1500 AgBr Silver(I) bromide 432 5.577 0.001035 667 AgCl Silver(I) chloride 455 4.83 0.00094 627 AgI Silver(I) iodide 558 5.58 0.00101 802AgNO 3 Silver(I) nitrate 212 3.970 0.001098 360 Ag2SO4 Silver(I) sulfate 652 4.84 0.001089 770 Al Aluminum 660.32 2.375 0.000233 1340AlBr 3 Aluminum bromide 97.5 2.647 0.002435 267 AlCl3 Aluminum chloride 192.6 1.302 0.002711 296 AlI3 Aluminum iodide 188.32 3.223 0.0025 240 As Arsenic 817 5.22 0.000544 Au Gold 1064.18 17.31 0.001343 1200 B Boron 2075 2.08Ba Barium 727 3.338 0.000299 1550 BaBr 2 Barium bromide 857 3.991 0.000924 900 BaCl2 Barium chloride 962 3.174 0.000681 1081 BaF2 Barium fluoride 1368 4.14 0.000999 1727 BaI2 Barium iodide 711 4.26 0.000977 975 Be Beryllium 1287 1.690 0.00011BeCl 2 Beryllium chloride 415 1.54 0.0011 473 BeF2 Beryllium fluoride 552 1.96 0.000015 850 Bi Bismuth 271.40 10.05 0.00135 800BiBr 3 Bismuth bromide 218 4.76 0.002637 927 BiCl3 Bismuth chloride 230 3.916 0.0023 350 Ca Calcium 842 1.378 0.000230 1484CaBr 2 Calcium bromide 742 3.111 0.0005 791 CaCl2 Calcium chloride 775 2.085 0.000422 950 CaF2 Calcium fluoride 1418 2.52 0.000391 2027 CaI2 Calcium iodide 783 3.443 0.000751 1028 Cd Cadmium 321.07 7.996 0.001218 500 CdBr2 Cadmium bromide 568 4.075 0.00108 720 CdCl2 Cadmium chloride 564 3.392 0.00082 807 CdI2 Cadmium iodide 387 4.396 0.001117 700 Ce Cerium 799 6.55 0.000710 1460CeCl 3 Cerium(III) chloride 817 3.25 0.00092 950 CeF3 Cerium(III) fluoride 1430 4.659 0.000936 1927 Co Cobalt 1495 7.75 0.00165 1580Cr Chromium 1907 6.3 0.0011 2100 Cs Cesium 28.44 1.843 0.000556 510 CsBr Cesium bromide 636 3.133 0.001223 860 CsCl Cesium chloride 645 2.79 0.001065 906 CsF Cesium fluoride 703 3.649 0.001282 912 CsI Cesium iodide 621 3.197 0.001183 907 4-126 TeamLRNCsNO3 Cesium nitrate 414 2.820 0.001166 491 Cs2SO4 Cesium sulfate 1005 3.1 0.00095 1530 Cu Copper 1084.62 8.02 0.000609 1630CuCl Copper(I) chloride 430 3.692 0.00076 585 Dy Dysprosium 1411 8.37 0.00143 1540 DyCl 3 Dysprosium(III) chloride 680 3.62 0.00068 987 Er Erbium 1529 8.86 0.00157 1700 Eu Europium 822 5.13 0.0028 980 Fe Iron 1538 6.98 0.000572 1680FeCl 2 Iron(II) chloride 677 2.348 0.000555 877 Ga Gallium 29.76 6.08 0.00062 400 GaBr3 Gallium(III) bromide 121.5 3.116 0.00246 135 GaCl3 Gallium(III) chloride 77.9 2.053 0.002083 141 GaI3 Gallium(III) iodide 212 3.630 0.002377 252 Gd Gadolinium 1314 7.4GdCl 3 Gadolinium(III) chloride 609 3.56 0.000671 1007 GdI3 Gadolinium(III) iodide 925 4.12 0.000908 1032 Ge Germanium 938.25 5.60 0.00055 1600 Hf Hafnium 2233 12 HgBr2 Mercury(II) bromide 236 5.126 0.003233 319 HgCl2 Mercury(II) chloride 276 4.368 0.002862 304 HgI2 Mercury(II) iodide 259 5.222 0.003235 354 Ho Holmium 1472 8.34 In Indium 156.60 7.02 0.000836 500InBr 3 Indium(III) bromide 420 3.121 0.0015 528 InCl3 Indium(III) chloride 583 2.140 0.0021 666 InI3 Indium(III) iodide 207 3.820 0.0015 360 Ir Iridium 2446 19 K Potassium 63.38 0.828 0.000232 500 KBr Potassium bromide 734 2.127 0.000825 930KCl Potassium chloride 771 1.527 0.000583 939 KF Potassium fluoride 858 1.910 0.000651 1037 KI Potassium iodide 681 2.448 0.000956 904KNO 3 Potassium nitrate 337 1.865 0.000723 457 La Lanthanum 920 5.94 0.00061 1600 LaBr3 Lanthanum bromide 788 4.933 0.000096 912 LaCl3 Lanthanum chloride 859 3.209 0.000777 973 LaF3 Lanthanum fluoride 1493 4.589 0.000682 2177 LaI3 Lanthanum iodide 778 4.29 0.001110 907 Li Lithium 180.5 0.512 0.00052 285 LiBr Lithium bromide 552 2.528 0.000652 739 LiCl Lithium chloride 610 1.502 0.000432 781LiF Lithium fluoride 848.2 1.81 0.000490 1047 LiI Lithium iodide 469 3.109 0.000917 667 LiNO 3 Lithium nitrate 253 1.781 0.000546 441 Li2SO4 Lithium sulfate 859 2.003 0.000407 1214 Lu Lutetium 1663 9.3 Mg Magnesium 650 1.584 0.000234 900MgBr 2 Magnesium bromide 711 2.62 0.000478 935 MgCl2 Magnesium chloride 714 1.68 0.000271 826 MgI2 Magnesium iodide 634 3.05 0.000651 888 Mn Manganese 1246 5.95 0.00105 1590 MnCl2 Manganese(II) chloride 650 2.353 0.000437 850 Mo Molybdenum 2623 9.33Na Sodium 97.80 0.927 0.00023 600 NaBr Sodium bromide 747 2.342 0.000816 945 Na 2CO3 Sodium carbonate 858.1 1.972 0.000448 1004 NaCl Sodium chloride 800.7 1.556 0.000543 1027 NaF Sodium fluoride 996 1.948 0.000636 1097 NaI Sodium iodide 660 2.742 0.000949 912 4-127DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula Name tm/°C ρm/g cm–3 k/g cm–3 °C–1 tmax 4-128DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula Name tm/°C ρm/g cm–3 k/g cm–3 °C–1 tmax NaNO3 Sodium nitrate 307 1.90 0.000715 370 Na2SO4 Sodium sulfate 884 2.069 0.000483 1077 Nd Neodymium 1016 6.89 0.00076 1350Ni Nickel 1455 7.81 0.000726 1700 NiCl 2 Nickel(II) chloride 1009 2.653 0.00066 1057 Os Osmium 3033 20Pb Lead 327.46 10.66 0.00122 700 PbBr 2 Lead(II) bromide 371 5.73 0.00165 600 PbCl2 Lead(II) chloride 501 4.951 0.0015 710 PbI2 Lead(II) iodide 410 5.691 0.001594 697 Pd Palladium 1554.9 10.38 0.001169 1700 Pr Praseodymium 931 6.50 0.00093 1460PrCl 3 Praseodymium chloride 786 3.23 0.00074 977 Pt Platinum 1768.4 19.77 0.0024 2200 Pu Plutonium 640 16.63 0.001419 950Rb Rubidium 39.31 1.46 0.000451 800 RbBr Rubidium bromide 682 2.715 0.001072 907 Rb 2CO3 Rubidium carbonate 837 2.84 0.000640 1007 RbCl Rubidium chloride 715 2.248 0.000883 923 RbF Rubidium fluoride 833 2.87 0.00102 1067 RbI Rubidium iodide 642 2.904 0.001143 902RbNO 3 Rubidium nitrate 305 2.519 0.001068 417 Rb2SO4 Rubidium sulfate 1050 2.56 0.000665 1545 Re Rhenium 3186 18.9Rh Rhodium 1964 10.7 0.000895 2200 Ru Ruthenium 2334 10.65 S Sulfur 115.21 1.819 0.00080 160Sb Antimony 630.63 6.53 0.00067 745 SbCl 3 Antimony(III) chloride 73.4 2.681 0.002293 77 SbCl5 Antimony(V) chloride 4 2.37 0.001869 77 SbI3 Antimony(III) iodide 168 4.171 0.002483 322 Sc Scandium 1541 2.80 Se Selenium 221 3.99Si Silicon 1414 2.57 0.000936 1500 Sm Samarium 1072 7.16 Sn Tin 231.93 6.99 0.000601 1200SnCl 2 Tin(II) chloride 247 3.36 0.001253 480 SnCl4 Tin(IV) chloride -33 2.37 0.002687 138 Sr Strontium 777 6.980SrBr 2 Strontium bromide 657 3.70 0.000745 1004 SrCl2 Strontium chloride 874 2.727 0.000578 1037 SrF2 Strontium fluoride 1477 3.470 0.000751 1927 SrI2 Strontium iodide 538 4.085 0.000885 1026 Ta Tantalum 3017 15 TaCl5 Tantalum(V) chloride 216 2.700 0.004316 457 Tb Terbium 1359 7.65 Te Tellurium 449.51 5.70 0.00035 600 ThCl4 Thorium chloride 770 3.363 0.0014 847 ThF4 Thorium fluoride 1110 6.058 0.000759 1378 Ti Titanium 1668 4.11 TiCl4 Titanium(IV) chloride -25 1.807 0.001735 137 Tl Thallium 304 11.22 0.00144 600 TlBr Thallium(I) bromide 460 5.98 0.001755 647 TlCl Thallium(I) chloride 430 5.628 0.0018 642TlI Thallium(I) iodide 441.8 6.15 0.001761 737 TlNO 3 Thallium(I) nitrate 206 4.91 0.001873 279 Tl2SO4 Thallium(I) sulfate 632 5.62 0.00130 927 Tm Thulium 1545 8.56 0.00050 1675 U Uranium 1135 17.3 UCl3 Uranium(III) chloride 837 4.84 0.007943 1057 TeamLRN4-129DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula Name tm/°C ρm/g cm–3 k/g cm–3 °C–1 tmax UCl4 Uranium(IV) chloride 590 3.572 0.001945 667 UF4 Uranium(IV) fluoride 1036 6.485 0.000992 1341 V Vanadium 1910 5.5W Tungsten 3422 17.6 Y Yttrium 1526 4.24 YCl 3 Yttrium chloride 721 2.510 0.0005 845 Yb Ytterbium 824 6.21 Zn Zinc 419.53 6.57 0.0011 700 ZnBr2 Zinc bromide 394 3.47 0.000959 602 ZnCl2 Zinc chloride 290 2.54 0.00053 557 ZnI2 Zinc iodide 446 3.878 0.00136 588 ZnSO4 Zinc sulfate 680 3.14 0.00047 987 Zr Zirconium 1855 5.8 ZrCl4 Zirconium chloride 437 1.643 0.007464 492 4-143MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS When a material is placed in a magnetic field H, a magnetization (magnetic moment per unit volume) M is induced in the material which is related to H by M = κH, where κ is called the volume susceptibility. Since H and M have the same dimensions, κ is dimensionless. A more useful parameter is the molar susceptibility χm , defined by χm = κVm = κ M/ρ where Vm is the molar volume of the substance, M the molar mass, and ρ the mass density . When the cgs system is used, the customary units for χm are cm3 mol-1; the corresponding SI units are m3 mol-1. Substances that have no unpaired electron orbital or spin angular momentum generally have negative values of χm and are called diamagnetic. Their molar susceptibility varies only slightly with temperature. Substances with unpaired electrons, which are termed paramagnetic, have positive χm and show a much stronger temperature dependence, varying roughly as 1/ T. The net susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is the sum of the paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions, but the former almost always dominates. This table gives values of χm for the elements and selected inorganic compounds. All values refer to nominal room temperature (285 to 300 K) unless otherwise indicated. When the physical state (s = solid, l = liquid, g = gas, aq = aqueous solution) is not given, the m ost common crystalline form is understood. An entry of Ferro. indicates a ferromagnetic substance. Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by the most common name, except that compounds such as hydrides, oxides, and acid s are grouped with the parent element (the same ordering used in the table Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds ). In keeping with customary practice, the molar susceptibility is given here in units appropriate to the cgs system. These values should be multiplied by 4π to obtain values for use in SI equations (where the magnetic field strength H has units of A m-1). REFERENCES 1.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/16 , Diamagnetic Susceptibility, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg , 1986 . 2.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series , III/19, Subvolumes a to i2, Magnetic Properties of Metals , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986-1992. 3.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series , II/2, II/8, II/10, II/11,and II/12a, Coordination and Organometallic Transition Metal Compounds , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1966-1984. 4.Tables de Constantes et Données Numérique, Volume 7, Relaxation Paramagnetique , Masson, Paris, 1957. Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 Aluminum Al +16.5 Aluminum trifluoride AlF3 -13.9 Aluminum oxide Al2O3 -37 Aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3 -93 Ammonia (g) NH3 -16.3 Ammonia (aq) NH3 -18.3 Ammonium acetate NH4C2H3O2 -41.1 Ammonium bromide NH4Br -47 Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 -42.5 Ammonium chlorate NH4ClO3 -42.1 Ammonium chloride NH4Cl -36.7 Ammonium fluoride NH 4F -23 Ammonium iodate NH 4IO3 -62.3 Ammonium iodide NH 4I -66 Ammonium nitrate NH 4NO3 -33 Ammonium sulfate (NH 4)2SO4 -67 Ammonium thiocyanate NH 4SCN -48.1 Antimony Sb -99Stibine (g) SbH 3 -34.6 Antimony(III) bromide SbBr 3 -111.4 Antimony(III) chloride SbCl 3 -86.7 Antimony(III) fluoride SbF 3 -46 Antimony(III) iodide SbI 3 -147.2 Antimony(III) oxide Sb 2O3 -69.4 Antimony(III) sulfide Sb2S3 -86 Antimony(V) chloride SbCl 5 -120.5 Argon (g) Ar -19.32Arsenic (gray) As -5.6Arsenic (yellow) As -23.2 Arsine (g) AsH 3 -35.2 Arsenic(III) bromide AsBr3 -106 Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl3 -72.5 Arsenic(III) iodide AsI3 -142.2 Arsenic(III) oxide As2O3 -30.34 Arsenic(III) sulfide As2S3 -70 Barium Ba +20.6 Barium bromide BaBr2 -92 Barium bromide dihydrate BaBr2·2H2O -119.3 Barium carbonate BaCO3 -58.9 Barium chloride BaCl 2 -72.6 Barium chloride dihydrate BaCl 2·2H2O -100 Barium fluoride BaF 2 -51 Barium hydroxide Ba(OH) 2 -53.2 Barium iodate Ba(IO 3)2 -122.5 Barium iodide BaI 2 -124.4 Barium iodide dihydrate BaI 2·2H2O -163 Barium nitrate Ba(NO 3)2 -66.5 Barium oxide BaO -29.1 Barium peroxide BaO 2 -40.6 Barium sulfate BaSO 4 -65.8 Beryllium Be -9.0 Beryllium chloride BeCl 2 -26.5 Beryllium hydroxide Be(OH)2 -23.1 Beryllium oxide BeO -11.9 Beryllium sulfate BeSO 4 -37 Bismuth Bi -280.1Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 TeamLRN4-144Bismuth tribromide BiBr3 -147 Bismuth trichloride BiCl 3 -26.5 Bismuth fluoride BiF 3 -61.2 Bismuth hydroxide Bi(OH)3 -65.8 Bismuth triiodide BiI 3 -200.5 Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bi(NO 3)3·5H 2O -159 Bismuth oxide Bi2O3 -83 Bismuth phosphate BiPO 4 -77 Bismuth sulfate Bi 2(SO 4)3 -199 Bismuth sulfide Bi2S3 -123 Boron B -6.7 Diborane (g) B 2H6 -21.0 Boric acid (orthoboric acid) H3BO3 -34.1 Boron trichloride BCl 3 -59.9 Boron oxide B 2O3 -38.7 Bromine (l) Br2 -56.4 Bromine (g) Br 2 -73.5 Bromine trifluoride BrF3 -33.9 Bromine pentafluoride BrF5 -45.1 Cadmium Cd -19.7 Cadmium bromide CdBr2 -87.3 Cadmium bromide CdBr2·4H2O -131.5 tetrahydrate Cadmium carbonate CdCO3 -46.7 Cadmium chloride CdCl2 -68.7 Cadmium chromate CdCrO4 -16.8 Cadmium cyanide Cd(CN)2 -54 Cadmium fluoride CdF2 -40.6 Cadmium hydroxide Cd(OH)2 -41 Cadmium iodate Cd(IO3)2 -108.4 Cadmium iodide CdI2 -117.2 Cadmium nitrate Cd(NO3)2 -55.1 Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cd(NO3)2·4H2O -140 Cadmium oxide CdO -30 Cadmium sulfate CdSO4 -59.2 Cadmium sulfide CdS -50Calcium Ca +40 Calcium bromide CaBr 2 -73.8 Calcium carbonate CaCO3 -38.2 Calcium chloride CaCl2 -54.7 Calcium fluoride CaF2 -28 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 -22 Calcium iodate Ca(IO 3)2 -101.4 Calcium iodide CaI 2 -109 Calcium oxide CaO -15.0Calcium sulfate CaSO 4 -49.7 Calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO 4·2H2O -74 Carbon (diamond) C -5.9Carbon (graphite) C -6.0 Carbon monoxide (g) CO -11.8 Carbon dioxide (g) CO 2 -21.0 Cerium ( β)C e +2500 Cerium(II) sulfide CeS +2110 Cerium(III) chloride CeCl 3 +2490 Cerium(III) fluoride CeF 3 +2190 Cerium(III) sulfide Ce 2S3 +5080 Cerium(IV) oxide CeO2 +26 Cerium(IV) sulfate Ce(SO4)2·4H2O -97 tetrahydrate Cesium Cs +29Cesium bromate CsBrO3 -75.1 Cesium bromide CsBr -67.2 Cesium carbonate Cs 2CO 3 -103.6 Cesium chlorate CsClO3 -65 Cesium chloride CsCl -56.7 Cesium fluoride CsF -44.5Cesium iodide CsI -82.6 Cesium superoxide CsO 2 +1534 Cesium sulfate Cs 2SO4 -116 Chlorine (l) Cl2 -40.4 Chlorine trifluoride (g) ClF 3 -26.5 Chromium Cr +167Chromium(II) chloride CrCl 2 +7230 Chromium(III) chloride CrCl 3 +6350 Chromium(III) fluoride CrF 3 +4370 Chromium(III) oxide Cr2O3 +1960 Chromium(III) sulfate Cr 2(SO4)3 +11800 Chromium(VI) oxide CrO3 +40 Cobalt Co Ferro. Cobalt(II) bromide CoBr2 +13000 Cobalt(II) chloride CoCl2 +12660 Cobalt(II) chloride CoCl2·6H2O +9710 hexahydrate Cobalt(II) cyanide Co(CN)2 +3825 Cobalt(II) fluoride CoF2 +9490 Cobalt(II) iodide CoI2 +10760 Cobalt(II) sulfate CoSO4 +10000 Cobalt(II) sulfide CoS +225 Cobalt(II,III) oxide Co3O4 +7380 Cobalt(III) fluoride CoF3 +1900 Cobalt(III) oxide Co2O3 +4560 Copper Cu -5.46 Copper(I) bromide CuBr -49Copper(I) chloride CuCl -40 Copper(I) cyanide CuCN -24 Copper(I) iodide CuI -63Copper(I) oxide Cu 2O -20 Copper(II) bromide CuBr2 +685 Copper(II) chloride CuCl2 +1080 Copper(II) chloride dihydrate CuCl2·2H2O +1420 Copper(II) fluoride CuF2 +1050 Copper(II) fluoride dihydrate CuF2·2H2O +1600 Copper(II) hydroxide Cu(OH) 2 +1170 Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Cu(NO 3)2·3H2O +1570 Copper(II) nitrate Cu(NO 3)2·6H2O +1625 hexahydrate Copper(II) oxide CuO +238 Copper(II) sulfate CuSO 4 +1330 Copper(II) sulfate CuSO 4·5H 2O +1460 pentahydrate Copper(II) sulfide CuS -2.0Dysprosium ( α)D y +98000 Dysprosium(III) oxide Dy 2O3 +89600 Dysprosium(III) sulfide Dy 2S3 +95200 Erbium Er +48000 Erbium oxide Er 2O3 +73920 Erbium sulfate octahydrate Er2(SO4)3·8H2O +74600 Erbium sulfide Er2S3 +77200 Europium Eu +30900 Europium(II) bromide EuBr 2 +26800Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 4-145Europium(II) chloride EuCl2 +26500 Europium(II) fluoride EuF 2 +23750 Europium(II) iodide EuI 2 +26000 Europium(II) sulfide EuS +23800 Europium(III) oxide Eu 2O3 +10100 Europium(III) sulfate Eu 2(SO 4)3 +10400 Fluorine F2 -9.63 Gadolinium (350 K) Gd +185000 Gadolinium(III) chloride GdCl 3 +27930 Gadolinium(III) oxide Gd2O3 +53200 Gadolinium(III) sulfate Gd 2(SO4)3·8H2O +53280 octahydrate Gadolinium(III) sulfide Gd2S3 +55500 Gallium Ga -21.6 Gallium suboxide Ga 2O -34 Gallium(II) sulfide GaS -23 Gallium(III) chloride GaCl 3 -63 Gallium(III) sulfide Ga2S3 -80 Germanium Ge -11.6 Germane (g) GeH4 -29.7 Germanium(II) oxide GeO -28.8Germanium(II) sulfide GeS -40.9 Germanium(IV) chloride GeCl 4 -72 Germanium(IV) fluoride GeF4 -50 Germanium(IV) iodide GeI4 -171 Germanium(IV) oxide GeO2 -34.3 Germanium(IV) sulfide GeS2 -53.9 Gold Au -28 Gold(I) bromide AuBr -61 Gold(I) chloride AuCl -67Gold(I) iodide AuI -91 Gold(III) chloride AuCl 3 -112 Hafnium Hf +71Hafnium oxide HfO 2 -23 Helium (g) He -2.02 Holmium Ho +72900Holmium oxide Ho 2O3 +88100 Hydrazine (l) N2H4 -201 Hydrogen (l, 20.3 K) H2 -5.44 Hydrogen (g) H2 -3.99 Hydrogen chloride (l) HCl -22.6 Hydrogen chloride (aq) HCl -22 Hydrogen fluoride (l) HF -8.6 Hydrogen fluoride (aq) HF -9.3 Hydrogen iodide (s, 195 K) HI -47.3Hydrogen iodide (l, 233 K) HI -48.3 Hydrogen iodide (aq) HI -50.2 Hydrogen peroxide (l) H 2O2 -17.3 Hydrogen sulfide (g) H 2S -25.5 Indium In -10.2 Indium(I) chloride InCl -30Indium(II) chloride InCl 2 -56 Indium(II) sulfide InS -28 Indium(III) bromide InBr 3 -107 Indium(III) chloride InCl 3 -86 Indium(III) oxide In 2O3 -56 Indium(III) sulfide In2S3 -98 Iodine I2 -90 Iodic acid HIO 3 -48Iodine pentoxide I2O5 -79.4 Iodine chloride ICl -54.6 Iodine trichloride ICl 3 -90.2 Iodine pentafluoride IF5 -58.1 Iridium Ir +25 Iridium(III) chloride IrCl 3 -14.4 Iridium(IV) oxide IrO2 +224 Iron Fe Ferro. Iron(II) bromide FeBr 2 +13600 Iron(II) carbonate FeCO3 +11300 Iron(II) chloride FeCl 2 +14750 Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate FeCl 2·4H 2O +12900 Iron(II) fluoride FeF2 +9500 Iron(II) iodide FeI 2 +13600 Iron(II) oxide FeO +7200Iron(II) sulfate FeSO 4 +12400 Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate FeSO 4·H2O +10500 Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate FeSO4·7H2O +11200 Iron(II) sulfide FeS +1074 Iron(III) chloride FeCl3 +13450 Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate FeCl3·6H2O +15250 Iron(III) fluoride FeF3 +13760 Iron(III) fluoride trihydrate FeF3·3H2O +7870 Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate Fe(NO3)3·9H2O +15200 Krypton (g) Kr -29.0 Lanthanum ( α)L a +95.9 Lanthanum oxide La2O3 -78 Lanthanum sulfate La2(SO4)3·9H2O -262 nonahydrate Lanthanum sulfide La2S3 -37 Lead Pb -23 Lead(II) acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2 -89.1 Lead(II) bromide PbBr2 -90.6 Lead(II) carbonate PbCO3 -61.2 Lead(II) chloride PbCl2 -73.8 Lead(II) chromate PbCrO4 -18 Lead(II) fluoride PbF2 -58.1 Lead(II) iodate Pb(IO3)2 -131 Lead(II) iodide PbI2 -126.5 Lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 -74 Lead(II) oxide PbO -42 Lead(II) phosphate Pb3(PO4)2 -182 Lead(II) sulfate PbSO 4 -69.7 Lead(II) sulfide PbS -83.6 Lithium Li +14.2Lithium bromide LiBr -34.3 Lithium carbonate Li 2CO3 -27 Lithium chloride LiCl -24.3Lithium fluoride LiF -10.1 Lithium hydride LiH -4.6 Lithium hydroxide (aq) LiOH -12.3Lithium iodide LiI -50 Lithium sulfate Li 2SO4 -41.6 Lutetium Lu +182.9Magnesium Mg +13.1 Magnesium bromide MgBr 2 -72 Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 -32.4 Magnesium chloride MgCl2 -47.4 Magnesium fluoride MgF 2 -22.7Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) TeamLRN4-146Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 -22.1 Magnesium iodide MgI 2 -111 Magnesium oxide MgO -10.2Magnesium sulfate MgSO 4 -42 Magnesium sulfate MgSO 4·H2O -61 monohydrate Magnesium sulfate MgSO4·7H2O -135.7 heptahydrate Manganese Mn +511Manganese(II) bromide MnBr 2 +13900 Manganese(II) carbonate MnCO 3 +11400 Manganese(II) chloride MnCl 2 +14350 Manganese(II) chloride MnCl2·4H2O +14600 tetrahydrate Manganese(II) fluoride MnF 2 +10700 Manganese(II) hydroxide Mn(OH)2 +13500 Manganese(II) iodide MnI 2 +14400 Manganese(II) oxide MnO +4850Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO 4 +13660 Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4·H2O +14200 monohydrate Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4·4H2O +14600 tetrahydrate Manganese(II) sulfide MnS +5630 (α form) Manganese(II) sulfide MnS +3850 (β form) Manganese(II,III) oxide Mn3O4 +12400 Manganese(III) fluoride MnF3 +10500 Manganese(III) oxide Mn2O3 +14100 Manganese(IV) oxide MnO2 +2280 Mercury (s, 234 K) Hg -24.1 Mercury (l) Hg -33.5Mercury(I) bromide Hg 2Br2 -105 Mercury(I) chloride Hg2Cl2 -120 Mercury(I) fluoride Hg2F2 -106 Mercury(I) iodide Hg2I2 -166 Mercury(I) nitrate Hg2(NO3)2 -121 Mercury(I) oxide Hg2O -76.3 Mercury(I) sulfate Hg2SO4 -123 Mercury(II) bromide HgBr2 -94.2 Mercury(II) chloride HgCl2 -82 Mercury(II) cyanide Hg(CN) 2 -67 Mercury(II) fluoride HgF 2 -57.3 Mercury(II) iodide HgI 2 -165 Mercury(II) nitrate Hg(NO 3)2 -74 Mercury(II) oxide HgO -46 Mercury(II) sulfate HgSO 4 -78.1 Mercury(II) sulfide HgS -55.4 Mercury(II) thiocyanate Hg(SCN) 2 -96.5 Molybdenum Mo +72Molybdenum(III) bromide MoBr 3 +525 Molybdenum(III) chloride MoCl 3 +43 Molybdenum(III) oxide Mo 2O3 -42.0 Molybdenum(IV) bromide MoBr 4 +520 Molybdenum(IV) chloride MoCl 4 +1750 Molybdenum(IV) oxide MoO2 +41 Molybdenum(V) chloride MoCl5 +990 Molybdenum(VI) fluoride MoF 6 -26.0Molybdenum(VI) oxide MoO3 +3 Neodymium ( α)N d +5930 Neodymium fluoride NdF 3 +4980 Neodymium oxide Nd2O3 +10200 Neodymium sulfate Nd 2(SO4)3 +9990 Neodymium sulfide Nd 2S3 +5550 Neon (g) Ne -6.96 Neptunium Np +575 Nickel Ni Ferro.Nickel(II) bromide NiBr 2 +5600 Nickel(II) chloride NiCl 2 +6145 Nickel(II) chloride NiCl 2·6H 2O +4240 hexahydrate Nickel(II) fluoride NiF 2 +2410 Nickel(II) hydroxide Ni(OH) 2 +4500 Nickel(II) iodide NiI2 +3875 Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate Ni(NO 3)2·6H2O +4300 Nickel(II) oxide NiO +660Nickel(II) sulfate NiSO 4 +4005 Nickel(II) sulfide NiS +190 Nickel(III) sulfide Ni3S2 +1030 Niobium Nb +208 Niobium(V) oxide Nb2O5 -10 Nitrogen (g) N2 -12.0 Nitric acid (l) HNO3 -19.9 Nitrous oxide (g) N2O- 1 8.9 Nitric oxide (s, 90 K) NO +19.8Nitric oxide (l, 118 K) NO +114.2 Nitric oxide (g) NO +1461 Nitrogen dioxide (g, 408 K) NO 2 +150 Nitrogen trioxide (g) N2O3 -16 Nitrogen tetroxide (g) N2O4 -23.0 Osmium Os +11Oxygen (s, 54 K) O 2 +10200 Oxygen (l, 90 K) O2 +7699 Oxygen (g) O2 +3449 Ozone (l) O3 +6.7 Palladium Pd +540 Palladium(II) chloride PdCl2 -38 Phosphorus (white) P -26.66 Phosphorus (red) P -20.77 Phosphine (g) PH3 -26.2 Phosphoric acid (aq) H 3PO4 -43.8 Phosphorous acid (aq) H 3PO3 -42.5 Phosphorus(III) chloride (l) PCl 3 -63.4 Platinum Pt +193 Platinum(II) chloride PtCl 2 -54 Platinum(III) chloride PtCl 3 -66.7 Platinum(IV) chloride PtCl 4 -93 Platinum(IV) fluoride PtF 4 +445 Plutonium Pu +525Plutonium(IV) fluoride PuF 4 +1760 Plutonium(IV) oxide PuO 2 +730 Plutonium(VI) fluoride PuF 6 +173 Potassium K +20.8 Potassium bromate KBrO 3 -52.6 Potassium bromide KBr -49.1Potassium carbonate K 2CO3 -59 Potassium chlorate KClO 3 -42.8Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 4-147Potassium chloride KCl -38.8 Potassium chromate K 2CrO4 -3.9 Potassium cyanide KCN -37Potassium ferricyanide K 3Fe(CN)6 +2290 Potassium ferrocyanide K 4Fe(CN)6·3H2O -172.3 trihydrate Potassium fluoride KF -23.6 Potassium hydrogen sulfate KHSO 4 -49.8 Potassium hydroxide (aq) KOH -22Potassium iodate KIO 3 -63.1 Potassium iodide KI -63.8 Potassium nitrate KNO 3 -33.7 Potassium nitrite KNO2 -23.3 Potassium permanganate KMnO 4 +20 Potassium sulfate K 2SO4 -67 Potassium sulfide K2S -60 Potassium superoxide KO 2 +3230 Potassium thiocyanate KSCN -48Praseodymium ( α)P r +5530 Praseodymium chloride PrCl 3 +44.5 Praseodymium oxide Pr2O3 +8994 Praseodymium sulfide Pr2S3 +10770 Protactinium Pa +277 Rhenium Re +67Rhenium(IV) oxide ReO 2 +44 Rhenium(IV) sulfide ReS2 +38 Rhenium(V) chloride ReCl5 +1225 Rhenium(VI) oxide ReO3 +16 Rhenium(VII) oxide Re2O7 -16 Rhodium Rh +102Rhodium(III) chloride RhCl 3 -7.5 Rhodium(III) oxide Rh2O3 +104 Rubidium Rb +17Rubidium bromide RbBr -56.4 Rubidium carbonate Rb 2CO3 -75.4 Rubidium chloride RbCl -46Rubidium fluoride RbF -31.9 Rubidium iodide RbI -72.2 Rubidium nitrate RbNO 3 -41 Rubidium sulfate Rb2SO4 -88.4 Rubidium superoxide RbO2 +1527 Ruthenium Ru +39 Ruthenium(III) chloride RuCl3 +1998 Ruthenium(IV) oxide RuO 2 +162 Samarium ( α)S m +1278 Samarium(II) bromide SmBr 2 +5337 Samarium(III) bromide SmBr 3 +972 Samarium(III) oxide Sm 2O3 +1988 Samarium(III) sulfate Sm 2(SO 4)3·8H 2O +1710 octahydrate Samarium(III) sulfide Sm 2S3 +3300 Scandium ( α)S c +295.2 Selenium Se -25 Selenium dioxide SeO 2 -27.2 Selenium bromide Se 2Br2 -113 Selenium chloride (l) Se 2Cl2 -94.8 Selenium hexafluoride (g) SeF6 -51 Silicon Si -3.12 Silane (g) SiH 4 -20.4Disilane (g) Si2H6 -37.3 Tetramethylsilane (l) (CH 3)4Si -74.80 Tetraethylsilane (l) (C 2H5)4Si -120.2 Tetrabromosilane (l) SiBr4 -126 Tetrachlorosilane (l) SiCl 4 -87.5 Silicon carbide SiC -12.8Silicon dioxide SiO 2 -29.6 Silver Ag -19.5 Silver(I) bromide AgBr -61Silver(I) carbonate Ag 2CO3 -80.90 Silver(I) chloride AgCl -49 Silver(I) chromate Ag 2CrO 4 -40 Silver(I) cyanide AgCN -43.2 Silver(I) fluoride AgF -36.5 Silver(I) iodide AgI -80Silver(I) nitrate AgNO 3 -45.7 Silver(I) nitrite AgNO 2 -42 Silver(I) oxide Ag2O -134 Silver(I) phosphate Ag3PO4 -120 Silver(I) sulfate Ag2SO4 -92.90 Silver(I) thiocyanate AgSCN -61.8Silver(II) oxide AgO -19.6 Sodium Na +16 Sodium acetate NaC 2H3O2 -37.6 Sodium bromate NaBrO3 -44.2 Sodium bromide NaBr -41 Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 -41 Sodium chlorate NaClO3 -34.7 Sodium chloride NaCl -30.2 Sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7 +55 Sodium fluoride NaF -15.6 Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4 -56.6 Sodium hydroxide (aq) NaOH -15.8Sodium iodate NaIO 3 -53 Sodium iodide NaI -57 Sodium nitrate NaNO3 -25.6 Sodium nitrite NaNO2 -14.5 Sodium oxide Na2O- 1 9.8 Sodium peroxide Na2O2 -28.10 Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 -52 Sodium sulfate decahydrate Na2SO4·10H2O -184 Sodium sulfide Na2S -39 Sodium tetraborate Na 2B4O7 -85 Strontium Sr +92 Strontium bromide SrBr 2 -86.6 Strontium bromide SrBr 2·6H 2O -160 hexahydrate Strontium carbonate SrCO 3 -47 Strontium chlorate Sr(ClO 3)2 -73 Strontium chloride SrCl 2 -61.5 Strontium chloride SrCl 2·6H2O -145 hexahydrate Strontium chromate SrCrO 4 -5.1 Strontium fluoride SrF 2 -37.2 Strontium hydroxide Sr(OH) 2 -40 Strontium iodate Sr(IO 3)2 -108 Strontium iodide SrI2 -112 Strontium nitrate Sr(NO3)2 -57.2 Strontium oxide SrO -35Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) TeamLRN4-148Strontium peroxide SrO2 -32.3 Strontium sulfate SrSO 4 -57.9 Sulfur (rhombic) S -15.5Sulfur (monoclinic) S -14.9 Sulfuric acid (l) H 2SO4 -39 Sulfur dioxide (g) SO 2 -18.2 Sulfur trioxide (l) SO3 -28.54 Sulfur chloride (l) SSCl 2 -62.2 Sulfur dichloride (l) SCl 2 -49.4 Sulfur hexafluoride (g) SF6 -44 Thionyl chloride (l) SOCl 2 -44.3 Tantalum Ta +154Tantalum(V) chloride TaCl 5 +140 Tantalum(V) oxide Ta 2O5 -32 Technetium Tc +115Tellurium Te -38 Tellurium dibromide TeBr 2 -106 Tellurium dichloride TeCl2 -94 Tellurium hexafluoride (g) TeF6 -66 Terbium ( α)T b +170000 Terbium oxide Tb2O3 +78340 Thallium Tl -50 Thallium(I) bromate TlBrO3 -75.9 Thallium(I) bromide TlBr -63.9Thallium(I) carbonate Tl 2CO3 -101.6 Thallium(I) chlorate TlClO3 -65.5 Thallium(I) chloride TlCl -57.8Thallium(I) chromate Tl 2CrO4 -39.3 Thallium(I) cyanide TlCN -49 Thallium(I) fluoride TlF -44.4Thallium(I) iodate TlIO 3 -86.8 Thallium(I) iodide TlI -82.2 Thallium(I) nitrate TlNO3 -56.5 Thallium(I) nitrite TlNO2 -50.8 Thallium(I) sulfate Tl2SO4 -112.6 Thallium(I) sulfide Tl2S -88.8 Thorium Th +97 Thorium(IV) oxide ThO2 -16 Thulium Tm +24700Thulium oxide Tm 2O3 +51444 Tin (gray) Sn -37.4 Tin(II) chloride SnCl2 -69 Tin(II) chloride dihydrate SnCl 2·2H 2O -91.4 Tin(II) oxide SnO -19 Tin(IV) bromide SnBr 4 -149 Tin(IV) chloride (l) SnCl 4 -115 Tin(IV) oxide SnO 2 -41 Titanium Ti +151Titanium(II) bromide TiBr 2 +720 Titanium(II) chloride TiCl 2 +484 Titanium(II) iodide TiI 2 +1790 Titanium(II) sulfide TiS +432 Titanium(III) bromide TiBr 3 +660 Titanium(III) chloride TiCl 3 +1110 Titanium(III) fluoride TiF 3 +1300 Titanium(III) oxide Ti 2O3 +132 Titanium(IV) chloride TiCl4 -54 Titanium(IV) oxide TiO2 +5.9 Tungsten W +53Tungsten carbide WC +10 Tungsten(II) chloride WCl 2 -25 Tungsten(IV) oxide WO 2 +57 Tungsten(IV) sulfide WS2 +5850 Tungsten(V) bromide WBr 5 +270 Tungsten(V) chloride WCl 5 +387 Tungsten(VI) chloride WCl6 -71 Tungsten(VI) fluoride (g) WF 6 -53 Tungsten(VI) oxide WO 3 -15.8 Uranium U +409 Uranium(III) bromide UBr 3 +4740 Uranium(III) chloride UCl 3 +3460 Uranium(III) hydride UH3 +6244 Uranium(III) iodide UI 3 +4460 Uranium(IV) bromide UBr 4 +3530 Uranium(IV) chloride UCl4 +3680 Uranium(IV) fluoride UF 4 +3530 Uranium(IV) oxide UO2 +2360 Uranium(VI) fluoride UF6 +43 Uranium(VI) oxide UO3 +128 Vanadium V +285Vanadium(II) bromide VBr 2 +3230 Vanadium(II) chloride VCl2 +2410 Vanadium(III) bromide VBr3 +2910 Vanadium(III) chloride VCl3 +3030 Vanadium(III) fluoride VF3 +2757 Vanadium(III) oxide V2O3 +1976 Vanadium(III) sulfide V2S3 +1560 Vanadium(IV) chloride VCl4 +1215 Vanadium(IV) oxide VO2 +99 Vanadium(V) oxide V2O5 +128 Water (s, 273 K) H2O -12.63 Water (l, 293 K) H2O -12.96 Water (l, 373 K) H2O -13.09 Water (g, 373 K)) H2O- 1 3.1 Xenon (g) Xe -45.5Ytterbium ( β)Y b +67 Yttrium ( α)Y +187.7 Yttrium oxide Y 2O3 +44.4 Yttrium sulfide Y2S3 +100 Zinc Zn -9.15 Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 -34 Zinc chloride ZnCl 2 -55.33 Zinc cyanide Zn(CN) 2 -46 Zinc fluoride ZnF 2 -34.3 Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH) 2 -67 Zinc iodide ZnI 2 -108 Zinc oxide ZnO -27.2Zinc phosphate Zn 3(PO 4)2 -141 Zinc sulfate ZnSO 4 -47.8 Zinc sulfate monohydrate ZnSO 4·H2O -63 Zinc sulfate heptahydrate ZnSO 4·7H 2O -138 Zinc sulfide ZnS -25 Zirconium Zr +120Zirconium carbide ZrC -26 Zirconium nitrate Zr(NO 3)4·5H 2O -77 pentahydrate Zirconium(IV) oxide ZrO2 -13.8Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 Name Formula χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 4-136INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC LIQUIDS This table gives the index of refraction n of several inorganic substances in the liquid state at specified temperatures. The measurements refer to ambient atmospheric pressure except for substances whose normal boiling points are greater than the indicated temperature; in t his case the pressure is the saturated vapor pressure of the substance. All values refer to a wavelength of 589 nm unless otherwise indicated. Entrie s are arranged in alphabetical order by chemical formula as normally written. Data on the index of refraction at other temperatures and wavelengths may be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Wohlfarth, C., and Wohlfarth, B., Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series , III/38A, Martienssen, W., Editor, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1996. 2. Francis, A.W., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 5, 534, 1960. Formula Name t/°C n Ar Argon -188 1.2312 AsCl3 Arsenic(III) chloride 16 1.604 BBr3 Boron tribromide 16 1.312 BrF3 Bromine trifluoride 25 1.4536 BrF5 Bromine pentafluoride 25 1.3529 Br2 Bromine 15 1.659 COS Carbon oxysulfide 25 1.3506CO 2 Carbon dioxide 24 1.6630 CS2 Carbon disulfide 20 1.62774 C3O2 Carbon suboxide 0 1.453 Cl2 Chlorine 20 1.3834 CrO2Cl2 Chromyl chloride 23 1.524 Fe(CO)5 Iron pentacarbonyl 14 1.523 GeBr4 Germanium(IV) bromide 26 1.6269 GeCl4 Germanium(IV) chloride 25 1.4614 HBr Hydrogen bromide 10 1.325HCN Hydrogen cyanide 20 1.26136 HCl Hydrogen chloride 18 1.3287 a HClO4 Perchloric acid 50 1.3819 HF Hydrogen fluoride 25 1.1574 HI Hydrogen iodide 16 1.466 HNO3 Nitric acid 25 1.393 H2 Hydrogen -253 1.1096 H2O Water 20 1.33336 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide 28 1.4061 H2S Hydrogen sulfide -80 1.460 20 1.3682 H2SO4 Sulfuric acid 20 1.4183 H2S2 Hydrogen disulfide 20 1.630 He Helium -269 1.02451 c Kr Krypton -157 1.3032 c NH3 Ammonia -77 1.3944 b 20 1.3327 NO Nitric oxide -90 1.330N 2 Nitrogen -196 1.19876 b N2H4 Hydrazine 22 1.470 N2O Nitrous oxide 25 1.238 O2 Oxygen -183 1.2243 c PBr3 Phosphorus(III) bromide 25 1.687 PCl3 Phosphorus(III) chloride 21 1.5122 PH3 Phosphine 17 1.317 P2O3 Phosphorus(III) oxide 27 1.540 S Sulfur 125 1.9170SCl 2 Sulfur dichloride 14 1.557 SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride 25 1.167 SOCl2 Thionyl chloride 10 1.527 SO2 Sulfur dioxide 25 1.3396 SO2Cl2 Sulfuryl chloride 12 1.444 TeamLRN4-137INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC LIQUIDS (continued) Formula Name t/°C n SO3 Sulfur trioxide 20 1.40965 SSCl2 Sulfur chloride 20 1.671 SbCl5 Antimony(V) chloride 22 1.5925 SiBr4 Tetrabromosilane 31 1.5685 SiCl4 Tetrachlorosilane 25 1.41156 SnBr4Tin(IV) bromide 31 1.6628 SnCl4 Tin(IV) chloride 25 1.5086 TiCl4 Titanium(IV) chloride 18 1.6076 Xe Xenon -112 1.3918 c aAt 581 nm bAt 578 nm cAt 546 nm PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS The chemical formula, crystal system, density, hardness, and index of refraction of some common minerals are given in this tabl e. Entries are arranged alphabetically by mineral name. The columns are: •Formula: Chemical formula for a typical sample of the mineral. Composition often varies considerably with the origin of the sample. •Crystal system: tricl = triclinic; monocl = monoclinic; orth = orthorhombic; tetr = tetragonal; hex = hexagonal; rhomb = rhombohedral; cub = cubic. •Density: Typical density in g/cm3. Individual samples may vary by a few percent. •Hardness: On the Mohs’ scale (range of 1 to 10, with talc = 1 and diamond = 10). •Index of refraction: Values are given for the three coordinate axes in the order of least, intermediate, and greatest index. For cubic crystals th ere is only a single value. See Reference 1 for details on the axis systems. Variations of several percent, depending on the orig in and exact composition of the sample, are common. REFERENCES 1. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals , 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. 2. Carmichael, R.S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds , Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. Crystal Density Hard- Index of refraction Name Formula system g/cm3 ness na nb ng Acanthite Ag 2S orth 7.2 2.3 Actinolite Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH,F)2 monocl 3.23 5.5 1.624 1.655 1.664 Aegirine NaFe(SiO3)2 monocl 3.58 6 1.763 1.800 1.815 Akermanite Ca2MgSi 2O7 tetr 2.94 5.5 1.632 1.640 Alabandite MnS cub 4.0 3.8Albite NaAlSi 3O8 tricl 2.63 6.3 1.527 1.531 1.538 Allanite (Ca,Mn,Ce,La,Y,Th)2(Fe,Ti)(Al,Fe) O ◊OH(Si2O7)(SiO4) monocl 3.8 5.8 1.75 1.78 1.80 Allemontite SbAs hex 6.0 3.5 Almandine Fe3Al2Si3O12 cub 4.32 6.8 1.830 Altaite PbTe cub 8.16 3Aluminite Al 2(SO4)(OH)4◊7H2O monocl 1.74 1.5 1.459 1.464 1.470 Alunite (K,Na)Al3(SO 4)2(OH) 6 rhomb 2.8 3.8 1.572 1.592 Alunogen Al2(SO4)3◊18H2O monocl 1.69 1.8 1.467 1.47 1.478 Amblygonite (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH) tricl 3.1 5.8 1.591 1.604 1.613 Analcite NaAlSi2O6◊H20 cub 2.27 5.5 1.486 Anatase TiO2 tetr 4.23 5.8 2.488 2.561 Andalusite Al2OSiO4 orth 3.15 7.5 1.635 1.639 1.644 Andesine NaAlSi 3O8·CaAl2Si2O8 tricl 2.67 6.3 1.550 1.553 1.557 Andorite PbAgSb3S6 rhomb 5.35 3.3 Andradite Ca3(Fe,Ti)2Si3O12 cub 3.86 6.8 1.887 Anglesite PbSO 4 orth 6.29 2.8 1.877 1.883 1.894 Anhydrite CaSO4 orth 2.96 3.5 1.570 1.575 1.614 Ankerite Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2 rhomb 3.0 3.8 1.529 1.720 Anorthite CaAl 2Si2O8 tricl 2.76 6.3 1.577 1.585 1.590 Anorthoclase (Na,K)AlSi3O8 tricl 2.58 6 1.523 1.528 1.529 Anthophyllite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2 rhomb 3.21 5.8 1.645 1.658 1.668 Apatite Ca 5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) hex 3.2 5 1.645 1.648 Apophyllite KFCa4Si8O20◊8H2O tetr 2.35 4.8 1.535 1.536 Aragonite CaCO3 orth 2.83 3.5 1.531 1.680 1.686 Arcanite K 2SO4 orth 2.66 1.494 1.494 1.497 Argentite Ag2S orth 7.2 2.3 Arsenolite As2O3 cub 3.86 1.5 1.755 Arsenopyrite FeAsS monocl 6.1 5.8 Atacamite Cu2(OH)3Cl rhomb 3.76 3.3 1.831 1.861 1.880 Augelite Al2(PO4)(OH)3 monocl 2.70 4.8 1.574 1.576 1.588 Augite (Ca,Mg,Fe,Ti,Al) 2(Si,Al)2O6 monocl 3.38 6 1.703 1.707 1.738 Autunite Ca(UO22)(PO4)2◊10H20 tetr 3.2 2.3 1.553 1.577 Axinite (Ca,Mn,Fe)3Al2BO3Si4O12(OH) tricl 3.31 6.8 1.684 1.691 1.694 4-151 TeamLRN4-152PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Crystal Density Hard- Index of refraction Name Formula system g/cm3 ness na nb ng Azurite Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 monocl 3.77 3.8 1.730 1.758 1.838 Baddeleyite ZrO2 monocl 5.7 6.5 2.13 2.19 2.20 Barite BaSO4 orth 4.49 3.3 1.636 1.637 1.648 Benitoite BaTi(SiO 3)3 rhomb 3.65 6.3 1.757 1.804 Bertrandite Be4Si2O7(OH)2 rhomb 2.6 6 1.589 1.602 1.613 Beryl Be3Al2(SiO3)6 hex 2.64 7.8 1.582 1.589 Beryllonite NaBe(PO) 4 monocl 2.81 5.8 1.552 1.558 1.561 Biotite K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 monocl 3.0 2.8 1.595 1.651 1.651 Bismuthinite Bi2S3 orth 6.78 2 Bixbyite (Mn,Fe) 2O3 cub 4.95 6.3 Bloedite Na2Mg(SO4)2◊4H2O monocl 2.25 2.8 1.483 1.486 1.487 Boehmite AlO(OH) orth 3.44 3.8 1.64 1.65 1.66 Boracite Mg 3B7O13Cl rhomb 2.94 7.3 1.66 1.66 1.67 Borax Na2B4O7◊10H2O monocl 1.73 2.3 1.447 1.469 1.472 Bornite Cu5FeS4 cub 5.07 3 Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 monocl 6.1 2.8 Bournonite PbCuSbS3 rhomb 5.83 2.8 Braggite PtS tetr 10.2 Braunite (Mn,Si) 2O3 tetr 4.78 6.3 Bravoite (Ni,Fe)S2 cub 4.62 5.8 Breithauptite NiSb hex ª8.7 5.5 Brochantite Cu 4(SO 4)(OH) 6 monocl 3.79 3.8 1.728 1.771 1.800 Bromyrite AgBr cub 6.47 2.5 2.253Brookite TiO 2 orth 4.23 5.8 2.583 2.584 2.700 Brucite Mg(OH)2 hex 2.37 2.5 1.575 1.59 Bunsenite NiO cub 6.72 5.5Cacoxenite Fe 4(PO4)3(OH)3◊12H20 hex 2.3 3.5 1.580 1.646 Calcite CaCO3 hex 2.71 3 1.486 1.658 Caledonite Cu2Pb5(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 rhomb 5.76 2.8 1.818 1.866 1.909 Calomel Hg2Cl2 tetr 7.16 1.5 1.973 2.656 Cancrinite (Na,Ca,K)7[Al 6Si6O24] (CO3,SO4,Cl,OH)2◊H20 hex 2.42 5.5 1.495 1.509 Carnalite KMgCl3◊6H20 rhomb 1.60 2.5 1.466 1.475 1.494 Carnotite K2(UO 2)2(VO 4)2◊3H2O rhomb 1.5 1.75 1.92 1.95 Cassiterite SnO2 tetr 6.85 6.5 2.006 2.097 Celestite SrSO4 orth 3.96 3.3 1.622 1.624 1.631 Celsian BaAl2Si2O8 monocl 3.25 6.3 1.583 1.588 1.594 Cerargyrite AgCl cub 5.56 2.5 2.071Cerussite PbCO 3 orth 6.6 3.3 1.804 2.076 2.079 Cervantite Sb 2O4 orth 6.64 4.5 Chabazite Ca[Al2Si4O12]◊6H2O trig 2.08 4.5 1.482 Chalcanthite CuSO4◊5H2O tricl 2.29 2.5 1.514 1.537 1.543 Chalcocite Cu 2S orth 5.6 2.8 Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 tetr 4.2 3.8 Chiolite Na5Al3F14 tetr 3.00 3.8 1.342 1.349 Chlorite (Mg,Al,Fe) 12(Si,Al)8O20(OH)16 monocl 3.0 2.5 1.61 1.62 1.62 Chloritoid FeAl4O2(SiO4)2(OH)4 monocl 3.66 6.5 1.717 1.721 1.726 Chondrodite Mg(OH,F)2◊2Mg2SiO4 monocl 3.21 6.5 1.604 1.615 1.634 Chromite FeCr 2O4 cub 5.0 5.5 2.16 Chrysoberyl BeAl2O4 orth 3.65 8.5 1.746 1.748 1.756 Chrysocolla CuSiO3◊2H2O rhomb 2.4 2 1.575 1.597 1.598 Cinnabar HgS hex 8.17 2.3 2.814 3.143 Claudetite As2O3 monocl 3.74 2.5 1.87 1.92 2.01 Clinohumite Mg(OH,F)2◊4Mg2SiO4 monocl 3.21 6 1.633 1.647 1.668 Clinozoisite Ca 2Al3Si3O12(OH) monocl 3.30 6.5 1.693 1.700 1.712 Cobaltite CoAsS cub ª6.1 5.5 Colemanite Ca2B6O11◊5H2O monocl 2.42 4.5 1.586 1.592 1.614 Columbite (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta) 2O6 rhomb 5.20 6 Connellite Cu19(SO4)Cl4(OH)32◊3H2O hex 3.36 3 1.731 1.752 4-153PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Crystal Density Hard- Index of refraction Name Formula system g/cm3 ness na nb ng Copiapite (Fe,Mg)Fe4(SO4)6(OH)2◊20H2O tricl 2.13 2.8 1.52 1.54 1.59 Coquimbite Fe2(SO4)3◊9H2O hex 2.1 2.5 1.54 1.56 Cordierite Al3(Mg,Fe)2Si5AlO18 rhomb 2.66 7 1.540 1.549 1.553 Corundum Al 2O3 hex 3.97 9 1.761 1.769 Cotunnite PbCl2 orth 5.98 2.5 2.199 2.217 2.260 Covellite CuS hex 4.8 1.8 Cristobalite SiO2 hex 2.33 6.5 1.484 1.487 Crocoite PbCrO4 monocl 6.12 2.8 2.29 2.36 2.66 Cryolite Na3AlF6 monocl 2.97 2.5 1.338 1.338 1.339 Cryolithionite Na 3Li3Al2F12 cub 2.77 2.8 1.340 Cubanite CuFe2S3 rhomb 4.11 3.5 Cummingtonite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2 monocl 3.4 5.5 1.650 1.660 1.676 Cuprite Cu 2O cub 6.0 3.8 Danburite CaSi2B2O8 rhomb 3.0 7 1.63 1.63 1.63 Datolite CaBSiO4(OH) monocl 2.98 5.3 1.624 1.652 1.668 Daubreelite Cr2FeS 4 cub 3.81 Derbylite Fe6Ti6Sb2O23 rhomb 4.53 5 2.45 2.45 2.51 Diamond C cub 3.51 10 2.418 Diaspore AlO(OH) orth 3.4 6.8 1.694 1.715 1.741 Digenite Cu2–xS cub 5.55 2.8 Diopside CaMgSi2O6 monocl 3.30 6 1.680 1.687 1.708 Dioptase CuSiO2(OH)2 rhomb 3.5 5 1.65 1.70 Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 rhomb 2.86 3.5 1.500 1.679 Douglasite K2FeCl4◊2H2O orth 2.16 1.488 1.500 Dyscrasite Ag3Sb rhomb 9.74 3.8 Eddingtonite BaAl2Si3O10◊4H2O rhomb 2.8 1.541 1.553 1.557 Eglestonite Hg4OCl2 cub 8.4 2.5 2.49 Emplectite CuBiS2 rhomb 6.38 2 Enargite Cu3AsS4 rhomb 4.5 3 Enstatite MgSiO3 monocl 3.19 5.5 1.656 1.662 1.669 Epidote Ca2Al2(Al,Fe)OH(SiO 4)3 monocl 3.44 6 1.733 1.755 1.765 Epsomite MgSO4◊7H2O orth 1.67 2.3 1.433 1.455 1.461 Erythrite (Co,Ni)3(AsO4)2◊8H2O monocl 3.06 2 1.626 1.661 1.699 Eucairite CuAgSe orth 7.7 2.5 Euclasite BeAlSiO4(OH) monocl 3.1 7.5 1.651 1.655 1.671 Eudialite (Na,Ca,Ce)5(Fe,Mn)(Zr,Ti)(Si3O9)2 (OH,Cl) hex 3.0 5.5 1.623 1.600 1.615 Eulytite Bi4Si3O12 cub 6.6 4.5 2.05 Euxenite (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 rhomb 5.5 6 2.2 Fayalite Fe 2SiO4 orth 4.30 6.5 1.827 1.869 1.879 Ferberite FeWO4 monocl 7.51 4.3 Fergussonite (Y,Er,Ce,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 tetr 5.7 6 2.1 Fluorite CaF 2 cub 3.18 4 1.434 Forsterite Mg2SiO4 orth 3.21 7 1.635 1.651 1.670 Franklinite ZnFe2O4 cub 5.21 6 2.36 Gahnite ZnAl 2O4 cub 4.62 7.8 1.805 Galaxite MnAl2O4 cub 4.04 7.8 1.92 Galena PbS cub 7.60 2.5 3.91 Galenabismuthite PbBi 2S4 rhomb 7.04 3 Ganomalite (Ca,Pb)10(OH,Cl)2(Si2O7)3 hex 5.6 3.5 1.910 1.945 Gaylussite Na2Ca(CO3)2◊5H2O monocl 1.99 2.8 1.444 1.516 1.523 Gehlenite Ca 2Al2SiO7 tetr 3.04 5.5 1.658 1.669 Geikielite MgTiO3 hex 3.85 5.5 1.95 2.31 Gibbsite Al(OH)3 monocl 2.42 3 1.57 1.57 1.59 Glauberite Na 2Ca(SO4)2 monocl 2.80 2.8 1.515 1.535 1.536 Glauconite (K,Na,Ca)1.6(Fe,Al,Mg)4.0Si7.3Al0.7 O20(OH)4 monocl 2.7 2 1.60 1.63 1.63 Glaucophane Na 2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2 monocl 3.19 6 1.634 1.645 1.648 Gmelinite (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12]◊6H2O hex 2.10 4.5 1.477 1.485 TeamLRN4-154PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Crystal Density Hard- Index of refraction Name Formula system g/cm3 ness na nb ng Goethite FeO(OH) orth 4.3 5.3 2.268 2.401 2.457 Goslarite ZnSO4◊7H2O orth 1.97 2.3 1.457 1.480 1.484 Greenockite CdS hex 4.8 3.3 2.506 2.529 Grossularite Ca 3Al2Si3O12 cub 3.59 6.8 1.734 Gummite UO3◊H2O orth 7.05 3.8 Gypsum CaSO4◊2H2O monocl 2.32 2 1.520 1.525 1.530 Halite NaCl cub 2.17 2 1.544 Hambergite Be2(OH)(BO3) rhomb 2.36 7.5 1.56 1.59 1.63 Hanksite Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl hex 2.56 3.3 1.461 1.481 Harmotome Ba[Al 2Si6O16]◊6H2O monocl 2.44 4.5 1.506 1.507 1.511 Hausmannite Mn3O4 tetr 4.84 5.5 2.15 2.46 Haüyne (Na,Ca)4-8Al6Si6O24(SO4,S)1-2 cub 2.47 5.8 1.502 Hedenbergite CaFeSi 2O6 monocl 3.53 6 1.721 1.727 1.746 Helvite Mn4Be3Si3O12S cub 3.32 6 1.739 Hematite Fe2O3 hex 5.25 6 2.91 3.19 Hemimorphite Zn4Si2O7(OH) 2◊H2O rhomb 3.45 5 1.614 1.617 1.636 Hercynite Fe(AlO2)2 cub 4.3 7.8 1.835 Herderite CaBe(PO4)(Fe,OH) monocl 2.98 5.3 1.592 1.612 1.621 Hessite Ag2Te orth 8.4 2.5 Heulandite (Ca,Na2,K2)[Al2Si7O18]◊6H2O monocl 2.2 3.8 1.498 1.498 1.506 Hopeite Zn3(PO4)2◊4H2O orth 3.0 3.2 1.58 1.59 1.59 Hornblende Ca2(Mg,Fe) 4Al(Si 7AlO 22)(OH) 2 monocl 3.24 5.5 1.67 1.67 1.69 Huebnerite MnWO4 monocl 7.2 4.3 2.17 2.22 2.32 Humite Mg(OH,F)2◊3Mg2SiO4 orth 3.3 6 1.625 1.636 1.657 Huntite Mg3Ca(CO 3)4 trig 2.70 Hydrogrossularite Ca3Al2Si2O8(SiO4)1-m(OH)4m cub 3.4 6.8 1.70 Hydromagnesite 3MgCO3◊Mg(OH)2◊3H2O monocl 2.24 3.5 1.523 1.527 1.545 Illite KAl4[Si7AlO 20](OH) 4 monocl 2.8 1.5 1.56 1.59 1.59 Ilmenite FeTiO3 rhomb 4.72 5.5 Iodyrite AgI hex 5.68 1.5 2.21 2.22 Jacobsite MnFe2O4 cub 4.87 7.8 2.3 Jadeite NaAlSi2O6 monocl 3.34 6 1.649 1.654 1.663 Jamesonite Pb4FeSb6S14 monocl 5.63 2.5 Jarosite KFe3(SO 4)2(OH) 6 rhomb 3.09 3 1.715 1.820 Kainite KMg(SO4)Cl ◊3H2O monocl 2.15 2.8 1.494 1.505 1.516 Kaliophylite KAlSiO4 hex 2.61 6 1.532 1.537 Kaolinite Al4Si4O10(OH) 8 tricl 2.65 2.3 1.549 1.564 1.565 Kernite Na2B4O7◊4H2O monocl 1.95 2.5 1.454 1.472 1.488 Kieserite MgSO4◊H2O monocl 2.57 3.5 1.520 1.533 1.584 Kyanite Al 2OSiO4 tricl 3.59 6.3 1.715 1.722 1.731 Lanarkite Pb2(SO4)O monocl 6.92 2.3 1.928 2.007 2.036 Lanthanite (La,Ce)2(CO3)3◊8H2O rhomb 2.72 2.8 1.52 1.587 1.613 Laumontite Ca 4[Al8Si16O48]◊16H2O monocl 2.3 3.3 1.508 1.517 1.519 Laurionite Pb(OH)Cl rhomb 6.24 3.3 2.08 2.12 2.16Lawsonite CaAl 2(OH)2Si2O7◊H2O rhomb 3.08 6 1.655 1.675 1.685 Lazulite (Mg,Fe)Al 2(PO4)2(OH)2 monocl 3.23 5.8 1.615 1.64 1.650 Lazurite Na4SSi3Al3O12 cub 2.42 5.3 1.500 Leadhillite Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 monocl 6.55 2.8 1.87 2.00 2.01 Lepidocrocite FeO(OH) orth 4.26 5 1.94 2.20 2.51 Lepidolite K2(Li,Al)5-6[Si6-7Al2-1O20](OH,F)4 monocl 2.85 3.3 1.536 1.565 1.566 Leucite KAlSi2O6 tetr 2.49 5.8 1.510 Levyne (Ca,Na 2)Al2Si4O12◊6H2O rhomb 2.10 4.5 1.496 1.501 Litharge PbO tetr 9.35 2 2.535 2.665Loellingite FeAs 2 rhomb 7.40 5.3 Maghemite Fe 2O3 cub 4.88 7.8 2.63 Magnesite MgCO3 hex 3.05 4 1.536 1.741 Magnetite Fe3O4 cub 5.17 6 2.42 Malachite Cu 2(OH)2(CO3) monocl 4.05 3.8 1.655 1.875 1.909 Manganite MnO(OH) monocl ª4.3 4 2.25 2.25 2.53 4-155PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Crystal Density Hard- Index of refraction Name Formula system g/cm3 ness na nb ng Manganosite MnO cub 5.37 5.5 Marcasite FeS2 cub 5.02 6.3 Marialite Na4Al3Si9O24Cl tetr 2.56 5.5 1.541 1.548 Marshite CuI cub 5.67 2.5 2.346 Mascagnite (NH4)2SO4 orth 1.77 2.3 1.520 1.523 1.533 Matlockite PbClF tetr 7.05 2.8 2.006 2.145 Meionite Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 tetr 2.78 5.5 1.559 1.595 Melanterite FeSO4◊7H2O monocl 1.89 2 1.47 1.48 1.49 Melilite (Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,Al,Si)3O7 tetr 3.00 5.5 1.639 1.645 Mellite Al 2C12O12◊18H2O tetr 1.64 2.3 1.511 1.539 Mendipite Pb3O2Cl2 rhomb 7.24 2.5 2.24 2.27 2.31 Mesolite Na2Ca2(Al2Si3O10)3◊8H2O orth 2.26 5 1.506 Metacinnabar HgS cub 7.70 3 Microcline KAlSi3O8 monocl 2.56 6.3 1.522 1.526 1.530 Miersite AgI hex 5.68 2.5 2.20 Millerite NiS hex 5.5 3.3 Mimetite Pb5(AsO4,PO4)3Cl hex 7.24 3.8 2.128 2.147 Minium Pb3O4 tetr 8.9 2.5 Mirabilite Na2SO4◊10H 2O monocl 1.46 1.8 1.394 1.396 1.398 Moissanite SiC hex 3.16 9.5 2.648 2.691Molybdenite MoS 2 hex 5.06 1.3 Monazite (Ce,La,Th)PO4 monocl 5.2 5 1.787 1.789 1.840 Monetite CaHPO4 tricl 2.92 3.5 1.587 1.61 1.640 Monticellite Ca(Mg,Fe)SiO4 orth 3.18 5.5 1.647 1.655 1.664 Montmorillonite (0.5Ca,Na)0.7(Al,Mg,Fe) 4 [(Si,Al)8O20](OH)4◊nH2O monocl 2.5 1.5 1.55 1.57 1.57 Montroydite HgO orth 11.14 2.5 2.37 2.50 2.65 Mordenite (Na,K,Ca)[Al2Si10O24]◊7H2O orth 2.13 3.5 1.478 1.480 1.482 Muscovite KAl2Si3AlO10(OH,F)2 monocl 2.83 2.8 1.563 1.596 1.602 Nantokite CuCl cub 4.14 2.5 1.930 Natrolite Na2Al2Si3O10◊2H2O orth 2.23 5 1.478 1.481 1.491 Nepheline Na3KAl4Si4O16 hex 2.61 5.8 1.534 1.538 Newberyite MgHPO4◊3H2O orth 2.13 3.3 1.514 1.517 1.533 Niccolite NiAs hex 7.77 5.3 Norbergite Mg(OH,F)2◊Mg2SiO4 orth 3.21 6.5 1.565 1.573 1.592 Nosean Na8Al6Si6O24SO4 cub 2.35 5.5 1.495 Oldhamite CaS cub 2.59 4 2.137 Oligoclase ([NaSi]0.9-0.7 [CaAl]0.1-0.3 )AlSi2O8 tricl 2.64 6.3 1.539 1.543 1.547 Olivenite Cu2(AsO4)(OH) rhomb 4.2 3 1.77 1.80 1.85 Olivine (Mg,Fe)SiO 4 rhomb 3.81 6.8 1.73 1.76 1.78 Opal SiO2◊nH2O amorp 1.9 5 1.44 Orpiment As2S3 monocl 3.46 1.8 2.40 2.81 3.02 Orthoclase KAlSi 3O8 monocl 2.56 6 1.523 1.527 1.531 Orthopyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO3 rhomb 3.6 5.5 1.709 1.712 1.723 Paragonite NaAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 monocl 2.85 2.5 1.572 1.602 1.605 Parisite (Ce,La,Na)FCO 3◊CaCO3 hex 4.42 4.5 1.672 1.771 Pectolite Ca2NaH(SiO3)3 tricl 2.88 4.8 1.603 1.610 1.639 Penfieldite Pb4Cl6(OH)2 hex 6.6 2.13 2.21 Pentlandite (Fe,Ni) 9S8 cub 4.8 3.8 Percylite PbCuCl2(OH)2 cub 2.5 2.05 Periclase MgO cub 3.6 5.5 1.735 Perovskite CaTiO 3 cub 3.98 5.5 2.34 Petalite LiAlSi4O10 monocl 2.42 6.5 1.506 1.511 1.519 Pharmacosiderite Fe3(AsO4)2(OH)3◊5H2O cub 2.80 2.5 1.690 Phenakite Be 2SiO4 rhomb 2.98 7.5 1.654 1.670 Phillipsite K(Ca0.5,Na)2[Al3Si5O16]◊6H2O monocl 2.2 4.3 1.494 1.497 1.505 Phlogopite KMg3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 monocl 2.83 2.3 1.560 1.597 1.598 Phosgenite Pb 2(CO3)Cl2 tetr 6.13 2.5 2.118 2.145 Piemontite Ca2(Mn,Fe,Al)3O(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH) monocl 3.49 6 1.762 1.773 1.796 TeamLRN4-156PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Crystal Density Hard- Index of refraction Name Formula system g/cm3 ness na nb ng Pigeonite (Mg,Fe,Ca)(Mg,Fe)Si2O6 monocl 3.38 6 1.702 1.703 1.728 Pollucite CsAlSi2O6 tetr 2.9 6.5 1.517 Polybasite (Ag,Cu)16Sb2S11 monocl 6.1 2.5 Powellite Ca(Mo,W)O 4 tetr 4.35 3.8 1.971 1.980 Prehnite Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 rhomb 2.93 6.3 1.622 1.628 1.648 Proustite Ag3AsS3 rhomb 5.57 2.3 2.792 3.088 Pseudobrookite Fe 2TiO5 rhomb 4.36 6 2.38 2.39 2.42 Psilomelane BaMn9O16(OH)4 rhomb 4.71 5.5 Pumpellyite Ca2Al2(Al,Fe,Mg)[Si2(O,OH)7] (SiO 4)(OH,O)3 monocl 3.21 5.5 1.688 1.695 1.705 Pyrargyrite Ag3SbS3 rhomb 5.85 2.5 2.88 3.08 Pyrite FeS2 cub 5.02 6.3 Pyrochlore NaCaNb 2O6F cub 5.3 5.3 Pyrochroite Mn(OH)2 hex 3.26 2.5 1.68 1.72 Pyrolusite MnO2 tetr 5.08 6.3 Pyromorphite Pb5(PO 4,AsO 4)3Cl hex 7.04 3.8 2.048 2.058 Pyrope Mg3Al2Si3O12 cub 3.58 6.8 1.714 Pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 monocl 2.78 1.5 1.545 1.579 1.599 Pyrrhotite Fe7S8 hex 4.62 4 Quartz SiO2 hex 2.65 7 1.544 1.553 Rammelsbergite NiAs2 orth 7.1 5.8 Raspite PbWO4 monocl 8.46 2.8 1.27 1.27 1.30 Realgar As4S4 monocl 3.5 1.8 2.538 2.684 2.704 Rhodochrosite MnCO3 hex 3.70 3.8 1.597 1.816 Rhodonite (Mn,Fe,Ca)SiO3 orth 3.48 6 1.725 1.729 1.737 Riebeckite Na2Fe5(Si8O22)(OH)2 monocl 3.3 5 1.675 1.683 1.694 Rutile TiO2 tetr 4.23 6.2 2.609 2.900 Safflorite (Co,Fe)As2 rhomb 7.3 4.8 Samarskite (Y,Er,Ce,U,Ca,Fe,Pb,Th) (Nb,Ta,Ti,Sn)2O6 rhomb 5.69 5.5 2.200 Sapphirine (Mg,Fe)2Al4O6SiO 4 monocl 3.49 7.5 1.709 1.712 1.715 Scapolite (Na,Ca)4Al3(Al,Si)3Si6O24 (Cl,F,OH,CO3,SO4) tetr 2.64 5.5 1.551 1.573 Scheelite CaWO4 tetr 6.06 4.8 1.920 1.936 Scolecite CaAl2Si3O10◊3H2O monocl 2.27 5 1.510 1.518 1.519 Scorodite Fe(AsO4)◊2H2O rhomb 3.28 3.8 1.784 1.795 1.814 Sellaite MgF2 tetr 3.15 5 1.378 1.390 Senarmontite Sb2O3 cub 5.58 2.3 2.087 Serpentine Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 monocl 2.55 3 1.55 1.56 1.56 Siderite FeCO 3 hex 3.9 4.3 1.635 1.875 Sillimanite Al2OSiO4 rhomb 3.25 7 1.658 1.660 1.660 Skutterudite (Co,Ni)As3 cub 6.8 5.8 Smithsonite ZnCO 3 rhomb 4.4 4.3 1.621 1.848 Sodalite Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2 cub 2.30 5.8 1.485 Sperrylite PtAs2 cub 10.58 6.5 Spessartite Mn 3Al2Si3O12 cub 4.19 6.8 1.800 Sphalerite ZnS cub 4.0 3.8 2.369Sphene CaTiSiO 4(O,OH,F) monocl 3.50 5 1.90 1.95 2.03 Spinel MgAl 2O4 cub 3.55 7.8 1.719 Spodumene LiAlSi2O6 monocl 3.13 6.8 1.656 1.662 1.671 Stannite Cu2FeSn4 tetr 4.4 4 Staurolite (Fe,Mg,Zn) 2(Al,Fe,Ti)9O6 [(Si,Al)O4]4(O,OH)2 monocl 3.79 7.5 1.743 1.747 1.755 Stercorite Na(NH4)H(PO4)◊4H2O tricl 1.62 2 1.439 1.442 1.469 Stibiotantalite Sb(Ta,Nb)O 4 rhomb 6.6 5.5 2.38 2.41 2.46 Stibnite Sb2S3 orth 4.56 2 Stilbite NaCa2[Al5Si13O36]◊14H2O monocl 2.2 3.8 1.492 1.499 1.503 4-157PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Crystal Density Hard- Index of refraction Name Formula system g/cm3 ness na nb ng Stilpnomelane (K,Na,Ca)0.6(Fe,Mg)6Si8Al (O,OH)27◊2H2O monocl 2.8 3.5 1.585 1.665 1.665 Stolzite PbWO4 tetr 8.2 2.8 2.19 2.27 Strengite FePO 4◊2H2O orth 2.87 4 1.707 1.719 1.741 Strontianite SrCO3 orth 3.5 3.5 1.518 1.666 1.668 Struvite Mg(NH4)(PO4)◊6H2O rhomb 1.71 2 1.495 1.496 1.504 Sulfur S orth 2.07 2 1.958 2.038 2.245 Sylvanite (Ag,Au)Te2 monocl 8.16 1.8 Sylvite KCl cub 1.99 2 1.490 Talc Mg 3Si4O10(OH)2 monocl 2.71 1 1.545 1.592 1.595 Tantalite (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 rhomb 7.95 6.5 2.26 2.32 2.43 Tapiolite FeTa2O6 tetr 7.9 6.3 2.27 2.42 Tellurobismuthite Bi 2Te3 hex 7.74 1.8 Terlinguaite Hg2OCl monocl 8.73 2.5 2.35 2.64 2.66 Tetrahedrite (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13 cub 4.9 3.8 Thenardite Na2SO4 orth 2.7 2.8 1.468 1.475 1.483 Thermonatrite Na2CO3◊H2O orth 2.25 1.3 1.420 1.506 1.524 Thomsenolite NaCaAlF6◊H2O monocl 2.98 2 1.407 1.414 1.415 Thorianite ThO2 cub 10.0 6.5 2.200 Thorite ThSiO4 tetr 6.7 4.8 1.8 Topaz Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 rhomb 3.53 8 1.618 1.620 1.627 Torbernite Cu(UO2)2(PO 4)2◊8H2O tetr 3.22 2.3 1.582 1.592 Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Al)3Al6Si6O18 (BO3)3 rhomb 3.14 7 1.62 1.65 Tremolite Ca2Mg 5Si8O22(OH,F) 2 monocl 3.0 5.5 1.599 1.612 1.622 Trevorite NiFe2O4 cub 5.33 7.8 2.3 Tridymite SiO2 hex 2.27 7 1.475 1.476 1.479 Triphyllite-Lithiophyllite Li(Fe,Mn)PO4 rhomb 3.46 4.5 1.68 1.68 1.69 Troegerite (UO2)3(AsO4)2◊12H2O tetr 2.5 1.59 1.630 Troilite FeS hex 4.7 4 Trona Na3H(CO 3)2◊2H2O monocl 2.14 2.8 1.412 1.492 1.540 Turquois Cu(Al,Fe)6(PO4)4(OH)8◊4H2O tricl 2.9 5.3 1.70 1.73 1.75 Ullmannite NiSbS cub 6.65 5.3 Uraninite UO2 cub 11.0 5.5 Uvarovite Ca3Cr2Si3O12 cub 3.83 6.8 1.865 Valentinite Sb2O3 orth 5.7 2.8 2.18 2.35 2.35 Vanadinite Pb5(VO 4)3Cl hex 6.8 2.9 2.350 2.416 Variseite-Strengite (Al,Fe)(PO4)◊2H2O rhomb 2.72 4 1.635 1.654 1.668 Vaterite CaCO3 hex 2.71 1.550 1.645 Vermiculite (Mg,Ca) 0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6[(Al,Si)8O20] (OH)4◊8H2O monocl 2.3 1.5 1.542 1.556 1.556 Vesuvianite Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(Si2O7)2(SiO4)5 (OH,F)4 tetr 3.33 6.5 1.72 1.73 Villiaumite NaF cub 2.78 2.3 1.327Vivianite Fe 3(PO4)2◊8H2O monocl 2.58 1.8 1.598 1.629 1.652 Wagnerite Mg 2(PO4)F monocl 3.15 5.3 1.568 1.572 1.582 Wavellite Al3(OH)3(PO4)2◊5H2O rhomb 2.36 3.6 1.527 1.535 1.553 Whewellite CaC2O4◊H2O cub 2.2 2.8 1.491 1.554 1.650 Willemite Zn 2SiO4 hex 4.1 5.5 1.691 1.719 Witherite BaCO3 orth 4.29 3.5 1.529 1.676 1.677 Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO4 monocl 7.3 4.3 2.26 2.32 2.42 Wollastonite CaSiO 3 monocl 2.92 4.8 1.628 1.639 1.642 Wulfenite PbMoO4 tetr 6.7 2.9 2.283 2.403 Wurtzite ZnS hex 4.09 3.8 2.356 2.378 Xenotime YPO 4 tetr 4.8 4.5 1.721 1.816 Zeunerite Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2◊10H2O tetr 1.606 Zincite ZnO hex 5.6 4 2.013 2.029 Zircon ZrSiO4 tetr 4.6 7.5 1.94 1.99 Zoisite Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH) rhomb 3.26 6 1.695 1.699 1.711 TeamLRN4-156CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS This table contains x-ray crystallographic data on about 400 common minerals, as well as selected crystalline elements. Entries are arranged alphabetically by mineral name. The columns are: Name: Common name of the mineral. Formula: Chemical formula for a typical sample of the mineral. Composition often varies considerably with the origin of the sam ple. Crystal system: tricl = triclinic; monocl = monoclinic; orth = orthorhombic; tetr = tetragonal; hex = hexagonal; rhomb = rhombo hedral; cubic = cubic. Structure type: Prototype for the structural arrangement of the crystallographic cell. Z: Number of formula units per the unit cell. a, b, c: Lengths of the cell edges in Å (1Å = 10-8 cm). a, b, g : Angles between cell axes. REFERENCES 1. Robie, R.A., Bethke, P.M., and Beardsley, K.M., U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1248 , U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 2. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds , Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 3. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals , 2nd Edition , Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. 4-157CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)Crystal Structure Name Formula system type Za /Å b/Å c/Å ab g Acanthite Ag 2S monocl 4 4.228 6.928 7.862 99.58 ∞ Acmite (Aegirine) NaFe(SiO3)2 monocl diopside 4 9.658 8.795 5.294 107.42 ∞ Akermanite Ca2MgSi2O7 tetr melilite 2 7.8435 5.010 Alabandite MnS cubic rock salt 4 5.223 Almandine (Almandite) Fe3Al2Si3O12 cubic garnet 8 11.526 Altaite PbTe cubic rock salt 4 6.4606 Aluminum Al cubic copper 4 4.049 Alunite KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 rhomb 3 6.982 17.32 Analcite NaAlSi2O6◊H20 cubic 16 13.733 Anatase TiO2 tetr 4 3.785 9.514 Andalusite Al2OSiO4 orth 4 7.7959 7.8983 5.5583 Andradite Ca3Fe2Si3O12 cubic garnet 8 12.048 Anglesite PbSO4 orth barite 4 8.480 5.398 6.958 Anhydrite CaSO4 orth anhydrite 4 6.991 6.996 6.238 Annite KFe3[AlSi3O10](OH)2 monocl 1M mica 2 10.29 9.33 5.39 105.1 ∞ Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 tricl primitive cell 8 8.177 12.877 14.169 93.17 ∞ 115.85∞ 91.22∞ Anthophyllite Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 orth 4 18.61 18.01 5.24 Antimony Sb rhomb arsenic 6 4.2996 11.2516 Aragonite CaCO 3 orth aragonite 4 5.741 7.968 4.959 Arcanite K2SO4 orth arcanite 4 5.772 10.072 7.483 Argentite Ag2S cubic 2 4.870 Argentopyrite AgFe2S3 orth 4 6.64 11.47 6.45 Arsenic As rhomb arsenic 6 3.760 10.555Arsenolite As 2O3 cubic diamond 16 11.074 Arsenopyrite FeAsS tricl 4 5.760 5.690 5.785 90.00 ∞ 112.23∞ 90.00∞ Azurite Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 monocl 2 5.008 5.844 10.336 92.45 ∞ Baddeleyite ZrO2 monocl baddeleyite 4 5.1454 5.2075 5.3107 99.23 ∞ Banalsite BaNa 2Al4Si4O16 orth 4 8.50 9.97 16.72 Barite BaSO4 orth barite 4 8.878 5.450 7.152 Berlinite AlPO4 hex a-quartz 3 4.942 10.97 Beryl Be 3Al2(SiO3)6 hex beryl 2 9.215 9.192 Berzelianite Cu2Se cubic 4 5.85 Bismite Bi2O3 monocl pseudo-orth 4 7.48 8.14 5.83 112.9 ∞ Bismuth Bi rhomb arsenic 6 4.5367 11.8383 Bismuthinite Bi2S3 orth stibnite 4 11.150 11.300 3.981 Bixbyite Mn2O3 cubic thallium trioxide 16 9.411 Boehmite AlO(OH) orth lepidocrocite 4 2.868 12.227 3.700 Borax Na2B4O7◊10H2O monocl 4 11.858 10.674 12.197 106.68 ∞ Bornite (metastable) Cu5FeS4 cubic 8 10.94 Breithauptite NiSb hex niccolite 2 3.942 5.155 Brochantite Cu4SO4(OH)6 monocl 4 13.066 9.85 6.022 103.27 ∞ Bromargyrite AgBr cubic rock salt 4 5.7745 Bromellite BeO hex zincite 2 2.6979 4.3772 Brookite TiO2 orth 8 5.456 9.182 5.143 Brucite Mg(OH)2 hex cadmium iodide 1 3.147 4.769 TeamLRN 4-158CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)Crystal Structure Name Formula system type Za /Å b/Å c/Å ab g Bunsenite NiO cubic rock salt 4 4.177 Bustamite CaMn(SiO3)2 tricl 6 7.736 7.157 13.824 90.52 ∞ 94.58∞ 103.87∞ Cadmium telluride CdTe cubic sphalerite 4 6.4805 Cadmoselite CdSe hex zincite 2 4.2977 7.0021 Calcite CaCO3 rhomb calcite 6 4.9899 17.064 Calomel Hg2Cl2 tetr 4 4.478 10.910 Carbonate-apatite Ca10(PO 4)6CO 3◊H2O hex apatite 1 9.436 6.883 Cassiterite SnO2 tetr rutile 2 4.738 3.188 Cattierite CoS2 cubic pyrite 4 5.5345 Celestite SrSO4 orth barite 4 8.359 5.352 6.866 Celsian BaAl2Si2O8 monocl 8 8.627 13.045 14.408 115.20 ∞ Cerianite CeO2 cubic fluorite 4 5.4110 Cerussite PbCO3 orth aragonite 4 6.152 8.436 5.195 Cervantite Sb2O4 orth 4 5.424 11.76 4.804 Chalcanthite CuSO4◊5H2O tricl 2 6.1045 10.72 5.949 97.57 ∞ 107.28∞ 77.43∞ Chalcocite Cu2S orth 96 11.881 27.323 13.491 Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 tetr 4 5.2988 10.434 Chlorapatite Ca5(PO4)3Cl hex apatite 2 9.629 6.777 Chlorargyrite AgCl cubic rock salt 4 5.5491 Chloritoid FeAl4O2(SiO4)2(OH)4 monocl 8 9.48 5.48 18.18 101.77 ∞ Chloromagnesite MgCl2 rhomb 3 3.632 17.795 Chondrodite 2Mg2SiO 4◊MgF 2 monocl 2 7.89 4.743 10.29 109.03 ∞ Chrysoberyl BeAl2O4 orth olivine 4 5.4756 9.4041 4.4267 Cinnabar HgS hex cinnabar 3 4.149 9.495 Claudetite As 2O3 monocl 4 5.339 12.984 4.5405 94.27 ∞ Clausthalite PbSe cubic rock salt 4 6.1255Clinoenstatite MgSiO 3 monocl 8 9.620 8.825 5.188 108.33 ∞ Clinoferrosilite FeSiO 3 monocl 8 9.7085 9.0872 5.2284 108.43 ∞ Clinohumite 4Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 monocl 2 13.68 4.75 10.27 100.83 ∞ Clinozoisite Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH monocl 2 8.887 5.581 10.14 115.93 ∞ Cobalt olivine Co 2SiO4 orth olivine 4 4.782 10.301 6.003 Cobalt oxide CoO cubic rock salt 4 4.260Cobalt sulfide CoS cubic sphalerite 4 5.339 Cobalt titanate CoTiO 3 rhomb ilmenite 6 5.066 13.918 Cobalticalcite CoCO3 rhomb calcite 6 4.6581 14.958 Cobaltite CoAsS cubic NiSbS 4 5.60 Coesite SiO 2 monocl 16 7.152 12.379 7.152 120.00 ∞ Coffinite USiO4 tetr zircon 4 6.995 6.263 Colemanite Ca2B6O11◊5H2O monocl 4 8.743 11.264 6.102 110.12 ∞ Coloradoite HgTe cubic sphalerite 4 6.4600 Cooperite PtS tetr 2 3.4699 6.1098Copper Cu cubic face-centered cubic 4 3.6150 Corundum Al 2O3 rhomb corundum 6 4.7591 12.9894 Cotunnite PbCl2 orth 4 4.535 7.62 9.05 Covellite CuS hex 6 3.792 16.34 4-159CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)Crystal Structure Name Formula system type Za /Å b/Å c/Å ab g Cristobalite ( a) SiO 2 tetr 4 4.971 6.918 Cristobalite ( b) SiO2 cubic 8 7.1382 Cryolite Na3AlF6 monocl 2 5.40 5.60 7.776 90.18 ∞ Cubanite CuFe2S3 orth 4 6.46 11.12 6.23 Cummingtonite (Mg,Fe,Mn)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2monocl tremolite 2 9.522 18.223 5.332 101.92 ∞ Cuprite Cu2O cubic 2 4.2696 Danburite CaB2Si2O8 orth 4 8.04 8.77 7.74 Datolite CaBSiO4(OH) monocl 4 9.62 7.60 4.84 90.15 ∞ Daubreeite FeCr2S4 cubic spinel 8 9.966 Diamond C cubic diamond 8 3.5670 Diaspore AlO(OH) orth 4 4.401 9.421 2.845Dickite Al 2Si2O5(OH)4 monocl 4 5.150 8.940 14.736 103.58 ∞ Digenite Cu1.79S cubic deformed fluorite 4 5.5695 Diopside CaMg(SiO3)2 monocl diopside 4 9.743 8.923 5.251 105.93 ∞ Dioptase CuSiO2(OH)2 rhomb phenacite 18 14.61 7.80 Dolerophanite Cu2O(SO 4) monocl 4 8.334 6.312 7.628 108.4 ∞ Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 rhomb calcite 3 4.8079 16.010 Dravite NaMg3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4 rhomb tourmaline 3 15.942 7.224 Elbaite NaLiAl7.67B3Si6O27(OH) 4 rhomb tourmaline 3 15.842 7.009 Enargite Cu3AsS4 orth 2 6.426 7.422 6.144 Enstatite MgSiO3 orth 16 8.829 18.22 5.192 Epidote Ca2Al2(Al,Fe)OH(SiO 4)3 monocl 2 8.89 5.63 10.19 115.40 ∞ Epsomite MgSO4◊7H2O orth 4 11.86 11.99 6.858 Eskolaite Cr2O3 rhomb corundum 6 4.9607 13.599 Eucairite AgCuSe orth 10 4.105 20.35 6.31 Euclase AlBeSiO4(OH) monocl 4 4.763 14.29 4.618 100.25 ∞ Famatimite Cu3SbS4 tetr 2 5.384 10.770 Fayalite Fe 2SiO4 orth olivine 4 4.817 10.477 6.105 Fe-Cordierite Fe2Al3(AlSi5O18) orth cordierite 4 9.726 17.065 9.287 Fe-Gehlenite Ca2Fe2SiO7 tetr melilite 2 7.54 4.855 Fe-Indialite Fe 2Al3(AlSi5O18) hex beryl 2 9.860 9.285 Fe-Leucite KFeSi2O6 tetr 16 13.205 13.970 Fe-Microcline KFeSi3O8 tricl 4 8.68 13.10 7.340 90.75 ∞ 116.05∞ 86.23∞ Fe-Sanidine KFeSi 3O8 monocl 4 8.689 13.12 7.319 116.10 ∞ Fe-Skutterudite FeAs2.95 cubic 8 8.1814 Ferberite FeWO4 monocl wolframite 2 4.732 5.708 4.965 90.00 ∞ Ferriannite KFe 3[FeSi3O10](OH)2 monocl 2 5.430 9.404 10.341 100.07 ∞ Ferroselite FeSe2 orth marcasite 2 4.801 5.778 3.587 Ferrotremolite Ca2Fe5[Si8O22](OH)2 monocl tremolite 2 9.97 18.34 5.30 104.50 ∞ Fluor-edenite NaCa 2Mg5[AlSi7O22]F2 monocl tremolite 2 9.847 18.00 5.282 104.83 ∞ Fluor-humite 3Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 orth 4 10.243 20.72 4.735 Fluor-norbergite Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 orth 4 8.727 10.271 4.709 Fluor-phlogopite KMg 3[AlSi3O10]F2 monocl 1M mica 2 5.299 9.188 10.135 99.92 ∞ Fluor-richterite Na2CaMg5[Si8O22]F2 monocl tremolite 2 9.823 17.96 5.268 104.33 ∞ Fluor-tremolite Ca2Mg5[Si8O22]F2 monocl tremolite 2 9.781 18.01 5.267 104.52 ∞ TeamLRN 4-160CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)Crystal Structure Name Formula system type Za /Å b/Å c/Å ab g Fluorapatite Ca 5(PO4)3F hex apatite 2 9.3684 6.8841 Fluorite CaF2 cubic fluorite 4 5.4638 Forsterite Mg2SiO4 orth olivine 4 4.758 10.214 5.984 Frohbergite FeTe2 orth marcasite 2 5.265 6.265 3.869 Gahnite ZnAl2O4 cubic spinel 8 8.0848 Galaxite MnAl2O4 cubic spinel 8 8.258 Galena PbS cubic rock salt 4 5.9360 Gallium oxide Ga2O3 rhomb corundum 6 4.9793 13.429 Gehlenite Ca2Al2SiO7 tetr melilite 2 7.690 5.0675 Geikielite MgTiO3 rhomb ilmenite 6 5.054 13.898 Gerhardite Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 orth 4 6.075 13.812 5.592 Gersdorfite NiAsS cubic 4 5.693 Gibbsite Al(OH) 3 monocl 8 9.719 5.0705 8.6412 94.57 ∞ Glauchroite CaMnSiO4 orth olivine 4 4.944 11.19 6.529 Glaucodot (Co,Fe)AsS orth 24 6.64 28.39 5.64 Glaucophane I Na 2Mg 3Al2[Si8O22](OH) 2 monocl tremolite 2 9.748 17.915 5.273 102.78 ∞ Glaucophane II Na2Mg3Al2[Si8O22](OH)2 monocl tremolite 2 9.663 17.696 5.277 103.67 ∞ Goethite FeO(OH) orth 4 4.596 9.957 3.021 Gold Au cubic face-centered cubic 4 4.0786 Goldmanite Ca3V2Si3O12 cubic garnet 8 12.070 Goslarite ZnSO4◊7H2O orth epsomite 4 11.779 12.050 6.822 Graphite C hex graphite 4 2.4612 6.7079 Greenockite CdS hex zincite 2 4.1354 6.7120Greigite Fe 3S4 cubic spinel 8 9.876 Grossularite Ca3Al2Si3O12 cubic garnet 8 11.851 Grunerite Fe7[Si8O22](OH)2 monocl tremolite 2 9.572 18.44 5.342 101.77 ∞ Gudmundite FeSbS monocl 8 10.00 5.93 6.73 90.00 ∞ Gypsum CaSO 4◊2H2O monocl 4 5.68 15.18 6.29 113.83 ∞ Hafnia HfO2 monocl baddeleyite 4 5.1156 5.1722 5.2948 99.18 ∞ Halite NaCl cubic rock salt 4 5.6402 Hambergite Be 2(OH,F)BO3 orth 8 9.755 12.201 4.426 Hardystonite Ca2ZnSi2O7 tetr melilite 2 7.87 5.01 Hauerite MnS2 cubic pyrite 4 6.1014 Hausmannite Mn 3O4 tetr 8 8.136 9.422 Hawleyite CdS cubic sphalerite 4 5.833Heazelwoodite Ni 3S2 rhomb 3 5.746 7.134 Hedenbergite CaFe(SiO 3)2 monocl diopside 4 9.854 9.024 5.263 104.23 ∞ Hematite Fe2O3 rhomb corundum 6 5.025 13.735 Hemimorphite Zn4(OH)2Si2O7◊H2O orth 2 8.370 10.719 5.120 Hercynite Fe(AlO 2)2 cubic spinel 8 8.150 Herzenbergite SnS orth germanium sulfide 4 4.328 11.190 3.978Hessite Ag 2Te monocl 4 8.13 4.48 8.09 111.9 ∞ Hexahydrite MgSO 4◊6H2O monocl 8 10.110 7.212 24.41 98.30 ∞ High albite (Analbite) NaAlSi3O8 tricl 4 8.160 12.870 7.106 93.54 ∞ 116.36∞ 90.19∞ High argentite Ag2S cubic 4 6.269 4-161CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)Crystal Structure Name Formula system type Za /Å b/Å c/Å ab g High bornite Cu 5FeS4 cubic 1 5.50 High carnegeite NaAlSiO4 cubic 4 7.325 High chalcocite Cu2S hex 2 3.961 6.722 High clinoenstatite MgSiO3 tricl 8 10.000 8.934 5.170 88.27 ∞ 70.03∞ 91.01∞ High digenite Cu2S cubic 4 5.725 High germania GeO2 hex a-quartz 3 4.987 5.652 High leucite KAlSi2O6 cubic 16 13.43 High naumanite Ag2Se cubic 2 4.993 High sanidine KAlSi3O8 monocl 4 8.615 13.031 7.177 115.98 ∞ Huebnerite MnWO4 monocl wolframite 2 4.834 5.758 4.999 91.18 ∞ Huntite Mg3Ca(CO3)4 rhomb calcite 3 9.498 7.816 Hydroxylapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH hex apatite 2 9.418 6.883 Ice H2O hex 4 4.5212 7.3666 Ilmenite FeTiO3 rhomb ilmenite 6 5.093 14.055 Indialite (Cordierite) Mg2Al3(AlSi5O18) hex beryl 2 9.7698 9.3517 Iodargyrite AgI hex zincite 2 4.5955 7.5005 Iron ( a)F e cubic body-centered cubic 2 2.8664 Jacobsite MnFe2O4 cubic spinel 8 8.499 Jadeite NaAl(SiO3)2 monocl diopside 4 9.409 8.564 5.220 107.50 ∞ Jalpaite Ag1.55Cu0.45S tetr 16 8.673 11.756 Johannsenite CaMn(SiO3)2 monocl diopside 4 9.83 9.04 5.27 105.00 ∞ Kaliophilite KAlSiO4 hex 54 26.930 8.522 Kalsilite KAlSiO4 hex 2 5.1597 8.7032 Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 tricl 2 5.155 8.959 7.407 91.68 ∞ 104.87∞ 89.93∞ Karelianite V2O3 rhomb corundum 6 4.952 14.002 Keatite SiO2 tetr 12 7.456 8.604 Kernite Na2B4O7◊4H2O monocl 4 7.022 9.151 15.676 108.83 ∞ Kerschsteinite CaFeSiO 4 orth olivine 4 4.886 11.146 6.434 Klockmannite CuSe hex deformed covellite 78 14.206 17.25Knebelite MnFeSiO 4 orth olivine 4 4.854 10.602 6.162 Kyanite Al 2OSiO4 tricl 4 7.123 7.848 5.564 89.92 ∞ 101.25∞ 105.97∞ Larnite Ca2SiO4 monocl 4 5.48 6.76 9.28 94.55 ∞ Laurite RuS2 cubic pyrite 4 5.60 Lawrencite FeCl 2 rhomb 3 3.593 17.58 Lawsonite CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2◊H2O orth 4 8.787 5.836 13.123 Lead Pb cubic face-centered cubic 4 4.9505 Leonhardtite MgSO 4◊4H2O monocl 4 5.922 13.604 7.905 90.85 ∞ Lepidocrocite FeO(OH) orth 4 3.868 12.525 3.066Lepidolite K 2Al3Li2AlSi7O20(OH)4 monocl 2M2 mica 2 9.2 5.3 20.0 98.00 ∞ Leucite KAlSi 2O6 tetr 16 13.074 13.738 Lime CaO cubic rock salt 4 4.8108Lime olivine Ca 2SiO4 orth olivine 4 5.091 11.371 6.782 Linnaeite Co 3S4 cubic spinel 8 9.401 Litharge PbO tetr 2 3.9759 5.023Loellingite FeAs 2 orth marcasite 2 5.300 5.981 2.882 TeamLRN 4-162CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)Crystal Structure Name Formula system type Za /Å b/Å c/Å ab g Low albite NaAlSi 3O8 tricl 4 8.139 12.788 7.160 94.27 ∞ 116.57∞ 87.68∞ Low bornite Cu5FeS4 tetr 16 10.94 21.88 Low cordierite Mg2Al3(AlSi5O18) orth 4 9.721 17.062 9.339 Low germania GeO2 tetr rutile 2 4.3963 2.8626 Low nepheline NaAlSiO4 hex 8 9.986 8.330 Luzonite Cu3AsS4 tetr 2 5.289 10.440 Mackinawite FeS tetr 2 3.675 5.030 Magnesioriebeckite Na2Mg3Fe2[Si8O22](OH)2 monocl tremolite 2 9.733 17.946 5.299 103.30 ∞ Magnesite MgCO3 rhomb calcite 6 4.6330 15.016 Magnetite Fe3O4 cubic spinel 8 8.3940 Malachite Cu2(OH)2CO3 monocl 4 9.502 11.974 3.240 98.75 ∞ Maldonite Au2Bi cubic 8 7.958 Manganese sulfide ( g) MnS hex zincite 2 3.976 6.432 Manganese sulfide ( b) MnS cubic sphalerite 4 5.611 Manganosite MnO cubic rock salt 4 4.4448 Marcasite FeS2 orth marcasite 2 4.443 5.423 3.3876 Margarite CaAl2[AlSi2O10](OH)2 monocl 2M mica 4 5.13 8.92 19.50 95.00 ∞ Marialite Na4Al3Si9O24Cl tetr 2 12.064 7.514 Marshite CuI cubic sphalerite 4 6.0507 Mascagnite (NH4)2SO4 orth arcanite 4 7.782 5.993 10.636 Massicot PbO orth 4 5.489 4.755 5.891 Matlockite PbClF tetr 2 4.106 7.23 Maucherite Ni11As8 tetr 4 6.870 21.81 Meionite Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 tetr 2 12.174 7.652 Melanophlogite SiO2 cubic clathrate type 46 13.402 Melanterite FeSO4◊7H2O monocl 4 14.072 6.503 11.041 105.57 ∞ Melonite NiTe2 hex cadmium iodide 1 3.869 5.308 Metacinnabar HgS cubic sphalerite 4 5.8517 Miargyrite AgSbS2 monocl 8 12.862 4.111 13.220 98.63 ∞ Microcline KAlSi3O8 tricl 4 8.582 12.964 7.222 90.62 ∞ 115.92∞ 87.68∞ Miersite AgI cubic sphalerite 4 6.4963 Millerite NiS rhomb 9 9.616 3.152Minium Pb 3O4 tetr 4 8.815 6.565 Minnesotaite Fe 3Si4O10(OH)2 monocl 4 5.4 9.42 19.4 100.00 ∞ Mirabilite Na2SO4◊10H2O monocl 4 11.51 10.38 12.83 107.75 ∞ Mn-Indialite Mn2Al3(AlSi5O18) hex beryl 2 9.925 9.297 Molybdenite MoS 2 hex molybdenite 2 3.1604 12.295 Molybdenum Mo cubic 2 3.1653Molybdite MoO 3 orth 4 3.962 13.858 3.697 Monteponite CdO cubic rock salt 4 4.6953 Monticellite CaMgSiO4 orth olivine 4 4.827 11.084 6.376 Montroydite HgO orth 4 6.608 5.518 3.519 Mullite (2:1) 2Al 2O3◊SiO2 orth 6 7.5788 7.6909 2.8883 Mullite (3:2) 3Al2O3◊2SiO2 orth 3 7.557 7.6876 2.8842 Muscovite KAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2 monocl 2M2 mica 4 5.203 8.995 20.030 94.47 ∞ 4-163CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)Crystal Structure Name Formula system type Za /Å b/Å c/Å ab g Nacrite Al 2Si2O5(OH)4 monocl 4 8.909 5.146 15.697 113.70 ∞ Nantokite CuCl cubic sphalerite 4 5.416Natroalunite NaAl 3(SO4)2(OH)6 rhomb 3 6.974 16.69 Natrolite Na2Al2Si3O10◊2H2O orth 8 18.30 18.63 6.60 Neighborite NaMgF3 orth perovskite 4 5.363 7.676 5.503 Ni-Skutterudite NiAs2.95 cubic 8 8.3300 Niccolite NiAs hex niccolite 2 3.618 5.034 Nickel Ni cubic face-centered cubic 4 3.5238Nickel carbonate NiCO 3 rhomb calcite 6 4.5975 14.723 Nickel olivine Ni2SiO 4 orth olivine 4 4.727 10.121 5.915 Nickel selenide NiSe2 cubic pyrite 4 5.9604 Niter KNO3 orth aragonite 4 6.431 9.164 5.414 Norsethite BaMg(CO3)2 rhomb calcite 3 5.020 16.75 Oldhamite CaS cubic rock salt 4 5.689Orpiment As 2S3 monocl 4 11.49 9.59 4.25 90.45 ∞ Orthoclase KAlSi3O8 monocl 4 8.562 12.996 7.193 116.02 ∞ Orthoferrosilite FeSiO3 orth enstatite 16 9.080 18.431 5.238 Otavite CdCO3 rhomb calcite 6 4.9204 16.298 Paracelsian BaAl2Si2O8 monocl 4 8.58 9.583 9.08 90.00 ∞ Paragonite NaAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2 monocl 2M1 mica 4 5.13 8.89 19.32 95.17 ∞ Pararammelsbergite NiAs2 orth 8 5.75 5.82 11.428 Paratellurite TeO2 tetr 4 4.810 7.613 Parawollastonite CaSiO3 monocl 12 15.417 7.321 7.066 95.40 ∞ Pectolite Ca2NaH(SiO3)3 tricl 2 7.99 7.04 7.02 90.05 ∞ 95.27∞ 102.47∞ Pentlandite Fe5.25Ni3.75S8 cubic 4 10.196 Pentlandite Fe4.75Ni5.25S8 cubic 4 10.095 Periclase MgO cubic rock salt 4 4.2117 Perovskite CaTiO 3 orth perovskite 4 5.3670 7.6438 5.4439 Petalite LiAlSi4O10 monocl 2 11.32 5.14 7.62 105.90 ∞ Petzite Ag3AuTe2 cubic 8 10.38 Phenacite Be 2SiO4 rhomb phenacite 18 12.472 8.252 Phlogopite KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2 monocl 1M mica 2 5.326 9.210 10.311 100.17 ∞ Picrochromite MgCr2O4 cubic spinel 8 8.333 Piemontite Ca 2Al1.5Mn1.5(SiO4)3OH monocl 2 8.95 5.70 9.41 115.70 ∞ Platinum Pt cubic face-centered cubic 4 3.9231Polymidite Ni 3S4 cubic spinel 8 9.480 Portlandite Ca(OH) 2 hex cadmium iodide 1 3.5933 4.9086 Powellite CaMoO4 tetr scheelite 4 5.226 11.43 Protoenstatite MgSiO3 orth 8 9.25 8.74 5.32 Proustite Ag 3AsS3 rhomb 6 10.816 8.6948 Pseudowollastonite CaSiO3 tricl 24 6.90 11.78 19.65 90.00 ∞ 90.80∞ 90.00∞ Pyrargyrite Ag3SbS3 rhomb 6 11.052 8.7177 Pyrite FeS 2 cubic pyrite 4 5.4175 Pyrolusite MnO2 tetr rutile 2 4.388 2.865 Pyrope Mg3Al2Si3O12 cubic garnet 8 11.459 TeamLRN 4-164CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)Crystal Structure Name Formula system type Za /Å b/Å c/Å ab g Pyrophanite MnTiO 3 rhomb ilmenite 6 5.155 14.18 Pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 monocl 2M1 mica 4 5.14 8.90 18.55 99.92 ∞ Pyroxmangite MnFe(SiO3)2 tricl 7 7.56 17.45 6.67 84.00 ∞ 94.30∞ 113.70∞ Pyrrhotite Fe0.980S hex defect niccolite 2 3.446 5.848 Pyrrhotite Fe0.885S hex defect niccolite 2 3.440 5.709 Quartz ( a) SiO2 hex 3 4.9136 5.4051 Quartz ( b) SiO2 hex 3 4.999 5.4592 Rammelsbergite NiAs2 orth marcasite 2 4.757 5.797 3.542 Realgar AsS monocl 16 9.29 13.53 6.57 106.55 ∞ Retgersite NiSO 4◊4H2O tetr 4 6.782 18.28 Rhodochrosite MnCO3 rhomb calcite 6 4.7771 15.664 Rhodonite MnSiO3 tricl 10 7.682 11.818 6.707 92.36 ∞ 93.95∞ 105.66∞ Riebeckite Na2Fe5FSi 8O22(OH) 2 monocl tremolite 2 9.729 18.065 5.334 103.31 ∞ Rutile TiO2 tetr 2 4.5937 2.9618 Safflorite Co0.5Fe0.5As2 orth marcasite 2 5.231 5.953 2.962 Sanmartinite ZnWO4 monocl wolframite 2 4.691 5.720 4.925 89.36 ∞ Sapphirine Mg2Al4O6SiO4 monocl 8 9.96 28.60 9.85 110.5 ∞ Scacchite MnCl2 rhomb 3 3.711 17.59 Scheelite CaWO4 tetr scheelite 4 5.242 11.372 Schorl NaFe3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4 rhomb tourmaline 3 16.032 7.149 Selenium Se hex 3 4.3642 4.9588 Selenolite SeO 2 tetr 8 8.35 5.05 Sellaite MgF2 tetr rutile 2 4.621 3.050 Senarmontite Sb2O3 cubic arsenic trioxide 16 11.152 Shandite Ni3Pb2S2 rhomb 3 5.576 13.658 Shortite Na2Ca2(CO3)3 orth 2 4.961 11.03 7.12 Siderite FeCO3 rhomb calcite 6 4.6887 15.373 Silicon Si cubic diamond 8 5.4305 Sillimanite Al2OSiO4 orth 4 7.4843 7.6730 5.7711 Silver Ag cubic face-centered cubic 4 4.0862 Silver telluride I Ag 2Te cubic 2 5.29 Silver telluride II Ag2Te cubic 4 6.585 Smithsonite ZnCO3 rhomb calcite 6 4.6528 15.025 Soda niter NaNO 3 rhomb calcite 6 5.0696 16.829 Sodium melilite NaCaAlSi2O7 tetr melilite 2 8.511 4.809 Sperrylite PtAs2 cubic pyrite 4 5.968 Spessartite Mn 3Al2Si3O12 cubic garnet 8 11.621 Sphalerite ZnS cubic sphalerite 4 5.4093Sphene CaTiSiO 5 monocl 4 7.07 8.72 6.56 113.95 ∞ Spinel MgAl 2O4 cubic spinel 8 8.080 Spodumene LiAl(SiO3)2 monocl diopside 4 9.451 8.387 5.208 110.07 ∞ Spodumene ( b) LiAl(SiO3)2 tetr 4 7.5332 9.1540 Staurolite Fe 2Al9Si4O22(OH)2 monocl 2 7.90 16.65 5.63 90.00 ∞ Sternbergite AgFe2S3 orth 8 11.60 12.675 6.63 Stibnite Sb2S3 orth stibnite 4 11.229 11.310 3.8389 4-165CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)Crystal Structure Name Formula system type Za /Å b/Å c/Å ab g Stilleite ZnSe cubic sphalerite 4 5.6685 Stishovite SiO2 tetr rutile 2 4.1790 2.6649 Stolzite PbWO4 tetr scheelite 4 5.4616 12.046 Stromeyerite Ag0.93Cu1.07S orth 4 4.066 6.628 7.972 Strontianite SrCO3 orth aragonite 4 6.029 8.414 5.107 Sulfur (monoclinic) S monocl S8 ring molecules 48 11.04 10.98 10.92 96.73 ∞ Sulfur (orthorhombic) S orth S8 ring molecules 128 10.4646 12.8660 24.4860 Sulfur (rhombohedral) S rhomb S6 ring molecules 18 10.818 4.280Sylvite KCl cubic rock salt 4 6.2931 Syngenite K 2Ca(SO 4)2◊H2O monocl 2 9.775 7.156 6.251 104.00 ∞ Synthetic anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 hex 2 5.10 14.72 Synthetic anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 orth 2 8.22 8.60 4.83 Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH) 2 monocl 2M1 mica 4 5.287 9.158 18.95 99.50 ∞ Tantalum Ta cubic tungsten 2 3.3058Teallite PbSnS 2 orth germanium sulfide 2 4.266 11.419 4.090 Tellurite TeO2 orth tellurite 8 5.607 12.034 5.463 Tellurium Te hex selenium 3 4.4570 5.9290Tellurobismuthite Bi 2Te3 rhomb 3 4.3835 30.487 Tennantite Cu12As4S13 cubic tetrahedrite 2 10.190 Tenorite CuO monocl 4 4.684 3.425 5.129 99.47 ∞ Tephroite Mn2SiO4 orth olivine 4 4.871 10.636 6.232 Tetrahedrite Cu12Sb4S13 cubic tetrahedrite 2 10.327 Thenardite Na2SO4 orth thenardite 8 5.863 12.304 9.821 Thorianite ThO2 cubic fluorite 4 5.5952 Thorite ThSiO4 tetr zircon 4 7.143 6.327 Tiemannite HgSe cubic sphalerite 4 6.0853Tin Sn tetr 4 5.8315 3.1813 Titanium Ti hex 2 2.953 4.729 Titanium(III) oxide Ti 2O3 rhomb corundum 6 5.149 13.642 Topaz Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 orth 4 8.394 8.792 4.649 Tremolite Ca 2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 monocl tremolite 2 9.840 18.052 5.275 104.70 ∞ Trevorite NiFe2O4 cubic spinel 8 8.339 Tridymite ( b) SiO2 hex 4 5.0463 8.2563 Trogtalite CoSe 2 cubic pyrite 4 5.8588 Troilite FeS hex niccolite 2 3.446 5.877Tschermakite CaAl 2SiO6 monocl diopside 4 9.615 8.661 5.272 106.12 ∞ Tungsten W cubic 2 3.1653 Tungstenite WS2 hex molybdenite 2 3.154 12.362 Turquois CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8◊4H2O tricl 1 7.424 7.629 9.910 68.61 ∞ 69.71∞ 65.08∞ Umangite Cu 3Se2 tetr 2 6.402 4.276 Uraninite UO2 cubic fluorite 4 5.4682 Ureyite NaCr(SiO3)2 monocl diopside 4 9.550 8.712 5.273 107.44 ∞ Uvarovite Ca 3Cr2Si3O12 cubic garnet 8 11.999 Uvite CaMg4Al5B3Si6O27(OH)4 rhomb tourmaline 3 15.86 7.19 Vaesite NiS2 cubic pyrite 4 5.6873 TeamLRN 4-166CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)Crystal Structure Name Formula system type Za /Å b/Å c/Å ab g Valentinite Sb 2O3 orth antimony trioxide 4 4.914 12.468 5.421 Vanthoffite MgSO4◊3Na2SO4 monocl 2 9.797 9.217 8.199 113.50 ∞ Vaterite CaCO3 hex 6 7.135 8.524 Villiaumite NaF cubic rock salt 4 4.6342 Violarite FeNi2S4 cubic spinel 8 9.464 Willemite Zn2SiO4 rhomb phenacite 18 13.94 9.309 Witherite BaCO3 orth aragonite 4 6.430 8.904 5.314 Wolframite Fe0.5Mn0.5WO4 monocl wolframite 2 4.782 5.731 4.982 90.57 ∞ Wollastonite CaSiO3 tricl 6 7.94 7.32 7.07 90.03 ∞ 95.37∞ 103.43∞ Wulfenite PbMoO4 tetr scheelite 4 5.435 12.110 Wurtzite ZnS hex zincite 2 3.8230 6.2565Wustite Fe 0.953O cubic defect rock salt 4 4.3088 Xenotime YPO4 tetr zircon 4 6.885 5.982 Zinc Zn hex hexagonal close pack 2 2.665 4.947Zinc telluride ZnTe cubic sphalerite 4 6.1020 Zincite ZnO hex zincite 2 3.2495 5.2069 Zinkosite ZnSO 4 orth barite 4 8.588 6.740 4.770 Zircon ZrSiO4 tetr zircon 4 6.604 5.979 Zoisite Ca2Al3(SiO 4)3OH orth 4 16.15 5.581 10.06 Section 5: Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Kinetics CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Systems Heat of Combustion Electrical Conductivity of Water Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling Kinetic Data for Combustion Modeling TeamLRN5-1CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS The Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) has conducted a project to establish internationally agreed values fo r the thermodynamic properties of key chemical substances. This table presents the final results of the project. Use of these recomme nded, internally consistent values is encouraged in the analysis of thermodynamic measurements, data reduction, and preparation of other thermod ynamic tables. The table includes the standard enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K, the entropy at 298.15 K, and the quantity H° (298.15 K)– H° (0). A value of 0 in the ΔfH° column for an element indicates the reference state for that element. The standard state pressure is 100000 Pa (1 bar). See th e reference for information on the dependence of gas-phase entropy on the choice of standard state pressure. Substances are listed in alphabetical order of their chemical formulas when written in the most common form. The table is reprinted with permission of CODATA. REFERENCE Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. ΔfH° (298.15 K) S° (298.15 K) H° (298.15 K) –H° (0) Substance State kJ ⋅mol-1J⋅K-1⋅mol-1kJ⋅mol-1 Ag cr 0 42.55 ± 0.20 5.745 ± 0.020 Ag g 284.9 ± 0.8 172.997 ± 0.004 6.197 ± 0.001 Ag+aq 105.79 ± 0.08 73.45 ± 0.40 AgCl cr -127.01 ± 0.05 96.25 ± 0.20 12.033 ± 0.020 Al cr 0 28.30 ± 0.10 4.540 ± 0.020 Al g 330.0 ± 4.0 164.554 ± 0.004 6.919 ± 0.001 Al+3aq -538.4 ± 1.5 -325 ± 10 AlF3 cr -1510.4 ± 1.3 66.5 ± 0.5 11.62 ± 0.04 Al2O3 cr, corundum -1675.7 ± 1.3 50.92 ± 0.10 10.016 ± 0.020 Ar g 0 154.846 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 B cr, rhombic 0 5.90 ± 0.08 1.222 ± 0.008 B g 565 ± 5 153.436 ± 0.015 6.316 ± 0.002 BF3 g -1136.0 ± 0.8 254.42 ± 0.20 11.650 ± 0.020 B2O3 cr -1273.5 ± 1.4 53.97 ± 0.30 9.301 ± 0.040 Be cr 0 9.50 ± 0.08 1.950 ± 0.020 Be g 324 ± 5 136.275 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 BeO cr -609.4 ± 2.5 13.77 ± 0.04 2.837 ± 0.008 Br g 111.87 ± 0.12 175.018 ± 0.004 6.197 ± 0.001 Br-aq -121.41 ± 0.15 82.55 ± 0.20 Br2 l 0 152.21 ± 0.30 24.52 ± 0.01 Br2 g 30.91 ± 0.11 245.468 ± 0.005 9.725 ± 0.001 C cr, graphite 0 5.74 ± 0.10 1.050 ± 0.020 C g 716.68 ± 0.45 158.100 ± 0.003 6.536 ± 0.001 CO g -110.53 ± 0.17 197.660 ± 0.004 8.671 ± 0.001 CO2 g -393.51 ± 0.13 213.785 ± 0.010 9.365 ± 0.003 CO2 aq, undissoc. -413.26 ± 0.20 119.36 ± 0.60 CO3-2aq -675.23 ± 0.25 -50.0 ± 1.0 Ca cr 0 41.59 ± 0.40 5.736 ± 0.040 Ca g 177.8 ± 0.8 154.887 ± 0.004 6.197 ± 0.001 Ca+2aq -543.0 ± 1.0 -56.2 ± 1.0 CaO cr -634.92 ± 0.90 38.1 ± 0.4 6.75 ± 0.06 Cd cr 0 51.80 ± 0.15 6.247 ± 0.015 Cd g 111.80 ± 0.20 167.749 ± 0.004 6.197 ± 0.001 Cd+2aq -75.92 ± 0.60 -72.8 ± 1.5 CdO cr -258.35 ± 0.40 54.8 ± 1.5 8.41 ± 0.08 CdSO4⋅8/3H2O cr -1729.30 ± 0.80 229.65 ± 0.40 35.56 ± 0.04 Cl g 121.301 ± 0.008 165.190 ± 0.004 6.272 ± 0.001 Cl-aq -167.080 ± 0.10 56.60 ± 0.20 ClO4-aq -128.10 ± 0.40 184.0 ± 1.5 Cl2 g 0 223.081 ± 0.010 9.181 ± 0.001 Cs cr 0 85.23 ± 0.40 7.711 ± 0.020 Cs g 76.5 ± 1.0 175.601 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 Cs+aq -258.00 ± 0.50 132.1 ± 0.5 5-2CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS (continued) Cu cr 0 33.15 ± 0.08 5.004 ± 0.008 Cu g 337.4 ± 1.2 166.398 ± 0.004 6.197 ± 0.001 Cu+2aq 64.9 ± 1.0 -98 ± 4 CuSO4 cr -771.4 ± 1.2 109.2 ± 0.4 16.86 ± 0.08 F g 79.38 ± 0.30 158.751 ± 0.004 6.518 ± 0.001 F-aq -335.35 ± 0.65 -13.8 ± 0.8 F2 g 0 202.791 ± 0.005 8.825 ± 0.001 Ge cr 0 31.09 ± 0.15 4.636 ± 0.020 Ge g 372 ± 3 167.904 ± 0.005 7.398 ± 0.001 GeF4 g -1190.20 ± 0.50 301.9 ± 1.0 17.29 ± 0.10 GeO2 cr, tetragonal -580.0 ± 1.0 39.71 ± 0.15 7.230 ± 0.020 H g 217.998 ± 0.006 114.717 ± 0.002 6.197 ± 0.001 H+aq 0 0 HBr g -36.29 ± 0.16 198.700 ± 0.004 8.648 ± 0.001 HCO3-aq -689.93 ± 0.20 98.4 ± 0.5 HCl g -92.31 ± 0.10 186.902 ± 0.005 8.640 ± 0.001 HF g -273.30 ± 0.70 173.779 ± 0.003 8.599 ± 0.001 HI g 26.50 ± 0.10 206.590 ± 0.004 8.657 ± 0.001 HPO4-2aq -1299.0 ± 1.5 -33.5 ± 1.5 HS-aq -16.3 ± 1.5 67 ± 5 HSO4-aq -886.9 ± 1.0 131.7 ± 3.0 H2 g 0 130.680 ± 0.003 8.468 ± 0.001 H2O l -285.830 ± 0.040 69.95 ± 0.03 13.273 ± 0.020 H2O g -241.826 ± 0.040 188.835 ± 0.010 9.905 ± 0.005 H2PO4-aq -1302.6 ± 1.5 92.5 ± 1.5 H2S g -20.6 ± 0.5 205.81 ± 0.05 9.957 ± 0.010 H2S aq, undissoc. -38.6 ± 1.5 126 ± 5 H3BO3 cr -1094.8 ± 0.8 89.95 ± 0.60 13.52 ± 0.04 H3BO3 aq, undissoc. -1072.8 ± 0.8 162.4 ± 0.6 He g 0 126.153 ± 0.002 6.197 ± 0.001 Hg l 0 75.90 ± 0.12 9.342 ± 0.008 Hg g 61.38 ± 0.04 174.971 ± 0.005 6.197 ± 0.001 Hg+2aq 170.21 ± 0.20 -36.19 ± 0.80 HgO cr, red -90.79 ± 0.12 70.25 ± 0.30 9.117 ± 0.025 Hg2+2aq 166.87 ± 0.50 65.74 ± 0.80 Hg2Cl2 cr -265.37 ± 0.40 191.6 ± 0.8 23.35 ± 0.20 Hg2SO4 cr -743.09 ± 0.40 200.70 ± 0.20 26.070 ± 0.030 I g 106.76 ± 0.04 180.787 ± 0.004 6.197 ± 0.001 I-aq -56.78 ± 0.05 106.45 ± 0.30 I2 cr 0 116.14 ± 0.30 13.196 ± 0.040 I2 g 62.42 ± 0.08 260.687 ± 0.005 10.116 ± 0.001 K cr 0 64.68 ± 0.20 7.088 ± 0.020 K g 89.0 ± 0.8 160.341 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 K+aq -252.14 ± 0.08 101.20 ± 0.20 Kr g 0 164.085 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 Li cr 0 29.12 ± 0.20 4.632 ± 0.040 Li g 159.3 ± 1.0 138.782 ± 0.010 6.197 ± 0.001 Li+aq -278.47 ± 0.08 12.24 ± 0.15 Mg cr 0 32.67 ± 0.10 4.998 ± 0.030 Mg g 147.1 ± 0.8 148.648 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 Mg+2aq -467.0 ± 0.6 -137 ± 4 MgF2 cr -1124.2 ± 1.2 57.2 ± 0.5 9.91 ± 0.06 MgO cr -601.60 ± 0.30 26.95 ± 0.15 5.160 ± 0.020 N g 472.68 ± 0.40 153.301 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 NH3 g -45.94 ± 0.35 192.77 ± 0.05 10.043 ± 0.010 NH4+aq -133.26 ± 0.25 111.17 ± 0.40 NO3-aq -206.85 ± 0.40 146.70 ± 0.40ΔfH° (298.15 K) S° (298.15 K) H° (298.15 K) –H° (0) Substance State kJ ⋅mol-1J⋅K-1⋅mol-1kJ⋅mol-1 TeamLRN5-3CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS (continued) N2 g 0 191.609 ± 0.004 8.670 ± 0.001 Na cr 0 51.30 ± 0.20 6.460 ± 0.020 Na g 107.5 ± 0.7 153.718 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 Na+aq -240.34 ± 0.06 58.45 ± 0.15 Ne g 0 146.328 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 O g 249.18 ± 0.10 161.059 ± 0.003 6.725 ± 0.001 OH-aq -230.015 ± 0.040 -10.90 ± 0.20 O2 g 0 205.152 ± 0.005 8.680 ± 0.002 P cr, white 0 41.09 ± 0.25 5.360 ± 0.015 P g 316.5 ± 1.0 163.199 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 P2 g 144.0 ± 2.0 218.123 ± 0.004 8.904 ± 0.001 P4 g 58.9 ± 0.3 280.01 ± 0.50 14.10 ± 0.20 Pb cr 0 64.80 ± 0.30 6.870 ± 0.030 Pb g 195.2 ± 0.8 175.375 ± 0.005 6.197 ± 0.001 Pb+2aq 0.92 ± 0.25 18.5 ± 1.0 PbSO4 cr -919.97 ± 0.40 148.50 ± 0.60 20.050 ± 0.040 Rb cr 0 76.78 ± 0.30 7.489 ± 0.020 Rb g 80.9 ± 0.8 170.094 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 Rb+aq -251.12 ± 0.10 121.75 ± 0.25 S cr, rhombic 0 32.054 ± 0.050 4.412 ± 0.006 S g 277.17 ± 0.15 167.829 ± 0.006 6.657 ± 0.001 SO2 g -296.81 ± 0.20 248.223 ± 0.050 10.549 ± 0.010 SO4-2aq -909.34 ± 0.40 18.50 ± 0.40 S2 g 128.60 ± 0.30 228.167 ± 0.010 9.132 ± 0.002 Si cr 0 18.81 ± 0.08 3.217 ± 0.008 Si g 450 ± 8 167.981 ± 0.004 7.550 ± 0.001 SiF4 g -1615.0 ± 0.8 282.76 ± 0.50 15.36 ± 0.05 SiO2 cr, alpha quartz -910.7 ± 1.0 41.46 ± 0.20 6.916 ± 0.020 Sn cr, white 0 51.18 ± 0.08 6.323 ± 0.008 Sn g 301.2 ± 1.5 168.492 ± 0.004 6.215 ± 0.001 Sn+2aq -8.9 ± 1.0 -16.7 ± 4.0 SnO cr, tetragonal -280.71 ± 0.20 57.17 ± 0.30 8.736 ± 0.020 SnO2 cr, tetragonal -577.63 ± 0.20 49.04 ± 0.10 8.384 ± 0.020 Th cr 0 51.8 ± 0.5 6.35 ± 0.05 Th g 602 ± 6 190.17 ± 0.05 6.197 ± 0.003 ThO2 cr -1226.4 ± 3.5 65.23 ± 0.20 10.560 ± 0.020 Ti cr 0 30.72 ± 0.10 4.824 ± 0.015 Ti g 473 ± 3 180.298 ± 0.010 7.539 ± 0.002 TiCl4 g -763.2 ± 3.0 353.2 ± 4.0 21.5 ± 0.5 TiO2 cr, rutile -944.0 ± 0.8 50.62 ± 0.30 8.68 ± 0.05 U cr 0 50.20 ± 0.20 6.364 ± 0.020 U g 533 ± 8 199.79 ± 0.10 6.499 ± 0.020 UO2 cr -1085.0 ± 1.0 77.03 ± 0.20 11.280 ± 0.020 UO2+2aq -1019.0 ± 1.5 -98.2 ± 3.0 UO3 cr, gamma -1223.8 ± 1.2 96.11 ± 0.40 14.585 ± 0.050 U3O8 cr -3574.8 ± 2.5 282.55 ± 0.50 42.74 ± 0.10 Xe g 0 169.685 ± 0.003 6.197 ± 0.001 Zn cr 0 41.63 ± 0.15 5.657 ± 0.020 Zn g 130.40 ± 0.40 160.990 ± 0.004 6.197 ± 0.001 Zn+2aq -153.39 ± 0.20 -109.8 ± 0.5 ZnO cr -350.46 ± 0.27 43.65 ± 0.40 6.933 ± 0.040ΔfH° (298.15 K) S° (298.15 K) H° (298.15 K) –H° (0) Substance State kJ ⋅mol-1J⋅K-1⋅mol-1kJ⋅mol-1 5- 4 STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES This table gives the standard state chemical thermodynamic properties of about 2500 individual substances in the crystalline, l iquid, and gaseous states. Substances are listed by molecular formula in a modi fied Hill order; all substances not containing carbon appear first, followed by those that contain carbon. The properties tabulated are: D f H °Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol D f G °Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol S° Standard molar entropy at 298.15 K in J/mol K C p Molar heat capacity at constant pressure at 298.15 K in J/mol K The standard state pressure is 100 kPa (1 bar). The standard states are de fined for different phases by: •The standard state of a pure gaseous substance is that of the substance as a (hypothetical) ideal gas at the standard state pr essure. •The standard state of a pure liquid substance is that of the liquid under the standard state pressure. •The standard state of a pure crystalline substance is that of the crystalline substance under the standard state pressure. An entry of 0.0 for D f H ° for an element indicates the reference state of that element. See References 1 and 2 for further information on reference states. A blank means no value is available. The data are derived from the sources listed in the references, from other papers appearing in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data , and from the primary research literature. We are indebted to M. V . Korobov for providing data on fullerene compounds. References 1. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V . A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V . B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 3. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edi- tion, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , V ol. 14, Suppl.1, 1985. 4. Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition , J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Monograph 9, 1998. 5. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compi- lation , extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 6. Pedley, J. B., Naylor, R. D., and Kirby, S. P., Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Second Edition , Chapman & Hall, London, 1986. 7. Pedley, J. B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, Col- lege Station, TX, 1994. 8. Domalski, E. S., and Hearing, E. D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase , Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 25, 1-525, 1996. 9. Zabransky, M., Ruzicka , V ., Majer, V ., and Domalski, E. S., Heat Capacity of Liquids , J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 6, 1996. 10. Gurvich, L. V ., Veyts, I.V ., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition , Vol. 1, Hemisphere Pub- lishing Corp., New York, 1989. 11. Gurvich, L. V ., Veyts, I.V ., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 12. NIST Chemistry Webbook , <webbook.nist.gov>. TeamLRN 5- 5 STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Crystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name /H9004 f H ° kJ/mol /H9004 f G ° kJ/mol S ° J/mol K C p J/mol K /H9004 f H ° kJ/mol /H9004 f G ° kJ/mol S ° J/mol K C p J/mol K /H9004 f H ° kJ/mol /H9004 f G ° kJ/mol S ° J/mol K C p J/mol K Substances not containing carbon: Ac Actinium 0.0 56.5 27.2 406.0 366.0 188.1 20.8 Ag Silver 0.0 42.6 25.4 284.9 246.0 173.0 20.8AgBr Silver(I) bromide -100.4 -96.9 107.1 52.4AgBrO 3 Silver(I) bromate -10.5 71.3 151.9 AgCl Silver(I) chloride -127.0 -109.8 96.3 50.8AgClO 3 Silver(I) chlorate -30.3 64.5 142.0 AgClO 4 Silver(I) perchlorate -31.1 AgF Silver(I) fluoride -204.6AgF 2 Silver(II) fluoride -360.0 AgI Silver(I) iodide -61.8 -66.2 115.5 56.8AgIO 3 Silver(I) iodate -171.1 -93.7 149.4 102.9 AgNO 3 Silver(I) nitrate -124.4 -33.4 140.9 93.1 Ag 2 Disilver 410.0 358.8 257.1 37.0 Ag 2 CrO 4 Silver(I) chromate -731.7 -641.8 217.6 142.3 Ag 2 O Silver(I) oxide -31.1 -11.2 121.3 65.9 Ag 2 O 2 Silver(II) oxide -24.3 27.6 117.0 88.0 Ag 2 O 3 Silver(III) oxide 33.9 121.4 100.0 Ag 2 O 4 S Silver(I) sulfate -715.9 -618.4 200.4 131.4 Ag 2 S Silver(I) sulfide (argentite) -32.6 -40.7 144.0 76.5 Al Aluminum 0.0 28.3 24.4 330.0 289.4 164.6 21.4AlB 3 H 12 Aluminum borohydride -16.3 145.0 289.1 194.6 13.0 147.0 379.2 AlBr Aluminum monobromide -4.0 -42.0 239.5 35.6 AlBr 3 Aluminum bromide -527.2 180.2 100.6 -425.1 AlCl Aluminum monochloride -47.7 -74.1 228.1 35.0 AlCl 2 Aluminum dichloride -331.0 AlCl 3 Aluminum chloride -704.2 -628.8 109.3 91.1 -583.2 AlF Aluminum monofluoride -258.2 -283.7 215.0 31.9 AlF 3 Aluminum fluoride -1510.4 -1431.1 66.5 75.1 -1204.6 -1188.2 277.1 62.6 AlF 4 Na Sodium tetrafluoroaluminate -1869.0 -1827.5 345.7 105.9 AlH Aluminum monohydride 259.2 231.2 187.9 29.4 AlH 3 Aluminum hydride -46.0 30.0 40.2 AlH 4 K Potassium aluminum hydride -183.7 AlH 4 Li Lithium aluminum hydride -116.3 -44.7 78.7 83.2 AlH 4 Na Sodium aluminum hydride -15.5 AlI Aluminum monoiodide 65.5 36.0 AlI 3 Aluminum iodide -313.8 -300.8 159.0 98.7 -207.5 AlN Aluminum nitride -318.0 -287.0 20.2 30.1AlO Aluminum monoxide 91.2 65.3 218.4 30.9 AlO 4 P Aluminum phosphate -1733.8 -1617.9 90.8 93.2 AlP Aluminum phosphide -166.5 5- 6 STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Crystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name /H9004 f H ° kJ/mol /H9004 f G ° kJ/mol S ° J/mol K C p J/mol K /H9004 f H ° kJ/mol /H9004 f G ° kJ/mol S ° J/mol K C p J/mol K /H9004 f H ° kJ/mol /H9004 f G ° kJ/mol S ° J/mol K C p J/mol K AlS Aluminum monosulfide 200.9 150.1 230.6 33.4 Al 2 Dialuminum 485.9 433.3 233.2 36.4 Al 2 Br 6 Aluminum hexabromide -970.7 Al 2 Cl 6 Aluminum hexachloride -1290.8 -1220.4 490.0 Al 2 F 6 Aluminum hexafluoride -2628.0 Al 2 I 6 Aluminum hexaiodide -516.7 Al 2 O Aluminum oxide (Al 2 O) -130.0 -159.0 259.4 45.7 Al 2 O 3 Aluminum oxide (corundum) -1675.7 -1582.3 50.9 79.0 Al 2 S 3 Aluminum sulfide -724.0 116.9 105.1 Am Americium 0.0Ar Argon 0.0 154.8 20.8 As Arsenic (gray) 0.0 35.1 24.6 302.5 261.0 174.2 20.8As Arsenic (yellow) 14.6AsBr 3 Arsenic(III) bromide -197.5 -130.0 -159.0 363.9 79.2 AsCl 3 Arsenic(III) chloride -305.0 -259.4 216.3 -261.5 -248.9 327.2 75.7 AsF 3 Arsenic(III) fluoride -821.3 -774.2 181.2 126.6 -785.8 -770.8 289.1 65.6 AsGa Gallium arsenide -71.0 -67.8 64.2 46.2AsH 3 Arsine 66.4 68.9 222.8 38.1 AsH 3 O 4 Arsenic acid -906.3 AsI 3 Arsenic(III) iodide -58.2 -59.4 213.1 105.8 388.3 80.6 AsIn Indium arsenide -58.6 -53.6 75.7 47.8AsO Arsenic monoxide 70.0 As 2 Diarsenic 222.2 171.9 239.4 35.0 As 2 O 5 Arsenic(V) oxide -924.9 -782.3 105.4 116.5 As 2 S 3 Arsenic(III) sulfide -169.0 -168.6 163.6 116.3 At Astatine 0.0Au Gold 0.0 47.4 25.4 366.1 326.3 180.5 20.8AuBr Gold(I) bromide -14.0AuBr 3 Gold(III) bromide -53.3 AuCl Gold(I) chloride -34.7AuCl 3 Gold(III) chloride -117.6 AuF 3 Gold(III) fluoride -363.6 AuH Gold hydride 295.0 265.7 211.2 29.2 AuI Gold(I) iodide 0.0Au 2 Digold 515.1 36.9 B Boron ( b -rhombohedral) 0.0 5.9 11.1 565.0 521.0 153.4 20.8 BBr Bromoborane(1) 238.1 195.4 225.0 32.9 BBr 3 Boron tribromide -239.7 -238.5 229.7 -205.6 -232.5 324.2 67.8 BCl Chloroborane(1) 149.5 120.9 213.2 31.7 BClO Chloroxyborane -314.0 BCl 3 Boron trichloride -427.2 -387.4 206.3 106.7 -403.8 -388.7 290.1 62.7 BCsO 2 Cesium metaborate -972.0 -915.0 104.4 80.6 BF Fluoroborane(1) -122.2 -149.8 200.5 29.6 TeamLRN 5- 7 STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES BFO Fluorooxyborane -607.0 BF 3 Boron trifluoride -1136.0 -1119.4 254.4 BF 3 H 3 N Aminetrifluoroboron -1353.9 BF 3 H 3 PT rihydro(phosphorus trifluoride)boron -854.0 BF 4 Na Sodium tetrafluoroborate -1844.7 -1750.1 145.3 120.3 BH Borane(1) 442.7 412.7 171.8 29.2 BHO 2 Metaboric acid ( b , monoclinic) -794.3 -723.4 38.0 -561.9 -551.0 240.1 42.2 BH 3 Borane(3) 89.2 93.3 188.2 36.0 BH 3 O 3 Boric acid -1094.3 -968.9 90.0 86.1 -994.1 BH 4 K Potassium borohydride -227.4 -160.3 106.3 96.1 BH 4 Li Lithium borohydride -190.8 -125.0 75.9 82.6 BH 4 Na Sodium borohydride -188.6 -123.9 101.3 86.8 BI 3 Boron triiodide 71.1 20.7 349.2 70.8 BKO 2 Potassium metaborate -981.6 -923.4 80.0 66.7 BLiO 2 Lithium metaborate -1032.2 -976.1 51.5 59.8 BN Boron nitride -254.4 -228.4 14.8 19.7 647.5 614.5 212.3 29.5BNaO 2 Sodium metaborate -977.0 -920.7 73.5 65.9 BO Boron monoxide 25.0 -4.0 203.5 29.2 BO 2 Boron dioxide -300.4 -305.9 229.6 43.0 BO 2 Rb Rubidium metaborate -971.0 -913.0 94.3 74.1 BS Boron monosulfide 342.0 288.8 216.2 30.0 B 2 Diboron 830.5 774.0 201.9 30.5 B 2 Cl 4 Tetrachlorodiborane -523.0 -464.8 262.3 137.7 -490.4 -460.6 357.4 95.4 B 2 F 4 Tetrafluorodiborane -1440.1 -1410.4 317.3 79.1 B 2 H 6 Diborane 36.4 87.6 232.1 56.7 B 2 O 2 Diboron dioxide -454.8 -462.3 242.5 57.3 B 2 O 3 Boron oxide -1273.5 -1194.3 54.0 62.8 -843.8 -832.0 279.8 66.9 B 2 S 3 Boron sulfide -240.6 100.0 111.7 67.0 B 3 H 6 N 3 Borazine -541.0 -392.7 199.6 B 4 H 10 Tetraborane(10) 66.1 184.3 280.3 93.2 B 4 Na 2 O 7 Sodium tetraborate -3291.1 -3096.0 189.5 186.8 B 5 H 9 Pentaborane(9) 42.7 171.8 184.2 151.1 73.2 173.6 280.6 99.6 B 5 H 11 Pentaborane(11) 73.2 103.3 230.6 321.0 130.3 B 6 H 10 Hexaborane(10) 56.3 94.6 211.3 296.8 125.7 B 9 H 15 Nonaborane(15) 158.4 357.5 364.9 187.0 B 10 H 14 Decaborane(14) 47.3 232.8 350.7 186.1 Ba Barium 0.0 62.5 28.1 180.0 146.0 170.2 20.8BaBr 2 Barium bromide -757.3 -736.8 146.0 BaCl 2 Barium chloride -855.0 -806.7 123.7 75.1 BaCl 2 H 4 O 2 Barium chloride dihydrate -1456.9 -1293.2 203.0 BaF 2 Barium fluoride -1207.1 -1156.8 96.4 71.2 BaH 2 Barium hydride -177.0 -138.2 63.0 46.0 BaH 2 O 2 Barium hydroxide -944.7 BaI 2 Barium iodide -602.1 BaN 2 O 4 Barium nitrite -768.2 BaN 2 O 6 Barium nitrate -988.0 -792.6 214.0 151.4 5- 8 STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K BaO Barium oxide -548.0 -520.3 72.1 47.3 -112.0 BaO4S Barium sulfate -1473.2 -1362.2 132.2 101.8 BaS Barium sulfide -460.0 -456.0 78.2 49.4 Be Beryllium 0.0 9.5 16.4 324.0 286.6 136.3 20.8BeBr 2 Beryllium bromide -353.5 108.0 69.4 BeCl2 Beryllium chloride -490.4 -445.6 75.8 62.4 BeF2 Beryllium fluoride -1026.8 -979.4 53.4 51.8 BeH2O2 Beryllium hydroxide -902.5 -815.0 45.5 62.1 BeI2 Beryllium iodide -192.5 121.0 71.1 BeO Beryllium oxide -609.4 -580.1 13.8 25.6BeO 4S Beryllium sulfate -1205.2 -1093.8 77.9 85.7 BeS Beryllium sulfide -234.3 34.0 34.0Bi Bismuth 0.0 56.7 25.5 207.1 168.2 187.0 20.8BiClO Bismuth oxychloride -366.9 -322.1 120.5BiCl 3 Bismuth trichloride -379.1 -315.0 177.0 105.0 -265.7 -256.0 358.9 79.7 BiH3O3 Bismuth hydroxide -711.3 BiI3 Bismuth triiodide -175.3 Bi2 Dibismuth 219.7 36.9 Bi2O3 Bismuth oxide -573.9 -493.7 151.5 113.5 Bi2O12S3 Bismuth sulfate -2544.3 Bi2S3 Bismuth sulfide -143.1 -140.6 200.4 122.2 Bk Berkelium 0.0Br Bromine (atomic) 111.9 82.4 175.0 20.8 BrCl Bromine chloride 14.6 -1.0 240.1 35.0 BrCl 3Si Bromotrichlorosilane 350.1 90.9 BrCs Cesium bromide -405.8 -391.4 113.1 52.9BrCu Copper(I) bromide -104.6 -100.8 96.1 54.7BrF Bromine fluoride -93.8 -109.2 229.0 33.0 BrF 3 Bromine trifluoride -300.8 -240.5 178.2 124.6 -255.6 -229.4 292.5 66.6 BrF5 Bromine pentafluoride -458.6 -351.8 225.1 -428.9 -350.6 320.2 99.6 BrGe Germanium monobromide 235.6 37.1 BrGeH3 Bromogermane 274.8 56.4 BrH Hydrogen bromide -36.3 -53.4 198.7 29.1 BrHSi Bromosilylene -464.4 BrH3Si Bromosilane 262.4 52.8 BrH4N Ammonium bromide -270.8 -175.2 113.0 96.0 BrI Iodine bromide 40.8 3.7 258.8 36.4 BrIn Indium(I) bromide -175.3 -169.0 113.0 -56.9 -94.3 259.5 36.7BrK Potassium bromide -393.8 -380.7 95.9 52.3BrKO 3 Potassium bromate -360.2 -271.2 149.2 105.2 BrKO4 Potassium perbromate -287.9 -174.4 170.1 120.2 BrLi Lithium bromide -351.2 -342.0 74.3BrNO Nitrosyl bromide 82.2 82.4 273.7 45.5 TeamLRN5-9STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESBrNa Sodium bromide -361.1 -349.0 86.8 51.4 -143.1 -177.1 241.2 36.3 BrNaO3 Sodium bromate -334.1 -242.6 128.9 BrO Bromine monoxide 125.8 109.6 233.0 34.2 BrO2 Bromine dioxide 152.0 155.0 271.1 45.4 BrRb Rubidium bromide -394.6 -381.8 110.0 52.8BrSi Bromosilyldyne 209.0 38.6 BrTl Thallium(I) bromide -173.2 -167.4 120.5 -37.7Br 2 Bromine 0.0 152.2 75.7 30.9 3.1 245.5 36.0 Br2Ca Calcium bromide -682.8 -663.6 130.0 Br2Cd Cadmium bromide -316.2 -296.3 137.2 76.7 Br2Co Cobalt(II) bromide -220.9 79.5 Br2Cr Chromium(II) bromide -302.1 Br2Cu Copper(II) bromide -141.8 Br2Fe Iron(II) bromide -249.8 -238.1 140.6 Br2H2Si Dibromosilane 309.7 65.5 Br2Hg Mercury(II) bromide -170.7 -153.1 172.0 Br2Hg2 Mercury(I) bromide -206.9 -181.1 218.0 Br2Mg Magnesium bromide -524.3 -503.8 117.2 Br2Mn Manganese(II) bromide -384.9 Br2Ni Nickel(II) bromide -212.1 Br2Pb Lead(II) bromide -278.7 -261.9 161.5 80.1 Br2Pt Platinum(II) bromide -82.0 Br2S2 Sulfur bromide -13.0 Br2Se Selenium dibromide -21.0 Br2Sn Tin(II) bromide -243.5 Br2Sr Strontium bromide -717.6 -697.1 135.1 75.3 Br2Ti Titanium(II) bromide -402.0 Br2Zn Zinc bromide -328.7 -312.1 138.5 Br3Ce Cerium(III) bromide -891.4 Br3ClSi Tribromochlorosilane 377.1 95.3 Br3Dy Dysprosium(III) bromide -836.2 Br3Fe Iron(III) bromide -268.2 Br3Ga Gallium(III) bromide -386.6 -359.8 180.0 Br3HSi Tribromosilane -355.6 -336.4 248.1 -317.6 -328.5 348.6 80.8 Br3In Indium(III) bromide -428.9 -282.0 Br3OP Phosphoric tribromide -458.6 359.8 89.9 Br3P Phosphorus(III) bromide -184.5 -175.7 240.2 -139.3 -162.8 348.1 76.0 Br3Pt Platinum(III) bromide -120.9 Br3Re Rhenium(III) bromide -167.0 Br3Ru Ruthenium(III) bromide -138.0 Br3Sb Antimony(III) bromide -259.4 -239.3 207.1 -194.6 -223.9 372.9 80.2 Br3Sc Scandium bromide -743.1 Br3Ti Titanium(III) bromide -548.5 -523.8 176.6 101.7 Br4Ge Germanium(IV) bromide -347.7 -331.4 280.7 -300.0 -318.0 396.2 101.8 Br4Pa Protactinium(IV) bromide -824.0 -787.8 234.0 Br4Pt Platinum(IV) bromide -156.5 5-10STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K Br4Si Tetrabromosilane -457.3 -443.9 277.8 -415.5 -431.8 377.9 97.1 Br4Sn Tin(IV) bromide -377.4 -350.2 264.4 -314.6 -331.4 411.9 103.4 Br4Te Tellurium tetrabromide -190.4 Br4Ti Titanium(IV) bromide -616.7 -589.5 243.5 131.5 -549.4 -568.2 398.4 100.8 Br4VV anadium(IV) bromide -336.8 Br4Zr Zirconium(IV) bromide -760.7 Br5P Phosphorus(V) bromide -269.9 Br5Ta Tantalum(V) bromide -598.3 Br6WT ungsten(VI) bromide -348.5 Ca Calcium 0.0 41.6 25.9 177.8 144.0 154.9 20.8CaCl 2 Calcium chloride -795.4 -748.8 108.4 72.9 CaF2 Calcium fluoride -1228.0 -1175.6 68.5 67.0 CaH2 Calcium hydride -181.5 -142.5 41.4 41.0 CaH2O2 Calcium hydroxide -985.2 -897.5 83.4 87.5 CaI2 Calcium iodide -533.5 -528.9 142.0 CaN2O6 Calcium nitrate -938.2 -742.8 193.2 149.4 CaO Calcium oxide -634.9 -603.3 38.1 42.0CaO 4S Calcium sulfate -1434.5 -1322.0 106.5 99.7 CaS Calcium sulfide -482.4 -477.4 56.5 47.4Ca 3O8P2 Calcium phosphate -4120.8 -3884.7 236.0 227.8 Cd Cadmium 0.0 51.8 26.0 111.8 167.7 20.8CdCl 2 Cadmium chloride -391.5 -343.9 115.3 74.7 CdF2 Cadmium fluoride -700.4 -647.7 77.4 CdH2O2 Cadmium hydroxide -560.7 -473.6 96.0 CdI2 Cadmium iodide -203.3 -201.4 161.1 80.0 CdO Cadmium oxide -258.4 -228.7 54.8 43.4CdO 4S Cadmium sulfate -933.3 -822.7 123.0 99.6 CdS Cadmium sulfide -161.9 -156.5 64.9CdTe Cadmium telluride -92.5 -92.0 100.0Ce Cerium ( g, fcc) 0.0 72.0 26.9 423.0 385.0 191.8 23.1 CeCl 3 Cerium(III) chloride -1060.5 -984.8 151.0 87.4 CeI3 Cerium(III) iodide -669.3 CeO2 Cerium(IV) oxide -1088.7 -1024.6 62.3 61.6 CeS Cerium(II) sulfide -459.4 -451.5 78.2 50.0Ce 2O3 Cerium(III) oxide -1796.2 -1706.2 150.6 114.6 Cf Californium 0.0Cl Chlorine (atomic) 121.3 105.3 165.2 21.8 ClCs Cesium chloride -443.0 -414.5 101.2 52.5ClCsO 4 Cesium perchlorate -443.1 -314.3 175.1 108.3 ClCu Copper(I) chloride -137.2 -119.9 86.2 48.5ClF Chlorine fluoride -50.3 -51.8 217.9 32.1 ClFO 3 Perchloryl fluoride -23.8 48.2 279.0 64.9 ClF3 Chlorine trifluoride -189.5 -163.2 -123.0 281.6 63.9 TeamLRN5-11STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESClF5S Sulfur chloride pentafluoride -1065.7 ClGe Germanium monochloride 155.2 124.2 247.0 36.9 ClGeH3 Chlorogermane 263.7 54.7 ClH Hydrogen chloride -92.3 -95.3 186.9 29.1 ClHO Hypochlorous acid -78.7 -66.1 236.7 37.2 ClHO4 Perchloric acid -40.6 ClH3Si Chlorosilane 250.7 51.0 ClH4N Ammonium chloride -314.4 -202.9 94.6 84.1 ClH4NO4 Ammonium perchlorate -295.3 -88.8 186.2 ClH4P Phosphonium chloride -145.2 ClI Iodine chloride -23.9 -13.6 135.1 17.8 -5.5 247.6 35.6 ClIn Indium(I) chloride -186.2 -75.0 ClK Potassium chloride -436.5 -408.5 82.6 51.3 -214.6 -233.3 239.1 36.5ClKO 3 Potassium chlorate -397.7 -296.3 143.1 100.3 ClKO4 Potassium perchlorate -432.8 -303.1 151.0 112.4 ClLi Lithium chloride -408.6 -384.4 59.3 48.0ClLiO 4 Lithium perchlorate -381.0 ClNO Nitrosyl chloride 51.7 66.1 261.7 44.7 ClNO2 Nitryl chloride 12.6 54.4 272.2 53.2 ClNa Sodium chloride -411.2 -384.1 72.1 50.5ClNaO 2 Sodium chlorite -307.0 ClNaO3 Sodium chlorate -365.8 -262.3 123.4 ClNaO4 Sodium perchlorate -383.3 -254.9 142.3 ClO Chlorine oxide 101.8 98.1 226.6 31.5 ClOV Vanadyl chloride -607.0 -556.0 75.0ClO 2 Chlorine dioxide 102.5 120.5 256.8 42.0 ClO2 Chlorine superoxide (ClOO) 89.1 105.0 263.7 46.0 ClO4Rb Rubidium perchlorate -437.2 -306.9 161.1 ClRb Rubidium chloride -435.4 -407.8 95.9 52.4ClSi Chlorosilylidyne 189.9 36.9 ClTl Thallium(I) chloride -204.1 -184.9 111.3 50.9 -67.8Cl 2 Chlorine 0.0 223.1 33.9 Cl2Co Cobalt(II) chloride -312.5 -269.8 109.2 78.5 Cl2Cr Chromium(II) chloride -395.4 -356.0 115.3 71.2 Cl2CrO2 Chromyl chloride -579.5 -510.8 221.8 -538.1 -501.6 329.8 84.5 Cl2Cu Copper(II) chloride -220.1 -175.7 108.1 71.9 Cl2Fe Iron(II) chloride -341.8 -302.3 118.0 76.7 Cl2H2Si Dichlorosilane 285.7 60.5 Cl2Hg Mercury(II) chloride -224.3 -178.6 146.0 Cl2Hg2 Mercury(I) chloride -265.4 -210.7 191.6 Cl2Mg Magnesium chloride -641.3 -591.8 89.6 71.4 Cl2Mn Manganese(II) chloride -481.3 -440.5 118.2 72.9 Cl2Ni Nickel(II) chloride -305.3 -259.0 97.7 71.7 Cl2O Chlorine monoxide 80.3 97.9 266.2 45.4 Cl2OS Thionyl chloride -245.6 121.0 -212.5 -198.3 309.8 66.5 Cl2O2S Sulfuryl chloride -394.1 134.0 -364.0 -320.0 311.9 77.0 5-12STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K Cl2O2U Uranyl chloride -1243.9 -1146.4 150.5 107.9 Cl2Pb Lead(II) chloride -359.4 -314.1 136.0 Cl2Pt Platinum(II) chloride -123.4 Cl2S Sulfur dichloride -50.0 Cl2S2 Sulfur chloride -59.4 Cl2Sn Tin(II) chloride -325.1 Cl2Sr Strontium chloride -828.9 -781.1 114.9 75.6 Cl2Ti Titanium(II) chloride -513.8 -464.4 87.4 69.8 Cl2Zn Zinc chloride -415.1 -369.4 111.5 71.3 -266.1 Cl2Zr Zirconium(II) chloride -502.0 Cl3Cr Chromium(III) chloride -556.5 -486.1 123.0 91.8 Cl3Dy Dysprosium(III) chloride -1000.0 Cl3Er Erbium chloride -998.7 100.0 Cl3Eu Europium(III) chloride -936.0 Cl3Fe Iron(III) chloride -399.5 -334.0 142.3 96.7 Cl3Ga Gallium(III) chloride -524.7 -454.8 142.0 Cl3Gd Gadolinium(III) chloride -1008.0 88.0 Cl3HSi Trichlorosilane -539.3 -482.5 227.6 -513.0 -482.0 313.9 75.8 Cl3Ho Holmium chloride -1005.4 88.0 Cl3In Indium(III) chloride -537.2 -374.0 Cl3Ir Iridium(III) chloride -245.6 Cl3La Lanthanum chloride -1072.2 108.8 Cl3Lu Lutetium chloride -945.6 -649.0 Cl3N Nitrogen trichloride 230.0 Cl3Nd Neodymium chloride -1041.0 113.0 Cl3OP Phosphoric trichloride -597.1 -520.8 222.5 138.8 -558.5 -512.9 325.5 84.9 Cl3OV Vanadyl trichloride -734.7 -668.5 244.3 -695.6 -659.3 344.3 89.9 Cl3Os Osmium(III) chloride -190.4 Cl3P Phosphorus(III) chloride -319.7 -272.3 217.1 -287.0 -267.8 311.8 71.8 Cl3Pr Praseodymium chloride -1056.9 100.0 Cl3Pt Platinum(III) chloride -182.0 Cl3Re Rhenium(III) chloride -264.0 -188.0 123.8 92.4 Cl3Rh Rhodium(III) chloride -299.2 Cl3Ru Ruthenium(III) chloride -205.0 Cl3Sb Antimony(III) chloride -382.2 -323.7 184.1 107.9 Cl3Sc Scandium chloride -925.1 Cl3Sm Samarium(III) chloride -1025.9 Cl3Tb Terbium chloride -997.0 Cl3Ti Titanium(III) chloride -720.9 -653.5 139.7 97.2 Cl3Tl Thallium(III) chloride -315.1 Cl3Tm Thulium chloride -986.6 Cl3U Uranium(III) chloride -866.5 -799.1 159.0 102.5 Cl3VV anadium(III) chloride -580.7 -511.2 131.0 93.2 TeamLRN5-13STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCl3Y Yttrium chloride -1000.0 -750.2 75.0 Cl3Yb Ytterbium(III) chloride -959.8 Cl4Ge Germanium(IV) chloride -531.8 -462.7 245.6 -495.8 -457.3 347.7 96.1 Cl4Hf Hafnium(IV) chloride -990.4 -901.3 190.8 120.5 -884.5 Cl4Pa Protactinium(IV) chloride -1043.0 -953.0 192.0 Cl4Pb Lead(IV) chloride -329.3 Cl4Pt Platinum(IV) chloride -231.8 Cl4Si Tetrachlorosilane -687.0 -619.8 239.7 145.3 -657.0 -617.0 330.7 90.3 Cl4Sn Tin(IV) chloride -511.3 -440.1 258.6 165.3 -471.5 -432.2 365.8 98.3 Cl4Te Tellurium tetrachloride -326.4 138.5 Cl4Th Thorium(IV) chloride -1186.2 -1094.1 190.4 120.3 -964.4 -932.0 390.7 107.5 Cl4Ti Titanium(IV) chloride -804.2 -737.2 252.3 145.2 -763.2 -726.3 353.2 95.4 Cl4U Uranium(IV) chloride -1019.2 -930.0 197.1 122.0 -809.6 -786.6 419.0 Cl4VV anadium(IV) chloride -569.4 -503.7 255.0 -525.5 -492.0 362.4 96.2 Cl4Zr Zirconium(IV) chloride -980.5 -889.9 181.6 119.8 Cl5Nb Niobium(V) chloride -797.5 -683.2 210.5 148.1 -703.7 -646.0 400.6 120.8 Cl5P Phosphorus(V) chloride -443.5 -374.9 -305.0 364.6 112.8 Cl5Pa Protactinium(V) chloride -1145.0 -1034.0 238.0 Cl5Ta Tantalum(V) chloride -859.0 Cl6U Uranium(VI) chloride -1092.0 -962.0 285.8 175.7 -1013.0 -928.0 431.0 Cl6WT ungsten(VI) chloride -602.5 -513.8 Cm Curium 0.0Co Cobalt 0.0 30.0 24.8 424.7 380.3 179.5 23.0CoF 2 Cobalt(II) fluoride -692.0 -647.2 82.0 68.8 CoH2O2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide -539.7 -454.3 79.0 CoI2 Cobalt(II) iodide -88.7 CoN2O6 Cobalt(II) nitrate -420.5 CoO Cobalt(II) oxide -237.9 -214.2 53.0 55.2CoO 4S Cobalt(II) sulfate -888.3 -782.3 118.0 CoS Cobalt(II) sulfide -82.8Co 2S3 Cobalt(III) sulfide -147.3 Co3O4 Cobalt(II,III) oxide -891.0 -774.0 102.5 123.4 Cr Chromium 0.0 23.8 23.4 396.6 351.8 174.5 20.8CrF 2 Chromium(II) fluoride -778.0 CrF3 Chromium(III) fluoride -1159.0 -1088.0 93.9 78.7 CrI2 Chromium(II) iodide -156.9 CrI3 Chromium(III) iodide -205.0 CrO2 Chromium(IV) oxide -598.0 CrO3 Chromium(VI) oxide -292.9 266.2 56.0 CrO4Pb Lead(II) chromate -930.9 Cr2FeO4 Chromium iron oxide -1444.7 -1343.8 146.0 133.6 Cr2O3 Chromium(III) oxide -1139.7 -1058.1 81.2 118.7 Cr3O4 Chromium(II,III) oxide -1531.0 Cs Cesium 0.0 85.2 32.2 76.5 49.6 175.6 20.8CsF Cesium fluoride -553.5 -525.5 92.8 51.1CsF 2H Cesium hydrogen fluoride -923.8 -858.9 135.2 87.3 5-14STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K CsH Cesium hydride -54.2 CsHO Cesium hydroxide -416.2 -371.8 104.2 69.9 -256.0 -256.5 254.8 49.7 CsHO4S Cesium hydrogen sulfate -1158.1 CsH2N Cesium amide -118.4 CsI Cesium iodide -346.6 -340.6 123.1 52.8CsNO 3 Cesium nitrate -506.0 -406.5 155.2 CsO2 Cesium superoxide -286.2 Cs2O Cesium oxide -345.8 -308.1 146.9 76.0 Cs2O3S Cesium sulfite -1134.7 Cs2O4S Cesium sulfate -1443.0 -1323.6 211.9 134.9 Cs2S Cesium sulfide -359.8 Cu Copper 0.0 33.2 24.4 337.4 297.7 166.4 20.8CuF 2 Copper(II) fluoride -542.7 CuH2O2 Copper(II) hydroxide -449.8 CuI Copper(I) iodide -67.8 -69.5 96.7 54.1 CuN2O6 Copper(II) nitrate -302.9 CuO Copper(II) oxide -157.3 -129.7 42.6 42.3CuO 4S Copper(II) sulfate -771.4 -662.2 109.2 CuO4W Copper(II) tungstate -1105.0 CuS Copper(II) sulfide -53.1 -53.6 66.5 47.8CuSe Copper(II) selenide -39.5Cu 2 Dicopper 484.2 431.9 241.6 36.6 Cu2O Copper(I) oxide -168.6 -146.0 93.1 63.6 Cu2S Copper(I) sulfide -79.5 -86.2 120.9 76.3 Dy Dysprosium 0.0 75.6 27.7 290.4 254.4 196.6 20.8DyI 3 Dysprosium(III) iodide -620.5 Dy2O3 Dysprosium(III) oxide -1863.1 -1771.5 149.8 116.3 Er Erbium 0.0 73.2 28.1 317.1 280.7 195.6 20.8ErF 3 Erbium fluoride -1711.0 Er2O3 Erbium oxide -1897.9 -1808.7 155.6 108.5 Es Einsteinium 0.0Eu Europium 0.0 77.8 27.7 175.3 142.2 188.8 20.8Eu 2O3 Europium(III) oxide -1651.4 -1556.8 146.0 122.2 Eu3O4 Europium(II,III) oxide -2272.0 -2142.0 205.0 F Fluorine (atomic) 79.4 62.3 158.8 22.7 FGa Gallium monofluoride -251.9 33.3 FGe Germanium monofluoride -33.4 34.7 FGeH3 Fluorogermane 252.8 51.6 FH Hydrogen fluoride -299.8 -273.3 -275.4 173.8 FH3Si Fluorosilane 238.4 47.4 FH4N Ammonium fluoride -464.0 -348.7 72.0 65.3 FI Iodine fluoride -95.7 -118.5 236.2 33.4 FIn Indium(I) fluoride -203.4 TeamLRN5-15STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESFK Potassium fluoride -567.3 -537.8 66.6 49.0 FLi Lithium fluoride -616.0 -587.7 35.7 41.6FNO Nitrosyl fluoride -66.5 -51.0 248.1 41.3 FNO 2 Nitryl fluoride 260.4 49.8 FNS Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) 259.8 44.1 FNa Sodium fluoride -576.6 -546.3 51.1 46.9FO Fluorine oxide 109.0 105.3 216.4 32.0 FO 2 Fluorine superoxide (FOO) 25.4 39.4 259.5 44.5 FRb Rubidium fluoride -557.7FSi Fluorosilylidyne 7.1 -24.3 225.8 32.6 FTl Thallium(I) fluoride -324.7 -182.4 F 2 Fluorine 0.0 202.8 31.3 F2Fe Iron(II) fluoride -711.3 -668.6 87.0 68.1 F2HK Potassium hydrogen fluoride -927.7 -859.7 104.3 76.9 F2HN Difluoramine 252.8 43.4 F2HNa Sodium hydrogen fluoride -920.3 -852.2 90.9 75.0 F2HRb Rubidium hydrogen fluoride -922.6 -855.6 120.1 79.4 F2Mg Magnesium fluoride -1124.2 -1071.1 57.2 61.6 F2N Difluoroamidogen 43.1 57.8 249.9 41.0 F2N2 cis-Difluorodiazine 69.5 F2N2 trans -Difluorodiazine 82.0 F2Ni Nickel(II) fluoride -651.4 -604.1 73.6 64.1 F2O Fluorine monoxide 24.5 41.8 247.5 43.3 F2OS Thionyl fluoride 278.7 56.8 F2O2 Fluorine dioxide 19.2 58.2 277.2 62.1 F2O2S Sulfuryl fluoride 284.0 66.0 F2O2U Uranyl fluoride -1653.5 -1557.4 135.6 103.2 F2Pb Lead(II) fluoride -664.0 -617.1 110.5 F2Si Difluorosilylene -619.0 -628.0 252.7 43.9 F2Sr Strontium fluoride -1216.3 -1164.8 82.1 70.0 F2Zn Zinc fluoride -764.4 -713.3 73.7 65.7 F3Ga Gallium(III) fluoride -1163.0 -1085.3 84.0 F3Gd Gadolinium(III) fluoride -1297.0 F3HSi Trifluorosilane 271.9 60.5 F3Ho Holmium fluoride -1707.0 F3N Nitrogen trifluoride -132.1 -90.6 260.8 53.4 F3Nd Neodymium fluoride -1657.0 F3OP Phosphoric trifluoride -1254.3 -1205.8 285.4 68.8 F3P Phosphorus(III) fluoride -958.4 -936.9 273.1 58.7 F3Sb Antimony(III) fluoride -915.5 F3Sc Scandium fluoride -1629.2 -1555.6 92.0 -1247.0 -1234.0 300.5 67.8 F3Sm Samarium(III) fluoride -1778.0 F3Th Thorium(III) fluoride -1166.1 -1160.6 339.2 73.3 F3U Uranium(III) fluoride -1502.1 -1433.4 123.4 95.1 -1058.5 -1051.9 331.9 74.3 F3Y Yttrium fluoride -1718.8 -1644.7 100.0 -1288.7 -1277.8 311.8 70.3 F4Ge Germanium(IV) fluoride -1190.2 -1150.0 301.9 5-16STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K F4Hf Hafnium fluoride -1930.5 -1830.4 113.0 -1669.8 F4N2 Tetrafluorohydrazine -8.4 79.9 301.2 79.2 F4Pb Lead(IV) fluoride -941.8 F4S Sulfur tetrafluoride -763.2 -722.0 299.6 77.6 F4Si Tetrafluorosilane -1615.0 -1572.8 282.8 73.6 F4Th Thorium(IV) fluoride -2097.8 -2003.4 142.0 110.7 -1759.0 -1724.0 341.7 93.0 F4U Uranium(IV) fluoride -1914.2 -1823.3 151.7 116.0 -1598.7 -1572.7 368.0 91.2 F4VV anadium(IV) fluoride -1403.3 F4Xe Xenon tetrafluoride -261.5 F4Zr Zirconium(IV) fluoride -1911.3 -1809.9 104.6 103.7 F5I Iodine pentafluoride -864.8 -822.5 -751.7 327.7 99.2 F5Nb Niobium(V) fluoride -1813.8 -1699.0 160.2 134.7 -1739.7 -1673.6 321.9 97.1 F5P Phosphorus(V) fluoride -1594.4 -1520.7 300.8 84.8 F5Ta Tantalum(V) fluoride -1903.6 F5VV anadium(V) fluoride -1480.3 -1373.1 175.7 -1433.9 -1369.8 320.9 98.6 F6H8N2Si Ammonium hexafluorosilicate -2681.7 -2365.3 280.2 228.1 F6Ir Iridium(VI) fluoride -579.7 -461.6 247.7 -544.0 -460.0 357.8 121.1 F6K2Si Potassium hexafluorosilicate -2956.0 -2798.6 226.0 F6Mo Molybdenum(VI) fluoride -1585.5 -1473.0 259.7 169.8 -1557.7 -1472.2 350.5 120.6 F6Na2Si Sodium hexafluorosilicate -2909.6 -2754.2 207.1 187.1 F6Os Osmium(VI) fluoride 246.0 358.1 120.8 F6Pt Platinum(VI) fluoride 235.6 348.3 122.8 F6S Sulfur hexafluoride -1220.5 -1116.5 291.5 97.0 F6Se Selenium hexafluoride -1117.0 -1017.0 313.9 110.5 F6Si2 Hexafluorodisilane -2427.0 -2299.7 219.1 129.5 -2383.3 -2307.3 391.0 129.9 F6Te Tellurium hexafluoride -1318.0 F6U Uranium(VI) fluoride -2197.0 -2068.5 227.6 166.8 -2147.4 -2063.7 377.9 129.6 F6WT ungsten(VI) fluoride -1747.7 -1631.4 251.5 -1721.7 -1632.1 341.1 119.0 Fe Iron 0.0 27.3 25.1 416.3 370.7 180.5 25.7FeI 2 Iron(II) iodide -113.0 FeI3 Iron(III) iodide 71.0 FeMoO4 Iron(II) molybdate -1075.0 -975.0 129.3 118.5 FeO Iron(II) oxide -272.0FeO 4S Iron(II) sulfate -928.4 -820.8 107.5 100.6 FeO4W Iron(II) tungstate -1155.0 -1054.0 131.8 114.6 FeS Iron(II) sulfide -100.0 -100.4 60.3 50.5FeS 2 Iron disulfide -178.2 -166.9 52.9 62.2 Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide -824.2 -742.2 87.4 103.9 Fe2O4Si Iron(II) orthosilicate -1479.9 -1379.0 145.2 132.9 Fe3O4 Iron(II,III) oxide -1118.4 -1015.4 146.4 143.4 Fm Fermium 0.0Fr Francium 0.0 95.4Ga Gallium 0.0 0.0 40.8 26.1 5.6 272.0 233.7 169.0 25.3 TeamLRN5-17STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESGaH3O3 Gallium(III) hydroxide -964.4 -831.3 100.0 GaI3 Gallium(III) iodide -238.9 205.0 100.0 GaN Gallium nitride -110.5GaO Gallium monoxide 279.5 253.5 231.1 32.1 GaP Gallium phosphide -88.0GaSb Gallium antimonide -41.8 -38.9 76.1 48.5Ga 2 Digallium 438.5 Ga2O Gallium suboxide -356.0 Ga2O3 Gallium(III) oxide -1089.1 -998.3 85.0 92.1 Gd Gadolinium 0.0 68.1 37.0 397.5 359.8 194.3 27.5Gd 2O3 Gadolinium(III) oxide -1819.6 106.7 Ge Germanium 0.0 31.1 23.3 372.0 331.2 167.9 30.7GeH 3I Iodogermane 283.2 57.5 GeH4 Germane 90.8 113.4 217.1 45.0 GeI4 Germanium(IV) iodide -141.8 -144.3 271.1 -56.9 -106.3 428.9 104.1 GeO Germanium(II) oxide -261.9 -237.2 50.0 -46.2 -73.2 224.3 30.9GeO 2 Germanium(IV) oxide -580.0 -521.4 39.7 52.1 GeP Germanium phosphide -21.0 -17.0 63.0GeS Germanium(II) sulfide -69.0 -71.5 71.0 92.0 42.0 234.0 33.7GeTe Germanium(II) telluride 20.0Ge 2 Digermanium 473.1 416.3 252.8 35.6 Ge2H6 Digermane 137.3 162.3 Ge3H8 Trigermane 193.7 226.8 H Hydrogen (atomic) 218.0 203.3 114.7 20.8 HI Hydrogen iodide 26.5 1.7 206.6 29.2 HIO3 Iodic acid -230.1 HK Potassium hydride -57.7HKO Potassium hydroxide -424.6 -379.4 81.2 68.9 -232.0 -229.7 238.3 49.2HKO 4S Potassium hydrogen sulfate -1160.6 -1031.3 138.1 HLi Lithium hydride -90.5 -68.3 20.0 27.9HLiO Lithium hydroxide -487.5 -441.5 42.8 49.6 -229.0 -234.2 214.4 46.0HN Imidogen 351.5 345.6 181.2 29.2 HNO 2 Nitrous acid -79.5 -46.0 254.1 45.6 HNO3 Nitric acid -174.1 -80.7 155.6 109.9 -133.9 -73.5 266.9 54.1 HN3 Hydrazoic acid 264.0 327.3 140.6 294.1 328.1 239.0 43.7 HNa Sodium hydride -56.3 -33.5 40.0 36.4HNaO Sodium hydroxide -425.8 -379.7 64.4 59.5 -191.0 -193.9 229.0 48.0HNaO 4S Sodium hydrogen sulfate -1125.5 -992.8 113.0 HNa2O4P Sodium hydrogen phosphate -1748.1 -1608.2 150.5 135.3 HO Hydroxyl 39.0 34.2 183.7 29.9 HORb Rubidium hydroxide -418.8 -373.9 94.0 69.0 -238.0 -239.1 248.5 49.5HOTl Thallium(I) hydroxide -238.9 -195.8 88.0HO 2 Hydroperoxy 10.5 22.6 229.0 34.9 HO3P Metaphosphoric acid -948.5 HO4RbS Rubidium hydrogen sulfate -1159.0 HO4Re Perrhenic acid -762.3 -656.4 158.2 5-18STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K HRb Rubidium hydride -52.3 HS Mercapto 142.7 113.3 195.7 32.3 HSi Silylidyne 361.0 HTa2 Tantalum hydride -32.6 -69.0 79.1 90.8 H2 Hydrogen 0.0 130.7 28.8 H2KN Potassium amide -128.9 H2KO4P Potassium dihydrogen phosphate -1568.3 -1415.9 134.9 116.6 H2LiN Lithium amide -179.5 H2Mg Magnesium hydride -75.3 -35.9 31.1 35.4 H2MgO2 Magnesium hydroxide -924.5 -833.5 63.2 77.0 H2N Amidogen 184.9 194.6 195.0 33.9 H2NNa Sodium amide -123.8 -64.0 76.9 66.2 H2NRb Rubidium amide -113.0 H2N2O2 Nitramide -89.5 H2NiO2 Nickel(II) hydroxide -529.7 -447.2 88.0 H2OW ater -285.8 -237.1 70.0 75.3 -241.8 -228.6 188.8 33.6 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide -187.8 -120.4 109.6 89.1 -136.3 -105.6 232.7 43.1 H2O2Sn Tin(II) hydroxide -561.1 -491.6 155.0 H2O2Sr Strontium hydroxide -959.0 H2O2Zn Zinc hydroxide -641.9 -553.5 81.2 H2O3Si Metasilicic acid -1188.7 -1092.4 134.0 H2O4S Sulfuric acid -814.0 -690.0 156.9 138.9 H2O4Se Selenic acid -530.1 H2S Hydrogen sulfide -20.6 -33.4 205.8 34.2 H2S2 Hydrogen disulfide -18.1 84.1 15.5 51.5 H2Se Hydrogen selenide 29.7 15.9 219.0 34.7 H2Sr Strontium hydride -180.3 H2Te Hydrogen telluride 99.6 H2Th Thorium hydride -139.7 -100.0 50.7 36.7 H2Zr Zirconium(II) hydride -169.0 -128.8 35.0 31.0 H3ISi Iodosilane 270.9 54.4 H3N Ammonia -45.9 -16.4 192.8 35.1 H3NO Hydroxylamine -114.2 H3O2P Phosphinic acid -604.6 -595.4 H3O3P Phosphonic acid -964.4 H3O4P Phosphoric acid -1284.4 -1124.3 110.5 106.1 -1271.7 -1123.6 150.8 145.0 H3P Phosphine 5.4 13.5 210.2 37.1 H3Sb Stibine 145.1 147.8 232.8 41.1 H3U Uranium(III) hydride -127.2 -72.8 63.7 49.3 H4IN Ammonium iodide -201.4 -112.5 117.0 H4N2 Hydrazine 50.6 149.3 121.2 98.9 95.4 159.4 238.5 48.4 H4N2O2 Ammonium nitrite -256.5 H4N2O3 Ammonium nitrate -365.6 -183.9 151.1 139.3 TeamLRN5-19STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESH4N4 Ammonium azide 115.5 274.2 112.5 H4O4Si Orthosilicic acid -1481.1 -1332.9 192.0 H4O7P2 Diphosphoric acid -2241.0 -2231.7 H4P2 Diphosphine -5.0 20.9 H4Si Silane 34.3 56.9 204.6 42.8 H4Sn Stannane 162.8 188.3 227.7 49.0 H5NO Ammonium hydroxide -361.2 -254.0 165.6 154.9 H5NO3S Ammonium hydrogen sulfite -768.6 H5NO4S Ammonium hydrogen sulfate -1027.0 H6Si2 Disilane 80.3 127.3 272.7 80.8 H8N2O4S Ammonium sulfate -1180.9 -901.7 220.1 187.5 H8Si3 Trisilane 92.5 120.9 H9N2O4P Ammonium hydrogen phosphate -1566.9 188.0 H12N3O4P Ammonium phosphate -1671.9 He Helium 0.0 126.2 20.8 Hf Hafnium 0.0 43.6 25.7 619.2 576.5 186.9 20.8HfO 2 Hafnium oxide -1144.7 -1088.2 59.3 60.3 Hg Mercury 0.0 75.9 28.0 61.4 31.8 175.0 20.8 HgI2 Mercury(II) iodide -105.4 -101.7 180.0 HgO Mercury(II) oxide -90.8 -58.5 70.3 44.1HgO 4S Mercury(II) sulfate -707.5 HgS Mercury(II) sulfide (red) -58.2 -50.6 82.4 48.4HgTe Mercury(II) telluride -42.0Hg 2 Dimercury 108.8 68.2 288.1 37.4 Hg2I2 Mercury(I) iodide -121.3 -111.0 233.5 Hg2O4S Mercury(I) sulfate -743.1 -625.8 200.7 132.0 Ho Holmium 0.0 75.3 27.2 300.8 264.8 195.6 20.8Ho 2O3 Holmium oxide -1880.7 -1791.1 158.2 115.0 I Iodine (atomic) 106.8 70.2 180.8 20.8 IIn Indium(I) iodide -116.3 -120.5 130.0 7.5 -37.7 267.3 36.8IK Potassium iodide -327.9 -324.9 106.3 52.9IKO 3 Potassium iodate -501.4 -418.4 151.5 106.5 IKO4 Potassium periodate -467.2 -361.4 175.7 ILi Lithium iodide -270.4 -270.3 86.8 51.0INa Sodium iodide -287.8 -286.1 98.5 52.1INaO 3 Sodium iodate -481.8 92.0 INaO4 Sodium periodate -429.3 -323.0 163.0 IO Iodine monoxide 126.0 102.5 239.6 32.9 IRb Rubidium iodide -333.8 -328.9 118.4 53.2ITl Thallium(I) iodide -123.8 -125.4 127.6 7.1I 2 Iodine (rhombic) 0.0 116.1 54.4 62.4 19.3 260.7 36.9 I2Mg Magnesium iodide -364.0 -358.2 129.7 I2Ni Nickel(II) iodide -78.2 I2Pb Lead(II) iodide -175.5 -173.6 174.9 77.4 I2Sn Tin(II) iodide -143.5 I2Sr Strontium iodide -558.1 81.6 5-20STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K I2Zn Zinc iodide -208.0 -209.0 161.1 I3In Indium(III) iodide -238.0 -120.5 I3La Lanthanum iodide -668.9 I3Lu Lutetium iodide -548.0 I3P Phosphorus(III) iodide -45.6 374.4 78.4 I3Ru Ruthenium(III) iodide -65.7 I3Sb Antimony(III) iodide -100.4 I4Pt Platinum(IV) iodide -72.8 I4Si Tetraiodosilane -189.5 I4Sn Tin(IV) iodide 84.9 446.1 105.4 I4Ti Titanium(IV) iodide -375.7 -371.5 249.4 125.7 -277.8 I4VV anadium(IV) iodide -122.6 I4Zr Zirconium(IV) iodide -481.6 In Indium 0.0 57.8 26.7 243.3 208.7 173.8 20.8InO Indium monoxide 387.0 364.4 236.5 32.6 InP Indium phosphide -88.7 -77.0 59.8 45.4 InS Indium(II) sulfide -138.1 -131.8 67.0 238.0InSb Indium antimonide -30.5 -25.5 86.2 49.5 344.3In 2 Diindium 380.9 In2O3 Indium(III) oxide -925.8 -830.7 104.2 92.0 In2S3 Indium(III) sulfide -427.0 -412.5 163.6 118.0 In2Te5 Indium(IV) telluride -175.3 Ir Iridium 0.0 35.5 25.1 665.3 617.9 193.6 20.8IrO 2 Iridium(IV) oxide -274.1 57.3 IrS2 Iridium(IV) sulfide -138.0 Ir2S3 Iridium(III) sulfide -234.0 K Potassium 0.0 64.7 29.6 89.0 60.5 160.3 20.8 KMnO4 Potassium permanganate -837.2 -737.6 171.7 117.6 KNO2 Potassium nitrite -369.8 -306.6 152.1 107.4 KNO3 Potassium nitrate -494.6 -394.9 133.1 96.4 KNa Potassium sodium 6.3 KO2 Potassium superoxide -284.9 -239.4 116.7 77.5 K2 Dipotassium 123.7 87.5 249.7 37.9 K2O Potassium oxide -361.5 K2O2 Potassium peroxide -494.1 -425.1 102.1 K2O4S Potassium sulfate -1437.8 -1321.4 175.6 131.5 K2S Potassium sulfide -380.7 -364.0 105.0 K3O4P Potassium phosphate -1950.2 Kr Krypton 0.0 164.1 20.8 La Lanthanum 0.0 56.9 27.1 431.0 393.6 182.4 22.8LaS Lanthanum monosulfide -456.0 -451.5 73.2 59.0La 2O3 Lanthanum oxide -1793.7 -1705.8 127.3 108.8 Li Lithium 0.0 29.1 24.8 159.3 126.6 138.8 20.8 TeamLRN5-21STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESLiNO2 Lithium nitrite -372.4 -302.0 96.0 LiNO3 Lithium nitrate -483.1 -381.1 90.0 Li2 Dilithium 215.9 174.4 197.0 36.1 Li2O Lithium oxide -597.9 -561.2 37.6 54.1 Li2O2 Lithium peroxide -634.3 Li2O3Si Lithium metasilicate -1648.1 -1557.2 79.8 99.1 Li2O4S Lithium sulfate -1436.5 -1321.7 115.1 117.6 Li2S Lithium sulfide -441.4 Li3O4P Lithium phosphate -2095.8 Lr Lawrencium 0.0Lu Lutetium 0.0 51.0 26.9 427.6 387.8 184.8 20.9Lu 2O3 Lutetium oxide -1878.2 -1789.0 110.0 101.8 Md Mendelevium 0.0Mg Magnesium 0.0 32.7 24.9 147.1 112.5 148.6 20.8MgN 2O6 Magnesium nitrate -790.7 -589.4 164.0 141.9 MgO Magnesium oxide -601.6 -569.3 27.0 37.2MgO 4S Magnesium sulfate -1284.9 -1170.6 91.6 96.5 MgO4Se Magnesium selenate -968.5 MgS Magnesium sulfide -346.0 -341.8 50.3 45.6Mg 2 Dimagnesium 287.7 Mg2O4Si Magnesium orthosilicate -2174.0 -2055.1 95.1 118.5 Mn Manganese 0.0 32.0 26.3 280.7 238.5 173.7 20.8MnN 2O6 Manganese(II) nitrate -576.3 MnNaO4 Sodium permanganate -1156.0 MnO Manganese(II) oxide -385.2 -362.9 59.7 45.4MnO 2 Manganese(IV) oxide -520.0 -465.1 53.1 54.1 MnO3Si Manganese(II) metasilicate -1320.9 -1240.5 89.1 86.4 MnS Manganese(II) sulfide ( a form) -214.2 -218.4 78.2 50.0 MnSe Manganese(II) selenide -106.7 -111.7 90.8 51.0Mn 2O3 Manganese(III) oxide -959.0 -881.1 110.5 107.7 Mn2O4Si Manganese(II) orthosilicate -1730.5 -1632.1 163.2 129.9 Mn3O4 Manganese(II,III) oxide -1387.8 -1283.2 155.6 139.7 Mo Molybdenum 0.0 28.7 24.1 658.1 612.5 182.0 20.8MoNa 2O4 Sodium molybdate -1468.1 -1354.3 159.7 141.7 MoO2 Molybdenum(IV) oxide -588.9 -533.0 46.3 56.0 MoO3 Molybdenum(VI) oxide -745.1 -668.0 77.7 75.0 MoO4Pb Lead(II) molybdate -1051.9 -951.4 166.1 119.7 MoS2 Molybdenum(IV) sulfide -235.1 -225.9 62.6 63.6 Mo3Si Molybdenum silicide -125.2 -125.7 106.3 93.1 N Nitrogen (atomic) 472.7 455.5 153.3 20.8 NNaO2 Sodium nitrite -358.7 -284.6 103.8 NNaO3 Sodium nitrate -467.9 -367.0 116.5 92.9 NO Nitric oxide 91.3 87.6 210.8 29.9 NO2 Nitrogen dioxide 33.2 51.3 240.1 37.2 NO2Rb Rubidium nitrite -367.4 -306.2 172.0 NO3Rb Rubidium nitrate -495.1 -395.8 147.3 102.1 5-22STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K NO3Tl Thallium(I) nitrate -243.9 -152.4 160.7 99.5 NP Phosphorus nitride -63.0 171.5 149.4 211.1 29.7 N2 Nitrogen 0.0 191.6 29.1 N2O Nitrous oxide 81.6 103.7 220.0 38.6 N2O3 Nitrogen trioxide 50.3 86.6 142.4 314.7 72.7 N2O4 Nitrogen tetroxide -19.5 97.5 209.2 142.7 11.1 99.8 304.4 79.2 N2O4Sr Strontium nitrite -762.3 N2O5 Nitrogen pentoxide -43.1 113.9 178.2 143.1 13.3 117.1 355.7 95.3 N2O6Pb Lead(II) nitrate -451.9 N2O6Ra Radium nitrate -992.0 -796.1 222.0 N2O6Sr Strontium nitrate -978.2 -780.0 194.6 149.9 N2O6Zn Zinc nitrate -483.7 N3Na Sodium azide 21.7 93.8 96.9 76.6 N4Si3 Silicon nitride -743.5 -642.6 101.3 Na Sodium 0.0 51.3 28.2 107.5 77.0 153.7 20.8 NaO2 Sodium superoxide -260.2 -218.4 115.9 72.1 Na2 Disodium 142.1 103.9 230.2 37.6 Na2O Sodium oxide -414.2 -375.5 75.1 69.1 Na2O2 Sodium peroxide -510.9 -447.7 95.0 89.2 Na2O3S Sodium sulfite -1100.8 -1012.5 145.9 120.3 Na2O3Si Sodium metasilicate -1554.9 -1462.8 113.9 Na2O4S Sodium sulfate -1387.1 -1270.2 149.6 128.2 Na2S Sodium sulfide -364.8 -349.8 83.7 Nb Niobium 0.0 36.4 24.6 725.9 681.1 186.3 30.2NbO Niobium(II) oxide -405.8 -378.6 48.1 41.3NbO 2 Niobium(IV) oxide -796.2 -740.5 54.5 57.5 Nb2O5 Niobium(V) oxide -1899.5 -1766.0 137.2 132.1 Nd Neodymium 0.0 71.5 27.5 327.6 292.4 189.4 22.1Nd 2O3 Neodymium oxide -1807.9 -1720.8 158.6 111.3 Ne Neon 0.0 146.3 20.8 Ni Nickel 0.0 29.9 26.1 429.7 384.5 182.2 23.4NiO 4S Nickel(II) sulfate -872.9 -759.7 92.0 138.0 NiS Nickel(II) sulfide -82.0 -79.5 53.0 47.1Ni 2O3 Nickel(III) oxide -489.5 No Nobelium 0.0O Oxygen (atomic) 249.2 231.7 161.1 21.9 OP Phosphorus monoxide -28.5 -51.9 222.8 31.8 OPb Lead(II) oxide (massicot) -217.3 -187.9 68.7 45.8OPb Lead(II) oxide (litharge) -219.0 -188.9 66.5 45.8OPd Palladium(II) oxide -85.4 31.4 348.9 325.9 218.0ORa Radium oxide -523.0ORb 2 Rubidium oxide -339.0 ORh Rhodium monoxide 385.0 TeamLRN5-23STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESOS Sulfur monoxide 6.3 -19.9 222.0 30.2 OSe Selenium monoxide 53.4 26.8 234.0 31.3 OSi Silicon monoxide -99.6 -126.4 211.6 29.9 OSn Tin(II) oxide -280.7 -251.9 57.2 44.3 15.1 -8.4 232.1 31.6OSr Strontium oxide -592.0 -561.9 54.4 45.0 1.5OTi Titanium(II) oxide -519.7 -495.0 50.0 40.0OTl 2 Thallium(I) oxide -178.7 -147.3 126.0 OU Uranium(II) oxide 21.0 OV Vanadium(II) oxide -431.8 -404.2 38.9 45.4OZn Zinc oxide -350.5 -320.5 43.7 40.3O 2 Oxygen 0.0 205.2 29.4 O2P Phosphorus dioxide -279.9 -281.6 252.1 39.5 O2Pb Lead(IV) oxide -277.4 -217.3 68.6 64.6 O2Rb Rubidium superoxide -278.7 O2Rb2 Rubidium peroxide -472.0 O2Ru Ruthenium(IV) oxide -305.0 O2S Sulfur dioxide -320.5 -296.8 -300.1 248.2 39.9 O2Se Selenium dioxide -225.4 O2Si Silicon dioxide ( a-quartz) -910.7 -856.3 41.5 44.4 -322.0 O2Sn Tin(IV) oxide -577.6 -515.8 49.0 52.6 O2Te Tellurium dioxide -322.6 -270.3 79.5 O2Th Thorium(IV) oxide -1226.4 -1169.2 65.2 61.8 O2Ti Titanium(IV) oxide -944.0 -888.8 50.6 55.0 O2U Uranium(IV) oxide -1085.0 -1031.8 77.0 63.6 -465.7 -471.5 274.6 51.4 O2WT ungsten(IV) oxide -589.7 -533.9 50.5 56.1 O2Zr Zirconium(IV) oxide -1100.6 -1042.8 50.4 56.2 O3 Ozone 142.7 163.2 238.9 39.2 O3PbS Lead(II) sulfite -669.9 O3PbSi Lead(II) metasilicate -1145.7 -1062.1 109.6 90.0 O3Pr2 Praseodymium oxide -1809.6 117.4 O3Rh2 Rhodium(III) oxide -343.0 103.8 O3S Sulfur trioxide -454.5 -374.2 70.7 -441.0 -373.8 113.8 -395.7 -371.1 256.8 50.7 O3Sc2 Scandium oxide -1908.8 -1819.4 77.0 94.2 O3SiSr Strontium metasilicate -1633.9 -1549.7 96.7 88.5 O3Sm2 Samarium(III) oxide -1823.0 -1734.6 151.0 114.5 O3Tb2 Terbium oxide -1865.2 115.9 O3Ti2 Titanium(III) oxide -1520.9 -1434.2 78.8 97.4 O3Tm2 Thulium oxide -1888.7 -1794.5 139.7 116.7 O3U Uranium(VI) oxide -1223.8 -1145.7 96.1 81.7 O3V2 Vanadium(III) oxide -1218.8 -1139.3 98.3 103.2 O3WT ungsten(VI) oxide -842.9 -764.0 75.9 73.8 O3Y2 Yttrium oxide -1905.3 -1816.6 99.1 102.5 O3Yb2 Ytterbium(III) oxide -1814.6 -1726.7 133.1 115.4 O4Os Osmium(VIII) oxide -394.1 -304.9 143.9 -337.2 -292.8 293.8 74.1 O4PbS Lead(II) sulfate -920.0 -813.0 148.5 103.2 O4PbSe Lead(II) selenate -609.2 -504.9 167.8 5-24STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K O4Pb2Si Lead(II) orthosilicate -1363.1 -1252.6 186.6 137.2 O4Pb3 Lead(II,II,IV) oxide -718.4 -601.2 211.3 146.9 O4RaS Radium sulfate -1471.1 -1365.6 138.0 O4Rb2S Rubidium sulfate -1435.6 -1316.9 197.4 134.1 O4Ru Ruthenium(VIII) oxide -239.3 -152.2 146.4 O4SSr Strontium sulfate -1453.1 -1340.9 117.0 O4STl2 Thallium(I) sulfate -931.8 -830.4 230.5 O4SZn Zinc sulfate -982.8 -871.5 110.5 99.2 O4SiSr2 Strontium orthosilicate -2304.5 -2191.1 153.1 134.3 O4SiZn2 Zinc orthosilicate -1636.7 -1523.2 131.4 123.3 O4SiZr Zirconium(IV) orthosilicate -2033.4 -1919.1 84.1 98.7 O4TiZr Zirconium titanate -2024.1 -1915.8 116.7 114.0 O5Sb2 Antimony(V) oxide -971.9 -829.2 125.1 O5Ta2 Tantalum(V) oxide -2046.0 -1911.2 143.1 135.1 O5Ti3 Titanium(III,IV) oxide -2459.4 -2317.4 129.3 154.8 O5V2 Vanadium(V) oxide -1550.6 -1419.5 131.0 127.7 O5V3 Vanadium(III,IV) oxide -1933.0 -1803.0 163.0 O7Re2 Rhenium(VII) oxide -1240.1 -1066.0 207.1 166.1 -1100.0 -994.0 452.0 O7U3 Uranium(IV,VI) oxide -3427.1 -3242.9 250.5 215.5 O8S2Zr Zirconium(IV) sulfate -2217.1 172.0 O8U3 Uranium(V,VI) oxide -3574.8 -3369.5 282.6 238.4 O9U4 Uranium(IV,V) oxide -4510.4 -4275.1 334.1 293.3 Os Osmium 0.0 32.6 24.7 791.0 745.0 192.6 20.8P Phosphorus (white) 0.0 41.1 23.8 316.5 280.1 163.2 20.8 P Phosphorus (red) -17.6 22.8 21.2 P Phosphorus (black) -39.3 P 2 Diphosphorus 144.0 103.5 218.1 32.1 P4 Tetraphosphorus 58.9 24.4 280.0 67.2 Pa Protactinium 0.0 51.9 607.0 563.0 198.1 22.9Pb Lead 0.0 64.8 26.4 195.2 162.2 175.4 20.8PbS Lead(II) sulfide -100.4 -98.7 91.2 49.5PbSe Lead(II) selenide -102.9 -101.7 102.5 50.2PbTe Lead(II) telluride -70.7 -69.5 110.0 50.5Pd Palladium 0.0 37.6 26.0 378.2 339.7 167.1 20.8PdS Palladium(II) sulfide -75.0 -67.0 46.0Pm Promethium 0.0 187.1 24.3 Po Polonium 0.0Pr Praseodymium 0.0 73.2 27.2 355.6 320.9 189.8 21.4Pt Platinum 0.0 41.6 25.9 565.3 520.5 192.4 25.5PtS Platinum(II) sulfide -81.6 -76.1 55.1 43.4PtS 2 Platinum(IV) sulfide -108.8 -99.6 74.7 65.9 Pu Plutonium 0.0Ra Radium 0.0 71.0 159.0 130.0 176.5 20.8 TeamLRN5-25STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESRb Rubidium 0.0 76.8 31.1 80.9 53.1 170.1 20.8 Re Rhenium 0.0 36.9 25.5 769.9 724.6 188.9 20.8Rh Rhodium 0.0 31.5 25.0 556.9 510.8 185.8 21.0Rn Radon 0.0 176.2 20.8 Ru Ruthenium 0.0 28.5 24.1 642.7 595.8 186.5 21.5S Sulfur (rhombic) 0.0 32.1 22.6 277.2 236.7 167.8 23.7 S Sulfur (monoclinic) 0.3 SSi Silicon monosulfide 112.5 60.9 223.7 32.3 SSn Tin(II) sulfide -100.0 -98.3 77.0 49.3SSr Strontium sulfide -472.4 -467.8 68.2 48.7STl 2 Thallium(I) sulfide -97.1 -93.7 151.0 SZn Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) -192.6SZn Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) -206.0 -201.3 57.7 46.0S 2 Disulfur 128.6 79.7 228.2 32.5 Sb Antimony 0.0 45.7 25.2 262.3 222.1 180.3 20.8Sb 2 Diantimony 235.6 187.0 254.9 36.4 Sc Scandium 0.0 34.6 25.5 377.8 336.0 174.8 22.1Se Selenium (gray) 0.0 42.4 25.4 227.1 187.0 176.7 20.8Se Selenium ( a form) 6.7 227.1 Se Selenium (vitreous) 5.0 227.1 SeSr Strontium selenide -385.8SeTl 2 Thallium(I) selenide -59.0 -59.0 172.0 SeZn Zinc selenide -163.0 -163.0 84.0Se 2 Diselenium 146.0 96.2 252.0 35.4 Si Silicon 0.0 18.8 20.0 450.0 405.5 168.0 22.3Si 2 Disilicon 594.0 536.0 229.9 34.4 Sm Samarium 0.0 69.6 29.5 206.7 172.8 183.0 30.4Sn Tin (white) 0.0 51.2 27.0 301.2 266.2 168.5 21.3Sn Tin (gray) -2.1 0.1 44.1 25.8Sr Strontium 0.0 55.0 26.8 164.4 130.9 164.6 20.8Ta Tantalum 0.0 41.5 25.4 782.0 739.3 185.2 20.9 Tb Terbium 0.0 73.2 28.9 388.7 349.7 203.6 24.6Tc Technetium 0.0 678.0 181.1 20.8 Te Tellurium 0.0 49.7 25.7 196.7 157.1 182.7 20.8 Te 2 Ditellurium 168.2 118.0 268.1 36.7 Th Thorium 0.0 51.8 27.3 602.0 560.7 190.2 20.8Ti Titanium 0.0 30.7 25.0 473.0 428.4 180.3 24.4 Tl Thallium 0.0 64.2 26.3 182.2 147.4 181.0 20.8Tm Thulium 0.0 74.0 27.0 232.2 197.5 190.1 20.8U Uranium 0.0 50.2 27.7 533.0 488.4 199.8 23.7 VV anadium 0.0 28.9 24.9 514.2 754.4 182.3 26.0 WT ungsten 0.0 32.6 24.3 849.4 807.1 174.0 21.3 Xe Xenon 0.0 169.7 20.8 Y Yttrium 0.0 44.4 26.5 421.3 381.1 179.5 25.9 Yb Ytterbium 0.0 59.9 26.7 152.3 118.4 173.1 20.8Zn Zinc 0.0 41.6 25.4 130.4 94.8 161.0 20.8Zr Zirconium 0.0 39.0 25.4 608.8 566.5 181.4 26.7 5-26STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K Substances containing carbon: C Carbon (graphite) 0.0 5.7 8.5 716.7 671.3 158.1 20.8 C Carbon (diamond) 1.9 2.9 2.4 6.1 CAgN Silver(I) cyanide 146.0 156.9 107.2 66.7CAg 2O3 Silver(I) carbonate -505.8 -436.8 167.4 112.3 CBaO3 Barium carbonate -1213.0 -1134.4 112.1 86.0 CBeO3 Beryllium carbonate -1025.0 52.0 65.0 CBrClF2 Bromochlorodifluoromethane 318.5 74.6 CBrCl2F Bromodichlorofluoromethane 330.6 80.0 CBrCl3 Bromotrichloromethane -41.1 85.3 CBrF3 Bromotrifluoromethane -648.3 69.3 CBrN Cyanogen bromide 140.5 186.2 165.3 248.3 46.9 CBrN3O6 Bromotrinitromethane 32.5 80.3 CBr2ClF Dibromochlorofluoromethane 342.8 82.4 CBr2Cl2 Dibromodichloromethane 347.8 87.1 CBr2F2 Dibromodifluoromethane 325.3 77.0 CBr2O Carbonyl bromide -127.2 -96.2 -110.9 309.1 61.8 CBr3Cl Tribromochloromethane 357.8 89.4 CBr3FT ribromofluoromethane 345.9 84.4 CBr4 Tetrabromomethane 29.4 47.7 212.5 144.3 83.9 67.0 358.1 91.2 CCaO3 Calcium carbonate (calcite) -1207.6 -1129.1 91.7 83.5 CCaO3 Calcium carbonate (aragonite) -1207.8 -1128.2 88.0 82.3 CCdO3 Cadmium carbonate -750.6 -669.4 92.5 CClFO Carbonyl chloride fluoride 276.7 52.4 CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane -706.3 66.9 CClN Cyanogen chloride 112.1 138.0 131.0 236.2 45.0 CClN3O6 Chlorotrinitromethane -27.1 18.4 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane -477.4 -439.4 300.8 72.3 CCl2O Carbonyl chloride -219.1 -204.9 283.5 57.7 CCl3 Trichloromethyl 59.0 CCl3FT richlorofluoromethane -301.3 -236.8 225.4 121.6 -268.3 78.1 CCl4 Tetrachloromethane -128.2 130.7 -95.7 83.3 CCoO3 Cobalt(II) carbonate -713.0 CCs2O3 Cesium carbonate -1139.7 -1054.3 204.5 123.9 CCuN Copper(I) cyanide 96.2 111.3 84.5CFN Cyanogen fluoride 224.7 41.8 CF 2O Carbonyl fluoride -639.8 46.8 CF3 Trifluoromethyl -477.0 -464.0 264.5 49.6 CF3IT rifluoroiodomethane -587.8 307.4 70.9 CF4 Tetrafluoromethane -933.6 261.6 61.1 CFeO3 Iron(II) carbonate -740.6 -666.7 92.9 82.1 TeamLRN5-27STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCFe3 Iron carbide 25.1 20.1 104.6 105.9 CH Methylidyne 595.8 CHBrClF Bromochlorofluoromethane 304.3 63.2 CHBrCl2 Bromodichloromethane 316.4 67.4 CHBrF2 Bromodifluoromethane -424.9 295.1 58.7 CHBr2Cl Chlorodibromomethane 327.7 69.2 CHBr2F Dibromofluoromethane 316.8 65.1 CHBr3 Tribromomethane -22.3 -5.0 220.9 130.7 23.8 8.0 330.9 71.2 CHClF2 Chlorodifluoromethane -482.6 280.9 55.9 CHCl2F Dichlorofluoromethane 293.1 60.9 CHCl3 Trichloromethane -134.1 -73.7 201.7 114.2 -102.7 6.0 295.7 65.7 CHCsO3 Cesium hydrogen carbonate -966.1 CHFO Formyl fluoride 246.6 39.9 CHF3 Trifluoromethane -695.4 259.7 51.0 CHI3 Triiodomethane -181.1 251.0 356.2 75.0 CHKO2 Potassium formate -679.7 CHKO3 Potassium hydrogen carbonate -963.2 -863.5 115.5 CHN Hydrogen cyanide 108.9 125.0 112.8 70.6 135.1 124.7 201.8 35.9 CHNO Isocyanic acid (HNCO) 238.0 44.9 CHNS Isothiocyanic acid 127.6 113.0 247.8 46.9 CHN3O6 Trinitromethane -32.8 -13.4 435.6 134.1 CHNaO2 Sodium formate -666.5 -599.9 103.8 82.7 CHNaO3 Sodium hydrogen carbonate -950.8 -851.0 101.7 87.6 CHO Oxomethyl (HCO) 43.1 28.0 224.7 34.6 CH2 Methylene 390.4 372.9 194.9 33.8 CH2BrCl Bromochloromethane 287.6 52.7 CH2BrF Bromofluoromethane 276.3 49.2 CH2Br2 Dibromomethane 293.2 54.7 CH2ClF Chlorofluoromethane 264.4 47.0 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane -124.2 177.8 101.2 -95.4 270.2 51.0 CH2F2 Difluoromethane -452.3 246.7 42.9 CH2I2 Diiodomethane 68.5 90.4 174.1 134.0 119.5 95.8 309.7 57.7 CH2N2 Diazomethane 242.9 52.5 CH2N2 Cyanamide 58.8 CH2N2O4 Dinitromethane -104.9 -61.5 358.1 86.4 CH2O Formaldehyde -108.6 -102.5 218.8 35.4 (CH2O)x Paraformaldehyde -177.6 CH2O2 Formic acid -425.0 -361.4 129.0 99.0 -378.7 CH2S3 Trithiocarbonic acid 24.0 CH3 Methyl 145.7 147.9 194.2 38.7 CH3BO Borane carbonyl -111.2 -92.9 249.4 59.5 CH3Br Bromomethane -59.8 -35.4 -26.3 246.4 42.4 CH3Cl Chloromethane -81.9 234.6 40.8 CH3Cl3Si Methyltrichlorosilane 262.8 163.1 -528.9 351.1 102.4 CH3F Fluoromethane 222.9 37.5 CH3I Iodomethane -13.6 163.2 126.0 14.4 254.1 44.1 5-28STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K CH3NO Formamide -254.0 -193.9 CH3NO2 Nitromethane -112.6 -14.4 171.8 106.6 -80.8 282.9 55.5 CH3NO2 Methyl nitrite -66.1 CH3NO3 Methyl nitrate -156.3 -43.4 217.1 157.3 -122.0 305.8 76.6 CH4 Methane -74.6 -50.5 186.3 35.7 CH4N2 Ammonium cyanide 0.4 134.0 CH4N2O Urea -333.1 -245.8 CH4N2S Thiourea -89.1 22.9 CH4N4O2 Nitroguanidine -92.4 CH4O Methanol -239.2 -166.6 126.8 81.1 -201.0 -162.3 239.9 44.1 CH4S Methanethiol -46.7 -7.7 169.2 90.5 -22.9 -9.3 255.2 50.3 CH5N Methylamine -47.3 35.7 150.2 102.1 -22.5 32.7 242.9 50.1 CH5NO3 Ammonium hydrogen carbonate -849.4 -665.9 120.9 CH5N3 Guanidine -56.0 CH5N3S Hydrazinecarbothioamide 24.7 CH5N5O2 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine 22.1 CH6ClN Methylamine hydrochloride -298.1 CH6N2 Methylhydrazine 54.2 180.0 165.9 134.9 94.7 187.0 278.8 71.1 CH6Si Methylsilane 256.5 65.9 CHg2O3 Mercury(I) carbonate -553.5 -468.1 180.0 CIN Cyanogen iodide 166.2 185.0 96.2 225.5 196.6 256.8 48.3CI 4 Tetraiodomethane -392.9 474.0 391.9 95.9 CKN Potassium cyanide -113.0 -101.9 128.5 66.3CKNS Potassium thiocyanate -200.2 -178.3 124.3 88.5CK 2O3 Potassium carbonate -1151.0 -1063.5 155.5 114.4 CLi2O3 Lithium carbonate -1215.9 -1132.1 90.4 99.1 CMgO3 Magnesium carbonate -1095.8 -1012.1 65.7 75.5 CMnO3 Manganese(II) carbonate -894.1 -816.7 85.8 81.5 CN Cyanide 437.6 407.5 202.6 29.2 CNNa Sodium cyanide -87.5 -76.4 115.6 70.4CNNaO Sodium cyanate -405.4 -358.1 96.7 86.6CN 4O8 Tetranitromethane 38.4 82.4 503.7 176.1 CNa2O3 Sodium carbonate -1130.7 -1044.4 135.0 112.3 CO Carbon monoxide -110.5 -137.2 197.7 29.1 COS Carbon oxysulfide -142.0 -169.2 231.6 41.5 CO2 Carbon dioxide -393.5 -394.4 213.8 37.1 CO3Pb Lead(II) carbonate -699.1 -625.5 131.0 87.4 CO3Rb2 Rubidium carbonate -1136.0 -1051.0 181.3 117.6 CO3Sr Strontium carbonate -1220.1 -1140.1 97.1 81.4 CO3Tl2 Thallium(I) carbonate -700.0 -614.6 155.2 CO3Zn Zinc carbonate -812.8 -731.5 82.4 79.7 CS Carbon monosulfide 234.0 184.0 210.6 29.8 CS2 Carbon disulfide 89.0 64.6 151.3 76.4 116.7 67.1 237.8 45.4 TeamLRN5-29STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCSe2 Carbon diselenide 164.8 CSi Silicon carbide (cubic) -65.3 -62.8 16.6 26.9CSi Silicon carbide (hexagonal) -62.8 -60.2 16.5 26.7C 2 Dicarbon 831.9 775.9 199.4 43.2 C2BrF5 Bromopentafluoroethane -1064.4 C2Br2ClF3 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane -691.7 -656.6 C2Br2F4 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane -817.7 -789.1 C2Br4 Tetrabromoethene 387.1 102.7 C2Br6 Hexabromoethane 441.9 139.3 C2Ca Calcium carbide -59.8 -64.9 70.0 62.7 C2CaN2 Calcium cyanide -184.5 C2CaO4 Calcium oxalate -1360.6 C2ClF3 Chlorotrifluoroethene -522.7 -505.5 -523.8 322.1 83.9 C2ClF5 Chloropentafluoroethane -1118.8 184.2 C2Cl2F4 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane -960.2 111.7 -937.0 C2Cl2O2 Oxalyl chloride -367.6 -335.8 C2Cl3F3 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane -745.0 170.1 -716.8 C2Cl3NT richloroacetonitrile 336.6 96.1 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethene -50.6 3.0 266.9 143.4 -10.9 C2Cl4F2 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane -489.9 -407.0 382.9 123.4 C2Cl4F2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 173.6 C2Cl4OT richloroacetyl chloride -280.8 -239.8 C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane -202.8 237.3 198.2 -143.6 C2F3NT rifluoroacetonitrile -497.9 298.1 77.9 C2F4 Tetrafluoroethene -820.5 -658.9 300.1 80.5 C2F6 Hexafluoroethane -1344.2 332.3 106.7 C2HBr Bromoacetylene 253.7 55.7 C2HBrClF3 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane -675.3 -644.8 C2HBrClF3 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane -720.0 -690.4 C2HCl Chloroacetylene 242.0 54.3 C2HClF2 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene -315.5 -289.1 303.0 72.1 C2HCl2F 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene 313.9 76.5 C2HCl2F3 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 352.8 102.5 C2HCl3 Trichloroethene -43.6 228.4 124.4 -9.0 324.8 80.3 C2HCl3OT richloroacetaldehyde -234.5 151.0 -196.6 C2HCl3O Dichloroacetyl chloride -280.4 -241.0 C2HCl3O2 Trichloroacetic acid -503.3 C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane -187.6 173.8 -142.0 C2HF Fluoroacetylene 231.7 52.4 C2HF3 Trifluoroethene -490.5 C2HF3O2 Trifluoroacetic acid -1069.9 -1031.4 C2HF5 Pentafluoroethane -1100.4 C2H2 Acetylene 227.4 209.9 200.9 44.0 C2H2BrF3 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane -694.5 C2H2Br2 cis-1,2-Dibromoethene 311.3 68.8 C2H2Br2 trans -1,2-Dibromoethene 313.5 70.3 5-30STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C2H2Br2Cl2 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane -36.9 C2H2Br4 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 165.7 C2H2ClF3 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 326.5 89.1 C2H2Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethene -23.9 24.1 201.5 111.3 2.8 25.4 289.0 67.1 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene -26.4 198.4 116.4 4.6 289.6 65.1 C2H2Cl2 trans -1,2-Dichloroethene -24.3 27.3 195.9 116.8 5.0 28.6 290.0 66.7 C2H2Cl2O Chloroacetyl chloride -283.7 -244.8 C2H2Cl2O2 Dichloroacetic acid -496.3 C2H2Cl3NO 2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide -358.0 C2H2Cl4 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 356.0 102.7 C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane -195.0 246.9 162.3 -149.2 362.8 100.8 C2H2F2 1,1-Difluoroethene -335.0 266.2 60.1 C2H2F2 cis-1,2-Difluoroethene 268.3 58.2 C2H2F3I 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane -644.5 C2H2I2 cis-1,2-Diiodoethene -207.4 C2H2O Ketene -67.9 -47.5 -48.3 247.6 51.8 C2H2O2 Glyoxal -212.0 -189.7 272.5 60.6 C2H2O4 Oxalic acid -829.9 109.8 91.0 -731.8 -662.7 320.6 86.2 C2H2O4Sr Strontium formate -1393.3 C2H2S Thiirene 300.0 275.8 255.3 54.7 C2H3Br Bromoethene 79.2 81.8 275.8 55.5 C2H3BrO Acetyl bromide -223.5 -190.4 C2H3BrO2 Bromoacetic acid -383.5 -338.3 337.0 80.5 C2H3Cl Chloroethene -94.1 59.4 14.6 37.2 53.6 264.0 53.7 C2H3ClF2 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 307.2 82.5 C2H3ClO Acetyl chloride -272.9 -208.0 200.8 117.0 -242.8 -205.8 295.1 67.8 C2H3ClO2 Chloroacetic acid -509.7 -427.6 -368.5 325.9 78.8 C2H3Cl2F 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 320.2 88.7 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane -177.4 227.4 144.3 -144.4 323.1 93.3 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane -190.8 232.6 150.9 -151.3 337.2 89.0 C2H3F Fluoroethene -138.8 C2H3FO Acetyl fluoride -467.2 -442.1 C2H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane -744.6 279.9 78.2 C2H3F3 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane -730.7 C2H3F3O 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol -932.4 -888.4 C2H3I Iodoethene 285.0 57.9 C2H3IO Acetyl iodide -163.5 -126.4 C2H3KO2 Potassium acetate -723.0 C2H3N Acetonitrile 40.6 86.5 149.6 91.5 74.0 91.9 243.4 52.2 C2H3N Isocyanomethane 130.8 159.5 159.0 163.5 165.7 246.9 52.9 C2H3NO Methyl isocyanate -92.0 C2H3NO2 Nitroethene 33.3 300.5 73.7 C2H3NO3 Oxamic acid -661.2 -552.3 TeamLRN5-31STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC2H3NS Methyl isothiocyanate 79.4 C2H3NaO2 Sodium acetate -708.8 -607.2 123.0 79.9 C2H4 Ethylene 52.4 68.4 219.3 42.9 C2H4BrCl 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 130.1 C2H4Br2 1,1-Dibromoethane -66.2 327.7 80.8 C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane -79.2 223.3 136.0 -37.5 C2H4ClF 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane -313.4 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane -158.4 -73.8 211.8 126.3 -127.7 -70.8 305.1 76.2 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane -166.8 128.4 -126.4 308.4 78.7 C2H4F2 1,1-Difluoroethane -497.0 282.5 67.8 C2H4I2 1,2-Diiodoethane 9.3 75.0 C2H4N2O2 Oxamide -504.4 -387.1 C2H4N2O2 Ethanedial dioxime -90.5 C2H4N2O4 1,1-Dinitroethane -148.2 C2H4N2O4 1,2-Dinitroethane -165.2 C2H4N2S2 Ethanedithioamide -20.8 83.0 C2H4N4 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine 76.8 C2H4O Acetaldehyde -192.2 -127.6 160.2 89.0 -166.2 -133.0 263.8 55.3 C2H4O Oxirane -78.0 -11.8 153.9 88.0 -52.6 -13.0 242.5 47.9 C2H4OS Thioacetic acid -216.9 -175.1 C2H4O2 Acetic acid -484.3 -389.9 159.8 123.3 -432.2 -374.2 283.5 63.4 C2H4O2 Methyl formate -386.1 119.1 -357.4 285.3 64.4 C2H4O3 Peroxyacetic acid 82.4 C2H4O3 Glycolic acid -583.0 -504.9 318.6 87.1 C2H4S Thiirane 51.6 82.0 96.8 255.2 53.3 C2H4Si Ethynylsilane 269.4 72.6 C2H5Br Bromoethane -90.5 -25.8 198.7 100.8 -61.9 -23.9 286.7 64.5 C2H5Cl Chloroethane -136.8 -59.3 190.8 104.3 -112.1 -60.4 276.0 62.8 C2H5ClO 2-Chloroethanol -295.4 C2H5F Fluoroethane 264.5 58.6 C2H5I Iodoethane -40.0 14.7 211.7 115.1 -8.1 19.2 306.0 66.9 C2H5N Ethyleneimine 91.9 126.5 C2H5NO Acetamide -317.0 115.0 91.3 -238.3 C2H5NO N-Methylformamide 123.8 C2H5NO2 Nitroethane -143.9 134.4 -103.8 320.5 79.0 C2H5NO2 Glycine -528.5 -392.1 C2H5NO3 2-Nitroethanol -350.7 C2H5NO3 Ethyl nitrate -190.4 -154.1 C2H5NS Thioacetamide -71.7 11.4 C2H6 Ethane -84.0 -32.0 229.2 52.5 C2H6Cd Dimethyl cadmium 63.6 139.0 201.9 132.0 101.6 146.9 303.0 C2H6Hg Dimethyl mercury 59.8 140.3 209.0 94.4 146.1 306.0 83.3 C2H6N2O N-Methylurea -332.8 C2H6N4O2 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide -498.7 C2H6N4O2 Oxalyl dihydrazide -295.2 C2H6O Ethanol -277.6 -174.8 160.7 112.3 -234.8 -167.9 281.6 65.6 5-32STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C2H6O Dimethyl ether -203.3 -184.1 -112.6 266.4 64.4 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide -204.2 -99.9 188.3 153.0 -151.3 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol -460.0 163.2 148.6 -392.2 303.8 82.7 C2H6O2S Dimethyl sulfone -450.1 -302.4 142.0 -373.1 -272.7 310.6 100.0 C2H6O3S Dimethyl sulfite -523.6 -483.4 C2H6O4S Dimethyl sulfate -735.5 -687.0 C2H6S Ethanethiol -73.6 -5.5 207.0 117.9 -46.1 -4.8 296.2 72.7 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide -65.3 196.4 118.1 -37.4 286.0 74.1 C2H6S2 1,2-Ethanedithiol -54.3 -9.7 C2H6S2 Dimethyl disulfide -62.6 235.4 146.1 -24.7 C2H6Zn Dimethyl zinc 23.4 201.6 129.2 53.0 C2H7N Ethylamine -74.1 130.0 -47.5 36.3 283.8 71.5 C2H7N Dimethylamine -43.9 70.0 182.3 137.7 -18.8 68.5 273.1 70.7 C2H7NO Ethanolamine 195.5 C2H8ClN Dimethylamine hydrochloride -289.3 C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine -63.0 172.6 -18.0 C2H8N2 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 48.9 206.4 198.0 164.1 84.1 C2H8N2 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine 52.7 92.2 C2H8N2O4 Ammonium oxalate -1123.0 226.0 C2HgO4 Mercury(II) oxalate -678.2 C2I2 Diiodoacetylene 313.1 70.3 C2I4 Tetraiodoethene 305.0 C2K2O4 Potassium oxalate -1346.0 C2MgO4 Magnesium oxalate -1269.0 C2N2 Cyanogen 285.9 306.7 241.9 56.8 C2N4O6 Trinitroacetonitrile 183.7 C2Na2O4 Sodium oxalate -1318.0 C2O4Pb Lead(II) oxalate -851.4 -750.1 146.0 105.4 C3F8 Perfluoropropane -1783.2 C3H2N2 Malononitrile 186.4 265.5 C3H2O2 2-Propynoic acid -193.2 C3H2O3 1,3-Dioxol-2-one -459.9 -418.6 C3H3Cl3 1,2,3-Trichloropropene -101.8 C3H3F3 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene -614.2 C3H3N Acrylonitrile 147.1 180.6 C3H3NO Oxazole -48.0 -15.5 C3H3NO Isoxazole 42.1 78.6 C3H4 Allene 190.5 C3H4 Propyne 184.9 C3H4 Cyclopropene 277.1 C3H4Cl2 2,3-Dichloropropene -73.3 C3H4Cl4 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane -208.7 C3H4Cl4 1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane -251.8 TeamLRN5-33STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC3H4F4O 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol -1114.9 -1061.3 C3H4N2 1H-Pyrazole 105.4 179.4 C3H4N2 Imidazole 49.8 132.9 C3H4O Acrolein 71.3 C3H4O2 1,2-Propanedione -309.1 -271.0 C3H4O2 Acrylic acid -383.8 145.7 C3H4O2 2-Oxetanone -329.9 175.3 122.1 -282.9 C3H4O3 Ethylene carbonate -571.5 133.9 -508.4 C3H5Br cis-1-Bromopropene 7.9 40.8 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene 12.2 45.2 C3H5BrO Bromoacetone -181.0 C3H5Cl 2-Chloropropene -21.0 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 125.1 C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin -148.4 131.6 -107.8 C3H5ClO2 2-Chloropropanoic acid -522.5 -475.8 C3H5ClO2 3-Chloropropanoic acid -549.3 C3H5ClO2 Ethyl chloroformate -505.3 -462.9 C3H5ClO2 Methyl chloroacetate -487.0 -444.0 C3H5Cl3 1,2,3-Trichloropropane -230.6 183.6 -182.9 C3H5I 3-Iodopropene 53.7 91.5 C3H5IO Iodoacetone -130.5 C3H5IO2 3-Iodopropanoic acid -460.0 C3H5N Propanenitrile 15.5 119.3 51.7 C3H5N 2-Propyn-1-amine 205.7 C3H5N Ethyl isocyanide 108.6 141.7 C3H5NO Acrylamide -212.1 110.6 -224.0 -130.2 C3H5NO3 Nitroacetone -278.6 C3H5NO4 Methyl nitroacetate -464.0 C3H5N3O9 Trinitroglycerol -370.9 -279.1 545.9 234.2 C3H6 Propene 4.0 20.0 C3H6 Cyclopropane 35.2 53.3 104.5 237.5 55.6 C3H6Br2 1,2-Dibromopropane -113.6 -71.6 C3H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±) -198.8 149.1 -162.8 C3H6Cl2 1,3-Dichloropropane -199.9 -159.2 C3H6Cl2 2,2-Dichloropropane -205.8 -173.2 C3H6Cl2O 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol -381.5 -316.3 C3H6Cl2O 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol -385.3 -318.4 C3H6I2 1,2-Diiodopropane 35.6 C3H6I2 1,3-Diiodopropane -9.0 C3H6N2O2 Propanediamide -546.1 C3H6N2O2 N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide -544.2 -441.2 C3H6N2O4 1,1-Dinitropropane -163.2 -100.7 C3H6N2O4 1,3-Dinitropropane -207.1 C3H6N2O4 2,2-Dinitropropane -181.2 C3H6N6O6 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine 192.0 482.4 230.2 C3H6O Allyl alcohol -171.8 138.9 -124.5 5-34STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C3H6O Propanal -215.6 -185.6 304.5 80.7 C3H6O Acetone -248.4 199.8 126.3 -217.1 -152.7 295.3 74.5 C3H6O Methyloxirane -123.0 196.5 120.4 -94.7 286.9 72.6 C3H6O Oxetane -110.8 -80.5 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid -510.7 191.0 152.8 -455.7 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 149.3 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate -445.9 141.9 -413.3 324.4 86.0 C3H6O2 1,3-Dioxolane -333.5 118.0 -298.0 C3H6O2S Thiolactic acid -468.4 C3H6O3 1,3,5-Trioxane -522.5 133.0 111.4 -465.9 C3H6S Thietane 24.7 184.9 60.6 107.1 285.0 68.3 C3H6S Methylthiirane 11.3 45.8 C3H6S2 1,2-Dithiolane 0.0 47.7 313.5 86.5 C3H6S2 1,3-Dithiolane 10.0 54.7 323.3 84.7 C3H6S3 1,3,5-Trithiane 80.0 130.4 336.4 111.3 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane -121.9 -87.0 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane -130.5 -99.4 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane -160.5 -131.9 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane -172.3 -144.9 C3H7ClO2 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol -525.3 C3H7ClO2 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol -517.5 C3H7F 1-Fluoropropane -285.9 C3H7F 2-Fluoropropane -293.5 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane -66.0 -30.0 C3H7I 2-Iodopropane -74.8 -40.3 C3H7N Allylamine -10.0 C3H7N Cyclopropylamine 45.8 187.7 147.1 77.0 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide -239.3 150.6 -192.4 C3H7NO Propanamide -338.2 -259.0 C3H7NO2 1-Nitropropane -167.2 -124.3 350.0 104.1 C3H7NO2 2-Nitropropane -180.3 170.3 -138.9 C3H7NO2 Ethyl carbamate -517.1 156.4 -497.3 -446.3 C3H7NO2 DL-Alanine -563.6 C3H7NO2 D-Alanine -561.2 C3H7NO2 L-Alanine -604.0 -465.9 C3H7NO2 b-Alanine -558.0 -424.0 C3H7NO2 Sarcosine -513.3 -367.3 C3H7NO2S L-Cysteine -534.1 C3H7NO3 Propyl nitrate -214.5 -174.1 362.6 123.2 C3H7NO3 Isopropyl nitrate -229.7 -191.0 C3H7NO3 DL-Serine -739.0 C3H7NO3 L-Serine -732.7 C3H8 Propane -120.9 -103.8 -23.4 270.3 73.6 TeamLRN5-35STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC3H8N2O N-Ethylurea -357.8 C3H8N2O N,N-Dimethylurea -319.1 C3H8N2O N,N'-Dimethylurea -312.1 C3H8N2O3 Oxymethurea -717.0 C3H8O 1-Propanol -302.6 193.6 143.9 -255.1 322.6 85.6 C3H8O 2-Propanol -318.1 181.1 156.5 -272.6 309.2 89.3 C3H8O Ethyl methyl ether -216.4 309.2 93.3 C3H8O2 1,2-Propylene glycol -501.0 190.8 -429.8 C3H8O2 1,3-Propylene glycol -480.8 -408.0 C3H8O2 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 171.1 C3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane -377.8 244.0 162.0 -348.5 C3H8O3 Glycerol -669.6 206.3 218.9 -577.9 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol -99.9 242.5 144.6 -67.8 C3H8S 2-Propanethiol -105.9 233.5 145.3 -76.2 C3H8S Ethyl methyl sulfide -91.6 239.1 144.6 -59.6 C3H8S2 1,3-Propanedithiol -79.4 -29.8 C3H9Al Trimethyl aluminum -136.4 -9.9 209.4 155.6 -74.1 C3H9BT rimethylborane -143.1 -32.1 238.9 -124.3 -35.9 314.7 88.5 C3H9BO3 Trimethyl borate 189.9 C3H9ClSi Trimethylchlorosilane -382.8 -246.4 278.2 -352.8 -243.5 369.1 C3H9N Propylamine -101.5 164.1 -70.1 39.9 325.4 91.2 C3H9N Isopropylamine -112.3 218.3 163.8 -83.7 32.2 312.2 97.5 C3H9NT rimethylamine -45.7 208.5 137.9 -23.6 287.1 91.8 C3H10ClN Propylamine hydrochloride -354.7 C3H10ClN Trimethylamine hydrochloride -282.9 C3H10N2 1,2-Propanediamine, (±) -97.8 -53.6 C3H10Si Trimethylsilane 331.0 117.9 C3H12BN Trimethylamine borane -142.5 70.7 187.0 C3H12BN Aminetrimethylboron -284.1 -79.3 218.0 C4Cl6 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene -24.5 C4F8 Perfluorocyclobutane -1542.6 C4F10 Perfluorobutane 127.2 C4H2N2 trans -2-Butenedinitrile 268.2 340.2 C4H2O3 Maleic anhydride -469.8 -398.3 C4H2O4 2-Butynedioic acid -577.3 C4H3NO3 2-Nitrofuran -104.1 -28.8 C4H4BrNO2 N-Bromosuccinimide -335.9 C4H4ClNO2 N-Chlorosuccinimide -357.9 C4H4N2 Succinonitrile 139.7 191.6 145.6 209.7 C4H4N2 Pyrazine 139.8 196.1 C4H4N2 Pyrimidine 145.9 195.7 C4H4N2 Pyridazine 224.9 278.3 C4H4N2O2 Uracil -429.4 120.5 -302.9 C4H4N2O3 Barbituric acid -634.7 C4H4O Furan -62.3 177.0 114.8 -34.8 267.2 65.4 C4H4O2 Diketene -233.1 -190.3 5-36STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C4H4O3 Succinic anhydride -608.6 -527.9 C4H4O4 Maleic acid -789.4 160.8 137.0 -679.4 C4H4O4 Fumaric acid -811.7 168.0 142.0 -675.8 C4H4S Thiophene 80.2 181.2 123.8 114.9 126.1 278.8 72.8 C4H5N trans -2-Butenenitrile 95.1 134.3 C4H5N 3-Butenenitrile 117.8 159.7 C4H5N 2-Methylacrylonitrile 126.3 C4H5N Pyrrole 63.1 156.4 127.7 108.2 C4H5N Cyclopropanecarbonitrile 140.8 182.8 C4H5NO2 Succinimide -459.0 -375.4 C4H5NS 4-Methylthiazole 67.9 111.8 C4H5N3O Cytosine -221.3 132.6 C4H6 1,2-Butadiene 138.6 162.3 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene 88.5 199.0 123.6 110.0 C4H6 1-Butyne 141.4 165.2 C4H6 2-Butyne 119.1 145.7 C4H6 Cyclobutene 156.7 C4H6N2O2 2,5-Piperazinedione -446.5 C4H6O Divinyl ether -39.8 -13.6 C4H6O trans -2-Butenal -138.7 -100.6 C4H6O2 trans -2-Butenoic acid C4H6O2 Methacrylic acid 161.1 C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate -349.2 -314.4 C4H6O2 Methyl acrylate -362.2 239.5 158.8 -333.0 C4H6O2 g-Butyrolactone -420.9 141.4 -366.5 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride -624.4 -572.5 C4H6O3 Propylene carbonate -613.2 218.6 -582.5 C4H6O4 Succinic acid -940.5 167.3 153.1 -823.0 C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate -756.3 -708.9 C4H6S 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 52.9 90.7 133.5 303.5 79.8 C4H6S 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 47.0 86.9 131.6 297.1 83.3 C4H7ClO 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether -208.1 -170.1 C4H7ClO2 2-Chlorobutanoic acid -575.5 C4H7ClO2 3-Chlorobutanoic acid -556.3 C4H7ClO2 4-Chlorobutanoic acid -566.3 C4H7ClO2 Propyl chlorocarbonate -533.4 -492.7 C4H7N Butanenitrile -5.8 33.6 C4H7N 2-Methylpropanenitrile -13.8 23.4 C4H7NO Acetone cyanohydrin -120.9 C4H7NO 2-Pyrrolidone -286.2 C4H7NO 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline -169.5 -130.5 C4H7NO4 Iminodiacetic acid -932.6 C4H7NO4 Ethyl nitroacetate -487.1 TeamLRN5-37STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC4H7NO4 L-Aspartic acid -973.3 C4H7N3O Creatinine -238.5 C4H8 1-Butene -20.8 227.0 118.0 0.1 C4H8 cis-2-Butene -29.8 219.9 127.0 -7.1 C4H8 trans -2-Butene -33.3 -11.4 C4H8 Isobutene -37.5 -16.9 C4H8 Cyclobutane 3.7 27.7 C4H8 Methylcyclopropane 1.7 C4H8Br2 1,2-Dibromobutane -142.1 -91.6 C4H8Br2 1,3-Dibromobutane -148.0 C4H8Br2 1,4-Dibromobutane -140.3 -87.8 C4H8Br2 2,3-Dibromobutane -139.6 -102.0 C4H8Br2 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane -156.6 -113.3 C4H8Cl2 1,3-Dichlorobutane -237.3 -195.0 C4H8Cl2 1,4-Dichlorobutane -229.8 -183.4 C4H8Cl2O Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 220.9 C4H8I2 1,4-Diiodobutane -30.0 C4H8N2O2 Succinamide -581.2 C4H8N2O2 Dimethylglyoxime -199.7 C4H8N2O3 L-Asparagine -789.4 C4H8N2O3 N-Glycylglycine -747.7 C4H8N2O4 1,4-Dinitrobutane -237.5 C4H8N8O8 Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine 187.9 568.8 275.5 C4H8O Ethyl vinyl ether -167.4 -140.8 C4H8O 1,2-Epoxybutane -168.9 230.9 147.0 C4H8O Butanal -239.2 246.6 163.7 -204.8 343.7 103.4 C4H8O Isobutanal -247.3 -215.7 C4H8O 2-Butanone -273.3 239.1 158.7 -238.5 339.9 101.7 C4H8OT etrahydrofuran -216.2 204.3 124.0 -184.1 302.4 76.3 C4H8OS S-Ethyl thioacetate -268.2 -228.1 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid -533.8 222.2 178.6 -475.9 C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid 173.0 C4H8O2 Propyl formate -500.3 -462.7 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate -479.3 257.7 170.7 -443.6 C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 171.2 C4H8O2 1,3-Dioxane -379.7 143.9 -340.6 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane -353.9 270.2 152.1 -315.3 C4H8O2 2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane -386.9 -352.0 C4H8O2S Sulfolane 180.0 C4H8ST etrahydrothiophene -72.9 -34.1 45.8 309.6 92.5 C4H8S2 1,3-Dithiane -10.0 72.4 333.5 110.4 C4H8S2 1,4-Dithiane 0.0 84.5 326.2 109.7 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane -143.8 -107.1 C4H9Br 2-Bromobutane, (±) -154.9 -120.3 C4H9Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane -164.4 -132.4 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane -188.1 -154.4 5-38STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane -192.8 -161.1 C4H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane -191.1 -159.3 C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane -211.3 -182.2 C4H9ClO 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether -335.6 -301.3 C4H9I 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 162.3 C4H9I 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane -107.5 -72.1 C4H9N Cyclobutanamine 5.6 41.2 C4H9N Pyrrolidine -41.1 204.1 156.6 -3.6 C4H9NO Butanamide -346.9 -282.0 C4H9NO N-Methylpropanamide 179.0 C4H9NO 2-Methylpropanamide -368.6 -282.6 C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide -278.3 175.6 -228.0 C4H9NO Morpholine 164.8 C4H9NO2 1-Nitrobutane -192.5 -143.9 369.9 115.1 C4H9NO2 2-Nitroisobutane -217.2 -177.1 C4H9NO2 Propyl carbamate -552.6 -471.4 C4H9NO2 4-Aminobutanoic acid -581.0 -441.0 C4H9NO3 3-Nitro-2-butanol -390.0 C4H9NO3 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol -410.1 C4H9NO3 DL-Threonine -758.8 C4H9NO3 L-Threonine -807.2 C4H9N3O2 Creatine -537.2 C4H10 Butane -147.3 140.9 -125.7 C4H10 Isobutane -154.2 -134.2 C4H10Hg Diethyl mercury 30.1 182.8 75.3 C4H10N2 Piperazine -45.6 C4H10N2OT rimethylurea -330.5 C4H10N2O2 N-Nitrodiethylamine -106.2 -53.0 C4H10N2O4 L-Asparagine, monohydrate -1086.6 C4H10O 1-Butanol -327.3 225.8 177.2 -274.9 C4H10O 2-Butanol -342.6 214.9 196.9 -292.8 359.5 112.7 C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol -334.7 214.7 181.5 -283.8 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol -359.2 193.3 218.6 -312.5 326.7 113.6 C4H10O Diethyl ether -279.5 172.4 175.6 -252.1 342.7 119.5 C4H10O Methyl propyl ether -266.0 262.9 165.4 -238.1 C4H10O Isopropyl methyl ether -278.8 253.8 161.9 -252.0 C4H10OS Diethyl sulfoxide -268.0 -205.6 C4H10O2 1,2-Butanediol, (±) -523.6 C4H10O2 1,3-Butanediol -501.0 -433.2 C4H10O2 1,4-Butanediol -505.3 223.4 200.1 -428.7 C4H10O2 2,3-Butanediol -541.5 213.0 -482.3 C4H10O2 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol -539.7 C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 210.8 TeamLRN5-39STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC4H10O2 Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether -376.6 193.3 C4H10O2 Dimethylacetal -420.6 -389.7 C4H10O2 tert-Butyl hydroperoxide -293.6 -245.9 C4H10O3 Diethylene glycol -628.5 244.8 -571.2 C4H10O3S Diethyl sulfite -600.7 -552.2 C4H10O4S Diethyl sulfate -813.2 -756.3 C4H10S 1-Butanethiol -124.7 171.2 -88.0 C4H10S 2-Butanethiol -131.0 -96.9 C4H10S 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol -132.0 -97.3 C4H10S 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol -140.5 -109.6 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide -119.4 269.3 171.4 -83.5 368.1 117.0 C4H10S Methyl propyl sulfide -118.5 272.5 171.6 -82.2 C4H10S Isopropyl methyl sulfide -124.7 263.1 172.4 -90.5 C4H10S2 1,4-Butanedithiol -105.7 -50.6 C4H10S2 Diethyl disulfide -120.1 305.0 204.0 -79.4 C4H11N Butylamine -127.6 179.2 -91.9 C4H11N sec-Butylamine -137.5 -104.6 C4H11N tert-Butylamine -150.6 192.1 -121.0 C4H11N Isobutylamine -132.6 183.2 -98.7 C4H11N Diethylamine -103.7 169.2 -72.2 C4H11NO N,N-Dimethylethanolamine -253.7 -203.6 C4H11NO2 Diethanolamine -493.8 233.5 -397.1 C4H11NO3 Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine -717.8 C4H12BrN Tetramethylammonium bromide -251.0 C4H12ClN Diethylamine hydrochloride -358.6 C4H12ClN Tetramethylammonium chloride -276.4 C4H12IN Tetramethylammonium iodide -203.9 C4H12N2 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine -133.9 -90.3 C4H12Pb Tetramethyl lead 97.9 135.9 C4H12Si Tetramethylsilane -264.0 -100.0 277.3 204.1 -239.1 -99.9 359.0 143.9 C4H12Sn Tetramethylstannane -52.3 -18.8 C4H13N3 Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine 254.0 C4N2 2-Butynedinitrile 500.4 529.2 C4NiO4 Nickel carbonyl -633.0 -588.2 313.4 204.6 -602.9 -587.2 410.6 145.2 C5FeO5 Iron pentacarbonyl -774.0 -705.3 338.1 240.6 C5H2F6O2 Hexafluoroacetylacetone -2286.7 C5H3NO5 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid -516.8 C5H4N4 1H-Purine 169.4 C5H4N4O Hypoxanthine -110.8 145.6 134.5 C5H4N4O2 Xanthine -379.6 161.1 151.3 C5H4N4O3 Uric acid -618.8 173.2 166.1 C5H4O2 Furfural -201.6 163.2 -151.0 C5H4O3 2-Furancarboxylic acid -498.4 -390.0 C5H4O3 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione -504.5 -447.2 C5H5F3O2 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione -1040.2 -993.3 C5H5N Pyridine 100.2 132.7 140.4 5-40STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C5H5NO 1 H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde -106.4 C5H5N5 Adenine 96.9 147.0 205.7 C5H5N5O Guanine -183.9 C5H6 cis-3-Penten-1-yne 226.5 C5H6 trans -3-Penten-1-yne 228.2 C5H6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 105.9 134.3 C5H6N2O2 Thymine -462.8 150.8 -328.7 C5H6O2 Furfuryl alcohol -276.2 204.0 -211.8 C5H6O4 trans -1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid -824.4 C5H6S 2-Methylthiophene 44.6 218.5 149.8 83.5 C5H6S 3-Methylthiophene 43.1 82.5 C5H7N trans -3-Pentenenitrile 80.9 125.7 C5H7N Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 103.0 147.4 C5H7N 1-Methylpyrrole 62.4 103.1 C5H7N 2-Methylpyrrole 23.3 74.0 C5H7N 3-Methylpyrrole 20.5 70.2 C5H7NO2 Ethyl cyanoacetate 220.2 C5H8 1,2-Pentadiene 140.7 C5H8 cis-1,3-Pentadiene 81.4 C5H8 trans -1,3-Pentadiene 76.1 C5H8 1,4-Pentadiene 105.7 C5H8 2,3-Pentadiene 133.1 C5H8 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 101.2 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 48.2 229.3 152.6 75.5 C5H8 Cyclopentene 4.3 201.2 122.4 34.0 C5H8 Spiropentane 157.5 193.7 134.5 185.2 C5H8 Methylenecyclobutane 93.8 121.6 C5H8N4O12 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate -538.6 -387.0 614.7 294.8 C5H8O Cyclopentanone -235.9 -192.1 C5H8O2 4-Pentenoic acid -430.6 C5H8O2 Allyl acetate 184.1 C5H8O2 Ethyl acrylate -370.6 -354.2 C5H8O2 Methyl trans -2-butenoate -382.9 -341.9 C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate 191.2 C5H8O2 2,4-Pentanedione -423.8 -382.0 C5H8O2 Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone -461.3 -406.5 C5H8O2 Tetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-one -436.7 -379.6 C5H8O3 Methyl acetoacetate -623.2 C5H8O4 Glutaric acid -960.0 C5H9ClO2 Propyl chloroacetate -515.5 -467.0 C5H9N Pentanenitrile -33.1 10.5 C5H9N 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile -39.8 232.0 179.4 -2.3 C5H9N 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine 33.5 TeamLRN5-41STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC5H9NO 2-Piperidinone -306.6 C5H9NO N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone -262.2 307.8 C5H9NO2 L-Proline -515.2 -366.2 C5H9NO4 D-Glutamic acid -1005.3 C5H9NO4 L-Glutamic acid -1009.7 C5H10 1-Pentene -46.9 262.6 154.0 -21.1 C5H10 cis-2-Pentene -53.7 258.6 151.7 -27.6 C5H10 trans -2-Pentene -58.2 256.5 157.0 -31.9 C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene -61.1 254.0 157.2 -35.2 C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene -51.5 253.3 156.1 -27.5 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene -68.6 251.0 152.8 -41.7 C5H10 Cyclopentane -105.1 204.5 128.8 -76.4 C5H10 Methylcyclobutane -44.5 C5H10 Ethylcyclopropane -24.8 C5H10 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane -33.3 -8.2 C5H10 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane -26.3 C5H10 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane -30.7 C5H10Br2 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane -137.6 C5H10N2O N-Nitrosopiperidine -31.1 16.6 C5H10N2O2 N-Nitropiperidine -93.0 -44.5 C5H10N2O3 L-Glutamine -826.4 C5H10O Cyclopentanol -300.1 204.1 182.5 -242.5 362.9 C5H10O Pentanal -267.2 -228.4 C5H10O 2-Pentanone -297.3 184.1 -258.8 C5H10O 3-Pentanone -296.5 266.0 190.9 -257.9 C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone -299.5 268.5 179.9 -262.6 C5H10O 3,3-Dimethyloxetane -182.2 -148.2 C5H10OT etrahydropyran -258.3 -223.4 C5H10OS S-Propyl thioacetate -294.5 -250.4 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid -559.4 259.8 210.3 -491.9 C5H10O2 2-Methylbutanoic acid -554.5 C5H10O2 3-Methylbutanoic acid -561.6 -510.0 C5H10O2 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid -564.5 -491.3 C5H10O2 Butyl formate 200.2 C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 196.2 C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate -518.9 199.4 -481.6 C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate -502.7 -463.4 C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate 198.2 C5H10O2 (Ethoxymethyl)oxirane -296.5 C5H10O2 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane -416.1 -376.9 C5H10O2 cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol -485.0 C5H10O2 trans -1,2-Cyclopentanediol -490.1 C5H10O2 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol -435.7 -369.1 C5H10O3 Diethyl carbonate -681.5 -637.9 C5H10O3 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 310.0 C5H10O3 Ethyl lactate 254.0 5-42STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C5H10O4 Glycerol 1-acetate, ( DL) -909.2 C5H10O5 D-Ribose -1047.2 C5H10O5 D-Xylose -1057.8 C5H10O5 a-D-Arabinopyranose -1057.9 C5H10S Thiacyclohexane -106.3 218.2 163.3 -63.5 53.1 323.0 109.7 C5H10S Cyclopentanethiol -89.5 256.9 165.2 -48.1 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane -170.2 -128.9 C5H11Cl 1-Chloropentane -213.2 -174.9 C5H11Cl 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane -216.0 -179.7 C5H11Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane -235.7 -202.2 C5H11Cl 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane -226.6 -185.1 C5H11N Cyclopentylamine -95.1 241.0 181.2 -54.9 C5H11N Piperidine -86.4 210.0 179.9 -47.1 C5H11NO Pentanamide -379.5 -290.2 C5H11NO 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide -399.7 -313.1 C5H11NO2 1-Nitropentane -215.4 -164.4 390.9 137.1 C5H11NO2 DL-Valine -628.9 C5H11NO2 L-Valine -617.9 -455.1 C5H11NO2 5-Aminopentanoic acid -604.1 -460.0 C5H11NO2S L-Methionine -577.5 -413.5 C5H11NO4 2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol -606.4 C5H12 Pentane -173.5 167.2 -146.9 C5H12 Isopentane -178.4 260.4 164.8 -153.6 C5H12 Neopentane -190.2 -168.0 C5H12N2O Butylurea -419.5 C5H12N2O tert-Butylurea -417.4 C5H12N2O N,N-Diethylurea -372.2 C5H12N2OT etramethylurea -262.2 C5H12N2ST etramethylthiourea -38.1 44.9 C5H12O 1-Pentanol -351.6 208.1 -294.6 C5H12O 2-Pentanol -365.2 -311.0 C5H12O 3-Pentanol -368.9 239.7 -314.9 C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±) -356.6 -301.4 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol -356.4 -300.7 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol -379.5 247.1 -329.3 C5H12O 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±) -366.6 -313.5 C5H12O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol -399.4 C5H12O Butyl methyl ether -290.6 295.3 192.7 -258.1 C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether -313.6 265.3 187.5 -283.7 C5H12O Ethyl propyl ether -303.6 295.0 197.2 -272.0 C5H12O2 1,5-Pentanediol -528.8 -450.8 C5H12O2 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol -551.2 C5H12O2 Diethoxymethane -450.5 -414.7 TeamLRN5-43STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC5H12O2 1,1-Dimethoxypropane -443.6 C5H12O2 2,2-Dimethoxypropane -459.4 -429.9 C5H12O3 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 271.1 C5H12O3 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol -744.6 C5H12O4 Pentaerythritol -920.6 -776.7 C5H12O5 Xylitol -1118.5 C5H12S 1-Pentanethiol -151.3 -110.0 C5H12S 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+) -154.4 -114.9 C5H12S 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol -154.4 -114.9 C5H12S 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol -162.8 290.1 198.1 -127.1 C5H12S 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol -158.8 -121.3 C5H12S 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol -165.4 -129.0 C5H12S Butyl methyl sulfide -142.9 307.5 200.9 -102.4 C5H12S tert-Butyl methyl sulfide -157.1 276.1 199.9 -121.3 C5H12S Ethyl propyl sulfide -144.8 309.5 198.4 -104.8 C5H12S Ethyl isopropyl sulfide -156.1 -118.3 C5H13N Pentylamine 218.0 C5H14N2 N,N,N',N' -Tetramethylmethanediamine -51.1 -18.2 C6ClF5 Chloropentafluorobenzene -858.4 -809.3 C6Cl6 Hexachlorobenzene -127.6 260.2 201.2 -35.5 C6F6 Hexafluorobenzene -991.3 280.8 221.6 -955.4 C6F10 Perfluorocyclohexene -1963.5 -1932.7 C6F12 Perfluorocyclohexane -2406.3 -2370.4 C6HCl5O Pentachlorophenol -292.5 253.2 202.0 C6HF5 Pentafluorobenzene -852.7 -841.8 -806.5 C6HF5O Pentafluorophenol -1024.1 -1007.7 C6H2F4 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene -683.8 C6H3Cl3 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene -70.8 3.8 C6H3Cl3 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene -63.1 -8.1 C6H3Cl3 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene -78.4 -13.4 C6H3N3O6 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene -37.0 214.6 C6H3N3O7 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol -217.9 239.7 C6H3N3O8 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol -467.5 C6H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene -48.7 250.2 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene -17.5 162.4 30.2 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene -20.7 25.7 C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene -42.3 175.4 147.8 22.5 C6H4Cl2O 2,4-Dichlorophenol -226.4 -156.3 C6H4F2 o-Difluorobenzene -330.0 222.6 159.0 -293.8 C6H4F2 m-Difluorobenzene -343.9 223.8 159.1 -309.2 C6H4F2 p-Difluorobenzene -342.3 157.5 -306.7 C6H4N2O4 1,2-Dinitrobenzene -2.0 200.4 C6H4N2O4 1,3-Dinitrobenzene -27.0 197.5 -36.0 C6H4N2O4 1,4-Dinitrobenzene -38.0 200.0 C6H4N2O5 2,4-Dinitrophenol -232.7 -128.1 C6H4O2 p-Benzoquinone -185.7 129.0 -122.9 5-44STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C6H5Br Bromobenzene 60.9 219.2 154.3 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 11.1 150.1 52.0 C6H5ClO 2-Chlorophenol 188.7 C6H5ClO 3-Chlorophenol -206.4 -189.3 C6H5ClO 4-Chlorophenol -197.7 -181.3 C6H5Cl2N 3,4-Dichloroaniline -89.1 C6H5F Fluorobenzene -150.6 205.9 146.4 -115.9 C6H5I Iodobenzene 117.2 205.4 158.7 164.9 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 12.5 185.8 68.5 348.8 120.4 C6H5NO2 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid -344.9 -221.5 C6H5NO3 2-Nitrophenol -202.4 C6H5N3 1H-Benzotriazole 236.5 335.5 C6H5N3O4 2,3-Dinitroaniline -11.7 C6H5N3O4 2,4-Dinitroaniline -67.8 C6H5N3O4 2,5-Dinitroaniline -44.3 C6H5N3O4 2,6-Dinitroaniline -50.6 C6H5N3O4 3,5-Dinitroaniline -38.9 C6H6 1,5-Hexadiyne 384.2 C6H6 Benzene 49.1 124.5 173.4 136.0 82.9 129.7 269.2 82.4 C6H6ClN 2-Chloroaniline -4.6 C6H6ClN 3-Chloroaniline -20.3 198.7 C6H6ClN 4-Chloroaniline -33.3 147.3 C6H6N2O2 2-Nitroaniline -26.1 166.0 -9.4 63.8 C6H6N2O2 3-Nitroaniline -38.3 158.8 -14.4 58.4 C6H6N2O2 4-Nitroaniline -42.0 167.0 -20.7 58.8 C6H6O Phenol -165.1 144.0 127.4 -96.4 C6H6O 2-Vinylfuran -10.3 27.8 C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone -364.5 136.0 -265.3 C6H6O2 Pyrocatechol -354.1 -267.5 C6H6O2 Resorcinol -368.0 -274.7 C6H6O3 1,2,3-Benzenetriol -551.1 -434.2 C6H6O3 1,2,4-Benzenetriol -563.8 -444.0 C6H6O3 1,3,5-Benzenetriol -584.6 -452.9 C6H6O3 3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione -581.4 C6H6O6 cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid -1224.4 C6H6O6 trans -1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid -1232.7 C6H6S Benzenethiol 63.7 222.8 173.2 111.3 C6H7N Aniline 31.6 191.9 87.5 -7.0 317.9 107.9 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 56.7 158.6 99.2 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine 61.9 216.3 158.7 106.4 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 59.2 209.1 159.0 103.8 C6H7N 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile 111.5 156.5 C6H8N2 Adiponitrile 85.1 128.7 149.5 TeamLRN5-45STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC6H8N2 1,2-Benzenediamine -0.3 C6H8N2 1,3-Benzenediamine -7.8 154.5 159.6 C6H8N2 1,4-Benzenediamine 3.0 C6H8N2 Phenylhydrazine 141.0 217.0 202.9 C6H8N2S Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide 96.3 C6H8O4 Dimethyl maleate 263.2 C6H8O6 L-Ascorbic acid -1164.6 C6H8O7 Citric acid -1543.8 C6H9Cl3O2 Butyl trichloroacetate -545.8 -492.3 C6H9Cl3O2 Isobutyl trichloroacetate -553.4 -500.2 C6H9N Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 0.7 44.1 C6H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole -422.3 C6H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole -16.7 39.8 C6H9NO3 Triacetamide -610.5 -550.1 C6H9NO6 Nitrilotriacetic acid -1311.9 C6H9N3O2 L-Histidine -466.7 C6H10 1,5-Hexadiene 54.1 84.2 C6H10 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne 78.4 C6H10 Cyclohexene -38.5 214.6 148.3 -5.0 C6H10 1-Methylcyclopentene -36.4 -3.8 C6H10 3-Methylcyclopentene -23.7 7.4 C6H10 4-Methylcyclopentene -17.6 14.6 C6H10Cl2O2 Butyl dichloroacetate -550.1 -497.8 C6H10O Cyclohexanone -271.2 182.2 -226.1 C6H10O 2-Methylcyclopentanone -265.2 C6H10O Mesityl oxide 212.5 C6H10O2 Ethyl trans -2-butenoate -420.0 -375.6 C6H10O2 Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate -395.0 -350.2 C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate 248.0 C6H10O3 Propanoic anhydride -679.1 -626.5 C6H10O4 Adipic acid -994.3 C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate -805.5 -742.0 C6H10O4 Ethylene glycol diacetate 310.0 C6H11Cl Chlorocyclohexane -207.2 -163.7 C6H11ClO2 Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate -566.5 -513.8 C6H11ClO2 Propyl 3-chloropropanoate -537.6 -485.7 C6H11ClO2 Butyl chloroacetate -538.4 -487.4 C6H11NO Caprolactam -329.4 156.8 -239.6 C6H11NO 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone -293.0 C6H12 1-Hexene -74.2 295.2 183.3 -43.5 C6H12 cis-2-Hexene -83.9 -52.3 C6H12 trans -2-Hexene -85.5 -53.9 C6H12 cis-3-Hexene -78.9 -47.6 C6H12 trans -3-Hexene -86.1 -54.4 C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene -90.0 -59.4 C6H12 3-Methyl-1-pentene -78.2 -49.5 5-46STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C6H12 4-Methyl-1-pentene -80.0 -51.3 C6H12 2-Methyl-2-pentene -98.5 -66.9 C6H12 3-Methyl- cis-2-pentene -94.5 -62.3 C6H12 3-Methyl- trans -2-pentene -94.6 -63.1 C6H12 4-Methyl- cis-2-pentene -87.0 -57.5 C6H12 4-Methyl- trans -2-pentene -91.6 -61.5 C6H12 2-Ethyl-1-butene -87.1 -56.0 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene -93.2 -62.4 C6H12 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene -87.5 -60.3 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene -101.4 270.2 174.7 -68.1 C6H12 Cyclohexane -156.4 154.9 -123.4 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane -137.9 -106.2 C6H12 Ethylcyclobutane -59.0 -27.5 C6H12 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane -96.2 C6H12N2O4S2 L-Cystine -1032.7 C6H12N2S4 Thiram 40.2 301.7 C6H12O Butyl vinyl ether -218.8 232.0 -182.6 C6H12O Hexanal 280.3 210.4 C6H12O 2-Hexanone -322.0 213.3 -278.9 C6H12O 3-Hexanone -320.2 305.3 216.9 -277.6 C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 213.3 C6H12O 2-Methyl-3-pentanone -325.9 -286.0 C6H12O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone -328.6 -290.6 C6H12O Cyclohexanol -348.2 208.2 -286.2 C6H12O cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol -345.5 C6H12O2 Hexanoic acid -583.8 -511.9 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate -529.2 227.8 -485.3 C6H12O2 tert-Butyl acetate -554.5 231.0 -516.5 C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate 233.8 C6H12O2 Ethyl butanoate 228.0 C6H12O2 Methyl pentanoate -514.2 229.3 -471.1 C6H12O2 Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate -530.0 257.9 -491.2 C6H12O2 Diacetone alcohol 221.3 C6H12O3 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 376.0 C6H12O3 Paraldehyde -673.1 -631.7 C6H12O6 b-D-Fructose -1265.6 C6H12O6 D-Galactose -1286.3 C6H12O6 a-D-Glucose -1273.3 C6H12O6 D-Mannose -1263.0 C6H12O6 L-Sorbose -1271.5 C6H12S Thiepane -65.8 79.4 363.5 131.3 C6H12S Cyclohexanethiol -140.7 255.6 192.6 -96.2 C6H12S Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide -109.8 -64.7 TeamLRN5-47STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC6H13Br 1-Bromohexane -194.2 453.0 203.5 -148.3 C6H13Cl 2-Chlorohexane -246.1 -204.3 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine -147.6 -104.0 C6H13N 2-Methylpiperidine, (±) -124.9 -84.4 C6H13NO Hexanamide -397.9 -324.2 C6H13NO N-Butylacetamide -380.9 -305.9 C6H13NO2 DL-Leucine -640.6 C6H13NO2 D-Leucine -637.3 C6H13NO2 L-Leucine -637.4 200.1 -486.8 C6H13NO2 DL-Isoleucine -635.3 C6H13NO2 L-Isoleucine -637.8 C6H13NO2 L-Norleucine -639.1 C6H13NO2 6-Aminohexanoic acid -637.3 C6H14 Hexane -198.7 195.6 -166.9 C6H14 2-Methylpentane -204.6 290.6 193.7 -174.6 C6H14 3-Methylpentane -202.4 292.5 190.7 -171.9 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane -213.8 272.5 191.9 -185.9 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane -207.4 287.8 189.7 -178.1 C6H14N2 Azopropane 11.5 51.3 C6H14N2O2 DL-Lysine -678.7 C6H14N4O2 D-Arginine -623.5 250.6 232.0 C6H14O 1-Hexanol -377.5 287.4 240.4 -315.9 C6H14O 2-Hexanol -392.0 -333.5 C6H14O 3-Hexanol -392.4 286.2 C6H14O 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 248.0 C6H14O 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 275.9 C6H14O 4-Methyl-2-pentanol -394.7 273.0 C6H14O 2-Methyl-3-pentanol -396.4 C6H14O 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 293.4 C6H14O Dipropyl ether -328.8 323.9 221.6 -293.0 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether -351.5 216.8 -319.2 C6H14O Butyl ethyl ether 159.0 C6H14O tert-Butyl ethyl ether -313.9 C6H14OS Dipropyl sulfoxide -329.4 -254.9 C6H14O2 1,2-Hexanediol -577.1 -490.1 C6H14O2 1,6-Hexanediol -569.9 -548.6 -461.2 C6H14O2 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 336.0 C6H14O2 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 281.0 C6H14O2 1,1-Diethoxyethane -491.4 -453.5 C6H14O2 Ethylene glycol diethyl ether -451.4 259.4 -408.1 C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether 301.0 C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether 274.1 C6H14O3 Trimethylolpropane -750.9 C6H14O4 Triethylene glycol -804.3 -725.0 C6H14O4S Dipropyl sulfate -859.0 -792.0 C6H14O6 Galactitol -1317.0 5-48STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C6H14O6 D-Mannitol -1314.5 C6H14S 1-Hexanethiol -175.7 -129.9 C6H14S 2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol -188.3 -148.3 C6H14S 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol -187.1 -147.9 C6H14S Diisopropyl sulfide -181.6 313.0 232.0 -142.0 C6H14S Butyl ethyl sulfide -172.3 -127.8 C6H14S Methyl pentyl sulfide -167.1 -121.8 C6H14S2 Dipropyl disulfide -171.5 -118.3 C6H15BT riethylborane -194.6 9.4 336.7 241.2 -157.7 16.1 437.8 C6H15N Dipropylamine -156.1 -116.0 C6H15N Diisopropylamine -178.5 -143.8 C6H15NT riethylamine -127.7 219.9 -92.7 C6H15NO 2-Diethylaminoethanol -305.9 C6H15NO3 Triethanolamine -664.2 389.0 -558.3 C6H16N2 1,6-Hexanediamine -205.0 C6H18N3OP Hexamethylphosphoric triamide 321.0 C6H18OSi2 Hexamethyldisiloxane -815.0 -541.5 433.8 311.4 -777.7 -534.5 535.0 238.5 C6MoO6 Molybdenum hexacarbonyl -982.8 -877.7 325.9 242.3 -912.1 -856.0 490.0 205.0 C6N4 Tetracyanoethene 623.8 705.0 C7F8 Perfluorotoluene -1311.1 355.5 262.3 C7F14 Perfluoromethylcyclohexane -2931.1 353.1 -2897.2 C7F16 Perfluoroheptane -3420.0 561.8 419.0 -3383.6 C7H3F5 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene -883.8 306.4 225.8 -842.7 C7H4Cl2O 3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride -189.7 C7H4N2O6 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid -409.8 C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride -158.0 -103.2 C7H5ClO2 2-Chlorobenzoic acid -404.5 -325.0 C7H5ClO2 3-Chlorobenzoic acid -424.3 -342.3 C7H5ClO2 4-Chlorobenzoic acid -428.9 163.2 -341.0 C7H5F3 (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 188.4 C7H5N Benzonitrile 163.2 209.1 165.2 215.7 C7H5NO Benzoxazole -24.2 44.8 C7H5NO4 2-Nitrobenzoic acid -378.8 C7H5NO4 3-Nitrobenzoic acid -394.7 C7H5NO4 4-Nitrobenzoic acid -392.2 C7H5N3O6 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene -63.2 243.3 C7H6N2 1H-Benzimidazole 79.5 181.7 C7H6N2 1H-Indazole 151.9 243.0 C7H6N2O4 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene -66.4 33.2 C7H6O Benzaldehyde -87.0 221.2 172.0 -36.7 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid -385.2 167.6 146.8 -294.0 C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde 222.0 C7H6O2 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal -182.0 -105.9 TeamLRN5-49STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC7H6O3 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid -589.9 -494.8 C7H7Br 4-Bromotoluene 12.0 C7H7Cl 2-Chlorotoluene 166.8 C7H7Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene -32.5 18.9 C7H7F 4-Fluorotoluene -186.9 171.2 -147.4 C7H7NO Benzamide -202.6 -100.9 C7H7NO2 Aniline-2-carboxylic acid -380.4 -296.0 C7H7NO2 Aniline-3-carboxylic acid -389.8 -283.6 C7H7NO2 Aniline-4-carboxylic acid -391.9 -296.7 C7H7NO2 2-Nitrotoluene -9.7 C7H7NO2 3-Nitrotoluene -31.5 C7H7NO2 4-Nitrotoluene -48.1 172.3 31.0 C7H7NO2 (Nitromethyl)benzene -22.8 30.7 C7H7NO2 Salicylaldoxime -183.7 C7H8 Toluene 12.4 157.3 50.5 C7H8N2O Phenylurea -218.6 C7H8O o-Cresol -204.6 165.4 154.6 -128.6 C7H8O m-Cresol -194.0 212.6 224.9 -132.3 C7H8O p-Cresol -199.3 167.3 150.2 -125.4 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol -160.7 216.7 217.9 -100.4 C7H8O Anisole -114.8 -67.9 C7H9N Benzylamine 34.2 94.4 C7H9N 2-Methylaniline -6.3 56.4 167.6 351.0 130.2 C7H9N 3-Methylaniline -8.1 54.6 165.4 352.5 125.5 C7H9N 4-Methylaniline -23.5 55.3 167.7 347.0 126.2 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 207.1 C7H9N 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 48.1 101.6 C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 19.4 243.7 189.5 67.1 C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 16.1 248.5 184.8 63.6 C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 18.7 248.8 184.7 66.5 C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 12.7 244.2 185.2 58.1 C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 18.3 240.7 191.8 68.8 C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 22.5 241.7 184.5 72.0 C7H10O2 Ethyl 2-pentynoate -301.8 -250.3 C7H10O2 Methyl 2-hexynoate -242.7 C7H11Cl3O2 Isopentyl trichloroacetate -580.9 -523.1 C7H11N Cyclohexanecarbonitrile -47.2 4.8 C7H12 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane -95.1 -54.8 C7H12 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane -33.2 1.7 C7H12 Methylenecyclohexane -61.3 -25.2 C7H12 Vinylcyclopentane -34.8 C7H12 1-Ethylcyclopentene -53.3 -19.8 C7H12O 2-Methylenecyclohexanol -277.6 C7H12O2 Butyl acrylate -422.6 251.0 -375.3 C7H12O4 Diethyl malonate 285.0 C7H13ClO2 Butyl 2-chloropropanoate -571.7 -517.3 5-50STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C7H13ClO2 Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate -603.1 -549.6 C7H13ClO2 Butyl 3-chloropropanoate -557.9 -502.3 C7H13ClO2 Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate -572.6 -517.3 C7H13ClO2 Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate -630.7 -578.4 C7H13N Heptanenitrile -82.8 -31.0 C7H14 1-Heptene -97.9 327.6 211.8 -62.3 C7H14 cis-2-Heptene -105.1 C7H14 trans -2-Heptene -109.5 C7H14 cis-3-Heptene -104.3 C7H14 trans -3-Heptene -109.3 C7H14 5-Methyl-1-hexene -100.0 -65.7 C7H14 cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene -115.9 -79.4 C7H14 trans -3-Methyl-3-hexene -112.7 -76.8 C7H14 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene -117.0 -83.8 C7H14 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene -110.6 -81.6 C7H14 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene -123.1 -88.7 C7H14 cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene -105.3 -72.6 C7H14 trans -4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene -121.7 -88.8 C7H14 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene -114.1 -79.5 C7H14 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene -117.7 -85.5 C7H14 Cycloheptane -156.6 -118.1 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane -190.1 184.8 -154.7 C7H14 Ethylcyclopentane -163.4 279.9 -126.9 C7H14 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane -172.1 -138.2 C7H14 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane -165.3 269.2 -129.5 C7H14 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane -171.2 -136.6 C7H14 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane -170.1 -135.8 C7H14 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane -168.1 -133.6 C7H14 1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane -119.8 C7H14Br2 1,2-Dibromoheptane -212.3 -157.9 C7H14O 1-Heptanal -311.5 335.4 230.1 -263.8 C7H14O 2-Heptanone 232.6 C7H14O 3-Heptanone -297.1 C7H14O 4-Heptanone -298.3 C7H14O 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone -356.1 -313.6 C7H14O 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone -352.9 318.0 233.7 -311.3 C7H14O cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol -390.2 -327.0 C7H14O trans -2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) -415.7 -352.5 C7H14O cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) -416.1 -350.9 C7H14O trans -3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) -394.4 -329.1 C7H14O cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol -413.2 -347.5 C7H14O trans -4-Methylcyclohexanol -433.3 -367.2 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid -610.2 265.4 -536.2 TeamLRN5-51STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC7H14O2 Pentyl acetate 261.0 C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate 248.5 C7H14O2 Ethyl pentanoate -553.0 -505.9 C7H14O2 Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate -571.0 -527.0 C7H14O2 Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate -577.2 -536.0 C7H14O2 Methyl hexanoate -540.2 -492.2 C7H14O6 a-Methylglucoside -1233.3 C7H15Br 1-Bromoheptane -218.4 -167.8 C7H16 Heptane -224.2 224.7 -187.6 C7H16 2-Methylhexane -229.5 323.3 222.9 -194.5 C7H16 3-Methylhexane -226.4 -191.3 C7H16 3-Ethylpentane -224.9 314.5 219.6 -189.5 C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane -238.3 300.3 221.1 -205.7 C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane -233.1 -198.7 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane -234.6 303.2 224.2 -201.6 C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane -234.2 -201.0 C7H16 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane -236.5 292.2 213.5 -204.4 C7H16O 1-Heptanol -403.3 272.1 -336.5 C7H16O tert-Butyl isopropyl ether -392.8 -358.1 C7H16O2 1,7-Heptanediol -574.2 C7H16O2 2,2-Diethoxypropane -538.9 -506.9 C7H16S 1-Heptanethiol -200.5 -149.9 C8H4O3 Phthalic anhydride -460.1 180.0 160.0 -371.4 C8H5NO2 1H-Indole-2,3-dione -268.2 C8H6O4 Phthalic acid -782.0 207.9 188.1 C8H6O4 Isophthalic acid -803.0 -696.3 C8H6O4 Terephthalic acid -816.1 -717.9 C8H6S Benzo[b]thiophene 100.6 166.3 C8H7N1 H-Indole 86.6 156.5 C8H8 Styrene 103.8 182.0 147.9 C8H8O Phenyl vinyl ether -26.2 22.7 C8H8O Acetophenone -142.5 -86.7 C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid -416.5 174.9 C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid -426.1 163.6 C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid -429.2 169.0 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate -343.5 221.3 -287.9 C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate 249.0 C8H9NO Acetanilide -209.4 179.3 C8H10 1,7-Octadiyne 334.4 C8H10 Ethylbenzene -12.3 183.2 29.9 C8H10 o-Xylene -24.4 186.1 19.1 C8H10 m-Xylene -25.4 183.0 17.3 C8H10 p-Xylene -24.4 181.5 18.0 C8H10O 2-Ethylphenol -208.8 -145.2 C8H10O 3-Ethylphenol -214.3 -146.1 C8H10O 4-Ethylphenol -224.4 206.9 -144.1 5-52STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C8H10O 2,3-Xylenol -241.1 -157.2 C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol -228.7 -163.8 C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol -246.6 -161.6 C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol -237.4 -162.1 C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol -242.3 -157.3 C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol -244.4 -162.4 C8H10O Benzeneethanol 252.6 C8H10O Ethoxybenzene -152.6 228.5 -101.6 C8H10O2 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene -290.3 -223.3 C8H11N N-Ethylaniline 8.2 56.3 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 46.0 100.5 C8H11N 2,4-Dimethylaniline -39.2 C8H11N 2,5-Dimethylaniline -38.9 C8H11N 2,6-Dimethylaniline 238.9 C8H12 1-Octen-3-yne 140.7 C8H12 cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane 124.3 166.5 C8H12 trans -1,2-Divinylcyclobutane 101.3 143.5 C8H12N4 2,2'-Azobis[isobutyronitrile] 228.9 C8H12O2 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione -379.9 -307.6 C8H14 Ethylidenecyclohexane -103.5 -59.5 C8H14 Allylcyclopentane -64.5 -24.1 C8H14ClN5 Atrazine -125.4 C8H14O3 Butanoic anhydride 283.7 C8H15ClO2 3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate -627.3 -575.0 C8H15ClO2 3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate -593.4 -539.4 C8H15N Octanenitrile -107.3 -50.5 C8H16 1-Octene -124.5 241.0 -81.3 C8H16 cis-2-Octene -135.7 239.0 C8H16 trans -2-Octene -135.7 239.0 C8H16 cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene -126.4 -89.3 C8H16 trans -2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene -144.9 -107.7 C8H16 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene -137.9 -100.3 C8H16 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene -145.9 -110.5 C8H16 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene -142.4 -104.9 C8H16 Cyclooctane -167.7 -124.4 C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane -212.1 280.9 211.8 -171.5 C8H16 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane -218.7 267.2 209.2 -180.9 C8H16 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane -211.8 274.1 210.2 -172.1 C8H16 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane -218.2 273.2 209.4 -179.9 C8H16 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane -222.9 272.6 209.4 -184.6 C8H16 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane -215.7 276.3 212.8 -176.5 C8H16 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane -215.6 271.1 212.1 -176.6 C8H16 trans -1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane -222.4 268.0 210.2 -184.5 TeamLRN5-53STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC8H16 Propylcyclopentane -188.8 310.8 216.3 -147.7 C8H16 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane -193.8 C8H16 cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane -190.8 C8H16 trans -1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane -195.1 -156.2 C8H16 cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane -194.4 C8H16 trans -1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane -196.0 C8H16O Octanal -291.9 365.4 C8H16O 2-Ethylhexanal -348.5 -299.6 C8H16O 2-Octanone 273.3 C8H16O 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone -381.6 -338.3 C8H16O2 Octanoic acid -636.0 297.9 -554.3 C8H16O2 2-Ethylhexanoic acid -635.1 -559.5 C8H16O2 Hexyl acetate 282.8 C8H16O2 Isobutyl isobutanoate -587.4 -542.9 C8H16O2 Propyl pentanoate -583.0 -533.6 C8H16O2 Isopropyl pentanoate -592.2 -544.9 C8H16O2 Methyl heptanoate -567.1 285.1 -515.5 C8H17Br 1-Bromooctane -245.1 -189.3 C8H17Cl 1-Chlorooctane -291.3 -238.9 C8H17NO Octanamide -473.2 -362.7 C8H18 Octane -250.1 254.6 -208.5 C8H18 2-Methylheptane -255.0 356.4 252.0 -215.3 C8H18 3-Methylheptane, ( S) -252.3 362.6 250.2 -212.5 C8H18 4-Methylheptane -251.6 251.1 -211.9 C8H18 3-Ethylhexane -250.4 -210.7 C8H18 2,2-Dimethylhexane -261.9 -224.5 C8H18 2,3-Dimethylhexane -252.6 -213.8 C8H18 2,4-Dimethylhexane -257.0 -219.2 C8H18 2,5-Dimethylhexane -260.4 249.2 -222.5 C8H18 3,3-Dimethylhexane -257.5 246.6 -219.9 C8H18 3,4-Dimethylhexane -251.8 -212.8 C8H18 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane -249.6 -211.0 C8H18 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane -252.8 -214.8 C8H18 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane -256.9 -220.0 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane -259.2 239.1 -224.0 C8H18 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane -253.5 245.6 -216.3 C8H18 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane -255.0 329.3 247.3 -217.3 C8H18 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane -269.0 273.7 239.2 -226.0 C8H18N2 Azobutane -40.1 9.2 C8H18O 1-Octanol -426.5 305.2 -355.6 C8H18O 2-Octanol 330.1 C8H18O 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol -432.8 347.0 317.5 -365.3 C8H18O Dibutyl ether -377.9 278.2 -332.8 C8H18O Di-sec-butyl ether -401.5 -360.6 C8H18O Di-tert-butyl ether -399.6 276.1 -362.0 C8H18O tert-Butyl isobutyl ether -409.1 -369.0 5-54STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C8H18O2 1,8-Octanediol -626.6 C8H18O2 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol -681.7 C8H18O3 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 354.9 C8H18O3 Diethylene glycol diethyl ether 341.4 C8H18O3S Dibutyl sulfite -693.1 -625.3 C8H18O5 Tetraethylene glycol -981.7 428.8 -883.0 C8H18S Dibutyl sulfide -220.7 405.1 284.3 -167.7 C8H18S Di-sec-butyl sulfide -220.7 -167.7 C8H18S Di-tert-butyl sulfide -232.6 -188.8 C8H18S Diisobutyl sulfide -229.2 -180.5 C8H18S2 Dibutyl disulfide -222.9 -160.6 C8H18S2 Di-tert-butyl disulfide -255.2 -201.0 C8H19N Dibutylamine -206.0 292.9 -156.6 C8H19N Diisobutylamine -218.5 -179.2 C8H20BrN Tetraethylammonium bromide -342.7 C8H20O4Si Ethyl silicate 533.1 364.4 C8H20Pb Tetraethyl lead 52.7 464.6 307.4 109.6 C8H20Si Tetraethylsilane 298.1 C9H6N2O2 Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 287.8 C9H7N Quinoline 141.2 200.5 C9H7N Isoquinoline 144.3 216.0 196.2 204.6 C9H7NO 2-Quinolinol -144.9 -25.5 C9H7NO 8-Quinolinol 82.1 C9H8 Indene 110.6 215.3 186.9 163.4 C9H8O4 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid -815.6 C9H10 Cyclopropylbenzene 100.3 150.5 C9H10 Indan 11.5 234.4 190.2 60.3 C9H10Cl2N2O Diuron -329.0 C9H10N2 2,2'-Dipyrrolylmethane 126.2 C9H10O2 Ethyl benzoate 246.0 C9H10O2 Benzyl acetate 148.5 C9H11NO2 L-Phenylalanine -466.9 213.6 203.0 -312.9 C9H11NO3 L-Tyrosine -685.1 214.0 216.4 C9H12 Propylbenzene -38.3 287.8 214.7 7.9 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene -41.1 210.7 4.0 C9H12 2-Ethyltoluene -46.4 1.3 C9H12 3-Ethyltoluene -48.7 -1.8 C9H12 4-Ethyltoluene -49.8 -3.2 C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene -58.5 267.9 216.4 -9.5 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene -61.8 215.0 -13.8 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene -63.4 209.3 -15.9 C9H12O 2-Isopropylphenol -233.7 -182.2 C9H12O 3-Isopropylphenol -252.5 -196.0 TeamLRN5-55STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC9H12O 4-Isopropylphenol -265.9 -209.4 C9H12O2 Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide -148.3 -78.4 C9H13NO2 Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate -474.5 C9H13NO2 Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate -463.2 C9H13NO2 Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate -478.7 C9H13NO2 Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate -470.3 C9H14O Isophorone 253.5 C9H14O6 Triacetin -1330.8 458.3 384.7 -1245.0 C9H15N 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole -89.2 C9H16 1-Nonyne 16.3 62.3 C9H16O4 Nonanedioic acid -1054.3 C9H17NO 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinone -334.2 -273.4 C9H18 Propylcyclohexane -237.4 311.9 242.0 -192.3 C9H18 1a,3a,5b-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane -212.1 C9H18O 2-Nonanone -397.2 -340.7 C9H18O 5-Nonanone -398.2 401.4 303.6 -344.9 C9H18O 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone -408.5 297.3 -357.6 C9H18O2 Nonanoic acid -659.7 362.4 -577.3 C9H18O2 Butyl pentanoate -613.3 -560.2 C9H18O2 sec-Butyl pentanoate -624.2 -573.2 C9H18O2 Isobutyl pentanoate -620.0 -568.6 C9H18O2 Methyl octanoate -590.3 -533.9 C9H19N N-Butylpiperidine -171.8 C9H19N 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine -206.9 -159.9 C9H20 Nonane -274.7 284.4 -228.2 C9H20 2,2-Dimethylheptane -288.1 C9H20 2,2,3-Trimethylhexane -282.7 C9H20 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane -282.8 C9H20 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane -293.3 C9H20 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane -281.1 C9H20 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane -284.0 -242.6 C9H20 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane -280.2 C9H20 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane -277.5 C9H20 3,3-Diethylpentane -275.4 278.2 -233.3 C9H20 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane -272.7 C9H20 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane -269.7 C9H20 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane -278.3 271.5 -237.1 C9H20 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane -277.7 -236.9 C9H20 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane -280.0 266.3 -241.6 C9H20 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane -277.9 -236.1 C9H20N2OT etraethylurea -403.0 C9H20O 1-Nonanol -453.4 -376.5 C9H20O2 1,9-Nonanediol -657.6 C9H21NT ripropylamine -207.1 -161.0 C10H6N2 2-Quinolinecarbonitrile 246.5 C10H6N2 3-Quinolinecarbonitrile 242.3 5-56STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C10H6N2O4 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene 29.8 C10H6N2O4 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene 39.7 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene 54.6 212.6 119.8 C10H7Cl 2-Chloronaphthalene 55.4 137.4 C10H7I 1-Iodonaphthalene 161.5 233.8 C10H7I 2-Iodonaphthalene 144.3 235.1 C10H7NO2 1-Nitronaphthalene 42.6 111.2 C10H8 Naphthalene 78.5 201.6 167.4 165.7 150.6 224.1 333.1 131.9 C10H8 Azulene 212.3 289.1 C10H8O 1-Naphthol -121.5 166.9 -30.4 C10H8O 2-Naphthol -124.1 -29.9 C10H9N 1-Naphthylamine 67.8 132.8 C10H9N 2-Naphthylamine 60.2 134.3 C10H10 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 71.6 C10H10 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene 84.2 C10H10O 1-Tetralone -209.6 C10H10O4 Dimethyl phthalate 303.1 C10H10O4 Dimethyl isophthalate -730.9 C10H10O4 Dimethyl terephthalate -732.6 261.1 C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene -29.2 217.5 26.0 C10H14 Butylbenzene -63.2 321.2 243.4 -11.8 C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene, (±) -66.4 -18.4 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene -71.9 -23.0 C10H14 Isobutylbenzene -69.8 -21.9 C10H14 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene -73.3 C10H14 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene -78.6 C10H14 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene -78.0 236.4 C10H14 o-Diethylbenzene -68.5 C10H14 m-Diethylbenzene -73.5 C10H14 p-Diethylbenzene -72.8 C10H14 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene -80.5 C10H14 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene -86.0 C10H14 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene -80.1 C10H14 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene -84.8 C10H14 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene -84.1 C10H14 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene -87.8 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene -119.9 245.6 215.1 C10H14O Thymol -309.7 -218.5 C10H16 Dipentene -50.8 249.4 -2.6 C10H16 d-Limonene -54.5 249.0 C10H16 a-Pinene -16.4 28.3 C10H16 b-Pinene -7.7 38.7 C10H16 a-Terpinene -20.6 TeamLRN5-57STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC10H16 b-Myrcene 14.5 C10H16 cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene -24.0 C10H16N2O8 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid -1759.5 C10H16O Camphor, (±) -319.4 271.2 -267.5 C10H18 1,1'-Bicyclopentyl -178.9 C10H18 cis-Decahydronaphthalene -219.4 265.0 232.0 -169.2 C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene -230.6 264.9 228.5 -182.1 C10H18O4 Sebacic acid -1082.6 -921.9 C10H19N Decanenitrile -158.4 -91.5 C10H20 1-Decene -173.8 425.0 300.8 -123.3 C10H20 cis-1,2-Di- tert-butylethene -163.6 C10H20 Butylcyclohexane -263.1 345.0 271.0 -213.7 C10H20O2 Decanoic acid -713.7 -684.3 -594.9 C10H20O2 Methyl nonanoate -616.2 -554.2 C10H21NO2 1-Nitrodecane -351.5 C10H22 Decane -300.9 314.4 -249.5 C10H22 2-Methylnonane -309.8 420.1 313.3 -260.2 C10H22 5-Methylnonane -307.9 423.8 314.4 -258.6 C10H22O 1-Decanol -478.1 370.6 -396.6 C10H22O Dipentyl ether 250.0 C10H22O Diisopentyl ether 379.0 C10H22O2 1,10-Decanediol -678.9 C10H22O2 Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether 350.0 C10H22S 1-Decanethiol -309.9 -276.5 476.1 350.4 -211.5 C10H22S Dipentyl sulfide -266.4 -204.9 C10H22S Diisopentyl sulfide -281.8 -221.5 C10H23N Octyldimethylamine -232.8 C11H8O2 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid -333.5 -223.1 C11H8O2 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid -346.1 -232.5 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 56.3 254.8 224.4 C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 44.9 220.0 196.0 106.7 C11H12N2O2 L-Tryptophan -415.3 251.0 238.1 C11H14 1,1-Dimethylindan -53.6 -1.6 C11H16 1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene -109.7 C11H16 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene -109.7 -57.0 C11H16 Pentamethylbenzene -144.6 -67.2 C11H20 Spiro[5.5]undecane -244.5 -188.3 C11H22 1-Undecene 344.9 C11H22O2 Methyl decanoate -640.5 -573.8 C11H24 Undecane -327.2 344.9 -270.8 C11H24O 1-Undecanol -504.8 C12F27NT ris(perfluorobutyl)amine 418.4 C12H8 Acenaphthylene 186.7 166.4 259.7 C12H8N2 Phenazine 237.0 328.8 C12H8O Dibenzofuran -5.3 83.4 C12H8S Dibenzothiophene 120.0 205.1 5-58STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C12H8S2 Thianthrene 182.0 286.0 C12H9N Carbazole 101.7 200.7 C12H10 Acenaphthene 70.3 188.9 190.4 156.0 C12H10 Biphenyl 99.4 209.4 198.4 181.4 C12H10N2O trans -Azoxybenzene 243.4 342.0 C12H10N2O N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 227.2 C12H10O Diphenyl ether -32.1 233.9 216.6 -14.9 52.0 C12H10O2 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid -359.2 C12H10O2 2-Naphthaleneacetic acid -371.9 C12H11N Diphenylamine 130.2 219.3 C12H11N 2-Aminobiphenyl 93.8 184.4 C12H11N 4-Aminobiphenyl 81.0 C12H12N2 p-Benzidine 70.7 C12H14O4 Diethyl phthalate -776.6 425.1 366.1 -688.4 C12H16 Cyclohexylbenzene -76.6 -16.7 C12H17NO4 Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate -916.7 C12H18 3,9-Dodecadiyne 197.8 C12H18 5,7-Dodecadiyne 181.5 C12H18 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene -146.5 C12H18 Hexamethylbenzene -162.4 306.3 245.6 -77.4 C12H22 Cyclohexylcyclohexane -273.7 -215.7 C12H22O4 Dodecanedioic acid -1130.0 -976.9 C12H22O11 Sucrose -2226.1 C12H22O11 b-D-Lactose -2236.7 C12H24 1-Dodecene -226.2 484.8 360.7 -165.4 C12H24O2 Dodecanoic acid -774.6 404.3 -737.9 -642.0 C12H24O2 Methyl undecanoate -665.2 -593.8 C12H24O12 a-Lactose monohydrate -2484.1 C12H25Br 1-Bromododecane -344.7 -269.9 C12H25Cl 1-Chlorododecane -392.3 -321.1 C12H26 Dodecane -350.9 375.8 -289.4 C12H26O 1-Dodecanol -528.5 438.1 -436.6 C12H26O3 Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 452.0 C12H27NT ributylamine -281.6 C12H27O4PT ributyl phosphate 379.4 C13H8O2 Xanthone -191.5 C13H9N Acridine 179.4 273.9 C13H9N Phenanthridine 141.9 240.5 C13H9N Benzo[f]quinoline 150.6 233.7 C13H10 9H-Fluorene 89.9 207.3 203.1 175.0 173.1 C13H10N2 9-Acridinamine 159.2 C13H10O Benzophenone -34.5 224.8 54.9 C13H11N 9-Methyl-9 H-carbazole 105.5 201.0 TeamLRN5-59STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESC13H12 Diphenylmethane 71.5 239.3 89.7 139.0 C13H13N N-Benzylaniline 101.4 C13H14N2 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane 270.9 C13H24O4 Tridecanedioic acid -1148.3 C13H26 1-Tridecene 391.8 C13H26O2 Methyl dodecanoate -693.0 -614.9 C13H28 Tridecane 406.7 C13H28O 1-Tridecanol -599.4 C14H8O2 9,10-Anthracenedione -188.5 -75.7 C14H8O2 9,10-Phenanthrenedione -154.7 -46.6 C14H8O4 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione -595.8 -471.7 C14H10 Anthracene 129.2 207.5 210.5 230.9 C14H10 Phenanthrene 116.2 215.1 220.6 207.5 C14H10 Diphenylacetylene 312.4 225.9 C14H10O2 Benzil -153.9 -55.5 C14H10O4 Benzoyl peroxide -369.4 -281.7 C14H12 cis-Stilbene 183.3 252.3 C14H12 trans -Stilbene 136.9 236.1 C14H14 1,1-Diphenylethane 48.7 C14H14 1,2-Diphenylethane 51.5 142.9 C14H22 1,3-Di- tert-butylbenzene -188.8 C14H22 1,4-Di- tert-butylbenzene -212.0 C14H23N3O10 Pentetic acid -2225.2 C14H27NT etradecanenitrile -260.2 -174.9 C14H28O2 Tetradecanoic acid -833.5 432.0 -788.8 -693.7 C14H28O2 Methyl tridecanoate -717.9 -635.3 C14H30O 1-Tetradecanol -629.6 388.0 -580.6 C15H16O2 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane -368.6 C15H24 1,3-Di- tert-butyl-5-methylbenzene -245.8 C15H24O 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-4-methylphenol -410.0 -296.9 C15H30 Decylcyclopentane -367.3 C15H30O2 Pentadecanoic acid -861.7 443.3 -811.7 -699.0 C15H30O2 Methyl tetradecanoate -743.9 -656.9 C15H32O 1-Pentadecanol -658.2 C16H10 Fluoranthene 189.9 230.6 230.2 289.0 C16H10 Pyrene 125.5 224.9 229.7 225.7 C16H22O4 Dibutyl phthalate -842.6 -750.9 C16H22O11 a-D-Glucose pentaacetate -2249.4 C16H22O11 b-D-Glucose pentaacetate -2232.6 C16H26 Decylbenzene -218.3 -138.6 C16H32 1-Hexadecene -328.7 587.9 488.9 -248.4 C16H32O2 Hexadecanoic acid -891.5 452.4 460.7 -838.1 -737.1 C16H32O2 Methyl pentadecanoate -771.0 -680.0 C16H33Br 1-Bromohexadecane -444.5 -350.2 C16H34 Hexadecane -456.1 501.6 -374.8 C16H34O 1-Hexadecanol -686.5 422.0 -517.0 5-60STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCrystal Liquid Gas Molecular Formula Name/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K/H9004fH° kJ/mol/H9004fG° kJ/molS° J/mol KCp J/mol K C16H36IN Tetrabutylammonium iodide -498.6 C17H34O2 Heptadecanoic acid -924.4 475.7 -865.6 C18H12 Benz[a]anthracene 170.8 293.0 C18H12 Chrysene 145.3 269.8 C18H14 o-Terphenyl 298.8 274.8 337.1 369.1 C18H14 p-Terphenyl 163.0 285.6 278.7 279.0 C18H15NT riphenylamine 234.7 326.8 C18H15O4PT riphenyl phosphate 397.5 356.2 C18H15PT riphenylphosphine 312.5 C18H30 1,3,5-Tri- tert-butylbenzene -320.0 C18H34O2 Oleic acid 577.0 C18H34O4 Dibutyl sebacate 619.0 C18H36O2 Stearic acid -947.7 501.5 -884.7 -781.2 C18H37Cl 1-Chlorooctadecane -544.1 -446.0 C18H38 Octadecane -567.4 480.2 485.6 -414.6 C18H39NT rihexylamine -433.0 C19H16OT riphenylmethanol -2.5 C19H36O2 Methyl oleate -734.5 -649.9 C19H36O2 Methyl trans -9-octadecenoate -737.0 C20H12 Perylene 182.8 264.6 274.9 C20H12 Benzo[a]pyrene 254.8 C20H14O4 Diphenyl phthalate -489.2 C20H38O2 Ethyl oleate -775.8 C20H38O2 Ethyl trans -9-octadecenoate -773.3 C20H40O2 Eicosanoic acid -1011.9 545.1 -940.0 -812.4 C21H21O4PT ri-o-cresyl phosphate 570.0 578.0 C22H14 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 283.9 C22H42O2 trans -13-Docosenoic acid -960.7 C22H42O2 Butyl oleate -816.9 C22H44O2 Butyl stearate C24H38O4 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 704.7 C24H51NT rioctylamine -585.0 C26H18 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 308.7 465.6 C26H54 5-Butyldocosane -713.5 -587.6 C26H54 11-Butyldocosane -716.0 -593.4 C28H18 9,9'-Bianthracene 326.2 454.3 C31H64 11-Decylheneicosane -848.0 -705.8 C32H66 Dotriacontane -968.3 -697.2 C60 Carbon (fullerene-C60) 2327.0 2302.0 426.0 520.0 2502.0 2442.0 544.0 512.0 C70 Carbon (fullerene-C70) 2555.0 2537.0 464.0 650.0 2755.0 2692.0 614.0 585.0 TeamLRN5-61THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE L. V. Gurvich, V. S. Iorish, V. S. Yungman, and O. V. Dorofeeva The thermodynamic properties C°p (T), S° (T), H° (T)-H° (Tr), -[G° (T)-H° (Tr)]/T and formation properties Δf H° (T), Δf G° (T), log Kf° (T) are tabulated as functions of temperature in the range 298.15 to 1500 K for 80 substances in the standard state.The reference tempe rature, Tr, is equal to 298.15 K. The standard state pressure is taken as 1 bar (100,000 Pa). The tables are presented in the JANAF Thermochemical Tabl es format (Reference 2). The numerical data are extracted from IVTANTHERMO databases except for C2H4O, C3H6O, C6H6, C6H6O, C10H8, and CH5N, which are based upon TRC Tables. See the references for information on standard states and other details. REFERENCES 1. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Eds., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 4th ed. , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. No. Formula Name State 1 Ar Argon g 2 Br Bromine g 3B r 2 Dibromine g 4 BrH Hydrogen bromide g 5 C Carbon (graphite) cr 6 C Carbon (diamond) cr7C 2 Dicarbon g 8C3 Tricarbon g 9 CO Carbon oxide g 10 CO2 Carbon dioxide g 11 CH4 Methane g 12 C2H2 Acetylene g 13 C2H4 Ethylene g 14 C2H6 Ethane g 15 C3H6 Cyclopropane g 16 C3H8 Propane g 17 C6H6 Benzene l 18 C6H6 Benzene g 19 C10H8 Naphthalene cr, l 20 C10H8 Naphthalene g 21 CH2O Formaldehyde g 22 CH4O Methanol g 23 C2H4O Acetaldehyde g 24 C2H6O Ethanol g 25 C2H4O2 Acetic acid g 26 C 3H6O Acetone g 27 C 6H6O Phenol g 28 CF4 Carbon tetrafluoride g 29 CHF 3 Trifluoromethane g 30 CClF 3 Chlorotrifluoromethane g 31 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane g 32 CHClF 2 Chlorodifluoromethane g 33 CH 5N Methylamine g 34 Cl Chlorine g 35 Cl 2 Dichlorine g 36 ClH Hydrogen chloride g37 Cu Copper cr, l 38 Cu Copper g 39 CuO Copper oxide cr40 Cu 2O Dicopper oxide crNo. Formula Name State 41 CuCl2 Copper dichloride cr, l 42 CuCl 2 Copper dichloride g 43 F Fluorine g44 F 2 Difluorine g 45 FH Hydrogen fluoride g 46 Ge Germanium cr, l47 Ge Germanium g 48 GeO 2 Germanium dioxide cr, l 49 GeCl4 Germanium tetrachloride g 50 H Hydrogen g 51 H 2 Dihydrogen g 52 HO Hydroxyl g53 H 2O Water l 54 H 2O Water g 55 I Iodine g56 I 2 Diiodine cr, l 57 I 2 Diiodine g 58 IH Hydrogen iodide g59 K Potassium cr, l 60 K Potassium g 61 K 2O Dipotassium oxide cr, l 62 KOH Potassium hydroxide cr, l 63 KOH Potassium hydroxide g 64 KCl Potassium chloride cr, l65 KCl Potassium chloride g 66 N 2 Dinitrogen g 67 NO Nitric oxide g68 NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide g 69 NH 3 Ammonia g 70 O Oxygen g71 O 2 Dioxygen g 72 S Sulfur cr, l 73 S Sulfur g74 S 2 Disulfur g 75 S 8 Octasulfur g 76 SO2 Sulfur dioxide g 77 Si Silicon cr 78 Si Silicon g 79 SiO2 Silicon dioxide cr 80 SiCl4 Silicon tetrachloride gOrder of Listing of Tables 5.030 final-473 5-62THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 1. ARGON Ar (g) 298.15 20.786 154.845 154.845 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300 20.786 154.973 154.845 0.038 0.000 0.000 0.000 400 20.786 160.953 155.660 2.117 0.000 0.000 0.000 500 20.786 165.591 157.200 4.196 0.000 0.000 0.000600 20.786 169.381 158.924 6.274 0.000 0.000 0.000 700 20.786 172.585 160.653 8.353 0.000 0.000 0.000 800 20.786 175.361 162.322 10.431 0.000 0.000 0.000900 20.786 177.809 163.909 12.510 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 20.786 179.999 165.410 14.589 0.000 0.000 0.000 1100 20.786 181.980 166.828 16.667 0.000 0.000 0.0001200 20.786 183.789 168.167 18.746 0.000 0.000 0.000 1300 20.786 185.453 169.434 20.824 0.000 0.000 0.000 1400 20.786 186.993 170.634 22.903 0.000 0.000 0.0001500 20.786 188.427 171.773 24.982 0.000 0.000 0.000 2. BROMINE Br (g) 298.15 20.786 175.017 175.017 0.000 111.870 82.379 –14.432 300 20.786 175.146 175.018 0.038 111.838 82.196 –14.311400 20.787 181.126 175.833 2.117 96.677 75.460 –9.854 500 20.798 185.765 177.373 4.196 96.910 70.129 –7.326 600 20.833 189.559 179.097 6.277 97.131 64.752 –5.637700 20.908 192.776 180.827 8.364 97.348 59.338 –4.428 800 21.027 195.575 182.499 10.461 97.568 53.893 –3.519 900 21.184 198.061 184.093 12.571 97.796 48.420 –2.810 1000 21.365 200.302 185.604 14.698 98.036 42.921 –2.242 1100 21.559 202.347 187.034 16.844 98.291 37.397 –1.776 1200 21.752 204.231 188.390 19.010 98.560 31.850 –1.3861300 21.937 205.980 189.676 21.195 98.844 26.279 –1.056 1400 22.107 207.612 190.900 23.397 99.141 20.686 –0.772 1500 22.258 209.142 192.065 25.615 99.449 15.072 –0.525 3. DIBROMINE Br 2 (g) 298.15 36.057 245.467 245.467 0.000 30.910 3.105 –0.544 300 36.074 245.690 245.468 0.067 30.836 2.933 –0.511 332.25 36.340 249.387 245.671 1.235 pressure = 1 bar 400 36.729 256.169 246.892 3.711 0.000 0.000 0.000 500 37.082 264.406 249.600 7.403 0.000 0.000 0.000 600 37.305 271.188 252.650 11.123 0.000 0.000 0.000700 37.464 276.951 255.720 14.862 0.000 0.000 0.000 800 37.590 281.962 258.694 18.615 0.000 0.000 0.000 900 37.697 286.396 261.530 22.379 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 37.793 290.373 264.219 26.154 0.000 0.000 0.000 1100 37.883 293.979 266.763 29.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 1200 37.970 297.279 269.170 33.730 0.000 0.000 0.0001300 38.060 300.322 271.451 37.532 0.000 0.000 0.000 1400 38.158 303.146 273.615 41.343 0.000 0.000 0.000 1500 38.264 305.782 275.673 45.164 0.000 0.000 0.000 4. HYDROGEN BROMIDE HBr (g) 298.15 29.141 198.697 198.697 0.000 –36.290 –53.360 9.348 300 29.141 198.878 198.698 0.054 –36.333 –53.466 9.309 400 29.220 207.269 199.842 2.971 –52.109 –55.940 7.305 500 29.454 213.811 202.005 5.903 –52.484 –56.854 5.939 600 29.872 219.216 204.436 8.868 –52.844 –57.694 5.023 700 30.431 223.861 206.886 11.882 –53.168 –58.476 4.363800 31.063 227.965 209.269 14.957 –53.446 –59.214 3.866 TeamLRN5-63THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 900 31.709 231.661 211.555 18.095 –53.677 –59.921 3.478 1000 32.335 235.035 213.737 21.298 –53.864 –60.604 3.166 1100 32.919 238.145 215.816 24.561 –54.012 –61.271 2.9091200 33.454 241.032 217.799 27.880 –54.129 –61.925 2.696 1300 33.938 243.729 219.691 31.250 –54.220 –62.571 2.514 1400 34.374 246.261 221.499 34.666 –54.291 –63.211 2.3581500 34.766 248.646 223.230 38.123 –54.348 –63.846 2.223 5. CARBON (GRAPHITE) C (cr; graphite) 298.15 8.536 5.740 5.740 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000300 8.610 5.793 5.740 0.016 0.000 0.000 0.000400 11.974 8.757 6.122 1.054 0.000 0.000 0.000 500 14.537 11.715 6.946 2.385 0.000 0.000 0.000 600 16.607 14.555 7.979 3.945 0.000 0.000 0.000700 18.306 17.247 9.113 5.694 0.000 0.000 0.000 800 19.699 19.785 10.290 7.596 0.000 0.000 0.000 900 20.832 22.173 11.479 9.625 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 21.739 24.417 12.662 11.755 0.000 0.000 0.000 1100 22.452 26.524 13.827 13.966 0.000 0.000 0.000 1200 23.000 28.502 14.968 16.240 0.000 0.000 0.0001300 23.409 30.360 16.082 18.562 0.000 0.000 0.000 1400 23.707 32.106 17.164 20.918 0.000 0.000 0.000 1500 23.919 33.749 18.216 23.300 0.000 0.000 0.000 6. CARBON (DIAMOND) C (cr; diamond) 298.15 6.109 2.362 2.362 0.000 1.850 2.857 –0.501 300 6.201 2.400 2.362 0.011 1.846 2.863 –0.499 400 10.321 4.783 2.659 0.850 1.645 3.235 –0.422500 13.404 7.431 3.347 2.042 1.507 3.649 –0.381 600 15.885 10.102 4.251 3.511 1.415 4.087 –0.356 700 17.930 12.709 5.274 5.205 1.361 4.537 –0.339800 19.619 15.217 6.361 7.085 1.338 4.993 –0.326 900 21.006 17.611 7.479 9.118 1.343 5.450 –0.316 1000 22.129 19.884 8.607 11.277 1.372 5.905 –0.3081100 23.020 22.037 9.731 13.536 1.420 6.356 –0.302 1200 23.709 24.071 10.842 15.874 1.484 6.802 –0.296 1300 24.222 25.990 11.934 18.272 1.561 7.242 –0.2911400 24.585 27.799 13.003 20.714 1.646 7.675 –0.286 1500 24.824 29.504 14.047 23.185 1.735 8.103 –0.282 7. DICARBON C2 (g) 298.15 43.548 197.095 197.095 0.000 830.457 775.116 –135.795 300 43.575 197.365 197.096 0.081 830.506 774.772 –134.898 400 42.169 209.809 198.802 4.403 832.751 755.833 –98.700 500 39.529 218.924 201.959 8.483 834.170 736.423 –76.933600 37.837 225.966 205.395 12.342 834.909 716.795 –62.402 700 36.984 231.726 208.758 16.078 835.148 697.085 –52.016 800 36.621 236.637 211.943 19.755 835.020 677.366 –44.227900 36.524 240.943 214.931 23.411 834.618 657.681 –38.170 1000 36.569 244.793 217.728 27.065 834.012 638.052 –33.328 1100 36.696 248.284 220.349 30.728 833.252 618.492 –29.3691200 36.874 251.484 222.812 34.406 832.383 599.006 –26.074 1300 37.089 254.444 225.133 38.104 831.437 579.596 –23.288 1400 37.329 257.201 227.326 41.824 830.445 560.261 –20.9031500 37.589 259.785 229.405 45.570 829.427 540.997 –18.8394. HYDROGEN BROMIDE HBr (g) (continued) 5-64THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 8. TRICARBON C 3 (g) 298.15 42.202 237.611 237.611 0.000 839.958 774.249 –135.643 300 42.218 237.872 237.611 0.078 839.989 773.841 –134.736 400 43.383 250.164 239.280 4.354 841.149 751.592 –98.147500 44.883 260.003 242.471 8.766 841.570 729.141 –76.172 600 46.406 268.322 246.104 13.331 841.453 706.659 –61.519 700 47.796 275.582 249.807 18.042 840.919 684.230 –51.057800 48.997 282.045 253.440 22.884 840.053 661.901 –43.217 900 50.006 287.876 256.948 27.835 838.919 639.698 –37.127 1000 50.844 293.189 260.310 32.879 837.572 617.633 –32.2611100 51.535 298.069 263.524 37.999 836.059 595.711 –28.288 1200 52.106 302.578 266.593 43.182 834.420 573.933 –24.982 1300 52.579 306.768 269.524 48.417 832.690 552.295 –22.1911400 52.974 310.679 272.326 53.695 830.899 530.793 –19.804 1500 53.307 314.346 275.006 59.010 829.068 509.421 –17.739 9. CARBON OXIDE CO (g) 298.15 29.141 197.658 197.658 0.000 –110.530 –137.168 24.031 300 29.142 197.838 197.659 0.054 –110.519 –137.333 23.912 400 29.340 206.243 198.803 2.976 –110.121 –146.341 19.110 500 29.792 212.834 200.973 5.930 –110.027 –155.412 16.236600 30.440 218.321 203.419 8.941 –110.157 –164.480 14.319 700 31.170 223.067 205.895 12.021 –110.453 –173.513 12.948 800 31.898 227.277 208.309 15.175 –110.870 –182.494 11.915900 32.573 231.074 210.631 18.399 –111.378 –191.417 11.109 1000 33.178 234.538 212.851 21.687 –111.952 –200.281 10.461 1100 33.709 237.726 214.969 25.032 –112.573 –209.084 9.9281200 34.169 240.679 216.990 28.426 –113.228 –217.829 9.482 1300 34.568 243.430 218.920 31.864 –113.904 –226.518 9.101 1400 34.914 246.005 220.763 35.338 –114.594 –235.155 8.7741500 35.213 248.424 222.527 38.845 –115.291 –243.742 8.488 10. CARBON DIOXIDE CO 2 (g) 298.15 37.135 213.783 213.783 0.000 –393.510 –394.373 69.092300 37.220 214.013 213.784 0.069 –393.511 –394.379 68.667400 41.328 225.305 215.296 4.004 –393.586 –394.656 51.536 500 44.627 234.895 218.280 8.307 –393.672 –394.914 41.256 600 47.327 243.278 221.762 12.909 –393.791 –395.152 34.401700 49.569 250.747 225.379 17.758 –393.946 –395.367 29.502 800 51.442 257.492 228.978 22.811 –394.133 –395.558 25.827 900 53.008 263.644 232.493 28.036 –394.343 –395.724 22.967 1000 54.320 269.299 235.895 33.404 –394.568 –395.865 20.678 1100 55.423 274.529 239.172 38.893 –394.801 –395.984 18.803 1200 56.354 279.393 242.324 44.483 –395.035 –396.081 17.2411300 57.144 283.936 245.352 50.159 –395.265 –396.159 15.918 1400 57.818 288.196 248.261 55.908 –395.488 –396.219 14.783 1500 58.397 292.205 251.059 61.719 –395.702 –396.264 13.799 11. METHANE CH 4 (g) 298.15 35.695 186.369 186.369 0.000 –74.600 –50.530 8.853 300 35.765 186.590 186.370 0.066 –74.656 –50.381 8.772 400 40.631 197.501 187.825 3.871 –77.703 –41.827 5.462500 46.627 207.202 190.744 8.229 –80.520 –32.525 3.398 600 52.742 216.246 194.248 13.199 –82.969 –22.690 1.975 700 58.603 224.821 198.008 18.769 –85.023 –12.476 0.931800 64.084 233.008 201.875 24.907 –86.693 –1.993 0.130 TeamLRN5-65THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 900 69.137 240.852 205.773 31.571 –88.006 8.677 –0.504 1000 73.746 248.379 209.660 38.719 –88.996 19.475 –1.0171100 77.919 255.607 213.511 46.306 –89.698 30.358 –1.442 1200 81.682 262.551 217.310 54.289 –90.145 41.294 –1.797 1300 85.067 269.225 221.048 62.630 –90.367 52.258 –2.1001400 88.112 275.643 224.720 71.291 –90.390 63.231 –2.359 1500 90.856 281.817 228.322 80.242 –90.237 74.200 –2.584 12. ACETYLENE C2H2 (g) 298.15 44.036 200.927 200.927 0.000 227.400 209.879 –36.769 300 44.174 201.199 200.927 0.082 227.397 209.770 –36.524 400 50.388 214.814 202.741 4.829 227.161 203.928 –26.630 500 54.751 226.552 206.357 10.097 226.846 198.154 –20.701600 58.121 236.842 210.598 15.747 226.445 192.452 –16.754 700 60.970 246.021 215.014 21.704 225.968 186.823 –13.941 800 63.511 254.331 219.418 27.931 225.436 181.267 –11.835900 65.831 261.947 223.726 34.399 224.873 175.779 –10.202 1000 67.960 268.995 227.905 41.090 224.300 170.355 –8.898 1100 69.909 275.565 231.942 47.985 223.734 164.988 –7.8351200 71.686 281.725 235.837 55.067 223.189 159.672 –6.950 1300 73.299 287.528 239.592 62.317 222.676 154.400 –6.204 1400 74.758 293.014 243.214 69.721 222.203 149.166 –5.5651500 76.077 298.218 246.709 77.264 221.774 143.964 –5.013 13. ETHYLENE C2H4 (g) 298.15 42.883 219.316 219.316 0.000 52.400 68.358 –11.976300 43.059 219.582 219.317 0.079 52.341 68.457 –11.919400 53.045 233.327 221.124 4.881 49.254 74.302 –9.703 500 62.479 246.198 224.864 10.667 46.533 80.887 –8.450 600 70.673 258.332 229.441 17.335 44.221 87.982 –7.659700 77.733 269.770 234.393 24.764 42.278 95.434 –7.121 800 83.868 280.559 239.496 32.851 40.655 103.142 –6.734 900 89.234 290.754 244.630 41.512 39.310 111.036 –6.444 1000 93.939 300.405 249.730 50.675 38.205 119.067 –6.219 1100 98.061 309.556 254.756 60.280 37.310 127.198 –6.040 1200 101.670 318.247 259.688 70.271 36.596 135.402 –5.8941300 104.829 326.512 264.513 80.599 36.041 143.660 –5.772 1400 107.594 334.384 269.225 91.223 35.623 151.955 –5.669 1500 110.018 341.892 273.821 102.107 35.327 160.275 –5.581 14. ETHANE C 2H6 (g) 298.15 52.487 229.161 229.161 0.000 –84.000 –32.015 5.609 300 52.711 229.487 229.162 0.097 –84.094 –31.692 5.518 400 65.459 246.378 231.379 5.999 –88.988 –13.473 1.759500 77.941 262.344 235.989 13.177 –93.238 5.912 –0.618 600 89.188 277.568 241.660 21.545 –96.779 26.086 –2.271 700 99.136 292.080 247.835 30.972 –99.663 46.800 –3.492800 107.936 305.904 254.236 41.334 –101.963 67.887 –4.433 900 115.709 319.075 260.715 52.525 –103.754 89.231 –5.179 1000 122.552 331.628 267.183 64.445 –105.105 110.750 –5.7851100 128.553 343.597 273.590 77.007 –106.082 132.385 –6.286 1200 133.804 355.012 279.904 90.131 –106.741 154.096 –6.708 1300 138.391 365.908 286.103 103.746 –107.131 175.850 –7.0661400 142.399 376.314 292.178 117.790 –107.292 197.625 –7.373 1500 145.905 386.260 298.121 132.209 –107.260 219.404 –7.64011. METHANE CH4 (g) (continued) 5-66THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 15. CYCLOPROPANE C 3H6 (g) 298.15 55.571 237.488 237.488 0.000 53.300 104.514 –18.310 300 55.941 237.832 237.489 0.103 53.195 104.832 –18.253 400 76.052 256.695 239.924 6.708 47.967 122.857 –16.043500 93.859 275.637 245.177 15.230 43.730 142.091 –14.844 600 108.542 294.092 251.801 25.374 40.405 162.089 –14.111 700 120.682 311.763 259.115 36.854 37.825 182.583 –13.624800 130.910 328.564 266.755 49.447 35.854 203.404 –13.281 900 139.658 344.501 274.516 62.987 34.384 224.441 –13.026 1000 147.207 359.616 282.277 77.339 33.334 245.618 –12.8301100 153.749 373.961 289.965 92.395 32.640 266.883 –12.673 1200 159.432 387.588 297.538 108.060 32.249 288.197 –12.545 1300 164.378 400.549 304.967 124.257 32.119 309.533 –12.4371400 168.689 412.892 312.239 140.915 32.215 330.870 –12.345 1500 172.453 424.662 319.344 157.976 32.507 352.193 –12.264 16. PROPANE C3H8 (g) 298.15 73.597 270.313 270.313 0.000 –103.847 –23.458 4.110 300 73.931 270.769 270.314 0.136 –103.972 –22.959 3.997 400 94.014 294.739 273.447 8.517 –110.33 15.029 –0.657 500 112.591 317.768 280.025 18.872 –115.658 34.507 –3.605600 128.700 339.753 288.162 30.955 –119.973 64.961 –5.655 700 142.674 360.668 297.039 44.540 –123.384 96.065 –7.168 800 154.766 380.528 306.245 59.427 –126.016 127.603 –8.331900 165.352 399.381 315.555 75.444 –127.982 159.430 –9.253 1000 174.598 417.293 324.841 92.452 –129.380 191.444 –10.000 1100 182.673 434.321 334.026 110.325 –130.296 223.574 –10.6171200 189.745 450.526 343.064 128.954 –130.802 255.770 –11.133 1300 195.853 465.961 351.929 148.241 –130.961 287.993 –11.572 1400 201.209 480.675 360.604 168.100 –130.829 320.217 –11.9471500 205.895 494.721 369.080 188.460 –130.445 352.422 –12.272 17. BENZENE C 6H6 (l) 298.15 135.950 173.450 173.450 0.000 49.080 124.521 –21.815300 136.312 174.292 173.453 .252 49.077 124.989 –21.762400 161.793 216.837 179.082 15.102 48.978 150.320 –19.630 500 207.599 257.048 190.639 33.204 50.330 175.559 –18.340 18. BENZENE C6H6 (g) 298.15 82.430 269.190 269.190 0.000 82.880 129.750 –22.731 300 83.020 269.700 269.190 0.153 82.780 130.040 –22.641 400 113.510 297.840 272.823 10.007 77.780 146.570 –19.140 500 139.340 326.050 280.658 22.696 73.740 164.260 –17.160600 160.090 353.360 290.517 37.706 70.490 182.680 –15.903 700 176.790 379.330 301.360 54.579 67.910 201.590 –15.042 800 190.460 403.860 312.658 72.962 65.910 220.820 –14.418900 201.840 426.970 324.084 92.597 64.410 240.280 –13.945 1000 211.430 448.740 335.473 113.267 63.340 259.890 –13.575 1100 219.580 469.280 346.710 134.827 62.620 277.640 –13.1841200 226.540 488.690 357.743 157.137 62.200 299.320 –13.029 1300 232.520 507.070 368.534 180.097 62.000 319.090 –12.821 1400 237.680 524.490 379.056 203.607 61.990 338.870 –12.6431500 242.140 541.040 389.302 227.607 62.110 358.640 –12.489 TeamLRN5-67THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 19. NAPHTHALENE C 10H8 (cr, l) 298.15 165.720 167.390 167.390 0.000 78.530 201.585 –35.316 300 167.001 168.419 167.393 0.308 78.466 202.349 –35.232 353.43 208.722 198.948 169.833 10.290 96.099 224.543 –33.186 PHASE TRANSITION: Δtrs H = 18.980 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 53.702 J/K ⋅mol, cr–l 353.43 217.200 252.650 169.833 29.270 96.099 224.543 –33.186 400 241.577 280.916 181.124 39.917 96.067 241.475 –31.533470 276.409 322.712 199.114 58.091 97.012 266.859 –29.658 20. NAPHTHALENE C10H8 (g) 298.15 131.920 333.150 333.150 0.000 150.580 224.100 –39.260300 132.840 333.970 333.157 0.244 150.450 224.560 –39.098400 180.070 378.800 338.950 15.940 144.190 250.270 –32.681 500 219.740 423.400 351.400 36.000 139.220 277.340 –28.973 600 251.530 466.380 367.007 59.624 135.350 305.330 –26.581700 277.010 507.140 384.146 86.096 132.330 333.950 –24.919 800 297.730 545.520 401.935 114.868 130.050 362.920 –23.696 900 314.850 581.610 419.918 145.523 128.430 392.150 –22.759 1000 329.170 615.550 437.806 177.744 127.510 421.700 –22.027 1100 341.240 647.500 455.426 211.281 127.100 450.630 –21.398 1200 351.500 677.650 472.707 245.932 126.960 480.450 –20.9131300 360.260 706.130 489.568 281.531 127.060 509.770 –20.482 1400 367.780 733.110 506.009 317.941 127.390 539.740 –20.137 1500 374.270 758.720 522.019 355.051 127.920 568.940 –19.812 21. FORMALDEHYDE H 2CO (g) 298.15 35.387 218.760 218.760 0.000 –108.700 –102.667 17.987 300 35.443 218.979 218.761 0.066 –108.731 –102.630 17.869 400 39.240 229.665 220.192 3.789 –110.438 –100.340 13.103500 43.736 238.900 223.028 7.936 –112.073 –97.623 10.198 600 48.181 247.270 226.381 12.534 –113.545 –94.592 8.235 700 52.280 255.011 229.924 17.560 –114.833 –91.328 6.815800 55.941 262.236 233.517 22.975 –115.942 –87.893 5.739 900 59.156 269.014 237.088 28.734 –116.889 –84.328 4.894 1000 61.951 275.395 240.603 34.792 –117.696 –80.666 4.2131100 64.368 281.416 244.042 41.111 –118.382 –76.929 3.653 1200 66.453 287.108 247.396 47.655 –118.966 –73.134 3.183 1300 68.251 292.500 250.660 54.392 –119.463 –69.294 2.7841400 69.803 297.616 253.833 61.297 –119.887 –65.418 2.441 1500 71.146 302.479 256.915 68.346 –120.249 –61.514 2.142 22. METHANOL CH3OH (g) 298.15 44.101 239.865 239.865 0.000 –201.000 –162.298 28.434 300 44.219 240.139 239.866 0.082 –201.068 –162.057 28.216 400 51.713 253.845 241.685 4.864 –204.622 –148.509 19.393 500 59.800 266.257 245.374 10.442 –207.750 –134.109 14.010600 67.294 277.835 249.830 16.803 –210.387 –119.125 10.371 700 73.958 288.719 254.616 23.873 –212.570 –103.737 7.741 800 79.838 298.987 259.526 31.569 –214.350 –88.063 5.750900 85.025 308.696 264.455 39.817 –215.782 –72.188 4.190 1000 89.597 317.896 269.343 48.553 –216.916 –56.170 2.934 1100 93.624 326.629 274.158 57.718 –217.794 –40.050 1.9021200 97.165 334.930 278.879 67.262 –218.457 –23.861 1.039 1300 100.277 342.833 283.497 77.137 –218.936 –7.624 0.306 1400 103.014 350.367 288.007 87.304 –219.261 8.644 –0.3221500 105.422 357.558 292.405 97.729 –219.456 24.930 –0.868 5-68THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 23. ACETALDEHYDE C 2H4O (g) 298.15 55.318 263.840 263.840 0.000 –166.190 –133.010 23.302 300 55.510 264.180 263.837 0.103 –166.250 –132.800 23.122 400 66.282 281.620 266.147 6.189 –169.530 –121.130 15.818500 76.675 297.540 270.850 13.345 –172.420 –108.700 11.356 600 85.942 312.360 276.550 21.486 –174.870 –95.720 8.334 700 94.035 326.230 282.667 30.494 –176.910 –82.350 6.145800 101.070 339.260 288.938 40.258 –178.570 –68.730 4.487 900 107.190 351.520 295.189 50.698 –179.880 –54.920 3.187 1000 112.490 363.100 301.431 61.669 –180.850 –40.930 2.1381100 117.080 374.040 307.537 73.153 –181.560 –27.010 1.283 1200 121.060 384.400 313.512 85.065 –182.070 –12.860 0.560 1300 124.500 394.230 319.350 97.344 –182.420 1.240 –0.0501400 127.490 403.570 325.031 109.954 –182.640 15.470 –0.577 1500 130.090 412.460 330.571 122.834 –182.750 29.580 –1.030 24. ETHANOL C2H5OH (g) 298.15 65.652 281.622 281.622 0.000 –234.800 –167.874 29.410 300 65.926 282.029 281.623 0.122 –234.897 –167.458 29.157 400 81.169 303.076 284.390 7.474 –239.826 –144.216 18.832 500 95.400 322.750 290.115 16.318 –243.940 –119.820 12.517600 107.656 341.257 297.112 26.487 –247.260 –94.672 8.242 700 118.129 358.659 304.674 37.790 –249.895 –69.023 5.151 800 127.171 375.038 312.456 50.065 –251.951 –43.038 2.810900 135.049 390.482 320.276 63.185 –253.515 –16.825 0.976 1000 141.934 405.075 328.033 77.042 –254.662 9.539 –0.498 1100 147.958 418.892 335.670 91.543 –255.454 36.000 –1.7091200 153.232 431.997 343.156 106.609 –255.947 62.520 –2.721 1300 157.849 444.448 350.473 122.168 –256.184 89.070 –3.579 1400 161.896 456.298 357.612 138.160 –256.206 115.630 –4.3141500 165.447 467.591 364.571 154.531 –256.044 142.185 –4.951 25. ACETIC ACID C 2H4O2 (g) 298.15 63.438 283.470 283.470 0.000 –432.249 –374.254 65.567300 63.739 283.863 283.471 0.118 –432.324 –373.893 65.100400 79.665 304.404 286.164 7.296 –436.006 –353.840 46.206 500 93.926 323.751 291.765 15.993 –438.875 –332.950 34.783 600 106.181 341.988 298.631 26.014 –440.993 –311.554 27.123700 116.627 359.162 306.064 37.169 –442.466 –289.856 21.629 800 125.501 375.331 313.722 49.287 –443.395 –267.985 17.497 900 132.989 390.558 321.422 62.223 –443.873 –246.026 14.279 1000 139.257 404.904 329.060 75.844 –443.982 –224.034 11.702 1100 144.462 418.429 336.576 90.039 –443.798 –202.046 9.594 1200 148.760 431.189 343.933 104.707 –443.385 –180.086 7.8391300 152.302 443.240 351.113 119.765 –442.795 –158.167 6.355 1400 155.220 454.637 358.105 135.146 –442.071 –136.299 5.085 1500 157.631 465.432 364.903 150.793 –441.247 –114.486 3.987 26. ACETONE C 3H6O (g) 298.15 74.517 295.349 295.349 0.000 –217.150 –152.716 26.757 300 74.810 295.809 295.349 0.138 –217.233 –152.339 26.521 400 91.755 319.658 298.498 8.464 –222.212 –129.913 16.962500 107.864 341.916 304.988 18.464 –226.522 –106.315 11.107 600 122.047 362.836 312.873 29.978 –230.120 –81.923 7.133 700 134.306 382.627 321.470 42.810 –233.049 –56.986 4.252800 144.934 401.246 330.265 56.785 –235.350 –31.673 2.068 TeamLRN5-69THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 900 154.097 418.860 339.141 71.747 –237.149 –6.109 0.353 1000 162.046 435.513 347.950 87.563 –238.404 19.707 –1.030 1100 168.908 451.286 356.617 104.136 –239.283 45.396 –2.1571200 174.891 466.265 365.155 121.332 –239.827 71.463 –3.110 1300 180.079 480.491 373.513 139.072 –240.120 97.362 –3.912 1400 184.556 493.963 381.596 157.314 –240.203 123.470 –4.6071500 188.447 506.850 389.533 175.975 –240.120 149.369 –5.202 27. PHENOL C6H6O (g) 298.15 103.220 314.810 314.810 0.000 –96.400 –32.630 5.720300 103.860 315.450 314.810 0.192 –96.490 –32.230 5.610400 135.790 349.820 319.278 12.217 –100.870 –10.180 1.330 500 161.910 383.040 328.736 27.152 –104.240 12.970 –1.360 600 182.480 414.450 340.430 44.412 –106.810 36.650 –3.190700 198.840 443.860 353.134 63.508 –108.800 60.750 –4.530 800 212.140 471.310 366.211 84.079 –110.300 85.020 –5.550 900 223.190 496.950 379.327 105.861 –111.370 109.590 –6.360 1000 232.490 520.960 392.302 128.658 –111.990 134.280 –7.010 1100 240.410 543.500 405.033 152.314 –112.280 158.620 –7.530 1200 247.200 564.720 417.468 176.703 –112.390 183.350 –7.9801300 253.060 584.740 429.568 201.723 –112.330 208.070 –8.360 1400 258.120 603.680 441.331 227.288 –112.120 233.050 –8.700 1500 262.520 621.650 452.767 253.325 –111.780 257.540 –8.970 28. CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE CF 4 (g) 298.15 61.050 261.455 261.455 0.000 –933.200 –888.518 155.663 300 61.284 261.833 261.456 0.113 –933.219 –888.240 154.654 400 72.399 281.057 264.001 6.822 –933.986 –873.120 114.016500 80.713 298.153 269.155 14.499 –934.372 –857.852 89.618 600 86.783 313.434 275.284 22.890 –934.490 –842.533 73.348 700 91.212 327.162 281.732 31.801 –934.431 –827.210 61.726800 94.479 339.566 288.199 41.094 –934.261 –811.903 53.011 900 96.929 350.842 294.542 50.670 –934.024 –796.622 46.234 1000 98.798 361.156 300.695 60.460 –933.745 –781.369 40.8141100 100.250 370.643 306.629 70.416 –933.442 –766.146 36.381 1200 101.396 379.417 312.334 80.500 –933.125 –750.952 32.688 1300 102.314 387.571 317.811 90.687 –932.800 –735.784 29.5641400 103.059 395.181 323.069 100.957 –932.470 –720.641 26.887 1500 103.671 402.313 328.116 111.295 –932.137 –705.522 24.568 29. TRIFLUOROMETHANE CHF3 (g) 298.15 51.069 259.675 259.675 0.000 –696.700 –662.237 116.020 300 51.258 259.991 259.676 0.095 –696.735 –662.023 115.267 400 61.148 276.113 261.807 5.722 –698.427 –650.186 84.905 500 69.631 290.700 266.149 12.275 –699.715 –637.969 66.647600 76.453 304.022 271.368 19.593 –700.634 –625.528 54.456 700 81.868 316.230 276.917 27.519 –701.253 –612.957 45.739 800 86.201 327.455 282.542 35.930 –701.636 –600.315 39.196900 89.719 337.818 288.116 44.732 –701.832 –587.636 34.105 1000 92.617 347.426 293.572 53.854 –701.879 –574.944 30.032 1100 95.038 356.370 298.879 63.240 –701.805 –562.253 26.6991200 97.084 364.730 304.022 72.849 –701.629 –549.574 23.922 1300 98.833 372.571 308.997 82.647 –701.368 –536.913 21.573 1400 100.344 379.952 313.804 92.607 –701.033 –524.274 19.5611500 101.660 386.921 318.449 102.709 –700.635 –511.662 17.81726. ACETONE C 3H6O (g) (continued) 5-70THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 30. CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE CClF 3 (g) 298.15 66.886 285.419 285.419 0.000 –707.800 –667.238 116.896 300 67.111 285.834 285.421 0.124 –707.810 –666.986 116.131 400 77.528 306.646 288.187 7.383 –708.153 –653.316 85.313500 85.013 324.797 293.734 15.532 –708.170 –639.599 66.818 600 90.329 340.794 300.271 24.314 –707.975 –625.901 54.489 700 94.132 355.020 307.096 33.547 –707.654 –612.246 45.686800 96.899 367.780 313.897 43.106 –707.264 –598.642 39.087 900 98.951 379.317 320.536 52.903 –706.837 –585.090 33.957 1000 100.507 389.827 326.947 62.880 –706.396 –571.586 29.8561100 101.708 399.465 333.108 72.993 –705.950 –558.126 26.503 1200 102.651 408.357 339.013 83.213 –705.505 –544.707 23.710 1300 103.404 416.604 344.668 93.517 –705.064 –531.326 21.3491400 104.012 424.290 350.084 103.889 –704.628 –517.977 19.326 1500 104.512 431.484 355.273 114.316 –704.196 –504.660 17.574 31. DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE CCl2F2 (g) 298.15 72.476 300.903 300.903 0.000 –486.000 –447.030 78.317 300 72.691 301.352 300.905 0.134 –486.002 –446.788 77.792 400 82.408 323.682 303.883 7.919 –485.945 –433.716 56.637 500 89.063 342.833 309.804 16.514 –485.618 –420.692 43.949600 93.635 359.500 316.729 25.663 –485.136 –407.751 35.497 700 96.832 374.189 323.909 35.196 –484.576 –394.897 29.467 800 99.121 387.276 331.027 44.999 –483.984 –382.126 24.950900 100.801 399.053 337.942 55.000 –483.388 –369.429 21.441 1000 102.062 409.742 344.596 65.146 –482.800 –356.799 18.637 1100 103.030 419.517 350.969 75.402 –482.226 –344.227 16.3461200 103.786 428.515 357.061 85.745 –481.667 –331.706 14.439 1300 104.388 436.847 362.882 96.154 –481.121 –319.232 12.827 1400 104.874 444.602 368.445 106.618 –480.588 –306.799 11.4471500 105.270 451.851 373.767 117.126 –480.065 –294.404 10.252 32. CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE CHClF 2 (g) 298.15 55.853 280.915 280.915 0.000 –475.000 –443.845 77.759300 56.039 281.261 280.916 0.104 –475.028 –443.652 77.246400 65.395 298.701 283.231 6.188 –476.390 –432.978 56.540 500 73.008 314.145 287.898 13.123 –477.398 –422.001 44.086 600 78.940 328.003 293.448 20.733 –478.103 –410.851 35.767700 83.551 340.533 299.294 28.867 –478.574 –399.603 29.818 800 87.185 351.936 305.172 37.411 –478.870 –388.299 25.353 900 90.100 362.379 310.956 46.280 –479.031 –376.967 21.878 1000 92.475 371.999 316.586 55.413 –479.090 –365.622 19.098 1100 94.433 380.908 322.033 64.761 –479.068 –354.276 16.823 1200 96.066 389.196 327.289 74.289 –478.982 –342.935 14.9271300 97.438 396.941 332.352 83.966 –478.843 –331.603 13.324 1400 98.601 404.206 337.228 93.769 –478.661 –320.283 11.950 1500 99.593 411.044 341.923 103.681 –478.443 –308.978 10.759 33. METHYLAMINE CH 5N (g) 298.15 50.053 242.881 242.881 0.000 –22.529 32.734 –5.735 300 50.227 243.196 242.893 0.091 –22.614 33.077 –5.759 400 60.171 258.986 244.975 5.604 –26.846 52.294 –6.829500 70.057 273.486 249.244 12.121 –30.431 72.510 –7.575 600 78.929 287.063 254.431 19.579 –33.364 93.382 –8.129 700 86.711 299.826 260.008 27.873 –35.712 114.702 –8.559800 93.545 311.865 265.749 36.893 –37.548 136.316 –8.900 TeamLRN5-71THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 900 99.573 323.239 271.511 46.555 –38.949 158.138 –9.178 1000 104.886 334.006 277.220 56.786 –39.967 180.098 –9.407 1100 109.576 344.233 282.861 67.509 –40.681 201.822 –9.5841200 113.708 353.944 288.374 78.685 –41.136 224.240 –9.761 1300 117.341 363.190 293.775 90.239 –41.376 246.364 –9.899 1400 120.542 372.012 299.061 102.131 –41.451 268.504 –10.0181500 123.353 380.426 304.209 114.326 –41.381 290.639 –10.121 34. CHLORINE Cl (g) 298.15 21.838 165.190 165.190 0.000 121.302 105.306 –18.449300 21.852 165.325 165.190 0.040 121.311 105.207 –18.318400 22.467 171.703 166.055 2.259 121.795 99.766 –13.028 500 22.744 176.752 167.708 4.522 122.272 94.203 –9.841 600 22.781 180.905 169.571 6.800 122.734 88.546 –7.709700 22.692 184.411 171.448 9.074 123.172 82.813 –6.179 800 22.549 187.432 173.261 11.337 123.585 77.019 –5.029 900 22.389 190.079 174.986 13.584 123.971 71.175 –4.131 1000 22.233 192.430 176.615 15.815 124.334 65.289 –3.410 1100 22.089 194.542 178.150 18.031 124.675 59.368 –2.819 1200 21.959 196.458 179.597 20.233 124.996 53.416 –2.3251300 21.843 198.211 180.963 22.423 125.299 47.439 –1.906 1400 21.742 199.826 182.253 24.602 125.587 41.439 –1.546 1500 21.652 201.323 183.475 26.772 125.861 35.418 –1.233 35. DICHLORINE Cl 2 (g) 298.15 33.949 223.079 223.079 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300 33.981 223.290 223.080 0.063 0.000 0.000 0.000 400 35.296 233.263 224.431 3.533 0.000 0.000 0.000500 36.064 241.229 227.021 7.104 0.000 0.000 0.000 600 36.547 247.850 229.956 10.736 0.000 0.000 0.000 700 36.874 253.510 232.926 14.408 0.000 0.000 0.000800 37.111 258.450 235.815 18.108 0.000 0.000 0.000 900 37.294 262.832 238.578 21.829 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 37.442 266.769 241.203 25.566 0.000 0.000 0.0001100 37.567 270.343 243.692 29.316 0.000 0.000 0.000 1200 37.678 273.617 246.052 33.079 0.000 0.000 0.000 1300 37.778 276.637 248.290 36.851 0.000 0.000 0.0001400 37.872 279.440 250.416 40.634 0.000 0.000 0.000 1500 37.961 282.056 252.439 44.426 0.000 0.000 0.000 36. HYDROGEN CHLORIDE HCl (g) 298.15 29.136 186.902 186.902 0.000 –92.310 –95.298 16.696 300 29.137 187.082 186.902 0.054 –92.314 –95.317 16.596 400 29.175 195.468 188.045 2.969 –92.587 –96.278 12.573 500 29.304 201.990 190.206 5.892 –92.911 –97.164 10.151600 29.576 207.354 192.630 8.835 –93.249 –97.983 8.530 700 29.988 211.943 195.069 11.812 –93.577 –98.746 7.368 800 30.500 215.980 197.435 14.836 –93.879 –99.464 6.494900 31.063 219.604 199.700 17.913 –94.149 –100.145 5.812 1000 31.639 222.907 201.858 21.049 –94.384 –100.798 5.265 1100 32.201 225.949 203.912 24.241 –94.587 –101.430 4.8161200 32.734 228.774 205.867 27.488 –94.760 –102.044 4.442 1300 33.229 231.414 207.732 30.786 –94.908 –102.645 4.124 1400 33.684 233.893 209.513 34.132 –95.035 –103.235 3.8521500 34.100 236.232 211.217 37.522 –95.146 –103.817 3.61533. METHYLAMINE CH 5N (g) (continued) 5-72THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 37. COPPER Cu (cr, l) 298.15 24.440 33.150 33.150 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300 24.460 33.301 33.150 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.000 400 25.339 40.467 34.122 2.538 0.000 0.000 0.000500 25.966 46.192 35.982 5.105 0.000 0.000 0.000 600 26.479 50.973 38.093 7.728 0.000 0.000 0.000 700 26.953 55.090 40.234 10.399 0.000 0.000 0.000800 27.448 58.721 42.322 13.119 0.000 0.000 0.000 900 28.014 61.986 44.328 15.891 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 28.700 64.971 46.245 18.726 0.000 0.000 0.0001100 29.553 67.745 48.075 21.637 0.000 0.000 0.000 1200 30.617 70.361 49.824 24.644 0.000 0.000 0.000 1300 31.940 72.862 51.501 27.769 0.000 0.000 0.0001358 32.844 74.275 52.443 29.647 0.000 0.000 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 13.141 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 9.676 J/K ⋅mol, cr–l 1358 32.800 83.951 52.443 42.788 0.000 0.000 0.000 1400 32.800 84.950 53.403 44.166 0.000 0.000 0.000 1500 32.800 87.213 55.583 47.446 0.000 0.000 0.000 38. COPPER Cu (g) 298.15 20.786 166.397 166.397 0.000 337.600 297.873 –52.185 300 20.786 166.525 166.397 0.038 337.594 297.626 –51.821 400 20.786 172.505 167.213 2.117 337.179 284.364 –37.134 500 20.786 177.143 168.752 4.196 336.691 271.215 –28.333600 20.786 180.933 170.476 6.274 336.147 258.170 –22.475 700 20.786 184.137 172.205 8.353 335.554 245.221 –18.298 800 20.786 186.913 173.874 10.431 334.913 232.359 –15.171900 20.786 189.361 175.461 12.510 334.219 219.581 –12.744 1000 20.786 191.551 176.963 14.589 333.463 206.883 –10.806 1100 20.788 193.532 178.380 16.667 332.631 194.265 –9.2251200 20.793 195.341 179.719 18.746 331.703 181.726 –7.910 1300 20.803 197.006 180.986 20.826 330.657 169.270 –6.801 1400 20.823 198.548 182.186 22.907 316.342 157.305 –5.8691500 20.856 199.986 183.325 24.991 315.146 145.987 –5.084 39. COPPER OXIDE CuO (cr) 298.15 42.300 42.740 42.740 0.000 –162.000 –134.277 23.524300 42.417 43.002 42.741 0.078 –161.994 –134.105 23.349400 46.783 55.878 44.467 4.564 –161.487 –124.876 16.307 500 49.190 66.596 47.852 9.372 –160.775 –115.803 12.098 600 50.827 75.717 51.755 14.377 –159.973 –106.883 9.305 700 52.099 83.651 55.757 19.526 –159.124 –98.102 7.320 800 53.178 90.680 59.691 24.791 –158.247 –89.444 5.840 900 54.144 97.000 63.491 30.158 –157.356 –80.897 4.695 1000 55.040 102.751 67.134 35.617 –156.462 –72.450 3.784 1100 55.890 108.037 70.615 41.164 –155.582 –64.091 3.043 1200 56.709 112.936 73.941 46.794 –154.733 –55.812 2.4291300 57.507 117.507 77.118 52.505 –153.940 –47.601 1.913 1400 58.288 121.797 80.158 58.295 –166.354 –39.043 1.457 1500 59.057 125.845 83.070 64.163 –165.589 –29.975 1.044 40. DICOPPER OXIDE Cu 2O (cr) 298.15 62.600 92.550 92.550 0.000 –173.100 –150.344 26.339 300 62.721 92.938 92.551 0.116 –173.102 –150.203 26.152 400 67.587 111.712 95.078 6.654 –173.036 –142.572 18.618500 70.784 127.155 99.995 13.580 –172.772 –134.984 14.101 TeamLRN5-73THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 600 73.323 140.291 105.643 20.789 –172.389 –127.460 11.096 700 75.552 151.764 111.429 28.235 –171.914 –120.009 8.955 800 77.616 161.989 117.121 35.894 –171.363 –112.631 7.354900 79.584 171.245 122.629 43.755 –170.750 –105.325 6.113 1000 81.492 179.729 127.920 51.809 –170.097 –98.091 5.124 1100 83.360 187.584 132.992 60.052 –169.431 –90.922 4.3171200 85.202 194.917 137.850 68.480 –168.791 –83.814 3.648 1300 87.026 201.808 142.507 77.092 –168.223 –76.756 3.084 1400 88.836 208.324 146.978 85.885 –194.030 –68.926 2.5721500 90.636 214.515 151.276 94.858 –193.438 –60.010 2.090 41. COPPER DICHLORIDE CuCl2 (cr, l) 298.15 71.880 108.070 108.070 0.000 –218.000 –173.826 30.453300 71.998 108.515 108.071 0.133 –217.975 –173.552 30.218400 76.338 129.899 110.957 7.577 –216.494 –158.962 20.758 500 78.654 147.204 116.532 15.336 –214.873 –144.765 15.123 600 80.175 161.687 122.884 23.282 –213.182 –130.901 11.396675 81.056 171.183 127.732 29.329 –211.185 –120.693 9.340 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 0.700 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 1.037 J/K ⋅mol, crII–crI 675 82.400 172.220 127.732 30.029 –211.185 –120.693 9.340700 82.400 175.216 129.375 32.089 –210.719 –117.350 8.757 800 82.400 186.219 135.808 40.329 –208.898 –104.137 6.799 871 82.400 193.226 140.207 46.179 –192.649 –94.893 5.691 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 15.001 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 17.221 J/K ⋅mol, crI–l 871 100.000 210.447 140.207 61.180 –192.649 –94.893 5.691 900 100.000 213.723 142.523 64.080 –191.640 –91.655 5.319 1000 100.000 224.259 150.179 74.080 –188.212 –80.730 4.217 1100 100.000 233.790 157.353 84.080 –184.873 –70.144 3.331 1130.75 100.000 236.547 159.470 87.155 –183.867 –66.951 3.093 42. COPPER DICHLORIDE CuCl 2 (g) 298.15 56.814 278.418 278.418 0.000 –43.268 –49.883 8.739 300 56.869 278.769 278.419 0.105 –43.271 –49.924 8.692 400 58.992 295.456 280.679 5.911 –43.428 –52.119 6.806500 60.111 308.752 285.010 11.871 –43.606 –54.271 5.670 600 60.761 319.774 289.911 17.918 –43.814 –56.385 4.909 700 61.168 329.173 294.865 24.015 –44.060 –58.462 4.362800 61.439 337.360 299.677 30.147 –44.349 –60.500 3.950 900 61.630 344.608 304.274 36.301 –44.688 –62.499 3.627 1000 61.776 351.109 308.638 42.471 –45.088 –64.457 3.367 1100 61.900 357.003 312.771 48.655 –45.566 –66.372 3.152 1200 62.022 362.394 316.685 54.851 –46.139 –68.239 2.970 1300 62.159 367.364 320.395 61.060 –46.829 –70.053 2.8151400 62.325 371.976 323.916 67.284 –60.784 –71.404 2.664 1500 62.531 376.283 327.265 73.526 –61.613 –72.133 2.512 43. FLUORINE F (g) 298.15 22.746 158.750 158.750 0.000 79.380 62.280 –10.911 300 22.742 158.891 158.750 0.042 79.393 62.173 –10.825 400 22.432 165.394 159.639 2.302 80.043 56.332 –7.356 500 22.100 170.363 161.307 4.528 80.587 50.340 –5.259600 21.832 174.368 163.161 6.724 81.046 44.246 –3.852 700 21.629 177.717 165.008 8.897 81.442 38.081 –2.842 800 21.475 180.595 166.780 11.052 81.792 31.862 –2.080900 21.357 183.117 168.458 13.193 82.106 25.601 –1.48640. DICOPPER OXIDE Cu 2O (cr) (continued) 5-74THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 43. FLUORINE F (g) (continued) 1000 21.266 185.362 170.039 15.324 82.391 19.308 –1.009 1100 21.194 187.386 171.525 17.447 82.654 12.986 –0.617 1200 21.137 189.227 172.925 19.563 82.897 6.642 –0.2891300 21.091 190.917 174.245 21.675 83.123 0.278 –0.011 1400 21.054 192.479 175.492 23.782 83.335 –6.103 0.228 1500 21.022 193.930 176.673 25.886 83.533 –12.498 0.435 44. DIFLUORINE F 2 (g) 298.15 31.304 202.790 202.790 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300 31.337 202.984 202.790 0.058 0.000 0.000 0.000 400 32.995 212.233 204.040 3.277 0.000 0.000 0.000500 34.258 219.739 206.453 6.643 0.000 0.000 0.000 600 35.171 226.070 209.208 10.117 0.000 0.000 0.000 700 35.839 231.545 212.017 13.669 0.000 0.000 0.000800 36.343 236.365 214.765 17.279 0.000 0.000 0.000 900 36.740 240.669 217.409 20.934 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 37.065 244.557 219.932 24.625 0.000 0.000 0.0001100 37.342 248.103 222.334 28.346 0.000 0.000 0.000 1200 37.588 251.363 224.619 32.093 0.000 0.000 0.000 1300 37.811 254.381 226.794 35.863 0.000 0.000 0.0001400 38.019 257.191 228.866 39.654 0.000 0.000 0.000 1500 38.214 259.820 230.843 43.466 0.000 0.000 0.000 45. HYDROGEN FLUORIDE HF (g) 298.15 29.137 173.776 173.776 0.000 –273.300 –275.399 48.248 300 29.137 173.956 173.776 0.054 –273.302 –275.412 47.953 400 29.149 182.340 174.919 2.968 –273.450 –276.096 36.054 500 29.172 188.846 177.078 5.884 –273.679 –276.733 28.910600 29.230 194.169 179.496 8.804 –273.961 –277.318 24.142 700 29.350 198.683 181.923 11.732 –274.277 –277.852 20.733 800 29.549 202.614 184.269 14.676 –274.614 –278.340 18.174900 29.827 206.110 186.505 17.645 –274.961 –278.785 16.180 1000 30.169 209.270 188.626 20.644 –275.309 –279.191 14.583 1100 30.558 212.163 190.636 23.680 –275.652 –279.563 13.2751200 30.974 214.840 192.543 26.756 –275.988 –279.904 12.184 1300 31.403 217.336 194.355 29.875 –276.315 –280.217 11.259 1400 31.831 219.679 196.081 33.037 –276.631 –280.505 10.4661500 32.250 221.889 197.729 36.241 –276.937 –280.771 9.777 46. GERMANIUM Ge (cr, l) 298.15 23.222 31.090 31.090 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300 23.249 31.234 31.090 0.043 0.000 0.000 0.000400 24.310 38.083 32.017 2.426 0.000 0.000 0.000 500 24.962 43.582 33.798 4.892 0.000 0.000 0.000 600 25.452 48.178 35.822 7.414 0.000 0.000 0.000700 25.867 52.133 37.876 9.980 0.000 0.000 0.000 800 26.240 55.612 39.880 12.586 0.000 0.000 0.000 900 26.591 58.723 41.804 15.227 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 26.926 61.542 43.639 17.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 1100 27.252 64.124 45.386 20.612 0.000 0.000 0.000 1200 27.571 66.509 47.048 23.353 0.000 0.000 0.0001211.4 27.608 66.770 47.232 23.668 0.000 0.000 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 37.030 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 30.568 J/K ⋅mol, cr–l 1211.4 27.600 97.338 47.232 60.698 0.000 0.000 0.0001300 27.600 99.286 50.714 63.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 TeamLRN5-75THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 1400 27.600 101.331 54.258 65.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 1500 27.600 103.236 57.460 68.663 0.000 0.000 0.000 47. GERMANIUM Ge (g) 298.15 30.733 167.903 167.903 0.000 367.800 327.009 –57.290 300 30.757 168.094 167.904 0.057 367.814 326.756 –56.893 400 31.071 177.025 169.119 3.162 368.536 312.959 –40.868 500 30.360 183.893 171.415 6.239 369.147 298.991 –31.235600 29.265 189.334 173.965 9.222 369.608 284.914 –24.804 700 28.102 193.758 176.487 12.090 369.910 270.773 –20.205 800 27.029 197.439 178.882 14.845 370.060 256.598 –16.754900 26.108 200.567 181.122 17.501 370.073 242.414 –14.069 1000 25.349 203.277 183.205 20.072 369.969 228.234 –11.922 1100 24.741 205.664 185.141 22.575 369.763 214.069 –10.1651200 24.264 207.795 186.941 25.025 369.471 199.928 –8.703 1300 23.898 209.722 188.621 27.432 332.088 188.521 –7.575 1400 23.624 211.483 190.192 29.807 331.704 177.492 –6.6221500 23.426 213.105 191.666 32.159 331.296 166.491 –5.798 48. GERMANIUM DIOXIDE GeO2 (cr, l) 298.15 50.166 39.710 39.710 0.000 –580.200 –521.605 91.382300 50.475 40.021 39.711 0.093 –580.204 –521.242 90.755400 61.281 56.248 41.850 5.759 –579.893 –501.610 65.503 500 66.273 70.519 46.191 12.164 –579.013 –482.134 50.368 600 69.089 82.872 51.299 18.943 –577.915 –462.859 40.295700 70.974 93.671 56.597 25.952 –576.729 –443.776 33.115 800 72.449 103.247 61.841 33.125 –575.498 –424.866 27.741 900 73.764 111.857 66.928 40.436 –574.235 –406.113 23.570 1000 75.049 119.696 71.819 47.877 –572.934 –387.502 20.241 1100 76.378 126.910 76.504 55.447 –571.582 –369.024 17.523 1200 77.796 133.616 80.987 63.155 –570.166 –350.671 15.2641300 79.332 139.903 85.279 71.010 –605.685 –329.732 13.249 1308 79.460 140.390 85.615 71.646 –584.059 –328.034 13.100 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 21.500 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 16.437 J/K ⋅mol, crII–crI 1308 80.075 156.827 85.615 93.146 –584.059 –328.034 13.100 1388 81.297 161.617 89.858 99.601 –565.504 –312.415 11.757 PHASE TRANSITION: Δtrs H = 17.200 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 12.392 J/K ⋅mol, crI–l 1388 78.500 174.009 89.858 116.801 –565.504 –312.415 11.757 1400 78.500 174.685 90.582 117.743 –565.328 –310.228 11.575 1500 78.500 180.100 96.372 125.593 –563.882 –292.057 10.170 49. GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE GeCl 4 (g) 298.15 95.918 348.393 348.393 0.000 –500.000 –461.582 80.866 300 96.041 348.987 348.395 0.178 –499.991 –461.343 80.326 400 100.750 377.342 352.229 10.045 –499.447 –448.540 58.573500 103.206 400.114 359.604 20.255 –498.845 –435.882 45.536 600 104.624 419.067 367.980 30.652 –498.234 –423.347 36.855 700 105.509 435.266 376.463 41.162 –497.634 –410.914 30.662800 106.096 449.396 384.715 51.744 –497.057 –398.565 26.023 900 106.504 461.917 392.611 62.375 –496.509 –386.287 22.419 1000 106.799 473.155 400.113 73.041 –495.993 –374.068 19.5391100 107.020 483.344 407.224 83.733 –495.512 –361.899 17.185 1200 107.189 492.664 413.961 94.444 –495.067 –349.772 15.225 1300 107.320 501.249 420.349 105.169 –531.677 –334.973 13.4591400 107.425 509.206 426.416 115.907 –531.265 –319.857 11.934 1500 107.509 516.621 432.185 126.654 –530.861 –304.771 10.61346. GERMANIUM Ge (cr, l) (continued) 5-76THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 50. HYDROGEN H (g) 298.15 20.786 114.716 114.716 0.000 217.998 203.276 –35.613 300 20.786 114.845 114.716 0.038 218.010 203.185 –35.377 400 20.786 120.824 115.532 2.117 218.635 198.149 –25.875500 20.786 125.463 117.071 4.196 219.253 192.956 –20.158 600 20.786 129.252 118.795 6.274 219.867 187.639 –16.335 700 20.786 132.457 120.524 8.353 220.476 182.219 –13.597800 20.786 135.232 122.193 10.431 221.079 176.712 –11.538 900 20.786 137.680 123.780 12.510 221.670 171.131 –9.932 1000 20.786 139.870 125.282 14.589 222.247 165.485 –8.6441100 20.786 141.852 126.700 16.667 222.806 159.781 –7.587 1200 20.786 143.660 128.039 18.746 223.345 154.028 –6.705 1300 20.786 145.324 129.305 20.824 223.864 148.230 –5.9561400 20.786 146.864 130.505 22.903 224.360 142.393 –5.313 1500 20.786 148.298 131.644 24.982 224.835 136.522 –4.754 51. DIHYDROGEN H2 (g) 298.15 28.836 130.680 130.680 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300 28.849 130.858 130.680 0.053 0.000 0.000 0.000 400 29.181 139.217 131.818 2.960 0.000 0.000 0.000 500 29.260 145.738 133.974 5.882 0.000 0.000 0.000600 29.327 151.078 136.393 8.811 0.000 0.000 0.000 700 29.440 155.607 138.822 11.749 0.000 0.000 0.000 800 29.623 159.549 141.172 14.702 0.000 0.000 0.000900 29.880 163.052 143.412 17.676 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 30.204 166.217 145.537 20.680 0.000 0.000 0.000 1100 30.580 169.113 147.550 23.719 0.000 0.000 0.0001200 30.991 171.791 149.460 26.797 0.000 0.000 0.000 1300 31.422 174.288 151.275 29.918 0.000 0.000 0.000 1400 31.860 176.633 153.003 33.082 0.000 0.000 0.0001500 32.296 178.846 154.653 36.290 0.000 0.000 0.000 52. HYDROXYL OH (g) 298.15 29.886 183.737 183.737 0.000 39.349 34.631 –6.067300 29.879 183.922 183.738 0.055 39.350 34.602 –6.025400 29.604 192.476 184.906 3.028 39.384 33.012 –4.311 500 29.495 199.067 187.104 5.982 39.347 31.422 –3.283 600 29.513 204.445 189.560 8.931 39.252 29.845 –2.598700 29.655 209.003 192.020 11.888 39.113 28.287 –2.111 800 29.914 212.979 194.396 14.866 38.945 26.752 –1.747 900 30.265 216.522 196.661 17.874 38.763 25.239 –1.465 1000 30.682 219.731 198.810 20.921 38.577 23.746 –1.240 1100 31.135 222.677 200.848 24.012 38.393 22.272 –1.058 1200 31.603 225.406 202.782 27.149 38.215 20.814 –0.9061300 32.069 227.954 204.621 30.332 38.046 19.371 –0.778 1400 32.522 230.347 206.374 33.562 37.886 17.941 –0.669 1500 32.956 232.606 208.048 36.836 37.735 16.521 –0.575 53. WATER H 2O (l) 298.15 75.300 69.950 69.950 0.000 –285.830 –237.141 41.546 300 75.281 70.416 69.951 0.139 –285.771 –236.839 41.237 373.21 76.079 86.896 71.715 5.666 –283.454 –225.160 31.513 54. WATER H 2O (g) 298.15 33.598 188.832 188.832 0.000 –241.826 –228.582 40.046 TeamLRN5-77THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 300 33.606 189.040 188.833 0.062 –241.844 –228.500 39.785 400 34.283 198.791 190.158 3.453 –242.845 –223.900 29.238 500 35.259 206.542 192.685 6.929 –243.822 –219.050 22.884600 36.371 213.067 195.552 10.509 –244.751 –214.008 18.631 700 37.557 218.762 198.469 14.205 –245.620 –208.814 15.582 800 38.800 223.858 201.329 18.023 –246.424 –203.501 13.287900 40.084 228.501 204.094 21.966 –247.158 –198.091 11.497 1000 41.385 232.792 206.752 26.040 –247.820 –192.603 10.060 1100 42.675 236.797 209.303 30.243 –248.410 –187.052 8.8821200 43.932 240.565 211.753 34.574 –248.933 –181.450 7.898 1300 45.138 244.129 214.108 39.028 –249.392 –175.807 7.064 1400 46.281 247.516 216.374 43.599 –249.792 –170.132 6.3481500 47.356 250.746 218.559 48.282 –250.139 –164.429 5.726 55. IODINE I (g) 298.15 20.786 180.787 180.787 0.000 106.760 70.172 –12.294 300 20.786 180.915 180.787 0.038 106.748 69.945 –12.178400 20.786 186.895 181.602 2.117 97.974 58.060 –7.582 500 20.786 191.533 183.142 4.196 75.988 50.202 –5.244 600 20.786 195.323 184.866 6.274 76.190 45.025 –3.920700 20.786 198.527 186.594 8.353 76.385 39.816 –2.971 800 20.787 201.303 188.263 10.432 76.574 34.579 –2.258 900 20.789 203.751 189.851 12.510 76.757 29.319 –1.702 1000 20.795 205.942 191.352 14.589 76.936 24.038 –1.256 1100 20.806 207.924 192.770 16.669 77.109 18.740 –0.890 1200 20.824 209.735 194.110 18.751 77.277 13.426 –0.5841300 20.851 211.403 195.377 20.835 77.440 8.098 –0.325 1400 20.889 212.950 196.577 22.921 77.596 2.758 –0.103 1500 20.936 214.392 197.717 25.013 77.745 –2.592 0.090 56. DIIODINE I 2 (cr, l) 298.15 54.440 116.139 116.139 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300 54.518 116.476 116.140 0.101 0.000 0.000 0.000 386.75 61.531 131.039 117.884 5.088 0.000 0.000 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: Δtrs H = 15.665 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 40.504 J/K ⋅mol, cr–l 386.75 79.555 171.543 117.884 20.753 0.000 0.000 0.000 400 79.555 174.223 119.706 21.807 0.000 0.000 0.000457.67 79.555 184.938 127.266 26.395 0.000 0.000 0.000 57. DIIODINE I 2 (g) 298.15 36.887 260.685 260.685 0.000 62.420 19.324 –3.385 300 36.897 260.913 260.685 0.068 62.387 19.056 –3.318400 37.256 271.584 262.138 3.778 44.391 5.447 –0.711 457.67 37.385 276.610 263.652 5.931 pressure = 1 bar 500 37.464 279.921 264.891 7.515 0.000 0.000 0.000600 37.613 286.765 267.983 11.269 0.000 0.000 0.000 700 37.735 292.573 271.092 15.037 0.000 0.000 0.000 800 37.847 297.619 274.099 18.816 0.000 0.000 0.000900 37.956 302.083 276.965 22.606 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 38.070 306.088 279.681 26.407 0.000 0.000 0.000 1100 38.196 309.722 282.249 30.220 0.000 0.000 0.0001200 38.341 313.052 284.679 34.047 0.000 0.000 0.000 1300 38.514 316.127 286.981 37.890 0.000 0.000 0.000 1400 38.719 318.989 289.166 41.751 0.000 0.000 0.0001500 38.959 321.668 291.245 45.635 0.000 0.000 0.00054. WATER H 2O (g) (continued) 5-78THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 58. HYDROGEN IODIDE HI (g) 298.15 29.157 206.589 206.589 0.000 26.500 1.700 –0.298 300 29.158 206.769 206.589 0.054 26.477 1.546 –0.269 400 29.329 215.176 207.734 2.977 17.093 –6.289 0.821500 29.738 221.760 209.904 5.928 –5.481 –9.946 1.039 600 30.351 227.233 212.348 8.931 –5.819 –10.806 0.941 700 31.070 231.965 214.820 12.002 –6.101 –11.614 0.867800 31.807 236.162 217.230 15.145 –6.323 –12.386 0.809 900 32.511 239.950 219.548 18.362 –6.489 –13.133 0.762 1000 33.156 243.409 221.763 21.646 –6.608 –13.865 0.7241100 33.735 246.597 223.878 24.991 –6.689 –14.586 0.693 1200 34.249 249.555 225.896 28.391 –6.741 –15.302 0.666 1300 34.703 252.314 227.823 31.839 –6.775 –16.014 0.6431400 35.106 254.901 229.666 35.330 –6.797 –16.723 0.624 1500 35.463 257.336 231.430 38.858 –6.814 –17.432 0.607 59. POTASSIUM K (cr, l) 298.15 29.600 64.680 64.680 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300 29.671 64.863 64.681 0.055 0.000 0.000 0.000 336.86 32.130 68.422 64.896 1.188 0.000 0.000 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: Δtrs H = 2.321 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 6.891 J/K ⋅mol, cr–l 336.86 32.129 75.313 64.896 3.509 0.000 0.000 0.000 400 31.552 80.784 66.986 5.519 0.000 0.000 0.000 500 30.741 87.734 70.469 8.632 0.000 0.000 0.000600 30.158 93.283 73.824 11.675 0.000 0.000 0.000 700 29.851 97.905 76.943 14.673 0.000 0.000 0.000 800 29.838 101.887 79.818 17.655 0.000 0.000 0.000900 30.130 105.415 82.470 20.651 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 30.730 108.618 84.927 23.691 0.000 0.000 0.000 1039.4 31.053 109.812 85.847 24.908 0.000 0.000 0.000 60. POTASSIUM K (g) 298.15 20.786 160.340 160.340 0.000 89.000 60.479 –10.596 300 20.786 160.468 160.340 0.038 88.984 60.302 –10.499 400 20.786 166.448 161.155 2.117 85.598 51.332 –6.703500 20.786 171.086 162.695 4.196 84.563 42.887 –4.480 600 20.786 174.876 164.419 6.274 83.599 34.643 –3.016 700 20.786 178.080 166.148 8.353 82.680 26.557 –1.982800 20.786 180.856 167.817 10.431 81.776 18.601 –1.215 900 20.786 183.304 169.404 12.510 80.859 10.759 –0.624 1000 20.786 185.494 170.905 14.589 79.897 3.021 –0.158 1039.4 20.786 186.297 171.474 15.408 pressure = 1 bar 1100 20.786 187.475 172.323 16.667 0.000 0.000 0.000 1200 20.786 189.284 173.662 18.746 0.000 0.000 0.0001300 20.789 190.948 174.929 20.825 0.000 0.000 0.000 1400 20.793 192.489 176.129 22.904 0.000 0.000 0.000 1500 20.801 193.923 177.268 24.983 0.000 0.000 0.000 61. DIPOTASSIUM OXIDE K 2O (cr, l) 298.15 72.000 96.000 96.000 0.000 –361.700 –321.171 56.267 300 72.130 96.446 96.001 0.133 –361.704 –320.920 55.876 400 79.154 118.158 98.914 7.698 –366.554 –306.416 40.013500 86.178 136.575 104.647 15.964 –366.043 –291.423 30.444 590 92.500 151.348 110.662 24.005 –364.204 –278.079 24.619 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 0.700 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 1.186 J/K ⋅mol, crIII–crII TeamLRN5-79THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 590 100.000 152.534 110.662 24.705 –364.204 –278.079 24.619 600 100.000 154.215 111.374 25.705 –363.968 –276.621 24.082 645 100.000 161.447 114.618 30.205 –358.901 –270.109 21.874 PHASE TRANSITION: Δtrs H = 4.000 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 6.202 J/K ⋅mol, crII–crI 645 100.000 167.649 114.618 34.205 –358.901 –270.109 21.874 700 100.000 175.832 119.111 39.705 –357.592 –262.592 19.595800 100.000 189.185 127.054 49.705 –355.224 –249.183 16.270 900 100.000 200.963 134.625 59.705 –352.919 –236.067 13.701 1000 100.000 211.499 141.794 69.705 –350.732 –223.202 11.6591013 100.000 212.791 142.697 71.005 –323.459 –221.546 11.424 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 27.000 kJ/mol, Δtrs S =26.654 J/K ⋅mol, crI–l 1013 100.000 239.444 142.697 98.005 –323.459 –221.546 11.4241100 100.000 247.684 150.679 106.705 –479.439 –203.633 9.670 1200 100.000 256.385 159.131 116.705 –475.371 –178.740 7.780 1300 100.000 264.389 166.924 126.705 –471.321 –154.185 6.195 1400 100.000 271.800 174.154 136.705 –467.287 –129.941 4.848 1500 100.000 278.699 180.896 146.705 –463.268 –105.986 3.691 62. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE KOH (cr, l) 298.15 64.900 78.870 78.870 0.000 –424.580 –378.747 66.354 300 65.038 79.272 78.871 0.120 –424.569 –378.463 65.895 400 72.519 99.007 81.512 6.998 –426.094 –362.765 47.372 500 80.000 115.993 86.745 14.624 –424.572 –347.093 36.260520 81.496 119.159 87.931 16.239 –417.725 –344.002 34.555 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 6.450 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 12.404 J/K ⋅mol, crII–crI 520 79.000 131.563 87.931 22.689 –417.725 –344.002 34.555600 79.000 142.868 94.520 29.009 –416.274 –332.766 28.969 678 79.000 152.523 100.649 35.171 –405.464 –321.998 24.807 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 9.400 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 13.865 J/K ⋅mol, crI–l 678 83.000 166.388 100.649 44.571 –405.464 –321.998 24.807 700 83.000 169.038 102.757 46.397 –404.981 –319.297 23.826 800 83.000 180.121 111.750 54.697 –402.808 –307.206 20.058900 83.000 189.897 119.901 62.997 –400.694 –295.383 17.143 1000 83.000 198.642 127.345 71.297 –398.668 –283.791 14.824 1100 83.000 206.553 134.192 79.597 –475.618 –267.780 12.7161200 83.000 213.775 140.527 87.897 –472.711 –249.014 10.839 1300 83.000 220.418 146.421 96.197 –469.843 –230.490 9.261 1400 83.000 226.569 151.929 104.497 –467.011 –212.184 7.9171500 83.000 232.296 157.098 112.797 –464.217 –194.080 6.758 63. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE KOH (g) 298.15 49.184 238.283 238.283 0.000 –227.989 –229.685 40.239 300 49.236 238.588 238.284 0.091 –228.007 –229.696 39.993400 51.178 253.053 240.243 5.124 –231.377 –229.667 29.991 500 52.178 264.591 243.998 10.296 –232.309 –229.129 23.937 600 52.804 274.163 248.251 15.547 –233.145 –228.413 19.885700 53.296 282.340 252.551 20.853 –233.934 –227.562 16.981 800 53.758 289.487 256.730 26.206 –234.708 –226.599 14.795 900 54.229 295.846 260.730 31.605 –235.495 –225.538 13.090 1000 54.713 301.585 264.533 37.052 –236.322 –224.388 11.721 1100 55.203 306.823 268.143 42.548 –316.077 –218.535 10.377 1200 55.686 311.647 271.570 48.092 –315.925 –209.674 9.1271300 56.153 316.122 274.827 53.684 –315.764 –200.826 8.069 1400 56.598 320.300 277.927 59.322 –315.595 –191.991 7.163 1500 57.016 324.220 280.884 65.003 –315.420 –183.169 6.37861. DIPOTASSIUM OXIDE K 2O (cr, l) (continued) 5-80THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 64. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE KCl (cr, l) 298.15 51.300 82.570 82.570 0.000 –436.490 –408.568 71.579 300 51.333 82.887 82.571 0.095 –436.481 –408.395 71.107 400 52.977 97.886 84.605 5.312 –438.463 –398.651 52.058500 54.448 109.867 88.498 10.685 –437.990 –388.749 40.612 600 55.885 119.921 92.919 16.201 –437.332 –378.960 32.991 700 57.425 128.649 97.413 21.865 –436.502 –369.295 27.557800 59.205 136.430 101.812 27.694 –435.505 –359.760 23.490 900 61.361 143.523 106.058 33.719 –434.337 –350.360 20.334 1000 64.032 150.121 110.138 39.983 –432.981 –341.100 17.8171044 65.405 152.908 111.882 42.830 –485.450 –336.720 16.847 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 26.320 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 25.210 J/K ⋅mol, cr–l 1044 72.000 178.118 111.882 69.150 –485.450 –336.720 16.8471100 72.000 181.880 115.351 73.182 –483.633 –328.790 15.613 1200 72.000 188.145 121.160 80.382 –480.393 –314.856 13.705 1300 72.000 193.908 126.537 87.582 –477.158 –301.192 12.102 1400 72.000 199.244 131.542 94.782 –473.928 –287.778 10.737 1500 72.000 204.211 136.223 101.982 –470.704 –274.594 9.562 65. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE KCl (g) 298.15 36.505 239.091 239.091 0.000 –214.575 –233.320 40.876 300 36.518 239.317 239.092 0.068 –214.594 –233.436 40.644 400 37.066 249.904 240.532 3.749 –218.112 –239.107 31.224 500 37.384 258.212 243.267 7.473 –219.287 –244.219 25.513600 37.597 265.048 246.344 11.222 –220.396 –249.100 21.686 700 37.769 270.857 249.441 14.991 –221.461 –253.799 18.938 800 37.907 275.910 252.441 18.775 –222.509 –258.347 16.868900 38.041 280.382 255.302 22.572 –223.568 –262.764 15.250 1000 38.162 284.397 258.014 26.383 –224.667 –267.061 13.950 1100 38.279 288.039 260.581 30.205 –304.696 –266.627 12.6611200 38.401 291.375 263.010 34.039 –304.821 –263.161 11.455 1300 38.518 294.454 265.312 37.885 –304.941 –259.684 10.434 1400 38.639 297.313 267.496 41.743 –305.053 –256.199 9.5591500 38.761 299.983 269.574 45.613 –305.159 –252.706 8.800 66. DINITROGEN N 2 (g) 298.15 29.124 191.608 191.608 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000300 29.125 191.788 191.608 0.054 0.000 0.000 0.000400 29.249 200.180 192.752 2.971 0.000 0.000 0.000 500 29.580 206.738 194.916 5.911 0.000 0.000 0.000 600 30.109 212.175 197.352 8.894 0.000 0.000 0.000 700 30.754 216.864 199.812 11.936 0.000 0.000 0.000 800 31.433 221.015 202.208 15.046 0.000 0.000 0.000 900 32.090 224.756 204.509 18.222 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 32.696 228.169 206.706 21.462 0.000 0.000 0.000 1100 33.241 231.311 208.802 24.759 0.000 0.000 0.000 1200 33.723 234.224 210.801 28.108 0.000 0.000 0.0001300 34.147 236.941 212.708 31.502 0.000 0.000 0.000 1400 34.517 239.485 214.531 34.936 0.000 0.000 0.000 1500 34.842 241.878 216.275 38.404 0.000 0.000 0.000 67. NITRIC OXIDE NO (g) 298.15 29.862 210.745 210.745 0.000 91.277 87.590 –15.345 300 29.858 210.930 210.746 0.055 91.278 87.567 –15.247 400 29.954 219.519 211.916 3.041 91.320 86.323 –11.272500 30.493 226.255 214.133 6.061 91.340 85.071 –8.887 TeamLRN5-81THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 600 31.243 231.879 216.635 9.147 91.354 83.816 –7.297 700 32.031 236.754 219.168 12.310 91.369 82.558 –6.160 800 32.770 241.081 221.642 15.551 91.386 81.298 –5.308900 33.425 244.979 224.022 18.862 91.405 80.036 –4.645 1000 33.990 248.531 226.298 22.233 91.426 78.772 –4.115 1100 34.473 251.794 228.469 25.657 91.445 77.505 –3.6801200 34.883 254.811 230.540 29.125 91.464 76.237 –3.318 1300 35.234 257.618 232.516 32.632 91.481 74.967 –3.012 1400 35.533 260.240 234.404 36.170 91.495 73.697 –2.7501500 35.792 262.700 236.209 39.737 91.506 72.425 –2.522 68. NITROGEN DIOXIDE NO2 (g) 298.15 37.178 240.166 240.166 0.000 34.193 52.316 –9.165300 37.236 240.397 240.167 0.069 34.181 52.429 –9.129400 40.513 251.554 241.666 3.955 33.637 58.600 –7.652 500 43.664 260.939 244.605 8.167 33.319 64.882 –6.778 600 46.383 269.147 248.026 12.673 33.174 71.211 –6.199700 48.612 276.471 251.575 17.427 33.151 77.553 –5.787 800 50.405 283.083 255.107 22.381 33.213 83.893 –5.478 900 51.844 289.106 258.555 27.496 33.334 90.221 –5.236 1000 53.007 294.631 261.891 32.741 33.495 96.534 –5.042 1100 53.956 299.729 265.102 38.090 33.686 102.828 –4.883 1200 54.741 304.459 268.187 43.526 33.898 109.105 –4.7491300 55.399 308.867 271.148 49.034 34.124 115.363 –4.635 1400 55.960 312.994 273.992 54.603 34.360 121.603 –4.537 1500 56.446 316.871 276.722 60.224 34.604 127.827 –4.451 69. AMMONIA NH 3 (g) 298.15 35.630 192.768 192.768 0.000 –45.940 –16.407 2.874 300 35.678 192.989 192.769 0.066 –45.981 –16.223 2.825 400 38.674 203.647 194.202 3.778 –48.087 –5.980 0.781500 41.994 212.633 197.011 7.811 –49.908 4.764 –0.498 600 45.229 220.578 200.289 12.174 –51.430 15.846 –1.379 700 48.269 227.781 203.709 16.850 –52.682 27.161 –2.027800 51.112 234.414 207.138 21.821 –53.695 38.639 –2.523 900 53.769 240.589 210.516 27.066 –54.499 50.231 –2.915 1000 56.244 246.384 213.816 32.569 –55.122 61.903 –3.2331100 58.535 251.854 217.027 38.309 –55.589 73.629 –3.496 1200 60.644 257.039 220.147 44.270 –55.920 85.392 –3.717 1300 62.576 261.970 223.176 50.432 –56.136 97.177 –3.905 1400 64.339 266.673 226.117 56.779 –56.251 108.975 –4.066 1500 65.945 271.168 228.971 63.295 –56.282 120.779 –4.206 70. OXYGEN O (g) 298.15 21.911 161.058 161.058 0.000 249.180 231.743 –40.600 300 21.901 161.194 161.059 0.041 249.193 231.635 –40.331 400 21.482 167.430 161.912 2.207 249.874 225.677 –29.470 500 21.257 172.197 163.511 4.343 250.481 219.556 –22.937600 21.124 176.060 165.290 6.462 251.019 213.319 –18.571 700 21.040 179.310 167.067 8.570 251.500 206.997 –15.446 800 20.984 182.115 168.777 10.671 251.932 200.610 –13.098900 20.944 184.584 170.399 12.767 252.325 194.171 –11.269 1000 20.915 186.789 171.930 14.860 252.686 187.689 –9.804 1100 20.893 188.782 173.372 16.950 253.022 181.173 –8.6031200 20.877 190.599 174.733 19.039 253.335 174.628 –7.601 1300 20.864 192.270 176.019 21.126 253.630 168.057 –6.75367. NITRIC OXIDE NO (g) (continued) 5-82THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 70. OXYGEN O (g) (continued) 1400 20.853 193.815 177.236 23.212 253.908 161.463 –6.024 1500 20.845 195.254 178.389 25.296 254.171 154.851 –5.392 71. DIOXYGEN O2 (g) 298.15 29.378 205.148 205.148 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300 29.387 205.330 205.148 0.054 0.000 0.000 0.000 400 30.109 213.873 206.308 3.026 0.000 0.000 0.000 500 31.094 220.695 208.525 6.085 0.000 0.000 0.000600 32.095 226.454 211.045 9.245 0.000 0.000 0.000 700 32.987 231.470 213.612 12.500 0.000 0.000 0.000 800 33.741 235.925 216.128 15.838 0.000 0.000 0.000900 34.365 239.937 218.554 19.244 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 34.881 243.585 220.878 22.707 0.000 0.000 0.000 1100 35.314 246.930 223.096 26.217 0.000 0.000 0.0001200 35.683 250.019 225.213 29.768 0.000 0.000 0.000 1300 36.006 252.888 227.233 33.352 0.000 0.000 0.000 1400 36.297 255.568 229.162 36.968 0.000 0.000 0.0001500 36.567 258.081 231.007 40.611 0.000 0.000 0.000 72. SULFUR S (cr, l) 298.15 22.690 32.070 32.070 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000300 22.737 32.210 32.070 0.042 0.000 0.000 0.000368.3 24.237 37.030 32.554 1.649 0.000 0.000 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 0.401 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 1.089 J/K ⋅mol, crII–crI 368.3 24.773 38.119 32.553 2.050 0.000 0.000 0.000388.36 25.180 39.444 32.875 2.551 0.000 0.000 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 1.722 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 4.431 J/K ⋅mol, crI–l 388.36 31.710 43.875 32.872 4.273 0.000 0.000 0.000400 32.369 44.824 33.206 4.647 0.000 0.000 0.000 500 38.026 53.578 36.411 8.584 0.000 0.000 0.000 600 34.371 60.116 39.842 12.164 0.000 0.000 0.000700 32.451 65.278 43.120 15.511 0.000 0.000 0.000 800 32.000 69.557 46.163 18.715 0.000 0.000 0.000 882.38 32.000 72.693 48.496 21.351 0.000 0.000 0.000 73. SULFUR S (g) 298.15 23.673 167.828 167.828 0.000 277.180 236.704 –41.469 300 23.669 167.974 167.828 0.044 277.182 236.453 –41.170 400 23.233 174.730 168.752 2.391 274.924 222.962 –29.115500 22.741 179.860 170.482 4.689 273.286 210.145 –21.953 600 22.338 183.969 172.398 6.942 271.958 197.646 –17.206 700 22.031 187.388 174.302 9.160 270.829 185.352 –13.831800 21.800 190.314 176.125 11.351 269.816 173.210 –11.309 900 21.624 192.871 177.847 13.522 215.723 162.258 –9.417 1000 21.489 195.142 179.465 15.677 216.018 156.301 –8.1641100 21.386 197.185 180.985 17.821 216.284 150.317 –7.138 1200 21.307 199.043 182.413 19.955 216.525 144.309 –6.282 1300 21.249 200.746 183.759 22.083 216.743 138.282 –5.5561400 21.209 202.319 185.029 24.206 216.940 132.239 –4.934 1500 21.186 203.781 186.231 26.325 217.119 126.182 –4.394 74. DISULFUR S2 (g) 298.15 32.505 228.165 228.165 0.000 128.600 79.696 –13.962 300 32.540 228.366 228.165 0.060 128.576 79.393 –13.823 400 34.108 237.956 229.462 3.398 122.703 63.380 –8.276 500 35.133 245.686 231.959 6.863 118.296 49.031 –5.122 TeamLRN5-83THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 600 35.815 252.156 234.800 10.413 114.685 35.530 –3.093 700 36.305 257.715 237.686 14.020 111.599 22.588 –1.685 800 36.697 262.589 240.501 17.671 108.841 10.060 –0.657882.38 36.985 266.200 242.734 20.706 pressure = 1 bar 900 37.045 266.932 243.201 21.358 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 37.377 270.852 245.773 25.079 0.000 0.000 0.0001100 37.704 274.430 248.218 28.833 0.000 0.000 0.000 1200 38.030 277.725 250.541 32.620 0.000 0.000 0.000 1300 38.353 280.781 252.751 36.439 0.000 0.000 0.0001400 38.669 283.635 254.856 40.290 0.000 0.000 0.000 1500 38.976 286.314 256.865 44.173 0.000 0.000 0.000 75. OCTASULFUR S8 (g) 298.15 156.500 432.536 432.536 0.000 101.277 48.810 –8.551 300 156.768 433.505 432.539 0.290 101.231 48.484 –8.442 400 167.125 480.190 438.834 16.542 80.642 32.003 –4.179 500 173.181 518.176 451.022 33.577 66.185 21.409 –2.237600 177.936 550.180 464.951 51.137 55.101 13.549 –1.180 700 182.441 577.948 479.152 69.157 46.349 7.343 –0.548 800 186.764 602.596 493.071 87.620 39.177 2.263 –0.148900 190.595 624.821 506.495 106.494 –392.062 6.554 –0.380 1000 193.618 645.067 519.355 125.712 –387.728 50.614 –2.644 1100 195.684 663.625 531.639 145.185 –383.272 94.233 –4.4751200 196.825 680.707 543.359 164.817 –378.786 137.444 –5.983 1300 197.195 696.480 554.539 184.524 –374.356 180.283 –7.244 1400 196.988 711.089 565.206 204.237 –370.048 222.785 –8.3121500 196.396 724.662 575.389 223.909 –365.905 264.984 –9.227 76. SULFUR DIOXIDE SO 2 (g) 298.15 39.842 248.219 248.219 0.000 –296.810 –300.090 52.574300 39.909 248.466 248.220 0.074 –296.833 –300.110 52.253400 43.427 260.435 249.828 4.243 –300.240 –300.935 39.298 500 46.490 270.465 252.978 8.744 –302.735 –300.831 31.427 600 48.938 279.167 256.634 13.520 –304.699 –300.258 26.139700 50.829 286.859 260.413 18.513 –306.308 –299.386 22.340 800 52.282 293.746 264.157 23.671 –307.691 –298.302 19.477 900 53.407 299.971 267.796 28.958 –362.075 –295.987 17.178 1000 54.290 305.646 271.301 34.345 –362.012 –288.647 15.077 1100 54.993 310.855 274.664 39.810 –361.934 –281.314 13.358 1200 55.564 315.665 277.882 45.339 –361.849 –273.989 11.926 1300 56.033 320.131 280.963 50.920 –361.763 –266.671 10.715 1400 56.426 324.299 283.911 56.543 –361.680 –259.359 9.677 1500 56.759 328.203 286.735 62.203 –361.605 –252.053 8.777 77. SILICON Si (cr) 298.15 19.789 18.810 18.810 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300 19.855 18.933 18.810 0.037 0.000 0.000 0.000 400 22.301 25.023 19.624 2.160 0.000 0.000 0.000500 23.610 30.152 21.231 4.461 0.000 0.000 0.000 600 24.472 34.537 23.092 6.867 0.000 0.000 0.000 700 25.124 38.361 25.006 9.348 0.000 0.000 0.000800 25.662 41.752 26.891 11.888 0.000 0.000 0.000 900 26.135 44.802 28.715 14.478 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000 26.568 47.578 30.464 17.114 0.000 0.000 0.0001100 26.974 50.130 32.138 19.791 0.000 0.000 0.000 1200 27.362 52.493 33.737 22.508 0.000 0.000 0.00074. DISULFUR S 2 (g) (continued) 5-84THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol kJ/mol T/K C°p S° -(G°-H° (Tr))/TH°-H° (Tr) ΔfH° ΔfG° Log Kf 77. SILICON Si (cr) (continued) 1300 27.737 54.698 35.265 25.263 0.000 0.000 0.000 1400 28.103 56.767 36.728 28.055 0.000 0.000 0.000 1500 28.462 58.719 38.130 30.883 0.000 0.000 0.000 78. SILICON Si (g) 298.15 22.251 167.980 167.980 0.000 450.000 405.525 –71.045 300 22.234 168.117 167.980 0.041 450.004 405.249 –70.559 400 21.613 174.416 168.843 2.229 450.070 390.312 –50.969500 21.316 179.204 170.456 4.374 449.913 375.388 –39.216 600 21.153 183.074 172.246 6.497 449.630 360.508 –31.385 700 21.057 186.327 174.032 8.607 449.259 345.682 –25.795800 21.000 189.135 175.748 10.709 448.821 330.915 –21.606 900 20.971 191.606 177.375 12.808 448.329 316.205 –18.352 1000 20.968 193.815 178.911 14.904 447.791 301.553 –15.7511100 20.989 195.815 180.358 17.002 447.211 286.957 –13.626 1200 21.033 197.643 181.723 19.103 446.595 272.416 –11.858 1300 21.099 199.329 183.014 21.209 445.946 257.927 –10.3641400 21.183 200.895 184.236 23.323 445.268 243.489 –9.085 1500 21.282 202.360 185.396 25.446 444.563 229.101 –7.978 79. SILICON DIOXIDE SiO2 (cr) 298.15 44.602 41.460 41.460 0.000 –910.700 –856.288 150.016 300 44.712 41.736 41.461 0.083 –910.708 –855.951 149.032 400 53.477 55.744 43.311 4.973 –910.912 –837.651 109.385 500 60.533 68.505 47.094 10.705 –910.540 –819.369 85.598600 64.452 79.919 51.633 16.971 –909.841 –801.197 69.749 700 68.234 90.114 56.414 23.590 –908.958 –783.157 58.439 800 76.224 99.674 61.226 30.758 –907.668 –765.265 49.966848 82.967 104.298 63.533 34.569 –906.310 –756.747 46.613 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 0.411 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 0.484 J/K ⋅mol, crII–crII ′ 848 67.446 104.782 63.532 34.980 –906.310 –756.747 46.613900 67.953 108.811 66.033 38.500 –905.922 –747.587 43.388 1000 68.941 116.021 70.676 45.345 –905.176 –730.034 38.133 1100 69.940 122.639 75.104 52.289 –904.420 –712.557 33.8361200 70.947 128.768 79.323 59.333 –901.382 –695.148 30.259 PHASE TRANSITION: Δ trs H = 2.261 kJ/mol, Δtrs S = 1.883 J/K ⋅mol, crII′–crI 1200 71.199 130.651 79.323 61.594 –901.382 –695.148 30.2591300 71.743 136.372 83.494 68.742 –900.574 –677.994 27.242 1400 72.249 141.707 87.463 75.941 –899.782 –660.903 24.658 1500 72.739 146.709 91.248 83.191 –899.004 –643.867 22.421 80. SILICON TETRACHLORIDE SiCl 4 (g) 298.15 90.404 331.446 331.446 0.000 –662.200 –622.390 109.039 300 90.562 332.006 331.448 0.167 –662.195 –622.143 108.323 400 96.893 359.019 335.088 9.572 –661.853 –608.841 79.505500 100.449 381.058 342.147 19.456 –661.413 –595.637 62.225 600 102.587 399.576 350.216 29.616 –660.924 –582.527 50.713 700 103.954 415.500 358.432 39.948 –660.417 –569.501 42.496800 104.875 429.445 366.455 50.392 –659.912 –556.548 36.338 900 105.523 441.837 374.155 60.914 –659.422 –543.657 31.553 1000 105.995 452.981 381.490 71.491 –658.954 –530.819 27.7271100 106.349 463.101 388.456 82.109 –658.515 –518.027 24.599 1200 106.620 472.366 395.068 92.758 –658.107 –505.274 21.994 1300 106.834 480.909 401.347 103.431 –657.735 –492.553 19.7911400 107.003 488.833 407.316 114.123 –657.400 –479.860 17.904 1500 107.141 496.220 413.000 124.830 –657.104 –467.189 16.269 TeamLRNTHERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS This table contains standard state thermodynamic properties of ions and neutral species in aqueous solution. It includes enthal py and Gibbs energy of formation, entropy, and heat capacity, and thus serves as a companion to the preceding table, “Standard Thermodynamic Proper ties of Chemical Substances”. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution with molality m = 1 mol/kg (mean ionic molality m± in the case of a species which is assumed to dissociate at infinite dilution). Further details on conventions may be found in Reference 1. Cations are listed by formula in the first part of the table, followed by anions and finally neutral species. All values refer to standard conditions of 25°C and 100 kPa pressure. REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Zemaitis, J. F., Clark, D. M., Rafal, M., and Scrivner, N. C., Handbook of Aqueous Electrolyte Thermodynamics , American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1986. Species ΔfH°/ ΔfG°/ S°/ Cp/ kJ mol–1kJ mol–1J mol–1K–1J mol–1K–1 Cations Ag+ 105.6 77.1 72.7 21.8 Al+3-531.0 -485.0 -321.7 AlOH+2-694.1 Ba+2 -537.6 -560.8 9.6 BaOH+-730.5 Be+2-382.8 -379.7 -129.7 Bi+3 82.8 BiOH+2-146.4 Ca+2-542.8 -553.6 -53.1 CaOH+ -718.4 Cd+2-75.9 -77.6 -73.2 CdOH+-261.1 Ce+3 -696.2 -672.0 -205.0 Ce+4-537.2 -503.8 -301.0 Co+2-58.2 -54.4 -113.0 Co+3 92.0 134.0 -305.0 Cr+2-143.5 Cs+-258.3 -292.0 133.1 -10.5 Cu+ 71.7 50.0 40.6 Cu+264.8 65.5 -99.6 Dy+3-699.0 -665.0 -231.0 21.0 Er+3 -705.4 -669.1 -244.3 21.0 Eu+2-527.0 -540.2 -8.0 Eu+3-605.0 -574.1 -222.0 8.0 Fe+2 -89.1 -78.9 -137.7 Fe+3-48.5 -4.7 -315.9 FeOH+-324.7 -277.4 -29.0 FeOH+2 -290.8 -229.4 -142.0 Fe(OH)2+ -438.0 Ga+2-88.0 Ga+3 -211.7 -159.0 -331.0 GaOH+2-380.3 Ga(OH) 2+-597.4 Gd+3 -686.0 -661.0 -205.9 H+00 0 0 Hg+2171.1 164.4 -32.2 Hg2+2172.4 153.5 84.5 HgOH+-84.5 -52.3 71.0 Ho+3-705.0 -673.7 -226.8 17.0 In+-12.1 In+2 -50.7 In+3-105.0 -98.0 -151.0Species ΔfH°/ ΔfG°/ S°/ Cp/ kJ mol–1kJ mol–1J mol–1K–1J mol–1K–1 5-85InOH+2 -370.3 -313.0 -88.0 In(OH) 2+-619.0 -525.0 25.0 K+-252.4 -283.3 102.5 21.8 La+3-707.1 -683.7 -217.6 -13.0 Li+ -278.5 -293.3 13.4 68.6 Lu+3-665.0 -628.0 -264.0 25.0 LuF+2-931.4 Mg+2 -466.9 -454.8 -138.1 MgOH+-626.7 Mn+2-220.8 -228.1 -73.6 50.0 MnOH+ -450.6 -405.0 -17.0 NH4+-132.5 -79.3 113.4 79.9 N2H5+-7.5 82.5 151.0 70.3 Na+ -240.1 -261.9 59.0 46.4 Nd+3-696.2 -671.6 -206.7 -21.0 Ni+2-54.0 -45.6 -128.9 NiOH+ -287.9 -227.6 -71.0 PH4+92.1 Pa+4-619.0 Pb+2 -1.7 -24.4 10.5 PbOH+-226.3 Pd+2149.0 176.5 -184.0 Po+2 71.0 Po+4293.0 Pr+3-704.6 -679.1 -209.0 -29.0 Pt+2 254.8 Ra+2-527.6 -561.5 54.0 Rb+-251.2 -284.0 121.5 Re+ -33.0 Sc+3-614.2 -586.6 -255.0 ScOH+2-861.5 -801.2 -134.0 Sm+2 -497.5 Sm+3-691.6 -666.6 -211.7 -21.0 Sn+2-8.8 -27.2 -17.0 SnOH+ -286.2 -254.8 50.0 Sr+2-545.8 -559.5 -32.6 SrOH+-721.3 Tb+3 -682.8 -651.9 -226.0 17.0 Te(OH)3+-608.4 -496.1 111.7 Th+4-769.0 -705.1 -422.6 Th(OH)+3-1030.1 -920.5 -343.0 Th(OH)2+2-1282.4 -1140.9 -218.0 Tl+5.4 -32.4 125.5 Tl+3196.6 214.6 -192.0 5-86THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species ΔfH°/ ΔfG°/ S°/ Cp/ kJ mol–1kJ mol–1J mol–1K–1J mol–1K–1Species ΔfH°/ ΔfG°/ S°/ Cp/ kJ mol–1kJ mol–1J mol–1K–1J mol–1K–1 TlOH+2 -15.9 Tl(OH) 2+-244.7 Tm+3 -697.9 -662.0 -243.0 25.0 U+3 -489.1 -476.2 -188.0 U+4 -591.2 -531.9 -410.0 Y+3 -723.4 -693.8 -251.0 Y2(OH)2+4-1780.3 Yb+2 -527.0 Yb+3 -674.5 -644.0 -238.0 25.0 Y(OH)+2 -879.1 Zn+2 -153.9 -147.1 -112.1 46.0 ZnOH+ -330.1 Anions AlO2--930.9 -830.9 -36.8 Al(OH) 4--1502.5 -1305.3 102.9 AsO2--429.0 -350.0 40.6 AsO4-3-888.1 -648.4 -162.8 BF4--1574.9 -1486.9 180.0 BH4-48.2 114.4 110.5 BO2--772.4 -678.9 -37.2 B4O7-2-2604.8 BeO2-2-790.8 -640.1 -159.0 Br--121.6 -104.0 82.4 -141.8 BrO--94.1 -33.4 42.0 BrO3--67.1 18.6 161.7 BrO4-13.0 118.1 199.6 CHOO--425.6 -351.0 92.0 -87.9 CH3COO--486.0 -369.3 86.6 -6.3 C2O4-2-825.1 -673.9 45.6 C2O4H--818.4 -698.3 149.4 Cl- -167.2 -131.2 56.5 -136.4 ClO--107.1 -36.8 42.0 ClO2--66.5 17.2 101.3 ClO3--104.0 -8.0 162.3 ClO4--129.3 -8.5 182.0 CN-150.6 172.4 94.1 CO3-2-677.1 -527.8 -56.9 CrO4-2-881.2 -727.8 50.2 Cr2O7-2-1490.3 -1301.1 261.9 F- -332.6 -278.8 -13.8 -106.7 Fe(CN)6-3561.9 729.4 270.3 Fe(CN) 6-4455.6 695.1 95.0 HB4O7--2685.1 HCO3- -692.0 -586.8 91.2 HF2--649.9 -578.1 92.5 HPO3F- -1198.2 HPO4-2 -1292.1 -1089.2 -33.5 HP2O7-3-2274.8 -1972.2 46.0 HS- -17.6 12.1 62.8 HSO3- -626.2 -527.7 139.7 HSO4--887.3 -755.9 131.8 -84.0 HS2O4--614.5 HSe-15.9 44.0 79.0 HSeO3--514.6 -411.5 135.1 HSeO4--581.6 -452.2 149.4 H2AsO3--714.8 -587.1 110.5 H2AsO4--909.6 -753.2 117.0H2PO4--1296.3 -1130.2 90.4 H2P2O7-2-2278.6 -2010.2 163.0 I- -55.2 -51.6 111.3 -142.3 IO- -107.5 -38.5 -5.4 IO3--221.3 -128.0 118.4 IO4--151.5 -58.5 222.0 MnO4--541.4 -447.2 191.2 -82.0 MnO4-2-653.0 -500.7 59.0 MoO4-2-997.9 -836.3 27.2 NO2--104.6 -32.2 123.0 -97.5 NO3--207.4 -111.3 146.4 -86.6 N3-275.1 348.2 107.9 OCN- -146.0 -97.4 106.7 OH- -230.0 -157.2 -10.8 -148.5 PO4-3-1277.4 -1018.7 -220.5 P2O7-4-2271.1 -1919.0 -117.0 Re- 46.0 10.1 230.0 S-2 33.1 85.8 -14.6 SCN-76.4 92.7 144.3 -40.2 SO3-2-635.5 -486.5 -29.0 SO4-2-909.3 -744.5 20.1 -293.0 S2-230.1 79.5 28.5 S2O3-2-652.3 -522.5 67.0 S2O4-2-753.5 -600.3 92.0 S2O8-2-1344.7 -1114.9 244.3 Se-2129.3 SeO3-2-509.2 -369.8 13.0 SeO4-2-599.1 -441.3 54.0 VO3--888.3 -783.6 50.0 VO4-3-899.0 WO4-2-1075.7 Neutral species AgBr -16.0 -26.9 155.2 -120.1 AgCl -61.6 -54.1 129.3 -114.6AgF -227.1 -201.7 59.0 -84.9 AgI 50.4 25.5 184.1 -120.5 AgNO 3 -101.8 -34.2 219.2 -64.9 Ag2SO4 -698.1 -590.3 165.7 -251.0 AlBr3 -895.0 -799.0 -74.5 AlCl3 -1033.0 -879.0 -152.3 AlF3 -1531.0 -1322.0 -363.2 AlI3 -699.0 -640.0 12.1 Al2(SO4)3-3791.0 -3205.0 -583.2 BaBr2 -780.7 -768.7 174.5 BaCO3-1214.8 -1088.6 -47.3 BaCl2 -872.0 -823.2 122.6 BaF2 -1202.9 -1118.4 -18.0 Ba(HCO 3)2-1921.6 -1734.3 192.0 BaI2 -648.0 -663.9 232.2 Ba(NO3)2-952.4 -783.3 302.5 BaSO4 -1446.9 -1305.3 29.7 BeSO4 -1292.0 -1124.3 -109.6 CCl3COOH -516.3 CHCl2COOH -512.1 CHOOCs -683.8 -643.0 226.0CHOOH -425.6 -351.0 92.0 -87.9 CHOOK -677.9 -634.2 192.0 -66.1 TeamLRN5-87THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species ΔfH°/ ΔfG°/ S°/ Cp/ kJ mol–1kJ mol–1J mol–1K–1J mol–1K–1Species ΔfH°/ ΔfG°/ S°/ Cp/ kJ mol–1kJ mol–1J mol–1K–1J mol–1K–1 CHOONH4-558.1 -430.4 205.0 -7.9 CHOONa -665.7 -612.9 151.0 -41.4 CHOORb -676.7 -635.1 213.0CH 2ClCOOH -501.3 CH3COOCs -744.3 -661.3 219.7 CH3COOH -486.0 -369.3 86.6 -6.3 CH3COOK -738.4 -652.6 189.1 15.5 CH3COONH4-618.5 -448.6 200.0 73.6 CH3COONa -726.1 -631.2 145.6 40.2 CH3COORb -737.2 -653.3 207.9 (COOH) 2-825.1 -673.9 45.6 (CH3)3N -76.0 93.1 133.5 CaBr2 -785.9 -761.5 111.7 CaCO3-1220.0 -1081.4 -110.0 CaCl2 -877.1 -816.0 59.8 CaF2 -1208.1 -1111.2 -80.8 CaI2 -653.2 -656.7 169.5 Ca(NO3)2-957.6 -776.1 239.7 CaSO4 -1452.1 -1298.1 -33.1 CdBr2 -319.0 -285.5 91.6 CdCl2 -410.2 -340.1 39.7 CdF2 -741.2 -635.2 -100.8 CdI2 -186.3 -180.8 149.4 Cd(NO3)2-490.6 -300.1 219.7 CdSO4 -985.2 -822.1 -53.1 CeCl3 -1197.5 -1065.6 -38.0 CoBr2 -301.2 -262.3 50.0 CoCl2 -392.5 -316.7 CoI2 -168.6 -157.7 109.0 Co(NO3)2-472.8 -276.9 180.0 CoSO4 -967.3 -799.1 -92.0 CsBr -379.8 -396.0 215.5 CsCl -425.4 -423.2 189.5 -146.9CsF -590.9 -570.8 119.2 CsHCO 3-950.3 -878.8 224.3 CsHSO4-1145.6 -1047.9 264.8 CsI -313.5 -343.6 244.3 -152.7 CsNO3 -465.6 -403.3 279.5 -99.0 Cs2CO3-1193.7 -1111.9 209.2 Cs2S -483.7 -498.3 251.0 Cs2SO4-1425.8 -1328.6 286.2 Cs2Se -454.8 Cu(NO3)2-350.0 -157.0 193.3 CuSO4 -844.5 -679.0 -79.5 DyCl3 -1197.0 -1059.0 -61.9 -389.0 ErCl3 -1207.1 -1062.7 -75.3 -389.0 EuCl2 -862.0 EuCl3 -1106.2 -967.7 -54.0 -402.0 FeBr2 -332.2 -286.8 27.2 FeBr3 -413.4 -316.7 -68.6 FeCl2 -423.4 -341.3 -24.7 FeCl3 -550.2 -398.3 -146.4 FeF2 -754.4 -636.5 -165.3 FeF3 -1046.4 -840.9 -357.3 FeI2 -199.6 -182.1 84.9 FeI3 -214.2 -159.4 18.0 Fe(NO3)3-670.7 -338.3 123.4 FeSO4 -998.3 -823.4 -117.6 Fe2(SO4)3-2825.0 -2242.8 -571.5GdCl3 -1188.0 -1059.0 -36.8 -410.0 HBr -121.6 -104.0 82.4 -141.8 HCN 150.6 172.4 94.1HCl -167.2 -131.2 56.5 -136.4 HF -332.6 -278.8 -13.8 -106.7 HI -55.2 -51.6 111.3 -142.3HNO 3 -207.4 -111.3 146.4 -86.6 HSCN 76.4 92.7 144.3 -40.2 H2SO4 -909.3 -744.5 20.1 -293.0 HoCl3 -1206.7 -1067.3 -57.7 -393.0 KBr -373.9 -387.2 184.9 -120.1 KCl -419.5 -414.5 159.0 -114.6KF -585.0 -562.1 88.7 -84.9 KHCO 3 -944.4 -870.0 193.7 KHSO 4-1139.7 -1039.2 234.3 -63.0 KI -307.6 -334.9 213.8 -120.5 KNO3 -459.7 -394.5 248.9 -64.9 K2CO3-1181.9 -1094.4 148.1 K2S -471.5 -480.7 190.4 K2SO4 -1414.0 -1311.1 225.1 -251.0 K2Se -437.2 LaCl3 -1208.8 -1077.3 -50.0 -423.0 LiBr -400.0 -397.3 95.8 -73.2 LiCl -445.6 -424.6 69.9 -67.8LiF -611.1 -571.9 -0.4 -38.1 LiI -333.7 -344.8 124.7 -73.6 LiNO 3 -485.9 -404.5 160.2 -18.0 Li2CO3-1234.1 -1114.6 -29.7 Li2SO4-1466.2 -1331.2 47.3 -155.6 LuCl3 -1167.0 -1021.0 -96.0 -385.0 MgBr2 -709.9 -662.7 26.8 MgCl2 -801.2 -717.1 -25.1 MgI2 -577.2 -558.1 84.5 Mg(NO3)2-881.6 -677.3 154.8 MgSO4-1376.1 -1199.5 -118.0 MnBr2 -464.0 MnCl2 -555.1 -490.8 38.9 -222.0 MnI2 -331.0 Mn(NO3)2-635.5 -450.9 218.0 -121.0 MnSO4-1130.1 -972.7 -53.6 -243.0 NH4Br -254.1 -183.3 195.8 -61.9 NH4BrO3-199.6 -60.7 275.1 NH4CN 18.0 93.0 207.5 NH4Cl -299.7 -210.5 169.9 -56.5 NH4ClO3-236.5 -87.3 275.7 NH4ClO4-261.8 -87.8 295.4 NH4F -465.1 -358.1 99.6 -26.8 NH4HCO3-824.5 -666.1 204.6 NH4HS -150.2 -67.2 176.1 NH4HSO3-758.7 -607.0 253.1 NH4HSO4-1019.9 -835.2 245.2 -3.8 NH4HSeO4-714.2 -531.6 262.8 NH4H2AsO3-847.3 -666.4 223.8 NH4H2AsO4-1042.1 -832.5 230.5 NH4H2PO4-1428.8 -1209.6 203.8 NH4H3P2O7-2409.1 -2102.6 326.0 NH4I -187.7 -130.9 224.7 -62.3 NH4IO3 -354.0 -207.4 231.8 NH4NO2-237.2 -111.6 236.4 -17.6 5-88THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species ΔfH°/ ΔfG°/ S°/ Cp/ kJ mol–1kJ mol–1J mol–1K–1J mol–1K–1Species ΔfH°/ ΔfG°/ S°/ Cp/ kJ mol–1kJ mol–1J mol–1K–1J mol–1K–1 NH4NO3-339.9 -190.6 259.8 -6.7 NH4OH -362.5 -236.5 102.5 -68.6 NH4SCN -56.1 13.4 257.7 39.7 (NH4)2CO3-942.2 -686.4 169.9 (NH4)2CrO4-1146.2 -886.4 277.0 (NH4)2Cr2O7-1755.2 -1459.5 488.7 (NH4)2HAsO4-1171.4 -873.2 225.1 (NH4)2HPO4-1557.2 -1247.8 193.3 (NH4)2S -231.8 -72.6 212.1 (NH4)2SO3-900.4 -645.0 197.5 (NH4)2SO4-1174.3 -903.1 246.9 -133.1 (NH4)2SeO4-864.0 -599.8 280.7 (NH4)3PO4-1674.9 -1256.6 117.0 NaBr -361.7 -365.8 141.4 -95.4 NaCl -407.3 -393.1 115.5 -90.0NaF -572.8 -540.7 45.2 -60.2 NaHCO 3-932.1 -848.7 150.2 NaHSO4-1127.5 -1017.8 190.8 -38.0 NaI -295.3 -313.5 170.3 -95.8 NaNO3 -447.5 -373.2 205.4 -40.2 Na2CO3-1157.4 -1051.6 61.1 Na2S -447.3 -438.1 103.3 Na2SO4-1389.5 -1268.4 138.1 -201.0 Na2Se -394.6 NdCl3 -1197.9 -1065.6 -37.7 -431.0 NiBr2 -297.1 -253.6 36.0 NiCl2 -388.3 -307.9 -15.1 NiF2 -719.2 -603.3 -156.5 NiI2 -164.4 -149.0 93.7 Ni(NO3)2-468.6 -268.5 164.0 NiSO4 -963.2 -790.3 -108.8 PbBr2 -244.8 -232.3 175.3 PbCl2 -336.0 -286.9 123.4 PbF2 -666.9 -582.0 -17.2 PbI2 -112.1 -127.6 233.0 Pb(NO3)2-416.3 -246.9 303.3 PrCl3 -1206.2 -1072.7 -42.0 -439.0 RaCl2 -861.9 -823.8 167.0 Ra(NO3)2-942.2 -784.0 347.0RaSO4 -1436.8 -1306.2 75.0 RbBr -372.7 -387.9 203.9 RbCl -418.3 -415.2 178.0RbF -583.8 -562.8 107.5 RbHCO 3-943.2 -870.8 212.7 RbHSO 4-1138.5 -1039.9 253.1 RbI -306.4 -335.6 232.6 RbNO3 -458.5 -395.2 267.8 Rb2CO3-1179.5 -1095.8 186.2 Rb2S -469.4 -482.0 228.4 Rb2SO4-1411.6 -1312.5 263.2 SmCl3 -1193.3 -1060.2 -42.7 -431.0 SrBr2 -788.9 -767.4 132.2 SrCO3 -1222.9 -1087.3 -89.5 SrCl2 -880.1 -821.9 80.3 SrI2 -656.2 -662.6 190.0 Sr(NO 3)2-960.5 -782.0 260.2 SrSO4 -1455.1 -1304.0 -12.6 TbCl3 -1184.1 -1045.5 -59.0 -393.0 TlBr -116.2 -136.4 207.9 TlBr3 -168.2 -97.1 54.0 TlCl -161.8 -163.6 182.0 TlCl3 -305.0 -179.0 -23.0 TlF -327.3 -311.2 111.7TlI -49.8 -84.0 236.8 TlNO 3 -202.0 -143.7 272.0 Tl2SO4 -898.6 -809.3 271.1 TmCl3 -1199.1 -1055.6 -75.0 -385.0 UCl4 -1259.8 -1056.8 -184.0 UO2CO3-1696.6 -1481.5 -154.4 UO2(NO3)2-1434.3 -1176.0 195.4 UO2SO4-1928.8 -1698.2 -77.4 YbCl3 -1176.1 -1037.6 -71.0 -385.0 ZnBr2 -397.0 -355.0 52.7 -238.0 ZnCl2 -488.2 -409.5 0.8 -226.0 ZnF2 -819.1 -704.6 -139.7 -167.0 ZnI2 -264.3 -250.2 110.5 -238.0 Zn(NO3)2-568.6 -369.6 180.7 -126.0 ZnSO4 -1063.2 -891.6 -92.0 -247.0 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCHEAT OF COMBUSTION The heat of combustion of a substance at 25 °C can be calculated from the enthalpy of formation ( ΔfH°) data in the table “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances” in this Section. We can write the general combustion reaction as For a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the reaction is simply and the standard heat of combustion ΔcH°, which is defined as the negative of the enthalpy change for the reaction (i.e., the heat released in the combustion process), is given by This equation applies if the reactants start in their standard states (25 °C and one atmosphere pressure) and the products return to the same conditions. The same equation applies to a compound containing another element if that element ends in its standard reference state (e.g., nitrogen, if the product is N2); in general, however, the exact products containing the other elements must be known in order to calculate the heat of combus tion. The following table gives the standard heat of combustion calculated in this manner for a few representative substances. Molecular formula Name ΔcH°/kJ mol–1 Inorganic substances C Carbon (graphite) 393.5 CO Carbon monoxide (g) 283.0 H2 Hydrogen (g) 285.8 H3N Ammonia (g) 382.8 H4N2 Hydrazine (g) 667.1 N2O Nitrous oxide (g) 82.1 Hydrocarbons CH4 Methane (g) 890.8 C2H2 Acetylene (g) 1301.1 C2H4 Ethylene (g) 1411.2 C2H6 Ethane (g) 1560.7 C3H6 Propylene (g) 2058.0 C3H6 Cyclopropane (g) 2091.3 C3H8 Propane (g) 2219.2 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene (g) 2541.5 C4H10 Butane (g) 2877.6 C5H12 Pentane (l) 3509.0 C6H6 Benzene (l) 3267.6 C6H12 Cyclohexane (l) 3919.6 C6H14 Hexane (l) 4163.2 C7H8 Toluene (l) 3910.3 C7H16 Heptane (l) 4817.0 C10H8 Naphthalene (s) 5156.3 Alcohols and ethers CH4O Methanol (l) 726.1 C2H6O Ethanol (l) 1366.8 C2H6O Dimethyl ether (g) 1460.4 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol (l) 1189.2C3H8O 1-Propanol (l) 2021.3 C3H8O3 Glycerol (l) 1655.4 C4H10O Diethyl ether (l) 2723.9 C5H12O 1-Pentanol (l) 3330.9 C6H6O Phenol (s) 3053.5 Carbonyl compounds CH2O Formaldehyde (g) 570.7 C2H2O Ketene (g) 1025.4 C2H4O Acetaldehyde (l) 1166.9 C3H6O Acetone (l) 1789.9 C3H6O Propanal (l) 1822.7 C4H8O 2-Butanone (l) 2444.1 Acids and esters CH2O2 Formic acid (l) 254.6 C2H4O2 Acetic acid (l) 874.2 C2H4O2 Methyl formate (l) 972.6 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (l) 1592.2 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (l) 2238.1 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (s) 3226.9 Nitrogen compounds CHN Hydrogen cyanide (g) 671.5 CH3NO2 Nitromethane (l) 709.2 CH5N Methylamine (g) 1085.6 C2H3N Acetonitrile (l) 1247.2 C2H5NO Acetamide (s) 1184.6 C3H9N Trimethylamine (g) 2443.1 C5H5N Pyridine (l) 2782.3 C6H7N Aniline (l) 3392.8Molecular formula Name ΔcH°/kJ mol–1X+O CO g H O l other products222→()+()+ CHO O C O g HOl22 2 abc abc a b++  →()+ ()1 41 21 2± ΔΔ Δ Δ Δco to to to tob Ha H H H ab Hab c ab c=−()− ()+() =+ + ()CO ,g H O,l C H ,O CH, O221 2 393 51 142 915.. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER This table gives the electrical conductivity of highly purified water over a range of temperature and pressure. The first column of conductivity data refers to water at its own vapor pressure. Equations for calculating the conductivity at any temperature and pressure may be found in the reference. REFERENCE Marshall, W. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 32, 221, 1987. Conductivity in µS/cm at the indicated pressure t/°C Sat. vapor 50 MPa 100 MPa 200 MPa 400 MPa 600 MPa 0 0.0115 0.0150 0.0189 0.0275 0.0458 0.0667 25 0.0550 0.0686 0.0836 0.117 0.194 0.291 100 0.765 0.942 1.13 1.53 2.45 3.51 200 2.99 4.08 5.22 7.65 13.1 19.5 300 2.41 4.87 7.80 14.1 28.9 46.5400 1.17 4.91 14.3 39.2 71.3 600 0.134 4.65 33.8 85.7 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRN5-90MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI The molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution is defined as the conductivity divided by amount-of-substance concentration. The customary unit is S cm2mol-1 (i.e., Ω-1 cm2mol-1). The first part of this table gives the molar conductivity of the hydrohalogen acids at 25 °C as a function of the concentration in mol/L. The second part gives the temperature dependence of Λ for HCl and HBr. More extensive tables and mathematical representations may be found in the reference. REFERENCE Hamer, W.J., and DeWane, H.J., Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Hydrohalogen Acids in Water , Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 33, 1970. c/mol L–1 HF HCl HBr HI Inf. dil. 405.1 426.1 427.7 426.4 0.0001 424.5 425.9 424.60.0005 422.6 424.3 423.0 0.001 421.2 422.9 421.7 0.005 128.1 415.7 417.6 416.40.01 96.1 411.9 413.7 412.8 0.05 50.1 398.9 400.4 400.8 0.10 39.1 391.1 391.9 394.0 0.5 26.3 360.7 361.9 369.8 1.0 24.3 332.2 334.5 343.9 1.5 305.8 307.6 316.42.0 281.4 281.7 288.9 2.5 258.9 257.8 262.5 3.0 237.6 236.8 237.93.5 218.3 217.5 215.4 4.0 200.0 199.4 195.14.5 183.1 182.4 176.8 5.0 167.4 166.5 160.4 5.5 152.9 151.8 145.56.0 139.7 138.2 131.7 6.5 127.7 125.7 118.6 7.0 116.9 114.2 105.7 7.5 107.0 103.8 8.0 98.2 94.4 8.5 90.3 85.89.0 83.1 9.5 76.6 10.0 70.7c/mol L–1 HF HCl HBr HI c/mol L–1–20°C –10 °C0 °C1 0 °C2 0 °C3 0 °C4 0 °C5 0 °C HCl 0.5 228.7 283.0 336.4 386.8 436.9 482.4 1.0 211.7 261.6 312.2 359.0 402.9 445.3 1.5 196.2 241.5 287.5 331.1 371.6 410.8 2.0 182.0 222.7 262.9 303.3 342.4 378.22.5 131.7 168.5 205.1 239.8 277.0 315.2 347.6 3.0 120.8 154.6 188.5 219.3 253.3 289.3 319.0 3.5 85.5 111.3 139.6 172.2 201.6 232.9 263.9 292.14.0 79.3 102.7 129.2 158.1 185.6 214.2 242.2 268.2 4.5 73.7 94.9 119.5 145.4 170.6 196.6 222.5 246.7 5.0 68.5 87.8 110.3 133.5 156.6 180.2 204.1 226.55.5 63.6 81.1 101.7 122.5 143.6 165.0 187.1 207.7 6.0 58.9 74.9 93.7 112.3 131.5 151.0 171.3 190.3 6.5 54.4 69.1 86.2 103.0 120.4 138.2 156.9 174.3 7.0 50.2 63.7 79.3 94.4 110.2 126.4 143.3 159.7 7.5 46.3 58.6 73.0 86.5 100.9 115.7 131.6 146.2 8.0 42.7 54.0 67.1 79.4 92.4 106.1 120.6 134.08.5 39.4 49.8 61.7 72.9 84.7 97.3 110.7 123.0 9.0 36.4 45.9 56.8 67.1 77.8 89.4 101.7 112.9 9.5 33.6 42.3 52.3 61.8 71.5 82.3 93.6 103.9 10.0 31.2 39.1 48.2 57.0 65.8 75.9 86.3 95.7 10.5 28.9 36.1 44.5 52.7 60.7 70.1 79.6 88.4 11.0 26.8 33.4 41.1 48.8 56.1 64.9 73.6 81.711.5 24.9 31.0 38.0 45.3 51.9 60.1 68.0 75.6 12.0 23.1 28.7 35.3 42.0 48.0 55.6 62.8 70.0 12.5 21.4 26.7 32.7 39.0 44.4 51.4 57.9 64.8 5-91MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI (continued) c/mol L–1–20°C –10 °C0 °C1 0 °C2 0 °C3 0 °C4 0 °C5 0 °C HBr 0.5 240.9 295.9 347.0 398.9 453.6 496.8 1.0 229.6 276.0 329.0 380.4 418.6 465.2 1.5 209.5 254.9 298.9 340.6 381.8 421.4 2.0 150.8 188.6 231.3 271.8 314.1 350.5 387.42.5 136.8 171.7 208.3 244.8 281.7 316.0 349.1 3.0 125.7 157.2 189.5 222.2 255.0 287.8 318.6 3.5 116.1 144.1 174.6 203.2 234.4 263.7 291.94.0 84.0 107.5 132.3 160.2 186.8 214.2 239.7 266.9 4.5 78.0 99.0 123.0 146.4 171.2 195.1 218.8 242.6 5.0 72.3 91.4 112.6 134.0 155.7 178.2 199.6 221.35.5 67.0 84.2 103.1 122.7 142.1 162.8 181.4 201.8 6.0 61.8 77.2 94.3 112.0 129.6 148.0 165.4 183.4 6.5 56.8 70.7 86.0 102.0 118.0 134.1 150.5 166.37.0 51.9 64.6 78.4 92.6 107.1 121.4 136.3 150.8 TeamLRN5-92EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Petr Vany ´sek Concentration (mol/L) Infinite Compound dilution 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 Λ° Λ AgNO3 133.29 131.29 130.45 127.14 124.70 121.35 115.18 109.09 1/2BaCl2 139.91 135.89 134.27 127.96 123.88 119.03 111.42 105.14 1/2CaCl2 135.77 131.86 130.30 124.19 120.30 115.59 108.42 102.41 1/2Ca(OH)2 258 — — 233 226 214 — — 1/2CuSO4 133.6 121.6 115.20 94.02 83.08 72.16 59.02 50.55 HCl 425.95 422.53 421.15 415.59 411.80 407.04 398.89 391.13KBr 151.9 149.8 148.9 146.02 143.36 140.41 135.61 131.32 KCl 149.79 147.74 146.88 143.48 141.20 138.27 133.30 128.90 KClO 4 139.97 138.69 137.80 134.09 131.39 127.86 121.56 115.14 1/3K3Fe(CN)6 174.5 166.4 163.1 150.7 — — — — 1/4K4Fe(CN)6 184 — 167.16 146.02 134.76 122.76 107.65 97.82 KHCO3 117.94 116.04 115.28 112.18 110.03 107.17 — — KI 150.31 148.2 143.32 144.30 142.11 139.38 134.90 131.05 KIO4 127.86 125.74 124.88 121.18 118.45 114.08 106.67 98.2 KNO3 144.89 142.70 141.77 138.41 132.75 132.34 126.25 120.34 KMnO4 134.8 132.7 131.9 — 126.5 — — 113 KOH 271.5 — 234 230 228 — 219 213 KReO4 128.20 126.03 125.12 121.31 118.49 114.49 106.40 97.40 1/3LaCl3 145.9 139.6 137.0 127.5 121.8 115.3 106.2 99.1 LiCl 114.97 113.09 112.34 109.35 107.27 104.60 100.06 95.81 LiClO4 105.93 104.13 103.39 100.52 98.56 96.13 92.15 88.52 1/2MgCl2 129.34 125.55 124.15 118.25 114.49 109.99 103.03 97.05 NH4Cl 149.6 147.5 146.7 134.4 141.21 138.25 133.22 128.69 NaCl 126.39 124.44 123.68 120.59 118.45 115.70 111.01 106.69NaClO 4 117.42 115.58 114.82 111.70 109.54 106.91 102.35 98.38 NaI 126.88 125.30 124.19 121.19 119.18 116.64 112.73 108.73 NaOOCCH3 91.0 89.2 88.5 85.68 83.72 81.20 76.88 72.76 NaOH 247.7 245.5 244.6 240.7 237.9 — — — Na picrate 80.45 78.7 78.6 75.7 73.7 — 66.3 61.8 1/2Na2SO4 129.8 125.68 124.09 117.09 112.38 106.73 97.70 89.94 1/2SrCl2 135.73 131.84 130.27 124.18 120.23 115.48 108.20 102.14 1/2ZnSO 4 132.7 121.3 114.47 95.44 84.87 74.20 61.17 52.61This table gives the equivalent (molar) conductivity Λ at 25°C for some common electrolytes in aqueous solution at concentrations up to 0.1 mol/ L. The units of Λ are 10–4 m2 S mol–1. For very dilute solutions, the equivalent conductivity for any electrolyte of concentration c can be approximately calculated using the Debye- Hückel-Onsager equation, which can be written for a symmetrical (equal charge on cation and anion) electrolyte as Λ = Λ° – (A + BΛ°)c1/2 For a solution at 25 °C and both cation and anion with charge *1*, the constants are A = 60.20 and B = 0.229. Λ° can be found from the next table, “Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution”. The equation is reliable for c < 0.001 mol/L; with higher concentration the error increases. IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION Petr Vany ´sek This table gives the molar (equivalent) conductivity λ for common ions at infinite dilution. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25 °C. It also lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to λ through the equation where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp; for typical ions, λ and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25 °C. The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D– values of the constituent ions by the relation For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conduc tivity Λ°, which is the conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as where λ+ and λ– are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is Λ° = ν+λ+ + ν−λ− where ν+ and ν− refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution. REFERENCES 1. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 2—226. 2. Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions , Butterworths, London, 1959. 3. Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions , Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. 4. Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952. 5. Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963. λ D Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-110-5 cm2 s-1 Inorganic Cations Ag+61.9 1.648 1/3Al3+ 61 0.541 1/2Ba2+63.6 0.847 1/2Be2+45 0.599 1/2Ca2+ 59.47 0.792 1/2Cd2+54 0.719 1/3Ce3+69.8 0.620 1/2Co2+ 55 0.732 1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+101.9 0.904 1/3[Co(en) 3]3+74.7 0.663 1/6[Co 2(trien)3]6+ 69 0.306 1/3Cr3+67 0.595 Cs+77.2 2.056 1/2Cu2+ 53.6 0.714 D+249.9 6.655 1/3Dy3+65.6 0.582 1/3Er3+ 65.9 0.585 1/3Eu3+67.8 0.602 1/2Fe2+54 0.719 1/3Fe3+ 68 0.604 1/3Gd3+ 67.3 0.597 H+349.65 9.311 1/2Hg2+68.6 0.913 1/2Hg2+ 63.6 0.847λ D Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-110-5 cm2 s-1 1/3Ho3+ 66.3 0.589 K+73.48 1.957 1/3La3+69.7 0.619 Li+ 38.66 1.029 1/2Mg2+53.0 0.706 1/2Mn2+53.5 0.712 NH4+73.5 1.957 N2H5+59 1.571 Na+50.08 1.334 1/3Nd3+ 69.4 0.616 1/2Ni2+49.6 0.661 1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+52 0.346 1/2Pb2+ 71 0.945 1/3Pr3+69.5 0.617 1/2Ra2+66.8 0.889 Rb+ 77.8 2.072 1/3Sc3+64.7 0.574 1/3Sm3+68.5 0.608 1/2Sr2+ 59.4 0.791 Tl+74.7 1.989 1/3Tm3+65.4 0.581 1/2UO22+32 0.426 1/3Y3+ 62 0.550 1/3Yb3+65.6 0.582 1/2Zn2+52.8 0.703Λ°= ++λλ–Dzz D D zD zDsalt=+() +++ ++–– ––DR T F z=()() //2λ © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNIONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued) λ D Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-110-5 cm2 s-1λ D Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-110-5 cm2 s-1 Inorganic Anions Au(CN) 2-50 1.331 Au(CN)4-36 0.959 B(C6H5)4-21 0.559 Br- 78.1 2.080 Br3-43 1.145 BrO3-55.7 1.483 CN- 78 2.077 CNO- 64.6 1.720 1/2CO 32-69.3 0.923 Cl- 76.31 2.032 ClO2-52 1.385 ClO3-64.6 1.720 ClO4-67.3 1.792 1/3[Co(CN)6]3- 98.9 0.878 1/2CrO42-85 1.132 F- 55.4 1.475 1/4[Fe(CN)6]4-110.4 0.735 1/3[Fe(CN)6]3-100.9 0.896 H2AsO4-34 0.905 HCO3-44.5 1.185 HF2-75 1.997 1/2HPO42-57 0.759 H2PO4-36 0.959 H2PO2-46 1.225 HS- 65 1.731 HSO3-58 1.545 HSO4-52 1.385 H2SbO4-31 0.825 I-76.8 2.045 IO3-40.5 1.078 IO4-54.5 1.451 MnO4-61.3 1.632 1/2MoO42-74.5 1.984 N(CN)2-54.5 1.451 NO2-71.8 1.912 NO3-71.42 1.902 NH2SO3-48.3 1.286 N3-69 1.837 OCN-64.6 1.720 OD- 119 3.169 OH-198 5.273 PF6-56.9 1.515 1/2PO3F2- 63.3 0.843 1/3PO43- 92.8 0.824 1/4P2O74-96 0.639 1/3P3O93-83.6 0.742 1/5P3O105- 109 0.581 ReO4-54.9 1.462 SCN- 66 1.758 1/2SO32- 72 0.959 1/2SO42-80.0 1.065 1/2S2O32-85.0 1.132 1/2S2O42-66.5 0.885 1/2S2O62-93 1.238 1/2S2O82-86 1.145 Sb(OH)6- 31.9 0.849 SeCN-64.7 1.7231/2SeO42-75.7 1.008 1/2WO 42-69 0.919 Organic Cations Benzyltrimethylammonium+ 34.6 0.921 Isobutylammonium+ 38 1.012 Butyltrimethylammonium+ 33.6 0.895 Decylpyridinium+ 29.5 0.786 Decyltrimethylammonium+ 24.4 0.650 Diethylammonium+ 42.0 1.118 Dimethylammonium+ 51.8 1.379 Dipropylammonium+ 30.1 0.802 Dodecylammonium+ 23.8 0.634 Dodecyltrimethylammonium+ 22.6 0.602 Ethanolammonium+ 42.2 1.124 Ethylammonium+47.2 1.257 Ethyltrimethylammonium+ 40.5 1.078 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium+20.9 0.557 Hexyltrimethylammonium+29.6 0.788 Histidyl+ 23.0 0.612 Hydroxyethyltrimethylarsonium+39.4 1.049 Methylammonium+58.7 1.563 Octadecylpyridinium+ 20 0.533 Octadecyltributylammonium+16.6 0.442 Octadecyltriethylammonium+17.9 0.477 Octadecyltrimethylammonium+ 19.9 0.530 Octadecyltripropylammonium+17.2 0.458 Octyltrimethylammonium+26.5 0.706 Pentylammonium+ 37 0.985 Piperidinium+37.2 0.991 Propylammonium+40.8 1.086 Pyrilammonium+ 24.3 0.647 Tetrabutylammonium+19.5 0.519 Tetradecyltrimethylammonium+21.5 0.573 Tetraethylammonium+ 32.6 0.868 Tetramethylammonium+44.9 1.196 Tetraisopentylammonium+17.9 0.477 Tetrapentylammmonium+ 17.5 0.466 Tetrapropylammonium+23.4 0.623 Triethylammonium+34.3 0.913 Triethylsulfonium+ 36.1 0.961 Trimethylammonium+47.23 1.258 Trimethylhexylammonium+34.6 0.921 Trimethylsulfonium+ 51.4 1.369 Tripropylammonium+26.1 0.695 Organic Anions Acetate-40.9 1.089 p-Anisate- 29.0 0.772 1/2Azelate2-40.6 0.541 Benzoate-32.4 0.863 Bromoacetate- 39.2 1.044 Bromobenzoate-30 0.799 Butyrate-32.6 0.868 Chloroacetate-39.8 1.060 m-Chlorobenzoate- 31 0.825 o-Chlorobenzoate-30.2 0.804 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued) λ D Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-110-5 cm2 s-1λ D Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-110-5 cm2 s-1 1/3Citrate3- 70.2 0.623 Crotonate-33.2 0.884 Cyanoacetate-43.4 1.156 Cyclohexane carboxylate- 28.7 0.764 1/2 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylate2-53.4 0.711 Decylsulfate-26 0.692 Dichloroacetate- 38.3 1.020 1/2Diethylbarbiturate2-26.3 0.350 Dihydrogencitrate-30 0.799 1/2Dimethylmalonate2- 49.4 0.658 3,5-Dinitrobenzoate-28.3 0.754 Dodecylsulfate-24 0.639 Ethylmalonate- 49.3 1.313 Ethylsulfate-39.6 1.055 Fluoroacetate-44.4 1.182 Fluorobenzoate- 33 0.879 Formate-54.6 1.454 1/2Fumarate2-61.8 0.823 1/2Glutarate2- 52.6 0.700 Hydrogenoxalate- 40.2 1.070 Isovalerate-32.7 0.871Iodoacetate- 40.6 1.081 Lactate- 38.8 1.033 1/2Malate2- 58.8 0.783 1/2Maleate2- 61.9 0.824 1/2Malonate2- 63.5 0.845 Methylsulfate- 48.8 1.299 Naphthylacetate- 28.4 0.756 1/2Oxalate2- 74.11 0.987 Octylsulfate- 29 0.772 Phenylacetate- 30.6 0.815 1/2o-Phthalate2- 52.3 0.696 1/2m-Phthalate2- 54.7 0.728 Picrate- 30.37 0.809 Pivalate- 31.9 0.849 Propionate- 35.8 0.953 Propylsulfate- 37.1 0.988 Salicylate- 36 0.959 1/2Suberate2- 36 0.479 1/2Succinate2-58.8 0.783 p-Sulfonate 29.3 0.780 1/2Tartarate2- 59.6 0.794 Trichloroacetate-35 0.932 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS Petr Vany ´sek This table gives mean activity coefficients at 25 °C for molalities in the range 0.1 to 1.0. See the following table for definitions, references, and data over a wider concentration range. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 AgNO3 0.734 0.657 0.606 0.567 0.536 0.509 0.485 0.464 0.446 0.429 AlCl3 0.337 0.305 0.302 0.313 0.331 0.356 0.388 0.429 0.479 0.539 Al2(SO4)30.035 0.0225 0.0176 0.0153 0.0143 0.014 0.0142 0.0149 0.0159 0.0175 BaCl2 0.500 0.444 0.419 0.405 0.397 0.391 0.391 0.391 0.392 0.395 BeSO4 0.150 0.109 0.0885 0.0769 0.0692 0.0639 0.0600 0.0570 0.0546 0.0530 CaCl2 0.518 0.472 0.455 0.448 0.448 0.453 0.460 0.470 0.484 0.500 CdCl2 0.2280 0.1638 0.1329 0.1139 0.1006 0.0905 0.0827 0.0765 0.0713 0.0669 Cd(NO3)20.513 0.464 0.442 0.430 0.425 0.423 0.423 0.425 0.428 0.433 CdSO4 0.150 0.103 0.0822 0.0699 0.0615 0.0553 0.0505 0.0468 0.0438 0.0415 CoCl2 0.522 0.479 0.463 0.459 0.462 0.470 0.479 0.492 0.511 0.531 CrCl3 0.331 0.298 0.294 0.300 0.314 0.335 0.362 0.397 0.436 0.481 Cr(NO 3)30.319 0.285 0.279 0.281 0.291 0.304 0.322 0.344 0.371 0.401 Cr2(SO4)30.0458 0.0300 0.0238 0.0207 0.0190 0.0182 0.0181 0.0185 0.0194 0.0208 CsBr 0.754 0.694 0.654 0.626 0.603 0.586 0.571 0.558 0.547 0.538 CsCl 0.756 0.694 0.656 0.628 0.606 0.589 0.575 0.563 0.553 0.544 CsI 0.754 0.692 0.651 0.621 0.599 0.581 0.567 0.554 0.543 0.533CsNO 3 0.733 0.655 0.602 0.561 0.528 0.501 0.478 0.458 0.439 0.422 CsOH 0.795 0.761 0.744 0.739 0.739 0.742 0.748 0.754 0.762 0.771 CsOAc 0.799 0.771 0.761 0.759 0.762 0.768 0.776 0.783 0.792 0.802Cs 2SO4 0.456 0.382 0.338 0.311 0.291 0.274 0.262 0.251 0.242 0.235 CuCl2 0.508 0.455 0.429 0.417 0.411 0.409 0.409 0.410 0.413 0.417 Cu(NO3)20.511 0.460 0.439 0.429 0.426 0.427 0.431 0.437 0.445 0.455 CuSO4 0.150 0.104 0.0829 0.0704 0.0620 0.0559 0.0512 0.0475 0.0446 0.0423 FeCl2 0.5185 0.473 0.454 0.448 0.450 0.454 0.463 0.473 0.488 0.506 HBr 0.805 0.782 0.777 0.781 0.789 0.801 0.815 0.832 0.850 0.871HCl 0.796 0.767 0.756 0.755 0.757 0.763 0.772 0.783 0.795 0.809 HClO 4 0.803 0.778 0.768 0.766 0.769 0.776 0.785 0.795 0.808 0.823 HI 0.818 0.807 0.811 0.823 0.839 0.860 0.883 0.908 0.935 0.963 HNO3 0.791 0.754 0.735 0.725 0.720 0.717 0.717 0.718 0.721 0.724 H2SO4 0.2655 0.2090 0.1826 — 0.1557 — 0.1417 — — 0.1316 KBr 0.772 0.722 0.693 0.673 0.657 0.646 0.636 0.629 0.622 0.617 KCl 0.770 0.718 0.688 0.666 0.649 0.637 0.626 0.618 0.610 0.604 KClO3 0.749 0.681 0.635 0.599 0.568 0.541 0.518 — — — K2CrO4 0.456 0.382 0.340 0.313 0.292 0.276 0.263 0.253 0.243 0.235 KF 0.775 0.727 0.700 0.682 0.670 0.661 0.654 0.650 0.646 0.645 K3Fe(CN)60.268 0.212 0.184 0.167 0.155 0.146 0.140 0.135 0.131 0.128 K4Fe(CN)60.139 0.0993 0.0808 0.0693 0.0614 0.0556 0.0512 0.0479 0.0454 — KH2PO4 0.731 0.653 0.602 0.561 0.529 0.501 0.477 0.456 0.438 0.421 KI 0.778 0.733 0.707 0.689 0.676 0.667 0.660 0.654 0.649 0.645 KNO3 0.739 0.663 0.614 0.576 0.545 0.519 0.496 0.476 0.459 0.443 KOAc 0.796 0.766 0.754 0.750 0.751 0.754 0.759 0.766 0.774 0.783 KOH 0.798 0.760 0.742 0.734 0.732 0.733 0.736 0.742 0.749 0.756KSCN 0.769 0.716 0.685 0.663 0.646 0.633 0.623 0.614 0.606 0.599 K 2SO4 0.441 0.360 0.316 0.286 0.264 0.246 0.232 — — — LiBr 0.796 0.766 0.756 0.752 0.753 0.758 0.767 0.777 0.789 0.803LiCl 0.790 0.757 0.744 0.740 0.739 0.743 0.748 0.755 0.764 0.774 LiClO 4 0.812 0.794 0.792 0.798 0.808 0.820 0.834 0.852 0.869 0.887 LiI 0.815 0.802 0.804 0.813 0.824 0.838 0.852 0.870 0.888 0.910LiNO 3 0.788 0.752 0.736 0.728 0.726 0.727 0.729 0.733 0.737 0.743 LiOH 0.760 0.702 0.665 0.638 0.617 0.599 0.585 0.573 0.563 0.554 LiOAc 0.784 0.742 0.721 0.709 0.700 0.691 0.689 0.688 0.688 0.689Li 2SO4 0.468 0.398 0.361 0.337 0.319 0.307 0.297 0.289 0.282 0.277 MgCl2 0.529 0.489 0.477 0.475 0.481 0.491 0.506 0.522 0.544 0.570 MgSO4 0.150 0.107 0.0874 0.0756 0.0675 0.0616 0.0571 0.0536 0.0508 0.0485 MnCl2 0.516 0.469 0.450 0.442 0.440 0.443 0.448 0.455 0.466 0.479 MnSO 4 0.150 0.105 0.0848 0.0725 0.0640 0.0578 0.0530 0.0493 0.0463 0.0439 ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS (continued) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 NH4Cl 0.770 0.718 0.687 0.665 0.649 0.636 0.625 0.617 0.609 0.603 NH4NO3 0.740 0.677 0.636 0.606 0.582 0.562 0.545 0.530 0.516 0.504 (NH4)2SO40.439 0.356 0.311 0.280 0.257 0.240 0.226 0.214 0.205 0.196 NaBr 0.782 0.741 0.719 0.704 0.697 0.692 0.689 0.687 0.687 0.687NaCl 0.778 0.735 0.710 0.693 0.681 0.673 0.667 0.662 0.659 0.657 NaClO 3 0.772 0.720 0.688 0.664 0.645 0.630 0.617 0.606 0.597 0.589 NaClO 4 0.775 0.729 0.701 0.683 0.668 0.656 0.648 0.641 0.635 0.629 Na2CrO4 0.464 0.394 0.353 0.327 0.307 0.292 0.280 0.269 0.261 0.253 NaF 0.765 0.710 0.676 0.651 0.632 0.616 0.603 0.592 0.582 0.573 NaH2PO40.744 0.675 0.629 0.593 0.563 0.539 0.517 0.499 0.483 0.468 NaI 0.787 0.751 0.735 0.727 0.723 0.723 0.724 0.727 0.731 0.736 NaNO3 0.762 0.703 0.666 0.638 0.617 0.599 0.583 0.570 0.558 0.548 NaOAc 0.791 0.757 0.744 0.737 0.735 0.736 0.740 0.745 0.752 0.757NaOH 0.766 0.727 0.708 0.697 0.690 0.685 0.681 0.679 0.678 0.678 NaSCN 0.787 0.750 — 0.720 0.715 0.712 0.710 0.710 0.711 0.712 Na 2SO4 0.445 0.365 0.320 0.289 0.266 0.248 0.233 0.221 0.210 0.201 NiCl2 0.522 0.479 0.463 0.460 0.464 0.471 0.482 0.496 0.515 0.563 NiSO4 0.150 0.105 0.0841 0.0713 0.0627 0.0562 0.0515 0.0478 0.0448 0.0425 Pb(NO3)20.395 0.308 0.260 0.228 0.205 0.187 0.172 0.160 0.150 0.141 RbBr 0.763 0.706 0.673 0.650 0.632 0.617 0.605 0.595 0.586 0.578 RbCl 0.764 0.709 0.675 0.652 0.634 0.620 0.608 0.599 0.590 0.583 RbI 0.762 0.705 0.671 0.647 0.629 0.614 0.602 0.591 0.583 0.575RbNO 3 0.734 0.658 0.606 0.565 0.534 0.508 0.485 0.465 0.446 0.430 RbOAc 0.796 0.767 0.756 0.753 0.755 0.759 0.766 0.773 0.782 0.792 Rb2SO4 0.451 0.374 0.331 0.301 0.279 0.263 0.249 0.238 0.228 0.219 SrCl2 0.511 0.462 0.442 0.433 0.430 0.431 0.434 0.441 0.449 0.461 TlClO4 0.730 0.652 0.599 0.559 0.527 — — — — — TlNO3 0.702 0.606 0.545 0.500 — — — — — — UO2Cl2 0.544 0.510 0.520 0.505 0.517 0.532 0.549 0.571 0.595 0.620 UO2SO4 0.150 0.102 0.0807 0.0689 0.0611 0.0566 0.0515 0.0483 0.0458 0.0439 ZnCl2 0.515 0.462 0.432 0.411 0.394 0.380 0.369 0.357 0.348 0.339 Zn(NO3)20.531 0.489 0.474 0.469 0.473 0.480 0.489 0.501 0.518 0.535 ZnSO4 0.150 0.140 0.0835 0.0714 0.0630 0.0569 0.0523 0.0487 0.0458 0.0435 TeamLRN5-97MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION The mean activity coefficient γ of an electrolyte XaYb is defined as where γ+ and γ– are activity coefficients of the individual ions (which cannot be directly measured). This table gives the mean activity coeff icients of about 100 electrolytes in aqueous solution as a function of concentration, expressed in molality terms. All values refer to a t emperature of 25 °C. Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by formula. REFERENCES 1. Hamer,W. J., and Wu, Y. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 1, 1047, 1972. 2. Staples, B. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 6, 385, 1977; 10, 767, 1981; 10, 779, 1981. 3. Goldberg, R. N. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 7, 263, 1978; 8, 923, 1979; 8, 1005, 1979; 10, 1, 1981; 10, 671, 1981. Mean Activity Coefficient at 25 °C m/mol kg-1AgNO3BaBr2BaCl2 BaI2CaBr2CaCl2 CaI2 0.001 0.964 0.881 0.887 0.890 0.890 0.888 0.890 0.002 0.950 0.850 0.849 0.853 0.853 0.851 0.853 0.005 0.924 0.785 0.782 0.792 0.791 0.787 0.791 0.010 0.896 0.727 0.721 0.737 0.735 0.727 0.7360.020 0.859 0.661 0.653 0.678 0.674 0.664 0.677 0.050 0.794 0.573 0.559 0.600 0.594 0.577 0.600 0.100 0.732 0.517 0.492 0.551 0.540 0.517 0.5520.200 0.656 0.463 0.436 0.520 0.502 0.469 0.524 0.500 0.536 0.435 0.391 0.536 0.500 0.444 0.554 1.000 0.430 0.470 0.393 0.664 0.604 0.495 0.7292.000 0.316 0.654 1.242 1.125 0.784 5.000 0.181 18.7 5.907 10.000 0.108 43.115.000 0.085 m/mol kg -1Cd(NO2)2Cd(NO3)2CoBr2 CoCl2 CoI2 Co(NO3)2 CsBr 0.001 0.881 0.888 0.890 0.889 0.887 0.888 0.965 0.002 0.837 0.851 0.854 0.852 0.849 0.850 0.951 0.005 0.759 0.787 0.794 0.789 0.783 0.786 0.925 0.010 0.681 0.728 0.740 0.732 0.724 0.728 0.8980.020 0.589 0.664 0.681 0.670 0.661 0.663 0.864 0.050 0.451 0.576 0.605 0.586 0.582 0.576 0.806 0.100 0.344 0.515 0.556 0.528 0.540 0.516 0.7520.200 0.247 0.465 0.523 0.483 0.527 0.469 0.691 0.500 0.148 0.428 0.538 0.465 0.596 0.446 0.605 1.000 0.098 0.437 0.685 0.532 0.845 0.492 0.5402.000 0.069 0.517 1.421 0.864 2.287 0.722 0.485 5.000 0.054 13.9 55.3 3.338 0.454 10.000 196 m/mol kg -1 CsCl CsF CsI CsNO3 CsOH Cs2SO4 CuBr2 0.001 0.965 0.965 0.965 0.964 0.966 0.885 0.889 0.002 0.951 0.952 0.951 0.951 0.953 0.845 0.8530.005 0.925 0.929 0.925 0.924 0.930 0.775 0.791 0.010 0.898 0.905 0.898 0.897 0.906 0.709 0.735 0.020 0.864 0.876 0.863 0.860 0.878 0.634 0.6740.050 0.805 0.830 0.804 0.796 0.836 0.526 0.594 0.100 0.751 0.792 0.749 0.733 0.802 0.444 0.541γγ γ=()++()abab ±/1 5-98MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1 CsCl CsF CsI CsNO3 CsOH Cs2SO4 CuBr2 0.200 0.691 0.755 0.688 0.655 0.772 0.369 0.504 0.500 0.607 0.721 0.601 0.529 0.755 0.285 0.503 1.000 0.546 0.726 0.534 0.421 0.782 0.233 0.5912.000 0.496 0.803 0.470 0.859 5.000 0.474 10.000 0.508 m/mol kg -1CuCl2Cu(ClO4)2Cu(NO3)2FeCl2 HBr HCl HClO4 0.001 0.887 0.890 0.888 0.888 0.966 0.965 0.966 0.002 0.849 0.854 0.851 0.850 0.953 0.952 0.9530.005 0.783 0.795 0.787 0.785 0.930 0.929 0.929 0.010 0.722 0.741 0.729 0.725 0.907 0.905 0.906 0.020 0.654 0.685 0.664 0.659 0.879 0.876 0.8780.050 0.561 0.613 0.577 0.570 0.837 0.832 0.836 0.100 0.495 0.572 0.516 0.509 0.806 0.797 0.803 0.200 0.441 0.553 0.466 0.462 0.783 0.768 0.7760.500 0.401 0.617 0.431 0.443 0.790 0.759 0.769 1.000 0.405 0.892 0.456 0.500 0.872 0.811 0.826 2.000 0.453 2.445 0.615 0.782 1.167 1.009 1.0555.000 0.601 2.083 3.800 2.380 3.100 10.000 33.4 10.4 30.8 15.000 323 m/mol kg -1HF HI HNO3 H2SO4 KBr KCNS KCl 0.001 0.551 0.966 0.965 0.804 0.965 0.965 0.965 0.002 0.429 0.953 0.952 0.740 0.952 0.951 0.9510.005 0.302 0.931 0.929 0.634 0.927 0.927 0.927 0.010 0.225 0.909 0.905 0.542 0.902 0.901 0.901 0.020 0.163 0.884 0.875 0.445 0.870 0.869 0.8690.050 0.106 0.847 0.829 0.325 0.817 0.815 0.816 0.100 0.0766 0.823 0.792 0.251 0.771 0.768 0.768 0.200 0.0550 0.811 0.756 0.195 0.772 0.716 0.7170.500 0.0352 0.845 0.725 0.146 0.658 0.647 0.649 1.000 0.0249 0.969 0.730 0.125 0.617 0.598 0.604 2.000 0.0175 1.363 0.788 0.119 0.593 0.556 0.5735.000 0.0110 4.760 1.063 0.197 0.626 0.525 0.593 10.000 0.0085 49.100 1.644 0.527 15.000 0.0077 2.212 1.07720.000 0.0075 2.607 1.701 m/mol kg -1KClO3K2CrO4 KF KH2PO4*K2HPO4** KI KNO3 0.001 0.965 0.886 0.965 0.964 0.886 0.965 0.964 0.002 0.951 0.847 0.952 0.950 0.847 0.952 0.950 0.005 0.926 0.779 0.927 0.924 0.779 0.927 0.924 0.010 0.899 0.715 0.902 0.896 0.715 0.902 0.8960.020 0.865 0.643 0.870 0.859 0.643 0.871 0.860 0.050 0.805 0.539 0.818 0.793 0.538 0.820 0.797 0.100 0.749 0.460 0.773 0.730 0.457 0.776 0.735 0.200 0.681 0.385 0.726 0.652 0.379 0.731 0.662 0.500 0.569 0.296 0.670 0.529 0.283 0.676 0.546 1.000 0.239 0.645 0.422 0.646 0.444 TeamLRN5-99MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1KClO3K2CrO4 KF KH2PO4*K2HPO4**KI KNO3 2.000 0.199 0.658 0.638 0.332 5.000 0.871 10.000 1.71515.000 3.120 m/mol kg -1 KOH K2SO4 LiBr LiCl LiClO4 LiI LiNO3 0.001 0.965 0.885 0.965 0.965 0.966 0.966 0.965 0.002 0.952 0.844 0.952 0.952 0.953 0.953 0.952 0.005 0.927 0.772 0.929 0.928 0.931 0.930 0.928 0.010 0.902 0.704 0.905 0.904 0.908 0.908 0.9040.020 0.871 0.625 0.877 0.874 0.882 0.882 0.874 0.050 0.821 0.511 0.832 0.827 0.843 0.843 0.827 0.100 0.779 0.424 0.797 0.789 0.815 0.817 0.7880.200 0.740 0.343 0.767 0.756 0.795 0.802 0.753 0.500 0.710 0.251 0.754 0.739 0.806 0.824 0.726 1.000 0.733 0.803 0.775 0.887 0.912 0.7432.000 0.860 1.012 0.924 1.161 1.197 0.837 5.000 1.697 2.696 2.000 1.298 10.000 6.110 20.0 9.600 2.50015.000 19.9 147 30.9 3.960 20.000 46.4 486 4.970 m/mol kg -1LiOH Li2SO4MgBr2 MgCl2 MgI2 MnBr2 MnCl2 0.001 0.964 0.887 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.888 0.002 0.950 0.847 0.852 0.852 0.853 0.853 0.850 0.005 0.923 0.780 0.790 0.790 0.791 0.791 0.7860.010 0.895 0.716 0.733 0.734 0.736 0.735 0.727 0.020 0.858 0.645 0.672 0.672 0.677 0.674 0.662 0.050 0.794 0.544 0.593 0.590 0.602 0.595 0.5740.100 0.735 0.469 0.543 0.535 0.556 0.543 0.513 0.200 0.668 0.400 0.512 0.493 0.535 0.508 0.464 0.500 0.579 0.325 0.540 0.485 0.594 0.519 0.4371.000 0.522 0.284 0.715 0.577 0.858 0.650 0.477 2.000 0.484 0.270 1.590 1.065 2.326 1.224 0.661 5.000 0.493 36.1 14.40 109.8 6.697 1.539 m/mol kg -1Mn(ClO4)2NH4Cl NH4ClO4(NH4)2HPO4**NH4NO3 NaBr NaBrO3 0.001 0.892 0.965 0.964 0.882 0.964 0.965 0.965 0.002 0.858 0.952 0.950 0.839 0.951 0.952 0.9510.005 0.801 0.927 0.924 0.763 0.925 0.928 0.926 0.010 0.752 0.901 0.895 0.688 0.897 0.903 0.900 0.020 0.700 0.869 0.859 0.600 0.862 0.873 0.8670.050 0.637 0.816 0.794 0.469 0.801 0.824 0.811 0.100 0.604 0.769 0.734 0.367 0.744 0.783 0.759 0.200 0.596 0.718 0.663 0.273 0.678 0.742 0.6980.500 0.686 0.649 0.560 0.171 0.582 0.697 0.605 1.000 1.030 0.603 0.479 0.114 0.502 0.687 0.528 2.000 3.072 0.569 0.399 0.074 0.419 0.730 0.449 5.000 0.563 0.303 1.083 10.000 0.220 15.000 0.17920.000 0.154 5-100MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1Na2CO3NaCl NaClO3NaClO4Na2CrO4 NaF Na2HPO4* 0.001 0.887 0.965 0.965 0.965 0.887 0.965 0.887 0.002 0.847 0.952 0.952 0.952 0.849 0.951 0.848 0.005 0.780 0.928 0.927 0.928 0.783 0.926 0.7800.010 0.716 0.903 0.902 0.903 0.722 0.901 0.717 0.020 0.644 0.872 0.870 0.872 0.653 0.868 0.644 0.050 0.541 0.822 0.818 0.821 0.554 0.813 0.5390.100 0.462 0.779 0.771 0.777 0.479 0.764 0.456 0.200 0.385 0.734 0.719 0.729 0.406 0.710 0.373 0.500 0.292 0.681 0.646 0.668 0.318 0.633 0.2661.000 0.229 0.657 0.590 0.630 0.261 0.573 0.191 2.000 0.182 0.668 0.537 0.608 0.231 0.133 5.000 0.874 0.648 m/mol kg -1 NaI NaNO3NaOH Na2SO3 Na2SO4Na2WO4 NiBr2 0.001 0.965 0.965 0.965 0.887 0.886 0.886 0.889 0.002 0.952 0.951 0.952 0.847 0.846 0.846 0.8530.005 0.928 0.926 0.927 0.779 0.777 0.777 0.791 0.010 0.904 0.900 0.902 0.716 0.712 0.712 0.735 0.020 0.874 0.866 0.870 0.644 0.637 0.638 0.6750.050 0.827 0.810 0.819 0.540 0.529 0.534 0.596 0.100 0.789 0.759 0.775 0.462 0.446 0.457 0.546 0.200 0.753 0.701 0.731 0.386 0.366 0.388 0.5140.500 0.722 0.617 0.685 0.296 0.268 0.320 0.535 1.000 0.734 0.550 0.674 0.237 0.204 0.291 0.692 2.000 0.823 0.480 0.714 0.196 0.155 0.291 1.4765.000 1.402 0.388 1.076 10.000 4.011 0.329 3.258 15.000 9.79620.000 19.410 m/mol kg -1NiCl2Ni(ClO4)2Ni(NO3)2 Pb(ClO4)2Pb(NO3)2 RbBr RbCl 0.001 0.889 0.891 0.889 0.889 0.882 0.965 0.965 0.002 0.852 0.855 0.851 0.851 0.840 0.951 0.951 0.005 0.789 0.797 0.787 0.787 0.764 0.926 0.926 0.010 0.732 0.745 0.730 0.729 0.690 0.900 0.9000.020 0.669 0.690 0.666 0.666 0.604 0.866 0.867 0.050 0.584 0.621 0.581 0.580 0.476 0.811 0.811 0.100 0.527 0.582 0.524 0.522 0.379 0.760 0.7610.200 0.482 0.567 0.481 0.476 0.291 0.705 0.707 0.500 0.465 0.639 0.467 0.458 0.195 0.630 0.633 1.000 0.538 0.946 0.528 0.516 0.136 0.578 0.5832.000 0.915 2.812 0.797 0.799 0.535 0.546 5.000 4.785 4.043 0.514 0.544 10.000 33.8 m/mol kg -1RbF RbI RbNO3Rb2SO4 SrBr2 SrCl2 SrI2 0.001 0.965 0.965 0.964 0.886 0.889 0.888 0.890 0.002 0.952 0.951 0.950 0.845 0.852 0.850 0.854 0.005 0.927 0.926 0.924 0.776 0.790 0.785 0.793 0.010 0.902 0.900 0.896 0.710 0.734 0.725 0.740 0.020 0.871 0.866 0.859 0.635 0.673 0.659 0.681 TeamLRN5-101MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) 0.050 0.821 0.810 0.795 0.526 0.591 0.569 0.606 0.100 0.780 0.759 0.733 0.443 0.535 0.506 0.557 0.200 0.739 0.703 0.657 0.365 0.492 0.455 0.5260.500 0.701 0.627 0.536 0.274 0.476 0.421 0.542 1.000 0.697 0.574 0.430 0.217 0.545 0.451 0.686 2.000 0.724 0.532 0.320 0.921 0.6505.000 0.517 m/mol kg -1 UO2Cl2UO2(NO3)2ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnI2 0.001 0.888 0.888 0.890 0.887 0.893 0.002 0.851 0.849 0.854 0.847 0.859 0.005 0.787 0.784 0.794 0.781 0.804 0.010 0.729 0.726 0.741 0.719 0.7570.020 0.666 0.663 0.683 0.652 0.708 0.050 0.583 0.583 0.606 0.561 0.644 0.100 0.529 0.535 0.553 0.499 0.6010.200 0.493 0.509 0.515 0.447 0.574 0.500 0.501 0.532 0.516 0.384 0.635 1.000 0.601 0.673 0.558 0.330 0.8362.000 0.948 1.223 0.578 0.283 1.062 5.000 3.020 0.788 0.342 1.546 10.000 2.317 0.876 4.69815.000 5.381 1.914 20.000 7.965 2.968 * The anion is H 2PO4–. ** The anion is HPO4–2.m/mol kg-1RbF RbI RbNO3Rb2SO4 SrBr2 SrCl2 SrI2 5-102ENTHALPY OF DILUTION OF ACIDS The quantity given in this table is – ΔdilH, the negative of the enthalpy (heat) of dilution to infinite dilution for aqueous solutions of several common acids; i.e., the negative of the enthalphy change when a solution of molality m at a temperature of 25 °C is diluted with an infinite amount of water. The tabulated numbers thus represent the heat produced (or, if the value is negative, the heat absorbed) when the acid is dilut ed. The initial molality m is given in the first column. The second column gives the dilution ratio, which is the number of moles of water that must be a dded to one mole of the acid to produce a solution of the molality in the first column. REFERENCE Parker, V. B., Thermal Properties of Aqueous Uni-Univalent Electrolytes , Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 2, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965. –ΔdilH in kJ/mol at 25 °C m Dil. ratio HF HCl HClO4 HBr HI HNO3CH2O2C2H4O2 55.506 1.0 45.61 48.83 19.73 0.046 2.167 20 2.775 14.88 19.87 13.81 19.92 21.71 9.498 0.038 2.07515 3.700 14.34 15.40 7.920 14.29 14.02 6.883 0.109 1.962 10 5.551 13.87 10.24 2.013 8.694 7.615 3.933 0.205 1.824 9 6.167 13.81 9.213 1.280 7.719 6.569 3.368 0.230 1.7828 6.938 13.77 8.201 0.611 6.786 5.607 2.791 0.255 1.724 7 7.929 13.73 7.217 0.046 5.925 4.728 2.251 0.272 1.648 6 9.251 13.69 6.268 -0.351 5.004 3.975 1.749 0.280 1.5405.5506 10 13.66 5.841 -0.490 4.590 3.577 1.540 0.285 1.477 5 11.10 13.62 5.318 -0.628 4.113 3.197 1.310 0.289 1.393 4.5 12.33 13.58 4.899 -0.732 3.711 2.828 1.109 0.289 1.3104 13.88 13.53 4.402 -0.787 3.330 2.460 0.958 0.289 1.218 3.5 15.86 13.47 3.958 -0.820 2.966 2.105 0.791 0.289 1.121 3 18.50 13.45 3.506 -0.782 2.611 1.787 0.665 0.289 1.0252.5 22.20 13.43 3.063 -0.724 2.301 1.527 0.582 0.285 0.912 2 27.75 13.40 2.623 -0.623 1.996 1.318 0.527 0.276 0.803 1.5 37.00 13.36 2.167 -0.431 1.665 1.125 0.506 0.259 0.6781 55.51 13.30 1.695 -0.201 1.314 0.933 0.506 0.226 0.544 0.5551 100 13.22 1.234 0.050 0.983 0.736 0.502 0.184 0.423 0.5 111.0 13.20 1.172 0.075 0.941 0.711 0.498 0.176 0.4060.2 277.5 13.09 0.761 0.247 0.649 0.536 0.439 0.146 0.331 0.1 555.1 12.80 0.556 0.272 0.498 0.439 0.372 0.134 0.289 0.0925 600 12.79 0.540 0.272 0.481 0.427 0.368 0.134 0.2850.0793 700 12.70 0.502 0.272 0.452 0.402 0.351 0.134 0.285 0.0694 800 12.61 0.473 0.268 0.427 0.385 0.339 0.130 0.280 0.0617 900 12.50 0.448 0.264 0.406 0.368 0.326 0.126 0.2760.05551 1000 12.42 0.427 0.259 0.385 0.351 0.318 0.121 0.272 0.05 1110 12.24 0.406 0.259 0.372 0.339 0.305 0.121 0.272 0.02775 2000 11.29 0.310 0.226 0.285 0.264 0.247 0.117 0.264 0.01850 3000 10.66 0.251 0.197 0.234 0.218 0.213 0.117 0.259 0.01388 4000 10.25 0.226 0.180 0.205 0.192 0.192 0.113 0.259 0.01110 5000 9.874 0.197 0.167 0.184 0.172 0.176 0.109 0.2550.00555 10000 8.912 0.142 0.126 0.130 0.121 0.130 0.105 0.243 0.00278 20000 7.531 0.105 0.092 0.092 0.084 0.096 0.096 0.230 0.00111 50000 5.439 0.067 0.059 0.054 0.050 0.063 0.084 0.2220.000555 100000 3.766 0.042 0.042 0.038 0.038 0.046 0.054 0.209 0.000111 500000 1.255 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.038 0.167 0 ∞ 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 TeamLRN5-103ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION OF ELECTROLYTES This table gives the molar enthalpy (heat) of solution at infinite dilution for some common uni-univalent electrolytes. This is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of solute in its standard state is dissolved in an infinite amount of water. Values are given in kilojoules per mole at 25°C. REFERENCE Parker, V. B., Thermal Properties of Uni-Univalent Electrolytes , Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Series — Natl. Bur. Stand.(U.S.), No.2, 1965. Δsol H° Solute State kJ/mol HF g –61.50 HCl g –74.84 HClO4 l –88.76 HClO4 ⋅ H2O c –32.95 HBr g –85.14 HI g –81.67HIO 3 c 8.79 HNO3 l –33.28 HCOOH l –0.86 CH3COOH l –1.51 NH3 g –30.50 NH4Cl c 14.78 NH4ClO4 c 33.47 NH4Br c 16.78 NH4I c 13.72 NH4IO3 c 31.80 NH4NO2 c 19.25 NH4NO3 c 25.69 NH4C2H3O2 c –2.38 NH4CN c 17.57 NH4CNS c 22.59 CH3NH3Cl c 5.77 (CH3)3NHCl c 1.46 N(CH3)4Cl c 4.08 N(CH3)4Br c 24.27 N(CH3)4I c 42.07 AgClO 4 c 7.36 AgNO2 c 36.94 AgNO3 c 22.59 LiOH c –23.56 LiOH ⋅ H2O c –6.69 LiF c 4.73 LiCl c –37.03LiCl ⋅ H 2O c –19.08 LiClO4 c –26.55 LiClO4 ⋅ 3H2O c 32.61 LiBr c –48.83 LiBr ⋅ H2O c –23.26LiBr ⋅ 2H2O c –9.41 LiBrO3 c 1.42 LiI c –63.30 LiI ⋅ H2O c –29.66 LiI ⋅ 2H2O c –14.77 LiI ⋅ 3H2O c 0.59 LiNO2 c –11.00 LiNO2 ⋅ H2O c 7.03 LiNO3 c –2.51 NaOH c –44.51 NaOH ⋅ H2O c –21.41 NaF c 0.91 NaCl c 3.88NaClO 2 c 0.33 NaClO2 ⋅ 3H2O c 28.58 NaClO3 c 21.72 NaClO4 c 13.88 NaClO4 ⋅ H2O c 22.51 NaBr c –0.60NaBr ⋅ 2H 2O c 18.64 NaBrO3 c 26.90 NaI c –7.53NaI ⋅ 2H 2O c 16.13 NaIO3 c 20.29 NaNO2 c 13.89 NaNO3 c 20.50 NaC2H3O2 c –17.32 NaC2H3O2⋅ 3H2O c 19.66 NaCN c 1.21 NaCN ⋅ 0.5H2O c 3.31 NaCN ⋅ 2H2O c 18.58 NaCNO c 19.20 NaCNS c 6.83 KOH c –57.61 KOH ⋅ H2O c –14.64 KOH ⋅ 1.5H2O c –10.46 KF c –17.73 KF ⋅ 2H2O c 6.97KCl c 17.22 KClO3 c 41.38 KClO4 c 51.04 KBr c 19.87 KBrO3 c 41.13 KI c 20.33KIO 3 c 27.74 KNO2 c 13.35 KNO3 c 34.89 KC2H3O2 c –15.33 KCN c 11.72 KCNO c 20.25KCNS c 24.23 KMnO 4 c 43.56 RbOH c –62.34 RbOH ⋅ H2O c –17.99 RbOH ⋅ 2H2O c 0.88 RbF c –26.11 RbF ⋅ H2O c –0.42 RbF ⋅ 1.5H2O c 1.34 RbCl c 17.28 RbClO3 c 47.74 RbClO4 c 56.74 RbBr c 21.88 RbBrO3 c 48.95 RbI c 25.10RbNO 3 c 36.48 CsOH c –71.55 CsOH ⋅ H2O c –20.50 CsF c –36.86 CsF ⋅ H2O c –10.46 CsF ⋅ 1.5H2O c –5.44 CsCl c 17.78 CsClO 4 c 55.44 CsBr c 25.98 CsBrO 3 c 50.46 CsI c 33.35CsNO 3 c 40.00Δsol H° Solute State kJ/molΔsol H° Solute State kJ/mol © 2000 CRC Press LLCTable 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1f(298) Ox Reactions O + O3 → O2 + O2 8.0x10-12 2060±250 8.0x10-15 1.15 O(1D) Reactions O(1D) + O2 → O + O2 3.2x10-11 -(70±100) 4.0x10-11 1.2 O(1D) + O3 → O2 + O2 1.2x10-100±100 1.2x10-101.3 → O2 + O + O 1.2x10-10 0±100 1.2x10-10 1.3 O(1D) + H2 → OH + H 1.1x10-10 0±100 1.1x10-10 1.1 O(1D) + H2O → OH + OH 2.2x10-100±100 2.2x10-101.2 O(1D) + N2 → O + N2 1.8x10-11 -(110±100) 2.6x10-11 1.2 O(1D) + N2O → N2 + O2 4.9x10-11 0±100 4.9x10-11 1.3 → NO + NO 6.7x10-110±100 6.7x10-111.3 O(1D) + NH3 → OH + NH2 2.5x10-10 0±100 2.5x10-10 1.3 O(1D) + CO 2 → O + CO 2 7.4x10-11-(120±100) 1.1x10-101.2 O(1D) + CH4 → products 1.5x10-100±100 1.5x10-101.2 O(1D) + HCl → products 1.5x10-100±100 1.5x10-101.2 O(1D) + HF → OH + F 1.4x10-100±100 1.4x10-102.0 O(1D) + HBr → products 1.5x10-100±100 1.5x10-102.0 O(1D) + Cl2 → products 2.8x10-100±100 2.8x10-102.0 O(1D) + CCl 2O → products 3.6x10-100±100 3.6x10-102.0 O(1D) + CClFO → products 1.9x10-100±100 1.9x10-102.0 O(1D) + CF2O → products 7.4x10-110±100 7.4x10-112.0 O(1D) + CCl 4 → products (CFC-10) 3.3x10-100±100 3.3x10-101.2 O(1D) + CH3Br → products 1.8x10-100±100 1.8x10-101.3 O(1D) + CH 2Br2 → products 2.7x10-100±100 2.7x10-101.3 O(1D) + CHBr 3 → products 6.6x10-100±100 6.6x10-101.5 O(1D) + CH3F → products (HFC-41) 1.5x10-10 0±100 1.5x10-10 1.2CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING The present compilation of kinetic data represents the 12th evaluation prepared by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation. The Pan el was established in 1977 by the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program Office for the purpose of providing a critical tabulation of the latest kinetic and photochemical data for use by modelers in computer simulations of stratospheric chemistry. The recommended rate dat a and cross sections are based on laboratory measurements. The major use of theoretical extrapolation of data is in connection with three- body reactions, in which the required pressure or temperature dependence is sometimes unavailable from laboratory measurements, and can be estimat ed by use of appropriate theoretical treatment. In the case of important rate constants for which no experimental data are available, the p anel may provide estimates of rate constant parameters based on analogy to similar reactions for which data are available. Rate constants are expressed in the form k(T) = A exp(- E/RT), where A is the pre-exponential factor, E the activation energy, R the gas constant, and T the absolute temperature. Uncertainties are expressed by the factor f, e.g., a value of 4.2x10-10 with f = 2 indicates that the true value is believed to lie between 2.1x10-10 and 8.4x10-10. The value of f at other temperatures may be calculated from f(298), given in the last column, by: f(T) = f(298) exp[( ΔE/R)(1/T-1/298)] , where ΔE/R is the uncertainty in E/R. Table 1 covers rate constant data on second order reactions, grouped by class, while Table 2 covers association reactions. Rele vant equilib- rium constant data are given in Table 3. All concentrations are measured in molecules cm-3. Notes on each reaction, as well as related photo- chemical data, may be found in the reference. The assistance of Robert Hampson is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCE DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Golden, D. M., Hampson, R. F., Kurylo, M. J., Howard, C. J., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., an d Molina, M. J., Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for use in Atmospheric Modeling. Evaluation Number 12 , Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication 97- 4, Pasadena CA, 1997. The report is also available at the World Wide Web site < http://remus.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/jpl97>. TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCO(1D) + CH2F2 → products (HFC-32) 5.1x10-11 0±100 5.1x10-11 1.3 O(1D) + CHF3 → products (HFC-23) 9.1x10-12 0±100 9.1x10-12 1.2 O(1D) + CHCl 2F → products (HCFC-21) 1.9x10-100±100 1.9x10-101.3 O(1D) + CHClF2 → products (HCFC-22) 1.0x10-10 0±100 1.0x10-10 1.2 O(1D) + CCl3F → products (CFC-11) 2.3x10-10 0±100 2.3x10-10 1.2 O(1D) + CCl 2F2 → products (CFC-12) 1.4x10-100±100 1.4x10-101.3 O(1D) + CClF3 → products (CFC-13) 8.7x10-11 0±100 8.7x10-11 1.3 O(1D) + CClBrF2 → products (Halon-1211) 1.5x10-100±100 1.5x10-101.3 O(1D) + CBr2F2 → products (Halon-1202) 2.2x10-10 0±100 2.2x10-10 1.3 O(1D) + CBrF3 → products (Halon-1301) 1.0x10-10 0±100 1.0x10-10 1.3 O(1D) + CF4 → CF4 + O (CFC-14) - - 2.0x10-141.5 O(1D) + CH3CH2F → products (HFC-161) 2.6x10-10 0±100 2.6x10-10 1.3 O(1D) + CH3CHF2 → products (HFC-152a) 2.0x10-10 0±100 2.0x10-10 1.3 O(1D) + CH3CCl2F → products (HCFC-141b) 2.6x10-100±100 2.6x10-101.3 O(1D) + CH3CClF2 → products (HCFC-142b) 2.2x10-10 0±100 2.2x10-10 1.3 O(1D) + CH3CF3 → products (HFC-143a) 1.0x10-10 0±100 1.0x10-10 3.0 O(1D) + CH2ClCClF2 → products (HCFC-132b) 1.6x10-100±100 1.6x10-102.0 O(1D) + CH2ClCF3 → products (HCFC-133a) 1.2x10-10 0±100 1.2x10-10 1.3 O(1D) + CH2FCF3 → products (HFC-134a) 4.9x10-11 0±100 4.9x10-11 1.3 O(1D) + CHCl2CF3 → products (HCFC-123) 2.0x10-100±100 2.0x10-101.3 O(1D) + CHClFCF3 → products (HCFC-124) 8.6x10-110±100 8.6x10-111.3 O(1D) + CHF2CF3 → products (HFC-125) 1.2x10-100±100 1.2x10-102.0 O(1D) + CCl 3CF3 → products (CFC-113a) 2x10-100±100 2x10-102.0 O(1D) + CCl2FCClF2 → products (CFC-113) 2x10-100±100 2x10-102.0 O(1D) + CCl2FCF3 → products (CFC-114a) 1x10-100±100 1x10-102.0 O(1D) + CClF 2CClF 2 → products (CFC-114) 1.3x10-100±100 1.3x10-101.3 O(1D) + CClF2CF3 → products (CFC-115) 5x10-11 0±100 5x10-11 1.3 O(1D) + CBrF 2CBrF 2 → products (Halon-2402) 1.6x10-100±100 1.6x10-101.3CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1 f(298) © 2000 CRC Press LLCO(1D) + CF3CF3 → O + CF3CF3 (CFC-116) - - 1.5x10-13 1.5 O(1D) + CHF2CF2CF2CHF2 → products (HFC-338pcc) 1.8x10-11 0±100 1.8x10-11 1.5 O(1D) + c-C 4F8 → products - - 8x10-13 1.3 O(1D) + CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 → products (HFC-43-10mee) 2.1x10-10 0±100 2.1x10-10 4 O(1D) + C 5F12 → products (CFC-41-12) - - 3.9x10-132 O(1D) + C6F14 → products (CFC-51-14) - - 1x10-12 2 O(1D) + 1,2-(CF3)2c-C4F6 → products - - 2.8x10-13 2 O(1D) + SF 6 → products - - 1.8x10-14 1.5 Singlet O 2 Reactions O2(1Δ) + O → products - - <2x10-16 - O2(1Δ) + O2 → products 3.6x10-18220±100 1.7x10-181.2 O2(1Δ) + O3 → O + 2O2 5.2x10-11 2840±500 3.8x10-15 1.2 O2(1Δ) + H2O → products - - 4.8x10-18 1.5 O2(1Δ) + N → NO + O - - <9x10-17- O2(1Δ) + N2 → products - - <10-20 - O2(1Δ) + CO2 → products - - <2x10-20 - O2(1Σ) + O → products - - 8x10-145.0 O2(1Σ) + O2 → products - - 3.9x10-17 1.5 O2(1Σ) + O3 → products 2.2x10-11 0±200 2.2x10-11 1.2 O2(1Σ) + H2O → products - - 5.4x10-121.3 O2(1Σ) + N → products - - <10-13 - O2(1Σ) + N2 → products 2.1x10-15 0±200 2.1x10-15 1.2 O2(1Σ) + CO2 → products 4.2x10-130±200 4.2x10-131.2 HOx Reactions O + OH → O2 + H 2.2x10-11 -(120±100) 3.3x10-11 1.2 O + HO2 → OH + O2 3.0x10-11 -(200±100) 5.9x10-11 1.2 O + H2O2 → OH + HO2 1.4x10-122000±1000 1.7x10-152.0 H + O3 → OH + O2 1.4x10-10 470±200 2.9x10-11 1.25 H + HO2 → products 8.1x10-11 0±100 8.1x10-11 1.3 OH + O3 → HO2 + O2 1.6x10-12940±300 6.8x10-141.3 OH + H 2 → H2O+ H 5.5x10-122000±100 6.7x10-151.1 OH + HD → products 5.0x10-122130±200 4.0x10-151.2 OH + OH → H2O + O 4.2x10-12240±240 1.9x10-121.4 OH + HO 2 → H2O + O2 4.8x10-11-(250±200) 1.1x10-101.3 OH + H 2O2 → H2O+ HO 2 2.9x10-12160±100 1.7x10-121.2 HO 2 + O3 → OH + 2O2 1.1x10-14500± 2.0x10-151.3 HO 2 + HO2 → H2O2 + O2 2.3x10-13-(600±200) 1.7x10-121.3 H 2O2 + O 2 1.7x10-33[M] -(1000 ±400) 4.9x10-32[M] 1.3 NOx Reactions O + NO 2 → NO + O2 6.5x10-12-(120±120) 9.7x10-121.1 O + NO 3→ O2 + NO2 1.0x10-110±150 1.0x10-111.5 O + N2O5 → products <3.0x10-16 O + HNO 3 → OH + NO3 <3.0x10-17 O + HO2NO2 → products 7.8x10-113400±750 8.6x10-163.0CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1 f(298) TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCH + NO2 → OH + NO 4.0x10-10 340±300 1.3x10-10 1.3 OH + NO 3 → products 2.2x10-11 1.5 OH + HONO → H2O + NO2 1.8x10-11390± 4.5x10-121.5 OH + HNO 3 → H2O + NO3 See reference 1.3 OH + HO 2NO2 → products 1.3x10-12 -(380±) 4.6x10-12 1.5 OH + NH3 → H2O + NH2 1.7x10-12710±200 1.6x10-131.2 HO2 + NO → NO2 + OH 3.5x10-12 -(250±50) 8.1x10-12 1.15 HO2 + NO2 → ΗΟΝΟ + Ο 2 See reference HO2 + NO3 → products 3.5x10-121.5 HO2 + NH2 → products 3.4x10-11 2.0 N + O2 → NO + O 1.5x10-11 3600±400 8.5x10-17 1.25 N + O3 → NO + O2 <2.0x10-16 N + NO → N2 + O 2.1x10-11 -(100±100) 3.0x10-11 1.3 N + NO 2 → N2O + O 5.8x10-12 -(220±100) 1.2x10-11 1.5 NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 2.0x10-12 1400±200 1.8x10-14 1.1 NO + NO3 → 2NO2 1.5x10-11-(170±100) 2.6x10-111.3 NO2 + O3 → NO3 + O2 1.2x10-13 2450±150 3.2x10-17 1.15 NO2 + NO3 → NO + NO2 +O2 See reference NO3 + NO3 → 2NO2 + O2 8.5x10-132450±500 2.3x10-161.5 NH2 + O2 → products <6.0x10-21 NH2 + O3 → products 4.3x10-12 930±500 1.9x10-13 3.0 NH2 + NO → products 4.0x10-12-(450±150) 1.8x10-111.3 NH2 + NO2 → products 2.1x10-12 -(650±250) 1.9x10-11 3.0 NH + NO → products 4.9x10-11 0±300 4.9x10-11 1.5 NH + NO2 → products 3.5x10-13-(1140±500) 1.6x10-112.0 O3 + HNO2 → O2 + HNO3 <5.0x10-19 N2O5 + H2O → 2HNO3 <2.0x10-21 N2(A,v) + O2 → products 2.5x10-12, v=0 1.5 N2(A,v) + O3 → products 4.1x10-11, v=0 2.0 Reactions of Organic Compounds O + CH 3 → products 1.1x10-10 0±250 1.1x10-10 1.3 O + HCN → products 1.0x10-114000±1000 1.5x10-1710 O + C2H2 → products 3.0x10-11 1600±250 1.4x10-13 1.3 O + H2CO → products 3.4x10-11 1600±250 1.6x10-13 1.25 O + CH3CHO → CH3CO + OH 1.8x10-111100±200 4.5x10-131.25 O3 + C2H2 → products 1.0x10-14 4100±500 1.0x10-20 3 O3 + C2H4 → products 1.2x10-14 2630±100 1.7x10-18 1.25 O3 + C3H6 → products 6.5x10-151900±200 1.1x10-171.2 OH + CO → Products 1.5x10-13 x0 ±300 1.5x10-13 x 1.3 (1+0.6Patm) (1+0.6 Patm) OH + CH 4 → CH3 + H2O 2.45x10-121775±100 6.3x10-151.1 OH + 13CH4 → 13CH3 + H2O See reference OH + CH 3D → products 3.5x10-121950 ± 200 5.0x10-151.15 OH + H 2CO → H2O + HCO 1.0x10-110±200 1.0x10-111.25 OH + CH 3OH → products 6.7x10-12600±300 8.9x10-131.2 OH + CH 3OOH → Products 3.8x10-12-(200±200) 7.4x10-121.5 OH + HC(O)OH → products 4.0x10-130±200 4.0x10-131.3 OH + HCN → products 1.2x10-13400±150 3.1x10-143 OH + C 2H6 → H2O + C2H5 8.7 x 10-121070±100 2.4x10-131.1 OH + C 3H8 → H2O + C3H7 1.0 x 10-11660±100 1.1x10-121.2 OH + CH 3CHO → CH3CO + H2O 5.6x10-12-(270±200) 1.4x10-111.2 OH + C2H5OH → products 7.0x10-12 235±100 3.2x10-12 1.3 OH + CH 3C(O)OH → products 4.0x10-13-(200±400) 8.0x10-131.3CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1 f(298) © 2000 CRC Press LLCOH + CH 3C(O)CH 3 → CH3C(O)CH 2 + H2O 2.2 x 10-12685±100 2.2x10-131.15 OH + CH 3CN → products 7.8x10-13 1050±200 2.3x10-14 1.5 OH+ CH 3ONO2 → products 5.0x10-13 890±500 2.4x10-14 3 OH + CH3C(O)O2NO2 (PAN)→ products <4 x 10-14 OH+ C 2H5ONO2 → products 8.2x10-13 450±300 1.8x10-13 3 HO2 + CH2O → adduct 6.7x10-15-(600±600) 5.0x10-145 HO2 + CH3O2 → CH3OOH + O2 3.8x10-13 -(800±400) 5.6x10-12 2 HO2 + C2H5O2 → C2H5OOH + O 2 7.5x10-13 -(700±250) 8.0x10-12 1.5 HO2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products 4.5x10-13-(1000±600) 1.3x10-112 NO3 + CO → products <4.0x10-19 NO3 + CH2O → products 5.8x10-16 1.3 NO3 + CH3CHO → products 1.4x10-121900±300 2.4x10-151.3 CH3 + O2 → products <3.0x10-16 CH3 + O3 → products 5.4x10-12 220±150 2.6x10-12 2 HCO + O2 → CO + HO2 3.5x10-12 -(140±140) 5.5x10-12 1.3 CH2OH + O2 → CH2O + HO2 9.1x10-120±200 9.1x10-121.3 CH3O + O2 → CH2O + HO2 3.9x10-14 900±300 1.9x10-15 1.5 CH3O + NO → CH2O + HNO See reference CH3O+ NO2 → CH2O + HONO 1.1 x 10-111200±600 2.0 x 10-135 CH3O2 + O3 → products <3.0x10-17 CH3O2 + CH3O2 → products 2.5x10-13 -(190±190) 4.7x10-13 1.5 CH3O2 + NO → CH3O + NO2 3.0x10-12-(280±60) 7.7x10-121.15 CH3O2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products 1.3x10-12 -(640±200) 1.1x10-11 1.5 C2H5 + O2 → C2H4 + HO2 <2.0x10-14 C2H5O + O2 → CH3CHO + HO2 6.3 x 10-14550±200 1.0x10-141.5 C2H5O2 + C2H5O2 → products 6.8x10-14 0±300 6.8x10-14 2 C2H5O2 + NO → products 2.6x10-12 -(365±150) 8.7x10-12 1.2 CH3C(O)O2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products 2.9x10-12 -(500±150) 1.5x10-11 1.5 CH3C(O)O2 + NO → products 5.3x10-12 -(360±150) 1.8x10-11 1.4 FOx Reactions O + FO → F + O2 2.7x10-110±250 2.7x10-113.0 O + FO2 → FO + O2 5.0x10-11 0±250 5.0x10-11 5.0 OH + CH3F → CH2F + H2O (HFC-41) 3.0x10-121500±300 2.0x10-141.1 OH + CH 2F2 → CHF2 + H2O (HFC-32) 1.9x10-121550±200 1.0x10-141.2 OH + CHF 3 → CF3 + H2O (HFC-23) 1.0x10-122440±200 2.8x10-161.3 OH + CF 3OH → CF3O + H2O <2x10-17 OH + CH3CH2F → products (HFC-161) 7.0x10-121100±300 1.7x10-131.4 OH + CH 3CHF2 → products (HFC-152a) 2.4x10-121260±200 3.5x10-141.2 OH + CH 2FCH2F → CHFCH2F (HFC-152) + H 2O 1.7x10-111500±500 1.1x10-132.0 OH + CH 3CF3 → CH2CF3 + H2O (HFC-143a) 1.8x10-122170±150 1.2x10-151.1 OH + CH2FCHF2 → products (HFC-143) 4.0x10-121650±300 1.6x10-14 1.5 OH + CH2FCF3 → CHFCF3 + H2O (HFC-134a) 1.5x10-12 1750±200 4.2x10-15 1.1CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1 f(298) TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCOH + CHF 2CHF2 → CF2CHF2 (HFC-134) + H2O 1.6x10-121680±300 5.7x10-152.0 OH + CHF 2CF3 → CF2CF3 + H2O (HFC-125) 5.6x10-13 1700±300 1.9x10-15 1.3 OH + CH3OCHF2 → products (HFOC-152a) 6.0x10-12 1530±150 3.5x10-14 1.2 OH + CF 3OCH3 fi CF3OCH2 + H2O (HFOC-143a) 1.5x10-121450±150 1.2x10-141.1 OH + CF 2HOCF2H → CF2OCF2H (HFOC-134) + H 2O 1.9x10-12 2000±150 2.3x10-15 1.2 OH + CF3OCHF2 → CF3OCF2 + H2O (HFOC-125) 4.7x10-13 2100±300 4.1x10-16 1.2 OH + CF 3CH2CH3 → products (HFC-263fb) - - 4.2x10-141.5 OH + CH2FCF2CHF2 → products (HFC-245ca) 2.4x10-12 1660±150 9.1x10-15 1.3 OH + CHF2CHFCHF2 → products (HFC-245ea) - - 1.6x10-142.0 OH + CF3CHFCH2F → products (HFC-245eb) - - 1.5x10-14 2.0 OH + CHF2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-245fa) 6.1x10-13 1330±150 7.0x10-15 1.2 OH + CF3CF2CH2F → CF3CF2CHF (HFC-236cb) +H2O 1.5x10-121750±500 4.2x10-152.0 OH + CF3CHFCHF2 → products (HFC-236ea) 1.1x10-12 1590±150 5.3x10-15 1.1 OH + CF3CH2CF3 → CF3CHCF3 (HFC-236fa) +H2O 1.3x10-12 2480±150 3.2x10-16 1.1 OH + CF3CHFCF3 → CF3CFCF3+H2O (HFC-227ea) 5.0x10-131700±300 1.7x10-151.1 OH + CHF2OCH2CF3 → products (HFOC-245fa) 2.6x10-12 1610±150 1.2x10-14 2.0 OH + CF3CH2CF2CH3 → products (HFC-365mfc) 2.0x10-12 1750±200 5.7x10-15 1.3 OH + CF3CH2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-356mff) 3.0x10-121800±300 7.1x10-151.3 OH + CF3CF2CH2CH2F → products (HFC-356mcf) 1.7x10-12 1110±200 4.2x10-14 2.0 OH + CHF2CF2CF2CF2H → products (HFC-338pcc) 7.8x10-13 1530±200 4.6x10-15 1.5 OH + CF 3CH2CF2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-458mfcf) 1.2x10-121830±200 2.6x10-152.0 OH + CF 3CHFCHFCF2CF3 → products (HFC-43-10mee) 5.2x10-131500±300 3.4x10-151.3 OH + CF 3CF2CH2CH2CF2CF3 → (HFC-55-10-mcff) products - - 8.3x10-151.5 F + O3 → FO + O 2 2.2x10-11230±200 1.0x10-111.5 F + H2 → HF + H 1.4x10-10500±200 2.6x10-111.2 F + H2O → HF + OH 1.4x10-110±200 1.4x10-111.3 F + HNO 3 → HF + NO 3 6.0x10-12-(400±200) 2.3x10-111.3 F + CH 4 → HF + CH3 1.6x10-10260±200 6.7x10-111.4 FO + O 3 → products <1 x 10-14 FO + NO → NO2 + F 8.2x10-12 -(300±200) 2.2x10-11 1.5 FO + FO → 2 F + O 2 1.0x10-110±250 1.0x10-111.5 FO2 + O3 → products <3.4x10-16 FO2 + NO → FNO + O2 7.5x10-12 690±400 7.5x10-13 2.0CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1 f(298) © 2000 CRC Press LLCFO2 + NO2 → products 3.8x10-11 2040±500 4.0x10-14 2.0 FO2 + CO → products <5.1x10-16 FO2 + CH4 → products <2x10-16 CF3O + O2 → FO2 + CF2O <3 x 10-11 5000 <1.5 x 10-18 CF3O + O3 → CF3O2 + O2 2 x 10-121400±600 1.8 x 10-141.3 CF3O + H2O → OH + CF3OH 3 x 10-12 >3600 <2 x 10-17 CF3O + NO → CF2O + FNO 3.7 x 10-11 -(110±70) 5.4 x 10-11 1.2 CF3O + NO2 → products See reference CF3O + CO → products <2 x 10-15 CF3O + CH 4 → CH3 + CF3OH 2.6 x 10-12 1420±200 2.2 x 10-14 1.1 CF3O + C2H6 → C2H5 + CF3OH 4.9 x 10-12400±100 1.3 x 10-121.2 CF3O2 + O3 → CF3O + 2O2 <3 x 10-15 CF3O2 + CO → CF3O + CO 2 <5 x 10-16 CF3O2 + NO → CF3O + NO2 5.4 x 10-12-(320±150) 1.6 x 10-111.1 ClOx Reactions O + ClO → Cl + O 2 3.0x10-11-(70±70) 3.8x10-111.2 O + OClO → ClO + O2 2.4x10-12 960±300 1.0x10-13 2.0 O + Cl2O → ClO + ClO 2.7x10-11 530±150 4.5x10-12 1.3 O + HCl → OH + Cl 1.0x10-113300±350 1.5x10-162.0 O + HOCl → OH + ClO 1.7x10-13 0±300 1.7x10-13 3.0 O + ClONO2 → products 2.9x10-12 800±200 2.0x10-13 1.5 O3 + OClO → products 2.1x10-124700±1000 3.0x10-192.5 O3 + Cl2O2 → products - - <1.0x10-19 - OH + Cl2 → HOCl + Cl 1.4x10-12 900±400 6.7x10-14 1.2 OH + ClO → products 1.1x10-11-(120±150) 1.7x10-111.5 OH + OClO → HOCl + O2 4.5x10-13 -(800±200) 6.8x10-12 2.0 OH + HCl → H2O + Cl 2.6x10-12 350±100 8.0x10-13 1.2 OH + HOCl → H2O + ClO 3.0x10-12500±500 5.0x10-133.0 OH + ClNO2 → HOCl + NO2 2.4x10-12 1250±300 3.6x10-14 2.0 OH + ClONO2 → products 1.2x10-12 330±200 3.9x10-13 1.5 OH + CH3Cl → CH2Cl + H2O 4.0x10-121400±250 3.6x10-141.2 OH + CH2Cl2 → CHCl2 + H2O 3.8x10-12 1050±150 1.1x10-13 1.4 OH + CHCl3 → CCl3 + H2O 2.0x10-12 900±150 1.0x10-13 1.2 OH + CCl4 → products ~1.0x10-12>2300 <5.0x10-16- OH + CFCl3 → products (CFC-11) ~1.0x10-12 >3700 <5.0x10-18 - OH + CF2Cl2 → products (CFC-12) ~1.0x10-12 >3600 <6.0x10-18 - OH + CH 2ClF → CHClF + H 2O (HCFC-31) 2.8x10-121270±200 3.9x10-141.2 OH + CHFCl 2 → CFCl2 + H2O (HCFC-21) 1.7x10-121250±150 2.6x10-141.2 OH + CHF 2Cl → CF2Cl + H2O (HCFC-22) 1.0x10-121600±150 4.7x10-151.1 OH + CH 3OCl → products 2.4x10-12360±200 7.2x10-133.0 OH + CH 3CCl3 → CH2CCl3 + H2O (HCC-140) 1.8x10-121550±150 1.0x10-141.1 OH + C 2HCl3 → products 4.9x10-13-(450±200) 2.2x10-121.25 OH + C 2Cl4 → products 9.4x10-121200±200 1.7x10-13 1.25 OH + CCl3CHO → H2O + CCl3CO 8.2x10-12600±300 1.1x10-121.5 OH + CH3CFCl2 → CH2CFCl2 + H2O (HCFC-141b) 1.7x10-121700±150 5.7x10-151.2 OH + CH3CF2Cl → CH2CF2Cl + H2O (HCFC-142b) 1.3x10-12 1800±150 3.1x10-15 1.2CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1 f(298) TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCOH + CH2ClCF2Cl → CHClCF2Cl (HCFC-132b) + H 2O 3.6x10-12 1600±400 1.7x10-14 2.0 OH + CHCl2CF2Cl → CCl2CF2Cl (HCFC-122) + H 2O 1.0x10-12 900±150 4.9x10-14 1.2 OH + CHFClCFCl 2 → CFClCFCl 2 (HCFC-122a) + H2O 1.0x10-121250±150 1.5x10-141.1 OH + CH 2ClCF3 → CHClCF3 + H2O (HCFC-133a) 5.2x10-13 1100±300 1.3x10-14 1.3 OH + CHCl2CF3 → CCl2CF3 + H2O (HCFC-123) 7.0x10-13 900±150 3.4x10-14 1.2 OH + CHFClCF 2Cl → CFClCF 2Cl (HCFC-123a) + H2O 9.2x10-131280±150 1.3x10-141.2 OH + CHFClCF 3 → CFClCF3 + H2O (HCFC-124) 8.0x10-13 1350±150 8.6x10-15 1.2 OH + CH3CF2CFCl2 → products (HCFC-243cc) 7.7x10-131700±300 2.6x10-15 2.0 OH + CF3CF2CHCl2 → products (HCFC-225ca) 1.0x10-12 1100±200 2.5x10-14 1.3 OH + CF2ClCF2CHFCl → products (HCFC-225cb) 5.5x10-13 1250±200 8.3x10-15 1.3 HO2 + Cl → HCl + O2 1.8x10-11 -(170±200) 3.2x10-11 1.5 → OH + ClO 4.1x10-11450±200 9.1x10-122.0 HO2 + ClO → HOCl + O2 4.8x10-13 -(700±) 5.0x10-12 1.4 H2O + ClONO2 → products - - <2.0x10-21 - NO + OClO → NO2 + ClO 2.5x10-12600±300 3.4x10-132.0 NO + Cl2O2 → products - - <2.0x10-14 - NO3 + HCl → HNO3 + Cl - - <5.0x10-17 - HO2NO2 + HCl → products - - <1.0x10-21- Cl + O3 → ClO + O2 2.9x10-11 260±100 1.2x10-11 1.15 Cl + H2 → HCl + H 3.7x10-11 2300±200 1.6x10-14 1.25 Cl + H2O2 → HCl + HO2 1.1x10-11980±500 4.1x10-13 1.5 Cl + NO3 → ClO + NO2 2.4x10-11 0±400 2.4x10-11 1.5 Cl + N2O → ClO + N2 See reference Cl + HNO3 → products - - <2.0x10-16- Cl + CH4 → HCl + CH3 1.1x10-11 1400±150 1.0x10-13 1.1 Cl + CH3D → products - - 7.4x10-14 2.0 Cl + H2CO → HCl + HCO 8.1x10-1130±100 7.3x10-111.15 Cl + CH3O2 → products - - 1.6x10-10 1.5 Cl + CH3OH → CH2OH + HCl 5.4x10-11 0±250 5.4x10-11 1.5 Cl + C 2H6 → HCl + C2H5 7.7x10-1190±90 5.7x10-111.1 Cl + C 2H5O2 → ClO + C2H5O - - 7.4x10-112.0 → HCl + C 2H4O2 - - 7.7x10-112.0 Cl + CH 3CN → products 1.6x10-112140±300 1.2x10-142.0 Cl + CH 3CO3NO2 → products - - <1x10-14 Cl + C 3H8 → HCl + C 3H7 1.2x10-10-(40±250) 1.4x10-101.3 Cl + OClO → ClO + ClO 3.4x10-11-(160±200) 5.8x10-111.25 Cl + ClOO → Cl2 + O2 2.3x10-100±250 2.3x10-103.0 → ClO + ClO 1.2x10-110±250 1.2x10-113.0 Cl + Cl 2O → Cl2 + ClO 6.2x10-11-(130±130) 9.6x10-111.2 Cl + Cl 2O2 → products - - 1.0x10-102.0 Cl + HOCl → products 2.5x10-12130±250 1.6x10-121.5 Cl + ClNO → NO + Cl 2 5.8x10-11-(100±200) 8.1x10-111.5 Cl + ClONO2 → products 6.5x10-12-(135±50) 1.0x10-111.2 Cl + CH3Cl → CH2Cl + HCl 3.2x10-11 1250±200 4.8x10-13 1.2 Cl + CH2Cl2 → HCl + CHCl 2 3.1x10-111350±500 3.3x10-131.5 Cl + CHCl3 → HCl + CCl3 8.2x10-121325±300 9.6x10-141.3CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1 f(298) © 2000 CRC Press LLCCl + CH3F → HCl + CH2F (HFC-41) 2.0x10-11 1200±500 3.5x10-13 1.3 Cl + CH2F2 → HCl + CHF2 (HFC-32) 1.2x10-11 1630±500 5.0x10-14 1.5 Cl + CF3H → HCl + CF 3 (HFC-23) - - 3.0x10-185.0 Cl + CH2FCl → HCl + CHFCl (HCFC-31) 1.2x10-11 1390±500 1.1x10-13 2.0 Cl + CHFCl2 → HCl + CFCl2 (HCFC-21) 5.5x10-12 1675±200 2.0x10-14 1.3 Cl + CHF 2Cl → HCl + CF 2Cl (HCFC-22) 5.9x10-122430±200 1.7x10-151.3 Cl + CH 3CCl3 → CH2CCl3 + HCl 2.8x10-12 1790±400 7.0x10-15 2.0 Cl + CH 3CH2F → HCl + CH 3CHF (HFC-161) 1.8x10-11 290±500 6.8x10-12 3.0 → HCl + CH2CH2F 1.4x10-11880±500 7.3x10-133.0 Cl + CH3CHF2 → HCl + CH3CF2 (HFC-152a) 6.4x10-12 950±500 2.6x10-13 1.3 → HCl + CH2CHF2 7.2x10-122390±500 2.4x10-153.0 Cl + CH2FCH2F → HCl + CHFCH2F (HFC-152) 2.6x10-11 1060±500 7.5x10-13 3.0 Cl + CH3CFCl2 → HCl + CH2CFCl2 (HCFC-141b) 1.8x10-12 2000±300 2.2x10-15 1.2 Cl + CH3CF2Cl → HCl + CH2CF2Cl (HCFC-142b) 1.4x10-122420±500 4.2x10-161.2 Cl + CH3CF3 → HCl + CH2CF3 (HFC-143a) 1.2x10-11 3880±500 2.6x10-17 5.0 Cl + CH2FCHF2 → HCl + CH2FCF2 (HFC-143) 5.5x10-12 1610±500 2.5x10-14 3.0 → HCl + CHFCHF2 7.7x10-12 1720±500 2.4x10-14 3.0 Cl + CH2ClCF3 → HCl + CHClCF3 (HCFC-133a) 1.8x10-12 1710±500 5.9x10-15 3.0 Cl + CH2FCF3 → HCl + CHFCF3 (HFC-134a) - - 1.5x10-151.2 Cl + CHF2CHF2 → HCl + CF2CHF2 (HCF-134) 7.5x10-12 2430±500 2.2x10-15 1.5 Cl + CHCl2CF3 → HCl + CCl2CF3 (HCFC-123) 4.4x10-12 1750±500 1.2x10-14 1.3 Cl + CHFClCF3 → HCl + CFClCF3 (HCFC-124) 1.1x10-121800±500 2.7x10-151.3 Cl + CHF2CF3 → HCl + CF2CF3 (HFC-125) - - 2.4x10-161.3 ClO + O 3 → ClOO + O2 - - <1.4x10-17- → OClO + O 2 1.0x10-12>4000 <1.0x10-18- ClO + H 2 → products ~1.0x10-12>4800 <1.0x10-19- ClO + NO → NO2 + Cl 6.4x10-12-(290±100) 1.7x10-111.15 ClO + NO3 → ClOO + NO2 4.7x10-130±400 4.7x10-131.5 ClO + N 2O → products ~1.0x10-12>4300 <6.0x10-19- ClO + CO → products ~1.0x10-12>3700 <4.0x10-18- ClO + CH 4 → products ~1.0x10-12>3700 <4.0x10-18 - ClO + H 2CO → products ~1.0x10-12>2100 <1.0x10-15- ClO + CH 3O2 → products 3.3x10-12115±115 2.2x10-121.5 ClO + ClO → Cl2 + O2 1.0x10-121590±300 4.8x10-151.5 → ClOO + Cl 3.0x10-11 2450±500 8.0x10-15 1.5 → OClO + Cl 3.5x10-131370±300 3.5x10-151.5 HCl + ClONO2 → products - - <1.0x10-20-CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1 f(298) TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCCH2ClO + O2 → CHClO + HO2 - - 6 x 10-145 CH2ClO2 + HO2 → CH2ClO2H + O2 3.3 x 10-13 -(820±200) 5.2 x 10-12 1.5 CH2ClO2 + NO → CH2ClO + NO2 7 x 10-12-(300±200) 1.9 x 10-111.5 CCl3O2 + NO → CCl2O + NO2 + Cl 7.3 x 10-12 -(270±200) 1.8 x 10-11 1.3 CCl2FO2 + NO → CClFO + NO2 + Cl 4.5 x 10-12-(350±200) 1.5 x 10-111.3 CClF2O2 + NO → CF2O + NO2 + Cl 3.8 x 10-12 -(400±200) 1.5 x 10-11 1.2 BrOx Reactions O + BrO → Br + O2 1.9x10-11-(230±150) 4.1x10-111.5 O + HBr → OH + Br 5.8x10-12 1500±200 3.8x10-14 1.3 O + HOBr → OH + BrO 1.2x10-10 430±300 2.8x10-11 3.0 OH + Br2 → HOBr + Br 4.2x10-11 0±600 4.2x10-11 1.3 OH + BrO → products - - 7.5x10-113.0 OH + HBr → H2O + Br 1.1x10-11 0±250 1.1x10-11 1.2 OH + CH3Br → CH2Br + H2O 4.0x10-12 1470±150 2.9x10-14 1.1 OH + CH2Br2 → CHBr2 + H2O 2.4x10-12900±300 1.2x10-131.1 OH + CHBr3 → CBr3 + H2O 1.6x10-12 710±200 1.5x10-13 2.0 OH + CHF2Br → CF2Br + H2O 1.1x10-12 1400±200 1.0x10-14 1.1 OH + CH2ClBr → CHClBr + H2O 2.3x10-12930±150 1.0x10-131.2 OH + CF2ClBr → products - - <1.5x10-16 - OH + CF2Br2 → products - - <5.0x10-16 - OH + CF3Br → products - - <1.2x10-16- OH + CH2BrCF3 → CHBrCF3 + H2O 1.4x10-12 1340±200 1.6x10-14 1.3 OH + CHFBrCF3 → CFBrCF3 7.2x10-13 1110±150 1.8x10-14 1.5 OH + CHClBrCF3 → CClBrCF3 + H2O 1.3x10-12995±150 4.5x10-141.5 OH + CF2BrCHFCl → CF2BrCFCl + H2O 9.3x10-13 1250±150 1.4x10-14 1.5 OH + CF2BrCF2Br → products - - <1.5x10-16 - HO2 + Br → HBr + O2 1.5x10-11600±600 2.0x10-122.0 HO2 + BrO → products 3.4x10-12 -(540±200) 2.1x10-11 1.5 NO3 + HBr → HNO3 + Br - - <1.0x10-16 - Cl + CH2ClBr → HCl + CHClBr 4.3x10-111370±500 4.3x10-133.0 Cl + CH3Br → HCl + CH2Br 1.5x10-11 1060±100 4.3x10-13 1.2 Cl + CH2Br2 → HCl + CHBr2 6.4x10-12 810±100 4.2x10-13 1.2 Br + O3 → BrO + O2 1.7x10-11800±200 1.2x10-12 1.2 Br + H2O2 → HBr + HO2 1.0x10-11 >3000 <5.0x10-16 - Br + NO 3 → BrO + NO 2 - - 1.6x10-112.0 Br + H 2CO → HBr + HCO 1.7x10-11800±200 1.1x10-121.3 Br + OClO → BrO + ClO 2.6x10-111300±300 3.4x10-132.0 Br + Cl 2O → BrCl + ClO 2.1x10-11470±150 4.3x10-121.3 Br + Cl 2O2 → products - - 3.0x10-122.0 BrO + O 3 → products ~1.0x10-12>3200 <2.0x10-17- BrO + NO → NO2 + Br 8.8x10-12-(260±130) 2.1x10-111.15 BrO + NO 3 → products - - 1.0x10-123.0 BrO + ClO → Br + OClO 1.6x10-12-(430±200) 6.8x10-121.25 → Br + ClOO 2.9x10-12-(220±200) 6.1x10-121.25 → BrCl + O 2 5.8x10-13-(170±200) 1.0x10-121.25 BrO + BrO → products 1.5x10-12-(230±150) 3.2x10-121.15 CH2BrO2 + NO → CH2O + NO2 + Br 4x10-12-(300±200) 1.1 x 10-111.5CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1f(298) © 2000 CRC Press LLCIOx Reactions O + I2 → IO + I 1.4x10-10 0±250 1.4x10-10 1.4 O + IO → O2 + I 1.2x10-102.0 OH + I 2 → ΗΟΙ + Ι 1.8x10-10 2.0 OH + HI → H2O + I 3.0x10-11 2.0 OH + CH3I → H2O + CH2I 3.1x10-121120±500 7.2x10-143.0 OH + CF 3I → HOI + CF3 3.1x10-14 5.0 HO2 + I → HI + O 2 1.5x10-11 1090±500 3.8x10-13 2.0 HO2 + IO → HOI + O2 8.4x10-111.5 NO3 + HI → HNO3 + I See reference I + O3 → IO + O 2 2.3x10-11 870±200 1.2x10-12 1.2 I + BrO → IO + Br - - 1.2x10-112.0 IO + NO → I + NO 2 9.1x10-12 -(240±150) 2.0x10-11 1.2 IO + ClO → products 5.1x10-12 -(280±200) 1.3x10-11 2.0 IO + BrO → products - - 6.9x10-11 1.5 IO + IO → products 1.5x10-11-(500±500) 8.0x10-111.5 INO + INO → I2 + 2NO 8.4x10-11 2620±600 1.3x10-14 2.5 INO2 + INO2 → I2 + 2NO2 2.9x10-11 2600±1000 4.7x10-15 3.0 SOx Reactions O + SH → SO + H - - 1.6x10-105.0 O + CS → CO + S 2.7x10-10 760±250 2.1x10-11 1.1 O + H2S → OH + SH 9.2x10-12 1800±550 2.2x10-14 1.7 O + OCS → CO + SO 2.1x10-112200±150 1.3x10-141.2 O + CS2 → CS + SO 3.2x10-11 650±150 3.6x10-12 1.2 O + CH3SCH3 → CH3SO + CH3 1.3x10-11 -(410±100) 5.0x10-11 1.1 O + CH3SSCH3 → CH3SO + CH3S 5.5x10-11-(250±100) 1.3x10-101.3 O3 + H2S → products - - <2.0x10-20 - O3 + CH3SCH3 → products - - <1.0x10-18 - O3 + SO2 → SO3 + O2 3.0x10-12>7000 <2.0x10-22- OH + H2S → SH + H2O 6.0x10-12 75±75 4.7x10-12 1.2 OH + OCS → products 1.1x10-13 1200±500 1.9x10-15 2.0 OH + CS2 → products See reference - - - OH + CH3SH → CH3S + H2O 9.9x10-12 -(360±100) 3.3x10-11 1.2 OH + CH3SCH3 → H2O + CH2SCH3 1.2x10-11 260±100 5.0x10-12 1.15 OH + CH3SSCH3 → products 6.0x10-11-(400±200) 2.3x10-101.2 OH + S → H + SO - - 6.6x10-11 3.0 OH + SO → H + SO 2 - - 8.6x10-112.0 HO2 + H2S → products - - <3.0x10-15- HO2 + CH3SH → products - - <4.0x10-15- HO2 + CH3SCH3 → products - - <5.0x10-15- HO2 + SO2 → products - - <1.0x10-18- NO2 + SO2 → products - - <2.0x10-26- NO3+ H2S → products - - <8.0x10-16- NO3 + OCS → products - - <1.0x10-16- NO3 + CS2 → products - - <4.0x10-16- NO3 + CH3SH → products 4.4x10-13-(210±210) 8.9x10-131.25 NO3 + CH3SCH3→ CH3SCH2 + HNO3 1.9x10-13-(500±200) 1.0x10-121.2 NO3 + CH3SSCH3 → products 1.3x10-12270±270 5.3x10-131.4 NO3 + SO2 → products - - <7.0x10-21- N2O5 + CH3SCH3 → products - - <1.0x10-17- CH3O2 + SO2 → products - - <5.0x10-17 - F + CH3SCH3 → products - - 2.4.x10-10 2.0CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1f(298) TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCCl + H2S → HCl + SH 3.7x10-11-(210±100) 7.4x10-111.25 Cl + OCS → products - - <1.0x10-16 - Cl + CS 2 → products - - <4.0x10-15 - Cl + CH3SH → CH3S + HCl 1.2x10-10-(150±50) 2.0x10-101.25 Cl + CH 3SCH3 → products See reference - - - ClO + OCS → products - - <2.0x10-16 - ClO + CH3SCH3 → products - - 9.5x10-152.0 ClO + SO → Cl +SO 2 2.8x10-11 0±50 2.8x10-11 1.3 ClO + SO 2 → Cl + SO 3 - - <4.0x10-18 - Br + H2S → HBr + SH 1.4x10-112750±300 1.4x10-152.0 Br + CH 3SH → CH3S + HBr 9.2x10-12 390±100 2.5x10-12 2.0 Br + CH 3SCH3 → products See reference BrO + CH3SCH3 → products 1.5x10-14-(850±200) 2.6x10-131.3 BrO + SO → Br + SO 2 5.7x10-11 1.4 IO + CH3SH → products 6.6x10-16 2.0 IO + CH3SCH3 → products 1.2x10-14 1.5 S + O2 → SO + O 2.3x10-120±200 2.3x10-121.2 S + O3 → SO + O2 1.2x10-11 2.0 SO + O2 → SO2 + O 2.6x10-13 2400±500 8.4x10-17 2.0 SO + O3 → SO2 + O2 3.6x10-121100±200 9.0x10-141.2 SO + NO2 → SO2 + NO 1.4x10-11 0±50 1.4x10-11 1.2 SO + OClO → SO2 + ClO 1.9x10-12 3.0 SO3 + H2O → products See reference - - SO3 + NO2 → products 1.0x10-19 10.0 SH + O2 → OH + SO <4.0x10-19 - SH + O3 → HSO + O2 9.0x10-12280±200 3.5x10-121.3 SH + H2O2 → products <5.0x10-15 - SH + NO2 → HSO + NO 2.9x10-11 -(240±50) 6.5x10-11 1.2 SH + Cl2 → ClSH + Cl 1.7x10-11690±200 1.7x10-122.0 SH + BrCl → products 2.3x10-11 -(350±200) 7.4x10-11 2.0 SH + Br2 → BrSH + Br 6.0x10-11 -(160±160) 1.0x10-10 2.0 SH + F2 → FSH + F 4.3x10-111390±200 4.0x10-132.0 HSO + O2 → products <2.0x10-17 - HSO + O3 → products 1.0x10-13 1.3 HSO + NO → products <1.0x10-15- HSO + NO2 → HSO2 + NO 9.6x10-12 2.0 HSO2 + O2 → HO2 + SO2 3.0x10-13 3.0 HOSO2 + O2 → HO2 + SO3 1.3x10-12330±200 4.4x10-131.2 CS + O2 → OCS + O 2.9x10-19 2.0 CS + O 3 → OCS + O 2 3.0x10-163.0 CS + NO 2 → OCS + NO 7.6x10-17 3.0 CH3S + O2 → products <3.0x10-18- CH3S + O3 → products 2.0x10-12-(290±100) 5.3x10-121.15 CH3S + NO → products <1.0x10-13- CH3S + NO2 → CH3SO + NO 2.1x10-11-(320±100) 6.1x10-111.15 CH2SH + O 2 → products 6.5x10-122.0 CH2SH + O3 → products 3.5x10-112.0 CH2SH + NO → products 1.9x10-112.0 CH2SH + NO 2 → products 5.2x10-112.0 CH3SO + O3 → products 6.0x10-131.5 CH3SO + NO2 → CH3SO2 + NO 1.2x10-111.4 CH3SOO + O 3 → products <8.0x10-13- CH3SOO + NO → products 1.1x10-110±100 1.1x10-112.0 CH3SO2+ NO2 → products 2.2x10-110±100 2.2x10-112.0 CH3SCH2 + NO3 → products 3.0 x 10-10 2.0 CH3SCH2O2 + NO → CH3SCH2O + NO 2 1.9 x 10-112.0CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1 f(298) © 2000 CRC Press LLCCH3SS + O3 → products 4.6x10-132.0 CH3SS + NO2 → products 1.8x10-11 2.0 CH3SSO + NO 2 → products 4.5x10-12 2.0 Metal Reactions Na + O3 → NaO + O2 1.0x10-995±50 7.3x10-101.2 → NaO2 + O - - <4.0x10-11 - Na + N 2O → NaO + N 2 2.8x10-10 1600±400 1.3x10-12 1.2 Na + Cl2 → NaCl + Cl 7.3x10-100±200 7.3x10-101.3 NaO + O → Na + O 2 3.7x10-10 0±400 3.7x10-10 3.0 NaO + O 3 → NaO2 + O2 1.1x10-9 570±300 1.6x10-10 1.5 → Na + 2O2 6.0x10-110±800 6.0x10-113.0 NaO + H 2 → NaOH + H 2.6x10-11 0±600 2.6x10-11 2.0 NaO + H2O → NaOH + OH 2.2x10-10 0±400 2.2x10-10 2.0 NaO + NO → Na + NO2 1.5x10-10 0±400 1.5x10-10 4.0 NaO + HCl → products 2.8x10-100±400 2.8x10-103.0 NaO2 + O→ NaO + O2 2.2x10-11 0±600 2.2x10-11 5.0 NaO2 + NO→ NaO + NO2 - - <10-14 - NaO2 + HCl→ products 2.3x10-100±400 2.3x10-103.0 NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O 2.8x10-10 0±400 2.8x10-10 3.0CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) AE /Rk (298 K) Reaction cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Kc m3 molecule-1 s-1f(298) Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten. Low pressure limit High pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Reaction k0(300) nk∞ (300) m Ox Reactions O + O2→ O3 (6.0±0.5) (-34) 2.3 ±0.5 - - O(1D) Reactions O(1D) + N2→ N2O (3.5 ±3.0) (-37) 0.6-- HOx Reactions H + O2 → HO2 (5.7±0.5) (-32) 1.6 ±0.5 (7.5 ±4.0) (-11) 0 ±1.0 OH + OH → H2O2 (6.2±1.2) (-31) 1.0 (2.6 ±1.0) (-11) 0 ±0.5 NOx Reactions O + NO → NO2 (9.0±2.0) (-32) 1.5 ±0.3 (3.0 ±1.0) (-11) 0 ±1.0 O + NO 2 → NO3 (9.0±1.0) (-32) 2.0 ±1.0 (2.2 ±0.3) (-11) 0 ±1.0 OH + NO → HONO (7.0 ±1.0) (-31) 2.6 ±0.3 (3.6 ±1.0) (-11) 0.1 ±0.5 OH + NO 2 → HNO3 (2.5±0.1) (-30) 4.4 ±0.3 (1.6 ±0.2) (-11) 1.7 ±0.2 HO2 + NO2 → HO2NO2 (1.8±0.3) (-31) 3.2 ±0.4 (4.7 ±1.0) (-12) 1.4 ±1.4 NO2 + NO3 → N2O5 (2.2±0.5) (-30) 3.9 ±1.0 (1.5 ±0.8) (-12) 0.7 ±0.4 NO3 → NO + O2 See reference Hydrocarbon Reactions CH3 + O2 → CH3O2 (4.5±1.5) (-31) 3.0 ±1.0 (1.8 ±0.2) (-12) 1.7 ±1.7 C2H5 + O2 → C2H5O2 (1.5±1.0) (-28) 3.0 ±1.0 (8.0 ±1.0) (-12) 0 ±1.0 OH + C 2H2 → HOCHCH (5.5 ±2.0) (-30) 0.0 ±0.2 (8.3 ±1.0) (-13) -2 OH + C2H4 → HOCH2CH2 (1.0±0.6) (-28) 0.8 ±2.0 (8.8 ±0.9) (-12) 0 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCCH3O + NO → CH3ONO (1.4 ±0.5) (-29) 3.8 ±1.0 (3.6 ±1.6) (-11) 0.6 ±1.0 CH3O + NO 2 → CH3ONO2 (1.1±0.4) (-28) 4.0 ±2.0 (1.6 ±0.5) (-11) 1.0 ±1.0 C2H5O + NO → C2H5ONO (2.8 ±1.0) (-27) 4.0 ±2.0 (5.0 ±1.0) (-11) 1.0 ±1.0 C2H5O + NO2 → C2H5ONO2 (2.0±1.0) (-27) 4.0 ±2.0 (2.8 ±0.4) (-11) 1.0 ±1.0 CH3O2 + NO2 → CH3O2NO2 (1.5±0.8) (-30) 4.0 ±2.0 (6.5 ±3.2) (-12) 2.0 ±2.0 CH3C(O)O2 + NO2 → CH 3C(O)O2NO2 (9.7±3.8) (-29) 5.6 ±2.8 (9.3 ±0.4)(-12) 1.5 ±0.3 FOx Reactions F + O2 → FO2 (4.4±0.4) (-33) 1.2 ±0.5 - - F + NO → FNO (1.8 ±0.3) (-31) 1.0 ±10 (2.8 ±1.4) (-10) 0.0 ±1.0 F + NO2 → FNO2 (6.3±3.0) (-32) 2.0 ±2.0 (2.6 ±1.3) (-10) 0.0 ±1.0 FO + NO2 → FONO2 (2.6±2.0) (-31) 1.3 ±1.3 (2.0 ±1.0) (-11) 1.5 ±1.5 CF3 + O2 → CF3O2 (3.0±0.3) (-29) 4.0 ±2.0 (4.0 ±1.0) (-12) 1.0 ±1.0 CF3O + NO2 → CF3ONO2 See reference CF3O2 + NO2CF3O2NO2 (2.2±0.5) (-29) 5.0 ±1.0 (6.0 ±1.0) (-12) 2.5 ±1.0 CF3O + CO → CF3OCO (2.5 ±0.2) (-31) - (6.8 ±0.4) (-14) -1.2 CF3O → CF2O + F See reference ClOx Reactions Cl + O2 → ClOO (2.7 ±1.0) (-33) 1.5 ±0.5 - - Cl + NO → ClNO (9.0 ±2.0) (-32) 1.6 ±0.5 - - Cl + NO2 ClONO → (1.3±0.2) (-30) 2.0 ±1.0 (1.0 ±0.5) (-10) 1.0 ±1.0 ClNO2 (1.8±0.3) (-31) 2.0 ±1.0 (1.0 ±0.5) (-10) 1.0 ±1.0 Cl + CO → ClCO (1.3 ±0.5) (-33) 3.8 ±0.5 - - Cl + C2H2 → ClC2H2 ((5.9±1.0) (-30) 2.1 ±1.0 (2.1 ±0.4) (-10) 1.0 ±0.5 Cl + C2H4 → ClC2H4 (1.6±1) (-29) 3.3 ±1.0 (3.1 ±2) (-10) 1.0 ±0.5 Cl + C2Cl4 → C2Cl5 (1.4±0.6) (-28) 8.5 ±1.0 (4.0 ±1.0) (-11) 1.2 ±0.5 ClO + NO2 → ClONO2 (1.8±0.3) (-31) 3.4 ±1.0 (1.5 ±0.7) (-11) 1.9 ±1.9 OClO + NO3 → O2ClONO2 See reference ClO + ClO → Cl2O2 (2.2±0.4) (-32) 3.1 ±0.5 (3.5 ±2) (-12) 1.0 ±1.0 ClO + OClO → Cl2O3 (6.2±1.0) (-32) 4.7 ±0.6 (2.4 ±1.2) (-11) 0 ±1.0 OClO + O → ClO3 (1.9±0.5) (-31) 1.1 ±1.0 (3.1 ±0.8) (-11) 0 ±1.0 CH2Cl + O2 → CH2ClO2 (1.9±0.1) (-30) 3.2 ±0.2 (2.9 ±0.2) (-12) 1.2 ±0.6 CHCl2 + O2 → CHCl2O2 (1.3±0.1) (-30) 4.0 ±0.2 (2.8 ±0.2) (-12) 1.4 ±0.6 CCl3 + O2 → CCl3O2 (6.9±0.2) (-31) 6.4 ±0.3 (2.4 ±0.2) (-12) 2.1 ±0.6 CFCl2 + O2 → CFCl2O2 (5.0±0.8) (-30) 4.0 ±2.0 (6.0 ±1.0) (-12) 1.0 ±1.0 CF2Cl + O2 → CF2ClO2 (3.0±1.5) (-30) 4.0 ±2.0 (3 ±2) (-12) 1.0 ±1.0 CCl3O2 + NO2 → CCl3O2NO2(5.0±1.0) (-29) 5.0 ±1.0 (6.0 ±1.0) (-12) 2.5 ±1.0 CFCl2O2 + NO2 → CFCl2O2NO2(3.5±0.5) (-29) 5.0 ±1.0 (6.0 ±1.0) (-12) 2.5 ±1.0 CF2ClO2 + NO2 → CF2ClO2NO2(3.3±0.7) (-29) 6.7 ±1.3 (4.1 ±1.9) (-12) 2.8 ±0.7 BrOx Reactions Br + NO 2 → BrNO2 (4.2±0.8) (-31) 2.4 ±0.5 (2.7 ±0.5) (-11) 0 ±1.0 BrO + NO 2 → BrONO 2 (5.2±0.6) (-31) 3.2 ±0.8 (6.9 ±1.0) (-12) 2.9 ±1.0 IOx Reactions I + NO → INO (1.8 ±0.5) (-32) 1.0 ±0.5 (1.7 ±1.0) (-11) 0 ±1.0 I + NO 2 → INO2 (3.0±1.5) (-31) 1.0 ±1.0 (6.6 ±5.0) (-11) 0 ±1.0 IO + NO2 → IONO2 (5.9±2.0) (-31) 3.5 ±1.0 (9.0 ±1.0) (-12) 1.5 ±1.0CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions (continued) The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten. Low pressure limit High pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Reaction k0(300) nk∞ (300) m © 2000 CRC Press LLCCHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions (continued) The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten. Low pressure limit High pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 Reaction k0(300) nk∞ (300) m Table 3. Equilibrium Constants K(T)/cm3 molecule-1 = A exp (B/T) [200 < T/K < 300] Reaction A/cm3 molecule-1 B/K K (298 K) f (298 K) HO2 + NO2 → HO2NO2 2.1x10-2710900±1000 1.6x10-115 NO + NO2 → N2O3 3.3x10-27 4667±100 2.1x10-20 2 NO2 + NO2 → N2O4 5.2x10-29 6643±250 2.5x10-19 2 NO2 + NO3 → N2O5 2.7x10-2711000±500 2.9x10-111.3 CH3O2 + NO2 → CH3O2NO2 1.3x10-28 11200±1000 2.7x10-12 2 CH3C(O)O2 + NO2 → CH3C(O)O2NO2 9.0x10-2914000±200 2.3x10-82 F + O2 → FOO 3.2x10-25 6100±1200 2.5x10-16 1.0 Cl + O2 → ClOO 5.7x10-25 2500±750 2.5x10-21 2 Cl + CO → ClCO 1.6x10-254000±500 1.1x10-195 ClO + O2 → ClO.O2 2.9x10-26 <3700 <7.2x10-21 - ClO + ClO → Cl2O2 1.3x10-27 8744±850 7.2x10-15 1.5 ClO + OClO → Cl2O3 1.1x10-245455±300 9.8x10-173 OClO + NO 3 → O2ClONO2 1x10-289300±1000 3.6x10-155 OH + CS 2 → CS2OH 4.5x10-255140±500 1.4x10-171.4 CH3S + O2 → CH3SO2 1.8x10-275545±300 2.2x10-191.4SOx Reactions HS + NO → HSNO (2.4 ±0.4) (-31) 3.0 ±1.0 (2.7 ±0.5) (-11) 0 CH3S +NO → CH3SNO (3.2 ±0.4) (-29) 4.0 ±1.0 (3.9 ±0.6) (-11) 2.7 ±1.0 O + SO 2 → SO3 (1.3±)(-33) -3.6 ±0.7 OH + SO 2 → HOSO 2 (3.0±1.0) (-31) 3.3 ±1.5 (1.5 ±0.5) (-12) 0 CH3SCH2 + O2 → CH3SCH2O2See reference SO3 + NH3 → H3NSO3 (3.9±0.8) (-30) 3.0 ±3.0 (4.7 ±1.3) (-11) 0 ±1.0 Metal Reactions Na + O2 → NaO2 (3.2±0.3) (-30) 1.4 ±0.3 (6.0 ±2.0) (-10) 0 ±1.0 NaO + O 2 → NaO3 (3.5±0.7) (-30) 2.0 ±2.0 (5.7 ±3.0) (-10) 0 ±1.0 NaO + CO2 → NaCO3 (8.7±2.6) (-28) 2.0 ±2.0 (6.5 ±3.0) (-10) 0 ±1.0 NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO3 (1.3±0.3) (-28) 2.0 ±2.0 (6.8 ±4.0) (-10) 0 ±1.0 KINETICDATAFORCOMBUSTION MODELLING D,L.Baulch,C.J.Cobos,R.A.Cox,C.Esser,P.Frank,Th.Just,J.A.Kerr,M.J.Pilling,J.Troe,R.W.Walker,andJ.Warnatz ‘Thefollowingtablespresetevaluatedrateconstantsandotherchemicalkineticdatarequiredformodellingthecombustionofhydrocarbons. The‘compilation waspreparedasparoftheproject"Kinetics andMechanisms ofChemicalProcessesinCombustion” whichisoneoftheprojectsinthe‘thirdEuropeanCommunityEnergyResearchandDevelopment Program.TheablesarereprintedfromtheJournalofPhyscaland ChemicalReference‘DatabypermissionoftheauthorsandtheAmericanInstitueofPhysics.“able|istsallthereactionsstudiedandgivestherecommended rateconstantforeverybimolecular reactionaswellastheapplicabletemperature‘angeandtheassociatederrrlimits.Wheremorethanonesetofproductispossible,rateconstantsorBranchingratiosaegivenforallchannels‘considered feasible.Thedatafordecomposition reactionsandcombination reactionsaregiveninTables2and3.respectively. Thereferenceincludes«2deuileddatasheetfreachreactionlistehere,coveringthethermodynamic dal,kineticmeasurements andreliabilityassessments. REFERENCE Baulch,D.Letal.J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Dau,21,411-734,1992. Table1 BIMOLECULAR REACTIONS Reaction ‘em?molecules" TempiK Errorlimits(8logk) (0AtomReactions 0+m+OH+H 85x10-77%exp(—31607) 300-2500 +05at300Kfallingto‘£02forT>S00K 0+0H+O4+H 20x10°exp(ti27) 220-500 0224x10°"expt—35977) 1000-2000=o (0+HO;+OH+ 53x10" 300-1000 +03at300Krisingto=05at100K (0+Hi,+OH+HO, 1x10°"exp(—20077) 00-500 203 0+NibOH+Nb 1610-™exp(—36707) 500-2500 205 O+CH+CO+H 66x10-8 300-2000 205=CHO? +6 42x10”exp(-8507) 300-2500 £05 0+CH,+00+2H 2x10-" 300-2500 ©02at300KrisingtoTet] Esk+06+03oerwaterange £0762500%. 0+Ch+HCHO+H 14x107 300-2500 202 0+C+OH+CH 15x1077exp(—42707) 300-2500 +03at300Kfallingto £015a2500K 0+CHO+0H+CO 50x10" 300-2500 203+0,+H 50x10" 1300-2500203 (0+HCHO+OH+CHO 69x10°?TOexp(—139077) 250-2200 +01at250Krisingto=03at200K. 0+ciooa) 25x10-8 300-1000 £03at300Krisingto =OH+HCHO. desk=(012£0.1)at300K =07at1000K. o+er~+m) 17x10" 100-5000 ©0.2at300Krisingto =€0+NCD) £06x$000K. ©+NCO-+NO +CO 70x10" 1450-2600 £08 soe |] S13 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULAR REACTIONS (continued) areare Reaction ‘klom?molecules" “TemplK. ‘Errorlimits(8logk) 0+ HON-+NCO+H00+NH 23.10°T™exp(-3075/T) 450-2500 ©02at480Krisingto +0H+CN £03at2500K. ©+CHOOH-+OH+CH:COOH 69x10°?TOexp139077) 20-2200 +0.1at290KrisingtoTon?ato] [estimate] 203at200K. 0+GH+CO+ cH 17x10" 300-2500 2100+Gi+00+Cth 36x10°T*exp(-2507) 300-2500 £02ZeicoSi] ik=05202cerwalerng. 0+Git)+OH+Gt 28S sx wom 20s HCO+Cit 0+GiCHLCHO+H $98x107"7 300-2000 +01forT<1000HCO+CH lk=035=005atp>3Torr coverwholerisingto0:3at2000K.=HCHO+CH kak=06=010 temperature~*CH.CO+Hi range©+GilsHCHO+H 1ax10°" 90-2500 +0.3from300to1000KThatosa| bes057=02m20K £05tom10010200K©+GH+OH+Gis 1.66x10°T!4exp(-29207T) 300-1200 £03at300Kfallingto =O15at1200K ©+CHCO+200+H 16x10° 00-2500 203 ©+CHICO+CHO+COTHOSco]aantanta nos03 =HCO+HCO ©+crycHo~OM+cxiG0 9.7x10°"exp(-91077) 300-1500 +0005at300Krisingto +OH+CH,CHO, 05at1500K. ©+GHOOH-*OH+HOOK 69x10-T*exp(13907) 20-2200 +O11a190KrisingtoTonciioo]csimate} F0sa2moK 0+GtOH*cat] 12x10°Tex(-70T) 300-1000 205=C/OH ©+caerHoo+cat) 55x10-4 300 203 =CHICH+H+CHO+GH Norecommendation 0+GHLCH,->products 53x10°"7!exp(—12607) 300-2800 +0.1at300Krising10=04at2800K 0+p-CHACH:)s ~products 26x10°"exp(—140577) 300-600 £03 0+CHLCHs+products 10x107 298 £03 0;Reactions 0;+Cl.+HO:+CH 66x10°"exp(-2863077) 00-2000 £05wt$0sigto2 10a S114 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULARREACTIONS(continued) Reaction‘Kiem?molecule" TempErrorlimits(Jog#) O;+Gills+HO;+Calls 1.0x10"exp(—2610077) ‘00-2000 +OSat$00Krisingto £10at2000K 0;+HCHO+HO;+HCO 1.0x10"exp(—204607)700-1000205 ©,+CHCHO+HO;+CHICO 5.0x10°"exp(—197007) 00-1100 +05at00Krisingto=10001100K. 1HAtomReactions H+0:+0H +0 33%10°"exp846077) 300-2500 ©0.1at300Krisingto+02at2500K.H+0,4Ar-+HO;+Ar SeeTable3 H+0:4Hh+HO;+Hy SeeTable3 H+Or4NrHO:+N SeeTable3H+0;+HO+HO,+0 SeeTable3H+H+Aroih +Ar SeeTable3 H+H+Hoi+H SeeTable3 H+OH+H0-+H,0 +4.0 SeeTable3H+OH+AroHO+Ar SeeTable3H+HO+N10+N SeeTable3H+HO:+H+Or 74x107"exp(~-71077) 300-1000 £035208 28x10°"exp(-4407T) 300-1000 203 =O+0 5.0x10°"exp(86677) 300-1000 203 H+H0+0H +Hy 75x10"Ti*exp(-927077) 300-2500 202 H+HO,+Hh+HO, 28x10°exp(—18907) 300-1000 203=OH+HO 17X10°"exp(—180077) 300-1000 203 H+NH+H+N 17x107" 1300-2500 210 H+NibHy+NH 10x10-" 2000-3000 210 H+CH+H+CH 1010°"exp(90077) 300-3000 207 H+CH+H+1H 10x10°"exp(~60077) 300-2500 210 +cSeeTable3 H+CH+H+Ch 22x10°™Texp(—404S7T) 300-2500 202 H+CHO +00 15x10" 300-2500 203 H+HCHOH;+HCO 38x10°"7!exp(—16507) 300-2200 +OLat300Krisingto205at200K H+CHO+H;+HCHO 30x10-" 300-1000 205 H+HNCO+Nth+CO Norecommendation=Hh+NCO 34x10°" T-*exp(—101907) 500-1000 210 H+NCO-+NH +CO 87x10" 1400-1500 205 shew’ | S15 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULARREACTIONS (continued) LSReaction ‘klew?molecules" TempiK Errorlimits(Alog&)$idH+Gih>Hs+GH 1.0x10"exp(—14000/T) 1000-3000 £10so SeeTable3 H+GHHs+Gi 20x10° 300-2500 205>Cle SeeTable3 H+Cie»Gi+Hy 9.0x10°"exp(—75007T) 700-2000 205>Gis SeeTable3 H+Gis2cH 60x10" 300-2000 £03ar SeeTable3 H+CoH+Hi+Gilly 24x1078TSexp(—37307) 300-2000 +OASat300Krisingto+=03at200K H+CHCO+CH+COHh+GO 25x10°" 300-2500x04 =HCCOH H+CHLCO>Ch+CO 3.0x10°"exp(~1700/7) 200-2000 +0.5at200Krisingto=CHCHO Ikverysmall. =10at2000K. H+CHICHO=Hi+CHACO 68x10787exp(—121077) 300-2000 £01at300risingtoshhtGuano| Ean2000 H+Cis+M+Cais+M. SeeTable3 H+Cae+Hy+CH, Norecommendation=GH ‘SeeTable3 H+GHLO+M+GJHOH+M SeeTable3 H+ GHLOH-»GLO+Hy 19x10°"exp(6240/7) 1000-1150 203=Gils+OH 3.710"exp(398077) 1000-1150 203 H+GACH:+M—CHLCHS+MSeeTable3 H+HICH,-+Hy+GCE, 66x10-27exp(~15707) 00-2800 +03at600Krisingto=H+GHCHS [Norecommendation #05at2800K. >GH+CH [Norecommendation >GHCH SeeTable3 H+p-CoHl(CHi): ->products 58x10°? 28 s04 H+GACHs=Hh+CaICH 24x10°? ™ 201>CHCH SeeTable3 +H,Reactions Hi+Ar2H+Ar SeeTable2 Hy+Hy2H+ SeeTable2 (OHRadicalReactions OH+H+0+H 17107THexp(—1660/7) 300-2500 01at300Krisingto=03at2500.K OH+ OH+H.0+0 25x10°T*exp(~S07) 250-2500£02 OH+OH+M+H.0,+M SeeTable35-116 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULARREACTIONS (continued) ————— SS =Tiawe TempeEwimeOe) OH+HO,~H,0+0; 48x10°"exp(2s0T) 300-2000 &0.2at300Krisingto Seb. (OH+HO;~H.0+HO; 13x10°"exp(-670) 300-1000 202 abies et 80x10-" 300-1000 20sThe (OH+NH,+O+NH) 33&10°"T°exp(-250T) /$00-2500, 205TheMi stmt owt+com+co, Mseps) nam 2OKngsthdone on+oH+axonTHTais") sox wom 207+HO+‘CH,2tok seeTes OH+CH,+H,0+CH, 26x10°"T™exp(14007) 250-2500, ‘0.07at250Krisingto Sania On+co+10+00 wee mam 203 OH+HCHO+H,0+CHO $7x10-8TMexp(225/T) 300-3000 ‘=0.1at300Krisingto Scheme ova¥9xsR voxws vsosm20s On+Hex=o+ox 15«10on-s407 soa sasTheaShy nomenZane2HOH+LOOKHO+C400 12egse7 somes 020KigPeano Ho+noo 1810agcavT sore FaseingwSedan Omto oc 10 10 tes) swosm 219IHSaiosesh seeTes On+cH+ci 40ey(-a007) oun08 OH+GH.H:0+Gis 12x10°"Texp-435/7) 250-2000 ‘0.07at250Krisingto=ots on+exte0-aon+co er mmo ain THe"he] OHoHeHo=oecco] SexI0Taq) aD atMg TS3Sto Sahin OH +C:H,OOH-+H,0+C)H,00]3.0x10°"exp(190/7) 250-1000 ‘=03at290Krisingto—*H,0+CH.OOH {estimate} ‘©0.7at1000K S17 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULAR REACTIONS (continued) Reaction ‘Kiem?molecule" ‘Temprk Errorlimits(8log) OH+Git,+LO+GH 27x10°7"exp(T3077) 400-1500 203+H+GHLOH 22x10°"exp($3307) 1000-1150, 203=CHOH SeeTable3 OH+G.H/OH>Ca(OH): SeeTable3THeSHO] +10+GHOH 19x107" 1000-1150 £05 (OH+CyHyCH,+H,0+CQH,CH, 8.6:10-Teap(-1440/1) 400-1200 ©0.5at400Kreducingto SeeTable3 203at1200K. (OH+p-CAH(CHi)p>GHACH:CHs +HO64X10°"exp(—144077) 00-960 201+p-CHACH,)OHSeeTable3 OH+CAHIGiHs>HOCAHICHs SeeTable3zBtHe) 87x10°? ™ £01HO+GHGH, 0Reactions HO+M-+H+ OH+M SeeTable2 HO;RadicalReactions HO,+HO;+iO;+Or 31x10°"exp(-T75/7) 390-1250 ©OASat$50Krisingto03at1250K. Hos+NiMs+05 HNO+0 26x10° 300-400 204 HO;+CHy+OH+CHO 3x107" 300-2500 £070;+CH, Norecommendation HO,+CH-+Hi0,+CH 15X10°exp(—124007) 20-1000 502at600Krisingto=03at1000K. HO,+HCHO+HO+CHO 5.0x10°expt658077) 20-1000 205 HO;+Gil-+OH+CHLO 37x10°"exp(—86507) 00-500 OLSat600Krisingto0.25at900K. HO;+Cilla—+HiOs+Cais 22x10°"exp(—1030077) 00-1000 ©02at$00Krisingto+03at1000K. HO;+CH\CHO~H0;+CH:CO 5.0x10°?exp600077) ‘90-1200 207 HO;Reactions HO,+M+20H+M SeeTable2 1AtomReactions N+omee 3x10" 300-2500 210 N+NCONO+CN Norecommendation+N+00 33x10" 1700 205 5-118 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULARREACTIONS (continued) Denneneee eeeeseee era <e Reaction ‘elem?molecule='s-* ‘Temprk Errorlimits(AJog&) ‘NHRadicalReactions NH+0;-+NO+OH 1.26x10-*exp(-770/7) 270-550 £02at290KrisingtoNO; +H =05at$50K. +HNO +0 NH +NO -N,0 +HHN:+0 $0x107" 270-380 202+N: +OH [NHRadicalReactions NE+0;—+products <3x10- 298 Nib +NO Ns+H:+N:+H+OH 18x10-7exp(6S07) 220-2000 205NH+OH (ka+ka\ke=0.12at298K.NO +He "Czand*CzRadicalReactions Seedatasheets. (CHRadicalReactions H+01HO+0] $5x107 300-2000 £03at300Krisingto +CO+OH ©05at2000K. CsaH 24x10°"exp(—1760/T) 300-1000 £03 +CH CH+HO+products 95x10°"exp(380/7) 300-1000 +10 CH+COproducts 4610°"exp(860/7) 300-1000 210 CH+CO;—products 5.7x10°"exp(-345/7) 300-1000 +10 CH+CHproducts 5.0x10"exp(2007) 200-700 +10 CH+CH+products 35x10"exp(6U/T) 200-700 +10 CH+CH—products 22x10"exp(179/T) 200-700 210 CH+CH>products 18x10°exp(1327) 200-700 210 CH+Calls->products 19x10°exp(240/7) 300-700 10 CH +n-CiHe->products 44x10-™exp(2/T) 250-700 210 CH+I-Catt+products 2.0x10°exp(240/T) 300-700 210 (CH+neo-CiHi2 >products 16x10-™exp(40T) 300-700 210 CH+CHG +products Norecommendation CHI+CHO->products 16x10exp(260T) 300-700 210 S119 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULARREACTIONS(continued) Reaction lem?wolecule-'s-* TempK Errorlimits(8fog4) %CHRadicalReactions2Ct+0;+CO+H+OF0,+H+H 41107"exp(—7507) 10-1000 +=03a300Krisingto=00+Ho =05a000K. =001+Hy=HCHO+0 cnet Se 20x10°"exp(~40077) 310-2000 20s=Gi+2Hjk=09=01overrange300-2000K. 2c+=Calle+HE 70x10-" 300-3000 =0:3at300Krisingto=OSat3000K. Ct+Ga+GH SeeTable3 SCH+CH>Cie ] Ge SeeTable3=CHCHCH, +H ‘CH;RadicalReactions fo+ArCH+Ar 60x10-8 02m=203 Neth,+Np—+CH+N 10x10-" 300200©203cit,+CH+Cth+CH 12x10" 30.200=s04 1b+Ga=O+atts 80x10-" m2 sou 1+Cat,OL+Catt, 23x10-" 30200 sou 1+CaPOE+Cotte 36x10-8 30.200 =z04 'Ch+01>00+H+OH+00,+ $210-" 300-1000 +03at300Krisingto=00'sHo =05a100K=CH+O 1th+HG+H 12x10-" 300-1000 =O11at00Krisingto=03at100K 1a+cat+crc,] =aticaH SeeTable3=HCH+HCh+Cit, Seeeaterentry 1th+CHCte SeeTable3Ch+Gitte Seeearlierentry (CH,RadicalReactions Gh+Mah+H+ SeeTable2CH+0+HO+0 22x107"exp(—188007) 30200©zs=HCHO+OH 55x10?exp(—45007) 100-250 =305=CHO; SeeTable3 5-120 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULARREACTIONS (continued) Leennn a EETere Reaction iklem?molecule's"* Tempik Errorlimits(8log&) CH+HhCH,+H 14x10-®72%exp(—4740/7) 300-2500 ‘©11Sintherange 300-700K.+03intherange"700-2500K. Ct+CH>Hy+H 5.x10-™exp(—680077) 1300-2500 £06+GH+Hs Norecommendation (see data sheets)>CHa SeeTable3 (Ci +HCHO+CH,+HCO 68x107"exp(—4450T) 300-1000 £03 Ch+GH;+M>GH,+M SeeTable3=C+GH[Norecommendation CH+CH+CHL+Gal, 69x107exp(—S6007T) 400-3000 205+n-Gl ‘SeeTable3 (Cy+GH+CH+Calle 19x10-# 300-800 204+l SeeTable3 CH, +CH.>CH,+GH 25x10-*Texp(~304V7) 300-1500 0.1at300Krisingto #02at1500K. Cli,+CH,CHO+CH,+CHCO 33x10-*7exp(—124077) 300-1250 £03 +CH,+CH:CHO Norecommendation (seedatasheets) (CH,Reactions CH.+M+CH,+H+M SeeTable2 (CHORadicalReactions CHO+0;-+CO+HO:=OH+CO; 50x 10-7 300-2500 203 =HCO, CHO+CHO+HCHO+CO 50x107" 300 £03 HCHOReactions HCHO+M+H+CHO+M SeeTable2 THe] (CHOHReactions CHLOH+0;>CHO+HO; 26x10-97-18+ 300-1200 O.1at300Krisingto 412x10"exp(—180077) =03at1200K. (CHORodicalReactions (CHLO+M+HCHO+H+M SeeTable2 CHO+0;-+HCHO+HO; 67x10-¥exp(—107077) 300-1000 0.2atS00Krisingto=03 at300 Kand 1000 K. S-121 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULARREACTIONS(continued) Reaction ‘elem?molecule™'s* Tempik Errorlimits(4logk) (CH,OOHReactions CH,OOH +M-+CHO+OH+M SeeTable2 CNRadicalReactions N+0,-+NCO +0 LAx10"exp(2asir) 300-2500 +0428at300Krisingto+=05at2500K. t+RomBotsomy 13x10°exp(~3750/7) 500-3000 =0.3at$00Krisingto +HOCN+H =05at3000K. CN+CH.+HEN+CH 1S10°"exp(—94077) 60-400 203 NCORadicalReactions NCO+M—N+CO+M SeeTable2 NCO+NO+N,0 +COsmrcn |] 1.7x10"exp(2007) sooo =0s =N+CO+0 GiHRadicalReactions GH+0,00, +CH+200 +H 30x10-" 300 205 sees|+00+HCO GH+HhGi+H 25x10°"exp(—1560T) 300-2500 +03at300Krisingto=017at2500K GH+Git+Ca+H $0x107 300-270003 GH+CHproducts 20x107 29821 GH+GHproducts [Norecommendation GillyRadicalReactions Gly+M—>Gil+H+M ‘SeeTable2 Gilt+0;>HCHO+CHO 9.0x10-# 300-2000 ‘£03at300Krisingto+=05at2000K GilsRadicalReactions Gills+Os+CHa+HO; 17x10exp(1t0077) 600-1200203 Gilly+Cols>Calle+Calle 24x19-8 300-1200 204Gi SeeTable3 CallsReactions Gil,+M+CHy+CH)+M ‘SeeTable2 5-122 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULARREACTIONS (continued) Ree nneee eeeeeSEEEESEOrENeRTT Reaction ‘klea?molecule's~ TempiK Errorlimits(A.log&) CHCOReactions CHCO+0;+CO;+HCO200+OH 27x108exp(4307) 300-550 £07 =C,0+HO, M=He,2Torr =CHO;CO CH,CHORadicalReactions CHLCHO +0;+HO;+CH:CHO ke=26x10-9 250-1000 £02+HCHO+CO+OHky=30x10™™ 300 £03+O,CH:CHO (CHiCORadicalReactions CHACO+0;+M-»CHSCO;+M SeeTable3 (CHsCHOReactionsCHACHO +M+CH,+HCO+M. SeeTable2 CiH0Reactions Gio+=MoH+Gh+] SeeTable2+CHLCHO +H+ M CHO+0;+CH)CHO+HO, 1.0x10°exp(83077) 300-1000 ©0.3at300Krisingto £05at1000K CiH,00HReactionsGH.OOH +M-+CH,0+OH+MSeeTable2 CiRadicalReactions Gills+M>GH+CoH,+M=Gh+Cat,+M] SeeTable2+linear-CaHis+M CayReactions Cie+M>Cay+H+M SeeTable2TentGat] CaH,0RadicalReactions GHO+M-+Gills+CO+M SeeTable2 CHYCH;RadicalReactions GIH:CH; +M—>GH+2G)H:+Mw+Cal+GH+M SeeTable2GH +GH +M +GHABCH) +M 5-123 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table1 BIMOLECULAR REACTIONS (continued) aReaction ‘kien?molecule's-! Tempik Errorlimits(8Jog&) CiH,CH,;Reactions Gilat+M~cate»HM] SeeTable2Cs+Cy+M PCHACHs); Reactions P-GHA(CHi):+M->GHACH:CH, +H+M_SeeTable2 CHCiHs Reactions CHUGH,+M+GHCH:+CH+MCH+GH+M +GH,CHCH, +H,+M|SeeTable2 =Gils+Gils+M] +GHICHCH, +H+ M Table2DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS SUESReaction kale Temp Errorlimits(ogk)‘elem?molecule"! s~*rR tg Hoke IM tit=fale Hy+Aro2HAr The=37&10-™exp483507) 72500-8000203 Hy+Hy2H+Hy be=15x10%exp(—483507) 2500-8000 205 HO+Ni>H+OH+N by=58x10°exp(—S2920/7) 2000-6000 205 H,0;+M+20H+M (At)=3%10°*exp(216007) 1000-1500 02Kea)=2%10°?exp(-22900/7) 700-1500 202ke=3X10exp(—2440077) 1000-1500 208FAA)=0S ‘700-1500ar=20 Ch+M++H+Mhe=1.710°"exp(456007) 1300-3000205 Ch+MC+H+M AAs)=12x10°*exp(—4700077) 1000-3000 203ACH)=14x10-5exp(—48100/7) 11000-2000 =03 ke=24x10"exp(~$2800/7) 1000-3000 205Fi(As)=exp(~045 ~T3231) 1000-3000 ar=201Fe(CH)=exp(~037~T2210)1000-2000r=201 MOHO+MooHsCHOeM)Rat)221x0°(m0) 1500-2500 203 +H+CO+M Jyfky=0at2200K CHO+M+HCHO+H+Meg=316X10°T-*?exp(—15400/7) 300-1000 210{estimate} CHOOH +M—>CHO +OH+Mke=4x10%exp(—21600/7) 400-1000 05at600Krisingto=10at400and1000K. NCO+Ar+N+CO+Ar y=1.710°exp(—235007) 1450-2600 204 5124 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table2 DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS (continued) Reaction als? TempiK Errorlimits(4togk) x a12feke IM) Hit=ayke Gy+M—Gil+H+M The=69x107T-"exp(—2290077) 500-2500 205a=2x10%exp(—20000/7) 500-2500 205Fm 035 500-2500 AR, ==01 CoH+M+2CH)+M ‘kAs)=11x108T-"*exp(—47050/7) 300-2000 05(CoH)=45Xx10°?exp(~41930/7) 800-1000 £05ee=18x10"7"exp(—4570077) 300-2000 =03 FAN)=0.38exp(~T/73)+062exp(=T/1380)300-2000 AF,=+04 FACHHG)=0.54exp(-T/1250) 00-100 0AFL==0.1 CH,CHO+M+CH+CHO+M—(Latm)=7x10"exp(—411007) 730-1200 204(pressure dependent region) GiHO+M+HCHO+CH)+Mky=8x10%exp(—108307) 300-600 +10(cstimate] GHOOH +MCHO+OH+M_ke4x100exp(—21600/7) 400-1000 £10 CH+MCalls+Catt+M TEETER TN] Norecommendation +linear-CHs+M4.0x10°exp(~36700/7) 1450-1900204 Gill,+MsCally+H+M 9.0x104exp(~$4060/T) 1200-2500 =04at120K Ten] react=03at2500K CHO+M—+GHs+CO+M —25x10"exp(-21007) 1000-1580 202 GHLCH,+M>GH+2G+MGH,+Gi+M]$x10°exp(~3637077) 1350-1900 £03at1350Krising GH +Gi + to=05190K +GH (BCH) +M CAHACH, +M+GHLCH:+H+M3.x10°exp(448907) 920-2200 =03at900K+Gis+CH+M>Norecommendation isingto=OSat2200K P-CHACH)s +M+p-CHCHCH, 40x10exp(-42600/7) 1400-1800 205+HeM CAHSCiHs+ M-+CAHSCH,+CH+M 6.1x10exp(~37800/7) 70-1800 #01at70KCoHCallM Fisngto=04at “GHCHCH,+H+M_]Norecommendations ACHG+H+M] GH.CHCH,+H+M Table3 COMBINATION REACTIONS Reaction ‘kafem?molecule~'s-* Temp/k Errorlimits(4tog#) Jeger molecule"?s-* x len? niget=teksIM lem?molecule Eager H+0;+Ar-+HO;+Ar ky=17x107TO 90-2000 205 5125 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table3 COMBINATION REACTIONS (continued) Reaction ikafem?molecule5+ ‘Temp Errorlimits(4log#) Jegermolecule"?5“! is H+0,+Hy+HO;+Hh by=5810-7 300-2000) sas H+Or+N+HO:+N by=39.10TH 300-2000 +05 H+01+HO+HO;+HO fy=43x10-7 300-2000 £05 H+HsAroHtar by=18x10-718 300-2500 205 HeHsH+Hy by=27x10-7 100-000 20s H+OH+H0-+H,0 +1.0 dg=39x10-87-38 300-3000 203 H+OH+Ar>LO+Ar bg=23«10-7 300-3000 £03 H+OH+Ns>HO+Ny dey=61x10-73 300-3000 £03 H+Ch+MCs M Jefe)=62%10-*(Tr3000)""* 300-1000 203 edt)=6x10°(7/300)! 300-1000 205kdCaHi) =3.x 10-™(T00)""* 300-1000 205ke=35x10" 300-1000 203File,At) =exp(-045 -78231) 300-1000 AF, = 01 FAGH,) =exp(-034 ~773053) 500-100 AR, ==01 H+Gith+He-+Gils+He ke=14x10°"exp(~13007) 200-400 £03fy=33.10exp(—74077) 200-400 203=04 200-400 af=201 H+Gib+MG+M Norecommendation H+ Ge +M+Gil +M Norecommendation H+Gis+M+Gale+M Norecommendation H+Gi+M+Gi+ ke13x10°" 1400-1700, 205 H+Cae+M+Cay+M ke=6710°"exp(—217077) 300-1000 202 H+CHO+M+CAHLOH+M ke42x10°" 1000 £03 H+GHACH,+M=GHCH,+Mke=55x10-” 300-2000 =02at300Krisingto+07at2000K. H+GHACH:+M+GHLCH,+M ke=12«10-9 28 202 H+GILG,+M+CHGH+My 33x10-8 28 201 OH+OH+M+HO:+M des)=810°(77300)-°% 230-1400 204‘edlHs0)=4x10-™ 00-400 ke =15x10"!(T900)-*” 200-1500 205 Fan) =05 200-150 aF, =202 OH+CH,+M—CHLOH +M. Nodataavailableforthischannel(GeeTable1) 5-126 KINETIC DATA FOR COMBUSTION MODELLING (continued) Table3 COMBINATION REACTIONS (continued) ESEee iseTop alee Toop Ever kefem*molecule~? s='z Hemeses =BikeMp (OH+C,H;+M—C;H,0H +M ‘SeedatasheetOW+Gi+M—+GHLOH+Mbe3xl0Hepl-20m 030502OH+GHON+M-caL(OHD: +Mike=281" mao OH+CHsCH, +M>HOC,H;CH; +M=ka=3.8x10°"exp(180/7) 200-300 204 OH+C,H.(CHs):+M >CHACH))0H+M —ky=14x107" 300-320 201 ONFGHCHAM =HOGHGHVeM 15x 10atp<Tam mesorJah+GahMoth+ 2010°el-2307) amie 203 apes ton OCH, +GH, +M+ GH, +M rea $3.0 10° o(-28677) soon +02120Ksao eain 303aciowe ‘CH;+GH;+M+CH,CCH, +M SERSTa]a71ndpendenttpsorsam5031300Kng TeenTHs Sornimo la+Gi+MC 110independenttp sosow 50258300Ksng 30s ait CH+0,4M-co,+m adhe)=1Sx10-21-% msn 03 Ein) 2tx for» som 203 Paes wos a3Fried00-473m Gy+CH+Arc+Ae ben6x10" soso =085MOKengto Sods aim ky=3.5x10°?T-™*exp(—1390/7) 300-2000, 203Ro Sanagt-77) Taman seam an, =201 C+Gah+MG+M heat em(-901) woes (CH+C3Hy+M+n-GsHy+M 35x10°exp(—3700T) 300-600, 203 CH;+GHs+M—>GHe+M ke=47x10°" 300-800 203 GiHs+GoHs+M+n-CiHo +M ke219x10" 300-1200 £03 Cusco+0,4M-cHicOs+M 20 m203 fogs 1ATor: 5-127 Section 6: Fluid Properties Thermodynamic Properties of Air Properties of Water in the Range 0-100°C Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water Fixed Point Properties of H2O and D2O Thermal Conductivity of Saturated H2O and D2O Standard Density of Water Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions Density of D2O Vapor Pressure of Ice Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C Boiling Point of Water at Various Pressures Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure Properties of Water and Steam as a Function of Temperature and Pressure Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies Thermophysical Properties of Fluids Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases Van der Waals Constants for Gases Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points Critical Constants Sublimation Pressure of Solids Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration Enthalpy of Vaporization Enthalpy of Fusion Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Liquid Density Properties of Cryogenic Fluids Properties of Liquid Helium Properties of Refrigerants Density and Specific Volume of Mercury Thermal Properties of Mercury Vapor Pressure of Mercury Surface Tension of Common Liquids Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures TeamLRN Viscosity of Gases Viscosity of Liquids Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide along the Saturation Line Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions Viscosity of Liquid Metals Thermal Conductivity of Gases Thermal Conductivity of Liquids Diffusion in Gases Diffusion of Gases in Water Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution 6-1Properties in the saturation state: TP (boil) P(con) ρ (liq) ρ (gas) K bar bar g/cm3 g/L 65 0.1468 0.0861 0.939 0.464 70 0.3234 0.2052 0.917 1.03375 0.6366 0.4321 0.894 2.048 80 1.146 0.8245 0.871 3.709 85 1.921 1.453 0.845 6.25890 3.036 2.397 0.819 9.980 95 4.574 3.748 0.792 15.21 100 6.621 5.599 0.763 22.39110 12.59 11.22 0.699 45.15 120 21.61 20.14 0.622 87.34 130 34.16 33.32 0.487 184.33132.55 37.69 37.69 0.313 312.89 Properties of liquid air: PT ρ HS C p bar K g/cm3 J/g J/g K J/g K 1 75 0.8935 –131.7 2.918 1.843 5 75 0.8942 –131.4 2.916 1.840 5 80 0.8718 –122.3 3.031 1.8685 85 0.8482 –112.9 3.143 1.901 5 90 0.8230 –103.3 3.250 1.941 5 95 0.7962 –93.5 3.356 1.991 10 75 0.8952 –131.1 2.913 1.836 10 80 0.8729 –122.0 3.028 1.863 10 90 0.8245 –103.1 3.246 1.93210 100 0.7695 –83.2 3.452 2.041 50 75 0.9025 –128.2 2.892 1.806 50 100 0.7859 –81.8 3.415 1.93950 125 0.6222 –28.3 3.889 2.614 50 150 0.1879 91.9 4.764 2.721 100 75 0.9111 –124.5 2.867 1.774100 100 0.8033 –79.4 3.376 1.852 100 125 0.6746 –31.4 3.805 2.062 100 150 0.4871 32.8 4.271 2.832 Properties of air in the gaseous state: PT ρ HSC p bar K g/L J/g J/g K J/g K 1 100 3.556 98.3 5.759 1.032 1 200 1.746 199.7 6.463 1.007 1 300 1.161 300.3 6.871 1.007THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR These tables summarize the thermodynamic properties of air in the liquid and gaseous states, as well as along the saturation li ne. In the table for the saturation state, P(boil) is the bubble point temperature (i.e., the pressure at which boiling begins as the temperature of the liquid is raised), and P(con) is the dew point temperature (pressure at which condensation begins as the temperature of the gas is lowered). The other properties tabulated are density ( ρ), enthalpy ( H), entropy ( S), and isobaric heat capacity ( Cp). More detailed tables may be found in the references. REFERENCES 1. Vasserman, A.A., and Rabinovich, V.A., Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Air and its Components , Izdatel’stvo Komiteta, Standartov, Moscow, 1968. 2. Vasserman, A.A., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Air and Air Components, Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Moscow, 1966. TeamLRN6-2PT ρ HSCp bar K g/L J/g J/g K J/g K 1 500 0.696 503.4 7.389 1.030 1 1000 0.348 1046.6 8.138 1.141 10 200 17.835 195.2 5.766 1.04910 300 11.643 298.3 6.204 1.021 10 500 6.944 502.9 6.727 1.034 10 1000 3.471 1047.2 7.477 1.142 100 200 213.950 148.8 4.949 1.650 100 300 116.945 279.9 5.486 1.158 100 500 66.934 499.0 6.048 1.073100 1000 33.613 1052.4 6.812 1.151THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR (continued) 6-3PROPERTIES OF WATER IN THE RANGE 0 — 100 °C This table summarizes the best available values of the density, specific heat capacity at constant pressure ( Cp), vapor pressure, viscosity, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, and surface tension for liquid water in the range 0 — 100 °C. All values (except vapor pressure) refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The temperature scale is IPTS-68. t Density Cp Vap. pres. Visc. Ther. cond. Surf. ten. °C g/cm3 J/g K kPa µPa s mW/K m Diel. const. mN/m 0 0.99984 4.2176 0.6113 1793 561.0 87.90 75.64 10 0.99970 4.1921 1.2281 1307 580.0 83.96 74.23 20 0.99821 4.1818 2.3388 1002 598.4 80.20 72.75 30 0.99565 4.1784 4.2455 797.7 615.4 76.60 71.2040 0.99222 4.1785 7.3814 653.2 630.5 73.17 69.60 50 0.98803 4.1806 12.344 547.0 643.5 69.88 67.94 60 0.98320 4.1843 19.932 466.5 654.3 66.73 66.2470 0.97778 4.1895 31.176 404.0 663.1 63.73 64.47 80 0.97182 4.1963 47.373 354.4 670.0 60.86 62.67 90 0.96535 4.2050 70.117 314.5 675.3 58.12 60.82 100 0.95840 4.2159 101.325 281.8 679.1 55.51 58.91 Ref. 1—3 2 1, 3 3 3 4 5 REFERENCES 1. L. Harr, J. S. Gallagher, and G. S. Kell, NBS/NRC Steam Tables , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1984. 2. K. N. Marsh, Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 3. J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water su bstance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 15, 1291, 1986. 4. D. G. Archer and P. Wang, The dielectric constant of water and Debye-Hückel limiting law slopes, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 19, 371, 1990. 5. N. B. Vargaftik, et al., International tables of the surface tension of water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 12, 817, 1983. TeamLRNENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION OF WATER The enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of water is tabulated as a function of temperature on the IPTS-68 scale. REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell, Oxford, 1987. t ΔvapH °C kJ/mol 0 45.054 25 43.990 40 43.35060 42.482 80 41.585 100 40.657120 39.684 140 38.643 160 37.518180 36.304200 34.962 220 33.468 240 31.809260 29.930 280 27.795 300 25.300320 22.297 340 18.502 360 12.966374 2.066t Δ vapH °C kJ/mol 6-4FIXED POINT PROPERTIES OF H 2O AND D 2O Temperatures are given on the IPTS-68 scale. REFERENCES 1. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1984. 2. Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., Straub, J., Watanabe, K., and Hill, P.G., Assessment of critical parameter values for H 2O and D2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 193, 1985. 3. Kestin, J. et. al., Thermophysical properties of fluid D 2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 601, 1984. 4. Kestin, J. et. al., Thermophysical properties of fluid H 2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 13, 175, 1984. 5. Hill, P.G., MacMillan, R.D.C., and Lee, V., A fundamental equation of state for heavy water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 11, 1, 1982. Unit H 2OD2O Molar mass g/mol 18.01528 20.02748 Melting point(101.325 kPa) °C 0.00 3.82 Boiling point(101.325 kPa) °C 100.00 101.42 Triple point temperature °C 0.01 3.82 Triple point pressure Pa 611.73 661 Triple point density(l) g/cm3 0.99978 1.1055 Triple point density(g) mg/L 4.885 5.75 Critical temperature °C 373.99 370.74 Critical pressure MPa 22.064 21.671Critical density g/cm 30.322 0.356 Critical specific volume cm3/g 3.11 2.81 Maximum density(saturated liquid) g/cm3 0.99995 1.1053 Temperature of maximum density °C 4.0 11.2 TeamLRNTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SATURATED H 2O AND D 2O This table gives the thermal conductivity λ for water (H2O or D2O) in equilibrium with its vapor. Values for the liquid ( λl) and vapor ( λv) are listed, as well as the vapor pressure. REFERENCES 1. Sengers, J.V. and Watson, J.T.R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water sub stance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 15, 1291, 1986. 2. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D 2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 12, 933, 1983. H2OD 2O t/°C P/kPa λ l /(mW/K m) λ v /(mW/K m) P/kPa λ l /(mW/K m) λ v /(mW/K m) 0 0.6 561.0 16.49 10 1.2 580.0 17.21 1.0 575 17.0 20 2.3 598.4 17.95 2.0 589 17.830 4.2 615.4 18.70 3.7 600 18.5 40 7.4 630.5 19.48 6.5 610 19.3 50 12.3 643.5 20.28 11.1 618 20.260 19.9 654.3 21.10 18.2 625 21.0 70 31.2 663.1 21.96 28.8 629 21.9 80 47.4 670.0 22.86 44.2 633 22.890 70.1 675.3 23.80 66.1 635 23.8 100 101.3 679.1 24.79 96.2 636 24.8 150 476 682.1 30.77 465 625 30.8200 1555 663.4 39.10 1546 592 39.0 250 3978 621.4 51.18 3995 541 52.0 300 8593 547.7 71.78 8688 473 75.2350 16530 447.6 134.59 16820 391 143.0 6-5STANDARD DENSITY OF WATER This table gives the density ρ of standard mean ocean water (SMOW), free from dissolved salts and gases, at a pressure of 101325 Pa. SMOW is a standard water sample of high purity and known isotopic composition. Methods of correcting for different isotopic composit ions are discussed in the reference. The table below is reprinted with the permission of IUPAC. Note that the temperature scale is IPTS-68. REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. ρ/kg m-3 t68/°C 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0 999.8426 8493 8558 8622 8683 8743 8801 8857 8912 8964 1 999.9015 9065 9112 9158 9202 9244 9284 9323 9360 9395 2 999.9429 9461 9491 9519 9546 9571 9595 9616 9636 9655 3 999.9672 9687 9700 9712 9722 9731 9738 9743 9747 97494 999.9750 9748 9746 9742 9736 9728 9719 9709 9696 9683 5 999.9668 9651 9632 9612 9591 9568 9544 9518 9490 9461 6 999.9430 9398 9365 9330 9293 9255 9216 9175 9132 9088 7 999.9043 8996 8948 8898 8847 8794 8740 8684 8627 8569 8 999.8509 8448 8385 8321 8256 8189 8121 8051 7980 7908 9 999.7834 7759 7682 7604 7525 7444 7362 7279 7194 7108 10 999.7021 6932 6842 6751 6658 6564 6468 6372 6274 6174 11 999.6074 5972 5869 5764 5658 5551 5443 5333 5222 5110 12 999.4996 4882 4766 4648 4530 4410 4289 4167 4043 391813 999.3792 3665 3536 3407 3276 3143 3010 2875 2740 2602 14 999.2464 2325 2184 2042 1899 1755 1609 1463 1315 1166 15 999.1016 0864 0712 0558 0403 0247 0090 9932* 9772* 9612*16 998.9450 9287 9123 8957 8791 8623 8455 8285 8114 7942 17 998.7769 7595 7419 7243 7065 6886 6706 6525 6343 6160 18 998.5976 5790 5604 5416 5228 5038 4847 4655 4462 426819 998.4073 3877 3680 3481 3282 3081 2880 2677 2474 2269 20 998.2063 1856 1649 1440 1230 1019 0807 0594 0380 0164 21 997.9948 9731 9513 9294 9073 8852 8630 8406 8182 795722 997.7730 7503 7275 7045 6815 6584 6351 6118 5883 5648 23 997.5412 5174 4936 4697 4456 4215 3973 3730 3485 3240 24 997.2994 2747 2499 2250 2000 1749 1497 1244 0990 073525 997.0480 0223 9965* 9707* 9447* 9186* 8925* 8663* 8399* 8135* 26 996.7870 7604 7337 7069 6800 6530 6259 5987 5714 5441 27 996.5166 4891 4615 4337 4059 3780 3500 3219 2938 265528 996.2371 2087 1801 1515 1228 0940 0651 0361 0070 9778* 29 995.9486 9192 8898 8603 8306 8009 7712 7413 7113 6813 30 995.6511 6209 5906 5602 5297 4991 4685 4377 4069 376031 995.3450 3139 2827 2514 2201 1887 1572 1255 0939 0621 32 995.0302 9983* 9663* 9342* 9020* 8697* 8373* 8049* 7724* 7397* 33 994.7071 6743 6414 6085 5755 5423 5092 4759 4425 409134 994.3756 3420 3083 2745 2407 2068 1728 1387 1045 0703 35 994.0359 0015 9671* 9325* 8978* 8631* 8283* 7934* 7585* 7234* 36 993.6883 6531 6178 5825 5470 5115 4759 4403 4045 368737 993.3328 2968 2607 2246 1884 1521 1157 0793 0428 0062 38 992.9695 9328 8960 8591 8221 7850 7479 7107 6735 6361 39 992.5987 5612 5236 4860 4483 4105 3726 3347 2966 258640 992.2204 * The leading figure decreases by 1. TeamLRN6-6PROPERTIES OF ICE AND SUPERCOOLED WATER The common form of ice at ambient temperature and pressure is hexagonal ice, designated as ice I h (see phase diagram in Section 12). The data given here refer to that form. Data have been taken from the references indicated; values have been interpolated and smoothed in some cases. All properties are sensitive to the method of preparation of the sample, since air or other gases are sometimes occluded. For this reason the re is often disagreement among values found in the literature. Density values (except at 0 ˚C) and the thermal expansion coefficient were calculated from the temperature variation in the crystal lattice constants of ice (see Ref. 1). The thermal expansion coefficient appears to become negative around -200 ˚C, but there is considerable scatter in the data. Density of ice Ih and supercooled water in g cm-3 t/˚C ρ (ice) ρ (supercooled water ) 0 0.9167 0.9998 -10 0.9187 0.9982-20 0.9203 0.9935 -30 0.9216 0.9839 -40 0.9228-50 0.9240 -60 0.9252 -80 0.9274 -100 0.9292 -120 0.9305 -140 0.9314-160 0.9331 -180 0.9340 Ref. 1 8 Phase transition properties: ∆ fusH(0˚C) = 333.6 J/g (Ref. 2) ∆subH(0˚C) = 2838 J/g (Ref. 2) Other properties of ice Ih : αV: cubic thermal expansion coefficient, αV = −(1/V)(∂V/∂t)p κ : adiabatic compressibility, κ = –(1/V)( ∂V/∂p)S .ε : relative permittivity (dielectric constant ) k : thermal conductivity cp: specific heat capacity at constant pressure 6-7t/˚CαV/10−6 ˚C-1κ/10−5 MPa-1 ε k/W cm-1 ˚C-1 cp/J g-1 ˚C-1 0 159 13.0 91.6 0.0214 2.11 −10 155 12.8 94.4 0.023 2.03 −20 149 12.7 97.5 0.024 1.96−30 143 12.5 99.7 0.025 1.88 −40 137 12.4 101.9 0.026 1.80 −50 130 12.2 106.9 0.028 1.72−60 122 12.1 119.5 0.030 1.65 −80 105 11.9 0.033 1.50 −100 85 11.6 0.037 1.36−120 77 11.4 0.042 1.23 −140 60 11.3 0.049 1.10 −160 45 11.2 0.057 0.97−180 30 11.1 0.070 0.83 −200 11.0 0.087 0.67 −220 10.9 0.118 0.50−240 10.9 0.20 0.29 −250 10.9 0.32 0.17 Ref. 1,2,3,5 1,5 6 7 1 REFERENCES 1. Eisenberg, D., and Kauzmann, W., The Structure and Properties of Water , Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1969. 2.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series , V/1b, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 3. LaPlaca, S., and Post, B., Acta Cryst ., 13, 503, 1960. [Thermal expansion of lattice] 4. Brill, R., and Tippe, A., Acta Cryst ., 23, 343, 1967. [Thermal expansion of lattice] 5. Leadbetter, A. J., Proc. Roy. Soc. A 287, 403, 1965. [Compressibility and thermal expansion] 6. Auty, R. P., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys ., 20, 1309, 1952. [Dielectric constant] 7. Slack, G. A., Phys. Rev. B , 22, 3065, 1980. [Thermal conductivity] 8. Hare, D. E., and Sorensen, C. M., J. Chem. Phys ., 87, 4840, 1987. [Supercooled water] 9. Hobbs, P. V., Ice Physics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974.PROPERTIES OF ICE AND SUPERCOOLED WATER (continued) TeamLRN6-6VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS This table gives the following properties of aqueous solutions of NaCl as a function of temperature and concentration: Specific volume v (reciprocal of density) in cm3/g Isothermal compressibility κT = -(1/v)(∂v/∂P)T in GPa-1 Cubic expansion coefficient αv = (1/v)(∂v/∂T)P in kK-1 All data refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The reference gives properties over a wider range of temperature and pressure. REFERENCE Rogers, P. S. Z., and Pitzer, K. S., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, 15, 1982. Molality in mol/kg T/°C 0.100 0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 Specific volume v in cm3/g 0 0.995732 0.989259 0.978889 0.968991 0.959525 0.925426 0.896292 0.870996 0.848646 10 0.995998 0.989781 0.979804 0.970256 0.961101 0.927905 0.899262 0.874201 0.851958 20 0.997620 0.991564 0.981833 0.972505 0.963544 0.930909 0.902565 0.877643 0.85546925 0.998834 0.992832 0.983185 0.973932 0.965038 0.932590 0.904339 0.879457 0.857301 30 1.000279 0.994319 0.984735 0.975539 0.966694 0.934382 0.906194 0.881334 0.859185 40 1.003796 0.997883 0.988374 0.979243 0.970455 0.938287 0.910145 0.885276 0.86310850 1.008064 1.002161 0.992668 0.983551 0.974772 0.942603 0.914411 0.889473 0.867241 60 1.0130 1.0071 0.9976 0.9885 0.9797 0.9474 0.9191 0.8940 0.8716 70 1.0186 1.0127 1.0031 0.9939 0.9851 0.9526 0.9240 0.8987 0.876280 1.0249 1.0188 1.0092 0.9999 0.9909 0.9581 0.9293 0.9037 0.8809 90 1.0317 1.0256 1.0157 1.0063 0.9972 0.9640 0.9348 0.9089 0.8858 100 1.0391 1.0329 1.0228 1.0133 1.0040 0.9703 0.9406 0.9144 0.8910 Compressibility κ T in GPa–1 0 0.503 0.492 0.475 0.459 0.443 0.389 0.346 0.315 0.294 10 0.472 0.463 0.449 0.436 0.423 0.377 0.341 0.313 0.294 20 0.453 0.446 0.433 0.422 0.411 0.371 0.338 0.313 0.29425 0.447 0.440 0.428 0.417 0.407 0.369 0.337 0.313 0.294 30 0.443 0.436 0.425 0.414 0.404 0.367 0.337 0.313 0.294 40 0.438 0.432 0.421 0.411 0.401 0.367 0.338 0.315 0.29650 0.438 0.431 0.421 0.411 0.402 0.369 0.340 0.317 0.299 60 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.32 0.30 70 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.33 0.3180 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.34 0.32 90 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.33 100 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.34 Cubic expansion coefficient α V in kK–1 0 -0.058 -0.026 0.024 0.069 0.110 0.237 0.313 0.355 10 0.102 0.123 0.156 0.186 0.213 0.297 0.349 0.380 20 0.218 0.232 0.254 0.274 0.292 0.349 0.384 0.40625 0.267 0.278 0.296 0.312 0.327 0.373 0.401 0.420 30 0.311 0.320 0.334 0.347 0.359 0.395 0.418 0.433 40 0.389 0.394 0.402 0.410 0.417 0.438 0.451 0.46050 0.458 0.460 0.464 0.467 0.470 0.479 0.484 0.486 60 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 70 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 80 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.56 90 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 100 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.66 0.64 0.61 6-7DENSITY OF D 2O Density of liquid D2O in g/cm3 at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). REFERENCE Kirillin, V.A., Ed., Heavy Water: Thermophysical Properties , Gosudarstvennoe Energeticheskoe Izdatel’stvo, Moscow, 1963. t/°C 3 . 8 51 01 52 0 2 53 0 Density 1.1053 1.1055 1.1057 1.1056 1.105 1.1044 1.1034 t/°C 3 5 4 04 55 05 5 6 06 5 Density 1.1019 1.1001 1.0979 1.0957 1.0931 1.0905 1.0875 t/°C 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Density 1.0847 1.0815 1.0783 1.0748 1.0712 1.0673 1.0635 TeamLRNVAPOR PRESSURE OF ICE The values of the vapor (sublimation) pressure of ice in this table were calculated from the equation recommended by the Intern ational Association for the Properties of Steam (IAPS) in 1993. Temperature values correspond to the ITS-90 temperature scale. The uncertainty in t he pressure is estimated to be 0.1% for t > -25°C and 0.5% for t < -25°C. The first entry in the table is the triple point of water. REFERENCE Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. t/°C p/Pa 0.01 611.657 0 611.15 –1 562.67–2 517.72 –3 476.06 –4 437.47–5 401.76 –6 368.73 –7 338.19 –8 309.98 –9 283.94 –10 259.90–11 237.74 –12 217.32 –13 198.52–14 181.22 –15 165.30t/ °C p/Pa –16 150.68 –17 137.25–18 124.92 –19 113.62 –20 103.26–21 93.77 –22 85.10 –23 77.16–24 69.91 –25 63.29 –26 57.25–27 51.74 –28 46.73 –29 42.16–30 38.01 –31 34.24 –32 30.82t/ °C p/Pa –33 27.71 –34 24.90–35 22.35 –36 20.04 –37 17.96–38 16.07 –39 14.37 –40 12.84–45 7.202 –50 3.936 –55 2.093–60 1.080 –65 0.540 –70 0.261–75 0.122 –80 0.055 6-8VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER FROM 0 TO 370 ° C This table gives the vapor pressure of water at intervals of 1 ° C from the melting point to the critical point. REFERENCE Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. t/°C P/kPa 0 0.61129 1 0.65716 2 0.70605 3 0.758134 0.81359 5 0.87260 6 0.935377 1.0021 8 1.0730 9 1.1482 10 1.2281 11 1.3129 12 1.402713 1.4979 14 1.5988 15 1.705616 1.8185 17 1.9380 18 2.064419 2.1978 20 2.3388 21 2.487722 2.6447 23 2.8104 24 2.985025 3.1690 26 3.3629 27 3.567028 3.7818 29 4.0078 30 4.245531 4.4953 32 4.7578 33 5.033534 5.3229 35 5.6267 36 5.9453 37 6.2795 38 6.6298 39 6.996940 7.3814 41 7.7840 42 8.205443 8.6463 44 9.1075 45 9.589846 10.094 47 10.620 48 11.17149 11.745 50 12.344 51 12.97052 13.623t/ °C P/kPa t/°C P/kPa t/°C P/kPa 106 125.03 107 129.39 108 133.88109 138.50 110 143.24 111 148.12112 153.13 113 158.29 114 163.58115 169.02 116 174.61 117 180.34118 186.23 119 192.28 120 198.48121 204.85 122 211.38 123 218.09124 224.96 125 232.01 126 239.24127 246.66 128 254.25 129 262.04130 270.02 131 278.20 132 286.57133 295.15 134 303.93 135 312.93136 322.14 137 331.57 138 341.22139 351.09 140 361.19 141 371.53142 382.11 143 392.92 144 403.98145 415.29 146 426.85 147 438.67148 450.75 149 463.10 150 475.72151 488.61 152 501.78 153 515.23154 528.96 155 542.99 156 557.32157 571.94 158 586.87159 602.11 160 617.66 161 633.53162 649.73 163 666.25 164 683.10165 700.29 166 717.83 167 735.70168 753.94 169 772.52 170 791.47171 810.78 172 830.47 173 850.53174 870.98 175 891.80 176 913.03177 934.64 178 956.66 179 979.09180 1001.9 181 1025.2 182 1048.9183 1073.0 184 1097.5 185 1122.5186 1147.9 187 1173.8 188 1200.1189 1226.9 190 1254.2 191 1281.9192 1310.1 193 1338.8 194 1368.0195 1397.6 196 1427.8 197 1458.5198 1489.7 199 1521.4 200 1553.6201 1586.4 202 1619.7 203 1653.6204 1688.0 205 1722.9 206 1758.4207 1794.5 208 1831.1 209 1868.4210 1906.2 211 1944.653 14.303 54 15.012 55 15.75256 16.522 57 17.324 58 18.15959 19.028 60 19.932 61 20.87362 21.851 63 22.868 64 23.92565 25.022 66 26.163 67 27.34768 28.576 69 29.852 70 31.17671 32.549 72 33.972 73 35.44874 36.978 75 38.563 76 40.20577 41.905 78 43.665 79 45.48780 47.373 81 49.324 82 51.34283 53.428 84 55.585 85 57.81586 60.119 87 62.499 88 64.95889 67.496 90 70.117 91 72.82392 75.614 93 78.494 94 81.46595 84.529 96 87.688 97 90.94598 94.301 99 97.759 100 101.32101 104.99 102 108.77 103 112.66104 116.67 105 120.79 TeamLRN6-9VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER FROM 0 TO 370 ° C (continued) 212 1983.6 213 2023.2 214 2063.4215 2104.2 216 2145.7 217 2187.8218 2230.5 219 2273.8 220 2317.8221 2362.5 222 2407.8 223 2453.8224 2500.5 225 2547.9 226 2595.9227 2644.6 228 2694.1 229 2744.2 230 2795.1 231 2846.7 232 2899.0233 2952.1 234 3005.9 235 3060.4236 3115.7 237 3171.8 238 3228.6239 3286.3 240 3344.7 241 3403.9242 3463.9 243 3524.7 244 3586.3245 3648.8 246 3712.1 247 3776.2248 3841.2 249 3907.0 250 3973.6251 4041.2 252 4109.6253 4178.9 254 4249.1 255 4320.2256 4392.2 257 4465.1 258 4539.0259 4613.7 260 4689.4 261 4766.1262 4843.7 263 4922.3 264 5001.8265 5082.3 266 5163.8 267 5246.3268 5329.8 269 5414.3 270 5499.9 271 5586.4 272 5674.0 273 5762.7274 5852.4 275 5943.1 276 6035.0277 6127.9 278 6221.9 279 6317.0280 6413.2 281 6510.5 282 6608.9283 6708.5 284 6809.2 285 6911.1286 7014.1 287 7118.3 288 7223.7289 7330.2 290 7438.0 291 7547.0292 7657.2 293 7768.6294 7881.3 295 7995.2 296 8110.3297 8226.8 298 8344.5 299 8463.5300 8583.8 301 8705.4 302 8828.3303 8952.6 304 9078.2 305 9205.1306 9333.4 307 9463.1 308 9594.2309 9726.7 310 9860.5 311 9995.8 312 10133 313 10271 314 10410315 10551 316 10694 317 10838318 10984 319 11131 320 11279321 11429 322 11581 323 11734324 11889 325 12046 326 12204327 12364 328 12525 329 12688330 12852 331 13019 332 13187333 13357 334 13528t/ °C P/kPa t/°C P/kPa t/°C P/kPa t/°C P/kPa 335 13701 336 13876337 14053 338 14232 339 14412340 14594 341 14778 342 14964343 15152 344 15342 345 15533346 15727 347 15922 348 16120349 16320 350 16521 351 16725352 16931 353 17138 354 17348355 17561 356 17775 357 17992358 18211 359 18432 360 18655361 18881 362 19110 363 19340364 19574 365 19809 366 20048367 20289 368 20533 369 20780370 21030 371 21283 372 21539373 21799 373.98 22055 6-10BOILING POINT OF WATER AT VARIOUS PRESSURES Data are based on the equation of state recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam in 1984, as pr esented in Haar, Gallagher, and Kell, NBS-NRC Steam Tables (Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984). The temperature scale is IPTS-68. Note that: 1 mbar = 100 Pa = 0.000986923 atmos = 0.750062 mmHg. P/mbar T/°C P/mbar T/°C P/mbar T/°C P/mbar T/°C 50 32.88 915 97.17 1013.25 100.00 1200 104.81 100 45.82 920 97.32 1015 100.05 1250 105.99 150 53.98 925 97.47 1020 100.19 1300 107.14200 60.07 930 97.62 1025 100.32 1350 108.25 250 64.98 935 97.76 1030 100.46 1400 109.32 300 69.11 940 97.91 1035 100.60 1450 110.36350 72.70 945 98.06 1040 100.73 1500 111.38 400 75.88 950 98.21 1045 100.87 1550 112.37 450 78.74 955 98.35 1050 101.00 1600 113.33500 81.34 960 98.50 1055 101.14 1650 114.26 550 83.73 965 98.64 1060 101.27 1700 115.18 600 85.95 970 98.78 1065 101.40 1750 116.07650 88.02 975 98.93 1070 101.54 1800 116.94 700 89.96 980 99.07 1075 101.67 1850 117.79 750 91.78 985 99.21 1080 101.80 1900 118.63800 93.51 990 99.35 1085 101.93 1950 119.44 850 95.15 995 99.49 1090 102.06 2000 120.24 900 96.71 1000 99.63 1095 102.19 2050 121.02905 96.87 1005 99.77 1100 102.32 2100 121.79 910 97.02 1010 99.91 1150 103.59 2150 122.54 TeamLRNMELTING POINT OF ICE AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE This table gives values of the melting temperature of ice at various pressures, as calculated from the equation for the ice I - liquid water phase boundary recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam (IAPS). Temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale. See the Reference for information on forms of ice that exist at higher pressures. The transition points for transformations of the vari ous forms of ice (in each case in equilibrium with liquid water) are: ice I - ice III 209.9 MPa –21.985 °C ice III - ice V 350.1 –16.986 ice V - ice VI 632.4 0.16 ice VI - ice VII 2216 82 REFERENCE Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. p/MPa t/°C 0.1 0.00 1 -0.06 2 -0.14 3 -0.21 4 -0.29 5 -0.36 10 -0.74 20 -1.52 30 -2.3240 -3.15 50 -4.0260 -4.91 70 -5.83 80 -6.7990 -7.78 100 -8.80 110 -9.86120 -10.95130 -12.07 140 -13.22150 -14.40 160 -15.62 170 -16.85180 -18.11 190 -19.39 200 -20.69210 -22.00p/MPa t/ °C p/MPa t/°C ©2000 CRC Press LLC0.1 273.16 999.84 0.10 0.0000 4.2194 87.90 0.1 300 996.56 112.65 0.3931 4.1806 77.75 0.1 325 987.19 217.15 0.7276 4.1819 69.32 0.1 350 973.73 321.84 1.0380 4.1945 61.79 0.1 372.76 958.63 417.50 1.3028 4.2152 55.61 0.1 372.76 0.59034 2674.9 7.3588 2.0784 1.006 0.1 375 0.58653 2679.6 7.3713 2.0686 1.006 0.1 400 0.54761 2730.4 7.5025 2.0078 1.005 0.1 450 0.48458 2829.7 7.7365 1.9752 1.004 0.1 500 0.43514 2928.6 7.9447 1.9813 1.003 0.1 550 0.39507 3028.1 8.1344 2.0010 1.003 0.1 600 0.36185 3128.8 8.3096 2.0268 1.002 0.1 650 0.33384 3230.8 8.4730 2.0557 1.002 0.1 700 0.30988 3334.4 8.6264 2.0867 1.002 0.1 750 0.28915 3439.5 8.7715 2.1191 1.002 0.1 800 0.27102 3546.3 8.9093 2.1525 1.001 0.1 850 0.25504 3654.8 9.0408 2.1868 1.001 0.1 900 0.24085 3765.0 9.1668 2.2216 1.001 0.1 950 0.22815 3876.9 9.2879 2.2568 1.001 0.1 1000 0.21673 3990.7 9.4045 2.2921 1.001 0.1 1050 0.20640 4106.1 9.5172 2.3273 1.001 0.1 1100 0.19701 4223.4 9.6263 2.3621 1.001 0.1 1150 0.18844 4342.3 9.7321 2.3965 1.001 0.1 1200 0.18058 4463.0 9.8348 2.4302 1.001 1 273.16 1000.3 1.02 0.0000 4.2150 87.93 1 300 996.96 113.48 0.3928 4.1781 77.78 1 325 987.58 217.93 0.7272 4.1798 69.36 1 350 974.13 322.56 1.0374 4.1925 61.82 1 375 957.43 427.64 1.3274 4.2158 55.09 1 400 937.87 533.47 1.6005 4.2535 49.06 1 450 890.39 749.20 2.1086 4.3924 38.81 1 453.03 887.13 762.51 2.1381 4.4045 38.23 1 453.03 5.1450 2777.1 6.5850 2.7114 1.042 1 500 4.5323 2891.2 6.8250 2.2795 1.034PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE This table gives properties of compressed water and superheated steam at selected pressures and temperatures. The properties included are density ρ, enthalpy H, entropy S, heat capacity at constant pressure Cp, and static dielectric constant (relative permittivity). The table was generated from the formulation approved by the International Associationfor the Properties of Water and Steam for general and scientific use. The reference state for this table is the liquid at thetriple point, at which the internal energy and entropy are taken as zero. A duplicate entry in the temperature columnindicates a phase transition (liquid-vapor) at that temperature; property values are then given for both phases. In the 100MPa section of the table, an entry is given at the critical temperature, 647.10 K. Temperatures refer to the ITS-90 scale,on which the normal boiling point of water is 373.12 K (99.97°C). REFERENCES 1.Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, September 1996; available from Executive Secretary of IAPWS, Electric PowerResearch Institute, 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304-1395. 2.NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Mallard, W. G., and Linstrom, P. J., Eds., March 1998, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899 (http://webbook.nist.gov). 3.Pruss, A. and Wagner, W., to be published. 4.Fernandez, D. P., Goodwin, A. R. H., Lemmon, E. W., Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., and Williams, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 26, 1125, 1997. [Dielectric constant] p/MPa T/K ρ/kg m -3H/J g-1S/J g-1K-1Cp/J g-1K-1Diel. const. TeamLRN©2000 CRC Press LLC1 550 4.0581 3001.8 7.0359 2.1647 1.028 1 600 3.6871 3109.0 7.2224 2.1292 1.024 1 650 3.3843 3215.2 7.3925 2.1254 1.020 1 700 3.1305 3321.7 7.5504 2.1368 1.017 1 750 2.9140 3429.0 7.6984 2.1566 1.015 1 800 2.7265 3537.5 7.8384 2.1816 1.013 1 850 2.5624 3647.3 7.9715 2.2098 1.012 1 900 2.4174 3758.5 8.0986 2.2402 1.011 1 950 2.2882 3871.3 8.2206 2.2721 1.010 1 1000 2.1723 3985.7 8.3380 2.3048 1.009 1 1050 2.0678 4101.8 8.4512 2.3380 1.008 1 1100 1.9729 4219.5 8.5608 2.3713 1.007 1 1150 1.8865 4338.9 8.6669 2.4044 1.007 1 1200 1.8074 4460.0 8.7699 2.4371 1.006 10 273.16 1004.8 10.1 0.000 4.173 88.30 10 300 1001.0 121.7 0.390 4.153 78.11 10 325 991.46 225.6 0.723 4.160 69.67 10 350 978.09 329.7 1.031 4.173 62.13 10 375 961.62 434.4 1.320 4.195 55.40 10 400 942.42 539.6 1.592 4.230 49.39 10 450 896.16 753.9 2.096 4.355 39.17 10 500 838.02 977.1 2.566 4.602 30.79 10 550 761.82 1218 3.027 5.140 23.53 10 584.15 688.42 1408 3.360 6.123 18.70 10 584.15 55.463 2725 5.616 7.140 1.404 10 600 49.773 2820 5.775 5.136 1.365 10 650 40.479 3022 6.100 3.396 1.267 10 700 35.355 3177 6.330 2.874 1.214 10 750 31.810 3314 6.520 2.645 1.179 10 800 29.107 3443 6.686 2.531 1.154 10 850 26.933 3568 6.838 2.473 1.134 10 900 25.123 3691 6.978 2.445 1.118 10 950 23.580 3813 7.110 2.436 1.105 10 1000 22.241 3935 7.235 2.439 1.095 10 1050 21.063 4057 7.354 2.450 1.086 10 1100 20.017 4180 7.469 2.466 1.078 10 1150 19.078 4304 7.579 2.485 1.072 10 1200 18.230 4429 7.685 2.507 1.066 100 273.16 1045.3 95.4 -0.008 3.905 91.83 100 300 1037.2 201.4 0.362 3.979 81.22 100 325 1026.6 301.3 0.682 4.008 72.58 100 350 1013.6 401.7 0.979 4.025 64.95 100 375 998.59 502.6 1.258 4.040 58.19 100 400 981.82 603.7 1.518 4.056 52.20 100 450 943.51 807.8 1.999 4.110 42.15 100 500 899.21 1015 2.436 4.196 34.15 100 550 848.78 1228 2.842 4.323 27.67 100 600 791.49 1448 3.225 4.501 22.29 100 647.10 730.24 1665 3.573 4.733 17.97 100 650 726.21 1679 3.595 4.750 17.72 100 700 651.77 1925 3.958 5.083 13.75 100 750 568.52 2188 4.322 5.449 10.34 100 800 482.23 2466 4.681 5.610 7.562 100 850 404.66 2742 5.016 5.380 5.571 100 900 343.61 3000 5.310 4.887 4.284 100 950 298.61 3231 5.560 4.382 3.477 100 1000 265.45 3440 5.774 3.978 2.956 100 1050 240.32 3631 5.961 3.683 2.601 100 1100 220.62 3809 6.127 3.471 2.347 100 1150 204.71 3979 6.278 3.319 2.158 100 1200 191.53 4142 6.417 3.209 2.011p/MPa T/K ρ/kg m-3H/J g-1S/J g-1K-1Cp/J g-1K-1Diel. const.PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (continued) 6-15PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF WATER AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE The following table summarizes the relative permittivity (static dielectric constant) of liquid water and steam over a wide ran ge of temperature and pressure. Values are given from slightly above the freezing point to 1000 K and at pressures from normal atmospheric to 1000 MP a (about 10000 atm). The values are generated from an equation that correlates the best experimental measurements from a large number of sources. Th e correlating equation and full details of the formulation may be found in Reference 1. Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. Liquid–vapor boundaries are indicated by horizontal lines. REFERENCE Fernandez, D. P., Goodwin, A. R. H., Lemmon, E. W., Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., and Williams, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 26, 1125, 1997. Pressure in MPa T/K 0.1 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 275 87.16 87.20 87.24 87.36 87.57 87.97 89.16 91 05 94.55 103.7 280 85.19 85.23 85.27 85.39 85.59 85.98 87.14 88.98 92.38 101.3285 83.27 83.30 83.34 83.46 83.65 84.04 85.17 86.96 90.27 98.91 290 81.39 81.42 81.46 81.57 81.76 82.14 83.24 84.99 88.22 96.64 295 79.55 79.58 79.62 79 73 79.92 80.29 81.37 83.08 86.24 94.44300 77.75 77.78 77.82 77.93 78.11 78.48 79.54 81.22 84.31 92.31 305 75.99 76.02 76.06 76.17 76.35 76.71 77.75 79.40 82.43 90.25 101.3 310 74.27 74.30 74.33 74.44 74.62 74.98 76.01 77.63 80.61 88.26 99.06315 72.58 72.61 72.65 72.76 72.93 73.28 74.30 75.90 78.84 86.34 96.87 320 70.93 70.97 71.00 71.11 71.28 71.63 72.64 74.22 77.11 84.48 94.76 340 64.70 64.73 64.77 64.87 65.04 65.38 66.36 67.89 70.65 77.58 87.07360 59.00 59.03 59 07 59.17 59.34 59.68 60.65 62.15 64.83 71.45 80.36 380 1.006 53.83 53.86 53.97 54.14 54.48 55.45 56.94 59.57 65.95 74.43 400 1.005 49.06 49.10 49.21 49.39 49.73 50.71 52.20 54.80 61.00 69.12420 1.005 44.70 44.74 44.85 45.04 45.39 46.39 47.90 50.48 56.53 64.35 440 1.004 40.70 40.74 40 85 41.05 41.42 42.45 43.98 46.55 52.48 60.03 460 1.004 1.041 37.04 37.17 37.37 37.76 38.84 40.40 42.99 48.81 56.11480 1.004 1.038 33.61 33.75 33.97 34.39 35.53 37.14 39.75 45.47 52.55 500 1.003 1.034 1.074 30.55 30.79 31.25 32.47 34.15 36.79 42.44 49.30 550 1.003 1.028 1.059 1.177 23.53 24.18 25.73 27.67 30.46 35.99 42.38 600 1.002 1.024 1.049 1.137 1.365 17.50 19.90 22.29 25.34 30.82 36.82 650 1.002 1.020 1.041 1.112 1.267 2.066 14.50 17.72 21.12 26.62 32.31 700 1.002 1.017 1.036 1.095 1.214 1.603 8.963 13.75 17.60 23.17 28.60750 1.002 1.015 1.031 1.082 1.179 1.452 4.424 10.34 14.65 20.30 25.51 800 1.001 1.013 1.027 1.071 1.154 1.365 2.844 7.562 12.17 17.88 22.91 850 1.001 1.012 1.024 1.063 1.134 1.307 2.269 5.571 10.10 15.83 20.70900 1.001 1.011 1.022 1.056 1.118 1.265 1.975 4.284 8.416 14.08 18.80 950 1.001 1.010 1.020 1.050 1.105 1.232 1.793 3.477 7.066 12.57 17.15 1000 1.001 1.009 1.018 1.046 1.095 1.206 1.668 2.956 6.003 11.27 15.721050 1.001 1.008 1.016 1.041 1.086 1.184 1.576 2.601 5.172 10.14 14.45 1100 1.001 1.007 1.015 1.038 1.078 1.167 1.505 2.347 4.523 9.160 13.34 1150 1.001 1.007 1.014 1.035 1.072 1.151 1.449 2.158 4.012 8.309 12.351200 1.001 1.006 1.013 1.032 1.066 1.139 1.403 2.011 3.606 7.569 11.47 TeamLRN6-13PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF WATER AT VARIOUS FREQUENCIES The permittivity of liquid water in the radiofrequency and microwave regions can be represented by the Debye equation (Referenc es 1 and 2): where ε = ε′ + i ε′′ is the (complex) relative permittivity (i.e., the absolute permittivity divided by the permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.854⋅10-12 F m-1 ). Here εs is the static permittivity (see Reference 3 and the table “Properties of Water in the Range 0—100 °C” in this Section); ε∞ is a parameter describing the permittivity in the high frequency limit; τ is the relaxation time for molecular orientation; and ω = 2πf is the angular frequency. The values in this table have been calculated from parameters given in Reference 2: 0°C2 5 °C5 0 °C ε∞ 5.7 5.2 4.0 τ/ps 17.67 8.27 4.75 Other useful quantities that can be calculated from the values in the table are the loss tangent: and the absorption coefficient α which describes the power attentuation per unit length ( P = P0 e-αl): and c is the speed of light. The last equation is valid when ε′′/ε′ << 1. REFERENCES 1. Fernendez, D.P., Mulev, Y., Goodwin, A.R.H., and Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 24, 33, 1995. 2. Kaatze, U., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 34, 371, 1989. 3. Archer, D.G., and Wang, P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 12, 817, 1983. 0°C2 5 °C5 0 °C Frequency ε′ ε′′ ε′ ε′′ ε′ ε′′ 0 87.90 0.00 78.36 0.00 69.88 0.00 1 kHz 87.90 0.00 78.36 0.00 69.88 0.001 MHz 87.90 0.01 78.36 0.00 69.88 0.00 10 MHz 87.90 0.09 78.36 0.04 69.88 0.02 100 MHz 87.89 0.91 78.36 0.38 69.88 0.20200 MHz 87.86 1.82 78.35 0.76 69.88 0.39 500 MHz 87.65 4.55 78.31 1.90 69.87 0.98 1 GHz 86.90 9.01 78.16 3.79 69.82 1.962 GHz 84.04 17.39 77.58 7.52 69.65 3.92 3 GHz 79.69 24.64 76.62 11.13 69.36 5.85 4 GHz 74.36 30.49 75.33 14.58 68.95 7.755 GHz 68.54 34.88 73.73 17.81 68.45 9.62 10 GHz 42.52 40.88 62.81 29.93 64.49 18.05 20 GHz 19.56 30.78 40.37 36.55 52.57 28.9930 GHz 12.50 22.64 26.53 33.25 40.57 32.74 40 GHz 9.67 17.62 18.95 28.58 31.17 32.43 50 GHz 8.28 14.34 14.64 24.53 24.42 30.47′=+− + ′′=−() +∞∞ ∞εεεε ωτ εεε ω τ ωτs s1 122 22 tan /δεε=′′ ′ απε ε=′′ ′f c 6-14THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS These tables give thermodynamic and transport properties of some important fluids, as generated from the equations of state pre sented in the references below. The properties tabulated are density ( ρ), energy ( E), enthalpy ( H), entropy ( S), isochoric heat capacity ( Cv), isobaric heat capacity (Cp), speed of sound ( vs), viscosity ( η), thermal conductivity ( λ), and dielectric constant ( D). All extensive properties are given on a molar basis. Not all properties are included for every substance. The references should be consulted for information on the uncertainties and th e reference states for E, H, and S. Values are given as a function of temperature for several isobars. The phase can be determined by noting the sharp decrease in density between two successive temperature entries; all lines above this point refer to the liquid phase, and all lines below refer to the gas phase. If there is no sharp discontinuity in density, all data in the table refer to the supercritical region (i.e., the isobar is above the critical press ure). REFERENCES 1. Younglove, B.A., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 2. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 3. McCarty, R.D., Thermodynamic Properties of Helium, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973. Nitrogen (N2) T ρ EHSCv Cp ηλ D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K µPa s mW/m K P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 70 30.017 –3828 –3824 73.8 28.5 57.2 203.9 143.5 1.45269 77.25 28.881 –3411 –3407 79.5 27.8 57.8 152.2 133.8 1.43386 77.25 0.163 1546 2161 151.6 21.6 31.4 5.3 7.6 1.00215100 0.123 2041 2856 159.5 21.1 30.0 6.8 9.6 1.00162 200 0.060 4140 5800 179.9 20.8 29.2 12.9 18.4 1.00079 300 0.040 6223 8717 191.8 20.8 29.2 18.0 25.8 1.00053400 0.030 8308 11635 200.2 20.9 29.2 22.2 32.3 1.00040 500 0.024 10414 14573 206.7 21.2 29.6 26.1 38.5 1.00032 600 0.020 12563 17554 212.2 21.8 30.1 29.5 44.5 1.00026700 0.017 14770 20593 216.8 22.4 30.7 32.8 50.5 1.00023 800 0.015 17044 23698 221.0 23.1 31.4 35.8 56.3 1.00020 900 0.013 19383 26869 224.7 23.7 32.0 38.7 62.0 1.000171000 0.012 21786 30103 228.1 24.3 32.6 41.5 67.7 1.00016 1500 0.008 34530 47004 241.8 26.4 34.7 54.0 93.3 1.00010 P = 1 MPa 70 30.070 –3838 –3805 73.6 28.9 56.9 205.9 144.1 1.45355 80 28.504 –3267 –3232 81.3 27.8 57.7 139.5 130.7 1.4276090 26.721 –2685 –2648 88.2 26.7 59.4 100.1 115.3 1.39824 100 24.634 –2073 –2032 94.6 26.2 64.4 73.1 98.5 1.36417 103.75 23.727 –1828 –1786 97.1 26.2 67.8 64.8 91.8 1.34947103.75 1.472 1788 2467 138.1 24.1 45.0 7.6 12.5 1.01954 200 0.614 4048 5675 160.3 21.0 30.4 13.2 19.3 1.00812 300 0.402 6171 8661 172.5 20.9 29.6 18.1 26.3 1.00529 400 0.300 8273 11609 180.9 20.9 29.5 22.4 32.7 1.00395 500 0.240 10389 14563 187.5 21.3 29.7 26.1 38.8 1.00315 600 0.200 12544 17554 193.0 21.8 30.2 29.6 44.8 1.00262700 0.171 14756 20600 197.7 22.4 30.8 32.8 50.7 1.00224 800 0.150 17032 23709 201.8 23.1 31.4 35.9 56.5 1.00196 900 0.133 19374 26884 205.6 23.7 32.1 38.8 62.2 1.001741000 0.120 21778 30121 209.0 24.3 32.7 41.5 67.8 1.00157 1500 0.080 34527 47029 222.7 26.4 34.8 54.0 93.4 1.00104 P = 10 MPa 65.32 31.120 –4176 –3855 68.6 31.8 53.8 275.7 153.8 1.47067 100 26.201 –2328 –1946 92.0 27.4 56.3 90.2 112.3 1.38942200 7.117 3037 4442 136.4 22.7 45.5 17.6 30.4 1.09698 300 3.989 5667 8174 151.7 21.4 33.4 20.1 31.9 1.05347 400 2.898 7941 11392 161.0 21.3 31.3 23.7 36.7 1.03860500 2.302 10148 14492 167.9 21.5 30.8 27.1 42.0 1.03055 TeamLRN6-15THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T ρ EHSCv Cp ηλ D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K µPa s mW/m K 600 1.918 12361 17575 173.5 21.9 30.9 30.4 47.4 1.02538 700 1.647 14613 20683 178.3 22.5 31.3 33.5 53.0 1.02175 800 1.445 16919 23837 182.5 23.2 31.8 36.4 58.6 1.01904900 1.288 19283 27046 186.3 23.8 32.4 39.3 64.1 1.01694 1000 1.162 21705 30308 189.8 24.4 32.9 42.0 69.6 1.01526 1500 0.783 34504 47283 203.5 26.5 34.8 54.3 94.7 1.01020 Oxygen (O 2) T ρ EH S Cv Cp ηλ D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K µPa s mW/m K P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 60 40.049 –5883 –5880 72.4 34.9 53.4 425.2 188.2 1.55619 80 37.204 –4814 –4812 87.7 31.0 53.6 251.7 166.1 1.51114100 0.123 2029 2840 172.9 21.4 30.5 7.5 9.3 1.00146 120 0.102 2458 3442 178.4 21.0 29.8 9.0 11.2 1.00121 140 0.087 2881 4035 182.9 20.9 29.5 10.5 13.1 1.00103 160 0.076 3301 4624 186.9 20.9 29.4 11.9 15.0 1.00090 180 0.067 3720 5210 190.3 20.8 29.3 13.3 16.7 1.00080 200 0.060 4138 5796 193.4 20.8 29.3 14.6 18.4 1.00072220 0.055 4556 6381 196.2 20.8 29.3 15.9 20.1 1.00065 240 0.050 4974 6966 198.8 20.9 29.3 17.2 21.7 1.00060 260 0.046 5393 7552 201.1 20.9 29.3 18.4 23.2 1.00055280 0.043 5812 8138 203.3 21.0 29.4 19.5 24.8 1.00051 300 0.040 6234 8726 205.3 21.1 29.4 20.6 26.3 1.00048 320 0.038 6657 9316 207.2 21.2 29.5 21.7 27.8 1.00045340 0.035 7082 9908 209.0 21.3 29.7 22.8 29.3 1.00042 360 0.033 7510 10503 210.7 21.5 29.8 23.8 30.8 1.00040 380 0.032 7941 11100 212.3 21.6 30.0 24.8 32.2 1.00038 P = 1 MPa 60 40.084 –5887 –5863 72.3 34.9 53.3 428.5 188.4 1.5567480 37.254 –4822 –4795 87.6 31.0 53.5 253.8 166.4 1.51192 100 34.153 –3741 –3712 99.7 28.5 55.2 155.6 137.9 1.46381 120 1.198 2163 2997 156.7 24.0 40.6 9.4 13.9 1.01429140 0.950 2683 3735 162.4 22.2 34.4 10.8 14.9 1.01133 160 0.802 3151 4398 166.8 21.5 32.2 12.2 16.3 1.00955 180 0.698 3598 5030 170.5 21.2 31.2 13.5 17.7 1.00831200 0.620 4035 5647 173.8 21.1 30.6 14.8 19.3 1.00738 220 0.559 4466 6255 176.7 21.0 30.3 16.1 20.8 1.00665 240 0.509 4894 6858 179.3 21.0 30.1 17.3 22.3 1.00606260 0.468 5321 7458 181.7 21.0 29.9 18.5 23.8 1.00556 280 0.433 5748 8056 183.9 21.1 29.9 19.6 25.2 1.00515 300 0.403 6174 8654 186.0 21.1 29.9 20.7 26.7 1.00479320 0.377 6602 9252 187.9 21.2 29.9 21.8 28.2 1.00448 340 0.355 7032 9851 189.7 21.4 30.0 22.8 29.6 1.00421 360 0.335 7463 10452 191.4 21.5 30.1 23.9 31.1 1.00397380 0.317 7898 11056 193.1 21.7 30.2 24.9 32.6 1.00376 P = 10 MPa 60 40.419 –5931 –5684 71.5 35.1 53.0 461.8 189.9 1.56210 80 37.727 –4893 –4628 86.7 31.6 52.7 274.4 168.6 1.51936 100 34.881 –3856 –3570 98.5 29.1 53.4 171.0 141.2 1.47500120 31.721 –2796 –2481 108.4 27.3 55.9 113.0 115.1 1.42677 140 27.890 –1662 –1304 117.5 26.2 62.9 76.3 91.8 1.36972 160 22.379 -322 125 127.0 26.1 84.8 48.6 71.2 1.29037180 13.232 1489 2245 139.5 26.6 105.9 26.2 46.8 1.16560 200 8.666 2681 3835 147.9 24.0 60.6 21.2 34.0 1.10650 6-16THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T ρ EH S Cv Cp ηλ D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K µPa s mW/m K 220 6.868 3424 4880 152.9 22.6 46.4 20.5 30.8 1.08380 240 5.836 4029 5742 156.6 22.0 40.6 20.8 30.1 1.07090 260 5.134 4573 6521 159.7 21.8 37.6 21.4 30.2 1.06219280 4.613 5086 7254 162.5 21.6 35.8 22.1 30.8 1.05575 300 4.205 5581 7959 164.9 21.6 34.7 22.9 31.6 1.05073 320 3.874 6063 8645 167.1 21.7 33.9 23.7 32.6 1.04667340 3.598 6538 9318 169.1 21.8 33.4 24.6 33.7 1.04329 360 3.363 7009 9982 171.0 21.9 33.0 25.4 34.9 1.04043 380 3.161 7477 10641 172.8 22.0 32.8 26.3 36.1 1.03796 Hydrogen (H 2) T ρ EHSCv Cp vs D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K m/s P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 15 37.738 –605 –603 11.2 9.7 14.4 1319 1.24827 20 35.278 –524 –521 15.8 11.3 19.1 1111 1.23093 40 0.305 491 818 75.6 12.5 21.3 521 1.00186 60 0.201 748 1244 84.3 13.1 21.6 636 1.00122 80 0.151 1030 1694 90.7 15.3 23.7 714 1.00091100 0.120 1370 2202 96.4 18.7 27.1 773 1.00073 120 0.100 1777 2776 101.6 21.8 30.2 827 1.00061 140 0.086 2237 3401 106.4 23.8 32.2 883 1.00052160 0.075 2723 4054 110.8 24.6 33.0 940 1.00046 180 0.067 3216 4714 114.7 24.6 32.9 998 1.00041 200 0.060 3703 5367 118.1 24.1 32.4 1054 1.00037220 0.055 4179 6009 121.2 23.4 31.8 1110 1.00033 240 0.050 4641 6638 123.9 22.8 31.2 1163 1.00030 260 0.046 5093 7256 126.4 22.3 30.6 1214 1.00028280 0.043 5535 7865 128.6 21.9 30.2 1263 1.00026 300 0.040 5970 8466 130.7 21.6 29.9 1310 1.00024 400 0.030 8093 11421 139.2 21.0 29.3 1518 1.00018 P = 1 MPa 15 38.109 –609 –583 10.9 10.1 14.1 1315 1.2508920 35.852 –532 –504 15.5 11.4 18.4 1155 1.23496 40 3.608 399 676 54.1 12.9 28.4 498 1.02209 60 2.098 697 1173 64.3 13.2 23.5 635 1.0128080 1.523 994 1651 71.1 15.4 24.7 719 1.00928 100 1.204 1343 2174 77.0 18.8 27.7 779 1.00733 120 0.999 1756 2758 82.3 21.9 30.6 835 1.00608140 0.854 2219 3390 87.1 23.9 32.5 891 1.00520 160 0.747 2709 4048 91.5 24.7 33.2 949 1.00454 180 0.663 3204 4712 95.4 24.6 33.1 1006 1.00404200 0.597 3693 5368 98.9 24.1 32.5 1063 1.00363 220 0.543 4170 6012 102.0 23.5 31.9 1118 1.00330 240 0.498 4634 6643 104.7 22.9 31.2 1171 1.00303260 0.460 5087 7263 107.2 22.3 30.7 1222 1.00279 280 0.427 5530 7873 109.5 21.9 30.3 1271 1.00259 300 0.399 5966 8475 111.5 21.6 30.0 1317 1.00242400 0.299 8091 11433 120.1 21.0 29.4 1525 1.00182 P = 10 MPa 20 39.669 –568 –316 13.0 10.9 15.0 1458 1.26198 40 31.344 –209 110 27.3 13.2 27.0 1171 1.20354 60 21.273 255 725 39.7 13.8 32.5 931 1.1352780 14.830 686 1360 48.8 15.9 31.1 886 1.09303 100 11.417 1110 1986 55.8 19.3 31.9 904 1.07109 TeamLRN6-17THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T ρ EHSCv Cp vs D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K m/s 120 9.357 1571 2640 61.8 22.4 33.5 941 1.05801 140 7.969 2068 3323 67.0 24.3 34.6 989 1.04925 160 6.963 2583 4020 71.7 25.0 34.9 1042 1.04294 180 6.195 3099 4713 75.7 24.9 34.4 1096 1.03814200 5.588 3604 5393 79.3 24.4 33.6 1150 1.03436 220 5.094 4094 6057 82.5 23.7 32.8 1203 1.03129 240 4.683 4569 6704 85.3 23.1 32.0 1254 1.02874260 4.336 5030 7336 87.8 22.6 31.3 1302 1.02659 280 4.038 5481 7958 90.1 22.1 30.8 1349 1.02475 300 3.780 5924 8570 92.3 21.8 30.4 1394 1.02315400 2.869 8073 11559 100.9 21.2 29.6 1592 1.01753 Helium (He-4) T ρ EH S C v Cp vs η D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K m/s µPa s P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 3 35.794 –39 –36 9.8 7.6 9.4 222 3.85 1.056464 32.477 –27 –24 13.3 9.1 16.3 185 3.33 1.05114 5 2.935 52 86 39.1 12.7 27.1 120 1.39 1.00456 10 1.238 120 201 55.2 12.5 21.7 185 2.26 1.0019220 0.602 247 413 69.9 12.5 21.0 264 3.58 1.00093 50 0.240 623 1039 89.0 12.5 20.8 417 6.36 1.00037 100 0.120 1247 2079 103.4 12.5 20.8 589 9.78 1.00019200 0.060 2494 4158 117.8 12.5 20.8 833 15.14 1.00009 300 0.040 3741 6237 126.3 12.5 20.8 1020 19.93 1.00006 400 0.030 4988 8315 132.3 12.5 20.8 1177 24.29 1.00005500 0.024 6236 10394 136.9 12.5 20.8 1316 28.36 1.00004 600 0.020 7483 12472 140.7 12.5 20.8 1441 32.22 1.00003 700 0.017 8730 14551 143.9 12.5 20.8 1557 35.89 1.00003800 0.015 9977 16630 146.7 12.5 20.8 1664 39.43 1.00002 900 0.013 11224 18708 149.1 12.5 20.8 1765 42.85 1.00002 1000 0.012 12471 20787 151.3 12.5 20.8 1861 46.16 1.000021500 0.008 18707 31179 159.7 12.5 20.8 2279 61.55 1.00001 P = 1 MPa 3 39.703 –42 –16 8.6 7.1 7.8 300 5.63 1.06274 4 38.210 –34 –7 11.2 8.3 10.9 290 5.01 1.06034 5 35.818 –22 6 14.0 9.7 15.1 269 4.38 1.0565010 15.378 78 143 32.2 12.3 30.5 198 3.07 1.02402 20 6.067 228 393 49.8 12.6 22.9 274 3.94 1.00943 50 2.353 617 1042 69.8 12.5 21.1 428 6.53 1.00365 100 1.186 1245 2089 84.3 12.5 20.9 597 9.89 1.00184 200 0.597 2495 4170 98.7 12.5 20.8 838 15.21 1.00093 300 0.399 3742 6249 107.1 12.5 20.8 1024 19.96 1.00062400 0.300 4990 8327 113.1 12.5 20.8 1180 24.32 1.00046 500 0.240 6237 10406 117.8 12.5 20.8 1319 28.38 1.00037 600 0.200 7485 12484 121.5 12.5 20.8 1444 32.23 1.00031700 0.172 8732 14562 124.7 12.5 20.8 1559 35.91 1.00027 800 0.150 9979 16641 127.5 12.5 20.8 1666 39.44 1.00023 900 0.133 11227 18719 130.0 12.5 20.8 1767 42.86 1.000211000 0.120 12474 20798 132.2 12.5 20.8 1862 46.17 1.00019 1500 0.080 18710 31190 140.6 12.5 20.8 2280 61.55 1.00012 P = 10 MPa 4 51.978 –24 169 6.7 6.0 7.3 586 24.27 1.08262 5 51.118 –18 177 8.5 7.9 9.3 576 18.16 1.0812210 46.872 23 236 16.6 11.0 14.5 546 9.31 1.07432 6-18THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T ρ EH S Cv Cp vs η D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K m/s µPa s 20 37.092 154 423 29.5 12.6 20.7 498 6.99 1.05854 50 19.192 572 1093 49.9 12.9 22.4 541 8.07 1.03003 100 10.525 1231 2181 65.0 12.8 21.3 674 10.93 1.01640 200 5.605 2500 4284 79.6 12.6 20.9 889 15.82 1.00871300 3.829 3755 6367 88.0 12.6 20.8 1063 20.25 1.00595 400 2.908 5006 8445 94.0 12.6 20.8 1212 24.54 1.00452 500 2.344 6256 10522 98.6 12.5 20.8 1346 28.56 1.00364600 1.963 7505 12599 102.4 12.5 20.8 1467 32.38 1.00305 700 1.689 8754 14676 105.6 12.5 20.8 1580 36.04 1.00262 800 1.481 10003 16753 108.4 12.5 20.8 1685 39.56 1.00230900 1.320 11252 18830 110.9 12.5 20.8 1784 42.96 1.00205 1000 1.189 12500 20907 113.0 12.5 20.8 1877 46.26 1.00185 1500 0.797 18742 31294 121.5 12.5 20.8 2289 61.62 1.00124 Argon (Ar) T ρ EHS C v Cp vs ηλ K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K m/s µPa s mW/m K P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 85 35.243 –4811 –4808 53.6 23.1 44.7 820 278.8 132.4 90 0.138 1077 1802 129.4 13.1 22.5 174 7.5 6.0100 0.123 1211 2024 131.8 12.9 21.9 184 8.2 6.6 120 0.102 1471 2456 135.7 12.6 21.4 203 9.8 7.8 140 0.087 1727 2881 139.0 12.6 21.1 220 11.4 9.0160 0.076 1980 3302 141.8 12.5 21.0 235 13.0 10.2 180 0.067 2232 3722 144.3 12.5 21.0 250 14.5 11.4 200 0.060 2483 4141 146.5 12.5 20.9 263 16.0 12.5220 0.055 2734 4559 148.5 12.5 20.9 276 17.5 13.7 240 0.050 2984 4976 150.3 12.5 20.9 289 18.9 14.8 260 0.046 3234 5394 152.0 12.5 20.9 300 20.3 15.8280 0.043 3484 5811 153.5 12.5 20.8 312 21.6 16.9 300 0.040 3734 6227 155.0 12.5 20.8 323 22.9 17.9 320 0.038 3984 6644 156.3 12.5 20.8 333 24.2 18.9340 0.035 4234 7060 157.6 12.5 20.8 344 25.4 19.9 360 0.033 4484 7477 158.7 12.5 20.8 354 26.6 20.8 380 0.032 4734 7893 159.9 12.5 20.8 363 27.8 21.7 P = 1 MPa 85 35.307 –4820 –4792 53.5 23.1 44.6 823 281.3 133.090 34.542 –4598 –4569 56.1 21.6 44.7 808 242.7 124.2 100 32.909 –4145 –4115 60.9 19.9 46.2 753 185.0 109.2 120 1.181 1210 2057 114.3 14.7 30.1 189 10.3 9.3 140 0.945 1544 2603 118.5 13.5 25.4 212 11.8 10.1 160 0.799 1838 3089 121.8 13.0 23.6 231 13.3 11.1 180 0.697 2116 3551 124.5 12.8 22.7 247 14.8 12.1200 0.619 2384 3999 126.9 12.7 22.2 262 16.3 13.2 220 0.559 2648 4438 128.9 12.6 21.8 275 17.7 14.2 240 0.509 2908 4873 130.8 12.6 21.6 288 19.1 15.3260 0.468 3167 5304 132.6 12.6 21.5 301 20.4 16.3 280 0.433 3423 5732 134.2 12.6 21.4 312 21.8 17.3 300 0.403 3679 6159 135.6 12.5 21.3 324 23.1 18.3320 0.377 3934 6583 137.0 12.5 21.2 334 24.3 19.2 340 0.355 4188 7007 138.3 12.5 21.2 345 25.5 20.2 360 0.335 4441 7429 139.5 12.5 21.1 355 26.7 21.1380 0.317 4694 7851 140.6 12.5 21.1 365 27.9 22.0 P = 10 MPa 90 35.208 –4694 –4410 55.0 21.9 43.2 846 265.2 129.5 TeamLRN6-19THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T ρ EHS Cv Cp vs ηλ K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K m/s µPa s mW/m K 100 33.744 –4271 –3974 59.6 20.4 44.0 800 205.0 115.1 120 30.525 –3396 –3069 67.8 18.8 46.9 672 131.2 92.1 140 26.609 –2447 –2072 75.5 17.6 54.1 526 85.9 71.7160 20.816 –1279 –799 83.9 17.4 78.6 357 51.3 52.8 180 12.296 228 1042 94.8 17.3 83.6 257 27.8 32.0 200 8.442 1118 2302 101.4 15.3 48.6 268 23.3 23.6220 6.776 1661 3137 105.4 14.2 36.8 284 22.8 21.6 240 5.787 2087 3815 108.4 13.7 31.6 300 23.2 21.3 260 5.105 2458 4416 110.8 13.4 28.8 314 23.9 21.4280 4.596 2798 4974 112.9 13.2 27.1 327 24.8 21.8 300 4.195 3119 5503 114.7 13.1 25.9 339 25.7 22.3 320 3.869 3427 6012 116.3 13.0 25.0 350 26.7 22.9340 3.596 3726 6506 117.8 13.0 24.4 361 27.7 23.5 360 3.364 4017 6989 119.2 12.9 23.9 372 28.7 24.2 380 3.164 4303 7464 120.5 12.9 23.5 381 29.7 24.9 Methane (CH 4) T ρ EH S Cv Cp ηλ D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K µPa s mW/m K P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 100 27.370 –5258 –5254 73.0 33.4 54.1 156.3 208.1 1.65504 125 0.099 3026 4039 156.5 25.4 34.6 5.0 13.4 1.00193150 0.081 3667 4896 162.7 25.2 34.0 5.9 16.2 1.00159 175 0.069 4301 5743 168.0 25.2 33.8 6.9 19.1 1.00136 200 0.061 4935 6587 172.5 25.3 33.8 7.8 21.9 1.00119225 0.054 5571 7434 176.5 25.5 34.0 8.7 24.8 1.00105 250 0.048 6216 8288 180.1 26.0 34.4 9.6 27.8 1.00095 275 0.044 6875 9156 183.4 26.6 35.0 10.4 30.9 1.00086300 0.040 7552 10042 186.4 27.5 35.9 11.2 34.1 1.00079 325 0.037 8252 10951 189.4 28.5 36.9 12.0 37.6 1.00073 350 0.034 8979 11887 192.1 29.7 38.0 12.8 41.2 1.00068375 0.032 9737 12853 194.8 30.9 39.3 13.5 45.1 1.00063 400 0.030 10528 13852 197.4 32.3 40.7 14.3 49.1 1.00059 425 0.028 11354 14886 199.9 33.7 42.1 15.0 53.3 1.00056450 0.027 12215 15956 202.3 35.2 43.5 15.7 57.6 1.00053 500 0.024 14047 18204 207.1 38.0 46.4 17.0 66.5 1.00047 600 0.020 18111 23101 216.0 42.9 51.3 19.4 84.1 1.00039 P = 1 MPa 100 27.413 –5268 –5231 72.9 33.4 54.0 158.1 208.9 1.65617125 25.137 –3882 –3842 85.3 32.4 57.4 89.2 168.2 1.59261 150 0.969 3282 4315 140.9 27.9 45.2 6.2 18.4 1.01911 175 0.765 4041 5348 147.3 26.4 38.9 7.1 20.6 1.01507200 0.644 4736 6289 152.3 25.9 36.8 8.0 23.1 1.01268 225 0.560 5410 7197 156.6 25.9 36.0 8.9 25.8 1.01102 250 0.497 6081 8093 160.4 26.2 35.8 9.7 28.7 1.00979275 0.448 6758 8991 163.8 26.8 36.1 10.6 31.7 1.00882 300 0.408 7449 9901 167.0 27.6 36.7 11.4 34.9 1.00803 325 0.375 8160 10829 169.9 28.6 37.6 12.1 38.3 1.00738350 0.347 8897 11781 172.8 29.7 38.6 12.9 41.9 1.00683 375 0.323 9662 12760 175.5 31.0 39.8 13.6 45.7 1.00636 400 0.302 10460 13770 178.1 32.4 41.1 14.4 49.6 1.00595425 0.284 11291 14814 180.6 33.8 42.4 15.1 53.8 1.00559 450 0.268 12157 15892 183.1 35.2 43.8 15.7 58.1 1.00527 500 0.241 13997 18153 187.8 38.1 46.6 17.0 66.9 1.00474600 0.200 18073 23070 196.8 43.0 51.4 19.5 84.5 1.00394 6-20THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) P = 10 MPa 100 27.815 –5362 –5003 72.0 33.8 53.2 175.4 217 1.66668 125 25.754 –4036 –3648 84.1 32.7 55.3 100.4 178.8 1.60895150 23.441 –2655 –2229 94.4 31.4 58.6 65.7 144.6 1.54553 175 20.613 –1175 –689 103.9 30.3 65.5 44.9 113.4 1.47021 200 16.602 542 1144 113.6 30.1 84.7 29.4 85.8 1.36789225 10.547 2680 3628 125.3 30.8 102.2 17.6 61.0 1.22352 250 7.013 4289 5714 134.1 29.3 67.4 14.3 47.6 1.14481 275 5.530 5387 7195 139.8 28.7 53.4 13.8 44.1 1.11297300 4.685 6320 8454 144.2 28.9 48.0 13.9 44.6 1.09513 325 4.115 7192 9622 147.9 29.6 45.8 14.3 46.6 1.08322 350 3.695 8047 10753 151.3 30.5 44.9 14.7 49.2 1.07450375 3.366 8903 11874 154.4 31.7 44.8 15.2 52.3 1.06773 400 3.101 9774 12999 157.3 32.9 45.2 15.8 55.7 1.06227 425 2.880 10666 14138 160.0 34.3 46.0 16.3 59.4 1.05775450 2.692 11584 15298 162.7 35.7 46.9 16.9 63.3 1.05392 500 2.389 13507 17692 167.7 38.5 48.9 18.0 71.6 1.04775 600 1.963 17700 22795 177.0 43.3 52.9 20.2 88.3 1.03911 Ethane (C 2H6) T ρ EHS Cv Cp vs D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K m/s P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 95 21.50 –14555 –14550 80.2 47.2 68.7 1970 1.93480 100 21.32 –14210 –14205 83.8 47.1 69.3 1943 1.92500125 20.41 –12468 –12463 99.3 45.0 69.8 1775 1.87634 150 19.47 –10717 –10712 112.1 43.4 70.4 1587 1.82726 175 18.49 –8938 -8933 123.1 42.7 72.1 1396 1.77671200 0.062 5503 7123 210.1 34.5 43.8 258 1.00208 225 0.054 6401 8238 215.4 36.5 45.5 273 1.00183 250 0.049 7349 9401 220.3 38.9 47.7 287 1.00164275 0.044 8360 10624 224.9 41.6 50.2 300 1.00148 300 0.040 9439 11914 229.4 44.5 53.1 312 1.00136 325 0.037 10592 13278 233.8 47.6 56.1 324 1.00125350 0.035 11823 14719 238.1 50.7 59.2 335 1.00116 375 0.032 13133 16240 242.3 54.0 62.4 345 1.00108 400 0.030 14525 17841 246.4 57.2 65.6 355 1.00101450 0.027 17548 21282 254.5 63.6 72.0 375 1.00090 500 0.024 20883 25035 262.4 69.7 78.1 393 1.00081 600 0.020 28429 33415 277.6 80.9 89.3 428 1.00067 P = 1 MPa 95 21.514 –14562 –14515 80.2 47.3 68.7 1972 1.93537100 21.334 –14217 –14170 83.7 47.2 69.3 1946 1.92560 125 20.427 –12478 –12429 99.2 45.0 69.8 1778 1.87709 150 19.494 –10731 –10679 112.0 43.4 70.3 1592 1.82823175 18.515 –8957 –8903 123.0 42.7 72.0 1402 1.77800 200 17.464 –7127 –7070 132.7 42.9 74.9 1209 1.72513 225 16.288 –5199 –5137 141.8 43.8 80.2 1008 1.66733250 0.564 6762 8534 198.7 41.6 57.5 260 1.01909 275 0.489 7902 9949 204.1 43.2 56.2 280 1.01650 300 0.435 9063 11363 209.0 45.5 57.2 297 1.01467325 0.393 10273 12815 213.7 48.3 59.1 311 1.01327 350 0.360 11546 14321 218.1 51.3 61.5 325 1.01214 375 0.333 12889 15893 222.5 54.4 64.2 337 1.01121400 0.310 14306 17534 226.7 57.5 67.1 349 1.01043T ρ EH S C v Cp ηλ D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K µPa s mW/m K TeamLRN6-21THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) 450 0.272 17367 21038 234.9 63.8 73.0 370 1.00917 500 0.244 20730 24836 242.9 69.9 78.9 390 1.00819 600 0.201 28313 33278 258.3 81.0 89.8 427 1.00677 P = 10 MPa 95 21.624 –14626 –14163 79.5 47.4 68.5 2000 1.94104100 21.448 –14286 –13819 83.0 47.4 69.1 1974 1.93146 125 20.570 –12572 –12086 98.5 45.5 69.3 1814 1.88436 150 19.678 –10858 –10350 111.1 43.9 69.6 1637 1.83753175 18.758 –9130 –8596 121.9 43.3 70.8 1459 1.79010 200 17.793 –7363 –6801 131.5 43.5 73.0 1284 1.74134 225 16.760 –5535 –4938 140.3 44.3 76.4 1110 1.69017250 15.620 –3609 –2969 148.6 45.8 81.5 935 1.63488 275 14.301 –1539 –839 156.7 47.9 89.4 758 1.57249 300 12.666 757 1547 165.0 50.8 102.7 577 1.49740325 10.398 3443 4404 174.1 54.7 129.1 399 1.39745 350 7.292 6643 8015 184.8 58.8 150.1 290 1.26832 375 5.182 9419 11349 194.1 60.0 115.7 289 1.18570 400 4.182 11577 13968 200.8 61.4 96.9 310 1.14797 450 3.204 15379 18500 211.5 65.8 87.5 347 1.11193 500 2.677 19135 22870 220.7 71.2 88.0 378 1.09288600 2.076 27160 31978 237.3 81.8 94.7 427 1.07142 Propane (C 3H8) T ρ EH S C v Cp vs D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K m/s P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 90 16.526 –21486 –21426 87.3 59.2 84.5 2126 2.07988100 16.295 –20639 –20577 96.2 59.6 85.2 2041 2.05806 125 15.726 –18495 –18432 115.4 59.2 86.5 1856 2.00674 150 15.156 –16319 –16253 131.3 58.9 88.0 1685 1.95796175 14.577 –14096 –14028 145.0 59.5 90.3 1521 1.91036 200 13.982 –11806 –11735 157.3 61.0 93.5 1359 1.86300 225 13.339 –9395 –9387 168.5 63.4 97.9 1197 1.81487250 0.050 9194 11213 257.6 57.2 66.8 228 1.00238 275 0.045 10691 12930 264.1 61.6 70.7 239 1.00215 300 0.041 12297 14752 270.5 66.2 75.1 249 1.00195325 0.037 14019 16689 276.7 71.1 79.8 259 1.00179 350 0.035 15862 18744 282.8 76.0 84.6 269 1.00166 375 0.032 17827 20921 288.8 80.9 89.5 278 1.00154400 0.030 19912 23217 294.7 85.7 94.3 286 1.00144 450 0.027 24441 28166 306.4 95.2 103.6 303 1.00128 500 0.024 29428 33573 317.7 104.1 112.6 318 1.00115600 0.020 40677 45658 339.7 120.4 128.8 347 1.00095 P = 1 MPa 90 16.526 –21486 –21426 87.2 59.3 84.5 2128 2.08034 100 16.295 –20639 –20577 96.2 59.7 85.2 2043 2.05856 125 15.726 –18495 –18432 115.3 59.2 86.4 1859 2.00736150 15.156 –16319 –16253 131.2 59.0 88.0 1690 1.95873 175 14.577 –14096 –14028 144.9 59.6 90.2 1526 1.91132 200 13.982 –11806 –11735 157.2 61.1 93.4 1365 1.86421225 13.361 –9424 –9349 168.4 63.4 97.7 1205 1.81642 250 12.696 –6919 –6840 179.0 66.4 103.3 1045 1.76672 275 11.962 –4252 –4169 189.1 70.0 110.8 881 1.71316300 11.102 –1360 –1270 199.2 74.1 121.9 708 1.65216 325 0.428 13278 15614 255.2 74.1 89.6 233 1.02067T ρ EHS C v Cp vs D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K m/s 6-22THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) 350 0.383 15259 17869 261.9 78.0 91.2 248 1.01846 375 0.349 17318 20183 268.3 82.2 94.2 261 1.01678 400 0.322 19472 22582 274.4 86.7 97.8 272 1.01544450 0.279 24092 27672 286.4 95.7 105.9 293 1.01337 500 0.248 29137 33172 298.0 104.4 114.1 312 1.01184 600 0.203 40455 45374 320.2 120.5 129.7 344 1.00968 P = 10 MPa 90 16.590 –21553 –20951 86.5 59.9 84.4 2146 2.08489100 16.364 –20714 –20103 95.4 60.1 85.1 2068 2.06350 125 15.810 –18595 –17962 114.5 59.6 86.1 1895 2.01342 150 15.259 –16448 –15793 130.3 59.3 87.5 1733 1.96617175 14.705 –14261 –13581 144.0 59.9 89.5 1577 1.92048 200 14.141 –12016 –11309 156.1 61.4 92.4 1425 1.87557 225 13.562 –9692 –8955 167.2 63.7 96.1 1277 1.83076250 12.960 –7268 –6496 177.5 66.7 100.7 1133 1.78529 275 12.322 –4721 –3909 187.4 70.2 106.4 991 1.73826 300 11.631 –2027 –1167 196.9 74.1 113.2 851 1.68849 325 10.860 843 1764 206.3 78.4 121.5 715 1.63437 350 9.973 3924 4927 215.7 82.9 132.0 582 1.57361 375 8.905 7270 8393 225.2 87.7 146.1 455 1.50271400 7.561 10957 12279 235.3 93.0 165.7 339 1.41671 450 4.614 18845 21013 255.8 101.8 167.8 249 1.24060 500 3.241 25567 28652 272.0 107.8 142.7 276 1.16439600 2.242 38131 42591 297.4 121.7 140.5 332 1.11122T ρ EH S C v Cp vs D K mol/L J/mol J/mol J/mol K J/mol K J/mol K m/s TeamLRN6-23Compounds Not Containing Carbon Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 Ar Argon 100 –184 120 –131 140 –98 a(1) = –16 160 –76a(2) = –60 80 –60 a(3) = –10 200 –48 300 –16400 –1 500 7 600 12700 15 800 18 900 20 1000 22 BF 3 Boron trifluoride 200 –338 240 –202 280 –129 a(1) = –106 320 –85 a(2) = –330 360 –56 a(3) = –251 400 –37 a(4) = –80 440 –23 ClH Hydrogen chloride 190 –451 230 –269270 –181 a(1) = –144 310 –132 a(2) = –325 350 –102a(3) = –277 390 –81 a(4) = –170 430 –66 470 –54 Cl 2 Chlorine 210 –508 220 –483VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES Henry V. Kehiaian This table gives second virial coefficients of about 110 inorganic and organic gases as a function of temperature. Selected data from the literature have been fitted by least squares to the equation where To = 298.15 K. The table gives the coefficients a(i) and values of B at fixed temperature increments, as calculated from this smoothing equation. The equation may be used with the tabulated coefficients for interpolation within the indicated temperature range. It should not be used for extrapolation beyond this range. Compounds are listed in the modified Hill order (see Introduction), with carbon- containing compounds following those compounds not containing carbon. A useful compilation of virial coefficient data from the literature may be found in: J. H. Dymond and E. B. Smith, The Virial Coefficients of Pure Gases and Mixtures, A Critical Compilation , Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980.B/ a i T /T ±± ini±cm molo31 111 =()()[] =∑ 6-24VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 230 –457 a(1) = –303 240 –432 a(2) = –555 250 –407a(3) = 9 260 –383 a(4) = 329 270 –360 a(5) = 68 280 –339 290 –318 300 –299 350 –221400 –166 450 –126 500 –97600 –59 700 –36 800 –22900 –12 F 2 Fluorine 80 –386 110 –171 140 –113 a(1) = –25 170 –73a(2) = 21 200 –47 a(3) = –185 230 –32 a(4) = 113 260 –25 F 4Si Silicon tetrafluoride 210 –268 240 –213270 –170 a(1) = –138 300 –136 a(2) = –312 330 –108 360 –84 390 –64 420 –47450 –32 F 5I Iodine pentafluoride 320 –2540 330 –2344 340 –2172 a(1) = –3077 350 –2021a(2) = –8474 360 –1890 a(3) = –9116 370 –1775 380 –1674390 –1587 400 –1510 410 –1443 F 5P Phosphorus pentafluoride 320 –162 340 –143360 –127 a(1) = –186 380 –112 a(2) = –345 400 –98 420 –86 440 –75 460 –64 F 6Mo Molybdenum hexafluoride 300 –896 310 –810320 –737Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm 3 mol–1 TeamLRN6-25VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) a(1) = –914 330 –677 a(2) = –2922 340 –627 a(3) = –4778 350 –586 360 –553 370 –527 380 –506390 –491 F 6S Sulfur hexafluoride 200 –685 250 –416 300 –275 a(1) = –279 350 –190a(2) = –647 400 –135 a(3) = –335 450 –96 a(4) = –72 500 –68 F 6U Uranium hexafluoride 320 –1030 340 –905 360 –805 a(1) = –1204 380 –724 a(2) = –2690 400 –658a(3) = –2144 420 –604 440 –560 F 6W Tungsten hexafluoride 320 –641 340 –578 360 –523 a(1) = –719 380 –473 a(2) = –1143 400 –428 420 –387440 –350 460 –317 H 2 Hydrogen 15 –230 20 –151 25 –108 a(1) = 15.4 30 –82 a(2) = –9.0 35 –64 a(3) = –0.2 40 –52 45 –42 50 –35 60 –2470 –16 80 –11 90 –7 100 –3 200 11 300 15400 18 H 2O Water 300 –1126 320 –850 340 –660 a(1) = –1158 360 –526a(2) = –5157 380 –428 a(3) = –10301 400 –356 a(4) =–10597 420 –301a(5) = –4415 440 –258Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm 3 mol–1 6-26VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 460 –224 480 –197 500 –175600 –104 700 –67 800 –44900 –30 1000 –20 1100 –141200 –11 H 3N Ammonia 290 –302 300 –265 310 –236 a(1) = –271 320 –213a(2) = –1022 330 –194 a(3) = –2715 340 –179 a(4) = –4189 350 –166 360 –154 370 –144 380 –135400 –118 420 –101 H 3P Phosphine 190 –457 200 –404 210 –364 a(1) = –146 220 –332 a(2) = –733 230 –305 a(3) = 1022 240 –281a(4) = –1220 250 –258 260 –235 270 –213280 –190 290 –166 He Helium 2 –172 6 –48 10 –24 a(1) = 12 14 –13 a(2) = –1 18 –7 22 –326 –1 30 1 50 670 8 90 10 110 10150 11 250 12 650 13700 13 Kr Krypton 110 –363 120 –307 130 –263 a(1) = –51 140 –229a(2) = –118 150 –201Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm 3 mol–1 TeamLRN6-27a(3) = –29 160 –178 a(4) = –5 170 –159 180 –143190 –129 200 –117 250 –75300 –51 400 –23 500 –8600 2 700 8 NO Nitric oxide 120 –232 130 –176 140 –138 a(1) = –12 150 –113 a(2) = –119 160 –96 a(3) = 89 170 –83 a(4) = –73 180 –73 190 –65 200 –58210 –52 230 –42 250 –32270 –24 N 2 Nitrogen 75 –274 100 –161 125 –104 a(1) = –4 150 –71a(2) = –56 175 –49 a(3) = –12 200 –34 225 –24250 –15 300 –4 400 9500 16 600 21 700 24 N 2O Nitrous oxide 240 –219 260 –181280 –151 a(1) = –130 300 –128 a(2) = –307 320 –110a(3) = –248 340 –96 360 –85 380 –76400 –68 Ne Neon 60 –25 80 –13 100 –6 a(1) = 10.8 120 –1a(2) = –7.5 140 2 a(3) = 0.4 160 4 180 6200 7VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 6-28VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 300 11 400 13 500 14600 15 O 2 Oxygen 90 –241 110 –161 130 –117 a(1) = –16 150 –88a(2) = –62 170 –69 a(3) = –8 190 –55 a(4) = –3 210 –44 230 –36 250 –29 270 –23290 –18 310 –14 330 –10 350 –7 400 –1 O 2S Sulfur dioxide 290 –465 320 –354 350 –276 a(1) = –430 380 –221 a(2) = –1193 410 –181 a(3) = –1029 440 –153 470 –132 Xe Xenon 160 –421 170 –377 180 –340 a(1) = –130 190 –307a(2) = –262 200 –280 a(3) = –87 210 –255 220 –234230 –215 240 –199 250 –184300 –129 350 –93 400 –69500 –39 600 –21 650 –14 Compounds Containing Carbon Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane 240 –369 290 –237 340 –165 a(1) = –223 390 –119 a(2) = –504 440 –86 a(3) = –340 490 –60 a(4) = –291 540 –39Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 TeamLRN6-29VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane 250 –769 280 –570 310 –441 a(1) = –486 340 –353 a(2) = –1217 370 –289 a(3) = –1188 400 –241a(4) = –698 430 –204 460 –174 CCl 3F Trichlorofluoromethane 240 –1140 280 –879 320 –689 a(1) = –786 360 –545 a(2) = –1428 400 –431 a(3) = –142 440 –340 480 –265 CCl4 Tetrachloromethane 320 –1345 340 –1171 360 –1040 a(1) = –1600 380 –942a(2) = –4059 400 –868 a(3) = –4653 420 –814 CF 4 Tetrafluoromethane 250 –137 300 –87 350 –55 a(1) = –88 400 –32 a(2) = –238 450 –16 a(3) = –70 500 –4 600 14 700 25 800 33 CHClF2 Chlorodifluoromethane 300 –343 325 –298350 –257 a(1) = –347 375 –221 a(2) = –575 400 –188a(3) = 187 425 –158 CHCl 2F Dichlorofluoromethane 250 –728 275 –634 300 –557 a(1) = –562 325 –491a(2) = –862 350 –434 375 –385 400 –343425 –305 450 –271 CHCl 3 Trichloromethane 320 –1001 330 –926 340 –858 a(1) = –1193 350 –797 a(2) = –2936 360 –740 a(3) = –1751 370 –689 380 –642Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 6-30VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 390 –599 400 –559 CHF3 Trifluoromethane 200 –433 220 –350 240 –288 a(1) = –177 260 –241 a(2) = –399 280 –204 a(3) = –250 300 –174 320 –151 340 –132 360 –116380 –103 400 –91 CH 2Cl2 Dichloromethane 320 –706 330 –634 340 –574 a(1) = –913 350 –524 a(2) = –3371 360 –482 a(3) = –5013 370 –447 380 –420 400 –380 420 –357 CH2F2 Difluoromethane 280 –375 290 –343300 –316 a(1) = –321 310 –294 a(2) = –754 320 –275a(3) = –1300 330 –260 340 –248 350 –238 CH 3Br Bromomethane 280 –645 290 –596300 –551 a(1) = –559 310 –509 a(2) = –1324 320 –469 340 –396 360 –332 380 –274 CH 3Cl Chloromethane 280 –466 300 –402320 –348 a(1) = –407 340 –304 a(2) = –887 360 –266a(3) = –385 380 –234 400 –206 420 –182440 –161 460 –142 480 –126500 –112 600 –58 CH 3F Fluoromethane 280 –244Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 TeamLRN6-31VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 300 –205 320 –174 a(1) = –209 340 –150a(2) = –525 360 –129 a(3) = –365 380 –112 400 –99420 –87 CH 3I Iodomethane 310 –725 320 –646 330 –582 a(1) = –844 340 –531a(2) = –3353 350 –492 a(3) = –6590 360 –462 370 –441380 –427 CH 4 Methane 110 –328 120 –276 130 –237 a(1) = –43 140 –206a(2) = –114 150 –181 a(3) = –19 160 –160 a(4) = –7 170 –143 180 –128 190 –116 200 –105250 –66 300 –43 350 –27400 –16 500 0 600 10 CH 4O Methanol 320 –1431 330 –1299340 –1174 a(1) = –1752 350 –1056 a(2) = –4694 360 –945 370 –840 380 –741 390 –646400 –557 CH 5N Methylamine 300 –451 325 –367 350 –304 a(1) = –459 375 –257a(2) = –1191 400 –220 a(3) = –995 425 –192 450 –170500 –140 550 –122 CO Carbon monoxide 210 –36 240 –24 270 –15 a(1) = –9 300 –8Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm 3 mol–1 6-32VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) a(2) = –58 330 –3 a(3) = –18 360 1 420 7480 11 CO 2 Carbon dioxide 220 –244 240 –204 260 –172 a(1) = –127 280 –146a(2) = –288 300 –126 a(3) = –118 320 –108 340 –94360 –81 380 –71 400 –62500 –30 600 –13 700 –1 800 7 900 12 1000 161100 19 CS 2 Carbon disulfide 280 –932 310 –740 340 –603 a(1) = –807 370 –504a(2) = –1829 400 –431 a(3) = –1371 430 –375 C 2Cl2F4 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 300 –801 320 –695 340 –608 a(1) = –812 360 –536 a(2) = –1773 380 –475 a(3) = –963 400 –423 420 –379 440 –341 460 –307480 –279 500 –253 C 2Cl3F3 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 290 –1041 310 –943 330 –856 a(1) = –999 350 –780 a(2) = –1479 370 –712 390 –651410 –596 430 –546 450 –500 C 2H2 Ethyne 200 –573 210 –500220 –440 a(1) = –216 230 –390 a(2) = –375 240 –349a(3) = –716 250 –315Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm 3 mol–1 TeamLRN6-33VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 260 –287 270 –263 C2H3N Ethanenitrile 330 –3468 340 –2971 350 –2563 a(1) = –5840 360 –2233 a(2) = –29175 370 –1970 a(3) = –47611 380 –1765 390 –1610 400 –1499 410 –1425 C2H4 Ethene 240 –218 270 –172300 –139 a(1) = –140 330 –113 a(2) = –296 360 –92 a(3) = –101 390 –76 420 –63 450 –52 C 2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 370 –812 390 –716410 –635 a(1) = –1362 430 –566 a(2) = –3240 450 –508a(3) = –2100 470 –458 490 –416 510 –379530 –347 550 –319 570 –295 C 2H4O Ethanal 290 –1352 320 –927350 –654 a(1) = –1217 380 –482 a(2) = –4647 410 –375a(3) = –5725 440 –314 470 –283 C 2H4O2 Methyl methanoate 320 –821 330 –744 340 –677 a(1) = –1035 350 –620 a(2) = –3425 360 –571 a(3) = –4203 370 –528 380 –492 390 –461 400 –435 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 320 –634 360 –450400 –330 a(1) = –777 440 –249 a(2) = –2205 480 –195a(3) = –1764 520 –157Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm 3 mol–1 6-34VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 560 –131 600 –114 C2H6 Ethane 200 –409 220 –337 240 –284 a(1) = –184 260 –242 a(2) = –376 280 –209 a(3) = –143 300 –181a(4) = –54 320 –159 340 –140 360 –123380 –109 400 –96 500 –52600 –24 C 2H6O Ethanol 320 –2710 330 –2135 340 –1676 a(1) = –4475 350 –1317a(2) = –29719 360 –1043 a(3) = –56716 370 –843 380 –705390 –622 C 2H6O Dimethyl ether 275 –536 280 –517 285 –499 a(1) = –455 290 –482a(2) = –965 295 –465 300 –449 305 –433310 –418 C 2H7N Dimethylamine 310 –606 320 –563 330 –523 a(1) = –662 340 –487a(2) = –1504 350 –454 a(3) = –667 360 –423 370 –395380 –369 390 –345 400 –322 C 2H7N Ethylamine 300 –773 310 –710320 –654 a(1) = –785 330 –604 a(2) = –2012 340 –558a(3) = –1397 350 –517 360 –480 370 –447380 –416 390 –389 400 –363 C 3H6 Cyclopropane 300 –383Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 TeamLRN6-35310 –356 320 –332 a(1) = –388 330 –310a(2) = –861 340 –290 a(3) = –538 350 –272 360 –256370 –241 380 –227 390 –215400 –204 C 3H6 Propene 280 –395 300 –342 320 –299 a(1) = –347 340 –262a(2) = –727 360 –232 a(3) = –325 380 –205 400 –183 420 –163 440 –146 460 –131480 –118 500 –106 C 3H6O 2-Propanone 300 –1996 320 –1522 340 –1198 a(1) = –2051 360 –971 a(2) = –8903 380 –806 a(3) = –18056 400 –683a(4) = –16448 420 –586 440 –506 460 –437480 –375 C 3H6O Ethyl methanoate 330 –1003 340 –916 350 –839 a(1) = –1371 360 –771a(2) = –4231 370 –712 a(3) = –4312 380 –660 390 –614 C 3H6O Methyl ethanoate 320 –1320 330 –1186340 –1074 a(1) = –1709 350 –980 a(2) = –6348 360 –903a(3) = –9650 370 –840 380 –789 390 –749 C 3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 310 –1001 340 –772370 –614 a(1) = –1121 400 –501 a(2) = –3271 430 –417a(3) = –3786 460 –352 a(4) = –1974 490 –302VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 6-36VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 520 –261 550 –227 580 –198 C3H8 Propane 240 –641 260 –527280 –444 a(1) = –386 300 –381 a(2) = –844 320 –331a(3) = –720 340 –292 a(4) = –574 360 –259 380 –232400 –208 440 –169 480 –138520 –112 560 –90 C 3H8O 1-Propanol 380 –873 385 –826 390 –783 a(1) = –2690 395 –744 a(2) = –12040 400 –709 a(3) = –16738 405 –679 410 –651 415 –627 420 –606 C3H8O 2-Propanol 380 –821 385 –766390 –717 a(1) = –3165 395 –674 a(2) = –16092 400 –636a(3) = –24197 405 –604 410 –576 415 –552420 –533 C 3H9N Trimethylamine 310 –675 320 –628 330 –585 a(1) = –737 340 –547a(2) = –1669 350 –512 a(3) = –986 360 –480 370 –450 C 4H8 1-Butene 300 –624 320 –539340 –470 a(1) = –633 360 –413 a(2) = –1442 380 –366a(3) = –932 400 –327 420 –294 C 4H8O 2-Butanone 310 –2056 320 –1878 330 –1712 a(1) = –2282 340 –1555Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 TeamLRN6-37VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) a(2) = –5907 350 –1407 360 –1267 370 –1135 C4H8O2 Propyl methanoate 330 –1496 340 –1354350 –1231 a(1) = –2118 360 –1126 a(2) = –7299 370 –1035a(3) = –8851 380 –957 390 –890 400 –834 C 4H8O2 Ethyl ethanoate 330 –1543 340 –1385350 –1254 a(1) = –2272 360 –1144 a(2) = –8818 370 –1055 a(3) = –13130 380 –982 390 –923 400 –878 C 4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 330 –1588 340 –1444350 –1319 a(1) = –2216 360 –1211 a(2) = –7339 370 –1117a(3) = –8658 380 –1037 390 –968 400 –908 C 4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 330 –1224 370 –898410 –691 a(1) = –1643 450 –551 a(2) = –4897 490 –449a(3) = –6178 530 –371 a(4) = –3718 570 –309 C 4H10 Butane 250 –1170 280 –863 310 –668 a(1) = –735 340 –536 a(2) = –1835 370 –442 a(3) = –1922 400 –371a(4) = –1330 430 –315 460 –270 490 –232520 –199 550 –171 C 4H10 2-Methylpropane 270 –900 300 –697 330 –553 a(1) = –707 360 –450 a(2) = –1719 390 –374 a(3) = –1282 420 –317 450 –273Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 6-38VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 480 –240 510 –215 C4H10O 1-Butanol 350 –1693 360 –1544 370 –1402 a(1) = –2629 380 –1268 a(2) = –6315 390 –1141 400 –1021420 –796 440 –593 C 4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 390 –1076 400 –979 410 –887 a(1) = –2269 420 –800 a(2) = –5065 430 –716 440 –636 C4H10O 2-Butanol 380 –1110 390 –1005400 –906 a(1) = –2232 410 –811 a(2) = –5209 420 –721 C 4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 380 –924 390 –827400 –736 a(1) = –1952 410 –649 a(2) = –4775 420 –567 C 4H10O Diethyl ether 280 –1550 300 –1199320 –954 a(1) = –1226 340 –776 a(2) = –4458 360 –638a(3) = –7746 380 –525 a(4) = –10005 400 –428 420 –340 C 4H11N Diethylamine 320 –1228 330 –1134340 –1056 a(1) = –1522 350 –988 a(2) = –5204 360 –926a(3) = –15047 370 –868 a(4) = –28835 380 –812 390 –755400 –697 C 5H5N Pyridine 350 –1257 360 –1176 370 –1099 a(1) = –1765 380 –1026a(2) = –3431 390 –957 400 –892 420 –770440 –659Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm 3 mol–1 TeamLRN6-39VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) C5H10 Cyclopentane 300 –1049 305 –1015310 –981 a(1) = –1062 315 –949 a(2) = –2116 320 –918 C 5H10 1-Pentene 310 –966 320 –898330 –836 a(1) = –1055 340 –780 a(2) = –2377 350 –729a(3) = –1189 360 –681 370 –638 380 –598390 –561 400 –527 410 –495 C 5H10O 2-Pentanone 330 –2850 340 –2420350 –2076 a(1) = –4962 360 –1804 a(2) = –26372 370 –1595a(3) = –46537 380 –1440 390 –1332 C 5H12 Pentane 300 –1234 310 –1130 320 –1038 a(1) = –1254 330 –957 a(2) = –3345 340 –884 a(3) = –2726 350 –818 400 –579 450 –436 500 –348550 –294 C 5H12 2-Methylbutane 280 –1263 290 –1166 300 –1079 a(1) = –1095 310 –1001a(2) = –2503 320 –931 a(3) = –1534 330 –867 340 –810350 –757 400 –557 450 –424 C 5H12 2,2-Dimethylpropane 300 –916 310 –843320 –780 a(1) = –931 330 –724 a(2) = –2387 340 –674a(3) = –2641 350 –629 a(4) = –1810 360 –590 370 –554 380 –521 390 –492Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm 3 mol–1 6-40Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 400 –464 450 –357 500 –279550 –218 C 6H6 Benzene 290 –1588 300 –1454 310 –1335 a(1) = –1477 320 –1231a(2) = –3851 330 –1139 a(3) = –3683 340 –1056 a(4) = –1423 350 –983 400 –712 450 –542 500 –429550 –349 600 –291 C 6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 360 –1656 370 –1523 380 –1404 a(1) = –2940 390 –1297 a(2) = –8813 400 –1202 a(3) = –7809 410 –1117 420 –1040 430 –972 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine 380 –1819 390 –1612 400 –1448 a(1) = –6304 410 –1322 a(2) = –30415 420 –1230 a(3) = –44549 430 –1166 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 380 –1787 390 –1578400 –1417 a(1) = –6553 410 –1297 a(2) = –32873 420 –1214a(3) = –49874 430 –1163 C 6H12 Cyclohexane 300 –1698 320 –1391 340 –1170 a(1) = –1733 360 –1007a(2) = –5618 380 –883 a(3) = –9486 400 –786 a(4) = –7936 420 –707 440 –641 460 –584 480 –534500 –488 520 –446 540 –406560 –368 C 6H12 Methylcyclopentane 305 –1447 315 –1357 TeamLRN6-41325 –1272 a(1) = –1512 335 –1192a(2) = –2910 345 –1117 C 6H14 Hexane 300 –1920 310 –1724 320 –1561 a(1) = –1961 330 –1424a(2) = –6691 340 –1309 a(3) = –13167 350 –1209 a(4) = –15273 360 –1123 370 –1046 380 –978 390 –916400 –859 410 –806 430 –707450 –616 C 6H15N Triethylamine 330 –1562 340 –1444 350 –1340 a(1) = –2061 360 –1249a(2) = –5735 370 –1169 a(3) = –5899 380 –1099 390 –1037400 –983 C 7H8 Toluene 350 –1641 360 –1511 370 –1394 a(1) = –2620 380 –1289a(2) = –7548 390 –1195 a(3) = –6349 400 –1110 410 –1034420 –965 430 –903 C 7H14 1-Heptene 340 –1781 350 –1651 360 –1532 a(1) = –2491 370 –1424 a(2) = –6230 380 –1324 a(3) = –3780 390 –1233 400 –1150 410 –1073 C7H16 Heptane 300 –2782 320 –2297 340 –1928 a(1) = –2834 360 –1641 a(2) = –8523 380 –1415 a(3) = –10068 400 –1233a(4) = –5051 420 –1085 440 –963 460 –862 480 –775 500 –702Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm 3 mol–1VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) 6-42VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form. Name T/K B/cm3 mol–1 540 –583 580 –490 620 –416660 –355 700 –304 C 8H10 1,2-Dimethylbenzene 380 –2046 390 –1848 400 –1681 a(1) = –5632 410 –1543 a(2) = –22873 420 –1428 a(3) = –28900 430 –1335 440 –1261 C8H10 1,3-Dimethylbenzene 380 –2082 390 –1865 400 –1679 a(1) = –5808 410 –1521 a(2) = –23244 420 –1388 a(3) = –27607 430 –1276 440 –1184 C8H10 1,4-Dimethylbenzene 380 –2043 390 –1851400 –1680 a(1) = –4921 410 –1529 a(2) = –16843 420 –1395a(3) = –16159 430 –1276 440 –1171 C 8H16 1-Octene 360 –2147 370 –2000 380 –1861 a(1) = –3273 390 –1729 a(2) = –6557 400 –1604 410 –1485 C8H18 Octane 300 –4042 350 –2511400 –1704 a(1) = –4123 450 –1234 a(2) = –13120 500 –936a(3) = –16408 550 –732 a(4) = –8580 600 –583 650 –468700 –375 TeamLRN6-43VAN DER WAALS CONSTANTS FOR GASES The van der Waals equation of state for a real gas is (P + n2a/V2)(V - nb) = nRT where P is the pressure, V the volume, T the temperature, n the amount of substance (in moles), and R the gas constant. The van der Waals constants a and b are characteristic of the substance and are independent of temperature. They are related to the critical temperature and pres sure, Tc and Pc, by a = 27R2Tc2/64Pc b = RTc /8Pc This table gives values of a and b for some common gases. Most of the values have been calculated from the critical temperature and pressure values given in the table “Critical Constants” in this section. Van der Waals constants for other gases may easily be calculate d from the data in that table. To convert the van der Waals constants to SI units, note that 1 bar L2/mol2 = 0.1 Pa m6/mol2 and 1 L/mol = 0.001 m3/mol. REFERENCE Reid, R.C, Prausnitz, J. M., and Poling, B.E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. ab Substance bar L2/mol2L/mol Acetic acid 17.71 0.1065 Acetone 16.02 0.1124Acetylene 4.516 0.0522 Ammonia 4.225 0.0371 Aniline 29.14 0.1486Argon 1.355 0.0320 Benzene 18.82 0.1193 Bromine 9.75 0.0591Butane 13.89 0.1164 1-Butanol 20.94 0.1326 2-Butanone 19.97 0.1326Carbon dioxide 3.658 0.0429 Carbon disulfide 11.25 0.0726 Carbon monoxide 1.472 0.0395Chlorine 6.343 0.0542 Chlorobenzene 25.80 0.1454 Chloroethane 11.66 0.0903Chloromethane 7.566 0.0648 Cyclohexane 21.92 0.1411 Cyclopropane 8.34 0.0747Decane 52.74 0.3043 1-Decanol 59.51 0.3086 Diethyl ether 17.46 0.1333Dimethyl ether 8.690 0.0774 Dodecane 69.38 0.3758 1-Dodecanol 75.70 0.3750Ethane 5.580 0.0651 Ethanol 12.56 0.0871 Ethylene 4.612 0.0582Fluorine 1.171 0.0290 Furan 12.74 0.0926 Helium 0.0346 0.0238Heptane 31.06 0.2049 1-Heptanol 38.17 0.2150 Hexane 24.84 0.17441-Hexanol 31.79 0.1856 Hydrazine 8.46 0.0462 Hydrogen 0.2452 0.0265 Hydrogen bromide 4.500 0.0442 Hydrogen chloride 3.700 0.0406 Hydrogen cyanide 11.29 0.0881Hydrogen fluoride 9.565 0.0739 Hydrogen iodide 6.309 0.0530Hydrogen sulfide 4.544 0.0434 Isobutane 13.32 0.1164Krypton 5.193 0.0106 Methane 2.303 0.0431 Methanol 9.476 0.0659Methylamine 7.106 0.0588 Neon 0.208 0.0167 Neopentane 17.17 0.1411Nitric oxide 1.46 0.0289 Nitrogen 1.370 0.0387 Nitrogen dioxide 5.36 0.0443Nitrogen trifluoride 3.58 0.0545 Nitrous oxide 3.852 0.0444 Octane 37.88 0.23741-Octanol 44.71 0.2442 Oxygen 1.382 0.0319 Ozone 3.570 0.0487Pentane 19.09 0.1449 1-Pentanol 25.88 0.1568 Phenol 22.93 0.1177Propane 9.39 0.0905 1-Propanol 16.26 0.1079 2-Propanol 15.82 0.1109Propene 8.442 0.0824 Pyridine 19.77 0.1137 Pyrrole 18.82 0.1049Silane 4.38 0.0579 Sulfur dioxide 6.865 0.0568 Sulfur hexafluoride 7.857 0.0879Tetrachloromethane 20.01 0.1281 Tetrachlorosilane 20.96 0.1470 Tetrafluoroethylene 6.954 0.0809Tetrafluoromethane 4.040 0.0633 Tetrafluorosilane 5.259 0.0724 Tetrahydrofuran 16.39 0.1082Thiophene 17.21 0.1058 Toluene 24.86 0.1497 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 20.15 0.1317 Trichloromethane 15.34 0.1019 Trifluoromethane 5.378 0.0640 Trimethylamine 13.37 0.1101Water 5.537 0.0305 Xenon 4.192 0.0516ab Substance bar L 2/mol2L/mol 6-44MEAN FREE PATH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF GASES In the simplest version of the kinetic theory of gases, molecules are treated as hard spheres of diameter d which make binary collisions only. In this approximation the mean distance traveled by a molecule between successive collisions, the mean free path l , is related to the collision diameter by: where P is the pressure, T the absolute temperature, and k the Boltzmann constant. At standard conditions ( P = 100 000 Pa and T = 298.15 K) this relation becomes: where l and d are in meters. Using the same model and the same standard pressure, the collision diameter can be calculated from the viscosity η by the kinetic theory relation: where η is in units of µPa s and M is the molar mass in g/mol. Kinetic theory also gives a relation for the mean velocity v of molecules of mass m: Finally, the mean time τ between collisions can be calculated from the relation τv = l. The table below gives values of l , v, and τ for some common gases at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure, as well as the value of d, all calculated from measured gas viscosities (see References 2 and 3 and the table “Viscosity of Gases” in this section). It is seen from the above equations that the mean free path varies directly with T and inversely with P, while the mean velocity varies as the square root of T and, in this approximation, is independent of P. A more accurate model, in which molecular interactions are described by a Lennard-Jones potential, gives mean free path values about 5% lower than this table (see Reference 4). REFERENCES 1. Reid, R.C., Prausnitz, J.M., and Poling, B.E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. 2. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 3. Vargaftik, N.B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Second Edition , John Wiley, New York, 1975. 4. Kaye, G.W.C., and Laby, T.H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th Edition, Longman, London, 1986.ld=⋅92 71 027 2.± η=⋅() 26 71 020 12 2.± /MT d Gas dl v τ Air 3.66 ⋅10-10 m 6.91 ⋅10-8 m 467 m/s 148 ps Ar 3.58 7.22 397 182 CO2 4.53 4.51 379 119 H2 2.71 12.6 1769 71 He 2.15 20.0 1256 159 Kr 4.08 5.58 274 203 N2 3.70 6.76 475 142 NH3 4.32 4.97 609 82 Ne 2.54 14.3 559 256 O2 3.55 7.36 444 166 Xe 4.78 4.05 219 185lkT Pd= π22 vkT mTM =  =()8145 512 12 π/ /./ / ms TeamLRN6-45INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON FREEZING POINTS This table illustrates the variation of the freezing point of representative types of liquids with pressure. Substances are lis ted in alphabetical order. Note that 1 MPa = 0.01 kbar = 9.87 atm. REFERENCES 1. Isaacs, N.S., Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry , John Wiley, New York, 1981. 2. Merrill, L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 6, 1205, 1977; 11, 1005, 1982. Substance Molecular Freezing point in °C at: formula 0.1 MPa 100 MPa 1000 MPa Acetic acid C2H4O2 16.6 37 Acetophenone C 8H8O 20.0 41.2 Aniline C 6H7N –6.0 13.5 140 Benzene C6H6 5.5 33.4 Benzonitrile C 7H5N –12.8 7.6 Benzyl alcohol C 7H8O –15.2 0.2 Bromobenzene C6H5Br –30.6 –12 108 Bromoethane C 2H5Br –118.6 –108 1-Bromonaphthalene C 10H7Br –1.8 6.1 1-Bromopropane C3H7Br –110 –98 p-Bromotoluene C 7H7Br 28.0 56.7 Butanoic acid C4H8O2 –5.7 13.8 1-Butanol C4H10O –89.8 –77.2 Carbon disulfide CS2 –111.5 –98 Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl –45.2 –28 84 p-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl 6.9 33.1 o-Cresol C7H8O 29.8 47.7 m-Cresol C7H8O 11.8 25.6 p-Cresol C7H8O 35.8 56.2 Cyclohexane C6H12 6.6 32.5 Cyclohexanol C6H12O 25.5 62.3 1,2-Dibromoethane C2H4Br2 9.9 34.0 p-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 52.7 79.1 Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 –95.1 –83 N,N-Dimethylaniline C8H11N 2.5 26.3 1,4-Dioxane C4H8O2 11 23 Ethanol C2H6O –114.1 –108 Formamide CH3NO –15.5 10.8 Formic acid CH2O2 8.3 20.6 Furan C4H4O –85.6 –73 Hexamethyldisiloxane C6H18OSi2 –66 –37 Menthol C10H20O4 2 6 0 Methyl benzoate C8H8O2 –15 31.8 2-Methyl-2-butanol C5H12O –8.8 13.4 2-Methyl-2-propanol C4H10O 25.4 58.1 Naphthalene C10H8 78.2 115.7 Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 5.7 13.5 m-Nitrotoluene C 7H7NO2 15.5 40.6 Pentachloroethane C 2HCl5 –29.0 –6.3 Potassium K 63.7 78 170 Potassium chloride ClK 771 945 Propanoic acid C 3H6O2 –20.7 –1.2 Silver chloride AgCl 455 545 Sodium Na 97.8 106 167 Sodium chloride ClNa 800.7 997Sodium fluoride FNa 996 1115 Tetrachloromethane CCl 4 –23.0 14.2 Tribromomethane CHBr 3 8.1 31.5 Trichloromethane CHCl3 –63.6 –45.2 Water H 2O 0.0 –9.0 o-Xylene C8H10 –25.2 –3.5 m-Xylene C8H10 –47.8 –25.2 p-Xylene C 8H10 13.2 46.0 6-49CRITICAL CONSTANTS The parameters of the liquid–gas critical point are important constants in determining the behavior of fluids. This table lists the critical temperature, pressure, and molar volume, as well as the normal boiling point, for approximately 850 inorganic and organic substances. The pr operties and their units are: Tb:Normal boiling point in kelvins at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere); an “s” following the value indicates a sublimatio n point (temperature at which the solid is in equilibrium with the gas at a pressure of 101.325 kPa) Tc:Critical temperature in kelvins Pc:Critical pressure in megapascals Vc:Critical molar volume in cm3/mol The number of digits given for Tb, Tc, and Pc indicates the estimated accuracy of these quantities; however, values of Tc greater than 750 K may be in error by 10 K or more. Although most Vc values are given to three figures, they cannot be assumed accurate to better than a few percent. All values are experimentally determined except for a few values, indicated by an asterisk*, which are based on extrapolations. Methods of measurement are described and critiqued in Reference 1. Many of the critical constants in this table are taken from reviews produced by the IUPAC Commission on Thermodynamics (Referen ces 1– 8). Compounds are listed by molecular formula in modified Hill order, with compounds not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. The assistance of Douglas Ambrose is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES 1. Ambrose, D., and Young, C. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 345, 1995. [IUPAC Part 1] 2. Ambrose, D., and Tsonopoulos, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 531, 1995. [IUPAC Part 2] 3. Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 40, 547, 1995. [IUPAC Part 3] 4. Gude, M., and Teja, A. S., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 40, 1025, 1995. [IUPAC Part 4] 5. Daubert, T. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 41, 365, 1996. [IUPAC Part 5] 6. Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 41, 645, 1996. [IUPAC Part 6] 7. Kudcharker, A. P., Ambrose, D., and Tsonopoulos, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 46, 457, 2001. [IUPAC Part 7] 8. Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 480, 2001. [IUPAC Part 8] 9. Ambrose, D., “Vapor-Liquid Constants of Fluids”, in Stevenson, R. M., and Malanowski, S., Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds , Elsevier, New York, 1987. 10. Das, A., Frenkel, M., Gadalla, N. A. M., Kudchadker, S., Marsh, K. N., Rodgers, A. S., and Wilhoit, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 22, 659, 1993. 11. Wilson, L. C., Wilson, H. L., Wilding, W. V., and Wilson, G. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 1252, 1996. 12. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation , extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 13. Morton, D. W., Lui, M. P. W., Tran, C. A., and Young, C. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 437, 2000. 14. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, L. C., Giles, N. F., and Wilson, G. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 45, 154, 2000. 15. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, G. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 45, 157, 2000. 16. Nikitin, E. D., Popov, A. P., Bogatishcheva, N. S., and Yatluk, Y. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 1012, 2002. 17. Wilson, G. M., VonNiederhausern, D. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 761, 2002. 18. Wang, B. H., Adcock, J. L., Mathur, S. B., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 23, 699, 1991. 19. Chae, H. B., Schmidt, J. W., and Moldover, M. R., J. Phys. Chem . 94, 8840, 1990. 20. Dillon, I. G., Nelson, P. A., and Swanson, B. S., J. Chem. Phys . 44, 4229, 1966. 21. Physical Constants of Hydrocarbon and Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds , ASTM Data Series DS 4B, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1988. 22. Nowak, P., Tielkes, T., Kleinraum, R., and Wagner, W., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 29, 885, 1997. 23. Steele, W. V., Chirico, R. D., Nguyen, A., and Knipmeyer, S. E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 27, 311, 1995 24. Duan, Y. Y., Shi, L., Zhu, M. S., and Han, L. Z., J. Chem. Eng. Data 44, 501, 1999. 25. Weber, L. A., and Defibaugh, D. R., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 382, 1996. 26. Duarte-Garza, H. A., Hwang, C. A., Kellerman, S. A., Miller, R. C., Hall, K. R., and Holste, J. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 497, 1997. 27. Weber, L. A., and Defibaugh, D. R., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 1477, 1996. 28. Fujiwara, K., Nakamura, S., and Noguchi, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 55, 1998. 29. Widiatmo, J. V., Morimoto, Y., and Watanabe, K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 1246, 2002. 30. Duarte-Garza, H. A., Stouffer, C. E., Hall, K. R., Holste, J. C., Marsh, K. N., and Gammon, B. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 745, 1997. 31. Nikitin, E. D., Pavlov, P. A., Popov, A. P., and Nikitina, H. E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 27, 945, 1995. 32. Sako, T., Sato, M., Nakazawa, N., Oowa, M., Yasumoto, M., Ito, H., and Yamashita, S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 802, 1996. 33. Zhang, H-L, Sato, H., and Watanabe, K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 1281, 1995. 34. Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 63, 1994. 35. Younglove, B. A., and McLinden, M. O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 731, 1994. 36. Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 657, 1994. 37. Xiang, H. W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 30, 1161, 2001. 38. Goodwin, A. H. R., Defibaugh, D. R., and Weber, L. A., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 846, 1998. TeamLRN6-5039. Lim, J. S., Park, K. H., Lee, B. G., and Kim, J-D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1580, 2001. 40. Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Eds., NIST Chemistry WebBook , NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, July 2001, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, http://webbook.nist.gov. 41. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001 , Chapter 19. Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2001. 42. Fialho, P. S., and Nieto de Castro, C. A., Int. J. Thermophys. 21, 385, 2000. 43. Vargaftik, N. B., Int. J. Thermophys . 11, 467, 1990 44. Vargaftik, N.B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition , Begell House, New York, 1996. 45. Schmidt, J. W., Carrillo-Nava, E., and Moldover, M. R., Fluid Phase Equilibria , 122, 187, 1996. 46. Defibaugh, D. R., Gillis, K. A., Moldover, M. R., Morrison, G., and Schmidt, J. W., Fluid Phase Equilibria 81, 285, 1992. 47. Salvi-Narkhede, M., Wang, B-H., Adcock, J. L., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 24, 1065, 1992.CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. AlBr3 Aluminum bromide 528 763 2.89 310 9 AlCl3 Aluminum chloride 453 s 620 2.63 257 9 AlI3 Aluminum iodide 655 983 408 9 Ar Argon 87.30 150.87 4.898 75 9As Arsenic 876 1673 35 9 AsCl 3 Arsenic(III) chloride 403 654 252 9 AsH3 Arsine 210.7 373.1 9 BBr3 Boron tribromide 364 581 272 9 BCl3 Boron trichloride 285.80 455 3.87 239 9 BF3 Boron trifluoride 172 260.8 4.98 115 9 BI3 Boron triiodide 482.7 773 356 9 B2H6 Diborane 180.8 289.8 4.05 9 BiBr3 Bismuth tribromide 726 1220 301 9 BiCl3 Bismuth trichloride 720 1179 12.0 261 9 BrH Hydrogen bromide 206.77 363.2 8.55 9 BrI Iodine bromide 389 719 139 9Br 2 Bromine 332.0 588 10.34 127 9 Br2Hg Mercury(II) bromide 595 1012 9 Br3Ga Gallium(III) bromide 552 806.7 303 9 Br3HSi Tribromosilane 382 610.0 305 9 Br3P Phosphorus(III) bromide 446.4 711 300 9 Br3Sb Antimony(III) bromide 553 904 300 9 Br4Ge Germanium(IV) bromide 459.50 718 392 9 Br4Hf Hafnium(IV) bromide 596 s 746 415 9 Br4Si Tetrabromosilane 427 663 382 9 Br4Sn Tin(IV) bromide 478 744 417 9 Br4Ti Titanium(IV) bromide 503 795.7 391 9 Br4Zr Zirconium(IV) bromide 633 s 805 424 9 Br5Ta Tantalum(V) bromide 622 974 461 9 ClFO 3 Perchloryl fluoride 226.40 368.4 5.37 161 9 ClF2N Nitrogen chloride difluoride 206 337.5 5.15 9 ClF2P Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride 225.9 362.4 4.52 9 ClF 2PS Phosphorothioc chloride difluoride 279.5 439.2 4.14 9 ClF3Si Chlorotrifluorosilane 203.2 307.7 3.46 9 ClF5 Chlorine pentafluoride 260.1 416 5.27 233 9 ClF 5S Sulfur chloride pentafluoride 254.10 390.9 9 ClH Hydrogen chloride 188 324.7 8.31 81 9ClH 4N Ammonium chloride 611 s 1155 163.5 9 ClH 4P Phosphonium chloride 246 s 322.3 7.37 9 ClNO Nitrosyl chloride 267.7 440 9 ClOV Vanadyl chloride 400 636 171 9 Cl2 Chlorine 239.11 416.9 7.991 123 9 Cl2FP Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride 287.00 463.0 4.96 9 Cl2F2Si Dichlorodifluorosilane 241 369.0 3.5 9 6-51CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Cl2Hg Mercury(II) chloride 577 973 174 9 Cl2OSe Selenium oxychloride 450 730 7.09 235 9 Cl3FSi Trichlorofluorosilane 285.40 438.6 3.58 9 Cl3Ga Gallium(III) chloride 474 694 263 9 Cl3HSi Trichlorosilane 306 479 268 9 Cl3P Phosphorus(III) chloride 349.3 563 264 9 Cl3Sb Antimony(III) chloride 493.5 794 272 9 Cl4Ge Germanium(IV) chloride 359.70 553.2 3.861 330 9 Cl4Hf Hafnium(IV) chloride 590 s 725.7 5.42 314 9 Cl4ORe Rhenium(VI) oxytetrachloride 496 781 362 9 Cl4OW Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride 500.70 782 338 9 Cl4Si Tetrachlorosilane 330.80 508.1 3.593 326 9 Cl4Sn Tin(IV) chloride 387.30 591.9 3.75 351 9 Cl4Te Tellurium tetrachloride 660 1002 8.56 310 9 Cl4Ti Titanium(IV) chloride 409.60 638 4.66 339 9 Cl4Zr Zirconium(IV) chloride 604 s 778 5.77 319 9 Cl5Mo Molybdenum(V) chloride 541 850 369 9 Cl5Nb Niobium(V) chloride 527.2 803.5 4.88 397 9 Cl5P Phosphorus(V) chloride 433 s 646 9 Cl5Ta Tantalum(V) chloride 512.50 767 402 9 Cl6W Tungsten(VI) chloride 619.90 923 422 9 Cs Cesium 944 1938 9.4 341 43FH Hydrogen fluoride 293 461 6.48 69 9 FNO 2 Nitryl fluoride 200.8 349.5 9 F2 Fluorine 85.03 144.13 5.172 66 9 F2HN Difluoramine 250 403 9 F2N2 cis-Difluorodiazine 167.40 272 7.09 9 F2N2 trans -Difluorodiazine 161.70 260 5.57 9 F2O Fluorine monoxide 128.40 215 9 F2Xe Xenon difluoride 387.50 631 9.32 148 9 F3N Nitrogen trifluoride 144.40 234.0 4.46 126 9 F3NO Trifluoramine oxide 185.7 303 6.43 147 9 F3P Phosphorus(III) fluoride 171.4 271.2 4.33 9 F3PS Phosphorothioc trifluoride 220.90 346.0 3.82 9 F4N2 Tetrafluorohydrazine 199 309 3.75 9 F4S Sulfur tetrafluoride 232.70 364 9 F4Si Tetrafluorosilane 187 259.0 3.72 9 F4Xe Xenon tetrafluoride 388.90 612 7.04 188 9 F5Nb Niobium(V) fluoride 502 737 6.28 155 9 F6Mo Molybdenum(VI) fluoride 307.2 473 4.75 226 9 F6S Sulfur hexafluoride 209.35 318.69 3.77 199 9 F6Se Selenium hexafluoride 226.55 345.5 9 F6Te Tellurium hexafluoride 234.25 356 9 F6U Uranium(VI) fluoride 329.65 505.8 4.66 250 9 F6W Tungsten(VI) fluoride 290.3 444 4.34 233 9 GaI3 Gallium(III) iodide 613 951 395 9 GeH4 Germane 185.1 312.2 4.95 147 9 GeI 4 Germanium(IV) iodide 650 973 500 9 HI Hydrogen iodide 237.60 424.0 8.31 9H 2 Hydrogen 20.28 32.97 1.293 65 9 H2O Water 373.2 647.14 22.06 56 9 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide 423.4 728* 22* 31 H2S Hydrogen sulfide 213.60 373.2 8.94 99 9 H2Se Hydrogen selenide 231.90 411 8.92 9 H3N Ammonia 239.82 405.5 11.35 72 9 H3P Phosphine 185.40 324.5 6.54 9 H4N2 Hydrazine 386.70 653 14.7 9 He Helium 4.22 5.19 0.227 57 9HfI 4 Hafnium iodide 667 s 916 528 9Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. TeamLRN6-52Hg Mercury 629.88 1750 172.00 43 9 HgI2 Mercury(II) iodide 627 1072 9 I2 Iodine 457.6 819 155 9 I3Sb Antimony(III) iodide 674 1102 9 I4Si Tetraiodosilane 560.50 944 558 9 I4Sn Tin(IV) iodide 637.50 968 531 9 I4Ti Titanium(IV) iodide 650 1040 505 9 I4Zr Zirconium(IV) iodide 704 s 960 530 9 K Potassium 1032 2223* 16* 209* 20 Kr Krypton 119.93 209.41 5.50 91 9Li Lithium 1615 3223* 67* 66* 20 NO Nitric oxide 121.41 180 6.48 58 9 N 2 Nitrogen 77.36 126.21 3.39 90 9 N2O Nitrous oxide 184.67 309.57 7.255 97 9 N2O4 Nitrogen tetroxide 294.30 431 10.1 167 9 Na Sodium 1156 2573* 35* 116* 20Ne Neon 27.07 44.4 2.76 42 9 O 2 Oxygen 90.20 154.59 5.043 73 9 O2S Sulfur dioxide 263.10 430.8 7.884 122 9 O3 Ozone 161.80 261.1 5.57 89 9 O3S Sulfur trioxide 318 491.0 8.2 127 9 O4Os Osmium(VIII) oxide 408 678 9 O7Re2 Rhenium(VII) oxide 633 942 334 9 P Phosphorus 553.7 994 9 Rb Rubidium 961 2093* 16* 247* 20Rn Radon 211.5 377 6.28 9 S Sulfur 717.75 1314 20.7 9 Se Selenium 958 1766 27.2 9Xe Xenon 165.03 289.77 5.841 118 34 CBrClF 2 Bromochlorodifluoromethane 269.5 426.88 4.254 246 9 CBrF3 Bromotrifluoromethane 215.4 340.2 3.97 196 9 CBr2F2 Dibromodifluoromethane 295.91 471.3 4.45 9 CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane 191.8 302 3.870 180 9 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane 243.4 384.95 4.136 217 9 CCl2O Carbonyl chloride [Phosgene] 281 455 5.67 190 9 CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane 296.9 471.1 4.47 247 18 CCl4 Tetrachloromethane 350.0 556.6 4.516 276 9 CF3I Trifluoroiodomethane 250.7 396.44 3.953 226 24 CF4 Tetrafluoromethane 145.2 227.6 3.74 140 9 CHBrF2 Bromodifluoromethane 258.6 411.98 5.132 275 47 CHClF2 Chlorodifluoromethane 232.5 369.5 5.035 164 18 CHCl2F Dichlorofluoromethane 282.1 451.58 5.18 196 9 CHCl3 Trichloromethane 334.32 536.4 5.47 239 9 CHF3 Trifluoromethane 191.1 298.98 4.82 133 42 CHN Hydrogen cyanide 299 456.7 5.39 139 9 CH2ClF Chlorofluoromethane 264.1 427 5.70 37 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 313 510 6.10 9 CH 2F2 Difluoromethane 221.6 351.56 5.83 123 42 CH2O2 Formic acid 374 588 7 CH3Cl Chloromethane 249.06 416.25 6.679 139 9 CH 3Cl3Si Methyltrichlorosilane 338.8 517 3.28 348 9 CH3F Fluoromethane 194.8 317.8 5.88 113 9 CH3I Iodomethane 315.58 528 9 CH 3NO2 Nitromethane 374.34 588 5.87 173 9 CH4 Methane 111.67 190.56 4.599 98.60 2 CH4O Methanol 337.8 512.5 8.084 117 4 CH4S Methanethiol 279.1 470 7.23 147 8 CH5ClSi Chloromethylsilane 280 517.8 9 CH5N Methylamine 266.83 430.7 7.614 9CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. 6-53CH6N2 Methylhydrazine 360.7 567 8.24 271 9 CH 6Si Methylsilane 215.7 352.4 8 CO Carbon monoxide 81.7 132.91 3.499 93 9COS Carbon oxysulfide 223 375 5.88 137 9 CO 2 Carbon dioxide 194.6 s 304.13 7.375 94 22 CS2 Carbon disulfide 319 552 7.90 173 9 C2Br2ClF3 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 366 560.7 3.61 368 9 C2Br2F4 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 320.50 487.8 3.393 341 9 C2ClF3 Chlorotrifluoroethene 245.4 379 4.05 212 9 C2ClF5 Chloropentafluoroethane 234.1 353.2 3.229 252 9 C2Cl2F4 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 276.6 418.6 3.30 294 9 C2Cl2F4 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 276.7 418.78 3.252 297 42 C2Cl3F3 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 318.7 482.9 40 C2Cl3F3 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 320.9 487.3 3.42 325 9 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethene 394.5 620.2 9 C2Cl4F2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 366.0 551 9 C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane 457.85 695 3.34* 412* 12 C2F3N Trifluoroacetonitrile 204.4 311.11 3.618 202 9 C2F4 Tetrafluoroethene 197.3 306.5 3.94 172 9 C2F6 Hexafluoroethane 195.1 293 222 9 C2HClF2 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 254.7 400.6 4.46 197 9 C2HClF4 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 261.5 399.9 3.72 244 9 C2HClF4 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 261 395.65 3.643 244 42 C2HCl2F3 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 302.7 461.6 278 19 C2HCl2F3 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 300.97 456.83 3.661 278 35 C2HCl3 Trichloroethene 360.36 544.2 5.02 9 C2HF3O2 Trifluoroacetic acid 346 491.3 3.258 204 9 C2HF5 Pentafluoroethane 225.1 339.17 3.620 208.0 29,30 C2HF5O Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether 235 354.0 3.33 192 25, 45,46 C2H2 Acetylene 188.45 308.3 6.138 112.2 6 C2H2ClF3 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 279.3 425.01 228 40 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 333.3 544.2 9 C2H2Cl2 trans -1,2-Dichloroethene 321.9 516.5 5.51 9 C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 418.4 661.15 9 C2H2F2 1,1-Difluoroethene 187.5 302.9 4.46 154 9 C2H2F4 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 247.07 374.18 4.065 198 36 C2H2F4 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane 253.3 391.74 4.615 191 19,42 C2H2F4O Bis(difluoromethyl) ether 275 420.25 4.228 223 46 C2H3Cl Chloroethene [Vinyl chloride] 259.4 432 5.67 179 12 C2H3ClF2 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 264.1 410.34 4.048 225 19,32 C2H3Cl2F 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 305.2 477.5 4.194 255 26,42 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 347.24 545 4.30 9 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 387.0 602* 4.48* 281* 12 C2H3F Fluoroethene 201 327.9 5.24 144 9 C2H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 225.90 345.86 3.764 194 27,28 C2H3F3 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 276.9 429.8 5.241 207 40 C2H3F3O Methyl trifluoromethyl ether 249.49 378.02 3.588 228 47 C2H3N Acetonitrile 354.80 545.6 4.884 173 14 C2H4 Ethylene [Ethene] 169.38 282.34 5.041 131 6 C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane 404.8 583.0 7.2 9 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 330.5 523 5.07 236 9 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 356.7 561 5.4 225 9 C2H4F2 1,1-Difluoroethane 249.10 386.7 4.50 181 9,19 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 293.3 466 154 7 C2H4O Oxirane [Ethylene oxide] 283.8 469 7.2 142 7 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 391.1 590.7 5.78 171 7 C2H4O2 Methyl formate 304.9 487.2 6.00 172 7 C2H5Br Bromoethane 311.7 503.9 6.23 215 9CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. TeamLRN6-54C2H5Cl Chloroethane 285.5 460.4 5.3 9 C2H5F Fluoroethane 235.5 375.31 5.028 9 C2H6 Ethane 184.6 305.32 4.872 145.5 2 C2H6Cl2Si Dichlorodimethylsilane 343.5 520.4 3.49 350 9 C2H6OE thanol 351.44 514.0 6.137 168 4 C2H6O Dimethyl ether 248.4 400.2 5.34 168 7 C2H6O2 1,2-Ethanediol 470.5 720 8 7,14 C2H6S Ethanethiol 308.2 499 5.49 207 8 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide 310.48 503 5.53 203.7 8 C2H6S2 Dimethyl disulfide 382.89 615 8 C2H7N Ethylamine 289.7 456 5.62 182 9 C2H7N Dimethylamine 280.03 437.22 5.340 9 C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine 390 613.1 6.707 11,12 C2N2 Cyanogen 252.1 400 5.98 9 C3ClF5O Chloropentafluoroacetone 281 410.6 2.878 9 C3Cl2F6 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane 308.9 453 2.753 41 C3F6O Perfluoroacetone 245.8 357.14 2.84 329 9 C3F6O Perfluorooxetane 244.8 361.8 3.03 272 18,47 C3F8 Perfluoropropane 236.6 345.1 2.680 299 9 C3F8O2 Perfluorodimethoxymethane 263 372.3 2.333 363 18 C3HF7 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane 256.8 374.89 2.929 274 39,47 C3HF7O Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 270 387.78 2.293 337 18,47 C3H2F6 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 279.3 412.38 3.412 269 33 C3H2F6 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 272.2 398.07 45 C3H2F6O 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether 296.50 428.95 3.050 315 32 C3H3F3 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 256 376.2 3.80 211 9 C3H3F5 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane 288.5 427.20 45 C3H3F5 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 255.8 380.11 3.137 273 9 C3H3F5 1,1,2,2,3-Pentafluoropropane 298.2 447.57 45 C3H3F5O Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether 278.74 406.80 2.887 301 32 C3H3F5O Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether 302.39 443.99 38 C3H3N Acrylonitrile 350.5 540 4.660 11,12 C3H3NO Isoxazole 368 552.0 9 C3H4 Allene 238.8 394 5.25 6 C3H4 Propyne 250.0 402.4 5.63 163.5 6 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 318.3 514 9 C3H5F3O 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether 304.77 448.98 3.513 277 32 C3H5N Propanenitrile 370.29 561.3 4.26 229 9 C3H6 Propene 225.46 364.9 4.60 185 6 C3H6 Cyclopropane 240.34 398.0 5.54 162 5 C3H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloropropane 369.6 578.5 13 C3H6Cl2 1,3-Dichloropropane 394.1 614.6 13 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 370.2 545.1 4 C3H6O Propanal 321 505 5.26 204 7 C3H6O Acetone 329.20 508.1 4.700 213 7 C3H6O Methyloxirane [1,2-Propylene oxide] 308 485 5.2 190 7 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid 414.30 598.5 4.67 233 7 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 327.6 508.54 4.74 229 7 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 330.02 506.5 4.750 228 7 C3H6O3 Dimethyl carbonate 363.7 557 4.80 252 7 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 319.7 503 4.58 9 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane 308.9 484 13 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide 426 649.6 262 9 C3H8 Propane 231.1 369.83 4.248 200 2 C3H8O 1-Propanol 370.4 536.8 5.169 218 4 C3H8O 2-Propanol 355.5 508.3 4.764 222 4 C3H8O Ethyl methyl ether 280.6 437.9 4.38 222 7 C3H8O2 1,2-Propylene glycol 460.8 676.4 5.941 7,14CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. 6-55C3H8O2 1,3-Propylene glycol [Trimethylene glycol] 487.6 718.2 6.55 14,17 C3H8O2 2-Methoxyethanol [Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether] 397.3 597.6 5.285 263 7,11,12 C3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane [Methylal] 315 491 3.96 213 7 C3H8O3 Glycerol 563 850 7.5 7 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol 341.0 537 4.6 286 8 C3H8S Ethyl methyl sulfide 339.9 533 4.25 8 C3H9BO3 Trimethyl borate 340.7 501.7 3.59 9 C3H9ClSi Trimethylchlorosilane 333 497.8 3.20 366 9 C3H9N Propylamine 320.37 497.0 4.72 9 C3H9N Isopropylamine 304.91 471.8 4.54 221 9 C3H9N Trimethylamine 276.02 432.79 4.087 254 9 C4Br2F8 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 370 532.5 2.39 9 C4Cl2F6 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane 332.7 497* 2.73* 386* 12 C4F8 Perfluorocyclobutane 267.3 388.46 2.784 324 9 C4F10 Perfluorobutane 271.3 386.4 2.323 378 9 C4F10 Perfluoroisobutane 273 395.4 9 C4H2F8O Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether 301.04 421.68 2.330 409 32 C4H3F7O Perfluoropropyl methyl ether 307.38 437.70 2.481 377 32 C4H3F7O Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether 302.49 433.30 2.553 369 32 C4H4O Furan 304.7 490.2 5.3 218 7 C4H4O4 Maleic acid 620 7 C4H4S Thiophene 357.2 580 5.70 219 8 C4H5F5O Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether 301.26 431.23 2.533 366 32 C4H5N Pyrrole 402.94 639.7 6.34 200 10 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene 268.74 425 4.32 221 6 C4H6 1-Butyne 281.23 440 4.60 208 6 C4H6 2-Butyne 300.1 488.7 9 C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate 346.0 519.2 4.185 7 C4H6O2 g-Butyrolactone 477 731 5.13 7,11 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride 412.7 606 4.0 7 C4H6O3 Propylene carbonate 515 762.7 4.14 17 C4H7N Butanenitrile 390.8 585.4 3.88 9 C4H8 1-Butene 266.89 419.5 4.02 240.8 6 C4H8 cis-2-Butene 276.86 435.5 4.21 233.8 6 C4H8 trans -2-Butene 274.03 428.6 4.10 237.7 6 C4H8 Isobutene 266.3 417.9 4.000 238.8 6 C4H8 Cyclobutane 285.8 460.0 4.98 210 9 C4H8O Ethyl vinyl ether 308.7 475 4.07 7 C4H8OB utanal 348.0 537 4.32 258 7 C4H8O Isobutanal 337.7 544 5.1 7 C4H8O 2-Butanone [Methyl ethyl ketone] 352.74 536.7 4.207 267 7 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 338 540.5 5.19 224 7 C4H8OS S-Ethyl thioacetate 389.6 590.55 4.075 319 11,12 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid 436.90 615.2 4.06 292 7 C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid 427.60 605.0 3.70 290 7 C4H8O2 Propyl formate 354.1 538.0 4.06 285 7 C4H8O2 Isopropyl formate 341.4 535 3.95 7 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 350.26 523.3 3.87 286 7 C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 353.0 530.7 4.00 282 7 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 374.7 588 5.21 238 7 C4H8S Tetrahydrothiophene 394.3 632 5.4 8 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 351.6 539.2 13 C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane 341.4 518.6 13 C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 324.1 500 13 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 359.71 568 6.00 238 10 C4H10 Butane 272.7 425.12 3.796 255 2 C4H10 Isobutane 261.42 407.8 3.640 259 5 C4H10O 1-Butanol 390.88 563.0 4.414 274 4CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. TeamLRN6-56C4H10O 2-Butanol [sec-Butyl alcohol] 372.66 536.2 4.202 269 4 C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol [Isobutyl alcohol] 381.04 547.8 4.295 274 4 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol [tert-Butyl alcohol] 355.6 506.2 3.972 275 4 C4H10O Diethyl ether 307.7 466.7 3.644 281 7 C4H10O Methyl propyl ether 312.3 476.2 3.801 7 C4H10O Isopropyl methyl ether 303.92 464.4 3.762 7 C4H10O2 2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol 484.8 708.0 5.35 17 C4H10O2 1,2-Butanediol 463.7 680 5.21 303 7,23 C4H10O2 1,3-Butanediol 480.7 676 4.02 305 7,23 C4H10O2 1,4-Butanediol [Tetramethylene glycol] 508 723.8 5.52 17 C4H10O2 1,2-Dimethoxyethane [Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether] 357.7 540 3.90 308 7 C4H10O2 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether 392 579.8 4.113 11,12 C4H10O3 Diethylene glycol 519.0 750 4.7 7 C4H10S 1-Butanethiol 371.7 570 4.0 324 8 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide 365.3 557.8 3.90 317.6 8,15 C4H10S2 Diethyl disulfide 427.2 642 8 C4H11N Butylamine 350.15 531.9 4.25 277 10 C4H11N sec-Butylamine 335.88 514.3 4.20 278 10 C4H11N tert-Butylamine 317.19 483.9 3.84 292 10 C4H11N Isobutylamine 340.90 519 4.07 278 10 C4H11N Diethylamine 328.7 499.99 3.758 9 C4H12N2O N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine 512 739.2 4.65 17 C4H12Si Tetramethylsilane 299.8 448.6 2.821 361.6 8 C4H12Sn Tetramethylstannane 351 521.8 2.981 8 C4H13N3 Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine 480 709.8 4.38 14,17 C5F12 Perfluoropentane 302.4 420.59 2.045 473 9 C5H2F6O2 Hexafluoroacetylacetone 327.30 485.1 2.767 9 C5H4O2 Furfural 434.9 670* 5.89* 7 C5H5N Pyridine 388.38 620.0 5.67 243 10 C5H6N2 2-Methylpyrazine 410 634.3 5.01 283 9 C5H6O 2-Methylfuran 337.9 528 4.7 247 7 C5H7N 1-Methylpyrrole 385.96 596.0 4.86 271 10 C5H7N 2-Methylpyrrole 420.8 654 5.08 266 10 C5H7N 3-Methylpyrrole 416.1 647 5.08 266 10 C5H8 1-Pentyne 313.3 493.5 9 C5H8 Cyclopentene 317.4 506.5 4.80 245 6 C5H8O Cyclopentanone 403.72 624 4.60 7 C5H8O 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-pyran 359 562 4.56 268 7 C5H9N Pentanenitrile 414.5 610.3 3.58 9 C5H9NO N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 475 721.8 311 9 C5H10 1-Pentene 303.11 464.8 3.56 298.4 6 C5H10 cis-2-Pentene 310.08 475 3.69 6 C5H10 trans -2-Pentene 309.49 471 3.52 9 C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene 304.4 470 3.8 9 C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene 293.3 452.7 3.53 304.9 6 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 311.71 470 3.42 6 C5H10 Cyclopentane 322.5 511.7 4.51 259 5 C5H10O Cyclopentanol 413.57 619.5 4.9 4 C5H10O Allyl ethyl ether 340.8 518 7 C5H10O Pentanal 376 567 3.97 313 7 C5H10O 2-Pentanone [Methyl propyl ketone] 375.41 561.1 3.683 321 7 C5H10O 3-Pentanone [Diethyl ketone] 374.9 561.4 3.729 331 7 C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone 367.48 553.0 3.80 308 7 C5H10O Tetrahydropyran 361 572 4.77 263 7 C5H10O 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 351 537 3.76 267 7 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid 459.3 637.2 3.63 346 7 C5H10O2 3-Methylbutanoic acid 449.7 629 3.40 7 C5H10O2 Isobutyl formate 371.4 551 3.88 355 7CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. 6-57C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 374.69 549.7 3.36 345 7 C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate 361.8 531.0 3.31 344 7 C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate 372.3 546.7 3.45 342 7 C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate 376.0 554.5 3.47 340 7 C5H10O2 Methyl isobutanoate 365.7 540.7 3.43 339 7 C5H10O3 2-Methoxyethyl acetate 416 630.0 7 C5H11Cl 1-Chloropentane 381.6 571.2 13 C5H11Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 358.8 509.1 13 C5H11N Piperidine 379.37 594 4.94 288 10 C5H12 Pentane 309.21 469.7 3.370 311 2 C5H12 Isopentane 301.03 460.4 3.38 306 5 C5H12 Neopentane 282.63 433.8 3.196 307 5 C5H12O1 -Pentanol 411.13 588.1 3.897 326 4 C5H12O2 -Pentanol 392.5 560.3 3.675 329 4 C5H12O3 -Pentanol 389.40 559.6 325 4 C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol 400.7 575.4 3.94 4 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol 404.3 577.2 3.93 4 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol 375.6 543.7 3.71 4 C5H12O 3-Methyl-2-butanol 386.1 556.1 3.87 4 C5H12O Butyl methyl ether 343.31 512.7 3.37 329 7 C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether 328.2 497.1 3.430 7 C5H12O Ethyl propyl ether 336.36 500.2 3.370 339 7 C5H12O2 2-Propoxyethanol 423.0 615 3.65 364 7 C5H12O2 Diethoxymethane 361 531.7 7 C5H12O2 1,2-Dimethoxypropane 369 543.0 7 C5H12O2 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 356 510 7 C5H12O3 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 466 672 3.67 11,12 C5H12S 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 389 594 8 C6BrF5 Bromopentafluorobenzene 410 601 3.0 9 C6ClF5 Chloropentafluorobenzene 391.11 570.81 3.238 376 9 C6Cl2F4 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene 430.9 626 5.32 9 C6Cl3F3 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene 471.6 684.8 3.27 448 9 C6F6 Hexafluorobenzene 353.41 516.73 3.273 335 9 C6F10 Perfluorocyclohexene 325.2 461.8 9 C6F12 Perfluoro-1-hexene 330.2 454.4 9 C6F12 Perfluorocyclohexane 325.95 457.2 2.43 9 C6F14 Perfluorohexane 329.8 448.77 1.868 606 9 C6F14 Perfluoro-2-methylpentane 330.8 455.3 1.923 532 9 C6F14 Perfluoro-3-methylpentane 331.6 450 1.69 9 C6F14 Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane 333.0 463 1.87 525 9 C6HF5 Pentafluorobenzene 358.89 530.97 3.531 324 9 C6HF5O Pentafluorophenol 418.8 609 4.0 348 9 C6HF11 Undecafluorocyclohexane 335.2 477.7 9 C6H2F4 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 367.5 550.83 3.791 313 9 C6H2F4 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 357.6 535.25 3.747 9 C6H2F4 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 363.4 543.35 3.801 9 C6H3ClF2 1-Chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene 400 609.6 13 C6H3ClF2 1-Chloro-2,5-difluorobenzene 401 612.5 13 C6H3ClF2 1-Chloro-3,4-difluorobenzene 400 609.2 13 C6H3ClF2 1-Chloro-3,5-difluorobenzene 391.7 592.0 13 C6H3F3 1,2,3-Trifluorobenzene 368 560.3 13 C6H3F3 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 363 551.1 13 C6H3F3 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene 348.7 530.9 13 C6H4BrF 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 427 669.6 13 C6H4BrF 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 423 652.0 13 C6H4BrF 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 424.7 654.8 13 C6H4ClF 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 410.8 633.8 13 C6H4ClF 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 400.8 615.9 13CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. TeamLRN6-58C6H4ClF 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 403 620.1 13 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene 446 685.7 13 C6H4F2 o-Difluorobenzene 367 566.0 13 C6H4F2 m-Difluorobenzene 355.8 548.4 13 C6H4F2 p-Difluorobenzene 362 556.9 4.40 9,13 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 429.21 670 4.52 324 9 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 404.87 633.4 4.52 308 9,13 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 357.88 560.09 4.551 269 9 C6H5I Iodobenzene 461.6 721 4.52 351 9 C6H6 Benzene 353.24 562.05 4.895 256 3 C6H6O Phenol 455.02 694.2 5.93 7 C6H7N Aniline 457.32 699 4.89 287 9 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine [2-Picoline] 402.53 621.0 4.60 292 10 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine [3-Picoline] 417.29 645.0 4.65 288 10 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine [4-Picoline] 418.51 645.7 4.70 292 10 C6H10 1,5-Hexadiene 332.6 508 6 C6H10 Cyclohexene 356.13 560.4 6 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 428.58 665 4.6 7 C6H10O 2-Methylcyclopentanone 412.7 631 7 C6H10O Mesityl oxide 403 605 4.00 353 7 C6H10O2 Ethyl trans -2-butenoate 411 599 7 C6H10S Diallyl sulfide 411.8 653 8 C6H11Cl Chlorocyclohexane 415 586 13 C6H11N Hexanenitrile 436.80 633.8 3.30 9 C6H12 1-Hexene 336.63 504.0 3.21 355.1 6 C6H12 Cyclohexane 353.88 553.8 4.08 308 5 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 345.0 532.7 3.79 318 5 C6H12O Butyl vinyl ether 367 540 3.20 384 7 C6H12O Hexanal 404 592 3.46 378 7 C6H12O 2-Hexanone [Butyl methyl ketone] 400.8 587.1 3.30 377 7 C6H12O 3-Hexanone [Ethyl propyl ketone] 396.7 583.0 3.320 378 7 C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone [Isobutyl methyl ketone] 389.7 574.6 3.270 7 C6H12O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone 379.3 570.9 3.43 382 7 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 433.99 647.1 4.401 11,12 C6H12O2 Hexanoic acid 478.4 655 3.38 413 7 C6H12O2 Pentyl formate 403.6 576 3.46 412 7 C6H12O2 Isopentyl formate 396.7 578 7 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate 399.3 575.6 3.14 7 C6H12O2 sec-Butyl acetate 385 571 3.01 7 C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate 389.7 561 2.99 401 7 C6H12O2 Propyl propanoate 395.7 570 3.06 7 C6H12O2 Ethyl butanoate 394.5 568.8 3.1 415 7 C6H12O2 Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate 383.3 554 3.1 415 7 C6H12O2 Methyl pentanoate 400.6 590 3.20 422 7 C6H12O3 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 420 597.8 3.01 432 7 C6H12O3 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 429.6 608.0 3.17 443 7,23 C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 397.5 563 7 C6H12S Cyclohexanethiol 432.0 684 401 8 C6H13Cl 1-Chlorohexane 408.3 599 13 C6H13Cl 3-Chloro-3-methylpentane 389 528 13 C6H14 Hexane 341.88 507.6 3.025 368 2 C6H14 2-Methylpentane 333.41 497.7 3.04 368 5 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 336.42 504.6 3.12 368 5 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane 322.88 489.0 3.10 358 5 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane 331.08 500.0 3.15 361 5 C6H14O 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 359.3 535 3.20 374 7 C6H14O1 -Hexanol 430.8 610.3 3.417 387 4 C6H14O2 -Hexanol 413 585.9 3.31 384 4CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. 6-59C6H14O3 -Hexanol 408 582.4 3.36 383 4 C6H14O 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 422 604.4 3.45 4 C6H14O 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 425.1 603.5 4 C6H14O 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 394.3 559.5 4 C6H14O 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 404.8 574.4 4 C6H14O 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 399.7 576.0 3.46 4 C6H14O 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 395.6 575.6 3.52 4 C6H14O Dipropyl ether 363.23 530.6 3.028 7 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 341.6 500.3 2.832 386 7 C6H14O tert-Butyl ethyl ether 345.8 509.4 2.934 395 7 C6H14O Methyl pentyl ether 372 546.5 3.042 391 7 C6H14O2 1-Propoxy-2-propanol 423 605.1 3.051 14 C6H14O2 2-Butoxyethanol 441.6 634 3.27 424 7 C6H14O2 1,1-Diethoxyethane [Acetal] 375.40 540 3.22 7 C6H14O2 1,2-Diethoxyethane [Ethylene glycol diethyl ether] 394.4 542 7 C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether [Carbitol] 469 670 3.167 11,12 C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether 435 617 7 C6H14O4 Triethylene glycol 558 780 3.3 7 C6H15N Dipropylamine 382.5 555.8 3.63 9 C6H15N Diisopropylamine 357.1 523.1 3.02 9 C6H15N Triethylamine 362 535.6 3.032 389 9 C7F8 Perfluorotoluene 377.7 534.47 2.705 428 9 C7F14 Perfluoro-1-heptene 354.2 478.2 9 C7F14 Perfluoromethylcyclohexane 349.5 485.91 2.019 570 9 C7F16 Perfluoroheptane 355.7 474.8 1.62 664 9 C7HF15 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane 369.2 495.8 9 C7H3F5 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 390.7 566.52 3.126 384 9 C7H4BrF3 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 440.7 656.5 13 C7H4BrF3 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 424.7 627.1 13 C7H4BrF3 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 433 629.8 13 C7H5N Benzonitrile 464.3 699.4 4.21 9 C7H6F2 2,4-Difluorotoluene 390 581.4 13 C7H6F2 2,5-Difluorotoluene 391 587.8 13 C7H6F2 2,6-Difluorotoluene 385 581.8 13 C7H6F2 3,4-Difluorotoluene 385 598.5 13 C7H6OB enzaldehyde 452.0 695 4.7 7 C7H7F 2-Fluorotoluene 388 591.2 13 C7H7F 3-Fluorotoluene 388 591.8 13 C7H7F 4-Fluorotoluene 389.8 592.1 13 C7H8 Toluene 383.78 591.80 4.110 316 3,15 C7H8O o-Cresol 464.19 697.6 4.17 7 C7H8O m-Cresol 475.42 705.8 4.36 7 C7H8O p-Cresol 475.13 704.6 4.07 7 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 478.46 715 4.3 9 C7H8O Anisole [Methoxybenzene] 426.9 646.5 4.24 341 7,11,12 C7H9N 2-Methylaniline 473.5 707 4.37 9 C7H9N 3-Methylaniline 476.5 707 4.28 9 C7H9N 4-Methylaniline 473.6 706 4.58 9 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 469.4 701 5.20 9 C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 434.27 655.4 4.10 356 23 C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 431.53 647 3.95 361 23 C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 430.13 645 3.85 361 23 C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 417.16 624 3.85 361 23 C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 452.25 684 4.20 355 23 C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 444.99 668 4.05 361 23 C7H14 1-Heptene 366.79 537.3 2.92 409 6 C7H14 Cycloheptane 391.6 604.2 3.82 353 5 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 374.08 572.1 3.48 369 5CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. TeamLRN6-60C7H14 Ethylcyclopentane 376.7 569.5 3.40 375 5 C7H14 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane 360.7 547 3.45 21 C7H14 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 372.7 565 3.45 21 C7H14 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 365.1 553 3.45 21 C7H14 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 364.0 551 3.45 21 C7H14 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 364.9 553 3.45 21 C7H14O Heptanal 426.0 617 3.16 434 7 C7H14O 2-Heptanone [Methyl pentyl ketone] 424.20 611.4 2.97 436 7 C7H14O 3-Heptanone [Ethyl butyl ketone] 420 606.6 433 7 C7H14O 4-Heptanone 417 602.0 434 7 C7H14O 5-Methyl-2-hexanone [Methyl isopentyl ketone] 417 604.1 7 C7H14O 2-Methyl-3-hexanone 408 593.3 7 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid 495.4 678 3.16 7 C7H14O2 Pentyl acetate 422.4 599 2.73 470 7,23 C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate 415.7 586.1 2.76 7 C7H14O2 Butyl propanoate 420.0 594.5 7 C7H14O2 Isobutyl propanoate 410 584 7 C7H14O2 Propyl butanoate 416.2 593.1 2.72 7 C7H14O2 Propyl isobutanoate 408.6 579.4 7 C7H14O2 Ethyl pentanoate 419.3 593.3 7 C7H14O2 Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 408.2 582.4 7 C7H14O3 Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate 439 621.0 2.66 458 7 C7H15Cl 1-Chloroheptane 433.6 614 13 C7H16 Heptane 371.6 540.2 2.74 428 2 C7H16 2-Methylhexane 363.19 530.4 2.74 421 5 C7H16 3-Methylhexane 365 535.2 2.81 404 5 C7H16 3-Ethylpentane 366.7 540.6 2.89 416 5 C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane 352.4 520.5 2.77 416 5 C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane 362.93 537.3 2.91 393 5 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane 353.64 519.8 2.74 418 5 C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane 359.21 536.4 2.95 414 5 C7H16 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 354.01 531.1 2.95 398 5 C7H16O 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 375 546 2.935 463 7 C7H16O 1-Heptanol 449.60 632.6 3.058 435 4 C7H16O 2-Heptanol 432 608.3 3.021 442 4 C7H16O 3-Heptanol, ( S) 430 605.4 434 4 C7H16O 4-Heptanol 429 602.6 432 4 C7H16O2 1-Butoxy-2-propanol 444.7 624.9 2.739 14 C7H16O2 1-tert-Butoxy-2-methoxyethane 574 7 C7H16O2 2,2-Diethoxypropane 387 510.7 7 C7H16O3 Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether 486 680 3.00 489 7 C7H20Si2 Bis(trimethylsilyl)methane 406 573.9 1.99 8 C8F16O Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran 375.8 500.2 1.607 588 9 C8F18 Perfluorooctane 379.1 502 1.66 9 C8H6S Benzo[b]thiophene 494 764 4.76 379 8 C8H7N 4-Methylbenzonitrile 490.2 723 9 C8H7N1 H-Indole 526.8 794 4.8 356 10 C8H8 Styrene 418 635.2 3.87 15 C8H8O Acetophenone 475 709.6 4.01 388 7,23 C8H8O2 Phenyl acetate 469 685.7 3.59 17 C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate 496.1 709 7 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 409.34 617.15 3.609 374 3,15 C8H10 o-Xylene 417.7 630.3 3.732 370 3 C8H10 m-Xylene 412.27 617.0 3.541 375 3 C8H10 p-Xylene 411.52 616.2 3.511 378 3 C8H10O 2-Ethylphenol 477.7 703.0 7 C8H10O 3-Ethylphenol 491.6 716.4 7 C8H10O 4-Ethylphenol 491.1 716.4 7CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. 6-61C8H10O2 ,3-Xylenol 490.1 722.8 7 C8H10O2 ,4-Xylenol 484.13 707.6 7 C8H10O2 ,5-Xylenol 484.3 706.9 7 C8H10O2 ,6-Xylenol 474.22 701.0 7 C8H10O3 ,4-Xylenol 500 729.8 7 C8H10O3 ,5-Xylenol 494.89 715.6 7 C8H10O a-Methylbenzenemethanol 478 699 3.77 14 C8H10O Ethoxybenzene 442.96 647 3.4 7 C8H10O 2-Methylanisole 444 662.0 7 C8H10O 3-Methylanisole 448.7 665.3 7 C8H10O 4-Methylanisole 448.7 666 7 C8H11N N-Ethylaniline 476.2 698 9 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 467.30 687 3.63 9 C8H14O4 Diethyl succinate 490.9 663 7 C8H15N Octanenitrile 478.40 674.4 2.85 9 C8H16 1-Octene 394.44 567.0 2.68 468 6 C8H16 Cyclooctane 422 647.2 3.56 410 5 C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane 405.1 609 3.04 21 C8H16 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 403.0 606 2.95 21 C8H16 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 396.7 596 2.94 21 C8H16 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane 393.3 591 2.94 21 C8H16 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane 397.7 598 2.94 21 C8H16 trans -1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 392.6 587.7 5 C8H16O Octanal 444 639 2.96 488 7 C8H16O 2-Octanone [Hexyl methyl ketone] 445.7 632.7 497 7 C8H16O 3-Octanone [Ethyl amyl ketone] 440.7 627.7 497 7 C8H16O 4-Octanone [Butyl propyl ketone] 436 623.8 497 7 C8H16O 2-Methyl-3-heptanone [Butyl isopropyl ketone] 431 614.9 7 C8H16O 5-Methyl-3-heptanone 434 619.0 7 C8H16O2 Octanoic acid 512 693 2.87 519 7 C8H16O2 2-Ethylhexanoic acid 501 674 2.78 528 7 C8H16O2 Hexyl acetate 444.7 618.4 7 C8H16O2 Isopentyl propanoate 433.4 611 7 C8H16O2 Butyl butanoate 439 612.1 7 C8H16O2 Isobutyl butanoate 430.1 611 7 C8H16O2 Isobutyl isobutanoate 421.8 602 7 C8H16O2 Propyl 3-methylbutanoate 429.1 609 7 C8H16O2 Ethyl hexanoate 440 615.2 7 C8H16O2 Methyl heptanoate 447 628 7 C8H16O3 2-Butoxyethyl acetate 465 640.7 2.694 549 7 C8H16O4 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 491.7 673.5 2.59 17 C8H17Cl 1-Chlorooctane 456.7 643 13 C8H18 Octane 398.82 568.7 2.49 492 2 C8H18 2-Methylheptane 390.81 559.7 2.50 488 5 C8H18 3-Methylheptane 392.1 563.6 2.55 464 5 C8H18 4-Methylheptane 390.87 561.7 2.54 476 5 C8H18 3-Ethylhexane 391.8 565.5 2.61 455 5 C8H18 2,2-Dimethylhexane 380.01 549.8 2.53 478 5 C8H18 2,3-Dimethylhexane 388.77 563.5 2.63 468 5 C8H18 2,4-Dimethylhexane 382.7 553.5 2.56 472 5 C8H18 2,5-Dimethylhexane 382.27 550.0 2.49 482 5 C8H18 3,3-Dimethylhexane 385.12 562.0 2.65 443 5 C8H18 3,4-Dimethylhexane 390.88 568.8 2.69 466 5 C8H18 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 388.81 567.1 2.70 442 5 C8H18 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 391.42 576.5 2.81 455 5 C8H18 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 383 563.5 2.73 436 5 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane [Isooctane] 372.37 543.8 2.57 468 5 C8H18 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 388.0 573.5 2.82 455 5CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. TeamLRN6-62C8H18 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 386.7 566.4 2.73 460 5 C8H18 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 379.60 567.8 2.87 461 9 C8H18O 1-Octanol 468.31 652.5 2.777 497 4 C8H18O 2-Octanol 452.5 629.6 2.754 519 4 C8H18O 3-Octanol 444 628.5 515 4 C8H18O 4-Octanol 449.5 625.1 515 4 C8H18O 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 443 623.5 4 C8H18O 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 445 621.2 4 C8H18O 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 457.8 640.6 2.8 4 C8H18O Dibutyl ether 413.43 584 3.0 7 C8H18O Di-tert-butyl ether 380.38 550 9 C8H18O2 1-tert-Butoxy-2-ethoxyethane 421.2 585 7 C8H18O3 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 504 692 2.79 7 C8H18O3 Diethylene glycol diethyl ether 461 612 7 C8H18O5 Tetraethylene glycol 601 800 3.2 7 C8H18S 1-Octanethiol 472.3 667 504 8 C8H18S Dibutyl sulfide 458 650 2.48 8 C8H19N Dibutylamine 432.8 607.5 3.11 9 C8H19N Diisobutylamine 412.8 584.4 3.20 9 C8H20Si Tetraethylsilane 427.9 605 2.50 587 8 C9F20 Perfluorononane 398.5 524 1.56 9 C9H7NQ uinoline 510.31 782 4.86 371 10 C9H7N Isoquinoline 516.37 803 5.10 374 10 C9H10 Indan 451.12 684.9 3.95 3 C9H12 Propylbenzene 432.39 638.35 3.200 440 3 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] 425.56 631.0 3.209 3 C9H12 2-Ethyltoluene 438.4 651 3.38 21 C9H12 3-Ethyltoluene 434.5 637 3.25 21 C9H12 4-Ethyltoluene 435 640.2 3.23 3 C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 449.27 664.5 3.454 3 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 442.53 649.1 3.232 3 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene [Mesitylene] 437.89 637.3 3.127 3 C9H12O 2-Methoxy-1,4-dimethylbenzene 467 677.3 7 C9H12O 1-Methoxy-2,4-dimethylbenzene 465 682 7 C9H13N 2-Methyl- N,N-dimethylaniline 467.3 668 3.12 9 C9H18 1-Nonene 420.1 594.0 526 6 C9H18 Cyclononane 451.6 682 3.34 21 C9H18 1a,3a,5b-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane 413.7 602.2 5 C9H18O Nonanal 464 659 2.68 543 7 C9H18O 2-Nonanone [Heptyl methyl ketone] 468.5 652.2 2.48 560 7,11,12 C9H18O 3-Nonanone [Ethyl hexyl ketone] 463 648.1 560 7 C9H18O 4-Nonanone [Pentyl propyl ketone] 460.7 643.7 560 7 C9H18O 5-Nonanone [Dibutyl ketone] 461.60 641.4 2.32 560 7 C9H18O2 Nonanoic acid 527.7 712 2.35 7 C9H18O2 Isopentyl butanoate 452 619 7 C9H18O2 Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate 441.7 621 7 C9H18O2 Ethyl heptanoate 460 634 7 C9H20 Nonane 423.97 594.6 2.29 555 2 C9H20 2-Methyloctane 416.4 582.8 2.31 5 C9H20 2,2-Dimethylheptane 405.9 576.7 2.35 5 C9H20 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 397.24 569.8 5 C9H20 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 413.4 607.5 2.74 5 C9H20 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 406.2 592.6 2.60 5 C9H20 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 395.44 574.6 2.49 5 C9H20 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 414.7 607.5 2.72 5 C9H20O 1-Nonanol 486.52 670.7 2.528 572 4 C9H20O 2-Nonanol 466.7 649.6 2.53 575 4 C9H20O 3-Nonanol 468 648.0 577 4CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. 6-63C9H20O 4-Nonanol 465.7 645.1 575 4 C10F8 Perfluoronaphthalene 482 673.1 9 C10F18 Perfluorodecalin 415 566 1.52 9 C10F22 Perfluorodecane 417.4 542 1.45 9 C10H8 Naphthalene 491.1 748.4 4.05 407 3 C10H9N 1-Naphthylamine 573.9 850 5.0 438 10 C10H9N 2-Naphthylamine 579.4 850 4.9 438 10 C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene [Tetralin] 480.8 720 3.65 408 4 C10H14 Butylbenzene 456.46 660.5 2.89 497 3 C10H14 Isobutylbenzene 445.94 650 3.05 4 C10H14 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene [ p-Cymene] 450.3 652 2.8 3 C10H14 p-Diethylbenzene 456.9 657.9 2.803 3 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene [Durene] 470.0 676 2.9 3 C10H14O Thymol 505.7 698 7 C10H16 d-Limonene 451 653 470 6 C10H16 a-Pinene 429.4 644 454 6 C10H16 3-Carene, (+) 444 658 487 6 C10H18 1,3-Decadiene 442 615 9 C10H18 cis-Decahydronaphthalene 469.0 702.3 3.20 9 C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene 460.5 687.1 9 C10H20 1-Decene 443.7 617 2.22 584 6 C10H20O Decanal 481.7 674 2.60 599 7 C10H20O 2-Decanone [Methyl octyl ketone] 483 671.8 625 7 C10H20O 3-Decanone [Ethyl heptyl ketone] 476 667.6 628 7 C10H20O 4-Decanone [Hexyl propyl ketone] 479.7 662.9 628 7 C10H20O 5-Decanone [Butyl pentyl ketone] 477 661.0 628 7 C10H20O 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol [Menthol] 489 694 9 C10H20O2 Decanoic acid [Capric acid] 541.9 722 2.10 638 7 C10H20O2 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 472 642 2.09 681 7 C10H20O2 Ethyl octanoate 481.7 649 7 C10H20O4 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate 518 693.9 2.15 17 C10H22 Decane 447.30 617.7 2.11 624 2 C10H22 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 428.9 609.5 2.32 5 C10H22 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 433.5 623.0 2.51 5 C10H22 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 410.6 581.4 2.19 5 C10H22O 1-Decanol 504.3 687.3 2.315 649 4 C10H22O 2-Decanol 484 668.6 646 4 C10H22O 3-Decanol 486 666.1 643 4 C10H22O 4-Decanol 483.7 663.7 643 4 C10H22O 5-Decanol 474 663.2 646 4 C10H22S Diisopentyl sulfide 484 664 8 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 517.9 772 3.60 3 C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 514.3 761 3 C11H16 Pentylbenzene 478.6 675 2.58 16 C11H22O 2-Undecanone 504.7 688 692 7 C11H22O 3-Undecanone 500 685 692 7 C11H22O 4-Undecanone 681 692 7 C11H22O 5-Undecanone 500 679 692 7 C11H22O 6-Undecanone 501 678 692 7 C11H22O2 Ethyl nonanoate 500.2 664 7 C11H24 Undecane 469.1 639 1.98 689 2 C11H24O 1-Undecanol 518 703.6 2.147 718 4 C12H8 Acenaphthylene 553 792 3.20 21 C12H8O Dibenzofuran 560 824 3.64 495 7 C12H8S Dibenzothiophene 605.7 897 3.86 512 8 C12H9N Carbazole 627.84 901.8 3.13 454 10 C12H10 Biphenyl 529.3 773 3.38 497 3 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 531.2 767 7CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. TeamLRN6-64C12H12 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 538 775 3.23 601 3 C12H18 Hexylbenzene 499.3 695 2.35 16 C12H18 Hexamethylbenzene 536.6 758 3 C12H20O [1,1'-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one 537 787 7 C12H24 1-Dodecene 487.0 658 1.93 6 C12H24O 2-Dodecanone 519.7 702 752 7 C12H24O 3-Dodecanone 701 752 7 C12H24O 4-Dodecanone 697 759 7 C12H24O 5-Dodecanone 695 759 7 C12H24O 6-Dodecanone 694 762 7 C12H26 Dodecane 489.47 658 1.82 754 2 C12H26O 1-Dodecanol 533 719.4 1.994 4 C13H9N Acridine 618.01 891.1 3.21 548 10 C13H9NP henanthridine 622.1 895 3.6 548 10 C13H10O Benzophenone 578.6 830 3.35 568 7 C13H11N 9-Methyl-9 H-carbazole 616.79 890 3.38 572 10 C13H12 Diphenylmethane 538.2 760 2.71 563 3 C13H20 Heptylbenzene 513 708 2.14 16 C13H26O 2-Tridecanone 536 717 820 7 C13H26O 3-Tridecanone 716 823 7 C13H26O 4-Tridecanone 712 823 7 C13H26O 5-Tridecanone 710 826 7 C13H26O 6-Tridecanone 709 826 7 C13H26O 7-Tridecanone 534 708 830 7 C13H26O2 Methyl dodecanoate 540 712 7 C13H28 Tridecane 508.62 675 1.68 823 2 C13H28O1 -Tridecanol 547 734 1.935 9 C14H10 Anthracene 613.1 869.3 554 9 C14H10 Phenanthrene 613 869 4 C14H22 Octylbenzene 537 725 1.98 16 C14H28O 2-Tetradecanone 728 896 7 C14H28O 3-Tetradecanone 727 896 7 C14H28O 4-Tetradecanone 725 900 7 C14H28O 7-Tetradecanone 723 904 7 C14H30 Tetradecane 526.73 693 1.57 894 2 C14H30O 1-Tetradecanol 560 747 1.81 9 C15H32 Pentadecane 543.8 708 1.48 966 2 C16H26 Decylbenzene 566 752 1.72 16 C16H34 Hexadecane 560.01 723 1.40 1034 2 C16H34 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane 519.5 692 5 C16H34O 1-Hexadecanol 585 770 1.61 9 C17H28 Undecylbenzene 589 763 1.64 16 C17H36 Heptadecane 575.2 736 1.34 1103 2 C17H36O 1-Heptadecanol 597 780 1.50 9 C18H14 o-Terphenyl 605 857 2.99 731 3 C18H14 m-Terphenyl 636 883 2.48 724 3 C18H14 p-Terphenyl 649 908 2.99 729 3 C18H38 Octadecane 589.5 747 1.29 1189 2 C18H38O 1-Octadecanol 608 790 1.44 9 C19H32 Tridecylbenzene 619 790 1.54 16 C19H40 Nonadecane 603.1 755 1.16 3 C20H42 Eicosane 616 768 1.07 3 C20H42O 1-Eicosanol [Arachic alcohol] 629 809 1.30 9 C21H44 Heneicosane 629.7 778 1.03 2 C22H46 Docosane 641.8 786 0.98 2 C23H48 Tricosane 653 790 0.92 2 C24H50 Tetracosane 664.5 800 0.87 2 C30H50 Squalene 694.5 795.9 0.59 15CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular Vc/cm3 formula Name Tb/KTc/KPc/MPa mol-1 Ref. © 2000 CRC Press LLCSUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS This table gives the sublimation (vapor) pressure of some representative solids as a function of temperature. Entries include s imple inorganic and organic substances in their solid phase below room temperature, as well as polycyclic organic compounds which show measurable s ublimation pressure only at elevated temperatures. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. Values marked by * represent the s olid-liquid-gas triple point. Note that some pressure values are in pascals (Pa) and others are in kilopascals (kPa). For conversion, 1 kPa = 7.506 mm Hg = 0.0098692 atm. REFERENCES 1. Lide, D.R. and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2.TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 3. Oja, V. and Suuberg, E.M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 43, 486, 1998. Ar T/K 55 60 65 70 75 80 83.81* Argon p/kPa 0.2 0.8 2.8 7.7 18.7 40.7 68.8* BrH T/K 135 140 150 160 170 180 185.1* Hydrogen bromide p/kPa 0.1 0.3 1.1 3.3 8.7 20.1 27.4* Br2 T/K 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240* Bromine p/Pa 0.069 0.416 2.04 8.45 30.3 96.0 273 710* ClH T/K 120 130 140 150 155 159.0* Hydrogen chloride p/kPa 0.1 0.5 1.9 5.8 9.5 13.5* Cl2 T/K 120 130 140 150 160 170* Chlorine p/Pa 0.144 1.52 11.2 63.1 283 1054* F4Si T/K 130 140 150 160 170 175 180 186.3* Tetrafluorosilane p/kPa 0.2 0.9 3.9 14.0 43.8 74.2 122.4 220.8* F6S T/K 150 165 180 190 200 210 220 223.1* Sulfur hexafluoride p/kPa 0.4 2.6 11.3 25.9 54.5 106.1 195.1 232.7* HI T/K 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 222.4* Hydrogen iodide p/kPa 0.2 0.8 2.2 5.3 11.7 23.6 44.1 49.3* H2O T/K 190 210 225 240 250 260 270 273.16* Water p/Pa 0.032 0.702 4.942 27.28 76.04 195.8 470.1 611.66* H2S T/K 140 150 160 165 170 175 180 187.6* Hydrogen sulfide p/kPa 0.2 0.6 1.9 3.2 5.2 8.3 12.7 22.7* H3N T/K 160 170 180 190 195 195.4* Ammonia p/kPa 0.1 0.4 1.2 3.5 5.8 6.12* I2 T/K 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310* Iodine p/Pa 0.081 0.297 0.971 2.89 7.92 20.1 47.9 107* Kr T/K 80 90 95 100 105 110 115.8* Krypton p/kPa 0.4 2.7 6.0 12.1 22.8 40.4 73.1* NO T/K 85 90 95 100 105 109.5* Nitric oxide p/kPa 0.1 0.4 1.3 3.8 10.0 21.9* Xe T/K 110 120 130 140 150 155 160 161.4* Xenon p/kPa 0.3 1.5 4.9 14.0 34.2 51.1 74.2 81.7* CHN T/K 200 210 220 230 240 250 255 259.83* Hydrogen cyanide p/kPa 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.2 4.8 9.7 13.6 18.62* CH4 T/K 65 70 75 80 85 90.69* Methane p/kPa 0.1 0.3 0.8 2.1 4.9 11.70* TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCCO T/K 50 55 60 65 68.13* Carbon monoxide p/kPa 0.1 0.6 2.6 8.2 15.4* CO2 T/K 130 140 155 170 185 194.7 205 216.58* Carbon dioxide p/kPa 0.032 0.187 1.674 9.987 44.02 101.3 227.1 518.0* C2Cl6 T/K 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 459.9* Hexachloroethane p/Pa 0.004 0.056 0.383 1.62 5.30 14.8 36.4 107.4* C2H2 T/K 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 192.4* Acetylene p/kPa 0.2 0.7 2.6 7.8 20.6 49.0 106.3 126.0* C2H4O2 T/K 250 260 270 280 289.7* Acetic acid p/kPa 0.092 0.199 0.406 0.79 1.29* C5H12 T/K 200 210 220 230 240 250 255 256.58* Neopentane p/kPa 0.7 1.6 3.6 7.3 13.9 24.8 32.4 35.8* C6H6Cl6 T/K 300 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexa- p/Pa 0.01 0.13 0.39 1.04 2.66 6.42 14.8 32.7 chlorocyclohexane(Lindane) C 6H6O2 T/K 330 340 350 360 370 380 Resorcinol p/Pa 1.03 2.78 7.09 17.2 39.6 87.6 C6H6O2 T/K 350 360 370 380 390 400 p-Hydroquinone p/Pa 1.20 3.18 7.96 19.0 43.4 95.1 C10H8 T/K 250 270 280 290 300 310 330 353.43* Naphthalene p/Pa 0.036 0.514 1.662 4.918 13.43 34.15 182.9 999.6* C12H8N2 T/K 290 300 310 320 Phenazine p/Pa 0.0013 0.0046 0.0150 0.0448 C12H8O T/K 300 310 320 330 340 350 Dibenzofuran p/Pa 0.408 1.21 3.35 8.71 21.4 50.0 C12H9N T/K 350 355 360 Carbazole p/Pa 0.086 0.140 0.245 C13H7NO2 T/K 330 340 350 360 370 380 Benz[g]isoquinoline- p/Pa 0.006 0.018 0.053 0.148 0.394 0.994 5,10-dione C13H8O T/K 330 340 350 1H-Phenalen-1-one p/Pa 0.040 0.113 0.302 C13H8O2 T/K 400 410 420 430 3-Hydroxy-1H- p/Pa 0.006 0.018 0.053 0.144 phenalen-1-one C13H9N T/K 290 300 310 320 Acridine p/Pa 0.0024 0.0085 0.0278 0.0845 C13H9N T/K 310 320 330 340 Phenanthridine p/Pa 0.020 0.066 0.206 0.603SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS (continued) © 2000 CRC Press LLC C14H10 T/K 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 Anthracene p/Pa 0.014 0.043 0.125 0.342 1.01 2.38 5.35 11.5 C14H10 T/K 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 Phenanthrene p/Pa 0.025 0.085 0.270 0.796 2.02 4.89 11.2 C16H10 T/K 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 Pyrene p/Pa 0.008 0.024 0.073 0.208 0.556 1.32 2.86 6.30 C16H10O T/K 360 370 380 390 400 1-Pyrenol p/Pa 0.005 0.016 0.047 0.135 0.364 C16H12S T/K 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 Benzo[b]naphtho- p/Pa 0.001 0.004 0.012 0.036 0.098 0.255 0.631 (2,1-d)thiophene C17H12 T/K 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene p/Pa 0.003 0.009 0.029 0.085 0.235 0.619 1.55 C18H10O4 T/K 420 430 440 450 6,11-Dihydroxy-5,12- p/Pa 0.008 0.022 0.055 0.131 naphthacenedione C18H12 T/K 390 400 410 420 Chrysene p/Pa 0.087 0.221 0.539 1.26 C18H12 T/K 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 Naphthacene p/Pa 0.005 0.014 0.035 0.084 0.194 0.432 0.928 1.929 C20H12 T/K 390 400 410 420 430 Perylene p/Pa 0.006 0.015 0.040 0.102 0.246 C22H14 T/K 450 460 470 480 490 Pentacene p/Pa 0.002 0.006 0.013 0.031 0.069 C24H12 T/K 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 Coronene p/Pa 0.004 0.010 0.021 0.046 0.097 0.197 0.389 0.747SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS (continued) TeamLRNVAPOR PRESSURE This table gives vapor pressure data for about 1800 inorganic and organic substances. In order to accommodate elements and comp ounds ranging from refractory to highly volatile in a single table, the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches specified pressure va lues is listed. The pressure values run in decade steps from 1 Pa (about 7.5 µm Hg) to 100 kPa (about 750 mm Hg). All temperatures are given in °C. The data used in preparing the table came from a large number of sources; the main references used for each substance are indic ated in the last column. Since the data were refit in most cases, values appearing in this table may not be identical with values in the source cited. The temperature entry in the 100 kPa column is close to, but not identical with, the normal boiling point (which is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches 101.325 kPa). Although some temperatures are quoted to 0.1 °C, uncertainties of several degrees should generally be assumed. Values followed by an “e” were obtained by extrapolating (usually with an Antoine equation) beyond the region for which experimental measuremen ts were available and are thus subject to even greater uncertainty. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. Substances not containing carbon are listed first, fol lowed by those that contain carbon. To locate an organic compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table Physical Constants of Organic Compounds in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. The indexes to Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Section 4 can be used in a similar way. More extensive and detailed vapor pressure data on selected important substances appear in other tables in this section of the Handbook . These substances are flagged by a symbol following the name as follows: * See Vapor Pressure of Fluids below 300 K ** See IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration *** See Vapor Pressure of Ice and Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370 °C The following notations appear after individual temperature entries: s — Indicates the substance is a solid at this temperature. e — Indicates an extrapolation beyond the region where experimental measurements exist.i — Indicates the value was calculated from ideal gas thermodynamic functions, such as those in the JANAF Thermochemical Tables (see Reference 8). REFERENCES 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Stull, D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition , Gray, D.E., Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 3. Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements , American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973. 4. Stull, D., Ind. Eng. Chem ., 39, 517, 1947. 5.TRCVP, Vapor Pressure Database, Version 2.2P , Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 6.TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 7. Ohe, S., Computer Aided Data Book of Vapor Pressure , Data Book Publishing Co., Tokyo, 1976. 8. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D.J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 9. Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances , VCH Publishers, New York, 1993. 10. Jacobsen, R.T., et. al, International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 10. Ethylene , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 11. Wakeham, W.A., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 12. Methanol , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 12. Janz, G.J., Molten Salts Handbook , Academic Press, New York, 1967. 13. Ohse, R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994. 14. Gschneidner, K.A., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition , p. 4-112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. 15. Leider, H.R., Krikorian, O.H., and Young, D.A., Carbon , 11, 555, 1973. 16. Ruzicka, K., and Majer, V., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 23, 1, 1994. 17. Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 23, 657, 1994. 18. Younglove, B.A., and McLinden, M.O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 23, 731, 1994. 19. Outcalt, S.L., and McLinden, M.O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 25, 605, 1996. 20. Weber, L.A., and Defibaugh, D.R., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 41, 382, 1996. 21. Rodrigues, M.F., and Bernardo-Gil, M.G., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 41, 581, 1996. 22. Piacente, V., Gigli, G., Scardala, P., and Giustini, A., J. Phys. Chem ., 100, 9815, 1996. 23. Barton, J.L., and Bloom, H., J. Phys. Chem ., 60, 1413, 1956. 24. Sense, K.A., Alexander, C.A., Bowman, R.E., and Filbert, R.B., J. Phys. Chem ., 61, 337, 1957. 25. Ewing, C.T., and Stern, K.H., J. Phys. Chem . 78, 1998, 1974. 26. Cady, G.H., and Hargreaves, G.B., J. Chem. Soc ., 1961, 1563; 1961, 1568. 27. Skudlarski, K., Dudek, J., and Kapala, J., J. Chem. Thermodynamics , 19, 857, 1987. 28. Wagner, W., and de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 9. Oxygen , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 6-66 29. Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 30. Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly , 23, 309, 1984. 31. Stewart, R.B., and Jacobsen, R.T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 18, 639, 1989. 32. Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 23, 63, 1994. 33. Bah, A., and Dupont-Pavlovsky, N., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 869, 1995. 34. Behrens, R.G., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics , 4, 175, 1972. 35. Behrens, R.G., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics , 5, 173, 1973. 36. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. 37. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 23, 515. 1994. 38. Behrens, R.G., Lemons, R.S., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics , 6, 457, 1974. 39. Boublik, T., Fried, V., and Hala, E., The Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances, Second Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984. 40. Goodwin, R.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 14, 849, 1985. 41. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 16, 577, 1987. Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. Substances not containing carbon:Ag Silver 1010 1140 1302 1509 1782 2160 2 AgBr Silver(I) bromide 569 i 656 i 765 i 905 i 1093 i 1359 i 9AgCl Silver(I) chloride 670 769 873 1052 1264 1561 4AgI Silver(I) iodide 594 686 803 959 1177 1503 4Al Aluminum 1209 1359 1544 1781 2091 2517 2AlB 3H12 Aluminum borohydride -46.8 -9.4 45.5 4 AlCl 3 Aluminum trichloride 58.4 s 76.5 s 97.1 s 120.7 s 148.2 s 180.5 s 4 AlF 3 Aluminum trifluoride 744 s 819 s 906 s 1008 s 1130 s 1276 s 8 AlI 3 Aluminum triiodide 218 285 385 4 Al2O3 Aluminum oxide 2122 2351 2629 2975 4 Ar Argon* -226.4 s -220.3 s -212.4 s -201.7 s -186.0 1,5,31As Arsenic 280 s 323 s 373 s 433 s 508 s 601 s 3AsCl 3 Arsenic(III) chloride -8 e 21.3 63.1 129.4 1 AsF 3 Arsenic(III) fluoride 8.1 56.0 4 AsI 3 Arsenic(III) iodide 187 261 367 e 7 As2O3 Arsenic(III) oxide (arsenolite) 133.7 s 163.0 s 196.8 s 236.2 s 283.0 34 At Astatine 88 s 119 s 156 s 202 s 258 s 334 2Au Gold 1373 1541 1748 2008 2347 2805 2B Boron 2075 2289 2549 2868 3272 3799 2BBr 3 Boron tribromide -45 e -15 e 27.5 90.4 1 BCl 3 Boron trichloride* -94.0 -70.5 -37.4 12.3 4 BF3 Boron trifluoride* -173.9 s -166.0 s -156.0 s -143.0 s -125.9 -101.1 4 B2F4 Tetrafluorodiborane -34 1 B2H6 Diborane -162 e -147.0 -125.8 -92.6 1 B5H9 Pentaborane(9) -34.8 3.8 57.6 4 Ba Barium 638 s 765 912 1115 1413 1897 9Be Beryllium 1189 s 1335 1518 1750 2054 2469 2BeBr 2 Beryllium bromide 203 s 240 s 283 s 335 s 397 s 473 s 4 BeCl 2 Beryllium chloride 196 s 237 s 284 s 339 s 402 s 487 4 BeF 2 Beryllium fluoride 686 e 767 e 869 999 1172 e 7 BeI 2 Beryllium iodide 188 s 229 s 276 s 333 s 402 s 487 4 Bi Bismuth 668 768 892 1052 1265 1562 2BiBr 3 Bismuth tribromide 217 s 273 i 348 i 455 i 4,9 BiCl 3 Bismuth trichloride 248.9 328.6 438.7 1,4 BrCs Cesium bromide 531 s 601 s 701 i 834 i 1019 i 1293 e 9BrH Hydrogen bromide* -153.3 s -140.4 s -123.8 s -101.5 s -67.0 5BrH 3Si Bromosilane -81.0 -47.3 2.2 4 BrH 4N Ammonium bromide 121 s 154 s 195 s 246 s 310.4 s 395.1 s 5 BrK Potassium bromide 597 s 674 s 773 25BrLi Lithium bromide 630 733 868 1049 1308 4BrNa Sodium bromide 791 931 1120 1389 4BrRb Rubidium bromide 766 903 1087 1350 4BrTl Thallium(I) bromide 509 635 817 4 Br 2 Bromine* -87.7 s -71.8 s -52.7 s -29.3 s 2.5 58.4 1 Br2Cd Cadmium bromide 373 s 435 s 509 s 27 Br2Hg Mercury(II) bromide 71 s 98 s 132 s 174 s 227 s 318 4 Br2OS Thionyl bromide -49 e -29 e -5 e 27.8 72.9 139.6 5VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) 6-67 TeamLRN6-68VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. Br2Pb Lead(II) bromide 374 431 502 597 726 914 4 Br2S2 Sulfur bromide -7 e 15 e 42 e 78.4 128.1 200.9 5 Br3In Indium(III) bromide 304.6 s 328.7 s 364.8 s 1 Br3OP Phosphorus(V) oxybromide 64 e 115.5 191.4 5 Br3P Phosphorus(III) bromide -23 e 5 e 42.3 94.6 172.6 5 Br3Sb Antimony(III) bromide 136.5 196.9 286.5 1 Br4Ge Germanium(IV) bromide 51 105 188 4 Br4Sn Tin(IV) bromide 67 122 204 4 Br4Zr Zirconium(IV) bromide 136 s 167 s 203 s 245 s 295 s 356 s 4 Br5P Phosphorus(V) bromide -19 s 4 s 31 s 65.5 s 110.1 5 Ca Calcium 591 s 683 s 798 s 954 1170 1482 2Cd Cadmium 257 s 310 s 381 472 594 767 2CdCl 2 Cadmium chloride 412 s 471 s 541 s 634 768 959 23, 27 CdF 2 Cadmium fluoride 1257 1461 1742 4 CdI 2 Cadmium iodide 296 s 344 s 406 498 622 795 4,27 CdO Cadmium oxide 770 s 866 s 983 s 1128 s 1314 s 1558 s 4Ce Cerium 1719 1921 2169 2481 2886 3432 14ClCs Cesium chloride 730 864 1043 1297 4ClCu Copper(I) chloride 459 543 675 914 1477 4ClF Chlorine fluoride* -144.4 -122.6 -90.2 5 ClF 2P Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride -119.5 -91.1 -47.6 5 ClF 3 Chlorine trifluoride -63.7 -33.0 11.4 5 ClF 5 Chlorine pentafluoride -88 e -59 -14 7 ClH Hydrogen chloride* -138.2 s -118.0 -85.2 1,5ClHO 3S Chlorosulfonic acid -40 e -20 e 5 e 38.7 85.0 153.6 5 ClH 4N Ammonium chloride 91 s 121 s 159 s 204.7 s 263.1 s 339.5 s 5 ClK Potassium chloride 625 s 704 s 804 945 1137 1411 23,25ClLi Lithium chloride 649 i 761 i 905 i 1101 i 1381 i 8ClNO Nitrosyl chloride -116 s -100 s -78.7 s -50.2 -5.7 5ClNO 2 Nitryl chloride -121 e -113 e -102 e -86.1 -60.9 -15.7 5 ClNa Sodium chloride 653 s 733 s 835 987 1182 1461 23,25ClO 2 Chlorine dioxide* -34.3 10.5 5 ClRb Rubidium chloride 777 916 1105 1379 4ClTl Thallium(I) chloride 504 626 806 4Cl 2 Chlorine* -145 s -133.7 s -120.2 s -103.6 s -76.1 -34.2 1 Cl2Co Cobalt(II) chloride 818 1048 4 Cl2FP Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride -71.1 -37.4 13.5 5 Cl2F3P Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride -120 e -101 e -77.1 -44.3 3 e 7 Cl2Fe Iron(II) chloride 685 821 1025 4 Cl2Hg Mercury(II) chloride 64.4 s 94.7 s 130.8 s 174.5 s 228.5 s 304.0 4 Cl2Mg Magnesium chloride 762 908 1111 1414 4 Cl2Mn Manganese(II) chloride 760 933 1189 4 Cl2Ni Nickel(II) chloride 534 s 592 s 662 s 747 s 852 s 985 s 4 Cl2OS Thionyl chloride -99 e -81 e -58 e -27.1 14.6 75.2 5 Cl2O2S Sulfuryl chloride -27 e 11.8 69.0 5 Cl2Pb Lead(II) chloride 541 e 637 765 949 23 Cl2S Sulfur dichloride -76 e -61 e -41 e -16.7 15.3 58.7 5 Cl2S2 Sulfur chloride -55 e -36 e -12 e 21.0 67.2 137.1 5 Cl2Sn Tin(II) chloride 253 308 381 479 622 4 Cl2Zn Zinc chloride 305 i 356 i 419 i 497 i 596 i 726 i 4,9,12 Cl3Fe Iron(III) chloride 118 s 153 s 190 s 229 s 268 s 319 4 Cl3HSi Trichlorosilane -81 e -56 e -21 e 31.6 7 Cl3N Nitrogen trichloride -25 e 13.2 70.6 5 Cl3OP Phosphorus(V) oxychloride 39.9 105.0 5 Cl3P Phosphorus(III) chloride -93 e -77 e -55 e -26.0 14.5 75.7 5 Cl4Po Polonium(IV) chloride 300.6 389.4 5 Cl4Se Selenium tetrachloride 23 s 45 s 71 s 102 s 141.4 s 191.1 s 5 Cl4Si Tetrachlorosilane* -39 e 0 e 57.3 1 Cl4Te Tellurium tetrachloride 237 e 299.4 387.8 5 Cl4Zr Zirconium(IV) chloride 117 s 146 s 181 s 222 s 272 s 336 s 9 Cl5P Phosphorus(V) chloride -2 s 19 s 44 s 74 s 111.4 s 158.9 s 5 Co Cobalt 1517 1687 1892 2150 2482 2925 2Cr Chromium 1383 s 1534 s 1718 s 1950 2257 2669 2Cs Cesium 144.5 195.6 260.9 350.0 477.1 667.0 13,30 6-69VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. CsF Cesium fluoride 825 999 1249 4CsI Cesium iodide 523 s 595 s 692 854 1029 1278 4,25Cu Copper 1236 1388 1577 1816 2131 2563 2CuI Copper(I) iodide 636 864 1331 4Dy Dysprosium 1105 s 1250 s 1431 i 1681 i 2031 i 2558 i 3Er Erbium 1231 s 1390 s 1612 i 1890 i 2279 i 2859 i 3Eu Europium 590 s 684 s 799 s 961 1179 1523 14FH Hydrogen fluoride* -71.1 -33.7 19.2 1,5FHO 3S Fluorosulfonic acid -14 e 4 e 28 e 59.1 101.3 162.2 5 FK Potassium fluoride 869 1017 1216 1499 4FLi Lithium fluoride 801 s 896 1024 1188 1395 1672 4,12,25FNO Nitrosyl fluoride -131 e -116.1 -94.3 -60.1 5FNO 2 Nitryl fluoride -156 e -144 e -128.1 -106.0 -72.6 5 FNO 3 Fluorine nitrate -160 e -149 e -135 e -115.1 -87.4 -45.0 5 FNa Sodium fluoride 920 s 1058 1218 1426 1702 4,12,24FRb Rubidium fluoride 910 1001 1145 1409 4,12F 2 Fluorine* -235 s -229.5 s -222.9 s -214.8 -204.3 -188.3 1,5 F2O Fluorine monoxide* -211.7 -204.7 -195.9 -184.2 -168.2 -144.9 5 F2OS Thionyl fluoride -124 e -106.5 -81.5 -44.1 5 F2O2Re Rhenium(VI) dioxydifluoride 89.2 131.9 185 e 26 F2Pb Lead(II) fluoride 865 1054 1292 4 F2Xe Xenon difluoride 2.9 s 31.8 s 67.9 s 114 s 1,5 F2Zn Zinc fluoride 731 s 813 s 911 i 1048 i 1237 i 1503 i 9 F3N Nitrogen trifluoride* -201 e -194 e -185 e -172.8 -155.5 -129.2 5 F3OP Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride -124 s -113 s -100 s -83.7 s -64.1 s -39.7 s 5 F3P Phosphorus(III) fluoride* -152 e -132.6 -101.4 5 F4MoO Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride -21 s 3 s 33 s 69.3 s 117.3 184.1 26 F4ORe Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride 5 s 26 s 50.7 s 80.1 s 117.1 171.2 26 F4OW Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride 2 s 25 s 52.1 s 84.3 s 126.7 185.4 26 F4S Sulfur tetrafluoride -110.0 -82.1 -40.3 5 F4Se Selenium tetrafluoride 13.6 51.6 104.7 5 F4Si Tetrafluorosilane* -166 s -157 s -145.6 s -132.3 s -115.7 s -94.9 s 4,7 F5Mo Molybdenum(V) fluoride 86.6 140.3 213 e 26 F5Nb Niobium(V) fluoride 80 140 224 4 F5ORe Rhenium(VII) oxypentafluoride -103 s -84 s -59 s -28 s 13.7 s 72.8 26 F5Os Osmium(V) fluoride 74.1 113.2 162.3 226 e 26 F5P Phosphorus(V) fluoride -157 s -148 s -137 s -124.5 s -108.6 s -84.8 5 F5Re Rhenium(V) fluoride 58.8 99.5 152 e 221 e 26 F5Ta Tantalum(V) fluoride 119 229 4 F6Ir Iridium(VI) fluoride -88 s -71 s -51 s -27 s 3.8 s 53.1 26 F6Mo Molybdenum(VI) fluoride -98 s -82 s -64 s -41.2 s -13.4 s 33.5 26 F6Os Osmium(VI) fluoride -89 s -73 s -54 s -30.6 s -1.7 s 47.4 26 F6Re Rhenium(VI) fluoride -97 s -82 s -63 s -40.2 s -11.9 s 33.4 26 F6S Sulfur hexafluoride* -158 s -147 s -133.6 s -116.6 s -94.4 s -64.1 s 5 F6Se Selenium hexafluoride -143 s -132 s -118 s -100.7 s -77.8 s -46.5 s 5 F6Te Tellurium hexafluoride -142 s -130 s -115 s -96 s -71.8 s -39.1 s 5 F6W Tungsten(VI) fluoride -107 s -92 s -74 s -52.1 s -24.8 s 16.9 26 F10S2 Sulfur decafluoride -22.0 28.5 5 Fe Iron 1455 s 1617 1818 2073 2406 2859 2Fr Francium 131 e 181 e 246 e 335 e 465 e 673 e 2Ga Gallium 1037 1175 1347 1565 1852 2245 2Gd Gadolinium 1563 i 1755 i 1994 i 2300 i 2703 i 3262 i 3Ge Germanium 1371 1541 1750 2014 2360 2831 2HI Hydrogen iodide* -146 s -135.2 s -120.8 s -101.9 s -75.9 s -35.9 5HKO Potassium hydroxide 520 e 601 e 704 842 1035 1325 4HNO 3 Nitric acid -37 e -9 e 28.4 82.2 5 HN 3 Hydrazoic acid -79 e -54 e -18.0 35.7 5 HNaO Sodium hydroxide 513 605 722 874 1080 1377 4H 2 Hydrogen* -258.6 -252.8 1 H2I2Si Diiodosilane 11.8 70.5 149.4 4 H2O Water*** -60.7 s -42.2 s -20.3 s 7.0 45.8 99.6 36,37 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide 13 e 45 e 89.0 149.8 5 H2O4S Sulfuric acid 72 103 140 187 248 330 4 H2S Hydrogen sulfide* -149 s -136 s -118.9 s -95.9 s -60.5 1,5 H2S2 Hydrogen disulfide -27 e 12.2 70.7 5 H2Se Hydrogen selenide -145 s -134 s -120 s -102.8 s -78.9 s -41.5 5 TeamLRN6-70VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. H2Te Hydrogen telluride -46.6 -2.3 5 H3ISi Iodosilane -47.7 -10.1 45.2 4 H3N Ammonia* -139 s -127 s -112 s -94.5 s -71.3 -33.6 1,5,6 H3NO Hydroxylamine 43.7 73.3 109.8 4 H3P Phosphine* -182 s -173 s -161 s -145 s -122.7 -88.0 5 H4IN Ammonium iodide 125 s 159 s 201 s 253 s 318.4 s 405.2 s 5 H4N2 Hydrazine 14.7 55.6 113 e 5 H4Si Silane* -181 -165.4 -143.7 -111.8 4 He Helium* -270.6 -268.9 2 Hf Hafnium 2416 2681 3004 3406 3921 4603 9Hg Mercury** 42.0 76.6 120.0 175.6 250.3 355.9 29,30HgI 2 Mercury(II) iodide 85.1 s 115.6 s 152.4 s 197.8 s 255.1 s 353.6 4 Ho Holmium 1159 s 1311 s 1502 i 1767 i 2137 i 2691 i 3IK Potassium iodide 731 866 1052 1322 4ILi Lithium iodide 545 619 710 824 972 1170 4INa Sodium iodide 753 883 1058 1301 4IRb Rubidium iodide 733 866 1045 1302 4ITl Thallium(I) iodide 520 644 821 4I 2 Iodine (rhombic) -12.8 s 9.3 s 35.9 s 68.7 s 108 s 184.0 1,2 I2Pb Lead(II) iodide 470 558 682 869 4 I2Zn Zinc iodide 301 s 351 s 409 s 488 i 598 i 750 i 9 I3Sb Antimony(III) iodide 214.9 292.0 401.2 4 I4Sn Tin(IV) iodide 167.1 242.7 347.7 4 I4Zr Zirconium(IV) iodide 187 s 220 s 259 s 305 s 361 s 430 s 4 In Indium 923 1052 1212 1417 1689 2067 2Ir Iridium 2440 s 2684 2979 3341 3796 4386 2K Potassium 200.2 256.5 328 424 559 756.2 13,30Kr Krypton* -214.0 s -208.0 s -199.4 s -188.9 s -174.6 s -153.6 5La Lanthanum 1732 i 1935 i 2185 i 2499 i 2905 i 3453 i 3Li Lithium 524.3 612.3 722.1 871.2 1064.3 1337.1 13,30Lu Lutetium 1633 s 1829.8 2072.8 2380 i 2799 i 3390 i 3Mg Magnesium 428 s 500 s 588 s 698 859 1088 2Mn Manganese 955 s 1074 s 1220 s 1418 1682 2060 2Mo Molybdenum 2469 s 2721 3039 3434 3939 4606 2MoO 3 Molybdenum(VI) oxide 801 935 1151 4 NO Nitric oxide* -201 s -195 s -188 s -179.3 s -168.1 s -151.9 5N 2 Nitrogen* -236 s -232 s -226.8 s -220.2 s -211.1 s -195.9 1,5 N2O Nitrous oxide* -167 s -157 s -145.4 s -131.1 s -112.9 s -88.7 5 N2O4 Nitrogen tetroxide -92 s -78 s -61 s -41.1 s -16.6 s 28.7 5 N2O5 Nitrogen pentoxide -71 s -56 s -40 s -19.9 s 3.9 s 33.2 5 Na Sodium 280.6 344.2 424.3 529 673 880.2 13,30Nb Niobium 2669 2934 3251 3637 4120 4740 2Nd Neodymium 1322.3 1501.2 1725.3 2023 i 2442 i 3063 i 3Ne Neon* -261 s -260 s -258 s -255 s -252 s -246.1 2Ni Nickel 1510 1677 1881 2137 2468 2911 2OPb Lead(II) oxide 724 816 928 1065 1241 1471 4OSr Strontium oxide 1789 s 1903 s 2047 s 2235 s 2488 s 4O 2 Oxygen* -211.9 -200.5 -183.1 1,28 O2S Sulfur dioxide* -98 s -80 s -52.2 -10.3 1,5 O2Se Selenium dioxide 124.5 s 153.9 s 188 s 228 s 275 s 315 s 38 O2Si Silicon dioxide 1966 i 2149 i 2368 i 8 O3 Ozone* -189 e -182 e -172 e -158 e -139.7 -111.5 5 O3P2 Phosphorus(III) oxide 47.3 100.3 172.8 4 O3S Sulfur trioxide -20 s 6.6 s 44.5 5 O3Sb2 Antimony(III) oxide (valentinite) 426.1 s 478 s 539 s 610 s 907 1420 4,35 O 5P2 Phosphorus(V) oxide 285 s 328 s 377.5 s 434.4 s 500.5 s 591 4 O7Re2 Rhenium(VII) oxide 147 s 176 s 208 s 244 s 284 s 362 4 Os Osmium 2887 s 3150 3478 3875 4365 4983 2P Phosphorus (white) 6 s 34 s 69 115 180 276 3,9P Phosphorus (red) 182 s 216 s 256 s 303 s 362 s 431 s 2,3Pb Lead 705 815 956 1139 1387 1754 2PbS Lead(II) sulfide 656 s 741 s 838 s 953 s 1088 s 1280 4 Pd Palladium 1448 s 1624 1844 2122 2480 2961 2Po Polonium 573 e 730.2 963.3 5 Pr Praseodymium 1497.7 1699.4 1954 i 2298 i 2781 i 3506 i 3Pt Platinum 2057 2277 e 2542 2870 3283 3821 2 6-71VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. Pu Plutonium 1483 1680 1925 2238 2653 3226 2Ra Radium 546 s 633 s 764 936 1173 1526 2Rb Rubidium 160.4 212.5 278.9 368 496.1 685.3 13,30Re Rhenium 3030 s 3341 3736 4227 4854 5681 2Rh Rhodium 2015 2223 2476 2790 3132 3724 2Rn Radon* -163 s -152 s -139 s -121.4 s -97.6 s -62.3 5Ru Ruthenium 2315 s 2538 2814 3151 3572 4115 2S Sulfur 102 s 135 176 235 318 444 3Sb Antimony 534 s 603 s 738 946 1218 1585 2,3Sc Scandium 1372 s 1531 s 1733 i 1993 i 2340 i 2828 i 3Se Selenium 227 279 344 431 540 685 3Si Silicon 1635 1829 2066 2363 2748 3264 2Sm Samarium 728 s 833 s 967 s 1148 i 1402 i 1788 i 3Sn Tin 1224 1384 1582 1834 2165 2620 2Sr Strontium 523 s 609 s 717 s 866 1072 1373 2Ta Tantalum 3024 3324 3684 4122 4666 5361 2Tb Terbium 1516.1 1706.1 1928 i 2232 i 2640 i 3218 i 3Tc Technetium 2454 e 2725 e 3051 e 3453 e 3961 e 4621 e 2Te Tellurium 502 e 615 e 768.8 992.4 5Th Thorium 2360 2634 2975 3410 3986 4782 2 Ti Titanium 1709 1898 2130 e 2419 2791 3285 2Tl Thallium 609 704 824 979 1188 1485 2Tm Thulium 844 s 962 s 1108 s 1297 s 1548 i 1944 i 3U Uranium 2052 2291 2586 2961 3454 4129 2V Vanadium 1828 s 2016 2250 2541 2914 3406 2W Tungsten 3204 s 3500 3864 4306 4854 5550 2Xe Xenon* -190 s -181 s -170 s -155.8 s -136.6 s -108.4 5,32Y Yttrium 1610.1 1802.3 2047 i 2354 i 2763 i 3334 i 3Yb Ytterbium 463 s 540 s 637 s 774 s 993 i 1192 i 3Zn Zinc 337 s 397 s 477 579 717 912 e 2Zr Zirconium 2366 2618 2924 3302 3780 4405 2 Substances containing carbon:C Carbon (graphite) 2566 s 2775 s 3016 s 3299 s 3635 s 15 CBrClF 2 Bromochloro- difluoromethane -136 e -123 e -106 e -83.4 -51.8 -4.3 1 CBrCl 3 Bromotrichloromethane -6 e 38.9 104.4 5 CBrF 3 Bromotrifluoromethane* -168 e -156 e -142 e -122.8 -96.6 -58.1 5 CBrN Cyanogen bromide -13 s 17.7 s 61.0 1CBr 2F2 Dibromodifluoromethane -110 e -91 e -66 e -30 e 22.5 1 CBr 4 Tetrabromomethane 25.6 s 65.8 s 111.6 188.9 5 CClF 3 Chlorotrifluoromethane -176 e -167 e -155 e -139 e -116 e -81.7 5 CClN Cyanogen chloride -94.6 s -78.1 s -57 s -29 s 13.0 5CCl 2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane* -150 e -138 e -122 e -101.8 -73.1 -30.0 5 CCl 2O Carbonyl chloride -127 e -113 e -96 e -73 e -40.6 7.2 5 CCl 3F Trichlorofluoromethane* -107 e -89 e -63 e -28.5 23.3 1,5 CCl 3NO 2 Trichloronitromethane -59 e -30 e 4.4 47.8 112.0 5 CCl 4 Tetrachloromethane* -79.4 s -70.8 s -53.5 s -24.4 s 15.8 76.2 1,5 CFN Cyanogen fluoride -135 s -121.2 s -104.1 s -82.8 s -46.2 1,5CF 4 Tetrafluoromethane* -199.9 s -193 s -183.9 s -171.6 -153.9 -128.3 1,5 CHBrF 2 Bromodifluoromethane -128 s -111.4 s -89.7 s -59.7 s -16 s 5 CHBr 3 Tribromomethane 30.5 78.3 148.8 1 CHClF 2 Chlorodifluoromethane* -152 e -141 e -126 e -107.1 -80.5 -41.1 5 CHCl 2F Dichlorofluoromethane -76 e -70 e -61 e -49 e -28.7 8.6 1 CHCl 3 Trichloromethane* -61 e -34 e 4.3 60.8 1 CHF 3 Trifluoromethane* -152 e -136 e -114.4 -82.3 1 CHI 3 Triiodomethane 51.1 s 82.7 s 121 e 218.0 5 CHN Hydrogen cyanide* -77 s -52.6 s -22.7 s 25.4 1,5CHNO Cyanic acid -81.1 -56.8 -23.9 23 e 5CH 2BrCl Bromochloromethane -83 e -69 e -50 e -25 e 11.4 67.7 1 CH 2Br2 Dibromomethane -37 e -7 e 35.2 96.5 5 CH 2ClF Chlorofluoromethane -124 e -108 e -86.2 -55.7 -9.4 5 CH 2Cl2 Dichloromethane* -92 e -73 e -48 e -12.5 39.3 1 CH 2F2 Difluoromethane* -156.7 -145.8 -131.9 -113.6 -88.6 -51.9 1 CH 2I2 Diiodomethane 17 e 55 e 106.1 181.6 5 CH 2O Formaldehyde* -91 e -61.7 -19.3 1 TeamLRN6-72VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. CH 2O2 Formic acid -56 s -40.4 s -22.3 s -0.8 s 37.0 100.2 1,5 CH 3AsF 2 Methyldifluoroarsine -15 e 22.1 76.1 5 CH 3BO Borane carbonyl -124 -99 -64 4 CH 3Br Bromomethane -77 e -44.3 3.3 1 CH 3Cl Chloromethane* -140.2 s -128.6 s -114.7 s -96 e -67.1 -24.4 1,33 CH 3Cl3Si Methyltrichlorosilane -83 e -61 e -33 e 7 e 65.7 1 CH 3F Fluoromethane* -130 e -111 e -78.6 1 CH 3I Iodomethane -49 e -12.4 42.1 1 CH 3NO Formamide 22 e 53 e 93 e 145.0 218 e 5 CH 3NO 2 Nitromethane -2 e 40 e 100.8 1 CH 3NO 3 Methyl nitrate -75 e -55 e -27 e 9.8 63 e 5 CH 4 Methane* -220 s -214.2 s -206.8 s -197 s -183.6 s -161.7 5,41 CH 4Cl2Si Dichloromethylsilane -77 e -51 e -14 e 40.5 1 CH 4O Methanol* -87 e -69 e -47.5 -20.4 15.2 64.2 11 CH 4S Methanethiol -115 e -97 e -74 e -41.7 5.7 1 CH 5ClSi Chloromethylsilane -129 e -115 e -97.9 -74.4 -41.5 8.3 5 CH 5N Methylamine -76.7 -48.1 -6.6 1 CH 6N2 Methylhydrazine -31 e -4.7 32.9 91 e 1 CH 6OSi Methyl silyl ether -90.2 -61.8 -18 e 1 CH 6Si Methylsilane -144 e -124.6 -97.5 -57.5 5 CIN Cyanogen iodide 153.8 5 CNNa Sodium cyanide 672 e 798 961 1182 1497 4CN 4O8 Tetranitromethane 18.0 61.8 124 e 5 CO Carbon monoxide* -223 s -216.5 s -207.2 s -191.7 40COS Carbon oxysulfide* -136 e -117 e -90.0 -50.4 1COSe Carbon oxyselenide -120 -98 -67 -22 4CO 2 Carbon dioxide* -159.1 s -148.9 s -136.7 s -121.6 s -103.1 s -78.6 s 5 CS2 Carbon disulfide -96 e -76 e -49 e -10.9 45.9 1 CSe 2 Carbon diselenide -24 e 9.4 56.2 127 e 1 C2Br2ClF 3 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro- 1,2,2-trifluoroethane 92.3 5 C 2Br2F4 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane -97 e -75 e -46 e -7.2 47.1 5 C2Br4 Tetrabromoethylene -54.5 s -31.7 s -3.5 s 32.2 s 226.0 5 C2ClF 3 Chlorotrifluoroethylene -146 e -134 e -119 e -99 e -71 e -28.4 1 C2ClF 5 Chloropentafluoroethane -80.3 -39.4 1 C2Cl2F4 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane -45.4 2.7 5 C2Cl2F4 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane -76.8 -44.9 3.2 5 C2Cl3F3 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 45.6 1,5 C2Cl3F3 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane -8.2 47.3 1,5 C2Cl3N Trichloroacetonitrile -16 e 25.3 85.1 1 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene -22 e 10 e 54.4 120.7 1 C2Cl4F2 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro- 2,2-difluoroethane -7 e 31.0 91.1 5 C 2Cl4F2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro- 1,2-difluoroethane 32.3 92.5 1 C 2Cl4O Trichloroacetyl chloride -25 e 7 e 51.7 117.8 1,5 C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane -7.6 s 9.9 s 33.6 s 67.7 s 116.9 s 184.2 s 5 C2F3N Trifluoroacetonitrile -126.1 -102.5 -67.8 1 C2F4 Tetrafluoroethylene -132.3 -109.7 -75.8 1 C2F4N2O4 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro- 1,2-dinitroethane -30 e 6.4 59.5 5 C 2F6 Hexafluoroethane** -155.2 s -137.5 s -113.4 s -78.4 s 1,5 C2HBrClF 3 2-Bromo-2-chloro- 1,1,1-trifluoroethane -41.4 -4.8 49.8 1 C 2HBr 3O Tribromoacetaldehyde 15.0 52.7 103.0 173.5 5 C2HClF 4 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethane -110 e -87.6 -57.0 -12.1 5 C 2HCl 2F3 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1- trifluoroethane -101.0 -82.2 -57.4 -23.3 26.7 18 C 2HCl 3 Trichloroethylene -74 e -59 e -39 e -12 e 26.7 86.8 1 C2HCl 3O Trichloroacetaldehyde -41.6 -9.8 33.8 97.4 5 C2HCl 3O2 Trichloroacetic acid 83.8 130.0 197.2 1,5 C2HCl 5 Pentachloroethane -23 e 3 e 37.4 86.0 159.4 1 C2HF3O2 Trifluoroacetic acid 16.8 71.4 1,5 C2HF5O Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether -147 e -136 e -121 e -102 e -75.0 -35.4 20 C2H2 Acetylene* -146.6 s -130.7 s -110.6 s -84.8 s 5 6-73VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C2H2Br2 cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene -45 e -21 e 10 e 52.2 114.8 1 C2H2Br2 trans -1,2-Dibromoethylene -4 e 42.2 107.4 5 C2H2Br2Cl2 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane 103.6 177.8 5 C2H2Br2Cl2 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane -11 e 22 e 64.1 119 e 193 e 5 C2H2Br4 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 14 e 38 e 69 e 109 e 163.7 242.9 5 C2H2Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethylene -116 e -101 e -82 e -57 e -21.4 31.2 1 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene -62 e -34 e 3.8 60.3 1 C2H2Cl2 trans -1,2-Dichloroethylene -44 e -7.5 47.3 1 C2H2Cl2F2 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane -101 e -87 e -68 e -42.2 -6.8 46.3 5 C2H2Cl2O Chloroacetyl chloride -23.7 5.6 46.1 105.6 5 C2H2Cl4 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane -58 e -40 e -15 e 17 e 62.2 129.7 1 C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane -22 e 1 e 32.4 76.9 144.7 1 C2H2F4 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane -94.3 -66.8 -26.4 17 C2H2F4 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane -96.0 -66.9 -23.3 5 C2H2O Ketene -151 e -135 e -115 e -88.2 -50.0 1 C2H3Br Bromoethylene -124 e -110 e -92 e -68 e -34.5 15.4 5 C2H3BrO Acetyl bromide -78 e -65 e -49 e -25 e 13.9 84 e 5 C2H3Br3 1,1,2-Tribromoethane -18 e 4 e 32 e 68 e 117.1 188.4 5 C2H3Cl Chloroethylene -139 e -127 e -110 e -89 e -59.0 -14.1 1 C2H3ClF 2 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane -123 e -107 e -85.3 -55.4 -10.5 5 C2H3ClO Acetyl chloride -100 e -85 e -66 e -40 e -3.6 50.4 1 C2H3ClO 2 Chloroacetic acid 78.4 123.9 188.9 1 C2H3Cl2F 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane -101 e -83 e -57.9 -22.7 31.4 5 C2H3Cl2F 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane -50 e -23.8 14.1 73.4 5 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane -25.3 14.2 73.7 5 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane -23 e 7 e 49.9 113.4 1 C2H3F Fluoroethylene -153.3 -135.2 -109.9 -72.2 5 C2H3FO Acetyl fluoride -64.1 17.0 5 C2H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane -113 e -86.6 -47.8 1 C2H3F3O 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol -33 e -8 e 26.0 74 e 5 C2H3I Iodoethylene -41 e -3 e 55.6 5 C2H3IO Acetyl iodide -0.6 47 e 107.0 5 C2H3N Acetonitrile -20 e 21.4 81.2 1 C2H3NO Methylisocyanate -43.5 -10.2 38.8 1 C2H3NS Methyl thiocyanate -18.4 16.2 63.5 132.5 5 C2H4 Ethylene* -155.6 -135.1 -104.0 1,10 C2H4BrCl 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane -0.4 41.7 105.7 6 C2H4Br2 1,1-Dibromoethane -49 e -26 e 5 e 46.4 107.6 5 C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane 18 e 62.2 130.9 1 C2H4ClF 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane -69.9 -36.1 15.8 5 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane -84 e -64 e -36.7 1.0 56.9 1 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane -16.4 23.7 83.1 1 C2H4F2 1,1-Difluoroethane -115.2 -94.6 -66.1 -24.3 19 C2H4N2O6 Ethylene glycol dinitrate 4 e 25.6 51.0 81 e 117 e 162 e 5 C2H4O Acetaldehyde -105 e -87 e -62.8 -29.4 20.0 5 C2H4O Ethylene oxide -111 e -93 e -70 e -37.0 10.2 1 C2H4O2 Acetic acid -42.8 s -26.7 s -8 s 14.2 s 55.9 117.5 1,5 C2H4O2 Methyl formate -95 e -76 e -51.8 -18.1 31.4 5 C2H4O3 Peroxyacetic acid 14.4 55.3 109.7 5 C2H4O3 Glycolic acid 99.9 5 C2H5AsF 2 Ethyldifluoroarsine -36 e -6.0 35.0 93.1 5 C2H5Br Bromoethane -111 e -96 e -77 e -51.3 -15.5 38.0 5 C2H5Cl Chloroethane -126 e -112 e -94 e -70 e -37.0 12.0 1 C2H5ClO 2-Chloroethanol -61 e -39 e -12 e 23 e 67.1 127.3 5 C2H5ClO Chloromethyl methyl ether -96 e -80 e -59 e -32 e 6 e 61 e 5 C2H5Cl3OSi Trichloroethoxysilane -78 e -60 e -36.0 -4.6 38.7 102.0 5 C2H5Cl3Si Trichloroethylsilane -79 e -61 e -38 e -8 e 34.9 98.7 5 C2H5F Fluoroethane -142 e -127 e -106.3 -78.7 -37.9 1 C2H5FO 2-Fluoroethanol -22 e 8.3 47.5 99 e 5 C2H5I Iodoethane -94 e -78 e -56 e -27.9 11.9 71.9 5 C2H5N Ethyleneimine -74 e -55 e -30 e 4.1 55 e 5 C2H5NO Acetamide 16.7 s 39.1 s 65.2 s 102.8 150.8 218.2 5 C2H5NO N-Methylformamide 13 e 41 e 78 e 127.9 199.1 1 C2H5NO 2 Nitroethane -61 e -44 e -21 e 8.3 50.1 113.5 5 C2H5NO 3 Ethyl nitrate -81 e -63 e -41 e -12 e 28.2 87 e 1 C2H6 Ethane* -183.3 s -173.2 -161.3 -145.3 -122.8 -88.8 41 C2H6Cl2Si Dichlorodimethylsilane 11.1 70.1 5 TeamLRN6-74VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C2H6Hg Dimethyl mercury -13.5 29.0 92.1 5 C2H6N2O N-Nitrosodimethylamine 30.7 80.5 149.8 5 C2H6O Ethanol -73 e -56 e -34 e -7 e 29.2 78.0 1,5 C2H6O Dimethyl ether* -135 e -118 e -96.8 -67.6 -25.1 1,5 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide 27.4 65.0 115.9 188.6 1 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol 2 e 24 e 51.1 86.1 132.5 196.9 1 C2H6O2 Ethyl hydroperoxide -70 e -49 e -25 e 6.8 47.0 101 e 5 C2H6O2S Dimethyl sulfone 109 e 166.8 248.9 5 C2H6S Ethanethiol -112 e -97 e -78 e -53 e -18 e 34.7 1 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide -96 e -77 e -51.2 -16.0 37.0 1,5 C2H6S2 Dimethyl disulfide -71 e -53 e -29 e 1.7 45.0 109.3 5 C2H7BO 2 Dimethoxyborane -116 e -101.9 -83.5 -59.2 -25.4 25 e 5 C2H7N Ethylamine -71 e -53 e -27 e 16.4 1 C2H7N Dimethylamine -88 e -66.9 -37.2 6.6 1 C2H7NO Ethanolamine 11 e 35 e 66.2 109.0 170.6 1 C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine 17.0 57.5 116.6 1,5 C2H8N2 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine -52 e -25.6 10.5 63 e 5 C2H8N2 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine -49 e -33 e -9 e 26.4 88 e 1 C2N2 Cyanogen -127 s -114.1 s -98.5 s -79.2 s -54.9 s -21.4 5 C3ClF 5O Chloropentafluoroacetone -122 e -109 e -93 e -71 e -39.4 7.4 5 C3Cl6 Hexachloropropene -12 e 11 e 40 e 79 e 132.8 213.6 5 C3F6 Perfluoropropene -150 e -138 e -122 e -101 e -72 e -30.6 5 C3F6O Perfluoroacetone -113 e -94 e -67.8 -27.6 5 C3F8 Perfluoropropane -139 e -124 e -105 e -77.5 -37.0 1 C3HN Cyanoacetylene -58.7 s -35.6 s -7 s 42.0 5 C3H2F6O 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro- 2-propanol 12.7 57.1 5 C3H3F5 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane -60 e -17.9 5 C3H3N 2-Propenenitrile -72 e -50 e -22 e 17.7 77.0 1 C3H3NS Thiazole 54.4 117.8 5 C3H4 Allene* -129 e -118 e -101.4 -76.7 -34.7 5 C3H4 Propyne -94 e -65.3 -23.2 1 C3H4ClF 3 3-Chloro-1,1,1- trifluoropropane -102 e -87 e -68 e -43 e -8 e 45.3 5 C 3H4Cl2O 1,1-Dichloroacetone 1 e 47.8 118.0 5 C3H4Cl2O2 Methyl dichloroacetate -44 e -25 e 0 e 33 e 77.7 142.3 5 C3H4Cl4 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane -48 e -28 e -2 e 32 e 79.1 149.5 5 C3H4F4O 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro- 1-propanol -10 e 17 e 53.9 107.2 5 C3H4O Acrolein -87 e -67 e -40 e -3.0 52.8 1 C3H4O2 Propenoic acid 35 e 78.0 140.7 1 C3H4O2 Vinyl formate -58 e -34 e -1.6 46.2 1 C3H4O2 2-Oxetanone -21 e 8 e 45.5 93.8 159.3 5 C3H4O3 Ethylene carbonate 12.7 s 37 e 247 5 C3H5Br cis-1-Bromopropene -100 e -84 e -64 e -37 e 1.0 57.4 5 C3H5Br 2-Bromopropene -112 e -95 e -75 e -47 e -9 e 48.0 5 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene -98 e -80 e -58 e -28 e 12 e 69.6 5 C3H5Cl cis-1-Chloropropene -114 e -100 e -81 e -55 e -20.1 32.4 5 C3H5Cl trans -1-Chloropropene -97 e -77 e -52 e -16.2 37.0 5 C3H5Cl 2-Chloropropene -120 e -106 e -87 e -63 e -28.7 22.3 5 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene -107 e -92 e -72.4 -46.3 -9.8 44.6 5 C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin -21 e 11 e 53.8 115.5 5 C3H5ClO 2 Methyl chloroacetate -28 e -5 e 25 e 66.9 129.1 5 C3H5Cl3 1,1,3-Trichloropropane -51 e -31 e -5 e 28 e 75.3 145.1 5 C3H5Cl3 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 2 e 37 e 84.9 156.3 5 C3H5Cl3Si Trichloro-2-propenylsilane 53.0 116.5 5 C3H5I 3-Iodopropene -80 e -62 e -39 e -8 e 36 e 101.5 5 C3H5N Propanenitrile -69.4 -55.3 -36.0 -7.9 35.2 97.4 1,5 C3H5NO Acrylamide 109.6 161 e 5 C3H5NO 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile -11 e 18 e 53 e 96.1 150.3 220.8 5 C3H5NS Ethyl thiocyanate -39 e -20 e 4 e 35 e 79.1 143.4 5 C3H5NS Ethyl isothiocyanate 17.4 66 e 136 e 5 C3H5N3O9 Trinitroglycerol 48.6 75.7 118 e 191 e 353 e 1007 e 5 C3H6 Propene* -160.6 -149.0 -134.3 -114.9 -88.2 -47.9 1,5 C3H6 Cyclopropane -124 e -104 e -75.7 -33.1 1 C3H6BrCl 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane -51 e -31 e -6 e 28 e 74.1 142.9 5 C3H6Br2 1,2-Dibromopropane -46 e -26 e -2 e 31 e 75.3 139.5 5 6-75VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C3H6Br2 1,3-Dibromopropane -30 e -9 e 17 e 52 e 98.7 166.8 5 C3H6Cl2 1,1-Dichloropropane -14 e 27.0 87.7 5 C3H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloropropane -78 e -61 e -38.1 -8.1 33.7 95.9 5 C3H6Cl2 1,3-Dichloropropane -65 e -46 e -22 e 10 e 54.0 119.9 5 C3H6Cl2 2,2-Dichloropropane -28 e 10.8 68.9 5 C3H6Cl2O 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 21.8 59.0 107.6 173.9 5 C3H6N2O4 1,1-Dinitropropane -9 e 12 e 39 e 73.2 120 e 187 e 5 C3H6O Allyl alcohol -63 e -48 e -21.9 6.8 44.5 96.2 5 C3H6O Methyl vinyl ether -114 e -89 e -52.7 4.6 1 C3H6O Propanal -69 e -42 e -6 e 47.7 1 C3H6O Acetone -95 -81.8 -62.8 -35.6 1.3 55.7 1,5 C3H6O Methyloxirane -109 e -95 e -76 e -51.5 -17.2 33.9 5 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid 0 e 35.1 79.9 140.8 1,5 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate -80 e -61 e -35 e 1 e 54.0 1 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate -95 e -79 e -59 e -33 e 3.3 56.6 1 C3H6O2 1,3-Dioxolane -72 e -50 e -22 e 17.0 75.3 1 C3H6O3 1,3,5-Trioxane 53 e 113.7 1 C3H6S Thietane -62 e -40 e -9 e 32.5 94.5 5 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane -95 e -78 e -57 e -28 e 11.6 70.6 1 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane -84 e -65 e -39.6 -1.7 59.1 1,5 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane -106 e -90 e -71 e -44.5 -8.1 46.2 1 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane -91 e -74 e -51.1 -17.8 35.4 1,5 C3H7ClO 2-Chloro-1-propanol 23 e 63.8 125.7 5 C3H7F 1-Fluoropropane -133 e -120 e -103 e -80.7 -49.4 -2.8 5 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane -78 e -60 e -37 e -6 e 36.9 102.0 5 C3H7I 2-Iodopropane -89 e -71 e -47 e -16.3 26.5 89.2 5 C3H7N Allylamine -88 e -65 e -37 e 0.4 52 e 5 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide -39 e -20 e 5 e 38.0 83.9 152.6 1 C3H7NO N-Methylacetamide -13.3 s 13 s 43 e 83.8 136.1 206.3 5 C3H7NO 2 1-Nitropropane -56 e -37 e -13 e 20 e 64.8 130.8 1 C3H7NO 2 2-Nitropropane -48 e -22 e 10.7 55.6 119.8 1 C3H7NO 3 Propyl nitrate -23.9 6.1 48.1 111 e 5 C3H8 Propane* -156.9 -145.6 -130.9 -111.4 -83.8 -42.3 1,41 C3H8O 1-Propanol -54 e -38 e -16 e 10 e 47 e 96.9 1,5 C3H8O 2-Propanol -65 e -49 e -28 e -1.3 33.6 82.0 1,5 C3H8O Ethyl methyl ether -98 e -89 e -77 e -60 e -34.8 7.0 5 C3H8O2 1,2-Propylene glycol -11 e 13 e 42 e 78 e 125.0 187.2 5 C3H8O2 1,3-Propylene glycol 4 e 30 e 62 e 101 e 149.9 214.0 5 C3H8O2 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether -57 e -37 e -12 e 21 e 63.8 124.3 1 C 3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane -93 e -81 e -64 e -42 e -9.3 41.7 5 C3H8O3 Glycerol 96 e 113 e 136 e 168 e 213.4 287 e 1 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol -94 e -78 e -57 e -29.1 9.6 67.4 1,5 C3H8S 2-Propanethiol -102 e -87 e -67 e -41 e -3 e 52.2 1 C3H8S Ethyl methyl sulfide -94 e -78 e -57 e -29.7 8.8 66.3 1 C3H8S2 1,3-Propanedithiol -53 e -28 e 3 e 43 e 97 e 172.4 5 C3H9As Trimethylarsine -74 e -45 e -5.4 52.0 5 C3H9BO 3 Trimethyl borate -14 e 15.6 67.9 5 C3H9BS Methyl dimethylthioborane -62 e -30.4 11.4 70.7 5 C3H9ClSi Trimethylchlorosilane -37.8 0.4 57.3 5 C3H9N Propylamine -81 e -63 e -38.3 -4.1 46.9 1,5 C3H9N Isopropylamine -91 e -74 e -50.4 -17.6 31.5 1,5 C3H9N Trimethylamine -114 e -97 e -75.0 -43.8 2.6 1,5 C3H9NO 1-Amino-2-propanol 18 e 53.2 98.2 157.9 5 C3H9O4P Trimethyl phosphate -31 e -7 e 23.6 62.8 116.0 192.0 5 C3H9P Trimethylphosphine -81 e -53 e -15.0 37.1 5 C3H9Sb Trimethylstibine -56 e -23.8 19 e 80 e 5 C3H10N2 1,2-Propanediamine -35.4 -12.0 18.8 61 e 119 e 5 C3N2O Carbonyl dicyanide -21.7 15.3 65.2 5 C4Cl6 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene -1 e 22 e 50 e 86.7 137.0 209.7 5 C4F6O3 Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride -63 e -39 e -7.1 38.8 5 C 4F8 Perfluorocyclobutane -6.2 1 C4F10 Perfluorobutane -122 e -105 e -82 e -49.8 -2.5 1,5 C4H2Cl2O2 trans -2-Butenedioyl dichloride 8.0 45.6 94.3 159.8 5 C4H2Cl2S 2,5-Dichlorothiophene -20 e 22 e 81.4 171 e 5 TeamLRN6-76VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C4H2O3 Maleic anhydride 73.7 127.9 201.7 5 C4H3ClS 2-Chlorothiophene -62 e -35 e 2 e 51.8 123 e 5 C4H3IS 2-Iodothiophene -25 e 23 e 94.9 181.0 5 C4H4 1-Buten-3-yne -96.1 -73.4 -41.8 4.9 5 C4H4N2 Succinonitrile 24.8 s 266.0 5 C4H4O Furan -78 e -54 e -20 e 31.0 1 C4H4O2 Diketene 19.3 63.3 126 e 5 C4H4O3 Succinic anhydride 121 e 180.8 260.8 5 C4H4O4 Fumaric acid 123.9 s 150 s 180 s 5 C4H4S Thiophene -17 e 23.7 83.7 5 C4H5Cl 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene -113 e -95 e -71 e -41 e 0.3 59.0 5 C4H5ClO 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride -57 e -35 e -5 e 36.4 98.2 5 C4H5Cl3O2 Ethyl trichloroacetate 15.3 51.9 100.1 166.6 5 C4H5N 3-Butenenitrile -67 e -48 e -23.1 9.3 53.7 118.4 5 C4H5N Methylacrylonitrile -12 e 29.0 89.8 5 C4H5N Pyrrole -8 e 24 e 66.7 129.4 1 C4H5NO 2 Methyl cyanoacetate -3 e 19 e 48 e 84 e 134.0 204.6 5 C4H5NS Allyl isothiocyanate -45 e -27 e -3 e 32.1 89 e 198 e 5 C4H5NS 4-Methylthiazole 67.0 5 C4H6 1,2-Butadiene -132 e -117 e -98 e -72.8 -38.9 10.5 5 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene* -106 e -83 e -51.9 -4.7 1 C4H6 1-Butyne -125 e -111 e -94 e -71.2 -39.4 7.8 1 C4H6 2-Butyne -89.2 s -73.8 s -53.5 s -23.9 26.6 5 C4H6Cl2O2 Ethyl dichloroacetate 2.6 40.1 89.1 156.3 5 C4H6O Divinyl ether -99 e -80 e -56 e -22.1 28.0 5 C4H6O trans -2-Butenal -74 e -56 e -33 e -3 e 39.7 102.4 5 C4H6O 3-Buten-2-one 21 e 81.0 5 C4H6O Cyclobutanone -34 e -4 e 37.1 97 e 5 C4H6O2 cis-Crotonic acid 30 e 63 e 106.7 168.9 5 C4H6O2 trans -Crotonic acid 74 e 120.8 184.9 5 C4H6O2 3-Butenoic acid -19 e 2 e 27 e 61 e 105.6 168.6 5 C4H6O2 Methacrylic acid 22 e 56 e 99.9 161.5 5 C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate -88 e -71 e -50 e -22 e 16.2 72.2 1 C4H6O2 Methyl acrylate -71 e -48 e -18 e 22 e 79.9 5 C4H6O2 2,3-Butanedione 30.7 84.8 5 C4H6O2 gamma-Butyrolactone -17 e 24 e 72 e 130.2 203 e 5 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride -44 e -25 e -1 e 31 e 75.1 139.7 1 C4H6O3 Propylene carbonate -40 e -5 e 43 e 112 e 220 e 410 e 5 C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate 50.5 98.1 163.0 5 C4H7Br trans -1-Bromo-1-butene -87 e -68 e -43.3 -11.4 31.9 94.4 5 C4H7Br 2-Bromo-1-butene -87 e -70 e -48 e -20 e 20.7 80.6 5 C4H7Br cis-2-Bromo-2-butene -90 e -72 e -49.0 -18.5 23.5 85.2 5 C4H7Br trans -2-Bromo-2-butene -86 e -67 e -43.4 -12.0 31.0 93.5 5 C4H7Br3 1,2,3-Tribromobutane 0 e 23 e 53 e 91 e 143.7 219.5 5 C4H7Br3 1,2,4-Tribromobutane -3 e 20 e 49 e 87 e 139.4 214.5 5 C4H7Cl 3-Chloro-1-butene -64 e -36 e 4 e 63.6 5 C4H7Cl cis-2-Chloro-2-butene -100 e -83 e -62 e -34 e 6 e 66.4 5 C4H7Cl trans -2-Chloro-2-butene -102 e -86 e -65 e -37 e 3 e 62.2 5 C4H7Cl 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene -75 e -54 e -25 e 13.8 71.5 5 C4H7ClO 2 Ethyl chloroacetate -2.6 32.6 79.1 143.8 5 C4H7N Butanenitrile -67 e -48 e -24 e 8 e 52.3 117.2 1 C4H8 1-Butene -139.0 -125.2 -107.8 -85.3 -53.7 -6.6 1,5 C4H8 cis-2-Butene -131.2 -117.4 -99.8 -76.7 -44.8 3.4 1,5 C4H8 trans -2-Butene -102 e -80 e -47.6 0.6 1 C4H8 Isobutene -139.1 -125.5 -108.2 -85.5 -54.5 -7.3 1,5 C4H8 Cyclobutane -71.8 -38.1 12.1 5 C4H8 Methylcyclopropane -130 e -116 e -99.3 -76.3 -44.2 4.2 5 C4H8Br2 1,2-Dibromobutane -54 e -30 e 0.4 39.6 92.1 166.1 5 C4H8Br2 1,4-Dibromobutane -13 e 9 e 37 e 74 e 124.0 196.5 5 C4H8Cl2 1,1-Dichlorobutane -25 e 6 e 49.3 113.4 5 C4H8Cl2 1,2-Dichlorobutane -28.4 5.8 53.1 123.1 5 C4H8Cl2 1,4-Dichlorobutane -26 e 0 e 35 e 82.4 153.4 5 C4H8Cl2 2,2-Dichlorobutane -58 e -35 e -5 e 37.8 102.1 5 C4H8Cl2O Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether -32 e -9 e 19.8 56.9 106.9 177.9 5 C4H8O Ethyl vinyl ether -102 e -81 e -53.1 -16.5 34.7 5 C4H8O 1,2-Epoxybutane -135 e -114 e -87 e -53 e -5.5 62.1 5 6-77VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C4H8O Butanal -88 e -72 e -50 e -22 e 16.6 74.5 1,5 C4H8O Isobutanal -56 e -29 e 8 e 63.8 1 C4H8O 2-Butanone -85 e -68 e -46 e -18.1 21.2 79.2 1 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran -94 e -78 e -57.3 -29.8 9 e 65.6 1 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid 12.9 52.2 101.4 163.3 1,5 C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid -30.1 -8.2 18.1 50.5 92.9 154.0 5 C4H8O2 Propyl formate -78 e -62 e -42 e -15.1 23.0 80.4 1,5 C4H8O2 Isopropyl formate -80 e -65 e -47 e -22.2 13.2 67.7 5 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate -83 e -66 e -45 e -18 e 20.4 76.8 1 C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate -80 e -64 e -43 e -15.8 22.2 79.0 1 C4H8O2 cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol 17 e 44 e 77 e 117.4 168.5 234.9 5 C4H8O2 1,3-Dioxane -37 e -3 e 43.4 106.0 5 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 39.6 101.0 1 C4H8O2S Sulfolane 49 e 87 e 135 e 198.0 283.5 5 C4H8S Tetrahydrothiophene -66 e -47 e -23 e 9.4 54.1 120.5 1 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane -68.4 -53.9 -34.1 -5.4 37.6 101.1 1,5 C4H9Br 2-Bromobutane -86 e -68 e -46 e -16 e 26.6 90.7 5 C4H9Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane -85 e -68 e -46 e -16 e 26.8 91.1 5 C4H9Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 11.7 72.4 1,5 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane -87 e -71 e -49 e -21 e 18.4 78.1 1 C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane -96 e -80 e -59 e -31.0 8.5 67.9 1 C4H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane -94 e -78 e -56.6 -28.7 10.2 68.5 5 C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane -4.2 50.3 5 C4H9Cl3Si Butyltrichlorosilane 77.2 148.4 5 C4H9F 1-Fluorobutane -114 e -99 e -80 e -55 e -20.0 32.1 5 C4H9F 2-Fluorobutane -117 e -103 e -85 e -60.7 -26.7 24.7 5 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane -62 e -43 e -19 e 14 e 60.5 130.0 5 C4H9I 2-Iodobutane -70 e -51 e -27 e 5 e 50 e 119.5 5 C4H9I 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane -47 e -21.4 12.0 56.8 120.0 5 C4H9I 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane -75.1 s -58.8 s -39.5 s -5.2 41 e 100.0 5 C4H9N Pyrrolidine -59 e -38 e -10 e 28.5 86.2 1 C4H9NO N-Methylpropanamide 81.1 105 e 5 C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide -8 e 8 e 28.0 56.4 98.2 165.7 1 C4H9NO 2-Butanone oxime -18 e 7 e 38.9 81.9 142.9 5 C4H9NO Morpholine 21 e 64.5 128.5 1 C4H9NO 3 Isobutyl nitrate -18 e 15.1 59.2 123.0 5 C4H10 Butane* -134.3 -121.0 -103.9 -81.1 -49.1 -0.8 1,41 C4H10 Isobutane* -129.0 -113.0 -90.9 -59.4 -12.0 1,41 C4H10O 1-Butanol -37 e -20 e 0 e 28 e 64 e 117.4 1 C4H10O 2-Butanol -50 e -34 e -14 e 12.6 48.2 99.2 1,5 C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol -39 e -24 e -5 e 20.9 56.0 107.6 1,5 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 34.4 82.1 1,5 C4H10O Diethyl ether -111 e -96 e -77 e -52.6 -17.8 34.1 1 C4H10O Methyl propyl ether -40 e -11.3 38.7 5 C4H10O Isopropyl methyl ether -56 e -21.2 30.4 5 C4H10O2 1,3-Butanediol -4 e 23 e 55 e 94 e 142.9 206.1 5 C4H10O2 1,4-Butanediol 45 e 77 e 116 e 164.7 227.6 5 C4H10O2 2,3-Butanediol 15 e 43 e 77 e 121.2 180.3 5 C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether -49 e -29 e -3 e 30 e 73.6 135.3 1 C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether -44 e -15 e 25.2 85.2 1 C 4H10O2 Dimethylacetal -89 e -74 e -55 e -29 e 7.7 64.1 5 C4H10O2 Diethylperoxide -39 e 3.6 65.0 5 C4H10O2S Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide 31 e 114.2 282.0 5 C4H10O3 Diethylene glycol 35 e 58 e 86 e 123 e 173.6 245.2 1 C4H10O4S Diethyl sulfate 3 e 36 e 79 e 134 e 208.3 5 C4H10S 1-Butanethiol -77 e -59 e -37 e -6 e 35.4 98.0 5 C4H10S 2-Butanethiol -86 e -69 e -47 e -17 e 23.4 84.5 5 C4H10S 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol -66 e -44 e -15 e 26.5 88.1 5 C4H10S 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 5.8 63.8 5 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide -80 e -62 e -40 e -10.8 30.3 91.7 1 C4H10S Methyl propyl sulfide -78 e -61 e -38 e -8 e 33.1 95.1 5 C4H10S Isopropyl methyl sulfide -85 e -68 e -46 e -17 e 23.4 84.3 5 C4H10S2 1,4-Butanedithiol -17 e 5 e 32 e 69.1 119.9 195.1 5 C4H10S2 Diethyl disulfide -46 e -26 e 0 e 35 e 82.4 153.5 5 TeamLRN6-78VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C4H11N Butylamine -46 e -18.1 20.0 75.9 5 C4H11N sec-Butylamine -55 e -29.1 7.5 62.3 5 C4H11N tert-Butylamine -67 e -42.4 -8.1 43.7 5 C4H11N Isobutylamine -85 e -70 e -50 e -24.5 12.0 67.3 5 C4H11N Diethylamine -46 e -26 e 5 e 55.2 1 C4H11NO N,N-Dimethylethanolamine -52 e -31 e -6 e 27 e 70.9 133 e 5 C4H11NO 2 Diethanolamine 53 e 77 e 107 e 146 e 197.3 268 e 5 C4H12BN (Dimethylamino)dimethyl- borane -81 e -60.1 -31.9 7.0 64.2 5 C4H12Cl2OSi 2 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3- tetramethyldisiloxane -33 e -9 e 23.8 69.1 136.5 5 C 4H12O4Si Tetramethyl silicate 14.4 59.3 119.7 5 C4H12Si Tetramethylsilane -83 e -59 e -25 e 26.7 5 C4H12Sn Tetramethylstannane -55.0 -25.6 16.6 77.7 5 C4H13N3 Diethylenetriamine -10 e 13 e 43 e 80 e 129.6 198 e 5 C4NiO 4 Nickel carbonyl -12 42 4 C5F12 Perfluoropentane -54.7 -20.9 28.6 5 C5FeO 5 Iron pentacarbonyl 0 44 105 4 C5H4ClN 2-Chloropyridine 7.4 45.8 97.3 169.9 5 C5H4O2 Furfural -26 e -8 e 16 e 47 e 92.4 161.4 1 C5H5N Pyridine -23 e 8 e 51.0 114.9 1 C5H6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene -77 e -51 e -14 e 39.8 5 C5H6N2 Pentanedinitrile 24.1 52 e 85 e 126 e 178 e 245 e 5 C5H6O 2-Methylfuran -66 e -35 e 6 e 64.5 1 C5H6O2 Furfuryl alcohol -30 e -5 e 25 e 62.6 109.3 169.7 5 C5H6S 2-Methylthiophene -58 e -32 e 2 e 47.9 112.2 1 C5H6S 3-Methylthiophene -53 e -28 e 6 e 50.6 115.1 1 C5H7N 1-Methylpyrrole 8 e 49.9 112.3 5 C5H7NO 2 Ethyl cyanoacetate 16 e 39 e 67.0 102.1 146.7 205.6 5 C5H8 1,2-Pentadiene -109 e -93 e -73 e -46.1 -9.7 44.5 5 C5H8 cis-1,3-Pentadiene -109 e -93 e -73 e -47.0 -10.5 43.7 1,5 C5H8 trans -1,3-Pentadiene -75 e -49.0 -13 e 42 e 1 C5H8 1,4-Pentadiene -120 e -105 e -86 e -60.9 -26.2 25.6 5 C5H8 2,3-Pentadiene -106 e -90 e -70 e -42.9 -6.3 47.9 5 C5H8 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene -111 e -95 e -75 e -49.2 -13.1 40.4 5 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene -115 e -100 e -81 e -55.4 -19.7 33.7 1,5 C5H8 1-Pentyne -75 e -49.1 -13.5 39.9 5 C5H8 2-Pentyne -100 e -85 e -65 e -37.9 -0.5 55.7 5 C5H8 3-Methyl-1-butyne -82 e -57.5 -23.1 28.6 5 C5H8 Cyclopentene -109 e -94 e -74 e -48 e -11.1 43.8 5 C5H8 Spiropentane -110 e -95 e -76 e -51 e -15 e 38.6 5 C5H8O 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one -35 e -5 e 36.0 97.3 5 C5H8O Cyclopropyl methyl ketone -57 e -31 e 3 e 49 e 112 e 5 C5H8O Cyclopentanone -39 e -14 e 19 e 64 e 130.3 1 C5H8O 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran -22 e 22.0 84.9 5 C5H8O2 4-Pentenoic acid 0 e 19 e 44 e 77 e 122.0 187.5 5 C5H8O2 Vinyl propanoate 31.2 94 e 5 C5H8O2 Ethyl acrylate -55 e -32.7 -2.8 38.5 99.2 5 C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate -31 e -1 e 39.7 100.0 1 C5H8O2 2,4-Pentanedione -5 e 24.7 67.8 137.4 1 C5H8O2 Tetrahydro-2 H-pyran- 2-one 5 e 35.1 74.4 128.3 207.0 5 C5H8O3 Methyl acetoacetate 50.1 101.1 171.3 5 C5H8O4 Glutaric acid 121 e 153.2 191.9 240.3 302.5 5 C5H8O4 Dimethyl malonate -22 e 1 e 30.0 66.7 114.7 180.2 5 C5H9ClO 2 Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate 1.4 36.4 82.5 146.0 5 C5H9ClO 2 Isopropyl chloroacetate -2 e 35.0 83.3 148.1 5 C5H9N Pentanenitrile -54 e -34 e -8 e 26 e 72.2 140.9 1 C5H9N 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 41.1 104.8 5 C5H9NO N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1 e 24 e 53.1 92.3 147.2 229 e 5 C5H10 1-Pentene -118.9 -103.4 -84.0 -58.8 -23.3 29.6 1,5 C5H10 cis-2-Pentene -113.8 -98.1 -78.4 -52.7 -16.8 36.6 1,5 C5H10 trans -2-Pentene -114.5 -98.9 -79.1 -53.3 -17.5 36.0 1,5 C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene -117.7 -102.2 -82.7 -57.2 -21.9 30.8 1,5 C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene -125.0 -110.1 -91.2 -66.7 -32.1 19.7 1,5 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene -113.4 -97.6 -77.7 -51.6 -15.8 38.2 1,5 6-79VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C5H10 Cyclopentane -77.0 -45.4 -7.1 48.8 5 C5H10 Ethylcyclopropane -118 e -102 e -83 e -57 e -20 e 35.5 5 C5H10 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclo- propane -118 e -103 e -83 e -57 e -20 e 36.6 5 C5H10 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclo- propane -122 e -108 e -89 e -63 e -27 e 27.8 5 C5H10Br2 1,5-Dibromopentane 1 e 25 e 54 e 93 e 145.6 221.8 5 C5H10Cl2 1,2-Dichloropentane 30 e 77.4 147.8 5 C5H10Cl2 1,5-Dichloropentane -31 e -10 e 17 e 54 e 104.1 178.9 5 C5H10N2 3-(Dimethylamino)- propanenitrile 51.1 101.8 171.4 5 C 5H10O Cyclopentanol -13 e 11.5 42.2 82.5 140.0 5 C5H10O Allyl ethyl ether -56 e -28.7 9.8 67.2 5 C5H10O Pentanal -71 e -53 e -31 e -1 e 40.8 102.6 5 C5H10O 2-Pentanone -1 e 40.3 101.9 1,5 C5H10O 3-Pentanone -31 e -1 e 40 e 101.6 1 C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone -69 e -54 e -34 e -6.9 32.2 94.0 1,5 C5H10O Tetrahydropyran -15 e 26.0 88 e 5 C5H10O 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran -20 e 19.7 79.8 5 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid -7.4 15.3 42.7 76.3 122.1 185.7 5 C5H10O2 2-Methylbutanoic acid -10 e 10 e 36 e 69 e 112.8 175.2 5 C5H10O2 3-Methylbutanoic acid -15.8 4 e 30.0 64.7 110.6 176.1 5 C5H10O2 Butyl formate -29 e 2 e 44.4 105.7 5 C5H10O2 Isobutyl formate -69 e -53 e -31 e -3 e 37.4 97.6 5 C5H10O2 Propyl acetate -69 e -51 e -29 e 0 e 40.9 101.2 1 C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate -61 e -40 e -11 e 29.8 88.2 5 C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate -69 e -52 e -30 e -1 e 38.9 98.7 1 C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate -68 e -50 e -28 e 0.9 41.7 102.3 5 C5H10O2 Methyl isobutanoate -83 e -65 e -41 e -11 e 31 e 92.1 5 C5H10O2 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol -40 e -16 e 15 e 55 e 106 e 176.8 5 C5H10O3 Diethyl carbonate -42 e -17 e 17 e 61.6 125.9 5 C5H10O3 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate -47 e -26 e 0 e 34 e 79.4 144.1 5 C 5H10S Thiacyclohexane 24 e 71.1 141.2 5 C5H10S Cyclopentanethiol 18 e 64 e 131.7 5 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane -60 e -41 e -16 e 16 e 61.5 129.1 5 C5H11Br 2-Bromopentane -69 e -51 e -27 e 5 e 49.7 116.9 5 C5H11Br 3-Bromopentane -68 e -50 e -26 e 6 e 50.8 118.1 5 C5H11Br 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane -67 e -49 e -25 e 8 e 52.4 119.9 5 C5H11Cl 1-Chloropentane -73 e -55 e -32 e -1 e 42.5 107.9 5 C5H11Cl 2-Chloropentane -80 e -62 e -39 e -9 e 33.2 96.1 5 C5H11Cl 3-Chloropentane -77 e -60 e -37 e -7 e 34.9 97.3 5 C5H11Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane -52 e -21 e 21.8 85.2 5 C5H11Cl 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethyl- propane -17 e 23.5 83.9 5 C5H11F 1-Fluoropentane -97 e -80 e -60 e -32 e 5.7 62.4 5 C5H11I 1-Iodopentane -47 e -27 e -1 e 34 e 83.0 156.5 5 C5H11I 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane -34 e -6.6 28.8 77.3 147.8 5 C5H11N Cyclopentylamine -66 e -48 e -26 e 4 e 45.8 108 e 5 C5H11N Piperidine 2 e 43.3 105.8 5 C5H11N N-Methylpyrrolidine -23 e 18.5 78 e 5 C5H11NO 3 3-Methylbutyl nitrate -26 e 1.0 35.5 81.7 147.0 5 C5H12 Pentane** -115.5 -99.8 -80.0 -54.0 -18.1 35.7 16 C5H12 Isopentane -119 e -105 e -86 e -61 e -26 e 27.5 1 C5H12 Neopentane* -107.5 s -90.8 s -68.8 s -38.5 s 9.2 1,5 C5H12N2O Tetramethylurea 20.7 58.0 106.7 179.5 5 C5H12O 1-Pentanol -27 e -10 e 12 e 41 e 79.8 137.4 5 C5H12O 2-Pentanol -35 e -19 e 1 e 28.0 64.9 118.7 1 C5H12O 3-Pentanol -41 e -25 e -4 e 24 e 61.1 114.9 5 C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol -27 e -11 e 9 e 36.2 73.4 128.3 1 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol -22 e -7 e 13 e 39.1 75.7 130.1 5 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol -5 e 17.7 50.6 101.7 1,5 C5H12O 3-Methyl-2-butanol -3 e 22.7 58.2 111.1 5 C5H12O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol 59.2 112.7 5 C5H12O Butyl methyl ether -54 e -27 e 12 e 69.8 1 C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether -66 e -39 e -2 e 54.8 1 C5H12O Ethyl propyl ether -92 e -77 e -57 e -30.5 6.7 63.4 1,5 TeamLRN6-80VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C5H12O2 1,5-Pentanediol 25 e 52 e 85 e 125 e 175.1 238.9 5 C5H12O2 Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether 40 e 85.6 149.3 5 C 5H12O2 Diethoxymethane -65 e -43 e -14 e 27.3 87.7 5 C5H12O3 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 12 e 40 e 76 e 124.2 193.7 1 C 5H12S 1-Pentanethiol -60 e -41 e -17 e 15 e 60 e 126.2 1 C5H12S 2-Pentanethiol -70 e -52 e -28 e 3 e 46.6 111.9 5 C5H12S 3-Pentanethiol -70 e -51 e -28 e 4 e 47.7 113.4 5 C5H12S 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 8.0 52.3 118.5 5 C5H12S 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 7.8 51.9 117.9 5 C5H12S 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol -8.0 34.6 98.7 5 C5H12S Butyl methyl sulfide -43 e -19 e 13 e 57 e 123.0 1 C5H12S tert-Butyl methyl sulfide -7.8 34.7 98.4 5 C5H12S Ethyl propyl sulfide -64 e -46 e -23 e 9 e 52.7 118.0 5 C5H12S Ethyl isopropyl sulfide -72 e -54 e -31 e 0 e 42.7 106.9 5 C5H13N Pentylamine -52 e -29 e 1 e 42.8 104.0 5 C6BrF 5 Bromopentafluorobenzene -10 e 23 e 68 e 136.0 5 C6ClF 5 Chloropentafluorobenzene -44 e -21 e 11 e 53.8 117.6 1 C6Cl3F3 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6- trifluorobenzene -19 e 4 e 32 e 70 e 121.7 197.9 1 C6F6 Hexafluorobenzene -56.9 s -36 s -11.5 s 22.6 79.9 1,5 C6F12 Perfluorocyclohexane -46.2 s -7.6 s 48.9 s 5 C6F14 Perfluorohexane -75 e -57 e -32 e 2.8 56.8 5 C6F14 Perfluoro-2-methylpentane -33 e 2.9 57.1 5 C6F14 Perfluoro-3-methylpentane -95 e -80 e -60 e -34 e 2.8 57.9 5 C6F14 Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane 4.3 59.3 5 C6HF5 Pentafluorobenzene -41 e -13 e 27 e 85.3 5 C6HF5O Pentafluorophenol 39 e 82 e 145.2 5 C6H2F4 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene -36 e -7 e 33.8 94.0 1 C6H2F4 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene -43 e -14 e 25.5 84.1 1 C6H2F4 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 30.7 89.9 1 C6H3Cl3O 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 71.8 114.0 169.5 245.7 5 C6H3F3 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene 18.2 75.0 5 C6H4Br2 m-Dibromobenzene -7 e 16 e 44 e 83 e 137.0 218.2 5 C6H4ClNO 2 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 15.4 s 35.8 s 97 e 156.0 238 e 5 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene -13 e 16.3 53.9 104.6 180.0 1,5 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene -22 e 8.0 46.7 97.8 172.5 1,5 C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene -45.5 s -21.8 s 8 s 46.7 s 99.0 173.6 1,5 C6H4O2 p-Benzoquinone -4.1 s 17.8 s 43.5 s 74.3 s 111.6 s 5 C6H5AsCl 2 Dichlorophenylarsine 6.9 35.2 70 e 113 e 170 e 245 e 5 C6H5Br Bromobenzene -25 e 1 e 34.9 83.1 155.4 1 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene -43 e -17 e 16.8 62.9 131.3 1,5 C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol 45.8 97.9 173.9 5 C6H5ClO m-Chlorophenol 39.7 80.2 135.1 213.4 5 C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol 45.0 86.5 142.0 219.9 5 C6H5Cl3Si Trichlorophenylsilane 33 e 70.2 122.6 201 e 5 C6H5F Fluorobenzene -16.9 24.2 84.4 1 C6H5I Iodobenzene -30 e -7 e 20.9 58.5 110.6 187.8 1 C6H5NO 2 Nitrobenzene 10 e 40 e 78 e 132 e 210.3 1 C6H5NO 3 p-Nitrophenol 72.6 s 97.4 s 5 C6H6 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne -82 e -66 e -44.3 -16.0 23.7 83.6 5 C6H6 Benzene** -40 s -15.1 s 20.0 79.7 1,5 C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline 10 e 39.0 75.2 131.4 208.3 5 C6H6ClN m-Chloroaniline -5 e 19.7 49.4 94.2 162 e 1069 e 5 C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline 87.8 s 192.0 252.6 331.2 5 C6H6O Phenol -9.7 s 9.6 s 34.1 s 68.9 113.7 181.4 1,5 C6H6O3 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 162.0 222.8 308.3 5 C6H6S Benzenethiol -15 e 12 e 47 e 96.0 168.6 5 C6H7N Aniline -2.5 26.7 63.5 112.5 183.5 1,5 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine -56.5 -37.8 -13.9 18.3 62.9 129.0 1,5 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine -5 e 28.8 75.2 143.7 1 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine -58.2 s -43.1 s -3.9 s 29.6 76.1 144.9 1,5 C6H8 cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene 21 e 78 e 5 C6H8 1,3-Cyclohexadiene -88 e -71 e -50 e -21 e 19 e 79.9 5 C6H8 1,4-Cyclohexadiene -15 e 27.3 85.0 5 C6H8N2 Adiponitrile 30 e 61 e 100 e 148.6 211.8 297 e 5 6-81VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C6H8N2 m-Phenylenediamine 94.5 140.2 200.8 285.0 5 C6H8N2 Phenylhydrazine 38 e 69 e 109 e 163.9 242.5 5 C6H8O4 Dimethyl maleate 5 e 36 e 76 e 127.3 197 e 5 C6H8S 2,5-Dimethylthiophene -43 e -16 e 20 e 67.5 134.8 5 C6H10 trans -1,3-Hexadiene -86 e -70 e -51 e -24 e 14 e 72 e 5 C6H10 trans -1,4-Hexadiene -98 e -81 e -60 e -33 e 7 e 65 e 5 C6H10 1,5-Hexadiene -99 e -84 e -64 e -37 e 0.9 59.2 5 C6H10 cis,cis -2,4-Hexadiene 18 e 79.6 5 C6H10 trans,cis -2,4-Hexadiene -89 e -73 e -52 e -23 e 18 e 79.6 5 C6H10 trans,trans -2,4-Hexadiene -23 e 18 e 79.6 5 C6H10 trans -2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene -92 e -75 e -54 e -26 e 14 e 75.6 5 C6H10 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene -59 e -30 e 9.7 68.1 5 C6H10 1-Hexyne -91 e -75 e -54 e -26 e 12.8 71.0 5 C6H10 2-Hexyne -84 e -67 e -46 e -17 e 23.6 84.1 5 C6H10 3-Hexyne -86 e -69 e -48 e -19.1 21.0 81.0 1,5 C6H10 4-Methyl-1-pentyne -97 e -81 e -61 e -34 e 4.1 60.7 5 C6H10 4-Methyl-2-pentyne -91 e -74 e -54 e -26 e 13.8 72.7 5 C6H10 Cyclohexene -87 e -70 e -49 e -19 e 21 e 82.6 1 C6H10Cl2 1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane -39 e -19 e 8 e 43 e 93.5 170.5 5 C6H10Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane 27 e 69 e 125.7 206.2 5 C6H10O 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one -59 e -41 e -17 e 14 e 57.0 121.0 5 C6H10O Cyclohexanone -25 e 1 e 36 e 84 e 155.2 1 C6H10O Mesityl oxide -56 e -37 e -13 e 19 e 63.5 129.3 5 C6H10O2 Vinyl butanoate 53 e 114.5 5 C6H10O2 Ethyl methacrylate 8 e 53.2 116.8 5 C6H10O2 Allyl glycidyl ether 40.1 85.7 152.8 5 C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate -25 e -3 e 25.7 62.3 111.3 180.2 5 C6H10O3 Propanoic anhydride -32 e -15 e 6 e 36 e 77.6 142.9 5 C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate -5 e 18 e 44.9 79.4 124.3 185.2 5 C6H10O4 Dimethyl succinate 30 e 70.4 123.3 195.4 5 C6H10O4 Ethylene glycol diacetate -17 e 6 e 35.0 71.9 121.1 190.0 5 C6H10S Diallylsulfide -58 e -38 e -12.4 21.7 68.8 138.1 5 C6H11Cl Chlorocyclohexane -35 e -9 e 25 e 71.6 142.1 5 C6H11N Hexanenitrile -40 e -19 e 8 e 43 e 91.5 163.2 1,5 C6H11N 4-Methylpentanenitrile -50 e -20 e 20 e 75.2 155.2 5 C6H11NO Caprolactam 36.8 s 58.9 s 86.6 s 270 5 C6H12 1-Hexene -99.8 -82.8 -61.4 -33.7 5.2 63.1 1,5 C6H12 cis-2-Hexene -97 e -80 e -58 e -30 e 9.9 68.5 5 C6H12 trans -2-Hexene -94 e -78 e -57 e -30 e 9.3 67.5 5 C6H12 cis-3-Hexene -96 e -79 e -59 e -30.8 7.9 66.0 5 C6H12 trans -3-Hexene -95 e -79 e -58 e -30.0 8.8 66.7 5 C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene -98 e -82 e -62 e -34.2 4.1 61.7 5 C6H12 3-Methyl-1-pentene -104 e -88 e -68 e -41.5 -3.6 53.8 5 C6H12 4-Methyl-1-pentene -105 e -89 e -69 e -41.6 -3.6 53.5 5 C6H12 2-Methyl-2-pentene -95 e -78 e -58 e -30 e 9.0 66.9 5 C6H12 3-Methyl- cis-2-pentene -95 e -79 e -58 e -30 e 8.9 67.3 5 C6H12 3-Methyl- trans -2-pentene -93 e -77 e -55 e -27.4 11.7 70.0 5 C6H12 4-Methyl- cis-2-pentene -102 e -86 e -66 e -38.7 -0.9 56.0 5 C6H12 4-Methyl- trans -2-pentene -100 e -84 e -64 e -36.8 1.2 58.2 5 C6H12 2-Ethyl-1-butene -98 e -81 e -60 e -32 e 6.6 64.3 5 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene -103 e -87 e -67 e -39.9 -1.9 55.2 5 C6H12 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene -110 e -95 e -76 e -50.8 -14.5 40.8 5 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene -75 e -54 e -25 e 14 e 72.9 1 C6H12 Cyclohexane -85.6 s -68.9 s -47.6 s -19.8 s 19.3 80.4 1,5 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane -97 e -80 e -58 e -28.8 11.6 71.4 1,5 C6H12 Ethylcyclobutane -99 e -82 e -61 e -32 e 9 e 70.2 5 C6H12 Isopropylcyclopropane -104 e -88 e -68 e -40 e -1 e 57.9 5 C6H12 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane -105 e -89 e -69 e -41 e -3 e 56.3 5 C6H12 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane -109 e -94 e -73 e -46 e -7 e 52.0 5 C6H12Cl2 1,2-Dichlorohexane 49 e 98.1 171.7 5 C6H12Cl2O 2,2 ′-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether -1 e 27.3 63.4 112.3 182.1 5 C6H12O Butyl vinyl ether -87 e -67 e -42 e -9.3 33.6 93.2 5 C6H12O Isobutyl vinyl ether -87 e -68 e -44 e -13 e 26.5 80.7 5 C6H12O Hexanal -56 e -37 e -13 e 19 e 62.6 127.8 5 C6H12O 2-Hexanone -43 e -21 e 4.2 34.5 61.9 127.2 1,5 C6H12O 3-Hexanone -40 e -16 e 15 e 58.5 123.1 1 C6H12O 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 8.5 52.7 117.0 5 TeamLRN6-82VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone -61 e -43 e -21 e 9 e 51.5 116.1 5 C6H12O 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 50.2 113.0 5 C6H12O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone -30 e 0 e 42.5 105.7 1 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 34 e 61 e 99.2 160.7 1 C6H12O2 Hexanoic acid 33 e 59 e 93 e 139.3 204.5 1 C6H12O2 4-Methylpentanoic acid 36 e 49 e 67.1 92.9 133.6 206.8 5 C6H12O2 Diethylacetic acid -9 e 16 e 46 e 83 e 130.7 192.5 5 C6H12O2 Isopentyl formate -60 e -41 e -17 e 15 e 59.1 124 e 5 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate -63 e -43 e -19 e 14 e 61.0 125.6 1,5 C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate -63 e -45 e -21 e 10 e 53.4 116 e 5 C6H12O2 Propyl propanoate -62 e -42 e -18 e 14 e 58.3 122.0 5 C6H12O2 Ethyl butanoate -49 e -34 e -14 e 14.3 55.2 121.1 5 C6H12O2 Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate -65 e -47 e -24.6 5.4 47.3 109.8 5 C6H12O2 Methyl pentanoate 19.2 63.7 127.4 5 C6H12O2 Methyl isopentanoate 53.3 116.3 5 C6H12O2 Diacetone alcohol -41 e -17 e 13 e 50.1 98.5 164 e 5 C6H12O3 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate -25 e -8 e 14 e 44.6 88.0 155.6 5 C 6H12O3 Paraldehyde 17 e 62.2 124 e 5 C6H12S Cyclohexanethiol 84.8 158.3 5 C6H12S cis-Tetrahydro-2,5- dimethylthiophene -53 e -34 e -8 e 25 e 72.0 142.1 5 C6H12S Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2H- thiopyran -48 e -27 e 0 e 35 e 84.1 157.5 5 C6H13Br 1-Bromohexane -45 e -25 e 2 e 36 e 83.7 154.8 5 C6H13Cl 1-Chlorohexane -55 e -36 e -11 e 21 e 66.7 134.6 5 C6H13F 1-Fluorohexane -80 e -62 e -40 e -11 e 30.4 91.1 5 C6H13I 1-Iodohexane -33 e -11 e 16 e 53 e 104.0 180.8 5 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine -9 e 22 e 66.6 133.5 1 C6H14 Hexane -96.4 s -79.2 -57.6 -29.3 9.8 68.3 16 C6H14 2-Methylpentane -100 e -84 e -64 e -36 e 2 e 59.9 1 C6H14 3-Methylpentane -99 e -83 e -62 e -34.3 4.6 62.9 1 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane -90 e -71.5 -45.5 -7.7 49.4 1 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane -103 e -87 e -66 e -39.0 -0.4 57.6 1 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 5 e 28 e 56.8 97.3 157.1 1 C6H14O 2-Hexanol -28 e -10 e 12 e 41.4 81.5 139.6 1 C6H14O 3-Hexanol -43 e -23 e 1 e 33 e 75.4 135.1 1 C6H14O 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 14 e 45.9 88.3 147.6 5 C6H14O 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 24 e 53 e 92.4 151.4 5 C6H14O 2-Methyl-2-pentanol -29 e -15 e 3 e 27.1 63.0 120.9 5 C6H14O 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 36.5 76.1 133.8 5 C6H14O 4-Methyl-2-pentanol -43 e -24 e 0 e 30 e 71.9 131.3 5 C6H14O 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 29.8 68.8 126.0 5 C6H14O 3-Methyl-3-pentanol -23 e -4 e 22.9 61.1 121.1 5 C6H14O 2-Ethyl-1-butanol -5 e 17 e 46 e 85.7 146.1 5 C6H14O 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol -37 e -16 e 9 e 42 e 84.3 142.5 5 C6H14O 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol -5 e 23 e 61.3 118.2 5 C6H14O Dipropyl ether -80 e -63 e -41 e -12 e 28.8 89.7 1 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether -76 e -55 e -28 e 11 e 68.1 1 C6H14O Butyl ethyl ether -78 e -61 e -39 e -10 e 31.0 91.9 1 C6H14O tert-Butyl ethyl ether -90 e -74 e -53 e -24.6 14.4 72.6 5 C6H14O2 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol -8 e 17 e 48 e 86 e 134.4 197.5 5 C6H14O2 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether -31 e -8 e 20 e 55 e 103.2 170.2 5 C 6H14O2 1,1-Diethoxyethane -68 e -49 e -26 e 3.7 44.2 101.9 5 C6H14O2 Ethylene glycol diethyl ether -59 e -35.3 -2.8 44.4 118.8 5 C6H14O3 1,2,6-Hexanetriol 92 e 114.8 146.0 191 e 5 C6H14O3 Dipropylene glycol 110 e 162.6 231.4 5 C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether 40 e 80.3 132.4 201.4 5 C 6H14O3 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether -42 e -20 e 8.3 44.3 92.3 159.4 5 C 6H14O3 Trimethylolpropane 73 e 98 e 128 e 167.8 220.5 295 e 5 C6H14O4 Triethylene glycol 44 e 74 e 109.0 152.6 207.2 277.9 5 C6H14S 1-Hexanethiol -45 e -25 e 1 e 35 e 81.7 152.2 5 C6H14S 2-Hexanethiol -50 e -32 e -8 e 25 e 69.9 138.4 5 C6H14S Dipropyl sulfide -50 e -30 e -6 e 28 e 73.6 142.4 5 6-83VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C6H14S Diisopropyl sulfide -65 e -47 e -23 e 9 e 53.1 119.6 5 C6H14S Isopropyl propyl sulfide 18.5 63.8 131.6 5 C6H14S Butyl ethyl sulfide -49 e -30 e -5 e 29 e 74.8 143.8 5 C6H15N Hexylamine -10 e 22 e 66.0 130.6 5 C6H15N Butylethylamine 6.1 47.7 107.0 5 C6H15N Dipropylamine -48 e -25 e 6 e 47.5 108.8 5 C6H15N Diisopropylamine -47 e -17.5 23.5 84.0 5 C6H15N Triethylamine -58 e -45 e -29 e -5 e 29.9 88.5 1 C6H15NO 2-Diethylaminoethanol 97 e 160.6 5 C6H15NO 3 Triethanolamine 75 e 108 e 148 e 196 e 256.7 334 e 5 C6H15O4P Triethyl phosphate 34 76 132 211 4 C6H16N2 Hexamethylenediamine 76.0 128.2 199.0 5 C6H16O2Si Diethoxydimethylsilane -62 e -44 e -21.2 9.1 51.0 113.0 5 C6H18Cl2O2Si3 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5- hexamethyltrisiloxane -29 e -7 e 22.2 59.7 110.5 183.4 5 C 6H18OSi 2 Hexamethyldisiloxane -56 e -34 e -5 e 37.1 100.1 5 C6MoO 6 Molybdenum hexacarbonyl 17.4 s 42.8 s 73.1 s 109.9 s 155.4 s 5 C7F14 Perfluoromethylcyclohexane -21 e 18 e 75.9 1 C7F16 Perfluoroheptane -62 e -41 e -14 e 24.7 82.1 1 C7HF15 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane -7 e 35.9 96.0 5 C7H3ClF 3NO 2 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4- (trifluoromethyl)benzene 3 e 26 e 55 e 92.8 145.2 222.0 5 C 7H3F5 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene -20 e 11 e 53.6 117.0 5 C7H4ClF 3 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1 e 34.5 81.8 151.8 5 C 7H4ClF 3 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene -53 e -34 e -9 e 24.2 69.8 137.2 5 C 7H4ClF 3 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene -9 e 24.2 70.4 138.1 5 C 7H4Cl2O o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 93 e 149 e 237.0 5 C7H4Cl2O m-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 87.8 147 e 225.0 5 C7H4F3NO 2 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 11 e 39 e 76.2 127.3 202.2 5 C 7H4F4 1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene -38 e -6 e 38.6 102.3 5 C 7H5BrO Benzoyl bromide -15 e 11 e 42.6 83.9 139.5 218.0 5 C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride 27.5 67.0 120.4 196.7 5 C7H5Cl3 (Trichloromethyl)benzene 9 e 40.6 81.5 136.2 213.0 5 C7H5F3 (Trifluoromethyl)benzene -3 e 39 e 101.6 5 C7H5N Benzonitrile -6 e 23.9 63.1 115.7 190.0 5 C7H5NS Phenyl isothiocyanate 79.4 105 e 117 e 5 C7H6Cl2 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 6 e 33 e 68.3 119.5 199.1 5 C7H6Cl2 3,4-Dichlorotoluene -13 e 9 e 38 e 76 e 129.3 208.4 5 C7H6Cl2 (Dichloromethyl)benzene 31 72 130 213 4 C7H6O Benzaldehyde -9 e 19 e 54.6 104.6 178.3 1 C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde -1 e 29 e 68 e 120.7 196.2 5 C7H7Br o-Bromotoluene -10 e 17 e 54 e 104.8 181.1 5 C7H7Br m-Bromotoluene -34 e -11 e 19.4 58.1 109.9 183.1 5 C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 57 e 107.8 183.8 5 C7H7Br (Bromomethyl)benzene 25.4 66.8 121.7 198.3 5 C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene -24 e 3 e 38 e 86.3 158.7 1,5 C7H7Cl m-Chlorotoluene -41 e -21 e 6 e 41 e 89 e 161.8 5 C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene 40 e 88.9 161.5 1,5 C7H7Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene -34 e -11 e 17.7 55.4 106.3 178.9 5 C7H7ClO 1-Chloro-2-methoxy- benzene -22 e 2 e 33 e 72 e 125.2 201 e 5 C7H7F o-Fluorotoluene -50 e -26 e 5 e 49.0 113.9 5 C7H7F m-Fluorotoluene -67 e -48 e -25 e 7 e 51.0 116.1 5 C7H7F p-Fluorotoluene -48 e -24 e 7 e 51 e 116.2 5 C7H7NO 2 o-Nitrotoluene 23 e 40 e 62 e 94 e 141.9 221.9 5 C7H7NO 2 m-Nitrotoluene 45 e 89.7 148.7 231.3 5 C7H7NO 3 2-Nitroanisole 15 e 45 e 82 e 129 e 189.4 271.8 5 C7H8 Toluene -78.1 -57.1 -31.3 1.5 45.2 110.1 5 C7H8 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5- diene -15 e 27.4 91 e 5 C 7H8Cl2Si Dichloromethylphenylsilane 32.4 71.8 126.0 205.0 5 C7H8O o-Cresol -6.4 s 12.8 s 40.2 72.3 120.3 190.5 1,5 C7H8O m-Cresol 20.8 33.6 52.4 82.6 130.6 201.8 1,5 TeamLRN6-84VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C7H8O p-Cresol -0.2 s 20.7 s 52.7 83.1 130.7 201.5 1,5 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 8 e 28 e 54 e 88 e 134.7 204.9 1 C7H8O Anisole -21 e 4 e 38 e 84 e 153.2 1,5 C7H8S 3-Methylbenzenethiol 0 e 29 e 66 e 117.9 194.6 5 C7H9N Benzylamine 25.6 62.6 112.7 183.9 5 C7H9N o-Methylaniline 1.0 18.8 42.6 76.1 125.6 199.9 1,5 C7H9N m-Methylaniline 3.8 22.0 46.2 80.1 128.8 202.9 1,5 C7H9N p-Methylaniline 77.1 126.2 199.9 5 C7H9N N-Methylaniline -16 e 6 e 34 e 70.3 121.1 195.8 1 C7H9N 2-Ethylpyridine -46 e -26 e -1 e 33 e 79.3 149.0 5 C7H9N 3-Ethylpyridine -38 e -17 e 9 e 44 e 92.7 166.5 5 C7H9N 4-Ethylpyridine -35 e -15 e 11 e 46 e 94.4 168.6 5 C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 42 e 89.9 160.6 5 C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine -25 e 3.7 40.0 87.5 157.9 1,5 C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 4 e 39 e 86.2 156.6 1 C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine -3 e 29.9 75.8 143.6 1 C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine -9 e 19 e 55 e 104.8 178.6 5 C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 11 e 48 e 98 e 171.5 1 C7H10N2 Toluene-2,4-diamine 100.4 145.3 202.9 279.5 5 C7H12 1-Heptyne -75 e -57 e -35 e -5 e 37.1 99.5 5 C7H12 2-Heptyne -51 e -27 e 4 e 46.9 111.5 5 C7H12 3-Heptyne -71 e -53 e -31 e 0 e 42.7 106.4 5 C7H12 5-Methyl-1-hexyne -80 e -62 e -40 e -11 e 30.1 91.4 5 C7H12 5-Methyl-2-hexyne -75 e -57 e -34 e -4 e 38.6 102.0 5 C7H12 2-Methyl-3-hexyne -78 e -61 e -39 e -9 e 32.6 94.8 5 C7H12 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne -73 e -52 e -24 e 15.9 75.6 5 C7H12 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne -70 e -48 e -19 e 21.4 82.6 5 C7H12 Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane 49.9 116.3 5 C7H12 Cycloheptene -30.0 3.4 47.5 108 e 5 C7H12 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane 29.8 92.6 5 C7H12 Methylenecyclohexane -76 e -58 e -35 e -5 e 38 e 103.0 5 C7H12 1-Methylcyclohexene -72 e -53 e -30 e 1 e 45 e 109.8 5 C7H12 4-Methylcyclohexene -76 e -59 e -36 e -5 e 37.9 102.3 5 C7H12 1-Ethylcyclopentene -75 e -57 e -34 e -3 e 40.7 105.8 5 C7H12 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene -75 e -57 e -34 e -3 e 40.2 105.3 5 C7H12 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene -77 e -59 e -36 e -5.5 37.3 101.5 5 C7H12O Cycloheptanone 18 e 53.7 104.0 178.7 5 C7H12O2 Butyl acrylate -52 e -31 e -4.5 30.4 78.0 146.9 5 C7H12O2 Propyl methacrylate 26 e 73.8 139.7 5 C7H12O3 Ethyl levulinate 17 e 45.3 82.6 133.2 205.7 5 C7H12O4 Diethyl malonate -23 e 4 e 36.0 76.4 128.5 198.3 5 C7H12O4 Dimethyl glutarate -11 e 15 e 47 e 87.7 139.8 209.5 5 C7H13ClO Heptanoyl chloride -17 e 4 e 29.4 59.7 96.9 144.0 5 C7H14 1-Heptene -82.1 -63.8 -40.6 -10.7 31.1 93.2 1,5 C7H14 cis-2-Heptene -79 e -61 e -38 e -8 e 34.3 98.0 5 C7H14 trans -2-Heptene -79 e -61 e -39 e -8 e 34.0 97.5 5 C7H14 cis-3-Heptene -80 e -62 e -40 e -10 e 32.3 95.3 5 C7H14 trans -3-Heptene -80 e -62 e -40 e -10 e 32.2 95.2 5 C7H14 2-Methyl-1-hexene -81 e -64 e -42 e -12 e 29.3 91.6 5 C7H14 4-Methyl-1-hexene -84 e -67 e -45 e -16 e 25.3 86.3 5 C7H14 2-Methyl-2-hexene -80 e -63 e -40 e -10 e 32.0 95.0 5 C7H14 cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene -79 e -62 e -39 e -9 e 33.4 96.8 5 C7H14 trans -4-Methyl-2-hexene -83 e -66 e -44 e -15 e 25.9 87.1 5 C7H14 trans -5-Methyl-2-hexene -83 e -66 e -44 e -15 e 26.3 87.7 5 C7H14 trans -2-Methyl-3-hexene -84 e -67 e -45 e -16 e 24.6 85.5 5 C7H14 3-Ethyl-1-pentene -85 e -68 e -46 e -17 e 23.2 83.7 5 C7H14 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene -85 e -68 e -46 e -17 e 23.4 83.8 5 C7H14 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene -88 e -71 e -50 e -21 e 20.0 81.2 5 C7H14 3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene -87 e -71 e -50 e -21 e 18.1 77.1 5 C7H14 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene -94 e -78 e -57 e -28 e 11.5 72.1 5 C7H14 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene -79 e -62 e -39 e -9 e 33.5 96.9 5 C7H14 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene -84 e -68 e -46 e -18 e 22.6 82.9 5 C7H14 cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene -83 e -65 e -43 e -14 e 27.2 88.8 5 C7H14 trans -3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene -82 e -64 e -42 e -13 e 29.0 91.1 5 C7H14 cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene -90 e -73 e -51 e -22 e 18.6 80.0 5 C7H14 trans -4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene -90 e -73 e -52 e -23 e 16.6 76.3 5 C7H14 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene -91 e -75 e -53 e -24.2 16.3 77.5 5 C7H14 Cycloheptane 6 e 51.1 118.4 1 6-85VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C7H14 Methylcyclohexane -79 e -62 e -39 e -7.9 35.5 100.5 1 C7H14 Ethylcyclopentane -76 e -59 e -35 e -5 e 38.4 103.0 5 C7H14 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane -69 e -47 e -17 e 24.8 87.4 5 C7H14 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane -38 e -8 e 34.9 99.0 5 C7H14 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane -83 e -66 e -43 e -13 e 28.4 91.4 5 C7H14 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane -84 e -66 e -44 e -14 e 28.2 91.1 5 C7H14 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane -84 e -67 e -44 e -14 e 27.4 90.3 5 C7H14O 1-Heptanal -41 e -21 e 4 e 37 e 83.7 152.3 5 C7H14O 2-Heptanone -22 e 3 e 36 e 82.2 150.6 1 C7H14O 3-Heptanone -28 e 0 e 36 e 83.2 147.0 5 C7H14O 4-Heptanone -27 e -6 e 18.8 50.2 90.3 143.4 5 C7H14O 5-Methyl-2-hexanone -27 e -2 e 31.0 76.6 144.4 5 C7H14O 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone -61 e -42 e -18 e 14 e 58.5 124.8 1 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid 24 e 46 e 72 e 107 e 154.6 222.6 5 C7H14O2 Pentyl acetate -58 e -39 e -14 e 20 e 70.1 149 e 5 C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate -51 e -30 e -4 e 30.3 76.2 141.4 5 C7H14O2 Isobutyl propanoate -35 e -19 e 2 e 31 e 72.0 136.1 5 C7H14O2 Propyl butanoate -35 e -19 e 3 e 32.0 74.9 142.8 5 C7H14O2 Propyl isobutanoate -28 e -5.7 24.5 67.5 133.3 5 C7H14O2 Isopropyl isobutanoate -44 e -19.7 12.2 56.0 120.1 5 C7H14O2 Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate -57 e -36 e -10 e 23.9 69.5 134.4 5 C7H14O2 Methyl hexanoate -47 e -26 e 2 e 36.6 83.3 149 e 5 C7H14O2 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 43 e 89.8 160 e 5 C7H15Br 1-Bromoheptane -30 e -9 e 18 e 54 e 104.4 178.4 5 C7H15Cl 1-Chloroheptane -39 e -19 e 7 e 41 e 88.6 159.9 5 C7H15F 1-Fluoroheptane -64 e -45 e -22 e 10 e 53.3 117.4 5 C7H15I 1-Iodoheptane -19 e 3 e 32 e 71 e 123.8 203.4 5 C7H16 Heptane -78.6 -60.2 -37.0 -6.6 35.4 98.0 16 C7H16 2-Methylhexane -82 e -65 e -43 e -13 e 27.8 89.7 1 C7H16 3-Methylhexane -81 e -64 e -42 e -12 e 29.2 91.5 1 C7H16 3-Ethylpentane -81 e -63 e -41 e -11 e 30.5 93.1 1 C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane -90 e -73 e -52 e -22.9 17.6 78.8 1 C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane -87 e -68.4 -45.3 -14.9 26.8 89.3 5 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane -89 e -72 e -50 e -21.3 19.2 80.1 1 C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane -88 e -71 e -49 e -18.8 22.9 85.6 1 C7H16 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane -23.2 18.1 80.4 5 C7H16O 1-Heptanol 17 e 40 e 70.1 112.5 176 e 1 C7H16O 2-Heptanol -9 e 7 e 27 e 55.0 95.2 158.7 5 C7H16O 3-Heptanol -8 e 7 e 27 e 54.5 93.9 156.3 5 C7H16O 4-Heptanol -16 e 1 e 22 e 51 e 91.9 154.6 5 C7H16O 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 9 e 35 e 73.1 135.5 5 C7H16S 1-Heptanethiol -30 e -9 e 18 e 53 e 102.7 176.4 5 C7H17N Heptylamine 5 e 39 e 86.7 156.4 5 C7H18N2 N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine 50.1 99.9 167.7 5 C8F18 Perfluorooctane 5 e 45.0 105.6 5 C8H4O3 Phthalic anhydride 48.2 s 72.4 s 192.7 284.2 5 C8H6O Benzofuran -16 e 12 e 47.9 97.7 170.7 5 C8H7Cl o-Chlorostyrene -33 e -10 e 20 e 58 e 110.8 188 e 5 C8H7N 2-Methylbenzonitrile 1 e 32.1 72.2 126.6 204.7 5 C8H7N 4-Methylbenzonitrile 40.1 78.7 134.3 221.3 5 C8H7N Benzeneacetonitrile -3 e 23 e 55.3 97.4 153.7 233.1 5 C8H7N Indole 20.6 s 44.5 s 254.0 5 C8H7NO 4 Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate 17 e 49 e 89 e 140 e 208 e 302 e 5 C8H8 Styrene -31 e -5 e 28.6 75.4 144.7 1 C8H8 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene 24.3 71.0 140.1 5 C8H8O Acetophenone 36 e 73 e 125.3 201.5 5 C8H8O2 Phenyl acetate 3 e 33.1 72.2 123.9 195.5 5 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate -1 e 29 e 68 e 121.2 198.9 5 C8H8O2 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 9 e 35 e 68.1 110.8 167.9 248.5 5 C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate -1 e 22 e 51 e 88.8 141.8 219.9 5 C8H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene -30 e -9 e 18 e 54 e 103.7 177.9 5 C8H9Cl 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene -27 e -6 e 22 e 58 e 108.7 183.9 5 C8H9NO 2 1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene 10 e 36 e 69 e 111.6 168 e 245 e 5 C8H10 Ethylbenzene -56.2 -36.8 -12.0 21.1 67.1 135.7 1 C8H10 o-Xylene -7 e 27 e 74.2 143.9 1 C8H10 m-Xylene -35 e -10 e 23.4 69.8 138.7 1 C8H10 p-Xylene 22.4 68.9 137.9 1 TeamLRN6-86VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C8H10O o-Ethylphenol 16.9 44.5 81.1 130.9 204.0 5 C8H10O m-Ethylphenol 5.6 29.2 57.5 91.9 144.8 217.9 5 C8H10O p-Ethylphenol 60 e 95.5 144.6 217.5 5 C8H10O 2,3-Xylenol 14.3 s 34.3 s 57.2 s 91.4 141.7 216.4 1,5 C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol 50.2 85.5 137.2 210.5 1,5 C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol 13.4 s 33.2 s 55.9 s 87.4 137.0 210.6 5 C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol -3.1 s 16.7 s 39.6 s 75.3 125.9 200.6 1,5 C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol 19.7 s 40.2 s 63.7 s 102.1 152.3 226.4 1,5 C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol 16.5 s 37.2 s 61.1 s 98.0 147.9 221.3 1,5 C8H10O Benzeneethanol 2 e 25 e 54 e 92 e 143.6 217.7 5 C8H10O Phenetole -9 e 17 e 51 e 99 e 169.3 5 C8H10O2 2-Phenoxyethanol 21 e 46 e 75.9 115.4 168.7 244.8 5 C8H10O2 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene 18 e 34 e 56 e 86.7 135.5 223 e 5 C8H11N p-Ethylaniline -2 e 21 e 49 e 87 e 139.4 216.7 5 C8H11N N-Ethylaniline -15 e 8 e 38 e 76.4 128.8 204.2 5 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 28 e 66 e 118.1 193.6 1 C8H11N 2,4-Xylidine -2 e 21 e 51 e 88 e 139.1 210.9 5 C8H11N 2,6-Xylidine 37 e 80 e 137.7 217.7 5 C8H11N 5-Ethyl-2-picoline -33 e -9.3 20 e 178.0 5 C8H11NO o-Phenetidine 0 e 27 e 60 e 102.2 156.0 228.1 5 C8H12 1,5-Cyclooctadiene -37 e -8 e 30 e 80.2 150 e 5 C8H12 4-Vinylcyclohexene -62 e -43 e -19 e 14.1 59.9 129 e 5 C8H12O4 Diethyl maleate -6 e 20 e 52.2 93.5 148.4 224.8 5 C8H14 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene -38 e -26 e -10 e 14 e 50.8 115.1 5 C8H14 1-Octyne -59 e -40 e -16 e 16 e 60.3 125.8 1 C8H14 2-Octyne -52 e -33 e -8 e 25 e 70.6 137.8 1 C8H14 3-Octyne -55 e -35 e -11 e 22 e 66.8 132.8 1 C8H14 4-Octyne -56 e -36 e -12 e 21 e 65.6 131.4 1 C8H14 1-Ethylcyclohexene -55 e -35 e -11 e 22 e 68 e 136.5 5 C8H14O2 Cyclohexyl acetate 103.1 172.9 5 C8H14O2 Butyl methacrylate 47 e 93.3 159.0 5 C8H14O3 Butanoic anhydride -28 e -2 e 30 e 71 e 123.8 196.5 5 C8H14O4 Ethyl succinate -6 e 20 e 51.0 91.1 143.7 216.1 5 C8H14O4 Dipropyl oxalate -4 e 20 e 49.9 88.6 140.4 213.0 5 C8H14O4 Dimethyl adipate 28 e 61 e 103 e 156.1 227.3 5 C8H15Br (2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane -14 e 8 e 36.9 75.3 129.7 212.5 5 C8H15ClO Octanoyl chloride 1 e 22 e 46 e 74.7 109 e 150 e 5 C8H15N Octanenitrile -15 e 8 e 37 e 75 e 127.7 204.4 5 C8H16 1-Octene -65.7 -46.1 -21.4 10.5 54.9 120.9 1,5 C8H16 cis-2-Octene -59 e -41 e -17 e 15 e 59 e 125.2 5 C8H16 trans -2-Octene -59 e -41 e -17 e 14 e 59 e 124.5 5 C8H16 cis-3-Octene -65 e -46 e -22 e 10 e 55.1 122.4 5 C8H16 trans -3-Octene -61 e -43 e -19 e 13 e 57 e 122.8 5 C8H16 cis-4-Octene -63 e -44 e -20 e 11 e 56 e 122.1 5 C8H16 trans -4-Octene -65 e -46 e -22 e 10 e 54.6 121.8 5 C8H16 2-Methyl-1-heptene -66 e -48 e -24 e 8 e 52.3 118.7 5 C8H16 2,2-Dimethyl- cis-3-hexene -74 e -56 e -33 e -3 e 40.1 105.0 5 C8H16 2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene -65 e -47 e -23 e 10 e 54.3 121.3 5 C8H16 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene -53 e -30 e 1 e 43.8 107.9 5 C8H16 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene -79 e -61 e -38 e -7 e 36.2 101.0 5 C8H16 2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene -68 e -49 e -26 e 6 e 50.0 115.8 5 C8H16 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene -73 e -56 e -33 e -2 e 40.4 104.5 5 C8H16 Cyclooctane 30 e 78 e 150.7 1 C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane -61 e -42 e -17 e 15.8 61.9 131.3 5 C8H16 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane -27 e 5 e 50.6 119.1 5 C8H16 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane -44 e -20 e 14 e 59.7 129.2 5 C8H16 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane -68 e -49 e -25 e 8 e 53.9 122.9 5 C8H16 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane -68 e -48 e -23 e 10 e 55.6 123.1 5 C8H16 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane -62 e -45 e -23 e 8 e 51.5 120.9 5 C8H16 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane -66 e -47 e -23 e 10 e 55.3 123.8 5 C8H16 trans -1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane -27 e 5 e 50.6 118.9 5 C8H16 Propylcyclopentane -60 e -41 e -16 e 16.5 62.1 130.5 5 C8H16 Isopropylcyclopentane -65 e -46 e -21 e 12 e 57.3 125.9 5 C8H16 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane -67 e -49 e -24 e 8 e 53.2 121.0 5 C8H16 cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane -63 e -44 e -19 e 13.3 59.1 127.6 5 C8H16 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane 2 e 46.2 113.2 5 C8H16 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane -77 e -59 e -36 e -5 e 38.7 104.4 5 6-87VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C8H16 1′,2′,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclo- pentane -70 e -52 e -28 e 4 e 48.9 116.2 5 C8H16 1′,2a,4 ′-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclo- pentane -74 e -56 e -33 e -1 e 42.8 108.8 5 C8H16O 1-Propylcyclopentanol 9 e 24 e 43 e 69.0 108.4 173.5 5 C8H16O Octanal 6 e 45.7 97.8 170.2 5 C8H16O 2-Octanone -3 e 23 e 57 e 103.8 172.1 5 C8H16O 3-Octanone 8 e 47.7 97 e 161 e 5 C8H16O 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone 11.3 42.1 81.7 134.6 5 C8H16O2 Octanoic acid 37 e 58 e 85 e 120 e 165.5 238.4 1,5 C8H16O2 2-Ethylhexanoic acid 108 e 159.6 226.6 5 C8H16O2 Hexyl acetate -37 e -13 e 16 e 52.8 100.4 164 e 5 C8H16O2 Isopentyl propanoate 3.1 40.7 90.6 159.8 5 C8H16O2 Isobutyl isobutanoate -47 e -26 e 0.4 34.8 81.1 147.0 5 C8H16O2 Propyl 3-methylbutanoate 1.8 38.9 87.9 155.6 5 C8H16O2 Ethyl hexanoate -31 e -9 e 18.7 53.9 100.7 166.2 5 C8H16O2 Methyl heptanoate -30 e -9 e 19 e 54.2 102.4 172 e 5 C8H16O4 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate -16 e 10.6 43.9 86.2 141.3 216.6 5 C 8H17Br 1-Bromooctane -17 e 6 e 34 e 72 e 123.8 200.3 5 C8H17Cl 1-Chlorooctane -25 e -4 e 23 e 59 e 108.8 182.9 5 C8H17Cl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane 100.3 172.4 5 C8H17F 1-Fluorooctane 29 e 74.6 141.8 5 C8H17I 1-Iodooctane -6 e 18 e 48 e 87 e 142.5 224.5 5 C8H18 Octane -42.6 -17.9 14.4 58.9 125.3 16 C8H18 2-Methylheptane -69 e -49.1 -24.5 7.6 51.6 117.2 1,5 C8H18 3-Methylheptane -67 e -48.1 -23.6 8.5 52.7 118.5 1,5 C8H18 4-Methylheptane -65 e -47 e -24 e 7.8 51.6 117.2 5 C8H18 3-Ethylhexane 8 e 52.1 118.1 5 C8H18 2,2-Dimethylhexane -73 e -55 e -32 e -1.5 41.6 106.4 5 C8H18 2,3-Dimethylhexane 5 e 49.2 115.1 5 C8H18 2,4-Dimethylhexane 0.6 43.9 109.0 5 C8H18 2,5-Dimethylhexane -71 e -53 e -30 e 0.7 43.8 108.6 5 C8H18 3,3-Dimethylhexane -72 e -54 e -30 e 1.4 45.4 111.5 5 C8H18 3,4-Dimethylhexane 7 e 50.9 117.3 5 C8H18 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane -69 e -50 e -27 e 5 e 48.9 115.2 5 C8H18 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane -70 e -51 e -27 e 5 e 50.2 117.8 5 C8H18 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane -74 e -56 e -32 e -0.8 43.1 109.4 5 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane -81.9 -63.4 -39.8 -8.9 34.0 98.8 5 C8H18 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane -72 e -54 e -30 e 2.1 46.9 114.3 5 C8H18 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane -74 e -54.5 -30.0 2.2 46.7 113.1 1,5 C8H18 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane -62.5 s -44 s -20.9 s 8.9 s 48.8 s 105.8 5 C8H18O 1-Octanol 12 e 30 e 53 e 84 e 128.2 194.8 1,39 C8H18O 2-Octanol 40 e 69.9 112.5 179.4 1,39 C8H18O 3-Octanol 12 e 24 e 40 e 64 e 102.8 174.1 1 C8H18O 4-Octanol 40 e 66.9 107.3 176.0 1,39 C8H18O 4-Methyl-3-heptanol -52 e -28 e 1 e 39 e 87.6 155.0 5 C8H18O 5-Methyl-3-heptanol -35 e -16 e 8 e 40 e 84.8 153.0 5 C8H18O 4-Methyl-4-heptanol -17 e 1 e 24 e 55 e 97.2 160.7 5 C8H18O 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 45 e 75 e 118.3 184.2 1 C8H18O 2-Ethyl-2-hexanol -13 e 4 e 26 e 55 e 96.3 160.3 5 C8H18O 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol -7 e 13 e 40 e 79.8 146.1 5 C8H18O 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol -2 e 9 e 24 e 47 e 82.6 150.4 5 C8H18O Dibutyl ether -55 e -35 e -8 e 26 e 73.0 141.2 5 C8H18O Di- sec-butyl ether -19 e 12.1 55.4 120.6 5 C8H18O Di- tert-butyl ether -33 e -2 e 41.7 106.8 1 C8H18O2 Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether -13 e 14 e 46 e 86 e 137.7 206.9 5 C 8H18O2 1,2-Dipropoxyethane -44.2 -2.0 63.6 179.2 5 C8H18O2 Di-tert-butyl peroxide -26 e 4.3 46.6 110.5 5 C8H18O3 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 14 e 37 e 66.8 104.9 153 e 230.4 5 C 8H18O3 Diethylene glycol diethyl ether -32 e -7 e 25 e 64.9 117.1 189 e 5 C8H18O5 Tetraethylene glycol 89 e 117 e 151.1 192.2 242.9 307.3 5 C8H18S 1-Octanethiol -15 e 6 e 34 e 71 e 122.1 198.5 5 C8H18S Dibutyl sulfide -22 e 0 e 27 e 63 e 113.5 188.4 5 TeamLRN6-88VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C8H19N Dibutylamine -37 e -16 e 10 e 44 e 90.8 159.1 5 C8H19N Diisobutylamine -57 e -36 e -9.0 25.5 72.2 139.0 5 C8H20O4Si Ethyl silicate -77 e -52 e -21 e 21.6 80.5 164.1 5 C8H20Si Tetraethylsilane -6.5 30.5 80.6 152.6 5 C9F20 Perfluorononane 40 e 114.7 5 C9H6N2O2 Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 39 e 72 e 113.9 169.7 247 e 5 C9H7N Quinoline -1.3 23.7 55.4 96.8 153.4 236.5 1,5 C9H7N Isoquinoline 30.2 60.7 101.3 157.9 242.7 1,5 C9H8 Indene 12 e 53.0 106.8 181.0 5 C9H10 cis-1-Propenylbenzene -38 e -15.4 13.3 51.4 103.7 178.4 5 C9H10 trans -1-Propenylbenzene -16 e 13.3 51.6 103.7 178.4 5 C9H10 Isopropenylbenzene 3.2 41.5 92.8 164.9 5 C9H10 Indan -33 e -12 e 16 e 52 e 102.3 177.5 1 C9H10O 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde -3 e 23 e 54 e 93.2 144.6 214.5 5 C9H10O2 Ethyl benzoate -18 e 8 e 39 e 80.1 135.1 212.8 5 C9H10O2 Benzyl acetate -11 e 15 e 46.6 86.9 139.5 211 e 5 C9H11Br 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene -8 e 15 e 45 e 84 e 138.1 218.5 5 C9H11Cl 1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene -23 e -1 e 27 e 64 e 114.6 190.5 5 C9H11Cl 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene 3 e 31 e 69 e 120.5 197.8 5 C9H12 Propylbenzene -43 e -23 e 4 e 38 e 86.7 158.8 1 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene -46 e -26 e -1 e 33 e 80.9 152.0 1 C9H12 o-Ethyltoluene -40 e -19 e 8 e 43 e 92.1 164.7 5 C9H12 m-Ethyltoluene -42 e -21 e 5 e 40.4 88.9 160.8 5 C9H12 p-Ethyltoluene -41 e -21 e 6 e 41 e 89.2 161.5 5 C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene -12 e 15 e 52 e 101.5 175.6 1 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene -37 e -16 e 11 e 47 e 95.9 168.9 1 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene -39 e -18 e 9 e 43.7 92.4 164.3 1 C9H12O Benzyl ethyl ether -10 e 20.4 59.3 111.3 184.5 5 C9H12O Phenyl propyl ether -10 e 21 e 61 e 113.9 189.3 5 C9H12O Phenyl isopropyl ether -20 e -1 e 23 e 56 e 103.7 176.9 5 C9H13N 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline 12 e 36 e 66 e 104.1 154.9 226 e 5 C9H13N N,N-Dimethyl- o-toluidine -25 e -3 e 24.4 60.6 110.7 184.5 5 C9H13N Amphetamine 33 e 70.1 118 e 202.0 5 C9H14O Isophorone 1 e 33.1 75.1 132.4 215.1 5 C9H14O6 Triacetin 37.6 62 e 90 e 124 e 165 e 214 e 5 C9H16O4 Diethyl glutarate -1 e 26 e 60.2 103.3 159.6 236.5 5 C9H17N Nonanenitrile -3 e 21 e 50.9 90.7 145.4 225.1 5 C9H18 1-Nonene -50.1 -29.4 -3.3 30.4 77.1 146.4 1,5 C9H18 2-Methyl-1-octene -53 e -34 e -9 e 25 e 72 e 144.1 5 C9H18 Butylcyclopentane -45 e -24 e 1 e 36 e 84 e 156.1 5 C9H18 Propylcyclohexane -46 e -26 e 0 e 35.1 83.6 156.2 5 C9H18 Isopropylcyclohexane -48 e -28 e -2 e 33 e 81.3 154.0 5 C9H18 trans -1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclo- hexane -53 e -33 e -8 e 25 e 71.8 141.5 5 C9H18 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane -12 e 23 e 71.5 145.5 5 C9H18 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane -60 e -41 e -16 e 18 e 65.2 136.1 5 C9H18 1′,2a,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclo- hexane -71 e -50 e -22 e 15 e 65.7 140.7 5 C9H18 1′,3′,5′-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclo- hexane -72 e -50 e -22 e 14 e 65.1 140.0 5 C9H18 Isobutylcyclopentane -105 e -88 e -64 e -28 e 31 e 147.0 5 C9H18 cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclo- pentane -52 e -33 e -7 e 28 e 77 e 152.0 5 C9H18 trans -1-Methyl-2-propylcyclo- pentane -56 e -36 e -11 e 23 e 72 e 145.8 5 C9H18 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclo- pentane -72 e -54 e -30 e 2 e 47 e 117.4 5 C 9H18O Nonanal -3 e 27.4 65.5 115.6 184.6 5 C9H18O 2-Nonanone 8 e 35 e 71 e 121.0 194.0 5 C9H18O 5-Nonanone -1 e 39.1 94 e 188 e 5 C9H18O 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone -32 e -12 e 14 e 48 e 96.2 167.7 5 C9H18O2 Nonanoic acid 48 e 69 e 97 e 133 e 182.7 255.1 5 C9H18O2 Heptyl acetate -16 e 6 e 34 e 70 e 119.9 191.9 5 C9H18O2 Isopentyl butanoate 55 e 105.6 178.4 5 C9H18O2 Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate 11.3 48.3 97.9 168.3 5 C9H18O2 Propyl hexanoate -26 e -2 e 28 e 65.1 113.4 178 e 5 C9H18O2 Methyl octanoate -26 e -9 e 13 e 40 e 76 e 127.9 5 6-89VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C9H19Cl 1-Chlorononane -11 e 11 e 39 e 76 e 127.8 204.7 5 C9H20 Nonane -46.8 -26.0 0.0 34.0 80.8 150.3 16 C9H20 2-Methyloctane -49 e -30 e -5 e 28 e 73.9 142.8 5 C9H20 3-Methyloctane -49 e -29 e -5 e 29 e 74.7 143.7 5 C9H20 4-Methyloctane -50 e -30 e -6 e 27 e 73.2 141.9 5 C9H20 2,2-Dimethylheptane -58 e -39 e -15 e 18 e 63.6 132.3 5 C9H20 2,3-Dimethylheptane -53 e -33 e -9 e 25 e 70.8 140.0 5 C9H20 2,6-Dimethylheptane -55 e -36 e -12 e 21 e 66.4 134.7 5 C9H20 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane -9 e 24 e 70.6 139.9 5 C9H20 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane -66.1 -46.4 -21.3 11.8 57.7 126.0 5 C9H20 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane -65.1 -45.8 -21.2 11.2 56.2 123.7 1,5 C9H20 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane -58 e -38 e -13 e 20 e 66.7 137.2 5 C9H20 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane -60 e -41 e -16 e 17 e 62.3 130.9 5 C9H20 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane -62 e -43 e -18 e 15 e 61.0 130.2 5 C9H20 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane -53 e -33 e -7 e 28 e 76.3 148.9 5 C9H20 3,3-Diethylpentane -9 e 26 e 73.7 145.7 1 C9H20 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane -58 e -38 e -13 e 20 e 66.7 136.2 5 C9H20 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 21 e 68.5 139.8 1 C9H20 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane -61 e -42 e -17 e 16 e 62.5 132.6 1 C9H20 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane -49 e -25 e 8 e 53.2 121.8 1 C9H20 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane -57 e -37 e -12 e 22 e 69.7 141.1 1 C9H20O 1-Nonanol 40 e 64 e 96.9 141.0 213.0 5,39 C9H20O 3-Nonanol 24 e 47 e 78 e 123.0 194.2 5 C9H20O 4-Nonanol 45 e 76.4 121.3 192.0 5 C9H20O 5-Nonanol 13 e 31 e 54 e 84.5 128.1 194.7 5 C9H20O 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol 58 100 167 5 C9H20S 1-Nonanethiol -2 e 21 e 49 e 87 e 140.4 219.2 5 C9H21BO 3 Triisopropyl borate 73.1 139.0 5 C9H21N Nonylamine 9 e 37 e 75 e 126.2 202.1 5 C9H21N Tripropylamine -39 e -18 e 8 e 42 e 88.2 156.0 5 C10F8 Perfluoronaphthalene 5.2 s 25.1 s 48.1 s 5 C10F22 Perfluorodecane 52 e 132.9 5 C10H7Br 1-Bromonaphthalene 17 e 45 e 80.3 126.7 189.8 280.5 5 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene 14 e 39 e 70.5 112.8 171.6 258.6 5 C10H8 Naphthalene** 3.2 s 24.1 s 49.3 s 80.7 135.6 217.5 1,5 C10H8 Azulene 24.1 s 46 s 71.5 s 103.3 162.6 244.0 5 C10H8O 1-Naphthol 137.2 196.7 281.8 5 C10H8O 2-Naphthol 140.7 200.5 286.8 5 C10H9N 1-Naphthalenamine 62 e 99.0 146.9 210.7 300.1 5 C10H9N 2-Naphthalenamine 36.3 s 65.9 s 103 s 150.9 215.1 305.5 5 C10H9N 2-Methylquinoline 5.3 31.9 63.8 102.9 165.8 247.2 5 C10H9N 4-Methylquinoline 29 e 54 e 85 e 127 e 183.0 265.1 5 C10H9N 6-Methylquinoline 27 e 51 e 81 e 122 e 179.2 264.5 5 C10H9N 8-Methylquinoline 15 e 40 e 70 e 111 e 166.1 247.3 5 C10H10 m-Divinylbenzene -29 e -4 e 27.1 67.6 122.1 199 e 5 C10H10O4 Dimethyl phthalate 27 e 56 e 92.7 137.8 195.8 272.7 5 C10H10O4 Dimethyl isophthalate 85 e 129.5 189.2 273 e 5 C10H10O4 Dimethyl terephthalate 56.6 s 79.4 s 106.1 s 137.9 s 197.9 282 e 5 C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene -21 e 3 e 33.2 74.1 127.4 207.8 5 C10H12 2-Ethylstyrene -31 e -8 e 21 e 60 e 111.7 187 e 5 C10H12 3-Ethylstyrene -28 e -5.3 24.1 62.6 116 e 193 e 5 C10H12 4-Ethylstyrene -31 e -8.2 21.3 60.5 115 e 196 e 5 C10H12O Estragole 48.5 88.0 140.7 214.6 5 C10H12O 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 54.1 96.0 152.2 231.5 5 C10H12O2 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 9 e 37 e 72 e 115.9 173.8 252.9 5 C10H12O2 2-Phenylethyl acetate -4 e 22 e 54 e 96 e 152.3 232.0 5 C10H12O2 Propyl benzoate -8 e 18 e 50.2 92.3 149.2 230.5 5 C10H12O2 Ethyl phenylacetate -9 e 19 e 52 e 95 e 150.2 225 e 5 C10H12O2 Isoeugenol 125 e 185.3 267.1 5 C10H14 Butylbenzene -28 e -7 e 21 e 56.9 107.6 182.8 1,5 C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene -35 e -14 e 13 e 48 e 98.3 172.8 5 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene -37 e -16 e 10 e 46 e 94.9 168.6 5 C10H14 Isobutylbenzene -36 e -15 e 12 e 47.9 97.8 172.3 5 C10H14 o-Cymene -39 e -16 e 13 e 51 e 103.1 177.8 5 C10H14 m-Cymene -34 e -13 e 14 e 50 e 99.9 174.6 5 C10H14 p-Cymene -33 e -12 e 16 e 52 e 102.2 176.6 5 C10H14 o-Diethylbenzene -28 e -6 e 21 e 58 e 107.9 182.9 5 TeamLRN6-90VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C10H14 m-Diethylbenzene -28 e -7 e 20 e 56 e 106.2 180.6 5 C10H14 p-Diethylbenzene -28 e -6 e 21 e 57 e 108.1 183.3 5 C10H14 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene -22 e 0 e 28 e 66 e 117.2 193.4 5 C10H14 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene -24 e -2 e 26 e 63 e 113.6 189.2 5 C10H14 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene -2 e 26 e 63 e 113.7 189.5 5 C10H14 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene -27 e -5 e 23 e 60 e 110.6 186.4 5 C10H14 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene -25 e -4 e 24 e 61 e 112.2 187.9 5 C10H14 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene -28 e -6 e 21 e 58 e 108.3 183.2 5 C10H14 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene -27 e -6 e 22 e 58.2 108.9 184.3 5 C10H14 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene -29 e -8 e 20 e 56.1 106.5 181.3 5 C10H14 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene -29 e -7 e 20 e 56.6 107.4 182.8 5 C10H14 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 7 e 36 e 74 e 126.6 204.5 5 C10H14 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene -19 e 3 e 32 e 69 e 120.9 197.5 5 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 119.9 196.3 5 C10H14O 2-Butylphenol 7 e 31 e 61 e 101 e 155.2 234.4 5 C10H14O Butyl phenyl ether -16 e 8 e 38 e 77 e 131.3 209.7 5 C10H14O Thymol 18.9 s 37.9 s 59.5 101.2 155.0 230.4 5 C10H15N 2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline 19 e 43 e 72 e 107.4 150 e 204 e 5 C10H15N N-Butylaniline 11 e 35 e 66 e 106 e 160.9 241.0 5 C10H15N N,N-Diethylaniline -11 e 14 e 44.3 84.2 138.4 216.3 5 C10H16 Dipentene -42 e -19 e 10.6 48.7 100.2 173.9 5 C10H16 d-Limonene -45 e -21 e 9.1 48.0 100.4 174.5 5 C10H16 l-Limonene -33 e -12 e 16 e 52.0 102.3 177.0 21 C10H16 β-Myrcene 9.4 47.3 98.3 171.0 5 C10H16 α-Pinene -48 e -27 e -1 e 33.6 82.2 155.1 21 C10H16 β-Pinene -43 e -22 e 5.0 40.6 90.5 165.5 21 C10H16 Camphene 90.7 160.1 4 C10H16 Terpinolene 26.5 64.9 115.4 184.6 5 C10H16 β-Phellandrene 16 e 53.2 104 e 171.0 5 C10H16O (+)-Camphor -15.8 s 10 s 41.5 s 80.8 s 131.4 s 207.6 5 C10H16O Pulegone 37 e 49.1 66.4 92.2 135.1 220.2 5 C10H18 1-Decyne -34 e -13 e 14 e 51 e 100.3 173.5 5 C10H18 cis-Decahydronaphthalene -26 e -4 e 24 e 62.4 115.5 195.3 1 C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene -10 e 18 e 55.3 107.9 186.8 1 C10H18O α-Terpineol 48 89 142 217 4 C10H18O Eucalyptol 10.6 48.5 100.3 175.4 5 C10H18O trans -Geraniol 4 e 31 e 63.2 104.3 157.7 229.6 5 C10H18O4 Sebacic acid 125.9 s 5 C10H18O4 Dipropyl succinate 11 e 38 e 72.1 115.4 172.3 250.4 5 C10H18O4 Diethyl adipate 4 e 35 e 72 e 116.6 171.2 239.5 5 C10H19N Decanenitrile 13 e 36 e 66 e 105.8 160.6 241.6 5 C10H20 1-Decene -35.5 -13.7 13.7 49.0 97.9 170.1 1,5 C10H20 Cyclodecane 29 e 68 e 121.3 201.8 1 C10H20 Butylcyclohexane -31 e -9 e 18 e 54 e 104.7 180.4 5 C10H20 Isobutylcyclohexane -37 e -16 e 10 e 46 e 95.9 170.8 5 C10H20 tert-Butylcyclohexane -39 e -18 e 9 e 45 e 95.3 171.1 5 C10H20O Decanal 16 e 47.2 86.3 137.7 208.0 5 C10H20O2 Decanoic acid 58 e 80 e 108 e 145 e 195.2 269.5 5 C10H20O2 Octyl acetate -26 e -3 e 27 e 66.3 120.0 198.2 5 C10H20O2 2-Ethylhexyl acetate -11 e 5 e 26 e 57.6 107.1 197.2 5 C10H20O2 Isopentyl isopentanoate 22 e 62.8 116.9 193.6 5 C10H20O2 Ethyl octanoate -17 e 9 e 41 e 81.4 133.2 203 e 5 C10H20O4 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate 6 e 34 e 69 e 112.6 169.2 245.4 5 C 10H21Br 1-Bromodecane 9 e 33 e 63 e 104 e 159.2 240.0 5 C10H21Cl 1-Chlorodecane 2 e 25 e 54 e 92 e 145.7 225.3 5 C10H21F 1-Fluorodecane -22 e 0 e 27 e 64 e 113.3 185.7 5 C10H22 Decane -10.6 16.7 52.3 101.1 173.7 16 C10H22 2-Methylnonane -34 e -14 e 12 e 47 e 94.8 166.5 5 C10H22 3-Methylnonane -34 e -14 e 12 e 47 e 95.1 167.3 5 C10H22 4-Methylnonane -36 e -16 e 10 e 45 e 93.1 165.2 5 C10H22 5-Methylnonane -36 e -16 e 10 e 45 e 92.6 164.6 5 C10H22 2,4-Dimethyloctane 38 e 84.9 155.4 5 C10H22 2,7-Dimethyloctane -39 e -19 e 7 e 41 e 88.4 159.4 5 C10H22 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane -46 e -27 e -2 e 32 e 78.5 148.4 5 C10H22 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 0 e 35 e 82.7 155.2 5 C10H22 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane -46 e -25 e 1 e 36 e 85.6 159.8 5 6-91VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C10H22 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane -10 e 22 e 68.3 137.0 5 C10H22 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane -46 e -26 e 0 e 35 e 83.2 156.5 5 C10H22 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane -24 e 3 e 39 e 89.1 165.5 5 C10H22 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane -29 e -3 e 33 e 82.8 158.7 5 C10H22O 1-Decanol 30 e 50 e 75 e 109 e 157.3 230.6 1,39 C10H22O 4-Decanol 18 e 37 e 61 e 93 e 139 e 210 e 5 C10H22O Dipentyl ether -31 e -8 e 22 e 60 e 111.6 186.2 5 C10H22O Diisopentyl ether 14.0 51.5 101.8 172.8 5 C10H22O2 Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether 0 e 20 e 44 e 78.4 127.1 202.9 5 C10H22O5 Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether 138 e 200.9 275.3 5 C 10H22S 1-Decanethiol 11 e 34 e 64 e 103 e 157.5 238.6 5 C10H22S Diisopentylsulfide 7 e 82 e 118 e 139 e 5 C10H23N Dipentylamine 77 e 127.7 202.0 5 C10H30O3Si4 Decamethyltetrasiloxane -31 e -6 e 26 e 66.8 118.8 193.9 5 C10H30O5Si5 Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane -2 e 19 e 46 e 82 e 132.9 210.4 5 C11H8O2 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 191.9 239.3 299.6 5 C11H8O2 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 197.9 246.0 308.1 5 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 5 e 29 e 60 e 102 e 159.1 244.1 1 C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 57 e 99 e 156.0 240.5 1 C11H12O2 Ethyl trans -cinnamate 79 125 187 271 4 C11H12O3 Myristicin 23 e 53 e 88.9 135.2 196.0 279.4 5 C11H14 4-Isopropylstyrene -25 e -1 e 30.2 70.3 124.5 202.1 5 C11H14 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5- methylnaphthalene 9 e 31 e 60 e 99 e 153.1 233.8 5 C 11H14 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6- methylnaphthalene 17 e 36 e 62 e 97 e 147.8 228.5 5 C 11H14O2 Butyl benzoate 6 e 34 e 67.9 110.3 165 e 237 e 5 C11H16 Pentylbenzene -14 e 8 e 37 e 74 e 126.7 204.9 5 C11H16 p-tert -Butyltoluene -24 e -2 e 27 e 64.1 115.5 190.8 5 C11H16 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene -26 e -1 e 29.5 69.5 123.5 200.2 5 C11H16 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 6 e 36 e 75.7 129.6 207.6 5 C11H16 1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene -13 e 11 e 40 e 79.4 132.1 207.7 5 C11H20 1-Undecyne -22 e 0 e 29 e 67 e 118.5 194.5 5 C11H20 2-Undecyne -17 e 6 e 35 e 74 e 127.4 205.4 5 C11H20O2 10-Undecenoic acid 35 e 67 e 105 e 150.0 205.4 274.5 5 C11H20O4 Ethyl diethylmalonate 74 e 105 e 149.4 219 e 5 C11H21N Undecanenitrile 78.6 120.3 177.3 259.9 5 C11H22 1-Undecene -21.6 1.2 29.7 66.4 117.1 192.2 5 C11H22 cis-2-Undecene -14 e 7 e 34 e 70.2 120.6 196 e 5 C11H22 trans -2-Undecene -14 e 7 e 33 e 69.3 119.6 195 e 5 C11H22 cis-4-Undecene -19 e 3 e 30 e 66.6 117.1 192 e 5 C11H22 trans -4-Undecene -17 e 4 e 31 e 67.1 117.4 193 e 5 C11H22 cis-5-Undecene -19 e 2 e 30 e 66.2 116.7 191 e 5 C11H22 trans -5-Undecene -18 e 3 e 31 e 67.0 117.4 192 e 5 C11H22 Pentylcyclohexane -17 e 6 e 34 e 72 e 124.2 202.7 5 C11H22 Hexylcyclopentane -15 e 7 e 36 e 73 e 125.0 202.5 5 C11H22O 2-Undecanone 17 e 37 e 64.3 103.0 153.6 232.6 1,5 C11H22O 6-Undecanone 28 e 57 e 95 e 148.4 226.9 1 C11H22O2 Undecanoic acid 68 e 90 e 118 e 156 e 207.2 283.6 5 C11H22O2 Heptyl butanoate 2 e 29 e 62 e 102.6 155.1 224.7 5 C11H22O2 Propyl octanoate -2 e 23 e 55 e 94.0 145.2 215 e 5 C11H22O2 Methyl decanoate 10 e 33 e 62 e 100.9 154.0 232 e 5 C11H24 Undecane -18.4 4.3 32.6 69.5 120.2 195.4 16 C11H24 2-Methyldecane -20 e 1 e 28 e 64 e 114.0 188.7 5 C11H24 3-Methyldecane -35 e -10 e 22 e 61.9 115.6 190.4 5 C11H24 4-Methyldecane -38 e -12 e 20 e 60.8 113.9 186.4 5 C11H24 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane 43 e 94 e 170.4 5 C11H24O 1-Undecanol 52.2 80.0 82 e 118 e 167.6 244.1 5 C11H24S 1-Undecanethiol 23 e 47 e 77 e 118 e 173.6 256.8 5 C12F27N Trinonafluorobutylamine 3 e 29.0 63.3 109.9 176.8 5 C12H8 Acenaphthylene 24 s 49.8 s 80.6 s 5 C12H9N Carbazole 254.7 354.0 5 C12H10 Acenaphthene 126.2 187 e 276 e 1 C12H10 Biphenyl 69.0 111.1 169.5 254.7 1 C12H10N2 Azobenzene 98.1 144.8 206.7 292.7 4 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 44 e 75 e 116 e 173 e 257.4 5 TeamLRN6-92VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C12H10O 1-Acetonaphthone 37 e 69 e 107.0 154.6 215.2 294.9 5 C12H10O 2-Acetonaphthone 48.3 s 118.7 163.0 221.1 300.3 5 C12H10S Diphenyl sulfide 20 e 51 e 88.7 137.5 202.2 291.8 5 C12H11N Diphenylamine 48 s 102.8 150.5 213.7 301.4 5 C12H12 1-Ethylnaphthalene 16 e 41 e 72 e 114 e 171.8 257.7 5 C12H12 2-Ethylnaphthalene 14 e 39 e 71 e 113 e 171.2 257.3 5 C12H12 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 26 e 51 e 82 e 123 e 180.5 265.7 5 C12H12 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 31.5 s 53.1 s 78.8 s 115.9 175 e 260 e 5 C12H14O4 Diethyl phthalate 12 e 51 e 96 e 150.5 215.9 296.2 5 C12H16 p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene -11 e 15 e 46 e 87 e 142.4 221 e 5 C12H16 Cyclohexylbenzene 28 e 58 e 98 e 154.7 239.5 5 C12H16O2 3-Methylbutyl benzoate 66 e 115.0 177.7 261.4 5 C12H18 Hexylbenzene -2 e 22 e 51 e 90 e 144.5 225.5 5 C12H18 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene -14 e 9 e 37 e 74 e 125.9 203.2 5 C12H18 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene -14 e 8 e 36 e 74 e 125.5 202.6 5 C12H18 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene -6 e 18 e 49 e 90 e 148.8 238 e 5 C12H18 Hexamethylbenzene 46.3 s 72.5 s 81.7 s 121.8 s 178.3 263.7 5 C12H18 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene -14 e 11 e 44 e 87 e 145.0 229.8 5 C12H20O2 Geranyl acetate 67.7 110.8 166.9 242.9 5 C12H20O4 Dibutyl maleate 12.3 50.4 94.0 144.2 203 e 272 e 5 C12H22 1-Dodecyne -11 e 13 e 43 e 82 e 135.8 214.4 5 C12H22 Cyclohexylcyclohexane 20 e 53.1 96.0 154.1 237.2 5 C12H22O2 Methyl 10-undecenoate 10 e 38 e 73 e 116 e 172.2 247.1 5 C12H22O4 Dimethyl sebacate 53 e 97 150 214 293 4 C12H23N Dodecanenitrile 36 e 60 e 92 e 133 e 190.5 275.5 5 C12H24 1-Dodecene -8.3 15.2 44.8 82.9 135.4 212.8 5 C12H24 Hexylcyclohexane -3 e 20 e 50 e 89 e 143.1 224.2 5 C12H24 Heptylcyclopentane -1 e 22 e 51 e 90 e 143.5 223.5 5 C12H24O Dodecanal 70 e 116.2 175.9 256.6 5 C12H24O2 Dodecanoic acid 78 e 100 e 128 e 166 e 219.1 298.1 5 C12H24O2 Decyl acetate 12 e 40 e 74 e 115.1 168.1 238 e 5 C12H24O2 Ethyl decanoate 8 e 35 e 69 e 111.8 166.1 238 e 5 C12H25Br 1-Bromododecane 31 e 57 e 90 e 132 e 190.8 275.3 5 C12H25Cl 1-Chlorododecane 27 e 51 e 81 e 122 e 178.7 262.6 5 C12H26 Dodecane -5.4 18.2 47.6 85.8 138.2 215.8 16 C12H26O 1-Dodecanol 133 e 185.0 264.1 1 C12H26O3 Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 5 e 34.4 70.2 115.3 174.1 253.8 5 C12H27N Tributylamine -26 e 1 e 35 e 77.7 134.5 213.4 5 C12H27N Triisobutylamine 1 e 28.9 64.9 112.5 178.5 5 C12H27O4P Tributyl phosphate 205 e 288.3 5 C12H36O6Si6 Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane 18 e 41 e 69 e 108 e 162.2 244.7 5 C13H9N Acridine 124.4 176.2 246.0 345.4 5 C13H9N Phenanthridine 79 s 5 C13H10 Fluorene 48.4 s 137.4 205.4 295 e 5 C13H10O2 Phenyl benzoate 102.3 151.4 217.9 313.3 5 C13H10O3 Phenyl salicylate 166.0 224.8 312.4 5 C13H12 Diphenylmethane 45 e 77 e 119.3 177.7 263.6 1,5 C13H13N Methyldiphenylamine 35 e 63 e 98.4 143.1 201.6 281.6 5 C13H14 1-Isopropylnaphthalene 27 e 51 e 82 e 123.2 180.8 267.3 5 C13H20 Heptylbenzene 12 e 36 e 66 e 107 e 162.7 246.2 5 C13H24O2 Ethyl 10-undecenoate 32 e 55 e 86 e 125.2 179.5 258.4 5 C13H26 1-Tridecene 4.1 28.5 59.0 98.3 152.5 232.3 5 C13H26 Heptylcyclohexane 11 e 34 e 65 e 105 e 160.9 244.3 5 C13H26 Octylcyclopentane 13 e 36 e 66 e 106 e 160.9 243.1 5 C13H26O2 Tridecanoic acid 87 e 109 e 138 e 176 e 230.3 311.5 5 C13H26O2 Methyl dodecanoate 38 e 61 e 90 e 130 e 184.9 269 e 5 C13H28 Tridecane 7.2 31.5 61.8 101.1 155.1 234.9 16 C13H28O 1-Tridecanol 71.6 101.0 103 e 140 e 192.3 273.1 5 C14H10 Anthracene 89.2 s 125.9 s 151.5 s 165 s 238.8 340.2 1,5 C14H10 Phenanthrene 53 s 83 s 120.8 170.4 238.4 337.7 5 C14H10O2 Benzil 123 175 246 346 4 C14H12 cis-Stilbene 26 e 54 e 88 e 130.4 183 e 253 e 5 C14H12 trans -Stilbene 155.6 218.1 305.8 5 C14H12O2 Benzoin 181 248 342 4 C14H14 1,1-Diphenylethane 19 e 47 e 82.0 125.3 181 e 254 e 5 C14H15N Dibenzylamine 48 e 77 e 113.1 158.9 218.5 299.4 5 C14H16 1-Butylnaphthalene 67 e 82 e 103 e 135 e 186.7 288.6 5 6-93VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure Mol. Form. Name 1 Pa 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 100 kPa Ref. C14H16 2-Butylnaphthalene 44 e 67 e 98 e 139 e 197.5 287.4 5 C14H22 Octylbenzene 20.1 46.2 79.1 121.9 178.1 263.8 5 C14H26O4 Diethyl sebacate 83 e 120 166 225 305 4 C14H27N Tetradecanenitrile 52 e 79 e 114.0 159.0 219.7 306.3 5 C14H28 1-Tetradecene 16.1 41.3 72.7 113.2 168.7 250.6 5 C14H28 Octylcyclohexane 16.9 44.3 77.8 120.0 177.6 263.2 5 C14H28 Nonylcyclopentane 25 e 49 e 80 e 120 e 177.2 261.5 5 C14H28O2 Tetradecanoic acid 96 e 118 e 147 e 186 e 241.3 325.6 5 C14H30 Tetradecane 19.1 44.1 75.3 115.7 171.1 253.0 16 C14H30O 1-Tetradecanol 80.0 110.5 149.6 152 e 205.3 286.7 5 C14H31N Tetradecylamine 104 e 147 e 206.1 290.9 5 C14H42O5Si6 Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane 6 e 36 e 72 e 117 e 176.0 259.1 5 C15H18 1-Pentylnaphthalene 34 e 62 e 96 e 141.3 202.2 289 e 5 C15H24 Nonylbenzene 33.0 58.9 92.0 135.4 193.7 281.4 5 C15H30 Nonylcyclohexane 35 e 60 e 92 e 134 e 193.4 280.9 5 C15H30 Decylcyclopentane 37 e 61 e 93 e 134 e 192.5 278.8 5 C15H30O2 Methyl tetradecanoate 75 e 110 155 214 295 4 C15H32 Pentadecane 30.5 56.1 88.1 129.6 186.3 270.1 16 C16H22O4 Dibutyl phthalate 104.0 142.7 191.5 254.5 339.4 4 C16H32 1-Hexadecene 38.4 65.0 98.1 140.5 198.8 284.3 5 C16H32O2 Hexadecanoic acid 136 e 165 e 205 e 261.9 350.2 5 C16H34 Hexadecane 41.1 67.4 100.3 142.7 200.7 286.3 16 C16H34O 1-Hexadecanol 99.5 130.6 171.9 175 e 229.0 311.7 5 C16H35N Hexadecylamine 63 e 91 e 126 e 171 e 232.6 320.5 5 C17H10O Benzanthrone 184 e 229.3 290.3 377.2 511 e 5 C17H34O2 Methyl hexadecanoate 65 e 93 129 177 4 C17H36 Heptadecane 51.5 78.5 112.0 155.3 214.5 302 e 16 C17H36O 1-Heptadecanol 94 e 117 e 146 e 185 e 240.1 323.3 5 C18H14 o-Terphenyl 66 e 94 e 129 e 176 e 241.3 336.3 5 C18H14 m-Terphenyl 87 e 118 e 156 e 206.6 275.3 374.6 5 C18H14 p-Terphenyl 127.1 s 154.7 s 217.2 284.0 383.0 5 C18H30 Hexaethylbenzene 144.1 206.8 297.5 5 C18H34O2 Oleic acid 94 e 126 e 165.5 214.5 277.0 359.7 5 C18H34O2 Elaidic acid 124 e 166 216 280 361 4 C18H36O Stearaldehyde 142 e 186 e 246.9 336.7 5 C18H36O2 Stearic acid 153 e 183 e 223 e 281.6 374.5 5 C18H38 Octadecane 61.5 89.0 123.1 167.3 227.6 316 e 16 C18H38O 1-Octadecanol 106 e 130 e 160 e 200.5 257.3 343.0 5 C19H16 Triphenylmethane 81 s 112 e 175 e 254.6 360.0 5 C19H36O2 Methyl oleate 85 e 114 e 149.7 195.6 256 e 340 e 5 C19H40 Nonadecane 71.1 99.1 133.8 178.8 240.1 330 e 16 C20H42 Eicosane 80.4 108.9 144.2 189.8 252.1 344 e 16 C20H42O 1-Eicosanol 119 e 143 e 173 e 213 e 270.0 355.1 5 C20H60O8Si9 Eicosamethylnonasiloxane 141 e 183.1 236.7 307.1 5 C21H21O4P Tri- o-cresyl phosphate 119.0 156.1 201.0 256.3 326.3 418 e 5 C21H21O4P Tri- m-cresyl phosphate 147.8 177.3 211.4 251.3 298 e 355 e 5 C21H21O4P Tri- p-cresyl phosphate 140.6 174 e 214 e 262 e 320 e 392 e 5 C21H44 Heneicosane 82.3 113.5 152.2 201.6 263.8 355.9 5 C22H42O2 Brassidic acid 134 e 166 e 203.6 249.8 307.6 382.0 5 C22H42O2 Erucic acid 126 e 160 e 199.4 247.4 306.5 381.1 5 C22H42O2 Butyl oleate 95.5 124.2 158 e 198 e 245 e 304 e 5 C22H44O2 Behenic acid 145.4 176.5 213.7 259.3 316.2 390 e 5 C22H44O2 Butyl stearate 99.6 128 e 162 e 201 e 249 e 307 e 5 C22H46 Docosane 83.5 115.0 154.0 203.6 274.8 368.0 5 C23H48 Tricosane 102.9 135.1 174.8 221 e 285.3 379.5 5 C24H38O4 Dioctyl phthalate 130 e 163.7 203.8 252 e 311 e 385 e 5 C24H38O4 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 122.0 153.2 189.2 231.3 281.1 341.1 5 C24H50 Tetracosane 115.0 148.1 188.5 239.1 295.4 390.6 5 C25H52 Pentacosane 119.7 152.7 193.2 244.4 305.0 401.1 5 C26H54 Hexacosane 125.1 158.8 200.1 252.1 314.3 411.3 5 C27H56 Heptacosane 136.7 168.8 206.5 255.8 323.3 421.2 5 C28H58 Octacosane 136.5 169.8 210.9 263.1 332.0 430.6 5 C29H60 Nonacosane 148.2 182.8 221.2 271.5 340.2 439.7 5 C30H62 Squalane 66 e 84 e 105.8 131.9 163.7 203.2 5 C70 Carbon (fullerene-C 70) 598 s 662 s 22 TeamLRN6-94VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K This table gives vapor pressures of 67 important fluids in the temperature range 2 to 300 K. Helium (4He), hydrogen (H2), and neon (Ne) are covered on this page. The remaining fluids are listed on subsequent pages by molecular formula in the Hill order (see Introduction). Th e data have been taken from evaluated sources; references are listed at the end of the table. Pressures are given in kilopascals (kPa). Note that: 1 kPa = 7.50062 Torr 100 kPa = 1 bar 101.325 kPa = 1 atmos s following an entry indicates that the compound is solid at that temperature. Helium Hydrogen Neon T/K P/kPa T/K P/kPa T/K P/kPa 2.2 5.3 14.0 7.90 25.0 51.3 2.3 6.7 14.5 10.38 26.0 71.82.4 8.3 15.0 13.43 27.0 98.5 2.5 10.2 15.5 17.12 28.0 132.1 2.6 12.4 16.0 21.53 29.0 173.52.7 14.8 16.5 26.74 30.0 223.8 2.8 17.5 17.0 32.84 31.0 284.0 2.9 20.6 17.5 39.92 32.0 355.23.0 24.0 18.0 48.08 33.0 438.6 3.1 27.8 18.5 57.39 34.0 535.2 3.2 32.0 19.0 67.96 35.0 646.23.3 36.5 19.5 79.89 36.0 772.8 3.4 41.5 20.0 93.26 37.0 916.4 3.5 47.0 20.5 108.2 38.0 10783.6 52.9 21.0 124.7 39.0 1260 3.7 59.3 21.5 143.1 40.0 1462 3.8 66.1 22.0 163.2 41.0 16883.9 73.5 22.5 185.3 42.0 1939 4.0 81.5 23.0 209.4 43.0 2216 4.1 90.0 23.5 235.7 44.0 25224.2 99.0 24.0 264.2 4.3 108.7 24.5 295.1 4.4 119.0 25.0 328.54.5 129.9 25.5 364.3 4.6 141.6 26.0 402.9 4.7 153.9 26.5 444.34.8 167.0 27.0 488.5 4.9 180.8 27.5 535.7 5.0 195.4 28.0 586.15.1 210.9 28.5 639.7 29.0 696.7 29.5 757.330.0 821.4 30.5 889.5 31.0 961.531.5 1038.0 32.0 1119.0 32.5 1204.0 Ref. 17,18 1 13 6-95VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) BCl3 BF3 BrH ClF ClH Ar Boron Boron Hydrogen Br 2 Chlorine Hydrogen T/K Argon trichloride trifluoride bromide Bromine fluoride chloride 50 0.1 s 55 0.2 s 60 0.8 s 65 2.8 s 70 7.7 s 75 18.7 s 80 40.7 s 85 79.0 90 134 95 213 100 324105 473 110 666 115 910 0.1 120 1214 0.3 0.1 s 125 1584 0.6 0.3 s 130 2027 1.2 0.5 s 135 2553 0.1 s 2.1 1.0 s 140 3170 0.3 s 3.6 1.9 s 145 3892 7.7 0.6 s 6.0 3.4 s150 4736 13.4 1.1 s 9.5 5.8 s 155 22.3 1.9 s 14.6 9.5 s 160 35.2 3.3 s 21.8 14.7165 53.7 5.4 s 31.7 22.0 170 79.1 8.7 s 44.8 31.9 175 113 13.4 s 62.0 45.1180 0.1 157 20.1 s 84.2 62.5 185 0.2 214 29.5 s 112 84.7 190 0.3 285 37.9 147 113195 0.5 372 51.8 190 148 200 0.8 479 69.5 242 190 205 1.2 608 91.8 304 242210 1.8 762 119 378 304 215 2.6 944 153 464 377 220 3.8 1160 194 0.1 s 564 463225 5.2 1413 242 0.2 s 680 563 230 7.2 1709 299 0.3 s 812 678 235 9.7 2056 366 0.4 s 961 811240 12.9 2460 443 0.7 s 1130 961 245 17.0 2913 532 1.1 s 1319 1132 250 22.0 3481 633 1.7 s 1529 1325 255 28.1 4123 748 2.6 s 1762 1542 260 35.6 4874 878 3.8 s 2019 1784 265 44.5 1023 5.5 s 2301 2054270 55.1 1185 7.3 2608 2354 275 67.6 1364 9.5 2941 2686 280 82.2 1562 12.3 3303 3053285 99.1 1780 15.6 3693 3457 290 119 2018 19.7 4111 3901 295 141 2278 24.6 4560 4388300 166 2561 30.5 5039 4921 Ref. 8,15 12 12 12 12 12 12 TeamLRN6-96VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) ClO 2 Cl4Si FH F 2OF 3N Chlorine Cl 2 Silicon Hydrogen F2 Difluorine Nitrogen T/K dioxide Chlorine tetrachloride fluoride Fluorine oxide trifluoride 50 55 0.4 60 1.5 65 4.8 70 12.3 75 27.6 0.1 80 55.3 0.2 85 101 0.5 0.1 90 172 1.2 0.2 95 276 2.6 0.4 100 420 5.3 0.9 105 615 10.1 2.0 110 870 18.0 4.0 115 1196 30.5 7.3 120 1605 49.3 12.8 125 2108 76.7 21.1 130 2721 115 33.5 135 3458 168 51.1 140 4339 237 75.4 145 328 108 150 444 150 155 588 205 160 766 273 165 981 357 170 1238 459 175 1.8 1541 581 180 2.8 1895 726 185 4.2 2303 896190 6.1 0.3 2771 1092 195 0.1 8.7 0.5 3302 1319 200 0.3 12.3 0.8 3899 1578205 0.5 16.9 1.2 4567 1871 210 0.9 22.9 0.1 1.7 5308 2203 215 1.4 30.5 0.2 2.3 2577220 2.3 40.1 0.3 3.2 2995 225 3.5 51.9 0.5 4.4 3464 230 5.3 66.4 0.7 5.9 3991235 7.6 84.0 1.0 7.9 240 10.8 105 1.5 10.3 245 14.9 130 2.0 13.4250 20.1 160 2.8 17.2 255 26.6 194 3.8 21.8 260 34.6 234 5.0 27.4265 44.4 280 6.6 34.2 270 56.1 332 8.6 42.2 275 69.9 392 11.1 51.8280 86.2 459 14.2 63.1 285 105 535 17.9 76.3 290 127 619 22.3 91.7295 151 714 27.7 110 300 179 818 34.0 130 Ref. 12 5 12 12 12 12 1 6-97VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) F3PF4Si F6SH I H2S Phosphorus Silicon Sulfur Hydrogen Hydrogen H 3NH 3P T/K trifluoride tetrafluoride hexafluoride iodide sulfide Ammonia Phosphine 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100105 0.1 110 0.2 0.1 115 0.5 0.2 120 1.0 0.4 125 1.9 0.1 s 0.7 130 3.5 0.2 s 1.3 135 5.9 0.4 s 0.1 s 2.3 140 9.5 0.9 s 0.1 s 0.2 s 3.9 145 14.9 1.9 s 0.2 s 0.3 s 6.2150 22.5 3.8 s 0.4 s 0.6 s 9.6 155 33.1 7.5 s 0.8 s 0.1 s 1.1 s 14.5 160 47.3 14.0 s 1.5 s 0.2 s 1.9 s 0.1 s 21.1165 66.0 25.2 s 2.6 s 0.4 s 3.2 s 0.2 s 30.0 170 90.1 43.8 s 4.4 s 0.8 s 5.2 s 0.3 s 41.6 175 121 74.2 s 7.1 s 1.3 s 8.3 s 0.6 s 56.6180 159 122 s 11.3 s 2.2 s 12.7 s 1.2 s 75.6 185 206 197 s 17.3 s 3.4 s 18.9 s 2.1 s 99.2 190 262 280 25.9 s 5.3 s 26.6 3.5 s 128195 330 376 38.0 s 8.0 s 36.7 5.8 s 163 200 410 488 54.4 s 11.7 s 49.8 8.7 205 205 503 618 76.6 s 16.8 s 66.4 12.6 254210 611 766 106 s 23.6 s 87.1 17.9 312 215 736 932 145 s 32.5 s 113 24.9 379 220 877 1117 195 s 44.0 s 144 34.1 456225 1037 1324 249 56.2 182 45.9 544 230 1217 1555 305 71.4 227 60.8 644 235 1418 1816 371 89.7 281 79.6 756240 1640 2111 448 112 344 103 881 245 1885 2449 536 137 416 131 1019 250 2154 2841 636 168 500 165 1172 255 2448 3301 750 203 597 207 1341 260 2767 878 244 706 256 1525 265 3112 1021 290 830 313 1725270 1181 343 969 381 1942 275 1358 404 1124 460 2176 280 1554 472 1297 552 2428285 1768 548 1488 655 2699 290 2003 633 1698 774 2987 295 2258 727 1929 909 3295300 2534 831 2181 1062 3621 Ref. 12 12 12,15 12 12,15 11 12 TeamLRN6-98VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) NO N2OO2S H4Si Kr Nitric N 2 Nitrous O 2 Sulfur T/K Silane Krypton oxide Nitrogen oxide Oxygen dioxide 50 0.4 s 55 1.8 s 0.2 60 6.3 s 0.7 65 17.4 2.3 70 38.6 6.3 75 0.1 s 76.1 14.5 80 0.4 s 137 30.1 85 1.1 s 0.1 s 229 56.8 90 2.7 s 0.4 s 361 99.3 95 0.1 6.0 s 1.3 s 541 163 100 0.2 12.1 s 3.8 s 779 254105 0.4 22.8 s 10.0 s 1084 379 110 1.0 40.4 s 23.5 1467 543 115 1.9 68.0 s 46.8 1939 0.1 756120 3.5 103 86.5 2513 0.1 1022 125 6.1 150 151 3209 0.3 1351 130 10.0 211 248 0.7 1749135 15.8 290 391 1.3 2225 140 24.1 388 592 2.5 2788 145 35.3 509 867 4.3 3448150 50.3 655 1231 7.1 4219 155 69.8 830 1703 11.4 160 94.6 1037 2302 17.6165 126 1278 3050 26.4 170 164 1557 3971 38.5 0.1 175 210 1877 5089 54.7 0.2180 265 2241 6433 75.9 0.3 185 331 2655 103 0.5 190 408 3120 138 0.8195 498 3641 181 1.3 200 602 4223 234 2.0 205 722 4870 298 3.0210 859 374 4.4 215 1017 465 6.3 220 1196 571 9.0225 1398 694 12.6 230 1628 835 17.3 235 1888 996 23.3240 2180 1179 31.1 245 2509 1385 40.9 250 2880 1615 53.2 255 3296 1870 68.3 260 3763 2152 86.7 265 4288 2462 109270 2802 136 275 3172 168 280 3573 205 285 4006 249 290 4473 300 295 4973 359 300 5508 426 Ref. 12 13, 15 12, 15 1 12 3 12 6-99VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) CBrF3 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl3F O3 Rn Xe Bromotri- Chlorotri- Dichlorodi- Trichloro- T/K Ozone Radon Xenon fluoromethane fluoromethane fluoromethane fluoromethane 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95100 0.1 0.1 s 105 0.2 0.1 s 110 0.4 0.3 s115 1.0 0.7 s 0.1 120 2.0 1.5 s 0.2 125 3.8 2.7 s 0.3130 6.8 0.1 4.9 s 0.6 135 11.5 0.3 8.5 s 0.1 1.1 140 18.7 0.5 14.0 s 0.3 2.0145 29.1 0.9 22.2 s 0.5 3.3 150 43.7 1.5 34.2 s 0.9 5.3 155 63.6 2.4 51.1 s 1.5 8.3 0.1160 89.9 3.8 74.2 s 2.5 12.6 0.3 165 124 5.8 101 3.9 18.6 0.5 170 168 8.6 134 5.9 26.8 0.8175 222 12.5 173 8.8 37.6 1.3 180 289 17.7 222 12.8 51.7 2.1 185 367 24.5 280 18.1 69.7 3.2190 468 33.2 348 25.1 92.3 4.8 0.2 195 584 44.4 428 34.1 120 6.9 0.3 200 721 58.2 521 45.6 155 9.9 0.4205 881 75.3 628 60.0 196 13.7 0.6 210 1068 96 750 77.8 246 18.8 1.0 215 1285 121 889 99.5 304 25.2 1.4220 1536 151 1045 126 372 33.3 2.0 225 1824 185 1220 157 451 43.3 2.9 230 2155 1416 194 542 55.5 4.1235 2534 1633 237 646 70.4 5.6 240 2968 1872 287 763 88.1 7.6 245 3464 2136 344 896 109 10.1250 4031 2425 410 1044 134 13.3 255 4678 2742 485 1210 163 17.2 260 5417 3087 570 1394 196 22.1265 3462 665 1598 234 28.0 270 3869 771 1823 278 35.1 275 4310 889 2071 327 43.7280 4786 1021 2343 383 53.8 285 5299 1166 2641 445 65.7 290 1325 2968 515 79.6295 1501 3325 593 95.6 300 1692 3716 679 114.1 Ref. 12 15 12,13 12 12 12 12 TeamLRN6-100CCl4 CF4 CO COS CO2 CHClF2 CHCl3 Tetrachloro- Tetrafluoro- Carbon Carbon Carbon Chlorodifluo- Trichloro- T/K methane methane monoxide oxysulfide dioxide methane methane 50 0.1 s 55 0.6 s 60 2.6 s 65 8.2 s 70 21.0 75 44.4 80 83.7 85 147 90 0.1 239 95 0.3 371 100 0.8 545105 1.7 771 110 3.4 1067 115 6.5 1428120 11.5 1877 125 19.3 2400 130 30.8 3064135 47.4 0.1 s 140 70.2 0.1 0.2 s 145 101 0.2 0.4 s150 141 0.4 0.8 s 0.1 155 191 0.8 1.7 s 0.3 160 254 1.3 3.1 s 0.5165 332 2.2 5.7 s 0.8 170 425 3.4 9.9 s 1.4 175 537 5.2 16.8 s 2.3180 669 7.8 27.6 s 3.6 185 824 11.3 44.0 s 5.5 190 1005 15.9 68.4 s 8.1195 1216 22.1 104 s 11.8 200 1460 30.0 155 s 16.7 205 1743 40.1 227 s 23.1210 2073 52.7 327 s 31.5 215 2457 68.2 465 s 42.1 0.1 220 2907 87.2 600 55.3 0.2225 3438 110 735 71.7 0.3 230 137 894 91.6 0.4 235 169 1075 116 0.7240 207 1283 144 1.0 245 250 1519 178 1.4 250 301 1786 218 2.0255 1.5 358 2085 264 2.7 260 2.1 423 2419 317 3.7 265 2.8 497 2790 377 5.0270 3.7 580 3203 446 6.6 275 4.9 673 3658 525 8.7 280 6.4 777 4160 613 11.3285 8.2 892 4712 711 14.4 290 10.5 1019 5315 821 18.3 295 13.2 1159 5984 944 22.9300 16.5 1313 6710 1080 28.5 Ref. 12 12 9 12 6 12 12VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) 6-101VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) CHF3 CHN CH2Cl2 CH2F2 Trifluoro- Hydrogen Dichloro- Difluoro CH2OC H3Cl CH3F T/K methane cyanide methane methane Formaldehyde Chloromethane Fluoromethane 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100105 110 115120 0.1 125 0.2 130 0.4135 0.7 0.6 140 1.4 0.1 1.2 145 2.5 0.2 2.1150 4.3 0.3 3.6 155 7.1 0.6 5.9 160 11.1 1.0 9.3165 17.0 1.7 14.1 170 25.3 2.8 20.9 175 36.5 4.4 29.9180 51.4 6.8 42.0 185 70.9 10.2 1.3 2.1 57.6 190 95.8 14.8 2.0 3.1 77.4195 127 21.2 3.0 4.6 102 200 166 0.1 s 0.1 29.5 4.4 6.7 133 205 214 0.2 s 0.2 40.5 6.4 9.5 171210 271 0.4 s 0.3 54.5 9.1 13.1 216 215 340 0.6 s 0.4 72.1 12.7 17.9 270 220 421 1 s 0.6 94.1 17.4 24.0 333225 516 1.5 s 0.9 121 23.4 31.8 408 230 626 2.2 s 1.4 154 31.0 41.4 495 235 754 3.3 s 2.0 193 40.6 53.3 595240 900 4.7 s 2.8 240 52.5 67.7 711 245 1067 6.8 s 3.8 295 67.0 85.1 843 250 1257 9.7 s 5.3 360 84.6 106 993 255 1472 13.6 s 7.1 434 106 131 1163 260 1713 18.8 9.5 521 131 159 1355 265 1984 24.1 12.4 620 161 193 1571270 2287 30.5 16.1 732 196 232 1813 275 2624 38.3 20.7 860 236 277 2084 280 3000 47.7 26.3 1004 283 327 2387285 3418 58.8 33.0 1165 337 385 2724 290 3881 72.1 41.1 1346 399 450 3099 295 4393 87.6 50.8 1547 470 524 3516300 105.9 62.1 1770 549 606 3978 Ref. 12 12,16 12 12 12 12 12 TeamLRN6-102VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) C2H6O CH 4 CH4OC2H2 C2H4 C2H6 Dimethyl C3H4 T/K Methane Methanol Acetylene Ethylene Ethane ether Propadiene 50 55 60 65 0.1 70 0.3 75 0.8 80 2.1 85 4.9 90 10.6 95 20.0 100 34.5 105 57.0110 88.4 0.3 115 133 0.8 0.1 120 192 1.4 0.4125 269 2.7 0.7 130 368 0.1 s 4.5 1.3 135 491 0.3 s 7.7 2.2140 642 0.7 s 11.9 3.8 145 824 1.3 s 18.3 6.0 150 1041 2.6 s 27.5 9.7 0.1155 1297 4.6 s 39.9 15.0 0.1 0.2 160 1594 7.8 s 56.4 21.5 0.2 0.3 165 1937 12.8 s 77.9 31.0 0.3 0.6170 2331 20.6 s 105 42.9 0.5 1.0 175 2779 32.2 s 140 59.0 0.9 1.7 180 3288 49.0 s 182 78.7 1.4 2.7185 3865 72.9 s 234 104 2.1 4.1 190 4520 106 s 296 135 3.2 6.1 195 146 369 172 4.7 8.9200 190 456 217 6.8 12.5 205 244 557 271 9.6 17.4 210 309 673 334 13.3 23.7215 385 806 407 18.1 31.6 220 475 958 492 24.3 41.4 225 579 1128 590 32.1 53.5230 0.1 699 1321 700 41.9 68.2 235 0.2 837 1535 826 53.9 85.8 240 0.4 993 1774 967 68.6 107245 0.5 1170 2039 1125 86.3 131 250 0.8 1370 2331 1301 108 160 255 1.2 1593 2652 1496 133 193260 1.7 1843 3005 1712 162 230 265 2.4 2121 3391 1949 197 273 270 3.3 2429 3813 2210 237 322275 4.5 2771 4275 2495 283 376 280 6.2 3150 2806 335 438 285 8.3 3567 3146 395 506290 11 4028 3515 463 582 295 14.4 4535 3917 538 666 300 18.7 5093 4355 623 759 Ref. 2,16 12 12,16 4 2 12 12 6-103VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) C3H6 C3H8 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C5H12 T/K Propylene Propane Buta-1,3-diene Butane Isobutane Pentane Neopentane 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95100 105 110115 120 125 130 135 140 0.1145 0.2 150 0.4 155 0.7160 1.2 0.8 0.1 165 2.0 1.4 0.1 170 3.1 2.2 0.1 0.1 0.3175 4.7 3.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 180 7.0 5.0 0.4 0.3 0.7 185 10.1 7.3 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.1 s190 14.2 10.5 1.0 0.8 1.7 0.2 s 195 19.7 15.0 1.5 1.3 2.5 0.4 s 200 26.9 20.1 2.3 1.9 3.7 0.7 s205 35.9 27.0 3.4 2.8 5.3 1.1 s 210 47.3 36.0 4.8 4.0 7.4 1.6 s 215 61.3 47.0 6.7 5.7 10.2 2.4 s220 78.5 60.0 9.2 7.8 13.8 1.0 3.6 s 225 99.2 77.0 12.5 10.6 18.3 1.5 5.2 s 230 124 97.0 16.7 14.1 24.0 2.1 7.3 s235 153 120 21.9 18.5 31.1 3.0 10.2 s 240 188 148 28.4 24.1 39.8 4.2 13.9 s 245 228 180 36.3 30.9 50.3 5.7 18.7 s250 274 218 46.0 39.1 62.9 7.6 24.8 s 255 327 261 57.6 49.1 77.8 10.0 32.4 s 260 387 311 71.3 61.0 95.4 13.0 41.6265 456 367 87.6 75.0 116 16.6 51.4 270 533 431 107 91.5 140 21.1 63.0 275 619 502 129 111 167 26.6 76.6280 715 582 154 133 198 33.1 92.3 285 822 671 184 159 234 40.8 111 290 940 769 217 188 274 50.0 131295 1069 878 255 221 319 60.7 155 300 1212 998 297 258 370 73.2 182 Ref. 7 2 12 2 2 14 12,16 TeamLRN6-104VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) REFERENCES 1. B. A. Younglove, Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 11, Supp. 1, 1982. 2. B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butan e, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 16, 577, 1987. 3. W. Wagner, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Oxygen , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 4. R. T. Jacobsen, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Ethylene , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 5. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Chlorine , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 6. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976. 7. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Propylene , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980. 8. R. B. Stewart and R. T. Jacobsen, Thermophysical properties of argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 18, 639, 1989. 9. R. D. Goodwin, Carbon monoxide thermophysical properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 849, 1985. 10. R. D. Goodwin, Methanol thermophysical properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 16, 799, 1987. 11. L. Haar, Thermodynamic properties of ammonia, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 7, 635, 1978. 12. DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Che mical Engineers, 1987. 13. V. A. Rabinovich, et al., Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1987. 14. K. N. Marsh, Recommended Reference Methods for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 15. TRC Thermodynamic Tables: Non-Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 1 985. 16. R. M. Stevenson and S. Malanowski, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds , Elsevier, New York, 1987. 17. S. Angus and K. M. de Reuck, International Tables of the Fluid State: Helium-4 , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977. 18. R. D. McCarty, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 2, 923, 1973. 6-105Vapor Pressure in kPa Salt 10 °C1 5 °C2 0 °C2 5 °C3 0 °C3 5 °C4 0 °C Ref. BaCl2 0.971 1.443 2.073 2.887 3.903 5.133 6.576 1 Ca(NO 3)2 0.701 1.015 1.381 1.772 2.154 2.487 1 CuSO4 1.113 1.574 2.189 2.996 4.037 5.363 3 FeSO4 0.978 1.516 2.208 3.035 3.950 4.884 3 KBr 0.953 1.338 1.853 2.533 3.419 4.563 3 KIO3 1.100 1.564 2.177 2.970 3.979 5.236 6.778 4 K2CO3 0.541 0.802 1.134 1.536 1.997 2.499 3.016 1 LiCl 0.128 0.193 0.279 0.384 2 Mg(NO3)2 0.726 0.999 1.339 1.749 2.231 2.782 3.397 1 MnCl2 0.697 1.064 1.515 2.020 2.535 3.002 3 NH4Cl 0.971 1.328 1.836 2.481 2 NH4NO3 0.853 1.152 1.524 1.972 2 (NH4)2SO4 0.901 1.319 1.871 2.573 3.439 4.474 3 NaBr 0.722 1.004 1.376 1.858 2.475 3.255 4.229 4 NaCl 0.921 1.285 1.768 2.401 3.218 4.262 5.581 4NaNO 2 0.703 0.994 1.381 1.888 2.540 3.368 4.403 4 NaNO3 0.884 1.244 1.719 2.335 3.121 4.109 5.333 4 RbCl 0.862 1.215 1.684 2.298 3.088 4.089 5.343 4ZnSO 4 0.945 1.401 1.986 2.698 3.523 4.431 5.382 1 Water 1.228 1.706 2.339 3.169 4.246 5.627 7.381VAPOR PRESSURE OF SATURATED SALT SOLUTIONS This table gives the vapor pressure of water above saturated solutions of some common salts at ambient temperatures. Data on pu re water are given on the last line for comparison. The references provide additional information on water activity, osmotic coefficient, and enthalpy of vaporization. REFERENCES 1. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. 2. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. 3. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. 4. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998. TeamLRN6-106REFERENCE Marsh, K.N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1987). T/K CO2(s) H2O(s) C10H8(s) n-C5H12 C6H6 C6F6 H2OH g 180 27.62 190 68.44 200 155.11 0.0002 210 327.17 0.0007220 0.0026 230 0.0089 240 0.0273250 0.0760 7.60 260 0.1958 0.0001 12.98 270 0.4701 0.0005 21.15 0.485280 0.0017 33.11 5.148 4.322 0.991 290 0.0049 50.01 8.606 7.463 1.919 300 0.0134 73.17 13.816 12.328 3.535310 0.0341 104.07 21.389 19.576 6.228 320 0.0814 144.3 32.054 30.009 10.540 330 0.1829 195.7 46.656 44.578 17.202340 0.3899 260.1 66.152 64.380 27.167 350 0.7920 339.4 91.609 90.664 41.647 360 435.9 124.192 124.816 62.139370 551.5 165.2 168.4 90.453 380 688.8 215.9 223.0 128.74 390 850.2 277.7 290.4 179.48400 1038 353.2 372.6 245.54 0.138 410 1256 441.0 471.5 330.15 0.215 420 1507 545.5 589.3 436.89 0.329430 1793 667.6 728.3 569.73 0.493 440 2120 808.8 890.9 732.99 0.724 450 2490 971.1 1080 931.36 1.045460 2910 1156 1297 1169.9 1.485 470 1366 1547 1453.9 2.078 480 1602 1833 1789.0 2.866490 1868 2159 2181.4 3.899 500 2164 2530 2637.3 5.239 510 2494 2954 3163.3 6.955 520 2861 3766.4 9.131 530 3267 4453.9 11.861 540 3717 5233.5 15.256550 4216 6113.4 19.438 560 4770 7102.0 25.547 570 8208.6 30.74 580 9443.0 38.19 590 10816 47.09 600 12339 57.64IUPAC RECOMMENDED DATA FOR VAPOR PRESSURE CALIBRATION These precise vapor pressure values are recommended as secondary standards. Values are given in kPa (1 kPa = 0.0098692 atm = 7. 5006 Torr). Reprinted by permission of IUPAC. 6-107ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION The molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ∆vapH, which is defined as the enthalpy change in the conversion of one mole of liquid to gas at constant temperature, is tabulated here for approximately 850 inorganic and organic compounds. Values are given, when available, both at the normal boiling point tb, referred to a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg), and at 25 °C. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see Preface). The values in this table were measured either by calorimetric techniques or by application of the Claperyon equation to the var iation of vapor pressure with temperature. See Reference 1 for a discussion of the accuracy of different experimental techniques and for method s of estimating enthalpy of vaporization at other temperatures. REFERENCES 1. Majer, V. and Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/4, Caloric Quantities of State , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. 4. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation , extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 5. Ruzicka, K. and Majer, V., “Simultaneous Treatment of Vapor Pressures and Related Thermal Data Between the Triple and Normal Boiling Temperatures for n-Alkanes C5 - C20”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 23, 1, 1994. 6. Verevkin, S. P., “Thermochemistry of Amines: Experimental Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation of Some Aliphatic and Aromat ic Amines”, J. Chem. Thermodynamics , 29, 891, 1997. 7. Cady, G. H. and Hargreaves, G. B., “The Vapor Pressure of Some Heavy Transition Metal Hexafluorides”, J. Chem. Soc. , 1961, 1563; 1961, 1578. 8. Steele, W. V., Chirico, R. D., Knipmeyer, S. E., and Nguyen, A., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 41, 1255, 1996. ∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/mol AgBr Silver(I) bromide 1502 198 AgCl Silver(I) chloride 1547 199 AgI Silver(I) iodide 1506 143.9Al Aluminum 2519 294 AlB 3H12 Aluminum borohydride 44.5 30 AlBr3 Aluminum tribromide 255 23.5 AlI3 Aluminum triiodide 382 32.2 Ar Argon -185.85 6.43 AsBr3 Arsenic(III) bromide 221 41.8 AsCl3 Arsenic(III) chloride 130 35.01 AsF3 Arsenic(III) fluoride 57.8 29.7 AsF5 Arsenic(V) fluoride -52.8 20.8 AsH3 Arsine -62.5 16.69 AsI3 Arsenic(III) iodide 424 59.3 Au Gold 2856 324B Boron 4000 480 BBr 3 Boron tribromide 91 30.5 BCl 3 Boron trichloride 12.65 23.77 23.1 BF3 Boron trifluoride -101 19.33 BI3 Boron triiodide 210 40.5 B2F4 Tetrafluorodiborane -34 28 B2H6 Diborane -92.4 14.28 B4H10 Tetraborane 18 27.1 B5H11 Pentaborane(11) 63 31.8 Ba Barium 1897 140 BeCl 2 Beryllium chloride 482 105 BeI 2 Beryllium iodide 487 70.5 Bi Bismuth 1564 151 BiBr 3 Bismuth tribromide 453 75.4 BiCl3 Bismuth trichloride 447 72.61 BrF Bromine fluoride 20 25.1 BrF 3 Bromine trifluoride 125.8 47.57 TeamLRN6-108BrF 5 Bromine pentafluoride 40.76 30.6 BrH Hydrogen bromide -66.38 12.69 BrH 3Si Bromosilane 1.9 24.4 BrIn Indium(I) bromide 656 92BrTl Thallium(I) bromide 819 99.56 Br 2 Bromine 58.8 29.96 30.91 Br2Cd Cadmium bromide 844 115 Br2H2Si Dibromosilane 66 31 Br2Hg Mercury(II) bromide 322 58.89 Br2Pb Lead(II) bromide 892 133 Br2Sn Tin(II) bromide 639 102 Br2Zn Zinc bromide 697 118 Br3Ga Gallium(III) bromide 279 38.9 Br3HSi Tribromosilane 109 34.8 Br3OP Phosphorus(V) oxybromide 191.7 38 Br3P Phosphorus(III) bromide 172.95 38.8 Br3Sb Antimony(III) bromide 280 59 Br4Ge Germanium(IV) bromide 186.35 41.4 Br4Si Tetrabromosilane 154 37.9 Br4Sn Tin(IV) bromide 205 43.5 Br4Ti Titanium(IV) bromide 230 44.37 Br5Ta Tantalum(V) bromide 349 62.3 Cd Cadmium 767 99.87 CdCl2 Cadmium chloride 960 124.3 CdF2 Cadmium fluoride 1748 214 CdI2 Cadmium iodide 742 115 ClF Chlorine fluoride -101.1 24 ClFO3 Perchloryl fluoride -46.75 19.33 ClF2P Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride -47.25 17.6 ClF3 Chlorine trifluoride 11.75 27.53 ClF3Si Chlorotrifluorosilane -70.0 18.7 ClH Hydrogen chloride -85 16.15 9.08 ClH3Si Chlorosilane -30.4 21 ClNO Nitrosyl chloride -5.5 25.78ClNO 2 Nitryl chloride -15 25.7 ClO2 Chlorine dioxide 11 30 ClTl Thallium(I) chloride 720 102.2Cl 2 Chlorine -34.04 20.41 17.65 Cl2Cr Chromium(II) chloride 1300 197 Cl2CrO2 Chromyl chloride 117 35.1 Cl2FP Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride 14 24.9 Cl2F2Si Dichlorodifluorosilane -32 21.2 Cl2H2Si Dichlorosilane 8.3 25 24.2 Cl2Hg Mercury(II) chloride 304 58.9 Cl2O Chlorine monoxide 2.2 25.9 Cl2OS Thionyl chloride 75.6 31.7 31 Cl2O2S Sulfuryl chloride 69.4 31.4 30.1 Cl2Pb Lead(II) chloride 951 127 Cl2Sn Tin(II) chloride 623 86.8 Cl2Ti Titanium(II) chloride 1500 232 Cl2Zn Zinc chloride 732 126 Cl3Ga Gallium(III) chloride 201 23.9 Cl3HSi Trichlorosilane 33 25.7 Cl3OP Phosphorus(V) oxychloride 105.5 34.35 38.6 Cl3OV Vanadyl trichloride 127 36.78 Cl3P Phosphorus(III) chloride 75.95 30.5 32.1 Cl3Sb Antimony(III) chloride 220.3 45.19 Cl3Ti Titanium(III) chloride 960 124∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) 6-109Cl4Ge Germanium(IV) chloride 86.55 27.9 Cl4OW Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride 227.55 67.8 Cl4Si Tetrachlorosilane 57.65 28.7 29.7 Cl4Sn Tin(IV) chloride 114.15 34.9 Cl4Te Tellurium tetrachloride 387 77 Cl4Th Thorium(IV) chloride 921 146.4 Cl4Ti Titanium(IV) chloride 136.45 36.2 Cl4V Vanadium(IV) chloride 148 41.4 42.5 Cl5Mo Molybdenum(V) chloride 268 62.8 Cl5Nb Niobium(V) chloride 254.0 52.7 Cl5Ta Tantalum(V) chloride 239.35 54.8 Cl6W Tungsten(VI) chloride 346.75 52.7 FH3Si Fluorosilane -98.6 18.8 FLi Lithium fluoride 1673 147FNO Nitrosyl fluoride -59.9 19.28 FNO 2 Nitryl fluoride -72.4 18.05 FNS Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) 4.8 22.2F 2 Fluorine -188.12 6.62 F2H2Si Difluorosilane -77.8 16.3 F2O Fluorine monoxide -144.75 11.09 F2OS Thionyl fluoride -43.8 21.8 F2O2 Fluorine dioxide -57 19.1 F2Pb Lead(II) fluoride 1293 160.4 F2Zn Zinc fluoride 1500 190.1 F3HSi Trifluorosilane -95 16.2 F3N Nitrogen trifluoride -128.75 11.56 F3O2Re Rhenium(VII) dioxytrifluoride 185.4 65.7 F3P Phosphorus(III) fluoride -101.5 16.5 F3PS Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride -52.25 19.6 F4MoO Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride 186.0 50.6 F4N2 Tetrafluorohydrazine -74 13.27 F4ORe Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride 171.7 61.0 F4OW Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride 185.9 59.5 F4S Sulfur tetrafluoride -40.45 26.44 F4Se Selenium tetrafluoride 106 47.2 F4Th Thorium(IV) fluoride 1680 258 F5I Iodine pentafluoride 100.5 41.3 F5Mo Molybdenum(V) fluoride 213.6 51.8 F5Nb Niobium(V) fluoride 229 52.3 F5Os Osmium(V) fluoride 225.9 65.6 F5P Phosphorus(V) fluoride -84.6 17.2 F5Re Rhenium(V) fluoride 221.3 58.1 F5Ta Tantalum(V) fluoride 229.2 56.9 F5V Vanadium(V) fluoride 48.3 44.52 F6Ir Iridium(VI) fluoride 53.6 30.9 F6Mo Molybdenum(VI) fluoride 34.0 29.0 F6Os Osmium(VI) fluoride 47.5 28.1 F6Re Rhenium(VI) fluoride 33.8 28.7 F6S Sulfur hexafluoride 8.99 F6W Tungsten(VI) fluoride 17.1 26.5 Ga Gallium 2204 254 GaI 3 Gallium(III) iodide 340 56.5 Ge Germanium 2833 334GeH 4 Germane -88.1 14.06 Ge2H6 Digermane 30.8 25.1 Ge3H8 Trigermane 110.5 32.2 HI Hydrogen iodide -35.55 19.76 17.36 HLiO Lithium hydroxide 1626 188∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) TeamLRN6-110HNO 3 Nitric acid 83 39.1 HN3 Hydrazoic acid 35.7 30.5 HNaO Sodium hydroxide 1388 175 H2 Hydrogen -252.87 0.90 H2O Water 100.0 40.65 43.98 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide 150.2 51.6 H2S Hydrogen sulfide -59.55 18.67 14.08 H2S2 Hydrogen disulfide 70.7 33.78 H2Se Hydrogen selenide -41.25 19.7 H2Te Hydrogen telluride -2 19.2 H3N Ammonia -33.33 23.33 19.86 H3P Phosphine -87.75 14.6 H3Sb Stibine -17 21.3 H4N2 Hydrazine 113.55 41.8 44.7 H4P2 Diphosphine 63.5 28.8 H4Si Silane -111.9 12.1 H4Sn Stannane -51.8 19.05 H6Si2 Disilane -14.3 21.2 H8Si3 Trisilane 52.9 28.5 He Helium -268.93 0.08 Hg Mercury 356.73 59.11 HgI2 Mercury(II) iodide 354 59.2 IIn Indium(I) iodide 712 90.8 ITl Thallium(I) iodide 824 104.7 I2 Iodine 184.4 41.57 I2Pb Lead(II) iodide 872 104 I2Sn Tin(II) iodide 714 105 I3P Phosphorus(III) iodide 227 43.9 I3Sb Antimony(III) iodide 401 68.6 I4Si Tetraiodosilane 287.35 50.2 I4Sn Tin(IV) iodide 364.35 56.9 I4Ti Titanium(IV) iodide 377 58.4 Kr Krypton -153.22 9.08 MoO3 Molybdenum(VI) oxide 1155 138 NO Nitric oxide -151.74 13.83 N2 Nitrogen -195.79 5.57 N2O Nitrous oxide -88.48 16.53 N2O4 Nitrogen tetroxide 21.15 38.12 Ne Neon -246.08 1.71 O2 Oxygen -182.95 6.82 O2S Sulfur dioxide -10.05 24.94 22.92 O3S Sulfur trioxide 45 40.69 43.14 P Phosphorus 280.5 12.4 14.2Pb Lead 1749 179.5 S Sulfur 444.60 45 STl 2 Thallium(I) sulfide 1367 154 Se Selenium 685 95.48 Te Tellurium 988 114.1 Xe Xenon -108.11 12.57CClF 3 Chlorotrifluoromethane -81.4 15.8 CCl 2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane -29.8 20.1 CCl 3F Trichlorofluoromethane 23.7 25.1 CCl 4 Tetrachloromethane 76.8 29.82 32.43 CHBr 3 Tribromomethane 149.1 39.66 46.05 CHClF2 Chlorodifluoromethane -40.7 20.2 CHCl2F Dichlorofluoromethane 8.9 25.2 CHCl 3 Trichloromethane 61.17 29.24 31.28 CH2BrCl Bromochloromethane 68.0 30.0∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) 6-111CH2Br2 Dibromomethane 97 32.92 36.97 CH 2Cl2 Dichloromethane 40 28.06 28.82 CH 2I2 Diiodomethane 182 42.5 CH2O2 Formic acid 101 22.69 20.10 CH 3Br Bromomethane 3.5 23.91 22.81 CH 3Cl Chloromethane -24.09 21.40 18.92 CH3I Iodomethane 42.55 27.34 27.97 CH 3NO Formamide 220 60.15 CH 3NO2 Nitromethane 101.19 33.99 38.27 CH4 Methane -161.48 8.19 CH 4O Methanol 64.6 35.21 37.43 CH 5N Methylamine -6.32 25.60 23.37 CH6N2 Methylhydrazine 87.5 36.12 40.37 CN 4O8 Tetranitromethane 126.1 40.74 49.93 CO Carbon monoxide -191.5 6.04 CS2 Carbon disulfide 46 26.74 27.51 C2Br2ClF3 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 93 31.17 35.04 C2Br2F4 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 47.35 27.03 28.39 C2ClF5 Chloropentafluoroethane -37.95 19.41 C2Cl2F4 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 3.8 23.3 C2Cl3F3 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 46.1 26.85 28.08 C2Cl3F3 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 47.7 27.04 28.40 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene 121.3 34.68 39.68 C2F6 Hexafluoroethane -78.1 16.15 C2HBrClF3 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 50.2 28.08 29.61 C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 87.21 31.40 34.54 C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane 159.8 36.9 C2HF3O2 Trifluoroacetic acid 73 33.3 C2H2Br4 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 243.5 48.7 C2H2Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethylene 31.6 26.14 26.48 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 60.1 30.2 C2H2Cl2 trans -1,2-Dichloroethylene 48.7 28.9 C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 146.5 37.64 45.71 C2H3Br Bromoethylene 15.8 23.4 C2H3Cl Chloroethylene -13.3 20.8 C2H3Cl2F 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 32.0 26.06 26.48 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 74.09 29.86 32.50 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 113.8 34.82 40.24 C2H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane -47.25 18.99 C2H3N Acetonitrile 81.65 29.75 32.94 C2H4 Ethylene -103.77 13.53 C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane 131.6 34.77 41.73 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 57.4 28.85 30.62 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 83.5 31.98 35.16 C2H4F2 1,1-Difluoroethane -24.95 21.56 19.08 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 20.1 25.76 25.47 C2H4O Ethylene oxide 10.6 25.54 24.75 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 117.9 23.70 23.36 C2H4O2 Methyl formate 31.7 27.92 28.35 C2H5Br Bromoethane 38.5 27.04 28.03 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 12.3 24.65 C2H5ClO 2-Chloroethanol 128.6 41.4 C2H5I Iodoethane 72.5 29.44 31.93 C2H5NO N-Methylformamide 199.51 56.19 C2H5NO2 Nitroethane 114.0 38.0 C2H6 Ethane -88.6 14.69 5.16 C2H6O Ethanol 78.29 38.56 42.32 C2H6O Dimethyl ether -24.8 21.51 18.51∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) TeamLRN6-112C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide 189 43.1 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol 197.3 50.5 C2H6S Ethanethiol 35.1 26.79 27.30 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide 37.33 27.0 27.65 C2H6S2 1,2-Ethanedithiol 146.1 37.93 44.68 C2H6S2 Dimethyl disulfide 109.8 33.78 37.86 C2H7N Dimethylamine 6.88 26.40 25.05 C2H7NO Ethanolamine 171 49.83 C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine 117 37.98 44.98 C2H8N2 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 63.9 32.55 35.0 C2N2 Cyanogen -21.1 23.33 19.75 C3Cl2F6 1,2-Dichlorohexafluoropropane 34.1 26.28 26.93 C3H3Cl3O2 Methyl trichloroacetate 153.8 48.33 C3H3N Acrylonitrile 77.3 32.6 C3H4Cl2O2 Methyl dichloroacetate 142.9 39.28 47.72 C3H4O Acrolein 52.6 28.3 C3H4O2 2-Oxetanone 162 47.03 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene 70.1 30.24 32.73 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 45.1 29.0 C3H5ClO2 Methyl chloroacetate 129.5 39.23 46.73 C3H5Cl3 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 157 37.1 C3H5N Propanenitrile 97.14 31.81 36.03 C3H6 Propene -47.69 18.42 14.24 C3H6 Cyclopropane -32.81 20.05 16.93 C3H6Br2 1,2-Dibromopropane 141.9 35.61 41.67 C3H6Br2 1,3-Dibromopropane 167.3 47.45 C3H6Cl2 1,3-Dichloropropane 120.9 35.18 40.75 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 97.0 40.0 C3H6O Propanal 48 28.31 29.62 C3H6O Acetone 56.05 29.10 30.99 C3H6O Methyloxirane 35 27.35 27.89 C3H6O Oxetane 47.6 28.67 29.85 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid 141.15 32.14 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 54.4 29.91 31.96 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 56.87 30.32 32.29 C3H6S Thietane 95 32.32 35.97 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 71.1 29.84 32.01 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane 59.5 28.33 30.17 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 46.5 27.18 28.35 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane 35.7 26.30 26.90 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane 102.6 32.08 36.25 C3H7I 2-Iodopropane 89.5 30.68 34.06 C3H7NO N-Ethylformamide 198 58.44 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide 153 46.89 C3H7NO2 1-Nitropropane 131.1 38.5 C3H7NO 2 2-Nitropropane 120.2 36.8 C3H8 Propane -42.1 19.04 14.79 C3H8O 1-Propanol 97.2 41.44 47.45 C3H8O 2-Propanol 82.3 39.85 45.39 C3H8O2 1,2-Propylene glycol 187.6 52.4 C3H8O2 1,3-Propylene glycol 214.4 57.9 C3H8O2 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 124.1 37.54 45.17 C3H8O3 Glycerol 290 61.0 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol 67.8 29.54 31.89 C3H8S 2-Propanethiol 52.6 27.91 29.45 C3H8S Ethyl methyl sulfide 66.7 29.53 31.85 C3H8S2 1,3-Propanedithiol 172.9 49.66 C3H9N Propylamine 47.22 29.55 31.27∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) 6-113C3H9N Isopropylamine 31.76 27.83 28.36 C3H9N Trimethylamine 2.87 22.94 21.66 C3H10N2 1,3-Propanediamine 139.8 40.85 50.16 C4F8 Perfluorocyclobutane -5.9 23.2 C4F10 Perfluorobutane -1.9 22.9 C4H4N2 Succinonitrile 266 48.5 C4H4N2 Pyrimidine 123.8 43.09 49.79 C4H4N2 Pyridazine 208 53.47 C4H4O Furan 31.5 27.10 27.45 C4H4O2 Diketene 126.1 36.80 42.89 C4H4S Thiophene 84.0 31.48 34.70 C4H5Cl3O2 Ethyl trichloroacetate 167.5 50.97 C4H5N 2-Methylacrylonitrile 90.3 31.8 C4H5N Pyrrole 129.79 38.75 45.09 C4H5N Cyclopropanecarbonitrile 135.1 35.55 41.94 C4H5NO2 Methyl cyanoacetate 200.5 48.2 C4H5NS 4-Methylthiazole 133.3 37.58 43.85 C4H6 1,2-Butadiene 10.9 24.02 23.21 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene -4.41 22.47 20.86 C4H6 1-Butyne 8.08 24.52 23.35 C4H6Cl2O2 Ethyl dichloroacetate 155 50.60 C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate 72.5 34.6 C4H6O2 Methyl acrylate 80.7 33.1 C4H6O2 γ-Butyrolactone 204 52.2 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride 139.5 38.2 C4H6S 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 112.1 33.24 37.74 C4H6S 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 122.4 34.83 39.95 C4H7ClO2 Ethyl chloroacetate 144.3 40.43 49.47 C4H7N Butanenitrile 117.6 33.68 39.33 C4H7N 2-Methylpropanenitrile 103.9 32.39 37.13 C4H8 1-Butene -6.26 22.07 20.22 C4H8 cis-2-Butene 3.71 23.34 22.16 C4H8 trans -2-Butene 0.88 22.72 21.40 C4H8 Cyclobutane 12.6 24.19 23.51 C4H8Br2 1,4-Dibromobutane 197 53.09 C4H8Cl2 1,2-Dichlorobutane 124.1 33.90 39.58 C4H8Cl2 1,4-Dichlorobutane 161 46.36 C4H8Cl2O Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 178.5 45.2 C4H8O Ethyl vinyl ether 35.5 26.2 C4H8O 1,2-Epoxybutane 63.4 30.3 C4H8O Butanal 74.8 31.5 C4H8O 2-Butanone 79.59 31.30 34.79 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 65 29.81 31.99 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid 163.75 40.45 C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid 154.45 35.30 C4H8O2 Propyl formate 80.9 33.61 37.53 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 77.11 31.94 35.60 C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 79.8 32.24 35.85 C4H8O2 1,3-Dioxane 106.1 34.37 39.09 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 101.5 34.16 38.60 C4H8S Tetrahydrothiophene 121.0 34.66 39.43 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 101.6 32.51 36.64 C4H9Br 2-Bromobutane 91.3 30.77 34.41 C4H9Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 91.1 31.33 34.82 C4H9Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 73.3 29.23 31.81 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 78.6 30.39 33.51 C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane 68.2 29.17 31.53 C4H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 68.5 29.22 31.67∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) TeamLRN6-114C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 50.9 27.55 28.98 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane 130.6 34.66 40.63 C4H9I 2-Iodobutane 120.1 33.27 38.46 C4H9I 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 121.1 33.54 38.83 C4H9I 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane 100.1 31.43 35.41 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 86.56 33.01 37.52 C4H9NO N-Ethylacetamide 205 64.89 C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide 165 50.24 C4H9NO Morpholine 128 37.1 C4H10 Butane -0.5 22.44 21.02 C4H10 Isobutane -11.73 21.30 19.23 C4H10O 1-Butanol 117.73 43.29 52.35 C4H10O 2-Butanol 99.51 40.75 49.72 C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 107.89 41.82 50.82 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 82.4 39.07 46.69 C4H10O Diethyl ether 34.5 26.52 27.10 C4H10O Methyl propyl ether 39.1 26.75 27.60 C4H10O Isopropyl methyl ether 30.77 26.05 26.41 C4H10O2 1,2-Butanediol 190.5 52.84 71.55 C4H10O2 1,3-Butanediol 207.5 54.31 74.46 C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 135 39.22 48.21 C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 85 32.42 36.39 C4H10O3 Diethylene glycol 245.8 52.3 C4H10S 1-Butanethiol 98.5 32.23 36.63 C4H10S 2-Butanethiol 85 30.59 33.99 C4H10S 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 88.5 31.01 34.63 C4H10S 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 64.3 28.45 30.78 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide 92.1 31.77 35.80 C4H10S Methyl propyl sulfide 95.6 32.08 36.24 C4H10S Isopropyl methyl sulfide 84.8 30.71 34.15 C4H10S2 1,4-Butanedithiol 195.5 55.10 C4H10S2 Diethyl disulfide 154.1 37.58 45.18 C4H11N Butylamine 77.00 31.81 35.72 C4H11N sec-Butylamine 62.73 29.92 32.85 C4H11N tert-Butylamine 44.04 28.27 29.64 C4H11N Isobutylamine 67.75 30.61 33.85 C4H11N Diethylamine 55.5 29.06 31.31 C4H11N Isopropylmethylamine 50.4 28.71 30.69 C4H11NO 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 165.5 50.6 C4H11NO2 Diethanolamine 268.8 65.2 C5H2F6O2 Hexafluoroacetylacetone 54.15 27.05 30.58 C5H4O2 Furfural 161.7 43.2 C5H5N Pyridine 115.23 35.09 40.21 C5H6O2 Furfuryl alcohol 171 53.6 C5H6S 2-Methylthiophene 112.6 33.90 38.87 C5H6S 3-Methylthiophene 115.5 34.24 39.43 C5H7N trans -3-Pentenenitrile 142.6 37.09 44.77 C5H7N Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 149.6 36.88 44.34 C5H8 Spiropentane 39 26.76 27.49 C5H8O Cyclopropyl methyl ketone 111.3 34.07 39.41 C5H8O Cyclopentanone 130.57 36.35 42.72 C5H8O2 Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate 114.9 35.25 41.27 C5H8O2 Allyl acetate 103.5 36.3 C5H8O2 Ethyl acrylate 99.4 34.7 C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate 100.5 36.0 C5H8O2 2,4-Pentanedione 138 34.30 41.77 C5H9N Pentanenitrile 141.3 36.09 43.60 C5H9N 3-Methylbutanenitrile 127.5 35.10 41.64∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) 6-115C5H9N 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 106.1 32.40 37.35 C5H10 1-Pentene 29.96 25.20 25.47 C5H10 cis-2-Pentene 36.93 26.86 C5H10 trans -2-Pentene 36.34 26.76 C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene 31.2 25.50 25.92 C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene 20.1 23.77 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 38.56 26.31 27.06 C5H10 Cyclopentane 49.3 27.30 28.52 C5H10Cl2 1,2-Dichloropentane 148.3 36.45 43.89 C5H10Cl2 1,5-Dichloropentane 179 50.71 C5H10O Cyclopentanol 140.42 57.05 C5H10O 2-Pentanone 102.26 33.44 38.40 C5H10O 3-Pentanone 101.96 33.45 38.52 C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone 94.33 32.35 36.78 C5H10O 3,3-Dimethyloxetane 80.6 30.85 33.94 C5H10O Tetrahydropyran 88 31.17 34.58 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid 186.1 44.1 C5H10O2 2-Methylbutanoic acid 177 46.91 C5H10O2 Butyl formate 106.1 36.58 41.11 C5H10O2 Isobutyl formate 98.2 33.6 C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 101.54 33.92 39.72 C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate 88.6 32.93 37.20 C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate 99.1 33.88 39.21 C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate 102.8 33.79 39.28 C5H10O2 Methyl isobutanoate 92.5 32.61 37.32 C5H10O2 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 178 45.2 C5H10O3 Diethyl carbonate 126 43.60 C5H10O3 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 143 43.9 C5H10S Thiacyclohexane 141.8 35.96 42.58 C5H10S Cyclopentanethiol 132.1 35.32 41.42 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane 129.8 35.01 41.28 C5H11Cl 1-Chloropentane 107.8 33.15 38.24 C5H11Cl 2-Chloropentane 97.0 31.79 36.03 C5H11Cl 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 98.9 32.02 36.24 C5H11I 1-Iodopentane 155 45.27 C5H11N Piperidine 106.22 39.29 C5H12 Pentane 36.06 25.79 26.43 C5H12 Isopentane 27.88 24.69 24.85 C5H12 Neopentane 9.48 22.74 21.84 C5H12O 1-Pentanol 137.98 44.36 57.02 C5H12O 2-Pentanol 119.3 41.40 54.21 C5H12O 3-Pentanol 116.25 54.0 C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol 128 55.16 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol 131.1 44.07 55.61 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol 102.4 39.04 50.10 C5H12O 3-Methyl-2-butanol 112.9 53.0 C5H12O Butyl methyl ether 70.16 29.55 32.37 C5H12O sec-Butyl methyl ether 59.1 28.09 30.23 C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether 55.2 27.94 29.82 C5H12O Isobutyl methyl ether 58.6 28.02 30.13 C5H12O Ethyl propyl ether 63.21 28.94 31.43 C5H12O Ethyl isopropyl ether 54.1 28.21 30.08 C5H12O2 1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane 102.1 34.33 39.83 C5H12O2 1,5-Pentanediol 239 60.7 C5H12O2 Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether 149.8 41.40 52.12 C5H12O2 Diethoxymethane 88 31.33 35.65 C5H12O3 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 193 46.6 C5H12S 1-Pentanethiol 126.6 34.88 41.24∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) TeamLRN6-116C5H12S 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 119.1 33.79 39.45 C5H12S 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol 99.1 31.37 35.67 C5H12S Butyl methyl sulfide 123.5 34.47 40.46 C5H12S tert-Butyl methyl sulfide 99 31.47 35.84 C5H12S Ethyl propyl sulfide 118.6 34.24 39.97 C5H12S Ethyl isopropyl sulfide 107.5 32.74 37.78 C5H13N Pentylamine 104.3 34.01 40.08 C5H13N Ethylisopropylamine 69.6 29.94 33.13 C6ClF 5 Chloropentafluorobenzene 117.96 34.76 41.07 C6F6 Hexafluorobenzene 80.26 31.66 35.71 C6HF5 Pentafluorobenzene 85.74 32.15 36.27 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene 180 39.66 50.21 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene 173 38.62 48.58 C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene 174 38.79 49.0 C6H4F2 o-Difluorobenzene 94 32.21 36.18 C6H4F2 m-Difluorobenzene 82.6 31.10 34.59 C6H4F2 p-Difluorobenzene 89 31.77 35.54 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 156.06 44.54 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 131.72 35.19 40.97 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 84.73 31.19 34.58 C6H5I Iodobenzene 188.4 39.5 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 210.8 55.01 C6H6 Benzene 80.09 30.72 33.83 C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline 208.8 44.4 C6H6O Phenol 181.87 45.69 57.82 C6H6S Benzenethiol 169.1 39.93 47.56 C6H7N Aniline 184.17 42.44 55.83 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 129.38 36.17 42.48 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine 144.14 37.35 44.44 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 145.36 37.51 44.56 C6H7N 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile 44.98 C6H9N Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 43.43 C6H9NO3 Triacetamide 60.41 C6H10 Cyclohexene 82.98 30.46 33.47 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 155.43 45.06 C6H10O Mesityl oxide 130 36.1 C6H10O2 Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate 135.5 37.13 44.72 C6H10O3 Propanoic anhydride 170 41.7 C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate 185.7 42.0 C6H10O4 Ethylene glycol diacetate 190 61.44 C6H11N Hexanenitrile 163.65 47.91 C6H12 1-Hexene 63.48 30.61 C6H12 cis-2-Hexene 68.8 32.19 C6H12 trans -2-Hexene 67.9 31.60 C6H12 cis-3-Hexene 66.4 31.23 C6H12 trans -3-Hexene 67.1 31.55 C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene 62.1 30.48 C6H12 3-Methyl-1-pentene 54.2 28.62 C6H12 4-Methyl-1-pentene 53.9 28.71 C6H12 2-Methyl-2-pentene 67.3 31.60 C6H12 3-Methyl- cis-2-pentene 67.7 32.09 C6H12 3-Methyl- trans -2-pentene 70.4 31.35 C6H12 4-Methyl- cis-2-pentene 56.3 29.48 C6H12 4-Methyl- trans -2-pentene 58.6 29.97 C6H12 2-Ethyl-1-butene 64.7 31.13 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 55.6 29.18 C6H12 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 41.2 26.61 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene 73.3 29.64 32.51∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) 6-117C6H12 Cyclohexane 80.73 29.97 33.01 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 71.8 29.08 31.64 C6H12 Ethylcyclobutane 70.8 28.67 31.24 C6H12Cl2 1,2-Dichlorohexane 173 48.16 C6H12O Butyl vinyl ether 94 31.58 36.17 C6H12O 2-Hexanone 127.6 36.35 43.14 C6H12O 3-Hexanone 123.5 35.36 42.47 C6H12O 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 117.5 34.16 40.53 C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 116.5 34.49 40.61 C6H12O 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 113.5 33.84 39.79 C6H12O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone 106.1 33.39 37.91 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 160.84 62.01 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate 126.1 36.28 43.86 C6H12O2 tert-Butyl acetate 95.1 33.07 38.03 C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate 116.5 35.9 C6H12O2 Propyl propanoate 122.5 35.54 43.45 C6H12O2 Ethyl butanoate 121.5 35.47 42.68 C6H12O2 Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate 110.1 33.67 39.83 C6H12O2 Methyl pentanoate 127.4 35.36 43.10 C6H12O2 Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 101.1 33.42 38.76 C6H12O3 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 156.4 40.76 52.61 C6H12S Cyclohexanethiol 158.9 37.06 44.57 C6H13Br 1-Bromohexane 155.3 45.89 C6H13Cl 1-Chlorohexane 135 35.67 42.83 C6H13I 1-Iodohexane 181 49.75 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine 134 36.14 43.67 C6H14 Hexane 68.73 28.85 31.56 C6H14 2-Methylpentane 60.26 27.79 29.89 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 63.27 28.06 30.28 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane 49.73 26.31 27.68 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane 57.93 27.38 29.12 C6H14N2 Azopropane 114 39.88 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 157.6 44.50 61.61 C6H14O 2-Hexanol 140 41.01 58.46 C6H14O 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 149 50.2 C6H14O 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 151.9 44.46 60.47 C6H14O 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 121.1 39.59 54.77 C6H14O 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 131.6 44.2 C6H14O 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 147 43.2 C6H14O Dipropyl ether 90.08 31.31 35.69 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 68.51 29.10 32.12 C6H14O Butyl ethyl ether 92.3 31.63 36.32 C6H14O Methyl pentyl ether 99 32.02 36.85 C6H14O2 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 197.1 57.3 C6H14O2 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 168.4 56.59 C6H14O2 1,1-Diethoxyethane 102.25 36.28 43.20 C6H14O2 Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 119.4 36.28 43.20 C6H14O3 Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether 140.6 36.17 44.69 C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether 196 47.5 C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether 162 36.17 44.69 C6H14O4 Triethylene glycol 285 71.4 C6H14S Dipropyl sulfide 142.9 36.60 44.21 C6H14S Diisopropyl sulfide 120.1 33.80 39.60 C6H14S Isopropyl propyl sulfide 132.1 35.11 41.78 C6H14S Butyl ethyl sulfide 144.3 37.01 44.51 C6H14S Methyl pentyl sulfide 145.1 37.41 45.24 C6H15N Hexylamine 132.8 36.54 45.10 C6H15N Butylethylamine 107.5 33.97 40.15∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) TeamLRN6-118C6H15N Dipropylamine 109.3 33.47 40.04 C6H15N Diisopropylamine 83.9 30.40 34.61 C6H15N Isopropylpropylamine 96.9 32.14 37.23 C6H15N Triethylamine 89 31.01 34.84 C6MoO6 Molybdenum hexacarbonyl 701 72.51 C7H3F5 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 117.5 34.75 41.12 C7H5F3 (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 102.1 32.63 37.60 C7H5N Benzonitrile 191.1 45.9 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 179.0 42.5 C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde 197 38.2 C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene 159.0 37.5 C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene 162.4 38.7 C7H7F o-Fluorotoluene 115 35.4 C7H7F p-Fluorotoluene 116.6 34.08 39.42 C7H8 Toluene 110.63 33.18 38.01 C7H8O o-Cresol 191.04 45.19 C7H8O m-Cresol 202.27 47.40 61.71 C7H8O p-Cresol 201.98 47.45 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 205.31 50.48 C7H8O Anisole 153.7 38.97 46.90 C7H9N Benzylamine 185 60.16 C7H9N o-Methylaniline 200.3 44.6 C7H9N m-Methylaniline 203.3 44.9 C7H9N p-Methylaniline 200.4 44.3 C7H9N 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 53.55 C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 161.12 39.08 47.82 C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 158.38 38.53 47.49 C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 156.98 38.68 47.04 C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 144.01 37.46 45.34 C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 179.10 39.99 50.50 C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 171.84 39.46 49.33 C7H10O Dicyclopropyl ketone 161 53.70 C7H11N Cyclohexanecarbonitrile 51.92 C7H12 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane 93.1 31.07 34.77 C7H12O4 Diethyl malonate 200 54.8 C7H14 1-Heptene 93.64 35.49 C7H14 cis-2-Heptene 98.4 36.26 C7H14 trans -2-Heptene 98 36.27 C7H14 cis-3-Heptene 95.8 35.81 C7H14 trans -3-Heptene 95.7 35.84 C7H14 cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene 95.4 36.31 C7H14 trans -3-Methyl-3-hexene 93.5 35.70 C7H14 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 81.6 33.03 C7H14 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 72.5 31.13 C7H14 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 83.4 34.19 C7H14 cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 80.4 32.56 C7H14 trans -4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 76.7 32.81 C7H14 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 89 34.35 C7H14 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene 77.9 32.09 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 100.93 31.27 35.36 C7H14 Ethylcyclopentane 103.5 31.96 36.40 C7H14 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 90.8 30.40 34.20 C7H14O 2-Heptanone 151.05 47.24 C7H14O 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 125.6 36.09 42.34 C7H14O 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 125.4 34.64 41.51 C7H14O 1-Methylcyclohexanol 155 79.0 C7H14O cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol 165 48.5 C7H14O trans -2-Methylcyclohexanol 167.5 53.0∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) 6-119C7H14O2 Pentyl acetate 149.2 38.42 48.56 C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate 142.5 37.5 C7H14O2 Ethyl pentanoate 146.1 36.96 47.01 C7H14O2 Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 135.0 37.0 C7H14O2 Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 118.4 34.51 41.25 C7H14O2 Methyl hexanoate 149.5 38.55 48.04 C7H15Br 1-Bromoheptane 179 50.60 C7H15Cl 1-Chloroheptane 159 47.66 C7H16 Heptane 98.5 31.77 36.57 C7H16 2-Methylhexane 90.04 30.62 34.87 C7H16 3-Methylhexane 92 30.9 C7H16 3-Ethylpentane 93.5 31.12 35.22 C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane 79.2 29.23 32.42 C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane 89.78 30.46 34.26 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane 80.49 29.55 32.88 C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane 86.06 29.62 33.03 C7H16 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 80.86 28.90 32.05 C7H16O Hexyl methyl ether 126.1 34.93 42.07 C7H16O 1-Heptanol 176.45 66.81 C7H16O 3-Heptanol 157 42.5 C7H16O Butyl propyl ether 118.1 33.72 40.22 C7H16O Ethyl pentyl ether 117.6 34.41 41.01 C7H17N Heptylamine 156 49.96 C8F18 Perfluorooctane 105.9 33.38 41.13 C8H8 Styrene 145 38.7 C8H8O Acetophenone 202 43.98 55.40 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate 199 55.57 C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate 222.9 46.7 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 136.19 35.57 42.24 C8H10 o-Xylene 144.5 36.24 43.43 C8H10 m-Xylene 139.12 35.66 42.65 C8H10 p-Xylene 138.37 35.67 42.40 C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol 210.98 64.96 C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol 211.1 46.9 C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol 201.07 75.31 C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol 227 85.03 C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol 221.74 82.01 C8H10O Phenetole 169.81 51.04 C8H11N N-Ethylaniline 203.0 58.3 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 194.15 52.83 C8H11N 2,4-Dimethylaniline 214 61.3 C8H11N 2,5-Dimethylaniline 214 61.7 C8H11N 2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine 171.6 39.95 50.61 C8H11N 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 170.6 39.87 50.33 C8H14 1-Octyne 126.3 35.83 42.30 C8H14 2-Octyne 137.6 37.26 44.49 C8H14 3-Octyne 133.1 36.94 43.92 C8H14 4-Octyne 131.6 36.0 42.73 C8H14O3 Butanoic anhydride 200 50.0 C8H15N Octanenitrile 205.25 56.80 C8H16 1-Octene 121.29 34.07 40.34 C8H16 cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 105.5 36.86 C8H16 trans -2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 100.8 37.03 C8H16 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 109.5 37.27 C8H16 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 101.4 35.59 C8H16 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 104.9 37.23 C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane 131.9 34.04 40.56 C8H16 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane 119.6 32.51 37.92∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) TeamLRN6-120C8H16 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 129.8 33.47 39.70 C8H16 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 123.5 32.96 38.36 C8H16 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane 120.1 32.91 38.26 C8H16 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane 124.5 33.39 39.16 C8H16 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 124.4 33.28 39.02 C8H16 trans -1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 119.4 32.56 37.90 C8H16 Propylcyclopentane 131 34.70 41.08 C8H16 Isopropylcyclopentane 126.5 33.56 39.44 C8H16 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane 121.6 33.20 38.85 C8H16O 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone 135.1 35.64 43.30 C8H16O2 Octanoic acid 239 58.5 C8H16O2 2-Ethylhexanoic acid 228 75.60 C8H16O2 Isobutyl isobutanoate 148.6 38.2 C8H16O2 Ethyl hexanoate 167 51.72 C8H16O2 Methyl heptanoate 174 51.62 C8H17Br 1-Bromooctane 200 55.77 C8H17Cl 1-Chlorooctane 181.5 52.42 C8H17F 1-Fluorooctane 142.4 40.43 49.65 C8H18 Octane 125.67 34.41 41.49 C8H18 2-Methylheptane 117.66 33.26 39.67 C8H18 3-Methylheptane 118.9 33.66 39.83 C8H18 4-Methylheptane 117.72 33.35 39.69 C8H18 3-Ethylhexane 118.6 33.59 39.64 C8H18 2,2-Dimethylhexane 106.86 32.07 37.28 C8H18 2,3-Dimethylhexane 115.62 33.17 38.78 C8H18 2,4-Dimethylhexane 109.5 32.51 37.76 C8H18 2,5-Dimethylhexane 109.12 32.54 37.85 C8H18 3,3-Dimethylhexane 111.97 32.31 37.53 C8H18 3,4-Dimethylhexane 117.73 33.24 38.97 C8H18 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 115.66 32.93 38.52 C8H18 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 118.27 32.78 37.99 C8H18 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 110 31.94 36.91 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 99.22 30.79 35.14 C8H18 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 114.8 32.12 37.27 C8H18 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 113.5 32.36 37.75 C8H18 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 106.45 42.90 C8H18N2 Azobutane 49.31 C8H18O 1-Octanol 195.16 70.98 C8H18O 2-Octanol 180 44.4 C8H18O 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 184.6 54.2 C8H18O Dibutyl ether 140.28 36.49 44.97 C8H18O Di- sec-butyl ether 121.1 34.06 40.84 C8H18O Di- tert-butyl ether 107.23 32.15 37.61 C8H18O2 1,2-Dipropoxyethane 50.62 C8H18O3 Diethylene glycol diethyl ether 188 58.40 C8H18S Dibutyl sulfide 185 52.96 C8H18S Di- tert-butyl sulfide 149.1 33.26 43.76 C8H18S Diisobutyl sulfide 171 48.71 C8H19N Dibutylamine 159.6 38.44 49.45 C8H19N 2-Ethylhexylamine 169.2 40.0 C9H7N Quinoline 237.16 49.7 59.30 C9H7N Isoquinoline 243.22 49.0 60.26 C9H10 Cyclopropylbenzene 173.6 50.22 C9H10 Indan 177.97 39.63 48.79 C9H10O2 Benzyl acetate 213 49.4 C9H12 Propylbenzene 159.24 46.22 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene 152.41 45.13 C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 176.12 49.05∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) 6-121C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 169.38 47.93 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 164.74 47.50 C9H14O6 Triacetin 259 85.74 C9H18 Butylcyclopentane 156.6 36.16 45.89 C9H18 Propylcyclohexane 156.7 45.08 C9H18 Isopropylcyclohexane 154.8 44.02 C9H18O 2-Nonanone 195.3 56.44 C9H18O 5-Nonanone 188.45 53.30 C9H18O 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 169.4 50.92 C9H18O2 Methyl octanoate 192.9 56.41 C9H20 Nonane 150.82 37.18 46.55 C9H20 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 124.09 33.65 40.16 C9H20 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 131.4 34.43 41.41 C9H20 3,3-Diethylpentane 146.3 34.61 42.0 C9H20 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 122.29 32.51 38.49 C9H20O 1-Nonanol 213.37 76.86 C10H7Br 1-Bromonaphthalene 281 39.3 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene 259 52.1 C10H8 Naphthalene 217.9 43.2 C10H9N 2-Methylquinoline 246.5 66.1 C10H9N 4-Methylquinoline 262 67.6 C10H9N 6-Methylquinoline 258.6 67.7 C10H9N 8-Methylquinoline 247.5 65.7 C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 207.6 43.9 C10H14 Butylbenzene 183.31 38.87 51.36 C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene 173.3 47.98 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene 169.1 47.71 C10H14 Isobutylbenzene 172.79 47.86 C10H14 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 177.1 38.2 C10H16O (+)-Camphor 207.4 59.5 C10H18 cis-Decahydronaphthalene 195.8 41.0 C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene 187.3 40.2 C10H19N Decanenitrile 243 66.84 C10H20 1-Decene 170.5 50.43 C10H20 Butylcyclohexane 180.9 49.36 C10H20O2 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 199 43.5 C10H20O2 Isopentyl isopentanoate 190.4 45.9 C10H22 Decane 174.15 39.58 51.42 C10H22 2-Methylnonane 167.1 38.23 49.63 C10H22 3-Methylnonane 167.9 38.26 49.71 C10H22 5-Methylnonane 165.1 38.14 49.34 C10H22 2,4-Dimethyloctane 156 36.47 47.13 C10H22O 1-Decanol 231.1 81.50 C10H22O Diisopentyl ether 172.5 35.1 C10H22S 1-Decanethiol 240.6 65.48 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 244.7 45.5 C11H21N Undecanenitrile 253 71.14 C11H22 Pentylcyclohexane 203.7 53.88 C11H24 Undecane 195.9 41.91 56.58 C11H24 2-Methyldecane 189.3 40.25 54.28 C11H24 4-Methyldecane 187 40.70 53.76 C11H24 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane 168.1 38.22 49.91 C12F27N Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine 178 46.4 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 258.0 48.2 C12H16 Cyclohexylbenzene 240.1 59.94 C12H22 Cyclohexylcyclohexane 238 57.98 C12H23N Dodecanenitrile 277 76.12 C12H24 1-Dodecene 213.8 60.78∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) TeamLRN6-122C12H26 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 177.8 48.97 C12H26 Dodecane 216.32 44.09 61.52 C12H26O 1-Dodecanol 259 91.96 C12H27BO3 Tributyl borate 234 56.1 C12H27N Tributylamine 216.5 46.9 C13H13N N-Benzylaniline 306.5 79.6 C13H26O2 Methyl dodecanoate 267 77.17 C13H28 Tridecane 235.47 46.20 66.68 C14H10 Phenanthrene 340 75.50 C14H12O2 Benzyl benzoate 323.5 53.6 C14H27N Tetradecanenitrile 85.29 C14H30 Tetradecane 253.58 48.16 71.73 C14H30O 1-Tetradecanol 289 102.20 C15H32 Pentadecane 270.6 50.08 76.77 C16H22O4 Dibutyl phthalate 340 79.2 C16H32 1-Hexadecene 284.9 80.25 C16H34 Hexadecane 286.86 51.84 81.35 C17H36 Heptadecane 302.0 53.58 86.47 C18H34O2 Oleic acid 360 67.4 C18H38 Octadecane 316.3 55.23 91.44 C19H40 Nonadecane 329.9 56.93 96.4 C20H42 Eicosane 343 58.49 101.81∆vapH(tb) ∆vapH(25°C) Mol. Form. Name tb/°C kJ/mol kJ/molENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) 6-125ENTHALPY OF FUSION This table lists the molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion, ∆fusH, of over 800 inorganic and organic compounds. All values refer to the enthalpy change at equilibrium between the liquid phase and the most sta ble solid phase at the transition temperature. Most values of ∆fusH are given at the normal melting point tm. However, a “t” following the entry in the melting point column indicate a triple-point temperature, where the solid, liquid, and gas phases are in equilibrium. Substances are liste d by molecular formula in the Hill order, with substances conta ining carbon (except graphite) following those that do not contain carbon. All temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale.A * following an entry indicates that the value includes the en thalpy of transition between crystalline phases whose transform ation occurs within 1˚C of the melting point. REFERENCES 1. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., Mc Donald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 2. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Editi on; Vol. 2, Hemi- sphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1991; Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boc a Raton, FL, 1994. 3. Dinsdale, A. T., CALPHAD , 15, 317, 1991 4. Landolt-B örnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Scienc e and Technology, New Series , IV/8A, Enthalpies of Fusion and Transition of Organic Compounds , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1995. 5. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Values and Functions for Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geophysics, and Technology, Sixth Edition , Vol. 2, Part 4, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. 6. Janz, G. J., et al., Physical Properties Data Compilations Relevant to Energy Stora ge. II. Molten Salts, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 61, Part 2, 1979. 7. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College S tation, TX. Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 Ag Silver 961.78 11.28 AgBr Silver(I) bromide 432 9.12AgCl Silver(I) chloride 455 13.2 AgI Silver(I) iodide 558 9.41 AgNO 3 Silver(I) nitrate 212 11.5 Ag2S Silver(I) sulfide 825 14.1 Al Aluminum 660.32 10.789 AlBr 3 Aluminum bromide 97.5 11.25 AlCl 3 Aluminum chloride 192.6 35.4 AlF 3 Aluminum fluoride 2250 t 98 AlI 3 Aluminum iodide 188.28 15.9 Al2O3 Aluminum oxide 2053 111.4 Al2S3 Aluminum sulfide 1100 55 Am Americium 1176 14.39Ar Argon -189.36 t 1.18 As Arsenic (gray) 817 t 24.44 AsBr 3 Arsenic(III) bromide 31.1 11.7 AsCl 3 Arsenic(III) chloride -16 10.1 AsF 3 Arsenic(III) fluoride -5.9 10.4 Au Gold 1064.18 12.72B Boron 2075 50.2 BCl 3 Boron trichloride -107 2.10 BF3 Boron trifluoride -126.8 4.20 BHO 2 Metaboric acid ( γ form) 236 14.3 BH 3O3 Boric acid (orthoboric acid) 170.9 22.3 BN Boron nitride 2966 81 TeamLRN6-126BNaO 2 Sodium metaborate 966 36.2 B2O3 Boron oxide 450 24.56 Ba Barium 727 7.12 BaBr 2 Barium bromide 857 32.2 BaCl 2 Barium chloride 962 15.85 BaF 2 Barium fluoride 1368 17.8 BaH 2 Barium hydride 1200 25 BaH 2O2 Barium hydroxide 408 16 BaI 2 Barium iodide 711 26.5 BaO Barium oxide 1972 46BaO 4S Barium sulfate 1580 40 BaS Barium sulfide 2229 63 Be Beryllium 1287 7.895BeBr 2 Beryllium bromide 508 18 BeCl 2 Beryllium chloride 415 8.66 BeF 2 Beryllium fluoride 552 4.77 BeI 2 Beryllium iodide 470 18 BeO Beryllium oxide 2577 86 BeO 4S Beryllium sulfate 1127 6 Bi Bismuth 271.40 11.145 BiCl 3 Bismuth trichloride 230 10.9 BrF 5 Bromine pentafluoride -60.5 5.67 BrH Hydrogen bromide -86.80 2.41 BrIn Indium(I) bromide 290 15 BrK Potassium bromide 734 25.5BrLi Lithium bromide 552 17.6 BrNa Sodium bromide 747 26.11 BrNaO 3 Sodium bromate 381 28.11 BrRb Rubidium bromide 682 15.5 BrTl Thallium(I) bromide 460 16.4 Br2 Bromine -7.2 10.57 Br2Ca Calcium bromide 742 29.1 Br2Cd Cadmium bromide 568 20.9 Br2Fe Iron(II) bromide 691 50.2 Br2Hg Mercury(II) bromide 236 17.9 Br2Mg Magnesium bromide 711 39.3 Br2Pb Lead(II) bromide 371 16.44 Br2Sr Strontium bromide 657 10.1 Br2Zn Zinc bromide 394 16.7 Br3Ga Gallium(III) bromide 121.5 12.1 Br3In Indium(III) bromide 420 26 Br3Pu Plutonium(III) bromide 681 55.2 Br3U Uranium(III) bromide 727 43.9 Br4Sn Tin(IV) bromide 29.1 12.2 Br4Th Thorium(IV) bromide 679 66.9 Br4Ti Titanium(IV) bromide 39 12.9 Br4U Uranium(IV) bromide 519 55.2 Br5Ta Tantalum(V) bromide 265 45.6 C Carbon (graphite) 4489 t 117Ca Calcium 842 8.54 CaCl 2 Calcium chloride 775 28.05 CaF 2 Calcium fluoride 1418 30 CaH 2 Calcium hydride 1000 6.7 CaI 2 Calcium iodide 783 41.8 CaO Calcium oxide 2898 80CaO 4S Calcium sulfate 1460 28 CaS Calcium sulfide 2524 70 Cd Cadmium 321.07 6.21ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 6-127CdCl 2 Cadmium chloride 564 48.58 CdF 2 Cadmium fluoride 1110 22.6 CdI 2 Cadmium iodide 387 15.3 Ce Cerium 798 5.46 CeCl 3 Cerium(III) chloride 817 54.4 ClCs Cesium chloride 645 15.9 ClCu Copper(I) chloride 430 10.2 ClH Hydrogen chloride -114.17 2.00ClI Iodine chloride 27.39 11.6 ClIn Indium(I) chloride 211 21.3 ClK Potassium chloride 771 26.53ClLi Lithium chloride 610 19.9 ClLiO 4 Lithium perchlorate 236 29 ClNa Sodium chloride 800.7 28.16ClNaO 3 Sodium chlorate 248 22.1 ClRb Rubidium chloride 715 18.4 ClTl Thallium(I) chloride 430 15.56Cl 2 Chlorine -101.5 6.40 Cl2Co Cobalt(II) chloride 740 45 Cl2Cr Chromium(II) chloride 814 32.2 Cl2Cu Copper(II) chloride 630 20.4 Cl2Fe Iron(II) chloride 677 43.01 Cl2Hg Mercury(II) chloride 276 19.41 Cl2Mg Magnesium chloride 714 43.1 Cl2Mn Manganese(II) chloride 650 30.7 Cl2Ni Nickel(II) chloride 1009 71.2 Cl2Pb Lead(II) chloride 501 21.75 Cl2Sn Tin(II) chloride 247.1 14.52 Cl2Sr Strontium chloride 874 17.5 Cl3Fe Iron(III) chloride 304 43.1 Cl3Ga Gallium(III) chloride 77.9 11.13 Cl3In Indium(III) chloride 583 27 Cl3La Lanthanum chloride 859 43.1 Cl3OP Phosphorus(V) oxychloride 1.18 13.1 Cl3P Phosphorus(III) chloride -112 7.10 Cl3Sb Antimony(III) chloride 73.4 12.7 Cl4OW Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride 211 45 Cl4Si Tetrachlorosilane -68.74 7.60 Cl4Sn Tin(IV) chloride -34.07 9.20 Cl4Th Thorium(IV) chloride 770 40.2 Cl4Ti Titanium(IV) chloride -24.12 9.97 Cl4U Uranium(IV) chloride 590 45 Cl4V Vanadium(IV) chloride -25.7 2.30 Cl4Zr Zirconium(IV) chloride 437 t 50 Cl5Mo Molybdenum(V) chloride 194 19 Cl5Nb Niobium(V) chloride 204.7 38.3 Cl5Ta Tantalum(V) chloride 216 41.6 Cl6W Tungsten(VI) chloride 275 6.60 Co Cobalt 1495 16.06 CoF 2 Cobalt(II) fluoride 1127 59 Cr Chromium 1907 21.0 Cr2O3 Chromium(III) oxide 2329 130 Cs Cesium 28.5 2.09CsF Cesium fluoride 703 21.7 CsHO Cesium hydroxide 342.3 7.78 Cs 2O4S Cesium sulfate 1005 35.7 Cu Copper 1084.62 12.93 CuF 2 Copper(II) fluoride 836 55ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 TeamLRN6-128CuO Copper(II) oxide 1446 11.8 Dy Dysprosium 1412 11.06Er Erbium 1529 19.9 Eu Europium 822 9.21 FH Hydrogen fluoride -83.35 4.58FK Potassium fluoride 858 27.2 FLi Lithium fluoride 848.2 27.09 FNa Sodium fluoride 996 33.35FRb Rubidium fluoride 833 17.3 FTl Thallium(I) fluoride 326 13.87 F 2 Fluorine -219.66 0.51 F2Fe Iron(II) fluoride 1100 52 F2HK Potassium hydrogen fluoride 238.9 6.62 F2Mg Magnesium fluoride 1263 58.5 F2Pb Lead(II) fluoride 830 14.7 F2Sr Strontium fluoride 1477 28.5 F3In Indium(III) fluoride 1170 64 F3Pu Plutonium(III) fluoride 1396 59.8 F4Pu Plutonium(IV) fluoride 1027 65.3 F4Th Thorium(IV) fluoride 1110 44.0 F4U Uranium(IV) fluoride 1036 42.7 F4Zr Zirconium(IV) fluoride 932 t 64.2 F5Nb Niobium(V) fluoride 80 12.2 F5V Vanadium(V) fluoride 19.5 49.96 F6Ir Iridium(VI) fluoride 44 8.40 F6Mo Molybdenum(VI) fluoride 17.5 4.33 F6Pu Plutonium(VI) fluoride 52 17.6 F6S Sulfur hexafluoride -50.7 t 5.02 F6U Uranium(VI) fluoride 64.0 t 19.1 F6W Tungsten(VI) fluoride 2.3 4.10 Fe Iron 1538 13.81 FeI 2 Iron(II) iodide 587 45 FeO Iron(II) oxide 1377 24 FeS Iron(II) sulfide 1188 31.5 Fe3O4 Iron(II,III) oxide 1597 138 Ga Gallium 29.76 5.576 GaI 3 Gallium(III) iodide 212 12.9 GaSb Gallium antimonide 712 25.1Ga 2O3 Gallium(III) oxide 1806 100 Gd Gadolinium 1313 10.0 Ge Germanium 938.25 36.94 HI Hydrogen iodide -50.76 2.87 HKO Potassium hydroxide 406 7.9 HLi Lithium hydride 688.7 22.59HLiO Lithium hydroxide 471.1 20.88 HNO 3 Nitric acid -41.6 10.5 HNaO Sodium hydroxide 323 6.60HORb Rubidium hydroxide 382 8.0 H 2 Hydrogen -259.34 0.12 H2Mg Magnesium hydride 327 14 H2O Water 0.00 6.01 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide -0.43 12.50 H2O2Sr Strontium hydroxide 535 23 H2O4S Sulfuric acid 10.31 10.71 H2S Hydrogen sulfide -85.5 2.38 H2Sr Strontium hydride 1050 23 H3N Ammonia -77.73 5.66ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 6-129H3O2P Hypophosphorous acid 26.5 9.7 H3O3P Phosphorous acid 74.4 12.8 H3O4P Phosphoric acid 42.4 13.4 H4IN Ammonium iodide 551 21 H4N2 Hydrazine 1.4 12.6 H4N2O3 Ammonium nitrate 169.7 6.40 Hf Hafnium 2233 27.2 Hg Mercury -38.83 2.29HgI 2 Mercury(II) iodide 259 18.9 Hg2I2 Mercury(I) iodide 290 27 Ho Holmium 1474 17.0IIn Indium(I) iodide 364.4 17.26 IK Potassium iodide 681 24 ILi Lithium iodide 469 14.6INa Sodium iodide 660 23.6 IRb Rubidium iodide 642 12.5 ITl Thallium(I) iodide 441.7 14.73I 2 Iodine 113.7 15.52 I2Mg Magnesium iodide 634 26 I2Pb Lead(II) iodide 410 23.4 I2Sr Strontium iodide 538 19.7 I3In Indium(III) iodide 207 18.48 I4Si Tetraiodosilane 120.5 19.7 I4Th Thorium(IV) iodide 570 61.4 I4Ti Titanium(IV) iodide 150 19.8 I4U Uranium(IV) iodide 506 70.7 In Indium 156.60 3.281 InSb Indium antimonide 525 25.5 In2O3 Indium(III) oxide 1912 105 Ir Iridium 2446 41.12 K Potassium 63.5 2.33 KNO 3 Potassium nitrate 337 10.1 K2O4S Potassium sulfate 1069 36.4 K2S Potassium sulfide 948 16.15 Kr Krypton -157.38 t 1.64La Lanthanum 918 6.20 Li Lithium 180.50 3.00 LiNO 3 Lithium nitrate 253 24.9 Li2O3Si Lithium metasilicate 1201 28 Li2O4S Lithium sulfate 859 7.50 Lu Lutetium 1663 22 Mg Magnesium 650 8.48 MgO Magnesium oxide 2825 77 MgO 4S Magnesium sulfate 1127 14.6 MgS Magnesium sulfide 2226 63 Mg 2O4Si Magnesium orthosilicate 1897 71 Mn Manganese 1246 12.91MnO Manganese(II) oxide 1839 54.4 Mo Molybdenum 2623 37.48 MoO 3 Molybdenum(VI) oxide 801 48 NNaO 3 Sodium nitrate 307 15 NO Nitric oxide -163.6 2.30 NO 3Rb Rubidium nitrate 305 5.60 NO 3Tl Thallium(I) nitrate 206 9.6 N2 Nitrogen -210.0 0.71 N2O Nitrous oxide -90.8 6.54 N2O4 Nitrogen tetroxide -9.3 14.65ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 TeamLRN6-130Na Sodium 97.80 2.60 Na2O Sodium oxide 1132 48 Na2O3Si Sodium metasilicate 1089 52 Na2O4S Sodium sulfate 884 23.6 Na2S Sodium sulfide 1172 19 Nb Niobium 2477 30 NbO Niobium(II) oxide 1936 85 NbO 2 Niobium(IV) oxide 1901 92 Nb2O5 Niobium(V) oxide 1512 104.3 Nd Neodymium 1021 7.14 Ne Neon -248.61 t 0.328Ni Nickel 1455 17.04 NiS Nickel(II) sulfide 976 30.1 Np Neptunium 644 3.20OSr Strontium oxide 2531 81 OTl 2 Thallium(I) oxide 579 30.3 OV Vanadium(II) oxide 1789 63OZn Zinc oxide 1974 52.3 O 2 Oxygen -218.79 0.44 O2Si Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) 1722 9.6 O2Zr Zirconium(IV) oxide 2709 87 O3S Sulfur trioxide 16.8 8.60 O3Tl2 Thallium(III) oxide 834 53 O3W Tungsten(VI) oxide 1472 73 O3Y2 Yttrium oxide 2438 105 O4Os Osmium(VIII) oxide 41 9.8 O4SSr Strontium sulfate 1606 36 O4STl 2 Thallium(I) sulfate 632 23 O5P2 Phosphorus(V) oxide 562 27.2 O5Ta2 Tantalum(V) oxide 1784 120 O5V2 Vanadium(V) oxide 670 64.5 O7Re2 Rhenium(VII) oxide 297 64.2 Os Osmium 3033 57.85 P Phosphorus (white) 44.15 0.66 Pa Protactinium 1572 12.34Pb Lead 327.46 4.782 PbS Lead(II) sulfide 1113 49.4 Pd Palladium 1554.9 16.74Pr Praseodymium 931 6.89 Pt Platinum 1768.4 22.17 Pu Plutonium 640 2.82 Rb Rubidium 39.3 2.19 Re Rhenium 3186 60.43 Rh Rhodium 1964 26.59Ru Ruthenium 2334 38.59 S Sulfur (monoclinic) 115.21 1.72 SSr Strontium sulfide 2226 63STl 2 Thallium(I) sulfide 448 12 Sb Antimony 630.63 19.79 Sc Scandium 1541 14.1Se Selenium (gray) 220.5 6.69 Si Silicon 1414 50.21 Sm Samarium 1074 8.62Sn Tin (white) 231.93 7.173 Sr Strontium 777 7.43 Ta Tantalum 3017 36.57Tb Terbium 1356 10.15 Tc Technetium 2157 33.29ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 6-131Te Tellurium 449.51 17.49 Th Thorium 1750 13.81Ti Titanium 1668 14.15 Tl Thallium 304 4.14 Tm Thulium 1545 16.84U Uranium 1135 9.14 V Vanadium 1910 21.5 W Tungsten 3422 52.31Xe Xenon -111.79 t 2.27 Y Yttrium 1522 11.4 Yb Ytterbium 819 7.66Zn Zinc 419.53 7.068 Zr Zirconium 1855 21.00 CBaO 3 Barium carbonate 1555 40 CBrCl 3 Bromotrichloromethane -5.65 2.53 CBr 4 Tetrabromomethane 92.3 3.76 CCaO 3 Calcium carbonate (calcite) 1330 36 CCl 2O Carbonyl chloride -127.78 5.74 CCl 3F Trichlorofluoromethane -110.44 6.89 CCl 4 Tetrachloromethane -22.62 2.56 CF4 Tetrafluoromethane -183.60 0.704 CHBr 3 Tribromomethane 8.69 11.05 CHClF 2 Chlorodifluoromethane -157.42 4.12 CHCl 3 Trichloromethane -63.41 9.5 CHF 3 Trifluoromethane -155.2 4.06 CHI 3 Triiodomethane 121.2 16.44 CHN Hydrogen cyanide -13.29 8.41 CHNaO 2 Sodium formate 257.3 17.7 CHO 2Tl Thallium(I) formate 101 10.9 CH 2Cl2 Dichloromethane -97.2 4.60 CH 2N2 Cyanamide 45.56 7.27 CH 2N4 Tetrazole 157.3 18.2 CH 2O2 Formic acid 8.3 12.68 CH 3Br Bromomethane -93.68 5.98 CH 3Cl Chloromethane -97.7 6.43 CH 3NO Formamide 2.49 8.44 CH 3NO 2 Nitromethane -28.38 9.70 CH 3NO 3 Methyl nitrate -83.0 8.24 CH 4 Methane -182.47 0.94 CH 4N2O Urea 133.3 13.9 CH 4N2S Thiourea 178 14.0 CH 4O Methanol -97.53 3.215 CH 4S Methanethiol -123 5.91 CH 5N Methylamine -93.5 6.13 CH 6N2 Methylhydrazine -52.36 10.42 CK 2O3 Potassium carbonate 898 27.6 CLi 2O3 Lithium carbonate 723 41 CMgO 3 Magnesium carbonate 990 59 CNa 2O3 Sodium carbonate 858.1 29.7 CO Carbon monoxide -205.02 0.833COS Carbon oxysulfide -138.8 4.73 CO 2 Carbon dioxide -56.56 t 9.02 CO 3Sr Strontium carbonate 1494 40 CO 3Tl2 Thallium(I) carbonate 272 18.4 CS2 Carbon disulfide -112.1 4.39 CSe 2 Carbon diselenide -43.7 6.36 C2Br2F4 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane -110.32 7.04 C2ClF 3 Chlorotrifluoroethene -158.2 5.55ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 TeamLRN6-132C2ClF 5 Chloropentafluoroethane -99.4 1.86 C2Cl2F4 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane -92.53 1.51 C2Cl3F3 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane -36.22 2.47 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethene -22.3 10.88 C2Cl4F2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 24.8 3.67 C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane 186.8 t 9.75 C2F4 Tetrafluoroethene -131.15 7.72 C2F6 Hexafluoroethane -100.05 2.69 C2HCl 3 Trichloroethylene -84.7 8.45 C2HCl 3O2 Trichloroacetic acid 59.2 5.90 C2HCl 5 Pentachloroethane -28.78 11.3 C2H2Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethene -122.56 6.51 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene -80.0 7.2 C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane -42.4 9.17 C2H3Br Bromoethene -139.54 5.12 C2H3Cl Chloroethene -153.84 4.92 C2H3ClO 2 Chloroacetic acid 63 12.28 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane -30.01 2.35 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane -36.3 11.46 C2H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane -111.3 6.19 C2H3KO 2 Potassium acetate 309 7.65 C2H3N Acetonitrile -43.82 8.16 C2H3NaO 2 Sodium acetate 328.2 17.9 C2H4 Ethylene -169.15 3.35 C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane 9.84 10.89 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane -96.9 7.87 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane -35.7 8.84 C2H4O Acetaldehyde -123.37 2.31 C2H4O Ethylene oxide -112.5 5.17 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 16.64 11.73 C2H5Br Bromoethane -118.6 7.47 C2H5Cl Chloroethane -138.4 4.45 C2H5NO Acetamide 80.16 15.59 C2H5NO 2 Nitroethane -89.5 9.85 C2H6 Ethane -182.79 2.72* C2H6N2O N-Methylurea 104.9 14.0 C2H6O Ethanol -114.14 4.931 C2H6O Dimethyl ether -141.5 4.94 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide 17.89 14.37 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol -12.69 9.96 C2H6O2S Dimethyl sulfone 108.9 18.30 C2H6S Ethanethiol -147.88 4.98 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide -98.24 7.99 C2H6S2 Dimethyl disulfide -84.67 9.19 C2H6Zn Dimethyl zinc -43.0 6.83 C2H7N Dimethylamine -92.18 5.94 C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine 11.14 22.58 C2H8N2 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine -57.20 10.07 C2H8N2 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine -8.9 13.64 C2N2 Cyanogen -27.83 8.11 C3F6O Perfluoroacetone -125.45 8.38 C3F8 Perfluoropropane -147.70 0.477 C3H3N Acrylonitrile -83.48 6.23 C3H3NS Thiazole -33.62 9.57 C3H3N3 1,3,5-Triazine 80.3 14.56 C3H4 Allene -136.6 4.40 C3H4N2 1H-Pyrazole 70.7 14.0 C3H4N2 Imidazole 89.5 12.82ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 6-133C3H4O2 Acrylic acid 12.5 9.51 C3H5N Propanenitrile -92.78 5.03 C3H5N3O9 Trinitroglycerol 13.5 21.87 C3H6 Propene -185.24 3.003 C3H6 Cyclopropane -127.58 5.44 C3H6Br2 1,2-Dibromopropane -55.49 8.94 C3H6Br2 1,3-Dibromopropane -34.5 14.6 C3H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloropropane, ( ±) -100.53 6.40 C3H6Cl2 2,2-Dichloropropane -33.9 2.30 C3H6O Acetone -94.7 5.77 C3H6O Methyloxirane -111.9 6.53 C3H6O Oxetane -97 6.5 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid -20.5 10.66 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate -98.25 7.49 C3H6O2 1,3-Dioxolane -97.22 6.57 C3H6O3 1,3,5-Trioxane 60.29 15.11 C3H6S Thietane -73.24 8.25 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane -110.3 6.44 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane -89.0 6.53 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane -122.9 5.54 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane -117.18 7.39 C3H7N Cyclopropylamine -35.39 13.18 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide -60.48 7.90 C3H8 Propane -187.63 3.50 C3H8N2O N,N-Dimethylurea 182.1 23.0 C3H8N2O N,N’-Dimethylurea 106.6 13.0 C3H8O 1-Propanol -124.39 5.37 C3H8O 2-Propanol -87.9 5.41 C3H8O2 1,3-Propylene glycol -27.7 7.1 C3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane -105.1 8.33 C3H8O3 Glycerol 18.1 18.3 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol -113.13 5.48 C3H8S 2-Propanethiol -130.5 5.74 C3H8S Ethyl methyl sulfide -105.93 9.76 C3H9N Propylamine -84.75 10.97 C3H9N Isopropylamine -95.13 7.33 C3H9N Trimethylamine -117.1 7 C3H9NO 3-Amino-1-propanol 12.4 19.7 C4F8 Perfluorocyclobutane -40.19 2.77 C4F10 Perfluorobutane -129.1 7.66 C4H2O3 Maleic anhydride 52.56 13.60 C4H4N2 Succinonitrile 57.98 3.70 C4H4N2 Pyrazine 51.0 12.9 C4H4O Furan -85.61 3.80 C4H4O3 Succinic anhydride 119 20.4 C4H4S Thiophene -38.21 5.07 C4H5N Pyrrole -23.39 7.91 C4H6 1,2-Butadiene -136.2 6.96 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene -108.91 7.98 C4H6 1-Butyne -125.7 6.03 C4H6 2-Butyne -32.2 9.23 C4H6O Divinyl ether -100.6 7.9 C4H6O2 cis-Crotonic acid 15 12.6 C4H6O2 trans -Crotonic acid 71.5 13.0 C4H6O2 γ-Butyrolactone -43.61 9.57 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride -74.1 10.5 C4H6O4 Succinic acid 187.9 32.4 C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate 54.8 21.1ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 TeamLRN6-134C4H8 1-Butene -185.34 3.96 C4H8 cis-2-Butene -138.88 7.31 C4H8 trans -2-Butene -105.52 9.76 C4H8 Isobutene -140.7 5.92 C4H8 Cyclobutane -90.7 1.09 C4H8 Methylcyclopropane -177.6 2.8 C4H8O Butanal -96.86 10.77 C4H8O 2-Butanone -86.64 8.39 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran -108.44 8.54 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid -5.1 11.59 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate -83.8 10.48 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 11.85 12.84 C4H8S Tetrahydrothiophene -96.2 7.35 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane -112.6 9.23 C4H9Br 2-Bromobutane, ( ±) -112.65 6.89 C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane -25.60 2.07 C4H9N Pyrrolidine -57.79 8.58 C4H9NO Morpholine -4.8 14.5 C4H10 Butane -138.3 4.66 C4H10 Isobutane -159.4 4.54 C4H10O 1-Butanol -88.6 9.37 C4H10O 2-Butanol -88.5 5.97 C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol -101.9 6.32 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 25.69 6.70 C4H10O Diethyl ether -116.2 7.19 C4H10O2 1,4-Butanediol 20.4 18.70 C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether -69.20 12.6 C4H10S 1-Butanethiol -115.7 10.46 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide -103.91 10.90 C4H11N tert-Butylamine -66.94 0.882 C4H12Pb Tetramethyl lead -30.2 10.80 C4H12Si Tetramethylsilane -99.06 6.87 C4H12Sn Tetramethylstannane -55.1 9.30 C5H4O2 Furfural -38.1 14.37 C5H5N Pyridine -41.70 8.28 C5H6O 2-Methylfuran -91.3 8.55 C5H6O2 Furfuryl alcohol -14.6 13.13 C5H8 cis-1,3-Pentadiene -140.8 5.64 C5H8 trans -1,3-Pentadiene -87.4 7.14 C5H8 1,4-Pentadiene -148.2 6.12 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene -145.9 4.93 C5H8 Cyclopentene -135.0 3.36 C5H8 Spiropentane -107.0 6.43 C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate -47.55 14.4 C5H8O3 4-Oxopentanoic acid 33 9.22 C5H8O4 Glutaric acid 97.8 20.3 C5H9N Pentanenitrile -96.2 9 C5H10 1-Pentene -165.12 5.94 C5H10 cis-2-Pentene -151.36 7.11 C5H10 trans -2-Pentene -140.21 8.35 C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene -137.53 7.91 C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene -168.43 5.36 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene -133.72 7.60 C5H10 Cyclopentane -93.4 0.61 C5H10O Cyclopentanol -17.5 1.535 C5H10O 2-Pentanone -76.8 10.63 C5H10O 3-Pentanone -39 11.59 C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone -93.1 9.34ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 6-135C5H10O Tetrahydropyran -49.1 1.8 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid -33.6 14.16 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane -88.0 14.37 C5H11N Cyclopentylamine -82.7 8.31 C5H11N Piperidine -11.02 14.85 C5H12 Pentane -129.67 8.40 C5H12 Isopentane -159.77 5.15 C5H12 Neopentane -16.4 3.10 C5H12O 1-Pentanol -77.6 10.50 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol -9.1 4.46 C5H12O Butyl methyl ether -115.7 10.85 C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether -108.6 7.60 C5H12O4 Pentaerythritol 258 4.8 C5H12S 1-Pentanethiol -75.65 17.53 C6Cl6 Hexachlorobenzene 228.83 25.2 C6F6 Hexafluorobenzene 5.03 11.59 C6F14 Perfluorohexane -88.2 6.84 C6HF5 Pentafluorobenzene -47.4 10.87 C6HF5O Pentafluorophenol 37.5 16.41 C6H2F4 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene -46.25 6.36 C6H2F4 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 3.88 15.05 C6H3Cl3 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 51.3 17.9 C6H3Cl3 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 16.92 16.4 C6H3Cl3 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 62.8 18.1 C6H3N3O6 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 122.9 15.4 C6H4ClNO 2 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 32.1 17.9 C6H4ClNO 2 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 44.4 19.4 C6H4ClNO 2 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 82 14.1 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene -17.0 12.4 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene -24.8 12.6 C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene 53.09 18.19 C6H4F2 o-Difluorobenzene -47.1 11.05 C6H4F2 m-Difluorobenzene -69.12 8.58 C6H4O2 p-Benzoquinone 115 18.5 C6H5Br Bromobenzene -30.72 10.70 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene -45.31 9.6 C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol 9.4 13.0 C6H5ClO m-Chlorophenol 32.6 14.9 C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol 42.8 14.1 C6H5F Fluorobenzene -42.18 11.31 C6H5I Iodobenzene -31.3 9.75 C6H5NO Nitrosobenzene 67 31.0 C6H5NO 2 Nitrobenzene 5.7 12.12 C6H5NO 3 o-Nitrophenol 44.8 17.7 C6H5NO 3 m-Nitrophenol 96.8 20.6 C6H5NO 3 p-Nitrophenol 113.6 18.8 C6H6 Benzene 5.49 9.87 C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline -1.9 11.9 C6H6ClN m-Chloroaniline -10.28 10.15 C6H6ClN p-Chloroaniline 70.5 20.0 C6H6N2O2 o-Nitroaniline 71.0 16.1 C6H6N2O2 m-Nitroaniline 113.4 23.6 C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline 147.5 21.2 C6H6O Phenol 40.89 11.51 C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone 172.4 26.8 C6H6O2 Pyrocatechol 104.6 22.8 C6H6O2 Resorcinol 109.4 20.4 C6H6S Benzenethiol -14.93 11.48ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 TeamLRN6-136C6H7N Aniline -6.02 10.54 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine -66.68 9.72 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine -18.14 14.18 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 3.67 12.58 C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine 102.1 23.1 C6H8N2 m-Phenylenediamine 66.0 15.57 C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine 141.1 23.8 C6H8N2 Phenylhydrazine 20.6 14.05 C6H10 Cyclohexene -103.5 3.29 C6H10O Cyclohexanone -27.9 1.328 C6H10O2 2-Oxepanone -1.0 13.83 C6H10O4 Adipic acid 152.5 36.3 C6H11Cl Chlorocyclohexane -43.81 2.043 C6H12 1-Hexene -139.76 9.35 C6H12 cis-2-Hexene -141.11 8.88 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene -74.19 6.45 C6H12 Cyclohexane 6.59 2.68 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane -142.42 6.93 C6H12O Hexanal -56 13.3 C6H12O 2-Hexanone -55.5 14.9 C6H12O 3-Hexanone -55.4 13.49 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 25.93 1.78 C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 12.6 13.5 C6H13Br 1-Bromohexane -83.7 18.1 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine -17.8 17.5 C6H14 Hexane -95.35 13.08 C6H14 2-Methylpentane -153.6 6.27 C6H14 3-Methylpentane -162.90 5.30 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane -98.8 0.58 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane -128.10 0.79 C6H14O 1-Hexanol -47.4 15.38 C6H14O Dipropyl ether -114.8 10.8 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether -85.4 12.04 C6H14O2 1,6-Hexanediol 41.5 22.2 C7F8 Perfluorotoluene -65.49 11.54 C7F16 Perfluoroheptane -51.2 6.95 C7H3F5 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene -29.78 13.1 C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride -0.4 19.2 C7H5ClO 2 o-Chlorobenzoic acid 140.2 25.6 C7H5N Benzonitrile -13.99 9.1 C7H5N3O6 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 80.5 22.9 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 122.35 18.02 C7H6O3 o-Hydroxybenzoic acid 159.0 14.2 C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene -35.8 9.6 C7H7NO Benzamide 127.3 19.5 C7H7NO 2 p-Nitrotoluene 51.63 16.81 C7H8 Toluene -94.95 6.64 C7H8O o-Cresol 31.03 15.82 C7H8O m-Cresol 12.24 10.71 C7H8O p-Cresol 34.77 12.71 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol -15.4 8.97 C7H8O Anisole -37.13 12.9 C7H9N o-Methylaniline -14.41 11.66 C7H9N m-Methylaniline -31.3 7.9 C7H9N p-Methylaniline 43.6 18.9 C7H14 1-Heptene -118.9 12.41 C7H14 Cycloheptane -8.46 1.88 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane -126.6 6.75ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 6-137C7H14O 1-Heptanal -43.4 23.2 C7H14O Cycloheptanol 7.2 1.60 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid -7.17 15.13 C7H15Br 1-Bromoheptane -56.1 21.8 C7H16 Heptane -90.55 14.03 C7H16 2-Methylhexane -118.2 9.19 C7H16 3-Ethylpentane -118.55 9.55 C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane -123.7 5.82 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane -119.2 6.85 C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane -134.4 6.85 C7H16 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane -24.6 2.26 C7H16O 1-Heptanol -33.2 18.17 C8H8 Styrene -30.65 10.9 C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid 103.5 19.5 C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid 109.9 15.7 C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid 179.6 22.7 C8H8O2 Benzeneacetic acid 76.5 16.3 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate -12.4 9.74 C8H10 Ethylbenzene -94.96 9.18 C8H10 o-Xylene -25.2 13.6 C8H10 m-Xylene -47.8 11.6 C8H10 p-Xylene 13.25 17.12 C8H10O 2,3-Xylenol 72.5 21.0 C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol 74.8 23.4 C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol 45.8 18.9 C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol 65.1 18.1 C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol 63.4 17.4 C8H16 1-Octene -101.7 15.31 C8H16 Cyclooctane 14.59 2.41 C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane -111.3 8.33 C8H16 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane -33.3 2.07 C8H16 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane -49.8 1.64 C8H16 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane -88.15 10.49 C8H16 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane -75.53 10.82 C8H16 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane -90.07 9.87 C8H16 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane -87.39 9.31 C8H16 trans -1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane -36.93 12.33 C8H16O2 Octanoic acid 16.5 21.35 C8H17Br 1-Bromooctane -55.0 24.7 C8H18 Octane -56.82 20.73 C8H18 2-Methylheptane -109.02 11.92 C8H18 3-Methylheptane -120.48 11.69 C8H18 4-Methylheptane -121.0 10.8 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane -107.3 9.20 C8H18O 1-Octanol -14.8 23.7 C9H7N Quinoline -14.78 10.66 C9H7N Isoquinoline 26.47 13.54 C9H8 Indene -1.5 10.20 C9H10 Indan -51.38 8.60 C9H12 Propylbenzene -99.6 9.27 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene -96.02 7.33 C9H12 o-Ethyltoluene -79.83 9.96 C9H12 m-Ethyltoluene -95.6 7.6 C9H12 p-Ethyltoluene -62.35 12.7 C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene -25.4 8.18 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene -43.77 13.19 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene -44.72 9.51 C9H18 Propylcyclohexane -94.9 10.37ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 TeamLRN6-138C9H18O Nonanal -19.3 30.5 C9H18O 5-Nonanone -3.8 24.93 C9H18O2 Nonanoic acid 12.4 19.82 C9H20 Nonane -53.46 15.47 C9H20 3,3-Diethylpentane -33.1 10.09 C9H20 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane -9.75 2.33 C9H20 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane -66.54 9.74 C10H7Br 1-Bromonaphthalene 6.1 15.2 C10H7Br 2-Bromonaphthalene 55.9 14.4 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene -2.5 12.9 C10H7Cl 2-Chloronaphthalene 58.0 14.0 C10H8 Naphthalene 80.26 19.01 C10H8O 1-Naphthol 95.0 23.1 C10H8O 2-Naphthol 121.5 18.1 C10H14 Butylbenzene -87.85 11.22 C10H14 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene -67.94 9.66 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 79.3 21 C10H14O Thymol 49.5 21.3 C10H18 cis-Decahydronaphthalene -42.9 9.49 C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene -30.4 14.41 C10H18O4 Sebacic acid 130.9 40.8 C10H20 1-Decene -66.3 13.81 C10H20 Butylcyclohexane -74.73 14.16 C10H20O Decanal -4.0 34.5 C10H20O2 Decanoic acid 31.4 27.8 C10H22 Decane -29.6 28.72 C10H22O 1-Decanol 6.9 43 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene -30.43 6.95 C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 34.6 12.13 C11H24 Undecane -25.5 22.2 C12H8 Acenaphthylene 91.8 6.9 C12H9N Carbazole 246.3 24.1 C12H10 Acenaphthene 93.4 21.49 C12H10 Biphenyl 68.93 18.57 C12H10N2 Azobenzene 67.88 22.52 C12H10N2O trans -Azoxybenzene 34.6 17.9 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 26.87 17.22 C12H11N Diphenylamine 53.2 18.5 C12H16 Cyclohexylbenzene 7.07 15.6 C12H18 Hexamethylbenzene 165.5 20.6 C12H24 1-Dodecene -35.2 19.9 C12H24O2 Dodecanoic acid 43.8 36.3 C12H26 Dodecane -9.57 36.8 C12H26O 1-Dodecanol 23.9 40.2 C13H10 9H-Fluorene 114.77 19.58 C13H10O Benzophenone 47.9 18.19 C13H12 Diphenylmethane 25.4 18.6 C13H28 Tridecane -5.4 28.50 C13H28O 1-Tridecanol 31.7 41.4 C14H10 Anthracene 215.76 29.4 C14H10 Phenanthrene 99.24 16.46 C14H10O2 Benzil 94.87 23.5 C14H12 trans -Stilbene 124.2 27.7 C14H12O2 α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid 147.29 31.3 C14H28O2 Tetradecanoic acid 54.2 45.1 C14H30 Tetradecane 5.82 45.07 C14H30O 1-Tetradecanol 38.2 25.1* C15H32 Pentadecane 9.95 34.6ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 6-139C16H10 Fluoranthene 110.19 18.69 C16H10 Pyrene 150.62 17.36 C16H32O2 Hexadecanoic acid 62.5 53.7 C16H34 Hexadecane 18.12 53.36 C16H34O 1-Hexadecanol 49.2 33.6 C17H36 Heptadecane 22.0 40.16 C18H12 Benz[a]anthracene 160.5 21.4 C18H12 Benzo[c]phenanthrene 68 16.3 C18H12 Chrysene 255.5 26.2 C18H12 Triphenylene 197.8 24.74 C18H14 o-Terphenyl 56.20 17.19 C18H14 p-Terphenyl 213.9 35.3 C18H15N Triphenylamine 126.5 24.9 C18H36O2 Stearic acid 69.3 61.2 C18H38 Octadecane 28.2 61.7 C18H38O 1-Octadecanol 57.9 45 C19H40 Nonadecane 32.0 45.8 C20H12 Perylene 277.76 31.9 C20H12 Benzo[a]pyrene 181.1 17.3 C20H12 Benzo[e]pyrene 181.4 16.6 C20H14 2,2'-Binaphthalene 187.9 38.9 C20H42 Eicosane 36.6 69.9 C20H42O 1-Eicosanol 65.4 42 C24H12 Coronene 437.4 19.2ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Name tm/˚C ∆fusH/kJ mol-1 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCPRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF LIQUID DENSITY This table gives data on the variation of the density of some common liquids with pressure and temperature. The pressure depend ence is described to first order by the isothermal compressibility coefficient κ defined as κ = -(1/V) (∂V/∂P)T where V is the volume, and the temperature dependence by the cubic expansion coefficient α, α = (1/V) (∂V/∂T)P Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. More precise data on the variation of density with temperature ov er a wide temperature range can be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Le Neindre, B., Effets des Hautes et Très Hautes Pressions , in Techniques de l’Ingénieur , Paris, 1991. 3.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series , IV/4, High-pressure Properties of Matter, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980. 4. Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W.B., and Sakano, T.K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 5. Isaacs, N. S., Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry , John Wiley, New York, 1981. Molecular Isothermal Compressibility Cubic Thermal Expansion formula Name t/°C κ × 104/MPa–1 t/°C α × 103/°C–1 Cl3P Phosphorus trichloride 20 9.45 20 1.9 H2O Water 20 4.591 20 0.206 25 4.524 25 0.256 30 4.475 30 0.302 Hg Mercury 20 0.401 20 1.811CCl 4 Tetrachloromethane 20 10.50 20 1.14 40 12.20 40 1.21 70 15.6 70 1.33 CHBr3 Tribromomethane 50 8.76 25 0.91 CHCl3 Trichloromethane 20 9.96 20 1.21 50 12.9 50 1.33 CH2Br2 Dibromomethane 27 6.85 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 25 10.3 25 1.39 CH3I Iodomethane 27 10.3 25 1.26 CH4O Methanol 20 12.14 20 1.49 40 13.83 40 1.59 CS2 Carbon disulfide 20 9.38 20 1.12 40 10.6 35 1.16 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene 25 7.56 25 1.02 C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 25 8.57 25 1.17 C2H2Cl2 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 25 11.2 25 1.36 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 20 7.97 25 0.93 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 30 8.46 20 1.14 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 20 9.08 20 1.08 80 13.7 80 1.38 C2H5Br Bromoethane 20 11.53 20 1.31 C2H5I Iodoethane 20 9.82 25 1.17 C2H6O Ethanol 20 11.19 20 1.40 70 15.93 70 1.67 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol 20 3.64 20 0.626 C3H6O Acetone 20 12.62 20 1.46 40 15.6 40 1.57 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 0 10.22 25 1.2 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 0 12.09 20 1.4 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane 0 10.22 25 1.09 C3H8O 1-Propanol 0 8.43 0 1.22 C3H8O 2-Propanol 40 13.32 40 1.55 C3H8O2 1,2-Propanediol 0 4.45 20 0.695 © 2000 CRC Press LLCPRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF LIQUID DENSITY (continued) Molecular Isothermal Compressibility Cubic Thermal Expansion formula Name t/°C κ × 104/MPa–1 t/°C α × 103/°C–1 C3H8O2 1,3-Propanediol 0 4.09 20 0.61 C3H8O3 Glycerol 0 2.54 20 0.520 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 20 11.32 20 1.35 60 16.2 60 1.54 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 25 10.26 20 1.13 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane 0 7.73 25 1.02 C4H10O 1-Butanol 0 8.10 0 1.12 C4H10O Diethyl ether 20 18.65 20 1.65 30 20.85 30 1.72 C4H10O3 Diethylene glycol 0 3.34 20 0.635 C5H10 Cyclopentane 20 13.31 20 1.35 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane 0 8.42 25 1.04 C5H11I 1-Iodopentane 0 7.56 C5H12 Pentane 25 21.80 25 1.64 C5H12O 1-Pentanol 0 7.71 0 1.02 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 20 6.46 20 0.86 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 20 7.45 20 0.94 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 20 4.93 25 0.833 C6H6 Benzene 25 9.66 25 1.14 45 11.28 45 1.21 C6H6O Phenol 60 6.05 60 0.82 C6H7N Aniline 20 4.53 20 0.81 80 6.32 80 0.91 C6H12 Cyclohexane 20 11.30 20 1.15 60 15.2 60 1.29 C6H14 Hexane 25 16.69 25 1.41 45 20.27 45 1.52 C6H14 2-Methylpentane 0 13.97 25 1.43 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 0 14.57 25 1.40 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane 20 17.97 25 1.39 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 25 8.24 25 1.03 C6H15NO3 Triethanolamine 0 3.61 55 0.53 C7H8 Toluene 20 8.96 20 1.05 50 11.0 50 1.13 C7H8O Anisole 20 6.60 20 0.951 C7H14 Cycloheptane 20 9.22 C7H16 Heptane 25 14.38 25 1.26 C8H10 o-Xylene 25 8.10 25 0.96 C8H10 m-Xylene 20 8.46 20 0.99 C8H10 p-Xylene 25 8.59 25 1.00 C8H16 Cyclooctane 20 8.03 C8H18 Octane 25 12.82 25 1.16 45 15.06 45 1.23 C8H18O 1-Octanol 25 7.64 25 0.827 C9H12 Mesitylene 25 8.14 25 0.94 C9H14O6 Triacetin 0 4.49 25 0.94 C9H20 Nonane 25 11.75 25 1.08 C10H22 Decane 25 10.94 25 1.02 C11H24 Undecane 25 10.31 25 0.97 C12H26 Dodecane 25 9.88 25 0.93 C13H28 Tridecane 25 9.48 25 0.90 C14H30 Tetradecane 25 9.10 25 0.87 C15H32 Pentadecane 25 8.82 C16H22O4 Butyl phthalate 0 5.0 25 0.86 C16H34 Hexadecane 25 8.57 45 9.78 C19H36O2 Methyl oleate 0 6.18 60 0.85 TeamLRN 6-129PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS This table gives physical and thermodynamic properties of eight cryogenic fluids. The properties are: M Molar mass in grams per mole Tt Triple point temperature in kelvins Pt Triple point pressure in kilopascals ρt (1) Liquid density at the triple point in grams per milliliter ΔfusH @ TtEnthalpy of fusion at the triple point in joules per gram Tb Normal boiling point in kelvins at a pressure of 101325 pascals (760 mmHg) ΔvapH @ TbEnthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point in joules per gram ρ (l) @ TbLiquid density at the normal boiling point in grams per milliliter 3. Sytchev, V. V., et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Air , Hemisphere Publishing, New York, 1987. 4. Jacobsen, R. T., Stewart, R. B., and Jahangiri, M., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 15, 735, 1986. [Nitrogen] 5. Stewart, R. B., Jacobsen, R. T., and Wagner, W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 20, 917, 1991. [Oxygen] 6. McCarty, R. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 2, 923, 1973. [Helium] Also, Donnelly, R. J., private communication. 7. Stewart, R. B. and Jacobsen, R. T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 18, 639, 1989. [Argon] 8. Setzmann, U. and Wagner, W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 20, 1061, 1991. [Methane] 9. Vargaftik, N. B., Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases , 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1975.ρ (g) @ TbVapor density at the normal boiling point in grams per liter Cp (l) @ TbLiquid heat capacity at constant pressure at the normal boiling point in joules per gram kelvin Cp (g) @ TbVapor heat capacity at constant pressure at the normal boiling point in joules per gram kelvin Tc Critical temperature in kelvins Pc Critical pressure in megapascals ρc Critical density in grams per milliliter In the case of air, the value given for the triple point temperature is the incipient solidification temperature, and the norma l boiling point value is the incipient boiling (bubble) point. See Reference 3 for more details. REFERENCES 1. Younglove, B. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation , extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). Property Units Air N2 O2 H2 He Ne Ar Kr Xe CH4 M g/mol 28.96 28.014 31.999 2.0159 4.0026 20.180 39.948 83.800 131.290 16.043 Tt K 59.75 63.15 54.3584 13.8 24.5561 83.8058 115.8 161.4 90.694 Pt kPa 12.463 0.14633 7.042 50 68.95 72.92 81.59 11.696 ρt (l) g/mL 0.959 0.870 1.306 0.0770 1.251 1.417 2.449 2.978 0.4515 ΔfusH @ TtJ/g 25.3 13.7 59.5 16.8 28.0 16.3 13.8 58.41 Tb K 78.67 77.35 90.188 20.28 4.2221 27.07 87.293 119.92 165.10 111.668 ΔvapH @ TbJ/g 198.7 198.8 213.1 445 20.7 84.8 161.0 108.4 96.1 510.83 ρ (l) @ Tb g/mL 0.8754 0.807 1.141 0.0708 0.124901 1.204 1.396 2.418 2.953 0.4224 ρ (g) @ Tb g/L 3.199 4.622 4.467 1.3390 16.89 9.51 5.79 8.94 1.816 Cp (l) @ TbJ/g K 1.865 2.042 1.699 9.668 4.545 1.877 1.078 0.533 0.340 3.481 Cp (g) @ TbJ/g K 1.341 0.980 12.24 9.78 0.570 0.248 0.158 2.218 Tc K 132.5 126.20 154.581 32.98 5.1953 44.40 150.663 209.40 289.73 190.56 Pc MPa 3.766 3.390 5.043 1.293 0.227460 2.760 4.860 5.500 5.840 4.592 ρc g/mL 0.316 0.313 0.436 0.031 0.06964 0.484 0.531 0.919 1.110 0.1627 PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HELIUM The following data were obtained by a critical evaluation of all existing experimental measurements on liquid helium, using a fitting procedure described in the reference. All values refer to liquid helium at saturated vapor pressure; temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale. Several properties show a singularity at the lambda point (2.1768 K). p : vapor pressure σ : surface tension ρ : density α : coefficient of linear expansion Cs : molar heat capacity η : viscosity ∆vapH : molar enthalpy of vaporization λ : thermal conductivity ε : relative permittivity (dielectric constant) REFERENCE Donnelly, R. J., and Barenghi, C. F., J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data 27, 1217, 1998. T/K p/kPa ρ/g cm-3 Cs /J mol-1K-1∆vapH/J mol-1εσ / mΝ m−1 103α/K-1η/µPa sλ /W cm-1K-1 0.0 0.1451397 0 59.83 1.057255 0.000 0.5 0.1451377 0.010 70.24 1.057254 0.3530 0.1071.0 0.01558 0.1451183 0.415 80.33 1.057246 0.3471 0.309 3.873 1.5 0.4715 0.1451646 4.468 89.35 1.057265 0.3322 -2.36 1.346 2.0 3.130 0.1456217 21.28 93.07 1.057449 0.3021 -12.2 1.4682.5 10.23 0.1448402 9.083 92.50 1.057135 0.2623 39.4 3.259 0.1497 3.0 24.05 0.1412269 9.944 94.11 1.055683 0.2161 61.5 3.517 0.1717 3.5 47.05 0.1360736 12.37 92.84 1.053615 0.1626 88.7 3.509 0.18684.0 81.62 0.1289745 15.96 87.00 1.050770 0.1095 129 3.319 0.1965 4.5 130.3 0.1188552 21.8 75.86 1.046725 0.0609 211 5.0 196.0 44.7 47.67 0.0157 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRN6-144PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS This table gives physical properties of compounds that have been used as working fluids in traditional refrigeration systems or are under consideration as replacements in newer systems. Some are also used as solvents and blowing agents. Many of the compounds listed are believed to be less harmful to the environment than the traditional halocarbons refrigerants. Compounds are listed by their ASHRAE standard refrigerant designations (Reference 1), which appear in the first column. These c odes are often prefixed by symbols such as CFC- (for chlorofluorocarbon), HCFC- (for hydrochlorofluorocarbon), or simply R- (for refrigerant). The molecular formula and CAS Registry Number are also given. The properties tabulated are: tmnormal melting point in ∞C tbnormal boiling point in ∞C (at 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg) tccritical temperature in ∞C TLV Threshold Limit Value, which is the maximum safe concentration in air in the workplace, expressed as the time-weighted avera ge (TWA) in parts per million by volume over an 8-hr workday and 40-hr workweek. A value followed by C is an absolute ceiling limit. Asphyx iants that are not otherwise toxic are indicated by “asphyx”. REFERENCES 1.ASHRAE Standard 34-1997 , Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants. 2.ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001 , Chapter 19. Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2001. 3. Platzer, B., Polt, A., and Mauer, G., Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants , Springer, Berlin, 1990. 4. Sako, T., Sato, M., Nakazawa, N., Oowa, M., Yasumoto, M., Ito, H., and Yamashita, S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 802, 1996. 5. Schmidt, J. W., Carrillo-Nava, E., and Moldover, M. R., Fluid Phase Equilibria , 122, 187, 1996. 6. Salvi-Narkhede, M., Wang, B-H., Adcock, J. L., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 24, 1065, 1992. 7. Fialho, P. S., and Nieto de Castro, C. A., Int. J. Thermophys. 21, 385, 2000. 8. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation , extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. Further references and additional data on the critical properties may be found in the table “Critical Constants” in this sectio n. Molecular CAS Code Name Formula Reg. No. tm/∞C tb/∞C tc/∞C TLV 10 Tetrachloromethane CCl4 56-23-5 -22.62 76.8 283.4 5 11 Trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F7 5-69-4 -110.44 23.7 197.9 1000C 12 Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2 75-71-8 -158 -29.8 111.80 1000 12B1 Bromochlorodifluoromethane CBrClF2 353-59-3 -159.5 -3.7 153.73 12B2 Dibromodifluoromethane CBr2F2 75-61-6 -110.1 22.76 198.1 100 13 Chlorotrifluoromethane CClF3 75-72-9 -181 -81.4 29 13B1 Bromotrifluoromethane CBrF3 75-63-8 -172 -57.8 67.0 1000 14 Tetrafluoromethane CF4 75-73-0 -183.60 -128.0 -45.5 20 Trichloromethane CHCl3 67-66-3 -63.41 61.17 263.2 10 21 Dichlorofluoromethane CHCl2F7 5-43-4 -135 8.9 178.43 10 22 Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF2 75-45-6 -157.42 -40.7 96.3 1000 22B1 Bromodifluoromethane CHBrF2 1511-62-2 -145 -14.6 138.83 23 Trifluoromethane CHF 3 75-46-7 -155.2 -82.1 25.83 30 Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 75-09-2 -97.2 40 237 50 31 Chlorofluoromethane CH2ClF 593-70-4 -135.1 -9.1 154 32 Difluoromethane CH 2F2 75-10-5 -136.8 -51.6 78.41 40 Chloromethane CH3Cl 74-87-3 -97.7 -24.09 143.10 50 41 Fluoromethane CH3F 593-53-3 -141.8 -78.4 44.6 50 Methane CH 4 74-82-8 -182.47 -161.48 -82.59 asphyx 110 Hexachloroethane C2Cl6 67-72-1 186.8 184.7 sp 422 1 111 Pentachlorofluoroethane C2Cl5F 354-56-3 101.3 138 112 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane C 2Cl4F2 76-12-0 24.8 92.8 278 500 112a 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane C2Cl4F2 76-11-9 41.0 92.8 500 113 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane C2Cl3F3 76-13-1 -36.22 47.7 214.1 1000 113a 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane C 2Cl3F3 354-58-5 14.37 45.5 209.7 114 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane C2Cl2F4 76-14-2 -92.53 3.5 145.63 1000 114a 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane C2Cl2F4 374-07-2 -56.6 3.4 145.4 114B2 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane C2Br2F4 124-73-2 -110.32 47.35 214.6 6-145115 Chloropentafluoroethane C2ClF5 76-15-3 -99.4 -39.1 80.0 1000 116 Hexafluoroethane C 2F6 76-16-4 -100.05 -78.1 20 120 Pentachloroethane C2HCl5 76-01-7 -28.78 162.0 121 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane C2HCl4F 354-14-3 -82.6 116.7 121a 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane C 2HCl 4F 354-11-0 -95.3 117.1 122 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane C2HCl3F2 354-21-2 -140 71.9 122a 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane C2HCl3F2 354-15-4 -174 72.5 122b 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane C 2HCl 3F2 354-12-1 73 123 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane C2HCl2F3 306-83-2 -107 27.82 183.68 123a 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane C2HCl2F3 354-23-4 -78 29.5 188.4 124 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane C 2HClF 4 2837-89-0 -12 122.50 124a 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane C2HClF4 354-25-6 -117 -11.7 126.7 125 Pentafluoroethane C2HF5 354-33-6 -103 -48.1 66.02 E125 Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether C 2HF5O 3822-68-2 -157 -38 80.8 130 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane C2H2Cl4 79-34-5 -42.4 145.2 388.00 1 131 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane C2H2Cl3F 359-28-4 102.4 132 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane C2H2Cl2F2431-06-1 -101.2 59.6 132b 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane C2H2Cl2F21649-08-7 -101.2 46.2 133 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane C2H2ClF3 431-07-2 17.3 133a 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane C2H2ClF3 75-88-7 -105.5 6.1 151.86 133b 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane C2H2ClF3 421-04-5 12 134 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane C2H2F4 359-35-3 -89 -19.9 118.59 134a 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane C2H2F4 811-97-2 -103.3 -26.08 101.03 E134 Bis(difluoromethyl) ether C2H2F4O 1691-17-4 2 147.10 140 1,1,2-Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 79-00-5 -36.3 113.8 329 10 140a 1,1,1-Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 71-55-6 -30.01 74.09 272 350 141 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane C2H3Cl2F 430-57-9 -60 73.8 141b 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane C2H3Cl2F 1717-00-6 -103.5 32.0 204.1 142 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane C2H3ClF2 338-65-8 35.1 142b 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane C2H3ClF2 75-68-3 -130.8 -9.1 137.19 143 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane C2H3F3 430-66-0 -84 3.7 156.6 143a 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane C2H3F3 420-46-2 -111.3 -47.25 72.71 143m Methyl trifluoromethyl ether C2H3F3O 421-14-7 -149 -23.66 104.87 E143a 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether C3H5F3O 460-43-5 31.62 175.83 150 1,2-Dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 107-06-2 -35.7 83.5 288 10 150a 1,1-Dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 75-34-3 -96.9 57.3 250 100 151 1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane C2H4ClF 762-50-5 52.8 151a 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane C2H4ClF 1615-75-4 16.2 152 1,2-Difluoroethane C2H4F2 624-72-6 26 152a 1,1-Difluoroethane C2H4F2 75-37-6 -117 -24.05 113.5 160 Chloroethane C2H5Cl 75-00-3 -138.4 12.3 187.2 100 161 Fluoroethane C2H5F 353-36-6 -143.2 -37.7 102.16 170 Ethane C2H6 74-84-0 -182.79 -88.6 32.17 asphyx 216ca 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane C 3Cl2F6 662-01-1 -125.4 35.7 180 218 Perfluoropropane C3F8 76-19-7 -147.70 -36.6 71.9 227ca2 Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether C3HF7O 2356-61-8 -141 -3 114.63 227ea 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane C 3HF7 431-89-0 -131 -16.4 101.74 227me Trifluoromethyl 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether C3HF7O 2356-62-9 -9.6 236ea 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane C3H2F6 431-63-0 6.1 139.23 236fa 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane C 3H2F6 690-39-1 -93.6 -1.0 124.92 236me 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether C3H2F6O 57041-67-5 23.35 155.80 245ca 1,1,2,2,3-Pentafluoropropane C3H3F5 679-86-7 25.0 174.42 245cb 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane C 3H3F5 1814-88-6 -17.4 106.96 245fa 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane C3H3F5 460-73-1 15.3 154.05 245mc Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether C3H3F5O 22410-44-2 5.59 133.65 245mf Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether C3H3F5O 1885-48-9 29.24 170.84 245qc Difluoromethyl 1,1,2-trifluoroethyl ether C3H3F5O 69948-24-9 43.1 254pc Methyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether C3H4F4O 425-88-7 -107 37.1PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (continued) Molecular CAS Code Name Formula Reg. No. tm/∞C tb/∞C tc/∞C TLV TeamLRN6-146290 Propane C3H8 74-98-6 -187.63 -42.1 96.68 2500 C316 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane C4Cl2F6 356-18-3 -24.2 59.5 224 C317 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluorocyclobutane C 4ClF 7 377-41-3 -39.1 25 C318 Perfluorocyclobutane C4F8 115-25-3 -40.19 -5.9 115.31 347mcc Perfluoropropyl methyl ether C4H3F7O 375-03-1 34.23 164.55 347mmy Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether C 4H3F7O 22052-84-2 29.34 160.15 600 Butane C4H10 106-97-8 -138.3 -0.5 151.97 800 600a Isobutane C4H10 75-28-5 -159.4 -11.73 134.6 610 Diethyl ether C 4H10O6 0-29-7 -116.2 34.5 193.5 400 611 Methyl formate C2H4O2 107-31-3 -99 31.7 214.0 100 717 Ammonia H3N 7664-41-7 -77.73 -33.33 132.3 25 744 Carbon dioxide CO 2 124-38-9 -56.56 -78.5 sp 30.98 5000 764 Sulfur dioxide O2S 7446-09-5 -75.5 -10.05 157.6 2 1112a 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene C2Cl2F2 79-35-6 -116 19 1113 Chlorotrifluoroethene C 2ClF3 79-38-9 -158.2 -27.8 106 1114 Tetrafluoroethene C2F4 116-14-3 -131.15 -75.9 33.3 1120 Trichloroethene C2HCl3 79-01-6 -84.7 87.21 271.0 50 1130 trans -1,2-Dichloroethene C2H2Cl2 156-60-5 -49.8 48.7 243.3 200 1132a 1,1-Difluoroethene C2H2F2 75-38-7 -144 -85.7 29.7 500 1140 Chloroethene C2H3Cl 75-01-4 -153.84 -13.8 159 1141 Fluoroethene C2H3F7 5-02-5 -160.5 -72 54.7 1 1150 Ethylene C2H4 74-85-1 -169.15 -103.77 9.19 asphyx 1270 Propene C3H6 115-07-1 -185.24 -47.69 91.7 asphyxMolecular CAS Code Name Formula Reg. No. tm/∞C tb/∞C tc/∞C TLVPROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (continued) 6-133DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME OF MERCURY The data in this table have been adjusted to the ITS-90 temperature scale. The uncertainty in density values is 0.0003 g/mL bet ween –20 and –10 °C; 0.0001 or less between –10 and 200 °C; and 0.0002 between 200 and 300 °C. REFERENCE Ambrose, D., Metrologia , 27, 245, 1990. t/°C ρ/(g/mL) v/(mL/kg) –20 13.64461 73.2890 –19 13.64212 73.3024 –18 13.63964 73.3157 –17 13.63716 73.3291–16 13.63468 73.3424 –15 13.63220 73.3558 –14 13.62972 73.3691–13 13.62724 73.3824 –12 13.62476 73.3958 –11 13.62228 73.4091–10 13.61981 73.4225 –9 13.61733 73.4358 –8 13.61485 73.4492–7 13.61238 73.4625 –6 13.60991 73.4759 –5 13.60743 73.4892–4 13.60496 73.5026 –3 13.60249 73.5160 –2 13.60002 73.5293–1 13.59755 73.5427 0 13.59508 73.5560 1 13.59261 73.56942 13.59014 73.5827 3 13.58768 73.5961 4 13.58521 73.60955 13.58275 73.6228 6 13.58028 73.6362 7 13.57782 73.64958 13.57535 73.6629 9 13.57289 73.6763 10 13.57043 73.689611 13.56797 73.7030 12 13.56551 73.7164 13 13.56305 73.729714 13.56059 73.7431 15 13.55813 73.7565 16 13.55567 73.769817 13.55322 73.7832 18 13.55076 73.7966 19 13.54831 73.810020 13.54585 73.8233 21 13.54340 73.8367 22 13.54094 73.850123 13.53849 73.8635 24 13.53604 73.8769 25 13.53359 73.890226 13.53114 73.903627 13.52869 73.9170 28 13.52624 73.9304 29 13.52379 73.943830 13.52134 73.9572 31 13.51889 73.9705 32 13.51645 73.983933 13.51400 73.9973 34 13.51156 74.0107 35 13.50911 74.0241 36 13.50667 74.0375 37 13.50422 74.0509 38 13.50178 74.064339 13.49934 74.0777 40 13.49690 74.0911 41 13.49446 74.104542 13.49202 74.1179 43 13.48958 74.1313 44 13.48714 74.144745 13.48470 74.1581 46 13.48226 74.1715 47 13.47982 74.185048 13.47739 74.1984 49 13.47495 74.2118 50 13.47251 74.225251 13.47008 74.2386 52 13.46765 74.2520 53 13.46521 74.265554 13.46278 74.2789 55 13.46035 74.2923 56 13.45791 74.305757 13.45548 74.3192 58 13.45305 74.3326 59 13.45062 74.346060 13.44819 74.3594 61 13.44576 74.3729 62 13.44333 74.386363 13.44090 74.3998 64 13.43848 74.4132 65 13.43605 74.426666 13.43362 74.4401 67 13.43120 74.4535 68 13.42877 74.467069 13.42635 74.4804 70 13.42392 74.4939 71 13.42150 74.507372 13.41908 74.5208 73 13.41665 74.534274 13.41423 74.5477 75 13.41181 74.5612 76 13.40939 74.574677 13.40697 74.5881 78 13.40455 74.6016 79 13.40213 74.615080 13.39971 74.6285 81 13.39729 74.6420 82 13.39487 74.6554 83 13.39245 74.6689 84 13.39003 74.6824 85 13.38762 74.695986 13.38520 74.7094 87 13.38278 74.7229 88 13.38037 74.736489 13.37795 74.7498 90 13.37554 74.7633 91 13.37313 74.776892 13.37071 74.7903 93 13.36830 74.8038 94 13.36589 74.817395 13.36347 74.8308 96 13.36106 74.8443 97 13.35865 74.857998 13.35624 74.8714 99 13.35383 74.8849 100 13.35142 74.8984110 13.3273 75.0337 120 13.3033 75.1693 130 13.2793 75.3052140 13.2553 75.4413 150 13.2314 75.5778 160 13.2075 75.7147170 13.1836 75.8519 180 13.1597 75.9895 190 13.1359 76.1274200 13.1120 76.2659 210 13.0882 76.4047 220 13.0644 76.5440230 13.0406 76.6838 240 13.0167 76.8241 250 12.9929 76.9650260 12.9691 77.1064 270 12.9453 77.2484 280 12.9214 77.3909290 12.8975 77.5341 300 12.8736 77.6779t/ °C ρ/(g/mL) v/(mL/kg) t/°C ρ/(g/mL) v/(mL/kg) TeamLRN6-134THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MERCURY Lev R. Fokin The first of these tables gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of liquid and gaseous mercury as a function of tem perature. To convert to specific heat in units of J/g K, divide these values by 200.59, the atomic weight of mercury. REFERENCE Douglas, T. B., Ball, A. T., and Ginnings, D. C., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stands., 46, 334, 1951. Cp/(J/mol K) t/°C Liquid Gas –38.84 28.2746 20.786 –20 28.1466 20.786 0 28.0190 20.786 20 27.9002 20.786 25 27.8717 20.78640 27.7897 20.786 60 27.6880 20.786 80 27.5952 20.786 100 27.5106 20.786 120 27.4349 20.786C p/(J/mol K) t/°C Liquid GasCp/(J/mol K) t/°C Liquid Gas 140 27.3675 20.786 160 27.3090 20.786180 27.2588 20.790 200 27.2169 20.790 220 27.1834 20.794240 27.1583 20.794 260 27.1412 20.799 280 27.1320 20.807 300 27.1303 20.815 320 27.1366 20.824340 27.1500 20.836 356.73 27.1677 20.849360 27.1709 20.853 380 27.1981 20.870 400 27.2324 20.891420 27.2738 20.916 440 27.3207 20.941 460 27.3742 20.974 480 27.4332 21.008 500 27.4985 21.046 t/°C Cp/J mol-1 –268.99 0.99* –268.99 0.97**–268.15 1.6 –263.15 4.6 –258.15 7.6–253.15 10.33t/ °C Cp/J mol-1 t/°C Cp/J mol-1 –248.15 12.74 –243.15 14.78 –233.15 17.90 –223.15 19.94–213.15 21.40 –203.15 22.42–193.15 23.16 –183.15 23.76 –173.15 24.24 –153.15 25.00–133.15 25.61–113.15 26.15 –93.15 26.69 –73.15 27.28 –53.15 27.96–38.87 28.5 * Superconducting state ** Normal state The final table gives the cubic thermal expansion coefficient α, the isothermal compressibility coefficient κ T, and the speed of sound U for liquid mercury as a function of temperature. These properties are defined as follows: where v is the specific volume (given in the table on the preceding page).α∂ ∂κ∂ ∂∂ ∂ρρ =   =   =  1121 vv T vv P UP =v pT T S±±t/°C Cp/J mol-1 REFERENCE Vukalovich, M. P., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Moscow Standard Press, 1971. κT × 106/bar-1 t/°Cα × 104/K-1At 1 bar At 1000 bar U/m s-1 –20 1.818 3.83 1470 0 1.8144 3.918 3.78 1460.8 20 1.8110 4.013 3.87 1451.4 40 1.8083 4.109 3.96 1442.0 60 1.8064 4.207 1432.780 1.8053 4.308 4.14 1423.4 100 1.8051 4.410 1414.1120 1.8058 4.513 4.33 1404.7 140 1.8074 4.622 1395.4160 1.8100 4.731 4.53 1386.1 180 1.8136 4.844 1376.7 200 1.818 4.96 1367250 1.834 5.26 1344 300 1.856 5.59 1321κ T × 106/bar-1 t/°Cα × 104/K-1At 1 bar At 1000 bar U/m s-1The second table gives the molar heat capacity of solid mercury in its rhombohedral ( α-mercury) form. REFERENCES 1. Busey and Giaque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 806, 1953. 2. Amitin, Lebedeva, and Paukov, Rus. J. Phys. Chem., 2666, 1979. 6-147VAPOR PRESSURE OF MERCURY The following table gives the vapor pressure of mercury in kilopascals (100 kPa = 1 bar) from 0 °C to 800 °C. REFERENCES 1. Vukalovich, M. P., and Fokin, L. R., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury , Standards Press (USSR), 1972. 2. Vargaftik, N. B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition , Begell House, New York, 1996. t/°C p/kPa 0 2.728x10-5 10 7.101x10-5 20 1.729x10-4 30 3.680x10-4 40 8.626x10-4 50 1.786x10-3 60 3.536x10-3 70 6.724x10-3 80 0.01232 90 0.02128 100 0.03745110 0.06247 120 0.1015 130 0.1608140 0.2491 150 0.3778 160 0.5618170 0.8204 180 1.178 190 1.664200 2.315 210 3.177 220 4.304230 5.758 240 7.614 250 9.959260 12.892270 16.527 280 20.993290 26.435 300 33.015 310 40.910320 50.320 330 61.460 340 74.567 350 89.896 360 107.72 370 128.34380 152.07 390 179.25 400 210.24410 245.4 420 285.2 430 329.9440 380.1 450 436.2 460 498.6470 567.9 480 644.6 490 729.2500 822.2 510 924.2 520 1035.8530 1157.6540 1290.1 550 1434.0560 1589.9 570 1758.4 580 1940.3590 2136 600 2346 610 2572 620 2814 630 3072 640 3347650 3641 660 3953 670 4285680 4636 690 5009 700 5403710 5820 720 6259 730 6722740 7210750 7722 760 8260 770 8825780 9417 790 10037 800 10685 t/ °C p/kPa t/°C p/kPa TeamLRN6-135SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS The surface tension γ of about 200 liquids is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Values of γ are given in units of millinewtons per meter (mN/m), which is equivalent to dyn/cm in cgs units. The values refer to a nominal pressure of one atmosphere (about 100 kPa) ex cept in cases where the indicated temperature is above the normal boiling point of the substance; in those cases, the applicable pressure is the sa turation vapor pressure at the temperature in question. The uncertainty of the values is 0.1 to 0.2 mN/m or less in most cases. Values at temperatures between the points tabulated can be obtained by linear interpolation to a good approximation. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order, with substances not containing carbon appearing before t hose that do contain carbon. A more extensive compilation of surface tension may be found in the Reference. REFERENCE Jasper, J. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 1, 841, 1972. γ in mN/m Mol. form. Name 10 °C2 5 °C5 0 °C7 5 °C 100 °C Br2 Bromine 43.68 40.95 36.40 Cl2O2S Sulfuryl chloride 28.78 Cl3OP Phosphoryl chloride 32.03 28.85 25.66 Cl3P Phosphorus trichloride 27.98 24.81 Cl4Si Silicon tetrachloride 19.78 18.29 15.80 H2O Water 74.23 71.99 67.94 63.57 58.91 H4N2 Hydrazine 66.39 Hg Mercury 488.55 485.48 480.36 475.23 470.11 CCl4 Tetrachloromethane 26.43 23.37 20.31 17.25 CS2 Carbon disulfide 33.81 31.58 27.87 CHBr3 Tribromomethane 44.87 41.60 38.33 CHCl3 Trichloromethane 26.67 23.44 20.20 CH2Br2 Dibromomethane 39.05 35.33 31.61 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 27.20 CH2O2 Formic acid 37.13 34.38 31.64 CH3I Iodomethane 32.19 30.34 CH3NO Formamide 57.03 54.92 52.82 50.71 CH3NO2 Nitromethane 39.04 36.53 32.33 CH4O Methanol 23.23 22.07 20.14 CH5N Methylamine 19.15 C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane 34.15 31.20 28.26 C2HF3O2 Trifluoroacetic acid 13.53 11.42 C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 35.58 32.41 29.24 26.07 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 25.18 22.07 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 34.02 30.65 27.27 23.89 C2H3N Acetonitrile 28.66 25.51 C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane 39.55 36.25 32.95 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 24.07 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 31.86 28.29 24.72 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 22.54 20.50 17.10 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 27.10 24.61 22.13 C2H4O2 Methyl formate 26.72 24.36 20.43 16.50 12.57 C2H5Br Bromoethane 25.36 23.62 C2H5I Iodoethane 30.38 28.46 25.24 C2H5NO2 Nitroethane 34.02 32.13 29.00 C2H6O Ethanol 23.22 21.97 19.89 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide 42.92 40.06 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol 47.99 45.76 43.54 41.31 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide 25.27 24.06 C2H6S Ethanethiol 23.08 C2H6S2 Dimethyl disulfide 33.39 30.04 C2H7N Dimethylamine 26.34 C2H7N Ethylamine 19.20 6-136SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued) γ in mN/m Mol. form. Name 10 °C2 5 °C5 0 °C7 5 °C 100 °C C2H7NO Ethanolamine 48.32 45.53 42.73 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene 26.31 23.17 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 23.14 C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin 38.40 36.36 32.96 29.56 26.16 C3H5N Propanenitrile 26.75 23.87 C3H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloropropane 28.32 25.22 22.12 C3H6O Acetone 23.46 20.66 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 26.63 25.28 23.02 20.77 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 25.16 23.18 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 26.66 24.73 21.51 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid 26.20 23.72 21.23 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 27.08 25.26 22.21 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane 25.03 23.25 20.30 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 23.16 21.30 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane 20.49 19.16 C3H7NO2 2-Nitropropane 31.02 29.29 26.39 C3H8O 1-Propanol 24.48 23.32 21.38 19.43 C3H8O 2-Propanol 22.11 20.93 18.96 16.98 C3H8O2 2-Methoxyethanol 32.32 30.84 28.38 25.92 23.46 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol 24.20 21.02 C3H8S 2-Propanethiol 21.33 18.39 C3H9N Propylamine 21.75 C3H9N Trimethylamine 13.41 C4H4N2 Pyridazine 49.51 47.96 45.37 42.78 40.19 C4H4N2 Pyrimidine 30.33 27.80 25.28 22.75 C4H4S Thiophene 30.68 27.36 C4H5N Pyrrole 38.71 37.06 34.31 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride 34.08 31.93 28.34 24.75 21.16 C4H7N Butanenitrile 26.92 24.33 21.73 C4H8O 2-Butanone 23.97 21.16 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 32.75 29.28 25.80 22.32 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 25.13 23.39 20.49 17.58 14.68 C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 26.32 24.44 21.29 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid 26.05 23.75 21.45 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 27.58 25.90 23.08 20.27 17.45 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 24.85 23.18 20.39 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane 29.79 28.24 25.67 23.09 20.51 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 30.58 29.23 26.98 C4H10O 1-Butanol 26.28 24.93 22.69 20.44 18.20 C4H10O 2-Butanol 23.74 22.54 20.56 18.57 16.58 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 19.96 17.71 C4H10O Diethyl ether 16.65 C4H10O2 2-Ethoxyethanol 28.35 26.11 23.86 21.62 C4H10O3 Diethylene glycol 44.77 42.57 40.37 38.17 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide 26.22 24.57 21.80 C4H11N Butylamine 23.44 20.63 C4H11N Isobutylamine 21.75 19.02 C4H11N tert-Butylamine 16.87 C4H11N Diethylamine 19.85 C5H4O2 Furfural 45.08 43.09 39.78 36.46 33.14 C5H5N Pyridine 36.56 33.29 30.03 C5H8 Cyclopentene 24.45 22.20 C5H8O Cyclopentanone 34.45 32.80 30.05 27.30 24.55 C5H10 1-Pentene 17.10 15.45 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 18.61 17.15 C5H10 Cyclopentane 24.07 21.88 18.22 C5H10O 2-Pentanone 23.25 21.62 TeamLRN6-137SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued) C5H10O 3-Pentanone 24.74 22.13 C5H10O Pentanal 26.95 25.44 22.91 C5H10O2 Butyl formate 26.05 24.52 21.95 19.39 16.82 C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 25.48 23.80 21.00 18.20 15.40 C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate 23.37 21.76 19.08 16.40 C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate 25.55 23.80 20.88 17.96 C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate 26.34 24.62 21.76 18.89 16.03 C5H11Cl 1-Chloropentane 26.01 24.40 21.71 19.02 16.33 C5H11N Piperidine 30.64 28.91 26.03 23.14 20.26 C5H12 Pentane 17.15 15.49 C5H12O 1-Pentanol 26.67 25.36 23.17 20.99 18.80 C5H12O 2-Pentanol 24.96 23.45 20.94 18.43 15.92 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol 24.94 23.71 21.66 19.61 17.56 C5H13N Pentylamine 24.69 22.14 19.58 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene 37.15 35.43 32.57 29.70 26.83 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 36.98 35.24 32.34 29.44 26.54 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 34.78 32.99 30.02 27.04 24.06 C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol 39.70 36.89 34.09 31.28 C6H5ClO m-Chlorophenol 41.18 38.66 36.13 33.61 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 28.47 26.66 23.65 20.64 C6H5I Iodobenzene 40.40 38.71 35.91 33.10 30.29 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 40.56 37.66 34.77 C6H6 Benzene 28.22 25.00 21.77 C6H6O Phenol 38.20 35.53 32.86 C6H7N Aniline 42.12 39.41 36.69 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 33.00 29.90 26.79 C6H8N2 Adiponitrile 45.45 43.02 40.58 C6H10 Cyclohexene 28.01 26.17 23.12 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 36.43 34.57 31.46 28.36 25.25 C6H11N Hexanenitrile 27.37 25.11 22.84 C6H12 Cyclohexane 26.43 24.65 21.68 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 23.47 21.72 18.82 C6H12 1-Hexene 19.44 17.90 15.33 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 32.92 30.50 28.09 25.67 C6H12O 2-Hexanone 25.45 22.72 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate 26.48 24.88 22.21 19.54 16.87 C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate 24.58 23.06 20.53 17.99 15.46 C6H12O2 Ethyl butanoate 25.51 23.94 21.33 18.71 16.10 C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 27.22 25.63 22.97 20.32 17.66 C6H13Cl 1-Chlorohexane 27.28 25.73 23.13 20.54 17.94 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine 31.22 28.25 25.28 C6H14 Hexane 19.42 17.89 15.33 C6H14 2-Methylpentane 18.37 16.88 14.39 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 19.20 17.61 14.96 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 17.27 14.65 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 25.81 23.81 21.80 19.80 C6H14O2 1,1-Diethoxyethane 20.89 18.31 15.74 C6H14O2 2-Butoxyethanol 27.36 26.14 24.10 22.06 20.02 C6H15N Triethylamine 20.22 17.74 C6H15N Dipropylamine 22.31 19.75 17.20 C6H15N Diisopropylamine 19.14 16.45 C7H5N Benzonitrile 38.79 35.90 33.00 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 39.63 38.00 35.27 32.55 29.82 C7H8 Toluene 29.71 27.93 24.96 21.98 19.01 C7H8O o-Cresol 36.90 34.38 31.85 29.32 C7H8O m-Cresol 35.69 33.38 31.07 28.76 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 27.89 24.44γ in mN/m Mol. form. Name 10 °C2 5 °C5 0 °C7 5 °C 100 °C 6-138SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued) C7H8O Anisole 35.10 32.09 29.08 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 36.90 34.47 32.05 C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 32.71 30.04 27.36 C7H9N Benzylamine 39.30 36.27 33.23 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 24.98 23.29 20.46 C7H14 1-Heptene 21.29 19.80 17.33 14.85 C7H14O 2-Heptanone 26.12 23.48 C7H14O2 Pentyl acetate 26.67 25.17 22.69 20.20 17.72 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid 27.76 25.64 C7H16 Heptane 21.12 19.65 17.20 14.75 C7H16 3-Methylhexane 20.76 19.31 16.88 14.46 C8H8O Acetophenone 39.04 36.15 33.27 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate 37.17 34.25 31.32 C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate 40.98 39.22 36.28 33.35 30.41 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 30.39 28.75 26.01 23.28 20.54 C8H10 o-Xylene 31.41 29.76 27.01 24.25 21.50 C8H10 m-Xylene 30.13 28.47 25.71 22.95 20.19 C8H10 p-Xylene 28.01 25.32 22.64 19.95 C8H10O Phenetole 32.41 29.65 26.89 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 35.52 32.90 30.27 C8H11N N-Ethylaniline 36.33 33.65 30.98 C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane 26.73 25.15 22.51 C8H18 Octane 22.57 21.14 18.77 16.39 14.01 C8H18 2,5-Dimethylhexane 20.77 19.40 17.12 14.84 12.56 C8H18O 1-Octanol 28.30 27.10 25.12 C8H19N Dibutylamine 24.12 21.74 19.36 C8H19N Diisobutylamine 21.72 19.44 17.16 C9H7N Quinoline 44.19 42.59 39.94 37.28 34.62 C9H12 Cumene 29.27 27.69 25.05 22.42 19.78 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 30.74 29.20 26.64 24.07 21.51 C9H12 Mesitylene 28.89 27.55 25.31 23.07 20.82 C9H18O 5-Nonanone 26.28 23.85 C9H20 Nonane 23.79 22.38 20.05 17.71 15.37 C9H20O 1-Nonanol 29.03 27.89 26.00 24.10 22.20 C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 33.17 30.78 28.40 C10H22 Decane 24.75 23.37 21.07 18.77 16.47 C10H22O 1-Decanol 29.61 28.51 26.68 24.85 23.02 C11H24 Undecane 25.56 24.21 21.96 19.70 17.45 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 26.75 24.80 C12H27N Tributylamine 24.39 22.32 20.24 C13H28 Tridecane 26.86 25.55 23.37 21.19 19.01 C14H12O2 Benzyl benzoate 44.47 42.82 40.06 37.31 34.55 C14H30 Tetradecane 27.43 26.13 23.96 21.78 19.61 C16H34 Hexadecane 27.05 24.91 22.78 20.64 C18H38 Octadecane 27.87 25.77 23.66 21.55γ in mN/m Mol. form. Name 10 °C2 5 °C5 0 °C7 5 °C 100 °C TeamLRN6-154SURFACE TENSION OF AQUEOUS MIXTURES The composition dependence of the surface tension of binary mix tures of several compounds with water is given in this table. T he data are tabulated as a function of the mass percent of the non-aqueous component. Data for methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol are tak en from Reference 1, which also gives values at other temperatures. REFERENCES 1. Vazquez, G., Alvarez, E., and Navaza, J. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 40, 611, 1995. 2.Landolt-B örnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Scienc e and Technology, New Series , IV/16, Surface Tension , Springer- Verlag, Heidelberg, 1997. Surface Tension in mN/m for the Specified Mass % Compound t/°C 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Acetic acid 30 71.2 51.4 43.3 41.2 38.2 37.4 36.1 33.5 31.5 30.2 26.3 Acetone 25 72.0 44.9 40.5 36.7 33.0 30.1 29.4 29.4 27.6 24.5 23.1Acetonitrile 20 72.8 48.5 40.2 34.1 31.6 30.6 30.0 29.6 29.1 28.7 28.4 1,2-Butanediol 25 72.0 66.1 60.4 55.1 50.1 45.6 43.3 41.9 40.8 39.2 35.8 1,3-Butanediol 30 71.2 58.1 51.6 48.7 45.8 43.9 42.4 41.2 40.0 39.0 37.01,4-Butanediol 30 71.2 61.2 56.9 54.2 52.0 50.7 49.5 47.9 46.6 45.2 43.8 Butanoic acid 30 71.2 42.4 37.5 35.5 34.8 32.2 30.8 29.2 27.4 26.3 25.5 2-Butanone 20 72.8 41.6 32.2 25.2 24.6γ-Butyrolactone 30 71.2 64 58 53 50 48 46 45 44 42.8 42.7 Chloroacetic acid 25 72.0 59.8 53.6 51.3 49.7 48.3 47.5 46.1 Diethanolamine 25 72.0 66.8 63.2 60.7 58.8 57.2 55.7 54.3 52.7 50.6 47.2N,N-Dimethylacetamide 25 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.4 73.5 74.9 75.4 73.0 65.7 54.7 36. 4 N,N-Dimethylformamide 25 72.0 65.4 59.2 53.8 49.6 47.3 46.9 44.9 42.3 38.4 35. 2 1,4-Dioxane 25 72.0 41.2 39.6 37.9 36.2 34.5 33.7Ethanol 25 72.01 47.53 37.97 32.98 30.16 27.96 26.23 25.01 23.82 22.72 21.8 2 Ethylene glycol 20 72.8 68.5 64.9 61.9 57.0 48.2 Formic acid 20 72.8 66 60 55.7 52.2 50.3 48.8 47.1 44.7 40.9 38.0Glycerol 25 72.0 70.5 69.5 68.5 67.9 67.4 66.9 66.5 65.7 64.5 62.5 Methanol 25 72.01 56.18 47.21 41.09 36.51 32.86 29.83 27.48 25.54 23.93 22. 51 Morpholine 20 72.8 65.1 60.7 58.9 56.7 53.0 49.6 47.0 43.7 41.8 38.7Nitric acid 20 72.8 71.9 70.7 68.9 66.6 63.8 60.6 56.8 52.6 47.9 42.6 Propanoic acid 30 71.2 46.6 42.2 37.7 35.6 33.1 31.7 30.2 28.2 27.4 25.8 1-Propanol 25 72.01 34.32 27.84 25.98 25.26 24.80 24.49 24.08 23.86 23.59 2 3.28 2-Propanol 25 72.01 40.42 30.57 26.82 25.27 24.26 23.51 22.68 22.14 21.69 2 1.22 1,2-Propylene glycol 30 71.2 60.5 54.9 50.7 47.2 44.5 41.5 38.6 37.6 36.3 3 5.5 1,3-Propylene glycol 30 71.2 62.6 58.8 55.7 53.8 52.8 51.7 50.8 49.6 48.2 4 7.0 Pyridine 25 72.0 52.8 51.2 48.0 46.8 46.6 45.8 45.0 43.6 40.9 37.0 Sulfolane 20 72.8 62.5 61.6 59.6 57.1 54.9 50.9 Sulfuric acid 50 67.9 73.5 75.1 73.6 71.2 68.0 64.1 60.0 56.4 53.6 51.7Trichloroacetaldehyde 25 72.0 56.7 51.0 46.7 44.1 43.0 42.5 41.5 38.9 34.7 29.4 Trichloroacetic acid 25 72.0 55.8 46.5 42.8 41.6 40.6 39.4 38.3 37.4 36.5 6-153PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS Christian Wohlfarth The permittivity of a substance (often called the dielectric constant) is the ratio of the electric displacement D to the electric field strength E when an external field is applied to the substance. The quantity tabulated here is the relative permittivity, which is the ratio of the actual permittivity to the permittivity of a vacuum; it is a dimensionless number. The table gives the static relative permittivity εr, i.e., the relative permittivity measured in static fields or at low frequencies where no relaxation effects occur. The fourth column of the table lists the value of εr at the temperature specified in the third column, usually 293.15 or 298.15 K. Otherwise, the temperature closest to 293.15 K was chosen, or (as it is the case for many of the substances included here) εr is given at the only temperature for which data are available. The static permittivity refers to nominal atmospheric pressure as long as the corresponding temperature is below the normal boi ling point. Otherwise, at temperatures above the normal boiling point, the pressure is understood to be the saturated vapor pressure of the substance considered. For substances where information on the temperature dependence of the permittivity is available, the table gives the coefficien ts of a simple polynomial fitting of permittivity to temperature with an equation of the form εr(T) = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 where T is the absolute temperature in K. Since the parameter d was used in only a few cases where the quadratic fit was not satisfactory, only a, b, and c are listed as columns in the table, while the d values are given at the end of this introduction. For all other substances, d = 0. The temperature range of the fit is given in the last column. The coefficients of the fitting equation can be used to calculate dielectric cons tants within the fitted temperature range but should not be used for extrapolation outside this range. The user who needs dielectric constant data with more accuracy than can be provided by this equation is referred to Reference 1, which gives the original data together with their literature sourc e. Substances are listed by molecular formula in modified Hill order, with substances not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. * Indicates that the isomer was not specified in the original reference. ** Indicates a compound for which the cubic term is needed: Ethanol d = -0.15512E-05 N-Methylacetamide d = -0.12998E-04 1,2-Propylene glycol d = -0.32544E-05 1-Butanol d = -0.48841E-06 2-Butanol d = -0.89512E-06 2-Methyl-1-propanol d = -0.45229E-06 2-Methyl-2-propanol d = -0.25968E-05 N-Butylacetamide d = -0.48716E-05 REFERENCES 1. Wohlfarth, Ch., “Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures”, Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology , New Series, Editor in Chief, O. Madelung, Group IV, Macroscopic and Technical Properties of Matter, Volume 6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1991. 2. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K AlBr3 Aluminum tribromide 373.2 3.38 Ar Argon 140.00 1.3247 0.12408E+01 0.68755E-02 -0.45344E-04 87-149 AsH3 Arsine 200.9 2.40 0.37674E+01 -0.97454E-02 0.14537E-04 157-201 BBr3 Boron tribromide 273.2 2.58 B2H6 Diborane 180.66 1.8725 0.23848E+01 -0.29501E-02 0.64189E-06 108-181 B5H9 Pentaborane(9) 298.2 21.1 0.40952E+03 -0.24414E+01 0.38225E-02 226-298 BrF3 Bromine trifluoride 298.2 106.8 BrF5 Bromine pentafluoride 297.7 7.91 0.11428E+02 -0.11822E-01 262-298 BrH Hydrogen bromide 186.8 8.23 BrNO Nitrosyl bromide 288.4 13.4Br 2 Bromine 297.9 3.1484 0.32701E+01 -0.12535E-03 273-327 Br2OS Thionyl bromide 293.2 9.06 Br3OV Vanadyl tribromide 298.2 3.6 0.61112E+01 -0.84211E-02 203-298 Br4Ge Germanium(IV) bromide 299.9 2.955 0.34450E+01 -0.16083E-02 300-316 Br4Sn Tin(IV) bromide 303.45 3.169 0.50001E+01 -0.60383E-02 304-316 ClFO3 Perchloryl fluoride 150.2 2.194 0.23808E+01 -0.38629E-03 -0.57143E-05 125-150 ClF3 Chlorine trifluoride 293.2 4.394 0.96716E+01 -0.18000E-01 273-313 TeamLRN6-154PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K ClF5 Chlorine pentafluoride 193.2 4.28 0.78192E+01 -0.20860E-01 0.13132E-04 193-256 ClH Hydrogen chloride 158.9 14.3 0.47316E+02 -0.28455E+00 0.48650E-03 159-258 ClNO Nitrosyl chloride 285.2 18.2Cl 2 Chlorine 208.0 2.147 0.29440E+01 -0.44649E-02 0.30388E-05 208-240 Cl2F3P Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride 228.63 2.8129 0.46501E+01 -0.80358E-02 172-229 Cl2OS Thionyl chloride 298.2 8.675 Cl2OSe Selenium oxychloride 293.2 46.2 Cl2O2S Sulfuryl chloride 293.2 9.1 Cl2S Sulfur dichloride 298.2 2.915 Cl2S2 Sulfur chloride 288.2 4.79 Cl3F2P Phosphorus(V) trichloride difluoride 268.0 2.3752 0.28905E+01 -0.19228E-02 215-268 Cl3OP Phosphorus(V) oxychloride 293.2 14.1 Cl3OV Vanadyl trichloride 298.2 3.4 Cl3P Phosphorus(III) chloride 290.2 3.498 0.59098E+01 -0.83322E-02 290-333 Cl3PS Phosphorus(V) sulfide trichloride 298.2 4.94 Cl4FP Phosphorus(V) tetrachloride fluoride 272.64 2.6499 0.33503E+01 -0.29651E-02 244-273 Cl4Ge Germanium(IV) chloride 273.2 2.463 -0.55078E+01 0.64881E-01 -0.13091E-03 246-273 Cl4Pb Lead(IV) chloride 293.2 2.78 Cl4Si Tetrachlorosilane 273.2 2.248 0.58041E+01 -0.27129E-01 0.51678E-04 207-273 Cl4Sn Tin(IV) chloride 273.2 3.014 0.43951E+01 -0.48805E-02 234-273 Cl4Ti Titanium(IV) chloride 257.4 2.843 0.33668E+01 -0.19675E-02 237-257 Cl4V Vanadium(IV) chloride 298.2 3.05 Cl5P Phosphorus(V) chloride 433.2 2.85 Cl5Sb Antimony(V) chloride 293.0 3.222 0.45413E+01 -0.45078E-02 276-320 FH Hydrogen fluoride 273.2 83.6 0.50352E+03 -0.19297E+01 0.14372E-02 200-273 F2 Fluorine 53.48 1.4913 0.14144E+01 0.26387E-02 -0.28356E-04 54-144 F5I Iodine pentafluoride 293.2 37.13 0.95184E+02 -0.19800E+00 273-313 F6S Sulfur hexafluoride 223.2 1.81 F6Xe Xenon hexafluoride 328.2 4.10 F7I Iodine heptafluoride 298.2 1.75 F10S2 Sulfur decafluoride 293.2 2.0202 HI Hydrogen iodide 220.2 3.87 0.51557E+03 -0.44552E+01 0.96795E-02 220-236 H2 Hydrogen 13.52 1.2792 0.13327E+01 -0.51946E-02 14-19 H2O Water 293.2 80.100 0.24921E+03 -0.79069E+00 0.72997E-03 273-372 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide 290.2 74.6 0.48511E+03 -0.23145E+01 0.31020E-02 233-303 H2S Hydrogen sulfide 283.2 5.93 0.14736E+02 -0.33675E-01 0.96740E-05 212-363 H3N Ammonia 293.2 16.61 0.66756E+02 -0.24696E+00 0.25913E-03 238-323 H4N2 Hydrazine 298.2 51.7 0.22061E+03 -0.89633E+00 0.11066E-02 278-323 He Helium 2.055 1.0555 0.10640E+01 -0.35584E-02 2-4 I2 Iodine 391.25 11.08 0.64730E+02 -0.29266E+00 0.39759E-03 391-441 Kr Krypton 119.80 1.664 Mn2O7Manganese(VII) oxide 293.2 3.28 0.37655E+01 -0.16463E-02 283-312 NO Nitric oxide 1.997N 2 Nitrogen 63.15 1.4680 0.12550E+01 0.67949E-02 -0.56704E-04 63-126 N2O3 Nitrogen trioxide 203.2 31.13 0.92287E+02 -0.43306E+00 0.65000E-03 203-243 N2O4 Nitrogen tetroxide 293.2 2.44 0.28212E+01 -0.13000E-02 253-293 Ne Neon 26.11 1.1907 0.12667E+01 -0.29064E-02 26-29 O2 Oxygen 54.478 1.5684 0.15434E+01 0.14615E-02 -0.21964E-04 55-154 O2S Sulfur dioxide 298.2 16.3 0.52045E+02 -0.16125E+00 0.11042E-03 213-449 O3 Ozone 90.2 4.75 0.86344E+01 -0.54807E-01 0.12596E-03 90-185 O3S Sulfur trioxide 291.2 3.11 P Phosphorus 307.2 4.096 0.79018E+00 0.23911E-01 -0.42826E-04 307-358S Sulfur 407.2 3.4991 0.51651E+01 -0.77381E-02 0.89120E-05 407-479 Se Selenium 510.65 5.44 0.67569E+01 -0.25829E-02 511-575 Xe Xenon 161.35 1.880 CBrClF 2Bromochlorodifluoromethane 123.2 3.920 0.52442E+01 -0.11000E-01 123-223 CBrCl3Bromotrichloromethane 293.2 2.405 0.29249E+01 -0.17650E-02 273-333 CBrF3 Bromotrifluoromethane 123.2 3.730 0.54154E+01 -0.13680E-01 123-173 CBr2Cl2Dibromodichloromethane 298.2 2.542 0.32330E+01 -0.23162E-02 298-333 6-155CBr2F2Dibromodifluoromethane 273.2 2.939 0.67296E+01 -0.22133E-01 0.30213E-04 139-273 CBr3Cl Tribromochloromethane 333.2 2.601 CBr3F Tribromofluoromethane 293.2 3.00 0.53203E+01 -0.11061E-01 0.10688E-04 206-323 CBr3NO2Tribromonitromethane 298.2 9.034 0.16079E+02 -0.23630E-01 298-328 CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane 123.2 3.010 0.43677E+01 -0.11020E-01 123-173 CCl2F2Dichlorodifluoromethane 123.2 3.500 0.46984E+01 -0.97600E-02 123-223 CCl2O Carbonyl chloride 295.2 4.30 CCl3D Trichloromethane- d 298.2 4.67 CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane 293.2 3.00 0.53203E+01 -0.11061E-01 0.10688E-04 206-323 CCl3NO2Trichloronitromethane 293.2 7.319 0.14403E+02 -0.24178E-01 276-333 CCl4 Tetrachloromethane 293.2 2.2379 0.28280E+01 -0.20339E-02 0.71795E-07 283-333 CF4 Tetrafluoromethane 126.3 1.685 0.20350E+01 -0.27616E-02 126-142 CHBr3Tribromomethane 283.2 4.404 0.71707E+01 -0.98000E-02 283-343 CHCl3Trichloromethane 293.2 4.8069 0.15115E+02 -0.51830E-01 0.56803E-04 218-323 CHF3 Trifluoromethane 294.0 5.2 0.11442E+03 -0.75600E+00 0.13562E-02 130-263 CHN Hydrogen cyanide 293.2 114.9 0.37331E+04 -0.23180E+02 0.36963E-01 258-299 CH2Br2Dibromomethane 283.2 7.77 0.18060E+02 -0.36333E-01 283-313 CH2Cl2Dichloromethane 298.0 8.93 0.40452E+02 -0.17748E+00 0.23942E-03 184-306 CH2F2Difluoromethane 152.2 53.74 0.19428E+03 -0.12939E+01 0.24280E-02 152-224 CH2I2 Diiodomethane 298.2 5.32 CH2O2Formic acid 298.2 51.1 0.14040E+03 -0.24673E+00 -0.17151E-03 287-358 CH3Br Bromomethane 275.7 9.71 0.40580E+02 -0.18418E+00 0.26219E-03 195-276 CH3Cl Chloromethane 295.2 10.0 0.42775E+02 -0.16175E+00 0.17108E-03 190-392 CH3ClO2S Methanesulfonyl chloride 293.2 34.0 0.10384E+03 -0.33838E+00 0.34156E-03 293-373 CH3DO Methan- d1-ol 297.5 31.68 0.20839E+03 -0.10318E+01 0.14740E-02 176-298 CH3F Fluoromethane 131.0 51.0 0.11338E+03 -0.63979E+00 0.96983E-03 150-299 CH3I Iodomethane 293.2 6.97 0.24264E+02 -0.93914E-01 0.11926E-03 223-303 CH3NO Formamide 293.2 111.0 0.26076E+03 -0.61145E+00 0.34296E-03 278-333 CH3NO2Nitromethane 293.2 37.27 0.11227E+03 -0.35591E+00 0.34206E-03 288-343 CH3NO2Methyl nitrite 200.0 20.77 0.11071E+03 -0.73428E+00 0.14054E-02 110-260 CH3NO3Methyl nitrate 293.2 23.9 CH4 Methane 91.0 1.6761 0.15996E+01 0.27434E-02 -0.22086E-04 91-184 CH4O Methanol 293.2 33.0 0.19341E+03 -0.92211E+00 0.12839E-02 177-293 CH5N Methylamine 215.2 16.7 0.34398E+02 -0.73630E-01 -0.41279E-04 198-258 CN4O8Tetranitromethane 293.2 2.317 COS Carbon oxysulfide 185.0 4.47 0.84702E+01 -0.21488E-01 143-185COSe Carbon oxyselenide 283.2 3.47 0.48740E+01 -0.49425E-02 219-283 CO 2 Carbon dioxide 295.0 1.4492 0.79062E+00 0.10639E-01 -0.28510E-04 220-300 CS2 Carbon disulfide 293.2 2.6320 0.45024E+01 -0.12054E-01 0.19147E-04 154-319 C2Br2F41,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 298.2 2.34 C2Cl2F41,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 273.2 2.4842 0.36663E+01 -0.42271E-02 -0.36255E-06 193-273 C2Cl2O2Oxalyl chloride 294.35 3.470 C2Cl3N Trichloroacetonitrile 292.2 7.85 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene 303.2 2.268 C2Cl4F21,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 308.2 2.52 C2HBr3O Tribromoacetaldehyde 293.2 7.6 C2HCl3Trichloroethylene 301.5 3.390 0.58319E+01 -0.80828E-02 302-338 C2HCl3F21,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 303.2 4.01 0.75423E+01 -0.11667E-01 303-333 C2HCl3O Trichloroacetaldehyde 298.2 6.8 C2HCl3O2Trichloroacetic acid 333.2 4.34 0.13412E+01 0.90000E-02 -0.24130E-14 333-393 C2HCl5Pentachloroethane 298.2 3.716 0.65972E+01 -0.96800E-02 298-338 C2HF3O2Trifluoroacetic acid 293.2 8.42 0.21652E+02 -0.68146E-01 0.78571E-04 263-323 C2H2 Acetylene 195.0 2.4841 C2H2Br2cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene 298.2 7.08 C2H2Br2trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene 298.2 2.88 C2H2Br41,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 303.2 6.72 0.16246E+02 -0.31500E-01 303-333 C2H2Cl21,1-Dichloroethylene 293.2 4.60 C2H2Cl2cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 298.2 9.20 C2H2Cl2trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 293.2 2.14PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-156C2H2Cl2O2Dichloroacetic acid 293.2 8.33 0.11014E+02 -0.10859E-01 0.49242E-05 284-363 C2H2Cl41,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 207.2 9.22 0.19606E+02 -0.49847E-01 207-233 C2H2Cl41,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 293.2 8.50 C2H2I2cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene 345.65 4.46 C2H3ClO Acetyl chloride 295.2 15.8 C2H3ClO2Chloroacetic acid 338.2 12.35 0.17310E+02 -0.14674E-01 338-393 C2H3Cl2NO21,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 303.2 16.3 0.37576E+02 -0.70400E-01 303-333 C2H3Cl31,1,1-Trichloroethane 293.2 7.243 0.27705E+02 -0.10621E+00 0.12424E-03 258-318 C2H3Cl31,1,2-Trichloroethane 298.2 7.1937 0.17147E+02 -0.33371E-01 288-318 C2H3F3O 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol 293.2 27.68 0.90593E+02 -0.21421E+00 293-318 C2H3N Acetonitrile 293.2 36.64 0.29724E+03 -0.15508E+01 0.22591E-02 288-333 C2H3NO Methyl isocyanate 288.7 21.75 C2H4 Ethylene 270.0 1.4833 0.13546E+01 0.62614E-02 -0.21374E-04 200-270 C2H4BrCl 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 283.2 7.41 0.19493E+02 -0.59054E-01 0.58036E-04 263-363 C2H4Br21,2-Dibromoethane 293.2 4.9612 0.67142E+01 -0.59800E-02 293-313 C2H4Cl21,1-Dichloroethane 298.2 10.10 0.24429E+02 -0.48000E-01 288-318 C2H4Cl21,2-Dichloroethane 293.2 10.42 0.24404E+02 -0.47892E-01 293-343 C2H4Cl2O Bis(chloromethyl) ether 293.2 3.51 C2H4N2O6Ethylene glycol dinitrate 293.2 28.26 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 291.2 21.0 C2H4O Ethylene oxide 293.2 12.42 0.52661E+02 -0.21337E+00 0.25947E-03 293-243 C2H4OS Thioacetic acid 298.2 14.30 C2H4O2Acetic acid 293.2 6.20 -0.15731E+02 0.12662E+00 -0.17738E-03 293-363 C2H4O2Methyl formate 288.2 9.20 0.19699E+02 -0.36429E-01 288-302 C2H4O3S Ethylene glycol sulfite 298.2 39.6 0.85483E+02 -0.15400E+00 298-328 C2H5Br Bromoethane 298.2 9.01 0.28473E+02 -0.85495E-01 0.67971E-04 243-308 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 293.2 9.45 0.60693E+02 -0.31290E+00 0.47154E-03 237-293 C2H5ClO 2-Chloroethanol 293.2 25.80 0.11155E+03 -0.30149E+00 140-175 C2H5I Iodoethane 293.2 7.82 0.25598E+02 -0.94367E-01 0.11424E-03 183-343 C2H5N Ethyleneimine 298.2 18.3 0.61405E+02 -0.14474E+00 273-298 C2H5NO Acetamide 363.7 67.6 -0.20055E+03 0.15515E+01 -0.22392E-02 364-448 C2H5NO N-Methylformamide 293.2 189.0 0.10383E+04 -0.43165E+01 0.48398E-02 276-353 C2H5NO Acetaldoxime 298.2 4.70 C2H5NO2Nitroethane 288.2 29.11 0.57406E+02 -0.97657E-01 276-333 C2H5NO2Methyl carbamate 328.2 18.48 0.36773E+02 -0.55700E-01 328-368 C2H5NO3Ethyl nitrate 293.2 19.7 C2H6 Ethane 95.0 1.9356 0.20185E+01 -0.51493E-03 -0.48148E-05 95-295 C2H6O Ethanol 293.2 25.3 0.15145E+03 -0.87020E+00 0.19570E-02 163-523 C2H6O Dimethyl ether 258.0 6.18 0.22389E+02 -0.86524E-01 0.91291E-04 155-258 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide 293.2 47.24 0.38478E+02 0.16939E+00 -0.47423E-03 288-343 C2H6O2Ethylene glycol 293.2 41.4 0.14355E+03 -0.48573E+00 0.46703E-03 293-423 C2H6O2S Dimethyl sulfone 383.2 47.39 0.10830E+03 -0.15900E+00 383-398 C2H6O4S Dimethyl sulfate 298.2 55.0 C2H6S Ethanethiol 298.2 6.667 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide 294.2 6.70 C2H6S21,2-Ethanedithiol 293.2 7.26 0.11228E+02 -0.13500E-01 293-333 C2H6S2Dimethyl disulfide 298.2 9.6 0.19109E+02 -0.32000E-01 298-323 C2H7N Ethylamine 273.2 8.7 0.30163E+02 -0.79000E-01 233-273 C2H7NO Ethanolamine 293.2 31.94 0.14890E+03 -0.62491E+00 0.77143E-03 253-293 C2H8N21,2-Ethanediamine 293.2 13.82 0.48922E+02 -0.17021E+00 0.17262E-03 273-333 C3Cl6O Hexachloroacetone 291.9 3.925 0.76423E+01 -0.15838E-01 0.10618E-04 269-303 C3F6O Perfluoroacetone 202.2 2.104 0.34809E+01 -0.92883E-02 0.12282E-04 151-238 C3HN Cyanoacetylene 291.9 72.3 0.91803E+03 -0.49149E+01 0.69104E-02 281-314 C3H2F6O 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol 293.2 16.70 C3H3ClO34-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one 313.2 62.0 C3H3N Acrylonitrile 293.2 33.0 0.11109E+03 -0.36806E+00 0.34879E-03 233-413 C3H3NO2Cyanoacetic acid 277.2 33.4 C3H4 Allene 269.0 2.025 0.26049E+01 -0.44147E-03 -0.63420E-05 156-269 C3H4 Propyne 246.0 3.218 0.60871E+01 -0.11730E-01 185-246PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K 6-157C3H4ClF33-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 295.2 7.32 0.22361E+02 -0.68840E-01 0.60594E-04 275-313 C3H4ClNO 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate 288.2 29.1 0.64311E+02 -0.12217E+00 288-403 C3H4Cl2O 1,1-Dichloroacetone 293.2 14.6 C3H4F4O 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol 298.2 21.03 C3H4O Propargyl alcohol 293.2 20.8 0.99895E+02 -0.38911E+00 0.40776E-03 213-293 C3H4O3Ethylene carbonate 313.2 89.78 0.20746E+03 -0.37610E+00 313-343 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene 293.2 7.0 C3H5BrO22-Bromopropanoic acid 294.2 11.0 C3H5Br31,2,3-Tribromopropane 303.2 6.00 0.11024E+02 -0.16596E-01 303-358 C3H5Cl 2-Chloropropene 299.25 8.92 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 293.2 8.2 C3H5ClN2O63-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate 293.2 17.50 C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin 293.2 22.6 C3H5ClO2Ethyl chloroformate 308.7 9.736 0.15356E+02 -0.18250E-01 309-349 C3H5ClO2Methyl chloroacetate 293.2 12.0 C3H5Cl31,2,3-Trichloropropane 293.2 7.5 C3H5I 3-Iodopropene 292.2 6.1 C3H5N Propanenitrile 293.2 29.7 0.82222E+02 -0.22937E+00 0.17424E-03 213-473 C3H5NO Ethyl isocyanate 293.2 19.7 C3H5NS Ethyl isothiocyanate 293.2 19.6 C3H5N3O9Trinitroglycerol 293.2 19.25 C3H6 Propene 220.0 2.1365 0.29623E+01 -0.37564E-02 220-250 C3H6Br21,2-Dibromopropane 283.2 4.60 0.54973E+01 -0.31695E-02 283-333 C3H6Br21,3-Dibromopropane 293.2 9.482 0.29193E+02 -0.94450E-01 0.92800E-04 293-368 C3H6ClNO22-Chloro-2-nitropropane 250.4 31.90 C3H6Cl21,2-Dichloropropane 293.2 8.37 0.18915E+02 -0.35907E-01 281-323 C3H6Cl21,3-Dichloropropane 303.2 10.27 0.21609E+02 -0.37333E-01 303-333 C3H6Cl22,2-Dichloropropane 293.2 11.37 0.32421E+02 -0.72188E-01 245-293 C3H6N2O42,2-Dinitropropane 325.1 42.4 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 293.2 19.7 0.62714E+02 -0.14771E+00 0.37879E-05 213-303 C3H6O Propanal 290.2 18.5 C3H6O Acetone 293.2 21.01 0.88157E+02 -0.34300E+00 0.38925E-03 273-323 C3H6O2Propanoic acid 298.2 3.44 0.18793E+01 0.46841E-02 0.19983E-05 289-408 C3H6O2Ethyl formate 288.2 8.57 0.15884E+02 -0.25333E-01 288-318 C3H6O2Methyl acetate 288.2 7.07 0.13190E+02 -0.21226E-01 276-318 C3H6O33-Hydroxypropanoic acid 296.2 30.0 C3H6O3Dimethyl carbonate 298.2 3.087 C3H6O31,3,5-Trioxane 338.2 15.55 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 293.2 8.09 0.17769E+02 -0.32599E-01 274-328 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane 293.2 9.46 0.26195E+02 -0.72995E-01 0.55454E-04 186-328 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 293.2 8.588 0.21214E+02 -0.43130E-01 273-313 C3H7ClO 3-Chloro-1-propanol 215.2 36.0 0.12436E+03 -0.60841E+00 0.92060E-03 145-215 C3H7ClO 1-Chloro-2-propanol 153.2 59.0 -0.19169E+02 0.13605E+01 -0.55567E-02 153-177 C3H7ClO23-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 293.2 31.0 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane 293.2 7.07 0.13744E+02 -0.22745E-01 293-323 C3H7I 2-Iodopropane 298.2 8.19 C3H7NO N-Ethylformamide 298.2 102.7 0.64764E+03 -0.28499E+01 0.34286E-02 298-338 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide 293.2 38.25 0.15364E+03 -0.60367E+00 0.71505E-03 213-353 C3H7NO N-Methylacetamide 303.2 179.0 0.15975E+04 -0.90451E+01 0.18345E-01 303-473 C3H7NO21-Nitropropane 288.2 24.70 0.94999E+02 -0.38358E+00 0.48480E-03 276-333 C3H7NO22-Nitropropane 288.2 26.74 0.60138E+02 -0.11566E+00 276-303 C3H7NO2Propyl nitrite 250.0 12.35 0.70552E+02 -0.40362E+00 0.66687E-03 110-310 C3H7NO2Isopropyl nitrite 260.0 13.92 0.74578E+02 -0.38283E+00 0.57071E-03 150-300 C3H7NO2Ethyl carbamate 328.2 14.14 0.32431E+02 -0.65097E-01 0.28571E-04 328-368 C3H8 Propane 293.19 1.6678 0.22883E+01 -0.23276E-02 0.84710E-06 90-300 C3H8O 1-Propanol 293.2 20.8 0.98045E+02 -0.36860E+00 0.36422E-03 193-493 C3H8O 2-Propanol 293.2 20.18 0.10416E+03 -0.41011E+00 0.42049E-03 193-493 C3H8O21,2-Propylene glycol 303.2 27.5 0.24546E+03 -0.15738E+01 0.38068E-02 193-403 C3H8O21,3-Propylene glycol 293.2 35.1 0.11365E+03 -0.36680E+00 0.33766E-03 288-328PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-158C3H8O2Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 298.2 17.2 0.11803E+03 -0.58000E+00 0.81001E-03 254-318 C3H8O2Dimethoxymethane 293.2 2.644 0.25877E+01 -0.93019E-03 0.38472E-05 171-293 C3H8O3Glycerol 293.2 46.53 0.77503E+02 -0.37984E-01 -0.23107E-03 288-343 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol 288.2 5.937 0.11602E+02 -0.19580E-01 273-318 C3H8S 2-Propanethiol 298.2 5.952 C3H8S21,2-Propanedithiol 293.2 7.24 0.14667E+02 -0.32660E-01 0.25000E-04 293-333 C3H8S21,3-Propanedithiol 303.2 8.11 0.66607E+01 0.31310E-01 -0.87500E-04 303-343 C3H9BO3Trimethyl borate 293.2 2.2762 C3H9ClSi Trimethylchlorosilane 273.2 10.21 -0.19492E+02 0.29806E+00 -0.69284E-03 223-273 C3H9N Propylamine 296.2 5.08 0.17719E+02 -0.59022E-01 0.54780E-04 204-296 C3H9N Isopropylamine 293.2 5.6268 0.40429E+02 -0.21441E+00 0.32634E-03 213-298 C3H9N Trimethylamine 298.2 2.440 0.39745E+01 -0.51331E-02 273-298 C3H9O4P Trimethyl phosphate 293.2 20.6 C4Cl6 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 293.2 2.55 C4Cl6O3Trichloroacetic anhydride 298.2 5.0 C4F6O3Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride 298.2 2.7 C4H2Cl4O3Dichloroacetic anhydride 298.2 15.8 C4H2O3Maleic anhydride 326.2 52.75 C4H3F7O 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol 298.2 14.4 C4H4N2Succinonitrile 298.2 62.6 0.17724E+03 -0.54654E+00 0.54046E-03 236-351 C4H4N2Pyrazine 323.2 2.80 C4H4O Furan 277.1 2.88 0.13636E+01 0.12864E-01 -0.22701E-04 188-277 C4H4S Thiophene 293.2 2.739 0.32941E+01 -0.19019E-02 253-293 C4H5Cl 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 293.2 4.914 C4H5Cl3O2Ethyl trichloroacetate 293.2 8.428 C4H5N Pyrrole 293.0 8.00 0.12672E+02 -0.14075E-01 -0.62671E-05 293-357 C4H5NO Allyl isocynate 288.2 15.15 0.34299E+02 -0.66444E-01 288-333 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene 265.0 2.050 0.27674E+01 -0.26738E-02 185-265 C4H6O Divinyl ether 288.2 3.94 C4H6O Ethoxyacetylene 298.2 8.05 C4H6O Cyclobutanone 298.2 14.27 0.43974E+02 -0.15712E+00 0.19264E-03 220-317 C4H6O2Methyl acrylate 303.2 7.03 0.11968E+02 -0.16500E-01 303-333 C4H6O22,3-Butanedione 298.2 4.04 0.46907E+01 -0.22302E-02 278-348 C4H6O2γ-Butyrolactone 293.2 39.0 C4H6O3Acetic anhydride 293.2 22.45 C4H6O3Propylene carbonate 293.0 66.14 0.15940E+03 -0.39530E+00 0.26284E-03 273-333 C4H7Br cis-2-Bromo-2-butene 293.2 5.38 C4H7Br trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 293.2 6.76 C4H7BrO22-Bromobutanoic acid 293.2 7.2 C4H7BrO2Ethyl bromoacetate 303.2 9.75 0.15627E+02 -0.19600E-01 303-333 C4H7BrO2Methyl 3-bromopropanoate 303.2 5.81 0.36001E+01 0.72500E-02 303-343 C4H7ClO2Propyl chlorocarbonate 293.2 11.2 C4H7ClO2Methyl 2-chloropropanoate 303.2 11.45 0.22449E+02 -0.36250E-01 303-343 C4H7N Butanenitrile 293.2 24.83 0.53884E+02 -0.99257E-01 293-333 C4H7N 2-Methylpropanenitrile 293.2 24.42 0.52554E+02 -0.96000E-01 293-313 C4H7NO 2-Pyrrolidone 298.2 28.18 0.11054E+03 -0.47945E+00 0.68182E-03 298-338 C4H8 1-Butene 220.0 2.2195 0.29354E+01 -0.32580E-02 220-250 C4H8 cis-2-Butene 296.0 1.960 0.28802E+01 -0.31064E-02 197-296 C4H8 Isobutene 288.7 2.1225 0.33701E+01 -0.43295E-02 220-289 C4H8Br21,2-Dibromobutane 293.2 4.74 0.11199E+03 -0.63334E+00 0.91250E-03 293-333 C4H8Br21,3-Dibromobutane 293.2 9.14 0.34031E+02 -0.13254E+00 0.16250E-03 293-333 C4H8Br21,4-Dibromobutane 303.2 8.68 0.20944E+02 -0.55620E-01 0.50000E-04 303-333 C4H8Br22,3-Dibromobutane 298.2 6.245 0.23849E+02 -0.96300E-01 0.12500E-03 293-333 C4H8Br21,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 293.2 4.1 C4H8Cl21,2-Dichlorobutane 293.2 7.74 0.31925E+02 -0.13232E+00 0.17007E-03 293-356 C4H8Cl21,4-Dichlorobutane 308.2 9.30 0.59766E+01 0.49300E-01 -0.12500E-03 308-338 C4H8Cl21,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 296.0 7.15 0.39429E+02 -0.20028E+00 0.30917E-03 165-296 C4H8Cl2O Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 293.2 21.20 C4H8O Butanal 298.2 13.45PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K 6-159C4H8O 2-Butanone 293.2 18.56 0.15457E+02 0.90152E-01 -0.27100E-03 293-333 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 295.2 7.52 0.30739E+02 -0.12946E+00 0.17195E-03 224-295 C4H8O2Butanoic acid 287.2 2.98 0.15010E+01 0.50046E-02 287-403 C4H8O22-Methylpropanoic acid 293.2 2.58 C4H8O2Propyl formate 303.2 6.92 C4H8O2Ethyl acetate 293.2 6.0814 0.15646E+02 -0.44066E-01 0.39137E-04 293-433 C4H8O2Methyl propanoate 293.2 6.200 0.12798E+02 -0.22540E-01 293-333 C4H8O21,4-Dioxane 293.2 2.2189 0.27299E+01 -0.17440E-02 293-313 C4H8O32-Hydroxybutanoic acid 296.2 37.7 C4H8O33-Hydroxybutanoic acid 296.2 31.5 C4H8O3Ethyl methyl carbonate 293.2 2.985 C4H8O3Ethylene glycol monoacetate 303.2 12.95 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 283.2 7.315 0.22542E+02 -0.79306E-01 0.89867E-04 183-363 C4H9Br 2-Bromobutane 298.2 8.64 0.18461E+02 -0.32933E-01 274-328 C4H9Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 273.2 7.70 0.37558E+02 -0.20571E+00 0.35496E-03 112-273 C4H9Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 293.0 10.98 0.35085E+02 -0.14075E+00 0.19960E-03 258-293 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 293.2 7.276 0.13565E+02 -0.10161E-01 -0.38750E-04 273-323 C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane 293.2 8.564 0.30376E+02 -0.11377E+00 0.13429E-03 273-323 C4H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 293.2 7.027 0.14945E+02 -0.33747E-01 0.23036E-04 273-323 C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 293.2 9.663 0.35077E+02 -0.12867E+00 0.14304E-03 273-323 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane 293.2 6.27 0.16493E+02 -0.50262E-01 0.52485E-04 293-323 C4H9I 2-Iodobutane 293.2 7.873 0.10883E+02 -0.14680E-02 -0.30000E-04 293-323 C4H9I 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane 283.2 6.65 0.76780E+01 0.69900E-02 -0.37500E-04 283-323 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 293.0 8.30 0.38191E+02 -0.15462E+00 0.17941E-03 274-333 C4H9NO N-Methylpropanamide 293.2 170.0 C4H9NO N-Ethylacetamide 293.2 135.0 0.74494E+03 -0.31400E+01 0.36131E-02 213-353 C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide 294.2 38.85 0.15420E+03 -0.57506E+00 0.61911E-03 294-433 C4H9NO 2-Butanone oxime 293.2 3.4 C4H9NO Morpholine 298.2 7.42 C4H9NO2tert-Butyl nitrite 298.2 11.47 C4H9NO2Propyl carbamate 338.2 12.06 0.24356E+02 -0.36400E-01 338-378 C4H9NO2Ethyl-N-methyl carbamate 298.2 21.10 0.11477E+03 -0.47568E+00 0.54127E-03 298-373 C4H9NO2N-Acetylethanolamine 298.2 96.6 0.37016E+03 -0.13113E+01 0.13214E-02 298-348 C4H9NO3Butyl nitrate 293.2 13.10 C4H10 Butane 295.0 1.7697 0.22379E+01 -0.13884E-02 -0.66711E-06 135-303 C4H10 Isobutane 295.0 1.7518 0.23295E+01 -0.19953E-02 0.14197E-06 115-303 C4H10O 1-Butanol 293.2 17.84 0.10578E+03 -0.50587E+00 0.84733E-03 193-553 C4H10O 2-Butanol 293.2 17.26 0.13850E+03 -0.75146E+00 0.14086E-02 172-533 C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 293.2 17.93 0.10762E+03 -0.51398E+00 0.83702E-03 173-533 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 298.2 12.47 0.22541E+03 -0.14990E+01 0.34050E-02 298-503 C4H10O Diethyl ether 293.2 4.2666 0.79725E+01 -0.12519E-01 283-301 C4H10O21,2-Butanediol 298.2 22.4 0.63702E+02 -0.13807E+00 278-323 C4H10O21,3-Butanediol 298.2 28.8 0.72883E+02 -0.14770E+00 278-323 C4H10O21,4-Butanediol 298.2 31.9 0.13079E+03 -0.46985E+00 0.46320E-03 288-328 C4H10O2Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 298.2 13.38 C4H10O2Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 296.7 7.30 0.48832E+02 -0.24218E+00 0.34413E-03 256-318 C4H10O2S Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide 293.2 28.61 0.13128E+03 -0.52719E+00 0.60465E-03 253-333 C4H10O3Diethylene glycol 293.2 31.82 0.13973E+03 -0.54725E+00 0.61149E-03 288-343 C4H10O3S Diethyl sulfite 293.2 15.6 C4H10O41,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 393.2 28.2 C4H10O4S Diethyl sulfate 293.2 29.2 C4H10S 1-Butanethiol 288.2 5.204 0.11201E+02 -0.20767E-01 273-318 C4H10S 2-Butanethiol 288.2 5.645 0.10866E+02 -0.17993E-01 273-318 C4H10S 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 298.2 4.961 C4H10S 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 293.2 5.475 0.10597E+02 -0.17500E-01 283-313 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide 298.2 5.723 C4H11N Butylamine 293.2 4.71 0.13322E+02 -0.44176E-01 0.50250E-04 223-333 C4H11N Diethylamine 293.2 3.680 0.26462E+02 -0.13750E+00 0.20373E-03 243-323 C4H11NO2Diethanolamine 293.2 25.75 0.73435E+02 -0.21377E+00 0.17500E-03 273-323PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-160C4H12O2Si Dimethoxydimethylsilane 298.2 3.663 C4H12O3Si Trimethoxymethylsilane 298.2 4.9 C4H12O4Si Tetramethyl silicate 293.2 6.0 C4H12Si Diethylsilane 293.2 2.544 C4H12Si Tetramethylsilane 293.2 1.921 C4H13N3Diethylenetriamine 293.2 12.62 0.57840E+02 -0.23873E+00 0.28841E-03 213-333 C5FeO5Iron pentacarbonyl 293.2 2.602 C5H4BrN 2-Bromopyridine 298.2 23.18 0.73391E+02 -0.23678E+00 0.22930E-03 298-398 C5H4ClN 2-Chloropyridine 298.2 27.32 0.98702E+02 -0.34237E+00 0.34502E-03 298-398 C5H4F8O 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol 298.2 15.30 C5H4O2Furfural 293.2 42.1 C5H5N Pyridine 293.2 13.260 0.43991E+02 -0.15150E+00 0.15925E-03 293-323 C5H5NO Pyridine-1-oxide 343.0 35.94 0.20878E+02 0.16450E+00 -0.35269E-03 343-398 C5H6O 2-Methylfuran 293.2 2.76 C5H6O2Furfuryl alcohol 298.2 16.85 C5H7Cl3O2Propyl trichloroacetate 298.2 8.32 C5H7NO2Ethyl cyanoacetate 263.2 31.62 C5H8 1,3-Pentadiene* 298.2 2.319 C5H8 1,4-Pentadiene 294.0 2.054 0.29994E+01 -0.34578E-02 0.85300E-06 178-294 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 293.2 2.098 0.28170E+01 -0.23147E-02 -0.43975E-06 198-293 C5H8 Cyclopentene 295.0 2.083 0.28177E+01 -0.27597E-02 0.89346E-06 171-319 C5H8O Cyclopentanone 298.2 13.58 0.24083E+02 -0.30286E-01 -0.16802E-04 219-298 C5H8O2Ethyl acrylate 303.2 6.05 0.47827E+02 -0.24394E+00 0.35000E-03 303-343 C5H8O2Methyl trans-2-butenoate 293.2 6.6645 C5H8O2Methyl methacrylate 303.2 6.32 0.32098E+02 -0.14568E+00 0.20000E-03 303-343 C5H8O22,4-Pentanedione 303.2 26.524 C5H8O4Dimethyl malonate 293.2 9.82 0.26470E+02 -0.76656E-01 0.67888E-04 293-433 C5H9BrO2Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate 293.2 9.4 C5H9ClO2Isobutyl chlorocarbonate 293.2 9.1 C5H9ClO2Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate 303.2 11.95 0.25965E+02 -0.46250E-01 303-343 C5H9ClO2Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate 303.2 10.19 0.21951E+02 -0.38750E-01 303-343 C5H9ClO2Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate 303.2 9.51 0.17127E+02 -0.25000E-01 303-343 C5H9N Pentanenitrile 293.2 20.04 0.55793E+02 -0.15750E+00 0.12432E-03 183-333 C5H9N 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 293.2 21.1 0.58418E+02 -0.16884E+00 0.14131E-03 293-453 C5H9NO Isobutyl isocyanate 293.2 11.638 0.38026E+02 -0.12714E+00 0.12679E-03 293-353 C5H9NO N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 293.2 32.55 C5H10 1-Pentene 293.2 2.011 -0.11438E+01 0.25420E-01 -0.50000E-04 273-293 C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene 293.2 2.180 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 296.0 1.979 0.26064E+01 -0.19578E-02 -0.53908E-06 225-296 C5H10 Cyclopentane 293.2 1.9687 0.24287E+01 -0.15304E-02 -0.13095E-06 278-313 C5H10 Ethylcyclopropane 293.2 1.933 C5H10Br21,2-Dibromopentane 298.2 4.39 C5H10Br21,4-Dibromopentane 293.2 9.05 0.26443E+02 -0.88640E-01 0.10000E-03 293-333 C5H10Br21,5-Dibromopentane 303.2 9.14 0.38192E+02 -0.15648E+00 0.20000E-03 303-333 C5H10Cl21,2-Dichloropentane 293.2 6.89 0.19016E+02 -0.57954E-01 0.56801E-04 293-356 C5H10Cl21,5-Dichloropentane 298.2 9.92 C5H10O Cyclopentanol 288.2 18.5 0.10565E+03 -0.44244E+00 0.48657E-03 258-323 C5H10O Pentanal 293.2 10.00 C5H10O 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 293.2 9.051 0.18645E+02 -0.32395E-01 -0.16157E-05 280-333 C5H10O 2-Pentanone 293.2 15.45 0.40893E+02 -0.10423E+00 0.60557E-04 204-353 C5H10O 3-Pentanone 293.2 17.00 0.12690E+02 0.95177E-01 -0.27321E-03 233-353 C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone 293.2 10.37 0.30695E+02 -0.10962E+00 0.13810E-03 293-328 C5H10O Tetrahydropyran 293.2 5.66 0.19793E+02 -0.76071E-01 0.94852E-04 234-333 C5H10O 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 298.2 6.97 C5H10O2Pentanoic acid 294.4 2.661 0.33491E+01 -0.75156E-02 0.17820E-04 250-344 C5H10O2Butyl formate 303.2 6.10 0.21532E+02 -0.84106E-01 0.10952E-03 288-323 C5H10O2Isobutyl formate 293.2 6.41 C5H10O2Propyl acetate 293.2 5.62 0.17677E+02 -0.61404E-01 0.69196E-04 253-353 C5H10O2Ethyl propanoate 293.2 5.76PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K 6-161C5H10O2Methyl butanoate 301.2 5.48 0.38604E+02 -0.19171E+00 0.27128E-03 301-343 C5H10O2Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 303.2 13.48 C5H10O2S 3-Methyl sulfolane 298.2 29.4 0.53158E+02 -0.93730E-01 0.47275E-04 298-398 C5H10O3Diethyl carbonate 297.2 2.820 C5H10O3Ethyl lactate 303.2 15.4 0.31225E+02 -0.43531E-01 -0.28571E-04 273-373 C5H10O41,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate 242.2 38.57 0.10653E+03 -0.26439E+00 -0.62371E-04 215-242 C5H11Br 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 298.2 9.21 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane 299.2 6.31 0.20954E+02 -0.78743E-01 0.98908E-04 183-328 C5H11Br 3-Bromopentane 298.2 8.37 C5H11Br 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 291.5 6.33 0.27743E+02 -0.13927E+00 0.22627E-03 123-292 C5H11Cl 1-Chloropentane 293.2 6.654 0.18626E+02 -0.54719E-01 0.47143E-04 273-323 C5H11Cl 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 292.0 6.10 0.22228E+02 -0.93189E-01 0.12991E-03 171-297 C5H11Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 222.75 12.31 0.55104E+02 -0.29866E+00 0.47840E-03 201-223 C5H11F 1-Fluoropentane 293.2 3.931 C5H11I 1-Iodopentane 293.2 5.78 0.15753E+02 -0.50543E-01 0.56401E-04 293-323 C5H11I 3-Iodopentane 293.2 7.432 C5H11I 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane 292.2 5.6 C5H11I 2-Iodo-2-methylbutane 293.2 8.192 C5H11N Piperidine 293.0 4.33 0.82317E+01 -0.11229E-01 -0.71429E-05 293-333 C5H11NN-Methylpyrrolidine 298.2 32.2 C5H11NO 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide 298.2 20.13 0.10400E+03 -0.46017E+00 0.60000E-03 298-328 C5H11NON,N-Diethylformamide 293.2 29.6 C5H11NO 2-Pentanone oxime 293.2 3.3 C5H11NO2Pentyl nitrite 298.2 7.21 C5H12 Pentane 293.2 1.8371 C5H12 Isopentane 293.2 1.845 0.22384E+01 -0.12985E-02 -0.16182E-06 143-293 C5H12 Neopentane 296.0 1.769 0.10949E+02 -0.63057E-01 0.10835E-03 251-296 C5H12N2O Tetramethylurea 293.2 23.10 C5H12O 1-Pentanol 298.2 15.13 0.73397E+02 -0.28165E+00 0.28427E-03 213-513 C5H12O 2-Pentanol 298.2 13.71 0.16437E+03 -0.86506E+00 0.11955E-02 273-323 C5H12O 3-Pentanol 298.2 13.35 0.12838E+03 -0.60980E+00 0.75000E-03 288-318 C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol 298.2 15.63 0.14020E+02 0.13948E+00 -0.45000E-03 288-318 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol 293.2 15.63 0.79733E+02 -0.31272E+00 0.32014E-03 173-513 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol 298.2 5.78 0.11662E+03 -0.69756E+00 0.10920E-02 268-318 C5H12O 3-Methyl-2-butanol 298.2 12.1 C5H12O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol 333.2 8.35 0.92350E+02 -0.41870E+00 0.50000E-03 333-373 C5H12O21,2-Pentanediol 296.8 17.31 0.18436E+03 -0.10682E+01 0.17037E-02 197-297 C5H12O21,4-Pentanediol 295.7 26.74 0.13568E+03 -0.59198E+00 0.75398E-03 193-318 C5H12O21,5-Pentanediol 293.2 26.2 0.11858E+03 -0.45920E+00 0.49341E-03 243-343 C5H12O22,3-Pentanediol 296.9 17.37 0.95876E+02 -0.46463E+00 0.67434E-03 238-297 C5H12O22,4-Pentanediol 294.2 24.69 0.11914E+03 -0.52569E+00 0.69607E-03 224-294 C5H12O2Diethoxymethane 293.2 2.527 0.25294E+01 0.73988E-04 -0.28331E-06 227-293 C5H12O4Tetramethoxymethane 293.2 2.40 C5H12O5Xylitol 293.2 40.0 C5H12S 1-Pentanethiol 293.2 4.847 0.71131E+01 -0.30228E-02 -0.16414E-04 273-333 C5H12S 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol 293.2 5.087 0.15116E+02 -0.50700E-01 0.56250E-04 273-333 C5H12S4Tetrakis(methylthio)methane 343.2 2.818 C5H13N Pentylamine 293.2 4.27 0.11274E+02 -0.34965E-01 0.37706E-04 223-353 C5H13N31,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine 298.2 11.5 C5H14OSi Ethoxytrimethylsilane 298.2 3.013 C6F6 Hexafluorobenzene 298.2 2.029 0.24041E+01 -0.83086E-03 -0.14286E-05 298-338 C6F14 Perfluorohexane 298.2 1.76 C6H3N3O72,4,6-Trinitrophenol 294.2 4.0 C6H4BrF 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 298.2 4.72 C6H4BrF 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 298.2 4.85 C6H4BrF 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 298.2 2.60 C6H4BrNO21-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene 328.2 20.2 0.81413E+02 -0.27645E+00 0.27367E-03 328-413 C6H4Br2o-Dibromobenzene 293.2 7.86 -0.81849E-02 0.62671E-01 -0.12222E-03 293-353 C6H4Br2m-Dibromobenzene 293.2 4.81 0.93214E+01 -0.20273E-01 0.16667E-04 293-353PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-162C6H4Br2p-Dibromobenzene 368.2 2.57 C6H4ClF 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 298.2 6.10 C6H4ClF 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 298.2 4.96 C6H4ClF 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 298.2 3.34 C6H4ClNO21-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 323.2 37.7 0.16800E+03 -0.59708E+00 0.59957E-03 323-436 C6H4ClNO21-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 323.2 20.9 0.77193E+02 -0.25118E+00 0.23798E-03 323-433 C6H4ClNO21-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 393.2 8.09 C6H4Cl2o-Dichlorobenzene 293.2 10.12 0.13629E+02 0.10622E-02 -0.44444E-04 293-353 C6H4Cl2m-Dichlorobenzene 293.2 5.02 0.77565E+01 -0.93333E-02 -0.26880E-14 293-353 C6H4Cl2p-Dichlorobenzene 328.2 2.3943 0.26999E+01 -0.35325E-03 -0.17619E-05 328-363 C6H4FI 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene 298.2 8.22 C6H4FI 1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene 298.2 3.12 C6H4F2o-Difluorobenzene 301.2 13.38 0.59107E+02 -0.23611E+00 0.27987E-03 273-323 C6H4F2m-Difluorobenzene 301.2 5.01 0.14448E+02 -0.46982E-01 0.51948E-04 273-323 C6H4I2o-Diiodobenzene 323.2 5.41 0.31150E+02 -0.14428E+00 0.20000E-03 323-353 C6H4I2m-Diiodobenzene 323.2 4.11 C6H4I2p-Diiodobenzene 393.2 2.88 C6H4N22-Pyridinecarbonitrile 303.2 93.77 0.45596E+03 -0.17746E+01 0.19105E-02 303-398 C6H4N23-Pyridinecarbonitrile 323.2 20.54 0.60484E+02 -0.17280E+00 0.15218E-03 323-398 C6H4N24-Pyridinecarbonitrile 353.2 5.23 0.12533E+02 -0.30115E-01 0.26674E-04 353-398 C6H4N2O41,3-Dinitrobenzene 365.2 22.9 0.10406E+03 -0.34133E+00 0.32609E-03 365-413 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 293.2 5.45 0.94100E+01 -0.12537E-01 -0.31127E-05 234-333 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 293.2 5.6895 0.19471E+02 -0.70786E-01 0.82466E-04 293-430 C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol 296.2 7.40 0.29755E+02 -0.11256E+00 0.12390E-03 296-448 C6H5ClO m-Chlorophenol 293.2 6.255 C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol 314.2 11.18 0.31997E+02 -0.94241E-01 0.88392E-04 314-453 C6H5ClO2S Benzenesulfonyl chloride 323.2 28.90 0.83886E+02 -0.23405E+00 0.19713E-03 323-473 C6H5ClS 4-Chlorobenzenethiol 338.2 3.59 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 293.2 5.465 C6H5I Iodobenzene 293.2 4.59 0.89442E+01 -0.20008E-01 0.17641E-04 243-323 C6H5NOS N-Sulfinylaniline 298.2 6.97 C6H5NO2Nitrobenzene 293.0 35.6 0.11212E+03 -0.35211E+00 0.31128E-03 279-533 C6H5NO3o-Nitrophenol 323.2 16.50 0.33827E+02 -0.62123E-01 0.26774E-04 323-453 C6H5NO3m-Nitrophenol 373.2 35.45 0.18967E+03 -0.66144E+00 0.66532E-03 373-458 C6H5NO3p-Nitrophenol 393.2 42.20 0.22901E+03 -0.74264E+00 0.68006E-03 393-463 C6H6 Benzene 293.2 2.2825 0.26706E+01 -0.91648E-03 -0.14257E-05 293-513 C6H6BrN m-Bromoaniline 293.2 13.0 C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline 293.2 13.40 C6H6ClN m-Chloroaniline 293.2 13.3 C6H6N2O2o-Nitroaniline 353.0 47.3 0.18900E+03 -0.56977E+00 0.47484E-03 353-468 C6H6N2O2m-Nitroaniline 398.0 35.6 0.20352E+03 -0.66582E+00 0.61310E-03 398-468 C6H6N2O2p-Nitroaniline 428.0 78.5 0.48673E+03 -0.15040E+01 0.12857E-02 428-468 C6H6O Phenol 303.2 12.40 0.63391E+02 -0.24988E+00 0.26930E-03 303-433 C6H6O2Pyrocatechol 388.2 17.57 0.74930E+02 -0.22142E+00 0.18919E-03 388-463 C6H6O2Resorcinol 393.2 13.55 0.30252E+02 -0.56443E-01 0.35578E-04 393-463 C6H6S Benzenethiol 303.2 4.26 0.57155E+01 -0.70336E-02 0.73617E-05 303-358 C6H7N Aniline 293.2 7.06 0.89534E+01 0.38990E-02 -0.36310E-04 293-413 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 293.2 10.18 0.34560E+02 -0.11980E+00 0.12500E-03 293-333 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine 303.0 11.10 0.19643E+03 -0.11167E+01 0.16667E-02 303-333 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 293.0 12.2 0.33765E+02 -0.10113E+00 0.93860E-04 274-333 C6H7NO 2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 323.2 36.4 0.11705E+03 -0.35301E+00 0.32000E-03 323-398 C6H7NO 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 318.2 28.26 0.59851E+02 -0.12682E+00 0.86622E-04 318-398 C6H8 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 184.2 2.68 C6H8 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 296.0 2.211 0.27459E+01 -0.16975E-02 -0.36461E-06 232-356 C6H8N2Phenylhydrazine 293.2 7.15 C6H8N22,5-Dimethylpyrazine 293.2 2.436 C6H8N22,6-Dimethylpyrazine 308.2 2.653 C6H8O21,4-Cyclohexanedione 351.2 4.40 C6H9Cl3O2Butyl trichloroacetate 293.2 7.480PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K 6-163C6H9Cl3O2Isobutyl trichloroacetate 293.2 7.667 C6H9N Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 293.2 22.68 0.69830E+02 -0.25303E+00 0.31491E-03 201-293 C6H10 1,5-Hexadiene 294.0 2.125 0.30014E+01 -0.28668E-02 -0.31026E-06 151-294 C6H10 cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene 297.0 2.163 0.27284E+01 -0.17178E-02 -0.62926E-06 234-351 C6H10 trans,trans -2,4-Hexadiene 297.0 2.123 0.26774E+01 -0.16977E-02 -0.55637E-06 232-353 C6H10 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene* 298.2 2.422 C6H10 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 298.2 2.426 C6H10 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 293.2 2.599 0.51328E+01 -0.12774E-01 0.14215E-04 198-323 C6H10 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 293.2 2.102 0.26258E+01 -0.17990E-02 0.12035E-06 223-323 C6H10 1-Hexyne 296.0 2.621 0.58591E+01 -0.17099E-01 0.20856E-04 184-296 C6H10 Cyclohexene 293.2 2.2176 0.30598E+01 -0.39841E-02 0.37554E-05 141-313 C6H10O Butoxyacetylene 298.2 6.62 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 293.0 16.1 0.41577E+02 -0.11463E+00 0.92454E-04 253-423 C6H10O Mesityl oxide 273.2 15.6 C6H10O2Ethyl 2-butenoate 293.2 5.4 C6H10O2Ethyl methacrylate 303.2 5.68 0.40962E+02 -0.20520E+00 0.29286E-03 303-343 C6H10O3Ethyl acetoacetate 293.2 14.0 C6H10O3Propanoic anhydride 293.2 18.30 C6H10O4Monomethyl glutarate 293.2 8.37 0.16779E+02 -0.39839E-01 0.38095E-04 293-363 C6H10O4Diethyl oxalate 293.2 8.266 0.21938E+02 -0.66226E-01 0.66800E-04 293-368 C6H10O4Dimethyl succinate 293.2 7.19 0.13551E+02 -0.23109E-01 0.55440E-05 293-433 C6H10O4Ethylene glycol diacetate 290.2 7.7 0.25093E+02 -0.95171E-01 0.12224E-03 223-290 C6H11Br Bromocyclohexane 303.2 8.0026 C6H11BrO2Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate 303.2 8.57 0.49005E+02 -0.23193E+00 0.32500E-03 303-333 C6H11BrO2Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate 303.2 8.55 0.77044E+02 -0.40784E+00 0.60000E-03 303-333 C6H11Cl Chlorocyclohexane 303.2 7.9505 C6H11N Hexanenitrile 298.2 17.26 C6H11N 4-Methylpentanenitrile 295.2 17.5 C6H11NO Cyclohexanone oxime 362.2 3.04 C6H12 1-Hexene 294.0 2.077 0.31476E+01 -0.50003E-02 0.46673E-05 149-294 C6H12 trans-2-Hexene 295.0 1.978 0.24338E+01 -0.11323E-02 -0.13720E-05 157-295 C6H12 cis-3-Hexene 296.0 2.069 0.30691E+01 -0.45458E-02 0.39898E-05 155-296 C6H12 trans-3-Hexene 293.2 1.954 C6H12 Cyclohexane 293.2 2.0243 0.24293E+01 -0.12095E-02 -0.58741E-06 283-333 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 293.2 1.9853 0.21587E+01 -0.22450E-03 -0.12500E-05 293-323 C6H12 Ethylcyclobutane 293.2 1.965 C6H12Br21,6-Dibromohexane 298.2 8.52 -0.55185E+01 0.11746E+00 -0.23658E-03 274-328 C6H12Br23,4-Dibromohexane 298.2 6.732 C6H12Cl21,6-Dichlorohexane 308.2 8.60 0.11277E+02 0.67200E-02 -0.50000E-04 308-338 C6H12O 1-Methylcyclopentanol 310.1 7.11 0.75444E+02 -0.36617E+00 0.47021E-03 310-333 C6H12O Isobutyl vinyl ether 293.2 3.34 0.48060E+01 -0.50000E-02 -0.41495E-14 293-323 C6H12O 2-Hexanone 293.2 14.56 0.70378E+02 -0.29385E+00 0.35289E-03 243-293 C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 293.2 13.11 0.36341E+02 -0.97119E-01 0.61896E-04 204-373 C6H12O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone 293.2 12.73 0.66857E+02 -0.28552E+00 0.34422E-03 243-293 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 293.2 16.40 0.10173E+03 -0.43072E+00 0.47926E-03 293-423 C6H12O2Hexanoic acid 298.2 2.600 0.21730E+01 0.14840E-02 -0.16526E-06 298-433 C6H12O22-Ethylbutanoic acid 296.2 2.72 C6H12O2tert-Butylacetic acid 296.2 2.85 C6H12O2Pentyl formate 292.2 5.7 C6H12O2Isopentyl formate 288.2 5.44 0.29257E+02 -0.14028E+00 0.20000E-03 288-323 C6H12O2Butyl acetate 293.2 5.07 0.13825E+02 -0.43994E-01 0.48214E-04 253-353 C6H12O2sec-Butyl acetate 293.2 5.135 0.12427E+02 -0.32035E-01 0.24286E-04 273-323 C6H12O2tert-Butyl acetate 293.2 5.672 0.55435E+02 -0.30494E+00 0.46107E-03 273-323 C6H12O2Isobutyl acetate 293.2 5.068 0.14323E+02 -0.46048E-01 0.49286E-04 273-323 C6H12O2Propyl propanoate 293.2 5.249 C6H12O2Ethyl butanoate 301.2 5.18 0.48698E+02 -0.25660E+00 0.37237E-03 301-343 C6H12O2Methyl pentanoate 293.2 4.992 C6H12O2Diacetone alcohol 298.2 18.2 C6H12O3Ethylene glycol monoethyl 303.2 7.567 0.23290E+02 -0.71566E-01 0.65000E-04 303-323 ether acetatePERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-164C6H12S Cyclohexanethiol 298.2 5.420 C6H13Br 1-Bromohexane 298.2 5.82 0.15233E+02 -0.44385E-01 0.43039E-04 274-328 C6H13Cl 1-Chlorohexane 293.2 6.104 0.15994E+02 -0.43647E-01 0.33393E-04 273-323 C6H13ClO 6-Chloro-1-hexanol 242.2 21.6 -0.73364E+01 0.46377E+00 -0.14202E-02 195-242 C6H13I 1-Iodohexane 293.3 5.35 0.16685E+02 -0.61309E-01 0.77262E-04 293-323 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine 293.2 4.547 C6H13NON-Propylpropanamide 298.2 118.1 0.58846E+03 -0.22012E+01 0.20870E-02 298-328 C6H13NON-Butylacetamide 293.2 104.0 0.70739E+03 -0.37369E+01 0.71585E-02 253-493 C6H13NON,N-Diethylacetamide 293.2 32.1 C6H14 Hexane 293.2 1.8865 0.19768E+01 0.70933E-03 -0.34470E-05 293-473 C6H14 2-Methylpentane 293.2 1.886 0.20745E+01 0.50871E-03 -0.39286E-05 273-323 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 293.2 1.886 0.24739E+01 -0.23190E-02 0.10714E-05 273-323 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane 293.2 1.869 0.22740E+01 -0.96229E-03 -0.14286E-05 273-313 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane 293.2 1.889 0.24305E+01 -0.20081E-02 0.53571E-06 273-323 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 293.2 13.03 0.62744E+02 -0.24214E+00 0.24704E-03 233-513 C6H14O 2-Hexanol 298.2 11.06 C6H14O 3-Hexanol 298.2 9.66 C6H14O 3-Methyl-1-pentanol 298.2 15.2 C6H14O 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 293.2 4.322 C6H14O 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 362.2 6.19 C6H14O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol 293.2 10.5 0.14054E+03 -0.72925E+00 0.97821E-03 243-393 C6H14O Dipropyl ether 297.0 3.38 0.14600E+02 -0.72670E-01 0.11742E-03 161-297 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 303.2 3.805 C6H14OS Dipropyl sulfoxide 303.2 30.37 0.84868E+02 -0.23486E+00 0.18198E-03 303-373 C6H14O22-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 293.2 25.86 0.14531E+03 -0.65285E+00 0.83503E-03 203-333 C6H14O2Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 293.2 3.90 0.99099E+01 -0.33403E-01 0.44048E-04 223-303 C6H14O2S Dipropyl sulfone 303.2 32.62 0.70195E+02 -0.15008E+00 0.86506E-04 303-398 C6H14O31,2,6-Hexanetriol 285.3 31.5 0.26127E+03 -0.14552E+01 0.22765E-02 261-285 C6H14O3Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether 298.2 7.23 0.28291E+02 -0.11236E+00 0.14000E-03 298-333 C6H14O4Triethylene glycol 293.2 23.69 0.91845E+02 -0.33827E+00 0.36062E-03 253-333 C6H14O6D-Glucitol 353.2 35.5 C6H14O6D-Mannitol 443.2 24.6 C6H14S 1-Hexanethiol 293.2 4.436 0.11774E+02 -0.37298E-01 0.41875E-04 273-333 C6H15B Triethylborane 293.2 1.974 C6H15N Hexylamine 293.2 4.08 0.80244E+01 -0.16627E-01 0.10874E-04 253-373 C6H15N Dipropylamine 293.2 2.923 0.11376E+02 -0.49796E-01 0.71792E-04 243-323 C6H15N Triethylamine 293.2 2.418 0.29205E+01 -0.14007E-02 -0.13469E-05 233-323 C6H15OP Triethylphosphine oxide 323.2 35.5 C6H15O4P Triethyl phosphate 298.2 13.20 0.61230E+02 -0.26047E+00 0.33333E-03 298-333 C6H15PS Triethylphosphine sulfide 371.2 39.0 C6H16O2Si Diethoxydimethylsilane 298.2 3.216 C6H16Si Triethylsilane 293.2 2.323 C6H18N3OP Hexamethylphosphoric triamide 293.2 31.3 0.95666E+02 -0.29769E+00 0.26407E-03 283-363 C6H18N4N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2- 293.2 10.76 0.50699E+02 -0.21730E+00 0.27582E-03 213-333 ethanediamine C6H18OSi2Hexamethyldisiloxane 293.2 2.179 0.34537E+01 -0.61530E-02 0.61544E-05 213-313 C6H18O3Si3Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane 343.2 2.139 C6H19NSi2Hexamethyldisilazane 294.2 2.273 0.23358E+01 0.16127E-02 -0.62078E-05 294-333 C7F14 Perfluoromethylcyclohexane 298.2 1.82 C7F16 Perfluoroheptane 289.2 1.847 C7H3Cl52,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene 293.2 4.8 C7H4ClNO 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate 288.2 3.177 0.40896E+01 -0.31667E-02 288-348 C7H5BrO Benzoyl bromide 293.2 21.33 0.84231E+02 -0.31089E+00 0.32857E-03 283-313 C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride 293.2 23.0 C7H5FO Benzoyl fluoride 293.2 22.7 C7H5F3(Trifluoromethyl)benzene 298.2 9.22 C7H5N Benzonitrile 293.2 25.9 0.57605E+02 -0.13354E+00 0.87767E-04 273-453 C7H5NO Phenyl isocyanate 293.2 8.940 0.17541E+02 -0.29790E-01 0.15476E-05 293-353 C7H6ClNO24-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene 301.2 28.07PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K 6-165C7H6Cl22,4-Dichlorotoluene 301.2 5.68 C7H6Cl22,6-Dichlorotoluene 301.2 3.36 C7H6Cl23,4-Dichlorotoluene 301.2 9.39 C7H6Cl2(Dichloromethyl)benzene 293.2 6.9 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 293.2 17.85 0.35046E+02 -0.61271E-01 0.16222E-04 301-346 C7H6O2Salicylaldehyde 293.2 18.35 0.51315E+02 -0.15379E+00 0.14111E-03 289-453 C7H7Br o-Bromotoluene 293.2 4.641 0.10229E+02 -0.25050E-01 0.20357E-04 273-323 C7H7Br m-Bromotoluene 293.2 5.566 0.11522E+02 -0.24946E-01 0.15714E-04 273-323 C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 293.2 5.503 0.10014E+02 -0.13918E-01 -0.50000E-05 273-293 C7H7Br (Bromomethyl)benzene 293.2 6.658 0.18482E+02 -0.57207E-01 0.57321E-04 273-323 C7H7BrO o-Bromoanisole 303.2 8.96 0.12023E+02 -0.59116E-02 -0.13787E-04 303-358 C7H7BrO p-Bromoanisole 303.2 7.40 0.74367E+01 0.12648E-01 -0.42128E-04 303-358 C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene 293.2 4.721 0.11507E+02 -0.31148E-01 0.27143E-04 273-323 C7H7Cl m-Chlorotoluene 293.2 5.763 0.13921E+02 -0.37186E-01 0.31786E-04 273-323 C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene 293.2 6.25 0.20265E+01 0.40060E-01 -0.87500E-04 293-333 C7H7Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene 293.2 6.854 0.17108E+02 -0.45285E-01 0.35000E-04 273-323 C7H7ClO p-Chloroanisole 293.2 7.84 0.64019E+01 0.30560E-01 -0.87500E-04 293-333 C7H7ClO2Sp-Toluenesulfonyl chloride 343.2 22.6 C7H7ClO3S 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride 314.2 27.2 C7H7F o-Fluorotoluene 298.2 4.23 C7H7F m-Fluorotoluene 298.2 5.41 C7H7F p-Fluorotoluene 298.2 5.88 C7H7I p-Iodotoluene 308.2 4.4 C7H7N 2-Vinylpyridine 293.2 9.126 C7H7N 4-Vinylpyridine 293.2 10.50 C7H7NO2Benzyl nitrite 298.2 7.78 C7H7NO2o-Nitrotoluene 293.0 26.26 0.10420E+03 -0.41726E+00 0.51607E-03 273-323 C7H7NO2m-Nitrotoluene 303.2 24.95 0.62492E+02 -0.16235E+00 0.12844E-03 303-403 C7H7NO2p-Nitrotoluene 331.2 22.2 C7H7NO2S 4-Nitrothioanisole 346.0 21.7 C7H7NO32-Nitroanisole 293.2 45.75 0.16684E+03 -0.58196E+00 0.57382E-03 293-423 C7H7NO33-Nitroanisole 318.2 25.7 0.65402E+02 -0.16460E+00 0.12560E-03 318-443 C7H7NO34-Nitroanisole 338.2 26.95 0.59811E+02 -0.10955E+00 0.36042E-04 338-443 C7H8 Toluene 296.35 2.379 0.32584E+01 -0.34410E-02 0.15937E-05 207-316 C7H8O o-Cresol 298.2 6.76 0.21633E+02 -0.71069E-01 0.70590E-04 298-453 C7H8O m-Cresol 298.2 12.44 0.81716E+02 -0.35039E+00 0.39878E-03 274-463 C7H8O p-Cresol 298.2 13.05 0.70253E+02 -0.28870E+00 0.31979E-03 298-453 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 303.2 11.916 0.13661E+03 -0.72127E+00 0.10225E-02 303-333 C7H8O Anisole 294.2 4.30 0.10887E+02 -0.32372E-01 0.33629E-04 294-413 C7H8O22-Methoxyphenol 298.2 11.95 0.31751E+02 -0.88173E-01 0.72953E-04 291-448 C7H8O23-Methoxyphenol 298.2 11.59 0.37279E+02 -0.12113E+00 0.11698E-03 298-433 C7H8O24-Methoxyphenol 333.7 11.05 0.39483E+02 -0.12142E+00 0.10841E-03 334-453 C7H8O2S Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate 293.2 6.18 C7H8O2S Methyl phenyl sulfone 373.2 37.9 C7H8S Benzenemethanethiol 298.2 4.705 0.16628E+02 -0.68276E-01 0.94636E-04 298-358 C7H8S 4-Methylbenzenethiol 323.2 4.74 0.87052E+01 -0.15347E-01 0.95238E-05 323-358 C7H8S (Methylthio)benzene 303.2 4.88 0.21841E+02 -0.97630E-01 0.13750E-03 303-343 C7H9N Benzylamine 293.2 5.18 C7H9N o-Methylaniline 298.2 6.138 0.10988E+02 -0.18976E-01 0.91958E-05 298-398 C7H9N m-Methylaniline 298.2 5.816 0.13477E+02 -0.35551E-01 0.33135E-04 298-398 C7H9N p-Methylaniline 333.2 5.058 0.78897E+01 -0.10196E-01 0.51190E-05 333-403 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 293.2 5.96 C7H9N 2-Ethylpyridine 293.2 8.33 0.36397E+02 -0.15070E+00 0.18750E-03 293-333 C7H9N 4-Ethylpyridine 293.2 10.98 -0.73831E+01 0.14326E+00 -0.27500E-03 293-333 C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 293.2 9.60 0.25895E+02 -0.73900E-01 0.62500E-04 293-333 C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 293.2 7.33 0.17714E+02 -0.39080E-01 0.12500E-04 293-333 C7H9NO 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide 298.2 46.11 0.22765E+03 -0.90760E+00 0.10011E-02 298-398 C7H9NO o-Methoxyaniline 303.2 5.230 0.79911E+01 -0.92183E-02 0.37879E-06 303-393 C7H9NO m-Methoxyaniline 298.2 8.76 0.28179E+02 -0.97840E-01 0.11027E-03 289-393PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-166C7H9NO p-Methoxyaniline 333.2 7.85 0.30149E+02 -0.10523E+00 0.11467E-03 333-453 C7H10N21-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine 292.2 7.3 C7H11Cl3O2Isopentyl trichloroacetate 293.2 7.287 C7H12 1,6-Heptadiene 293.0 2.161 0.30815E+01 -0.36095E-02 0.16354E-05 184-293 C7H12 Cycloheptene 295.0 2.265 0.32309E+01 -0.42373E-02 0.32572E-05 227-363 C7H12O Cycloheptanone 298.2 13.16 0.17511E+03 -0.11221E+01 0.19417E-02 258-298 C7H12O 2-Methylcyclohexanone 293.2 14.0 C7H12O 3-Methylcyclohexanone 293.2 12.4 C7H12O 4-Methylcyclohexanone 293.2 12.35 C7H12O2Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 304.2 2.67 C7H12O2Cyclohexyl formate 293.2 6.47 C7H12O2Butyl acrylate 301.2 5.25 0.38296E+02 -0.19109E+00 0.27006E-03 301-343 C7H12O4Monomethyl adipate 293.2 6.69 0.11962E+02 -0.23973E-01 0.20608E-04 293-433 C7H12O4Diethyl malonate 304.2 7.550 0.14809E+02 -0.31207E-01 0.24066E-04 304-393 C7H12O4Dimethyl glutarate 293.2 7.87 0.20697E+02 -0.57794E-01 0.48405E-04 293-433 C7H12O51,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate 288.2 9.80 0.28321E+02 -0.89073E-01 0.86891E-04 258-374 C7H14 1-Heptene 293.2 2.092 0.21755E+01 0.13896E-02 -0.57049E-05 273-323 C7H14 2-Methyl-2-hexene 293.2 2.962 C7H14 3-Ethyl-2-pentene 293.2 2.051 C7H14 Cycloheptane 293.2 2.0784 0.25136E+01 -0.15089E-02 0.84915E-07 278-333 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 293.2 2.024 C7H14Br21,2-Dibromoheptane 298.2 3.77 C7H14Br22,3-Dibromoheptane 298.2 5.08 C7H14Br23,4-Dibromoheptane 298.2 4.70 C7H14Cl21,7-Dichloroheptane 298.2 8.34 C7H14O 1-Heptanal 295.2 9.07 C7H14O 2-Heptanone 293.2 11.95 0.38348E+02 -0.12531E+00 0.12005E-03 253-413 C7H14O 3-Heptanone 293.2 12.7 C7H14O 4-Heptanone 293.2 12.60 0.41520E+02 -0.13839E+00 0.13497E-03 253-393 C7H14O 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 293.2 13.53 0.52353E+02 -0.17695E+00 0.15195E-03 293-333 C7H14O Cyclohexanemethanol 333.2 9.70 0.10164E+03 -0.45839E+00 0.54762E-03 333-368 C7H14O 2-Methylcyclohexanol* 293.2 9.375 0.17315E+03 -0.98794E+00 0.14634E-02 273-323 C7H14O 3-Methylcyclohexanol* 293.2 13.79 0.65896E+02 -0.21954E+00 0.14107E-03 273-323 C7H14O 4-Methylcyclohexanol* 293.2 13.45 0.65021E+02 -0.22896E+00 0.17946E-03 273-323 C7H14O2Heptanoic acid 288.2 3.04 0.36423E+01 -0.31996E-02 0.39362E-05 288-423 C7H14O2Pentyl acetate 293.2 4.79 0.12091E+02 -0.36536E-01 0.39732E-04 253-353 C7H14O2Isopentyl acetate 293.2 4.72 C7H14O2Butyl propanoate 293.2 4.838 C7H14O2Propyl butanoate 293.2 4.3 C7H14O2Ethyl pentanoate 291.2 4.71 C7H14O2Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 293.2 4.71 C7H14O2Methyl hexanoate 293.2 4.615 C7H15Br 1-Bromoheptane 303.2 5.255 0.15289E+02 -0.50621E-01 0.57753E-04 203-343 C7H15Br 2-Bromoheptane 295.2 6.46 C7H15Br 4-Bromoheptane 295.2 6.81 C7H15Cl 1-Chloroheptane 293.2 5.521 0.14279E+02 -0.39431E-01 0.32321E-04 273-323 C7H15Cl 2-Chloroheptane 295.2 6.52 C7H15Cl 3-Chloroheptane 295.2 6.70 C7H15Cl 4-Chloroheptane 295.2 6.54 C7H15I 1-Iodoheptane 298.2 4.92 0.11856E+02 -0.33493E-01 0.34368E-04 294-323 C7H15I 3-Iodoheptane 295.2 6.39 C7H16 Heptane 293.2 1.9209 0.24740E+01 -0.22577E-02 0.12428E-05 273-373 C7H16 2-Methylhexane 293.2 1.9221 0.24759E+01 -0.22535E-02 0.12500E-05 293-323 C7H16 3-Methylhexane 293.2 1.920 0.27089E+01 -0.37908E-02 0.37500E-05 273-323 C7H16 3-Ethylpentane 293.2 1.942 0.23771E+01 -0.15140E-02 0.10093E-06 163-363 C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane 293.2 1.915 0.23414E+01 -0.14362E-02 -0.51322E-07 153-353 C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane 293.2 1.929 0.25637E+01 -0.26328E-02 0.16071E-05 273-323 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane 293.2 1.902 0.23979E+01 -0.17436E-02 0.17857E-06 273-323 C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane 291.3 1.9419 0.24007E+01 -0.16802E-02 0.36069E-06 291-322PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K 6-167C7H16 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 293.2 1.930 C7H16O 1-Heptanol 293.2 11.75 0.60662E+02 -0.24049E+00 0.25155E-03 239-513 C7H16O 2-Heptanol 293.7 9.72 0.10050E+03 -0.49793E+00 0.64504E-03 207-365 C7H16O 3-Heptanol 296.1 7.07 0.19586E+03 -0.11465E+01 0.17175E-02 248-349 C7H16O 4-Heptanol 296.2 6.18 0.28995E+03 -0.18499E+01 0.30109E-02 270-301 C7H16O 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 297.0 3.257 C7H16O 3-Methyl-2-hexanol 297.2 4.990 0.59724E+02 -0.32417E+00 0.47058E-03 244-372 C7H16O 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 298.2 3.248 C7H16O 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 293.2 3.158 C7H16O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol 293.2 6.020 0.37318E+02 -0.17095E+00 0.22022E-03 283-393 C7H16O Ethyl pentyl ether 296.2 3.6 C7H16O Ethyl isopentyl ether 293.2 3.955 0.66541E+01 -0.55450E-02 -0.12500E-04 293-323 C7H16O3Triethoxymethane 293.2 4.779 C7H16S 1-Heptanethiol 293.2 4.194 0.71333E+01 -0.97320E-02 -0.12500E-05 273-333 C7H17N Heptylamine 293.2 3.81 0.87794E+01 -0.24363E-01 0.25325E-04 253-373 C7H18O3Si Triethoxymethylsilane 298.2 3.845 C8H4F61,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 303.2 5.98 C8H6 Phenylacetylene 298.2 2.98 C8H6Cl22,5-Dichlorostyrene 298.2 2.58 C8H6Cl41,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6- 293.2 8.0 dimethylbenzene C8H6Cl41,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6- 293.2 5.4 dimethylbenzene C8H6O Phenoxyacetylene 298.2 4.76 C8H7N Benzeneacetonitrile 299.2 17.87 0.82175E+02 -0.37416E+00 0.53220E-03 299-343 C8H7NO24-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate 333.2 10.26 0.20780E+02 -0.31571E-01 333-403 C8H7NO4Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate 300.1 27.76 C8H8 Styrene 293.2 2.4737 0.44473E+01 -0.11422E-01 0.16000E-04 293-313 C8H8O Acetophenone 298.2 17.44 0.26099E+02 0.64048E-02 -0.11905E-03 298-333 C8H8O2Benzeneacetic acid 353.2 3.47 0.24104E+01 0.30000E-02 353-393 C8H8O2Benzyl formate 303.2 6.34 0.26162E+02 -0.11026E+00 0.14787E-03 303-358 C8H8O2Phenyl acetate 298.2 5.403 0.11327E+02 -0.26707E-01 0.22938E-04 298-404 C8H8O2Methyl benzoate 302.7 6.642 0.17486E+02 -0.51027E-01 0.50222E-04 303-393 C8H8O2(Hydroxyacetyl)benzene 298.2 21.33 0.42286E+02 -0.69215E-01 -0.35714E-05 298-368 C8H8O24-Methoxybenzaldehyde 303.2 22.0 C8H8O3Methyl salicylate 314.4 8.80 0.20501E+02 -0.39045E-01 0.68298E-05 223-398 C8H9Br 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene 298.2 5.55 C8H9Br 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 298.2 5.56 C8H9Br 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene 298.2 5.42 C8H9BrO 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 313.2 7.04 0.23146E+02 -0.75753E-01 0.77778E-04 313-358 C8H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 298.2 4.36 C8H9Cl 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene 298.2 5.18 C8H9Cl 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 298.2 5.16 C8H9NO21-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene 273.4 21.9 C8H9NO2Methyl 2-aminobenzoate 298.2 21.9 C8H9NO2Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate 293.2 8.95 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 293.2 2.4463 0.35969E+01 -0.53169E-02 0.47500E-05 293-323 C8H10 o-Xylene 293.2 2.562 0.36163E+01 -0.40177E-02 0.14286E-05 273-323 C8H10 m-Xylene 293.2 2.359 0.28421E+01 -0.10191E-02 -0.21429E-05 273-323 C8H10 p-Xylene 293.2 2.2735 0.23140E+01 0.97221E-03 -0.37500E-05 293-363 C8H10O 2,3-Xylenol 343.2 4.81 0.14399E+02 -0.41438E-01 0.39244E-04 343-433 C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol 303.2 5.060 0.22125E+02 -0.85543E-01 0.96548E-04 303-363 C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol 338.2 5.36 0.18049E+02 -0.54991E-01 0.51656E-04 338-455 C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol 313.2 4.90 0.12284E+02 -0.32996E-01 0.29867E-04 313-453 C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol 333.2 9.02 0.54423E+02 -0.21153E+00 0.22508E-03 333-453 C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol 323.2 9.06 0.54251E+02 -0.21647E+00 0.23542E-03 323-453 C8H10O Benzeneethanol 293.2 12.31 0.12170E+03 -0.63124E+00 0.87776E-03 278-333 C8H10O 1-Phenylethanol 293.2 8.77 0.32971E+02 -0.12042E+00 0.12809E-03 293-423 C8H10O Phenetole 293.2 4.216 -0.15043E+02 0.13752E+00 -0.24500E-03 293-313PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-168C8H10O 2-Methylanisole 293.2 3.502 0.50825E+01 -0.62297E-02 0.28571E-05 293-333 C8H10O 3-Methylanisole 293.2 3.967 0.12830E+02 -0.49701E-01 0.66429E-04 293-333 C8H10O 4-Methylanisole 293.2 3.914 0.86608E+01 -0.23510E-01 0.25000E-04 293-333 C8H10O21,2-Dimethoxybenzene 293.2 4.45 0.74604E+01 -0.13445E-01 0.10737E-04 293-443 C8H10O21,3-Dimethoxybenzene 298.2 5.363 0.11911E+02 -0.30804E-01 0.29643E-04 298-358 C8H10O21,4-Dimethoxybenzene 333.7 5.60 0.11289E+02 -0.20765E-01 0.11987E-04 334-463 C8H10O2S Ethyl phenyl sulfone 348.2 39.0 C8H10S (Ethylthio)benzene 298.2 4.95 C8H11Np-Ethylaniline 298.2 4.84 C8H11NN-Ethylaniline 293.2 5.87 C8H11NN,N-Dimethylaniline 298.2 4.90 0.84052E+01 -0.13549E-01 0.62835E-05 289-453 C8H11N 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 298.2 7.807 0.20990E+02 -0.57419E-01 0.44286E-04 298-358 C8H11NO 4-Ethoxyaniline 298.2 7.43 C8H12N2O2Hexamethylene diisocyanate 288.2 14.41 0.26715E+02 -0.42696E-01 288-403 C8H12O4Diethyl maleate 298.2 7.560 0.13953E+02 -0.21969E-01 0.17817E-05 298-343 C8H12O4Diethyl fumarate 296.2 6.56 C8H14 1,7-Octadiene 293.0 2.186 0.28376E+01 -0.17442E-02 -0.16141E-05 214-293 C8H14 cis-Cyclooctene 296.0 2.306 0.31115E+01 -0.32058E-02 0.16713E-05 269-406 C8H14 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene 296.0 2.144 0.26443E+01 -0.17973E-02 0.35815E-06 211-374 C8H14 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene 296.0 2.182 0.29951E+01 -0.34615E-02 0.24026E-05 213-373 C8H14O2Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 293.2 4.87 C8H14O2Cyclohexyl acetate 293.2 5.08 C8H14O3Butanoic anhydride 293.2 12.8 C8H14O32-Methylpropanoic anhydride 292.2 13.6 C8H14O4Diisopropyl oxalate 293.2 6.403 0.10709E+02 -0.16328E-01 0.56000E-05 293-368 C8H14O4Diethyl succinate 293.2 6.098 0.80213E+01 0.11810E-02 -0.26400E-04 293-343 C8H14O4Dimethyl adipate 293.2 6.84 0.11739E+02 -0.17281E-01 0.11447E-05 293-433 C8H15N Octanenitrile 293.2 13.90 C8H16 1-Octene 293.2 2.113 0.24348E+01 0.34200E-03 -0.50000E-05 273-323 C8H16 cis-3-Octene 298.2 2.062 C8H16 trans-3-Octene 298.2 2.002 C8H16 cis-4-Octene 298.2 2.053 C8H16 trans-4-Octene 298.2 2.004 C8H16 3-Methyl-2-heptene* 293.2 2.436 C8H16 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene 293.2 2.431 C8H16 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 298.2 2.0908 C8H16 Cyclooctane 295.0 2.116 0.25036E+01 -0.12460E-02 -0.23175E-06 295-411 C8H16Br21,8-Dibromooctane 298.2 7.43 0.94117E+00 0.61520E-01 -0.13333E-03 298-328 C8H16Cl21,8-Dichlorooctane 298.2 7.64 C8H16O 2-Octanone 293.2 9.51 -0.16219E+02 0.18799E+00 -0.34156E-03 293-333 C8H16O 3-Octanone 303.2 10.50 C8H16O2Octanoic acid 288.2 2.85 0.29391E+01 -0.38721E-03 288-423 C8H16O22-Ethylhexanoic acid 296.2 2.64 C8H16O2Hexyl acetate 293.2 4.42 C8H16O2Pentyl propanoate 293.2 4.552 C8H16O2Isopentyl propanoate 273.2 5.21 0.17665E+02 -0.71718E-01 0.95635E-04 273-373 C8H16O2Butyl butanoate 298.2 4.39 0.79684E+01 -0.12000E-01 0.15266E-13 298-318 C8H16O2Propyl pentanoate 292.2 4.0 C8H16O2Ethyl hexanoate 293.2 4.45 0.11007E+02 -0.32800E-01 0.35714E-04 253-353 C8H16O2Methyl heptanoate 293.2 4.355 C8H16O3Isopentyl lactate 273.2 11.2 0.48649E+02 -0.21253E+00 0.27619E-03 273-373 C8H17Br 1-Bromooctane 293.2 5.0957 0.12404E+02 -0.35050E-01 0.34542E-04 283-353 C8H17Br 2-Bromooctane 293.2 5.44 C8H17Cl 1-Chlorooctane 298.2 5.05 0.11346E+02 -0.25120E-01 0.13450E-04 274-328 C8H17Cl 2-Chlorooctane 293.2 5.42 C8H17F 1-Fluorooctane 293.2 3.89 C8H17I 1-Iodooctane 293.2 4.67 0.12452E+02 -0.41229E-01 0.50108E-04 233-313 C8H17NO21-Nitrooctane 293.2 11.46 C8H18 Octane 293.2 1.948 0.22590E+01 -0.84212E-03 -0.75758E-06 233-393PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K 6-169C8H18 2-Methylheptane 293.2 1.9519 C8H18 3-Ethylhexane 293.2 1.9617 C8H18 2,2-Dimethylhexane 293.2 1.9498 C8H18 2,5-Dimethylhexane 293.95 1.9619 0.25821E+01 -0.26804E-02 0.19404E-05 294-324 C8H18 3,3-Dimethylhexane 293.2 1.9645 C8H18 3,4-Dimethylhexane 292.1 1.9814 0.26849E+01 -0.33712E-02 0.32949E-05 292-324 C8H18 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 291.49 1.9869 0.25983E+01 -0.28027E-02 0.24195E-05 292-324 C8H18 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 293.2 1.960 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 293.2 1.943 0.23677E+01 -0.14768E-02 0.94261E-07 173-373 C8H18 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 293.2 1.9780 C8H18 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 293.2 1.9738 C8H18O 1-Octanol 293.2 10.30 0.51647E+02 -0.20371E+00 0.21320E-03 258-513 C8H18O 2-Octanol 293.2 8.13 0.63760E+02 -0.27643E+00 0.31075E-03 213-513 C8H18O 3-Octanol 293.2 5.55 0.12505E+03 -0.70646E+00 0.10245E-02 223-383 C8H18O 4-Octanol 293.2 4.48 0.51049E+02 -0.26664E+00 0.37280E-03 243-403 C8H18O 2-Methyl-1-heptanol 293.1 5.16 0.61698E+02 -0.33647E+00 0.49066E-03 236-328 C8H18O 3-Methyl-1-heptanol 290.3 2.884 0.84687E+01 -0.33712E-01 0.49793E-04 241-316 C8H18O 4-Methyl-1-heptanol 290.6 4.63 0.48612E+02 -0.26773E+00 0.39972E-03 237-332 C8H18O 5-Methyl-1-heptanol 290.4 7.68 0.54581E+02 -0.24772E+00 0.29734E-03 235-328 C8H18O 6-Methyl-1-heptanol 290.3 10.54 0.57997E+02 -0.23517E+00 0.24663E-03 265-328 C8H18O 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 292.2 3.43 C8H18O 3-Methyl-2-heptanol 289.6 7.47 0.39178E+02 -0.17976E+00 0.24218E-03 229-329 C8H18O 4-Methyl-2-heptanol 290.0 3.59 0.39715E+02 -0.23115E+00 0.36771E-03 240-333 C8H18O 5-Methyl-2-heptanol 278.5 7.5 0.68568E+02 -0.40706E+00 0.67433E-03 230-279 C8H18O 6-Methyl-2-heptanol 290.1 6.41 0.77520E+02 -0.41724E+00 0.59448E-03 239-329 C8H18O 2-Methyl-3-heptanol 293.2 3.260 -0.59739E+01 0.56700E-01 -0.83125E-04 343-403 C8H18O 3-Methyl-3-heptanol 293.2 3.013 -0.38440E+01 0.42327E-01 -0.61250E-04 343-403 C8H18O 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 293.2 3.312 -0.48003E+01 0.50740E-01 -0.75000E-04 343-403 C8H18O 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 293.2 3.832 0.61967E+01 -0.63750E-02 343-383 C8H18O 6-Methyl-3-heptanol 293.2 4.992 0.23037E+02 -0.98029E-01 0.12479E-03 283-383 C8H18O 2-Methyl-4-heptanol 296.3 3.338 0.42102E+00 0.10427E-01 -0.20438E-05 230-333 C8H18O 3-Methyl-4-heptanol 290.0 7.46 0.33354E+02 -0.14077E+00 0.17750E-03 230-330 C8H18O 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 296.2 2.902 C8H18O 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 298.2 7.58 0.86074E+02 -0.42636E+00 0.55078E-03 208-318 C8H18O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol 293.2 4.50 0.91244E+01 -0.21785E-01 0.21018E-04 283-393 C8H18O Dibutyl ether 293.2 3.0830 0.65383E+01 -0.16172E-01 0.14969E-04 293-314 C8H18OS Dibutyl sulfoxide 313.2 24.73 0.67156E+02 -0.16448E+00 0.92275E-04 313-393 C8H18O22-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 293.2 18.73 0.57919E+02 -0.17128E+00 0.12949E-03 233-333 C8H18O2S Dibutyl sulfone 323.2 25.72 0.66248E+02 -0.16417E+00 0.12001E-03 323-398 C8H18O4Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether 298.2 7.62 C8H18O5Tetraethylene glycol 293.2 20.44 0.83547E+02 -0.31691E+00 0.34689E-03 253-333 C8H18S 1-Octanethiol 293.2 3.949 0.63667E+01 -0.87920E-02 0.18750E-05 273-333 C8H18S Dibutyl sulfide 298.2 4.29 C8H19N Octylamine 293.2 3.58 0.77931E+01 -0.20015E-01 0.19347E-04 273-373 C8H19N Dibutylamine 293.2 2.765 0.52504E+01 -0.10538E-01 0.71485E-05 243-323 C8H20O4Si Ethyl silicate 293.2 2.50 C8H20Si Tetraethylsilane 293.2 2.090 C8H20Sn Tetraethylstannane 293.2 2.241 C8H23N5Tetraethylenepentamine 293.2 9.40 0.40553E+02 -0.16681E+00 0.20659E-03 213-333 C8H24O4Si4Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 296.2 2.390 0.36286E+01 -0.56885E-02 0.50874E-05 296-333 C9H6N2O2Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 293.2 8.433 0.22174E+02 -0.66982E-01 0.68571E-04 293-353 C9H6O22H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 343.2 34.04 0.11311E+03 -0.33804E+00 0.31324E-03 343-423 C9H7N Quinoline 293.2 9.16 0.33432E+02 -0.13497E+00 0.17788E-03 258-323 C9H7N Isoquinoline 298.2 11.0 0.14412E+03 -0.79935E+00 0.11839E-02 298-323 C9H8O Cinnamaldehyde 305.8 17.72 0.41837E+02 -0.11060E+00 0.10401E-03 306-354 C9H8O42-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 333.2 6.55 0.69994E+01 -0.14553E-02 333-416 C9H10 1-Propenylbenzene 293.2 2.73 C9H10 Allylbenzene 293.2 2.63 C9H10 Isopropenylbenzene 293.2 2.28PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-170C9H10OS 4-Acetylthioanisole 355.2 11.34 C9H10O2Ethyl benzoate 293.2 6.20 0.18216E+02 -0.62361E-01 0.72884E-04 288-343 C9H10O2Methyl 4-methylbenzoate 306.2 4.3 C9H10O2Benzyl acetate 303.2 5.34 0.11727E+02 -0.30869E-01 0.32340E-04 303-358 C9H10O2Phenyl propanoate 293.2 4.77 C9H10O24-Acetylanisole 313.2 17.3 C9H10O3Ethyl salicylate 308.2 8.48 0.18910E+02 -0.35623E-01 0.46529E-05 225-321 C9H10O3Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate 294.2 7.7 C9H11Br (3-Bromopropyl)benzene 302.2 5.41 0.11360E+02 -0.27471E-01 0.25775E-04 302-358 C9H11NON-Ethylbenzamide 352.7 42.6 -0.20109E+03 0.17866E+01 -0.31065E-02 353-389 C9H11NON,N-Dimethylbenzamide 318.2 20.77 0.76725E+02 -0.26908E+00 0.29409E-03 318-443 C9H11NO2Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate 298.2 4.14 C9H12 Propylbenzene 293.2 2.370 0.26933E+01 0.21679E-03 -0.44643E-05 273-323 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene 293.2 2.381 0.31149E+01 -0.30801E-02 0.19643E-05 273-323 C9H12 o-Ethyltoluene 293.2 2.595 C9H12 m-Ethyltoluene 293.2 2.365 C9H12 p-Ethyltoluene 293.2 2.265 C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 293.2 2.656 0.76006E+01 -0.29118E-01 0.41786E-04 273-323 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 293.2 2.377 0.31517E+01 -0.30634E-02 0.14286E-05 273-323 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 293.2 2.279 0.38998E+01 -0.88072E-02 0.11149E-04 288-358 C9H12O Benzenepropanol 293.2 11.97 0.94482E+02 -0.45540E+00 0.59307E-03 213-303 C9H12Oα-Ethylbenzenemethanol 293.2 6.68 0.44520E+02 -0.21505E+00 0.29443E-03 233-373 C9H12Oα,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanol 303.2 5.61 0.57072E+01 0.86568E-02 -0.29580E-04 303-373 C9H12O 1-Phenyl-2-propanol 293.2 9.35 0.10762E+03 -0.56026E+00 0.76915E-03 233-373 C9H12O Benzyl ethyl ether 298.2 3.90 C9H12O 2,6-Dimethylanisole 293.2 3.780 0.76700E+01 -0.18298E-01 0.17143E-04 293-333 C9H12O 3,5-Dimethylanisole 293.2 3.711 0.54981E+01 -0.56651E-02 -0.14286E-05 293-333 C9H12O2S Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate 293.2 6.40 C9H12S Benzenepropanethiol 303.2 4.36 0.82411E+01 -0.15034E-01 0.73617E-05 303-358 C9H13N Benzylethylamine 293.2 4.3 C9H13NN-Propylaniline 293.2 5.48 C9H13N 2-Methyl- N,N-dimethylaniline 293.2 3.4 C9H13N 4-Methyl- N,N-dimethylaniline 293.2 3.9 C9H14OSi Trimethylphenoxysilane 298.2 3.3953 C9H14O6Triacetin 293.6 7.11 0.17819E+02 -0.53656E-01 0.57759E-04 219-304 C9H14Si Trimethylphenylsilane 298.2 2.3533 0.21463E+01 0.32711E-02 -0.86264E-05 288-323 C9H16O22-Nonenoic acid 296.2 2.5 C9H16O2Cyclohexyl propanoate 293.2 4.82 C9H16O2Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 293.2 4.64 C9H16O4Diethyl glutarate 303.2 6.659 C9H17N Nonanenitrile 293.2 12.08 C9H18 1-Nonene 293.2 2.180 0.22710E+01 0.15797E-02 -0.64286E-05 273-323 C9H18Br21,9-Dibromononane 293.2 7.153 0.18931E+02 -0.57764E-01 0.60000E-04 293-343 C9H18O 2-Nonanone 295.2 9.14 C9H18O 5-Nonanone 293.2 10.6 C9H18O Di- tert-butyl ketone 287.65 10.0 C9H18O 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 293.2 9.91 0.33178E+02 -0.11290E+00 0.11454E-03 273-393 C9H18O2Nonanoic acid 294.9 2.475 0.25039E+01 0.67274E-03 -0.24180E-05 295-365 C9H18O22-Methyloctanoic acid 293.2 2.39 C9H18O22-Ethylheptanoic acid 293.2 1.98 C9H18O2Heptyl acetate 293.2 4.2 C9H18O2Pentyl butanoate 301.2 4.08 0.59029E+01 -0.49905E-02 -0.34292E-05 301-343 C9H18O2Isopentyl butanoate 293.2 4.0 C9H18O2Isobutyl pentanoate 292.2 3.8 C9H18O2Methyl octanoate 293.2 4.101 C9H19Br 1-Bromononane 298.2 4.74 0.79870E+01 -0.10488E-01 -0.13450E-05 274-328 C9H19Cl 1-Chlorononane 293.2 4.803 0.95528E+01 -0.16200E-01 -0.16365E-13 293-323 C9H19NON,N-Dibutylformamide 293.2 18.4 C9H20 Nonane 293.2 1.9722 0.23894E+01 -0.14830E-02 0.14881E-06 253-393PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K 6-171C9H20 2-Methyloctane 293.2 1.967 C9H20 4-Methyloctane 293.2 1.967 C9H20 2,4-Dimethylheptane 293.2 1.89 C9H20 2,5-Dimethylheptane 293.2 1.89 C9H20 2,6-Dimethylheptane 293.2 1.987 C9H20N2O Tetraethylurea 296.8 14.29 0.52820E+02 -0.18790E+00 0.19580E-03 205-411 C9H20O 1-Nonanol 293.2 8.83 0.97467E+02 -0.51103E+00 0.71429E-03 288-343 C9H20O 2-Nonanol 298.2 6.66 0.10136E+03 -0.55612E+00 0.80000E-03 288-308 C9H20O 3-Nonanol 298.2 4.49 0.55214E+02 -0.31920E+00 0.50000E-03 288-308 C9H20O 4-Nonanol 298.2 3.69 0.27954E+01 0.30000E-02 -0.52375E-13 288-308 C9H20O 5-Nonanol 298.2 3.54 -0.25463E+01 0.35320E-01 -0.50000E-04 288-308 C9H21B Tripropylborane 293.2 2.026 C9H21N Nonylamine 293.2 3.42 0.53575E+01 -0.71982E-02 0.19481E-05 293-373 C9H21N Tripropylamine 293.2 2.380 0.33380E+01 -0.86332E-02 0.18322E-04 243-293 C9H21O4P Tripropyl phosphate 293.2 10.93 0.33166E+02 -0.10514E+00 0.10000E-03 293-373 C10H7Br 1-Bromonaphthalene 298.2 4.768 0.10561E+02 -0.27671E-01 0.27655E-04 293-323 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene 298.2 5.04 0.84861E+01 -0.12357E-01 0.26899E-05 274-328 C10H7NO21-Nitronaphthalene 333.2 19.68 0.36267E+02 -0.41283E-01 -0.25595E-04 333-403 C10H8 Naphthalene 363.2 2.54 C10H8O 1-Naphthol 373.0 5.03 0.16489E+02 -0.46700E-01 0.42857E-04 373-453 C10H8O 2-Naphthol 413.0 4.95 0.92865E+01 -0.10500E-01 0.42501E-15 413-453 C10H9N 1-Naphthylamine 333.2 5.20 0.10577E+02 -0.22114E-01 0.17857E-04 333-453 C10H9N 2-Naphthylamine 393.0 5.26 0.19722E+02 -0.60679E-01 0.60714E-04 393-473 C10H9N 2-Methylquinoline 293.2 7.24 0.11688E+02 -0.78400E-02 -0.25000E-04 293-333 C10H9N 4-Methylquinoline 293.2 9.31 0.17788E+02 -0.32580E-01 0.12500E-04 293-333 C10H9N 6-Methylquinoline 293.2 8.48 0.21696E+02 -0.63400E-01 0.62500E-04 293-333 C10H9N 8-Methylquinoline 293.2 6.58 0.19356E+02 -0.61900E-01 0.62500E-04 293-333 C10H10O4Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate 328.9 5.31 0.19579E+02 -0.69970E-01 0.80889E-04 329-371 C10H10O4Dimethyl phthalate 293.2 8.66 C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 298.2 2.771 0.29172E+01 0.12832E-02 -0.59453E-05 298-343 C10H12 4-Ethylstyrene 298.2 3.350 C10H12 Dicyclopentadiene 313.2 2.43 0.30564E+01 -0.20000E-02 0.82443E-15 313-373 C10H12O Tetrahydro-2-naphthol* 293.2 11.70 0.98978E+02 -0.48267E+00 0.63008E-03 293-363 C10H12O 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 288.2 10.68 C10H12O24-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 293.2 9.55 0.52377E+02 -0.24380E+00 0.33333E-03 273-323 C10H12O22-Phenylethyl acetate 297.2 4.93 C10H12O2Benzyl propanoate 303.0 5.11 0.42301E+01 0.13962E-01 -0.36426E-04 303-358 C10H12O2Phenyl butanoate 293.2 4.48 C10H12O2Propyl benzoate 303.2 5.78 0.10927E+02 -0.20535E-01 0.11745E-04 303-358 C10H12O2Ethyl phenylacetate 293.2 5.320 C10H14 Butylbenzene 293.2 2.359 C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene 293.2 2.357 0.28348E+01 -0.68586E-03 -0.32143E-05 273-323 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene 293.2 2.359 0.27924E+01 -0.38350E-03 -0.37500E-05 273-323 C10H14 Isobutylbenzene 293.2 2.318 0.28055E+01 -0.92614E-03 -0.25000E-05 273-323 C10H14 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 298.2 2.2322 0.25266E+01 -0.25121E-03 -0.24867E-05 277-333 C10H14 o-Diethylbenzene 293.2 2.594 C10H14 m-Diethylbenzene 293.2 2.369 C10H14 p-Diethylbenzene 293.2 2.259 C10H14 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 293.2 2.275 C10H14 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 296.0 2.538 0.33822E+01 -0.33630E-02 0.17475E-05 273-412 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 356.0 2.223 0.26834E+01 -0.10327E-02 -0.73533E-06 356-430 C10H14N2L-Nicotine 293.2 8.937 0.21347E+02 -0.57177E-01 0.50655E-04 293-363 C10H14O 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol 298.2 5.71 0.21922E+02 -0.84231E-01 0.99475E-04 298-423 C10H14O Butyl phenyl ether 293.2 3.734 C10H14O Thymol 333.2 4.259 C10H15NN,N-Diethylaniline 303.2 5.15 0.50773E+01 0.15399E-01 -0.50000E-04 303-328 C10H16 γ-Terpinene 298.2 2.2738 C10H16 d-Limonene 298.2 2.3746 C10H16 l-Limonene 298.2 2.3738PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-172C10H16 Terpinolene 298.2 2.2918 C10H16 α-Pinene 298.2 2.1787 C10H16 β-Pinene 298.2 2.4970 C10H16 α-Terpinene 298.2 2.4526 C10H16 β-Myrcene 298.2 2.3 C10H16O Carvenone 293.2 18.8 C10H16Od-Fenchone 294.2 12.8 C10H17Cl 2-Chlorobornane 368.2 5.21 C10H18 Pinane 298.2 2.1456 C10H18 cis-Decahydronaphthalene 293.2 2.219 0.25410E+01 -0.11420E-02 0.15092E-06 293-373 C10H18 trans-Decahydronaphthalene 293.2 2.184 0.26615E+01 -0.21241E-02 0.16864E-05 293-373 C10H18O Eucalyptol 298.2 4.57 C10H18O2Cyclohexyl butanoate 293.2 4.58 C10H18O4Diethyl adipate 293.2 6.109 0.14824E+02 -0.40749E-01 0.37600E-04 293-343 C10H20 1-Decene 293.2 2.136 0.19091E+01 0.33442E-02 -0.87500E-05 273-323 C10H20 cis-5-Decene 298.2 2.071 C10H20 trans-5-Decene 298.2 2.030 C10H20 5-Methyl-4-nonene 293.2 2.175 C10H20 2,4,6-Trimethyl-3-heptene 293.2 2.293 C10H20Br21,10-Dibromodecane 303.2 6.56 0.17350E+02 -0.50328E-01 0.48633E-04 303-368 C10H20Cl21,10-Dichlorodecane 308.2 6.68 -0.57423E+01 0.94220E-01 -0.17500E-03 308-338 C10H20O 2-Decanone 287.2 8.3 C10H20O Menthol 309.3 3.90 0.68202E+01 -0.15894E-01 0.20837E-04 309-358 C10H20O22,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid 296.2 2.8 C10H20O2Octyl acetate 288.2 4.18 -0.34691E+01 0.58106E-01 -0.10952E-03 288-323 C10H20O22-Methylheptyl acetate 288.2 4.27 0.23285E+02 -0.11538E+00 0.17143E-03 288-323 C10H20O2Pentyl pentanoate 305.6 4.076 0.77641E+01 -0.14335E-01 0.73740E-05 306-393 C10H20O2Isopentyl pentanoate 292.2 3.6 C10H20O2Isopentyl isopentanoate 288.2 4.39 0.14698E+02 -0.57726E-01 0.76190E-04 288-323 C10H20O2Methyl nonanoate 293.2 3.943 C10H21Br 1-Bromodecane 298.2 4.44 0.11202E+02 -0.33491E-01 0.36314E-04 274-328 C10H21Cl 1-Chlorodecane 293.2 4.581 0.68741E+01 -0.12210E-02 -0.22500E-04 293-323 C10H21NON,N-Dibutylacetamide 293.2 19.1 C10H22 Decane 293.2 1.9853 0.24054E+01 -0.15445E-02 0.44643E-06 253-393 C10H22 2,7-Dimethyloctane 293.2 1.98 C10H22 4-Propylheptane 293.2 1.9955 C10H22O 1-Decanol 293.2 7.93 0.47195E+02 -0.20740E+00 0.24942E-03 293-343 C10H22O 2-Decanol 298.2 5.82 0.13621E+03 -0.81000E+00 0.12500E-02 288-308 C10H22O 3-Decanol 298.2 4.05 0.52090E+02 -0.31020E+00 0.50000E-03 288-308 C10H22O 4-Decanol 298.2 3.42 -0.11260E+02 0.93960E-01 -0.15000E-03 288-308 C10H22O 5-Decanol 298.2 3.24 -0.25832E+01 0.31456E-01 -0.40000E-04 288-308 C10H22O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol 293.2 7.86 0.69536E+02 -0.34596E+00 0.46250E-03 293-333 C10H22O Dipentyl ether 298.2 2.798 C10H22O Diisopentyl ether 293.2 2.817 0.44690E+01 -0.63710E-02 0.25000E-05 293-323 C10H22OS Dipentyl sulfoxide 348.2 18.8 C10H22O5Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether 298.2 7.68 C10H22S Dipentyl sulfide 298.2 3.826 C10H23N Decylamine 293.2 3.31 0.61497E+01 -0.12801E-01 0.10606E-04 293-373 C10H30O3Si4Decamethyltetrasiloxane 293.2 2.370 C10H30O5Si5Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 293.2 2.50 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 293.2 2.915 0.45126E+01 -0.76480E-02 0.75000E-05 293-333 C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 313.2 2.747 C11H10O 1-Methoxynaphthalene 293.2 4.020 0.71885E+01 -0.14838E-01 0.13750E-04 293-333 C11H10O 2-Methoxynaphthalene 353.2 3.563 0.56702E+01 -0.69754E-02 0.28571E-05 353-373 C11H12O2Ethyl trans-cinnamate 293.2 5.63 C11H12O3Ethyl benzoylacetate 303.2 13.50 0.93644E+01 0.74280E-01 -0.20000E-03 303-323 C11H14O2Benzyl butanoate 301.2 4.55 C11H14O2Phenyl pentanoate 293.2 4.30 C11H14O2Butyl benzoate 303.2 5.52 0.77854E+01 -0.34972E-02 -0.13149E-04 303-358PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K 6-173C11H14O2Isobutyl benzoate 291.2 5.39 C11H16 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene 293.2 2.264 C11H16 Pentamethylbenzene 334.0 2.358 0.30196E+01 -0.22619E-02 0.83831E-06 334-413 C11H22 1-Undecene 293.2 2.137 0.22132E+01 0.13121E-02 -0.53571E-05 273-323 C11H22O 2-Undecanone 285.3 8.3 C11H22O2Nonyl acetate 293.2 3.87 C11H22O2Pentyl hexanoate 288.2 4.22 0.83503E+01 -0.18449E-01 0.14286E-04 288-323 C11H23Br 1-Bromoundecane 272.6 4.61 C11H24 Undecane 293.2 1.9972 0.23637E+01 -0.12500E-02 -0.85869E-16 283-363 C11H24O 1-Undecanol 313.2 5.98 C11H25N Undecylamine 293.2 3.25 0.54945E+01 -0.96161E-02 0.66017E-05 293-373 C12F27N Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine 293.2 2.15 C12H8O Dibenzofuran 373.2 3.00 C12H10 Biphenyl 348.2 2.53 0.26869E+01 0.63072E-03 -0.30995E-05 348-428 C12H10N2Otrans-Azoxybenzene 311.2 5.2 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 283.2 3.726 C12H10O 2-Acetonaphthone 333.2 13.03 0.14538E+03 -0.73040E+00 0.10000E-02 333-363 C12H10OS Diphenyl sulfoxide 344.7 16.6 C12H10O2S Diphenyl sulfone 406.2 21.1 C12H10S Diphenyl sulfide 298.2 5.43 C12H11N Diphenylamine 323.2 3.73 C12H11NON-1-Naphthylenylacetamide 433.2 24.3 0.84739E+02 -0.12391E+00 -0.35714E-04 433-533 C12H12 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 293.2 2.7250 C12H12O 1-Ethoxynaphthalene 292.2 3.3 C12H14O2Propyl cinnamate 293.2 5.45 C12H14O4Diethyl phthalate 293.2 7.86 C12H16O 2-Cyclohexylphenol 328.2 3.97 C12H16O 4-Cyclohexylphenol 404.2 4.42 C12H16O2Pentyl benzoate 293.2 5.07 C12H16O3Pentyl salicylate 301.2 6.25 C12H16O3Isopentyl salicylate 293.12 7.26 0.13129E+02 -0.19190E-01 -0.36060E-05 225-397 C12H17NON-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide 298.2 11.66 C12H18 Hexylbenzene 293.2 2.3 C12H18 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene 293.2 2.256 C12H18 Hexamethylbenzene 449.0 2.172 0.35710E+01 -0.46912E-02 0.35088E-05 449-489 C12H20O2l-Bornyl acetate 303.2 4.46 0.60791E+01 0.98200E-02 -0.50000E-04 303-323 C12H22O Dicyclohexyl ether 293.2 3.45 0.95324E+01 -0.31740E-01 0.37500E-04 293-333 C12H22O Cyclododecanone 303.2 11.4 0.39327E+02 -0.13248E+00 0.13298E-03 303-423 C12H22O6Dibutyl tartrate 314.2 9.4 C12H24 1-Dodecene 293.2 2.152 0.22581E+01 0.11106E-02 -0.50000E-05 273-323 C12H24O2Decyl acetate 293.2 3.75 C12H24O2Ethyl decanoate 293.2 3.75 0.70969E+01 -0.15080E-01 0.12500E-04 293-353 C12H24O2Methyl undecanoate 293.2 3.671 C12H25Br 1-Bromododecane 298.2 4.07 0.86103E+01 -0.20891E-01 0.18994E-04 274-328 C12H25Cl 1-Chlorododecane 298.2 4.17 0.10002E+02 -0.27798E-01 0.27559E-04 274-328 C12H25I 1-Iodododecane 298.2 3.91 0.34641E+01 0.97404E-02 -0.27602E-04 293-323 C12H26 Dodecane 293.2 2.0120 0.23697E+01 -0.12200E-02 -0.36375E-16 283-363 C12H26O 1-Dodecanol 303.2 5.82 0.18518E+02 -0.44859E-01 0.99900E-05 303-358 C12H26O 2-Butyl-1-octanol 363.2 3.28 C12H27BO3Tributyl borate 293.2 2.23 C12H27N Dodecylamine 303.2 3.07 0.27999E+01 0.44810E-02 -0.11905E-04 303-373 C12H27N Tributylamine 293.2 2.340 0.19846E+01 0.28108E-02 -0.54545E-05 233-293 C12H27O4P Tributyl phosphate 293.2 8.34 0.26304E+02 -0.88480E-01 0.92857E-04 293-373 C12H28O4Si Tetrapropoxysilane 298.2 3.21 C12H28Sn Tetrapropylstannane 293.2 2.267 C12H30OSi2Hexaethyldisiloxane 298.2 2.259 0.36559E+01 -0.72406E-02 0.85714E-05 298-333 C13H10O Benzophenone 300.2 12.62 0.34130E+02 -0.10249E+00 0.10268E-03 300-420 C13H10O3Phenyl salicylate 290.2 6.92 0.26545E+02 -0.11180E+00 0.15220E-03 290-358 C13H12 Diphenylmethane 303.2 2.540 0.30638E+01 -0.17286E-02 303-333PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-174C13H12O Benzyl phenyl ether 313.2 3.748 C13H18O2Hexyl benzoate 293.2 4.80 C13H20 Heptylbenzene 293.2 2.26 C13H20Oα-Ionone* 292.4 10.78 C13H20Oβ-Ionone* 297.65 11.66 C13H24O4Diethyl nonanedioate 303.2 5.133 C13H26 1-Tridecene 293.2 2.139 0.14154E+01 0.66514E-02 -0.14286E-04 273-323 C13H26O 7-Tridecanone 303.2 7.6 C13H26O2Ethyl undecanoate 293.2 3.55 C13H26O2Methyl dodecanoate 293.2 3.539 C13H27Br 1-Bromotridecane 281.15 4.19 C13H28 Tridecane 293.2 2.0213 0.23731E+01 -0.12000E-02 -0.21841E-15 283-363 C13H28 5-Butylnonane 293.2 2.0319 C13H28O 1-Tridecanol 333.2 4.02 C14H10 Anthracene 502.0 2.649 0.20571E+02 -0.69169E-01 0.66667E-04 502-516 C14H10 Phenanthrene 383.2 2.72 C14H10O2Benzil 368.2 13.04 -0.23599E+02 0.22715E+00 -0.34667E-03 368-393 C14H12O2Benzyl benzoate 303.2 5.26 0.76856E+01 -0.80000E-02 -0.80361E-15 303-358 C14H12O3Benzyl salicylate 301.2 4.12 C14H14 1,2-Diphenylethane 331.2 2.47 0.31178E+01 -0.21572E-02 0.59800E-06 331-451 C14H14O Dibenzyl ether 293.2 3.821 0.80154E+01 -0.20536E-01 0.21250E-04 293-333 C14H15N Dibenzylamine 293.2 3.446 C14H16O2Si Dimethyldiphenoxysilane 298.2 3.500 0.51669E+01 -0.77001E-02 0.70156E-05 283-353 C14H18O2Pentyl cinnamate 293.2 4.89 C14H22 Octylbenzene 293.2 2.26 C14H26O4Diisobutyl adipate 293.2 5.19 C14H26O4Diethyl sebacate 303.2 4.995 0.39143E+02 -0.20965E+00 0.32000E-03 303-313 C14H28O2Dodecyl acetate 293.2 3.6 C14H28O2Ethyl laurate 273.2 3.94 C14H28O2Methyl tridecanoate 293.2 3.442 C14H29Br 1-Bromotetradecane 293.2 3.84 0.10058E+02 -0.33905E-01 0.43528E-04 274-328 C14H30 Tetradecane 293.2 2.0343 0.23832E+01 -0.11900E-02 -0.51229E-16 283-363 C14H30O 1-Tetradecanol 318.2 4.42 0.12272E+02 -0.24667E-01 -0.13168E-13 318-358 C14H31N Tetradecylamine 312.55 2.90 C15H12O4Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate 384.2 4.33 C15H26O6Tributyrin 282.8 5.72 0.13152E+02 -0.36684E-01 0.36795E-04 199-283 C15H30O2Methyl tetradecanoate 293.2 3.352 C15H31Br 1-Bromopentadecane 293.35 3.88 C15H32 Pentadecane 293.2 2.0391 0.23792E+01 -0.11600E-02 -0.71069E-16 283-363 C15H32O 1-Pentadecanol 333.2 3.70 C15H33N Pentadecylamine 313.25 2.85 C15H33N Triisopentylamine 294.2 2.29 C16H22O4Dibutyl phthalate 293.2 6.58 0.12444E+02 -0.20000E-01 293-333 C16H32O2Hexadecanoic acid 338.2 2.417 C16H32O2Ethyl myristate 293.2 3.50 0.52642E+01 -0.60000E-02 -0.47358E-15 293-353 C16H32O2Methyl pentadecanoate 293.2 3.296 C16H33Br 1-Bromohexadecane 298.2 3.68 0.58668E+01 -0.73333E-02 -0.52666E-14 298-328 C16H33I 1-Iodohexadecane 293.2 3.57 0.79531E+01 -0.22859E-01 0.26955E-04 293-323 C16H34 Hexadecane 293.2 2.0460 0.23861E+01 -0.11600E-02 0.25555E-15 293-363 C16H34O 1-Hexadecanol 333.2 3.69 0.85935E+01 -0.14714E-01 -0.45533E-13 333-363 C16H35N Hexadecylamine 328.35 2.71 C16H36Sn Tetrabutylstannane 293.2 9.74 0.56115E+02 -0.24812E+00 0.30682E-03 293-313 C17H12O32-Naphthyl salicylate 293.0 6.30 0.11229E+02 -0.18857E-01 0.70332E-05 293-353 C17H34O 9-Heptadecanone 328.2 5.43 0.44176E+02 -0.21183E+00 0.28571E-03 328-363 C17H34O2Methyl palmitate 313.2 3.124 C17H36 Heptadecane 293.2 2.0578 0.23627E+01 -0.10400E-02 -0.10397E-12 293-308 C17H36O 1-Heptadecanol 333.2 3.41 C18H26O4Dipentyl phthalate 293.2 6.00 C18H28O2Phenyl laurate 293.2 3.28PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K 6-175C18H30O2Linolenic acid 293.2 2.825 0.33867E+01 -0.19181E-02 274-368 C18H30O4Dicyclohexyl adipate 308.2 4.84 C18H32O2Linoleic acid 293.2 2.754 0.32073E+01 -0.15477E-02 275-368 C18H34O2Oleic acid 293.2 2.336 0.25385E+01 -0.69448E-03 275-368 C18H34O4Dibutyl sebacate 293.2 4.54 C18H36O2Stearic acid 293.2 2.314 0.27159E+01 -0.13300E-02 293-373 C18H36O2Hexadecyl acetate 308.2 3.19 0.47310E+01 -0.50000E-02 0.41338E-14 308-348 C18H36O2Ethyl palmitate 303.2 3.07 0.57938E+01 -0.12294E-01 0.10919E-04 303-455 C18H36O2Methyl heptadecanoate 313.2 3.07 C18H37Br 1-Bromooctadecane 303.35 3.53 0.46790E+01 -0.30355E-02 -0.24798E-05 303-332 C18H38O 1-Octadecanol 333.2 3.38 0.73784E+01 -0.12000E-01 -0.22871E-13 333-363 C18H39BO3Trihexyl borate 293.2 2.22 C18H39N Octadecylamine 326.35 2.67 C19H16 Triphenylmethane 367.2 2.46 0.40201E+01 -0.66507E-02 0.65329E-05 367-448 C19H18O3Si Methyltriphenoxysilane 298.2 3.628 C19H32O2Methyl linolenate 293.2 3.355 C19H34O2Methyl linoleate 293.2 3.466 C19H36O2Methyl oleate 293.2 3.211 C19H38O 10-Nonadecanone 353.2 5.37 C19H38O2Methyl stearate 313.2 3.021 C19H40 Nonadecane 293.2 2.0706 C20H30O4Dihexyl phthalate 293.2 5.62 C20H38O2Ethyl oleate 301.2 3.17 0.57033E+01 -0.11223E-01 0.93447E-05 301-423 C20H40O2Octadecyl acetate 308.2 3.07 0.44569E+01 -0.45000E-02 0.33923E-14 308-348 C20H40O2Ethyl stearate 313.2 2.958 0.70930E+01 -0.19081E-01 0.19555E-04 331-440 C20H40O2Methyl nonadecanoate 313.2 2.982 C20H42O 1-Eicosanol 338.2 3.13 0.21700E+01 0.12497E-01 -0.28571E-04 338-363 C20H42O Didecyl ether 293.2 2.644 0.41465E+01 -0.62240E-02 0.37500E-05 293-333 C20H60O8Si9Eicosamethylnonasiloxane 293.2 2.645 0.57840E+01 -0.16568E-01 0.20000E-04 293-323 C21H21O4P Tricresyl phosphate* 298.2 6.7 C21H38O61,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate 293.2 4.476 C22H42O2Butyl oleate 298.2 4.00 C22H44O2Butyl stearate 298.2 3.120 0.73894E+02 -0.46261E+00 0.75500E-03 298-343 C22H46 Docosane 293.2 2.0840 C22H46O 1-Docosanol 348.2 2.94 0.82062E+01 -0.25069E-01 0.28571E-04 348-373 C24H20O4Si Tetraphenoxysilane 333.2 3.4915 C24H38O4Dioctyl phthalate 293.2 5.22 C26H50O4Dioctyl sebacate 299.2 4.01 C27H50O61,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate 293.2 3.931 C30H58O4Ethylene glycol ditetradecanoate 343.2 2.98 C30H62 Triacontane 373.2 1.9112 C30H62 2,6,10,15,19,23- 373.2 1.9106 Hexamethyltetracosane C34H66O4Ethylene glycol dipalmitate 348.2 2.89 C34H68O2Hexadecyl stearate 333.2 2.61 C38H74O4Ethylene glycol distearate 353.2 2.79 C39H74O6Glycerol trilaurate 313.2 3.287 C51H98O6Glycerol tripalmitate 328.2 2.901 -0.29131E+01 0.32206E-01 -0.44154E-04 328-393 C57H104O6Glycerol trioleate 293.2 3.109 C57H104O6Glycerol trielaidate 313.2 2.980 C57H110O6Glycerol tristearate 353.2 2.740PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. Name T/K ε abc Range/K TeamLRN6-174PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF GASES This table gives the relative permittivity ε (often called the dielectric constant) of some common gases at a temperature of 20 °C and pressure of one atmosphere (101.325 kPa). Values of the permanent dipole moment µ in Debye Units (1 D = 3.33564 × 10–30 C m) are also included. The density dependence of the permittivity is given by the equation where ρm is the molar density, N is Avogadro’s number, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and α is the molecular polarizability. Therefore, in regions where the gas can be considered ideal, ε – 1 is approximately proportional to the pressure at constant temperature. For nonpolar gases ( µ = 0), ε –1 is inversely proportional to temperature at constant pressure. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values given. The values of ε for air, Ar, H2, He, N2, O2, and CO2 are recommended as reference values; these are accurate to 1 ppm or better. The second part of the table gives the permittivity of water vapor in equilibrium with liquid water as a function of temperatur e (derived from Reference 4). REFERENCE 1. A. A. Maryott and F. Buckley, Table of Dielectric Constants and Electric Dipole Moments of Substances in the Gaseous State , National Bureau of Standards Circular 537, 1953. 2. B. A. Younglove, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 11, Suppl. 1, 1982; 16, 577, 1987 (for data on N2, H2, O2, and hydrocarbons over a range of pressure and temperature). 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology , New Series, Group IV, Vol. 4, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980 (for data at high pressures). 4. G. Birnbaum and S. K. Chatterjee, J. Appl. Phys., 23, 220, 1952 (for data on water vapor). Mol. form. Name εεεεε µµµµµ/D Compounds not containing carbon Air (dry,CO2 free) 1.0005364 Ar Argon 1.0005172 0BF 3 Boron trifluoride 1.0011 0 BrH Hydrogen bromide 1.00279 0.827 ClH Hydrogen chloride 1.00390 1.109F 3N Nitrogen trifluoride 1.0013 0.235 F6S Sulfur hexafluoride 1.00200 0 HI Hydrogen iodide 1.00214 0.448H 2 Hydrogen 1.0002538 0 H2S Hydrogen sulfide 1.00344 0.97 H3N Ammonia 1.00622 1.471 He Helium 1.0000650 0 Kr Krypton 1.00078 0 NO Nitric oxide 1.00060 0.159N 2 Nitrogen 1.0005480 0 N2O Nitrous oxide 1.00104 0.161 Ne Neon 1.00013 0O 2 Oxygen 1.0004947 0 O2S Sulfur dioxide 1.00825 1.633 O3 Ozone 1.0017 0.534 Xe Xenon 1.00126 0 Compounds containing carbon CF4 Tetrafluoromethane 1.00121 0 CO Carbon monoxide 1.00065 0.110CO 2 Carbon dioxide 1.000922 0ε ερπα πµ –N N kT1 24 34 92 +=+   m 6-175PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF GASES (continued) Mol. form. Name εεεεε µµµµµ/D CH3Br Bromomethane 1.01028 1.822 CH3Cl Chloromethane 1.01080 1.892 CH3F Fluoromethane 1.00973 1.858 CH 3I Iodomethane 1.00914 1.62 CH 4 Methane 1.00081 0 C2H2 Acetylene 1.00124 0 C2H3Cl Chloroethylene 1.0075 1.45 C2H4 Ethylene 1.00134 0 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 1.01325 2.05 C2H6 Ethane 1.00140 0 C2H6O Dimethyl ether 1.0062 1.30 C3H6 Propene 1.00228 0.366 C3H6 Cyclopropane 1.00178 0 C3H8 Propane 1.00200 0.084 C4H10 Butane 1.00258 0 C4H10 Isobutane 1.00260 0.132 PERMITTIVITY OF SATURATED WATER VAPOR t/°C εεεεε t/°C εεεεε 0 1.00007 60 1.00144 10 1.00012 70 1.00213 20 1.00022 80 1.0030530 1.00037 90 1.00428 40 1.00060 100 1.00587 50 1.00095 TeamLRN 6- 180 AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES J. Gmehling, J. Menke, J. Krafczyk, K. Fischer, J.-C. Fontaine, and H. V . Kehiaian Binary homogeneous (single-phase) liquid mixtures having an extremum (maximum or minimum) vapor pressure P at constant temperature T , as a function of composition, are called azeotropic mixtures, or simply azeotropes. The composition is usually expressed as mole fr actions, where x 1 for component 1 in the liquid phase and y 1 for component 1 in the vapor phase are identical. Mixtures that do not show a maximum or minimum are called zeotropic. A maximum (minimum) of the P ( x 1 ) or P ( y 1 ) curves corresponds to a minimum (maximum) of the boiling temperature T at constant P , plotted as a function of x 1 or y 1 [see T ( x 1 ) and T ( y 1 ) curves, Types I and III, in Fig.1]. Azeotropes in which the pressure is a maximum (temperature is a minimum) are often called positive azeotropes, while pressure-minimum (temperature-maximum) azeotropes are called negative azeotropes. The coordinates of an azeotropic point are the azeotropic temperature T Az , pressure P Az , and the vapor-phase composition y 1,Az , which is the same as the liquid-phase composition x 1,Az . In the two-phase liquid-liquid region of partially miscible (heterogeneous) mixtures, the vapor pressure at constant T (or the boiling tempera- ture at constant P ) is independent of the global composition x 1 of the two coexisting liquid phases between the equilibrium compositions x 1 ′ and x 1 ′′ ( x 1 ′ < x 1 ′′ ). The constant vapor pressure (boiling temperature) above the two-phase region of certain partially miscible mixtures is us ually larger (smaller) than the vapor pressure (boiling temperature) at any other liquid-phase composition in the homogeneous region. In this case, th e vapor-phase com- position is inside the miscibility gap. Mixtures of this type are called heteroazeotropic mixtures, or simply heteroazeotropes. (Fig. 1, Type II), as opposed to the other types of azeotropes, called homoazeotropes. Only in a few cases partially miscible mixtures present a positive or negative azeotropic point in the single-phase reg ion, outside the misci- bility gap, similar to the azeotropic points of homogeneous mixtures (Fig. 1, Types IV and VI). A few binary mixtures, for example the system per fluorobenzene + benzene, may present two azeotropic points at constant temperature (pres- sure), a positive and a negative one. They are called double azeotropic mixtures, or simply double azeotropes. (Fig. 1, Type V) . The knowledge of the occurrence of azeotropic points in binary and higher systems is of special importance for the design of di stillation pro- cesses. The number of theoretical stages of a distillation column required for the separation depends on the separation factor α 12 , i.e. the ratio of the K i -factors ( K i = y i / x i ) of the components i ( i = 1, 2). The required separation factor can be calculated with the following simpli fied relation (Refer- ence 1): /H9251 12 = K 1 / K 2 = ( y 1 / x 1 )/ ( y 2 / x 2 ) = ( /H9253 1 P 1 s )/ ( /H9253 2 P 2 s ) (1) where /H9253 i is the activity coef ficient of component i in the liquid phase and P is is the vapor pressure of the pure component i. In distillation processes, only the difference between the separation factor and unity ( /H9251 12 – 1) can be exploited for the separation. If the sepa- ration factor is close to unity, a large number of theoretical stages is required for the separation. If the binary system to b e separated shows an azeo- tropic point ( /H9251 12 = 1), the separation is impossible by ordinary distillation, even with an in finitely large number of stages. Following eq. (1) azeotropic behavior will always occur in homogeneous binary systems when the vapor pressure ratio P 1 s / P 2 s is equal to the ratio of the activity coef ficients γ 2 / γ 1 . Various thermodynamic methods based on g E -models (Wilson, NRTL, UNIQUAC) or group contribution methods (UNIFAC, modi fied UNI- FAC, ASOG, PSRK) can be used for either calculating or predicting the required activity coef ficients for the components under given conditions of temperature and composition (Reference 2). Because of the importance of azeotropic data for the design of distillation processes, compilations have been available in book form for quite some time (References 3-7). The most recent printed data collection was published in 1994 (Reference 8). A revised and extended version appeared in 2004 (Reference 9). A collection of approximately 47,400 zeotropic and azeotropic data sets, compiled from 6600 references, are stored in a com prehensive com- puterized data bank (Reference 10). The references from the above-mentioned compilations and from the vapor-liquid equilibrium part of the Dort- mund Data Bank (Reference 11) were supplemented by references found from CAS online searches, private communications, data fro m industry, etc.. Over 24,000 zeotropic data and over 20,000 azeotropic data are available for binary systems. Nearly 90% of the binary aze otropic data show a pressure maximum. In most cases (ca. 90%) these are homogeneous azeotropes, and in approximately 7–8% of the cases heterogeneou s azeotropes are reported. Less than 10% of the data stored show a pressure minimum. Approximately 21,000 of the data sets stored were publi shed after 1970. The table below provides information about azeotropes for 808 selected binary systems. Compounds are listed in the modi fied Hill order, with carbon-containing compounds following those compounds not containing carbon. In columns 1 and 2 are the molecular formulas of c omponents 1 and 2 written in the Hill convention. In column 3 the names of the components are given, either a systematic IUPAC name or a na me in ubiquitous use. Columns 4, 5, and 6 contain the azeotropic coordinates of the mixtures: temperature T Az , pressure P Az , and vapor-phase composition y 1,Az . The explanation of the type of azeotrope (column 7) is given by the following codes: O: homogeneous azeotrope in a completely miscible system L: homogeneous azeotrope in a partially miscible systemE: heterogeneous azeotropeX: pressure maximumN: pressure minimumD: double azeotrope C: system contains a supercritical compound 6- 181 AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Figure 1 Different types of binary azeotropic systems: I - homogeneous pressure-maximum azeotrope in a completely miscible syste m (OX); II - heterogeneous pressure-maximum azeotrope (EX); III - homogeneous pressure-minimum azeotrope in a completely miscible sys-tem (ON); IV - homogeneous pressure-maximum azeotrope in a partially miscible system (LX); V - D: double azeotrope (OND,OXD); VI - homogeneous pressure-minimum azeotrope in a partially miscible system (LN). A - y 1 ( x 1 ); B - P ( x 1 ) and P ( y 1 ); C - T ( x 1 ) and T ( y 1 ). Continuous line - ( x 1 ); Dashed line - ( y 1 ). AB C I II III IV V VIy1 y1 y1 y1 y1 y10 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 01 01 x1 x1 x1P P P P P PT T T T T T TeamLRN 6- 182 AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) REFERENCES 1. Gmehling, J. and Brehm, A., Grundoperationen , Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996. 2. Gmehling, J. and Kolbe, B., Thermodynamik , VCH-Verlag, Weinheim, 1992. 3. Lecat, M., Doctoral Dissertation , 1908. 4. Lecat, M., L’Azeotropisme , Monograph, L’Auteur, Brussel, 1918. 5. Lecat, M., Tables Azeotropiques , Monograph, Lamertin, Brussel 1949. 6. Ogorodnikov, S. K., Lesteva, T. M., and Kogan V . B., Azeotropic Mixtures , Khimia, Leningrad, 1971. 7. Horsley, L. H., Azeotropic Data III , American Chemical Society, Washington, 1973. 8. Gmehling, J., Menke, J., Krafczyk, J., and Fischer, K., Azeotropic Data , 2 V olumes, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 1994. 9. Gmehling, J., Menke, J., Krafczyk, J., and Fischer, K., Azeotropic Data , 2nd Ed., 3 V olumes, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 2004. 10. Gmehling, J., Menke, J., Krafczyk, J., and Fischer, K., A Data Bank for Azeotropic Data, Status and Applications , Fluid Phase Equilib . 103, 51, 1995. 11. Dortmund Data Bank, www.ddbst.de Molecular Formula Name T Az /K y 1,Az P Az /kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 AlCl 3 Aluminum chloride Cl 3 OP Phosphoryl trichloride 660.15 0.5150 101.33 ONC ClH Hydrogen chloride H 2 O Water 389.34 0.1083 133.32 ONC Cl 2 OS Thionyl chloride Cl 3 P Phosphorus(III) chloride 345.85 0.4200 101.33 OX Cl 2 O 2 S Sulfuryl chloride Cl 3 P Phosphorus(III) chloride 364.15 0.5000 101.33 ON Cl 3 OP Phosphoryl trichloride Cl 5 Nb Niobium(V) chloride 536.15 0.4020 101.33 ON Cl 5 Ta Tantalum(V) chloride 558.85 0.4650 101.33 ON Cl 4 Ge Germanium(IV) chloride C 2 H 4 Cl 2 1,2-Dichloroethane 350.75 0.4630 101.33 OX Cl 4 Si Tetrachlorosilane C 2 H 3 N Acetonitrile 321.05 0.6900 101.33 EX Cl 5 Mo Molybdenum(V) chloride Cl 6 W Tungsten(VI) chloride 274.70 0.9750 101.33 OX FH Hydrogen fluoride H 2 O Water 382.15 0.3508 101.33 ON CCl 3 F Trichloro fluoromethane 283.15 0.7840 129.45 EX HNO 3 Nitric acid H 2 O Water 393.20 0.3820 101.33 ON H 2O Water CHCl3 Trichloromethane 329.27 0.1603 101.33 EX CH2O Formaldehyde 355.75 0.9300 53.33 OX CH2O2 Formic acid 380.35 0.4272 101.33 ON CH3NO2 Nitromethane 356.90 0.5160 101.33 EX C2HCl3 Trichloroethene 346.55 0.3560 101.33 EX C2H3N Acetonitrile 349.95 0.3100 101.33 OX C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 345.43 0.3570 101.33 EX C2H6O Ethanol 351.25 0.1030 101.33 OX C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine 391.85 0.4450 101.33 ON C3H3N Acrylonitrile 344.05 0.2850 101.33 EX C3H4O Acrolein 325.45 0.0730 101.33 LX C3H6O Propanal 320.65 0.0600 101.33 LX C3H6O Allyl alcohol 361.15 0.5562 101.33 OX C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 330.05 0.1060 103.62 LX C3H6O2 1,3-Dioxolane 344.95 0.2520 101.30 OX C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 325.75 0.0700 101.33 EX 6-183AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C3H6O2 Propanoic acid 373.05 0.9500 101.33 OX C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 336.35 0.2210 101.33 EX C3H8O 1-Propanol 360.80 0.5680 101.33 OX C3H8O 2-Propanol 353.70 0.3260 101.33 OX C3H8O2 2-Methoxyethanol 372.65 0.9441 99.99 OX C3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane 315.05 0.0269 101.38 LX C4H5N cis-2-Butenenitrile 358.45 0.3832 101.33 EX C4H5N trans -2-Butenenitrile 363.05 0.6843 101.33 EX C4H5N Pyrrole 348.15 0.7514 50.13 EX C4H6O2 Methacrylic acid 372.25 0.9464 98.93 OX C4H8O 2-Butanone 346.54 0.3480 101.33 LX C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 336.67 0.1828 101.33 OX C4H8O Isobutanal 332.80 0.1698 100.99 EX C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 343.55 0.2990 101.33 EX C4H8O2 Butanoic acid 372.95 0.9559 101.33 OX C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 360.65 0.5280 101.33 OX C4H8O2 Propyl formate 344.85 0.3090 101.33 EX C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 344.75 0.3050 101.33 EX C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 353.95 0.4950 101.33 EX C4H9Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 348.45 0.3730 101.33 EX C4H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 333.95 0.1970 101.33 LX C4H10O 1-Butanol 365.45 0.7540 101.33 EX C4H10O 2-Butanol 360.50 0.6200 101.33 LX C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 353.00 0.4011 101.33 OX C4H11N Butylamine 349.85 0.0700 101.33 OX C5H5N Pyridine 367.30 0.7500 101.33 OX C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 305.85 0.0520 101.33 EX C5H8 Methylenecyclobutane 313.15 0.0212 101.30 EX C5H8O Cyclopropyl methyl ketone 361.65 0.7060 101.19 EX C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate 354.45 0.4996 101.33 EX C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 309.75 0.0650 101.33 EX C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol 369.55 0.9141 101.33 EX C5H10O 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol 333.15 0.8680 101.33 EX C5H10O 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 359.25 0.5770 101.33 LX C5H10O 3-Pentanone 356.05 0.4750 101.33 EX C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate 349.75 0.3960 101.33 EX C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 355.91 0.5228 101.33 EX C5H10O2 Butyl formate 356.95 0.5360 101.33 EX C5H10O2 Isobutyl formate 352.75 0.4460 101.33 EX C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol 367.97 0.8265 101.33 EX C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol 360.85 0.6355 101.75 EX C5H12O 1-Pentanol 369.08 0.8633 101.33 EX C5H12O 2-Pentanol 363.15 0.7550 92.49 EX C6H6 Benzene 342.35 0.2980 101.33 EX C6H7N Aniline 372.55 0.9580 101.33 EX C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 370.50 0.8972 101.33 OX C6H10 Cyclohexene 343.95 0.3090 101.33 EX C6H10O Cyclohexanone 369.45 0.8694 101.33 EX C6H10O Methyldihydropyran (unspeci fied isomer) 360.75 0.5841 100.93 EX C6H10O2 4-Vinyl-1,3-dioxane 367.65 0.8955 101.33 EX C6H12 1-Hexene 318.15 0.1510 63.35 EX C6H12O2 Butyl acetate 363.35 0.7013 101.33 EXMolecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 TeamLRN6-184AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate 361.05 0.6440 101.33 EX C6H12O2 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane 366.00 0.7779 101.33 EX C6H12O2 4,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (unspeci fied isomer) 365.05 0.7966 101.50 EX C6H12O2 4-Ethyl-1,3-dioxane 365.75 0.7257 101.30 EX C6H12O2 Diacetone alcohol 370.00 0.9900 90.79 OX C6H12O2 Propyl propanoate 362.05 0.6600 101.33 EX C6H13N Cyclohexylamine 369.55 0.8692 101.33 OX C6H14 Hexane 334.75 0.2110 101.33 EX C6H14O Butyl ethyl ether 349.85 0.4070 101.33 EX C6H14O 1-Hexanol 367.89 0.9432 101.33 EX C6H14O3 Di(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether 372.70 0.9679 101.33 OX C6H15N Diisopropylamine 347.25 0.3654 101.33 EX C6H15N Dipropylamine 359.00 0.6046 101.33 EX C7H8 Toluene 357.25 0.5230 101.33 EX C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 373.05 0.9840 101.33 EX C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 369.17 0.8647 101.33 EX C7H12O4 1,2-Propanediol diacetate 358.15 0.9740 59.41 EX C7H14 1-Heptene 350.20 0.4100 101.33 EX C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate 367.05 0.7990 101.46 EX C7H14O2 Butyl propanoate 367.95 0.8340 101.33 EX C7H16 Heptane 352.35 0.4510 101.33 EX C7H16O 1-Heptanol 371.99 0.9703 101.33 EX C8H8 Styrene 367.15 0.8000 101.33 EX C8H8O Acetophenone 371.15 0.9675 101.19 EX C8H10 m-Xylene 365.15 0.7667 101.33 EX C8H10 p-Xylene 365.15 0.7450 101.33 EX C8H10 Ethylbenzene 364.15 0.7221 101.33 EX C8H16O2 Butyl butanoate 369.85 0.9110 101.33 EX C8H18 Octane 362.75 0.6850 101.33 EX C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 351.95 0.4420 101.33 EX C8H18O Dibutyl ether 368.65 0.7628 101.33 EX C8H18O 1-Octanol 372.75 0.9820 101.33 EX C8H19N Dibutylamine 370.05 0.8850 101.33 EX C9H10 Isopropenylbenzene 369.95 0.8880 101.33 EX C9H12 Isopropylbenzene 368.15 0.8340 101.33 EX C9H12O 2-Phenyl-2-propanol 371.25 0.9718 101.33 EX C9H20 Nonane 367.95 0.8280 101.33 EX C9H20O 1-Nonanol 373.00 0.9846 101.33 EX C10H22 Decane 370.75 0.9180 101.33 EX C10H22O 1-Decanol 373.13 0.9865 101.33 EX C12H27N Tributylamine 372.80 0.9762 101.46 EX CCl4 Tetrachloromethane C2H6O Ethanol 338.19 0.6140 101.33 OX C3H6O Acetone 341.25 0.0337 149.93 OX C3H8O 1-Propanol 346.28 0.8032 101.33 OX C3H8O 2-Propanol 341.83 0.6686 101.33 OX C4H6O 2-Butenal 348.15 0.6500 97.86 OX C4H6O 2-Methylpropenal 339.15 0.6000 97.86 OX C4H8O 2-Butanone 346.99 0.6630 101.33 OX C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 347.95 0.5700 101.33 OX C4H10O 1-Butanol 349.71 0.9500 101.33 OX C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 348.95 0.9080 101.33 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 6-185AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C5H10O 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 348.45 0.9009 101.06 OX CS2 Carbon disul fide CH4O Methanol 310.65 0.7000 101.33 LX CHCl3 Trichloromethane CH4O Methanol 328.15 0.6480 107.99 OX C2H6O Ethanol 332.45 0.8410 101.33 OX C3H6O Acetone 337.58 0.6398 101.33 ON C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 337.51 0.6760 101.33 ON C3H8O 2-Propanol 334.15 0.9500 101.33 OX C4H6O 2-Butenal 329.15 0.9950 97.86 OX C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene 333.95 0.6235 101.19 OX C6H14 Hexane 333.45 0.7840 101.33 OX CHN Hydrogen cyanide C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 296.45 0.8016 101.33 OX CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane C2H6O Ethanol 312.05 0.9600 101.33 OX CH2O2 Formic acid C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 350.17 0.4275 101.33 OX C5H10O2 Butyl formate 372.15 0.8700 101.33 OX C8H10 m-Xylene 365.95 0.8545 101.33 EX CH3NO2 Nitromethane C2H6O Ethanol 333.15 0.2850 53.61 OX C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 343.25 0.1020 99.82 OX C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 373.25 0.4101 101.48 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 311.15 0.0570 101.33 LX C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 354.85 0.5123 101.33 EX C7H16 Heptane 353.25 0.4790 101.33 EX C8H18 Octane 363.38 0.6964 99.73 EX C9H20 Nonane 369.29 0.8403 99.73 EX C10H22 Decane 371.96 0.9239 99.73 EX C11H24 Undecane 373.16 0.9619 99.73 EX C12H26 Dodecane 373.75 0.9846 99.73 EX CH4O Methanol C2HBrClF3 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-tri fluoroethane 317.25 0.1890 93.33 OX C2H5Br Bromoethane 308.05 0.1610 101.33 OX C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 312.15 0.2570 100.39 OX C3H6O Acetone 328.29 0.2400 101.33 OX C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 328.15 0.3480 107.19 OX C3H6O2 1,3-Dioxolane 334.66 0.6910 101.30 OX C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 318.15 0.3000 81.34 OX C3H6O3 Dimethyl carbonate 337.25 0.8504 102.52 OX C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 313.35 0.2500 101.59 OX C4H4F6O Bis(2,2,2-tri fluoroethyl) ether 326.28 0.4450 101.30 OX C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate 332.05 0.6182 101.33 OX C4H8O 2-Butanone 323.15 0.8020 58.80 OX C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 332.75 0.5040 101.33 OX C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 335.66 0.7120 101.33 OX C4H10O Diethyl ether 305.15 0.0500 93.33 OX C4H10O2 Dimethylacetal 330.35 0.4700 101.33 OX C5H3F9O 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexa fluoro-3- (2,2,2-tri fluoroethoxy)propane 330.67 0.5600 101.30 OX C5H6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 309.05 0.2120 101.33 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 TeamLRN6-186AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 303.55 0.1670 101.33 OX C5H8 Methylenecyclobutane 309.05 0.2190 101.33 OX C5H8 1-Methylcyclobutene 304.85 0.1900 101.33 OX C5H8 cis-1,3-Pentadiene 311.10 0.2300 101.33 OX C5H8 trans -1,3-Pentadiene 309.65 0.2110 101.33 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene 300.55 0.1720 101.33 OX C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene 291.05 0.0890 101.33 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 306.25 0.2160 101.33 OX C5H10 1-Pentene 300.05 0.1469 102.47 OX C5H10O 2,3-Epoxy-2-methylbutane 334.95 0.6590 101.33 OX C5H12 Isopentane 297.05 0.0930 101.33 OX C5H12 Pentane 303.20 0.1930 101.30 OX C5H12O Butyl methyl ether 330.00 0.5515 100.08 OX C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether 325.00 0.3140 103.15 OX C5H12O Ethyl propyl ether 330.00 0.4050 112.25 OX C5H12O2 Diethoxymethane 336.03 0.8127 101.52 OX C5H12O2 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 334.15 0.7250 100.00 OX C5H14N2 N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethylmethanediamine 335.15 0.7670 101.33 OX C6F6 Hexa fluorobenzene 318.15 0.6100 61.73 OX C6H5F Fluorobenzene 333.35 0.6625 101.62 OX C6H6 Benzene 331.56 0.6090 101.33 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 328.75 0.6090 106.66 OX C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene 330.00 0.4517 141.80 OX C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane 313.15 0.3620 85.50 OX C6H14 Hexane 333.15 0.5160 149.64 OX C6H14O tert-Butyl ethyl ether 330.95 0.6002 101.54 OX C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 330.00 0.5390 101.61 OX C6H14O Butyl ethyl ether 335.00 0.8010 98.84 OX C6H14O 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 335.55 0.7735 101.69 OX C7H8 Toluene 336.65 0.8820 101.33 OX C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 333.15 0.7520 102.87 EX C7H16 Heptane 331.95 0.7279 101.33 OX C7H16O 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 335.15 0.8736 97.28 OX C8H18 Octane 335.55 0.8830 101.33 LX C9H20 Nonane 337.25 0.9526 101.33 OX C2Cl3F3 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-tri fluoroethane C2H3F3O 2,2,2-Tri fluoroethanol 316.58 0.7770 101.33 EX C2H6O Ethanol 317.75 0.8456 101.42 OX C3H8O 2-Propanol 319.35 0.9159 100.95 OX C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 319.95 0.9426 101.09 OX C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethene C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 385.95 0.2115 101.33 OX C8H16 1-Octene 393.15 0.5900 101.33 OX C8H16 cis-4-Octene 393.65 0.7100 101.33 OX C8H16 trans -4-Octene 393.45 0.6700 101.33 OX C8H18 Octane 371.90 0.8781 53.44 OX C2Cl4F2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-di fluoroethane C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 353.80 0.2700 101.33 OX C2HBrClF3 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-tri fluoroethane C4H10O Diethyl ether 323.65 0.7200 93.33 ON C2HCl3 Trichloroethene C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 355.35 0.3324 101.36 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 6-187AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C2H6O Ethanol 343.85 0.4741 101.33 OX C4H6O 2-Butenal 360.15 0.9000 97.86 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 353.40 0.0975 101.32 OX C2H2Cl2 trans -1,2-Dichloroethene C5H3F9O 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexa fluoro-3- (2,2,2-tri fluoroethoxy)propane 318.50 0.8390 101.30 OX C2H3N Acetonitrile C3H8O 2-Propanol 348.15 0.5287 100.81 OX C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate 344.65 0.1948 98.33 OX C4H8O 2-Butanone 352.15 0.3195 101.15 OX C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 338.95 0.0784 101.13 OX C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 333.15 0.6200 56.93 OX C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 306.75 0.0410 101.33 OX C5H8 Methylenecyclobutane 312.45 0.1450 101.33 OX C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate 355.25 0.9866 102.07 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 308.95 0.1320 101.33 OX C5H10 1-Pentene 301.85 0.0830 101.33 OX C5H12 Isopentane 298.45 0.1040 101.33 EX C6H6 Benzene 328.15 0.4560 54.65 OX C6H14O 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 346.13 0.5835 100.56 OX C7H16O 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 348.85 0.7219 98.99 OX C10H20 1-Decene 354.55 0.9924 100.51 OX C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane C3H8O 2-Propanol 329.55 0.8928 101.60 OX C6H14 Hexane 329.30 0.8025 101.21 OX C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane C3H8O 2-Propanol 347.25 0.5258 100.32 OX C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 356.05 0.9173 101.26 OX C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 349.45 0.5336 101.43 OX C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 354.65 0.8036 101.21 OX C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 343.15 0.7600 73.13 OX C2H4O Acetaldehyde C4H6 1,3-Butadiene 268.15 0.0520 101.33 OX C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 292.23 0.8140 101.33 OX C2H4O2 Acetic acid C5H5N Pyridine 411.25 0.5780 101.33 ON C5H12O 3-Methyl-2-butanol 392.65 0.7210 101.33 ON C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 417.27 0.5120 101.33 ON C6H10O2 Vinyl butanoate 386.45 0.5750 101.33 OX C6H14 Hexane 341.40 0.0839 101.33 OX C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 435.45 0.3022 101.33 ON C7H16 Heptane 364.95 0.4490 101.33 OX C8H10 o-Xylene 389.75 0.8640 101.33 OX C8H10 p-Xylene 388.40 0.8200 101.33 OX C8H18 Octane 378.85 0.6870 101.33 OX C9H20 Nonane 386.05 0.8250 101.33 OX C10H22 Decane 390.05 0.9250 101.33 OX C11H24 Undecane 391.15 0.9720 101.33 OX C2H4O2 Methyl formate C2H5Br Bromoethane 303.05 0.7360 101.33 OX C4H10O Diethyl ether 301.55 0.6030 101.33 OX C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 298.90 0.5150 101.33 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 TeamLRN6-188AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 297.75 0.5760 101.33 OX C5H12 Isopentane 291.55 0.4920 101.33 OX C5H12 Pentane 294.85 0.5740 101.33 OX C6H14 Hexane 302.65 0.8490 101.33 OX C2H5Br Bromoethane C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 308.55 0.5110 101.33 OX C5H12 Isopentane 300.55 0.2180 101.33 OX C2H5NO2 Nitroethane C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 375.81 0.4080 101.33 OX C7H16 Heptane 362.95 0.3520 101.33 OX C2H6O Ethanol C3H3N Acrylonitrile 343.95 0.4440 101.33 OX C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 329.79 0.0362 101.33 OX C4H3F7O 1,1,2,2-Tetra fluoroethyl 1,1,1- trifluoroethyl ether 326.67 0.2000 101.30 OX C4H4F6O Bis(2,2,2-tri fluoroethyl) ether 331.90 0.2840 101.30 OX C4H8O Butanal 345.45 0.3690 101.33 OX C4H8O 2-Butanone 347.15 0.5080 101.33 OX C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 344.95 0.1290 125.00 OX C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 344.85 0.4590 101.33 OX C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 351.33 0.9480 101.33 OX C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 346.30 0.5140 103.91 OX C4H11N Butylamine 354.99 0.5900 101.33 ON C5H3F9O 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexa fluoro-3- (2,2,2-tri fluoroethoxy)propane 337.88 0.3980 101.30 OX C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 305.95 0.1500 101.33 OX C5H8 Cyclopentene 323.40 0.1440 134.00 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 309.79 0.0795 101.33 OX C5H10 Cyclopentane 323.44 0.1800 121.00 OX C5H10O 2,3-Epoxy-2-methylbutane 343.45 0.2930 101.33 OX C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone 350.85 0.8250 101.33 OX C5H10O 2-Pentanone 351.15 0.9779 100.50 OX C5H10O 3-Pentanone 351.33 0.9590 101.33 OX C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate 349.85 0.7010 101.33 OX C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate 346.30 0.8800 83.88 OX C5H12 Isopentane 299.95 0.0540 101.33 OX C5H12 Pentane 307.15 0.0537 101.33 OX C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether 327.75 0.0380 101.33 OX C5H12O2 Diethoxymethane 348.30 0.6497 102.35 OX C6H5F Fluorobenzene 343.85 0.4752 101.54 OX C6H6 Benzene 341.25 0.4600 101.33 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 337.95 0.4540 102.26 OX C6H14 Hexane 331.65 0.3410 101.33 OX C6H14O tert-Butyl ethyl ether 339.95 0.3728 101.72 OX C6H14O 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 346.81 0.5820 101.32 OX C7H8 Toluene 349.75 0.8152 101.33 OX C7H16O 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 349.35 0.7644 101.54 OX C8H18 Octane 349.85 0.8250 101.33 OX C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 344.42 0.6450 101.33 OX C9H20 Nonane 351.35 0.9400 101.33 OX C2H6O2 1,2-Ethanediol C5H12O3 Di(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether 463.95 0.4388 101.33 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 6-189AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C6H14O3 Di(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether 467.15 0.6480 101.33 OX C7H8O o-Cresol 462.67 0.3797 101.33 OX C7H16O3 Di(ethylene glycol) monoisopropyl ether 466.35 0.6964 101.33 OX C7H16O3 Di(ethylene glycol) monopropyl ether 468.55 0.8448 101.33 OX C7H16O3 Di(propylene glycol) monomethyl ether (unspeci fied isomer) 457.65 0.3500 101.33 OX C 8H11N 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 443.65 0.1734 101.33 OX C8H18O3 Di(ethylene glycol) monobutyl ether 469.15 0.9102 101.33 OX C8H18O3 Di(ethylene glycol) monoisobutyl ether 467.55 0.8355 101.33 OX C8H18O3 Di(propylene glycol) monoethyl ether (unspeci fied isomer) 458.65 0.4800 101.33 OX C 9H20O3 Di(propylene glycol) monopropyl ether (unspeci fied isomer) 463.15 0.6590 101.33 OX C 10H22O3 Di(propylene glycol) monobutyl ether (unspeci fied isomer) 465.75 0.8130 101.33 OX C 3H3N Acrylonitrile C5H8 Methylenecyclobutane 313.80 0.1275 101.33 OX C6H6 Benzene 347.45 0.5575 101.46 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 337.75 0.4836 101.94 OX C6H14 Hexane 330.90 0.4048 101.05 OX C3H4O Acrolein C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 306.45 0.1980 101.33 OX C3H6O Propanal C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 306.35 0.1700 101.33 OX C5H8 Methylenecyclobutane 311.30 0.3600 101.33 OX C3H6O Acetone C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 328.85 0.6470 101.33 OX C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 328.75 0.9915 99.75 OX C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 328.85 0.9603 100.35 OX C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 322.05 0.1944 102.11 OX C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 306.95 0.0610 101.33 OX C5H8 Methylenecyclobutane 311.25 0.2800 101.33 OX C5H8 1-Methylcyclobutene 307.75 0.2220 101.33 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene 303.25 0.1400 101.33 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 308.75 0.2440 101.33 OX C5H12 Isopentane 298.75 0.1730 101.33 OX C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether 324.35 0.4824 102.19 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 330.05 0.7590 109.32 OX C6H12 1-Hexene 323.35 0.5973 101.40 OX C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene 333.40 0.5793 140.60 OX C6H14 Hexane 322.95 0.6480 101.33 OX C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 327.10 0.7424 100.17 OX C6H15N Triethylamine 318.15 0.9800 68.13 OX C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 318.15 0.9500 68.66 OX C3H6O Allyl alcohol C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate 367.65 0.5597 99.79 OX C6H6 Benzene 349.90 0.2203 101.33 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 333.15 0.2790 63.98 OX C3H6O2 Methyl acetate C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 329.60 0.9727 99.56 OX C6H10 Cyclohexene 330.35 0.9121 102.87 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 328.65 0.8000 101.33 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 TeamLRN6-190AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 325.85 0.6917 99.50 OX C6H12 1-Hexene 323.15 0.6340 92.08 OX C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene 325.15 0.5931 100.38 OX C6H14 Hexane 326.65 0.6590 106.66 OX C7H16 Heptane 323.15 0.9570 79.48 OX C3H6O2 Ethyl formate C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane 326.15 0.7090 101.33 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 323.15 0.8210 91.46 OX C3H6O2 Propanoic acid C5H5N Pyridine 421.75 0.6860 101.33 ON C3H6O3 Dimethyl carbonate C5H12O2 Diethoxymethane 358.71 0.4437 100.42 OX C6H6 Benzene 353.50 0.1366 100.48 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 346.95 0.3780 101.49 OX C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 342.35 0.2680 103.46 OX C6H14 Hexane 338.15 0.2540 98.46 OX C6H14O Dipropyl ether 356.45 0.5044 100.73 OX C7H16 Heptane 355.15 0.5930 99.67 OX C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane C3H8O 2-Propanol 339.15 0.7349 99.97 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 343.35 0.9219 98.84 OX C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide C7H16 Heptane 370.15 0.0800 101.33 OX C10H16 1,4-Dimethyl-4-vinylcyclohexene 415.65 0.5880 101.33 OX C10H16 1-Methyl-3-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexene 419.05 0.7250 101.33 OX C 3H7NO2 1-Nitropropane C7H16 Heptane 369.25 0.1630 101.33 OX C3H7NO2 2-Nitropropane C7H16 Heptane 367.55 0.2920 101.33 OX C3H8O 1-Propanol C4H3F7O 1,1,2,2-Tetra fluoroethyl 1,1,1- trifluoroethyl ether 329.23 0.0350 101.30 OX C4H4F6O Bis(2,2,2-tri fluoroethyl) ether 336.22 0.1100 101.30 OX C4H6O2 2,3-Butanedione 359.30 0.3600 100.67 OX C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 365.30 0.6418 101.30 OX C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 367.88 0.6190 101.33 OX C5H12O2 Diethoxymethane 359.01 0.2320 99.43 OX C6H6 Benzene 350.20 0.2060 101.33 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 347.68 0.2490 101.33 OX C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 340.85 0.1729 101.19 OX C6H12O2 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane 368.20 0.9597 101.30 OX C6H14 Hexane 348.15 0.1900 137.23 OX C7H8 Toluene 365.35 0.6770 101.33 OX C7H16 Heptane 357.65 0.4830 101.33 OX C8H8 Styrene 369.08 0.9884 98.13 OX C8H10 o-Xylene 369.85 0.9886 98.66 OX C8H10 m-Xylene 369.90 0.9531 99.06 OX C8H10 p-Xylene 369.60 0.9531 99.99 OX C8H14 1-Octyne 369.00 0.8600 101.33 OX C8H18 Octane 366.85 0.7483 101.33 OX C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 357.89 0.4580 101.30 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 6-191AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C9H20 Nonane 369.95 0.9225 101.33 OX C3H8O 2-Propanol C4H4F6O Bis(2,2,2-tri fluoroethyl) ether 334.16 0.2230 101.30 OX C4H6O2 2,3-Butanedione 350.85 0.6454 100.95 OX C4H8O 2-Butanone 350.55 0.3830 101.33 OX C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 343.05 0.5551 60.27 ON C5H3F9O 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexa fluoro-3- (2,2,2-tri fluoroethoxy)propane 341.23 0.3420 101.30 OX C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 307.05 0.0150 101.33 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 310.95 0.0460 101.33 OX C5H10O 2,3-Epoxy-2-methylbutane 346.10 0.1400 101.33 OX C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone 354.75 0.8500 101.33 OX C5H12 Isopentane 298.15 0.1370 101.33 OX C5H12O2 Diethoxymethane 351.45 0.6107 98.61 OX C6H5F Fluorobenzene 347.75 0.4666 101.25 OX C6H6 Benzene 345.03 0.3960 101.33 OX C6H10 Cyclohexene 344.65 0.4271 101.40 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 342.75 0.4050 101.33 OX C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 336.45 0.2900 98.14 OX C6H14 Hexane 338.15 0.2900 112.66 OX C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 340.00 0.2050 103.36 OX C6H15N Diisopropylamine 352.94 0.4890 101.33 OX C7H8 Toluene 354.65 0.8370 101.33 OX C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 350.85 0.6530 101.33 OX C7H16 Heptane 349.55 0.6023 101.33 OX C7H16O tert-Butyl isopropyl ether 349.95 0.5306 102.70 OX C8H18 Octane 354.63 0.8990 101.33 OX C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 349.58 0.6350 101.30 OX C3H8O2 2-Methoxyethanol C8H8 Styrene 393.95 0.7787 98.93 OX C8H10 o-Xylene 392.65 0.7127 98.79 OX C8H10 m-Xylene 392.15 0.6397 99.73 OX C8H10 p-Xylene 392.65 0.6303 99.99 OX C8H16 1-Octene 380.75 0.4700 101.33 OX C8H16 cis-4-Octene 381.25 0.4900 101.33 OX C8H16 trans -4-Octene 381.05 0.4900 101.33 OX C3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane C5H6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 313.65 0.3350 101.33 OX C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 306.80 0.0160 101.33 OX C5H8 Methylenecyclobutane 310.35 0.4630 101.33 OX C5H8 1-Methylcyclobutene 309.05 0.2900 101.33 OX C3H8O2 1,2-Propanediol C7H16O3 Di(propylene glycol) monomethyl ether (unspeci fied isomer) 456.85 0.5691 101.33 OX C 8H18O3 Di(propylene glycol) monoethyl ether (unspeci fied isomer) 458.75 0.7778 101.33 OX C 9H20O3 Di(propylene glycol) monoisopropyl ether (unspeci fied isomer) 458.95 0.8130 101.33 OX C 9H20O3 Di(propylene glycol) monopropyl ether (unspeci fied isomer) 458.95 0.9010 101.33 OX C 10H22O3 Di(propylene glycol) monobutyl ether (unspeci fied isomer) 459.65 0.9721 101.33 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 TeamLRN6-192AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C10H22O3 Di(propylene glycol) monoisobutyl ether (unspeci fied isomer) 459.05 0.9255 101.33 OX C3H8O2 1,3-Propanediol C5H12O3 Di(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether 455.25 0.6300 101.33 OX C6H14O3 Di(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether 459.25 0.9350 101.33 OX C4H6 1,3-Butadiene C4H8 2-Butene (unspeci fied isomer) 267.59 0.7650 101.33 OX C4H6O 2-Butenal C7H8 Toluene 374.15 0.5950 97.86 OX C8H18 Octane 353.15 0.4950 97.86 OX C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate C6H12 Cyclohexane 340.45 0.6200 101.33 OX C6H14 Hexane 335.25 0.4450 101.33 OX C4H6O2 2,3-Butanedione C7H8 Toluene 362.70 0.9513 101.34 OX C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride C8H16 1-Octene 367.53 0.2840 53.88 OX C8H18 Octane 397.65 0.3500 129.80 OX C4H8O Butanal C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene 334.15 0.2293 101.48 OX C4H8O 2-Butanone C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 349.55 0.1700 101.33 OX C6H6 Benzene 351.53 0.4790 101.33 OX C6H10 Cyclohexene 343.29 0.5110 89.35 OX C6H12 1-Hexene 334.75 0.1760 100.58 OX C6H14 Hexane 337.15 0.3280 101.33 OX C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 340.55 0.1938 101.56 OX C6H14O Dipropyl ether 351.40 0.7785 100.88 OX C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 350.50 0.7984 98.93 OX C7H16 Heptane 350.15 0.7670 101.33 OX C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene 334.65 0.2867 101.29 OX C6H14 Hexane 323.15 0.5900 65.83 OX C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 349.75 0.7778 101.28 OX C6H6 Benzene 350.55 0.9453 102.45 OX C6H10 Cyclohexene 347.45 0.6183 100.87 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 345.00 0.5390 102.45 OX C6H12 1-Hexene 333.15 0.1230 91.47 OX C6H14 Hexane 338.00 0.3430 101.32 OX C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 349.90 0.9001 101.83 OX C4H8O2 Butanoic acid C5H5N Pyridine 436.35 0.9117 101.33 ON C8H16O2 Butyl butanoate 434.60 0.6532 93.33 OXD C8H16O2 Butyl butanoate 434.78 0.8639 93.33 OND C11H24 Undecane 435.55 0.9060 101.33 OX C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane C4H10O 2-Butanol 371.75 0.4732 100.77 OX C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 373.35 0.6334 101.13 OX C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol 373.75 0.8119 99.62 OX C6H10 Cyclohexene 355.75 0.1065 101.44 OX C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 343.85 0.0538 99.79 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 6-193AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C6H15N Triethylamine 343.15 0.2500 56.80 OX C7H16 Heptane 364.30 0.4868 101.06 OX C7H16O 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 369.15 0.5452 100.27 OX C4H8O2 Propyl formate C6H6 Benzene 343.15 0.3770 76.08 OX C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 352.45 0.8956 101.33 OX C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane C6H12 Cyclohexane 348.31 0.5800 95.85 OX C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide C8H10 o-Xylene 416.95 0.0591 103.40 OX C8H10 Ethylbenzene 408.95 0.0037 101.70 OX C4H10O 1-Butanol C5H5N Pyridine 392.00 0.7050 101.33 ON C5H10O3 Diethyl carbonate 370.85 0.6346 53.20 OX C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 388.25 0.6950 101.33 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 352.68 0.0787 101.33 OX C6H12O2 Butyl acetate 389.97 0.7700 101.33 OX C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate 387.15 0.5980 101.33 OX C6H14 Hexane 341.35 0.0370 101.33 OX C7H8 Toluene 378.85 0.3320 101.33 OX C7H12 3-Ethylcyclopentene 367.65 0.1900 101.33 OX C7H16 Heptane 366.55 0.2272 101.38 OX C8H8 Styrene 388.71 0.8923 98.39 OX C8H10 o-Xylene 388.05 0.8671 100.13 OX C8H10 m-Xylene 387.75 0.7865 101.46 OX C8H10 p-Xylene 387.85 0.7823 99.73 OX C8H14 1-Octyne 386.50 0.6200 101.33 OX C8H14 2-Octyne 398.30 0.7910 101.33 OX C8H16 1-Octene 363.45 0.4530 53.33 OX C8H16 cis-4-Octene 382.35 0.5300 101.33 OX C8H16 trans -4-Octene 382.15 0.5310 101.33 OX C8H18 Octane 383.15 0.5500 102.79 OX C8H18O Dibutyl ether 390.59 0.8754 101.33 OX C9H16 1-Butylcyclopentene 356.70 0.8450 79.99 OX C9H16 1-Nonyne 390.60 0.9400 101.33 OX C9H20 Nonane 389.05 0.8128 101.33 OX C4H10O 2-Butanol C5H10O 3-Pentanone 370.50 0.6075 99.98 OX C6H10 Cyclohexene 352.75 0.2046 101.25 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 349.90 0.1892 101.02 OX C6H14 Hexane 348.15 0.1010 128.66 OX C6H14O 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 359.15 0.0991 102.12 OX C7H8 Toluene 353.44 0.5550 56.67 OX C7H16 Heptane 361.95 0.4116 102.70 OX C7H16O 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 367.75 0.4931 102.89 OX C8H10 m-Xylene 369.85 0.9717 101.06 OX C8H10 p-Xylene 369.55 0.9646 101.46 OX C8H18 Octane 371.05 0.8001 101.30 OX C4H10O Diethyl ether C5H12 Pentane 306.85 0.5500 101.33 OX C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 TeamLRN6-194AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C5H10O2 Isobutyl formate 370.90 0.1930 101.33 OX C6H6 Benzene 352.45 0.0780 101.33 OX C6H10 Cyclohexene 353.75 0.1363 100.31 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 351.35 0.1325 101.45 OX C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 343.15 0.0567 100.35 OX C7H8 Toluene 374.35 0.4941 101.33 OX C8H10 m-Xylene 380.35 0.9300 101.33 OX C8H10 p-Xylene 380.30 0.9200 101.33 OX C8H18 Octane 376.58 0.6700 101.30 OX C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol C5H8 Methylenecyclobutane 314.65 0.0150 101.33 OX C6H10 Cyclohexene 346.00 0.4172 99.61 OX C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 339.35 0.2559 99.93 OX C6H12 1-Hexene 333.25 0.2650 101.30 OX C6H14 Hexane 337.70 0.2502 101.30 OX C6H14O tert-Butyl ethyl ether 342.85 0.2512 101.44 OX C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 340.45 0.1058 101.72 OX C6H14O 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 353.20 0.5617 101.80 OX C7H8 Toluene 353.44 0.9200 93.61 OX C7H16O tert-Butyl isopropyl ether 350.90 0.5390 102.94 OX C8H18 Octane 343.15 0.9680 61.18 OX C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 339.28 0.6040 59.49 OX C4H10O2 1,4-Butanediol C15H32O 1-Pentadecanol 502.75 0.9980 101.33 OX C4H10O2 1,2-Dimethoxyethane C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 350.00 0.8190 79.42 OX C4H10O2 2-Ethoxyethanol C8H8 Styrene 405.75 0.6438 101.33 OX C8H10 o-Xylene 404.95 0.5965 101.36 OX C8H10 m-Xylene 401.75 0.5159 101.33 OX C8H10 p-Xylene 402.55 0.5042 102.19 OX C8H10 Ethylbenzene 401.05 0.4632 100.94 OX C4H10O3 Di(ethylene glycol) C9H20O 1-Nonanol 486.65 0.0095 101.33 OX C4H11N Butylamine C6H6 Benzene 343.15 0.7000 80.89 OX C5H5N Pyridine C7H8 Toluene 383.19 0.2250 101.33 OX C7H16 Heptane 368.61 0.3002 101.33 OX C9H20 Nonane 388.15 0.9350 101.33 OX C5H6 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 305.88 0.7210 101.33 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene 303.15 0.3450 101.33 OX C5H12 Isopentane 299.35 0.3620 101.33 OX C5H6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 310.85 0.3000 101.33 OX C5H12 Pentane 307.75 0.1959 101.30 OX C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene C5H12 Pentane 310.55 0.7421 114.66 OX C6F15N Tris(per fluoroethyl)amine 303.35 0.8200 101.33 EX C5H8 3-Methyl-1-butyne C5H12 Isopentane 297.15 0.5650 101.33 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 6-195AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C5H8 1-Pentyne C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 310.95 0.3300 101.33 OX C5H12 Pentane 307.55 0.3050 101.33 OX C5H8O Cyclopentanone C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol 402.02 0.5944 101.33 OX C5H12O 1-Pentanol 403.84 0.9196 101.33 OX C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate C7H16 Heptane 366.35 0.4597 99.94 OX C8H18 Octane 373.70 0.9651 100.16 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene C6F15N Tris(per fluoroethyl)amine 301.95 0.8450 101.33 OX C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene C6F15N Tris(per fluoroethyl)amine 307.65 0.8170 101.33 OX C5H10O 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol C6H12 Cyclohexane 352.65 0.0215 101.10 OX C6H12O2 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane 403.05 0.7590 102.26 OX C7H8 Toluene 381.55 0.2391 101.60 OX C7H16 Heptane 370.00 0.2100 101.30 OX C5H10O 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol C6H12 Cyclohexane 350.15 0.1904 101.20 OX C6H12 1-Hexene 336.55 0.0479 101.30 OX C7H8 Toluene 366.55 0.7788 101.20 OX C5H10O 3-Pentanone C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 366.95 0.4441 99.82 OX C7H16O 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 371.15 0.4764 100.21 OX C5H10O2 Propyl acetate C6H12 Cyclohexane 353.15 0.0598 100.43 OX C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 368.40 0.4746 100.90 OX C7H16 Heptane 366.75 0.4215 101.38 OX C7H16O 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 370.95 0.6529 100.03 OX C5H12 Isopentane C6F15N Tris(per fluoroethyl)amine 299.65 0.9020 101.33 OX C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol C8H10 o-Xylene 402.05 0.7417 101.87 OX C8H10 m-Xylene 400.65 0.6316 101.85 OX C8H10 p-Xylene 400.15 0.6273 101.07 OX C8H10 Ethylbenzene 398.75 0.5657 99.46 OX C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol C6H10O Cyclohexanone 404.87 0.9094 101.33 OX C7H8 Toluene 383.15 0.1250 101.33 OX C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate 403.95 0.9900 101.33 OX C7H16 Heptane 368.15 0.1016 95.06 OX C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol C6H6 Benzene 352.35 0.1500 101.33 OX C6H12 Cyclohexane 351.95 0.1100 101.33 OX C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 344.75 0.0551 101.80 OX C6H14 Hexane 339.06 0.0436 93.55 OX C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 366.60 0.3965 99.87 OX C7H16 Heptane 348.15 0.3140 56.83 OX C7H16O 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 369.85 0.3904 100.52 OX C5H12O 1-Pentanol C6H10O Cyclohexanone 392.37 0.9748 53.32 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 TeamLRN6-196AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate 407.45 0.6000 101.33 OX C7H16 Heptane 371.45 0.0576 101.33 OX C8H18 Octane 393.15 0.2847 101.33 OX C9H20 Nonane 404.45 0.6242 101.33 OX C10H22 Decane 410.65 0.9221 101.33 OX C5H12O 3-Pentanol C7H16 Heptane 368.15 0.2001 98.62 OX C5H12O2 Diethoxymethane C6H12 Cyclohexane 353.21 0.1774 101.39 OX C6H14 Hexane 361.27 0.9101 102.30 OX C6F6 Hexa fluorobenzene C6H6 Benzene 353.60 0.7600 101.33 OND C6H6 Benzene 352.50 0.1832 101.33 OXD C6F15N Tris(per fluoroethyl)amine C6H6 Benzene 329.95 0.5900 101.33 EX C6H12 Cyclohexane 329.35 0.5690 101.33 EX C6H14 Hexane 327.65 0.4840 101.33 OX C6H5Br Bromobenzene C6H12O Cyclohexanol 403.15 0.7390 52.45 OX C6H6 Benzene C6H12 Cyclohexane 353.15 0.5460 109.18 OX C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 333.15 0.1390 69.93 OX C6H14 Hexane 341.45 0.0500 101.33 OX C7H16 Heptane 353.25 0.9922 101.32 OX C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 353.25 0.9751 101.32 OX C6H6O Phenol C6H7N Aniline 459.09 0.3884 101.33 ON C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 458.33 0.7852 101.32 ON C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine 462.93 0.6918 101.32 ON C7H5N Benzonitrile 465.11 0.2345 101.33 ON C7H6O Benzaldehyde 447.00 0.6001 73.00 ON C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 459.32 0.7539 101.32 ON C8H18 Octane 398.17 0.0690 101.32 OX C9H12 Propylbenzene 428.15 0.1150 91.85 OX C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 443.45 0.3936 101.33 OX C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 440.65 0.2409 101.33 OX C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 436.95 0.1828 101.33 OX C9H18 1-Nonene 413.15 0.1297 86.57 OX C9H20 Nonane 419.18 0.2180 101.32 OX C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 448.15 0.9031 84.25 OX C10H14 Butylbenzene 447.05 0.5535 101.33 OX C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene 441.15 0.3129 101.33 OX C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene 439.95 0.2773 101.33 OX C10H14 Diethylbenzene (unspeci fied isomer) 446.45 0.4705 101.33 OX C10H14 o-Diethylbenzene 447.15 0.5565 101.33 OX C10H14 m-Diethylbenzene 445.95 0.5152 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 447.95 0.5840 101.33 OX C10H14 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 447.95 0.5840 101.33 OX C10H14 Isobutylbenzene 441.75 0.3522 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 443.75 0.4643 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 443.05 0.4027 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 443.65 0.4430 101.33 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 6-197AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C10H14 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 447.75 0.5801 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 446.35 0.5264 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 447.15 0.5575 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 454.25 0.7957 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 453.36 0.7857 101.33 OX C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene 443.15 0.5419 99.85 OX C10H22 Decane 434.15 0.4450 101.32 OX C11H16 1-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 455.55 0.8504 101.33 OX C11H16 1-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 454.15 0.8099 101.33 OX C11H16 1-Butyl-4-methylbenzene 454.55 0.8230 101.33 OX C11H22 1-Undecene 443.15 0.6426 92.31 OX C12H26 Dodecane 450.73 0.7900 101.32 OX C14H30 Tetradecane 452.48 0.9650 101.32 OX C6H7N Aniline C7H8O o-Cresol 464.29 0.0953 101.33 ON C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 444.65 0.3331 101.33 OX C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 441.80 0.1850 101.33 OX C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 437.68 0.1071 101.33 OX C9H20 Nonane 422.35 0.1770 101.33 OX C10H14 Butylbenzene 448.65 0.4993 101.33 OX C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene 443.15 0.3021 101.33 OX C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene 438.25 0.2104 101.33 OX C10H14 o-Diethylbenzene 448.75 0.5024 101.33 OX C10H14 m-Diethylbenzene 447.45 0.4584 101.33 OX C10H14 p-Diethylbenzene 448.85 0.5086 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 449.65 0.5310 101.33 OX C10H14 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 449.65 0.5310 101.33 OX C10H14 Isobutylbenzene 442.75 0.2890 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 445.95 0.4052 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 444.15 0.3419 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 445.35 0.3829 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 449.45 0.5270 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 447.85 0.4711 101.33 OX C10H14 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 448.75 0.5035 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 456.55 0.7504 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 455.36 0.7349 101.33 OX C10H22 Decane 440.43 0.4660 101.33 OX C11H16 1-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 458.15 0.8091 101.33 OX C11H16 1-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 456.55 0.7661 101.33 OX C11H16 1-Butyl-4-methylbenzene 457.05 0.7807 101.33 OX C11H24 Undecane 449.05 0.6970 101.33 OX C12H26 Dodecane 453.52 0.8220 101.33 OX C13H28 Tridecane 456.22 0.9300 101.33 OX C14H30 Tetradecane 457.05 0.9770 101.33 OX C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine C8H18 Octane 394.27 0.4610 101.33 OX C9H20 Nonane 402.35 0.8790 101.33 OX C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine C7H8O m-Cresol 477.01 0.1556 101.32 ON C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 416.64 0.2940 101.33 OX C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine C7H8O m-Cresol 477.74 0.1822 101.32 ON Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 TeamLRN6-198AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 417.08 0.2000 101.32 OX C6H10O Methyldihydropyran (unspeci fied isomer) C7H8 Toluene 381.85 0.0207 101.30 OX C6H10O 4-Methylenetetrahydropyran C7H8 Toluene 381.15 0.5253 101.20 OX C6H12O Cyclohexanol C8H10 o-Xylene 415.95 0.1426 101.33 OX C8H10 m-Xylene 411.85 0.0503 101.33 OX C8H10 p-Xylene 410.95 0.0505 101.33 OX C9H20 Nonane 410.20 0.3350 79.99 OX C6H12O2 Butyl acetate C8H16 1-Octene 393.00 0.3030 101.33 OX C6H12O2 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane C8H10 o-Xylene 404.65 0.9662 101.30 OX C8H18 Octane 393.95 0.3343 101.20 OX C9H20 Nonane 402.15 0.8864 101.30 OX C10H22 Decane 405.35 0.9999 100.60 OX C6H14O 1-Hexanol C8H18 Octane 398.55 0.0886 101.33 OX C9H20 Nonane 416.95 0.3649 101.33 OX C10H22 Decane 427.05 0.7123 101.33 OX C6H14O2 2,2-Dimethoxybutane C7H8 Toluene 380.15 0.9180 101.44 OX C7F16 Perfluoroheptane C7H16 Heptane 328.16 0.6100 53.60 OX C7H5N Benzonitrile C7H8O o-Cresol 468.91 0.5100 101.33 ON C7H8O m-Cresol 476.10 0.1441 101.33 ON C7H8O p-Cresol 476.95 0.0898 101.33 ON C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol 477.15 0.0807 101.33 ON C7H8O o-Cresol C8H11N 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 470.35 0.6561 101.33 ON C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene 444.65 0.0938 101.33 OX C10H14 Diethylbenzene (unspeci fied isomer) 453.10 0.2694 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 462.37 0.6273 101.33 OX C10H22 Decane 433.15 0.3100 78.71 OX C11H22 1-Undecene 448.15 0.5516 83.07 OX C11H24 Undecane 433.15 0.5800 56.40 OX C12H26 Dodecane 458.15 0.8466 93.55 OX C7H8O m-Cresol C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 475.66 0.9869 101.32 ON C9H7N Quinoline 511.20 0.0356 101.33 ON C9H20 Nonane 413.15 0.0400 76.54 OX C10H8 Naphthalene 474.65 0.9680 101.33 OX C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 468.45 0.5900 93.10 OX C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene 445.85 0.0136 101.33 OX C10H14 Diethylbenzene (unspeci fied isomer) 454.10 0.1010 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 466.87 0.3591 101.33 OX C10H22 Decane 433.15 0.2170 75.85 OX C7H8O p-Cresol C10H8 Naphthalene 474.55 0.9414 101.33 OX C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene 446.05 0.0186 101.33 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 6-199AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C10H14 Diethylbenzene (unspeci fied isomer) 454.50 0.1105 101.33 OX C7H8O Benzyl alcohol C10H22 Decane 445.75 0.2490 101.33 OX C7H9N 2-Methylaniline C10H22 Decane 446.91 0.1770 101.33 OX C11H24 Undecane 461.40 0.4930 101.33 OX C12H26 Dodecane 468.90 0.7650 101.33 OX C13H28 Tridecane 472.55 0.9070 101.33 OX C7H14O2 Pentyl acetate C9H20 Nonane 419.20 0.5380 101.32 OX C7H16O 1-Heptanol C9H20 Nonane 423.45 0.1071 101.33 OX C10H22 Decane 438.75 0.4308 101.33 OX C11H24 Undecane 447.85 0.8014 101.33 OX C8H10 o-Xylene C9H20 Nonane 417.40 0.8498 101.33 OX C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol C9H7N Quinoline 511.00 0.0890 101.33 ON C10H8 Naphthalene 475.70 0.9381 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 468.85 0.3480 101.33 OX C8H10O 2,3-Xylenol C9H7N Quinoline 513.30 0.2684 101.33 ON C10H8 Naphthalene 485.45 0.4123 101.33 OX C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol C9H7N Quinoline 512.30 0.1717 101.33 ON C10H8 Naphthalene 481.25 0.6435 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 474.05 0.1869 101.33 OX C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol C9H7N Quinoline 512.30 0.1717 101.33 ON C10H8 Naphthalene 481.25 0.6435 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 474.35 0.1763 101.33 OX C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol C9H7N Isoquinoline 519.75 0.2955 101.33 ON C9H7N Quinoline 514.77 0.3907 101.33 ON C10H8 Naphthalene 490.95 0.1158 101.33 OX C10H9N 3-Methylisoquinoline 524.35 0.0811 101.33 ON C10H9N 2-Methylquinoline 521.17 0.1647 101.33 ON C10H9N 3-Methylquinoline 523.60 0.1152 101.33 ON C10H9N 7-Methylquinoline 525.85 0.0466 101.33 ON C11H11N 2,3-Dimethylquinoline 521.60 0.2113 101.33 ON C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol C9H7N Isoquinoline 518.05 0.1915 101.33 ON C9H7N Quinoline 513.58 0.3287 101.33 ON C10H8 Naphthalene 489.33 0.2601 101.33 OX C10H9N 2-Methylquinoline 520.65 0.0094 101.33 ON C11H11N 2,3-Dimethylquinoline 520.70 0.0530 101.33 ON C8H10O 2-Ethylphenol C9H7N Quinoline 511.75 0.1041 101.33 ON C10H8 Naphthalene 478.35 0.8005 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 471.45 0.3707 101.33 OX C8H10O 3-Ethylphenol C9H7N Quinoline 512.70 0.2089 101.33 ON Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 TeamLRN6-200AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) C10H8 Naphthalene 483.45 0.5551 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 475.95 0.1249 101.33 OX C8H10O 4-Ethylphenol C9H7N Quinoline 513.45 0.2832 101.33 ON C10H8 Naphthalene 486.10 0.3762 101.33 OX C8H11N 2,4-Dimethylaniline C11H24 Undecane 468.13 0.1490 101.33 OX C12H26 Dodecane 482.95 0.4520 101.33 OX C13H28 Tridecane 488.43 0.7880 101.33 OX C14H30 Tetradecane 490.53 0.9840 101.33 OX C8H18O 1-Octanol C10H22 Decane 446.45 0.1029 101.33 OX C11H24 Undecane 460.05 0.4772 101.33 OX C12H26 Dodecane 466.95 0.8836 101.33 OX C9H7N Isoquinoline C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 513.90 0.2074 101.33 OX C9H7N Quinoline C9H12O 3-Isopropylphenol 514.70 0.6109 101.33 ON C9H12O 2-Isopropylphenol 512.75 0.8015 101.33 ON C9H12O 2-Propylphenol 513.60 0.7243 101.33 ON C9H12O 3-Propylphenol 514.70 0.6109 101.33 ON C9H12O 4-Propylphenol 515.35 0.5451 101.33 ON C10H14O 2-Butylphenol 515.70 0.5350 101.33 ON C10H14O 2- tert-Butylphenol 513.70 0.7299 101.33 ON C10H14O 3- tert-Butylphenol 517.05 0.4315 101.33 ON C10H14O 4-Isobutylphenol 515.95 0.5061 101.33 ON C10H14O 2- sec-Butylphenol 514.70 0.6339 101.33 ON C10H14O 4- sec-Butylphenol 516.45 0.4551 101.33 ON C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 511.05 0.9213 101.33 OX C11H16O 2- tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol 515.45 0.5854 101.33 ON C11H16O 2- sec-Butyl-4-methylphenol 516.10 0.5139 101.33 ON C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene C10H22 Decane 433.35 0.4010 72.54 OX C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene C10H22 Decane 433.35 0.8600 80.25 OX C9H12O 2-Ethyl-4-methylphenol C10H8 Naphthalene 488.20 0.2218 101.33 OX C9H12O 2-Ethyl-5-methylphenol C10H8 Naphthalene 489.45 0.1710 101.33 OX C9H12O 2-Isopropylphenol C10H8 Naphthalene 483.15 0.5102 101.33 OX C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 476.25 0.1036 101.33 OX C9H12O 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol C10H8 Naphthalene 486.70 0.3161 101.33 OX C9H20O 1-Nonanol C11H24 Undecane 468.45 0.0925 101.33 OX C12H26 Dodecane 480.65 0.5235 101.33 OX C10H22O 1-Decanol C12H26 Dodecane 489.25 0.1068 101.33 OX Molecular Formula Name TAz/K y1,Az PAz/kPa Type Comp. 1 Comp. 2 VISCOSITY OF GASES The following table gives the viscosity of some common gases as a function of temperature. Unless otherwise noted, the viscosity values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The notation P=0 indicates the low pressure limiting value is given. The difference between the viscosity at 100 kPa and the limiting value is generally less than 1%. Viscosity is given in units of µPa s; note that 1 µPa s = 10–5 poise. Substances are listed in the modified Hill order (see Introduction). Viscosity in micropascal seconds ( µPa s) 100 K 200 K 300 K 400 K 500 K 600 K Ref. Air 7.1 13.3 18.6 23.1 27.1 30.8 1 Ar Argon 8.0 15.9 22.9 28.8 34.2 39.0 2,8 BF3 Boron trifluoride 12.3 17.1 21.7 26.1 30.2 13 ClH Hydrogen chloride 14.6 19.7 24.3 13F 6S Sulfur hexafluoride (P=0) 15.3 19.8 23.9 27.7 10 H2 Hydrogen ( P=0) 4.2 6.8 9.0 10.9 12.7 14.4 4 D2 Deuterium ( P=0) 5.9 9.6 12.6 15.4 17.9 20.3 11 H2O Water 10.0 13.3 17.3 21.4 6 D2O Deuterium oxide 11.1 13.7 17.7 22.0 7 He Helium ( P=0) 9.7 15.3 20.0 24.4 28.4 32.3 8 Kr Krypton ( P=0) 8.8 17.1 25.6 33.1 39.8 45.9 8 NO Nitric oxide 13.8 19.2 23.8 28.0 31.9 13N 2 Nitrogen ( P=0) 12.9 17.9 22.2 26.1 29.6 12 N2O Nitrous oxide 10.0 15.0 19.4 23.6 27.4 13 Ne Neon ( P=0) 14.4 24.3 32.1 38.9 45.0 50.8 8 O2 Oxygen ( P=0) 7.5 14.6 20.8 26.1 30.8 35.1 12 O2S Sulfur dioxide 8.6 12.9 17.5 21.7 13 Xe Xenon ( P=0) 8.3 15.4 23.2 30.7 37.6 44.0 8 CO Carbon monoxide 6.7 12.9 17.8 22.1 25.8 29.1 13 CO2 Carbon dioxide 10.0 15.0 19.7 24.0 28.0 9,10 CHCl3Chloroform 10.2 13.7 16.9 20.1 13 CH4 Methane 7.7 11.2 14.3 17.0 19.4 10 CH4O Methanol 13.2 16.5 19.6 13 C2H2 Acetylene 10.4 13.5 16.5 13 C2H4 Ethylene 7.0 10.4 13.6 16.5 19.1 3 C2H6 Ethane 6.4 9.5 12.3 14.9 17.3 5 C2H6O Ethanol 11.6 14.5 17.0 13 C3H8 Propane 8.3 10.9 13.4 15.8 5 C4H10 Butane 7.5 10.0 12.3 14.6 5 C4H10 Isobutane 7.6 10.0 12.3 14.6 5 C4H10O Diethyl ether 7.6 10.1 12.4 13 C5H12 Pentane 6.7 9.2 11.4 13.4 13 C6H14 Hexane 8.6 10.8 12.8 13 REFERENCES 1. K. Kadoya, N. Matsunaga, and A. Nagashima, Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 14, 947, 1985. 2. B. A. Younglove and H. J. M. Hanley, The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1323, 1986. 3. P. M. Holland, B. E. Eaton, and H. J. M. Hanley, A Correlation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous and liquid ethylene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 12, 917, 1983. 4. M. J. Assael, S. Mixafendi, and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the limit zero de nsity, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 15, 1315, 1986. 5. B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butan e, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 16, 577, 1987. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRN6. J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water su bstance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 15, 1291, 1986. 7. N. Matsunaga and A. Nagashima, Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 12, 933, 1983. 8. J. Kestin, et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 13, 299, 1984. 9. V. Vescovic, et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 19, 1990. 10. R. D. Trengove and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur hexafluoride in the limit of zero den sity, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 16, 175, 1987. 11. M. J. Assael, S. Mixafendi, and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of normal deuterium in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 16, 189, 1987. 12. W. A. Cole and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of nitrogen, oxygen, and their binary mixtures in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 209, 1985. 13. C. Y. Ho, Ed., Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids , CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties , Vol. V-1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988.VISCOSITY OF GASES (continued) © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 6-186VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS The absolute viscosity of some common liquids at temperatures between –25 and 100 ∞C is given in this table. Values were derived by fitting experimental data to suitable expressions for the temperature dependence. The substances are arranged by molecular formula in t he modified Hill order (see Preface). All values are given in units of millipascal seconds (mPa s); this unit is identical to centipoise (cp). Viscosity values correspond to a nominal pressure of 1 atmosphere. If a value is given at a temperature above the normal boilin g point, the applicable pressure is understood to be the vapor pressure of the liquid at that temperature. A few values are given at a temperature slig htly below the normal freezing point; these refer to the supercooled liquid. The accuracy ranges from 1% in the best cases to 5 to 10% in the worst cases. Additional significant figures are included in th e table to facilitate interpolation. REFERENCES 1. Viswanath, D. S. and Natarajan, G., Data Book on the Viscosity of Liquids , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation , extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 3. Ho, C. Y., Ed., CINDAS Data Series on Material Properties , Vol. V-1, Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988. 4. Stephan, K. and Lucas, K., Viscosity of Dense Fluids , Plenum Press, New York, 1979. 5. Vargaftik, N. B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases , 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1975. Molecular Viscosity in mPa s formula Name –25 ∞C0 ∞C2 5 ∞C5 0 ∞C7 5 ∞C 100∞C Compounds not containing carbon Br2 Bromine 1.252 0.944 0.746 Cl3HSi Trichlorosilane 0.415 0.326 Cl3P Phosphorous trichloride 0.870 0.662 0.529 0.439 Cl4Si Tetrachlorosilane 99.4 96.2 H2O Water 1.793 0.890 0.547 0.378 0.282 H4N2 Hydrazine 0.876 0.628 0.480 0.384 Hg Mercury 1.526 1.402 1.312 1.245 NO2 Nitrogen dioxide 0.532 0.402 Compounds containing carbon CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane 0.740 0.539 0.421 CCl4 Tetrachloromethane 1.321 0.908 0.656 0.494 CS2 Carbon disulfide 0.429 0.352 CHBr3 Tribromomethane 1.857 1.367 1.029 CHCl3 Trichloromethane 0.988 0.706 0.537 0.427 CHN Hydrogen cyanide 0.235 0.183 CH2Br2 Dibromomethane 1.948 1.320 0.980 0.779 0.652 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 0.727 0.533 0.413 CH2O2 Formic acid 1.607 1.030 0.724 0.545 CH3I Iodomethane 0.594 0.469 CH3NO Formamide 7.114 3.343 1.833 CH 3NO2 Nitromethane 1.311 0.875 0.630 0.481 0.383 0.317 CH4O Methanol 1.258 0.793 0.544 CH5N Methylamine 0.319 0.231 C2Cl3F3 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoro- ethane 1.465 0.945 0.656 0.481 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene 1.114 0.844 0.663 0.535 0.442 C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 0.703 0.545 0.444 0.376 C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane 3.761 2.254 1.491 1.061 C2HF3O2 Trifluoroacetic acid 0.808 0.571 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.786 0.575 0.445 C2H2Cl2 trans -1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.522 0.398 0.317 0.261 C2H2Cl4 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 3.660 2.200 1.437 1.006 0.741 0.570 C2H3ClF2 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoro- ethane 0.477 0.376 TeamLRN6-187VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular Viscosity in mPa s formula Name –25 ∞C0 ∞C2 5 ∞C5 0 ∞C7 5 ∞C 100∞C C2H3ClO Acetyl chloride 0.368 0.294 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1.847 1.161 0.793 0.578 0.428 C2H3N Acetonitrile 0.400 0.369 0.284 0.234 C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane 1.595 1.116 0.837 0.661 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 0.464 0.362 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 1.125 0.779 0.576 0.447 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 1.056 0.786 0.599 0.464 C2H4O2 Methyl formate 0.424 0.325 C2H5Br Bromoethane 0.635 0.477 0.374 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 0.416 0.319 C2H5I Iodoethane 0.723 0.556 0.444 0.365 C2H5NO N-Methylformamide 2.549 1.678 1.155 0.824 0.606 C2H5NO2 Nitroethane 1.354 0.940 0.688 0.526 0.415 0.337 C2H6OE thanol 3.262 1.786 1.074 0.694 0.476 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide 1.987 1.290 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol 16.1 6.554 3.340 1.975 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide 0.356 0.284 C2H6S Ethanethiol 0.364 0.287 C2H7N Dimethylamine 0.300 0.232 C2H7NO Ethanolamine 21.1 8.560 3.935 1.998 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene 0.620 0.471 0.373 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 0.408 0.314 C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin 2.492 1.570 1.073 0.781 0.597 0.474 C3H5N Propanenitrile 0.294 0.240 0.202 C3H6O Acetone 0.540 0.395 0.306 0.247 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 1.218 0.759 0.505 C3H6O Propanal 0.321 0.249 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 0.506 0.380 0.300 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 0.477 0.364 0.284 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid 1.499 1.030 0.749 0.569 0.449 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 0.645 0.489 0.387 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane 0.612 0.458 0.359 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 0.436 0.334 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane 0.401 0.303 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane 0.970 0.703 0.541 0.436 0.363 C3H7I 2-Iodopropane 0.883 0.653 0.506 0.407 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide 1.176 0.794 0.624 C3H7NO2 1-Nitropropane 1.851 1.160 0.798 0.589 0.460 0.374 C3H8O 1-Propanol 8.645 3.815 1.945 1.107 0.685 C3H8O 2-Propanol 4.619 2.038 1.028 0.576 C3H8O2 1,2-Propylene glycol 248 40.4 11.3 4.770 2.750 C3H8O3 Glycerol 934 152 39.8 14.8 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol 0.503 0.385 C3H8S 2-Propanethiol 0.477 0.357 0.280 C3H9N Propylamine 0.376 C3H9N Isopropylamine 0.454 0.325 C4H4O Furan 0.661 0.475 0.361 C4H5N Pyrrole 2.085 1.225 0.828 0.612 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride 1.241 0.843 0.614 0.472 0.377 C4H7N Butanenitrile 0.553 0.418 0.330 0.268 C4H8O 2-Butanone 0.720 0.533 0.405 0.315 0.249 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 0.849 0.605 0.456 0.359 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 1.177 0.787 0.569 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 0.578 0.423 0.325 0.259 C4H8O2 Methyl propionate 0.581 0.431 0.333 0.266 C4H8O2 Propyl formate 0.669 0.485 0.370 0.293 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid 2.215 1.426 0.982 0.714 0.542 6-188VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid 1.857 1.226 0.863 0.639 0.492 C4H8O2S Sulfolane 6.280 3.818 2.559 C4H8S Tetrahydrothiophene 0.973 0.912 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 0.815 0.606 0.471 0.379 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 0.556 0.422 0.329 0.261 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 1.914 1.071 0.704 0.512 C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide 1.927 C4H9NO Morpholine 2.021 1.247 0.850 0.627 C4H10O 1-Butanol 12.19 5.185 2.544 1.394 0.833 0.533 C4H10O 2-Butanol 3.096 1.332 0.698 0.419 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 4.312 1.421 0.678 C4H10O Diethyl ether 0.283 0.224 C4H10O3 Diethylene glycol 30.200 11.130 4.917 2.505 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide 0.558 0.422 0.331 0.267 C4H11N Butylamine 0.830 0.574 0.409 0.298 C4H11N Isobutylamine 0.770 0.571 0.367 C4H11N Diethylamine 0.319 0.239 C4H11NO2 Diethanolamine 109.5 28.7 9.100 C5H4O2 Furfural 2.501 1.587 1.143 0.906 0.772 C5H5N Pyridine 1.361 0.879 0.637 0.497 0.409 C5H10 1-Pentene 0.313 0.241 0.195 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 0.255 0.203 C5H10 Cyclopentane 0.555 0.413 0.321 C5H10O Mesityl oxide 1.291 0.838 0.602 0.465 0.381 0.326 C5H10O 2-Pentanone 0.641 0.470 0.362 0.289 0.238 C5H10O 3-Pentanone 0.592 0.444 0.345 0.276 0.227 C5H10O2 Butyl formate 0.937 0.644 0.472 0.362 0.289 C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 0.768 0.544 0.406 0.316 0.255 C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate 0.691 0.501 0.380 0.299 0.242 C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate 0.759 0.541 0.406 0.318 0.257 C5H10O2 Methyl isobutanoate 0.672 0.488 0.373 0.296 C5H11N Piperidine 1.573 0.958 0.649 0.474 C5H12 Pentane 0.351 0.274 0.224 C5H12 Isopentane 0.376 0.277 0.214 C5H12O1 -Pentanol 25.4 8.512 3.619 1.820 1.035 0.646 C5H12O2 -Pentanol 3.470 1.447 0.761 0.465 C5H12O3 -Pentanol 4.149 1.473 0.727 0.436 C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol 4.453 1.963 1.031 0.612 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol 8.627 3.692 1.842 1.031 0.631 C5H13N Pentylamine 1.030 0.702 0.493 0.356 C6F6 Hexafluorobenzene 2.789 1.730 1.151 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene 1.958 1.324 0.962 0.739 0.593 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene 1.492 1.044 0.787 0.628 0.525 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 1.560 1.074 0.798 0.627 0.512 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 1.703 1.058 0.753 0.575 0.456 0.369 C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol 3.589 1.835 1.131 0.786 C6H5ClO m-Chlorophenol 4.041 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 0.749 0.550 0.423 0.338 C6H5I Iodobenzene 2.354 1.554 1.117 0.854 0.683 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 3.036 1.863 1.262 0.918 0.704 C6H6 Benzene 0.604 0.436 0.335 C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline 3.316 1.913 1.248 0.887 C6H6O Phenol 3.437 1.784 1.099 C6H7N Aniline 3.847 2.029 1.247 0.850 C6H8N2 Phenylhydrazine 13.0 4.553 1.850 0.848 C6H10 Cyclohexene 0.882 0.625 0.467 0.364 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 2.017 1.321 0.919 0.671Molecular Viscosity in mPa s formula Name –25 ∞C0 ∞C2 5 ∞C5 0 ∞C7 5 ∞C 100∞C TeamLRN6-189VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular Viscosity in mPa s formula Name –25 ∞C0 ∞C2 5 ∞C5 0 ∞C7 5 ∞C 100∞C C6H11N Hexanenitrile 0.912 0.650 0.488 0.382 C6H12 Cyclohexane 0.894 0.615 0.447 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 0.927 0.653 0.479 0.364 C6H12 1-Hexene 0.441 0.326 0.252 0.202 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 57.5 12.3 4.274 1.982 C6H12O 2-Hexanone 1.300 0.840 0.583 0.429 0.329 0.262 C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 0.545 0.406 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate 1.002 0.685 0.500 0.383 0.305 C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate 0.676 0.493 0.370 0.286 C6H12O2 Ethyl butanoate 0.639 0.453 C6H12O2 Diacetone alcohol 28.7 6.621 2.798 1.829 1.648 C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 1.079 0.692 0.485 0.362 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine 1.944 1.169 0.782 0.565 C6H14 Hexane 0.405 0.300 0.240 C6H14 2-Methylpentane 0.372 0.286 0.226 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 0.395 0.306 C6H14O Dipropyl ether 0.542 0.396 0.304 0.242 C6H14O1 -Hexanol 4.578 2.271 1.270 0.781 C6H15N Triethylamine 0.455 0.347 0.273 0.221 C6H15N Dipropylamine 0.751 0.517 0.377 0.288 0.228 C6H15N Diisopropylamine 0.393 0.300 0.237 C6H15NO 3 Triethanolamine 609 114 31.5 11.7 C7H5N Benzonitrile 1.267 0.883 0.662 0.524 C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene 1.390 0.964 0.710 0.547 0.437 C7H7Cl m-Chlorotoluene 1.165 0.823 0.616 0.482 0.391 C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene 0.837 0.621 0.483 0.390 C7H8 Toluene 1.165 0.778 0.560 0.424 0.333 0.270 C7H8O o-Cresol 3.035 1.562 0.961 C7H8O m-Cresol 12.9 4.417 2.093 1.207 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 5.474 2.760 1.618 1.055 C7H8O Anisole 1.056 0.747 0.554 0.427 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 4.120 2.042 1.222 0.825 0.606 C7H9N o-Methyl aniline 10.3 3.823 1.936 1.198 0.839 C7H9N m-Methyl aniline 8.180 3.306 1.679 1.014 0.699 C7H9N Benzylamine 1.624 1.080 0.769 0.577 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 0.991 0.679 0.501 0.390 0.316 C7H14 1-Heptene 0.441 0.340 0.273 0.226 C7H14O 2-Heptanone 0.714 0.407 0.297 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid 3.840 2.282 1.488 1.041 C7H16 Heptane 0.757 0.523 0.387 0.301 0.243 C7H16 3-Methylhexane 0.350 C7H16O 1-Heptanol 5.810 2.603 1.389 0.849 C7H16O 2-Heptanol 3.955 1.799 0.987 0.615 C7H16O 3-Heptanol 1.957 0.976 0.584 C7H16O 4-Heptanol 4.207 1.695 0.882 0.539 C7H17N Heptylamine 1.314 0.865 0.600 0.434 C8H8 Styrene 1.050 0.695 0.507 0.390 0.310 C8H8O Acetophenone 1.681 0.634 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate 1.857 C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate 1.102 0.815 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 0.872 0.631 0.482 0.380 0.304 C8H10 o-Xylene 1.084 0.760 0.561 0.432 0.345 C8H10 m-Xylene 0.795 0.581 0.445 0.353 0.289 C8H10 p-Xylene 0.603 0.457 0.359 0.290 C8H10O Phenetole 1.197 0.817 0.594 0.453 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 1.996 1.300 0.911 0.675 0.523 C8H11N N-Ethylaniline 3.981 2.047 1.231 0.825 0.596 6-190VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular Viscosity in mPa s formula Name –25 ∞C0 ∞C2 5 ∞C5 0 ∞C7 5 ∞C 100∞C C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane 1.139 0.784 0.579 C8H16O2 Octanoic acid 5.020 2.656 1.654 1.147 C8H18 Octane 0.700 0.508 0.385 0.302 0.243 C8H18O 1-Octanol 7.288 3.232 1.681 0.991 C8H18O 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 1.904 1.085 0.702 0.497 0.375 C8H18O 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 2.052 1.178 0.762 0.536 0.401 C8H18O 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 20.7 6.271 2.631 1.360 0.810 C8H18O Dibutyl ether 1.417 0.918 0.637 0.466 0.356 0.281 C8H19N Dibutylamine 1.509 0.918 0.619 0.449 0.345 C8H19N Diisobutylamine 1.115 0.723 0.511 0.384 0.303 C9H7NQ uinoline 3.337 1.892 1.201 0.833 C9H10 Indane 2.230 1.357 0.931 0.692 0.545 C9H12 Cumene 1.075 0.737 0.547 C9H14O Isophorone 4.201 2.329 1.415 0.923 0.638 C9H18O 5-Nonanone 1.199 0.834 0.619 0.484 C9H18O2 Nonanoic acid 7.011 3.712 2.234 1.475 C9H20 Nonane 0.964 0.665 0.488 0.375 0.300 C9H20O 1-Nonanol 9.123 4.032 C10H10O4 Dimethyl phthalate 63.2 14.4 5.309 2.824 1.980 C10H14 Butylbenzene 0.950 0.683 0.515 C10H18 cis-Decahydronaphthalene 12.8 5.645 3.042 1.875 1.271 0.924 C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene 6.192 3.243 1.948 1.289 0.917 0.689 C10H20O2 Decanoic acid 4.327 2.651 C10H22 Decane 2.188 1.277 0.838 0.598 0.453 0.359 C10H22O 1-Decanol 10.9 4.590 C11H24 Undecane 1.707 1.098 0.763 0.562 0.433 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 2.130 1.407 1.023 C12H26 Dodecane 2.277 1.383 0.930 0.673 0.514 C13H12 Diphenylmethane 1.265 0.929 C13H28 Tridecane 2.909 1.724 1.129 0.796 0.594 C14H30 Tetradecane 2.128 1.376 0.953 0.697 C16H22O4 Dibutyl phthalate 483 66.4 16.6 6.470 3.495 2.425 C16H34 Hexadecane 3.032 1.879 1.260 0.899 C18H38 Octadecane 2.487 1.609 1.132 TeamLRN6-187VISCOSITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE ALONG THE SATURATION LINE The table below gives the viscosity of gas and liquid CO2 along the liquid-vapor saturation line. REFERENCES 1. Fenghour, A., Wakeham, W. A., and Vesovic, V., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 27, 31, 1998. 2. Angus, S., et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976. Gas Liquid T/K P/kPa η/µPa s η/µPa s 205 227 10.33 210 327 10.60 215 465 10.87220 600 11.13 241.68 225 735 11.41 221.72 230 894 11.69 203.75235 1075 11.98 187.48 240 1283 12.27 172.67 245 1519 12.58 159.13250 1786 12.90 146.69 255 2085 13.24 135.20 260 2419 13.61 124.30265 2790 14.02 114.63 270 3203 14.47 105.21 275 3658 14.99 96.44280 4160 15.61 87.89 285 4712 16.37 79.64 290 5315 17.36 71.47295 5984 18.79 63.01 300 6710 21.29 53.33 302 6997 23.52 48.30 6-190VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF AQUEOUS HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS The viscosity and density of aqueous hydroxide solutions at 25 °C is tabulated here as a function of concentration. Viscosity is given in millipascal second, which is equal to the c.g.s. unit centipoise (cP). The last entry in each column refers to the saturated solution. REFERENCE Sipos, P. M., Hefter, G., and May, P. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 613, 2000. Viscosity in mPa s c/mol L-1 LiOH NaOH KOH CsOH (CH 3)4NOH 0.5 1.017 0.997 0.937 0.91 1.017 1.0 1.169 1.116 0.990 0.94 1.1861.5 1.340 1.248 1.050 0.97 1.430 2.0 1.537 1.396 1.116 1.03 1.762 3.0 2.050 1.754 1.269 1.19 3.0314.0 2.734 2.228 1.448 1.41 7.238 5.0 2.867 1.657 1.67 6.0 3.727 1.902 1.987.0 4.869 2.196 2.40 8.0 6.351 2.554 3.09 9.0 8.230 3.005 4.31 10.0 10.554 3.581 6.46 11.0 13.362 4.328 12.0 16.677 5.30313.0 20.503 6.577 14.0 24.826 8.235 15.0 29.60416.0 34.767 17.0 40.212 18.0 45.80019.0 51.354 Sat. 3.311 51.911 8.526 8.850 Density in g/cm 3 c/mol L-1 LiOH NaOH KOH CsOH (CH3)4NOH 0.5 1.012 1.019 1.022 1.063 0.999 1.0 1.025 1.040 1.045 1.128 1.0021.5 1.038 1.059 1.068 1.193 1.005 2.0 1.050 1.078 1.090 1.257 1.009 3.0 1.072 1.115 1.133 1.383 1.0194.0 1.093 1.149 1.174 1.508 1.030 5.0 1.182 1.214 1.632 6.0 1.213 1.253 1.7557.0 1.243 1.290 1.876 8.0 1.271 1.326 1.997 9.0 1.299 1.362 2.117 10.0 1.325 1.396 2.236 11.0 1.350 1.429 2.354 12.0 1.374 1.462 2.47113.0 1.397 1.494 2.587 14.0 1.419 1.524 2.703 15.0 1.44116.0 1.461 17.0 1.481 18.0 1.49919.0 1.517 Sat. 1.109 1.519 1.529 2.800 1.032 TeamLRN6-191VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS This table gives the viscosity of several liquid metals as a function of temperature. Experimental data from some of the refere nces was smoothed to produce the table. Viscosity is given in millipascal second (mPa s), which equals the c.g.s. unit centipoise (cP). REFERENCES 1. Shpil’rain, E. E., Yakimovich, K. A., Fomin, V. A., Skovorodjko, S. N., and Mozgovoi, A. G., in Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of the Alkali Metals , Ohse, R. H., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 1985. [Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs] 2. Rothwell, E., J. Inst. Metals 90, 389, 1961. [Al] 3. Culpin, M. F., Proc. Phys. Soc . 70, 1079, 1957. [Ca] 4.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/5a, Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion) , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961 [Co, Au, Mg, Ni, Ag] 5. Spells, K. E., Proc. Phys. Soc . 48, 299, 1936. [Ga] 6. Walsdorfer, H., Arpshofen, I., and Predel, B., Z. Met . 79, 503, 1988. [In] . Viscosity in mPa s t/°C Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Gallium 50 0.542 0.598 1.921 100 0.687 0.441 0.435 0.469 1.608 150 0.542 0.358 0.365 0.389 1.397 200 0.566 0.451 0.303 0.316 0.334 1.245250 0.503 0.387 0.263 0.280 0.294 1.130 300 0.453 0.341 0.234 0.252 0.264 1.040 350 0.412 0.306 0.211 0.230 0.240 0.968400 0.379 0.278 0.193 0.212 0.221 0.909 450 0.352 0.255 0.178 0.197 0.206 0.859 500 0.328 0.237 0.166 0.185 0.192 0.817550 0.308 0.221 0.155 0.174 0.181 0.781 600 0.290 0.208 0.146 0.165 0.171 0.750 650 0.275 0.196 0.138 0.157 0.163 0.722700 0.261 0.186 0.132 0.150 0.156 0.698 750 0.249 0.177 0.126 0.143 0.149 0.677 800 0.238 0.170 0.120 0.138 0.143 0.657850 0.228 0.163 0.115 0.133 0.138 0.640 900 0.219 0.156 0.111 0.128 0.134 0.624 950 0.211 0.151 0.107 0.124 0.129 0.610 1000 0.204 0.146 0.104 0.120 0.125 0.597 1050 0.197 0.141 0.101 0.117 0.122 0.585 1100 0.191 0.137 0.098 0.114 0.119 0.5741150 0.185 0.133 0.095 0.111 0.116 1200 0.180 0.129 0.092 0.108 0.113 1250 0.175 0.126 0.090 0.105 0.1101300 0.170 0.123 0.088 0.103 0.108 1350 0.166 0.120 0.086 0.101 0.106 1400 0.162 0.117 0.084 0.099 0.1041450 0.158 0.115 0.082 0.097 0.102 1500 0.155 0.113 0.081 0.095 0.100 1550 0.151 0.110 0.079 0.093 0.0981600 0.148 0.108 0.078 0.092 0.097 1650 0.145 0.106 0.076 0.090 0.095 1700 0.142 0.105 0.075 0.0941750 0.139 0.103 0.074 0.092 1800 0.137 0.101 0.091 1850 0.135 0.100 0.0901900 0.132 0.098 0.089 1950 0.130 0.097 0.088 2000 0.128 0.096 0.086 6-192Viscosity in mPa s t/°C Aluminum Calcium Cobalt Gold Indium Magnesium Nickel Silver 250 1.35 300 1.22350 1.12 400 1.04 450 0.98700 1.289 1.10 750 1.200 0.96 800 1.115 0.84850 1.028 1.107 0.74 900 0.959 0.67 1000 3.80 1050 3.56 1100 5.130 3.31 1150 4.874 3.06 1200 4.640 2.82 1250 4.429 2.61 1300 4.240 2.421350 2.28 1400 2.20 1450 2.19 1500 4.15 4.35 1550 3.89 4.09 1600 3.64 3.871650 3.41 3.67 1700 3.20 3.49 1750 2.99 3.32VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS (continued) TeamLRN6-175THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES This table gives the thermal conductivity of several gases as a function of temperature. Unless otherwise noted, the values ref er to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) or to the saturation vapor pressure if that is less than 100 kPa. The notation P = 0 indicates the low pressure limiting value is given. In general, the P = 0 and P = 100 kPa values differ by less than 1%. Units are milliwatts per meter kelvin. Substances are listed in the modified Hill order. Thermal conductivity in mW/m K MF Name 100 K 200 K 300 K 400 K 500 K 600 K Ref. Air 9.4 18.4 26.2 33.3 39.7 45.7 1 Ar Argon 6.2 12.4 17.9 22.6 26.8 30.6 2,8 BF3 Boron trifluoride 19.0 24.6 11 ClH Hydrogen chloride 9.2 14.5 19.5 24.0 28.1 11F 6S Sulfur hexafluoride ( P = 0) 13.0 20.6 27.5 33.8 16 H2 Hydrogen ( P = 0) 68.6 131.7 186.9 230.4 4 H2O Water 18.7 27.1 35.7 47.1 6 Deuterium oxide 27.0 36.5 47.6 7 H2S Hydrogen sulfide 14.6 20.5 26.4 32.4 11 H3N Ammonia 24.4 37.4 51.6 66.8 11 He Helium ( P = 0) 75.5 119.3 156.7 190.6 222.3 252.4 8 Kr Krypton ( P = 0) 3.3 6.4 9.5 12.3 14.8 17.1 8 NO Nitric oxide 17.8 25.9 33.1 39.6 46.2 11N 2 Nitrogen 9.8 18.7 26.0 32.3 38.3 44.0 12 N2O Nitrous oxide 9.8 17.4 26.0 34.1 41.8 11 Ne Neon ( P = 0) 22.3 37.6 49.8 60.3 69.9 78.7 8 O2 Oxygen 9.3 18.4 26.3 33.7 41.0 48.1 10 O2S Sulfur dioxide 9.6 14.3 20.0 25.6 11 Xe Xenon ( P = 0) 2.0 3.6 5.5 7.3 8.9 10.4 8 CCl2F2Dichlorodifluoromethane 9.9 15.0 20.1 25.2 13 CF4 Tetrafluoromethane ( P = 0) 16.0 24.1 32.2 39.9 16 CO Carbon monoxide ( P = 0) 25.0 32.3 39.2 45.7 14 CO2 Carbon dioxide 9.6 16.8 25.1 33.5 41.6 9 CHCl3Trichloromethane 7.5 11.1 15.1 11 CH4 Methane 22.5 34.1 49.1 66.5 84.1 5,15 CH4O Methanol 26.2 38.6 53.0 11 C2Cl2F41,2-Dichlorotetrafluoro- ethane 10.25 15.7 21.1 13 C2Cl3F31,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoro- ethane 9.0 13.6 18.3 13 C2H2Acetylene 21.4 33.3 45.4 56.8 11 C2H4Ethylene 11.1 20.5 34.6 49.9 68.6 3 C2H6Ethane 11.0 21.3 35.4 52.2 70.5 5 C2H6O Ethanol 14.4 25.8 38.4 53.2 11 C3H6O Acetone 11.5 20.2 30.6 42.7 11 C3H8Propane 18.0 30.6 45.5 61.9 5 C4F8Perfluorocyclobutane 12.5 19.5 13 C4H10Butane 16.4 28.4 43.0 59.1 5 C4H10Isobutane 16.1 27.9 42.1 57.6 5 C4H10O Diethyl ether 15.1 25.0 37.1 11 C5H12Pentane 14.4 24.9 37.8 52.7 11 C6H14Hexane 23.4 35.4 48.7 11 REFERENCES 1. Kadoya, K. Matsunaga, N., and Nagashima, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 14, 947, 1985. 2. Younglove, B. A. and Hanley, H. J. M., The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1323, 1986. 3. Holland, P. M., Eaton, B. E., and Hanley, H. J. M., A correlation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous a nd liquid ethylene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 12, 917, 1983. 6-176THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES (continued) 4. Assael, M. J., Mixafendi, S., and Wakeham, W. A., The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the limit of z ero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 15, 1315, 1986. 5. Younglove, B. A. and Ely, J. F., Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal but ane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 16, 577, 1987. 6. Sengers, J. V. and Watson, J. T. R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 15, 1291, 1986. 7. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D 2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 12, 933, 1983. 8. Kestin, J. et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 13, 229, 1984. 9. Vescovic, V. et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 19, 1990. 10. Younglove, B. A., Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Argon, ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 11. Ho, C. Y., Ed., Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties , Volume V-1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988. 12. Stephen, K., Krauss, R., and Laesecke, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of nitrogen for a wide range of fluid states, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 993, 1987. 13. Krauss, R. and Stephan, K., Thermal conductivity of refrigerants in a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 18, 43, 1989. 14. Millat, J. and Wakeham, W. A., The thermal conductivity of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 565, 1989. 15. Friend, D. G., Ely, J. F., and Ingham, H., Thermophysical properties of methane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 18, 583, 1989. 16. Uribe, F. J., Mason, E. A., and Kestin, J., Thermal conductivity of nine polyatomic gases at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 19, 1123, 1990. TeamLRN 6- 214 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS This table gives the thermal conductivity of about 275 liquids at temperatures between –25 and 100 ° C. Values refer to nominal atmospheric pres- sure; when an entry is given for a temperature above the normal boiling point of the liquid, the pressure is understood to be t he saturation vapor pressure at that temperature. Reference 1 contains data on many of these liquids at high pressures. Data on halocarbon refriger ants over a wide range of temperature and pressure may be found in Reference 6. Values given to three decimal places (i.e., to 0.001 W/m K) have an uncertainty of 2% to 5%. Values given to 0.0001 W/m K shoul d be accurate to 1% or better. Substances are arranged by molecular formula in Hill order, except that compounds not containing carbon precede those that do c ontain carbon. REFERENCES 1. Vargaftik, N. B., Filippov, L. P., Tarzimanov, A. A., and Totskii, E. E., Handbook of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases , CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 1994. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compi- lation , extant 1994 (core with four supplements), Taylor and Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as a database). 3. Watanabe, H., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 124, 2003. 4. Watanabe, H., and Seong, D. J., Int. J. Thermophys . 23, 337, 2002. 5. Nieto de Castro, C. A., Li, S. F. Y ., Nagashima, A., Trengove, R. D., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 1073, 1986. 6. Krauss, R., and Stephan, K., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18, 43, 1989. 7. Assael, M. J., Ramires, M. L. V ., Nieto de Castro, C. A., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19, 113, 1990. 8. Ramires, M. L. V ., Nieto de Castro, C. A., Nagasaka, Y ., Nagashima, A., Assael, M. J., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24, 1377, 1995. 9. Ramires, M. L. V ., Nieto de Castro, C. A., Perkins, R. A., Nagasaka, Y ., Nagashima, A., Assael, M. J., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 133, 2000. 10. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties , Blackwell Scienti fic Publications, Oxford, 1987. 11. Beaton, C. F., and Hewitt, G. F., Physical Property Data for the Design Engineer , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. Molecular Formula Thermal Conductivity in W/m K Name –25°C 0°C 25°C 50°C 75°C 100°C Ref. Cl 4 Ge Germanium(IV) chloride 0.111 0.105 0.100 0.095 0.090 0.084 1 Cl 4 Si Tetrachlorosilane 0.099 0.096 2 Cl 4 Sn Tin(IV) chloride 0.123 0.117 0.112 0.106 0.101 0.095 1 Cl 4 Ti Titanium(IV) chloride 0.143 0.138 0.134 0.129 0.124 1 H 2 OW ater 0.5562 0.6062 0.6423 0.6643 0.6729 8 Hg Mercury 7.85 8.175 8.514 8.842 9.161 9.475 11CCl 3 FT richloro fluoromethane 0.102 0.096 0.089 0.083 0.076 0.070 1 CCl 4 Tetrachloromethane 0.109 0.103 0.098 0.092 0.087 1 CHCl 3 Trichloromethane 0.127 0.122 0.117 0.112 0.107 0.102 2 CH 2 Br 2 Dibromomethane 0.120 0.114 0.108 0.103 0.097 2 CH 2 Cl 2 Dichloromethane 0.158 0.149 0.140 0.133 0.128 0.127 1 CH 2 I 2 Diiodomethane 0.098 0.093 0.088 0.083 1 CH 2 O 2 Formic acid 0.267 0.265 0.263 0.261 1 CH 3 NO 2 Nitromethane 0.226 0.215 0.204 0.193 0.182 0.171 1 CH 4 O Methanol 0.218 0.210 0.202 0.195 0.189 0.182 1 CS 2 Carbon disul fide 0.154 0.149 2 C 2 Br 2 F 4 1,2-Dibromotetra fluoroethane 0.071 0.066 0.061 0.057 0.053 0.049 1 C 2 Cl 3 F 3 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-tri fluoroethane 0.0847 0.0790 0.0736 0.0683 6 C 2 Cl 4 Tetrachloroethene 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.098 0.093 1 C 2 Cl 4 F 2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-di fluoroethane 0.082 0.078 0.074 0.069 1 C 2 HCl 3 Trichloroethene 0.128 0.121 0.114 0.106 0.098 0.090 1 C 2 H 2 Cl 4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.124 0.118 0.111 0.104 0.098 0.091 1 C 2 H 3 Cl 3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.106 0.101 0.096 2 C 2 H 3 N Acetonitrile 0.208 0.198 0.188 0.178 0.168 2 C 2 H 4 Br 2 1,2-Dibromoethane 0.100 0.096 0.092 0.088 1 C 2 H 4 Cl 2 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.144 0.139 0.133 0.128 0.122 0.117 1 C 2 H 4 O 2 Acetic acid 0.158 0.153 0.149 0.144 2 C 2 H 4 O 2 Methyl formate 0.194 0.187 1 6- 215 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) C 2 H 5 Br Bromoethane 0.107 0.104 0.101 1 C 2 H 5 Cl Chloroethane 0.145 0.132 0.119 0.106 0.093 2 C 2 H 5 I Iodoethane 0.091 0.087 0.083 0.079 1 C 2 H 5 NO N -Methylformamide 0.203 0.201 0.199 0.196 2 C 2 H 5 NO 2 Nitroethane 0.173 0.161 0.149 1 C 2 H 6 O Ethanol 0.181 0.174 0.167 0.160 0.153 0.148 1 C 2 H 6 O 2 1,2-Ethanediol 0.248 0.254 0.258 0.261 0.261 1 C 2 H 7 NO Ethanolamine 0.240 0.238 0.236 1 C 3 F 8 Perfluoropropane 0.062 0.056 0.051 0.046 0.041 0.035 1 C 3 H 3 N Acrylonitrile 0.186 0.176 0.166 0.156 0.146 0.136 1 C 3 H 5 ClO Epichlorohydrin 0.142 0.137 0.131 0.125 0.119 0.114 2 C 3 H 6 O Allyl alcohol 0.162 1 C 3 H 6 O Acetone 0.169 0.161 2 C 3 H 6 O Methyloxirane 0.181 0.171 1 C 3 H 6 O 2 Propanoic acid 0.147 0.144 0.141 0.139 0.136 1 C 3 H 6 O 2 Ethyl formate 0.181 0.171 0.160 0.149 0.138 1 C 3 H 6 O 2 Methyl acetate 0.174 0.164 0.153 0.143 0.133 0.122 2 C 3 H 7 Br 1-Bromopropane 0.108 0.104 0.099 0.094 1 C 3 H 7 Cl 1-Chloropropane 0.129 0.123 0.116 0.110 0.104 0.098 1 C 3 H 7 I 1-Iodopropane 0.096 0.092 0.087 0.083 0.078 0.074 1 C 3 H 7 I 2-Iodopropane 0.089 0.085 0.082 0.078 0.074 0.071 1 C 3 H 7 NO N,N -Dimethylformamide 0.183 0.175 0.167 0.159 1 C 3 H 7 NO 2 1-Nitropropane 0.152 0.144 0.137 1 C 3 H 8 O 1-Propanol 0.162 0.158 0.154 0.149 0.145 0.141 2 C 3 H 8 O 2-Propanol 0.146 0.141 0.135 0.129 0.124 0.118 2 C 3 H 8 O 2 1,2-Propanediol 0.199 0.200 0.200 0.200 0.199 0.197 1 C 3 H 8 O 2 2-Methoxyethanol 0.190 0.180 0.170 1 C 3 H 8 O 3 Glycerol 0.285 0.288 0.292 0.296 1 C 3 H 9 NT rimethylamine 0.143 0.133 2 C 4 F 8 Perfluorocyclobutane 0.082 0.072 0.063 0.053 0.044 0.034 1 C 4 H 4 O Furan 0.142 0.134 0.126 2 C 4 H 4 S Thiophene 0.199 0.195 0.191 0.186 2 C 4 H 6 1,2-Butadiene 0.147 0.134 1 C 4 H 6 2-Butyne 0.137 0.129 0.121 2 C 4 H 6 O 2 Vinyl acetate 0.151 0.141 0.131 0.120 1 C 4 H 6 O 3 Acetic anhydride 0.170 0.164 0.158 0.152 0.146 1 C 4 H 8 O Butanal 0.155 0.147 0.140 0.132 1 C 4 H 8 O 2-Butanone 0.158 0.151 0.145 0.139 0.133 2 C 4 H 8 OT etrahydrofuran 0.132 0.126 0.120 0.114 2 C 4 H 8 O 2 Propyl formate 0.151 0.144 0.137 0.130 1 C 4 H 8 O 2 Ethyl acetate 0.151 0.144 0.136 1 C 4 H 8 O 2 Methyl propanoate 0.141 0.137 1 C 4 H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 0.159 0.147 0.135 0.123 2 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 0.112 0.107 0.103 0.098 0.093 0.088 1 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane 0.094 0.090 0.085 0.081 0.077 1 C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide 0.175 0.172 0.168 1 C4H10O 1-Butanol 0.158 0.153 0.147 0.142 0.137 1 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 0.112 0.110 0.109 0.108 1 C4H10O Diethyl ether 0.150 0.140 0.130 0.120 0.110 0.100 2 C4H10O2 2-Ethoxyethanol 0.190 0.182 0.174 0.165 1 C5H5N Pyridine 0.171 0.166 0.162 0.157 0.153 1 C5H6O2 Furfuryl alcohol 0.179 1 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 0.141 0.130 0.119 1Molecular FormulaThermal Conductivity in W/m K Name –25°C 0°C 25°C 50°C 75°C 100°C Ref. TeamLRN6-216THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) C5H8 1-Pentyne 0.144 0.136 0.127 0.119 1 C5H8 Cyclopentene 0.143 0.136 0.129 2 C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate 0.156 0.147 0.137 0.127 0.117 1 C5H8O2 2,4-Pentanedione 0.154 0.150 0.146 0.143 1 C5H9NO N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 0.167 0.162 0.157 1 C5H10 1-Pentene 0.131 0.124 0.116 2 C5H10 Cyclopentane 0.140 0.133 0.126 2 C5H10O Pentanal 0.146 0.139 0.133 0.127 0.121 1 C5H10O 2-Pentanone 0.149 0.142 0.135 0.128 0.121 1 C5H10O 3-Pentanone 0.151 0.144 0.137 0.129 0.122 1 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid 0.140 0.137 0.133 0.130 1 C5H10O2 Butyl formate 0.136 0.130 0.123 0.117 1 C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 0.146 0.140 0.135 0.130 0.124 1 C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate 0.133 0.121 1 C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate 0.140 1 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane 0.113 0.109 0.105 0.101 0.097 0.093 1 C5H11Cl 1-Chloropentane 0.125 0.120 0.115 0.109 1 C5H11I 1-Iodopentane 0.096 0.092 0.088 0.084 0.081 1 C5H12 Pentane 0.130 0.1207 0.1113 0.1018 0.0923 0.083 4 C5H12 Isopentane 0.111 1 C5H12O 1-Pentanol 0.159 0.155 0.150 0.145 0.141 0.136 1 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol 0.119 0.116 0.113 0.109 0.106 1 C5H12O2 1,5-Pentanediol 0.221 0.222 1 C5H12O3 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 0.190 0.185 0.180 0.175 1 C6F6 Hexa fluorobenzene 0.083 1 C6F14 Perfluorohexane 0.067 0.065 0.064 1 C6H3Cl3 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 0.110 0.108 0.106 1 C6H3Cl3 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.112 0.109 0.106 1 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene 0.125 0.121 0.117 0.113 0.109 1 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene 0.120 0.116 0.113 0.109 1 C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene 0.112 0.108 0.105 1 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 0.119 0.115 0.111 0.107 0.103 0.099 1 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 0.137 0.132 0.127 0.123 0.118 0.113 1 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 0.136 0.131 0.126 1 C6H5I Iodobenzene 0.106 0.103 0.101 0.098 0.095 0.092 1 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 0.149 0.145 0.142 0.139 1 C6H6 Benzene 0.1411 0.1329 0.1247 7 C6H6ClN 2-Chloroaniline 0.148 1 C6H6O Phenol 0.153 0.149 0.147 1 C6H7N Aniline 0.175 1 C6H8N2 Hexanedinitrile 0.174 0.168 1 C6H10 Cyclohexene 0.142 0.136 0.130 0.124 0.118 2 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 0.138 0.134 0.130 0.126 1 C6H10O Mesityl oxide 0.170 0.163 0.156 0.149 0.142 0.134 2 C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate 0.155 0.152 0.148 0.144 1 C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate 0.157 1 C6H12 1-Hexene 0.138 0.129 0.121 0.113 1 C6H12 Cyclohexane 0.123 0.117 0.111 2 C6H12O 2-Hexanone 0.156 0.145 0.134 0.124 0.115 1 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 0.138 0.134 0.130 0.126 1 C6H12O2 Hexanoic acid 0.148 0.142 0.137 0.131 1 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate 0.143 0.136 0.130 0.123 0.116 1 C6H12O2 Propyl propanoate 0.133 1Molecular FormulaThermal Conductivity in W/m K Name –25°C 0°C 25°C 50°C 75°C 100°C Ref. 6-217THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) C6H12O2 Ethyl butanoate 0.143 0.137 0.131 0.126 1 C6H12O2 Methyl pentanoate 0.143 0.138 0.132 0.127 1 C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 0.130 1 C6H13Br 1-Bromohexane 0.115 0.111 0.108 0.104 0.101 0.097 1 C6H13I 1-Iodohexane 0.098 0.095 0.091 0.088 0.084 1 C6H14 Hexane 0.133 0.1250 0.1167 0.1083 0.0999 0.092 4 C6H14 2-Methylpentane 0.120 0.1127 0.1050 0.0972 0.0894 0.082 3 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 0.122 0.1142 0.1064 0.0986 0.0909 0.083 3 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane 0.108 0.1006 0.0934 0.0861 0.0788 0.072 3 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane 0.115 0.1076 0.1003 0.0930 0.0857 0.078 3 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 0.161 0.157 0.152 0.147 0.142 0.137 1 C6H14O Dipropyl ether 0.137 0.130 0.123 0.117 1 C6H14O2 1,2-Diethoxyethane 0.140 0.133 0.125 1 C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether 0.188 0.184 0.180 1 C6H14O4 Triethylene glycol 0.193 0.195 0.196 0.196 0.196 1 C6H15NT riethylamine 0.146 0.139 0.132 0.125 0.118 0.111 1 C7F16 Perfluoroheptane 0.068 0.064 0.060 0.056 0.053 1 C7H5N Benzonitrile 0.148 0.142 0.136 0.130 1 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 0.153 0.148 0.143 0.139 1 C7H8 Toluene 0.1455 0.1385 0.1310 0.1235 0.1162 0.1095 9 C7H8O o-Cresol 1 C7H8O m-Cresol 0.149 0.147 0.145 1 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 0.159 0.158 0.156 0.154 1 C7H8O Anisole 0.145 0.142 0.139 0.136 1 C7H9N 2-Methylaniline 0.162 1 C7H9N 3-Methylaniline 0.161 1 C7H14 1-Heptene 0.139 0.132 0.125 0.118 0.111 1 C7H14 Cycloheptane 0.123 0.118 0.112 0.108 1 C7H14O Heptanal 0.140 1 C7H14O 3-Heptanone 0.143 0.137 0.131 0.125 0.119 1 C7H14O 4-Heptanone 0.136 0.131 0.125 0.120 1 C7H14O2 Hexyl formate 0.141 0.133 0.126 0.119 1 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid 0.140 0.137 0.133 1 C7H14O2 Pentyl acetate 0.141 0.134 0.126 0.120 0.113 1 C7H14O2 Butyl propanoate 0.139 0.133 0.126 0.121 1 C7H14O2 Ethyl pentanoate 0.132 1 C7H14O2 Methyl hexanoate 0.136 0.131 0.126 0.121 1 C7H16 Heptane 0.1378 0.1303 0.1228 0.1152 0.1077 5 C7H16 2-Methylhexane 0.125 0.1177 0.1105 0.1033 0.0961 0.089 3 C7H16 3-Methylhexane 0.126 0.1184 0.1112 0.1040 0.0968 0.090 3 C7H16 3-Ethylpentane 0.128 0.1203 0.1128 0.1053 0.0978 0.090 3 C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane 0.111 0.1046 0.0980 0.0913 0.0847 0.078 3 C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane 0.120 0.1127 0.1059 0.0990 0.0922 0.085 3 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane 0.116 0.1089 0.1020 0.0951 0.0882 0.081 3 C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane 0.113 0.1068 0.1001 0.0934 0.0867 0.080 3 C7H16 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 0.107 0.1011 0.0950 0.0889 0.0828 0.077 3 C7H16O 1-Heptanol 0.160 0.158 0.153 0.149 0.144 0.139 1 C8F18 Perfluorooctane 0.066 0.062 0.059 0.055 0.052 1 C8H8 Styrene 0.148 0.142 0.137 0.131 0.126 0.120 2 C8H8O Acetophenone 0.147 0.146 0.144 0.142 1 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate 0.147 1 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 0.143 0.137 0.130 0.123 0.116 0.110 1 C8H10 o-Xylene 0.131 0.126 0.120 0.114 2Molecular FormulaThermal Conductivity in W/m K Name –25°C 0°C 25°C 50°C 75°C 100°C Ref. TeamLRN6-218THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) C8H10 m-Xylene 0.130 0.124 0.118 0.113 2 C8H10 p-Xylene 0.130 0.124 0.118 0.112 2 C8H10O Ethoxybenzene 0.151 0.145 0.140 0.135 0.130 1 C8H10O2 2-Phenoxyethanol 0.169 0.168 0.166 0.165 1 C8H11N N-Ethylaniline 0.150 1 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 0.122 0.119 0.115 1 C8H16 1-Octene 0.139 0.133 0.126 0.120 0.114 0.107 1 C8H16O 2-Octanone 0.141 0.135 0.129 0.124 0.118 1 C8H16O2 Heptyl formate 0.141 0.137 0.132 0.128 0.123 1 C8H16O2 Octanoic acid 0.146 0.143 0.139 0.135 1 C8H16O2 Hexyl acetate 0.135 0.129 0.123 0.118 1 C8H16O2 Pentyl propanoate 0.138 0.132 1 C8H16O2 Ethyl hexanoate 0.142 0.137 0.133 0.128 0.123 1 C8H17Cl 1-Chlorooctane 0.130 0.127 0.124 0.121 0.119 1 C8H18 Octane 0.139 0.1317 0.1244 0.1171 0.1097 0.102 4 C8H18 2-Methylheptane 0.127 0.1206 0.1139 0.1072 0.1005 0.094 3 C8H18 3-Methylheptane 0.128 0.1216 0.1149 0.1081 0.1014 0.095 3 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0.107 0.1007 0.0948 0.0888 0.0829 0.077 3 C8H18 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 0.115 0.1093 0.1035 0.0976 0.0918 0.086 3 C8H18O Ethyl hexyl ether 0.131 0.126 0.120 0.114 0.109 1 C8H18O 1-Octanol 0.162 0.158 0.153 0.148 0.143 1 C8H18O Dibutyl ether 0.139 0.132 0.125 0.118 0.112 1 C8H18O3 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 0.163 0.158 0.153 0.148 1 C8H18O4 Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether 0.169 0.158 0.147 1 C8H18O5 Tetraethylene glycol 0.191 0.192 1 C9H7N Quinoline 0.147 0.144 0.141 0.138 1 C9H10 Indan 0.135 1 C9H10O2 Ethyl benzoate 0.141 1 C9H12 Propylbenzene 0.134 0.130 0.125 0.120 0.115 0.109 1 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene 0.132 0.128 0.123 0.118 0.112 0.107 1 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 0.129 0.124 0.118 0.114 1 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 0.143 0.139 0.134 0.129 0.123 0.117 1 C9H18 1-Nonene 0.136 0.130 0.123 0.116 0.110 0.104 1 C9H18O2 Nonanoic acid 0.150 0.146 0.142 0.138 1 C9H18O2 Heptyl acetate 0.135 0.128 0.122 0.116 1 C9H19Br 1-Bromononane 0.116 0.112 0.109 0.106 0.103 1 C9H19Cl 1-Chlorononane 0.132 0.128 0.124 0.120 0.115 1 C9H19I 1-Iodononane 0.105 0.102 0.099 0.095 0.092 1 C9H20 Nonane 0.141 0.1337 0.1269 0.1201 0.1133 0.106 4 C9H20O 1-Nonanol 0.164 0.159 0.155 0.150 0.145 1 C10H7Br 1-Bromonaphthalene 0.110 0.109 0.108 0.106 1 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene 0.126 1 C10H10O4 Dimethyl phthalate 0.1473 0.1443 0.1409 0.1373 10 C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 0.131 0.129 0.128 0.126 1 C10H14 Butylbenzene 0.126 0.121 0.116 0.111 1 C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene, (±)- 0.129 0.124 0.119 0.114 0.108 1 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene 0.117 0.114 0.110 0.106 1 C10H14 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 0.132 0.127 0.122 0.117 0.112 0.107 2 C10H14 o-Diethylbenzene 0.133 0.127 0.122 0.116 0.111 1 C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene 0.113 1 C10H20 1-Decene 0.138 0.132 0.126 0.120 0.114 0.109 1 C10H20O Decanal 0.149 0.144 0.139 0.134 0.129 1 C10H20O2 Heptyl propanoate 0.137 0.132 0.127 0.122 1Molecular FormulaThermal Conductivity in W/m K Name –25°C 0°C 25°C 50°C 75°C 100°C Ref. 6-219THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) C10H20O2 Hexyl butanoate 0.137 0.132 0.127 0.121 1 C10H20O2 Decanoic acid 0.148 0.144 0.140 1 C10H22 Decane 0.142 0.1360 0.1296 0.1232 0.1167 0.110 4 C10H22O 1-Decanol 0.162 0.159 0.155 0.151 1 C10H22O Dipentyl ether 0.131 0.125 0.121 0.116 1 C10H22O2 1,2-Dibutoxyethane 0.140 0.134 0.127 0.120 1 C11H16 Pentylbenzene 0.135 0.130 0.125 0.120 0.115 1 C11H22 1-Undecene 0.126 0.118 0.114 0.108 1 C11H22O 6-Undecanone 0.137 0.132 0.127 1 C11H22O2 Undecanoic acid 0.153 0.149 1 C11H22O2 Octyl propanoate 0.135 0.130 0.125 0.120 1 C11H22O2 Heptyl butanoate 0.139 0.134 0.129 0.123 1 C11H24 Undecane 0.136 0.128 0.122 0.116 1 C11H24O 1-Undecanol 0.169 0.165 0.161 0.158 1 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 0.139 0.135 0.131 2 C12H14O4 Diethyl phthalate 0.172 0.169 0.166 1 C12H16 Cyclohexylbenzene 0.121 0.119 0.117 1 C12H18 Hexylbenzene 0.141 0.137 0.132 0.128 0.124 1 C12H24O2 Decyl acetate 0.146 0.136 0.126 1 C12H24O2 Octyl butanoate 0.139 0.134 0.129 0.125 1 C12H26 Dodecane 0.135 0.130 0.124 0.119 1 C12H26O 1-Dodecanol 0.167 0.163 0.159 1 C12H26O3 Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 0.150 0.146 0.143 0.139 0.135 1 C12H27NT ributylamine 0.129 1 C13H26 1-Tridecene 0.130 0.125 0.120 0.115 1 C13H28 Tridecane 0.130 0.125 0.120 0.115 1 C14H28 1-Tetradecene 0.136 0.131 0.126 0.121 1 C14H30 Tetradecane 0.139 0.134 0.129 0.124 1 C14H30O 1-Tetradecanol 0.167 0.162 0.157 2 C16H22O4 Dibutyl phthalate 0.139 0.136 0.134 0.131 0.129 1 C16H34 Hexadecane 0.140 0.135 0.130 0.125 2 C18H38 Octadecane 0.146 0.142 0.137 2 C20H40O2 Butyl palmitate 0.151 0.148 0.144 0.140 1 C22H42O2 Butyl oleate 0.157 0.153 0.149 0.145 1 C22H42O4 Dioctyl hexanedioate 0.157 0.153 0.149 0.145 1Molecular FormulaThermal Conductivity in W/m K Name –25°C 0°C 25°C 50°C 75°C 100°C Ref. TeamLRN6-179DIFFUSION IN GASES This table gives binary diffusion coefficients D12 for a number of common gases as a function of temperature. Values refer to atmospheric pressure. The diffusion coefficient is inversely proportional to pressure as long as the gas is in a regime where binary collisions domin ate. See Reference 1 for a discussion of the dependence of D12 on temperature and composition. The first part of the table gives data for several gases in the presence of a large excess of air. The remainder applies to equ imolar mixtures of gases. Each gas pair is ordered alphabetically according to the most common way of writing the formula. The listing of pairs then foll ows alphabetical order by the first constituent. REFERENCES 1. Marrero, T. R., and Mason, E. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 1, 1, 1972. 2. Kestin, J., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 13, 229, 1984. D12/cm2 s–1 for p = 101.325 kPa and the Specified T/K System 200 273.15 293.15 373.15 473.15 573.15 673.15 Large Excess of Air Ar-air 0.167 0.148 0.289 0.437 0.612 0.810 CH4-air 0.106 0.321 0.485 0.678 0.899 CO-air 0.208 0.315 0.475 0.662 0.875 CO2-air 0.160 0.252 0.390 0.549 0.728 H2-air 0.668 0.627 1.153 1.747 2.444 3.238 H2O-air 0.242 0.399 0.638 0.873 1.135 He-air 0.617 0.580 1.057 1.594 2.221 2.933SF 6-air 0.150 0.233 0.329 0.438 Equimolar Mixture Ar-CH 4 0.306 0.467 0.657 0.876 Ar-CO 0.168 0.187 0.290 0.439 0.615 0.815Ar-CO 2 0.129 0.078 0.235 0.365 0.517 0.689 Ar-H2 0.698 0.794 1.228 1.876 2.634 3.496 Ar-He 0.381 0.645 0.726 1.088 1.617 2.226 2.911Ar-Kr 0.064 0.117 0.134 0.210 0.323 0.456 0.605 Ar-N 2 0.168 0.190 0.290 0.439 0.615 0.815 Ar-Ne 0.160 0.277 0.313 0.475 0.710 0.979 1.283Ar-O 2 0.166 0.189 0.285 0.430 0.600 0.793 Ar-SF6 0.128 0.202 0.290 0.389 Ar-Xe 0.052 0.095 0.108 0.171 0.264 0.374 0.498CH 4-H2 0.782 1.084 1.648 2.311 3.070 CH4-He 0.723 0.992 1.502 2.101 2.784 CH4-N2 0.220 0.317 0.480 0.671 0.890 CH4-O2 0.210 0.341 0.523 0.736 0.978 CH4-SF6 0.167 0.257 0.363 0.482 CO-CO 2 0.162 0.250 0.384 CO-H2 0.408 0.686 0.772 1.162 1.743 2.423 3.196 CO-He 0.365 0.619 0.698 1.052 1.577 2.188 2.882 CO-Kr 0.131 0.581 0.227 0.346 0.485 0.645CO-N 2 0.133 0.208 0.231 0.336 0.491 0.673 0.878 CO-O2 0.202 0.307 0.462 0.643 0.849 CO-SF 6 0.144 0.226 0.323 0.432 CO2-C3H8 0.084 0.133 0.209 CO2-H2 0.315 0.552 0.412 0.964 1.470 2.066 2.745 CO2-H2O 0.162 0.292 0.496 0.741 1.021 CO2-He 0.300 0.513 0.400 0.878 1.321 CO2-N2 0.160 0.253 0.392 0.553 0.733 CO2-N2O 0.055 0.099 0.113 0.177 0.276 CO2-Ne 0.131 0.227 0.199 0.395 0.603 0.847 6-180DIFFUSION IN GASES (continued) System 200 273.15 293.15 373.15 473.15 573.15 673.15 CO2-O2 0.159 0.248 0.380 0.535 0.710 CO2-SF6 0.099 0.155 D2-H2 0.631 1.079 1.219 1.846 2.778 3.866 5.103 H2-He 0.775 1.320 1.490 2.255 3.394 4.726 6.242 H2-Kr 0.340 0.601 0.682 1.053 1.607 2.258 2.999 H2-N2 0.408 0.686 0.772 1.162 1.743 2.423 3.196 H2-Ne 0.572 0.982 0.317 1.684 2.541 3.541 4.677 H2-O2 0.692 0.756 1.188 1.792 2.497 3.299 H2-SF6 0.208 0.649 0.998 1.400 1.851 H2-Xe 0.513 0.122 0.890 1.349 1.885 2.493 H2O-N2 0.242 0.399 H2O-O2 0.244 0.403 0.645 0.882 1.147 He-Kr 0.330 0.559 0.629 0.942 1.404 1.942 2.550 He-N2 0.365 0.619 0.698 1.052 1.577 2.188 2.882 He-Ne 0.563 0.948 1.066 1.592 2.362 3.254 4.262He-O 2 0.641 0.697 1.092 1.640 2.276 2.996 He-SF6 1.109 0.592 0.871 1.190 1.545 He-Xe 0.282 0.478 0.538 0.807 1.201 1.655 2.168 Kr-N2 0.131 0.149 0.227 0.346 0.485 0.645 Kr-Ne 0.131 0.228 0.258 0.392 0.587 0.812 1.063 Kr-Xe 0.035 0.064 0.073 0.116 0.181 0.257 0.344N 2-Ne 0.258 0.483 0.731 1.021 1.351 N2-O2 0.202 0.307 0.462 0.643 0.849 N2-SF6 0.148 0.231 0.328 0.436 N2-Xe 0.107 0.123 0.188 0.287 0.404 0.539 Ne-Xe 0.111 0.193 0.219 0.332 0.498 0.688 0.901 O2-SF6 0.097 0.154 0.238 0.334 0.441 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCDIFFUSION OF GASES IN WATER This table gives values of the diffusion coefficient, D, for diffusion of several common gases in water at various temperatures. For simple one-dimensional transport, the diffusion coefficient describes the time-rate of change ofconcentration, d c/dt, through the equation dc/dt = D d 2c/dx2 where x is, for example, the perpendicular distance from a gas-liquid interface. The values below have been selected from the references indicated; in some cases data have been refitted to permit interpolation in temperature. Gas-liquid diffusion coefficients are difficult to measure, and large differences are found between values obtained by different authors and through different experimental methods. See References 1 and 2 for a discussionof measurement techniques. REFERENCES 1. Jähne, B., Heinz, G., and Dietrich, W., J. Geophys. Res ., 92, 10767, 1987. 2. Himmelblau, D. M., Chem. Rev . 64, 527, 1964. 3. Boerboom, A. J. H., and Kleyn, G., J. Chem. Phys ., 50, 1086, 1969. 4. O’Brien, R. N., and Hyslop, W. F., Can. J. Chem. , 55, 1415, 1977. 5. Maharajh, D. M., and Walkley, J., Can. J. Chem. , 51, 944, 1973. 6.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/5a, Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion) , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1969. D/10-5 cm2 s-1 10˚C 15˚C 20˚C 25˚C 30˚C 35˚C Ref. Ar 2.5 3,4 CHCl2F 1.80 5 CH3Br 1.35 5 CH3Cl 1.40 5 CH4 1.24 1.43 1.62 1.84 2.08 2.35 1 CO2 1.26 1.45 1.67 1.91 2.17 2.47 1 C2H2 1.43 1.59 1.78 1.99 2.23 2 Cl2 1.13 1.5 1.89 2,6 HBr 3.15 6 HCl 3.07 6 H2 3.62 4.08 4.58 5.11 5.69 6.31 1 H2S 1.36 2,6 He 5.67 6.18 6.71 7.28 7.87 8.48 1,3 Kr 1.20 1.39 1.60 1.84 2.11 2.40 1,3 NH3 1.3 1.5 2 NO2 1.23 1.4 1.59 2,6 N2 2.0 2 N2O 1.62 2.11 2.57 2,6 Ne 2.93 3.27 3.64 4.03 4.45 4.89 1,3 O2 1.67 2.01 2.42 2,6 Rn 0.81 0.96 1.13 1.33 1.55 1.80 1 SO2 1.62 1.83 2.07 2.32 2 Xe 0.93 1.08 1.27 1.47 1.70 1.95 1,3 6-181DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN LIQUIDS AT INFINITE DILUTION This table lists diffusion coefficients DAB at infinite dilution for some binary liquid mixtures. Although values are given to two decimal places, measurements in the literature are often in poor agreement. Therefore most values in the table cannot be relied upon to better than 10%. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order, as are the solutes within each solvent group. REFERENCE Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology , Sixth Edition, Vol. II/5a, 1969. DAB Solute Solvent t/°C 1 0–5 cm2 s–1 Acetic acid Acetone 25 3.31 Benzoic acid Acetone 25 2.62Formic acid Acetone 25 3.77Nitrobenzene Acetone 20 2.94Tetrachloromethane Acetone 25 3.29Trichloromethane Acetone 25 3.64Water Acetone 25 4.56Acetic acid Benzene 25 2.09Aniline Benzene 25 1.96Benzoic acid Benzene 25 1.38 Bromobenzene Benzene 8 1.452-Butanone Benzene 30 2.09Chloroethylene Benzene 8 1.77Cyclohexane Benzene 25 2.25Ethanol Benzene 25 3.02Formic acid Benzene 25 2.28Heptane Benzene 25 1.78Methanol Benzene 25 3.80Toluene Benzene 25 1.851,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Benzene 8 1.34Trichloromethane Benzene 25 2.26Adipic acid 1-Butanol 30 0.40Benzene 1-Butanol 25 1.00Biphenyl 1-Butanol 25 0.63Butyric acid 1-Butanol 30 0.51p-Dichlorobenzene 1-Butanol 25 0.82Methanol 1-Butanol 30 0.59Oleic acid 1-Butanol 30 0.25Propane 1-Butanol 25 1.57Water 1-Butanol 25 0.56Benzene Cyclohexane 25 1.41Tetrachloromethane Cyclohexane 25 1.49Toluene Cyclohexane 25 1.57Allyl alcohol Ethanol 20 0.98Benzene Ethanol 25 1.81Iodine Ethanol 25 1.32Iodobenzene Ethanol 20 1.003-Methyl-1-butanol Ethanol 20 0.81 Pyridine Ethanol 20 1.10Tetrachloromethane Ethanol 25 1.50Water Ethanol 25 1.24Acetic acid Ethyl acetate 20 2.18Acetone Ethyl acetate 20 3.182-Butanone Ethyl acetate 30 2.93Ethyl benzoate Ethyl acetate 20 1.85Nitrobenzene Ethyl acetate 20 2.25Water Ethyl acetate 25 3.20Benzene Heptane 25 3.91Toluene Heptane 25 3.72Bromobenzene Hexane 8 2.602-Butanone Hexane 30 3.74Dodecane Hexane 25 2.73Iodine Hexane 25 4.45 Methane Hexane 25 0.09Propane Hexane 25 4.87Tetrachloromethane Hexane 25 3.70Toluene Hexane 25 4.21Acetone Tetrachloromethane 25 1.75 Benzene Tetrachloromethane 25 1.42Cyclohexane Tetrachloromethane 25 1.30Ethanol Tetrachloromethane 25 1.90Iodine Tetrachloromethane 30 1.63Trichloromethane Tetrachloromethane 25 1.66Acetic acid Toluene 25 2.26Benzene Toluene 25 2.54Benzoic acid Toluene 25 1.49Cyclohexane Toluene 25 2.42 Formic acid Toluene 25 2.65Water Toluene 25 6.19Acetone Trichloromethane 25 2.55Benzene Trichloromethane 25 2.892-Butanone Trichloromethane 25 2.13Butyl acetate Trichloromethane 25 1.71Diethyl ether Trichloromethane 25 2.15Ethanol Trichloromethane 15 2.20Ethyl acetate Trichloromethane 25 2.02Acetic acid Water 25 1.29Acetone Water 25 1.28Acetonitrile Water 15 1.26Alanine Water 25 0.91Allyl alcohol Water 15 0.90Aniline Water 20 0.92Arabinose Water 20 0.69Benzene Water 20 1.021-Butanol Water 25 0.56Caprolactam Water 25 0.87Chloroethylene Water 25 1.34Cyclohexane Water 20 0.84Diethylamine Water 20 0.97Ethanol Water 25 1.24Ethanolamine Water 25 1.08Ethyl acetate Water 20 1.00Ethylbenzene Water 20 0.81Ethylene glycol Water 25 1.16Glucose Water 25 0.67 Glycerol Water 25 1.06Glycine Water 25 1.05Lactose Water 15 0.38Maltose Water 15 0.38Mannitol Water 15 0.50Methane Water 25 1.49Methanol Water 15 1.283-Methyl-1-butanol Water 10 0.69Methylcyclopentane Water 20 0.85Phenol Water 20 0.891-Propanol Water 15 0.87Propene Water 25 1.44Pyridine Water 25 0.58Raffinose Water 15 0.33Sucrose Water 25 0.52 Toluene Water 20 0.85Urea Water 25 1.38Urethane Water 15 0.80 DAB Solute Solvent t/°C 1 0–5 cm2 s–1 TeamLRNSection 7: Biochemistry Properties of Amino Acids Structures of Common Amino Acids Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases The Genetic Code Properties of Fatty Acids Carbohydrate Names and Symbols Standard Transformed Gibbs Energy of Formation for Important Biochemical Species Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water Biological Buffers Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods Chemical Composition of the Human Body 7-1PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS This table gives selected properties of some important amino ac ids and closely related compounds. The first part of the table lists the 20 “standard” amino acids that are the basic constituents of proteins (struct ures of these amino acids may be found in the following table). The second part includes other amino acids and related compounds of biochemical importan ce. Within each part of the table the compounds are listed by name in alphabetical order. Symbol — Three-letter symbol for the standard amino acids Mr — Molecular weight tm — Melting point pKa , pKb , pKc , pKd — Negative of the logarithm of the acid dissociation constants for the COOH and NH 2 groups (and, in some cases, other groups) in the molecule (at 25oC) pI — pH at the isoelectric point S — Solubility in water at 25oC in units of grams of compound per kilogram of water; when qua ntitative data are not available, the notations sl.s. (for slightly soluble) and v.s. (for very soluble) are used. Data on the enthalpy of formation of many of these compounds ar e included in the table “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of C hemical Substances” in Section 5 of this Handbook. Absorption spectra a nd optical rotation data can be found in Reference 3. Partial molar volume and other thermodynamic properties, including solubility as a function of temperature, are given in References 3 and 5. Most of the p K values come from Reference 7. REFERENCES 1. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research , 3rd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. Budavari, S., Ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition , Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. 3. Sober, H. A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry. Selected Data for Molecular Biolo gy, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. 4. Voet, D. and Voet, J. G., Biochemistry, Second Edition , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995. 5. Hinz, H. J., Ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. 6. Fasman, G. D., Ed., Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 7. Smith, R. M., and Martell, A. E., NIST Standard Reference Database 46: Critically Selected Stabil ity Constants of Metal Complexes Database, Version 3.0 , National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1997. 8. Jin, Z. and Chao, K. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 37, 199, 1992. The standard amino acids: Symbol Name Mol. form. Mr tm/°Cp Ka pKb pKc pI S/g kg-1 Ala Alanine C3H7NO2 89.09 297 2.33 9.71 6.00 165.0 Arg Arginine C6H14N4O2 174.20 244 2.03 9.00 12.10 10.76 182.6 Asn Asparagine C4H8N2O3 132.12 235 2.16 8.73 5.41 25.1 Asp Aspartic acid C4H7NO4 133.10 270 1.95 9.66 3.71 2.77 4.95 Cys Cysteine C3H7NO2S 121.16 240 1.91 10.28 8.14 5.07 v.s. Glu Glutamic acid C5H9NO4 147.13 160 2.16 9.58 4.15 3.22 8.61 Gln Glutamine C5H10N2O3 146.15 185 2.18 9.00 5.65 42 Gly Glycine C2H5NO2 75.07 290 2.34 9.58 5.97 250.9 His Histidine C6H9N3O2 155.16 287 1.70 9.09 6.04 7.59 43.5 Ile Isoleucine C6H13NO2 131.17 284 2.26 9.60 6.02 34.2 Leu Leucine C6H13NO2 131.17 293 2.32 9.58 5.98 22.0 Lys Lysine C 6H14N2O2 146.19 224 2.15 9.16 10.67 9.74 5.8 Met Methionine C5H11NO2S 149.21 281 2.16 9.08 5.74 56 Phe Phenylalanine C9H11NO2 165.19 283 2.18 9.09 5.48 27.9 Pro Proline C 5H9NO2 115.13 221 1.95 10.47 6.30 1623 Ser Serine C3H7NO3 105.09 228 2.13 9.05 5.68 50.2 Thr Threonine C4H9NO3 119.12 256 2.20 8.96 5.60 98.1 Trp Tryptophan C 11H12N2O2 204.23 289 2.38 9.34 5.89 13.2 Tyr Tyrosine C9H11NO3 181.19 343 2.24 9.04 10.10 5.66 0.46 Val Valine C5H11NO2 117.15 315 2.27 9.52 5.96 88.5 TeamLRN7-2Other amino acids and related compounds: Name Mol. form. Mr tm/°Cp Ka pKb pKc pKd S/g kg-1 N-Acetylglutamic acid C7H11NO5 189.17 199 N6-Acetyl- L-lysine C 8H16N2O3 188.23 265 2.12 9.51 β-Alanine C3H7NO2 89.09 200 3.51 10.08 891 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid C4H9NO2 103.12 304 2.30 9.63 210 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid C 4H9NO 2 103.12 194 3.43 10.05 1250 4-Aminobutanoic acid C4H9NO2 103.12 203 4.02 10.35 v.s. 5-Aminolevulinic acid C5H9NO3 131.13 118 4.05 8.90 L-3-Amino-2- C 4H9NO 2 103.12 182 methylpropanoic acid Azaserine C5H7N3O4 173.13 150 8.55 v.s. L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid C 6H9NO 6 191.14 167 1.70 9.90 4.75 3.20 Carnosine C9H14N4O3 226.24 260 2.51 9.35 6.76 322 Citrulline C6H13N3O3 175.19 222 2.32 9.30 Creatine C 4H9N3O2 131.13 303 2.63 14.30 16 L-Cysteic acid C3H7NO5S 169.16 260 1.89 8.70 1.30 v.s. L-Cystine C6H12N2O4S2240.30 260 1.50 8.80 2.05 8.03 0.11 L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine C 9H9I2NO3 432.98 213 2.12 9.10 6.16 0.62 Dopamine C8H11NO2 153.18 10.36 8.88 L-Ethionine C6H13NO2S 163.24 273 2.18 9.05 13.10 Glycocyamine C3H7N3O2 117.11 282 2.82 5 N-Glycylglycine C4H8N2O3 132.12 263 3.13 8.10 Histamine C5H9N3 111.15 83 9.83 6.11 v.s. Homocysteine C4H9NO2S 135.19 232 2.15 8.57 10.38 Homocystine C8H16N2O4S2268.36 264 1.59 9.44 2.54 8.52 0.2 L-Homoserine C4H9NO3 119.12 203 2.27 9.28 1100 5-Hydroxylysine C6H14N2O3 162.19 2.13 8.85 9.83 trans -4-Hydroxyproline C5H9NO3 131.13 274 1.82 9.47 361 L-3-Iodotyrosine C9H10INO3 307.09 205 2.20 9.10 8.70 sl.s. L-Kynurenine C10H12N2O3 208.22 191 sl.s. L-Lanthionine C6H12N2O4S 208.24 294 1.5 Levodopa C9H11NO4 197.19 277 2.20 8.75 9.81 13.40 1650 2-Methylalanine C4H9NO2 103.12 335 2.36 10.21 137 L-1-Methylhistidine C7H11N3O2 169.18 249 1.69 8.85 6.48 L-Norleucine C6H13NO2 131.17 301 2.31 9.68 15 L-Norvaline C5H11NO2 117.15 307 2.31 9.65 107 L-Ornithine C5H12N2O2 132.16 140 1.94 8.78 10.52 v.s. O-Phosphoserine C3H8NO6P 185.07 166 2.14 9.80 5.70 L-Pyroglutamic acid C5H7NO3 129.12 162 3.32 Sarcosine C3H7NO2 89.09 212 2.18 9.97 428 L-Thyroxine C15H11I4NO4776.87 235 2.20 10.01 6.45 sl.s. ‘STRUCTURESOFCOMMONAMINOACIDS ‘Aanine NH, Lescine cH yh (Ala)Hye-¢=coon (eu. *o—cn,-¢—cooHcH I } H Axtinne Hy NM,Lysine Nth(Ase,RD uy—t-N—cH,—cH,-cHy-¢-C00H (Lys,K)HNN—CH,ClCH, -F-COOH h h Asparagine ootte Methionine YHAsa.) y—t-c1t,-¢-coon (et) tt,~~cH,~cH,-¢-coonh i Aspanicacid big Phenylalanine NH,Asp.) ooe—ct,-¢-coon re.F) Cyrpennei Cyneine yA, Proline CHC,ys.) Hs—cH,-t-coor ro.) i H i éu,-1hi GhaamineNH,no wden-en-fcoon |sase roA (Sen) Ho—cit,f—cooH i Giaamicsid yh, (Glu,E) nooc—cH,—cH,--CooH Threonine NH,A Tw.) ch,-git—}-coon onH iycineyi, (Gly) H-¢-cooH ‘Tryptophan NH,4 Tp.¥) ,~¢--cOoHA isidineYH Ei tis, peri $-coonMM ‘Tyrosine YHyn) wo-{_-on,-f-coon boleucnecH—cH,. YH n ‘ie. ije-t-coon Hn Valine cH,NHoy jefcoonon 13 TeamLRN7-4PROPERTIES OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE BASES This table lists some of the important purine and pyrimidine bases that occur in nucleic acids. The p Ka values (negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant) are given for each ionization stage. The last column gives the aqueous solubility S at the indicated temperature in units of grams per 100 grams of solution. The numbering system in the rings is: REFERENCES 1. R. M. C. Dawson, et al., Data for Biochemical Research , 3rd Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. S. Budavari, Ed., The Merck Index , 11th Ed., Merk and Co., Rahway, NJ., 1989. Common Systematic Mol Mol. p Ka S/mass % name name form. wt. values (temp.) Pyrimidines Cytosine 4-Amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine C 4H5N3O 111.10 4.5 12.2 0.76 (25 °C) 5-Methylcytosine 4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5- methylpyrimidine C5H7N3O 125.13 4.6 12.4 0.45 (25 °C) 5-Hydroxymethyl- cytosine 4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5-hydroxy- methylpyrimidine C 5H7N3O2141.13 4.3 13 Uracil 2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine C4H4N2O2112.09 0.5 9.5 >13 0.36 (25 °C) Thymine 5-Methyluracil C5H6N2O2126.11 9.9 >13 0.4 (25 °C) Orotic acid Uracil-6-carboxylic acid C5H4N2O4156.10 2.4 9.5 >13 0.18 (18 °C) Purines Adenine 6-Aminopurine C 5H5N5 135.14 <1 4.1 9.8 0.09 (25 °C) Guanine 2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine C5H5N5O 151.13 3.3 9.2 12.3 0.004 (40 °C) 7-Methylguanine 7-Methyl-2-amino-6- hydroxypurine C6H7N5O 165.16 3.5 9.9 Isoguanine 6-Amino-2-hydroxypurine C5H5N5O 151.13 4.5 9.0 0.006 (25 °C) Xanthine 2,6-Dioxopurine C5H4N4O2152.11 0.8 7.4 11.1 0.05 (20 °C) Hypoxanthine 6-Hydroxypurine C5H4N4O 136.11 2.0 8.9 12.1 0.07 (19 °C) Uric acid 2,6,8-Trihydroxypurine C5H4N4O3168.11 5.4 11.3 0.002 (20 °C)Purine Pyrimidine 7-5THE GENETIC CODE This table gives the correspondence between a messenger RNA codon and the amino acid which it specifies. The symbols for bases in the codon are: U: uracil C: cytosine A: adenineG: guanine The amino acid symbols are given in the table entitled “Structures of Common Amino Acids”. A chain-initiating codon is indicate d by init and a chain-terminating codon by term. Example: UCA codes for Ser, UAC codes for Tyr, etc. Second position First position U C A G Third position U Phe Ser Tyr Cys U Phe Ser Tyr Cys CLeu Ser term term A Leu Ser term Trp G C Leu Pro His Arg U Leu Pro His Arg C Leu Pro Gln Arg A Leu Pro Gln Arg G A Ile Thr Asn Ser U Ile Thr Asn Ser C Ile Thr Lys Arg AMet (init) Thr Lys Arg G G Val Ala Asp Gly U Val Ala Asp Gly CVal Ala Glu Gly A Val (init) Ala Glu Gly G TeamLRN7-6PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS This table gives the systematic names and selected properties o f some of the more important fatty acids of five or more carbon atoms. Compounds are listed first by degree of saturation and, secondly, by numb er of carbon atoms. The following data are included: Mr: Molecular weight S: Aqueous solubility at 20 °C in units of grams of solute per 100 grams of water tm: Melting point in °C REFERENCES 1. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research , Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. Fasman, G. D., Ed., Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Common name Systematic name Mol. form. Mr tm/°C S Saturated Valeric acid Pentanoic acid C5H10O2 102.13 -33.6 2.5 Isovaleric acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid C5H10O2 102.13 -29.3 4.3 Caproic acid Hexanoic acid C6H12O2 116.16 -3 0.967 Enanthic acid Heptanoic acid C7H14O2 130.19 -7.17 0.24 Caprylic acid Octanoic acid C8H16O2 144.21 16.5 0.080 Pelargonic acid Nonanoic acid C9H18O2 158.24 12.4 0.0284 Capric acid Decanoic acid C10H20O2 172.27 31.4 0.015 Lauric acid Dodecanoic acid C12H24O2 200.32 43.8 0.0055 Tridecylic acid Tridecanoic acid C13H26O2 214.35 41.5 0.0033 Myristic acid Tetradecanoic acid C14H28O2 228.38 54.2 0.0020 Pentadecylic acid Pentadecanoic acid C15H30O2 242.40 52.3 0.0012 Palmitic acid Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256.43 62.5 0.00072 Margaric acid Heptadecanoic acid C17H34O2 270.46 61.3 0.00042 Stearic acid Octadecanoic acid C18H36O2 284.48 69.3 0.00029 Arachidic acid Eicosanoic acid C20H40O2 312.54 76.5 Phytanic acid 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid C20H40O2 312.54 -65 Behenic acid Docosanoic acid C22H44O2 340.59 81.5 Lignoceric acid Tetracosanoic acid C24H48O2 368.64 87.5 Cerotic acid Hexacosanoic acid C26H52O2 396.70 88.5 Montanic acid Octacosanoic acid C28H56O2 424.75 90.9 Monounsaturated Caproleic acid 9-Decenoic acid C 10H18O2 170.25 26.5 Palmitoleic acid cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid C16H30O2 254.41 0.5 Oleic acid cis-9-Octadecenoic acid C18H34O2 282.47 13.4 Elaidic acid trans -9-Octadecenoic acid C18H34O2 282.47 45 Vaccenic acid trans -11-Octadecenoic acid C18H34O2 282.47 44 Erucic acid cis-13-Docosenoic acid C22H42O2 338.57 34.7 Brassidic acid trans -13-Docosenoic acid C 22H42O2 338.57 61.9 Nervonic acid cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid C24H46O2 366.63 43 Diunsaturated Linoleic acid cis,cis -9,12-Octadecadienoic acid C 18H32O2 280.45 -7 Triunsaturated cis-Eleostearic acid trans,cis,trans -9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid C18H30O2 278.44 49 trans -Eleostearic acid trans,trans,trans -9,11,13- C18H30O2 278.44 71.5 Octadecatrienoic acid Linolenic acid cis,cis,cis -9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid C18H30O2 278.44 -11 Tetraunsaturated Arachidonic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (all- trans )C20H32O2 304.47 -49.5 7-7Common Name Symbol Systematic Name Abequose Abe 3,6-Dideoxy- D-xylo-hexose N-Acetyl-2-deoxyneur-2-enaminic acid Neu2en5Ac N-Acetylgalactosamine GalNAc N-Acetylglucosamine GlcNAc N-Acetylneuraminic acid Neu5Ac Allose All allo-Hexose Altrose Alt altro-Hexose Apiose Api 3- C-(Hydroxymethyl)- glycero-tetrose Arabinitol Ara-ol Arabinitol Arabinose Ara arabino-Pentose Arcanose 2,6-Dideoxy-3- C-methyl-3- O-methyl-xylo-hexose Ascarylose 3,6-Dideoxy- L-arabino-hexose Boivinose 2,6-Dideoxy- D-gulose Chalcose 4,6-Dideoxy-3- O-methyl- D-xylo-hexose Cladinose 2,6-Dideoxy-3- C-methyl-3- O-methyl- L-ribo-hexose Colitose 3,6-Dideoxy- L-xylo-hexose Cymarose 6-Deoxy-3- O-methyl-ribo-hexose 3-Deoxy- D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid Kdo 2-Deoxyribose dRib 2-Deoxy- erythro-pentose 2,3-Diamino-2,3-dideoxy- D-glucose GlcN3N Diginose 2,6-Dideoxy-3- O-methyl-lyxo-hexose Digitalose 6-Deoxy-3- O-methyl- D-galactose Digitoxose 2,6-Dideoxy- D-ribo-hexose 3,4-Di-O-methylrhamnose Rha3,4Me2 Ethyl glucopyranuronate Glc pA6Et Evalose 6-Deoxy-3- C-methyl- D-mannose Fructose Fru arabino-Hex-2-ulose Fucitol Fuc-ol 6-Deoxy- D-galactitol Fucose Fuc 6-Deoxygalactoseβ- D-Galactopyranose 4-sulfate β-D-Galp4S Galactosamine GalN 2-Amino-2-deoxygalactose Galactose Gal galacto-Hexose Glucitol Glc-ol Glucosamine GlcN 2-Amino-2-deoxyglucose Glucose Glc gluco-Hexose Glucuronic acid GlcA N-Glycoloylneuraminic acid Neu5Gc Gulose Gul gulo-Hexose Hamamelose 2- C-(Hydroxymethyl)- D-ribose Idose Ido ido-Hexose Iduronic acid IdoALactose Lac β- D-Galactopyranosyl-(1 →4)-D-glucose Lyxose Lyx lyxo-Pentose Maltose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1 →4)-D-glucose Mannose Man manno-Hexose 2-C-Methylxylose Xyl2 CMe Muramic acid Mur 2-Amino-3- O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy- D-glucose Mycarose 2,6-Dideoxy-3- C-methyl- L-ribo-hexose Mycinose 6-Deoxy-2,3-di- O-methyl- D-allose Neuraminic acid Neu 5-Amino-3,5-dideoxy- D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid CARBOHYDRATE NAMES AND SYMBOLS The following table lists the systematic names and symbols for selected carbohydrates and some of their derivatives. The symbol s for monosaccharide residues and derivatives are recommended by IUPAC for use in describing the structures of oligosaccharide chains. A more compl ete list can be found in the reference. REFERENCE McNaught, A. D. ,Pure Appl. Chem ., 68, 1919-2008, 1996. TeamLRN7-8Panose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1 →6)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-D-glucose Paratose 3,6-Dideoxy- D-ribo-hexose Primeverose β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1 →6)-D-glucose Psicose Psi ribo-Hex-2-ulose Quinovose Qui 6-Deoxyglucose Raffinose β-D-Fructofuranosyl- α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 →6)-α-D-glucopyranoside Rhamnose Rha 6-Deoxymannose Rhodinose 2,3,6-Trideoxy- L-threo-hexose Ribose Rib ribo-Pentose Ribose 5-phosphate Rib5 P Ribulose Ribulo (Rul) erythro-Pent-2-ulose Rutinose α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1 →6)-D-glucose Sarmentose 2,6-Dideoxy-3- O-methyl- D-xylo-hexose Sedoheptulose D-altro-Hept-2-ulose Sorbose Sor xylo-Hex-2-ulose Streptose 5-Deoxy-3- C-formyl- L-lyxose Sucrose β-D-Fructofuranosyl- α-D-glucopyranoside Tagatose Tag lyxo-Hex-2-ulose Talose Tal talo-Hexose Turanose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1 →3)-D-fructose Tyvelose Tyv 3,6-Dideoxy- D-arabino-hexose Xylose Xyl xylo-Pentose Xylulose Xylulo (Xul) threo-Pent-2-uloseCommon Name Symbol Systematic NameCARBOHYDRATE NAMES AND SYMBOLS (continued) 7-9∆∆∆∆∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound I = 0 I = 0.1 mol/L I = 0.25 mol/L zi Acetaldehyde 20.83 23.27 24.06 0 Acetate -249.44 -248.22 -247.82 -1Acetone 80.03 83.71 84.89 0 cis-Aconitate -797.26 -800.94 -802.12 -3 Adenine 512.07 515.13 516.12 0Adenosine 519.43 527.39 529.96 0 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) -1234.36 -1230.97 -1230.12 -3 Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) -367.5 -361.99 -360.29 -2Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -2098 -2097.55 -2097.89 -4 Alanine -91.31 -87.02 -85.64 0 Ammonium 80.52 82.35 82.94 1Arabinose -342.67 -336.55 -334.57 0 L-Asparagine -206.28 -201.38 -199.8 0 Aspartate -456.15 -453.09 -452.1 -11-Butanol 227.72 233.84 235.82 0 Butyrate -72.94 -69.26 -68.08 -1 Carbonate -547.33 -547.15 -547.1 -2iso-Citrate -956.82 -958.84 -959.58 -3 Citrate -963.46 -965.49 -966.23 -3 CO(aq) -119.9 -119.9 -119.9 0CO(g) -137.17 -137.17 -137.17 0 CO 2(g) -394.36 -394.36 -394.36 0 Creatine 100.41 105.92 107.69 0Creatinine 256.55 260.84 262.22 0 L-Cysteine -59.23 -55.01 -53.65 0 L-Cystine -187.03 -179.69 -177.32 0 Cytochrome c [oxidized] 0 -5.51 -7.29 3 Cytochrome c [reduced] -24.54 -26.96 -27.75 2 Ethanol 58.1 61.77 62.96 0STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES Petr Van´ ysek This table lists transformed values of the standard Gibbs energy of formation for several molecules and ions of biochemical imp ortance. Values of ∆fG‘o are given at pH 7, 298.15 K, and 100 kPa for infinite dilution and for two finite ionic strengths, I = 0.1 mol/L and I = 0.25 mol/L. The charge of the species ( zi) is also given. The table can be used for calculating practical (pH 7) reduction potentials for important biological processes. Such listing is more compact than offering reduction potentials, which would require tabulating a large number of reactant-product combinations. To calculate the standard apparent reduction potential E’o for reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol at infinite dilution, for example, write first the reaction: CH3CHO + 2H+ + 2 e- 1 CH3CH2OH The change in hydrogen count can be accomplished by adding H+ , which in turn has to be compensated by adding the appropriate number of electrons (reduction). The correct count of electrons is needed in the subsequent equation for the reduction potential: E’o = [- 1/ nF] · [∆fG‘o (product) - ∆fG‘o(reactant)] where n is the number of electrons to be added and F is the Faraday constant. Specifically, for the above reaction: E’o = [-1/(2·9.6485·104 C mol-1)] · [58.1·103 J mol-1 - 20.83·103 J mol-1] = -0.193 V. REFERENCE Alberty, R. A., Arch. Biochem. Biophys ., 353, 116-130, 1998; 358, 25-39, 1998. TeamLRN7-10Ethyl acetate -18 -13.1 -11.52 0 Ferredoxin [oxidized] 0 -0.61 -0.81 1Ferredoxin [reduced] 38.07 38.07 38.07 0 Flavin adenine dinucleotide [oxidized] 1238.65 1255.17 1260.51 -2 Flavin adenine dinucleotide [reduced] 1279.68 1297.43 1303.16 -2Flavin mononucleotide [oxidized] 759.17 768.35 771.32 -2 Flavin mononucleotide [reduced] 800.2 810.61 813.97 -2 Formate -311.04 -311.04 -311.04 -1Fructose -436.03 -428.69 -426.32 0 Fructose-6-phosphate -1321.71 -1317.16 -1315.74 -1 Fumarate -521.96 -523.18 -523.58 -2Galactose -429.45 -422.11 -419.74 0 Galactose-1-phosphate -1317.5 -1313.01 -1311.6 -2 Glucose -436.42 -429.08 -426.71 0 Glucose-1-phosphate -1318.03 -1313.34 -1311.89 -2 Glucose-6-phosphate -1325 -1320.37 -1318.92 -2 Glutamate -377.82 -373.54 -372.16 -1Glutamine -128.46 -122.34 -120.36 0 Glutathione [oxidized] 1198.69 1214.6 1219.74 -2 Glutathione [reduced] 625.56 633.52 636.09 -1Glycerol -177.83 -172.93 -171.35 0 Glycerol-3-phosphate -1080.22 -1077.83 -1077.14 -1 Glycine -180.13 -177.07 -176.08 0Glycolate -411.08 -409.86 -409.46 -1 Glycylglycine -200.55 -195.65 -194.07 0 Glyoxylate -428.64 -428.64 -428.64 -1H 2(aq) 97.51 98.74 99.13 0 H2(g) 79.91 81.17 81.53 0 H2O -157.28 -156.05 -155.66 0 β-Hydroxypropionate -318.62 -316.17 -315.38 -1 Hydrogen peroxide -54.12 -52.89 -52.5 0 Hypoxanthine 249.33 251.77 252.56 0Indole 503.49 507.78 509.16 0 L-Isoleucine 175.53 183.49 186.06 0 Lactate -316.94 -314.49 -313.7 -1Lactose -688.29 -674.82 -670.48 0 L-Leucine -167.18 -175.14 -177.71 0 Lyxose -349.58 -343.46 -341.48 0Malate -682.83 -682.83 -682.83 -2 Maltose -695.65 -682.19 -677.84 0 D-Mannitol -383.22 -374.65 -371.89 0 Mannose -431.51 -424.17 -421.8 0 Methane 109.11 111.55 112.34 0 Methanol -15.45 -13.04 -12.25 0L-Methionine -63.4 -56.67 -54.49 0 Methylamine 199.88 202.94 203.93 1 N 2(aq) 18.07 18.07 18.07 0 N2(g)0 0 0 0 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) [reduced] 1101.47 1115.55 1120.09 -2 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) [oxidized] 1038.86 1054.17 1059.11 -1 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) [reduced] 1064.85 1070.97 1072.95 -4 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) [oxidized] 998.91 1008.7 1011.86 -3STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES (continued) ∆∆∆∆∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound I = 0 I = 0.1 mol/L I = 0.25 mol/L zi 7-11O2(aq) 16.4 16.4 16.4 0 O2(g)0 0 0 0 Oxalate -673.9 -676.35 -677.14 -2 Oxaloacetate -713.37 -714.6 -714.99 -2Oxalosuccinate -979.06 -979.06 -979.06 -2 2-Oxoglutarate -633.59 -633.59 -633.59 -2 Palmitate 979.25 997.6 1003.54 -1L-Phenylalanine 232.42 239.15 241.33 0 Phosphate -1058.56 -1059.17 -1059.49 -2 1-Propanol 143.84 148.74 150.32 02-Propanol 134.43 139.32 140.9 0 Pyrophosphate -1937.66 -1941.82 -1943.35 -1 Pyruvate -352.4 -351.18 -350.78 -1Retinal 1118.78 1135.91 1141.45 0 Retinol 1170.77 1189.13 1195.06 0 Ribose -339.23 -333.11 -331.13 0Ribose-1-phosphate -1215.87 -1212.24 -1211.14 -2 Ribose-5-phosphate -1223.95 -1220.32 -1219.22 -2 Ribulose -336.38 -330.26 -328.28 0L-Serine -231.18 -226.89 225.81 0 D-Sorbose -432.47 -425.13 -422.76 0 Succinate -530.62 -530.62 -530.62 -2Sucrose -685.66 -672.2 -667.85 0 Thioredoxin [oxidized] 0 0 0 0 Thioredoxin [reduced] 54.03 55.26 55.65 0L-Tryptophane 366.88 374.22 376.59 0 L-Tyrosine 68.82 75.55 77.73 0 Ubiquinone [oxidized] 3596.07 3651.15 3668.94 0Ubiquinone [reduced] 3586.16 3642.47 3660.65 0 Urate -206.1 -204.85 204.45 -1 Urea -42.92 -40.53 -39.73 0L-Valine -80.87 -87.6 -89.78 0 Xylose -350.93 -344.81 -342.83 0 D-Xylulose -346.59 -340.47 -338.49 0STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES (continued) ∆∆∆∆∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound I = 0 I = 0.1 mol/L I = 0.25 mol/L zi TeamLRN7-12THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR THE IONIZATION REACTIONS OF BUFFERS IN WATER Robert N. Goldberg, Nand Kishore, and Rebecca M. Lennen This table contains selected values for the p K, standard molar enthalpy of reaction ∆rH°, and standard molar heat-capacity change ∆rC°p for the ionization reactions of 64 buffers many of which are relevant to biochemistry and to biology.1 The values pertain to the temperature T= 298.15 K and the pressure p = 0.1 MPa. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution of unit molality. These data permit one to calculate values of the pK and of ∆rH° at temperatures in the vicinity { T ≈ (274 K to 350 K)} of the reference temperature θ = 298.15 K by using the following equations2 ∆rG°T = –RT lnKT = ln(10)· RT·pKT , (1) RlnKT = –(∆rG°θ /θ) + ∆rH°θ {(1/θ ) – (1/ T )} + ∆rC°pθ {(θ /T ) – 1 + ln( T/θ )}, (2) ∆rH°T = ∆rH°θ + ∆rC°pθ (T – θ ). (3) Here, ∆rG° is the standard molar Gibbs energy change and K is the equilibrium constant for a reaction; Ris the gas constant (8.314 472 J K-1 mol-1). The subscripts T and θ denote the temperature to which a quantity pertains, the subscript p denotes constant pressure, and the subscript r denotes that the quantity refers to a reaction. Combination of equations (1) and (2) yields the following equation that gives p K as a function of temperature: pKT = –{ R·ln(10)}–1[–{ln(10)· RT·pKθ /θ } + ∆rH°θ {(1/θ ) – (1/ T )} + ∆rC°pθ {(θ /T ) – 1 + ln( T/θ )}]. (4) The above equations neglect higher order terms that involve temperature derivatives of ∆rC°p. Also, it is important to recognize that the values of pK and ∆rH° effectively pertain to ionic strength I = 0. However, the values of p K and ∆rH° are almost always dependent on the ionic strength and the actual composition of the solution. These issues are discussed in Reference 1 which also gives an approximate method for m aking appropriate corrections. REFERENCES 1. Goldberg, R. N., Kishore, N., and Lennen, R. M., “Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers, ” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, in press. 2. Clarke, E. C. W., and Glew, D. N., Trans. Faraday Soc. , 62, 539-547, 1966. Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T= 298.15 K and p= 0.1 MPa ∆rH° ∆rC°p Buffer Reaction p K kJ mol–1J K–1 mol–1 ACES HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C4H10N2O4S) 6.847 30.43 -49 Acetate HL = H+ + L-, (HL = C2H4O2) 4.756 -0.41 -142 ADA H3L+ = H+ + H2L±, (H2L = C6H10N2O5) 1.59 H2L± = H+ + HL- 2.48 16.7 HL- = H+ + L2- 6.844 12.23 -144 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO2) 8.801 49.85 -44 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO) 9.694 54.05 ≈-21 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid HL = H+ + L-, (HL = C3H9NO3S) 10.2 Ammonia NH +4 = H+ + NH3 9.245 51.95 8 AMPSO HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO5S) 9.138 43.19 -61 Arsenate H 3AsO4 = H+ + H2AsO-4 2.31 -7.8 H2AsO-4 = H+ + HAsO2-4 7.05 1.7 HAsO2-4 = H+ + AsO3-4 11.9 15.9 Barbital H 2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C8H12N2O3) 7.980 24.27 -135 HL- = H+ + L2-12.8 BES HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H15NO5S) 7.187 24.25 -2 Bicine H 2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C 6H13NO4) 2.0 HL± = H+ + L-8.334 26.34 0 Bis-tris H 3L+ = H+ + H2L±, (H2L = C8H19NO5) 6.484 28.4 27 Bis-tris propane H 2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = C 11H26N2O6) 6.65 HL+ = H+ + L 9.10 Borate H3BO3 = H+ + H2BO-3 9.237 13.8 ≈-240 Cacodylate H2L+ = H+ + HL, (HL = C2H6AsO2) 1.78 -3.5 HL = H+ + L-6.28 -3.0 -86 7-13CAPS HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C 9H19NO3S) 10.499 48.1 57 CAPSO HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C9H19NO4S) 9.825 46.67 21 Carbonate H2CO3 = H+ + HCO-3 6.351 9.15 -371 HCO-3 = H+ + CO2-3 10.329 14.70 -249 CHES HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C8H17NO3S) 9.394 39.55 9 Citrate H3L = H+ + H2L-, (H3L = C6H8O7) 3.128 4.07 -131 H2L- = H+ + HL2- 4.761 2.23 -178 HL2- = H+ + L3- 6.396 -3.38 -254 L-Cysteine H3L+ = H+ + H2L, (H2L = C3H7NO2S) 1.71 ≈-0.6 H2L = H+ + HL- 8.36 36.1 ≈-66 HL- = H+ + L2- 10.75 34.1 ≈-204 Diethanolamine HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO2) 8.883 42.08 36 Diglycolate H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H6O5) 3.05 -0.1 ≈-142 HL- = H+ + L2- 4.37 -7.2 ≈-138 3,3-Dimethylglutarate H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C7H12O4) 3.70 HL- = H+ + L2-6.34 DIPSO HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO6S) 7.576 30.18 42 Ethanolamine HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C2H7NO) 9.498 50.52 26 N-Ethylmorpholine HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H13NO) 7.77 27.4 Glycerol 2-phosphate H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C3H9NO6P) 1.329 -12.2 -330 HL- = H+ + L2- 6.650 -1.85 -212 Glycine H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C2H5NO2) 2.351 4.00 -139 HL± = H+ + L- 9.780 44.2 -57 Glycine amide HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C2H6N2O) 8.04 42.9 Glycylglycine H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C4H8N2O3) 3.140 0.11 -128 HL± = H+ + L- 8.265 43.4 -16 Glycylglycylglycine H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H11N3O4) 3.224 0.84 HL± = H+ + L-8.090 41.7 HEPES H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C8H18N2O4S)≈3.0 HL± = H+ + L- 7.564 20.4 47 HEPPS HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H20N2O4S) 7.957 21.3 48 HEPPSO HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C9H20N2O5S) 8.042 23.70 47 L-Histidine H3L2+ = H+ + H2L+, (HL = C6H9N3O2) 1.54 3.6 H2L+ = H+ + HL 6.07 29.5 176 HL = H+ + L- 9.34 43.8 -233 Hydrazine H2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = H4N2) -0.99 38.1 HL+ = H+ + L 8.02 41.7 Imidazole HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C3H4N2) 6.993 36.64 -9 Maleate H 2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H4O4) 1.92 1.1 ≈-21 HL- = H+ + L2- 6.27 -3.6 ≈-31 2-Mercaptoethanol HL = H+ + L-, (HL = C2H6OS) 9.75 26.2 MES HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C 6H13NO4S) 6.270 14.8 5 Methylamine HL+ = H+ + L, (L = CH5N) 10.645 55.34 33 2-Methylimidazole HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H6N2) 8.01 36.8 MOPS HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C 7H15NO4S) 7.184 21.1 25 MOPSO H 2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C7H15NO5S) 0.060 HL± = H+ + L-6.90 25.0 ≈38 Oxalate H 2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C2H2O4) 1.27 -3.9 ≈-231 HL- = H+ + L2- 4.266 7.00 -231 Phosphate H3PO4 = H+ + H2PO-4 2.148 -8.0 -141 H2PO-4 = H+ + HPO2-4 7.198 3.6 -230 HPO2-4 = H+ + PO3-4 12.35 16.0 -242THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR THE IONIZATION REACTIONS OF BUFFERS IN WATER (continued) ∆rH° ∆rC°p Buffer Reaction p K kJ mol–1J K–1 mol–1Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T= 298.15 K and p= 0.1 MPa TeamLRN7-14Phthalate H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C8H6O4) 2.950 -2.70 -91 HL- = H+ + L2- 5.408 -2.17 -295 Piperazine H 2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = C 4H10N2) 5.333 31.11 86 HL+ = H+ + L 9.731 42.89 75 PIPES HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C8H18N2O6S2) 7.141 11.2 22 POPSO HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C 10H22N2O8S2)≈8.0 Pyrophosphate H4P2O7 = H+ + H3P2O-7 0.83 -9.2 ≈-90 H3P2O-7 = H+ + H2P2O2-7 2.26 -5.0 ≈-130 H2P2O2-7 = H+ + HP2O3-7 6.72 0.5 -136 HP2O3-7 = H+ + P2O4-7 9.46 1.4 -141 Succinate H 2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H6O4) 4.207 3.0 -121 HL- = H+ + L2- 5.636 -0.5 -217 Sulfate HSO-4 = H+ + SO2-4 1.987 -22.4 -258 Sulfite H2SO3 = H+ + HSO-3 1.857 -17.80 -272 HSO-3 = H+ + SO2-3 7.172 -3.65 -262 TAPS HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO6S) 8.44 40.4 15 TAPSO HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO7S) 7.635 39.09 -16 L(+)-Tartaric acid H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H6O6) 3.036 3.19 -147 HL- = H+ + L2- 4.366 0.93 -218 TES HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H15NO6S) 7.550 32.13 0 Tricine H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H13NO5) 2.023 5.85 -196 HL± = H+ + L- 8.135 31.37 -53 Triethanolamine HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H15NO3) 7.762 33.6 50 Triethylamine HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H15N) 10.72 43.13 151 Tris HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO3) 8.072 47.45 -59THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR THE IONIZATION REACTIONS OF BUFFERS IN WATER (continued) ∆rH° ∆rC°p Buffer Reaction p K kJ mol–1J K–1 mol–1Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T= 298.15 K and p= 0.1 MPa 7-9BIOLOGICAL BUFFERS This table of frequently used buffers gives the p Ka value at 25 °C and the useful pH range of each buffer. The buffers are listed in order of increasing pH. The table is reprinted with permission of Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo. Useful Acronym Name Mol. wt. p KapH range MES 2-( N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 195.2 6.1 5.5—6.7 BIS TRIS Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)iminotris(hydroxymethyl)methane 209.2 6.5 5.8—7.2 ADA N-(2-Acetamido)-2-iminodiacetic acid 190.2 6.6 6.0—7.2 ACES 2-[(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid 182.2 6.8 6.1—7.5PIPES Piperazine- N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) 302.4 6.8 6.1—7.5 MOPSO 3-( N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 225.3 6.9 6.2—7.6 BIS TRIS PROPANE 1,3- Bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane 282.3 6.8 a6.3—9.5 BES N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 213.2 7.1 6.4—7.8 MOPS 3-( N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid 209.3 7.2 6.5—7.9 HEPES N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine- N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) 238.3 7.5 6.8—8.2 TES N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 229.2 7.5 6.8—8.2 DIPSO 3-[ N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 243.3 7.6 7.0—8.2 TAPSO 3-[ N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 259.3 7.6 7.0—8.2 TRIZMA Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane 121.1 8.1 7.0—9.1 HEPPSO N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine- N′-(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) 268.3 7.8 7.1—8.5 POPSO Piperazine- N,N′-bis(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) 362.4 7.8 7.2—8.5 EPPS N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine- N′-(3-propanesulfonic acid) 252.3 8.0 7.3—8.7 TEA Triethanolamine 149.2 7.8 7.3—8.3TRICINE N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine 179.2 8.1 7.4—8.8 BICINE N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine 163.2 8.3 7.6—9.0 TAPS N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid 243.3 8.4 7.7—9.1 AMPSO 3-[(1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 227.3 9.0 8.3—9.7 CHES 2-( N-Cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid 207.3 9.3 8.6—10.0 CAPSO 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid 237.3 9.6 8.9—10.3 AMP 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 89.1 9.7 9.0—10.5 CAPS 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid 221.3 10.4 9.7—11.1 apKa = 9.0 for the second dissociation stage. TeamLRN7-10TYPICAL pH VALUES OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND FOODS This table gives typical pH ranges for various biological fluids and common foods. All values refer to 25 °C. Biological Materials Blood, human 7.35-7.45 Blood, dog 6.9-7.2Spinal fluid, human 7.3-7.5 Saliva, human 6.5-7.5 Gastric contents, human 1.0-3.0Duodenal contents, human 4.8-8.2 Feces, human 4.6-8.4 Urine, human 4.8-8.4Milk, human 6.6-7.6 Bile, human 6.8-7.0 Foods Apples 2.9-3.3 Apricots 3.6-4.0 Asparagus 5.4-5.8 Bananas 4.5-4.7Beans 5.0-6.0 Beers 4.0-5.0 Beets 4.9-5.5Blackberries 3.2-3.6 Bread, white 5.0-6.0 Butter 6.1-6.4Cabbage 5.2-5.4 Carrots 4.9-5.3 Cheese 4.8-6.4Cherries 3.2-4.0 Cider 2.9-3.3 Corn 6.0-6.5Crackers 6.5-8.5 Dates 6.2-6.4 Eggs, fresh white 7.6-8.0Flour, wheat 5.5-6.5 Gooseberries 2.8-3.0 Grapefruit 3.0-3.3Grapes 3.5-4.5 Hominy (lye) 6.8-8.0 Jams, fruit 3.5-4.0 Jellies, fruit 2.8-3.4Lemons 2.2-2.4 Limes 1.8-2.0 Maple syrup 6.5-7.0Milk, cows 6.3-6.6 Olives 3.6-3.8 Oranges 3.0-4.0Oysters 6.1-6.6 Peaches 3.4-3.6 Pears 3.6-4.0Peas 5.8-6.4 Pickles, dill 3.2-3.6 Pickles, sour 3.0-3.4Pimento 4.6-5.2 Plums 2.8-3.0 Potatoes 5.6-6.0Pumpkin 4.8-5.2 Raspberries 3.2-3.6 Rhubarb 3.1-3.2Salmon 6.1-6.3 Sauerkraut 3.4-3.6 Shrimp 6.8-7.0Soft drinks 2.0-4.0 Spinach 5.1-5.7 Squash 5.0-5.4Strawberries 3.0-3.5 Sweet potatoes 5.3-5.6 Tomatoes 4.0-4.4Tuna 5.9-6.1 Turnips 5.2-5.6 Vinegar 2.4-3.4Water, drinking 6.5-8.0 Wines 2.8-3.8 7-11CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY The elemental composition of the “standard man” of mass 70 kg is given below. REFERENCES 1. Padikal, T.N., and Fivozinsky, S.P., Medical Physics Data Book , National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138 , U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981. 2. Snyde, W.S., et al., Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics , Pergamon, New York, 1975. Amount Percent of total Element (g) body mass Oxygen 43,000 61 Carbon 16,000 23 Hydrogen 7000 10Nitrogen 1800 2.6 Calcium 1000 1.4 Phosphorus 780 1.1Sulfur 140 0.20 Potassium 140 0.20 Sodium 100 0.14Chlorine 95 0.12 Magnesium 19 0.027 Silicon 18 0.026Iron 4.2 0.006 Fluorine 2.6 0.0037 Zinc 2.3 0.0033Rubidium 0.32 0.00046 Strontium 0.32 0.00046 Bromine 0.20 0.00029Lead 0.12 0.00017 Copper 0.072 0.00010 Aluminum 0.061 0.00009Cadmium 0.050 0.00007 Boron <0.048 0.00007 Barium 0.022 0.00003Tin <0.017 0.00002 Manganese 0.012 0.00002 Iodine 0.013 0.00002Nickel 0.010 0.00001 Gold <0.010 0.00001 Molybdenum <0.0093 0.00001Chromium <0.0018 0.000003 Cesium 0.0015 0.000002 Cobalt 0.0015 0.000002 Uranium 0.00009 0.0000001 Beryllium 0.000036 Radium 3.1 ⋅10 -11 TeamLRNSection 8: Analytical Chemistry Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts Standard Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Reagents Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances Flame and Bead Tests Acid-Base Indicators Fluorescent Indicators Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions Electrochemical Series Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25°C Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Ion Product of Water Substance Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water Solubility of Selected Gases in Water Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Solubility Product Constants Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures Solubility Chart Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo Volume of One Gram of Water Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry 13C Chemical Shifts of Useful NMR Solvents Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS Aluminon (qualitative test for aluminum). Aluminon is a trade name for the ammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid. Dissolve 1 g of th e salt in 1 L of distilled water. Shake the solution well to insure thorough mixing. Bang’s reagent (for glucose estimation). Dissolve 100 g of K 2CO3, 66 g of KCl and 160 g of KHCO3 in the order given in about 700 mL of water at 30°C. Add 4.4 g of CuS04 and dilute to 1 L after the CO2 is evolved. This solution should be shaken only in such a manner as not to allow entry of air. After 24 hours 300 mL are diluted to 1 L with saturated KCl solution, shaken gently and used after 24 hours; 50 mL is e quivalent to 10 mg glucose. Barfoed’s reagent (test for glucose). See Cupric acetate. Baudisch’s reagent . See Cupferron. Benedict’s solution (qualitative reagent for glucose). With the aid of heat, dissolve 173 g of sodium citrate and 100 g of Na 2CO3 in 800 mL of water. Filter, if necessary, and dilute to 850 mL. Dissolve 17.3 g of CuSO4⋅5H2O in 100 mL of water. Pour the latter solution, with constant stirring, into the carbonate-citrate solution, and dilute to 1 L. Benzidine hydrochloride solution (for sulfite determination). Make a paste of 8 g of benzidine hydrochloride (C 12H8(NH3)2⋅2HCl) and 20 mL of water, add 20 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.12) and dilute to 1 L with water. Each mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.00357 g of H2SO4. Bertrand’s reagent (glucose estimation). Consists of the following solutions: 1. Dissolve 200 g of Rochelle salt and 150 g of NaOH in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution.2. Dissolve 40 g of CuSO 4 in enough water to make 1 L of solution. 3. Dissolve 50 g of Fe 2(SO4)3 and 200 g of H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84) in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 4. Dissolve 5 g of KMnO 4 in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Bial’s reagent (for pentose). Dissolve 1 g of orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol) in 500 mL of 30% HCl to which 30 drops of a 10% solution of FeCl3 has been added. Boutron — Boudet soap solution: 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure castile soap in about 2.5 L of 56% ethanol. 2. Dissolve 0.59 g of Ba(NO3)2 in 1 L of water. Adjust the castile soap solution so that 2.4 mL of it will give a permanent lather with 40 mL of solution (b). When adjusted, 2 .4 mL of soap solution is equivalent to 220 parts per million of hardness (as CaCO3) for a 40 mL sample. See also Soap solution. Brucke’s reagent (protein precipitation). See Potassium iodide-mercuric iodide. Clarke’s soap solution (estimation of hardness in water). 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure powdered castile soap in 1 L of 80% ethanol and allow to stand over night. 2. Prepare a solution of CaCl2 by dissolving 0.5 g of CaCO3 in HCl (sp. gr. 1.19), neutralize with NH4OH and make slightly alkaline to litmus, and dilute to 500 mL. One mL is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. Titrate (1) against (2) and dilute (1) with 80% ethanol until 1 mL of the resulting solution is equivalent to 1 mL of (2) after making allowance for the lather factor (the amount of standard soap solution required to produce a permanent lather in 50 mL of distilled water). On e mL of the adjusted solution after subtracting the lather factor is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. See also Soap solution. Cobalticyanide paper (Rinnmann’s test for Zn). Dissolve 4 g of K3Co(CN)6 and 1 g of KClO3 in 100 mL of water. Soak filter paper in solution and dry at 100 °C. Apply drop of zinc solution and burn in an evaporating dish. A green disk is obtained if zinc is present. Cochineal . Extract 1 g of cochineal for 4 days with 20 mL of alcohol and 60 mL of distilled water. Filter. Congo red . Dissolve 0.5 g of congo red in 90 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of alcohol. Cupferron (Baudisch’s reagent for iron analysis). Dissolve 6 g of the ammonium salt of N-hydroxy-N-nitrosoaniline (cupferron) in 100 mL of H2O. Reagent good for 1 week only and must be kept in the dark. Cupric acetate (Barfoed’s reagent for reducing monosaccharides). Dissolve 66 g of cupric acetate and 10 mL of glacial acetic acid in water an d dilute to 1 L. Cupric oxide, ammoniacal ; Schweitzer’s reagent (dissolves cotton, linen, and silk, but not wool). 1. Dissolve 5 g of cupric sulfate in 100 mL of boiling water, and add sodium hydroxide until precipitation is complete. Wash th e precipitate well, and dissolve it in a minimum quantity of ammonium hydroxide. 2. Bubble a slow stream of air through 300 mL of strong ammonium hydroxide containing 50 g of fine copper turnings. Continue fo r 1 hour. Cupric sulfate in glycerin-potassium hydroxide (reagent for silk). Dissolve 10 g of cupric sulfate, CuSO4⋅5H2O, in 100 mL of water and add 5 g of glycerol. Add KOH solution slowly until a deep blue solution is obtained. Cupron (precipitates copper). Dissolve 5 g of benzoinoxime in 100 mL of 95% ethanol. Cuprous chloride, acidic (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. Cover the bottom of a 2-L flask with a layer of cupric oxide about 0.5 inch deep, suspend a coil of copper wire so as to rea ch from the bottom to the top of the solution, and fill the flask with hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.10). Shake occasionally. When the solution bec omes nearly colorless, transfer to reagent bottles, which should also contain copper wire. The stock bottle may be refilled with dilute hydrochloric a cid until either the cupric oxide or the copper wire is used up. Copper sulfate may be substituted for copper oxide in the above procedure. 2. Dissolve 340 g of CuCl 2⋅2H2O in 600 mL of conc. HCl and reduce the cupric chloride by adding 190 mL of a saturated solution of stannous chloride or until the solution is colorless. The stannous chloride is prepared by treating 300 g of metallic tin in a 500 mL fl ask with conc. HCl until no more tin goes into solution. 3. (Winkler method). Add a mixture of 86 g of CuO and 17 g of finely divided metallic Cu, made by the reduction of CuO with hyd rogen, to a solution of HCl, made by diluting 650 mL of conc. HCl with 325 mL of water. After the mixture has been added slowly and with frequent stirring, a spiral of copper wire is suspended in the bottle, reaching all the way to the bottom. Shake occasionally, and when the solution becomes colorless, it is ready for use. 8-1 TeamLRN8-2PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Cuprous chloride, ammoniacal (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. The acid solution of cuprous chloride as prepared above is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide until an ammonia odor persist s. An excess of metallic copper must be kept in the solution.2. Pour 800 mL of acidic cuprous chloride, prepared by the Winkler method, into about 4 L of water. Transfer the precipitate to a 250 mL graduate. After several hours, siphon off the liquid above the 50 mL mark and refill with 7.5% NH 4OH solution which may be prepared by diluting 50 mL of conc. NH 4OH with 150 mL of water. The solution is well shaken and allowed to stand for several hours. It should have a faint odor of ammonia. Dichlorofluorescein indicator . Dissolve 1 g in 1 L of 70% alcohol or 1 g of the sodium salt in 1 L of water. Dimethyglyoxime , 0.01 N. Dissolve 0.6 g of dimethylglyoxime (2,3-butanedione oxime) in 500 mL of 95% ethanol. This is an especially sensitive test for nickel, a very definite crimson color being produced. Diphenylamine (reagent for rayon). Dissolve 0.2 g in 100 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. Diphenylamine sulfonate (for titration of iron with K 2Cr2O7). Dissolve 0.32 g of the barium salt of diphenylamine sulfonic acid in 100 mL of water, add 0.5 g of sodium sulfate and filter off the precipitate of BaSO4. Diphenylcarbazide . Dissolve 0.2 g of diphenylcarbazide in 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 100 mL with 95% ethanol. Esbach’s reagent (estimation of protein). To a water solution of 10 g of picric acid and 20 g of citric acid, add sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Eschka’s compound . Two parts of calcined (“light”) magnesia are thoroughly mixed with 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Fehling’s solution (reagent for reducing sugars.) 1. Copper sulfate solution. Dissolve 34.66 g of CuSO 4⋅5H2O in water and dilute to 500 mL. 2. Alkaline tartrate solution. Dissolve 173 g of potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt, KNaC4H4O6⋅4H2O) and 50 g of NaOH in water and dilute when cold to 500 mL. Mix equal volumes of the two solutions at the time of using. Ferric-alum indicator . Dissolve 140 g of ferric ammonium sulfate crystals in 400 mL of hot water. When cool, filter, and make up to a volume of 500 mL with dilute nitric acid. Folin’s mixture (for uric acid). To 650 mL of water add 500 g of (NH4)2SO4, 5 g of uranium acetate, and 6 g of glacial acetic acid. Dilute to 1 L. Formaldehyde — sulfuric acid (Marquis’ reagent for alkaloids). Add 10 mL of formaldehyde solution to 50 mL of sulfuric acid. Froehde’s reagent . See Sulfomolybdic acid. Fuchsin (reagent for linen). Dissolve 1 g of fuchsin in 100 mL of alcohol. Fuchsin — sulfurous acid (Schiff’s reagent for aldehydes). Dissolve 0.5 g of fuchsin and 9 g of sodium bisulfite in 500 mL of water, and add 10 mL of HCl. Keep in well-stoppered bottles and protect from light. Gunzberg’s reagent (detection of HCl in gastric juice). Prepare as needed a solution containing 4 g of phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) and 2 g of vanillin in 100 mL of absolute ethanol. Hager’s reagent . See Picric acid. Hanus solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13.2 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Add sufficient bromine to double the halogen content, determined by titration (3 mL is about the proper amount). The io dine may be dissolved by the aid of heat, but the solution should be cold when the bromine is added. Iodine, tincture of . To 50 mL of water add 70 g of I2 and 50 g of KI. Dilute to 1 L with alcohol. Iodo-potassium iodide (Wagner’s reagent for alkaloids). Dissolve 2 g of iodine and 6 g of KI in 100 mL of water. Litmus (indicator). Extract litmus powder three times with boiling alcohol, each treatment consuming an hour. Reject the alcoholic ext ract. Treat residue with an equal weight of cold water and filter; then exhaust with five times its weight of boiling water, cool and filte r. Combine the aqueous extracts. Magnesia mixture (reagent for phosphates and arsenates). Dissolve 55 g of magnesium chloride and 105 g of ammonium chloride in water, barely acidify with hydrochloric acid, and dilute to 1 L. The ammonium hydroxide may be omitted until just previous to use. The reagen t, if completely mixed and stored for any period of time, becomes turbid Magnesium uranyl acetate . Dissolve 100 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2⋅2H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 500 mL. Dissolve 330 g of Mg(C2H3O2)2⋅4H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 200 mL. Heat solutions to the boiling point until clear, pour the magnesium sol ution into the uranyl solution, cool and dilute to 1 L. Let stand over night and filter if necessary. Marme’s reagent . See Potassium-cadmium iodide. Marquis’ reagen t. See Formaldehyde-sulfuric acid. Mayer’s reagent (white precipitate with most alkaloids in slightly acid solutions). Dissolve 1.358 g of HgCl2 in 60 mL of water and pour into a solution of 5 g of KI in 10 mL of H 2O. Add sufficient water to make 100 mL. Methyl orange indicator . Dissolve 1 g of methyl orange in 1 L of water. Filter, if necessary. Methyl orange, modified . Dissolve 2 g of methyl orange and 2.8 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 50% alcohol. Methyl red indicator . Dissolve 1 g of methyl red in 600 mL of alcohol and dilute with 400 mL of water. Methyl red, modified . Dissolve 0.50 g of methyl red and 1.25 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Or, dissolve 1.25 g of methyl red and 0.825 g of methylene blue in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Millon’s reagent (for albumins and phenols). Dissolve 1 part of mercury in 1 part of cold fuming nitric acid. Dilute with twice the volume of w ater and decant the clear solution after several hours. Molisch’s reagent . See 1-Naphthol. 1-Naphthol (Molisch’s reagent for wool). Dissolve 15 g of 1-naphthol in 100 mL of alcohol or chloroform. Nessler’s reagent (for ammonia). Dissolve 50 g of KI in the smallest possible quantity of cold water (50 mL). Add a saturated solution of mercur ic chloride (about 22 g in 350 mL of water will be needed) until an excess is indicated by the formation of a precipitate. Then ad d 200 mL of 5 N NaOH and dilute to 1 L. Let settle, and draw off the clear liquid. 8-3PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Nickel oxide, ammoniacal (reagent for silk). Dissolve 5 g of nickel sulfate in 100 mL of water, and add sodium hydroxide solution until nickel hydroxide is completely precipitated. Wash the precipitate well and dissolve in 25 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide and 25 mL of water. Nitron (detection of nitrate radical). Dissolve 10 g of nitron (1,4-diphenyl-3-(phenylamino)-1,2,4-triazolium hydroxide) in 5 mL of g lacial acetic acid and 95 mL of water. The solution may be filtered with slight suction through an alumdum crucible and kept in a dark bottle. 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol . Make a saturated solution in 50% acetic acid (1 part of glacial acetic acid with 1 part of water). Does not keep well. Nylander’s solution (carbohydrates). Dissolve 20 g of bismuth subnitrate and 40 g of Rochelle salt in 1 L of 8% NaOH solution. Cool and filter. Obermayer’s reagent (for indoxyl in urine). Dissolve 4 g of FeCl3 in 1 L of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19). Oxine. Dissolve 14 g of 8-hydroxyquinoline in 30 mL of glacial acetic acid. Warm slightly, if necessary. Dilute to 1 L. Oxygen absorbent . Dissolve 300 g of ammonium chloride in 1 L of water and add 1 L of concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution. Shake the solution thoroughly. For use as an oxygen absorbent, a bottle half full of copper turnings is filled nearly full with the NH4Cl-NH4OH solution and the gas passed through. Pasteur’s salt solution . To 1 L of distilled water add 2.5 g of potassium phosphate, 0.25 g of calcium phosphate, 0.25 g of magnesium sulfate, and 12.00 g of ammonium tartrate. Pavy’s solution (glucose reagent). To 120 mL of Fehling’s solution, add 300 mL of NH 4OH (sp. gr. 0.88) and dilute to 1 L with water. Phenanthroline ferrous ion indicator . Dissolve 1.485 g of 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate in 100 mL of 0.025 M ferrous sulfate solution. Phenolphthalein . Dissolve 1 g of phenolphthalein in 50 mL of alcohol and add 50 mL of water. Phenolsulfonic acid (determination of nitrogen as nitrate). Dissolve 25 g of phenol in 150 mL of conc. H 2SO4, add 75 mL of fuming H2SO4 (15% SO3), stir well and heat for 2 hours at 100 °C. Phloroglucinol solution (pentosans). Make a 3% phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) solution in alcohol. Keep in a dark bottle. Phosphomolybdic acid (Sonnenschein’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Prepare ammonium phosphomolybdate and after washing with water, boil with nitric acid and expel NH 3; evaporate to dryness and dissolve in 2 M nitric acid. 2. Dissolve ammonium molybdate in HNO3 and treat with phosphoric acid. Filter, wash the precipitate, and boil with aqua regia until the ammonium salt is decomposed. Evaporate to dryness. The residue dissolved in 10 % HNO3 constitutes Sonnenschein’s reagent. Phosphoric acid — sulfuric acid mixture . Dilute 150 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 100 mL of conc. H3PO4 (85%) with water to a volume of 1 L. Phosphotungstic acid (Schcibicr’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Dissolve 20 g of sodium tungstate and 15 g of sodium phosphate in 100 mL of water containing a little nitric acid.2. The reagent is a 10% solution of phosphotungstic acid in water. Thc.phosphotungstic acid is prepared by evaporating a mixtur e of 10 g of sodium tungstate dissolved in 5 g of phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.13) and enough boiling water to effect solution. Crystals of ph osphotungstic acid separate. Picric acid (Hager’s reagent for alkaloids, wool and silk). Dissolve 1 g of picric acid in 100 mL of water. Potassium antimonate (reagent for sodium). Boil 22 g of potassium antimonate with 1 L of water until nearly all of the salt has dissolved, cool qui ckly, and add 35 mL of 10% potassium hydroxide. Filter after standing overnight. Potassium-cadmium iodide (Marme’s reagent for alkaloids). Add 2 g of CdI 2 to a boiling solution of 4 g of KI in 12 mL of water, and then mix with 12 mL of saturated KI solution. Potassium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 360 g of KOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Potassium iodide — mercuric iodide (Brucke’s reagent for proteins). Dissolve 50 g of KI in 500 mL of water, and saturate with mercuric iodide (about 120 g). Dilute to 1 L. Potassium pyrogallate (for oxygen absorption). For mixtures of gases containing less than 28% oxygen, add 100 mL of KOH solution (50 g of KOH to 100 mL of water) to 5 g of pyrogallol. For mixtures containing more than 28% oxygen the KOH solution should contain 120 g of KOH to 100 mL of water. Pyrogallol, alkaline . 1. Dissolve 75 g of pyrogallic acid in 75 mL of water. 2. Dissolve 500 g of KOH in 250 mL of water. When cool, adjust until sp. gr. is 1.55. For use, add 270 mL of solution (2) to 30 mL of solution (1). Rosolic acid (indicator) . Dissolve 1 g of rosolic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and add 100 mL of water. Scheibler’s reagent . See Phosphotungstic acid. Schiff’s reagent . See Fuchsin-sulfurous acid. Schweitzer’s reagent . See Cupric oxide, ammoniacal. Soap solution (reagent for hardness in water). Dissolve 100 g of dry castile soap in 1 L of 80% alcohol (5 parts alcohol to 1 part water). A llow to stand several days and dilute with 70% to 80% alcohol until 6.4 mL produces a permanent lather with 20 mL of standard calcium solutio n. The latter solution is made by dissolving 0.2 g of CaCO3 in a small amount of dilute HCl, evaporating to dryness and making up to 1 L. Sodium bismuthate (oxidation of manganese). Heat 20 parts of NaOH nearly to redness in an iron or nickel crucible and add slowly 10 parts of bas ic bismuth nitrate which has been previously dried. Add 2 parts of sodium peroxide, and pour the brownish-yellow fused mass onto a n iron plate to cool. When cold, break up in a mortar, extract with water, and collect on an asbestos filter. Sodium hydroxide (for CO 2 absorption). Dissolve 330 g of NaOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Sodium nitroprusside (reagent for hydrogen sulfide and wool). Use a freshly prepared solution of 1 g of sodium nitroferricyanide in 10 mL of water. Sodium oxalate (primary standard). Dissolve 30 g of the commercial salt in 1 L of water, make slightly alkaline with sodium hydroxide, and le t stand until perfectly clear. Filter and evaporate the filtrate to 100 mL. Cool and filter. Pulverize the residue and wash it several times with small volumes of water. The procedure is repeated until the mother liquor is free from sulfate and is neutral to phenolphthalein. Sodium plumbite (reagent for wool). Dissolve 5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water. Add 5 g of litharge (PbO) and boil until dissolved. TeamLRN8-4PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Sodium polysulfide . Dissolve 480 g of Na2S⋅9H2O in 500 mL of water, add 40 g of NaOH and 18 g of sulfur. Stir thoroughly and dilute to 1 L with water. Sonnenschein’s reagent . See Phosphomolybdic acid. Starch solution . 1. Make a paste with 2 g of soluble starch and 0.01 g of HgI 2 with a small amount of water. Add the mixture slowly to 1 L of boiling water and boil for a few minutes. Keep in a glass stoppered bottle. If other than soluble starch is used, the solution will not clear on boiling; it should be allowed to stand and the clear liquid decanted. 2. A solution of starch which keeps indefinitely is made as follows: Mix 500 mL of saturated NaCl solution (filtered), 80 mL of glacial acetic acid, 20 mL of water and 3 g of starch. Bring slowly to a boil and boil for 2 minutes.3. Make a paste with 1 g of soluble starch and 5 mg of HgI 2, using as little cold water as possible. Then pour about 200 mL of boiling water on the paste and stir immediately. This will give a clear solution if the paste is prepared correctly and the water actually bo iling. Cool and add 4 g of KI. Starch solution decomposes on standing due to bacterial action, but this solution will keep well if stored under a l ayer of toluene. Stoke’s reagent . Dissolve 30 g of FeSO4 and 20 g of tartaric acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Just before using, add concentrated NH4OH until the precipitate first formed is redissolved. Sulfanilic acid (reagent for nitrites). Dissolve 0.5 g of sulfanilic acid in a mixture of 15 mL of glacial acetic acid and 135 mL of recently b oiled water. Sulfomolybdic acid (Froehde’s reagent for alkaloids and glucosides). Dissolve 10 g of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate in 100 mL of conc. H2SO4. Tannic acid (reagent for albumin, alkaloids, and gelatin). Dissolve 10 g of tannic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and dilute with water to 100 mL . Titration mixture . (residual chlorine in water analyasis). Prepare 1 L of dilute HCl (100 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19) in sufficient water to make 1 L). Dissolve 1 g of o-tolidine in 100 mL of the dilute HCl and dilute to 1 L with dilute HCl solution. Trinitrophenol solution . See Picric acid. Turmeric tincture (reagent for borates). Digest ground turmeric root with several quantities of water which are discarded. Dry the residue and d igest it several days with six times its weight of alcohol. Filter. Uffelmann’s reagent (turns yellow in presence of lactic acid). To a 2% solution of pure phenol in water, add a water solution of FeCl 3 until the phenol solution becomes violet in color. Wagner’s reagent . See Iodo-potassium iodide. Wagner’s solution (used in phosphate rock analysis to prevent precipitation of iron and aluminum). Dissolve 25 g of citric acid and 1 g of salic ylic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Use 50 mL of the reagent. Wij’s iodine monochloride solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Set aside 25 mL of this solution. Pass into the remainder of the solution dry chlorine gas (dried an d washed by passing through H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84)) until the characteristic color of free iodine has been discharged. Now add the iodine solution which was reser ved, until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but an excess of chlorine must be avoided. Preserve in well stoppered, amber colored bottles. Avoid use of solutions which have been prepared for more than 30 days. Wij’s special solution (for iodine number). To 200 mL of glacial acetic acid that will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter, add 12 g of dichloramine T ( N,N-dichloro-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide), and 16.6 g of dry KI (in small quantities with continual shaking until all the KI has dissolved). Make up to 1 L with the same quality of acetic acid used above and preserve in a dark colored bottle. Zimmermann-Reinhardt reagent (determination of iron). Dissolve 70 g of MnSO4⋅4H2O in 500 mL of water, add 125 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 125 mL of 85% H3P04, and dilute to 1 L. Zinc chloride solution, basic (reagent for silk). Dissolve 1000 g of zinc chloride in 850 mL of water, and add 40 g of zinc oxide. Heat until solution is complete. Zinc uranyl acetate (reagent for sodium). Dissolve 10 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2⋅2H2O in 6 g of 30% acetic acid with heat, if necessary, and dilute to 50 mL. Dissolve 30 g of Zn(C2H3O2)2⋅H2O in 3 g of 30% acetic acid and dilute to 50 mL. Mix the two solutions, add 50 mg of NaCl, allow to stand overnight and filter. ©2000 CRC Press LLCSTANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS For each compound listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in 1 liter of a solution whose amount-of-substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. In the older literature such a solution is often referred to as a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N). REFERENCE Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978. Atomic or molecular Equivalence Mass in Name Formula weight factor grams Acetic acid HC2H3O2 60.0530 1 6.0053 Ammonia NH3 17.0306 1 1.7031 Ammonium ion NH4+18.0386 1 1.8039 Ammonium chloride NH4Cl 53.4916 1 5.3492 Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 132.1388 1/2 6.6069 Ammonium thiocyanate NH4CNS 76.1204 1 7.6120 Barium Ba 137.34 1/2 6.867 Barium carbonate BaCO3 197.3494 1/2 9.8675 Barium chloride hydrate BaCl2 · 2H2O 244.2767 1/2 12.2138 Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 171.3547 1/2 8.5677 Barium oxide BaO 153.3394 1/2 7.6670 Bromine Br 79.909 1 7.9909 Calcium Ca 40.08 1/2 2.004 Calcium carbonate CaCO3 100.0894 1/2 5.0045 Calcium chloride CaCl2 110.9860 1/2 5.5493 Calcium chloride hydrate CaCl2 · 6H2O 219.0150 1/2 10.9508 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 74.0947 1/2 3.7047 Calcium oxide CaO 56.0794 1/2 2.8040 Chlorine Cl 35.453 1 3.5453 Citric acid C6H8O7 · H2O 210.1418 1/3 7.0047 Cobalt Co 58.9332 1/2 2.9466 Copper Cu 63.54 1/2 3.177 Copper oxide (cupric) CuO 79.5394 1/2 3.9770 Copper sulfate hydrate CuSO4 · 5H2O 249.6783 1/2 12.4839 Hydrochloric acid HCl 36.4610 1 3.6461 Hydrocyanic acid HCN 27.0258 1 2.7026 Iodine I 126.9044 1 12.6904 Lactic acid C3H6O3 90.0795 1 9.0080 Malic acid C4H6O5 134.0894 1/2 6.7045 Magnesium Mg 24.312 1/2 1.2156 Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 84.3214 1/2 4.2161 Magnesium chloride MgCl2 95.2180 1/2 4.7609 Magnesium chloride hydrate MgCl2 · 6H2O 203.2370 1/2 10.1623 Magnesium oxide MgO 40.3114 1/2 2.0156 Manganese Mn 54.938 1/2 2.7469 Manganese sulfate MnSO4 150.9996 1/2 7.5500 Mercuric chloride HgCl2 271.4960 1/2 13.5748 Nickel Ni 58.71 1/2 2.9356 Nitric acid HNO3 63.0129 1 6.3013 Oxalic acid H2C2O4 90.0358 1/2 4.5018 Oxalic acid hydrate H2C2O4 · 2H2O 126.0665 1/2 6.3033 Oxalic acid anhydride C2O3 72.0205 1/2 3.6010 Phosphoric acid H3PO4 97.9953 1/3 3.2665 Potassium K 39.102 1 3.9102 Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3 100.1193 1 10.0119 Potassium carbonate K2CO3 138.2134 1/2 6.9106 Potassium chloride KCl 74.5550 1 7.4555 TeamLRN©2000 CRC Press LLCSTANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS (continued) Atomic or molecular Equivalence Mass in Name Formula weight factor grams Potassium cyanide KCN 65.1199 1 6.5120 Potassium hydroxide KOH 56.1094 1 5.6109 Potassium oxide K2O 94.2034 1/2 4.7102 Potassium tartrate K2H4C4O6 226.2769 1/2 11.3139 Silver Ag 107.87 1 10.787 Silver nitrate AgNO 3 169.8749 1 16.9875 Sodium Na 22.9898 1 2.2990 Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3 84.0071 1 8.4007 Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 105.9890 1/2 5.2995 Sodium chloride NaCl 58.4428 1 5.8443 Sodium hydroxide NaOH 39.9972 1 3.9997 Sodium oxide Na2O 61.9790 1/2 3.0990 Sodium sulfide Na2S 78.0436 1/2 3.9022 Succinic acid H2C4H4O4 118.0900 1/2 5.9045 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 98.0775 1/2 4.9039 Tartaric acid C4H6O6 150.0888 1/2 7.5044 Zinc Zn 65.37 1/2 3.269 Zinc sulfate hydrate ZnSO4 · 7H2O 287.5390 1/2 14.3769 8-7STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REAGENTS For each reagent listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in a solution whose amount-of -substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. The equivalence factor given refers to the mo st common reactions of the reagent. In the older literature such a solution is often called a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N). REFERENCE Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978. Atomic or molecular Equivalence Mass in Name Formula weight factor grams Antimony Sb 121.75 1/2 6.0875 Arsenic As 74.9216 1/2 3.7461Arsenic trisulfide As 2S3 246.0352 1/4 6.1509 Arsenous oxide As 2O3 197.8414 1/4 4.9460 Barium peroxide BaO 2 169.3388 1/2 8.4669 Barium peroxide hydrate BaO2 · 8H2O 313.4615 1/2 15.6730 Calcium Ca 40.08 1/2 2.004 Calcium carbonate CaCO3 100.0894 1/2 5.0045 Calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2 142.9848 1/4 3.5746 Calcium oxide CaO 56.0794 1/2 2.8040 Chlorine Cl 35.453 1 3.5453Chromium trioxide CrO 3 99.9942 1/3 3.3331 Ferrous ammonium sulfate FeSO4(NH4)SO4 · 6H2O 392.0764 1 39.2076 Hydroferrocyanic acid H4Fe(CN)6 215.9860 1 21.5986 Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 34.0147 1/2 1.7007 Hydrogen sulfide H2S 34.0799 1/2 1.7040 Iodine I 126.9044 1 12.6904Iron Fe 55.847 1 5.5847 Iron oxide (ferrous) FeO 71.8464 1 7.1846 Iron oxide (ferric) Fe 2O3 159.6922 1/2 7.9846 Lead peroxide PbO2 239.1888 1/2 11.9594 Manganese dioxide MnO2 86.9368 1/2 4.3468 Nitric acid HNO3 63.0129 1/3 2.1004 Nitrogen trioxide N2O3 76.0116 1/4 1.9002 Nitrogen pentoxide N2O5 108.0104 1/6 1.8001 Oxalic acid C2H2O4 90.0358 1/2 4.5018 Oxalic acid hydrate C2H2O4 · 2H2O 126.0665 1/2 6.3033 Oxygen O 15.9994 1/2 0.8000 Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 294.1918 1/6 4.9032 Potassium chlorate KClO3 122.5532 1/6 2.0425 Potassium chromate K2CrO4 194.1076 1/3 6.4733 Potassium ferrocyanide K4Fe(CN)6 368.3621 1 36.8362 Potassium ferrocyanide hydrate K4Fe(CN)6 · 3H2O 422.4081 1 42.2408 Potassium iodide KI 166.0064 1 16.6006 Potassium nitrate KNO 3 101.1069 1/3 3.3702 Potassium perchlorate KClO4 138.5526 1/8 1.7319 Potassium permanganate KMnO 4 158.0376 1/5 3.1608 Sodium chlorate NaClO 3 106.4410 1/6 1.7740 Sodium nitrate NaNO3 84.9947 1/3 2.8332 Sodium thiosulfate hydrate Na 2S2O3 · 5H2O 248.1825 1 24.8183 Stannous chloride SnCl 2 189.5960 1/2 9.4798 Stannous oxide SnO 134.6894 1/2 6.7345 Sulfur dioxide SO 2 64.0628 1/2 3.2031 Tin Sn 118.69 1/2 5.935 TeamLRN8-8ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES G. Ackermann, L. Sommer, and D. Thorburn Burns Determination Reagents Ref. Aluminium Alizarin Red S Onishi, Part II a, p 28. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 587. (7) Aluminon Fries/Getrost, p 16. (2), Onishi, IIa, p 21. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 590. (7) Aluminon + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Huaxue Shiji, 8, 85, (1986) Chrome Azurol S Onishi, Part IIa, p 26. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 605. (7) Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Marczenko, p 133 (3), Snell, Metals I, p 606. (7) Chromazol KS + Cetylpyridinium bromide Analyst , 107, 428, (1982). Eriochrome Cyanine R Fries/Getrost, p 19 (2), Onishi, Part IIa p 25. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 611. (7) Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium Snell, Metals I, p 613. (7), bromide A nalyst, 107 , 1431, (1982). 8-Hydroxyquinoline Fries/Getrost, p 22 (2), Marczenko, p 131 (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 31. (5), Snell, Metals I , p 622 (7) Ammonia Phenol + Sodium hypochlorite Boltz, p 210 (1), Marczenko, p 413 (3), Snell, Nonmetals , p 604 (9) Antimony Brilliant Green Onishi, Part IIa, p 102. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 384. (7) Bromopyrogallol Red Talanta , 13, 507, (1966). Rhodamine B Fries/Getrost, p 32, (2), Marczenko, p 141. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 93. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 404. (7) Silver diethyldithiocarbamate Fries/Getrost, p 36. (2) Arsenic Silver diethyldithiocarbamate Fries/Getrost, p 41. (2), Marczenko, p 153. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 153. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 370. (7) Barium Sulfonazo III Fries/Getrost, p 46. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1782. (8), Onishi, Part IIa, p 202. (5) Beryllium Beryllon II Snell, Metals I, p 667. (7) Chrome Azurol S Marczenko, p 163. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 672. (7) Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Marczenko, p 164. (3), Snell, Metals I , p 673. (7) Eriochrome Cyanine R Snell, Metals I, p 675. (7), Talanta , 31, 249, (1984). Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium Zh, Anal. Khim. , 33, 1298, bromide (1978). Bismuth Dithizone Onishi, Part IIa, p 262. (5), Snell, Metals I , p 303. (7) Pyrocatechol Violet Fres. Z. Anal. Chem. , 186, 418, (1962). Pyrocatechol Violet + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Zh. Anal. Khim. , 38, 216, (1983). Thiourea Onishi, Part IIa, p 260. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 317. (7) Xylenol Orange Friez/Getrost, p 57. (2), Marczenko, p 172. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 320. (7) Boron Azomethine H Snell, Nonmetals, p 165. (9) Carminic acid Boltz, p 14. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 65. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 170. (9), Williams, p 35. (11) Curcumin Boltz, p 8. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 68. (2), Marczenko, p 180. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 180. (9), Fres. Z. A nal. Chem., 323 , 266, (1986). 8-9ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Reagents Ref. Methylene Blue Boltz, p 21. (1), Marczenko, p 183. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 205. (9), T alanta, 31, 547, (1984). Bromide Fluorescein Boltz, p 48. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 276., Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 301, 28 (1980). Phenol Red Boltz, p 44. (1), Marczenko, p 190. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 28. (9) Cadmium 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Marczenko, p 197. (3) Cadion Onishi, Part IIa, p 323. (5) Dithizone Fries/Getrost, p 78. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 315. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 279. (7), West, p 25. (10). 4–(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Fres. Z. Anal. Chem. , 310, 51, (1982). Calcium Chlorophosphonazo III Marczenko, p 207. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1744. (8) Glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) Fries/Getrost, p 86. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 352. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 1762. (8) Murexide Onishi, Part IIa, p 357. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1769. (8) Phthalein Purple Anal. Chim. Acta , 34, 71 (1966). Cerium N-benzoyl- N-phenylhydroxylamine Anal. Chim. Acta, 48, 155, (1969). 8-Hydroxyquinoline Fries/Getrost, p 93. (2), Marczenko, p 220. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 383. (7) Chlorine N,N-Diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine Boltz, p 92. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 101. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 225. (9), Analyst, 90 , 187, (1965). Chromium 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide Fries/Getrost, p 105. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 412. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 714. (7), West, p 12. (10) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Snell, Metals I, p 736. (7), West, p 17. (10) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethyl- West, p 17. (10), benzylammonium chloride A nal. Chim. Acta, 67 , 297, (1973). 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Hydrogen peroxide Fres. Z. Anal. Chem. , 304, 382, (1980). Cobalt Nitroso-R salt Fries/Getrost, p 118. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 454. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 953. (7) 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol Fries/Getrost, p 111. (2), Marczenko, p 246. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 947. (5) 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol Fries/Getrost, p 113. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 459. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 949. (7), West, p 45. (10) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Snell, Metals I, p 969. (7), West, p 44. (10) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Diphenylguanidine Zh. Anal. Khim. , 35, 1306, (1980). Copper Bathocuproine Fries/Getrost, p 135. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 148. (7) Bathocuproine disulfonic acid Fries/Getrost, p 137. (2), West, p 52. (10) Dithizone Marczenko, p 258. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 529. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 199. (7) Neocuproine Snell, Metals I, p 217. (5), West, p 51. (10) Cuprizone Onishi, Part IIa, p 534. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 157. (7), West, p 53. (10) 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethyl- Anal. Chim. Acta, 138, 321, (1982). benzylammonium chloride Cyanide Barbituric Acid + Pyridine Fries/Getrost, p 153. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 653. (9) Barbituric Acid + Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid Anal. Chim. Acta , 99, 197, (1978). TeamLRN8-10ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Reagents Ref. Fluoride Alizarin Fluorine blue + Lanthanum(III) ion Boltz, p 129. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 158. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 333. (9), Williams, p 354. (11) Eriochrome Cyanine R + Zirconium(IV) ion Boltz, p 119. (1), Snell, Nonmetals , p 359. (2), Williams, p 357. (10) Gallium Pyrocatechol violet + Diphenylguanidine Snell, Metals I, p 500. (7) 8-Hydroxyquinoline Onishi Pt IIa, p 582. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 505. (7) 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Snell, Metals I, p 512. (7) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Snell, Metals I, p 513. (7) Rhodamine B Marczenko, p 284. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 578. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 515. (7) Xylenol Orange Fries/Getrost, p 166. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 523. (7) Xylenol Orange + 8-Hydroxyquinoline Zh. Anal. Khim. , 26, 75, (1971). Germanium Brilliant Green + Molybdate Snell, Metals I, p 562. (7) Phenylfluorone Fries/Getrost, p 168. (2), Marczenko, p 292. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 607. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 570. (7) Gold 5-(4-Diethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine Fries/Getrost, p 173. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 631. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1516. (8) Rhodamine B Fries/Getrost, p 175. (2), Marczenko, p 301. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 637. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 513. (8) Hafnium Arsenazo III Snell, Metals II, p 1184. (8), Talanta , 19, 807, (1972). Indium Bromopyrogallol Red Snell, Metals I, p 469. (7) Chrome Azurol S Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 107, (1973). Dithizone Fries/Getrost, p 179. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 672. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) 8-Hydroxyquinoline Onishi, Part IIa, p 670. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 475. (7) 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Marczenko, p 309. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Iodide Neocuproine + Copper(II) Anal. Chim. Acta, 69, 321, (1974). Iodine Starch Boltz, p 162. (1), Marczenko, p 316. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 307. (9) Iridium Rhodamine 6G + Tin(II) Marczenko, p 323. (3) N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline Anal. Chem. , 27, 1776, (1955). Iron Bathophenanthroline Fries/Getrost, p 189. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 729. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 763. (7) Bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid Fries/Getrost, p 191. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 772. (7) 2,2 ¢-Bipyridyl Snell, Metals I, p 750. (7) Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium Snell, Metals I, p 757. (7), Coll. Czech. bromide Chem. Comm., 45 , 2656, (1980). 1,10-Phenanthroline Fries/Getrost, p 199. (2), Marczenko, p 331. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 725. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 795. (7) 1,10-Phenanthroline + Bromothymol Blue Zh. Anal. Khim. , 25, 1348, (1970). Ferrozine Onishi, Part IIa, p 730. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 783. (7) Lanthanum Arsenazo III Marczenko, p 468. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1910. (8) 8-11ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Reagents Ref. Lead Dithizone Fries/Getrost, p 207. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 824. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 2. (7), West, p 34. (10) Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate Fries/Getrost, p 214. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 27. (7) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Fries/Getrost, p 220. (2), Marczenko, p 347. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 34. (7) Lithium Thoron Onishi, Part IIa, p 863. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1726. (8), T alanta, 30 , 587, (1983). Magnesium Eriochrome Black T Fries/Getrost, p 226. (2), Marczenko, p 355. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 13. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1932. (8) 8-Hydroxyquinoline Onishi, Part IIb, p 11. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) 8-Hydroxyquinoline + Butylamine Fries/Getrost, p 228. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Titan Yellow Fries/Getrost, p 234. (2), Marczenko, p 352. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1945. (8) Xylidyl Blue Fries/Getrost, p 231. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 14. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1950. (8) Manganese Formaldoxime Fries/Getrost, p 236. (2), Marczenko, p 364. (3), Onishi Part IIb, p 38. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1010. (8) Mercury Dithizone Fries/Getrost, p 243. (2), Marczenko, p 373. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 66. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 107. (7), West, p 29. (10) Michler’s thioketone Marczenko, p 375. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 126. (7) Xylenol Orange Talanta, 16, 1023, (1969) Molybdenum Bromopyrogallol Red + Cetylpyridium chloride West, p 58. (10) Phenylfluorone Snell, Metals II , p 1311., Microchem. J. , 31, 56, (1985). Toluene-3,4-dithiol Fries/Getrost, p 251. (2), Marczenko, p 384. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 96. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1301. (8) Nickel 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Marczenko, p 397. (3), Talanta 28 , 189, (1981). Dimethylglyoxime Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Marczenko, p 393. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Dimethylglyoxime + Oxidant Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) 2,2 ¢-Furildioxime Marczenko, p 396. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 904. (7) 2-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Snell, Metals I, p 910. (7) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Snell, Metals I, p 911. (7), West, p 39. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 82, 431, (1976). Niobium N-Benzoyl- N-phenylhydroxylamine Snell, Metals II, p 1425. (8) Pyrocatechol + EDTA or 2,2 ¢Bipyridyl or Snell, Metals II, p 1-(2-thenoyl)-3,3,3,-trifluoroacetone 1427. (8)Bromopyrogallol red Marczenko, p 407. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1426. (8) Bromopyrogallol red + Cetylpyridinium chloride Talanta , 32, 189, (1985). 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Fries/Getrost, p 274. (2), Marczenko, p 406. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 160. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1447. (8) TeamLRN8-12ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Reagents Ref. Sulfochlorophenol S Onishi, Part IIb, p 161. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1430. (8) Xylenol Orange Onishi, Part IIb, p 164. (7) Nitrate Brucine Boltz, p 227. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 280. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 546. (9) Chromotropic acid Boltz, p 229. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 281. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 548. (9), Williams, p 132. (11), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 320 , 490, (1985). Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine Fries/Getrost, p 279. (2), Snell, dihydrochloride Nonmetals, p 559. (9) Nitrite Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine Boltz, p 241. (1), Snell, dihydrochlorine N onmetals, p 585. (8), A nalyst, 109 , 1281, (1984). Sulfanilic acid + 1-Naphthylamine Boltz, p 237. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 285. (2), Marczenko, p 419. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 586. (9) Osmium 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide Marczenko, p 428. (3) Palladium 2-(5 Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Talanta , 33, 939, (1986). Dithizone Marczenko, p 440. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 227. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1577. (8) 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol Fries/Getrost, p 294. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 226. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1581. (8) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Snell, Metals II, p 1583. (8) Analyst, 107, 708, (1982). Phosphate Rhodamine B + Molybdate Snell, Nonmetals , p 103. (9) Malachite Green + Molybdate Snell, Nonmetals , p 12. (9), Analyst, 108, 361, (1983). Platinum Sulfochlorophenolazorhodamine Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Talanta , 34, 87, (1987). Dithizone Fries/Getrost, p 300. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1534. (8) 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Fries/Getrost, p 302. (2), Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 1172, (1969). Rare Earths Arsenazo I Marczenko, p 470. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 785. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1857. (8) Arsenazo III Fries/Getrost, p 309. (2), Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1862. (8) Xylenol Orange Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1874. (8) Rhenium 2,2 ¢-Furildioxime Fries/Getrost, p 310. (2), Marczenko, p 481. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 288. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1659. (8) Rhodium 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Fries/Getrost, p 311. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1553. (8) Ruthenium 1,10-Phenanthroline Onishi, Part IIb, p 331. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1623. (8) Thiourea Fries/Getrost, p 318. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, 329. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1626. (8) 1,4-Diphenylthiosemicarbazide Marczenko, p 493. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 330. (8) Scandium Alizarin red S Fries/Getrost, p 319. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 360. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 536. (7) Arsenazo III Onishi, Part IIb, p 359. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 539. (7) 8-13ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Reagents Ref. Chrome Azurol S Snell, Metals I, p 551. (7), Anal. Chim. Acta, 159 , 309, (1984). Xylenol Orange Marczenko, p 501. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 357. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 547. (7) Selenium 3,3 ¢-Diaminobenzidine Boltz, p 391. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 323. (2), Marczenko, p 508. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 490. (9), West, p 4. (10). 2,3-Diaminonaphthaline Snell, Nonmetals, p 501. (9) Silver Dithizone Fries/Getrost, p 328. (2), Marczenko, p 524. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 379. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 82. (7) Eosin + 1,10-Phenanthroline Snell, Metals I, p 93. (7) Sulfate Methylthymol blue + Barium (II) Snell, Nonmetals, p 457. (9) Sulfide N,N,-Dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine Boltz, p 483. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 344. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 400. (9), Williams, p 578. (11) Sulfite Pararosaniline + Formaldehyde Boltz, p 478. (1), Marczenko, p 540. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 430. (9), Williams, p 591. (11) Tantalum Methyl Violet Marczenko, p 551. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1485. (8) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Snell, Metals II, p 1488. (8) Phenylfluorone Onishi, Part IIb, p 166. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1486. (8) Tellurium Diethyldithiocarbamate Boltz, p 402. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 348. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 533. (9), Williams, p 220. (10) Bismuthiol II Boltz, p 401. (1), Marczenko, p 557. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 524. (9) Thallium Brilliant green Fries/Getrost, p 352. (2), Marczenko, p 567. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 45. (7) Dithizone Fries/Getrost, p 355. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 54. (7) Rhodamine B Fries/Getrost, p 354. (2), Marczenko, p 566. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 424. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 63. (7) Thorium Arsenazo III Fries/Getrost, p 360. (2), Marczenko, p 575. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 460. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1820. (8) Thoron Marczenko, p 574. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 463. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 1835. (7) Xylenol Orange Snell, Metals I, p 1852. (7) Xylenol Orange + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Talanta, 26, 499, (1979). Tin Pyrocatechol violet (and + Cetyltrimethylammonium Marczenko, p 585. (3), Onishi, bromide) Part IIb, p 501. (6), Snell, M etals I, p 422. (7) Gallein Onishi, Part IIb, p 507, 510. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 432. (7) Phenylfluorone Fries/Getrost, p 368. (2), Marczenko, p 582. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 497. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 444. (7) Toluene-3,4-dithiol + Dispersant Fries/Getrost, p 366. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 502. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 427. (7) Titanium Chromotropic acid Marczenko, p 593. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 551. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1080. (8) TeamLRN8-14ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Reagents Ref. Diantipyrinylmethane Onishi, Part IIb, p 545. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1085. (8) Tiron Fries/Getrost, p 376. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 549. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1114. (8) Tungsten Pyrocatechol Violet Snell, Metals II, p 1265. (8) Tetraphenylarsonium chloride + Thiocyanate Onishi, Part IIb, p 596. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1278. (8) Toluene-3,5-dithiol Marczenko, p 605. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 590. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1267. (8) Uranium Arsenazo III Marczenko, p 611. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 627. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1356. (8) 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)diethylaminophenol Fries/Getrost, p 388. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6) Chlorophosphonazo III Snell, Metals II, p 1367. (8), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 306 , 110, (1981). 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Fries/Getrost, p 386. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1387. (8) Vanadium N-Benzoyl- N-phenylhydroxylamine Fries/Getrost, p 395. (2), Marczenko, p 625. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1196. (8) 8-Hydroxyquinoline Marczenko, p 623. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1209. (8) 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol Fries/Getrost, p 404. (23), Marczenko, p 628. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1226. (8) Yttrium Alizarin Red S Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 784. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1919. (8) Arsenazo III Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1921. (8) Xylenol Orange Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1923. (8) Zinc Dithizone Fries/Getrost, p 408. (2), Marczenko, p 637. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 708. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1042. (8) 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Marczenko, p 639. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1056. (8) Xylenol Orange Fries/Getrost, p 417. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1062. (8), Talanta, 26, 693, (1979). Zircon Fries/Getrost, p 412. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1063. (8), West, p 23. (10) Zirconium Alizarin Red S Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Marczenko, p 647. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 763. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1136. (8) Arsenazo III Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 770. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1143. (8) Pyrocatechol Violet Onishi, Part IIb, p 771. (6), Snell, Metals I I, p 1149. (8) Morin Fries/Getrost, p 424. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 765. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1158. (8) Xylenol Orange Fries/Getrost, p 419. (2), Marczenko, p 648. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 767. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1167. (8) 8-15ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) REVIEWS Sommer, L, Ackermann, G., Thorburn Burns, D., and Savvin, S. B., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2147, 1990. Sommer, L., Ackermann, G., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2323, 1990) Sommer, L., Komarek, J., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 64, 213, 1992. Savvin, S. B., Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 8, 55, 1979. MONOGRAPHS 1. Boltz, D. F., and Howell, J. A., Colorimetric Determination of Nonmetals, 2nd ed, Wiley, New York, 1978. 2. Fries, J. and Getrost, H., Organic Reagents for Trace Analysis, E Merck, Darmstadt, 1977. 3. Marczenko, Z., Separation and Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986. 4. Sandell, E. B. and Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. General Aspects, Part I, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 5. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIa: Individual Metals, Aluminium to Lithium, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1986. 6. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIb: Individual Metals, Magnesium to Zinc, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1989. 7. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 1, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 8. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 2, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 9. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Nonmetals, J. Wiley, New York, 1981. 10. West, T. S. and Nürnberg, H. W., Eds., The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 11. Williams, W. J.,, Handbook of Anion Determination, Butterworth, London, 1979. 12. Townshend, A., Burns, D. T., Guilbault, G. G., Lobinski, R., Marczenko, Z., Newman, E., and Onishi, H., Dictionary of Analytical Reagents , Chapman & Hall, London, 1993. TeamLRN8-16FLAME AND BEAD TESTS Flame Colorations Violet Potassium compounds. Purple red through blue glass. Easily obscured by sodium flame. Bluish-green through green glass. Rubidium and cesium compounds impart same flame as potassium compounds. Blues Azure — Copper chloride. Copper bromide gives azure blue followed by green. Other copper compounds give same coloration when mo istened with hydrochloric acid. Light blue — Lead, arsenic, selenium. Greens Emerald — Copper compounds except the halides, and when not moistened with hydrochloric acid. Pure green — Compounds of thallium and tellurium. Yellowish — Barium compounds. Some molybdenum compounds. Borates, especially when treated with sulfuric acid or when burned wit h alcohol. Bluish — Phosphates with sulfuric acid.Feeble — Antimony compounds. Ammonium compounds. Whitish — Zinc. Reds Carmine — Lithium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Invisible through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Scarlet — Strontium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Yellowish through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Yellowish — Calcium compounds. Greenish through blue glass. Green through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Yellow Yellow — All sodium compounds. Invisible with blue glass. Bead Tests Abbreviations employed: s = saturated; ss = supersaturated; ns = not saturated; h = hot; c = cold Borax Beads Substance Oxidizing flame Reducing flame Aluminum Colorless (h, c, ns); opaque (ss) Colorless; opaque (s) Antimony Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Gray and opaque Barium Colorless (ns) Bismuth Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Gray and opaqueCadmium Colorless Gray and opaque Calcium Colorless (ns) Cerium Red (h) Colorless (h, c)Chromium Green (c) Green Cobalt Blue (h, c) Blue (h, c) Copper Green (h); blue (c) Red (c); opaque (ss); colorless (h)Iron Yellow or brownish red (h, ns) Green (ss) Lead Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Gray and opaque Magnesium Colorless (ns)Manganese Violet (h, c) Colorless (h, c) Molybdenum Colorless Yellow or brown (h) Nickel Brown; red (c) Gray and opaqueSilicon Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless; opaque (s) Silver Colorless (ns) Gray and opaque Strontium Colorless (ns)Tin Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless; opaque (s) Titanium Colorless Yellow (h); violet (c) Tungsten Colorless BrownUranium Yellow or brownish (h, ns) Green Vanadium Colorless Green 8-17Beads of Microcosmic Salt NaNH 4HPO4 Substance Oxidizing flame Reducing flame Aluminum Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless; not clear (ss) Antimony Colorless (ns) Gray and opaque Barium Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless; not clear (ss) Bismuth Colorless (ns) Gray and opaqueCadmium Colorless (ns) Gray and opaque Calcium Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless; not clear (ss) Cerium Yellow or brownish red (h, s) ColorlessChromium Red (h, s); green (c) Green (c) Cobalt Blue (h, c) Blue (h, c) Copper Blue (c); green (h) Red and opaque (c)Iron Yellow or brown (h, s) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h) Lead Colorless (ns) Gray and opaque Magnesium Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless; not clear (ss) Manganese Violet (h, c) Colorless Molybdenum Colorless; green (h) Green (h) Nickel Yellow (c); red (h, s) Yellow (c); red (h); gray and opaqueSilver Gray and opaque Strontium Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless; not clear (ss) Tin Colorless; opaque (s) ColorlessTitanium Colorless (ns) Violet (c); yellow or brownish (h) Uranium Green; yellow or brownish Green (h) (h, s) Vanadium Yellow GreenZinc Colorless (ns) Gray and opaque Sodium Carbonate Bead Substance Oxidizing flame Reducing flame Manganese Green ColorlessFLAME AND BEAD TESTS (continued) TeamLRNIndicator pH Range Alizarin 5.6-7.2; 11.0-12.4 Alizarin Red S 4.6-6.0 Alizarin Yellow R 10.1-12.0Benzopurpurine 4B 2.2-4.2 4,4'-Bis(2-amino-1- naphthylazo)-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 3.0-4.0 4,4'-Bis(4-amino-1- naphthylazo)-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 8.0-9.0 Brilliant Yellow 6.6-7.8 Bromocresol Green 3.8-5.4Bromocresol Purple 5.2-6.8 Bromophenol Blue 3.0-4.6 Bromothymol Blue 6.0-7.6Chlorophenol Red 5.2-6.8 Clayton Yellow 12.2-13.2 Congo Red 3.0-5.0o-Cresolphthalein 8.2-9.8 Cresol Red 0.0-1.0; 7.0-8.8 Crystal Violet 0.0-1.8Curcumin (Turmaric) 7.4-8.6 p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid,sodium salt 11.4-12.6 p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 2.8-4.4 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1- naphylazo)-3- methoxybenzenesulfonic acid 3.5-4.8 2-(p-Dimethylamino- phenylazo)pyridine 0.2-1.8; 4.4-5.6 N,N-Dimethyl- p- (m-tolylazo)aniline 2.6-4.8 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2.0-4.7 2-(2,4 Dinitrophenylazo)-1- naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid, disodium salt 6.0-7.0 6,8-Dinitro-2,4- (1H)quinazolinedione 6.4-8.0ACID-BASE INDICATORS A. K. Covington The first part of this table lists some common acid-base indicators in alphabetical order along with the approximate pH range(s) at which a color change occurs. Following this is a table of the same indicators ordered by pH range, which includes the nature of the color change, instructions on preparation of the indicator solution, and the acid dissociation constant p K, when available. The color code is: C = colorless A = amber B/G = blue-green Pk = pink Y = yellow V = violet R = red B = blue P = purple O = orange REFERENCE Bishop, E., Ed., Indicators , Pergamon, Oxford, 1972. Erythrosin, disodium salt 2.2-3.6 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)- m- phenylene-diaminemonohydrochloride 4.4-5.8 Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl) ethanoate 8.4-9.6 Ethyl Orange 3.4-4.8 Ethyl Red 4.0-5.8 Ethyl Violet 0.0-2.45,5'-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt 11.4-13.0 Malachite Green 0.2-1.8Metacresol Purple 1.2-2.8; 7.4-9.0 Metanil Yellow 1.2-2.4 Methyl Green 0.2-1.8Methyl Orange 3.2-4.4 Methyl Red 4.8-6.0 Methyl Violet 0.0-1.6p-Naphtholbenzein 8.2-10.0 Neutral Red 6.8-8.0 p-Nitrophenol 5.4-6.6 m-Nitrophenol 6.8-8.6 Orange IV 1.4-2.8 Paramethyl Red 1.0-3.0Phenolphthalein 8.2-10.0 Phenol Red 6.6-8.0 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine 1.2-2.64-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine 4.0-5.6 Propyl Red 4.8-6.6 Quinaldine Red 1.4-3.2Resazurin 3.8-6.4 Resorcin Blue 4.4-6.2 Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt 3.0-4.2 Thymol Blue 1.2-2.8; 8.0-9.6 Thymolphthalein 9.4-10.64-o-Tolylazo- o-toluidine 1.4-2.8 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 12.0-14.0 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 11.5-13.0 Turmaric 7.4-8.6Indicator pH Range © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC ACID-BASE INDICATORS (continued) Color pH range change Indicator p K Preparation 0.0-1.0 R-Y Cresol Red 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.0-1.6 Y-B Methyl Violet 0.01-0.05% in water 0.0-1.8 Y-B Crystal Violet 0.02% in water 0.0-2.4 Y-B Ethyl Violet 0.1 g in 50 mL 50% v/v methanol-water0.2-1.8 Y-B/G Malachite Green 1.3 water 0.2-1.8 Y-B Methyl Green 0.1% in water 0.2-1.8 Y-R 2-( p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine 0.1% in ethanol 1.0-3.0 R-Y Paramethyl Red ethanol 1.2-2.4 R-Y Metanil Yellow 0.01% in water 1.2-2.6 R-Y 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine 0.01 g in 1 mL 1 M HCl + 50 mL ethanol + 49 mL water1.2-2.8 R-Y Thymol Blue 1.65 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 1.2-2.8 R-Y Metacresol Purple 1.51 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 1.4-2.8 R-Y Orange IV 0.01% in water1.4-2.8 O-Y 4- o-Tolylazo- o-toluidine water 1.4-3.2 C-R Quinaldine Red 2.63 1% in ethanol 2.0-4.7 C-Y 2,4-Dinitrophenol 3.96 sat. solution in water2.2-3.6 O-R Erythrosin, disodium salt 0.1% in water 2.2-4.2 V-R Benzopurpurine 4B 0.1% in water 2.6-4.8 R-Y N,N-Dimethyl- p-(m-tolylazo)aniline 0.1% in water 2.8-4.4 R-Y p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 0.1 g in 100 mL 90% v/v ethanol-water 3.0-4.0 P-R 4,4'-Bis(2-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2'- 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water stilbenedisulfonic acid 3.0-4.2 Y-B Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, 0.1% in ethanol potassium salt 3.0-4.6 Y-B Bromophenol Blue 4.10 0.1 g in 14.9 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.1 mL water3.0-5.0 B-R Congo Red 0.1% in water 3.2-4.4 R-Y Methyl Orange 3.46 0.1% in water 3.4-4.8 R-Y Ethyl Orange 4.34 0.05-0.2% in water or aqueous ethanol3.5-4.8 V-Y 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphylazo)-3- 0.1% in 60% ethanol-water methoxybenzenesulfonic acid 3.8-5.4 Y-B Bromocresol Green 4.90 0.1 g in 14.3 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.7 mL water3.8-6.4 O-V Resazurin water 4.0-5.6 R-Y 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine 0.1% in ethanol 4.0-5.8 C-R Ethyl Red 5.42 0.1 g in 100 mL 50% v/v methanol-water4.4-5.6 R-Y 2-( p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine 0.1% in ethanol 4.4-5.8 O-Y 4-( p-Ethoxyphenylazo)- m-phenylene- 0.1% in water diamine monohydrochloride 4.4-6.2 R-B Resorcin Blue 0.2% in ethanol 4.6-6.0 Y-R Alizarin Red S water 4.8-6.0 R-Y Methyl Red 5.00 0.02 g in 100 mL 60% v/v ethanol-water4.8-6.6 R-Y Propyl Red 5.48 ethanol 5.2-6.8 Y-P Bromocresol Purple 6.40 0.1 g in 18.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 231.5 mL water 5.2-6.8 Y-R Chlorophenol Red 6.25 0.1 g in 23.6 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 226.4 mL water5.4-6.6 C-Y p-Nitrophenol 7.15 0.1% in water 5.6-7.2 Y-R Alizarin 0.1% in methanol 6.0-7.0 Y-B 2-(2,4-Dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol- 0.1% in water 3,6-disulfonic acid, disodium salt 6.0-7.6 Y-B Bromothymol Blue 7.30 0.1 g in 16 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 234 mL water 6.4-8.0 C-Y 6,8-Dinitro-2,4-(1 H)quinazolinedione 25 g in 115 mL 1 M NaOH + 50 mL water at 100 °C 6.6-7.8 Y-R Brilliant Yellow 1% in water 6.6-8.0 Y-R Phenol Red 8.00 0.1 g in 28.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 221.8 mL water 6.8-8.0 R-A Neutral Red 0.01 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water6.8-8.6 C-Y m-Nitrophenol 8.28 0.3% in water 7.0-8.8 Y-R Cresol Red 8.46 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 7.4-8.6 Y-R Turmaric (Curcumin) ethanol7.4-9.0 Y-P Metacresol Purple 8.3 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRN8.0-9.0 B-R 4,4'-Bis(4-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2'- 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water stilbenedisulfonic acid 8.0-9.6 Y-B Thymol Blue 9.20 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 8.2-10.0 O-B p-Naphtholbenzein 1% in dil. alkali 8.2-10.0 C-Pk Phenolphthalein 9.5 0.5 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 8.2-9.8 C-R o-Cresolphthalein 0.04% in ethanol 8.4-9.6 C-B Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethanoate sat. solution in 50% acetone-ethanol9.4-10.6 C-B Thymolphthalein 0.04 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 10.1-12.0 Y-R Alizarin Yellow R 0.01% in water 11.0-12.4 R-P Alizarin 0.1% in methanol11.4-12.6 Y-O p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) 0.1% in water benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 11.4-13.0 B-Y 5,5'-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt water11.5-13.0 C-O 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 12.0-14.0 C-O 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 12.2-13.2 Y-A Clayton Yellow 0.1% in waterACID-BASE INDICATORS (continued) Color pH range change Indicator p K Preparation © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC FLUORESCENT INDICATORS Jack DeMent Fluorescent indicators are substances which show definite changes in fluorescence with change in pH. Some fluorescent materials are not suitable for indicators since their change in fluorescence is too gradual. Fluores - cent indicators find greatest utility in the titration of opaque, highly turbid or deeply colored solutions. A long wavelength ultraviolet ("black light") lamp in a dimly lighted room provides the best environment for titrations involving fluorescent indicators, although bright daylight is sometimes sufficient to evoke a re- sponse in the bright green, yellow and orange fluorescent indicators. Titrations are carried out in non-fluores- cent glassware. One should check the glassware prior to use to make certain that if does not fluoresce due to the wavelengths of light involved in the titration. The meniscus of the liquid in the burette can be followed when a few particles of an insoluble fluorescent solid are dropped onto its surface. In this table the indicators are arranged by approximate pH range covered. In the case of some of the dyestuffs the end point may vary slightly with the source or manufacturer. Indicator I C.I. I From pH 0.3, yellow fl. 0, blue fl. 0, yellow colored 0, yellow colored 1.5, colorless 1.2, green fl. 1.2, green fl. Benzoflavine 3,6-Dioxyphthalimide Eosine YS Erythrosine Esculin 4-Ethoxyacridone 3,6-Tetramethyldiaminooxanthone 1.7, green fl. 2.4, green fl. 3.0, yellow fl. 3.6, yellow fl. 2, blue fl. 3.2, blue fl. 3.4, blue fl. - - 768 772 - - Chromotropic acid Fluorescein Magdala Red a-Naphthylamine β-Naphthylamine Phloxine Salicylic acid 3.5, colorless 4, colorless 3.0, purple colored 3.4, colorless 2.8, colorless 3.4, colorless 2.5, colorless 4.5, blue fl. 4.5, green fl. 4.0, fl. 4.8, blue fl. 4.4, violet fl. 5.0, bright yellow fl. 3.5, blue fl. Acridine Dichlorofluorescein 3,6-Dioxyxanthone Erythrosine β-Methylesculetin Neville-Winther acid Resorufin Quininic acid Quinine [first end point] 5.1, violet colored 5.0, green fl. 7.6, blue-violet fl. 4.5, yellow-green fl. 6.2, blue fl. 6.5, blue fl. 6.4, weak orange fl. 5.0, blue fl. 6.1, violet fl. pH4to6 Acid R Phosphine Brilliant Diazo1 Yellow Cleves acid Coumaric acid 3,6-Dioxyphthalic dinitrile Magnesium 8 -hydroxyquinolinate β-Methylumbelliferone 1-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid Orcinaurine Patent Phosphine Thioflavine Umbelliferone 788 - - 772 - - - - - 4.9, green fl. 4.0, colorless 5.4, colorless 4.0, colorless 4.0, colorless 6.0, colorless 4.4, yellow fl. 4.0, yellow colored 5.0, blue fl. (claimed for range pH 6.0-7.0) 6.5, colorless 6.5, colorless 7.2, colorless 5.8, blue fl. 6.5, colorless 7.0, colorless 6.0, colorless 6.5, colorless 7.5, violet fl. 7.5, green fl. 9.0, green fl. 8.2, green fl. 7.5, golden fl. 7.5, blue fl. 6.5, blue fl. 8.0, green fl. (for the range pH 6.0-7.0, green-yellow fl.) (for the region pH 6.5-7.0, yellow fl.) 6.5, colorless I 7.6, blue fl. TeamLRN FLUORESCENT INDICATORS (Continued) pH 8 to 10 Indicator I C.1. Acridine Orange Ethoxyphenylnaphthostilbazonium chloride G Salt Naphthazol derivatives a-Naphthionic acid 2-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid β-Naphthol a-Naphtholsulfonic acid 1,4-Naphtholsulfonic acid Orcinsulfonphthalein Quinine [second end point] R-Salt Sodium 1-naphthol-2-sulfonate From pH 8.4, orange colored 9, green fl. 9.0, dull blue fl. 8.2, colorless 9, blue fl. 9.5, dark blue fl. 8.6, colorless 8.0, dark blue fl. 8.2, dark blue fl. 8.6, yellow colored 9.5, violet fl. 9.0, dull blue fl. 9.0, dark blue fl. Coumarin Eosine BN Papaverine (permanganate oxidized) Schaffers Salt SS-Acid (sodium salt) 10.4, green fl. 11, non-fl. 9.5, bright blue fl. 10.0, yellow or green fl. 11, green fl. Light blue fl. at higher pH Blue fl. at higher pH 9.0, bright violet fl. Light blue fl. at higher pH 10.0 fl. 10.0, colorless 9.5, bright blue fl. 10.0, bright violet fl. 9.8, deep green fl. 12, light green fl. 10.5, colorless 14.0, yellow fl. 9.5, yellow fl. 11.0, blue fl. 5.0, violet fl. 11.0, green-blue fl. 10.0, violet fl. 12.0, yellow colored 13.0, white fl. 13, green fl. 13, violet fl. Cotarnine a-Naphthionic acid β-Naphthionic acid - - - 12.0, yellow fl. 12, blue fl. 12, blue fl. CONVERSION FORMULAS FOR CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS A/= Weightpercentofsolute G=Molality B= Molecularweightofsolvent M=Molarity E =Molecularweightofsolute N=Molefraction F=GramsofsoluteperliterofsolutionR=Densityofsolutioningramspermilliliter Concentration of Concentrationofsolute—GIVEN solute—SOUGHTa N 6 M F A 100NxE 1006XE MXE F=NXE+C-™B 10+0xE TOR Tok 4 N E —8xG_ __BxM_____BxF___ 4,=A~BXG+ 100MB-E+100kFB-E)+100RxE ev 8 c —10004_ —10007 100M —_1000FE00=4) B-Nxs i” Toor=xE)——_Eio0oR =F)u 10RxA 1000R> 10008xG FE NXE+(-NB 10+EXG7 E WORXNXE10008XGXE Fr tur NXE+U- MB100+6xE MxE - 8-20 TeamLRN8-23ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Petr Vany ´sek There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each ta ble lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298.15 K (25 °C), and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the sy mbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction rea ctions which have E° values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing po sitive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Tabl e 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In T able 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing pot ential and range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for a ll the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figur es have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; th ey are subject to occasional revisions. Abbreviations : ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2′-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline. REFERENCES 1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials , Wiley, Chichester, 1978. 2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions , Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985. 3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 18, 1—21, 1989. TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing Reaction E°/V Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac –2.20 Ag+ + e 1 Ag 0.7996 Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ 1.980 Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)– 0.643 AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br–0.07133 AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3– 0.546 Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42– 0.4647 AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl–0.22233 AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN– –0.017 Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32– 0.47 Ag2CrO 4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO 42–0.4470 AgF + e 1 Ag + F– 0.779 Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– 0.1478 AgI + e 1 Ag + I––0.15224 AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3– 0.354 Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42– 0.4573 AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + 2 NO 2–0.564 Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH–0.342 Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH– 0.739 Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+1.9 Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+1.8 Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O 1.802 2 AgO + H 2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH–0.607 AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN–0.41 Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2– –0.691 Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S –0.0366 AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN–0.08951 Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO42– 0.3629 Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42–0.654 Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42– 0.4660 Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al –1.662 Al(OH) 3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH– –2.31Al(OH) 4– + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH––2.328 H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– –2.33 AlF63– + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F– –2.069 Am4+ + e 1 Am3+2.60 Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am –1.9 Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am –2.048 Am3+ + e 1 Am2+–2.3 As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3 –0.608 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O 0.234 HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H 2O 0.248 AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH– –0.68 H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e–1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O 0.560 AsO43– + 2 H 2O + 2 e 1 AsO 2– + 4 OH––0.71 At2 + 2 e 1 2 At– 0.3 Au+ + e 1 Au 1.692 Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+1.401 Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au 1.498 Au2+ + e –1 Au+ 1.8 AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O 1.32 AuBr2– + e 1 Au + 2 Br–0.959 AuBr4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br– 0.854 AuCl 4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl–1.002 Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au + 3 H2O 1.45 H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4– + 8 OH– –1.24 H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH––1.79 H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O –0.8698 B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4– + 3 H2O –0.481 Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba –2.912 Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) –1.570 Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH– –2.99 Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be –1.847 Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH––2.63Reaction E°/V 8-24ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone 0.6992 Bi+ + e 1 Bi 0.5 Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi 0.308 Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ 0.2 Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 –0.8 BiCl4– + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl– 0.16 Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH– –0.46 Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O 1.593 BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O 0.320 BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl– + H2O 0.1583 Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+ 1.67 Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk –1.6 Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+ –2.8 Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2 Br– 1.0873 Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2 Br– 1.066 HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br– + H 2O 1.331 HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 1.574 HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O 1.596 BrO– + H 2O + 2 e 1 Br– + 2 OH–0.761 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O 1.482 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br– + 3 H2O 1.423 BrO3– + 3 H 2O + 6 e 1 Br– + 6 OH–0.61 (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN 0.373 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O 0.330 (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS–0.77 CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH –0.199 Ca+ + e 1 Ca –3.80 Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca –2.868 Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH– –3.02 Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl 0.2800 Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) 0.2801 Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl 0.3337Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) 0.2412 Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) 0.2360 Cd 2+ + 2 e 1 Cd –0.4030 Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) –0.3521 Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH––0.809 CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42– –0.246 Cd(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH– –0.658 CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH––0.783 Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce –2.336 Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) –1.4373 Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+1.72 CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O 1.715 Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+ 3.3 Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+–1.6 Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf –1.94 Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf –2.12 Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2 Cl–1.35827 HClO + H + + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O 1.611 HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl– + H2O 1.482 ClO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl– + 2 OH–0.81 ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 1.277 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O 1.645 HClO 2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O 1.628HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl– + 2 H2O 1.570 ClO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO– + 2 OH– 0.66 ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl– + 4 OH– 0.76 ClO 2(aq) + e 1 ClO2–0.954 ClO3– + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O 1.152 ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O 1.214 ClO 3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O 1.47 ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl– + 3 H2O 1.451 ClO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2– + 2 OH– 0.33 ClO 3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl– + 6 OH– 0.62 ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3– H2O 1.189 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O 1.39 ClO 4– + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl– + 4 H2O 1.389 ClO4– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO3– + 2 OH– 0.36 Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ 3.0 Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm –2.04 Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co –0.28 Co3+ + e 1 Co2+ 1.92 [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH 3)6]2+0.108 Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH– –0.73 Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH– 0.17 Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr –0.913 Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+ –0.407 Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr –0.744 Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H 2O 1.232 CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH– –1.2 HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O 1.350 CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2H2O 1.48 Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) 1.34 CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– –0.13 Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH––1.48 Cs+ + e 1 Cs –3.026 Cu+ + e 1 Cu 0.521 Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+0.153 Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu 0.3419 Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) 0.345 Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+2.4 Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e 1 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O 2.0 Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]– 1.103 CuI2– + e 1 Cu + 2 I–0.00 Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH––0.360 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH– –0.222 2 Cu(OH) 2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O –0.080 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2 –0.013 Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy –2.2 Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy –2.295 Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+–2.6 Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er –2.0 Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er –2.331 Er3+ + e 1 Er2+–3.0 Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ –1.3 Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es –1.91 Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es –2.23 Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu –2.812 Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu –1.991Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V TeamLRN8-25ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ –0.36 F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF 3.053 F2 + 2 e 1 2 F– 2.866 F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F– 2.153 Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe –0.447 Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe –0.037 Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ 0.771 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O 2.09 HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O 2.08 HFeO 4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2.07 Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O 0.16 [Fe(CN)6]3– + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4– 0.358 FeO 42– + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2.20 [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)2]2+ 0.78 [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)3]2+ 1.03 Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH) 2 + OH––0.56 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ 1.147 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) 1.06 [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene 0.400 Fm3++ e 1 Fm2+ –1.1 Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm –1.89 Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm –2.30 Fr+ + e 1 Fr –2.9 Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga –0.549 Ga+ + e 1 Ga –0.2 GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O –0.498 H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH– –1.219 Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd –2.279 Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge 0.24 Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge 0.124 Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+0.00 GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O –0.118 H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O –0.182 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 0.00000 H2 + 2 e 1 2 H– –2.23 HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 1.495 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH––0.8277 H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O 1.776 Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf –1.55 HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H 2O –1.724 HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O –1.505 HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH– –2.50 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg 0.851 2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+ 0.920 Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg 0.7973 Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)–0.51163 Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br–0.13923 Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl– 0.26808 Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42–0.6359 Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I––0.0405 Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH– 0.123 HgO + H 2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH–0.0977 Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O 1.034 Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42– 0.6125 Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho –2.1Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho –2.33 Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ –2.8 I2 + 2 e 1 2 I– 0.5355 I3– + 2 e 1 3 I– 0.536 H3IO62– + 2 e 1 IO–3 + 3 OH– 0.7 H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 H2O 1.601 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O 1.439 HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I– + H2O 0.987 IO– + H2O + 2 e 1 I– + 2 OH– 0.485 2 IO 3– + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O 1.195 IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I– + 3 H2O 1.085 IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO– + 4 OH– 0.15 IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 IO– + 6 OH– 0.26 In+ + e 1 In –0.14 In2+ + e 1 In+ –0.40 In3+ + e 1 In2+–0.49 In3+ + 2 e 1 In+ –0.443 In3+ + 3 e 1 In –0.3382 In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH––0.99 In(OH)4– + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH– –1.007 In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH– –1.034 Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir 1.156 [IrCl6]2– + e 1 [IrCl6]3– 0.8665 [IrCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl– 0.77 Ir2O3 + 3 H 2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH–0.098 K+ + e 1 K –2.931 La3+ + 3 e 1 La –2.379 La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH––2.90 Li+ + e 1 Li –3.0401 Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr –1.96 Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu –2.28 Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ –0.1 Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md –1.65 Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md –2.40 Mg+ + e 1 Mg –2.70 Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg –2.372 Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH––2.690 Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn –1.185 Mn3+ + e 1 Mn2+ 1.5415 MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H 2O 1.224 MnO4– + e 1 MnO42– 0.558 MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O 1.679 MnO 4– + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O 1.507 MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH–0.595 MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– 0.60 Mn(OH) 2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH––1.56 Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH–0.15 Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O 1.485 Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo –0.200 MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O –0.152 H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O 0.082 MoO 3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O 0.075 N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH 0.092 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 –3.09 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+1.275Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V 8-26ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O 1.766 H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O 2.65 N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2– 0.867 N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NHO2 1.065 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O 1.035 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O 1.42 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O 1.591 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH– 0.76 HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O 0.983 2 HNO 2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 0.86 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O 1.297 NO2– + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH– –0.46 2 NO 2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22– + 4 OH– –0.18 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH– 0.15 NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O 0.934 NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H 2O 0.957 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O 0.803 NO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2– + 2 OH– 0.01 2 NO3– + 2 H 2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH––0.85 Na+ + e 1 Na –2.71 Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb –1.099 NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H 2O –0.646 NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O –0.690 NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O –0.733 Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H 2O –0.644 Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd –2.323 Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd –2.1 Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+–2.7 Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni –0.257 Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH– –0.72 NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H 2O 1.678 NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– –0.490 No3+ + e 1 No2+ 1.4 No3+ + 3 e 1 No –1.20 No2+ + 2 e 1 No –2.50 Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np –1.856 Np4+ + e 1 Np3+0.147 NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 –0.962 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2 0.695 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H 2O 1.229 O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2– + OH––0.076 O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH– –0.146 O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH–0.401 O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O 2.076 O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH– 1.24 O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O 2.421 OH + e 1 OH–2.02 HO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH– 0.878 OsO 4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O 0.838 OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O 1.02 [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+ 0.81 [Os(bipy) 3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+0.80 P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) –0.111 P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) –0.063 P + 3 H 2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH– –0.87H2P2– + e 1 P + 2 OH– –1.82 H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O –0.508 H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O –0.499 H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O –0.454 HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2– + 3 OH– –1.65 HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH– –1.71 H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O –0.276 PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32– + 3 OH– –1.05 Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa –1.34 Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa –1.49 Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ –1.9 Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb –0.1262 Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) –0.1205 PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br– –0.284 PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl– –0.2675 PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F––0.3444 PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42– –0.465 PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I– –0.365 PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH––0.580 PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O 1.455 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH– –0.537 PbO2 + H 2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH–0.247 PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O 1.6913 PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42– –0.3588 PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO 42––0.3505 Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd 0.951 [PdCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl– 0.591 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PdCl 4]2– + 2 Cl–1.288 Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH– 0.07 Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm –2.2 Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm –2.30 Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ –2.6 Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+ 0.9 Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po 0.76 Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ 3.2 Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr –2.0 Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr –2.353 Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+ –3.1 Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt 1.18 [PtCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl–0.755 [PtCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl–0.68 Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH– 0.14 PtO 3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O 1.7 PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O 1.5 PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O 1.2 PtO 2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O 1.01 PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O 1.00 Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu –2.031 Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+1.006 Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+1.099 PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 1.325 PuO 2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O 1.062 Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra –2.8 Rb+ + e 1 Rb –2.98 Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re 0.300Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V TeamLRN8-27ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O 0.510 ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O 0.2513 ReO4– + 2 H+ + e 1 ReO3 + H2O 0.768 ReO 4– + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH– –0.584 ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O 0.368 Rh+ + e 1 Rh 0.600 Rh+ + 2e1 Rh 0.600 Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh 0.758 [RhCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl– 0.431 RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O 0.83 Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru 0.455 Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ 0.2487 RuO 2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O 1.120 RuO4– + e 1 RuO42– 0.59 RuO4 + e 1 RuO4– 1.00 RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH) 22+ + 2 H 2O 1.40 RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4 H2O 1.038 [Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e–1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+ 1.24 [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e–1 [Ru(H 2O)6]2+0.23 [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e–1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ 0.10 [Ru(en)3]3+ + e –1 [Ru(en)3]2+ 0.210 [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–1 [Ru(CN) 6]4–0.86 S + 2 e 1 S2– –0.47627 S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq) 0.142 S + H2O + 2 e 1 SH– + OH––0.478 2 S + 2 e 1 S22– –0.42836 S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 0.564 S2O82– + 2 e 1 2 SO 42–2.010 S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4– 2.123 S4O62– + 2 e 1 2 S2O32– 0.08 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4– + 2 H 2O –0.056 H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O 0.449 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42– + 4 OH– –1.12 2 SO32– + 3 H 2O + 4 e 1 S2O32– + 6 OH––0.571 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O 0.172 2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62– + H2O –0.22 SO42– + H 2O + 2 e 1 SO32– + 2 OH––0.93 Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 –0.510 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O 0.152 Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H 2O 0.671 Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O 0.649 Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O 0.581 SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O 0.212 SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH––0.66 SbO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2– + 2 OH– –0.59 Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc –2.077 Se + 2 e 1 Se2––0.924 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) –0.399 H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O 0.74 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se –0.082 SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH– –0.366 SeO 42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O 1.151 SeO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32– + 2 OH–0.05 SiF62– + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F––1.24 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O –0.8SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O 0.857 SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH– –1.697 Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ –1.55 Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm –2.304 Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm –2.68 Sn2+ + 2 e 1 Sn –0.1375 Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ 0.151 Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O 0.142 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e–1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O –0.094 SnO 2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O –0.117 SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O –0.194 SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH– –0.945 HSnO 2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH– –0.909 Sn(OH)62– + 2 e 1 HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O –0.93 Sr+ + e 1 Sr –4.10 Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr –2.899 Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) –1.793 Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH– –2.88 Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H 2O –0.750 Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta –0.6 Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc 0.400 TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO 2 + 2 H 2O 0.782 Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+ 0.3 TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O 0.472 Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+3.1 Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb –2.28 Te + 2 e 1 Te2– –1.143 Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te –0.793 Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te 0.568 TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O 0.593 TeO32– + 3 H 2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH––0.57 TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O 0.472 H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O 1.02 Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th –1.899 ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O –1.789 Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH– –2.48 Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti –1.630 Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+ –0.9 TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O –0.502 Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti –1.37 TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O –0.055 Tl+ + e 1 Tl –0.336 Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) –0.3338 Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+1.252 Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl 0.741 TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br––0.658 TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl––0.5568 TlI + e 1 Tl + I– –0.752 Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH–0.02 TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH––0.34 Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH– –0.05 Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42––0.4360 Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+–2.2 Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm –2.319 Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm –2.4Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V 8-28ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) U3+ + 3 e 1 U –1.798 U4+ + e 1 U3+ –0.607 UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O 0.612 UO 22+ + e 1 UO+2 0.062 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O 0.327 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O –1.444 V2+ + 2 e 1 V –1.175 V3+ + e 1 V2+ –0.255 VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O 0.337 VO 2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O 0.991 V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O 0.957 V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O –0.242 V(OH) 4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O 1.00 V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O –0.254 [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+ 0.14 W3+ + 3 e 1 W 0.1 W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O –0.031 WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O –0.119 WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H 2O –0.090 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O 0.0362 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O –0.029 H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O 2.42 XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O 2.10 XeF + e 1 Xe + F– 3.4 Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y –2.372 Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ –1.05 Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb –2.19 Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb –2.76 Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn –0.7618 Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) –0.7628 ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– –1.215 ZnSO4 ⋅ 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O –0.7993 (Saturated ZnSO 4) ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O –0.497 Zn(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– –1.199 Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH––1.249 ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– –1.260 ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O –1.553 ZrO(OH)2 + H 2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH––2.36 Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr –1.45TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electr ode Reaction E°/V 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 0.00000 CuI2– + e 1 Cu + 2 I–0.00 Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ 0.00 NO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2– + 2 OH– 0.01 Tl2O3 + 3 H 2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH–0.02 SeO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32– + 2 OH– 0.05 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O 0.036 UO22+ + e = UO 2+0.062 Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH– 0.07 AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br– 0.07133 MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H 2O 0.075 S4O62– + 2 e 1 2 S2O32– 0.08 H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O 0.082 AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN–0.8951 N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH 0.092 HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH– 0.0977 Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH–0.098 2 NO + 2 e 1 N2O22– 0.10 [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ 0.10 W3+ + 3 e 1 W 0.1 [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+0.108 Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH– 0.123 Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge 0.124 Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br–0.13923 Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH– 0.14 [V(phen) 3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+ 0.14 S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq) 0.142Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O 0.142 Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ 0.147 Ag4[Fe(CN) 6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN) 6]4–0.1478 IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO– + 4 OH– 0.15 Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH– 0.15 2 NO2– + 3 H 2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH–0.15 Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ 0.151 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O 0.152 Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+0.153 BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl– + H2O 0.1583 BiCl4– + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl– 0.16 Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H 2O 0.16 Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH–0.17 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O 0.172 Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+0.2 [Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+0.210 SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O 0.212 AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl–0.22233 [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+0.23 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O 0.234 Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) 0.2360 Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge 0.24 Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ 0.24 Calomel electrode, saturated KCl 0.2412 PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH–0.247 HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O 0.248 Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ 0.2487Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V TeamLRN8-29ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electr ode (continued) ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O 0.2513 IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 I– + OH– 0.26 Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl– 0.26808 Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl 0.2800 Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) 0.2801 At2 + 2 e 1 2 At– 0.3 Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re 0.300 Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+ 0.3 Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi 0.308 BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O 0.320 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O 0.327 ClO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2– + 2 OH– 0.33 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O 0.330 Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl 0.3337VO 2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O 0.337 Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu 0.3419 Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH– 0.342 Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) 0.345 AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO 3–0.354 [Fe(CN)6]3– + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4– 0.358 ClO4– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO–3 + 2 OH– 0.36 Ag2SeO 3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO 32–0.3629 ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O 0.368 (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN 0.373 [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene 0.400 Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc 0.400 O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH– 0.401 AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN–0.41 [RhCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl– 0.431 Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42– 0.4470 H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H 2O 0.449 Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru 0.455 Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42– 0.4573 Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C 2O42–0.4647 Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42– 0.4660 Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32– 0.47 TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H 2O 0.472 TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O 0.472 IO– + H2O + 2 e 1 I– + 2 OH– 0.485 NiO 2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH–0.490 Bi+ + e 1 Bi 0.5 ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O 0.510 Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)–0.51163 Cu+ + e 1 Cu 0.521 I2 + 2 e 1 2 I– 0.5355 I3– + 2 e 1 3 I–0.536 AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3– 0.546 MnO4– + e 1 MnO4– 0.558 H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O 0.560 S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 0.564 AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + NO2– 0.564 Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te 0.568 Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O 0.581 RuO4– + e 1 RuO42– 0.59[PdCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl– 0.591 TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O 0.593 MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– 0.595 Rh2+ + 2 e 1 Rh 0.600 Rh+ + e 1 Rh 0.600 MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– 0.60 2 AgO + H 2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH– 0.607 BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br– + 6 OH– 0.61 UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O 0.612 Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42–0.6125 ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl– + 6 OH– 0.62 Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42– 0.6359 Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)– 0.643 Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O 0.649 Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42– 0.654 ClO2– + H 2O + 2 e 1 ClO– + 2 OH–0.66 Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O5 + 2 H2O 0.671 [PtCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 0.68 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2 0.695 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone 0.6992 H3IO62– + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 OH– 0.7 Ag2O3+ H 2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH–0.739 Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl 0.741 [PtCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl– 0.755 Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh 0.758 ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl– + 4 OH– 0.76 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH– 0.76 Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po 0.76 BrO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Br– + 2 OH– 0.761 ReO4– + 2 H+ +e1 ReO3 + H2O 0.768 (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS–0.77 [IrCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl– 0.77 Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ 0.771 AgF + e 1 Ag + F–0.779 [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)2]2+ 0.78 TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O 0.782 Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg 0.7973 Ag+ + e 1 Ag 0.7996 [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+ 0.80 2 NO 3– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O 0.803 [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+0.81 RhOH2+ + H + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O 0.83 OsO 4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O 0.838 ClO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl– + 2 OH–0.841 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg 0.851 AuBr 4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br–0.854 SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O 0.857 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + H2O 0.86 [Ru(CN) 6]3– + e–1 [Ru(CN)6]4–0.86 [IrCl6]2– + e 1 [IrCl6]3–0.8665 N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2– 0.867 HO 2– + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH– 0.878 Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+0.9 2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+ 0.920Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V 8-30ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electr ode (continued) NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O 0.934 Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd 0.951 ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2– 0.954 NO 3– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O 0.957 V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O 0.957 AuBr2– + e 1 Au + 2 Br– 0.959 HNO 2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O 0.983 HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I– + H2O 0.987 VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O 0.991 PtO 2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O 1.00 RuO4 + e 1 RuO4– 1.00 V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O 1.00 AuCl 4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl– 1.002 Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+ 1.006 PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O 1.01 OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e 1 OsO 2 + 2 H 2O 1.02 H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O 1.02 [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)3]2+ 1.03 Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H 2O 1.034 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O 1.035 RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4H2O 1.038 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen) 3]2+ (1 molar H 2SO4) 1.06 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O 1.062 N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HNO2 1.065 Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2Br–1.066 IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I– + 3 H2O 1.085 Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2Br– 1.0873 Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+1.099 Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]– 1.103 RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O 1.120 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen) 3]2+1.147 SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O 1.151 ClO3– + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O 1.152 Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir 1.156 Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt 1.18 ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3– + H2O 1.189 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H 2O 1.195 PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O 1.2 ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O 1.214 MnO 2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O 1.224 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O 1.229 Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 1.232 O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH–1.24 [Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+1.24 Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+ 1.252 N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+1.275 ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 1.277 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 1.288 2 HNO 2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O 1.297 AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O 1.32 PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H– + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 1.325 HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br– + H2O 1.331 Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) 1.34 HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O 1.350Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2Cl– 1.35827 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl– + 4 H2O 1.389 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O 1.39 No3+ + e 1 No2+ 1.4 RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O 1.40 Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+ 1.401 2 NH 3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O 1.42 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br– + 3 H2O 1.423 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O 1.439 Au(OH) 3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au– + 3 H2O 1.45 3IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl– + 3 H2O 1.451 PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O 1.455 ClO 3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O 1.47 CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2 H2O 1.48 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O 1.482 HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl– + H 2O 1.482 Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O 1.485 HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 1.495 Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au 1.498 PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O 1.5 MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O 1.507 Mn3+ + e 1 Mn2–1.5415 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl– + 2 H2O 1.570 HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 1.574 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H 2O 1.591 Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O 1.593 HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O 1.596 H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 H 2O 1.601 HClO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O 1.611 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O 1.628 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H 2O 1.645 Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+ 1.67 NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O 1.678 MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO 2 + 2 H 2O 1.679 PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O 1.6913 Au+ + e 1 Au 1.692 PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO 2 + H 2O 1.7 CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O 1.715 Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+ 1.72 N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O 1.766 H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O 1.776 Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+ 1.8 Au2+ + e–1 Au+1.8 Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O 1.802 Co3+ + e 1 Co2–(2 molar H2SO4) 1.83 Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+1.9 Co3+ + e 1 Co2+1.92 Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ 1.980 Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O 2.0 S2O82– + 2 e 1 2 SO42– 2.010 OH + e 1 OH– 2.02 HFeO 4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2.07 O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O 2.076 HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O 2.08Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V TeamLRN8-31ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electr ode (continued) 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O 2.09 XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O 2.10 S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4– 2.123 F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F– 2.153 FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2.20 Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+ 2.4 H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O 2.42 O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O 2.421 Am4+ + e 1 Am3+ 2.60H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O 2.65 F2 + 2 e 1 2 F– 2.866 Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ 3.0 F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF 3.053 Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+ 3.1 Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ 3.2 Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+ 3.3 XeF + e 1 Xe + F– 3.4 TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electr ode Reaction E°/V 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 0.00000 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2 –0.013 AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN– –0.017 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H 2O –0.029 W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O –0.031 Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S –0.0366 Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe –0.037 Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I– –0.0405 Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH– –0.05 TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H 2O –0.055 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4– + 2 H2O –0.056 P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) –0.063 O2 + H 2O + 2 e 1 HO 2– + OH––0.076 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O –0.080 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se –0.082 WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H 2O –0.090 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O –0.094 Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ –0.1 P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) –0.111 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O –0.117 GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O –0.118 WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H 2O –0.119 Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) –0.1205 Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb –0.1262 CrO 42– + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH––0.13 Sn2– + 2 e 1 Sn –0.1375 In+ + e 1 In –0.14 O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH––0.146 MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O –0.152 AgI + e 1 Ag + I– –0.15224 2 NO 2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22– + 4 OH––0.18 H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O –0.182 SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O –0.194 CO 2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH –0.199 Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo –0.200 Ga+ + e 1 Ga –0.2 2 SO 22– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62– + H2O –0.22Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH––0.222 V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O –0.242 CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42– –0.246 V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H 2O –0.254 V3+ + e 1 V2+ –0.255 Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni –0.257 PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl––0.2675 H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O –0.276 Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co –0.28 PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br––0.284 Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) –0.3338 Tl+ + e 1 Tl –0.336 In3+ + 3 e 1 In –0.3382 TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH– –0.34 PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F– –0.3444 PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO 42––0.3505 Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) –0.3521 PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42– –0.3588 Cu2O + H 2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH––0.360 Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ –0.36 PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I– –0.365 SeO32– + 3 H 2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH––0.366 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) –0.399 In2+ + e 1 In+ –0.40 Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd –0.4030 Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+–0.407 2 S + 2 e 1 S22– –0.42836 Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42––0.4360 In3+ + 2 e 1 In+–0.443 Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe –0.447 H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O –0.454 Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH––0.46 NO2– + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH –0.46 PbHPO 4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42––0.465 S + 2 e 1 S2––0.47627 S + H2O + 2 e 1 HS– + OH––0.478 B(OH) 3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4– + 3 H2O –0.481Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V 8-32ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electr ode (continued) In3+ + e 1 In2+ –0.49 ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O –0.497 GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O –0.498 H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O –0.499 TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O –0.502 H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O –0.508 Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 –0.510 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH– –0.537 Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga –0.549 TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl– –0.5568 Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH– –0.56 TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH– –0.57 2 SO 32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32– + 6 OH– –0.571 PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH– –0.580 ReO2– + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH– –0.584 SbO3– + H 2O + 2 e 1 SbO 2– + 2 OH––0.59 Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta –0.6 U4+ + e 1 U3+ –0.607 As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH 3 –0.608 Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O –0.644 NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O –0.646 Cd(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH––0.658 TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br– –0.658 SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH– –0.66 AsO2– + 2 H 2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH––0.68 NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O –0.690 Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2– –0.691 AsO43– + 2 H 2O + 2 e 1 AsO 2– + 4 OH––0.71 Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH– –0.72 Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH– –0.73 NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H 2O –0.733 H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O –0.74 Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr –0.744 Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H 2O –0.750 TlI + e 1 Tl + I– –0.752 Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn –0.7618 Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) –0.7628 CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH– –0.783 Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te –0.793 ZnSO 4.7H2O + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O–0.7993 (Saturated ZnSO4) Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 –0.8 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O –0.8 Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH––0.809 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH– –0.8277 2 NO–3 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH––0.85 H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O –0.8698 P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH– –0.87 Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+–0.9 HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH––0.909 Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr –0.913 Se + 2 e 1 Se2– –0.924 SO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32– + 2 OH––0.93 Sn(OH)62– + 2 e 1 HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O –0.93SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH– –0.945 In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH– –0.99 NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 –0.962 In(OH) 4– + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH– –1.007 In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH– –1.034 PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32– + 3 OH– –1.05 Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ –1.05 Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb –1.099 Fm3+ + e 1 Fm2+ –1.1 2 SO 32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42– + 4 OH– –1.12 Te + 2 e 1 Te2– –1.143 V2+ + 2 e 1 V –1.175 Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn –1.185 Zn(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– –1.199 CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH– –1.2 No3+ + 3 e 1 No –1.20 ZnO2– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– –1.215 H2GaO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH– –1.219 H2BO 3– + 5 H 2O + 8 e 1 BH 4– + 8 OH––1.24 SiF62– + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F– –1.24 Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– –1.249 ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH––1.260 Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ –1.3 Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa –1.34 Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti –1.37 Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) –1.4373 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O –1.444 Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr –1.45 Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH– –1.48 Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa –1.49 HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H 2O –1.505 Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf –1.55 Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ –1.55 ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H 2O –1.553 Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH– –1.56 Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) –1.570 Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk –1.6 Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+ –1.6 Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti –1.630 Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md –1.65 HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2– + 3 OH––1.65 Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al –1.662 SiO 32– + H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH––1.697 HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH––1.71 HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O –1.724 ThO 2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O –1.789 H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH––1.79 Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) –1.793 U3+ + 3 e 1 U –1.798 H2PO–2 + e 1 P + 2 OH––1.82 Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be –1.847 Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np –1.856 Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm –1.89 Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th –1.899Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V TeamLRN8-33ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electr ode (continued) Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am –1.9 Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ –1.9 Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es –1.91 Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf –1.94 Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr –1.96 Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu –1.991 Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er –2.0 Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr –2.0 Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu –2.031 Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm –2.04 Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am –2.048 AlF63– + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F– –2.069 Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc –2.077 Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho –2.1 Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd –2.1 Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf –2.12 Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb –2.19 Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac –2.20 Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy –2.2 Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+ –2.2 Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm –2.2 Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es –2.23 H2 + 2 e 1 2 H– –2.23 Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd –2.279 Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb –2.28 Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu –2.28 Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy –2.295 Am3+ + e 1 Am2+–2.3 Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm –2.30 Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm –2.30 Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm –2.304 Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH– –2.31 Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm –2.319 Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd –2.323 Al(OH)– + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– –2.328 H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– –2.33 Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho –2.33 Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er –2.331 Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce –2.336 Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr –2.353ZrO(OH) 2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH– –2.36 Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg –2.372 Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y –2.372 La3+ + 3 e 1 La –2.379 Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm –2.4 Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md –2.40 Th(OH) 4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH– –2.48 HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH– –2.50 No2+ + 2 e 1 No –2.50 Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+ –2.6 Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ –2.6 Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH– –2.63 Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm –2.68 Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH– –2.690 Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+ –2.7 Mg+ + e 1 Mg –2.70 Na+ + e 1 Na –2.71 Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb –2.76 Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+–2.8 Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ –2.8 Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra –2.8 Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu –2.812 Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca –2.868 Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH– –2.88 Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr –2.899 Fr+ + e 1 Fr –2.9 La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH– –2.90 Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba –2.912 K+ + e 1 K –2.931 Rb+ + e 1 Rb –2.98 Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH––2.99 Er3+ + e 1 Er2+ –3.0 Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH– –3.02 Cs+ + e 1 Cs –3.026 Li+ + e 1 Li –3.0401 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 –3.09 Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+–3.1 Ca+ + e 1 Ca –3.80 Sr+ + e 1 Sr –4.10Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V © 2000 CRC Press LLCREDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS Petr Vanysek There are two tables for ion radicals. The first table lists reduction potentials for organic compounds which produce anion rad icals during reduction, a process described as A + e– 1 A–⋅. The second table lists oxidation potentials for organic compounds which produce cation radicals during oxidation, a process described as A 1 A+⋅ + e–. To obtain reduction potential for a reverse reaction, the sign for the potential is changed. Unlike the table of the Electrochemical Series, which lists standard potentials, values for radicals are experimental values with experimental conditions given in the second column. Since the measurements leading to potentials for ion radicals are very dependent on cond itions, an attempt to report standard potentials for radicals would serve no useful purpose. For the same reason, the potentials are also reported as experimental values, usually a half-wave potential ( E1/2 in polarography) or a peak potential ( Ep in cyclic voltammetry). Unless otherwise stated, the values are reported vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode). To obtain a value vs. normal hydrogen electrode, 0.241 V has to be added to the SCE valu es. All the ion radicals chosen for inclusion in the tables result from electrochemically reversible reactions. More detailed data on ion radicals can b e found in the Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of Elements, (A. J. Bard, Ed.), Vol. XI and XII in particular, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978. Abbreviations are: CV — cyclic voltammetry; DMF — N,N-Dimethylformamide; E swp — potential sweep; E° — standard potential; Ep — peak potential; Ep/2 — half-peak potential; E1/2 — half wave potential; M — mol/L; MeCN — acetonitrile; pol — polarography; rot Pt dsk — rotated Pt disk; SCE — saturated calomel electrode; TBABF 4 — tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate; TBAI — tetrabutylammonium iodide; TBAP — tetrabutylammonium perchlorate; TEABr — tetraethylammonium bromide; TEAP — tetraethylammonium perchlorate; THF — tetrahydrofura n; TPACF3SO3 — tetrapropylammonium trifluoromethanesulfite; TPAP — tetrapropylammonium perchlorate; and wr — wire. Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals) Potential Substance Conditions/electrode/technique V (vs. SCE) Acetone DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.84 1-Naphthyphenylacetylene DMF, 0.03 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.91 1-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde -/Hg/pol E1/2 = –0.91 2-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde -/Hg/pol E1/2 = –0.96 2-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde -/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.00 3-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde -/Hg/pol E1/2 = –0.94 9-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde -/Hg/pol E1/2 = –0.83 1-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde -/Hg/pol E1/2 = –0.75 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde -/Hg/pol E1/2 = –0.76 2-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde -/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.00 Anthracene DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV Ep = –2.00 DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.93 MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV E1/2 = –2.07 DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.92 9,10-Dimethylanthracene DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV Ep = –2.08 MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV Ep = –2.10 1-Phenylanthracene DMF, 0.5 M TBABF2/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.91 DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.878 2-Phenylanthracene DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.875 8-Phenylanthracene DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.91 9-Phenylanthracene DMF, 0.5 M TBABF 4/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.93 DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.863 1,8-Diphenylanthracene DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.88 1,9-Diphenylanthracene DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.846 1,10-Diphenylanthracene DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.786 8,9-Diphenylanthracene DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.90 9,10-Diphenylanthracene MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp E1/2 = –1.83 DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.835 1,8,9-Triphenylanthracene DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.85 1,8,10-Triphenylanthracene DMF, 0.5 M TBABF 4/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.81 9,10-Dibiphenylanthracene MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp E1/2 = –1.94 Benz(a)anthracene MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV E1/2 = –2.11 MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.40a Azulene DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.10c Annulene DMF, 0.5 M TBAP 0°C/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.23 Benzaldehyde DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.67 Benzil DMSO, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.04´ TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCREDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS (continued) Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals) (continued) Potential Substance Conditions/electrode/technique V (vs. SCE) Benzophenone -/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.80 DMF/Pt dsk/CV E° = –1.72 Chrysene MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.73a Fluoranthrene DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV Ep = –1.76 Cyclohexanone DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.79 5,5-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one DMF, 0.5 M/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.71 1,2,3-Indanetrione hydrate (ninhydrin) DMF, 0.2 M NaNO3/Hg/pol E1/2 = –0.039 Naphthacene DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.53 Naphthalene DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV Ep = –2.55 DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV E1/2 = –2.56 DMF, MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV E1/2 = –2.63 DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.50 1-Phenylnaphthalene DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV E1/2 = –2.36 1,2-Diphenylnaphthalene DMF, 0.5 M TBABF 4/Hg/CV E1/2 = –2.25 Cyclopentanone DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.82 Phenanthrene MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt wr/CV E1/2 = –2.47 MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.88a Pentacene THF, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt dsk/E swp E1/2 = –1.40 Perylene MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.73 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione DMSO, 0.2 M TBAP/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.42 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1,3 propanedione DMSO, TBAP/Hg/CV E1/2 = –1.80 Pyrene DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV Ep = –2.14 MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.49a Diphenylsulfone DMF, TEABr E1/2 = –2.16 Triphenylene MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.87a 9,10-Anthraquinone DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20 °/Pt dsk/CV E1/2 = –1.01 1,4-Benzoquinone MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV Ep = –0.54 1,4-Naphthohydroquinone, dipotassium salt DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20 °/Pt dsk/CV E1/2 = –1.55 Rubrene DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV Ep = –1.48 DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.410 Benzocyclooctatetraene THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.13 sym-Dibenzocyclooctatetraene THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.29 Ubiquinone-6 MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV Ep = –1.05e (9-Phenyl-fluorenyl)+10.2 M H2SO4/Hg/CV Ep = –0.01b (Triphenylcyclopropenyl)+MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV Ep = –1.87 (Triphenylmethyl)+ MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = 0.27 H2SO4, 10.2 M/Hg/CV Ep = –0.58b (Tribiphenylmethyl)+MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = 0.19 (Tri-4-t-butyl-5-phenylmethyl)+ MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = 0.13 (Tri-4-isopropylphenylmethyl)+MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = 0.07 (Tri-4-methylphenylmethyl)+MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = 0.05 (Tri-4-cyclopropylphenylmethyl)+ MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = 0.01 (Tropylium)+MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol E1/2 = –0.17 DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.55 DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.55 DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.57 DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.60 DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.87 DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –1.96 DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol E1/2 = –2.05 © 2000 CRC Press LLCREDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS (continued) Oxidation Potentials (Products are Cation Radicals) Potential Substance Conditions/electrode/technique V (vs. SCE) Anthracene CH 2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt dsk/CV Ep = +0.73d 9,10-Dimethylanthracene MeCN, 0.1 M LiClO4/Pt wr/CV Ep = +1.0 9,10-Dipropylanthracene MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV Ep = +1.08 1,8-Diphenylanthracene CH 2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp E1/2 = +1.34 8,9-Diphenylanthracene CH 2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp E1/2 = +1.30 9,10-Diphenylanthracene MeCN/Pt/CV Ep = +1.22 Perylene MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV Ep = +1.34 Pyrene DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV Ep = +1.25 Rubrene DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV Ep = +1.10 Tetracene CH 2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt wr/CV Ep = +0.35d 1,4-Dithiabenzene MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot E1/2 = +0.69 1,4-Dithianaphthalene MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot E1/2 = +0.80 Thianthrene 0.1 M TPAP/Pt/CV E1/2 = +1.28 a vs 0.01 M Ag/AgClO4 b vs. Hg/Hg2SO4, 17 M H2SO4 c vs Hg pool d vs Ag/saturated AgNO3 e vs Ag/0.01 M Ag+ TeamLRN 8- 37 pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS A.K. Covington A Working Party of IUPAC, after extensive considerations over five years, has recently produced a report (1) which sets pH firmly within the International System of Units (SI). A summary of these important developments is given below. The concept of pH is unique amongst the commonly encountered physicochemical quantities in that, in terms of its de finition, pH = − lg a H (1) it involves a single ion quantity, the activity of the hydrogen ion, which is immeasurable by any thermodynamically valid metho d and requires a convention for its evaluation. pH was originally de fined by Sørensen (2) in terms of the concentration of hydrogen ions (in modern nomenclature) as pH = − lg (c H /c o ) where c H is the hydrogen ion concentration in mol dm -3 , and c o = 1 mol dm -3 is the standard amount concentration. Subsequently (3), it was accepted as more satisfactory to de fine pH in terms of the relative activity of hydrogen ions in solution pH = − lg a H = − lg ( m H γ H / m o ) (2) where a H is the relative (molality basis) activity and g H is the molal activity coef ficient of the hydrogen ion H + at the molality m H , and m o the stan- dard molality. The quantity pH is intended to be a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions in solution. However, since it is d efined in terms of a quantity that cannot be measured by a thermodynamically valid method, eqn.(2) can only be considered a notional de finition of pH. pH being a single ion quantity, it is not determinable in terms of a fundamental (or base) unit of any measurement system, and there is dif ficulty providing a proper basis for the traceability of pH measurements. A satisfactory approach is now available in that pH determina tions can be incor- porated into the International System (SI) if they can be traced to measurements made using a method that ful fils the de finition of a ’primary method of measurement’ (4). The essential feature of a primary method is that it must operate according to a well-de fined measurement equation in which all of the variables can be determined experimentally in terms of SI units. Any limitation in the determination of the experimental variables, or in the theory, must be included within the estimated uncertainty of the method if traceability to the SI is to be established. If a convention were used without an estimate of its uncertainty, true traceability to SI would not be established. The electrochemical cell without liquid junction, known as the Harned cell (5), fulfils the de finition of a primary method for the measurement of the acidity function, p( a H γ Cl ), and subsequently of the pH of buffer solutions. The Harned cell is written as Pt | H 2 | buffer S, Cl - | AgCl | Ag Cell I and contains a standard buffer, S, with chloride ions, as potassium or sodium chloride, added in order to use the silver-silver chloride electrode as reference electrode. The application of the Nernst equation to the spontaneous cell reaction of Cell I: 1 / 2 H 2 + AgCl → Ag(s) + H + + Cl - yields the potential difference E I of the cell (corrected to 1 atm (101.325 kPa), the partial pressure of hydrogen gas used in electrochemistry in pref- erence to 100 kPa) as E I = E o – ( RT /F )ln 10 lg [( m H γ H / m o )( m Cl γ Cl / m o )] (3) which can be rearranged, since a H = m H γ H / m o , to give the acidity function p( a H γ Cl ) = − lg( a H γ Cl ) = ( E I – E o )/[( RT / F )ln10] + lg( m Cl / m o ) (4) where E o is the standard potential difference of the cell, and hence of the silver-silver chloride electrode, and γ Cl is the activity coef ficient of the chloride ion. The standard potential difference of the silver/silver chloride electrode, E o , is determined from a Harned cell in which only HCl is present at a fixed molality (e.g. m = 0.01 mol kg -1 ) Pt | H 2 | HCl ( m )| AgCl | Ag Cell Ia The application of the Nernst equation to the HCl cell (Ia) gives E Ia = E o – (2 RT /F )ln 10 lg[( m HCl / m o )( γ ±HCl )] (5) where E Ia has been corrected to 1 atmosphere partial pressure of hydrogen gas (101.325 kPa) and γ ±HCl is the mean ionic activity coef ficient of HCl. Values of the activity coef ficient ( γ ±HCl ) at molality 0.01 mol kg -1 and various temperatures were given by Bates and Robinson (6). The standard potential difference depends on the method of preparation of the electrodes, but individual determinations of the activity coef ficient of HCl at 0.01 mol kg -1 are more uniform than values of E o . Hence the practical determination of the potential difference of the cell with HCl at 0.01 mol kg -1 is 8- 38 pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) recommended at 298.15 K at which the mean ionic activity coef ficient is 0.904. (It is unnecessary to repeat the measurement of E o at other temper- atures but simply to correct published smoothed values by the observed difference in E 0 at 298.15 K). In national metrology institutes (NMIs), measurements of Cells I and Ia are often done simultaneously in a thermostat bath. Subtracting eqn.(5) from (3) gives ∆ E = E I - E Ia = − ( RT /F )ln 10{lg[( m H γ H / m o )( m Cl γ Cl / m o )] − lg[( m HCl / m o ) 2 γ 2 ±HCl ]} (6) which is independent of the standard potential difference. Therefore, the subsequently calculated pH does not depend on the standard potential dif- ference and hence does not depend on the assumption that the standard potential of the hydrogen electrode is zero at all temper atures. Therefore, the Harned cell gives an exact comparison between hydrogen ion activities at different temperatures. The quantity p( a H γ Cl ) = − lg ( a H γ Cl ), on the left hand side of (4), is called the acidity function (5). To obtain the quantity pH according to eqn. (2) from the acidity function, it is necessary to evaluate lg g Cl independently. This is done in two steps: (i) the value of lg ( a H γ Cl ) at zero chloride mola- lity, lg ( a H γ Cl ) o , is evaluated and (ii) a value for the activity of the chloride ion γ o Cl , at zero chloride molality (sometimes referred to as the limiting or ‘trace’ activity coef ficient) is calculated using the Bates-Guggenheim convention (7). The value of lg ( a H γ Cl ) o corresponding to zero chloride molality is determined by linear extrapolation of measurements using Harned cells with at least three added molalities of sodiu m or potassium chloride ( I < 0.1 mol kg -1 ). The value of lg ( a H γCl)o corresponding to zero chloride molality is determined by linear extrapolation of measurements using Harned cells with at least three added molalities of sodium or potassium chloride ( I < 0.1 mol kg-1) in accord with eqn. (7): − lg (aHγCl) = − lg (aHγCl)o + SmCl (7) where S is an empirical, temperature dependent, constant. The Bates-Guggenheim convention (7) assumes that the trace activity coef ficient of the chloride ion γo Cl is given by lg γo Cl = − A I1/2 / ( 1 + Ba I1/2) (8) where A is the Debye-Hückel temperature dependent constant (limiting slope), a is the mean distance of closest approach of the ions (ion size parame- ter), Ba is set equal to 1.5 (mol kg-1)-1/2 at all temperatures in the range 5-50 o C, and I is the ionic strength of the buffer (which for its evaluation requires knowledge of appropriate acid dissociation constants). The various stages in the assignment of primary standard pH values are combined in eqn. (9), which is derived from eqns. (4), ( 5) and (8) pH(PS) = lim mCl → 0 {(EI – Eo)/[(RT /F)ln 10] + lg ( mCl/mo)} − AI1/2 /[1 + 1.5 ( I/mo)1/2] (9) In order for a particular buffer solution to be considered a primary buffer solution, it must be of the “highest metrological” quality (4) in accor- dance with the de finition of a primary standard. It is recommended that it have the following attributes (9): 1. High buffer value in the range 0.016-0.07 (mol OH–)/pH. 2. Small dilution value at half concentration (change in pH with change in buffer concentration) in the range 0.01-0.20. 3. Small dependence of pH on temperature less than ± 0.01 K-1. 4. Low residual liquid junction potential < 0.01 in pH. 5. Ionic strength ≤ 0.1 mol kg-1 to permit applicability of Bates-Guggenheim convention. 6. NMI certi ficate for speci fic batch. 7. Reproducible purity of preparation (lot to lot differences of | ∆pH(PS)| < 0.003). 8. Long term stability of stored solid material. Values for the above and other important parameters for the primary and secondary buffer materials are given in Table 1. Primary Standard Buffers. As there can be signi ficant variations in the purity of samples of a buffer of the same nominal chemical composition, it is essential that the pri- mary buffer material used has been certi fied with values that have been measured with Cell I. The Harned cell is used by many national metrologi- cal institutes for accurate measurements of pH of buffer solutions. Typical values of the pH(PS) of the seven solutions from the six accepted primary standard reference buffers, which meet the co nditions stated above, are listed in T able 2. Batch-to-batch variations in purity can result in changes in the pH value of samples of at most 0.003. The typical values in Ta ble 2 should not be used in place of the certi fied value (from a Harned cell measurement) for a speci fic batch of buffer material. The required attributes listed above effectively limit the range of primary buffers available to between pH 3 and 10 (at 25 oC). Calcium hydroxide and potassium tetraoxalate are excluded because the contribution of hydroxide or hydrogen ions to the ionic strength is signi ficant. Also excluded are the nitrogen bases of the type BH+ (such as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and piperazine phosphate) and the zwitterionic buffers (e.g. HEPES and MOPS (10)). These do not comply because either the Bates-Guggenheim convention is not applicable, or the liquid junct ion potentials are high. This means the choice of primary standards is restricted to buffers derived from oxy-carbon, -phosphorus, -boron and mono, di- and tri- protic carboxylic acids. The uncertainties (11) associated with Harned cell measurements are calculated (1) to be 0.004 in pH at NMIs, with typi- cal variation between batches of primary standard buffers of 0.003. TeamLRN8-39pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) Secondary Standards Substances that do not ful fil all the criteria for primary standards, but to which pH values can be assigned using Cell I are considered to be sec- ondary standards (Table 3). Reasons for their exclusion as primary standards include dif ficulties in achieving consistent and suitable chemical qual- ity (e.g. acetic acid is a liquid), suspected high liquid junction potential, or inappropriateness of the Bates-Guggenheim conv ention (e.g. other charge-type buffers). The uncertainty is higher (e.g. 0.01) for biological buffers. Certain other substances, which cannot be used in cells contain- ing hydrogen gas electrodes, are also classed as secondary standards. Calibration Procedures (a) One-point calibration A single point calibration is insuf ficient to determine both slope and one-point parameters. The theoretical value for the slope can be assumed but the practical slope may be up to 5% lower. Alternatively, a value for the practical slope can be assumed from the man- ufacturer’s prior calibration. The one-point calibration therefore yields only an estimate of pH(X). Since both parameters may change with age of the electrodes, this is not a reliable procedure. (b) Two-point calibration [target uncertainty: 0.02-0.03 at 25 oC] In the majority of practical applications, glass electrodes cells are calibrated by a two-point calibration, or bracketing, pro cedure using two standard buffer solutions, with pH values, pH(S 1) and pH(S 2), bracketing the unknown pH(X). Bracketing is often taken to mean that the pH(S1) and pH(S2) buffers selected from Table 2 should be those that are immediately above and below pH(X). This may not be appropriate in all situations and choice of a wider range may be better. (c) Multi-point calibration [target uncertainty: 0.01-0.03 at 25 oC]. Multi-point calibration is carried out using up to five standard buffers . The use of more than five points yields no signi ficant improvement in the statistical information obtainable. Details of uncertainty computations (11) have been given (1). Measurement of pH and choice of pH Standard Solutions 1a) If pH is not required to better than ±0.05 any pH standard solution may be selected. 1b) If pH is required to ±0.002 and interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration or activity is desired, choose a standard solu- tion, pH(PS), to match X as closely as possible in terms of pH, composition and ionic strength. 2) Alternatively, a bracketing procedure may be adopted whereby two standard solutions are chosen whose pH values, pH(S1), pH(S2 ) are on either side of pH(X). Then if the corresponding potential difference measurements are E(S1), E(S2), E(X), then pH(X) is obtained from pH(X) = pH(S1) + [ E(X) - E(S1)]/ % k where % k = 100[ E(S2) - E(S1)]/[pH(S2) - pH(S1)] is the apparent percentage slope. This procedure is very easily done on some pH meters simply by adjusting downwards the slope factor control with the electrodes in S2. The purpose of the bracketing pro ce- dure is to compensate for de ficiencies in the electrodes and measuring system. Information to be given about the measurement of pH(X) The standard solutions selected for calibration of the pH meter system should be reported with the measurement as follows: System calibrated with pH(S) = .... at ...K. System calibrated with two primary standards, pH(PS1) =.... and pH(PS2) =....at ....K. System calibrated with n standards, pH(S1) =.... , pH(S2) =.... etc. at ....K. Interpretation of pH(X) in terms of hydrogen ion concentration The de fined pH has no simple interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration but the mean ionic activity coef ficient of a typical 1:1 elec- trolyte can be used to obtain hydrogen ion concentration subject to an uncertainty of 3.9% in concentration, corresponding to 0 .02 in pH. REFERENCES 1. R.P. Buck, S. Rondinini, A.K. Covington, F.G.K. Baucke, C.M.A. Brett, M.F.C. Camoes, M.J.T. Milton, T. Mussini, R. Naumann, K .W. Pratt, P. Spitzer, and G.S. Wilson, Pure Appl. Chem., 74, 2105, 2002. 2. S.P.L.Sørensen, Comp. Rend.Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 8, 1, 1909. 8-40pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) 3. S.P.L.Sørensen and K.L.Linderstrøm-Lang , Comp. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg , 15, 1924. 4. BIPM, Com. Cons . Quantité de Matière 4, 1998. See also M.J.T. Milton and T.J. Quinn, Metrologia 38, 289, 2001. 5.H.S. Harned and B.B. Owen, The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions , Ch 14, Reinhold, New York, 1958. 6. R.G. Bates and R.A. Robinson, J. Soln. Chem . 9, 455, 1980. 7. R.G. Bates and E.A. Guggenheim , Pure Appl. Chem. 1, 163, 1960. 8.International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), Beuth, Berlin, 2nd. Edn. 1994. 9. R.G.Bates, Determination of pH , Wiley, New York, 1973. 10. N.E. Good et al., Biochem. J. 5, 467, 1966. 11.Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty (GUM), BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, 1993. TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF USEFUL PROPERTIES OF SOME PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STANDARD BUFFER SUBSTANCES AND SOLUTIONS. Salt or Solid Substance FormulaMolality/ mol kg-1Molar mass/ g mol–1 Density/ g/mLAmount conc. at 20oC/ mol dm–3Mass/g to make 1 dm3Dilution value ∆∆∆∆pH1111////2222Buffer value (ββββ)/ mol OH– dm-3pH Temperature coefficient/ K–1 Potassium tetroxalate dihydrateKH3C4O8⋅2H2O0.1 254.191 1.0091 0.09875 25.101 Potassium tetraoxalate dihydrateKH3C4O8⋅2H2O0.05 254.191 1.0032 0.04965 12.620 0.186 0.070 0.001 Potassium hydrogen tartrate (sat at 25°C)KHC4H4O6 0.0341 188.18 1.0036 0.034 6.4 0.049 0.027 - 0.0014 Potassium dihydrogen citrateKH2C6H5O7 0.05 230.22 1.0029 0.04958 11.41 0.024 0.034 - 0.022 Potassium hydrogen phthalateKHC8H4O4 0.05 204.44 1.0017 0.04958 10.12 0.052 0.016 0.00012 Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate +Na2HPO4 0.025 141.958 1.0038 0.02492 3.5379 0.080 0.029 - 0.0028 potassium dihydrogen orthophosphateKH2PO4 0.025 136.085 3.3912 Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate +Na2HPO4 0.03043 141.959 1.0020 0.08665 4.302 0.07 0.016 - 0.0028 potassium dihydrogen orthophosphateKH2PO4 0.00869 136.085 0.03032 1.179 Disodium tetraborate decahydrateNa2B4O7⋅10H2O0.05 381.367 1.0075 0.04985 19.012 Disodium tetraborate decahydrateNa2B4O7⋅10H2O0.01 381.367 1.0001 0.00998 3.806 0.01 0.020 - 0.0082 Sodium hydrogen carbonate +NaHCO3 0.025 84.01 1.0013 0.02492 2.092 0.079 0.029 -0.0096 sodium carbonate Na2CO3 0.025 105.99 2.640 Calcium hydroxide (sat. at 25°C)Ca(OH)2 0.0203 74.09 0.9991 0.02025 1.5 -0.28 0.09 -0.033 TeamLRN8-41pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) TABLE 2. TYPICAL VALUES OF pH(PS) FOR PRIMARY STANDARDS AT 0–50°C . TABLE 3. VALUES OF pH(SS) OF SOME SECONDARY STANDARDS FROM HARNED CELL I MEASUREMENTS.Primary Standards (PS)Temperature in °C 05 1 0 15 20 25 30 35 37 40 50 Sat. potassium hydrogen tartrate (at 25°C)3.557 3.552 3.549 3.548 3.547 3.549 0.05 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen citrate3.863 3.840 3.820 3.802 3.788 3.776 3.766 3.759 3.756 3.754 3.749 0.05 mol kg-1 potassium hydrogen phthalate4.000 3.998 3.997 3.998 4.000 4.005 4.011 4.018 4.022 4.027 4.050 0.025 mol kg-1 disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.025 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate6.984 6.951 6.923 6.900 6.881 6.865 6.853 6.844 6.841 6.838 6.833 0.03043 mol kg-1 disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.008695 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate7.534 7.500 7.472 7.448 7.429 7.413 7.400 7.389 7.386 7.380 7.367 0.01 mol kg-1 disodium tetraborate 9.464 9.395 9.332 9.276 9.225 9.180 9.139 9.102 9.088 9.068 9.011 0.025 mol kg-1 sodium hydrogen carbonate + 0.025 mol kg-1 sodium carbonate10.317 10.245 10.179 10.118 10.062 10.012 9.966 9.926 9.910 9.889 9.828 Temperature in °C Secondary Standards 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 37 40 50 0.05 mol kg-1 potassium tetroxalatea 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.71 0.05 mol kg-1 sodium hydrogen diglycolateb 3.47 3.47 3.48 3.48 3.49 3.50 3.52 3.53 3.56 0.1 mol dm-3 acetic acid + 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium acetate4.68 4.67 4.67 4.66 4.66 4.65 4.65 4.66 4.66 4.68 mol dm-3 acetic acid + 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium acetate4.74 4.73 4.73 4.72 4.72 4.72 4.72 4.73 4.73 4.75 0.02 mol kg-1 piperazine phosphate c6.58 6.51 6.45 6.39 6.34 6.29 6.24 6.16 6.14 6.06 0.05 mol kg-1 tris hydrochloride + 0.01667 mol kg- 1 tris c 8.47 8.30 8.14 7.99 7.84 7.70 7.56 7.38 7.31 7.07 0.05 mol kg-1 disodium tetraborate 9.51 9.43 9.36 9.30 9.25 9.19 9.15 9.09 9.07 9.01 Saturated (at 25 oC) calcium hydroxide 13.42 13.21 13.00 12.81 12.63 12.45 12.29 12.07 11.98 11.71 aPotassium trihydrogen dioxalate (KH3C4O8) bSodium hydrogen 2,2’-oxydiacetate c2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3 propanediol or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane 8-41PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS A. K. Covington and W. Davison (1) Dilute solutions and freshwater including ‘acid-rain’ samples ( I < 0.02 mol kg-1) Major problems could be encountered due to errors associated with the liquid junction. It is recommended that either a free dif fusion junction is used or it is verified that the junction is working correctly using dilute solutions as follows. For commercial electrodes cali brated with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards, the pH(X) of dilute solutions should be within ±0.02 of those given in Table 1. The difference in determined pH(X) between a stirred and unstirred dilute solution should be < 0.02. The characteristics of glass electrodes are such that below pH 5 the readings should be stable within 2 min, but for pH 5 to 8, 8 or so minutes may be necessary to attain stability. Interpretation of pH(X) measured in this way in terms of activity of hydrogen ion, aH+ is subject1 to an uncertainty of ±0.02 in pH. (2) Seawater Measurements made by calibration of electrodes with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards to obtain pH(X) are perfectly valid. Howe ver, the interpretation of pH(X) in terms of the activity of hydrogen ion is complicated by the non zero residual liquid junction potent ial as well as by systematic differences between electrode pairs, principally attributable to the reference electrode. For 35‰ salinity seawater ( S = 0.035) aH+ calculated from pH(X) is typically 12% too low. Special seawater pH scales have been devised to overcome this problem:(i) The total hydrogen ion scale, pH T, is defined in terms of the sum of free and complexed (total) hydrogen ion concentrations, where TCH = [H+] + [HSO4-] + [HF]. So, pH T = - log TCH Calibration of the electrodes with a buffer having a composition similar to that of seawater, to which pHT has been assigned, results in values of pHT(X) (Tables 2, 3) which are accurately interpretable in terms of TCH. (ii) The free hydrogen ion scale, pHF, is defined, and fully interpretable, in terms of the concentration of free hydrogen ions. pHF = - log [H+] Values of pHF as a function of temperature have been assigned to the same set of pHT seawater buffers,and so alternatively can be used for calibration (Tables 2, 3) 2,3 (3) Estuarine water Prescriptions for seawater scale buffers are available for a range of salinities. Reliable estuarine pH measurements can be mad e by calibrating with a buffer of the same salinity as the sample. However, these buffers are difficult to prepare and their use presumes prior knowl edge of salinity of the sample. Interpretable measurements of estuarine pH can be made by calibration with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards if the ele ctrode pair is additionally calibrated using a 20‰ salinity seawater buffer.4 The difference between the assigned pHSWS of the seawater buffer and its measured pH(X) value using RVS or PS standards is ΔpH = pHSWS - pH(X) Values of ΔpH should be in the range of 0.08 to 0.18. It empirically corrects for differences between the two pH scales and for measuremen t errors associated with the electrode pair. The pH(X) of samples measured using IUPAC aqueous buffers, can be converted to pHT or pHF using the appropriate measured ΔpH: pHT = pH(X) - ΔpH or pHF = pH(X) - ΔpH This simple procedure is appropriate to pH measurement at salinities from 2‰ to 35‰. For salinities lower than 2‰ the procedure s for freshwaters should be adopted. REFERENCES 1. Davison, W. and Harbinson,T. R., Analyst, 113, 709, 1988. 2. Culberson, C. H., in Marine Electrochemistry , Whitfield, M. and Jagner,D., Eds., Wiley, 1981. 3. Millero, F. J., Limnol. Oceanogr. , 31, 839, 1986. 4. Covington, A. K., Whalley, P. D., Davison, W., and Whitfield, M., in The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters , West, T. S. and Nurnberg, H. W., Eds., Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 5. Koch, W. F., Marinenko, G., and Paule, R. C., J. Res. NBS , 91, 33, 1986. TeamLRN8-42PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS (continued) Table 1 pH of Dilute Solutions at 25 °C, Degassed and Equilibrated with Air, Suitable as Quality Control Standards Ionic strength Concentration(x) pH pH mmol kg-1 mmol kg-1 pCO = 0 pCO = air Potassium hydrogen phthalate 10.7 10 4.12 4.12 1.1 1 4.33 4.33 xKH2PO4 + xNa2HPO4 9.9 2.5 7.07 7.05 xKH2PO4 + 3.5xNa2HPO4 10 0.87 7.61 7.58 Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O 10 5 9.20 — HCl 0.1 0.1 4.03 4.03SRM2694-I a — — 4.30 — SRM2694-IIa — — 3.59 — Note: The pH of solutions near to pH 4 is virtually independent of temperature over the range of 5 to 30 °C. aSimulated rainwater samples are available (Reference 5) from NIST containing sulfate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium22 Table 2 Composition of Seawater Buffer of Salinity S = 35‰ at 25 °C (Reference 3) Solute mol dm-3mol kg-1g kg-1g dm-3 NaCl 0.3666 0.3493 20.416 20.946 Na2SO4 0.02926 0.02788 3.96 4.063 KCl 0.01058 0.01008 0.752 0.772 CaCl2 0.01077 0.01026 1.139 1.169 MgCl2 0.05518 0.05258 5.006 5.139 Tris 0.06 0.05717 6.926 7.106 Tris ⋅ HCl 0.06 0.05717 9.010 9.244 Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (HOCH 2)3CNH2. A 20‰ buffer is made by diluting the 35‰ in the ratio 20:35. Table 3 Assigned Values of 20‰ and 35‰ Buffers on Free and Total Hydrogen Ion Scales. Calculated from Equations Provided by Millero (Reference 3) pHT pHT pHF pHF Temp (°C) S = 20‰ S = 35‰ S = 20‰ S = 35‰ 5 8.683 8.718 8.759 8.81 10 8.513 8.542 8.597 8.647 15 8.351 8.374 8.442 8.49120 8.195 8.212 8.292 8.341 25 8.045 8.057 8.149 8.197 30 7.901 7.908 8.011 8.05935 7.762 7.764 7.879 7.926 8-43BUFFER SOLUTIONS GIVING ROUND VALUES OF pH AT 25 °C AB C D E pH x pH x pH x pH x pH x 1.00 67.0 2.20 49.5 4.10 1.3 5.80 3.6 7.00 46.6 1.10 52.8 2.30 45.8 4.20 3.0 5.90 4.6 7.10 45.71.20 42.5 2.40 42.2 4.30 4.7 6.00 5.6 7.20 44.71.30 33.6 2.50 38.8 4.40 6.6 6.10 6.8 7.30 43.41.40 26.6 2.60 35.4 4.50 8.7 6.20 8.1 7.40 42.01.50 20.7 2.70 32.1 4.60 11.1 6.30 9.7 7.50 40.31.60 16.2 2.80 28.9 4.70 13.6 6.40 11.6 7.60 38.51.70 13.0 2.90 25.7 4.80 16.5 6.50 13.9 7.70 36.61.80 10.2 3.00 22.3 4.90 19.4 6.60 16.4 7.80 34.51.90 8.1 3.10 18.8 5.00 22.6 6.70 19.3 7.90 32.02.00 6.5 3.20 15.7 5.10 25.5 6.80 22.4 8.00 29.22.10 5.10 3.30 12.9 5.20 28.8 6.90 25.9 8.10 26.22.20 3.9 3.40 10.4 5.30 31.6 7.00 29.1 8.20 22.9 3.50 8.2 5.40 34.1 7.10 32.1 8.30 19.93.60 6.3 5.50 36.6 7.20 34.7 8.40 17.23.70 4.5 5.60 38.8 7.30 37.0 8.50 14.73.80 2.9 5.70 40.6 7.40 39.1 8.60 12.23.90 1.4 5.80 42.3 7.50 40.9 8.70 10.3 4.00 0.1 5.90 43.7 7.60 42.4 8.80 8.5 7.70 43.5 8.90 7.07.80 44.5 9.00 5.77.90 45.38.00 46.1 FG H I J pH x pH x pH x pH x pH x 8.00 20.5 9.20 0.9 9.60 5.0 10.90 3.3 12.00 6.0 8.10 19.7 9.30 3.6 9.70 6.2 11.00 4.1 12.10 8.08.20 18.8 9.40 6.2 9.80 7.6 11.10 5.1 12.20 10.28.30 17.7 9.50 8.8 9.90 9.1 11.20 6.3 12.30 12.88.40 16.6 9.60 11.1 10.00 10.7 11.30 7.6 12.40 16.28.50 15.2 9.70 13.1 10.10 12.2 11.40 9.1 12.50 20.48.60 13.5 9.80 15.0 10.20 13.8 11.50 11.1 12.60 25.68.70 11.6 9.90 16.7 10.30 15.2 11.60 13.5 12.70 32.28.80 9.6 10.00 18.3 10.40 16.5 11.70 16.2 12.80 41.28.90 7.1 10.10 19.5 10.50 17.8 11.80 19.4 12.90 53.09.00 4.6 10.20 20.5 10.60 19.1 11.90 23.0 13.00 66.09.10 2.0 10.30 21.3 10.70 20.2 12.00 26.9 10.40 22.1 10.80 21.210.50 22.7 10.90 22.010.60 23.3 11.00 22.710.70 23.810.80 24.25 A. 25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar HCl. B. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. C. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. D. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium dihydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. E. 50 ml of 0.1 molar tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane + x ml of 0.1 M HCl. F. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. G. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. H. 50 ml of 0.05 molar sodium bicarbonate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. I. 50 ml of 0.05 molar disodium hydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. J. 25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar NaOH. Final volume of mixtures = 100 ml. REFERENCES 1. Bower, V.E., and Bates, R.G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. , 55, 197, 1955 (A–D). 2. Bates, R.G., and Bower, V.E., Anal. Chem. , 28, 1322, 1956 (E–J). TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCDISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES The data in this table are presented as values of p Ka, defined as the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant Ka for the reaction BH 1 B– + H+ Thus pKa = –log Ka , and the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] can be calculated from In the case of bases, the entry in the table is for the conjugate acid; e.g., ammonium ion for ammonia. The OH– concentration in the system NH3 + H2O 1 NH4+ + OH– can be calculated from the equation where Kwater = 1.01 × 10–14 at 25 °C. Note that p Ka + pKb = pKwater. All values refer to dilute aqueous solutions at zero ionic strength at the temperature indicated. The table is arranged alphabe tically by compound name. REFERENCE 1. Perrin, D. D., Ionization Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition, Pergamon, Oxford, 1982. Name Formula Step t/°Cp Ka Aluminum(III) ion Al+3 25 5.0 Ammonia NH3 25 9.25 Arsenic acid H3AsO4 1 25 2.26 2 25 6.763 25 11.29 Arsenious acid H 2AsO3 25 9.29 Barium(II) ion Ba+2 25 13.4 Boric acid H3BO3 1 20 9.27 2 20 >14 Calcium(II) ion Ca+2 25 12.6 Carbonic acid H2CO3 1 25 6.35 2 25 10.33 Chlorous acid HClO2 25 1.94 Chromic acid H2CrO4 1 25 0.74 2 25 6.49 Cyanic acid HCNO 25 3.46Germanic acid H 2GeO3 1 25 9.01 2 25 12.3 Hydrazine N 2H4 25 8.1 Hydrazoic acid HN3 25 4.6 Hydrocyanic acid HCN 25 9.21 Hydrofluoric acid HF 25 3.20Hydrogen peroxide H 2O2 25 11.62 Hydrogen selenide H 2Se 1 25 3.89 2 25 11.0 Hydrogen sulfide H2S 1 25 7.05 22 5 1 9 Hydrogen telluride H 2Te 1 18 2.6 22 5 1 1 Hydroxylamine NH 2OH 25 5.94 Hypobromous acid HBrO 25 8.55Ka+±HB BH=[] [] [] KK Kb water a± 4 3OH NH NH==[][] []+ / © 2000 CRC Press LLCDISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Name Formula Step t/°Cp Ka Hypochlorous acid HClO 25 7.40 Hypoiodous acid HIO 25 10.5 Iodic acid HIO 3 25 0.78 Lithium ion Li+ 25 13.8 Magnesium(II) ion Mg+2 25 11.4 Nitrous acid HNO 2 25 3.25 Perchloric acid HClO4 20 -1.6 Periodic acid HIO 4 25 1.64 Phosphoric acid H 3PO4 1 25 2.162 25 7.21 3 25 12.32 Phosphorous acid H 3PO3 1 20 1.32 20 6.70 Pyrophosphoric acid H 4P2O7 1 25 0.91 2 25 2.103 25 6.70 4 25 9.32 Selenic acid H 2SeO4 2 25 1.7 Selenious acid H2SeO3 1 25 2.62 2 25 8.32 Silicic acid H4SiO4 1 30 9.92 30 11.8 33 0 1 2 43 0 1 2 Sodium ion Na +25 14.8 Strontium(II) ion Sr+225 13.2 Sulfamic acid NH2SO3H 25 1.05 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 2 25 1.99 Sulfurous acid H2SO3 1 25 1.85 2 25 7.2 Telluric acid H2TeO4 1 18 7.68 2 18 11.0 Tellurous acid H2TeO3 1 25 6.272 25 8.43 Tetrafluoroboric acid HBF 4 25 0.5 Thiocyanic acid HSCN 25 -1.8Water H 2O 25 13.995 TeamLRNDISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES This table lists the dissociation (ionization) constants of over 1070 organic acids, bases, and amphoteric compounds. All data apply to dilute aqueous solutions and are presented as values of p Ka, which is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant Ka for the reaction HA 1 H+ + A- i.e., Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] where [H+], etc. represent the concentrations of the respective species in mol/L. It follows that p Ka = pH + log[HA] - log[A-], so that a solution with 50% dissociation has pH equal to the p Ka of the acid. Data for bases are presented as p Ka values for the conjugate acid, i.e., for the reaction BH+ 1 H+ + B In older literature, an ionization constant Kb was used for the reaction B + H2O 1 BH+ + OH- . This is related to Ka by pKa + pKb = pKwater = 14.00 (at 25 °C) Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order. REFERENCES 1. Perrin, D.D., Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution , Butterworths, London, 1965; Supplement, 1972. 2. Serjeant, E.P., and Dempsey, B., Ionization Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution , Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. 3. Albert, A., “Ionization Constants of Heterocyclic Substances”, in Katritzky, A.R., Ed., Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry , Academic Press, New York, 1963. 4. Sober, H.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. 5. Perrin, D.D., Dempsey, B., and Serjeant, E.P., p Ka Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases , Chapman and Hall, London, 1981. 6. Albert, A., and Serjeant, E. P., The Determination of Ionization Constants, Third Edition , Chapman and Hall, London, 1984. 7. Budavari, S., Editor, The Merck Index, Twelth Edition , Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996. Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka CHNO Cyanic acid 25 3.7 CH2N2 Cyanamide 29 1.1 CH2O Formaldehyde 25 13.27 CH2O2 Formic acid 25 3.75 CH3NO2Nitromethane 25 10.21 CH3NS2Carbamodithioic acid 25 2.95 CH4N2O Urea 25 0.10 CH4N2S Thiourea 25 -1 CH4O Methanol 25 15.5 CH4S Methanethiol 25 10.33 CH5N Methylamine 25 10.66 CH5NO O-Methylhydroxylamine 12.5 CH5N3 Guanidine 25 13.6 C2HCl3O Trichloroacetaldehyde 25 10.04 C2HCl3O2Trichloroacetic acid 20 0.66 C2HF3O2Trifluoroacetic acid 25 0.52 C2H2Cl2O2Dichloroacetic acid 25 1.35 C2H2O3 Glyoxylic acid 25 3.18 C2H2O4 Oxalic acid 1 25 1.25 2 25 3.81 C2H3BrO2Bromoacetic acid 25 2.90 C2H3ClO2Chloroacetic acid 25 2.87 C2H3Cl3O 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol 25 12.24 C2H3FO2Fluoroacetic acid 25 2.59 C2H3F3O 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol 25 12.37 C2H3IO2Iodoacetic acid 25 3.18 C2H3NO4Nitroacetic acid 24 1.48 C2H3N3 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 20 1.17 C2H3N3 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 20 2.27C2H4N2 Aminoacetonitrile 25 5.34 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 25 13.57 C2H4OS Thioacetic acid 25 3.33 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 25 4.756 C2H4O2S Thioglycolic acid 25 3.68 C2H4O3 Glycolic acid 25 3.83 C2H5N Ethyleneimine 25 8.04 C2H5NO Acetamide 25 15.1 C2H5NO2Acetohydroxamic acid 8.70 C2H5NO2Nitroethane 25 8.46 C2H5NO2Glycine 1 25 2.35 2 25 9.78 C2H6N2 Ethanimidamide 25 12.1 C2H6O Ethanol 25 15.5 C2H6OS 2-Mercaptoethanol 25 9.72 C2H6O2 Ethyleneglycol 25 15.1 C2H7AsO2Dimethylarsinic acid 1 25 1.57 2 25 6.27 C2H7N Ethylamine 25 10.65 C2H7N Dimethylamine 25 10.73 C2H7NO Ethanolamine 25 9.50 C2H7NO3S 2-Aminoethanesulfonic 1 25 1.5 acid 2 25 9.06 C2H7NS Cysteamine 1 25 8.27 2 25 10.53 C2H7N5 Biguanide 1 11.52 2 2.93 C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine 1 25 9.92 2 25 6.86Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka C2H8O7P21-Hydroxy-1,1- 1 1.35 diphosphonoethane 2 2.87 3 7.03 4 11.3 C3H2O2 2-Propynoic acid 25 1.84 C3H3NO Oxazole 33 0.8 C3H3NO Isoxazole 25 -2.0 C3H3NO2Cyanoacetic acid 25 2.47 C3H3NS Thiazole 25 2.52 C3H3N3O3Cyanuric acid 1 6.88 2 11.40 3 13.5 C3H4N2 1H-Pyrazole 25 2.49 C3H4N2 Imidazole 25 6.99 C3H4N2S 2-Thiazolamine 20 5.36 C3H4O Propargyl alcohol 25 13.6 C3H4O2 Acrylic acid 25 4.25 C3H4O3 Pyruvic acid 25 2.39 C3H4O4 Malonic acid 1 25 2.85 2 25 5.70 C3H4O5 Hydroxypropanedioic 1 2.42 acid 2 4.54 C3H5BrO23-Bromopropanoic acid 25 4.00 C3H5ClO22-Chloropropanoic acid 25 2.83 C3H5ClO23-Chloropropanoic acid 25 3.98 C3H6N2 3-Aminopropanenitrile 20 7.80 C3H6N6 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6- 25 5.00 triamine C3H6O Allyl alcohol 25 15.5 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid 25 4.87 C3H6O2S (Methylthio)acetic acid 25 3.66 C3H6O3 Lactic acid 25 3.86 C3H6O3 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid 25 4.51 C3H6O4 Glyceric acid 25 3.52 C3H7N Allylamine 25 9.49 C3H7N Azetidine 25 11.29 C3H7NO 2-Propanone oxime 25 12.42 C3H7NO2L-Alanine 1 25 2.34 2 25 9.87 C3H7NO2β-Alanine 1 25 3.55 2 25 10.24 C3H7NO2Sarcosine 1 25 2.21 2 25 10.1 C3H7NO2SL-Cysteine 1 25 1.5 2 25 8.7 3 25 10.2 C3H7NO3L-Serine 1 25 2.19 2 25 9.21 C3H7NO5SDL-Cysteic acid 1 25 1.3 2 25 1.9 3 25 8.70 C3H7N3O2Glycocyamine 25 2.82 C3H8O2 Ethylene glycol 25 14.8 monomethyl ether C3H8O3 Glycerol 25 14.15 C3H9N Propylamine 25 10.54 C3H9N Isopropylamine 25 10.63 C3H9N Trimethylamine 25 9.80C3H9NO 2-Methoxyethylamine 25 9.40 C3H9NO Trimethylamine oxide 20 4.65 C3H10N21,2-Propanediamine, ( ±) 1 25 9.82 2 25 6.61 C3H10N21,3-Propanediamine 1 25 10.55 2 25 8.88 C3H10N2O 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol 1 20 9.69 2 20 7.93 C3H11N31,2,3-Triaminopropane 1 20 9.59 2 20 7.95 C4H4FN3O Flucytosine 3.26 C4H4N2 Pyrazine 20 0.65 C4H4N2 Pyrimidine 20 1.23 C4H4N2 Pyridazine 20 2.24 C4H4N2O2Uracil 25 9.45 C4H4N2O3Barbituric acid 25 4.01 C4H4N2O5Alloxanic acid 25 6.64 C4H4N4O25-Nitropyrimidinamine 20 0.35 C4H4O2 2-Butynoic acid 25 2.62 C4H4O4 Maleic acid 1 25 1.92 2 25 6.23 C4H4O4 Fumaric acid 1 25 3.02 2 25 4.38 C4H4O5 Oxaloacetic acid 1 25 2.55 2 25 4.373 25 13.03 C 4H5N Pyrrole 25 -3.8 C4H5NO2Succinimide 25 9.62 C4H5N3 2-Pyrimidinamine 20 3.45 C4H5N3 4-Pyrimidinamine 20 5.71 C4H5N3O Cytosine 1 4.60 2 12.16 C4H5N3O26-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine- 7.6 3,5(2H,4H)-dione C4H6N2 1-Methylimidazol 25 6.95 C4H6N4O3Allantoin 25 8.96 C4H6N4O3S2Acetazolamide 7.2 C4H6O2 trans-Crotonic acid 25 4.69 C4H6O2 3-Butenoic acid 25 4.34 C4H6O2 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 25 4.83 C4H6O3 2-Oxobutanoic acid 25 2.50 C4H6O3 Acetoacetic acid 25 3.6 C4H6O4 Succinic acid 1 25 4.21 2 25 5.64 C4H6O4 Methylmalonic acid 1 25 3.07 2 25 5.76 C4H6O5 Malic acid 1 25 3.40 2 25 5.11 C4H6O6 DL-Tartaric acid 1 25 3.03 2 25 4.37 C4H6O6 meso-Tartaric acid 1 25 3.17 2 25 4.91 C4H6O6 L-Tartaric acid 1 25 2.98 2 25 4.34 C4H6O8 Dihydroxytartaric acid 25 1.92 C4H7ClO22-Chlorobutanoic acid 2.86 C4H7ClO23-Chlorobutanoic acid 4.05 C4H7ClO24-Chlorobutanoic acid 4.52DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp KaMol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka TeamLRNC4H7NO24-Cyanobutanoic acid 25 2.42 C4H7NO3N-Acetylglycine 25 3.67 C4H7NO4Iminodiacetic acid 1 2.98 2 9.89 C4H7NO4L-Aspartic acid 1 25 1.99 2 25 3.90 3 25 9.90 C4H7N3O Creatinine 1 25 4.8 2 9.2 C4H7N5 2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine 20 6.84 C4H8N2O3L-Asparagine 1 20 2.1 2 20 8.80 C4H8N2O3N-Glycylglycine 1 25 3.14 2 8.17 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid 25 4.83 C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid 20 4.84 C4H8O3 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, ( ±) 25 4.70 C4H8O3 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid 25 4.72 C4H8O3 Ethoxyacetic acid 18 3.65 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 25 11.31 C4H9NO Morpholine 25 8.50 C4H9NO22-Methylalanine 1 25 2.36 2 25 10.21 C4H9NO2N,N-Dimethylglycine 25 9.89 C4H9NO2DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid 1 25 2.29 2 25 9.83 C4H9NO24-Aminobutanoic acid 1 25 4.031 2 25 10.556 C4H9NO2SDL-Homocysteine 1 25 2.22 2 25 8.87 3 25 10.86 C4H9NO3L-Threonine 1 25 2.09 2 25 9.10 C4H9NO3L-Homoserine 1 25 2.71 2 25 9.62 C4H9N3O2Creatine 1 25 2.63 2 25 14.3 C4H10N2Piperazine 1 25 9.73 2 25 5.33 C4H10N2O22,4-Diaminobutanoic acid 1 25 1.85 2 25 8.243 25 10.44 C 4H10O41,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 13.9 C4H11N Butylamine 25 10.60 C4H11N sec-Butylamine 25 10.56 C4H11N tert-Butylamine 25 10.68 C4H11N Diethylamine 25 10.84 C4H11NO3Tris(hydroxymethyl) 20 8.3 methylamine C4H12N21,4-Butanediamine 1 25 10.80 2 25 9.63 C5H4BrN 3-Bromopyridine 25 2.84 C5H4ClN 2-Chloropyridine 25 0.49 C5H4ClN 3-Chloropyridine 25 2.81 C5H4ClN 4-Chloropyridine 25 3.83 C5H4FN 2-Fluoropyridine 25 -0.44 C5H4N2O24-Nitropyridine 25 1.61 C5H4N4 1H-Purine 1 20 2.30 2 20 8.96C5H4N4O Hypoxanthine 25 8.7 C5H4N4O Allopurinol 10.2 C5H4N4O3Uric acid 12 3.89 C5H4N4S 1,7-Dihydro-6H- 1 7.77 purine-6-thione 2 11.17 C5H4O2S 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 25 3.49 C5H4O2S 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 25 4.1 C5H4O3 2-Furancarboxylic acid 25 3.16 C5H4O3 3-Furancarboxylic acid 25 3.9 C5H5N Pyridine 25 5.23 C5H5NO 2-Pyridinol 1 20 0.75 2 20 11.65 C5H5NO 3-Pyridinol 1 20 4.79 2 20 8.75 C5H5NO 4-Pyridinol 1 20 3.20 2 20 11.12 C5H5NO 2(1H)-Pyridinone 1 20 0.75 2 20 11.65 C5H5NO Pyridine-1-oxide 24 0.79 C5H5NO21H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic 20 4.45 acid C5H5NO21H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic 20 5.00 acid C5H5N3O Pyrazinecarboxamide 0.5 C5H5N5 Adenine 1 4.3 2 9.83 C5H5N5O Guanine 40 9.92 C5H6N2 2-Pyridinamine 20 6.82 C5H6N2 3-Pyridinamine 25 6.04 C5H6N2 4-Pyridinamine 25 9.11 C5H6N2 2-Methylpyrazine 27 1.45 C5H6N2O2Thymine 25 9.94 C5H6O4 1,1-Cyclopropanedi- 1 25 1.82 carboxylic acid 2 25 7.43 C5H6O4 trans-1-Propene-1,2- 1 25 3.09 dicarboxylic acid 2 25 4.75 C5H6O4 1-Propene-2,3- 1 25 3.85 dicarboxylic acid 2 25 5.45 C5H6O5 2-Oxoglutaric acid 1 25 2.47 2 25 4.68 C5H7NO35,5-Dimethyl-2,4- 37 6.13 oxazolidinedione C5H7NO3L-Pyroglutamic acid 25 3.32 C5H7N3 2,5-Pyridinediamine 20 6.48 C5H7N3 Methylaminopyrazine 25 3.39 C5H7N3O4Azaserine 8.55 C5H8N2 2,4-Dimethylimidazole 25 8.36 C5H8N4O3S2Methazolamide 7.30 C5H8O2 trans-3-Pentenoic acid 25 4.51 C5H8O4 Dimethylmalonic acid 25 3.15 C5H8O4 Glutaric acid 1 18 4.32 2 25 5.42 C5H8O4 Methylsuccinic acid 1 25 4.13 2 25 5.64 C5H9NO2L-Proline 1 25 1.95 2 25 10.64 C5H9NO35-Amino-4-oxopentanoic 1 25 4.05 acid 2 25 8.90 C5H9NO3trans-4-Hydroxyproline 1 25 1.82DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp KaMol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka 2 25 9.66 C5H9NO4L-Glutamic acid 1 25 2.13 2 25 4.31 3 9.67 C5H9N3 Histamine 1 25 6.04 2 25 9.75 C5H10N2O3Glycylalanine 25 3.15 C5H10N2O3L-Glutamine 1 25 2.17 2 25 9.13 C5H10N2O4Glycylserine 1 25 2.98 2 25 8.38 C5H10O2Pentanoic acid 20 4.83 C5H10O22-Methylbutanoic acid 25 4.80 C5H10O23-Methylbutanoic acid 25 4.77 C5H10O22,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid 20 5.03 C5H10O4D-2-Deoxyribose 25 12.61 C5H10O5L-Ribose 25 12.22 C5H10O5D-Xylose 18 12.14 C5H11N Piperidine 25 11.123 C5H11N N-Methylpyrrolidine 25 10.46 C5H11NO 4-Methylmorpholine 25 7.38 C5H11NO2L-Valine 1 25 2.29 2 25 9.74 C5H11NO2DL-Norvaline 1 2.36 2 9.72 C5H11NO2L-Norvaline 1 25 2.32 2 25 9.81 C5H11NO2N-Propylglycine 1 25 2.35 2 25 10.19 C5H11NO25-Aminopentanoic acid 1 25 4.27 2 25 10.77 C5H11NO2Betaine 0 1.83 C5H11NO2SL-Methionine 1 25 2.13 2 25 9.27 C5H12N2O Tetramethylurea 2 C5H12N2O2L-Ornithine 1 25 1.71 2 25 8.693 25 10.76 C 5H13N Pentylamine 25 10.63 C5H13N 3-Pentanamine 17 10.59 C5H13N 3-Methyl-1-butanamine 25 10.60 C5H13N 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 19 10.85 C5H13N 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine 25 10.15 C5H13N Diethylmethylamine 25 10.35 C5H14NO Choline 25 13.9 C5H14N21,5-Pentanediamine 1 25 10.05 2 25 10.93 C6H3Cl3N2O24-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro- 3.6 2-pyridinecarboxlic acid C6H3N3O72,4,6-Trinitrophenol 24 0.42 C6H4Cl2O 2,3-Dichlorophenol 25 7.44 C6H4N2O52,4-Dinitrophenol 25 4.07 C6H4N2O52,5-Dinitrophenol 15 5.15 C6H4N4 Pteridine 20 4.05 C6H5BrO 2-Bromophenol 25 8.45 C6H5BrO 3-Bromophenol 25 9.03 C6H5BrO 4-Bromophenol 25 9.37 C6H5Br2N 3,5-Dibromoaniline 25 2.34C6H5ClO 2-Chlorophenol 25 8.56 C6H5ClO 3-Chlorophenol 25 9.12 C6H5ClO 4-Chlorophenol 25 9.41 C6H5Cl2N 2,4-Dichloroaniline 22 2.05 C6H5FO 2-Fluorophenol 25 8.73 C6H5FO 3-Fluorophenol 25 9.29 C6H5FO 4-Fluorophenol 25 9.89 C6H5IO 2-Iodophenol 25 8.51 C6H5IO 3-Iodophenol 25 9.03 C6H5IO 4-Iodophenol 25 9.33 C6H5NO 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 25 12.68 C6H5NO 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 30 12.05 C6H5NO2Nitrobenzene 0 3.98 C6H5NO22-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 20 0.99 2 20 5.39 C6H5NO23-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 25 2.00 2 25 4.82 C6H5NO24-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 25 1.77 2 25 4.84 C6H5NO32-Nitrophenol 25 7.23 C6H5NO33-Nitrophenol 25 8.36 C6H5NO34-Nitrophenol 25 7.15 C6H5N3 1H-Benzotriazole 20 1.6 C6H5N5O 2-Amino-4- 1 20 2.27 hydroxypteridine 2 20 7.96 C6H5N5O2Xanthopterin 2 20 6.59 3 20 9.31 C6H6BrN 2-Bromoaniline 25 2.53 C6H6BrN 3-Bromoaniline 25 3.53 C6H6BrN 4-Bromoaniline 25 3.89 C6H6ClN 2-Chloroaniline 25 2.66 C6H6ClN 3-Chloroaniline 25 3.52 C6H6ClN 4-Chloroaniline 25 3.98 C6H6FN 2-Fluoroaniline 25 3.20 C6H6FN 3-Fluoroaniline 25 3.59 C6H6FN 4-Fluoroaniline 25 4.65 C6H6IN 2-Iodoaniline 25 2.54 C6H6IN 3-Iodoaniline 25 3.58 C6H6IN 4-Iodoaniline 25 3.81 C6H6N2O 3-Pyridinecarboxamide 20 3.3 C6H6N2O 2-Pyridinecarbox- 1 20 3.59 aldehyde oxime 2 20 10.18 C6H6N2O22-Nitroaniline 25 -0.25 C6H6N2O23-Nitroaniline 25 2.46 C6H6N2O24-Nitroaniline 25 1.02 C6H6O Phenol 25 9.99 C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone 1 25 9.85 2 25 11.4 C6H6O2 Pyrocatechol 1 25 9.34 2 25 12.6 C6H6O2 Resorcinol 1 25 9.32 2 25 11.1 C6H6O2S Benzenesulfinic acid 20 1.3 C6H6O3S Benzenesulfonic acid 25 0.70 C6H6O4 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxy- 7.9 methyl)-4H-pyran-4-one C6H6O4S 3-Hydroxybenzene- 25 9.07 sulfonic acidDISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp KaMol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka TeamLRNC6H6O4S 4-Hydroxybenzene- 25 9.11 sulfonic acid C6H6O6 cis-1-Propene-1,2,3- 25 1.95 tricarboxylic acid C6H6O6 trans-1-Propene-1,2,3- 1 25 2.80 tricarboxylic acid 2 25 4.46 C6H6S Benzenethiol 25 6.62 C6H7BO2Benzeneboronic acid 8.83 C6H7N Aniline 25 4.87 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 25 6.00 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine 25 5.70 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 25 5.99 C6H7NO 2-Aminophenol 1 20 4.78 2 20 9.97 C6H7NO 3-Aminophenol 1 20 4.37 2 20 9.82 C6H7NO 4-Aminophenol 1 25 5.48 2 25 10.30 C6H7NO 2-Methoxypyridine 20 3.28 C6H7NO 3-Methoxypyridine 25 4.78 C6H7NO 4-Methoxypyridine 25 6.58 C6H7NO3S 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic 25 2.46 acid C6H7NO3S 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic 25 3.74 acid C6H7NO3S 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic 25 3.23 acid C6H8N2 N-Methylpyridinamine 20 9.65 C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine 1 20 4.57 2 20 0.80 C6H8N2 m-Phenylenediamine 1 20 5.11 2 20 2.50 C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine 1 20 6.31 2 20 2.97 C6H8N2 Phenylhydrazine 15 8.79 C6H8O2 2,4-Hexadienoic acid 25 4.76 C6H8O2 1,3-Cyclohexanedione 25 5.26 C6H8O4 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3- 5.1 dioxane-4,6-dione C6H8O6 L-Ascorbic acid 1 25 4.04 2 16 11.7 C6H8O7 Citric acid 1 25 3.13 2 25 4.763 25 6.40 C 6H8O7 Isocitric acid 1 25 3.29 2 25 4.713 25 6.40 C 6H9NO6Nitrilotriacetic acid 1 20 3.03 2 20 3.073 20 10.70 C 6H9NO6L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid 1 25 1.7 2 25 3.23 25 4.75 4 25 9.9 C 6H9N3 4,6-Dimethylpyrimi- 20 4.82 dinamine C6H9N3O2L-Histidine 1 25 1.80 2 25 6.043 25 9.33C 6H10O2Cyclopentanecarboxylic 25 4.99 acid C6H10O3Ethyl acetoacetate 25 10.68 C6H10O43-Methylglutaric acid 25 4.24 C6H10O4Adipic acid 1 18 4.41 2 18 5.41 C6H11NO22-Piperidinecarboxylic 1 25 2.28 acid 2 25 10.72 C6H11NO3Adipamic acid 25 4.63 C6H11NO42-Aminoadipic acid 1 25 2.14 2 25 4.21 3 25 9.77 C6H11N3O4N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine 1 25 3.225 2 25 8.09 C6H11N3O4Glycylasparagine 1 25 2.942 2 18 8.44 C6H12N2Triethylenediamine 1 3.0 2 8.7 C6H12N2O4S2L-Cystine 1 1 2 2.1 3 8.02 4 8.71 C6H12O2Hexanoic acid 25 4.85 C6H12O24-Methylpentanoic acid 18 4.84 C6H12O6β-D-Fructose 25 12.27 C6H12O6α-D-Glucose 25 12.46 C6H12O6D-Mannose 25 12.08 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine 25 10.64 C6H13N 1-Methylpiperidine 25 10.38 C6H13N 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine 26 10.20 C6H13NO N-Ethylmorpholine 25 7.67 C6H13NO2L-Leucine 1 25 2.33 2 25 9.74 C6H13NO2L-Isoleucine 1 25 2.32 2 25 9.76 C6H13NO2L-Norleucine 1 25 2.34 2 25 9.83 C6H13NO26-Aminohexanoic acid 1 25 4.37 2 25 10.80 C6H13NO4N,N-Bis(2-hydroxy- 2 20 8.35 ethyl)glycine C6H13N3O3Citrulline 1 25 2.43 2 25 9.69 C6H14N2cis-1,2-Cyclohexane- 1 20 9.93 diamine 2 20 6.13 C6H14N2trans-1,2-Cyclohexane- 1 20 9.94 diamine 2 20 6.47 C6H14N2cis-2,5-Dimethyl- 1 25 9.66 piperazine 2 25 5.20 C6H14N2O2L-Lysine 1 25 2.16 2 25 9.06 3 25 10.54 C6H14N4O2L-Arginine 1 25 1.82 2 25 8.99 3 25 12.5 C6H14O6D-Mannitol 18 13.5 C6H15N Hexylamine 25 10.56 C6H15N Diisopropylamine 25 11.05 C6H15N Triethylamine 25 10.75DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp KaMol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka C6H15NO3Triethanolamine 25 7.76 C6H16N21,6-Hexanediamine 1 0 11.86 2 0 10.76 C6H16N2N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethyl- 1 25 10.40 1,2-ethanediamine 2 25 8.26 C6H19NSi2Hexamethyldisilazane 7.55 C7HF5O2Pentafluorobenzoic acid 25 1.75 C7H3Br2NO 3,5-Dibromo-4- 4.06 hydroxybenzonitrile C7H3N3O82,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid 25 0.65 C7H4Cl3NO3Triclopyr 2.68 C7H4N2O62,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 25 1.43 C7H5BrO22-Bromobenzoic acid 25 2.85 C7H5BrO23-Bromobenzoic acid 25 3.81 C7H5BrO24-Bromobenzoic acid 25 3.96 C7H5ClO22-Chlorobenzoic acid 25 2.90 C7H5ClO23-Chlorobenzoic acid 25 3.84 C7H5ClO24-Chlorobenzoic acid 25 4.00 C7H5FO22-Fluorobenzoic acid 25 3.27 C7H5FO23-Fluorobenzoic acid 25 3.86 C7H5FO24-Fluorobenzoic acid 25 4.15 C7H5F3O 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 25 8.95 C7H5F3O 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 25 8.68 C7H5IO22-Iodobenzoic acid 25 2.86 C7H5IO23-Iodobenzoic acid 25 3.87 C7H5IO24-Iodobenzoic acid 25 4.00 C7H5NO 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile 25 6.86 C7H5NO 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile 25 8.61 C7H5NO 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile 25 7.97 C7H5NO3S Saccharin 18 11.68 C7H5NO42-Nitrobenzoic acid 25 2.17 C7H5NO43-Nitrobenzoic acid 25 3.46 C7H5NO44-Nitrobenzoic acid 25 3.43 C7H5NO42,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic 1 25 2.43 acid 2 25 4.78 C7H5NO42,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic 1 25 2.15 acid C7H5NO42,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic 1 25 2.16 acid 2 25 4.76 C7H5NO43,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic 1 25 2.80 acid C7H6ClN3O4S2Chlorothiazide 1 6.85 2 9.45 C7H6F3N 3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 25 3.49 C7H6F3N 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 25 2.45 C7H6N2 1H-Benzimidazole 25 5.53 C7H6N2 2-Aminobenzonitrile 25 0.77 C7H6N2 3-Aminobenzonitrile 25 2.75 C7H6N2 4-Aminobenzonitrile 25 1.74 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 25 14.90 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 25 4.204 C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde 25 8.37 C7H6O2 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 25 8.98 C7H6O2 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 25 7.61 C7H6O3 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1 20 2.98 2 20 13.6 C7H6O3 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1 25 4.08 2 19 9.92 C7H6O3 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1 25 4.572 25 9.46 C7H6O4 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 25 3.11 2 25 8.55 3 25 14.0 C7H6O4 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 25 2.97 C7H6O4 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 25 4.48 2 25 8.833 25 12.6 C 7H6O4 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 25 4.04 C7H6O5 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic 25 1.68 acid C7H6O5 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic 25 4.41 acid C7H7NO Benzamide 25 ˜13 C7H7NO2Aniline-2-carboxylic acid 1 25 2.17 2 25 4.85 C7H7NO2Aniline-3-carboxylic acid 1 25 3.07 2 25 4.79 C7H7NO2Aniline-4-carboxylic acid 1 25 2.50 2 25 4.87 C7H7NO34-Amino-2-hydroxy- 3.25 benzoic acid C7H8ClN3O4S2Hydrochlorothiazide 1 7.9 2 9.2 C7H8N4O2Theobromine 18 7.89 C7H8N4O2Theophylline 1 25 8.77 C7H8O o-Cresol 25 10.29 C7H8O m-Cresol 25 10.09 C7H8O p-Cresol 25 10.26 C7H8OS 4-(Methylthio)phenol 25 9.53 C7H8O2 2-Methoxyphenol 25 9.98 C7H8O2 3-Methoxyphenol 25 9.65 C7H8O2 4-Methoxyphenol 25 10.21 C7H8S Benzenemethanethiol 25 9.43 C7H9N Benzylamine 25 9.34 C7H9N 2-Methylaniline 25 4.45 C7H9N 3-Methylaniline 25 4.71 C7H9N 4-Methylaniline 25 5.08 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 25 4.85 C7H9N 2-Ethylpyridine 25 5.89 C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 25 6.57 C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 25 6.99 C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 25 6.40 C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 25 6.65 C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 25 6.46 C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 25 6.15 C7H9NO 2-Methoxyaniline 25 4.53 C7H9NO 3-Methoxyaniline 25 4.20 C7H9NO 4-Methoxyaniline 25 5.36 C7H9NS 2-(Methylthio)aniline 25 3.45 C7H9NS 4-(Methylthio)aniline 25 4.35 C7H9N5 2-Dimethylaminopurine 1 20 4.00 2 20 10.24 C7H11N3O2L-1-Methylhistidine 1 25 1.69 2 25 6.483 25 8.85 C 7H11N3O2L-3-Methylhistidine 1 25 1.92 2 25 6.563 25 8.73DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp KaMol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka TeamLRNC7H12O2Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 25 4.91 C7H12O4Heptanedioic acid 1 25 4.71 2 25 5.58 C7H12O4Butylpropanedioic acid 1 5 2.96 C7H13NO4α-Ethylglutamic acid 1 25 3.846 2 25 7.838 C7H14O2Heptanoic acid 25 4.89 C7H14O6α-Methylglucoside 25 13.71 C7H15N 1-Ethylpiperidine 23 10.45 C7H15N 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine,( ±) 25 10.22 C7H15NO3Carnitine 25 3.80 C7H17N Heptylamine 25 10.67 C7H17N 2-Heptanamine 19 10.7 C8H5NO23-Cyanobenzoic acid 25 3.60 C8H5NO24-Cyanobenzoic acid 25 3.55 C8H6N2 Cinnoline 20 2.37 C8H6N2 Quinazoline 29 3.43 C8H6N2 Quinoxaline 20 0.56 C8H6N2 Phthalazine 20 3.47 C8H6N4O5Nitrofurantoin 7.2 C8H6O3 3-Formylbenzoic acid 25 3.84 C8H6O3 4-Formylbenzoic acid 25 3.77 C8H6O4 Phthalic acid 1 25 2.943 2 25 5.432 C8H6O4 Isophthalic acid 1 25 3.70 2 25 4.60 C8H6O4 Terephthalic acid 1 25 3.54 2 25 4.34 C8H7ClO22-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 25 4.07 C8H7ClO23-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 25 4.14 C8H7ClO24-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 25 4.19 C8H7ClO32-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 25 3.05 C8H7ClO33-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 25 3.10 C8H7NO42-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 25 4.00 C8H7NO43-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 25 3.97 C8H7NO44-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 25 3.85 C8H8F3N3O4S2Hydroflumethiazide 1 8.9 2 9.7 C8H8N2 2-Methyl-1 H-benzimidazole 25 6.19 C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid 25 3.91 C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid 25 4.25 C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid 25 4.37 C8H8O2 Benzeneacetic acid 25 4.31 C8H8O2 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 25 10.06 C8H8O2 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 25 9.19 C8H8O2 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 25 8.05 C8H8O3 2-Methoxybenzoic acid 25 4.08 C8H8O3 3-Methoxybenzoic acid 25 4.10 C8H8O3 4-Methoxybenzoic acid 25 4.50 C8H8O3 Phenoxyacetic acid 25 3.17 C8H8O3 Mandelic acid 25 3.37 C8H8O4 2,5-Hydroxybenzeneacetic 25 4.40 acid C8H9NO Acetanilide 25 0.5 C8H9NO22-(Methylamino)benzoic 25 5.34 acid C8H9NO23-(Methylamino)benzoic 25 5.10 acidC8H9NO24-(Methylamino)benzoic 25 5.04 acid C8H9NO2N-Phenylglycine 1 25 1.83 2 4.39 C8H10BrN 4-Bromo- N,N- 25 4.23 dimethylaniline C8H10ClN 3-Chloro- N,N- 20 3.83 dimethylaniline C8H10ClN 4-Chloro- N,N- 20 4.39 dimethylaniline C8H10N2O2N,N-Dimethyl-3- 25 2.62 nitroaniline C8H11N N-Ethylaniline 25 5.12 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 25 5.07 C8H11N 2,6-Dimethylaniline 25 3.89 C8H11N Benzeneethanamine 25 9.83 C8H11N 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 25 7.43 C8H11NO 2-Ethoxyaniline 28 4.43 C8H11NO 3-Ethoxyaniline 25 4.18 C8H11NO 4-Ethoxyaniline 28 5.20 C8H11NO 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol 1 25 9.74 2 25 10.52 C8H11NO 2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine 5.5 C8H11NO2Dopamine 1 25 8.9 2 25 10.6 C8H11NO3Norepinephrine 1 25 8.64 2 25 9.70 C8H11N3O66-Azauridine 6.70 C8H11N5Phenylbiguanide 1 10.76 2 2.13 C8H12N2O3Barbital 25 7.43 C8H12O25,5-Dimethyl-1,3- 25 5.15 cyclohexanedione C8H13NO2Arecoline 6.84 C8H14O2S2Thioctic acid 5.4 C8H14O4Octanedioic acid 1 25 4.52 C8H15NO Tropine 15 3.80 C8H15NO Pseudotropine 15 3.80 C8H16N2O3N-Glycylleucine 25 3.18 C8H16N2O3N-Leucylglycine 1 25 3.25 2 25 8.2 C8H16N2O4S2Homocystine 1 25 1.59 2 25 2.543 25 8.52 4 25 9.44 C 8H16O2Octanoic acid 25 4.89 C8H16O22-Propylpentanoic acid 4.6 C8H17N 2-Propylpiperidine,( S) 10.9 C8H17N 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine 30 11.04 C8H17NO trans-6-Propyl-3- 10.3 piperidinol,(3 S) C8H19N Octylamine 25 10.65 C8H19N N-Methyl-2-heptanamine 17 10.99 C8H19N Dibutylamine 21 11.25 C8H20N21,8-Octanediamine 1 20 11.00 2 20 10.1 C9H6BrN 3-Bromoquinoline 25 2.69 C9H7ClO2trans-o-Chlorocinnamic 25 4.23 acidDISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp KaMol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka C9H7ClO2trans-m-Chlorocinnamic 25 4.29 acid C9H7ClO2trans-p-Chlorocinnamic 25 4.41 acid C9H7N Quinoline 20 4.90 C9H7N Isoquinoline 20 5.40 C9H7NO 2-Quinolinol 1 20 -0.31 2 20 11.76 C9H7NO 3-Quinolinol 1 20 4.28 2 20 8.08 C9H7NO 4-Quinolinol 1 20 2.23 2 20 11.28 C9H7NO 6-Quinolinol 1 20 5.15 2 20 8.90 C9H7NO 8-Quinolinol 1 25 4.91 2 25 9.81 C9H7NO 7-Isoquinolinol 1 20 5.68 2 20 8.90 C9H7NO32-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 25 2.98 C9H7NO33-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 25 3.03 C9H7NO34-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 25 2.93 C9H7N7O2S Azathioprine 8.2 C9H8N2 2-Quinolinamine 20 7.34 C9H8N2 3-Quinolinamine 20 4.91 C9H8N2 4-Quinolinamine 20 9.17 C9H8N2 1-Isoquinolinamine 20 7.62 C9H8N2 3-Isoquinolinamine 20 5.05 C9H8O2 cis-Cinnamic acid 25 3.88 C9H8O2 trans-Cinnamic acid 25 4.44 C9H8O2 α-Methylenebenezene- 4.35 acetic acid C9H8O4 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 25 3.48 C9H9Br2NO33,5-Dibromo- L-tyrosine 1 2.17 2 6.453 7.60 C 9H9ClO23-(2-Chlorophenyl)- 25 4.58 propanoic acid C9H9ClO23-(3-Chlorophenyl)- 25 4.59 propanoic acid C9H9ClO23-(4-Chlorophenyl)- 25 4.61 propanoic acid C9H9I2NO3L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine 1 25 2.12 2 25 5.323 25 9.48 C 9H9NO3N-Benzoylglycine 25 3.62 C9H9NO43-(2-Nitrophenyl)- 25 4.50 propanoic acid C9H9NO43-(4-Nitrophenyl)- 25 4.47 propanoic acid C9H9N3O2Carbendazim 4.48 C9H9N3O2S2Sulfathiazole 7.2 C9H10INO3L-3-Iodotyrosine 1 25 2.2 2 25 8.7 3 25 9.1 C9H10N22-Ethylbenzimidazole 25 6.18 C9H10O23,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid 25 4.32 C9H10O2Benzenepropanoic acid 25 4.66 C9H10O2α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid 25 4.64 C9H10O3α-Hydroxy- α-methyl- 25 3.47 benezeneacetic acidC9H11Cl2N3O4S2Methylclothiazide 9.4 C9H11N N-Allylaniline 25 4.17 C9H11N 1-Indanamine 22 9.21 C9H11NO24-(Dimethylamino)- 1 6.03 benzoic acid 2 11.49 C9H11NO2Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate 2.5 C9H11NO2L-Phenylalanine 1 25 2.20 2 25 9.31 C9H11NO3L-Tyrosine 1 25 2.20 2 25 9.113 25 10.1 C 9H11NO4Levodopa 1 25 2.32 2 25 8.72 3 25 9.96 4 25 11.79 C9H12N2O2Tyrosineamide 25 7.33 C9H13N N-Isopropylaniline 25 5.77 C9H13NO3Epinephrine 1 25 8.66 2 25 9.95 C9H13N2O9P 5'-Uridylic acid 1 6.4 2 9.5 C9H13N3O5Cytidine 1 4.22 2 12.5 C9H14ClNO Phenylpropanolamine 9.44 hydrochloride C9H14N2O3Metharbital 8.45 C9H14N3O8P 3'-Cytidylic acid 1 0.8 2 4.283 6.0 C 9H14N4O3Carnosine 1 20 2.73 2 20 6.873 20 9.73 C 9H15NO3S Captopril 1 3.7 2 9.8 C9H15N5O Minoxidil 4.61 C9H16O4Nonanedioic acid 1 25 4.53 2 25 5.33 C9H18O2Nonanoic acid 25 4.96 C9H19N N-Butylpiperidine 23 10.47 C9H19N 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl- 25 11.07 piperidine C9H21N Nonylamine 25 10.64 C10H7NO28-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 25 1.82 C10H8O 1-Naphthol 25 9.39 C10H8O 2-Naphthol 25 9.63 C10H9N 1-Naphthylamine 25 3.92 C10H9N 2-Naphthylamine 25 4.16 C10H9N 2-Methylquinoline 20 5.83 C10H9N 4-Methylquinoline 20 5.67 C10H9N 5-Methylquinoline 20 5.20 C10H9NO 5-Amino-1-naphthol 25 3.97 C10H9NO 6-Methoxyquinoline 20 5.03 C10H9NO21H-Indole-3-acetic acid 4.75 C10H10O2o-Methylcinnamic acid 25 4.50 C10H10O2m-Methylcinnamic acid 25 4.44 C10H10O2p-Methylcinnamic acid 25 4.56 C10H12N2Tryptamine 25 10.2 C10H12N2O 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1 25 9.8 2 25 11.1DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp KaMol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka TeamLRNC10H12N2O5Dinoseb 4.62 C10H12N4O3Dideoxyinosine 9.12 C10H12O 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2- 25 10.48 naphthalenol C10H12O2Benzenebutanoic acid 25 4.76 C10H12O5Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxy- 8.11 benzoate C10H13N5O4Adenosine 1 25 3.6 2 25 12.4 C10H14N2L-Nicotine 1 8.02 2 3.12 C10H14N5O7P 5'-Adenylic acid 1 3.8 2 6.2 C10H14O2 - tert-Butylphenol 25 10.62 C10H14O3 - tert-Butylphenol 25 10.12 C10H14O4 - tert-Butylphenol 25 10.23 C10H15N N-tert-Butylaniline 25 7.00 C10H15N N,N-Diethylaniline 25 6.57 C10H15NO d-Ephedrine 10 10.139 C10H15NO l-Ephedrine 10 9.958 C10H17N3O6Sl-Glutathione 1 25 2.12 2 25 3.593 25 8.75 4 25 9.65 C 10H18N4O5L-Argininosuccinic acid 1 25 1.62 2 25 2.70 3 25 4.26 4 25 9.58 C10H18O4Sebacic acid 1 4.59 2 5.59 C10H19N Bornylamine 25 10.17 C10H19N Neobornylamine 25 10.01 C10H21N Butylcyclohexylamine 25 11.23 C10H21N 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethyl- 30 11.25 piperidine C10H23N Decylamine 25 10.64 C11H8N21H-Perimidine 20 6.35 C11H8O21-Naphthalenecarboxylic 25 3.69 acid C11H8O22-Naphthalenecarboxylic 25 4.16 acid C11H11N Methyl-1-naphthylamine 27 3.67 C11H12I3NO2Iopanoic acid 4.8 C11H12N2O2L-Tryptophan 1 25 2.46 2 25 9.41 C11H12N4O3S Sulfamethoxypyridazine 6.7 C11H13F3N2O3SMefluidide 4.6 C11H13NO3Hydrastinine 11.38 C11H13N3O3S Sulfisoxazole 5 C11H14N2O Cytisine 1 6.11 2 13.08 C11H14O22-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 25 3.54 C11H14O23-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 25 4.20 C11H14O24-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 25 4.38 C11H16N2O2Pilocarpine 1 25 1.6 2 25 6.9 C11H16N4O4Pentostatin 5.2 C11H17N N,N-Diethyl-2-methyl- 25 7.24 anilineC11H17NO3Isoproterenol 8.64 C11H17N3O8Tetrodotoxin 8.76 C11H18ClNO3Methoxamine hydrochloride 25 9.2 C11H18N2O3Amobarbital 25 8.0 C11H25N Undecylamine 25 10.63 C11H26NO2PS Methylphosphonothioic acid 7.9 S[2-[bis(1-isopropyl)amino]- ethyl],O-ethylester C12H6Cl4O2S Bithionol 1 4.82 2 10.50 C12H8N21,10-Phenanthroline 25 4.84 C12H8N2Phenazine 20 1.20 C12H10O 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 25 10.01 C12H10O 3-Hydroxybiphenyl 25 9.64 C12H10O 4-Hydroxybiphenyl 25 9.55 C12H11N Diphenylamine 25 0.79 C12H11N 2-Aminobiphenyl 25 3.83 C12H11N 3-Aminobiphenyl 18 4.25 C12H11N 4-Aminobiphenyl 18 4.35 C12H11N 2-Benzylpyridine 25 5.13 C12H11N34-Aminoazobenzene 25 2.82 C12H12N2p-Benzidine 1 20 4.65 2 20 3.43 C12H12N2O3Phenobarbital 1 7.3 2 11.8 C12H13I3N2O3Iocetamic acid 4 C12H13N N,N-Dimethyl-1- 25 4.83 naphthylamine C12H13N N,N-Dimethyl-2- 25 4.566 naphthylamine C12H14N4O2S Sulfamethazine 1 7.4 2 2.65 C12H14N4O3S Sulfacytine 6.9 C12H17N3O4Agaritine 1 3.4 2 8.86 C12H20N2O2Aspergillic acid 5.5 C12H21N5O2S2Nizatidine 1 2.1 2 6.8 C12H22O11Sucrose 25 12.7 C12H22O11α-Maltose 21 12.05 C12H23N Dicyclohexylamine 10.4 C12H27N Dodecylamine 25 10.63 C13H9N Acridine 20 5.58 C13H9N Phenanthridine 20 5.58 C13H10N29-Acridinamine 20 9.99 C13H10N22-Phenylbenzimidazole 1 25 5.23 2 25 11.91 C13H10O22-Phenylbenzoic acid 25 3.46 C13H10O32-Phenoxybenzoic acid 25 3.53 C13H10O33-Phenoxybenzoic acid 25 3.95 C13H10O34-Phenoxybenzoic acid 25 4.57 C13H11N33,6-Acridinediamine 20 9.65 C13H12Cl2O4Ethacrynic acid 3.50 C13H12N2O Harmine 7.70 C13H12N2O3S Sulfabenzamide 25 4.57 C13H13N 4-Benzylaniline 25 2.17 C13H14N2O13Harmaline 4.2 C13H15N3O3Imazapyr 1 1.9 2 3.6DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp KaMol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka C13H16ClNO Ketamine 7.5 C13H19NO4S 4-[(Dipropylamino)- 5.8 sulfonyl]benzoic acid C13H21N 2,6-Di- tert-butylpyridine 3.58 C13H29N (Tridecyl)amine 25 10.63 C14H12F3NO4S2Perfluidone 2.5 C14H12O2α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid 25 3.94 C14H12O3α-Hydroxy- α-phenyl- 25 3.04 benezeneacetic acid C14H18N4O3Trimethoprim 6.6 C14H19NO2Methylphenidate 8.9 C14H21N3O3S Tolazamide 25 3.6 C14H22N2O3Atenolol 9.6 C14H31N Tetradecylamine 25 10.62 C15H10ClN3O3Clonazepam 1 1.5 2 10.5 C15H11I4NO4L-Thyroxine 1 25 2.2 2 25 6.45 3 25 10.1 C15H14O3Fenoprofen 7.3 C15H15NO2Mefenamic acid 4.2 C15H15N3O2Methyl Red 1 2.5 2 9.5 C15H17ClN4NeutralRed 6.7 C15H19NO2Tropacocaine 15 4.32 C15H19N3O3Imazethapyr 1 2.1 2 3.9 C15H21N3O2Physostigmine 1 6.12 2 12.24 C15H26N2Sparteine 1 20 2.24 2 20 9.46 C15H33N Pentadecylamine 25 10.61 C16H13ClN2O Valium 3.4 C16H14ClN3O Chlorodiazepoxide 4.8 C16H16N2O2Lysergic acid 1 3.44 2 7.68 C16H17N3O4S Cephalexin 1 5.2 2 7.3 C16H19N3O4S Cephradine 1 2.63 2 7.27 C16H22N2Lycodine 1 3.97 2 8.08 C16H35N Hexadecylamine 25 10.61 C17H17NO2Apomorphine 1 7.0 2 8.92 C17H19NO3Piperine 18 12.22 C17H19NO3Morphine 1 25 8.21 2 20 9.85 C17H20N4O6Riboflavin 1 1.7 2 25 9.69 C17H20O6Mycophenolic acid 4.5 C17H23NO3Hyoscyamine 21 9.7 C17H27NO4Nadolol 9.67 C18H19ClN4Clozapine 1 3.70 2 7.60 C18H21NO3Codeine 8.21 C18H21N3O Dibenzepin 8.25 C18H32O2Linoleic acid 7.6C18H33ClN2O5SClindamycin 7.6 C18H39N Octadecylamine 25 10.60 C19H10Br4O5S Bromophenol Blue 4.0 C19H14O5S Phenol Red 7.9 C19H16ClNO4Indomethacin 4.5 C19H17N3O4S2Cephaloridine 3.2 C19H20N2O2Phenylbutazone 4.5 C19H21N Protriptyline 8.2 C19H21NO3Thebaine 15 6.05 C19H22N2O Cinchonine 1 5.85 2 9.92 C19H22N2O Cinchonidine 1 5.80 2 10.03 C19H22N2O2Cupreine 6.57 C19H22O6Gibberellic acid 4.0 C19H23N3O2Ergometrinine 7.3 C19H23N3O2Ergonovine 6.8 C20H14O4Phenolphthalein 25 9.7 C20H21NO4Papaverine 6.4 C20H23N Amitriptyline 9.4 C20H23N7O7Folinic acid 1 3.1 2 4.83 10.4 C 20H24N2O2Quinine 1 25 8.52 2 25 4.13 C20H24N2O2Quinidine 1 20 5.4 2 20 10.0 C20H26N2O2Hydroquinine 5.33 C21H14Br4O5S Bromocresol Green 4.7 C21H16Br2O5S Bromocresol Purple 6.3 C21H18O5S CresolRed 8.3 C21H21NO6Hydrastine 7.8 C21H22N2O2Strychnine 25 8.26 C21H23ClFNO2Haloperidol 8.3 C21H31NO4Furethidine 7.48 C21H35N3O7Lisinopril 1 2.5 2 4.03 6.7 4 10.1 C 22H18O4o-Cresolphthalein 9.4 C22H22FN3O2Droperidol 7.64 C22H23NO7Noscapine 7.8 C22H25NO6Colchicine 20 12.36 C22H25N3O Benzpiperylon 1 6.73 2 9.13 C22H33NO2Atisine 12.2 C23H26N2O4Brucine 1 6.04 2 11.07 C24H40O4Deoxycholic acid 6.58 C24H40O5Cholic acid 6.4 C25H29I2NO3Amiodarone 25 6.56 C25H41NO9Aconine 9.52 C26H43NO6Glycocholic acid 4.4 C26H45NO7S Taurocholic acid 1.4 C27H28Br2O5S Bromothymol Blue 7.0 C27H38N2O4Verapamil 8.6 C29H32O13Etoposide 9.8 C29H40N2O4Emetine 1 5.77 2 6.64DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp KaMol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka TeamLRNC30H23BrO4Bromadiolone 21 4.04 C30H48O3Oleanolic acid 2.52 C31H36N2O11Novobiocin 1 4.3 2 9.1 C32H32O13S Teniposide 10.13 C33H40N2O9Reserpine 6.6 C34H47NO11Aconitine 5.88DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp KaMol. Form. Name Step t/°Cp Ka C36H51NO11Veratridine 9.54 C37H67NO13Erythromycin 8.8 C43H58N4O12Rifampin 1 1.7 2 7.9 C45H73NO15Solanine 15 6.66 C46H56N4O10Vincristine 5.4 C46H58N4O9Vinblastine 1 5.4 2 7.4 8-58CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY This table gives properties of aqueous solutions of 66 substanc es as a function of concentration. All data refer to a temperat ure of 20 °C. The properties are: Mass %: Mass of solute divided by total mass of solution, expres sed as percent. m Molality (moles of solute per kg of water). c Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution). ρ Density of solution in g/cm3. n Index of refraction, relative to air, at a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line); the index of pure water at 20 °C is 1.3330. ∆ Freezing point depression in °C relative to pure water. η Absolute (dynamic) viscosity in mPa s (equal to centipoise, cP) ; the viscosity of pure water at 20 °C is 1.002 mPa s. Density data for aqueous solutions over a wider range of temper atures and pressures (and for other compounds) may be found in Reference 2. Solutes are listed in the following order: Acetic acid Lithium chloride 2-Propanol Acetone Magnesium chloride Silver nitrate Ammonia Magnesium sulfate Sodium acetate Ammonium chloride Maltose Sodium bicarbonate Ammonium sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate Sodium bromide Barium chloride D-Mannitol Sodium carbonate Calcium chloride Methanol Sodium chlorideCesium chloride Nitric acid Sodium citrate Citric acid Oxalic acid Sodium hydroxide Copper sulfate Phosphoric acid Sodium nitrateDisodium ethylenediamine Potassium bicarbonate Sodium phosphate tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Potassium bromide Sodium hydrogen phos phate Ethanol Potassium carbonate Sodium dihydrogen phosphateEthylene glycol Potassium chloride Sodium sulfate Ferric chloride Potassium hydroxide Sodium thiosulfate Formic acid Potassium iodide Strontium chlorideD-Fructose Potassium nitrate Sucrose D-Glucose Potassium permanganate Sulfuric acid Glycerol Potassium hydrogen phosphate Trichloroacetic acidHydrochloric acid Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Tris(hydroxymet hyl)methylamine Lactic acid Potassium sulfate Urea Lactose 1-Propanol Zinc sulfate REFERENCES 1. Wolf, A. V., Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids, Hoeber, 1966.2. S hnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances , Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. Solute Mass % m/mol kg -1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s Acetic acid 0.5 0.084 0.083 0.9989 1.3334 0.16 1.012 CH3COOH 1.0 0.168 0.166 0.9996 1.3337 0.32 1.022 2.0 0.340 0.333 1.0011 1.3345 0.63 1.042 3.0 0.515 0.501 1.0025 1.3352 0.94 1.0634.0 0.694 0.669 1.0038 1.3359 1.26 1.084 5.0 0.876 0.837 1.0052 1.3366 1.58 1.105 6.0 1.063 1.006 1.0066 1.3373 1.90 1.1257.0 1.253 1.175 1.0080 1.3381 2.23 1.143 8.0 1.448 1.345 1.0093 1.3388 2.56 1.162 9.0 1.647 1.515 1.0107 1.3395 2.89 1.186 10.0 1.850 1.685 1.0121 1.3402 3.23 1.210 12.0 2.271 2.028 1.0147 1.3416 3.91 1.253 14.0 2.711 2.372 1.0174 1.3430 4.61 1.29816.0 3.172 2.718 1.0200 1.3444 5.33 1.341 18.0 3.655 3.065 1.0225 1.3458 6.06 1.380 20.0 4.163 3.414 1.0250 1.3472 6.81 1.431 TeamLRN8-59CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 22.0 4.697 3.764 1.0275 1.3485 7.57 1.478 24.0 5.259 4.116 1.0299 1.3498 8.36 1.52526.0 5.851 4.470 1.0323 1.3512 9.17 1.572 28.0 6.476 4.824 1.0346 1.3525 10.00 1.613 30.0 7.137 5.180 1.0369 1.3537 10.84 1.66932.0 7.837 5.537 1.0391 1.3550 11.70 1.715 34.0 8.579 5.896 1.0413 1.3562 12.55 1.762 36.0 9.367 6.255 1.0434 1.3574 13.38 1.81238.0 10.207 6.615 1.0454 1.3586 1.852 40.0 11.102 6.977 1.0474 1.3598 1.912 50.0 16.653 8.794 1.0562 1.3653 2.15860.0 24.979 10.620 1.0629 1.3700 2.409 70.0 38.857 12.441 1.0673 1.3738 2.629 80.0 66.611 14.228 1.0680 1.3767 2.72090.0 149.875 15.953 1.0644 1.3771 2.386 92.0 191.507 16.284 1.0629 1.3766 2.240 94.0 260.894 16.602 1.0606 1.3759 2.03696.0 399.667 16.911 1.0578 1.3748 1.813 98.0 815.987 17.198 1.0538 1.3734 1.535 100.0 17.447 1.0477 1.3716 1.223 Acetone 0.5 0.087 0.086 0.9975 1.3334 0.16 1.013 (CH 3)2CO 1.0 0.174 0.172 0.9968 1.3337 0.32 1.024 2.0 0.351 0.343 0.9954 1.3344 0.65 1.047 3.0 0.533 0.513 0.9940 1.3352 0.97 1.072 4.0 0.717 0.684 0.9926 1.3359 1.30 1.0995.0 0.906 0.853 0.9912 1.3366 1.63 1.125 6.0 1.099 1.023 0.9899 1.3373 1.96 1.150 7.0 1.296 1.191 0.9886 1.3381 2.29 1.1748.0 1.497 1.360 0.9874 1.3388 2.62 1.198 9.0 1.703 1.528 0.9861 1.3395 2.95 1.221 10.0 1.913 1.696 0.9849 1.3402 3.29 1.244 Ammonia 0.5 0.295 0.292 0.9960 1.3332 0.55 1.009 NH 3 1.0 0.593 0.584 0.9938 1.3335 1.14 1.0152.0 1.198 1.162 0.9895 1.3339 2.32 1.029 3.0 1.816 1.736 0.9853 1.3344 3.53 1.043 4.0 2.447 2.304 0.9811 1.3349 4.78 1.0575.0 3.090 2.868 0.9770 1.3354 6.08 1.071 6.0 3.748 3.428 0.9730 1.3359 7.43 1.085 7.0 4.420 3.983 0.9690 1.3365 8.95 1.0998.0 5.106 4.533 0.9651 1.3370 10.34 1.113 9.0 5.807 5.080 0.9613 1.3376 11.90 1.127 10.0 6.524 5.622 0.9575 1.3381 13.55 1.14112.0 8.007 6.695 0.9502 1.3393 17.13 1.169 14.0 9.558 7.753 0.9431 1.3404 21.13 1.195 16.0 11.184 8.794 0.9361 1.3416 25.63 1.21818.0 12.889 9.823 0.9294 1.3428 30.70 1.237 20.0 14.679 10.837 0.9228 1.3440 36.42 1.254 22.0 16.561 11.838 0.9164 1.3453 43.36 1.26824.0 18.542 12.826 0.9102 1.3465 51.38 1.280 26.0 20.630 13.801 0.9040 1.3477 60.77 1.288 28.0 22.834 14.764 0.8980 1.3490 71.6630.0 25.164 15.713 0.8920 1.3502 84.06 Ammonium 0.5 0.094 0.093 0.9998 1.3340 0.32 0.999 chloride 1.0 0.189 0.187 1.0014 1.3349 0.64 0.996 NH 4Cl 2.0 0.382 0.376 1.0045 1.3369 1.27 0.992 8-603.0 0.578 0.565 1.0076 1.3388 1.91 0.988 4.0 0.779 0.756 1.0107 1.3407 2.57 0.9855.0 0.984 0.948 1.0138 1.3426 3.25 0.982 6.0 1.193 1.141 1.0168 1.3445 3.94 0.979 7.0 1.407 1.335 1.0198 1.3464 4.66 0.9768.0 1.626 1.529 1.0227 1.3483 5.40 0.974 9.0 1.849 1.726 1.0257 1.3502 6.16 0.972 10.0 2.077 1.923 1.0286 1.3521 6.95 0.97012.0 2.549 2.320 1.0344 1.3559 8.60 0.969 14.0 3.043 2.722 1.0401 1.3596 0.969 16.0 3.561 3.128 1.0457 1.3634 0.97118.0 4.104 3.537 1.0512 1.3671 0.973 20.0 4.674 3.951 1.0567 1.3708 0.978 22.0 5.273 4.368 1.0621 1.3745 0.98624.0 5.903 4.789 1.0674 1.3782 0.996 Ammonium 0.5 0.038 0.038 1.0012 1.3338 0.17 1.008 sulfate 1.0 0.076 0.076 1.0042 1.3346 0.33 1.014 (NH 4)2SO4 2.0 0.154 0.153 1.0101 1.3363 0.63 1.0273.0 0.234 0.231 1.0160 1.3379 0.92 1.041 4.0 0.315 0.309 1.0220 1.3395 1.21 1.057 5.0 0.398 0.389 1.0279 1.3411 1.49 1.0736.0 0.483 0.469 1.0338 1.3428 1.77 1.090 7.0 0.570 0.551 1.0397 1.3444 2.05 1.108 8.0 0.658 0.633 1.0456 1.3460 2.33 1.1279.0 0.748 0.716 1.0515 1.3476 2.61 1.147 10.0 0.841 0.800 1.0574 1.3492 2.89 1.168 12.0 1.032 0.971 1.0691 1.3523 3.47 1.21014.0 1.232 1.145 1.0808 1.3555 4.07 1.256 16.0 1.441 1.323 1.0924 1.3586 4.69 1.305 18.0 1.661 1.504 1.1039 1.3616 1.35920.0 1.892 1.688 1.1154 1.3647 1.421 22.0 2.134 1.876 1.1269 1.3677 1.490 24.0 2.390 2.067 1.1383 1.3707 1.56626.0 2.659 2.262 1.1496 1.3737 1.650 28.0 2.943 2.460 1.1609 1.3766 1.743 30.0 3.243 2.661 1.1721 1.3795 1.84732.0 3.561 2.866 1.1833 1.3824 1.961 34.0 3.898 3.073 1.1945 1.3853 2.086 36.0 4.257 3.284 1.2056 1.3881 2.22238.0 4.638 3.499 1.2166 1.3909 2.371 40.0 5.045 3.716 1.2277 1.3938 2.530 Barium 0.5 0.024 0.024 1.0026 1.3337 0.12 1.009 chloride 1.0 0.049 0.048 1.0070 1.3345 0.23 1.016 BaCl 2 2.0 0.098 0.098 1.0159 1.3360 0.46 1.0263.0 0.149 0.148 1.0249 1.3375 0.69 1.037 4.0 0.200 0.199 1.0341 1.3391 0.93 1.049 5.0 0.253 0.251 1.0434 1.3406 1.18 1.0626.0 0.307 0.303 1.0528 1.3422 1.44 1.075 7.0 0.361 0.357 1.0624 1.3438 1.70 1.087 8.0 0.418 0.412 1.0721 1.3454 1.98 1.1019.0 0.475 0.468 1.0820 1.3470 2.27 1.114 10.0 0.534 0.524 1.0921 1.3487 2.58 1.129 12.0 0.655 0.641 1.1128 1.3520 3.22 1.16114.0 0.782 0.763 1.1342 1.3555 3.92 1.195 16.0 0.915 0.889 1.1564 1.3591 4.69 1.234CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-6118.0 1.054 1.019 1.1793 1.3627 1.277 20.0 1.201 1.156 1.2031 1.3664 1.32522.0 1.355 1.297 1.2277 1.3703 1.378 24.0 1.517 1.444 1.2531 1.3741 1.437 26.0 1.687 1.597 1.2793 1.3781 1.503 Calcium 0.5 0.045 0.045 1.0024 1.3342 0.22 1.015 chloride 1.0 0.091 0.091 1.0065 1.3354 0.44 1.028CaCl 2 2.0 0.184 0.183 1.0148 1.3378 0.88 1.050 3.0 0.279 0.277 1.0232 1.3402 1.33 1.078 4.0 0.375 0.372 1.0316 1.3426 1.82 1.1105.0 0.474 0.469 1.0401 1.3451 2.35 1.143 6.0 0.575 0.567 1.0486 1.3475 2.93 1.175 7.0 0.678 0.667 1.0572 1.3500 3.57 1.2088.0 0.784 0.768 1.0659 1.3525 4.28 1.242 9.0 0.891 0.872 1.0747 1.3549 5.04 1.279 10.0 1.001 0.976 1.0835 1.3575 5.86 1.31912.0 1.229 1.191 1.1014 1.3625 7.70 1.408 14.0 1.467 1.413 1.1198 1.3677 9.83 1.508 16.0 1.716 1.641 1.1386 1.3730 12.28 1.62518.0 1.978 1.878 1.1579 1.3784 15.11 1.764 20.0 2.253 2.122 1.1775 1.3839 18.30 1.930 22.0 2.541 2.374 1.1976 1.3895 21.70 2.12724.0 2.845 2.634 1.2180 1.3951 25.30 2.356 26.0 3.166 2.902 1.2388 1.4008 29.70 2.645 28.0 3.504 3.179 1.2600 1.4066 34.70 3.00030.0 3.862 3.464 1.2816 1.4124 41.00 3.467 32.0 4.240 3.759 1.3036 1.4183 49.70 4.035 34.0 4.642 4.062 1.3260 1.4242 4.82036.0 5.068 4.375 1.3488 1.4301 5.807 38.0 5.522 4.698 1.3720 1.4361 7.321 40.0 6.007 5.030 1.3957 1.4420 8.997 Cesium 0.5 0.030 0.030 1.0020 1.3334 0.10 1.000 chloride 1.0 0.060 0.060 1.0058 1.3337 0.20 0.997CsCl 2.0 0.121 0.120 1.0135 1.3345 0.40 0.992 3.0 0.184 0.182 1.0214 1.3353 0.61 0.988 4.0 0.247 0.245 1.0293 1.3361 0.81 0.9845.0 0.313 0.308 1.0374 1.3369 1.02 0.980 6.0 0.379 0.373 1.0456 1.3377 1.22 0.977 7.0 0.447 0.438 1.0540 1.3386 1.43 0.9748.0 0.516 0.505 1.0625 1.3394 1.64 0.971 9.0 0.587 0.573 1.0711 1.3403 1.85 0.969 10.0 0.660 0.641 1.0798 1.3412 2.06 0.96612.0 0.810 0.782 1.0978 1.3430 2.51 0.961 14.0 0.967 0.928 1.1163 1.3448 2.97 0.955 16.0 1.131 1.079 1.1355 1.3468 3.46 0.95018.0 1.304 1.235 1.1552 1.3487 3.96 0.945 20.0 1.485 1.397 1.1756 1.3507 4.49 0.939 22.0 1.675 1.564 1.1967 1.3528 0.93424.0 1.876 1.737 1.2185 1.3550 0.930 26.0 2.087 1.917 1.2411 1.3572 0.926 28.0 2.310 2.103 1.2644 1.3594 0.92430.0 2.546 2.296 1.2885 1.3617 0.922 32.0 2.795 2.497 1.3135 1.3641 0.922 34.0 3.060 2.705 1.3393 1.3666 0.92436.0 3.341 2.921 1.3661 1.3691 0.926CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-6238.0 3.640 3.146 1.3938 1.3717 0.930 40.0 3.960 3.380 1.4226 1.3744 0.93442.0 4.301 3.624 1.4525 1.3771 0.940 44.0 4.667 3.877 1.4835 1.3800 0.947 46.0 5.060 4.142 1.5158 1.3829 0.95648.0 5.483 4.418 1.5495 1.3860 0.967 50.0 5.940 4.706 1.5846 1.3892 0.981 60.0 8.910 6.368 1.7868 1.4076 1.12064.0 10.560 7.163 1.8842 1.4167 1.238 Citric acid 0.5 0.026 0.026 1.0002 1.3336 0.05 1.013 (HO)C(COOH) 3 1.0 0.053 0.052 1.0022 1.3343 0.11 1.024 2.0 0.106 0.105 1.0063 1.3356 0.21 1.048 3.0 0.161 0.158 1.0105 1.3368 0.32 1.0734.0 0.217 0.211 1.0147 1.3381 0.43 1.098 5.0 0.274 0.265 1.0189 1.3394 0.54 1.125 6.0 0.332 0.320 1.0232 1.3407 0.65 1.1537.0 0.392 0.374 1.0274 1.3420 0.76 1.183 8.0 0.453 0.430 1.0316 1.3433 0.88 1.214 9.0 0.515 0.485 1.0359 1.3446 1.00 1.247 10.0 0.578 0.541 1.0402 1.3459 1.12 1.283 12.0 0.710 0.655 1.0490 1.3486 1.38 1.357 14.0 0.847 0.771 1.0580 1.3514 1.66 1.43616.0 0.991 0.889 1.0672 1.3541 1.95 1.525 18.0 1.143 1.008 1.0764 1.3569 2.26 1.625 20.0 1.301 1.130 1.0858 1.3598 2.57 1.74022.0 1.468 1.254 1.0953 1.3626 2.88 1.872 24.0 1.644 1.380 1.1049 1.3655 3.21 2.017 26.0 1.829 1.508 1.1147 1.3684 3.55 2.17828.0 2.024 1.639 1.1246 1.3714 3.89 2.356 30.0 2.231 1.772 1.1346 1.3744 4.25 2.549 Copper 0.5 0.031 0.031 1.0033 1.3339 0.08 1.017 sulfate 1.0 0.063 0.063 1.0085 1.3348 0.14 1.036 CuSO 4 2.0 0.128 0.128 1.0190 1.3367 0.26 1.084 3.0 0.194 0.194 1.0296 1.3386 0.37 1.1294.0 0.261 0.261 1.0403 1.3405 0.48 1.173 5.0 0.330 0.329 1.0511 1.3424 0.59 1.221 6.0 0.400 0.399 1.0620 1.3443 0.70 1.2767.0 0.472 0.471 1.0730 1.3462 0.82 1.336 8.0 0.545 0.543 1.0842 1.3481 0.93 1.400 9.0 0.620 0.618 1.0955 1.3501 1.05 1.469 10.0 0.696 0.694 1.1070 1.3520 1.18 1.543 12.0 0.854 0.850 1.1304 1.3560 1.45 1.701 14.0 1.020 1.013 1.1545 1.3601 1.75 1.88916.0 1.193 1.182 1.1796 1.3644 2.136 18.0 1.375 1.360 1.2059 1.3689 2.449 Disodium 0.5 0.015 0.015 1.0009 1.3339 0.07 1.017 ethylenediamine 1.0 0.030 0.030 1.0036 1.3348 0.14 1.032 tetraacetate 1.5 0.045 0.045 1.0062 1.3356 0.21 1.046(EDTA sodium) 2.0 0.061 0.060 1.0089 1.3365 0.27 1.062 Na 2C10H14N2O8 2.5 0.076 0.075 1.0115 1.3374 0.33 1.077 3.0 0.092 0.090 1.0142 1.3383 0.40 1.0933.5 0.108 0.106 1.0169 1.3392 0.46 1.109 4.0 0.124 0.121 1.0196 1.3400 0.52 1.125 4.5 0.140 0.137 1.0223 1.3409 0.58 1.142CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-635.0 0.157 0.152 1.0250 1.3418 0.65 1.160 5.5 0.173 0.168 1.0277 1.3427 0.71 1.1786.0 0.190 0.184 1.0305 1.3436 0.77 1.197 Ethanol 0.5 0.109 0.108 0.9973 1.3333 0.20 1.023 CH 3CH2OH 1.0 0.219 0.216 0.9963 1.3336 0.40 1.046 2.0 0.443 0.432 0.9945 1.3342 0.81 1.095 3.0 0.671 0.646 0.9927 1.3348 1.23 1.1404.0 0.904 0.860 0.9910 1.3354 1.65 1.183 5.0 1.142 1.074 0.9893 1.3360 2.09 1.228 6.0 1.385 1.286 0.9878 1.3367 2.54 1.2797.0 1.634 1.498 0.9862 1.3374 2.99 1.331 8.0 1.887 1.710 0.9847 1.3381 3.47 1.385 9.0 2.147 1.921 0.9833 1.3388 3.96 1.442 10.0 2.412 2.131 0.9819 1.3395 4.47 1.501 12.0 2.960 2.551 0.9792 1.3410 5.56 1.627 14.0 3.534 2.967 0.9765 1.3425 6.73 1.76116.0 4.134 3.382 0.9739 1.3440 8.01 1.890 18.0 4.765 3.795 0.9713 1.3455 9.40 2.019 20.0 5.427 4.205 0.9687 1.3469 10.92 2.14222.0 6.122 4.613 0.9660 1.3484 12.60 2.259 24.0 6.855 5.018 0.9632 1.3498 14.47 2.370 26.0 7.626 5.419 0.9602 1.3511 16.41 2.47628.0 8.441 5.817 0.9571 1.3524 18.43 2.581 30.0 9.303 6.212 0.9539 1.3535 20.47 2.667 32.0 10.215 6.601 0.9504 1.3546 22.44 2.72634.0 11.182 6.987 0.9468 1.3557 24.27 2.768 36.0 12.210 7.370 0.9431 1.3566 25.98 2.803 38.0 13.304 7.747 0.9392 1.3575 27.62 2.82940.0 14.471 8.120 0.9352 1.3583 29.26 2.846 42.0 15.718 8.488 0.9311 1.3590 30.98 2.852 44.0 17.055 8.853 0.9269 1.3598 32.68 2.85046.0 18.490 9.213 0.9227 1.3604 34.36 2.843 48.0 20.036 9.568 0.9183 1.3610 36.04 2.832 50.0 21.706 9.919 0.9139 1.3616 37.67 2.81360.0 32.559 11.605 0.8911 1.3638 44.93 2.547 70.0 50.648 13.183 0.8676 1.3652 2.214 80.0 86.824 14.649 0.8436 1.3658 1.88190.0 195.355 15.980 0.8180 1.3650 1.542 92.0 249.620 16.225 0.8125 1.3646 1.475 94.0 340.062 16.466 0.8070 1.3642 1.40796.0 520.946 16.697 0.8013 1.3636 1.342 98.0 16.920 0.7954 1.3630 1.273 100.0 17.133 0.7893 1.3614 1.203 Ethylene 0.5 0.081 0.080 0.9988 1.3335 0.15 1.010 glycol 1.0 0.163 0.161 0.9995 1.3339 0.30 1.020(CH 2OH)2 2.0 0.329 0.322 1.0007 1.3348 0.61 1.048 3.0 0.498 0.484 1.0019 1.3358 0.92 1.074 4.0 0.671 0.646 1.0032 1.3367 1.24 1.0995.0 0.848 0.809 1.0044 1.3377 1.58 1.125 6.0 1.028 0.972 1.0057 1.3386 1.91 1.153 7.0 1.213 1.136 1.0070 1.3396 2.26 1.1828.0 1.401 1.299 1.0082 1.3405 2.62 1.212 9.0 1.593 1.464 1.0095 1.3415 2.99 1.243 10.0 1.790 1.628 1.0108 1.3425 3.37 1.27712.0 2.197 1.959 1.0134 1.3444 4.16 1.348CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-6414.0 2.623 2.292 1.0161 1.3464 5.01 1.424 16.0 3.069 2.626 1.0188 1.3484 5.91 1.50018.0 3.537 2.962 1.0214 1.3503 6.89 1.578 20.0 4.028 3.300 1.0241 1.3523 7.93 1.661 24.0 5.088 3.981 1.0296 1.3564 10.28 1.84328.0 6.265 4.669 1.0350 1.3605 13.03 2.047 32.0 7.582 5.364 1.0405 1.3646 16.23 2.280 36.0 9.062 6.067 1.0460 1.3687 19.82 2.53740.0 10.741 6.776 1.0514 1.3728 23.84 2.832 44.0 12.659 7.491 1.0567 1.3769 28.32 3.166 48.0 14.872 8.212 1.0619 1.3811 33.30 3.54452.0 17.453 8.939 1.0670 1.3851 38.81 3.981 56.0 20.505 9.671 1.0719 1.3892 44.83 4.475 60.0 24.166 10.406 1.0765 1.3931 51.23 5.026 Ferric 0.5 0.031 0.031 1.0025 1.3344 0.21 1.024 chloride 1.0 0.062 0.062 1.0068 1.3358 0.39 1.047 FeCl 3 2.0 0.126 0.125 1.0153 1.3386 0.75 1.093 3.0 0.191 0.189 1.0238 1.3413 1.15 1.1394.0 0.257 0.255 1.0323 1.3441 1.56 1.187 5.0 0.324 0.321 1.0408 1.3468 2.00 1.238 6.0 0.394 0.388 1.0493 1.3496 2.48 1.2927.0 0.464 0.457 1.0580 1.3524 2.99 1.350 8.0 0.536 0.526 1.0668 1.3552 3.57 1.412 9.0 0.610 0.597 1.0760 1.3581 4.19 1.480 10.0 0.685 0.669 1.0853 1.3611 4.85 1.553 12.0 0.841 0.817 1.1040 1.3670 6.38 1.707 14.0 1.004 0.969 1.1228 1.3730 8.22 1.87916.0 1.174 1.126 1.1420 10.45 2.080 18.0 1.353 1.289 1.1615 13.08 2.311 20.0 1.541 1.457 1.1816 16.14 2.57024.0 1.947 1.810 1.2234 23.79 3.178 28.0 2.398 2.189 1.2679 33.61 4.038 32.0 2.901 2.595 1.3153 49.16 5.27436.0 3.468 3.030 1.3654 7.130 40.0 4.110 3.496 1.4176 9.674 Formic acid 0.5 0.109 0.109 0.9994 1.3333 0.21 1.006 HCOOH 1.0 0.219 0.217 1.0006 1.3336 0.42 1.011 2.0 0.443 0.436 1.0029 1.3342 0.82 1.0173.0 0.672 0.655 1.0053 1.3348 1.24 1.195 4.0 0.905 0.876 1.0077 1.3354 1.67 1.032 5.0 1.143 1.097 1.0102 1.3359 2.10 1.0396.0 1.387 1.320 1.0126 1.3365 2.53 1.046 7.0 1.635 1.544 1.0150 1.3371 2.97 1.052 8.0 1.889 1.768 1.0175 1.3376 3.40 1.0589.0 2.149 1.994 1.0199 1.3382 3.84 1.064 10.0 2.414 2.221 1.0224 1.3387 4.27 1.070 12.0 2.962 2.678 1.0273 1.3397 5.19 1.08214.0 3.537 3.139 1.0322 1.3408 6.11 1.094 16.0 4.138 3.605 1.0371 1.3418 7.06 1.106 18.0 4.769 4.074 1.0419 1.3428 8.08 1.11920.0 5.431 4.548 1.0467 1.3437 9.11 1.132 28.0 8.449 6.481 1.0654 1.3475 13.10 1.179 36.0 12.220 8.477 1.0839 1.3511 17.65 1.22744.0 17.070 10.529 1.1015 1.3547 22.93 1.281 52.0 23.535 12.633 1.1183 1.3581 29.69 1.340CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-6560.0 32.587 14.813 1.1364 1.3612 38.26 1.410 68.0 46.166 17.054 1.1544 1.3641 1.490 D-Fructose 0.5 0.028 0.028 1.0002 1.3337 0.05 1.015 C6H12O6 1.0 0.056 0.056 1.0021 1.3344 0.10 1.0282.0 0.113 0.112 1.0061 1.3358 0.21 1.054 3.0 0.172 0.168 1.0101 1.3373 0.32 1.080 4.0 0.231 0.225 1.0140 1.3387 0.43 1.1065.0 0.292 0.283 1.0181 1.3402 0.54 1.134 6.0 0.354 0.340 1.0221 1.3417 0.66 1.165 7.0 0.418 0.399 1.0262 1.3431 0.78 1.1988.0 0.483 0.458 1.0303 1.3446 0.90 1.232 9.0 0.549 0.517 1.0344 1.3461 1.03 1.270 10.0 0.617 0.576 1.0385 1.3476 1.16 1.30912.0 0.757 0.697 1.0469 1.3507 1.43 1.391 14.0 0.904 0.820 1.0554 1.3538 1.71 1.483 16.0 1.057 0.945 1.0640 1.3569 2.01 1.58718.0 1.218 1.072 1.0728 1.3601 2.32 1.703 20.0 1.388 1.201 1.0816 1.3634 2.64 1.837 22.0 1.566 1.332 1.0906 1.3667 3.05 1.98624.0 1.753 1.465 1.0996 1.3700 3.43 2.154 26.0 1.950 1.600 1.1089 1.3734 3.82 2.348 28.0 2.159 1.738 1.1182 1.3768 4.20 2.56230.0 2.379 1.878 1.1276 1.3803 2.817 32.0 2.612 2.020 1.1372 1.3839 3.112 34.0 2.859 2.164 1.1469 1.3874 3.46236.0 3.122 2.312 1.1568 1.3911 3.899 38.0 3.402 2.461 1.1668 1.3948 4.418 40.0 3.700 2.613 1.1769 1.3985 5.04642.0 4.019 2.767 1.1871 1.4023 5.773 44.0 4.361 2.925 1.1975 1.4062 6.644 46.0 4.728 3.084 1.2080 1.4101 7.75348.0 5.124 3.247 1.2187 1.4141 9.060 D-Glucose 0.5 0.028 0.028 1.0001 1.3337 0.05 1.010 C 6H12O6 1.0 0.056 0.056 1.0020 1.3344 0.11 1.021 2.0 0.113 0.112 1.0058 1.3358 0.21 1.052 3.0 0.172 0.168 1.0097 1.3373 0.32 1.0834.0 0.231 0.225 1.0136 1.3387 0.43 1.113 5.0 0.292 0.282 1.0175 1.3402 0.55 1.145 6.0 0.354 0.340 1.0214 1.3417 0.67 1.1797.0 0.418 0.398 1.0254 1.3432 0.79 1.214 8.0 0.483 0.457 1.0294 1.3447 0.91 1.250 9.0 0.549 0.516 1.0334 1.3462 1.04 1.289 10.0 0.617 0.576 1.0375 1.3477 1.17 1.330 12.0 0.757 0.697 1.0457 1.3508 1.44 1.416 14.0 0.904 0.819 1.0540 1.3539 1.73 1.51216.0 1.057 0.944 1.0624 1.3571 2.03 1.625 18.0 1.218 1.070 1.0710 1.3603 2.35 1.757 20.0 1.388 1.199 1.0797 1.3635 2.70 1.90422.0 1.566 1.329 1.0884 1.3668 3.07 2.063 24.0 1.753 1.462 1.0973 1.3702 3.48 2.242 26.0 1.950 1.597 1.1063 1.3736 3.90 2.45828.0 2.159 1.734 1.1154 1.3770 4.34 2.707 30.0 2.379 1.873 1.1246 1.3805 4.79 2.998 32.0 2.612 2.014 1.1340 1.3840 3.32434.0 2.859 2.158 1.1434 1.3876 3.704CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-6636.0 3.122 2.304 1.1529 1.3912 4.193 38.0 3.402 2.452 1.1626 1.3949 4.78640.0 3.700 2.603 1.1724 1.3986 5.493 42.0 4.019 2.756 1.1823 1.4024 6.288 44.0 4.361 2.912 1.1924 1.4062 7.23546.0 4.728 3.071 1.2026 1.4101 8.454 48.0 5.124 3.232 1.2130 1.4141 9.883 50.0 5.551 3.396 1.2235 1.4181 11.88452.0 6.013 3.562 1.2342 1.4222 14.489 54.0 6.516 3.732 1.2451 1.4263 17.916 56.0 7.064 3.905 1.2562 1.4306 22.88658.0 7.665 4.081 1.2676 1.4349 29.389 60.0 8.326 4.261 1.2793 1.4394 37.445 Glycerol 0.5 0.055 0.054 0.9994 1.3336 0.07 1.011 CH 2OHCHOHCH2OH 1.0 0.110 0.109 1.0005 1.3342 0.18 1.022 2.0 0.222 0.218 1.0028 1.3353 0.41 1.0483.0 0.336 0.327 1.0051 1.3365 0.63 1.074 4.0 0.452 0.438 1.0074 1.3376 0.85 1.100 5.0 0.572 0.548 1.0097 1.3388 1.08 1.1276.0 0.693 0.659 1.0120 1.3400 1.32 1.157 7.0 0.817 0.771 1.0144 1.3412 1.56 1.188 8.0 0.944 0.883 1.0167 1.3424 1.81 1.2209.0 1.074 0.996 1.0191 1.3436 2.06 1.256 10.0 1.207 1.109 1.0215 1.3448 2.32 1.291 12.0 1.481 1.337 1.0262 1.3472 2.88 1.36514.0 1.768 1.568 1.0311 1.3496 3.47 1.445 16.0 2.068 1.800 1.0360 1.3521 4.09 1.533 18.0 2.384 2.035 1.0409 1.3547 4.76 1.63020.0 2.715 2.271 1.0459 1.3572 5.46 1.737 24.0 3.429 2.752 1.0561 1.3624 7.01 1.988 28.0 4.223 3.242 1.0664 1.3676 8.77 2.27932.0 5.110 3.742 1.0770 1.3730 10.74 2.637 36.0 6.108 4.252 1.0876 1.3785 12.96 3.088 40.0 7.239 4.771 1.0984 1.3841 15.50 3.65344.0 8.532 5.300 1.1092 1.3897 4.443 48.0 10.024 5.838 1.1200 1.3954 5.413 52.0 11.764 6.385 1.1308 1.4011 6.66656.0 13.820 6.944 1.1419 1.4069 8.349 60.0 16.288 7.512 1.1530 1.4129 10.681 64.0 19.305 8.092 1.1643 1.4189 13.65768.0 23.075 8.680 1.1755 1.4249 18.457 72.0 27.923 9.277 1.1866 1.4310 27.625 76.0 34.387 9.884 1.1976 1.4370 40.57180.0 43.436 10.498 1.2085 1.4431 59.900 84.0 57.009 11.121 1.2192 1.4492 84.338 88.0 79.632 11.753 1.2299 1.4553 147.49492.0 124.878 12.392 1.2404 1.4613 384.467 96.0 260.615 13.039 1.2508 1.4674 780.458 100.0 13.694 1.2611 1.4735 Hydrochloric 0.5 0.138 0.137 1.0007 1.3341 0.49 1.008 acid 1.0 0.277 0.275 1.0031 1.3353 0.99 1.015HCl 2.0 0.560 0.553 1.0081 1.3376 2.08 1.029 3.0 0.848 0.833 1.0130 1.3399 3.28 1.044 4.0 1.143 1.117 1.0179 1.3422 4.58 1.0595.0 1.444 1.403 1.0228 1.3445 5.98 1.075CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-676.0 1.751 1.691 1.0278 1.3468 7.52 1.091 7.0 2.064 1.983 1.0327 1.3491 9.22 1.1088.0 2.385 2.277 1.0377 1.3515 11.10 1.125 9.0 2.713 2.574 1.0426 1.3538 13.15 1.143 10.0 3.047 2.873 1.0476 1.3561 15.40 1.16112.0 3.740 3.481 1.0576 1.3607 20.51 1.199 14.0 4.465 4.099 1.0676 1.3653 1.239 16.0 5.224 4.729 1.0777 1.3700 1.28218.0 6.020 5.370 1.0878 1.3746 1.326 20.0 6.857 6.023 1.0980 1.3792 1.374 22.0 7.736 6.687 1.1083 1.3838 1.42624.0 8.661 7.362 1.1185 1.3884 1.483 26.0 9.636 8.049 1.1288 1.3930 1.547 28.0 10.666 8.748 1.1391 1.3976 1.62030.0 11.754 9.456 1.1492 1.4020 1.705 32.0 12.907 10.175 1.1594 1.4066 1.799 34.0 14.129 10.904 1.1693 1.4112 1.90036.0 15.427 11.642 1.1791 1.4158 2.002 38.0 16.810 12.388 1.1886 1.4204 2.105 40.0 18.284 13.140 1.1977 1.4250 Lactic acid 0.5 0.056 0.055 0.9992 1.3335 0.10 1.014 CH 3CHOHCOOH 1.0 0.112 0.111 1.0002 1.3340 0.19 1.027 2.0 0.227 0.223 1.0023 1.3350 0.38 1.056 3.0 0.343 0.334 1.0043 1.3360 0.57 1.084 4.0 0.463 0.447 1.0065 1.3370 0.76 1.1105.0 0.584 0.560 1.0086 1.3380 0.95 1.138 6.0 0.709 0.673 1.0108 1.3390 1.16 1.167 7.0 0.836 0.787 1.0131 1.3400 1.36 1.1988.0 0.965 0.902 1.0153 1.3410 1.57 1.229 9.0 1.098 1.017 1.0176 1.3420 1.79 1.262 10.0 1.233 1.132 1.0199 1.3430 2.02 1.29612.0 1.514 1.365 1.0246 1.3450 2.49 1.366 14.0 1.807 1.600 1.0294 1.3470 2.99 1.441 16.0 2.115 1.837 1.0342 1.3491 3.48 1.52218.0 2.437 2.076 1.0390 1.3511 3.96 1.607 20.0 2.775 2.318 1.0439 1.3532 4.44 1.699 24.0 3.506 2.807 1.0536 1.3573 1.90228.0 4.317 3.305 1.0632 1.3615 2.136 32.0 5.224 3.811 1.0728 1.3657 2.414 36.0 6.244 4.325 1.0822 1.3700 2.73040.0 7.401 4.847 1.0915 1.3743 3.114 44.0 8.722 5.377 1.1008 1.3786 3.566 48.0 10.247 5.917 1.1105 1.3828 4.10652.0 12.026 6.466 1.1201 1.3871 4.789 56.0 14.129 7.023 1.1297 1.3914 5.579 60.0 16.652 7.588 1.1392 1.3958 6.67964.0 19.736 8.161 1.1486 1.4001 8.024 68.0 23.590 8.741 1.1579 1.4045 9.863 72.0 28.546 9.328 1.1670 1.4088 12.86676.0 35.154 9.922 1.1760 1.4131 16.974 80.0 44.405 10.522 1.1848 1.4173 22.164 Lactose 0.5 0.015 0.015 1.0002 1.3337 0.03 1.013 C 12H22O11 1.0 0.030 0.029 1.0021 1.3345 0.06 1.0262.0 0.060 0.059 1.0061 1.3359 0.11 1.058 3.0 0.090 0.089 1.0102 1.3375 0.17 1.089 4.0 0.122 0.119 1.0143 1.3390 0.23 1.120CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-685.0 0.154 0.149 1.0184 1.3406 0.29 1.154 6.0 0.186 0.179 1.0225 1.3421 0.35 1.1917.0 0.220 0.210 1.0267 1.3437 0.42 1.232 8.0 0.254 0.241 1.0308 1.3453 0.50 1.276 9.0 0.289 0.272 1.0349 1.3468 1.321 10.0 0.325 0.304 1.0390 1.3484 1.370 12.0 0.398 0.367 1.0473 1.3515 1.476 14.0 0.476 0.432 1.0558 1.3548 1.59316.0 0.556 0.498 1.0648 1.3582 1.724 18.0 0.641 0.565 1.0746 1.3619 1.869 Lithium 0.5 0.119 0.118 1.0012 1.3341 0.42 1.019 chloride 1.0 0.238 0.237 1.0041 1.3351 0.84 1.037LiCl 2.0 0.481 0.476 1.0099 1.3373 1.72 1.072 3.0 0.730 0.719 1.0157 1.3394 2.68 1.108 4.0 0.983 0.964 1.0215 1.3415 3.73 1.1465.0 1.241 1.211 1.0272 1.3436 4.86 1.185 6.0 1.506 1.462 1.0330 1.3457 6.14 1.226 7.0 1.775 1.715 1.0387 1.3478 7.56 1.2698.0 2.051 1.971 1.0444 1.3499 9.11 1.313 9.0 2.333 2.230 1.0502 1.3520 10.79 1.360 10.0 2.621 2.491 1.0560 1.3541 12.61 1.41112.0 3.217 3.022 1.0675 1.3583 16.59 1.522 14.0 3.840 3.564 1.0792 1.3625 21.04 1.647 16.0 4.493 4.118 1.0910 1.3668 1.78718.0 5.178 4.683 1.1029 1.3711 1.942 20.0 5.897 5.260 1.1150 1.3755 2.128 22.0 6.653 5.851 1.1274 1.3799 2.34124.0 7.449 6.453 1.1399 1.3844 2.600 26.0 8.288 7.069 1.1527 1.3890 2.925 28.0 9.173 7.700 1.1658 1.3936 3.31830.0 10.109 8.344 1.1791 1.3983 3.785 Magnesium 0.5 0.053 0.053 1.0022 1.3343 0.26 1.024 chloride 1.0 0.106 0.106 1.0062 1.3356 0.52 1.046 MgCl 2 2.0 0.214 0.213 1.0144 1.3381 1.06 1.091 3.0 0.325 0.322 1.0226 1.3406 1.65 1.1394.0 0.438 0.433 1.0309 1.3432 2.30 1.188 5.0 0.553 0.546 1.0394 1.3457 3.01 1.241 6.0 0.670 0.660 1.0479 1.3483 1.2987.0 0.791 0.777 1.0564 1.3508 1.358 8.0 0.913 0.895 1.0651 1.3534 1.423 9.0 1.039 1.015 1.0738 1.3560 1.493 10.0 1.167 1.137 1.0826 1.3587 1.570 12.0 1.432 1.387 1.1005 1.3641 1.745 14.0 1.710 1.645 1.1189 1.3695 1.95616.0 2.001 1.911 1.1372 1.3749 2.207 18.0 2.306 2.184 1.1553 1.3804 2.507 20.0 2.626 2.467 1.1742 1.3859 2.86722.0 2.962 2.758 1.1938 1.3915 3.323 24.0 3.317 3.060 1.2140 1.3972 3.917 26.0 3.690 3.371 1.2346 1.4030 4.69428.0 4.085 3.692 1.2555 1.4089 5.709 30.0 4.501 4.022 1.2763 1.4148 7.017 Magnesium 0.5 0.042 0.042 1.0033 1.3340 0.10 1.027 sulfate 1.0 0.084 0.084 1.0084 1.3350 0.19 1.054 MgSO 4 2.0 0.170 0.169 1.0186 1.3371 0.36 1.112CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-693.0 0.257 0.256 1.0289 1.3391 0.52 1.177 4.0 0.346 0.345 1.0392 1.3411 0.69 1.2495.0 0.437 0.436 1.0497 1.3431 0.87 1.328 6.0 0.530 0.528 1.0602 1.3451 1.05 1.411 7.0 0.625 0.623 1.0708 1.3471 1.24 1.4988.0 0.722 0.719 1.0816 1.3492 1.43 1.593 9.0 0.822 0.817 1.0924 1.3512 1.64 1.702 10.0 0.923 0.917 1.1034 1.3532 1.85 1.82912.0 1.133 1.122 1.1257 1.3572 2.31 2.104 14.0 1.352 1.336 1.1484 1.3613 2.86 2.412 16.0 1.582 1.557 1.1717 1.3654 3.67 2.80918.0 1.824 1.788 1.1955 1.3694 3.360 20.0 2.077 2.027 1.2198 1.3735 4.147 22.0 2.343 2.275 1.2447 1.3776 5.19924.0 2.624 2.532 1.2701 1.3817 6.498 26.0 2.919 2.800 1.2961 1.3858 8.066 Maltose 0.5 0.015 0.015 1.0003 1.3337 0.03 1.016 C 12H22O11 1.0 0.030 0.029 1.0023 1.3345 0.06 1.030 2.0 0.060 0.059 1.0063 1.3359 0.11 1.0603.0 0.090 0.089 1.0104 1.3374 0.17 1.092 4.0 0.122 0.119 1.0144 1.3389 0.23 1.126 5.0 0.154 0.149 1.0184 1.3404 0.29 1.1626.0 0.186 0.179 1.0224 1.3420 0.35 1.200 7.0 0.220 0.210 1.0265 1.3435 0.42 1.239 8.0 0.254 0.241 1.0305 1.3450 0.48 1.2819.0 0.289 0.272 1.0345 1.3466 0.55 1.325 10.0 0.325 0.303 1.0385 1.3482 0.62 1.372 12.0 0.398 0.367 1.0465 1.3513 0.77 1.47414.0 0.476 0.431 1.0545 1.3546 0.92 1.588 16.0 0.556 0.497 1.0629 1.3578 1.08 1.715 18.0 0.641 0.564 1.0716 1.3612 1.25 1.85920.0 0.730 0.631 1.0801 1.3644 1.43 2.021 22.0 0.824 0.700 1.0894 1.3678 1.64 2.216 24.0 0.923 0.770 1.0984 1.3714 1.85 2.46326.0 1.026 0.842 1.1080 1.3749 2.08 2.753 28.0 1.136 0.914 1.1171 1.3785 2.34 3.066 30.0 1.252 0.988 1.1269 1.3821 2.62 3.42740.0 1.948 1.375 1.1769 1.4013 4.41 6.926 50.0 2.921 1.797 1.2304 1.4217 17.786 52.0 3.165 1.886 1.2416 1.4260 22.03454.0 3.429 1.976 1.2528 1.4308 28.757 56.0 3.718 2.068 1.2638 1.4350 38.226 58.0 4.034 2.159 1.2740 1.4394 49.29860.0 4.382 2.253 1.2855 1.4440 Manganese(II) 1.0 0.067 0.067 1.0080 1.3348 0.16 1.046 sulfate 2.0 0.135 0.135 1.0178 1.3366 0.31 1.090 MnSO 4 3.0 0.205 0.204 1.0277 1.3384 0.44 1.137 4.0 0.276 0.275 1.0378 1.3402 0.57 1.1875.0 0.349 0.347 1.0480 1.3420 0.70 1.242 6.0 0.423 0.421 1.0583 1.3438 0.84 1.301 7.0 0.498 0.495 1.0688 1.3457 0.98 1.3638.0 0.576 0.572 1.0794 1.3475 1.12 1.431 9.0 0.655 0.650 1.0902 1.3494 1.28 1.505 10.0 0.736 0.729 1.1012 1.3513 1.44 1.58712.0 0.903 0.893 1.1236 1.3551 1.80 1.779CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-7014.0 1.078 1.063 1.1467 1.3589 2.21 2.005 16.0 1.261 1.240 1.1705 1.3629 2.67 2.27218.0 1.454 1.424 1.1950 1.3668 3.19 2.580 20.0 1.656 1.616 1.2203 1.3708 3.80 2.938 D-Mannitol 0.5 0.028 0.027 1.0000 1.3337 0.05 1.019 CH 2(CHOH)4CH2OH 1.0 0.055 0.055 1.0017 1.3345 0.10 1.032 2.0 0.112 0.110 1.0053 1.3359 0.21 1.057 3.0 0.170 0.166 1.0088 1.3374 0.32 1.081 4.0 0.229 0.222 1.0124 1.3389 0.43 1.1075.0 0.289 0.279 1.0159 1.3403 0.54 1.135 6.0 0.350 0.336 1.0195 1.3418 0.66 1.166 7.0 0.413 0.393 1.0230 1.3433 0.77 1.2008.0 0.477 0.451 1.0266 1.3447 0.90 1.236 9.0 0.543 0.509 1.0302 1.3462 1.02 1.275 10.0 0.610 0.567 1.0338 1.3477 1.15 1.31411.0 0.678 0.626 1.0375 1.3491 1.28 1.355 12.0 0.749 0.686 1.0412 1.3506 1.41 1.398 13.0 0.820 0.746 1.0450 1.3521 1.55 1.44314.0 0.894 0.806 1.0489 1.3536 1.69 1.489 15.0 0.969 0.867 1.0529 1.3552 1.84 1.537 Methanol 0.5 0.157 0.156 0.9973 1.3331 0.28 1.022 CH 3OH 1.0 0.315 0.311 0.9964 1.3332 0.56 1.040 2.0 0.637 0.621 0.9947 1.3334 1.14 1.0703.0 0.965 0.930 0.9930 1.3336 1.75 1.100 4.0 1.300 1.238 0.9913 1.3339 2.37 1.131 5.0 1.643 1.544 0.9896 1.3341 3.02 1.1636.0 1.992 1.850 0.9880 1.3343 3.71 1.196 7.0 2.349 2.155 0.9864 1.3346 4.41 1.229 8.0 2.714 2.459 0.9848 1.3348 5.13 1.2649.0 3.087 2.762 0.9832 1.3351 5.85 1.297 10.0 3.468 3.064 0.9816 1.3354 6.60 1.329 12.0 4.256 3.665 0.9785 1.3359 8.14 1.38914.0 5.081 4.262 0.9755 1.3365 9.72 1.446 16.0 5.945 4.856 0.9725 1.3370 11.36 1.501 18.0 6.851 5.447 0.9695 1.3376 13.13 1.55420.0 7.803 6.034 0.9666 1.3381 15.02 1.604 22.0 8.803 6.616 0.9636 1.3387 16.98 1.652 24.0 9.856 7.196 0.9606 1.3392 19.04 1.69726.0 10.966 7.771 0.9576 1.3397 21.23 1.735 28.0 12.138 8.341 0.9545 1.3402 23.59 1.769 30.0 13.376 8.908 0.9514 1.3407 25.91 1.79532.0 14.688 9.470 0.9482 1.3411 28.15 1.814 34.0 16.078 10.028 0.9450 1.3415 30.48 1.827 36.0 17.556 10.580 0.9416 1.3419 32.97 1.83538.0 19.129 11.127 0.9382 1.3422 35.60 1.839 40.0 20.807 11.669 0.9347 1.3425 38.60 1.837 50.0 31.211 14.288 0.9156 1.3431 54.50 1.76160.0 46.816 16.749 0.8944 1.3426 74.50 1.600 70.0 72.826 19.040 0.8715 1.3411 1.368 80.0 124.844 21.144 0.8468 1.3385 1.12890.0 280.899 23.045 0.8204 1.3348 0.861 100.0 24.710 0.7917 1.3290 0.586 Nitric acid 0.5 0.080 0.079 1.0009 1.3336 0.28 1.004 HNO 3 1.0 0.160 0.159 1.0037 1.3343 0.56 1.005 2.0 0.324 0.320 1.0091 1.3356 1.12 1.007CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-713.0 0.491 0.483 1.0146 1.3368 1.70 1.010 4.0 0.661 0.648 1.0202 1.3381 2.32 1.0145.0 0.835 0.814 1.0257 1.3394 2.96 1.018 6.0 1.013 0.982 1.0314 1.3407 3.63 1.022 7.0 1.194 1.152 1.0370 1.3421 4.33 1.0278.0 1.380 1.324 1.0427 1.3434 5.05 1.032 9.0 1.570 1.498 1.0485 1.3447 5.81 1.038 10.0 1.763 1.673 1.0543 1.3460 6.60 1.04412.0 2.164 2.030 1.0660 1.3487 8.27 1.058 14.0 2.583 2.395 1.0780 1.3514 10.08 1.075 16.0 3.023 2.768 1.0901 1.3541 12.04 1.09418.0 3.484 3.149 1.1025 1.3569 14.16 1.116 20.0 3.967 3.539 1.1150 1.3596 1.141 22.0 4.476 3.937 1.1277 1.3624 1.16924.0 5.011 4.344 1.1406 1.3652 1.199 26.0 5.576 4.760 1.1536 1.3680 1.233 28.0 6.172 5.185 1.1668 1.3708 1.27130.0 6.801 5.618 1.1801 1.3736 1.311 32.0 7.468 6.060 1.1934 1.3763 1.354 34.0 8.175 6.512 1.2068 1.3790 1.40036.0 8.927 6.971 1.2202 1.3817 1.450 38.0 9.727 7.439 1.2335 1.3842 1.504 40.0 10.580 7.913 1.2466 1.3867 1.561 Oxalic acid 0.5 0.056 0.056 1.0006 1.3336 0.16 1.013 (COOH) 2 1.0 0.112 0.111 1.0030 1.3342 0.30 1.0231.5 0.169 0.167 1.0054 1.3347 0.44 1.033 2.0 0.227 0.224 1.0079 1.3353 0.57 1.044 2.5 0.285 0.281 1.0103 1.3359 0.71 1.0553.0 0.343 0.337 1.0126 1.3364 0.84 1.065 3.5 0.403 0.395 1.0150 1.3370 0.97 1.076 4.0 0.463 0.452 1.0174 1.3375 1.09 1.0864.5 0.523 0.510 1.0197 1.3381 1.097 5.0 0.585 0.568 1.0220 1.3386 1.108 6.0 0.709 0.684 1.0265 1.3397 1.1297.0 0.836 0.802 1.0310 1.3407 1.150 8.0 0.966 0.920 1.0355 1.3418 1.172 Phosphoric 0.5 0.051 0.051 1.0010 1.3335 0.12 1.010 acid 1.0 0.103 0.102 1.0038 1.3340 0.24 1.020 H 3PO4 2.0 0.208 0.206 1.0092 1.3349 0.46 1.0503.0 0.316 0.311 1.0146 1.3358 0.69 1.079 4.0 0.425 0.416 1.0200 1.3367 0.93 1.108 5.0 0.537 0.523 1.0254 1.3376 1.16 1.1386.0 0.651 0.631 1.0309 1.3385 1.38 1.169 7.0 0.768 0.740 1.0363 1.3394 1.62 1.200 8.0 0.887 0.850 1.0418 1.3403 1.88 1.2329.0 1.009 0.962 1.0474 1.3413 2.16 1.267 10.0 1.134 1.075 1.0531 1.3422 2.45 1.303 12.0 1.392 1.304 1.0647 1.3441 3.01 1.38214.0 1.661 1.538 1.0765 1.3460 3.76 1.469 16.0 1.944 1.777 1.0885 1.3480 4.45 1.565 18.0 2.240 2.022 1.1009 1.3500 5.25 1.67120.0 2.551 2.273 1.1135 1.3520 6.23 1.788 22.0 2.878 2.529 1.1263 1.3540 7.38 1.914 24.0 3.223 2.791 1.1395 1.3561 8.69 2.04926.0 3.585 3.059 1.1528 1.3582 10.12 2.198CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-7228.0 3.968 3.333 1.1665 1.3604 11.64 2.365 30.0 4.373 3.614 1.1804 1.3625 13.23 2.55332.0 4.802 3.901 1.1945 1.3647 14.94 2.766 34.0 5.257 4.194 1.2089 1.3669 16.81 3.001 36.0 5.740 4.495 1.2236 1.3691 18.85 3.26038.0 6.254 4.803 1.2385 1.3713 21.09 3.544 40.0 6.803 5.117 1.2536 1.3735 23.58 3.856 Potassium 0.5 0.050 0.050 1.0014 1.3335 0.18 1.009 bicarbonate 1.0 0.101 0.100 1.0046 1.3341 0.34 1.015KHCO 3 2.0 0.204 0.202 1.0114 1.3353 0.67 1.027 3.0 0.309 0.305 1.0181 1.3365 0.98 1.040 4.0 0.416 0.409 1.0247 1.3376 1.29 1.0535.0 0.526 0.515 1.0310 1.3386 1.60 1.067 6.0 0.638 0.622 1.0379 1.3397 1.91 1.081 7.0 0.752 0.730 1.0446 1.3409 2.22 1.0968.0 0.869 0.840 1.0514 1.3419 2.53 1.112 9.0 0.988 0.951 1.0581 1.3430 2.84 1.128 10.0 1.110 1.064 1.0650 1.3441 3.16 1.14512.0 1.362 1.293 1.0788 1.3462 3.79 1.183 14.0 1.626 1.528 1.0929 1.3484 4.41 1.224 16.0 1.903 1.770 1.1073 1.3506 1.27018.0 2.193 2.017 1.1221 1.3528 1.319 20.0 2.497 2.272 1.1372 1.3550 1.373 22.0 2.817 2.533 1.1527 1.3572 1.43224.0 3.154 2.801 1.1685 1.3595 1.497 Potassium 0.5 0.042 0.042 1.0018 1.3336 0.15 1.000 bromide 1.0 0.085 0.084 1.0054 1.3342 0.29 0.998 KBr 2.0 0.171 0.170 1.0127 1.3354 0.59 0.994 3.0 0.260 0.257 1.0200 1.3366 0.88 0.9904.0 0.350 0.345 1.0275 1.3379 1.18 0.985 5.0 0.442 0.435 1.0350 1.3391 1.48 0.981 6.0 0.536 0.526 1.0426 1.3403 1.78 0.9777.0 0.633 0.618 1.0503 1.3416 2.10 0.974 8.0 0.731 0.711 1.0581 1.3429 2.42 0.970 9.0 0.831 0.806 1.0660 1.3441 2.74 0.967 10.0 0.934 0.903 1.0740 1.3454 3.07 0.964 12.0 1.146 1.099 1.0903 1.3481 3.76 0.958 14.0 1.368 1.302 1.1070 1.3507 4.49 0.95316.0 1.601 1.512 1.1242 1.3535 5.25 0.949 18.0 1.845 1.727 1.1419 1.3562 6.04 0.946 20.0 2.101 1.950 1.1601 1.3591 6.88 0.94422.0 2.370 2.179 1.1788 1.3620 7.76 0.943 24.0 2.654 2.416 1.1980 1.3650 8.70 0.943 26.0 2.952 2.661 1.2179 1.3680 9.68 0.94428.0 3.268 2.914 1.2383 1.3711 10.72 0.947 30.0 3.601 3.175 1.2593 1.3743 11.82 0.952 32.0 3.954 3.445 1.2810 1.3776 12.98 0.95934.0 4.329 3.724 1.3033 1.3809 0.968 36.0 4.727 4.012 1.3263 1.3843 0.979 38.0 5.150 4.311 1.3501 1.3878 0.99340.0 5.602 4.620 1.3746 1.3914 1.010 Potassium 0.5 0.036 0.036 1.0027 1.3339 0.18 1.013 carbonate 1.0 0.073 0.073 1.0072 1.3347 0.34 1.025 K 2CO 3 2.0 0.148 0.147 1.0163 1.3365 0.66 1.048CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-733.0 0.224 0.223 1.0254 1.3382 0.99 1.071 4.0 0.301 0.299 1.0345 1.3399 1.32 1.0945.0 0.381 0.378 1.0437 1.3416 1.67 1.119 6.0 0.462 0.457 1.0529 1.3433 2.03 1.146 7.0 0.545 0.538 1.0622 1.3450 2.40 1.1748.0 0.629 0.620 1.0715 1.3467 2.77 1.204 9.0 0.716 0.704 1.0809 1.3484 3.17 1.235 10.0 0.804 0.789 1.0904 1.3501 3.57 1.26912.0 0.987 0.963 1.1095 1.3535 4.45 1.339 14.0 1.178 1.144 1.1291 1.3569 5.39 1.414 16.0 1.378 1.330 1.1490 1.3603 6.42 1.49718.0 1.588 1.523 1.1692 1.3637 7.55 1.594 20.0 1.809 1.722 1.1898 1.3671 8.82 1.707 24.0 2.285 2.139 1.2320 1.3739 11.96 1.97828.0 2.814 2.584 1.2755 1.3807 16.01 2.331 32.0 3.405 3.057 1.3204 1.3874 21.46 2.834 36.0 4.070 3.559 1.3665 1.3940 28.58 3.50340.0 4.824 4.093 1.4142 1.4006 37.55 4.360 50.0 7.236 5.573 1.5404 1.4168 9.369 Potassium 0.5 0.067 0.067 1.0014 1.3337 0.23 1.000 chloride 1.0 0.135 0.135 1.0046 1.3343 0.46 0.999 KCl 2.0 0.274 0.271 1.0110 1.3357 0.92 0.999 3.0 0.415 0.409 1.0174 1.3371 1.38 0.998 4.0 0.559 0.549 1.0239 1.3384 1.85 0.997 5.0 0.706 0.691 1.0304 1.3398 2.32 0.9966.0 0.856 0.835 1.0369 1.3411 2.80 0.994 7.0 1.010 0.980 1.0434 1.3425 3.29 0.992 8.0 1.166 1.127 1.0500 1.3438 3.80 0.9909.0 1.327 1.276 1.0566 1.3452 4.30 0.989 10.0 1.490 1.426 1.0633 1.3466 4.81 0.988 12.0 1.829 1.733 1.0768 1.3493 5.88 0.99014.0 2.184 2.048 1.0905 1.3521 0.994 16.0 2.555 2.370 1.1043 1.3549 0.999 18.0 2.944 2.701 1.1185 1.3577 1.00420.0 3.353 3.039 1.1328 1.3606 1.012 22.0 3.783 3.386 1.1474 1.3635 1.024 24.0 4.236 3.742 1.1623 1.3665 1.040 Potassium 0.5 0.090 0.089 1.0025 1.3340 0.30 1.010 hydroxide 1.0 0.180 0.179 1.0068 1.3350 0.61 1.019KOH 2.0 0.364 0.362 1.0155 1.3369 1.24 1.038 3.0 0.551 0.548 1.0242 1.3388 1.89 1.058 4.0 0.743 0.736 1.0330 1.3408 2.57 1.0795.0 0.938 0.929 1.0419 1.3427 3.36 1.102 6.0 1.138 1.124 1.0509 1.3445 4.14 1.126 7.0 1.342 1.322 1.0599 1.3464 4.92 1.1518.0 1.550 1.524 1.0690 1.3483 1.177 9.0 1.763 1.729 1.0781 1.3502 1.205 10.0 1.980 1.938 1.0873 1.3520 1.23312.0 2.431 2.365 1.1059 1.3558 1.294 14.0 2.902 2.806 1.1246 1.3595 1.361 16.0 3.395 3.261 1.1435 1.3632 1.43618.0 3.913 3.730 1.1626 1.3670 1.521 20.0 4.456 4.213 1.1818 1.3707 1.619 22.0 5.027 4.711 1.2014 1.3744 1.73224.0 5.629 5.223 1.2210 1.3781 1.861CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-7426.0 6.262 5.750 1.2408 1.3818 2.006 28.0 6.931 6.293 1.2609 1.3854 2.17030.0 7.639 6.851 1.2813 1.3889 2.357 40.0 11.882 9.896 1.3881 1.4068 3.879 50.0 17.824 13.389 1.5024 1.4247 7.892 Potassium 0.5 0.030 0.030 1.0019 1.3337 0.11 0.999 iodide 1.0 0.061 0.061 1.0056 1.3343 0.22 0.997KI 2.0 0.123 0.122 1.0131 1.3357 0.43 0.991 3.0 0.186 0.184 1.0206 1.3370 0.64 0.986 4.0 0.251 0.248 1.0282 1.3384 0.86 0.9815.0 0.317 0.312 1.0360 1.3397 1.08 0.976 6.0 0.385 0.377 1.0438 1.3411 1.30 0.969 7.0 0.453 0.443 1.0517 1.3425 1.53 0.9638.0 0.524 0.511 1.0598 1.3440 1.77 0.957 9.0 0.596 0.579 1.0679 1.3454 2.01 0.951 10.0 0.669 0.648 1.0762 1.3469 2.26 0.94612.0 0.821 0.790 1.0931 1.3498 2.77 0.937 14.0 0.981 0.937 1.1105 1.3529 3.30 0.929 16.0 1.147 1.088 1.1284 1.3560 3.87 0.92118.0 1.322 1.244 1.1469 1.3593 4.46 0.915 20.0 1.506 1.405 1.1659 1.3626 5.09 0.910 22.0 1.699 1.571 1.1856 1.3661 5.76 0.90524.0 1.902 1.744 1.2060 1.3696 6.46 0.901 26.0 2.117 1.922 1.2270 1.3733 7.21 0.898 28.0 2.343 2.106 1.2487 1.3771 8.01 0.89530.0 2.582 2.297 1.2712 1.3810 8.86 0.892 32.0 2.835 2.495 1.2944 1.3851 9.76 0.891 34.0 3.103 2.700 1.3185 1.3893 10.72 0.89036.0 3.388 2.913 1.3434 1.3936 11.73 0.890 38.0 3.692 3.134 1.3692 1.3981 12.81 0.893 40.0 4.016 3.364 1.3959 1.4027 13.97 0.897 Potassium 0.5 0.050 0.050 1.0014 1.3335 0.17 0.999 nitrate 1.0 0.100 0.099 1.0045 1.3339 0.33 0.996KNO 3 2.0 0.202 0.200 1.0108 1.3349 0.64 0.990 3.0 0.306 0.302 1.0171 1.3358 0.94 0.986 4.0 0.412 0.405 1.0234 1.3368 1.22 0.9835.0 0.521 0.509 1.0298 1.3377 1.50 0.980 6.0 0.631 0.615 1.0363 1.3386 1.76 0.977 7.0 0.744 0.722 1.0428 1.3396 2.02 0.9758.0 0.860 0.830 1.0494 1.3405 2.27 0.973 9.0 0.978 0.940 1.0560 1.3415 2.52 0.971 10.0 1.099 1.051 1.0627 1.3425 2.75 0.97012.0 1.349 1.277 1.0762 1.3444 0.970 14.0 1.610 1.509 1.0899 1.3463 0.972 16.0 1.884 1.747 1.1039 1.3482 0.97618.0 2.171 1.991 1.1181 1.3502 0.982 20.0 2.473 2.240 1.1326 1.3521 0.990 22.0 2.790 2.497 1.1473 1.3541 0.99924.0 3.123 2.759 1.1623 1.3561 1.010 Potassium 0.5 0.032 0.032 1.0017 0.11 1.001 permanganate 1.0 0.064 0.064 1.0051 0.22 1.000 KMnO 4 1.5 0.096 0.096 1.0085 0.32 0.999 2.0 0.129 0.128 1.0118 0.43 0.9983.0 0.196 0.193 1.0186 0.995CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-754.0 0.264 0.260 1.0254 0.992 5.0 0.333 0.327 1.0322 0.9896.0 0.404 0.394 1.0390 0.985 Potassium 0.5 0.029 0.029 1.0025 1.3338 0.13 1.013 hydrogen 1.0 0.058 0.058 1.0068 1.3345 0.25 1.023 phosphate 1.5 0.087 0.087 1.0110 1.3353 0.37 1.034 K 2HPO4 2.0 0.117 0.117 1.0153 1.3361 0.49 1.0462.5 0.147 0.146 1.0195 1.3368 0.61 1.057 3.0 0.178 0.176 1.0238 1.3376 0.73 1.069 3.5 0.208 0.207 1.0281 1.3384 0.86 1.0814.0 0.239 0.237 1.0324 1.3392 0.97 1.094 4.5 0.271 0.268 1.0368 1.3399 1.10 1.107 5.0 0.302 0.299 1.0412 1.3407 1.22 1.1206.0 0.366 0.362 1.0500 1.3422 1.46 1.147 7.0 0.432 0.426 1.0590 1.3438 1.70 1.177 8.0 0.499 0.491 1.0680 1.3453 1.95 1.209 Potassium 0.5 0.037 0.037 1.0018 1.3336 0.13 1.010 dihydrogen 1.0 0.074 0.074 1.0053 1.3342 0.25 1.019phosphate 1.5 0.112 0.111 1.0089 1.3348 0.37 1.028 KH 2PO4 2.0 0.150 0.149 1.0125 1.3354 0.49 1.038 3.0 0.227 0.225 1.0197 1.3365 0.72 1.0604.0 0.306 0.302 1.0269 1.3377 0.96 1.083 5.0 0.387 0.380 1.0342 1.3388 1.19 1.108 6.0 0.469 0.459 1.0414 1.3400 1.41 1.1337.0 0.553 0.539 1.0486 1.3411 1.63 1.160 8.0 0.639 0.621 1.0558 1.3422 1.84 1.187 9.0 0.727 0.703 1.0630 1.3434 2.04 1.215 10.0 0.816 0.786 1.0703 1.3445 2.23 1.245 Potassium 0.5 0.029 0.029 1.0022 1.3336 0.14 1.006 sulfate 1.0 0.058 0.058 1.0062 1.3343 0.26 1.011 K 2SO4 2.0 0.117 0.116 1.0143 1.3355 0.50 1.021 3.0 0.177 0.176 1.0224 1.3368 0.73 1.0334.0 0.239 0.237 1.0306 1.3380 0.95 1.045 5.0 0.302 0.298 1.0388 1.3393 1.17 1.058 6.0 0.366 0.360 1.0470 1.3405 1.0727.0 0.432 0.424 1.0553 1.3417 1.087 8.0 0.499 0.488 1.0637 1.3428 1.102 9.0 0.568 0.554 1.0721 1.3440 1.117 10.0 0.638 0.620 1.0806 1.3452 1.132 1-Propanol 1.0 0.168 0.166 0.9963 1.3339 0.31 1.051 CH 3CH2CH2OH 2.0 0.340 0.331 0.9946 1.3348 0.61 1.100 3.0 0.515 0.496 0.9928 1.3357 0.93 1.152 4.0 0.693 0.660 0.9911 1.3366 1.24 1.2085.0 0.876 0.823 0.9896 1.3376 1.57 1.267 6.0 1.062 0.987 0.9882 1.3385 1.91 1.325 7.0 1.252 1.149 0.9868 1.3394 2.26 1.3878.0 1.447 1.312 0.9855 1.3404 2.61 1.449 9.0 1.646 1.474 0.9842 1.3414 2.99 1.514 10.0 1.849 1.635 0.9829 1.3423 3.36 1.57712.0 2.269 1.958 0.9804 1.3442 4.09 1.710 14.0 2.709 2.278 0.9779 1.3460 4.91 1.849 16.0 3.169 2.595 0.9749 1.3477 5.78 1.98618.0 3.652 2.911 0.9719 1.3494 6.67 2.106CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-7620.0 4.160 3.223 0.9686 1.3510 7.76 2.218 24.0 5.254 3.838 0.9612 1.3539 9.12 2.43228.0 6.471 4.441 0.9533 1.3566 10.17 2.612 32.0 7.830 5.033 0.9452 1.3592 10.66 2.765 36.0 9.359 5.613 0.9370 1.3614 2.90040.0 11.093 6.182 0.9288 1.3635 3.010 60.0 24.958 8.860 0.8875 1.3734 3.186 80.0 66.556 11.275 0.8470 1.3812 2.822 100.0 13.368 0.8034 1.3852 2.227 2-Propanol 1.0 0.168 0.166 0.9960 1.3338 0.30 1.056 CH 3CHOHCH3 2.0 0.340 0.331 0.9939 1.3346 0.60 1.112 3.0 0.515 0.495 0.9920 1.3355 0.93 1.166 4.0 0.693 0.659 0.9902 1.3364 1.26 1.2255.0 0.876 0.822 0.9884 1.3373 1.61 1.287 6.0 1.062 0.985 0.9871 1.3382 1.96 1.352 7.0 1.252 1.148 0.9855 1.3392 2.32 1.4178.0 1.447 1.310 0.9843 1.3400 2.68 1.485 9.0 1.646 1.472 0.9831 1.3410 3.06 1.553 10.0 1.849 1.633 0.9816 1.3420 3.48 1.62912.0 2.269 1.955 0.9793 1.3439 4.43 1.794 14.0 2.709 2.276 0.9772 1.3459 5.29 1.970 16.0 3.169 2.596 0.9751 1.3478 6.36 2.16018.0 3.652 2.913 0.9725 1.3496 7.40 2.352 20.0 4.160 3.227 0.9696 1.3514 8.52 2.550 40.0 11.093 6.191 0.9302 1.364260.0 24.958 8.809 0.8824 1.3717 80.0 66.556 11.103 0.8341 1.3742 100.0 13.058 0.7848 1.3776 Silver 0.5 0.030 0.030 1.0027 1.3336 0.10 1.003 nitrate 1.0 0.059 0.059 1.0070 1.3342 0.20 1.005AgNO 3 2.0 0.120 0.120 1.0154 1.3352 0.40 1.009 3.0 0.182 0.181 1.0239 1.3363 0.59 1.013 4.0 0.245 0.243 1.0327 1.3374 0.78 1.0165.0 0.310 0.307 1.0417 1.3385 0.96 1.020 6.0 0.376 0.371 1.0506 1.3396 1.15 1.024 7.0 0.443 0.437 1.0597 1.3407 1.33 1.0278.0 0.512 0.503 1.0690 1.3419 1.51 1.031 9.0 0.582 0.571 1.0785 1.3431 1.69 1.035 10.0 0.654 0.641 1.0882 1.3443 1.87 1.03912.0 0.803 0.783 1.1079 1.3467 2.21 1.049 14.0 0.958 0.930 1.1284 1.3493 2.55 1.060 16.0 1.121 1.083 1.1496 1.3519 2.86 1.07218.0 1.292 1.241 1.1715 1.3546 1.086 20.0 1.472 1.406 1.1942 1.3574 1.101 22.0 1.660 1.577 1.2177 1.3602 1.11724.0 1.859 1.755 1.2420 1.3632 1.135 26.0 2.068 1.940 1.2672 1.3662 1.154 28.0 2.289 2.132 1.2933 1.3694 1.17630.0 2.523 2.332 1.3204 1.3726 1.200 32.0 2.770 2.541 1.3487 1.3760 1.227 34.0 3.033 2.758 1.3780 1.3795 1.25736.0 3.311 2.985 1.4087 1.3832 1.290 38.0 3.608 3.223 1.4407 1.3871 1.326 40.0 3.925 3.472 1.4743 1.3911 1.366CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-77Sodium 0.5 0.061 0.061 1.0008 1.3337 0.22 1.021 acetate 1.0 0.123 0.122 1.0034 1.3344 0.43 1.040CH 3COONa 2.0 0.249 0.246 1.0085 1.3358 0.88 1.080 3.0 0.377 0.371 1.0135 1.3372 1.34 1.124 4.0 0.508 0.497 1.0184 1.3386 1.82 1.1715.0 0.642 0.624 1.0234 1.3400 2.32 1.222 6.0 0.778 0.752 1.0283 1.3414 2.85 1.278 7.0 0.918 0.882 1.0334 1.3428 3.40 1.3378.0 1.060 1.013 1.0386 1.3442 3.98 1.401 9.0 1.206 1.145 1.0440 1.3456 4.57 1.468 10.0 1.354 1.279 1.0495 1.3470 1.53912.0 1.662 1.552 1.0607 1.3498 1.688 14.0 1.984 1.829 1.0718 1.3526 1.855 16.0 2.322 2.112 1.0830 1.3554 2.05418.0 2.676 2.400 1.0940 1.3583 2.284 20.0 3.047 2.694 1.1050 1.3611 2.567 22.0 3.438 2.993 1.1159 1.3639 2.94824.0 3.849 3.297 1.1268 1.3666 3.400 26.0 4.283 3.606 1.1377 1.3693 3.877 28.0 4.741 3.921 1.1488 1.3720 4.38830.0 5.224 4.243 1.1602 1.3748 4.940 Sodium 0.5 0.060 0.060 1.0018 1.3337 0.20 1.015 bicarbonate 1.0 0.120 0.120 1.0054 1.3344 0.40 1.028 NaHCO 3 1.5 0.181 0.180 1.0089 1.3351 0.59 1.042 2.0 0.243 0.241 1.0125 1.3357 0.78 1.0572.5 0.305 0.302 1.0160 1.3364 0.98 1.071 3.0 0.368 0.364 1.0196 1.3370 1.16 1.086 3.5 0.432 0.426 1.0231 1.3377 1.35 1.1024.0 0.496 0.489 1.0266 1.3383 1.54 1.118 4.5 0.561 0.552 1.0301 1.3390 1.72 1.134 5.0 0.627 0.615 1.0337 1.3396 1.90 1.1515.5 0.693 0.679 1.0372 1.3403 2.08 1.168 6.0 0.760 0.743 1.0408 1.3409 2.26 1.185 Sodium 0.5 0.049 0.049 1.0021 1.3337 0.17 1.004 bromide 1.0 0.098 0.098 1.0060 1.3344 0.34 1.007 NaBr 2.0 0.198 0.197 1.0139 1.3358 0.69 1.012 3.0 0.301 0.298 1.0218 1.3372 1.04 1.017 4.0 0.405 0.400 1.0298 1.3386 1.39 1.022 5.0 0.512 0.504 1.0380 1.3401 1.76 1.0286.0 0.620 0.610 1.0462 1.3415 2.14 1.034 7.0 0.732 0.717 1.0546 1.3430 2.53 1.040 8.0 0.845 0.826 1.0630 1.3445 2.93 1.0469.0 0.961 0.937 1.0716 1.3460 3.34 1.053 10.0 1.080 1.050 1.0803 1.3475 3.77 1.060 12.0 1.325 1.281 1.0981 1.3506 4.67 1.07714.0 1.582 1.519 1.1164 1.3538 5.65 1.096 16.0 1.851 1.765 1.1352 1.3570 6.74 1.119 18.0 2.133 2.020 1.1546 1.3604 1.14420.0 2.430 2.283 1.1745 1.3638 1.174 22.0 2.741 2.555 1.1951 1.3673 1.207 24.0 3.069 2.837 1.2163 1.3708 1.24426.0 3.415 3.129 1.2382 1.3745 1.287 28.0 3.780 3.431 1.2608 1.3783 1.336 30.0 4.165 3.744 1.2842 1.3822 1.39532.0 4.574 4.069 1.3083 1.3862 1.465CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-7834.0 5.007 4.406 1.3333 1.3903 1.546 36.0 5.467 4.755 1.3592 1.3946 1.63938.0 5.957 5.119 1.3860 1.3990 1.745 40.0 6.479 5.496 1.4138 1.4035 1.866 Sodium 0.5 0.047 0.047 1.0034 1.3341 0.22 1.025 carbonate 1.0 0.095 0.095 1.0086 1.3352 0.43 1.049 Na 2CO3 2.0 0.193 0.192 1.0190 1.3375 0.75 1.1023.0 0.292 0.291 1.0294 1.3397 1.08 1.159 4.0 0.393 0.392 1.0398 1.3419 1.42 1.222 5.0 0.497 0.495 1.0502 1.3440 1.77 1.2926.0 0.602 0.600 1.0606 1.3462 2.13 1.367 7.0 0.710 0.707 1.0711 1.3483 1.448 8.0 0.820 0.816 1.0816 1.3504 1.5389.0 0.933 0.927 1.0922 1.3525 1.638 10.0 1.048 1.041 1.1029 1.3547 1.754 11.0 1.166 1.156 1.1136 1.3568 1.88412.0 1.287 1.273 1.1244 1.3589 2.028 13.0 1.410 1.392 1.1353 1.3610 2.186 14.0 1.536 1.514 1.1463 1.3631 2.36115.0 1.665 1.638 1.1574 1.3652 2.551 Sodium 0.5 0.086 0.086 1.0018 1.3339 0.30 1.011 chloride 1.0 0.173 0.172 1.0053 1.3347 0.59 1.020 NaCl 2.0 0.349 0.346 1.0125 1.3365 1.19 1.036 3.0 0.529 0.523 1.0196 1.3383 1.79 1.0524.0 0.713 0.703 1.0268 1.3400 2.41 1.068 5.0 0.901 0.885 1.0340 1.3418 3.05 1.085 6.0 1.092 1.069 1.0413 1.3435 3.70 1.1047.0 1.288 1.256 1.0486 1.3453 4.38 1.124 8.0 1.488 1.445 1.0559 1.3470 5.08 1.145 9.0 1.692 1.637 1.0633 1.3488 5.81 1.168 10.0 1.901 1.832 1.0707 1.3505 6.56 1.193 12.0 2.333 2.229 1.0857 1.3541 8.18 1.250 14.0 2.785 2.637 1.1008 1.3576 9.94 1.31716.0 3.259 3.056 1.1162 1.3612 11.89 1.388 18.0 3.756 3.486 1.1319 1.3648 14.04 1.463 20.0 4.278 3.928 1.1478 1.3684 16.46 1.55722.0 4.826 4.382 1.1640 1.3721 19.18 1.676 24.0 5.403 4.847 1.1804 1.3757 1.821 26.0 6.012 5.326 1.1972 1.3795 1.990 Sodium 1.0 0.039 0.039 1.0049 1.3348 0.20 1.043 citrate 2.0 0.079 0.078 1.0120 1.3366 0.39 1.081(HO)C(COONa) 33.0 0.120 0.118 1.0186 1.3383 0.59 1.122 4.0 0.161 0.159 1.0260 1.3401 0.79 1.166 5.0 0.204 0.200 1.0331 1.3419 0.97 1.2106.0 0.247 0.242 1.0405 1.3437 1.17 1.263 7.0 0.292 0.284 1.0482 1.3455 1.36 1.314 8.0 0.337 0.327 1.0557 1.3473 1.57 1.3719.0 0.383 0.371 1.0632 1.3491 1.77 1.427 10.0 0.431 0.415 1.0708 1.3509 1.96 1.499 12.0 0.528 0.505 1.0861 1.3546 2.38 1.64914.0 0.631 0.598 1.1019 1.3583 2.82 1.832 16.0 0.738 0.693 1.1173 1.3618 3.27 2.045 18.0 0.851 0.790 1.1327 1.3656 3.82 2.29020.0 0.969 0.891 1.1492 1.3693 4.39 2.596CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-7924.0 1.224 1.099 1.1813 1.3767 3.409 28.0 1.507 1.318 1.2151 1.3845 4.58632.0 1.823 1.548 1.2487 1.3923 6.541 36.0 2.180 1.792 1.2843 1.4001 9.788 Sodium 0.5 0.126 0.125 1.0039 1.3344 0.43 1.027 hydroxide 1.0 0.253 0.252 1.0095 1.3358 0.86 1.054 NaOH 2.0 0.510 0.510 1.0207 1.3386 1.74 1.112 3.0 0.773 0.774 1.0318 1.3414 2.64 1.176 4.0 1.042 1.043 1.0428 1.3441 3.59 1.248 5.0 1.316 1.317 1.0538 1.3467 4.57 1.3296.0 1.596 1.597 1.0648 1.3494 5.60 1.416 7.0 1.882 1.883 1.0758 1.3520 6.69 1.510 8.0 2.174 2.174 1.0869 1.3546 7.87 1.6169.0 2.473 2.470 1.0979 1.3572 9.12 1.737 10.0 2.778 2.772 1.1089 1.3597 10.47 1.882 12.0 3.409 3.393 1.1309 1.3648 13.42 2.20114.0 4.070 4.036 1.1530 1.3697 16.76 2.568 15.0 4.412 4.365 1.1640 1.3722 2.789 16.0 4.762 4.701 1.1751 1.3746 3.04318.0 5.488 5.387 1.1971 1.3793 3.698 20.0 6.250 6.096 1.2192 1.3840 4.619 22.0 7.052 6.827 1.2412 1.3885 5.76524.0 7.895 7.579 1.2631 1.3929 7.100 26.0 8.784 8.352 1.2848 1.3971 8.744 28.0 9.723 9.145 1.3064 1.4012 10.83230.0 10.715 9.958 1.3277 1.4051 13.517 32.0 11.766 10.791 1.3488 1.4088 16.844 34.0 12.880 11.643 1.3697 1.4123 20.75136.0 14.064 12.512 1.3901 1.4156 25.290 38.0 15.324 13.398 1.4102 1.4186 30.461 40.0 16.668 14.300 1.4299 1.4215 36.312 Sodium 0.5 0.059 0.059 1.0016 1.3336 0.20 1.004 nitrate 1.0 0.119 0.118 1.0050 1.3341 0.40 1.007NaNO 3 2.0 0.240 0.238 1.0117 1.3353 0.79 1.012 3.0 0.364 0.359 1.0185 1.3364 1.18 1.018 4.0 0.490 0.483 1.0254 1.3375 1.56 1.0255.0 0.619 0.607 1.0322 1.3387 1.94 1.032 6.0 0.751 0.734 1.0392 1.3398 2.32 1.040 7.0 0.886 0.862 1.0462 1.3409 2.70 1.0498.0 1.023 0.991 1.0532 1.3421 3.08 1.059 9.0 1.164 1.123 1.0603 1.3432 3.46 1.069 10.0 1.307 1.256 1.0674 1.3443 3.84 1.08112.0 1.604 1.527 1.0819 1.3466 4.60 1.107 14.0 1.915 1.806 1.0967 1.3489 5.37 1.138 18.0 2.583 2.387 1.1272 1.3536 6.98 1.21520.0 2.941 2.689 1.1429 1.3559 7.81 1.263 30.0 5.042 4.326 1.2256 1.3678 1.609 40.0 7.844 6.200 1.3175 1.3802 2.226 Sodium 0.5 0.031 0.031 1.0042 1.3343 0.19 1.033 phosphate 1.0 0.062 0.062 1.0100 1.3356 0.37 1.064Na 3PO4 1.5 0.093 0.093 1.0158 1.3369 0.53 1.094 2.0 0.124 0.125 1.0216 1.3381 0.67 1.126 2.5 0.156 0.157 1.0275 1.3394 0.79 1.1613.0 0.189 0.189 1.0335 1.3406 1.198CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-803.5 0.221 0.222 1.0395 1.3419 1.238 4.0 0.254 0.255 1.0456 1.3432 1.2814.5 0.287 0.289 1.0517 1.3444 1.327 5.0 0.321 0.323 1.0579 1.3457 1.375 5.5 0.355 0.357 1.0642 1.3470 1.4266.0 0.389 0.392 1.0705 1.3482 1.480 6.5 0.424 0.427 1.0768 1.3495 1.538 7.0 0.459 0.462 1.0832 1.3507 1.5987.5 0.495 0.498 1.0896 1.3519 1.662 8.0 0.530 0.535 1.0961 1.3532 1.729 Sodium hydrogen 0.5 0.035 0.035 1.0032 1.3340 0.17 1.021 phosphate 1.0 0.071 0.071 1.0082 1.3349 0.32 1.042 Na 2HPO4 1.5 0.107 0.107 1.0131 1.3358 0.46 1.0642.0 0.144 0.143 1.0180 1.3368 1.088 2.5 0.181 0.180 1.0229 1.3377 1.113 3.0 0.218 0.217 1.0279 1.3386 1.1383.5 0.255 0.255 1.0328 1.3396 1.165 4.0 0.293 0.292 1.0378 1.3405 1.193 4.5 0.332 0.331 1.0428 1.3414 1.2235.0 0.371 0.369 1.0478 1.3424 1.254 5.5 0.410 0.408 1.0528 1.3433 1.286 Sodium 0.5 0.042 0.042 1.0019 1.3336 0.14 1.018 dihydrogen 1.0 0.084 0.084 1.0056 1.3343 0.28 1.035 phosphate 1.5 0.127 0.126 1.0094 1.3349 0.42 1.051NaH 2PO4 2.0 0.170 0.169 1.0131 1.3356 0.56 1.068 2.5 0.214 0.212 1.0168 1.3362 0.70 1.085 3.0 0.258 0.255 1.0206 1.3369 0.84 1.1033.5 0.302 0.299 1.0244 1.3375 0.98 1.121 4.0 0.347 0.343 1.0281 1.3382 1.12 1.140 4.5 0.393 0.387 1.0319 1.3388 1.25 1.1605.0 0.439 0.432 1.0358 1.3395 1.39 1.180 6.0 0.532 0.522 1.0434 1.3408 1.65 1.223 7.0 0.627 0.613 1.0511 1.3421 1.89 1.2708.0 0.725 0.706 1.0589 1.3434 2.12 1.319 9.0 0.824 0.800 1.0668 1.3447 2.35 1.371 10.0 0.926 0.896 1.0747 1.3460 2.58 1.42812.0 1.137 1.091 1.0907 1.3486 3.06 1.552 14.0 1.357 1.292 1.1070 1.3512 3.53 1.694 16.0 1.588 1.499 1.1236 1.3538 4.03 1.86118.0 1.830 1.711 1.1404 1.3565 4.55 2.050 20.0 2.084 1.930 1.1576 1.3592 5.10 2.283 22.0 2.351 2.155 1.1752 1.3618 2.55024.0 2.632 2.387 1.1931 1.3646 2.850 26.0 2.929 2.625 1.2113 1.3673 3.214 28.0 3.242 2.870 1.2299 1.3700 3.68230.0 3.572 3.123 1.2488 1.3728 4.300 32.0 3.923 3.383 1.2682 1.3756 5.079 34.0 4.294 3.650 1.2879 1.3784 6.00836.0 4.689 3.925 1.3080 1.3812 7.098 38.0 5.109 4.208 1.3285 1.3840 8.363 40.0 5.557 4.499 1.3493 1.3869 9.814 Sodium 0.5 0.035 0.035 1.0027 1.3338 0.17 1.013 sulfate 1.0 0.071 0.071 1.0071 1.3345 0.32 1.026Na 2SO4 2.0 0.144 0.143 1.0161 1.3360 0.61 1.058CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-813.0 0.218 0.217 1.0252 1.3376 0.87 1.091 4.0 0.293 0.291 1.0343 1.3391 1.13 1.1265.0 0.371 0.367 1.0436 1.3406 1.36 1.163 6.0 0.449 0.445 1.0526 1.3420 1.56 1.202 7.0 0.530 0.523 1.0619 1.3435 1.2448.0 0.612 0.603 1.0713 1.3449 1.289 9.0 0.696 0.685 1.0808 1.3464 1.337 10.0 0.782 0.768 1.0905 1.3479 1.39012.0 0.960 0.938 1.1101 1.3509 1.508 14.0 1.146 1.114 1.1301 1.3539 1.646 16.0 1.341 1.296 1.1503 1.3567 1.81218.0 1.545 1.483 1.1705 1.3595 2.005 20.0 1.760 1.677 1.1907 1.3620 2.227 22.0 1.986 1.875 1.2106 1.3643 2.481 Sodium 0.5 0.032 0.032 1.0024 1.3340 0.14 1.012 thiosulfate 1.0 0.064 0.064 1.0065 1.3351 0.28 1.023Na 2S2O3 2.0 0.129 0.128 1.0148 1.3371 0.57 1.044 3.0 0.196 0.194 1.0231 1.3392 0.84 1.066 4.0 0.264 0.261 1.0315 1.3413 1.09 1.0905.0 0.333 0.329 1.0399 1.3434 1.34 1.115 6.0 0.404 0.398 1.0483 1.3454 1.59 1.141 7.0 0.476 0.468 1.0568 1.3475 1.83 1.1698.0 0.550 0.539 1.0654 1.3496 2.06 1.199 9.0 0.626 0.611 1.0740 1.3517 2.30 1.231 10.0 0.703 0.685 1.0827 1.3538 2.55 1.26712.0 0.862 0.835 1.1003 1.3581 3.06 1.345 14.0 1.030 0.990 1.1182 1.3624 3.60 1.435 16.0 1.205 1.150 1.1365 1.3667 4.17 1.53718.0 1.388 1.315 1.1551 1.3711 4.76 1.657 20.0 1.581 1.485 1.1740 1.3756 5.37 1.798 30.0 2.711 2.417 1.2739 1.3987 2.90340.0 4.216 3.498 1.3827 1.4229 5.758 Strontium 0.5 0.032 0.032 1.0027 1.3339 0.16 1.012 chloride 1.0 0.064 0.064 1.0071 1.3348 0.31 1.021 SrCl 2 2.0 0.129 0.128 1.0161 1.3366 0.62 1.039 3.0 0.195 0.194 1.0252 1.3384 0.93 1.0574.0 0.263 0.261 1.0344 1.3402 1.26 1.076 5.0 0.332 0.329 1.0437 1.3421 1.61 1.096 6.0 0.403 0.399 1.0532 1.3440 1.98 1.1167.0 0.475 0.469 1.0628 1.3459 2.38 1.136 8.0 0.549 0.541 1.0726 1.3478 2.80 1.157 9.0 0.624 0.615 1.0825 1.3498 3.25 1.180 10.0 0.701 0.689 1.0925 1.3518 3.74 1.204 12.0 0.860 0.843 1.1131 1.3558 4.81 1.258 14.0 1.027 1.002 1.1342 1.3599 6.03 1.31716.0 1.202 1.167 1.1558 1.3641 7.41 1.383 18.0 1.385 1.338 1.1780 1.3684 8.98 1.460 20.0 1.577 1.515 1.2008 1.3728 10.74 1.54922.0 1.779 1.699 1.2241 1.3772 12.74 1.650 24.0 1.992 1.890 1.2481 1.3817 14.99 1.765 26.0 2.216 2.087 1.2728 1.3864 1.89728.0 2.453 2.293 1.2983 1.3911 2.056 30.0 2.703 2.507 1.3248 1.3961 2.245 32.0 2.968 2.730 1.3523 1.4013 2.527CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-8234.0 3.250 2.962 1.3811 1.4067 2.846 36.0 3.548 3.205 1.4114 1.4124 3.206 Sucrose 0.5 0.015 0.015 1.0002 1.3337 0.03 1.015 C12H22O11 1.0 0.030 0.029 1.0021 1.3344 0.06 1.0282.0 0.060 0.059 1.0060 1.3359 0.11 1.055 3.0 0.090 0.089 1.0099 1.3373 0.17 1.084 4.0 0.122 0.118 1.0139 1.3388 0.23 1.1145.0 0.154 0.149 1.0178 1.3403 0.29 1.146 6.0 0.186 0.179 1.0218 1.3418 0.35 1.179 7.0 0.220 0.210 1.0259 1.3433 0.42 1.2158.0 0.254 0.241 1.0299 1.3448 0.49 1.254 9.0 0.289 0.272 1.0340 1.3463 0.55 1.294 10.0 0.325 0.303 1.0381 1.3478 0.63 1.33612.0 0.398 0.367 1.0465 1.3509 0.77 1.429 14.0 0.476 0.431 1.0549 1.3541 0.93 1.534 16.0 0.556 0.497 1.0635 1.3573 1.10 1.65318.0 0.641 0.564 1.0722 1.3606 1.27 1.790 20.0 0.730 0.632 1.0810 1.3639 1.47 1.945 22.0 0.824 0.700 1.0899 1.3672 1.67 2.12424.0 0.923 0.771 1.0990 1.3706 1.89 2.331 26.0 1.026 0.842 1.1082 1.3741 2.12 2.573 28.0 1.136 0.914 1.1175 1.3776 2.37 2.85530.0 1.252 0.988 1.1270 1.3812 2.64 3.187 32.0 1.375 1.063 1.1366 1.3848 2.94 3.762 34.0 1.505 1.139 1.1464 1.3885 3.27 4.05236.0 1.643 1.216 1.1562 1.3922 3.63 4.621 38.0 1.791 1.295 1.1663 1.3960 4.02 5.315 40.0 1.948 1.375 1.1765 1.3999 4.45 6.16242.0 2.116 1.456 1.1868 1.4038 4.93 7.234 44.0 2.295 1.539 1.1972 1.4078 8.596 46.0 2.489 1.623 1.2079 1.4118 10.30148.0 2.697 1.709 1.2186 1.4159 12.515 50.0 2.921 1.796 1.2295 1.4201 15.431 60.0 4.382 2.255 1.2864 1.4419 58.48770.0 6.817 2.755 1.3472 1.4654 481.561 80.0 11.686 3.299 1.4117 1.4906 Sulfuric acid 0.5 0.051 0.051 1.0016 1.3336 0.21 1.010H 2SO4 1.0 0.103 0.102 1.0049 1.3342 0.42 1.019 2.0 0.208 0.206 1.0116 1.3355 0.80 1.036 3.0 0.315 0.311 1.0183 1.3367 1.17 1.0594.0 0.425 0.418 1.0250 1.3379 1.60 1.085 5.0 0.537 0.526 1.0318 1.3391 2.05 1.112 6.0 0.651 0.635 1.0385 1.3403 2.50 1.1367.0 0.767 0.746 1.0453 1.3415 2.95 1.159 8.0 0.887 0.858 1.0522 1.3427 3.49 1.182 9.0 1.008 0.972 1.0591 1.3439 4.08 1.206 10.0 1.133 1.087 1.0661 1.3451 4.64 1.230 12.0 1.390 1.322 1.0802 1.3475 5.93 1.282 14.0 1.660 1.563 1.0947 1.3500 7.49 1.33716.0 1.942 1.810 1.1094 1.3525 9.26 1.399 18.0 2.238 2.064 1.1245 1.3551 11.29 1.470 20.0 2.549 2.324 1.1398 1.3576 13.64 1.54622.0 2.876 2.592 1.1554 1.3602 16.48 1.624 24.0 3.220 2.866 1.1714 1.3628 19.85 1.706 26.0 3.582 3.147 1.1872 1.3653 24.29 1.79728.0 3.965 3.435 1.2031 1.3677 29.65 1.894CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-8330.0 4.370 3.729 1.2191 1.3701 36.21 2.001 32.0 4.798 4.030 1.2353 1.3725 44.76 2.12234.0 5.252 4.339 1.2518 1.3749 55.28 2.255 36.0 5.735 4.656 1.2685 1.3773 2.392 38.0 6.249 4.981 1.2855 1.3797 2.53340.0 6.797 5.313 1.3028 1.3821 2.690 42.0 7.383 5.655 1.3205 1.3846 2.872 44.0 8.011 6.005 1.3386 1.3870 3.07346.0 8.685 6.364 1.3570 1.3895 3.299 48.0 9.411 6.734 1.3759 1.3920 3.546 50.0 10.196 7.113 1.3952 1.3945 3.82652.0 11.045 7.502 1.4149 1.3971 4.142 54.0 11.969 7.901 1.4351 1.3997 4.499 56.0 12.976 8.312 1.4558 1.4024 4.90658.0 14.080 8.734 1.4770 1.4050 5.354 60.0 15.294 9.168 1.4987 1.4077 5.917 70.0 23.790 11.494 1.610580.0 40.783 14.088 1.7272 90.0 91.762 16.649 1.8144 92.0 117.251 17.109 1.824094.0 159.734 17.550 1.8312 96.0 244.698 17.966 1.8355 98.0 499.592 18.346 1.8361 100.0 18.663 1.8305 Trichloroacetic 0.5 0.031 0.031 1.0008 1.3337 0.11 1.011 acid 1.0 0.062 0.061 1.0034 1.3343 0.21 1.021 CCl 3COOH 2.0 0.125 0.123 1.0083 1.3356 0.42 1.044 3.0 0.189 0.186 1.0133 1.3369 0.64 1.0694.0 0.255 0.249 1.0182 1.3381 0.86 1.096 5.0 0.322 0.313 1.0230 1.3394 1.08 1.123 6.0 0.391 0.377 1.0279 1.3406 1.30 1.1507.0 0.461 0.442 1.0328 1.3418 1.53 1.177 8.0 0.532 0.508 1.0378 1.3431 1.76 1.204 9.0 0.605 0.574 1.0428 1.3444 1.99 1.233 10.0 0.680 0.641 1.0479 1.3456 2.23 1.263 12.0 0.835 0.777 1.0583 1.3483 2.73 1.326 14.0 0.996 0.916 1.0692 1.3510 3.26 1.39316.0 1.166 1.058 1.0806 1.3539 3.82 1.462 18.0 1.343 1.203 1.0921 1.3568 1.533 20.0 1.530 1.351 1.1035 1.3597 1.60824.0 1.933 1.654 1.1260 1.3652 1.768 28.0 2.380 1.968 1.1485 1.3705 1.935 32.0 2.880 2.294 1.1713 1.3759 2.11836.0 3.443 2.632 1.1947 1.3813 2.320 40.0 4.080 2.984 1.2188 1.3868 1.543 44.0 4.809 3.349 1.2435 1.3923 2.79748.0 5.650 3.726 1.2682 1.3977 3.076 Tris 0.5 0.041 0.041 0.9994 1.3337 0.08 1.014 (hydroxymethyl)- 1.0 0.083 0.083 1.0006 1.3344 0.16 1.027 methylamine 2.0 0.168 0.166 1.0030 1.3359 0.31 1.054 H 2NC(CH2OH)3 3.0 0.255 0.249 1.0054 1.3374 0.47 1.0834.0 0.344 0.333 1.0078 1.3388 0.64 1.115 5.0 0.434 0.417 1.0103 1.3403 0.80 1.148 6.0 0.527 0.502 1.0128 1.3418 0.97 1.182CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s 8-847.0 0.621 0.587 1.0153 1.3433 1.15 1.218 8.0 0.718 0.672 1.0179 1.3448 1.33 1.2569.0 0.816 0.758 1.0204 1.3463 1.51 1.295 10.0 0.917 0.844 1.0230 1.3478 1.70 1.337 12.0 1.126 1.019 1.0282 1.3508 2.08 1.42714.0 1.344 1.194 1.0335 1.3539 2.47 1.527 16.0 1.572 1.372 1.0389 1.3570 2.90 1.642 18.0 1.812 1.552 1.0443 1.3601 3.36 1.77220.0 2.064 1.733 1.0498 1.3633 3.85 1.920 30.0 3.538 2.670 1.0781 1.3797 2.998 40.0 5.503 3.657 1.1076 1.3970 5.208 Urea 0.5 0.084 0.083 0.9995 1.3337 0.16 1.007 (NH 2)2CO 1.0 0.168 0.167 1.0007 1.3344 0.31 1.010 2.0 0.340 0.334 1.0033 1.3358 0.62 1.012 3.0 0.515 0.502 1.0058 1.3372 0.93 1.017 4.0 0.694 0.672 1.0085 1.3387 1.24 1.0255.0 0.876 0.842 1.0111 1.3401 1.55 1.033 6.0 1.063 1.013 1.0138 1.3416 1.88 1.041 7.0 1.253 1.185 1.0165 1.3431 2.22 1.0498.0 1.448 1.358 1.0192 1.3446 2.56 1.057 9.0 1.647 1.531 1.0220 1.3461 2.91 1.065 10.0 1.850 1.706 1.0248 1.3476 3.26 1.07412.0 2.270 2.059 1.0304 1.3506 3.95 1.091 14.0 2.710 2.415 1.0360 1.3537 4.66 1.109 16.0 3.171 2.775 1.0417 1.3568 5.40 1.13018.0 3.655 3.139 1.0473 1.3599 6.19 1.153 20.0 4.163 3.506 1.0530 1.3629 7.00 1.178 22.0 4.696 3.878 1.0586 1.3661 7.81 1.20524.0 5.258 4.253 1.0643 1.3692 8.64 1.235 26.0 5.850 4.632 1.0699 1.3723 9.52 1.266 28.0 6.475 5.014 1.0756 1.3754 10.45 1.29830.0 7.136 5.401 1.0812 1.3785 11.40 1.332 32.0 7.835 5.791 1.0869 1.3817 12.34 1.371 34.0 8.577 6.185 1.0926 1.3848 13.27 1.41336.0 9.366 6.584 1.0984 1.3881 14.20 1.459 38.0 10.205 6.988 1.1044 1.3913 15.11 1.509 40.0 11.100 7.397 1.1106 1.3947 15.99 1.56542.0 12.057 7.812 1.1171 1.3982 16.83 1.629 44.0 13.082 8.234 1.1239 1.4018 17.62 1.700 46.0 14.183 8.665 1.1313 1.4056 1.780 Zinc sulfate 0.5 0.031 0.031 1.0034 1.3339 0.08 1.021 ZnSO 4 1.0 0.063 0.062 1.0085 1.3348 0.15 1.0402.0 0.126 0.126 1.0190 1.3366 0.28 1.081 3.0 0.192 0.191 1.0296 1.3384 0.41 1.126 4.0 0.258 0.258 1.0403 1.3403 0.53 1.1755.0 0.326 0.326 1.0511 1.3421 0.65 1.227 6.0 0.395 0.395 1.0620 1.3439 0.77 1.283 7.0 0.466 0.465 1.0730 1.3457 0.89 1.3418.0 0.539 0.537 1.0842 1.3475 1.01 1.403 9.0 0.613 0.611 1.0956 1.3494 1.14 1.470 10.0 0.688 0.686 1.1071 1.3513 1.27 1.54512.0 0.845 0.840 1.1308 1.3551 1.55 1.716 14.0 1.008 1.002 1.1553 1.3590 1.89 1.918 16.0 1.180 1.170 1.1806 1.3630 2.31 2.152CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCO SITY (continued) Solute Mass % m/mol kg-1 c/mol L-1 ρ/g cm-3 n ∆/°C η/mPa s TeamLRN8-84ION PRODUCT OF WATER SUBSTANCE William L. Marshall and E. U. Franck Pressure Temperature ( °C) (bars) 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 250 300 Saturated vapor 14.938 13.995 13.275 12.712 12.265 11.638 11.289 11.191 11.406 250 14.83 13.90 13.19 12.63 12.18 11.54 11.16 11.01 11.14500 14.72 13.82 13.11 12.55 12.10 11.45 11.05 10.85 10.86 750 14.62 13.73 13.04 12.48 12.03 11.36 10.95 10.72 10.66 1,000 14.53 13.66 12.96 12.41 11.96 11.29 10.86 10.60 10.501,500 14.34 13.53 12.85 12.29 11.84 11.16 10.71 10.43 10.26 2,000 14.21 13.40 12.73 12.18 11.72 11.04 10.57 10.27 10.08 2,500 14.08 13.28 12.62 12.07 11.61 10.92 10.45 10.12 9.913,000 13.97 13.18 12.53 11.98 11.53 10.83 10.34 9.99 9.76 3,500 13.87 13.09 12.44 11.90 11.44 10.74 10.24 9.88 9.63 4,000 13.77 13.00 12.35 11.82 11.37 10.66 10.16 9.79 9.525,000 13.60 12.83 12.19 11.66 11.22 10.52 10.00 9.62 9.34 6,000 13.44 12.68 12.05 11.53 11.09 10.39 9.87 9.48 9.18 7,000 13.31 12.55 11.93 11.41 10.97 10.27 9.75 9.35 9.048,000 13.18 12.43 11.82 11.30 10.86 10.17 9.64 9.24 8.93 9,000 13.04 12.31 11.71 11.20 10.77 10.07 9.54 9.13 8.82 10,000 12.91 12.21 11.62 11.11 10.68 9.98 9.45 9.04 8.71 Pressure Temperature ( °C) (bars) 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Saturated vapor 12.30 — — — — — — — — 250 11.77 19.43 21.59 22.40 23.27 23.81 24.23 24.59 24.93 500 11.14 11.88 13.74 16.13 18.30 19.29 19.92 20.39 20.80 750 10.79 11.17 11.89 13.01 15.25 16.55 17.35 17.93 18.39 1,000 10.54 10.77 11.19 11.81 13.40 14.70 15.58 16.22 16.72 1,500 10.22 10.29 10.48 10.77 11.59 12.50 13.30 13.97 14.50 2,000 9.98 9.98 10.07 10.23 10.73 11.36 11.98 12.54 12.972,500 9.79 9.74 9.77 9.86 10.18 10.63 11.11 11.59 12.02 3,000 9.61 9.54 9.53 9.57 9.78 10.11 10.49 10.89 11.24 3,500 9.47 9.37 9.33 9.34 9.48 9.71 10.02 10.35 10.624,000 9.34 9.22 9.16 9.15 9.23 9.41 9.65 9.93 10.13 5,000 9.13 8.99 8.90 8.85 8.85 8.95 9.11 9.30 9.42 6,000 8.96 8.80 8.69 8.62 8.57 8.61 8.72 8.86 8.977,000 8.81 8.64 8.51 8.42 8.34 8.34 8.40 8.51 8.64 8,000 8.68 8.50 8.36 8.25 8.13 8.10 8.13 8.21 8.38 9,000 8.57 8.37 8.22 8.10 7.95 7.89 7.89 7.95 8.12 10,000 8.46 8.25 8.09 7.96 7.78 7.70 7.68 7.70 7.85 Data in this table were calculated from the equation, log 10 Kw* = A + B/T + C/T2 + D/T3 + (E + F/T + G/T2) log10 ρw*, where Kw* = Kw/(mol kg–1), and ρw* = ρw/(g cm–3). The parameters are: A = –4.098 E = +13.957 B = –3245.2 K F = 1262.3 K C = +2.2362 × 105 K2G = +8.5641 × 105 K2 D = –3.984 × 107 K3 Reprinted with permission from W. L. Marshall and E. U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 10, 295, 1981. 8-85IONIZATION CONSTANT OF NORMAL AND HEAVY WATER This table gives the ionization constant in molality terms for H2O and D2O at temperatures from 0 to 100 °C at the saturated vapor pressure. The quantity tabulated is –log KW, where KW is defined by KW = m+ × m– and m+ and m– are the molalities, in mol/kg of water, for H+ and OH–, respectively. REFERENCES 1. W.L. Marshall and E.U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 10, 295, 1981. 2. R.E. Mesmer and D.L. Herting, J. Solution Chem. , 7, 901, 1978. –log KW t/°CH2OD2O 0 14.938 15.972 5 14.727 15.743 10 14.528 15.527 15 14.340 15.324 20 14.163 15.13225 13.995 14.951 30 13.836 14.779 35 13.685 14.61640 13.542 14.462 45 13.405 14.316 50 13.275 14.17655 13.152 14.044 60 13.034 13.918 65 12.921 13.79870 12.814 13.683 75 12.712 13.574 80 12.613 13.47085 12.520 13.371 90 12.428 13.276 95 12.345 13.186 100 12.265 13.099 TeamLRN8-86SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER L. H. Gevantman The values in this table are taken almost exclusively from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Solubility Da ta Series”. Unless noted, they comprise evaluated data fitted to a smoothing equation. The data at each temperature are then derived from the smoo thing equation which expresses the mole fraction solubility X1 of the gas in solution as: ln X1 = A + B/T* + C ln T* where T* = T/100 K All values refer to a partial pressure of the gas of 101.325 kPa (one atmosphere). The equation constants, the standard deviation for ln X1 (except where noted), and the temperature range over which the equation applies are given in the column headed Equation constants. There are two exceptions. The equation for methane has an added term, DT *. The equation for H2Se and H2S takes the form, ln X1 = A + B/T + C ln T + DT where T is the temperature in kelvin. Solubilities given for those gases which react with water, namely ozone, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and its oxides, carbon dioxi de, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide and sulfur dioxide, are recorded as bulk solubilities; i.e., all chemical species of the gas and its reaction products with water are included. Gas T/K Solubility ( X1) Equation constants Ref. Hydrogen (H 2) 288.15 1.510 × 10–5A = –48.1611 1 Mr = 2.01588 293.15 1.455 × 10–5 B = 55.2845 298.15 1.411 × 10–5C = 16.8893 303.15 1.377 × 10–5Std. dev. = ± 0.54% 308.15 1.350 × 10–5 Temp.range = 273.15—353.15 Deuterium (D 2) 283.15 1.675 × 10–5 ± 0.57% Averaged experimental 1 Mr = 4.0282 288.15 1.595 × 10–5 ± 0.57% values 293.15 1.512 × 10–5 ± 0.78% Temp. range = 278.15—303.15 298.15 1.460 × 10–5 ± 0.52% 303.15 1.395 × 10–5 ± 0.37% Helium (He) 288.15 7.123 × 10–6A = –41.4611 2 Ar = 4.0026 293.15 7.044 × 10–6 B = 42.5962 298.15 6.997 × 10–6C = 14.0094 303.15 6.978 × 10–6Std. dev. = ±0.54% 308.15 6.987 × 10–6 Temp.range = 273.15—348.15 Neon (Ne) 288.15 8.702 × 10–6A = –52.8573 2 Ar = 20.1797 293.15 8.395 × 10–6 B = 61.0494 298.15 8.152 × 10–6C = 18.9157 303.15 7.966 × 10–6Std. dev. = ±0.47% 308.15 7.829 × 10–6 Temp.range = 273.15—348.15 Argon (Ar) 288.15 3.025 × 10–5A = –57.6661 3 Ar = 39.948 293.15 2.748 × 10–5 B = 74.7627 298.15 2.519 × 10–5C = 20.1398 303.15 2.328 × 10–5Std. dev. = ±0.26% 308.15 2.169 × 10–5 Temp.range = 273.15—348.15 Krypton (Kr) 288.15 5.696 × 10–5A = –66.9928 4 Ar = 83.80 293.15 5.041 × 10–5B = 91.0166 298.15 4.512 × 10–5 C = 24.2207 8-87SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas T/K Solubility ( X1) Equation constants Ref. 303.15 4.079 × 10–5 Std. dev. = ±0.32% 308.15 3.725 × 10–5 Temp.range = 273.15—353.15 Xenon (Xe) 288.15 10.519 × 10–5 A = –74.7398 4 Ar = 131.29 293.15 9.051 × 10–5 B = 105.210 298.15 7.890 × 10–5 C = 27.4664 303.15 6.961 × 10–5 Std. dev. = ±0.35% 308.15 6.212 × 10–5 Temp.range = 273.15—348.15 Radon-222(222Rn) 288.15 2.299 × 10–4 A = –90.5481 Ar = 222 293.15 1.945 × 10–4 B = 130.026 298.15 1.671 × 10–4 C = 35.0047 303.15 1.457 × 10–4 Std. dev. = ±1.02% 308.15 1.288 × 10–4 Temp.range = 273.15—373.15 Oxygen (O 2) 288.15 2.756 × 10–5 A = –66.7354 5 Mr = 31.9988 293.15 2.501 × 10–5 B = 87.4755 298.15 2.293 × 10–5C = 24.4526 303.15 2.122 × 10–5 Std. dev. = ±0.36% 308.15 1.982 × 10–5Temp.range = 273.15—348.15 Ozone (O 3) 293.15 1.885 × 10–6 ± 10% Experimental value derived 5 Mr = 47.9982 pH = 7.0 from Henry’s Law Constant Nitrogen (N 2) 288.15 1.386 × 10–5 A = –67.3877 6 Mr = 28.0134 293.15 1.274 × 10–5B = 86.3213 298.15 1.183 × 10–5C = 24.7981 303.15 1.108 × 10–5 Std. dev. = ±0.72% 308.15 1.047 × 10–5Temp.range = 273.15—348.15 Nitrous oxide (N 2O) 288.15 5.948 × 10–4 A = –60.7467 7 Mr = 44.0129 293.15 5.068 × 10–4B = 88.8280 298.15 4.367 × 10–4C = 21.2531 303.15 3.805 × 10–4 Std. dev. = ±1.2% 308.15 3.348 × 10–4Temp.range = 273.15—313.15 Nitric oxide (NO) 288.15 4.163 × 10–5 A = –62.8086 7 Mr = 30.0061 293.15 3.786 × 10–5B = 82.3420 298.15 3.477 × 10–5C = 22.8155 303.15 3.222 × 10–5 Std. dev. = ±0.76% 308.15 3.012 × 10–5Temp.range = 273.15—358.15 Carbon monoxide (CO) 288.15 2.095 × 10–5 Derived from Henry’s 8 Mr = 28.0104 293.15 1.918 × 10–5 Law Constant Equation 298.15 1.774 × 10–5Std. dev. = ±0.043% 303.15 1.657 × 10–5 Temp.range = 273.15—328.15 308.15 1.562 × 10–5 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 288.15 8.21 × 10–4 Derived from Henry’s 9 Mr = 44.0098 293.15 7.07 × 10–4 Law Constant Equation 298.15 6.15 × 10–4Std. dev. = ±1.1% 303.15 5.41 × 10–4 Temp.range = 273.15—353.15 308.15 4.80 × 10–4 Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) 288.15 1.80 × 10–3 A = 9.15 10 Mr = 80.976 298.15 1.49 × 10–3B = 974 308.15 1.24 × 10–3C = –3.542 D = 0.0042 TeamLRN8-88SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas T/K Solubility ( X1) Equation constants Ref. Std. dev. = ±2.3 × 10–5 Temp. range = 288.15—343.15 Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) 288.15 2.335 × 10–3 A = –24.912 10 Mr = 34.082 293.15 2.075 × 10–3 B = 3477 298.15 1.85 × 10–3 C = 0.3993 303.15 1.66 × 10–3 D = 0.0157 308.15 1.51 × 10–3 Std. dev. = ±6.5 × 10–5 Temp. range = 283.15—603.15 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 288.15 3.45 × 10–2 A = –25.2629 11 Mr = 64.0648 293.15 2.90 × 10–2 B = 45.7552 298.15 2.46 × 10–2 C = 5.6855 303.15 2.10 × 10–2 Std. dev. = ±1.8% 308.15 1.80 × 10–2 Temp.range = 278.15—328.15 Chlorine (Cl2) 283.15 2.48 × 10–3 ± 2% Experimental data 11 Mr = 70.9054 293.15 1.88 × 10–3 ± 2% Temp.range = 283.15—333.15 303.15 1.50 × 10–3 ± 2% 313.15 1.23 × 10–3 ± 2% Chlorine monoxide (Cl 2O) 273.15 5.25 × 10–1 ± 1% Experimental data 11 Mr = 86.9048 276.61 4.54 × 10–1 ± 1% Temp. range = 273.15—293.15 283.15 4.273 × 10–1 ± 1% 293.15 3.353 × 10–1 ± 1% Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) 288.15 2.67 × 10–2A = 7.9163 11 Mr = 67.4515 293.15 2.20 × 10–2 B = 0.4791 298.15 1.823 × 10–2C = 11.0593 303.15 1.513 × 10–2Std. dev. = ±4.6% 308.15 1.259 × 10–2 Temp.range = 283.15—333.15 Methane (CH 4) 288.15 3.122 × 10–5A = –115.6477 12 Mr = 16.0428 293.15 2.806 × 10–5 B = 155.5756 298.15 2.552 × 10–5C = 65.2553 303.15 2.346 × 10–5D = –6.1698 308.15 2.180 × 10–5 Std. dev. = ±0.056% Temp.range = 273.15—328.15 Ethane (C2H6) 288.15 4.556 × 10–5 A = –90.8225 13 Mr = 30.0696 293.15 3.907 × 10–5B = 126.9559 298.15 3.401 × 10–5C = 34.7413 303.15 3.002 × 10–5 Std. dev. = ±0.13% 308.15 2.686 × 10–5Temp.range = 273.15—323.15 Propane (C 3H8) 288.15 3.813 × 10–5 A = –102.044 14 Mr = 44.097 293.15 3.200 × 10–5B = 144.345 298.15 2.732 × 10–5C = 39.4740 303.15 2.370 × 10–5 Std. dev. = ±0.012% 308.15 2.088 × 10–5Temp.range = 273.15—347.15 Butane (C 4H10) 288.15 3.274 × 10–5 A = –102.029 14 Mr = 58.123 293.15 2.687 × 10–5B = 146.040 298.15 2.244 × 10–5C = 38.7599 303.15 1.906 × 10–5 Std. dev. = ±0.026% 308.15 1.645 × 10–5Temp.range = 273.15—349.15 2-Methyl propane (Isobutane) 288.15 2.333 × 10–5A = –129.714 14 8-89SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas T/K Solubility ( X1) Equation constants Ref. (C4H10) 293.15 1.947 × 10–5 B = 183.044 Mr = 58.123 298.15 1.659 × 10–5 C = 53.4651 303.15 1.443 × 10–5 Std. dev. = ±0.034% 308.15 1.278 × 10–5 Temp.range = 278.15—318.15 REFERENCES 1. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 5/6, Hydrogen and Deuterium, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 2. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 1, Helium and Neon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. 3. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 4, Argon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1980. 4. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 2, Krypton, Xenon and Radon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. 5. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 7, Oxygen and Ozone, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 6. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 10, Nitrogen and Air, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. 7. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 8, Oxides of Nitrogen, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 8. R. W. Cargill, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 43, Carbon Monoxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1990. 9. R. Crovetto, Evaluation of Solubility Data for the System CO 2-H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 20, 575, 1991. 10. P. G. T. Fogg and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 32, Hydrogen Sulfide, Deuterium Sulfide, and Hydrogen Selenide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1988. 11. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 12, Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1983. 12. H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 27/28, Methane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1987. 13. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 9, Ethane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. 14. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series , Vol. 24, Propane, Butane and 2-Methylpropane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1986. TeamLRN8-90SOLUBILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES The solubility of CO2 in water, expressed as mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase, is given for pressures up to atmospheric and temperatures of 0 to 100 °C. Note that 1 standard atmosphere equals 101.325 kPa. The references give data over a wider range of temperature and pressure. The estimated accuracy is about 2%. REFERENCES 1. Carroll, J. J., Slupsky, J. D., and Mather, A. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 20, 1201, 1991. 2. Fernandez-Prini, R. and Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 18, 1231, 1989. 3. Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 20, 575,1991 1000 × mole fraction of CO2 in liquid phase Partial pressure of CO 2 in kPa t/°C 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 0 0.067 0.135 0.269 0.404 0.538 0.671 1.337 5 0.056 0.113 0.226 0.338 0.451 0.564 1.123 10 0.048 0.096 0.191 0.287 0.382 0.477 0.950 15 0.041 0.082 0.164 0.245 0.327 0.409 0.81420 0.035 0.071 0.141 0.212 0.283 0.353 0.704 25 0.031 0.062 0.123 0.185 0.247 0.308 0.614 30 0.027 0.054 0.109 0.163 0.218 0.271 0.54135 0.024 0.048 0.097 0.145 0.193 0.242 0.481 40 0.022 0.043 0.087 0.130 0.173 0.216 0.431 45 0.020 0.039 0.078 0.117 0.156 0.196 0.38950 0.018 0.036 0.071 0.107 0.142 0.178 0.354 55 0.016 0.033 0.065 0.098 0.131 0.163 0.325 60 0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.121 0.150 0.30065 0.014 0.028 0.056 0.084 0.112 0.140 0.279 70 0.013 0.026 0.052 0.079 0.105 0.131 0.261 75 0.012 0.025 0.049 0.074 0.099 0.123 0.24580 0.012 0.023 0.047 0.070 0.093 0.116 0.232 85 0.011 0.022 0.044 0.067 0.089 0.111 0.221 90 0.011 0.021 0.042 0.064 0.085 0.106 0.21195 0.010 0.020 0.041 0.061 0.082 0.102 0.203 100 0.010 0.020 0.039 0.059 0.079 0.098 0.196 8- 92 AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The solubility in water of over 1200 organic compounds, including many compounds of environmental interest, is tabulated here. Values are given at ambient temperature (usually 20°C or 25°C) and at higher temperatures when data are available. Solids, liquids, and ga ses are included; additional data on gases can be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water” in Section 8. Solubility of solids is de fined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with the solid phase at the speci fied tem- perature and one atmosphere pressure. For liquids whose water mixtures separate into two phases, the solubility given here is t he concentration of the speci fied compound in the water-rich phase at equilibrium. In the case of gases (i.e., compounds whose vapor pressure at the speci fied temper- ature exceeds one atmosphere) the solubility is de fined here as the concentration in the water phase when the partial pressure of the compound above the solution is 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Values for gases are marked with a . The primary solubility values in this tables are expressed as mass percent of solute, S = 100 w 2 , where the mass fraction w 2 is de fined as w 2 = m 2 /( m 1 + m 2 ) , where m 2 is the mass of solute and m 1 the mass of water. For convenience, the solubility expressed in grams of solute per liter of solution is tabu- lated in the adjacent column to mass percent. The conversion between these two measures involves the density of the solution, w hich usually is not readily available. For compounds with low solubility (say, S <1%), the error from approximating the density is generally less than the uncertainty in the experimental solubility measurement, so that little accuracy is lost in the conversion. However, this may not be true for m ore soluble com- pounds; for that reason, some values in the table are indicated as approximate ( ≈ ). The mass fraction w 2 is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molality: m 2 = 1000 w 2 / M 2 (1- w 2 ) Molarity: c 2 = 1000 ρ w 2 / M 2 Mole fraction: x 2 = ( w 2 / M 2 )/{( w 2 / M 2 ) + (1- w 2 )/ M 1 } Mass of solute per 100 g of H 2 O: r 2 = 100 w 2 /(1- w 2 ) Mass of solute per liter of solution 1000 ρ w 2 Here M 2 is the molar mass of the solute, M 1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water, and ρ is the density of the solution in g/mL. Data have been selected from evaluated sources wherever possible, in particular the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (References 1,2,3,4,35,36,38,39). Many values come from experimental measurements reported in the Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data and the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics , as well as critical review papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data . The primary source for each value is listed in the column following the solubility values. The user is cautioned that wide variations of da ta are found in the lit- erature for the lower solubility compounds. The table also contains values of the Henry’s Law constant k H , which provides a measure of the partition of a substance between the atmosphere and the aqueous phase. Here k H is de fined as the limit of p 2 / c 2 as the concentration approaches zero, where p 2 is the partial pressure of the solute above the solution and c 2 is the concentration in the solution at equilibrium (other formulations of Henry’s Law are often used; see Reference 5). The values of k H listed here are based on direct experimental measurement whenever available, but many of them are simply calculated as the rat io of the pure compound vapor pressure to the solubility. This approximation is reliable only for compounds of very low solubility . In fact, values of k H found in the literature frequently differ by a factor of two or three, and variations over an order of magnitude are not unusu al (Reference 5). Therefore the data given here should be taken only as a rough indication of the true Henry’s Law constant, which is dif ficult to measure precisely. All values of k H refer to 25 ˚C. If the vapor pressure of the compound at 25°C is greater than one atmosphere, it can be assumed that the k H value has been calculated as 101.325/ c 2 kPa m 3 /mol. The source of the Henry’s Law data is given in the last column. The air-water partition coef ficient (i.e., ratio of air concentration to water concentration when both are expressed in the same units) is equal to k H / RT or k H /2.48 in the units used here. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. To locate a compound by name or CAS Registry Number w hen the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determi ne the molecular formula. REFERENCES 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 15 , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 2. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20 , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 3. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37 , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 4. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38 , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 5. Mackay, D., and Shiu, W. Y ., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 10, 1175, 1981. 6. Pearlman, R. S., and Yalkowsky, S. H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 13, 975, 1984. 7. Shiu, W. Y ., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 15, 911, 1986. 8. Varhanickova, D., Lee, S. C., Shiu, W. Y ., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data , 40, 620, 1995. 9. Miller, M. M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S. P., Tewari, Y . B., and Martire, D. E., J. Chem. Eng . Data , 29, 184, 1984. TeamLRN 8- 93 AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 10. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 11. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y ., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemi- cals, Vol. I , Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 12. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y ., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemi- cals, Vol. II , Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 13. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y ., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemi- cals, Vol. III , Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 14. Horvath, A. L., Halogenated Hydrocarbons , Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. 15. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I , Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 16. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II , Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990. 17. Banergee, S., Yalkowsky, S. H., and Valvani, S. C., Environ. Sci. Technol ., 14, 1227, 1980. 18. Gevantman, L., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 84th Edition , p. 8-88, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003. 19. Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J., Chem. Rev . 77, 219, 1977. 20. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng . Data , 37, 80, 1992. 21. Stephenson, R. M., Stuart, J., and Tabak, M., J. Chem. Eng . Data , 29, 287, 1984. 22. Shiu, W.-Y ., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 29, 41, 2000. 23. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y ., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng . Data, 42, 951 (1997). 24. Huang, G.-L., Xiao, H., Chi, J., Shiu, W.-Y ., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng . Data , 45, 411, 2000. 25. Horvath, A. L., Getzen, F. W., and Maczynska, Z., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 28, 395, 2000 [IUPAC No. 67]. 26. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research , Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 27. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Organic and Inorganic Compounds , MacMillan, New York, 1963. 28. Shiu, W.-Y ., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng . Data, 42, 27, 1997 . 29. Hinz, H.-J., ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology , Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986. 30. Budavari, S., ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition , Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. 31. Bamford, H. A., Poster, D. L., and Baker, J. E., J. Chem. Eng . Data, 45, 1069, 2000. 32. Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 33. Apelblat, A., and Manzurola, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 21, 1005, 1989. 34. Apelblat, A., and Manzurola, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 22, 289, 1990. 35. Horvath, A. L., and Getzen, F. W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 649, 1999 [IUPAC No. 68]. 36. Sazonov, V . P., Marsh, K. N., and Hefter, G. T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1165, 2000 [IUPAC No. 71]. 37. Verbruggen, E. M. J., Hermens, J. L. M., and Tolls, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1435, 2000. 38. Sazonov, V . P., Shaw, D. G., and Marsh, K. N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 1, 2002 [IUPAC No. 77]. 39. Sazonov, V . P., and Shaw, D. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 989, 2002 [IUPAC No. 78]. 40. Yalkowsky, S. H., and He, Y ., Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003. 41. Shiu, W.-Y ., and Ma, K.-C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 387, 2000. 8- 94 AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t /°C Solubility S Henry Const. k H Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m 3 mol –1 Ref. CBrF 3 Bromotri fluoromethane 148.910 25 0.032 a 0.32 a 14 CBr 3 FT ribromo fluoromethane 270.721 25 0.040 0.40 14 CBr 4 Tetrabromomethane 331.627 30 0.024 0.24 14 CClF 3 Chlorotri fluoromethane 104.459 25 0.009 a 0.09 a 10 6.9 13 CClN Cyanogen chloride 61.471 0 5.7 60 40 CCl 2 F 2 Dichlorodi fluoromethane 120.914 20 0.028 a 0.28 a 5 41 13 CCl 3 FT richloro fluoromethane 137.368 20 0.11 1.1 5 10.2 13 CCl 3 NO 2 Trichloronitromethane 164.376 0 0.227 2.27 40 25 0.162 1.62 40 CCl 4 Tetrachloromethane 153.823 25 0.065 0.65 20 2.99 13 75 0.115 11.5 20 2.99 13 CF 4 Tetrafluoromethane 88.005 25 0.00187a0.0187a19 CHBrCl2 Bromodichloromethane 163.829 30 0.300 3.00 40 CHBr2Cl Chlorodibromomethane 208.280 30 0.251 2.51 40 CHBr3 Tribromomethane 252.731 25 0.30 3.0 5 0.047 13 CHClF2 Chlorodi fluoromethane 86.469 25 0.30a 3.0a 10 3.0 13 CHCl2F Dichloro fluoromethane 102.923 25 0.95a 9.5a 10 CHCl3 Trichloromethane 119.378 25 0.80 8.0 20 0.43 13 59 0.79 7.9 20 0.43 13 CHF3 Trifluoromethane 70.014 25 0.09a 0.9a 14 CHI3 Triiodomethane 393.732 25 0.012 0.12 14 CH2BrCl Bromochloromethane 129.384 25 1.7 17 10 0.18 13 CH2Br2 Dibromomethane 173.835 20 1.28 11.5 20 0.086 13 90 1.51 15.3 20 CH2ClF Chloro fluoromethane 68.478 25 1.05a 10.6a 14 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 84.933 25 1.73 17.6 20 0.30 13 CH2I2 Diiodomethane 267.836 30 0.124 1.24 10 0.032 13 CH3Br Bromomethane 94.939 20 1.80a 18.3a 5 0.63 13 CH3Cl Chloromethane 50.488 25 0.535a5.35a5 0.98 13 CH3F Fluoromethane 34.033 30 0.177a1.77a5 CH3I Iodomethane 141.939 20 1.4 14 10 0.54 13 CH3NO2 Nitromethane 61.041 0 9.2 101 36 25 11.0 ~125 36 50 14.8 ~175 36 CH4 Methane 16.043 25 0.00227a0.0227a18 67.4 5 CH4N2O Urea 60.055 5 44 26 25 54.4 26 CH4N2S Thiourea 76.121 20 10.6 ~120 40 80 ~37 580 40 CH4N4O2 Nitroguanidine 104.069 25 1.2 12 40 CO Carbon monoxide 28.010 25 0.00276a0.0276a18 CO2 Carbon dioxide 44.010 25 0.1501 1.501 18 CS2 Carbon disul fide 76.141 20 0.210 2.10 10 C2Br2F4 1,2-Dibromotetra fluoroethane 259.823 25 0.00030 0.0030 25 C2ClF5 Chloropenta fluoroethane 154.466 25 0.006a0.06a10 260 13 C2Cl2F4 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetra fluoroethane 170.921 25 0.013a0.13a10 127 13 C2Cl3F3 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-tri fluoroethane 187.375 25 0.017 0.17 25 32 13 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethene 165.833 0 0.0273 0.24 20 20 0.0286 0.21 20 1.73 13 80 0.0380 0.20 20 C2Cl4F2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-di fluoroethane 203.830 27 0.016 0.16 25 C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane 236.739 25 0.005 0.05 25 0.85 13 C2F4 Tetrafluoroethene 100.015 25 0.0158a 0.158a 19 TeamLRN8-95AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C2HBrClF3 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-tri fluoroethane 197.381 10 0.52 5.2 25 25 0.41 4.1 25 40 0.40 4.0 25 C2HCl2F3 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-tri fluoroethane 152.930 25 0.46 4.6 25 C2HCl3 Trichloroethene 131.388 0 0.145 1.45 25 25 0.128 1.28 25 1.03 13 60 0.133 1.33 25 C2HCl3OT richloroacetaldehyde 147.387 25 ~39 650 40 C2HCl3O2 Trichloroacetic acid 163.387 25 92.3 27 C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane 202.294 25 0.049 0.49 25 0.25 13 C2H2 Acetylene 26.037 25 0.1081a 1.081a 19 C2H2Br2Cl2 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 256.751 20 0.070 0.70 25 C2H2Br4 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 345.653 0 0.052 0.52 25 25 0.068 0.68 25 50 0.106 1.06 25 100 0.307 3.07 25 C2H2Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethene 96.943 5 0.310 3.10 25 25 0.242 2.42 25 2.62 13 50 0.225 2.25 25 90 0.355 3.55 25 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 96.943 10 0.76 7.6 25 25 0.64 6.4 25 0.46 13 40 0.66 6.6 25 C2H2Cl2 trans -1,2-Dichloroethene 96.943 10 0.53 5.3 25 25 0.45 4.5 25 0.96 13 40 0.41 4.1 25 C2H2Cl2F2 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-di fluoroethane 134.940 24 0.49 4.9 25 C2H2Cl4 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 167.849 0 0.120 1.20 25 25 0.107 1.07 25 0.24 13 50 0.123 1.23 25 C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 167.849 5 0.302 3.02 25 25 0.283 2.83 25 0.026 13 50 0.318 3.18 25 C2H2I2 cis-1,2-Diiodoethene 279.846 25 0.046 0.46 25 C2H2I2 trans -1,2-Diiodoethene 279.846 25 0.015 0.15 25 C2H2O4 Oxalic acid 90.035 20 8.69 95.1 27 80 45.8 27 C2H3Br2Cl 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloroethane 222.306 20 0.060 0.60 25 C2H3Br3 1,1,2-Tribromoethane 266.757 20 0.050 0.50 25 C2H3Cl Chloroethene 62.498 25 0.27a2.7a5 2.68 13 C2H3Cl2F 1,1-Dichloro-1- fluoroethane 116.949 25 0.042 0.42 25 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 133.404 0 0.134 1.34 25 25 0.129 1.29 25 1.76 13 50 0.138 1.38 25 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 133.404 0 0.425 4.25 25 25 0.459 4.59 25 0.092 13 50 0.536 5.36 25 C2H3N Acetonitrile 41.052 -3 40.5 39 -10 31.7 39 C2H3NS Methyl isothiocyanate 73.117 20 0.75 7.6 40 C2H4 Ethylene 28.053 25 0.01336a0.1336a19 21.7 5 C2H4BrCl 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 143.410 30 0.683 6.83 25 C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane 187.861 20 0.412 3.1 20 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-96AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 50 0.493 3.9 20 0.066 13 80 0.572 5.4 20 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 98.959 0 0.62 6.2 25 25 0.50 5.0 25 0.63 13 50 0.50 5.0 25 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 98.959 0 0.92 9.2 25 25 0.86 8.6 25 0.14 13 50 1.05 10.6 25 100 2.17 22.1 25 C2H4N4 Cyanoguanidine 84.080 25 3.8 40 40 C2H4N4 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine 84.080 23 22 26 C2H4O2 Methyl formate 60.052 25 23 10 C2H4O3 Glycolic acid 76.051 25 71.21 34 55 77.95 34 C2H5Br Bromoethane 108.965 0 1.05 10.6 25 25 0.90 9.0 25 1.23 13 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 64.514 0 0.45 4.5 25 25 0.67 6.7 25 1.02 13 C2H5F Fluoroethane 48.059 25 0.216a 2.16a 14 C2H5I Iodoethane 155.965 0 0.44 4.4 25 25 0.40 4.0 25 0.52 13 C2H5N Ethyleneimine 43.068 20 0.90 9.12 40 C2H5NO Acetamide 59.067 20 40.8 10 C2H5NO2 Nitroethane 75.067 25 4.4 46 38 50 5.3 56 38 C2H5NO2 Methyl carbamate 75.067 15 69 27 C2H5NO2 Glycine 75.067 25 20.06 26 C2H5NS Thioacetamide 75.133 25 12.3 140 40 C2H5N3O2 N-Methyl- N-nitrosourea 103.080 14 2.3 24 40 C2H5N3O2 Imidodicarbonic diamide 103.080 15 1.5 15 40 C2H6 Ethane 30.069 25 0.00568a 0.0568a 18 50.6 5 C2H6O Dimethyl ether 46.068 24 35.3a10 0.077 13 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide 78.133 25 25.3 10 C2H6O4S Dimethyl sulfate 126.132 18 2.7 28 27 C2H6S Dimethyl sul fide 62.134 25 2 20 10 C2H7AsO2 Dimethylarsinic acid 137.998 25 ~41 684 40 C2N2 Cyanogen 52.034 25 0.8 8 30 C3Br2F6 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3- hexa fluoropropane309.830 21 0.0068 0.068 35 C3Cl2F6 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3- hexa fluoropropane220.928 21 0.0096 0.096 35 C3Cl3F5 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,3,3,3- penta fluoropropane237.383 21 0.0058 0.058 35 C3Cl4F4 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloro-2,2,3,3- tetrafluoropropane253.838 21 0.0052 0.052 35 C3Cl6 Hexachloropropene 248.750 20 0.00118 0.0118 35 C3F6 Perfluoropropene 150.022 25 0.0194a0.194a14 C3F8 Perfluoropropane 188.019 15 0.0015a0.015a14 C3H2N2 Malononitrile 66.061 20 10.6 118 40 C3H3N Acrylonitrile 53.063 20 7.35 79.3 10 C3H3NOS2 2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 133.192 25 0.225 2.25 40 C3H3N3O3 Cyanuric acid 129.074 25 0.259 2.59 40 C3H4 Propyne 40.064 25 0.364a3.64a5 1.11 5Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-97AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C3H4ClF3 3-Chloro-1,1,1-tri fluoropropane 132.512 20 0.133 1.33 35 C3H4Cl2 cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 110.970 20 0.27 2.7 5 0.24 5 C3H4Cl2 trans -1,3-Dichloropropene 110.970 20 0.28 2.8 5 0.18 5 C3H4Cl2 2,3-Dichloropropene 110.970 25 0.215 2.15 5 0.36 5 C3H4N2O 2-Cyanoacetamide 84.076 20 11.5 130 40 C3H4N2O2 2,4-Imidazolidinedione 100.076 25 3.93 40.9 29 C3H4O Acrolein 56.063 20 20.8 10 C3H4O4 Malonic acid 104.062 0 37.9 26 20 42.4 26 50 48.1 26 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene 120.976 25 0.38 3.8 35 C3H5Br2Cl 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 236.333 20 0.123 1.23 35 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 76.525 25 0.40 4.0 35 1.10 5 50 0.13 1.3 35 C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin 92.524 20 6.58 70.4 10 0.003 13 65 7.2 77.9 40 C3H5Cl3 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 147.431 10 0.14 1.4 35 25 0.20 2.0 35 0.038 13 C3H5N Propanenitrile 55.079 25 10.3 ~115 10 C3H5NO Acrylamide 71.078 20 ~27 371 40 C3H5N3O9 Trinitroglycerol 227.087 25 0.13 1.3 40 80 0.34 3.4 40 C3H6 Propene 42.080 25 0.0200a0.200a5 21.3 5 C3H6 Cyclopropane 42.080 25 0.0484a0.484a19 C3H6BrCl 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 157.437 25 0.223 2.23 35 C3H6Br2 1,2-Dibromopropane 201.888 25 0.143 1.43 10 C3H6Br2 1,3-Dibromopropane 201.888 25 0.169 1.69 35 C3H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)- 112.986 5 0.270 2.70 35 25 0.274 2.74 35 0.29 13 40 0.297 2.97 35 C3H6Cl2 1,3-Dichloropropane 112.986 5 0.218 2.18 35 25 0.280 2.80 35 C3H6N6 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine 126.120 20 0.323 3.23 40 95 4.2 44 40 C3H6N6O6 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine 222.116 25 0.0060 0.060 17 C3H6O Propanal 58.079 25 30.6 10 C3H6O Methyloxirane 58.079 20 40.5 10 0.0087 13 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 74.079 25 11.8 ~135 10 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 74.079 20 24.5 10 C3H6O3 1,3,5-Trioxane 90.078 25 17.4 ~210 30 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 122.992 0 0.298 2.98 35 25 0.234 2.34 35 3.8 13 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane 122.992 20 0.32 3.2 35 1.27 13 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 78.541 25 0.250 2.50 35 1.41 13 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane 78.541 0 0.44 4.4 35 20 0.30 3.0 35 C3H7ClO 1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane 94.540 20 7.79 84 20 70 6.31 67 20 C3H7F 1-Fluoropropane 62.086 14 0.386a3.86a14 C3H7F 2-Fluoropropane 62.086 15 0.366 3.66 14 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane 169.992 0 0.114 1.14 35 20 0.100 1.00 35 0.93 13 C3H7I 2-Iodopropane 169.992 0 0.167 1.67 35 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-98AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 20 0.140 1.40 35 C3H7NO2 1-Nitropropane 89.094 25 1.54 15.6 38 90 2.29 23 20 C3H7NO2 2-Nitropropane 89.094 25 1.75 17.8 38 90 2.36 24 20 C3H7NO2 Ethyl carbamate 89.094 15 48 27 C3H7NO2 L-Alanine 89.094 25 14.30 ~170 26 C3H7NO2 /H9252-Alanine 89.094 25 47.1 26 C3H7NO2 Sarcosine 89.094 25 30.0 26 C3H7NO3 L-Serine 105.093 25 4.76 50.0 26 C3H7N3O2 N-Ethyl- N-nitrosourea 117.107 20 1.3 13 40 C3H7N3O2 Guanidinoacetic acid 117.107 25 0.5 5 26 C3H8 Propane 44.096 25 0.00669a 0.0669a 18 71.6 5 C3H8NO5P Glyphosate 169.074 25 1.2 12 32 C3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane 76.095 16 24.4 10 C3H9O4PT rimethyl phosphate 140.074 25 ~33 500 40 C4Cl6 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 260.761 25 0.41 4.1 35 C4F8 Perfluorocyclobutane 200.030 21 0.014a0.14a14 C4H3FN2O2 5-Fluorouracil 130.077 22 1.10 11.1 40 C4H4N2 Succinonitrile 80.088 25 11.5 ~130 10 C4H4N2O2 Uracil 112.087 25 0.27 2.7 29 C4H4O Furan 68.074 25 1 10 10 0.54 13 C4H4O4 Maleic acid 116.073 25 44.1 26 C4H5N 2-Methylacrylonitrile 67.090 20 2.57 26.3 10 C4H5N Pyrrole 67.090 25 4.5 47 10 C4H5N3O Cytosine 111.102 25 0.73 7.3 29 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene 54.091 25 0.0735a0.735a5 20.7 13 C4H6 1-Butyne 54.091 25 0.287a 2.87a 5 1.91 5 C4H6N2O2 2,5-Piperazinedione 114.103 25 1.64 16.6 29 C4H6N4O3S2 Acetazolamide 222.246 30 0.10 1.0 40 C4H6O trans -2-Butenal 70.090 20 15.6 ~185 10 C4H6O2 trans -2-Butenoic acid 86.090 20 7.1 76 26 C4H6O2 Methacrylic acid 86.090 20 8.9 98 10 C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate 86.090 20 2.0 20 10 C4H6O2 Methyl acrylate 86.090 25 4.94 52.0 10 C4H6O2 2,3-Butanedione 86.090 20 31.7 20 80 21.8 20 C4H6O4 Succinic acid 118.089 25 7.71 83.5 27 100 55 27 C4H6O4 Methylmalonic acid 118.089 0 30.1 26 20 40 26 C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate 118.089 20 5.82 61.8 27 C4H6O5 Diglycolic acid 134.088 24 40.03 34 C4H6O5 Malic acid 134.088 26 59 26 50 59.9 34 C4H6O6 DL-Tartaric acid 150.087 0 8.95 98 26 20 17.1 ~200 26 100 65 26 C4H6O6 L-Tartaric acid 150.087 20 58 26 100 77 26 C4H7Br 4-Bromo-1-butene 135.003 25 0.076 0.76 35 C4H7Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 90.552 25 0.916 9.16 5 0.12 5 C4H7ClO 3-Chloro-2-butanone 106.551 19 2.80 29 20 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-99AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 92 3.38 35 20 C4H7N Butanenitrile 69.106 20 3.3 34 10 C4H7NO4 Iminodiacetic acid 133.104 5 2.32 23.7 40 C4H7NO4 L-Aspartic acid 133.104 25 0.501 5.01 26 C4H8 1-Butene 56.107 25 0.0222a 0.222a 5 25.6 13 C4H8 Isobutene 56.107 25 0.0263a 0.263a 5 21.6 13 C4H8Br2 1,4-Dibromobutane 215.915 25 0.035 0.35 35 C4H8Cl2 1,1-Dichlorobutane 127.013 25 0.050 0.50 35 C4H8Cl2 1,4-Dichlorobutane 127.013 25 0.16 1.6 35 C4H8Cl2 2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±)- 127.013 20 0.056 0.56 35 C4H8Cl2O Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 143.012 20 1.04 10.4 20 0.003 13 81 1.26 12.8 20 C4H8N2O2 Succinamide 116.119 50 18.4 ~225 27 C4H8N2O2 Dimethylglyoxime 116.119 20 0.06 0.6 40 C4H8N2O3 L-Asparagine 132.118 25 2.45 25.1 26 C4H8N2O3 N-Glycylglycine 132.118 25 18.4 ~225 29 C4H8O cis-2-Buten-1-ol 72.106 20 16.6 ~200 10 C4H8O Ethyl vinyl ether 72.106 20 0.9 9 10 C4H8O Butanal 72.106 25 7.1 76 10 C4H8O Isobutanal 72.106 20 9.1 100 10 C4H8O 2-Butanone 72.106 25 25.9 20 70 18.1 ~220 20 C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid 88.106 20 22.8 10 C4H8O2 Propyl formate 88.106 22 2.05 20.9 10 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 88.106 25 8.08 87.9 10 C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 88.106 6 6 30 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 137.018 25 0.087 0.87 35 1.2 13 C4H9Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 137.018 18 0.051 0.51 35 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 92.567 1 0.062 0.62 35 25 0.087 0.87 35 1.54 13 C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane 92.567 0 0.107 1.07 35 25 0.092 0.92 35 C4H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 92.567 25 0.92 9.2 35 C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 92.567 15 0.29 2.9 35 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane 184.018 17 0.021 0.21 10 1.87 13 C4H9NO Butanamide 87.120 25 ~19 230 40 C4H9NO2 Ethyl N-methylcarbamate 103.120 15 69 27 C4H9NO2 2-Methylalanine 103.120 25 12.0 ~135 26 C4H9NO2 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid 103.120 25 17.4 ~210 26 C4H9NO2 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid 103.120 25 55.6 26 C4H9NO3 L-Threonine 119.119 25 8.93 98.0 26 C4H9NO3 L-Homoserine 119.119 25 52.4 26 C4H9N3O2 Creatine 131.133 25 1.6 16 26 C4H10 Butane 58.122 25 0.00724a0.0724a18 95.9 5 C4H10 Isobutane 58.122 25 0.00535a0.0535a18 120 5 C4H10NO3PS Acephate 183.166 20 ~28 394 40 C4H10N2O N-Nitrosodiethylamine 102.134 24 9.6 106 40 C4H10O 1-Butanol 74.121 0 10.4 ~115 1 25 7.4 80 1 50 6.4 68 1 C4H10O 2-Butanol 74.121 10 23.9 1 25 18.1 ~220 1 50 14.0 ~165 1 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-100AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 74.121 0 11.5 ~130 1 25 8.1 88 1 0.00273 28 50 6.5 70 1 C4H10O Diethyl ether 74.121 25 6.04 64.2 10 0.088 13 C4H10O Methyl propyl ether 74.121 25 3.5 36 30 C4H10O4 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 122.120 20 38.0 27 C4H10S 1-Butanethiol 90.187 20 0.0597 0.597 10 C4H10S Diethyl sul fide 90.187 25 0.307 3.07 40 C4H11NO2 Diethanolamine 105.136 20 95.4 10 C4H11NO3 Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine 121.135 25 ~41 699 40 C4H12Si Tetramethylsilane 88.224 25 0.00196 0.0196 10 C5Cl8 Octachloro-1,3-pentadiene 343.678 20 0.000020 0.00020 35 C5F12 Perfluoropentane 288.035 25 0.00012 0.0012 35 C5H4N2O4 Orotic acid 156.097 18 0.18 1.8 26 C5H4N4O Allopurinol 136.112 25 0.057 0.57 40 C5H4N4O Hypoxanthine 136.112 25 0.070 0.70 29 C5H4N4O2 Xanthine 152.112 20 0.05 0.5 26 C5H4N4O3 Uric acid 168.111 20 0.002 0.02 26 C5H4N4S 1,7-Dihydro-6 H-purine-6-thione 152.178 25 0.0124 0.124 40 C5H4O2 Furfural 96.085 20 8.2 89 10 C5H4O3 2-Furancarboxylic acid 112.084 25 4.758 50.0 33 50 25.16 33 C5H5N5 Adenine 135.128 25 0.104 1.04 29 C5H5N5O Guanine 151.127 25 0.0068 0.068 29 C5H5N5O 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2 H-purin-2-one 151.127 25 0.006 0.06 26 C5H6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 66.102 25 0.068 0.68 3 C5H6Cl2N2O2 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin 197.019 20 0.050 0.50 40 C5H6N2OS Methylthiouracil 142.179 25 0.0533 0.533 40 C5H6N2O2 Thymine 126.114 25 0.35 3.5 29 C5H6O4 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 130.100 20 7.7 83 26 C5H7NO2 Ethyl cyanoacetate 113.116 20 25.9 10 C5H7N3O 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1 H)-pyrimidinone 125.129 25 0.45 4.5 26 C5H8 1,4-Pentadiene 68.118 25 0.056 0.56 3 12 5 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 68.118 25 0.061 0.61 3 7.78 5 50 0.076a0.76a3 C5H8 1-Pentyne 68.118 25 0.157 1.57 3 2.5 5 C5H8 Cyclopentene 68.118 25 0.054 0.54 3 6.56 13 C5H8N4O3S2 Methazolamide 236.273 15 0.0472 0.472 40 C5H8N4O12 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate 316.138 20 0.0002 0.002 40 C5H8O Cyclopentanone 84.117 20 31.0 20 80 24.8 20 C5H8O 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-pyran 84.117 20 1.04 10.5 20 82 2.26 23 20 C5H8O2 Ethyl acrylate 100.117 25 1.50 15.2 10 C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate 100.117 20 1.56 15.9 10 C5H8O2 2,4-Pentanedione 100.117 20 16.1 ~200 20 80 32.2 20 C5H8O3 4-Oxopentanoic acid 116.116 10 63.6 34 25 83.97 34 C5H8O4 Pentanedioic acid 132.116 25 58.3 33 50 78.06 33 C5H8O4 Dimethyl malonate 132.116 19 14.9 ~175 20 90 29.8 20 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-101AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C5H9ClO 5-Chloro-2-pentanone 120.577 22 4.7 49 20 71 13.5 ~155 20 C5H9NO2 L-Proline 115.131 25 61.9 26 C5H9NO3 trans -4-Hydroxy- L-proline 131.130 25 26.5 26 C5H9NO4 DL-Glutamic acid 147.130 25 2.30 23.5 29 C5H9NO4 L-Glutamic acid 147.130 25 0.85 8.5 26 C5H10 1-Pentene 70.133 25 0.0148 0.148 3 40.3 5 C5H10 cis-2-Pentene 70.133 25 0.0203 0.203 3 22.8 5 C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene 70.133 25 0.013a 0.13a 3 54.7 5 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 70.133 25 0.041 0.41 3 C5H10 Cyclopentane 70.133 25 0.0157 0.157 3 19.1 13 C5H10Cl2 1,2-Dichloropentane 141.038 25 0.029 0.29 35 C5H10Cl2 1,5-Dichloropentane 141.038 19 0.02 0.2 35 C5H10Cl2 2,3-Dichloropentane 141.038 25 0.029 0.29 35 C5H10Cl2 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane 141.038 25 0.029 0.29 35 C5H10N2O2S Methomyl 162.210 25 5.5 58 40 C5H10N2O3 L-Glutamine 146.144 25 4.0 42 26 C5H10N2S2 Dazomet 162.276 25 0.12 1.2 40 C5H10O Pentanal 86.132 25 1.2 12 40 C5H10O 2-Pentanone 86.132 25 5.5 58 20 0.00847 28 80 3.8 40 20 0.00847 28 C5H10O 3-Pentanone 86.132 25 4.72 49.5 20 80 3.16 33 20 C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone 86.132 18 6.7 72 20 80 3.9 41 20 C5H10OT etrahydropyran 86.132 20 8.57 87.1 20 81 4.29 45 20 C5H10O 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 86.132 19 14.4 ~160 20 0.67 13 71 6.0 64 20 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid 102.132 16 3.6 37 26 C5H10O2 3-Methylbutanoic acid 102.132 20 4.0 42 26 C5H10O2 Isobutyl formate 102.132 22 1.0 10 10 C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 102.132 20 2.3 34 10 C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate 102.132 20 2.9 30 10 C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate 102.132 20 1.92 19.6 10 C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate 102.132 1.6 16 30 C5H10O3 Diethyl carbonate 118.131 20 1.8 18 40 C5H10O5 D-Xylose 150.130 25 ~30 432 40 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane 151.045 25 0.0127 0.127 35 C5H11Br 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 151.045 16 0.020 0.20 35 C5H11Cl 1-Chloropentane 106.594 5 0.020 0.20 35 25 0.0201 0.201 35 2.37 13 C5H11Cl 3-Chloropentane 106.594 25 0.025 0.25 35 C5H11NO2 L-Valine 117.147 25 8.13 88.4 26 C5H11NO2 L-Norvaline 117.147 25 9.7 107 26 C5H11NO2S L-Methionine 149.212 25 5.3 56 26 C5H12 Pentane 72.149 25 0.0041 0.041 3 128 13 C5H12 Isopentane 72.149 25 0.00485 0.0485 3 479 13 C5H12 Neopentane 72.149 25 0.00332a0.0332a3 220 13 C5H12NO3PS2 Cygon 229.258 20 2.6 27 40 C5H12O 1-Pentanol 88.148 0 3.1 32 1 25 2.20 22.4 1 50 1.8 18 1 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-102AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C5H12O 2-Pentanol 88.148 25 4.3 45 21 C5H12O 3-Pentanol 88.148 25 5.6 59 21 C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±)- 88.148 25 3.0 31 3 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol 88.148 25 2.7 28 1 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol 88.148 25 11.0 ~125 1 C5H12O 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)- 88.148 25 5.6 59 1 C5H12O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol 88.148 25 3.5 36 1 C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether 88.148 0 8.3 37.6 20 0.070 13 20 4.2 44 20 49 1.9 19 20 C5H12O4 Pentaerythritol 136.147 15 5.3 56 30 C6Cl4O2 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 1,4-dione245.875 20 0.025 0.25 40 C6Cl5NO2 Pentachloronitrobenzene 295.335 20 0.000044 0.00044 40 C6Cl6 Hexachlorobenzene 284.782 25 0.0000005 0.000005 41 0.131 11 C6F14 Perfluorohexane 338.042 25 0.0000098 0.000098 35 C6F14 Perfluoro-2-methylpentane 338.042 25 0.000017 0.00017 35 C6HCl5 Pentachlorobenzene 250.337 25 0.000050 0.00050 41 0.085 11 C6HCl5O Pentachlorophenol 266.336 25 0.0013 0.013 24 C6H2Br4 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene 393.696 25 0.00000434 0.0000434 2 C6H2ClN3O6 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene 247.549 15 0.018 0.18 40 C6H2Cl4 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 215.892 25 0.0007 0.007 41 0.144 11 C6H2Cl4 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 215.892 25 0.00035 0.0035 41 0.59 11 C6H2Cl4 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 215.892 25 0.000060 0.00060 41 0.122 11 C6H2Cl4O 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 231.891 25 0.017 0.17 24 C6H2Cl4O2 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol 247.891 25 0.071 0.71 8 C6H3Br3 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 314.800 25 0.0010 0.010 2 C6H3Br3 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene 314.800 25 0.0000789 0.000789 2 C6H3Br3O 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 330.799 15 0.0007 0.007 2 C6H3ClN2O4 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 202.552 25 0.00092 0.0092 40 C6H3Cl2NO2 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene 192.000 20 0.0121 0.121 40 C6H3Cl2NO2 Clopyralid 192.000 20 0.1 1 40 C6H3Cl3 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 181.447 25 0.0021 0.021 41 0.242 11 C6H3Cl3 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 181.447 25 0.0040 0.040 41 0.277 11 C6H3Cl3 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 181.447 25 0.0008 0.008 41 1.1 11 C6H3Cl3O 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 197.446 25 0.1 1 2 C6H3Cl3O 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 197.446 25 0.050 0.50 24 C6H3Cl3O2 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol 213.446 25 0.051 0.51 8 C6H3Cl4N Nitrapyrin 230.907 20 0.0040 0.040 40 C6H3N3O6 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 213.104 15 0.028 0.28 40 C6H3N3O7 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 229.104 25 1.25 12.7 40 90 4.9 51 40 C6H4BrCl 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene 191.453 25 0.0124 0.124 2 C6H4BrCl 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene 191.453 25 0.0118 0.118 2 C6H4BrCl 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene 191.453 25 0.00442 0.0442 2 C6H4BrI 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene 282.904 25 0.000794 0.00794 2 C6H4Br2 o-Dibromobenzene 235.904 25 0.00748 0.0748 2 C6H4Br2 m-Dibromobenzene 235.904 25 0.0064 0.064 2 C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene 235.904 25 0.0020 0.020 2 C6H4Br2O 2,4-Dibromophenol 251.903 25 0.2 2 2 C6H4ClF 1-Chloro-2- fluorobenzene 130.547 25 0.0502 0.502 40 C6H4ClI 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 238.453 25 0.00689 0.0689 2 C6H4ClI 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 238.453 25 0.00674 0.0674 2 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-103AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C6H4ClI 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene 238.453 25 0.00311 0.0311 2 C6H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 157.555 20 0.0441 0.441 40 C6H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 157.555 20 0.0273 0.273 40 C6H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 157.555 20 0.0453 0.453 40 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene 147.002 0 0.0142 0.142 2 25 0.0147 0.147 2 0.195 28 50 0.0212 0.212 2 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene 147.002 10 0.0103 0.103 2 25 0.0120 0.120 41 0.376 11 50 0.0165 0.165 2 C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene 147.002 10 0.00512 0.0512 2 25 0.0080 0.080 41 0.244 28 50 0.0167 0.167 2 C6H4Cl2O 2,3-Dichlorophenol 163.001 25 0.82 8.22 40 C6H4Cl2O 2,4-Dichlorophenol 163.001 20 0.49 4.9 24 C6H4Cl2O 2,6-Dichlorophenol 163.001 25 0.262 2.62 40 C6H4Cl2O2 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 179.001 25 0.78 7.8 8 C6H4Cl2O2 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 179.001 25 1.19 12.0 8 C6H4F2 o-Difluorobenzene 114.093 25 0.114 1.14 2 C6H4F2 m-Difluorobenzene 114.093 25 0.114 1.14 2 C6H4F2 p-Difluorobenzene 114.093 25 0.122 1.22 2 C6H4I2 o-Diiodobenzene 329.905 25 0.00192 0.0192 2 C6H4I2 m-Diiodobenzene 329.905 25 0.000185 0.00185 2 C6H4I2 p-Diiodobenzene 329.905 25 0.000893 0.00893 2 C6H4N2O4 1,2-Dinitrobenzene 168.107 20 0.21 2.1 27 C6H4N2O4 1,3-Dinitrobenzene 168.107 20 2.09 21.3 27 C6H4N2O4 1,4-Dinitrobenzene 168.107 20 1.30 13.1 27 C6H4N2O5 2,4-Dinitrophenol 184.106 25 0.046 0.46 40 100 1.4 14 40 C6H4O2 p-Benzoquinone 108.095 25 1.36 13.8 27 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 157.008 10 0.0387 0.387 2 25 0.0445 0.445 2 0.250 28 40 0.0516 0.516 2 C6H5BrO 4-Bromophenol 173.007 25 1.86 19.0 2 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 112.557 10 0.0387 0.387 2 25 0.0484 0.484 41 0.32 28 50 0.0882 0.882 2 C6H5ClO 2-Chlorophenol 128.556 25 2.0 20 2 C6H5ClO 3-Chlorophenol 128.556 25 2.2 22 2 C6H5ClO 4-Chlorophenol 128.556 25 2.7 28 2 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 96.102 19 0.170 1.70 20 0.70 11 80 0.188 1.88 20 0.70 11 C6H5I Iodobenzene 204.008 10 0.0193 0.193 2 25 0.0226 0.226 2 0.078 11 45 0.0279 0.279 2 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 123.110 25 0.21 2.1 17 C6H5NO2 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 123.110 20 1.8 18 40 C6H5NO3 2-Nitrophenol 139.109 20 0.21 2.1 27 C6H5NO3 3-Nitrophenol 139.109 20 2.14 21.9 27 C6H5NO3 4-Nitrophenol 139.109 20 1.32 13.3 27 C6H5N3O4 2,4-Dinitroaniline 183.122 25 0.0078 0.078 40 C6H6 Benzene 78.112 10 0.178 1.78 3 25 0.178 1.78 22 0.557 22Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-104AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 50 0.208 2.08 3 C6H6ClN 2-Chloroaniline 127.572 25 0.876 8.76 10 C6H6ClN 3-Chloroaniline 127.572 20 0.54 5.44 40 C6H6ClN 4-Chloroaniline 127.572 20 0.275 2.75 40 C6H6Cl6 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1/H9251,2/H9251,3/H9252,4/H9251,5/H9251,6/H9252)290.830 25 0.00073 0.0073 40 C6H6Cl6 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1/H9251,2/H9251,3/H9252,4/H9251,5/H9252,6/H9252)290.830 25 0.00020 0.0020 40 C6H6Cl6 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1/H9251,2/H9252,3/H9251,4/H9252,5/H9251,6/H9252)290.830 25 0.000024 0.00024 40 C6H6N2O 3-Pyridinecarboxamide 122.124 20 ~33 500 40 C6H6N2O2 2-Nitroaniline 138.124 30 1.47 14.9 27 C6H6N2O2 3-Nitroaniline 138.124 30 0.121 1.21 27 C6H6N2O2 4-Nitroaniline 138.124 30 0.073 0.73 27 C6H6N4O4 Nitrofurazone 198.137 20 0.0238 0.238 40 C6H6O Phenol 94.111 16 6.3 67 26 25 8.66 94.8 10 C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone 110.111 25 7.42 80.1 27 C6H6O2 Pyrocatechol 110.111 20 31.1 27 C6H6O2 Resorcinol 110.111 20 63.7 27 C6H6O3 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 126.110 25 38.5 27 C6H6O3 1,3,5-Benzenetriol 126.110 20 1.12 11.3 27 C6H6O6 trans -1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 174.108 25 20.9 26 90 52.5 26 C6H7N Aniline 93.127 25 3.38 35.0 10 14 15 C6H7NO 2-Aminophenol 109.126 20 1.92 19.6 40 C6H7NO 3-Aminophenol 109.126 20 2.56 26.3 40 70 ~24 319 40 C6H7NO 4-Aminophenol 109.126 20 1.55 15.7 40 C6H7NO3S 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 173.190 7 0.59 5.9 27 C6H7N3O Isoniazid 137.139 25 11.0 123 40 C6H8 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 80.128 25 0.08 0.8 3 1.03 13 C6H8ClN Aniline hydrochloride 129.588 15 15.1 ~180 27 C6H8N2 Hexanedinitrile 108.141 20 0.80 8.0 16 C6H8N2 1,2-Benzenediamine 108.141 20 3.02 31.1 40 C6H8N2 1,3-Benzenediamine 108.141 20 3.48 36.1 40 C6H8N2 1,4-Benzenediamine 108.141 24 3.45 35.7 40 C6H8N2O2S 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide 172.205 20 0.71 7.14 40 C6H8N2O8 Isosorbide dinitrate 236.136 25 0.055 0.55 40 C6H8O4 Dimethyl maleate 144.126 25 8.0 87 10 C6H8O6 L-Ascorbic acid 176.124 25 25.22 33 50 41.00 33 C6H8O7 Citric acid 192.124 20 59 26 C6H9N3O2 L-Histidine 155.154 25 4.17 43.5 26 C6H9N3O3 Metronidazole 171.153 20 0.93 9.4 40 C6H10 1,5-Hexadiene 82.143 25 0.017 0.17 3 C6H10 1-Hexyne 82.143 25 0.036 0.36 3 4.14 13 C6H10 Cyclohexene 82.143 25 0.016 0.16 3 4.57 13 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 98.142 25 8.8 96 20 80 6.8 73 20 C6H10O Mesityl oxide 98.142 20 2.89 29.8 10 C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate 130.141 25 12 ~135 10 C6H10O4 1,6-Hexanedioic acid 146.141 15 1.48 15.0 26 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-105AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 100 61.5 26 C6H10O4 Dimethyl succinate 146.141 21 12.4 ~140 20 92 17.1 ~205 20 C6H10O4 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate 146.141 25 13.3 153 40 C6H10O8 Galactaric acid 210.138 14 0.33 3.3 40 C6H11NO Cyclohexanone oxime 113.157 25 1.57 15.9 40 C6H11NO Caprolactam 113.157 25 84.0 10 C6H11N2O4PS3 Methidathion 302.330 20 0.0187 0.187 40 C6H12 1-Hexene 84.159 25 0.0053 0.053 3 41.8 5 C6H12 trans -2-Hexene 84.159 25 0.0067 0.067 3 C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene 84.159 25 0.0078 0.078 3 28.1 5 C6H12 4-Methyl-1-pentene 84.159 25 0.0048 0.048 3 63.2 5 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 84.159 30 0.046 0.46 3 C6H12 Cyclohexane 84.159 25 0.0058 0.058 3 19.4 13 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 84.159 25 0.0043 0.043 3 36.7 5 C6H12N2O3 Daminozide 160.170 25 9.1 100 40 C6H12N2O4S L-Lanthionine 208.235 25 0.15 1.5 26 C6H12N2O4S2 L-Cystine 240.300 25 0.011 0.11 26 C6H12N2S4 Thiram 240.432 20 0.003 0.03 40 C6H12N2S4Zn Ziram 305.841 20 0.0065 0.065 40 C6H12N4 Hexamethylenetetramine 140.186 12 44.8 27 C6H12O 1-Hexen-3-ol 100.158 25 2.52 25.9 1 C6H12O 4-Hexen-2-ol 100.158 25 3.81 39.6 1 C6H12O Butyl vinyl ether 100.158 20 0.3 3 10 C6H12O 2-Hexanone 100.158 20 1.51 17.8 20 81 1.15 11.6 20 C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 100.158 19 1.92 17 20 90 1.22 12.4 20 C6H12O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone 100.158 19 1.97 18.4 20 90 1.14 11.5 20 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 100.158 10 4.62 48.4 1 25 3.8 40 1 40 3.30 34.1 1 C6H12O2 Hexanoic acid 116.158 20 0.96 9.6 26 60 1.16 11.7 26 C6H12O2 Isopentyl formate 116.158 22 0.3 3 27 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate 116.158 20 0.68 6.8 10 C6H12O2 sec-Butyl acetate 116.158 20 0.62 6.2 10 C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate 116.158 20 0.63 6.3 10 C6H12O2 Propyl propanoate 116.158 25 0.6 6 27 C6H12O2 Ethyl butanoate 116.158 20 0.49 4.9 10 C6H12O3 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 132.157 14 ~165 30 C6H12O3 Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 132.157 21 32 20 90 19 ~235 20 C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 132.157 25 11 ~125 30 C6H12O6 /H9252-D-Fructose 180.155 20 ~31 444 40 C6H12O6 D-Galactose 180.155 20 40.6 27 C6H12O6 /H9251-D-Glucose 180.155 15 45.0 27 30 54.6 27 80 81.5 27 C6H12O6 L-Sorbose 180.155 17 ~26 355 40 C6H13Br 1-Bromohexane 165.071 25 0.00258 0.0258 35 C6H13Cl 1-Chlorohexane 120.620 5 0.0047 0.047 35 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-106AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 25 0.0064 0.064 35 C6H13NO2 L-Leucine 131.173 25 2.15 22.0 26 C6H13NO2 L-Isoleucine 131.173 25 3.31 34.2 26 C6H13NO2 L-Norleucine 131.173 25 1.5 15 26 C6H13NO2 6-Aminohexanoic acid 131.173 25 ~34 505 40 C6H13NO2 Ethyl N-propylcarbamate 131.173 15 7.70 83.4 27 C6H14 Hexane 86.175 25 0.0011 0.011 3 183 13 60 0.00136 0.0136 3 C6H14 2-Methylpentane 86.175 25 0.00137 0.0137 3 176 13 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 86.175 25 0.00129 0.0129 3 170 13 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane 86.175 25 0.0021 0.021 3 199 13 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane 86.175 25 0.0021 0.021 3 144 13 C6H14N2O2 L-Lysine 146.187 25 0.58 5.8 26 C6H14N4O2 L-Arginine 174.201 25 15.44 ~185 26 C6H14O 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 102.174 20 1.10 12.7 20 79 0.36 3.6 20 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 102.174 0 0.79 7.9 1 25 0.60 6.0 1 50 0.51 5.1 1 C6H14O 2-Hexanol 102.174 25 1.4 14 1 C6H14O 3-Hexanol 102.174 25 1.6 16 1 C6H14O 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 102.174 25 0.81 8.1 1 C6H14O 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 102.174 25 0.76 7.6 1 C6H14O 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 102.174 25 3.2 33 1 C6H14O 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 102.174 25 1.9 19 1 C6H14O 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 102.174 27 1.5 15 1 C6H14O 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 102.174 25 2.0 20 1 C6H14O 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 102.174 25 4.3 45 1 C6H14O 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 102.174 25 1.0 10 1 C6H14O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol 102.174 25 0.8 8 1 C6H14O 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 102.174 25 4.2 44 1 C6H14O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±)- 102.174 25 2.4 25 1 C6H14O Dipropyl ether 102.174 25 0.49 4.9 10 0.26 13 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 102.174 20 0.79 12 20 0.26 13 61 0.22 2.2 20 C6H14O Butyl ethyl ether 102.174 20 0.65 6.5 20 70 0.39 3.9 20 C6H14O2 1,1-Diethoxyethane 118.174 25 5 5 10 C6H14O2 1,2-Diethoxyethane 118.174 20 21.0 10 C6H14O6 D-Glucitol 182.171 20 ~41 689 40 C6H14O6 D-Mannitol 182.171 25 17.7 ~215 27 C6H15N Dipropylamine 101.190 20 2.5 26 10 C6H15NT riethylamine 101.190 20 5.5 58 10 C6H16ClN Triethylamine hydrochloride 137.651 25 57.8 27 C6H16N2 1,6-Hexanediamine 116.204 5 ~42 711 40 C7F16 Perfluoroheptane 388.049 25 0.0000013 0.000013 35 C7H3Br2NO 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile 276.913 25 0.013 0.13 40 C7H3N3O8 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid 257.114 23 1.97 20.1 40 C7H4ClNO4 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 201.565 25 0.047 0.47 27 C7H4ClNO4 5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 201.565 25 0.96 9.6 27 C7H4Cl4O 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol 245.918 25 0.00061 0.0061 2 C7H4N2O6 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 212.116 25 0.134 1.34 27 C7H4O6 4-Oxo-4 H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 184.103 25 1.45 14.7 27 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-107AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C7H4O7 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4 H-pyran-2,6- dicarboxylic acid200.103 25 0.84 8.4 27 C7H5BrO2 2-Bromobenzoic acid 201.018 25 0.185 1.85 27 C7H5BrO2 3-Bromobenzoic acid 201.018 25 0.040 0.40 27 C7H5BrO2 4-Bromobenzoic acid 201.018 25 0.0056 0.056 27 C7H5ClO2 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 156.567 25 0.209 2.09 27 C7H5ClO2 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 156.567 25 0.040 0.40 27 C7H5ClO2 4-Chlorobenzoic acid 156.567 25 0.072 0.72 27 C7H5Cl2NO2 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid 206.027 25 0.070 0.70 40 C7H5Cl3 (Trichloromethyl)benzene 195.474 5 0.0053 0.053 10 C7H5Cl3O 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol 211.473 25 0.0112 0.112 2 C7H5FO2 2-Fluorobenzoic acid 140.112 25 0.72 7.2 27 C7H5FO2 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 140.112 25 0.15 1.5 27 C7H5FO2 4-Fluorobenzoic acid 140.112 25 0.12 1.2 27 C7H5IO2 2-Iodobenzoic acid 248.018 25 0.095 0.95 27 C7H5IO2 3-Iodobenzoic acid 248.018 25 0.016 0.16 27 C7H5IO2 4-Iodobenzoic acid 248.018 25 0.0027 0.027 27 C7H5N Benzonitrile 103.122 25 0.2 2 10 C7H5NO Benzoxazole 119.121 20 0.834 8.34 6 C7H5NO3 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde 151.120 25 0.16 1.6 27 C7H5NO3 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde 151.120 25 0.23 2.3 27 C7H5NO3S Saccharin 183.185 25 0.40 4.0 27 100 4.0 42 27 C7H5NO4 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 167.120 25 0.55 5.58 40 C7H5NO4 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 167.120 25 0.256 2.56 40 C7H5NO4 4-Nitrobenzoic acid 167.120 25 0.0422 0.422 40 C7H5N3O6 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 227.131 20 0.012 0.12 40 100 0.15 1.5 40 C7H5N5O8 N-Methyl- N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline 287.144 20 0.0074 0.074 40 C7H6ClN3O4S2 Chlorothiazide 295.724 25 0.0283 0.283 40 C7H6Cl2 (Dichloromethyl)benzene 161.029 30 0.025 0.25 10 C7H6Cl2O 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol 177.028 25 0.0283 0.283 2 C7H6Cl2O 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol 177.028 25 0.0673 0.673 2 C7H6N2 1H-Benzimidazole 118.136 20 0.201 2.01 6 C7H6N2 1H-Indazole 118.136 20 0.0827 0.827 6 C7H6N2O4 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene 182.134 20 0.0271 0.271 40 C7H6N2O5 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 198.133 15 0.0130 0.130 40 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 106.122 20 0.3 3 10 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 122.122 25 0.34 3.4 27 95 6.4 68 26 C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde 122.122 86 1.68 17.0 10 C7H6O2 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 122.122 30 1.27 12.9 40 C7H6O3 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 138.121 25 0.2550 2.550 33 50 0.5665 5.665 33 C7H6O3 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 138.121 15 0.8 8 26 75 2.5 26 27 C7H6O4 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 154.121 14 1.8 18 26 80 21.3 26 C7H6O5 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid 170.120 15 0.94 9.4 27 100 25.0 27 C7H7Br 4-Bromotoluene 171.035 25 0.011 0.11 2 C7H7Cl 4-Chlorotoluene 126.584 20 0.0137 0.137 40 C7H7Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene 126.584 20 0.0493 0.493 10 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-108AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C7H7ClO 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 142.583 25 0.36 3.6 2 C7H7ClO 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 142.583 25 0.68 6.8 2 C7H7ClO 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 142.583 25 0.40 4.0 2 C7H7NO Benzamide 121.137 12 0.577 5.77 27 C7H7NO2 2-Hydroxybenzamide 137.137 15 0.145 1.45 40 C7H7NO2 Aniline-2-carboxylic acid 137.137 20 0.349 3.49 40 C7H7NO2 Aniline-4-carboxylic acid 137.137 25 0.54 5.39 40 C7H7NO2 2-Nitrotoluene 137.137 30 0.065 0.65 27 C7H7NO2 3-Nitrotoluene 137.137 30 0.050 0.50 27 C7H7NO2 4-Nitrotoluene 137.137 30 0.044 0.44 27 C7H7NO3 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 153.136 20 0.20 2.0 40 C7H7NO3 2-Nitroanisole 153.136 30 0.169 1.69 10 C7H7NO3 4-Nitroanisole 153.136 30 0.059 0.59 27 C7H8 Toluene 92.139 25 0.053 0.531 22 0.660 22 90 0.12 1.2 22 C7H8 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene 92.139 25 0.064 0.64 3 0.47 13 C7H8 1,6-Heptadiyne 92.139 25 0.125 1.25 3 C7H8ClN3O4S2 Hydrochlorothiazide 297.740 25 0.007 0.07 40 C7H8N2S Phenylthiourea 152.217 25 2.55 26.1 27 C7H8N4O2 Theophylline 180.165 20 0.52 5.2 29 C7H8O o-Cresol 108.138 40 3.08 31.8 10 C7H8O m-Cresol 108.138 40 2.51 25.8 10 C7H8O p-Cresol 108.138 40 2.26 23.1 10 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 108.138 20 0.08 0.8 10 C7H8O Anisole 108.138 20 0.203 2.0 20 0.025 13 81 0.294 2.9 20 0.025 13 C7H8O2 4-Methoxyphenol 124.138 20 2.51 25.7 40 C7H8O3S p-Toluenesulfonic acid 172.202 40 ~33 500 40 C7H9N 2-Methylaniline 107.153 20 1.66 16.9 10 C7H9N 4-Methylaniline 107.153 21 7.35 79.3 10 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 107.153 25 0.56 5.62 40 C7H9NO 2-Methoxyaniline 123.152 25 1.24 12.6 40 C7H9NO 4-Methoxyaniline 123.152 20 1.14 11.5 40 C7H9NO2S 2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 171.217 25 0.162 1.62 27 C7H9NO2S 3-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 171.217 25 0.78 7.8 27 C7H9NO2S 4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 171.217 25 0.316 3.16 27 C7H10N2OS 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1 H)- pyrimidinone170.231 25 0.120 1.20 40 C7H10O5 Shikimic acid 174.151 15 ~175 26 C7H12 1-Heptyne 96.170 25 0.0094 0.094 3 4.47 13 C7H12 Cycloheptene 96.170 25 0.0066 0.066 3 4.9 13 C7H12 1-Methylcyclohexene 96.170 25 0.0052 0.052 3 C7H12O Cycloheptanone 112.169 20 3.61 37 20 92 2.82 29 20 C7H12O 2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)- 112.169 20 1.98 20.2 20 90 1.54 15.6 20 C7H12O 4-Methylcyclohexanone 112.169 20 2.43 25 20 80 1.95 19.9 20 C7H12O2 Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 128.169 15 0.201 2.01 27 C7H12O4 Heptanedioic acid 160.168 25 6.347 67.77 33 50 42.80 33 C7H12O4 Diethyl malonate 160.168 20 2.26 23.2 20 91 2.47 25 20 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-109AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C7H12O6 Quinic acid 192.166 9 29 26 C7H13N3O3S Oxamyl 219.261 25 ~21 280 40 C7H14 1-Heptene 98.186 25 0.032 0.32 3 40.3 13 C7H14 trans -2-Heptene 98.186 25 0.015 0.15 3 42.2 13 C7H14 Cycloheptane 98.186 25 0.0030 0.030 3 9.59 13 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 98.186 25 0.00151 0.0151 3 43.3 13 50 0.0019 0.019 3 C7H14 Ethylcyclopentane 98.186 20 0.012 0.12 3 C7H14N2O2S Aldicarb 190.263 20 0.60 6.02 40 C7H14O Heptanal 114.185 11 0.124 1.24 27 C7H14O 2-Heptanone 114.185 25 0.435 4.3 20 0.0171 28 90 0.353 3.53 20 0.0171 28 C7H14O 3-Heptanone 114.185 20 0.479 4.8 20 90 0.309 3.1 20 C7H14O 4-Heptanone 114.185 20 0.457 4.57 20 90 0.316 3.16 20 C7H14O 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 114.185 19 0.537 5.40 20 90 0.417 4.19 20 C7H14O 5-Methyl-3-hexanone 114.185 20 0.47 4.7 20 81 0.32 3.2 20 C7H14O 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 114.185 20 0.52 5.9 20 90 0.30 3.0 20 C7H14O2 Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, (+) 130.185 19 0.257 2.58 20 91 0.151 1.51 20 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid 130.185 15 0.24 2.4 27 C7H14O2 Pentyl acetate 130.185 20 0.17 1.7 10 C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate 130.185 20 0.2 2 10 C7H14O2 sec-Pentyl acetate ( S)- 130.185 25 0.2 2 27 C7H14O2 Butyl propanoate 130.185 22 0.572 5.72 27 C7H14O2 Isobutyl propanoate 130.185 19 0.225 2.26 20 91 0.142 1.42 20 C7H14O2 Propyl butanoate 130.185 17 0.162 1.62 27 C7H14O2 Ethyl pentanoate 130.185 25 0.3 3 27 C7H14O2 Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 130.185 20 0.2 2 10 C7H15Br 1-Bromoheptane 179.098 25 0.00067 0.0067 35 C7H15Cl 1-Chloroheptane 134.647 25 0.00136 0.0136 35 C7H15I 1-Iodoheptane 226.098 25 0.00035 0.0035 35 C7H16 Heptane 100.202 0 0.0003 0.003 3 25 0.00024 0.0024 3 209 13 40 0.00025 0.0025 3 C7H16 2-Methylhexane 100.202 25 0.00025 0.0025 3 346 5 C7H16 3-Methylhexane 100.202 25 0.00026 0.0026 3 249 13 C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane 100.202 25 0.00044 0.0044 3 318 5 C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane 100.202 25 0.00052 0.0052 3 175 5 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane 100.202 25 0.00042 0.0042 3 323 13 C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane 100.202 25 0.00059 0.0059 3 186 5 C7H16O 1-Heptanol 116.201 10 0.25 2.5 1 25 0.174 1.74 1 0.00562 28 50 0.12 1.2 1 C7H16O 2-Heptanol, (±)- 116.201 30 0.33 3.3 1 C7H16O 3-Heptanol, ( S)- 116.201 25 0.43 4.3 1 C7H16O 4-Heptanol 116.201 25 0.47 4.7 1 C7H16O 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 116.201 25 1.0 10 1 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-110AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C7H16O 5-Methyl-2-hexanol 116.201 25 0.49 4.9 1 C7H16O 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 116.201 25 1.2 12 1 C7H16O 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 116.201 25 1.7 17 1 C7H16O 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 116.201 25 1.5 15 1 C7H16O 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 116.201 25 1.3 13 1 C7H16O 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 116.201 25 0.82 8.2 1 C7H16O 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 116.201 25 1.6 16 1 C7H16O 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 116.201 25 0.70 7.0 1 C7H16O 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol 116.201 40 2.2 22 1 C8Cl4N2 Chlorothalonil 265.911 25 0.00006 0.0006 40 C8F18 Perfluorooctane 438.057 25 0.00000017 0.0000017 35 C8H4F6 1,3-Bis(tri fluoromethyl)benzene 214.108 25 0.0041 0.041 2 C8H4O3 Phthalic anhydride 148.116 27 0.62 6.20 40 C8H5Cl3O3 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 255.483 25 0.028 0.28 40 C8H5NO2 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione 147.132 25 0.036 0.36 40 C8H6Cl2O3 (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 221.038 25 0.07 0.7 40 C8H6Cl2O3 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid 221.038 25 0.45 4.5 40 C8H6N2 Quinoxaline 130.147 50 54 6 C8H6N4O5 Nitrofurantoin 238.158 30 0.011 0.11 40 C8H6O3 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde 150.132 20 0.35 3.5 40 C8H6O4 Phthalic acid 166.132 25 0.6977 6.977 33 65 3.575 37.08 33 C8H6O4 Isophthalic acid 166.132 25 0.013 0.13 27 C8H6S Benzo[b]thiophene 134.199 20 0.0130 0.130 6 C8H7ClO3 2-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5- methoxybenzaldehyde186.593 25 0.013 0.13 8 C8H7ClO3 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5- methoxybenzaldehyde186.593 25 0.093 0.93 8 C8H7Cl3O 2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 225.500 25 0.00050 0.0050 2 C8H7N1 H-Indole 117.149 20 0.187 1.87 6 C8H8 Styrene 104.150 25 0.0321 0.321 22 0.286 22 50 0.046 0.46 4 0.30 13 C8H8Cl3O3PS Ronnel 321.546 20 0.00011 0.0011 40 C8H8F3N3O4S2 Hydro flumethiazide 331.293 37 0.068 0.68 40 C8H8HgO2 Mercury(II) phenyl acetate 336.74 20 0.2 2 30 C8H8N2 2-Methyl-1 H-benzimidazole 132.163 20 0.145 1.45 6 C8H8N2O2 1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide 164.162 30 0.59 5.9 40 C8H8O Acetophenone 120.149 25 0.55 5.5 28 0.00108 28 80 1.204 12.2 20 C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid 136.149 25 0.118 1.18 27 C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid 136.149 25 0.098 0.98 27 C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid 136.149 25 0.345 3.45 27 C8H8O2 Benzeneacetic acid 136.149 25 1.71 17.4 27 C8H8O2 Benzyl formate 136.149 20 1.07 10.8 20 80 1.43 14.5 20 C8H8O2 Phenyl acetate 136.149 20 0.59 5.9 20 91 0.91 9.2 20 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate 136.149 20 0.21 2.1 10 C8H8O2 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 136.149 25 0.429 4.29 40 C8H8O3 Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 152.148 25 0.24 2.4 40 C8H8O3 4-Methoxybenzoic acid 152.148 25 0.023 0.23 27 C8H8O3 /H9251-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)- 152.148 25 11.3 ~125 27 C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate 152.148 30 0.74 7.4 10 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-111AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C8H8O3 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 152.148 25 0.247 2.47 8 C8H9ClO 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol 156.609 25 0.89 8.9 2 C8H9ClO 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol 156.609 25 0.52 5.2 2 C8H9ClO 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 156.609 25 0.34 3.4 2 C8H9NO Acetanilide 135.163 20 0.52 5.2 27 70 2.7 28 27 C8H9NO2 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide 151.163 25 1.3 13 40 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 106.165 0 0.020 0.20 4 25 0.0161 0.161 22 0.843 22 40 0.0200 0.200 4 C8H10 o-Xylene 106.165 25 0.0171 0.171 22 0.551 22 45 0.021 0.21 4 C8H10 m-Xylene 106.165 0 0.0203 0.203 4 25 0.0161 0.161 22 0.730 22 40 0.022 0.22 4 C8H10 p-Xylene 106.165 0 0.0160 0.160 4 25 0.0181 0.181 22 0.690 22 40 0.022 0.22 4 C8H10NO5PS Methyl parathion 263.208 10 0.00218 0.0218 40 20 0.00380 0.0380 40 30 0.0059 0.059 40 C8H10N4O2 Caffeine 194.191 25 2.12 21.7 29 C8H10O 4-Ethylphenol 122.164 20 0.59 5.9 40 C8H10O 2,3-Xylenol 122.164 25 0.457 4.57 40 C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol 122.164 25 0.787 7.87 10 C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol 122.164 25 0.354 3.54 40 C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol 122.164 25 0.60 6.05 40 C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol 122.164 25 0.477 4.77 40 C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol 122.164 29 0.62 6.2 10 C8H10O Benzeneethanol 122.164 25 1.72 17.5 40 C8H10O Ethoxybenzene 122.164 25 0.12 1.2 10 C8H10O2 2-Phenoxyethanol 138.164 20 2.53 26.0 40 C8H10O2 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene 138.164 20 0.716 7.21 20 92 1.073 10.9 20 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 121.180 25 0.111 1.11 40 C8H11N 2,5-Dimethylaniline 121.180 20 0.66 6.6 27 C8H11NO 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol 137.179 15 1.03 10.4 40 C8H12 4-Vinylcyclohexene 108.181 25 0.005 0.05 4 C8H12O2 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 140.180 20 13.4 155 40 C8H12O4 Diethyl maleate 172.179 20 1.56 15.9 20 91 1.75 17.8 20 C8H14 1-Octyne 110.197 25 0.0024 0.024 4 7.87 13 C8H14ClN5 Atrazine 215.684 25 0.007 0.07 26 C8H14O4 Octanedioic acid 174.195 25 0.2416 2.416 34 50 0.5570 5.570 34 C8H14O4 Diethyl succinate 174.195 20 0.19 1.9 40 C8H15N3O7 Streptozotocin 265.221 25 0.50 5.07 40 C8H16 1-Octene 112.213 25 0.00027 0.0027 4 96.3 13 C8H16 Cyclooctane 112.213 25 0.00079 0.0079 4 10.7 13 C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane 112.213 40 0.00066 0.0066 4 C8H16 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 112.213 25 0.00060 0.0060 4 36 5 C8H16 trans -1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 112.213 25 0.000384 0.00384 4 88.2 5 C8H16 Propylcyclopentane 112.213 25 0.00020 0.0020 4 90.2 5Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-112AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C8H16 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 112.213 25 0.00037 0.0037 4 159 5 C8H16N2O4S2 Homocystine 268.354 25 0.02 0.2 26 C8H16O 2-Octanone 128.212 25 0.113 1.13 10 91 0.094 0.94 20 C8H16O 3-Octanone 128.212 20 0.137 1.37 20 91 0.106 1.06 20 C8H16O 5-Methyl-3-heptanone 128.212 20 0.192 1.92 20 90 0.131 1.31 20 C8H16O2 Octanoic acid 144.212 25 0.080 0.80 26 C8H16O2 Hexyl acetate 144.212 20 0.02 0.2 10 C8H16O2 sec-Hexyl acetate 144.212 20 0.13 1.3 10 C8H16O2 Pentyl propanoate 144.212 20 0.1 1 27 C8H16O2 Isobutyl isobutanoate 144.212 20 0.5 5 10 C8H16O2 Ethyl hexanoate 144.212 20 0.063 0.63 27 C8H17Br 1-Bromooctane 193.125 25 0.000167 0.00167 35 C8H17Cl 1-Chlorooctane 148.674 25 0.0345 0.345 35 C8H17Cl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane 148.674 20 0.01 0.1 10 C8H18 Octane 114.229 25 0.000071 0.00071 4 311 13 50 0.00010 0.0010 4 C8H18 3-Methylheptane, ( S)- 114.229 25 0.000079 0.00079 4 376 5 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 114.229 25 0.00022 0.0022 4 307 13 C8H18 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 114.229 25 0.00018 0.0018 4 206 13 C8H18O 1-Octanol 130.228 25 0.054 0.54 1 C8H18O 2-Octanol 130.228 25 0.4 4 1 C8H18O 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 130.228 30 0.25 2.5 1 C8H18O 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 130.228 25 0.01 0.1 1 C8H18O Dibutyl ether 130.228 20 0.023 0.3 20 0.48 13 90 0.010 0.10 20 C8H19N Dibutylamine 129.244 20 0.47 4.7 10 C8H19N 2-Ethylhexylamine 129.244 20 0.25 2.5 10 C8H20Si Tetraethylsilane 144.331 25 0.0000325 0.000325 10 C9H4Cl3NO2SF olpet 296.558 20 0.00010 0.0010 40 C9H5Cl3N4 Anilazine 275.522 20 0.001 0.01 40 C9H6Cl2N2O3 Methazole 261.061 24 0.00015 0.0015 40 C9H6O2 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 146.143 20 0.190 1.90 40 60 0.69 6.95 40 C9H7BrO4 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid 259.054 0.07 0.7 30 C9H7Cl3O3 Silvex 269.509 25 0.014 0.14 40 C9H7N Quinoline 129.159 20 0.633 6.33 6 C9H7N Isoquinoline 129.159 20 0.452 4.52 6 C9H7NO 8-Quinolinol 145.158 25 0.065 0.65 40 C9H8Cl2O3 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 235.064 25 0.083 0.83 40 C9H8Cl3NO2S Captan 300.590 20 0.00005 0.0005 40 C9H8O trans -Cinnamaldehyde 132.159 25 0.135 1.35 40 C9H8O2 trans -Cinnamic acid 148.159 20 0.1 1 26 98 0.59 5.9 26 C9H8O4 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 180.158 0.25 2.5 27 C9H9ClO3 (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid 200.618 25 0.117 1.17 40 C9H9Cl2NO Propanil 218.079 20 0.013 0.13 40 C9H9I2NO3 3,5-Diiodo- L-tyrosine 432.981 25 0.062 0.62 26 C9H9N 3-Methyl-1 H-indole 131.174 20 0.050 0.50 6 C9H9NO3 N-Benzoylglycine 179.172 25 0.37 3.7 29 C9H9N3O2S2 Sulfathiazole 255.316 20 0.048 0.48 40 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-113AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C9H10 Isopropenylbenzene 118.175 20 0.0116 0.116 40 C9H10 Indan 118.175 25 0.010 0.10 4 C9H10Cl2N2O Diuron 233.093 25 0.0042 0.042 40 C9H10Cl2N2O2 Linuron 249.093 25 0.0075 0.075 40 C9H10O 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 134.174 19 0.32 3.2 20 80 0.24 2.4 20 C9H10O2 Ethyl benzoate 150.174 25 0.083 0.83 20 C9H10O2 Benzyl acetate 150.174 25 0.150 1.50 40 C9H10O3 Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 166.173 25 0.0080 0.080 40 C9H11ClN2O N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)- N,N-dimethylurea 198.648 25 0.023 0.23 26 C9H11Cl2N3O4S2Methyclothiazide 360.237 20 0.005 0.05 40 C9H11Cl3NO3PS Chlorpyrifos 350.586 20 0.000073 0.00073 40 C9H11NO2 DL-Phenylalanine 165.189 25 1.40 14.2 29 C9H11NO2 L-Phenylalanine 165.189 25 2.71 27.9 26 C9H11NO3 DL-Tyrosine 181.188 25 0.35 3.5 30 C9H11NO3 L-Tyrosine 181.188 25 0.046 0.46 26 C9H11NO4 Levodopa 197.188 25 62.3 26 C9H12 1,8-Nonadiyne 120.191 25 0.0125 0.125 4 C9H12 Propylbenzene 120.191 25 0.0052 0.052 22 1.041 22 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene 120.191 25 0.0050 0.050 22 1.466 22 C9H12 2-Ethyltoluene 120.191 25 0.0093 0.093 5 0.529 13 C9H12 4-Ethyltoluene 120.191 25 0.0094 0.094 5 0.500 13 C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 120.191 25 0.0070 0.070 22 0.343 22 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 120.191 25 0.0057 0.057 22 0.569 22 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 120.191 25 0.0050 0.050 22 0.781 22 C9H12N2O N,N-Dimethyl- N’-phenylurea 164.203 25 0.32 3.2 40 C9H13BrN2O2 Bromacil 261.115 25 0.082 0.82 40 C9H13ClN2O2 Terbacil 216.664 25 0.071 0.71 40 C9H13ClN6 Cyanazine 240.692 25 0.0171 0.171 40 C9H13NO3 Epinephrine 183.204 20 0.018 0.18 40 C9H14N4O3 Carnosine 226.232 25 24.4 26 C9H14O Isophorone 138.206 20 1.57 16.0 20 80 1.27 12.9 20 C9H14O6 Glycerol triacetate 218.203 25 5.8 62 10 C9H16 1-Nonyne 124.223 25 0.00072 0.0072 4 C9H16ClN5 Propazine 229.710 20 0.00086 0.0086 40 C9H16N4OS Tebuthiuron 228.314 20 0.23 2.3 40 C9H16O4 Nonanedioic acid 188.221 25 0.1780 1.780 34 65 1.322 13.40 34 C9H16O4 Diethyl glutarate 188.221 30 1.20 12.2 20 91 0.91 9.2 20 C9H17N5S Ametryn 227.330 20 0.0190 0.190 40 C9H18 1-Nonene 126.239 25 0.000112 0.00112 40 C9H18 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 126.239 25 0.000177 0.00177 4 105 13 C9H18FeN3S6 Ferbam 416.494 20 0.013 0.13 40 C9H18N2O4 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate218.250 25 0.33 3.3 40 C9H18O 2-Nonanone 142.238 20 0.038 0.38 20 70 0.034 0.34 20 C9H18O 3-Nonanone 142.238 30 0.056 0.56 20 80 0.046 0.46 20 C9H18O 5-Nonanone 142.238 20 0.054 0.54 20 80 0.029 0.29 20 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-114AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C9H18O 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 142.238 21 0.045 0.43 20 91 0.037 0.37 20 C9H18O2 Nonanoic acid 158.238 20 0.0284 0.284 26 C9H18O2 Ethyl heptanoate 158.238 20 0.029 0.29 27 C9H20 Nonane 128.255 25 0.000017 0.00017 4 333 13 50 0.000022 0.00022 4 C9H20 4-Methyloctane 128.255 25 0.0000115 0.000115 4 1000 5 C9H20 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 128.255 25 0.00008 0.0008 4 246 13 C9H20O 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 144.254 15 0.072 0.72 1 C9H20O 1-Nonanol 144.254 25 0.014 0.14 1 C9H20O 2-Nonanol, (±)- 144.254 15 0.026 0.26 1 C9H20O 3-Nonanol, (±)- 144.254 15 0.032 0.32 1 C9H20O 4-Nonanol 144.254 15 0.0026 0.026 1 C9H20O 5-Nonanol 144.254 15 0.0032 0.032 1 C10Cl10OK epone 490.636 100 0.4 4 40 C10Cl12 Mirex 545.543 25 0.0000085 0.000085 40 C10F22 Perfluorodecane 538.072 20 0.000031 0.00031 35 C10H4Cl2O2 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione 227.044 25 0.00001 0.0001 40 C10H5Cl7 Heptachlor 373.318 25 0.0000056 0.000056 40 C10H6Cl4O4 Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate 331.965 25 0.00005 0.0005 40 C10H6Cl8 Chlordane 409.779 25 0.000185 0.00185 40 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene 162.616 25 0.00224 0.0224 5 0.0363 28 C10H7Cl 2-Chloronaphthalene 162.616 25 0.00117 0.0117 5 0.0335 28 C10H7NO2 1-Nitronaphthalene 173.169 18 0.005 0.05 40 C10H8 Naphthalene 128.171 10 0.0019 0.019 4 25 0.00316 0.0316 22 0.043 22 50 0.0082 0.082 4 C10H8N2 2,2’-Bipyridine 156.184 25 0.61 6.1 40 C10H8O 1-Naphthol 144.170 20 0.111 1.11 40 C10H8O 2-Naphthol 144.170 20 0.064 0.64 40 80 0.67 6.7 40 C10H9Cl4NO2S Captafol 349.061 20 0.000142 0.00142 40 C10H9N 1-Naphthylamine 143.185 20 0.17 1.7 40 C10H9N 2-Naphthylamine 143.185 20 0.0189 0.189 40 C10H9N 3-Methylisoquinoline 143.185 20 0.092 0.92 6 C10H10Cl2O3 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid 249.090 25 0.0046 0.046 40 C10H10O4 Dimethyl phthalate 194.184 25 0.40 4.0 15 C10H10O4 Dimethyl terephthalate 194.184 25 0.00328 0.0328 40 C10H11F3N2O N,N-Dimethyl- N’-[3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea232.201 20 0.0105 0.105 40 C10H11N3O3S Sulfamethoxazole 253.277 25 0.0281 0.281 40 C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 132.202 20 0.0045 0.045 40 C10H12ClNO2 Chloropropham 213.661 25 0.0080 0.080 40 C10H12N2O3S Bentazon 240.278 20 0.050 0.50 40 C10H12N3O3PS2Azinphos-methyl 317.324 20 0.00209 0.0209 40 C10H12N4O5 Inosine 268.226 20 1.6 16 29 C10H12O3 Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 180.200 25 0.04 0.4 40 C10H12O4 Cantharidin 196.200 20 0.003 0.03 40 C10H13NO2 Isopropyl phenylcarbamate 179.216 20 0.01 0.1 40 C10H13NO2 N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide 179.216 25 0.0502 0.502 40 C10H13N5O3 2’-Deoxyadenosine 251.242 25 0.67 6.7 29 C10H13N5O4 Adenosine 267.242 25 0.51 5.1 29 C10H13N5O5 Guanosine 283.241 25 0.0500 0.500 29 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-115AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C10H14 Butylbenzene 134.218 25 0.00138 0.0138 22 1.33 22 C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene, (±)- 134.218 25 0.0014 0.014 4 1.89 11 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene 134.218 25 0.0032 0.032 4 1.28 11 C10H14 Isobutylbenzene 134.218 25 0.0010 0.010 4 3.32 11 C10H14 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 134.218 25 0.0051 0.051 23 0.80 5 C10H14 o-Diethylbenzene 134.218 20 0.0071 0.071 40 C10H14 p-Diethylbenzene 134.218 20 0.0025 0.025 40 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 134.218 25 0.000348 0.00348 4 2.55 11 C10H14NO5PS Parathion 291.261 20 0.00129 0.0129 40 C10H14N2O5 Thymidine 242.228 25 5.1 54 29 C10H14O4 - tert-Butylphenol 150.217 25 0.058 0.58 40 C10H14O Carvone, (±)- 150.217 15 0.13 1.3 27 C10H14OT hymol 150.217 0.1 1 30 C10H15NO l-Ephedrine 165.232 25 0.57 5.69 40 C10H15N5O5 Vidarabine 285.257 20 0.051 0.51 40 C10H16 d-Limonene 136.234 0 0.00097 0.0097 4 25 0.00138 0.0138 4 C10H16N2O3S Biotin 244.310 25 0.035 0.35 40 C10H16O Camphor, (+) 152.233 20 0.01 0.1 10 C10H16O Carvenone, ( S)- 152.233 15 0.22 2.2 27 C10H16O4 trans -Camphoric acid, (±)- 200.232 25 0.8 8 27 C10H18 cis-Decahydronaphthalene 138.250 25 0.000089 0.00089 37 C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene 138.250 25 0.000089 0.00089 4 3 13 C10H18O Borneol, (±)- 154.249 25 0.074 0.74 27 C10H18O /H9251-Terpineol 154.249 15 0.20 2.0 27 C10H18O Eucalyptol 154.249 21 0.379 3.79 40 50 0.170 1.70 40 C10H18O2 Cyclohexyl butanoate 170.249 20 0.11 1.1 20 90 0.09 0.90 20 C10H18O4 Sebacic acid 202.248 20 0.10 1.0 40 C10H19N5O Prometone 225.291 20 0.075 0.75 40 C10H19N5S Prometryn 241.357 20 0.0048 0.048 32 C10H20 1-Decene 140.266 25 0.00057 0.0057 4 C10H20 Pentylcyclopentane 140.266 25 0.0000115 0.000115 4 185 5 C10H20O 4-Decanone 156.265 20 0.0238 0.238 20 80 0.0064 0.064 20 C10H20O2 Nonyl formate 172.265 10 0.012 0.12 20 C10H20O2 Hexyl butanoate 172.265 29 0.021 0.21 20 90 0.039 0.39 20 C10H20O2 Decanoic acid 172.265 20 0.015 0.15 26 C10H20O2 Octyl acetate 172.265 19 0.020 0.20 20 92 0.012 0.12 20 C10H20O2 Ethyl octanoate 172.265 20 0.007 0.07 27 C10H22 Decane 142.282 0 0.0000015 0.000015 4 479 13 C10H22O 1-Decanol 158.281 25 0.0037 0.037 1 C10H22O Diisopentyl ether 158.281 20 0.02 0.2 10 C11H8O2 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione 172.181 25 0.016 0.16 40 C11H8O2 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 172.181 25 0.0058 0.058 27 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 142.197 25 0.00281 0.0281 22 0.045 22 C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 142.197 25 0.0025 0.025 4 0.051 12 C11H10N2S 1-Naphthalenylthiourea 202.275 20 0.06 0.6 40 C11H12Cl2N2O5 Chloramphenicol 323.129 25 0.38 3.8 40 C11H12I3NO2 Iopanoic acid 570.932 37 0.034 0.34 40 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-116AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C11H12NO4PS2 Phosmet 317.321 25 0.0025 0.025 40 C11H12N2O2 L-Tryptophan 204.225 25 1.30 13.1 26 C11H13NO4 Bendiocarb 223.226 25 0.004 0.04 40 C11H13N3O3S Sulfisoxazole 267.304 37 0.03 0.3 40 C11H14ClNO Propachlor 211.688 20 0.07 0.7 40 C11H14N2O Cytisine 190.241 16 ~30 439 40 C11H14O3 Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 194.227 25 0.020 0.20 40 C11H15NO2 Butyl 4-aminobenzoate 193.243 25 0.018 0.18 40 C11H15NO3 Propoxur 209.242 20 0.193 1.93 40 C11H16 Pentylbenzene 148.245 25 0.00105 0.0105 5 1.69 11 C11H16O 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol 164.244 25 0.017 0.17 40 C11H17N3O3S 4-Amino- N- [(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide271.336 37 0.053 0.53 40 C 11H18N2O3 Amobarbital 226.272 25 0.06 0.6 40 C11H22O2 Heptyl butanoate 186.292 20 0.028 0.28 20 80 0.020 0.20 20 C11H22O2 Ethyl nonanoate 186.292 20 0.003 0.03 27 C11H24 Undecane 156.309 25 0.0000004 0.000004 37 C12Br10O Decabromobiphenyl ether 959.167 25 0.0000025 0.000025 40 C12Cl10 Decachlorobiphenyl 498.658 25 0.00000000012 0.0 000000012 7 0.0208 7 C12F26 Hexacosa fluorododecane 638.086 20 0.00000096 0.0000096 35 C12HCl9 2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’-Nonachlorobiphenyl 464.213 25 0.000 0000018 0.000000018 7 C12H2Cl8 2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’-Octachlorobiphenyl 429.768 25 0.00000015 0.0000015 41 0.0381 7 C12H3Cl7 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 395.323 25 0.0000002 0.000002 7 0.0054 7 C12H4Cl4O2 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin 321.971 22 0.0000000019 0.000000019 40 C12H4Cl6 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 360.878 25 0.00000006 0.0000006 7 0.0354 31 C12H4Cl6 2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 360.878 25 0.0000003 0.000003 41 0.818 7 C12H4Cl6 2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 360.878 25 0.0000004 0.000004 41 C12H5Cl5 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 326.433 25 0.0000008 0.000008 7 C12H5Cl5 2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl 326.433 25 0.000001 0.00001 7 0.0421 31 C12H5N7O12 2,4,6-Trinitro- N-(2,4,6- trinitrophenyl)aniline439.208 17 0.0060 0.060 40 C12H6Cl4 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 291.988 25 0.000002 0.00002 7 C12H6Cl4 2,2’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 291.988 25 0.0000016 0.000016 9 C12H7Cl2NO3 Nitrofen 284.095 22 0.00095 0.0095 40 C12H7Cl3 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 257.543 25 0.000014 0.00014 7 0.0379 31 C12H7Cl3 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 257.543 25 0.00002 0.0002 7 0.0495 7 C12H8 Acenaphthylene 152.192 20 0.0016 0.016 28 0.012 28 C12H8Cl2 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 223.098 25 0.0002 0.002 7 0.0201 7 C12H8Cl2 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl 223.098 25 0.00014 0.0014 7 C12H8Cl6 Aldrin 364.910 25 0.00002 0.0002 40 C12H8Cl6O Dieldrin 380.909 25 0.000020 0.00020 40 C12H8Cl6O Endrin 380.909 25 0.000026 0.00026 40 C12H8O Dibenzofuran 168.191 25 0.000475 0.00475 41 0.011 12 C12H8O4 Methoxsalen 216.190 30 0.0048 0.048 40 C12H8S Dibenzothiophene 184.257 25 0.000103 0.00103 6 C12H9Cl 2-Chlorobiphenyl 188.652 25 0.00055 0.0055 7 0.0701 7 C12H9ClF3N3O Norflurazon 303.666 25 0.0028 0.028 40 C12H9Cl2NO3 Vinclozolin 286.110 20 0.1 1 32 C12H9N Carbazole 167.206 22 0.000120 0.00120 6 C12H9NS 10 H-Phenothiazine 199.271 25 0.00016 0.0016 40 C12H10 Acenaphthene 154.207 0 0.00015 0.0015 4 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-117AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 25 0.000380 0.00380 22 0.01217 22 50 0.00092 0.0092 4 C12H10 Biphenyl 154.207 0 0.000272 0.00272 4 25 0.00072 0.0072 22 0.0280 22 50 0.0022 0.022 4 C12H10Cl2N2 3,3’-Dichloro- p-benzidine 253.126 25 0.00031 0.0031 40 C12H10N2 trans -Azobenzene 182.220 20 0.03 0.3 27 C12H10N2O N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 198.219 25 0.0035 0.035 17 C12H10O 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 170.206 25 0.07 0.7 40 C12H10O 4-Hydroxybiphenyl 170.206 25 0.0056 0.056 40 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 170.206 25 0.00180 0.0180 6 0.027 13 C12H10O2 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 186.206 25 0.0415 0.415 40 C12H11Cl2NO Propyzamide 256.127 25 0.0015 0.015 32 C12H11N Diphenylamine 169.222 20 0.0055 0.055 40 50 0.0058 0.058 40 C12H11NO2 Carbaryl 201.221 20 0.0102 0.102 40 C12H11N3 4-Aminoazobenzene 197.235 25 0.0030 0.030 40 97 0.068 0.68 40 C12H11N3 1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene 197.235 20 0.050 0.50 40 C12H12 1-Ethylnaphthalene 156.223 25 0.00101 0.0101 4 0.039 12 C12H12 2-Ethylnaphthalene 156.223 25 0.00080 0.0080 4 0.078 12 C12H12 1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 156.223 25 0.0008 0.008 4 C12H12 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 156.223 25 0.00114 0.0114 4 C12H12 1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 156.223 25 0.00031 0.0031 4 0.036 28 C12H12 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 156.223 25 0.00025 0.0025 4 C12H12 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 156.223 25 0.00017 0.0017 4 C12H12ClN5O4S Chlorsulfuron 357.773 25 2.71 27.9 32 C12H12N2 p-Benzidine 184.236 24 0.0360 0.360 40 C12H12N2O2S Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone 248.300 25 0.016 0.16 40 C12H12N2O3 Phenobarbital 232.234 25 0.12 1.2 40 45 0.26 2.6 40 C12H13NO2S Carboxin 235.302 25 0.017 0.17 40 C12H14N4O2S Sulfamethazine 278.330 20 0.053 0.53 40 C12H14O4 Diethyl phthalate 222.237 25 0.12 1.2 40 C12H15ClNO4PS2Phosalone 367.808 20 0.00026 0.0026 40 C12H15NO3 Carbofuran 221.252 20 0.032 0.32 40 C12H18 Hexylbenzene 162.271 25 0.00021 0.0021 4 C12H18N2O3ST olbutamide 270.347 25 0.011 0.11 40 C12H18N4O6S Oryzalin 346.359 25 0.00024 0.0024 40 C12H18O2 4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol 194.270 18 0.05 0.5 40 C12H19ClNO3P Crufomate 291.711 20 0.50 5.0 40 C12H20N4O2 Hexazinone 252.313 25 3.2 33 40 C12H22O4 Dodecanedioic acid 230.301 20 0.004 0.04 40 C12H22O11 Sucrose 342.296 20 67.1 27 50 72.3 27 100 83.0 27 C12H22O11 /H9251-Maltose 342.296 20 51.9 27 C12H24O 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanone 184.318 10 0.012 0.12 20 80 0.014 0.14 20 C12H24O2 Dodecanoic acid 200.318 20 0.0055 0.055 26 C12H24O2 Ethyl decanoate 200.318 20 0.0015 0.015 27 C12H26 Dodecane 170.334 25 0.00000037 0.0000037 4 750 5 C12H26O 1-Dodecanol 186.333 25 0.0004 0.004 1 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-118AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C12H26O Dihexyl ether 186.333 20 0.019 0.19 20 90 0.019 0.19 20 C12H27NT ributylamine 185.349 25 0.0142 0.142 40 C12H27O4PT ributyl phosphate 266.313 25 0.039 0.39 10 C13H9N Acridine 179.217 25 0.00466 0.0466 6 C13H9N Benzo[f]quinoline 179.217 25 0.0079 0.079 6 C13H10 9H-Fluorene 166.218 0 0.00007 0.0007 4 25 0.00019 0.0019 22 0.00787 22 50 0.00063 0.0063 4 C13H10Cl2O2 Dichlorophene 269.123 25 0.003 0.03 40 C13H10O Benzophenone 182.217 20 0.0075 0.075 40 C13H11ClO Clorophene 218.678 20 0.42 4.2 40 C13H12 Diphenylmethane 168.234 25 0.000141 0.00141 4 0.001 12 C13H12N2O N,N’ -Diphenylurea 212.246 20 0.015 0.15 40 C13H13Cl2N3O3 Iprodione 330.166 20 0.0013 0.013 40 C13H14 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene 170.250 25 0.00021 0.0021 4 C13H17N3O Aminopyrine 231.293 25 4.8 50 40 C13H18Cl2N2O2 Melphalan 305.200 30 0.44 4.4 40 C13H18O2 Ibuprofen 206.281 25 0.0011 0.011 40 60 0.0048 0.048 40 C13H19N3O4 Pendimethalin 281.308 20 0.00003 0.0003 40 C13H22NO3PS Fenamiphos 303.358 20 0.0329 0.329 40 C13H26O2 Tridecanoic acid 214.344 20 0.0033 0.033 26 C13H28 Tridecane 184.361 25 0.00000003 0.0000003 37 C14H8O2 9,10-Anthracenedione 208.213 25 0.00014 0.0014 40 C14H8O4 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 240.212 25 0.0000096 0.000096 40 C14H9ClF2N2O2Diflubenzuron 310.683 20 0.00002 0.0002 40 C14H9Cl5 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4- chlorophenyl)ethane354.486 25 0.0000001 0.000001 40 C14H9Cl5O 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2- trichloroethanol370.485 25 0.00013 0.0013 40 C14H9NO2 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 223.227 25 0.000016 0.00016 40 C14H10 Anthracene 178.229 0 0.0000022 0.000022 4 25 0.0000045 0.000045 22 0.00396 22 C14H10 Phenanthrene 178.229 10 0.000050 0.00050 4 25 0.00011 0.0011 22 0.00324 22 50 0.00041 0.0041 4 C14H10Cl4 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis( p- chlorophenyl)ethane320.041 25 0.000009 0.00009 40 45 0.000024 0.00024 40 C14H10O4 Benzoyl peroxide 242.227 20 0.000016 0.00016 40 C14H12 trans -Stilbene 180.245 25 0.000029 0.00029 4 0.040 12 C14H12O2 Benzoin 212.244 25 0.03 0.3 40 C14H14 1,2-Diphenylethane 182.261 25 0.00044 0.0044 6 0.017 12 C14H14NO4PS Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate323.304 22 0.00031 0.0031 40 C14H14O Dibenzyl ether 198.260 35 0.0040 0.040 10 C14H14O3 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione 230.259 25 0.0018 0.018 40 C14H15N3 4-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene 225.289 20 0.00014 0.0014 40 C14H15N3 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 225.289 37 0.0007 0.007 40 C14H16ClN3O2 Bayleton 293.749 20 0.026 0.26 40 C14H16N2 o-Tolidine 212.290 25 0.13 1.3 40 C14H16N2O2 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine 244.289 25 0.006 0.06 40 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-119AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C14H18N4O3 Trimethoprim 290.318 25 0.04 0.4 40 C14H20ClNO2 Alachlor 269.768 23 0.024 0.24 40 C14H21N3O3ST olazamide 311.400 30 0.0065 0.065 40 C14H22N2O 2-(Diethylamino)- N-(2,6- dimethylphenyl)acetamide234.337 25 0.38 3.8 40 C14H28O2 Tetradecanoic acid 228.371 20 0.0020 0.020 26 C14H29Cl 1-Chlorotetradecane 232.833 25 0.0232 0.232 35 C14H30 Tetradecane 198.388 25 0.000012 0.00012 5 C14H30O 1-Tetradecanol 214.387 25 0.000031 0.00031 1 C15H12 2-Methylanthracene 192.256 25 0.00003 0.0003 22 C15H12 9-Methylanthracene 192.256 25 0.000026 0.00026 4 C15H12 1-Methylphenanthrene 192.256 25 0.0000269 0.000269 4 C15H12N2O2 Phenytoin 252.268 37 0.0038 0.038 40 C15H15NO2 Mefenamic acid 241.286 20 0.0026 0.026 40 C15H16O2 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane 228.287 20 0.035 0.35 40 C15H20N2O4S Acetohexamide 324.396 37 0.0013 0.013 40 C15H24O 4-Nonylphenol 220.351 25 0.000636 0.00636 40 C15H26O6 Tributyrin 302.363 20 0.010 0.10 40 C15H30O2 Pentadecanoic acid 242.398 20 0.0012 0.012 26 C15H32O 1-Pentadecanol 228.414 25 0.000010 0.00010 1 C16H10 Fluoranthene 202.250 25 0.000026 0.00026 22 0.00096 22 C16H10 Pyrene 202.250 25 0.000013 0.00013 22 0.00092 22 50 0.00009 0.0009 4 C16H13ClN2OV alium 284.739 25 0.005 0.05 40 C16H14 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 206.282 25 0.0000056 0.000056 4 C16H14ClN3O Chlorodiazepoxide 299.754 20 0.2 2 40 C16H14Cl2O3 Chlorobenzilate 325.186 20 0.001 0.01 32 C16H14Cl2O4 Diclofop-methyl 341.186 20 0.0003 0.003 32 C16H14N2O 2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3 H)- quinazolinone250.294 23 0.03 0.3 40 C16H15Cl3O2 Methoxychlor 345.648 25 0.000005 0.00005 40 C16H15NO3 N-Benzoyl- L-phenylalanine 269.295 25 0.085 0.85 29 C16H16N2O4 Phenmedipham 300.309 25 0.00047 0.0047 32 C16H17NO Diphenamid 239.312 27 0.026 0.26 32 C16H17N3O4S Cephalexin 347.389 25 1.2 12 40 C16H22O4 Dibutyl phthalate 278.344 25 0.00112 0.0112 15 C16H32O2 Hexadecanoic acid 256.424 20 0.00072 0.0072 26 C16H34 Hexadecane 226.441 25 0.0000006 0.000006 37 C16H34O 1-Hexadecanol 242.440 25 0.000003 0.00003 1 C17H12 11H-Benzo[a] fluorene 216.277 25 0.0000045 0.000045 4 C17H12 11H-Benzo[b] fluorene 216.277 25 0.0000002 0.000002 4 C17H17NO2 Apomorphine 267.323 25 2.0 20 40 C17H17N3O3 Imazaquin 311.335 20 0.009 0.09 32 C17H19NO3 Morphine 285.338 20 0.015 0.15 27 C17H19NO4 Fenoxycarb 301.338 20 0.0006 0.006 32 C17H20N2O N,N,N’,N’ -Tetramethyl-4,4’- diaminobenzophenone268.353 20 0.04 0.4 40 C17H20N4O6 Ribo flavin 376.364 25 0.0075 0.075 40 C17H21NO4 Cocaine 303.354 25 0.17 1.7 27 C17H23NO3 Atropine 289.370 20 0.3 3 40 C17H23NO3 Hyoscyamine 289.370 20 0.36 3.6 40 C17H34O2 Heptadecanoic acid 270.451 20 0.00042 0.0042 26 C18H12 Benz[a]anthracene 228.288 25 0.0000011 0.000011 22 0.00058 22Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-120AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C18H12 Chrysene 228.288 25 0.0000002 0.000002 22 0.000065 22 C18H12 Naphthacene 228.288 25 0.00000006 0.0000006 4 0.000004 12 C18H12 Triphenylene 228.288 25 0.0000041 0.000041 4 0.00001 12 C18H12N2 2,2’-Biquinoline 256.301 24 0.000102 0.00102 6 C18H14 o-Terphenyl 230.304 25 0.00012 0.0012 40 C18H14 m-Terphenyl 230.304 25 0.00015 0.0015 40 C18H14 p-Terphenyl 230.304 0.0000018 0.000018 40 C18H15O4PT riphenyl phosphate 326.283 24 0.000073 0.00073 40 C18H16OSn Triphenyltin hydroxide 367.029 20 0.0001 0.001 32 C18H20O2 trans -Diethylstilbestrol 268.351 20 0.01 0.1 40 C18H21NO3 Codeine 299.365 25 0.79 7.9 27 C18H32O16 Raffinose 504.437 20 12.5 ~145 27 C18H34O4 Dibutyl sebacate 314.461 20 0.004 0.04 10 C18H36O2 Stearic acid 284.478 20 0.00029 0.0029 26 C18H38 Octadecane 254.495 25 0.0000006 0.000006 37 C18H38O 1-Octadecanol 270.494 34 0.000011 0.00011 1 C19H14 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 242.314 27 0.0000066 0.000066 4 C19H14 10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 242.314 25 0.0000055 0.000055 4 C19H14 5-Methylchrysene 242.314 27 0.0000062 0.000062 4 C19H16ClNO4 Indomethacin 357.788 25 0.001 0.01 40 C19H16O4 Warfarin 308.328 20 0.004 0.04 40 C19H19N7O6 Folic acid 441.397 0 0.001 0.01 26 100 0.05 0.5 26 C19H20N2O2 Phenylbutazone 308.374 25 0.0034 0.034 40 C19H28O2 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17 /H9252) 288.424 25 0.0024 0.024 40 C20H12 Perylene 252.309 25 0.00000004 0.0000004 4 0.000003 12 C20H12 Benzo[a]pyrene 252.309 25 0.0000003 0.000003 22 0.0000465 22 C20H12 Benzo[e]pyrene 252.309 20 0.0000005 0.000005 22 0.0000467 22 C20H12 Benzo[k] fluoranthene 252.309 0.00000008 0.0000008 40 C20H12 Benzo[b] fluoranthene 252.309 20 0.0000002 0.000002 40 C20H12O5 Fluorescein 332.306 20 0.005 0.05 27 C20H13N1 3 H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 267.324 24 0.00000104 0.0000104 6 C20H14 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene 254.325 25 0.00000036 0.0000036 6 C20H14O4 Phenolphthalein 318.323 20 0.018 0.18 27 C20H14O4 Diphenyl phthalate 318.323 24 0.000008 0.00008 40 C20H21NO4 Papaverine 339.386 37 0.0037 0.037 40 C20H23N Amitriptyline 277.404 24 0.00097 0.0097 40 C20H24N2O2 Quinine 324.417 25 0.057 0.57 27 C20H24N2O2 Quinidine 324.417 20 0.020 0.20 27 C20H26O2 Norethisterone 298.419 25 0.00063 0.0063 40 C20H30O2 17-Methyltestosterone 302.451 25 0.0033 0.033 40 C20H42 Eicosane 282.547 25 0.00000019 0.0000019 4 C21H13N Dibenz[a,j]acridine 279.335 25 0.000016 0.00016 6 C21H16 1,2-Dihydro-3- methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene268.352 25 0.00000022 0.0000022 6 C21H20Cl2O3 Permethrin 391.288 20 0.00002 0.0002 32 C21H21O4PT ri-p-cresyl phosphate 368.363 25 0.00004 0.0004 40 C21H22N2O2 Strychnine 334.412 20 0.013 0.13 27 C21H23ClFNO2 Haloperidol 375.865 30 0.0003 0.003 40 C21H26O5 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene- 3,11,20-trione358.428 25 0.012 0.12 40 C21H28O5 Prednisolone 360.444 25 0.03 0.3 40 Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. TeamLRN8-121AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) C21H28O5 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20- trione360.444 25 0.028 0.28 30 C21H30O2 Progesterone 314.462 25 0.00088 0.0088 40 41 0.00206 0.0206 40 C21H30O5 Hydrocortisone 362.460 25 0.029 0.29 40 C21H33NO7 Lasiocarpine 411.490 20 0.67 6.75 40 C22H12 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 276.330 20 0.00000002 0.0000002 40 C22H12 Benzo[ghi]perylene 276.330 25 0.000000026 0.00000026 4 0.000075 12 C22H14 Benzo[b]triphenylene 278.346 25 0.0000027 0.000027 4 C22H14 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 278.346 25 0.00000006 0.0000006 4 C22H14 Dibenz[a,j]anthracene 278.346 25 0.0000012 0.000012 4 C22H14 Picene 278.346 25 0.00000025 0.0000025 4 C22H18Cl2FNO3Cyfluthrin 434.287 20 0.0000002 0.000002 32 C22H19Cl2NO3 Cypermethrin 416.297 20 0.000001 0.00001 32 C22H20O13 Carminic acid 492.386 20 0.13 1.3 40 C22H22FN3O2 Droperidol 379.427 30 0.00041 0.0041 40 C22H23NO7 Noscapine 413.421 25 0.03 0.3 40 C22H25NO6 Colchicine 399.437 20 4 4 26 C22H29FO5 Dexamethasone 392.460 25 0.009 0.09 40 C22H30O5 Methylprednisolone 374.470 25 0.012 0.12 40 C22H44O2 Butyl stearate 340.583 25 0.2 2 10 C22H46 Docosane 310.600 22 0.0000006 0.000006 37 C23H19ClF3NO3Cyhalothrin 449.850 20 0.0000005 0.000005 32 C23H22ClF3O2 Bifenthrin 422.868 25 0.00001 0.0001 32 C23H22O6 Rotenone 394.417 25 0.000017 0.00017 40 C23H26N2O4 Brucine 394.463 20 0.012 0.12 27 C23H27NO8 Narceine 445.462 13 0.078 0.78 27 C24H12 Coronene 300.352 25 0.000000014 0.00000014 4 C24H38O4 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 390.557 25 0.000027 0.00027 40 C24H40O4 3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3/H9251,5/H9252,12/H9251)392.573 20 0.001 0.01 40 C24H40O5 Cholic acid 408.572 20 0.028 0.28 26 C24H50 Tetracosane 338.654 22 0.0000004 0.000004 37 C25H24F6N4 Hydramethylnon 494.476 20 0.0000006 0.000006 32 C26H54 Hexacosane 366.707 25 0.0000002 0.000002 37 C28H58 Octacosane 394.761 22 0.0000006 0.000006 37 C29H32O13 Etoposide 588.556 20 0.02 0.2 40 C29H40N2O4 Emetine 480.639 15 0.096 0.96 40 C29H44O12 Ouabain 584.652 25 1.3 13 40 C33H40N2O9 Reserpine 608.679 30 0.0073 0.073 40 C36H74 Hexatriacontane 506.973 25 0.0000002 0.000002 37 C37H67NO13 Erythromycin 733.927 30 0.12 1.2 40 80 0.04 0.4 40 C41H64O13 Digitoxin 764.939 25 0.0004 0.004 40 C41H64O14 Digoxin 780.939 25 0.0059 0.059 40 C45H73NO15 Solanine 868.060 15 0.0026 0.026 40 C60H78OSn2 Fenbutatin oxide 1052.68 23 0.0000005 0.000005 32 aIndicates a value of S for a gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm) in equilibrium with the solution.Mol. Formula Name Mol Wt. t/°CSolubility S Henry Const. kH Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1Ref. 8-110AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES The solubility of over 300 common inorganic compounds in water is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Solubility is de fined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with a solid phase at the specified temperature. In this tab le the solid phase is generally the most stable crystalline phase at the temperature in question. An asterisk * on solubility values in adjacent columns indica tes that the solid phase changes between those two temperatures (usually from one hydrated phase to another or from a hydrate to the anhydrous solid). I n such cases the slope of the solubility vs. temperature curve may show a discontinuity. All solubility values are expressed as mass percent of solute, 100 ◊w2, where w2 = m2/(m1 + m2) and m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. This quantity is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molarity: c2 = 1000 rw2/M2 Molality: m2 = 1000 w2/M2(1-w2) Mole fraction: x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1- w2)/M1} Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: r2 = 100 w2/(1-w2) Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute and M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water. r is the density of the solution in g cm-3. The data in the table have been derived from the references indicated; in many cases the data have been refitted or interpolate d in order to present solubility at rounded values of temperature. Where available, values were taken from the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (Reference 1) or the related papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (References 2 to 5), which present carefully evaluated data. The solubility of sparingly soluble compounds that do not appear in this table may be calculated from the data in the table “So lubility Product Constants”. Solubility of inorganic gases may be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water”. Compounds are listed alphabetically by chemical formula in the most commonly used form (e.g., NaCl, NH4NO3, etc.). REFERENCES 1.Solubility Data Series , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Volumes 1 to 53 were published by Pergamon Press, Oxford, from 1979 to 1994; subsequent volumes were published by Oxford University Press, Oxford. The number following the colon is the volume number in the series. 2. Clever, H.L., and Johnston, F.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 9, 751, 1980. 3. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 9, 1307, 1980. 4. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 14, 631, 1985. 5. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 21, 941, 1992. 6. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances , Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. 7. Krumgalz, B.S., Mineral Solubility in Water at Various Temperatures , Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd., Haifa, 1994. 8. Potter, R.W., and Clynne, M.A., J. Research U.S. Geological Survey , 6, 701, 1978; Clynne, M.A., and Potter, R.W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 338, 1979. 9. Marshal, W.L., and Slusher, R., J. Phys. Chem. , 70, 4015, 1966; Knacke, O., and Gans, W., Zeit. Phys. Chem ., NF, 104, 41, 1977. 10. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. 1 , Macmillan, New York, 1963. TeamLRN 8-111AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound 0 ∞C1 0 ∞C2 0∞C2 5 ∞C3 0∞C4 0∞C5 0∞C6 0∞C7 0 ∞C8 0 ∞C9 0 ∞C 100∞C Ref. AgBrO30.193 1.32 7 AgClO20.17 0.31 0.47 0.55 0.64 0.82 1.02 1.22 1.44 1.66 1.88 2.11 7 AgClO315 7 AgClO4 81.6 83.0 84.2 84.8 85.3 86.3 86.9 87.5 87.9 88.3 88.6 88.8 6 AgNO2 0.155 0.413 7 AgNO3 55.9 62.3 67.8 70.1 72.3 76.1 79.2 81.7 83.8 85.4 86.7 87.8 6 Ag2SO4 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.97 1.05 1.13 1.20 1.26 1.32 1.39 7 AlCl3 30.84 30.91 31.03 31.10 31.18 31.37 31.60 31.87 32.17 32.51 32.90 33.32 7 Al(ClO4)3 54.9 64.4 7 AlF3 0.25 0.34 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.68 0.81 0.96 1.11 1.28 1.45 1.64 7 Al(NO3)3 37.0 38.2 39.9 40.8 42.0 44.5 47.3 50.4 53.8* 61.5* 6 Al2(SO4)3 27.5 27.8 28.2 29.2 30.7 32.6 34.9 37.6 40.7 44.2 7 As2O3 1.19 1.48 1.80 2.01 2.27 2.86 3.43 4.11 4.89 5.77 6.72 7.71 10 BaBr2 47.6 48.5 49.5 50.0 50.4 51.4 52.5 53.5 54.5 55.5 56.6 57.6 6 Ba(BrO3)2 0.285 0.442 0.656 0.788 0.935 1.30 1.74 2.27 2.90 3.61 4.40 5.25 1:14 Ba(C2H3O2)2 37.0 44.2 7 BaCl2 23.30 24.88 26.33 27.03 27.70 29.00 30.27 31.53 32.81 34.14 35.54 37.05 8 Ba(ClO2)2 30.5 31.3 44.7 7 Ba(ClO3)2 16.90 21.23 23.66 27.50 29.43 33.16 36.69 40.05 43.04 45.90 48.70 51.17 1:14 Ba(ClO4)2 67.30 70.96 74.30 75.75 77.05 79.23 80.92 82.21 83.16 83.88 84.43 84.90 7 BaF2 0.158 0.161 7 BaI2 62.5 64.7 67.3 68.8 69.1 69.5 70.1 70.7 71.3 72.0 72.7 73.4 6 Ba(IO3)2 0.0182 0.0262 0.0342 0.0396 0.045* 0.058* 0.073 0.090 0.109 0.131 0.156 0.182 1:14 Ba(NO2)2 31.1 36.6 41.8 44.3 46.8 51.6 56.2 60.5 64.6 68.5 72.1 75.6 10 Ba(NO3)2 4.7 6.3 8.2 9.3 10.2 12.4 14.7 17.0 19.3 21.5 23.5 25.5 6 Ba(OH) 2 1.67 4.68 8.4 19 33 52 74 100 7 BaS 2.79 4.78 6.97 8.21 9.58 12.67 16.18 20.05 24.19 28.55 33.04 37.61 7Ba(SCN) 2 62.6 7 BaSO 3 0.0011 1:26 BeCl2 40.5 41.7 7 Be(ClO4)2 59.5 7 BeSO 4 26.69 27.58 28.61 29.22 29.90 31.51 33.39 35.50 37.78 40.21 42.72 45.28 7 CaBr2 55 56 59 61 63 68 71 73 10 CaCl2 36.70 39.19 42.13 44.83* 49.12* 52.85* 56.05* 56.73 57.44 58.21 59.04 59.94 8 Ca(ClO 3)2 63.2 64.2 65.5 66.3 67.2 69.0 71.0 73.2 75.5* 77.4* 77.7 78.0 1:14 Ca(ClO4)2 65.3 7 CaF2 0.0013 0.0016 10 CaI 2 64.6 66.0 67.6 68.3 69.0 70.8 72.4 74.0 76.0 78.0 79.6 81.0 7 Ca(IO3)2 0.082 0.155 0.243 0.305 0.384* 0.517* 0.590 0.652 0.811* 0.665* 0.668 1:14 Ca(NO2)2 38.6 39.5 44.5 48.6 7 Ca(NO 3)2 50.1 53.1 56.7 59.0 60.9 65.4 77.8 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.5 6 CaSO3 0.0059 0.0054 0.0049 0.0041 0.0035 0.0030 0.0026 0.0023 0.0020 0.0019 1:26 CaSO4 0.174 0.191 0.202 0.205 0.208 0.210 0.207 0.201 0.193 0.184 0.173 0.163 9 8-112AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) CdBr 2 36.0 43.0 49.9 53.4 56.4 60.3* 60.3* 60.5 60.7 60.9 61.3 61.6 6 CdC2O4 0.0060 5 CdCl2 47.2 50.1 53.2 54.6 56.3* 57.3* 57.5 57.8 58.1 58.51 58.98 59.5 6 Cd(ClO4)2 58.7 66.9 7 CdF2 5.82 4.65 4.18 3.76 5 CdI2 44.1 44.9 45.8 46.3 46.8 47.9 49.0 50.2 51.5 52.7 54.1 55.4 6 Cd(IO3)2 0.091 5 Cd(NO3)2 55.4 57.1 59.6 61.0 62.8 66.5 70.6 86.1 86.5 86.8 87.1 87.4 6 CdSO4 43.1 43.1 43.2 43.4 43.6 44.1 43.5 42.5 41.4 40.2 38.5 36.7 6 CdSeO4 42.04 40.59 39.02 38.18 37.29 35.35 33.15 30.65 27.84 24.69 21.24 17.49 5 Ce(NO3)3 57.99 59.80 61.89 63.05 64.31* 67.0* 68.6 71.1* 74.9* 79.2 80.9 83.1 1:13 CoCl2 30.30 32.60 34.87 35.99 37.10 39.27 41.38 43.46 45.50 47.51 49.51 51.50 7 Co(ClO4)2 50.0 53.0 7 CoF2 1.4 7 CoI2 58.00 61.78 65.35 66.99 68.51 71.17 73.41 75.29 76.89 78.28 79.52 80.70 7 Co(NO2)2 0.076 0.49 7 Co(NO3)2 45.5 47.0 49.4 50.8 52.4 56.0 60.1 62.6 64.9 67.7 6 CoSO4 19.9 23.0 26.1 27.7 29.2 32.3 34.4 35.9 35.5 33.2 30.6 27.8 6 Co(SCN)2 50.7 7 CrO3 62.2 62.3 62.6 62.8 63.0 63.5 64.1 64.7 65.5 66.2 67.1 67.9 6 CsBr 55.2 7 CsBrO 3 1.16 1.93 3.01 3.69 4.46 6.32 8.60 11.32 14.45 17.96 21.83 25.98 1:30 CsCl 61.83 63.48 64.96 65.64 66.29 67.50 68.60 69.61 70.54 71.40 72.21 72.96 1:47CsClO 3 2.40 3.87 5.94 7.22 8.69 12.15 16.33 21.14 26.45 32.10 37.89 43.42 1:30 CsClO4 0.79 1.01 1.51 1.96 2.57 4.28 6.55 9.29 12.41 15.80 19.39 23.07 7 CsI 30.9 37.2 43.2 45.9 48.6 53.3 57.3 60.7 63.6 65.9 67.7 69.2 6CsIO 3 1.08 1.58 2.21 2.59 3.02 3.96 5.06 6.29 7.70 9.20 10.79 12.45 1:30 CsNO 3 8.46 13.0 18.6 21.8 25.1 32.0 39.0 45.7 51.9 57.3 62.1 66.2 6 CsOH 75 7 Cs2SO4 62.6 63.4 64.1 64.5 64.8 65.5 66.1 66.7 67.3 67.8 68.3 68.8 6 CuBr 2 55.8 7 CuCl2 40.8 41.7 42.6 43.1 43.7 44.8 46.0 47.2 48.5 49.9 51.3 52.7 6 Cu(ClO4)2 54.3 59.3 7 CuF 2 0.075 7 Cu(NO3)2 45.2 49.8 56.3 59.2 61.1 62.0 63.1 64.5 65.9 67.5 69.2 71.0 6 CuSO4 12.4 14.4 16.7 18.0 19.3 22.2 25.4 28.8 32.4 36.3 40.3 43.5 6 CuSeO 4 10.6 16.0 7 Dy(NO3)3 58.79 59.99 61.49 62.35 63.29 65.43 68.04 71.58 1:13 Er(NO3)3 61.58 63.15 64.84 65.75 66.69 68.70 70.96 73.64 77.75 1:13 Eu(NO 3)3 55.2 56.7 58.5 59.4 60.4 62.5 64.6 1:13 FeBr2 54.6 64.8* 7 FeCl2 33.2* 39.4* 48.7* 7 FeCl 3 42.7 44.9 47.9 47.7 51.6 74.8 76.7 84.6 84.3 84.3 84.4 84.7 6Compound 0 ∞C1 0 ∞C2 0∞C2 5 ∞C3 0∞C4 0∞C5 0∞C6 0∞C7 0 ∞C8 0 ∞C9 0 ∞C 100∞C Ref. TeamLRN 8-113AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Fe(ClO 4)2 63.39 67.76 7 FeF3 5.59 7 Fe(NO3)3 40.15 46.57 7 Fe(NO3)2 41.44 46.67 7 FeSO4 13.5 17.0 20.8 22.8 24.8 28.8 32.8 35.5 33.6 30.4 27.1 24.0 6 Gd(NO3)3 56.3 57.7 59.2 60.1 61.0 62.9 65.2 67.9 71.5 1:13 HIO3 73.45 74.10 74.98 75.48 76.03 77.20 78.46 79.78 81.13 82.48 83.82 85.14 1:30 H3BO3 2.61 3.57 4.77 5.48 6.27 8.10 10.3 12.9 15.9 19.3 23.1 27.3 6 HgBr2 0.26 0.37 0.52 0.61 0.72 0.96 1.26 1.63 2.08 2.61 3.23 3.95 4 Hg(CN)2 6.57 7.83 9.33 10.2 11.1 13.1 15.5 18.2 21.2 24.6 28.3 32.3 6 HgCl2 4.24 5.05 6.17 6.81 7.62 9.53 12.02 15.18 19.16 24.06 29.90 36.62 4 HgI2 0.0041 0.0055 0.0072 0.0122 0.0199 4 Hg(SCN)2 0.070 4 Hg2Cl2 0.0004 3 Hg2(ClO4)2 73.8 79.8* 85.3* 7 Hg2SO4 0.038 0.043 0.048 0.051 0.054 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.076 0.082 0.088 0.093 4 Ho(NO3)3 63.8 1:13 KBF4 0.28 0.34 0.45 0.55 0.75 1.38 2.09 2.82 3.58 4.34 5.12 5.90 10 KBr 35.0 37.3 39.4 40.4 41.4 43.2 44.8 46.2 47.6 48.8 49.8 50.8 6 KBrO3 2.97 4.48 6.42 7.55 8.79 11.57 14.71 18.14 21.79 25.57 29.42 33.28 1:30 KC2H3O2 68.40 70.29 72.09 72.92 73.70 75.08 76.27 77.31 78.22 79.04 79.80 80.55 7 KCl 21.74 23.61 25.39 26.22 27.04 28.59 30.04 31.40 32.66 33.86 34.99 36.05 1:47 KClO3 3.03 4.67 6.74 7.93 9.21 12.06 15.26 18.78 22.65 26.88 31.53 36.65 1:30 KClO4 0.70 1.10 1.67 2.04 2.47 3.54 4.94 6.74 8.99 11.71 14.94 18.67 6 KF 30.90 39.8 47.3 50.41 53.2 60.0 7 KHCO3 18.62 21.73 24.92 26.6 28.13 31.32 34.46 37.51 40.45 6 KHSO4 27.1 29.7 32.3 33.6 35.0 37.8 40.5 43.4 46.2 49.02 51.82 54.6 6 KH 2PO4 11.74 14.91 18.25 19.97 21.77 25.28 28.95 32.76 36.75 40.96 45.41 50.12 1:31 KI 56.0 57.6 59.0 59.7 60.4 61.6 62.8 63.8 64.8 65.7 66.6 67.4 6KIO 3 4.53 5.96 7.57 8.44 9.34 11.09 13.22 15.29 17.41 19.58 21.78 24.03 1:30 KIO 4 0.16 0.22 0.37 0.51 0.70 1.24 1.96 2.83 3.82 4.89 6.02 7.17 7 KMnO4 2.74 4.12 5.96 7.06 8.28 11.11 14.42 18.16 6 KNO2 73.7 74.6 75.3 75.7 76.0 76.7 77.4 78.0 78.5 79.1 79.6 80.1 6 KNO 3 12.0 17.6 24.2 27.7 31.3 38.6 45.7 52.2 58.0 63.0 67.3 70.8 6 KOH 48.7 50.8 53.2 54.7 56.1 57.9 58.6 59.5 60.6 61.8 63.1 64.6 6KSCN 63.8 66.4 69.1 70.4 71.6 74.1 76.5 78.9 81.1 83.3 85.3 87.3 6 K 2CO3 51.3 51.7 52.3 52.7 53.1 54.0 54.9 56.0 57.2 58.4 59.6 61.0 6 K2CrO4 37.1 38.1 38.9 39.4 39.8 40.5 41.3 41.9 42.6 43.2 43.8 44.3 6 K2Cr2O7 4.30 7.12 10.9 13.1 15.5 20.8 26.3 31.7 36.9 41.5 45.5 48.9 6 K2HAsO4 48.5* 63.6* 79.8* 7 K2HPO4 57.0 59.1 61.5 62.7 64.1 67.7* 72.7* 1:31 K2MoO4 64.7 66.5 7 K2SO3 51.30 51.39 51.49 51.55 51.62 51.76 51.93 52.11 52.32 52.54 52.79 53.06 1:26Compound 0 ∞C1 0 ∞C2 0∞C2 5 ∞C3 0∞C4 0∞C5 0∞C6 0∞C7 0 ∞C8 0 ∞C9 0 ∞C 100∞C Ref. 8-114AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) K2SO4 7.11 8.46 9.95 10.7 11.4 12.9 14.2 15.5 16.7 17.7 18.6 19.3 6 K2S2O3 49.0* 62.3* 75.7* 7 K2S2O5 22.1 26.7 31.1 33.1 35.2 39.0 42.6 46.0 49.1 52.0 54.6 1:26 K2SeO 3 68.4* 68.5* 68.5* 7 K2SeO4 52.70 52.93 53.17 53.30 53.43 53.70 53.99 54.30 54.61 54.94 55.26 55.60 7 K3AsO4 51.5* 55.6* 73* 7 K3Fe(CN) 6 23.9 27.6 31.1 32.8 34.3 37.2 39.6 41.7 43.5 45.0 46.1 47.0 6 K3PO4 44.3 51.4 7 K4Fe(CN)6 12.5 17.3 22.0 23.9 25.6 29.2 32.5 35.5 38.2 40.6 41.4 43.1 6 LaCl3 49.0 48.5 48.6 48.9 49.3 50.5 52.1 54.0 56.3 58.9 61.7 6 La(NO3)3 55.0 56.9 58.9 60.0 61.1 63.6 66.3 69.9* 74.1* 1:13 LiBr 58.4 60.1 62.7 64.4 65.9 67.8 68.3 69.0 69.8 70.7 71.7 72.8 6 LiBrO 3 61.03 62.62 64.44 65.44 66.51 68.90 71.68* 73.24* 74.43 75.66 76.93 78.32 1:30 LiC2H3O2 23.76 26.49 29.42 31.02 32.72 36.48 40.65 45.15 49.93 54.91 60.04 65.26 7 LiCl 40.45 42.46* 45.29* 45.81 46.25 47.30 48.47 49.78 51.27 52.98 54.98* 56.34* 1:47 LiClO 3 73.2 75.6* 80.8* 82.1 83.4 85.9* 87.1* 88.2 89.6 91.3 93.4 95.7 1:30 LiClO4 30.1 32.6 35.5 37.0 38.6 41.9 45.5 49.2 53.2 57.2 61.3 71.4 6 LiF 0.120 0.126 0.131 0.134 7 LiH 2PO4 55.8 7 LiI 59.4 60.5 61.7 62.3 63.0 64.3 65.8 67.3 68.8 81.3 81.7 82.6 6LiIO 3 43.8 1:30 LiNO2 41 45 49 51 53 56 60 63 66 68 10 LiNO3 34.8 37.6 42.7 50.5 57.9 60.1 62.2 64.0 65.7 67.2 68.5 69.7 6 LiOH 10.8 10.8 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.7 12.2 12.7 13.4 14.2 15.1 16.1 6 LiSCN 54.5 7 Li2CO3 1.54 1.43 1.33 1.28 1.24 1.15 1.07 0.99 0.92 0.85 0.78 0.72 7 Li2C2O4 5.87 7 Li2HPO3 9.07 8.40 7.77 7.47 7.18 6.64 6.16 5.71 5.30 4.91 4.53 4.16 7 Li2SO4 26.3 25.9 25.6 25.5 25.3 25.0 24.8 24.5 24.3 24.0 23.8 23.6 6 Li3PO4 0.027 1:31 Lu(NO 3)3 71.1 1:13 MgBr2 49.3 49.8 50.3 50.6 50.9 51.5 52.1 52.8 53.5 54.2 55.0 55.7 6 Mg(BrO3)2 43.0 45.2 48.0 49.4 51.0 54.3 57.9 61.6 65.3 69.0* 70.9* 71.7 1:14 Mg(C 2H3O2)2 36.18 37.55 38.92 39.61 7 MgC2O4 0.038 7 MgCl2 33.96 34.85 35.58 35.90 36.20 36.77 37.34 37.97 38.71 39.62 40.75 42.15 8 Mg(ClO 3)2 53.35 54.40 56.81 58.66 60.91* 65.46* 67.33 69.27 71.01 72.44 73.48 1:14 Mg(ClO4)2 47.8 48.7 49.6 50.1 50.5 51.3 52.1 6 MgCrO4 32.06* 35.39* 7 MgCr 2O7 58.9 67.0 7 MgF2 0.013 7 MgI2 54.7 56.1 58.2 59.4 60.8 63.9 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.1 65.2 6 Mg(IO 3)2 3.19* 6.70* 7.92 8.52 9.11 10.45 11.99 13.7 15.6 17.6 19.6 1:14Compound 0 ∞C1 0 ∞C2 0∞C2 5 ∞C3 0∞C4 0∞C5 0∞C6 0∞C7 0 ∞C8 0 ∞C9 0 ∞C 100∞C Ref. TeamLRN 8-115AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Mg(NO 2)2 47 7 Mg(NO3)2 38.4 39.5 40.8 41.6 42.4 44.1 45.9 47.9 50.0 52.2 70.6 72.0 6 MgSO3 0.32 0.37 0.46 0.52 0.61 0.87* 0.85* 0.76 0.69 0.64 0.62 0.60 1:26 MgSO4 18.2 21.7 25.1 26.3 28.2 30.9 33.4 35.6 36.9 35.9 34.7 33.3 6 MgS2O3 30.7 34.1 7 MgSeO4 31.4* 35.7* 47* 7 MnBr2 56.00 57.72 59.39 60.19 60.96 62.41 63.75 65.01 66.19 67.32 68.42 69.50 7 MnCl2 38.7 40.6 42.5 43.6 44.7 47.0 49.4 54.1 54.7 55.2 55.7 56.1 6 MnF2 0.80* 1.01* 0.48 7 Mn(IO3)2 0.27 0.34 7 Mn(NO3)2 50.5 61.7 7 MnSO4 34.6 37.3 38.6 38.9 38.9 37.7 36.3 34.6 32.8 30.8 28.8 26.7 6 NH4Br 37.5 40.2 42.7 43.9 45.1 47.3 49.4 51.3 53.0 54.6 56.1 57.4 7 NH4Cl 22.92 25.12 27.27 28.34 29.39 31.46 33.50 35.49 37.46 39.40 41.33 43.24 1:47 NH4ClO4 10.8 14.1 17.8 19.7 21.7 25.8 29.8 33.6 37.3 40.7 43.8 46.6 6 NH4F 41.7 43.2 44.7 45.5 46.3 47.8 49.3 50.9 52.5 54.1 7 NH4HCO3 10.6 13.7 17.6 19.9 22.4 27.9 34.2 41.4 49.3 58.1 67.6 78.0 7 NH4H2AsO4 25.2 29.0 32.7 34.5 36.3 39.7 43.1 46.2 49.3 52.2 55.0 7 NH4H2PO4 17.8 22.0 26.4 28.8 31.2 36.2 41.6 47.2 53.0 59.2 65.7 72.4 7 NH4I 60.7 62.1 63.4 64.0 64.6 65.8 66.8 67.8 68.7 69.6 70.4 71.1 6 NH4IO3 3.70 4.20 5.64 7.63 1:30 NH4NO 2 55.7 59.0 64.9 68.8 7 NH4NO3 54.0 60.1 65.5 68.0 70.3 74.3 77.7 80.8 83.4 85.8 88.2 90.3 6 NH4SCN 64.4 81.1 7 (NH4)2C2O4 2.31 3.11 4.25 4.94 5.73 7.56 9.73 12.2 15.1 18.3 21.8 25.7 7 (NH4)2HPO4 36.4 38.2 40.0 41.0 42.0 44.1 46.2 48.5 50.9 53.3 55.9 58.6 7 (NH4)2S2O5 65.5 67.9 69.8 70.5 71.3 72.3 72.9 73.1 1:26 (NH 4)2S2O8 37.00 40.45 43.84 45.49 47.11 50.25 53.28 56.23 59.13 62.00 7 (NH4)2SO3 32.2 34.9 37.7 39.1 40.6 43.7 47.0 50.6 54.5 58.9 1:26 (NH4)2SO4 41.3 42.1 42.9 43.3 43.8 44.7 45.6 46.6 47.5 48.5 49.5 50.5 6 (NH 4)2SeO3 49.0 51.1 53.4 54.7 56.0 58.9 62.0 65.4 69.1 7 (NH4)2SeO4 54.02 7 (NH4)3PO4 15.5 7 NaBr 44.4 45.9 47.7 48.6 49.6 51.6 53.7 54.1 54.3 54.5 54.7 54.9 6 NaBrO3 20.0 23.22 26.65 28.28 29.86 32.83 35.55 38.05 40.37 42.52 1:30 NaCHO2 30.8 37.9 45.7 48.7 50.6 52.0 53.5 55.0 6 NaC 2H3O2 26.5 28.8 31.8 33.5 35.5 39.9 45.1 58.3 59.3 60.5 61.7 62.9 6 NaCl 26.28 26.32 26.41 26.45 26.52 26.67 26.84 27.03 27.25 27.50 27.78 28.05 1:47NaClO 22.7 44.4 7 NaClO 2 97.0* 95.3* 7 NaClO3 44.27 46.67 49.3 50.1 51.2 53.6 55.5 57.0 58.5 60.5 63.3 67.1 1:30 NaClO4 61.9 64.1 66.2 67.2 68.3 70.4 72.5 74.1 74.7 75.4 76.1 76.7 6 NaF 3.52 3.72 3.89 3.97 4.05 4.20 4.34 4.46 4.57 4.66 4.75 4.82 6Compound 0 ∞C1 0 ∞C2 0∞C2 5 ∞C3 0∞C4 0∞C5 0∞C6 0∞C7 0 ∞C8 0 ∞C9 0 ∞C 100∞C Ref. 8-116AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) NaHCO 3 6.48 7.59 8.73 9.32 9.91 11.13 12.40 13.70 15.02 16.37 17.73 19.10 7 NaHSO4 22.2 33.3 10 NaH2PO4 36.54 41.07 46.00 48.68 51.54 57.89* 61.7* 62.3* 65.9 68.7 1:31 NaI 61.2 62.4 63.9 64.8 65.7 67.7 69.8 72.0 74.7 74.8 74.9 75.1 6 NaIO3 2.43 4.40 7.78* 8.65* 9.60 11.67 13.99 16.52 19.25* 21.1* 22.9 24.7 1:30 NaIO4 12.62 7 NaNO2 41.9 43.4 45.1 45.9 46.8 48.7 50.7 52.8 55.0 57.2 59.5 61.8 6 NaNO3 42.2 44.4 46.6 47.7 48.8 51.0 53.2 55.3 57.5 59.6 61.7 63.8 6 NaOH 30 39 46 50 53 58 63 67 71 74 76 79 10 NaSCN 52.9 57.1 60.2 62.7 63.5 64.2 65.0 65.9 66.9 67.9 69.0 6 Na2B4O7 1.23 1.71 2.50 3.07 3.82 6.02 9.7 14.9 17.1 19.9 23.5 28.0 6 Na2CO3 6.44 10.8 17.9 23.5 28.7 32.8 32.2 31.7 31.3 31.1 30.9 30.9 6 Na2C2O4 2.62 2.95 3.30 3.48 3.65 4.00 4.36 4.71 5.06 5.41 5.75 6.08 6 Na2CrO4 22.6 32.3 44.6 46.7 46.9 48.9 51.0 53.4 55.3 55.5 55.8 56.1 6 Na2Cr2O7 62.1 63.1 64.4 65.2 66.1 68.0 70.1 72.3 74.6 77.0 79.6 80.7 6 Na2HAsO 4 5.6* 29.3* 67* 7 Na2HPO4 1.66 4.19 7.51 10.55 16.34* 35.17* 44.64* 45.20 46.81 48.78 50.52 51.53 1:31 Na2MoO4 30.6 38.8 39.4 39.4 39.8 40.3 41.0 41.7 42.6 43.5 44.5 45.5 6 Na2S 11.1 13.2 15.7 17.1 18.6 22.1 26.7 28.1 30.2 33.0 36.4 41.0 6 Na2SO3 12.0 16.1 20.9 23.5 26.3* 27.3* 25.9 24.8 23.7 22.8 22.1 21.5 1:26 Na2SO4 16.13 21.94 29.22* 32.35* 31.55 30.90 30.39 30.02 29.79 29.67 8 Na2S2O3 33.1 36.3 40.6 43.3 45.9 52.0 62.3 65.7 68.8 69.4 70.1 71.0 6 Na2S2O5 38.4 39.5 40.0 40.6 41.8 43.0 44.2 45.5 46.8 48.1 49.5 1:26 Na2SeO3 47.3* 45* 7 Na2SeO 4 11.7 36.9* 42.1* 7 Na2WO4 41.6 41.9 42.3 42.6 42.9 43.6 44.4 45.3 46.2 47.3 48.4 49.5 6 Na3PO4 4.28 7.30 10.8 12.6 14.1 16.6 22.9 28.4 32.4 37.6 40.4 43.5 6 Na4P2O7 2.23 3.28 4.81 6.62 7.00 10.10 14.38 20.07 27.31 36.03 32.37 30.67 6 NdCl3 49.0 49.3 49.7 50.0 50.4 51.2 52.2 53.3 54.5 55.8 57.1 58.5 6 Nd(NO3)3 55.76 57.49 59.37 60.38 61.43 63.69 66.27 69.47 1:13 NiCl 2 34.7 36.1 38.5 40.3 41.7 42.1 43.2 45.0 46.1 46.2 46.4 46.6 6 Ni(ClO4)2 51.1 52.8 7 NiF2 2.50 2.52 7 NiI 2 55.40 57.68 59.78 60.69 61.50 62.80 63.73 64.38 64.80 65.09 65.30 7 Ni(NO3)2 44.1 46.0 48.4 49.8 51.3 54.6 58.3 61.0 63.1 65.6 67.9 69.0 6 NiSO4 21.4 24.4 27.4 28.8 30.3* 32.0* 34.1 35.8 37.7 39.9 42.3 44.8 6 Ni(SCN) 2 35.48 7 NiSeO4 21.6 26.2* 45.6* 7 PbBr2 0.449 0.620 0.841 0.966 1.118 1.46 1.89 2 PbCl 2 0.66 0.81 0.98 1.07 1.17 1.39 1.64 1.93 2.24 2.60 2.99 3.42 2 Pb(ClO4)2 81.5 7 PbF2 0.0603 0.0649 0.0670 0.0693 2 PbI 2 0.041 0.052 0.067 0.076 0.086 0.112 0.144 0.187 0.243 0.315 2Compound 0 ∞C1 0 ∞C2 0∞C2 5 ∞C3 0∞C4 0∞C5 0∞C6 0∞C7 0 ∞C8 0 ∞C9 0 ∞C 100∞C Ref. TeamLRN 8-117AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Pb(IO 3)2 0.0025 7 Pb(NO3)2 28.46 32.13 35.67 37.38 39.05 42.22 45.17 47.90 50.42 52.72 54.82 56.75 2 PbSO4 0.0033 0.0038 0.0042 0.0044 0.0047 0.0052 0.0058 2 PrCl3 48.0 48.1 48.6 49.0 49.5 50.8 52.3 54.1 56.1 58.3 6 Pr(NO3)3 57.50 59.20 61.16 62.24 63.40* 65.7* 67.8 70.2 73.4 1:13 RbBr 47.4 50.1 52.6 53.8 54.9 57.0 58.8 60.6 62.1 63.5 64.8 65.9 6 RbBrO 3 0.97 1.55 2.36 2.87 3.45 4.87 6.64 8.78 11.29 14.15 17.32 20.76 1:30 RbCl 43.58 45.65 47.53 48.42 49.27 50.86 52.34 53.67 54.92 56.08 57.16 58.15 1:47RbClO 3 2.10 3.38 5.14 6.22 7.45 10.35 13.85 17.93 22.53 27.57 32.96 38.60 1:30 RbClO4 1 1.5 17 7 RbF 75 7 RbHCO3 53.7 7 RbI 55.8 58.6 61.1 62.3 63.4 65.4 67.2 68.8 70.3 71.6 72.7 73.8 6 RbIO3 1.09 1.53 2.07 2.38 2.74 3.52 4.41 5.42 6.52 7.74 9.00 10.36 1:30 RbNO3 16.4 25.0 34.6 39.4 44.2 53.1 60.8 67.2 72.2 76.1 79.0 81.2 6 RbOH 63.4 7 Rb2CrO4 38.27 43.26 7 Rb2SO4 27.3 30.0 32.5 33.7 34.8 36.9 38.7 40.3 41.8 43.0 44.1 44.9 6 SbCl3 85.7 90.8 7 SbF3 79.4 83.1 7 Sc(NO3)3 57.0 59.3 61.6 62.8 63.9 66.2 68.5 1:13 Sm(NO3)3 54.83 56.33 58.08 59.05 60.08 62.38 65.05* 68.1* 70.8 74.2 1:13 SmCl3 48.0 48.2 48.4 48.6 49.2 50.0 6 SnCl2 46 64 7 SnI2 0.97 3.87 7 SrBr2 46.0 48.3 50.6 51.7 52.9 55.2 57.6 59.9 62.3 64.6 66.8 69.0 6 Sr(BrO3)2 18.53 22.00 25.39 27.02 28.59 31.55 34.21 36.57 38.64* 40.2* 40.8 41.0 1:14 SrCl 2 31.94 32.93 34.43 35.37 36.43 38.93 41.94 45.44* 46.81* 47.69 48.70 49.87 8 Sr(ClO2)2 13.0 13.6 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.9 15.3 15.6 15.9 7 Sr(ClO3)2 63.29 63.42 63.64 63.77 63.93 64.29 64.70 65.16 65.65 66.18 66.74 67.31 1:14 Sr(ClO 4)2 70.04* 75.35* 78.44* 7 SrF2 0.011 0.021 7 SrI2 62.5 62.8 63.5 63.9 64.5 65.8 67.3 69.0 70.8 72.7 74.7 79.2 6 Sr(IO 3)2 0.102 0.126 0.152 0.165 0.179 0.206 0.233 0.259 0.284 0.307 0.328 0.346 1:14 Sr(MnO4)2 2.5 7 Sr(NO2)2 41.9 44.3 58.6 7 Sr(NO 3)2 28.2 34.6 41.0 44.5 47.0 47.4 47.9 48.4 48.9 49.5 50.1 50.7 6 Sr(OH)2 0.9 2.2 7 SrSO3 0.0015 1:26 SrSO 4 0.0135 7 SrS2O3 8.8 13.2 17.7 20.0 22.2 26.8 7 Tb(NO3)3 60.6 61.02 1:13 Tl2SO4 2.65 3.56 4.61 5.19 5.80 7.09 8.46 9.89 11.33 12.77 14.18 15.53 6Compound 0 ∞C1 0 ∞C2 0∞C2 5 ∞C3 0∞C4 0∞C5 0∞C6 0∞C7 0 ∞C8 0 ∞C9 0 ∞C 100∞C Ref. 8-118AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Tm(NO 3)3 67.9 1:13 UO2(NO3)2 49.52 51.82 54.42 55.85 57.55 61.59 67.07 1:55 Y(NO3)3 55.57 56.93 58.75 59.86 61.11* 63.3* 64.9 67.9 72.5 1:13 Yb(NO3)3 70.5 1:13 ZnBr2 79.3 80.1 81.8 83.0 84.1 85.6 85.8 86.1 86.3 86.6 86.8 87.1 6 ZnC2O4 0.0010 0.0019 0.0026 5 ZnCl2 76.6 79.0 80.3 81.4 81.8 82.4 83.0 83.7 84.4 85.2 86.0 6 Zn(ClO4)2 44.29* 46.27* 48.70 7 ZnF2 1.53 5 ZnI2 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.7 82.0 82.3 82.6 83.0 83.3 83.7 6 Zn(IO3)2 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.77 0.82 5 Zn(NO3)2 47.8 50.8 54.4 54.6 58.5 79.1 80.1 87.5 89.9 6 ZnSO3 0.1786 0.1790 0.1794 0.1803 0.1812 5 ZnSO4 29.1 32.0 35.0 36.6 38.2 41.3 43.0 42.1 41.0 39.9 38.8 37.6 6 ZnSeO4 33.06 34.98 37.38 38.79 40.34 5Compound 0 ∞C1 0 ∞C2 0∞C2 5 ∞C3 0∞C4 0∞C5 0∞C6 0∞C7 0 ∞C8 0 ∞C9 0 ∞C 100∞C Ref. TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCSOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS The solubility product constant Ksp is a useful parameter for calculating the aqueous solubility of sparingly soluble compounds under various conditions. It may be determined by direct measurement or calculated from the standard Gibbs energies of formation ΔfG° of the species involved at their standard states. Thus if Ksp = [M+]m [A–]n is the equilibrium constant for the reaction MmAn(s) 1 mM+(aq) + nA– (aq), where MmAn is the slightly soluble substance and M+ and A- are the ions produced in solution by the dissociation of MmAn, then the Gibbs energy change is ΔG° = m ΔfG° (M+,aq) + n ΔfG° (A–,aq) -ΔfG° (MmAn, s) The solubility product constant is calculated from the equation ln Ksp = -Δ G°/RT The first table below gives selected values of Ksp at 25°C. Many of these have been calculated from standard state thermodynamic data in References 1 and 2; other values are taken from publications of the IUPAC Solubility Data Project (References 3 to 7). The above formulation is not convenient for treating sulfides because the S-2 ion is usually not present in significant concentrations (see Reference 8). This is due to the hydrolysis reaction S-2 + H2O 1 HS– + OH– which is strongly shifted to the right except in very basic solutions. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant for this reaction, which depends on the second ionization constant of H2S, is poorly known. Therefore it is more useful in the case of sulfides to define a different solubility product Kspa based on the reaction MmSn(s) + 2H+ 1 mM+ + nH2S (aq) Values of Kspa , taken from Reference 8, are given for several sulfides in the auxiliary table following the main table. Additional discussi on of sulfide equilibria may be found in References 7 and 9. REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V.B., and White, H.J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables , Hemisphere, New York, 1987. 3.Solubility Data Series (53 Volumes), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979—1992. 4. Clever, H.L., and Johnston, F.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 9, 751, 1980. 5. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 9, 1307, 1980. 6. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 14, 631, 1985. 7. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 21, 941, 1992. 8. Myers, R.J., J. Chem. Educ ., 63, 687, 1986. 9. Licht, S., J. Electrochem. Soc .,135, 2971, 1988. Compound Formula Ksp Aluminum phosphate AlPO4 9.84⋅10-21 Barium bromate Ba(BrO3)2 2.43⋅10-4 Barium carbonate BaCO3 2.58⋅10-9 Barium chromate BaCrO4 1.17⋅10-10 Barium fluoride BaF2 1.84⋅10-7 Barium hydroxide octahydrate Ba(OH)2⋅8H2O 2.55 ⋅10-4 Barium iodate Ba(IO3)2 4.01⋅10-9 Barium iodate monohydrate Ba(IO3)2⋅H2O 1.67 ⋅10-9 Barium molybdate BaMoO4 3.54⋅10-8 Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2 4.64⋅10-3 Barium selenate BaSeO4 3.40⋅10-8 Barium sulfate BaSO 4 1.08⋅10-10 Barium sulfite BaSO 3 5.0⋅10-10 Beryllium hydroxide Be(OH)2 6.92⋅10-22 Bismuth arsenate BiAsO 4 4.43⋅10-10 © 2000 CRC Press LLCSOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Bismuth iodide BiI3 7.71⋅10-19 Cadmium arsenate Cd3(AsO4)2 2.2⋅10-33 Cadmium carbonate CdCO3 1.0⋅10-12 Cadmium fluoride CdF2 6.44⋅10-3 Cadmium hydroxide Cd(OH)2 7.2⋅10-15 Cadmium iodate Cd(IO3)2 2.5⋅10-8 Cadmium oxalate trihydrate CdC2O4⋅3H2O 1.42 ⋅10-8 Cadmium phosphate Cd3(PO4)2 2.53⋅10-33 Calcium carbonate (calcite) CaCO3 3.36⋅10-9 Calcium fluoride CaF2 3.45⋅10-11 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 5.02⋅10-6 Calcium iodate Ca(IO3)2 6.47⋅10-6 Calcium iodate hexahydrate Ca(IO3)2⋅6H2O 7.10 ⋅10-7 Calcium molybdate CaMoO4 1.46⋅10-8 Calcium oxalate monohydrate CaC2O4⋅H2O 2.32 ⋅10-9 Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 2.07⋅10-33 Calcium sulfate CaSO4 4.93⋅10-5 Calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4⋅2H2O 3.14 ⋅10-5 Calcium sulfite hemihydrate CaSO3⋅0.5H2O 3.1 ⋅10-7 Cesium perchlorate CsClO4 3.95⋅10-3 Cesium periodate CsIO4 5.16⋅10-6 Cobalt(II) arsenate Co3(AsO4)2 6.80⋅10-29 Cobalt(II) hydroxide (blue) Co(OH)2 5.92⋅10-15 Cobalt(II) iodate dihydrate Co(IO3)2⋅2H2O 1.21 ⋅10-2 Cobalt(II) phosphate Co3(PO4)2 2.05⋅10-35 Copper(I) bromide CuBr 6.27 ⋅10-9 Copper(I) chloride CuCl 1.72 ⋅10-7 Copper(I) cyanide CuCN 3.47 ⋅10-20 Copper(I) iodide CuI 1.27 ⋅10-12 Copper(I) thiocyanate CuSCN 1.77 ⋅10-13 Copper(II) arsenate Cu3(AsO4)2 7.95⋅10-36 Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Cu(IO3)2⋅H2O 6.94 ⋅10-8 Copper(II) oxalate CuC2O4 4.43⋅10-10 Copper(II) phosphate Cu3(PO4)2 1.40⋅10-37 Europium(III) hydroxide Eu(OH)3 9.38⋅10-27 Gallium(III) hydroxide Ga(OH)3 7.28⋅10-36 Iron(II) carbonate FeCO3 3.13⋅10-11 Iron(II) fluoride FeF2 2.36⋅10-6 Iron(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2 4.87⋅10-17 Iron(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3 2.79⋅10-39 Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate FePO4⋅2H2O 9.91 ⋅10-16 Lanthanum iodate La(IO3)3 7.50⋅10-12 Lead(II) bromide PbBr2 6.60⋅10-6 Lead(II) carbonate PbCO3 7.40⋅10-14 Lead(II) chloride PbCl2 1.70⋅10-5 Lead(II) fluoride PbF2 3.3⋅10-8 Lead(II) hydroxide Pb(OH)2 1.43⋅10-20 Lead(II) iodate Pb(IO3)2 3.69⋅10-13 Lead(II) iodide PbI2 9.8⋅10-9 Lead(II) selenate PbSeO4 1.37⋅10-7 Lead(II) sulfate PbSO4 2.53⋅10-8 Lithium carbonate Li2CO3 8.15⋅10-4 Lithium fluoride LiF 1.84 ⋅10-3 Lithium phosphate Li3PO4 2.37⋅10-11 Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 6.82⋅10-6 Magnesium carbonate trihydrate MgCO3⋅3H2O 2.38 ⋅10-6 Magnesium carbonate pentahydrate MgCO3⋅5H2O 3.79 ⋅10-6 Magnesium fluoride MgF2 5.16⋅10-11 Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH) 2 5.61⋅10-12 Magnesium oxalate dihydrate MgC 2O4⋅2H2O 4.83 ⋅10-6Compound Formula Ksp TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCSOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound Formula Ksp Magnesium phosphate Mg3(PO4)2 1.04⋅10-24 Manganese(II) carbonate MnCO3 2.24⋅10-11 Manganese(II) iodate Mn(IO3)2 4.37⋅10-7 Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate MnC2O4⋅2H2O 1.70 ⋅10-7 Mercury(I) bromide Hg2Br2 6.40⋅10-23 Mercury(I) carbonate Hg2CO3 3.6⋅10-17 Mercury(I) chloride Hg2Cl2 1.43⋅10-18 Mercury(I) fluoride Hg2F2 3.10⋅10-6 Mercury(I) iodide Hg2I2 5.2⋅10-29 Mercury(I) oxalate Hg2C2O4 1.75⋅10-13 Mercury(I) sulfate Hg2SO4 6.5⋅10-7 Mercury(I) thiocyanate Hg2(SCN)2 3.2⋅10-20 Mercury(II) bromide HgBr2 6.2⋅10-20 Mercury(II) iodide HgI2 2.9⋅10-29 Neodymium carbonate Nd2(CO3)3 1.08⋅10-33 Nickel(II) carbonate NiCO3 1.42⋅10-7 Nickel(II) hydroxide Ni(OH)2 5.48⋅10-16 Nickel(II) iodate Ni(IO3)2 4.71⋅10-5 Nickel(II) phosphate Ni3(PO4)2 4.74⋅10-32 Palladium(II) thiocyanate Pd(SCN)2 4.39⋅10-23 Potassium hexachloroplatinate K2PtCl6 7.48⋅10-6 Potassium perchlorate KClO4 1.05⋅10-2 Potassium periodate KIO4 3.71⋅10-4 Praseodymium hydroxide Pr(OH)3 3.39⋅10-24 Radium iodate Ra(IO3)2 1.16⋅10-9 Radium sulfate RaSO4 3.66⋅10-11 Rubidium perchlorate RbClO4 3.00⋅10-3 Scandium fluoride ScF3 5.81⋅10-24 Scandium hydroxide Sc(OH)3 2.22⋅10-31 Silver(I) acetate AgCH3COO 1.94 ⋅10-3 Silver(I) arsenate Ag3AsO4 1.03⋅10-22 Silver(I) bromate AgBrO3 5.38⋅10-5 Silver(I) bromide AgBr 5.35 ⋅10-13 Silver(I) carbonate Ag2CO3 8.46⋅10-12 Silver(I) chloride AgCl 1.77 ⋅10-10 Silver(I) chromate Ag2CrO4 1.12⋅10-12 Silver(I) cyanide AgCN 5.97 ⋅10-17 Silver(I) iodate AgIO3 3.17⋅10-8 Silver(I) iodide AgI 8.52 ⋅10-17 Silver(I) oxalate Ag2C2O4 5.40⋅10-12 Silver(I) phosphate Ag3PO4 8.89⋅10-17 Silver(I) sulfate Ag2SO4 1.20⋅10-5 Silver(I) sulfite Ag2SO3 1.50⋅10-14 Silver(I) thiocyanate AgSCN 1.03 ⋅10-12 Strontium arsenate Sr3(AsO4)2 4.29⋅10-19 Strontium carbonate SrCO3 5.60⋅10-10 Strontium fluoride SrF2 4.33⋅10-9 Strontium iodate Sr(IO3)2 1.14⋅10-7 Strontium iodate monohydrate Sr(IO3)2⋅H2O 3.77 ⋅10-7 Strontium iodate hexahydrate Sr(IO3)2⋅6H2O 4.55 ⋅10-7 Strontium sulfate SrSO4 3.44⋅10-7 Thallium(I) bromate TlBrO3 1.10⋅10-4 Thallium(I) bromide TlBr 3.71 ⋅10-6 Thallium(I) chloride TlCl 1.86 ⋅10-4 Thallium(I) chromate Tl2CrO4 8.67⋅10-13 Thallium(I) iodate TlIO3 3.12⋅10-6 Thallium(I) iodide TlI 5.54 ⋅10-8 Thallium(I) thiocyanate TlSCN 1.57 ⋅10-4 Thallium(III) hydroxide Tl(OH) 3 1.68⋅10-44 Tin(II) hydroxide Sn(OH) 2 5.45⋅10-27 © 2000 CRC Press LLCSOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound Formula Ksp Yttrium carbonate Y2(CO3)3 1.03⋅10-31 Yttrium fluoride YF3 8.62⋅10-21 Yttrium hydroxide Y(OH)3 1.00⋅10-22 Yttrium iodate Y(IO3)3 1.12⋅10-10 Zinc arsenate Zn3(AsO4)2 2.8⋅10-28 Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 1.46⋅10-10 Zinc carbonate monohydrate ZnCO3⋅H2O 5.42 ⋅10-11 Zinc fluoride ZnF2 3.04⋅10-2 Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2 3⋅10-17 Zinc iodate dihydrate Zn(IO3)2⋅2H2O 4.1 ⋅10-6 Zinc oxalate dihydrate ZnC2O4⋅2H2O 1.38 ⋅10-9 Zinc selenide ZnSe 3.6 ⋅10-26 Zinc selenite monohydrate ZnSeO3⋅H2O 1.59 ⋅10-7 Sulfides Compound Formula Kspa Cadmium sulfide CdS 8 ⋅10-7 Copper(II) sulfide CuS 6 ⋅10-16 Iron(II) sulfide FeS 6 ⋅102 Lead(II) sulfide PbS 3 ⋅10-7 Manganese(II) sulfide (green) MnS 3 ⋅107 Mercury(II) sulfide (red) HgS 4 ⋅10-33 Mercury(II) sulfide (black) HgS 2 ⋅10-32 Silver(I) sulfide Ag2S6 ⋅10-30 Tin(II) sulfide SnS 1 ⋅10-5 Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) ZnS 2 ⋅10-4 Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) ZnS 3 ⋅10-2 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCBaCl2 1.603 1.659 1.716 1.774 1.834 1.895 1.958 1 Ca(NO 3)2 6.896 7.398 7.986 8.675 9.480 10.421 1 CuSO4 1.055 1.153 1.260 1.376 1.502 1.639 3 FeSO4 1.352 1.533 1.729 1.940 2.165 2.405 3 KBr 5.002 5.237 5.471 5.703 5.932 6.157 3 KIO3 0.291 0.333 0.378 0.426 0.478 0.534 0.593 4 K2CO3 7.756 7.846 7.948 8.063 8.191 8.331 8.483 1 LiCl 19.296 19.456 19.670 19.935 2 Mg(NO 3)2 4.403 4.523 4.656 4.800 4.958 5.130 5.314 1 MnCl2 5.421 5.644 5.884 6.143 6.422 6.721 3 NH4Cl 6.199 6.566 6.943 7.331 2 NH4NO318.809 21.163 23.721 26.496 2 (NH4)2SO4 5.494 5.589 5.688 5.790 5.896 6.005 3 NaBr 8.258 8.546 8.856 9.191 9.550 9.937 10.351 4 NaCl 6.110 6.121 6.136 6.153 6.174 6.197 6.222 4 NaNO211.111 11.484 11.883 12.310 12.766 13.253 13.772 4 NaNO3 9.395 9.819 10.261 10.723 11.204 11.706 12.230 4 RbCl 6.911 7.180 7.449 7.717 7.986 8.253 8.520 4 ZnSO4 2.911 3.116 3.336 3.573 3.827 4.099 4.194 1SOLUBILITY OF COMMON SALTS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES This table gives the aqueous solubility of selected salts at temperatures from 10 °C to 40°C. Values are given in molality terms. REFERENCES 1. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics , 24, 619, 1992. 2. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics , 25, 63, 1993. 3. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics , 25, 1513, 1993. 4. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998. Salt 10 °C1 5°C2 0°C2 5°C3 0°C3 5°C4 0°C Ref. 8-115SOLUBILITY CHART Abbreviations: W, soluble in water; A, insoluble in water but soluble in acids; w, sparingly soluble in water but soluble in acids; a, insoluble in water and only sparingly soluble in acids; I, insoluble in water and acids; d, decomposes in water. * Indicates two modifications of the salt No. Al NH4 Sb Ba Bi Cd Ca Cr Co Cu Au (I) Au (II) H Fe (II) Fe (III) 1 Acetate WW W W W W WWW WW W —(C2H3O2) Al(—)3 NH4(—) Ba(—)2Bi(—)3Cd(—)2 Ca(—)2 Cr(—)3 Co(—)2 Cu(—)2 C2H4O2Fe(—)2Fe2(—)6 2 Arsenate a W AwAA w A A W A A —(AsO 4) Al(—) (NH 4)3(—) Sb(—) Ba 3(—)2Bi(—) Cd 3(—)2 Ca3(—)2 Co3(—)2 Cu3(—)2 H3AsO4Fe3(—)2Fe(—) 3 Arsenite WA w A A —(AsO 3)N H 4AsO2 Sb(—) Ca 3(—)2 Co3H6(—)4 CuH(—) 4 Benzoate WW A WW W w W W A —(C7H5O2)N H4(—) Ba(—)2Bi(—)3Cd(—)2 Ca(—)2 Co(—)2 Cu(—)2 C7H6O2Fe(—)2Fe2(—)6 5 Bromide W W d W d W W W(I)* W W w W W W W AlBr2 NH4Br SbBr 3 BaBr2 BiBr3 CdBr2 CaBr2 CrBr3 CoBr2 CuBr2 AuBr AuBr 3 HBr FeBr 2FeBr3 6 Carbonate Ww A w W A w (NH4)2CO3 BaCO3 CdCO3 CaCO3 CrCO3 CoCO3 FeCO3 7 Chlorate WW W W WW WW W W W —(ClO3) Al(—)3 NH4(—) Ba(—)2Bi(—)3Cd(—)2 Ca(—)2 Co(—)2 Cu(—)2 HClO3Fe(—)2Fe(—)3 8 Chloride WW W W d WWI WWw W W W W AlCl3 NH4Cl SbCl 3 BaCl2 BiCl3 CdCl2 CaCl2 CrCl3 CoCl2 CuCl2 AuCl AuCl 3 HCl FeCl 2FeCl3 9 Chromate WA A W A A —(CrO 4) (NH 4)2(—) Ba(—) Cd(—) Ca(—) Co(—) Fe2(—)3 10 Citrate WW w A Aw w W W —(C6H5O7) Al(—) (NH4)3(—) Ba3(—)2Bi(—) Cd3(—)2 Ca3(—)2 Co3(—)2 C6H8O7 Fe(—) 11 Cyanide W W w W W AAA wW W a NH4CN Ba(CN) 2Bi(CN) 3Cd(CN) 2 Ca(CN) 2Cr(CN) 3 Co(CN) 2 Cu(CN) 2 AuCN Au(CN) 3HCN Fe(CN) 2 12 Ferricy’de Ww A W I I W I —(Fe(CN) 6) (NH 4)3(—) Ba 3(—)2 Cd3(—)2 Ca3(—)2 Co3(—)2 Cu3(—)2 H3(—) Fe 3(—)2 13 Ferrocy’de wW W AW I I W I a —(Fe(CN)6)A l4(—)3 (NH4)4(—) Ba2(—) Cd2(—) Ca2(—) Co2(—) Cu2(—) H4(—) Fe2(—) Fe4(—)3 14 Fluoride W W W w W W w W(a)* W w W w w AlF3 NH4F SbF 3 BaF2 BiF3 CdF2 CaF2 CrF3 CoF2 CuF2 HF FeF 2 FeF3 15 Formate WW W W WW WW W W W —(CHO 2) Al(—) 3 NH4(—) Ba(—) 2Bi(—)3Cd(—) 2 Ca(—) 2 Co(—) 2 Cu(—) 2 CH2O2Fe(—) 2Fe(—) 3 16 Hydroxide A W W A A W AAA WA A A Al(OH)3 NH4OH Ba(OH)2Bi(OH)3Cd(OH)2 Ca(OH)2Cr(OH)3 Co(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 AuOH Au(OH)3 Fe(OH)2Fe(OH)3 17 Iodide WWd W A WW WW a a a W W W AlI3 NH4I SbI 3 BaI2 BiI3 CdI2 CaI2 CrI3 CoI2 CuI AuI AuI 3 HI FeI 2 FeI3 18 Nitrate WW W d W W WWW W W W Al(NO 3)3 NH4NO3 Ba(NO 3)2Bi(NO 3)3Cd(NO 3)2Ca(NO 3)2Cr(NO 3)3 Co(NO 3)2 Cu(NO 3)2 HNO3Fe(NO 3)2Fe(NO) 3 19 Oxalate AW w A wA WA A W A W —(C2O4)A l2(—)3 (NH4)2(—) Ba(—) Bi2(—)3Cd(—) Ca(—) Cr(—) Co(—) Cu(—) C2H2O4Fe(—) Fe2(—)3 20 Oxide aw W A A w a A AA W A A Al2O3 Sb2O3 BaO Bi 2O3 CdO CaO Cr 2O3 CoO CuO Au 2OA u 2O3 H2O2 FeO Fe 2O3 21 Phosphate A W A A A w wAA W A w AlPO4 NH4H2PO4 Ba3(PO4)2BiPO4Cd3(PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2Cr2(PO4)2 Co3(PO4)2Cu3(PO4)2 H3PO4Fe3(PO4)2FePO4 22 Silicate, IW A w A AI —(SiO3)A l2(—)3 Ba(—) Cd(—) Ca(—) Co2SiO4 Cu(—) H2SiO3 23 Sulfate W W A a d W w W(I)* W W W W w Al2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4Sb2(SO4)3BaSO4Bi2(SO4)3CdSO4 CaSO4 Cr2(SO4)3 CoSO4 CuSO4 H2SO4FeSO4Fe(SO4)3 24 Sulfide dW A d A Aw d AAI I W A d Al2S3 (NH4)2SS b 2S3 BaS Bi 2S3 CdS CaS Cr 2S3 CoS CuS Au 2SA u 2S3 H2S FeS Fe 2S3 25 Tartrate wW W w A Aw d A AI I W A d —(C4H4O6)A l2(—)3 (NH4)2(—) Sb2(—)3Ba(—) Bi2(—)3Cd(—) Ca(—) Co(—) Cu(—) C4H6O6Fe(—) Fe2(—)3 TeamLRN 8-116SOLUBILITY CHART (continued) 26 Thiocy’te WW W W d W W W NH4CNS Ba(CNS)2 Ca(CNS) Co(CNS)2 CuCNS CNSH Fe(CNS)2Fe(CNS)3 No. Pb Mg Mn Hg (I) Hg (II) Ni K Pt Ag Na Sn (IV) Sn (II) Sr Zn 1 Acetate WW W w WWW w W WdW W —(C2H3O2) Pb(—) 2 Mg(—) 2 Mn(—) 2 Hg(—) Hg(—) 2 Ni(—) 2 K(—) Ag(—) Na(—) Sn(—) 4 Sn(—) 2 Sr(—)2Zn(—) 2 2 Arsenate A A wAw A W AW w A —(AsO4) PbH(—) Mg3(—) MnH(—) Hg3(—) Hg3(—)2Ni3(—)2 K3(—) Ag3(—) Na3(—) SrH(—) Zn3(—)2 3 Arsenite WAAA A W AW A w —(AsO 3)M g 3(—)2Mn3H6(—)4Hg3(—) Hg 3(—) Ni 3H6(—)4K3AsO3 Ag3(—) Na 2H(—) Sn 3(—)2Sr3(—)2 4 Benzoate wW W A wwW w W W —(C7H5O2) Pb(—) 2 Mg(—) 2 Mn(—) 2 Hg2(—)2 Hg(—) 2 Ni(—) 2 K(—) Ag(—) Na(—) Zn(—) 2 5 Bromide W W W A W W Ww a W WWW W PbBr2 MgBr2 MnBr2 HgBr HgBr2 NiBr2 KBr PtBr4 AgBr NaBr SnBr4 SnBr2 SrBr2 ZnBr2 6 Carbonate Aw w A wW A W w w PbCO3 MgCO 3 MnCO 3 Hg2CO3 NiCO3 K2CO3 Ag2CO3 Na2CO3 SrCO3ZnCO3 7 Chlorate WW W W WWW W W W W W —(ClO 3) Pb(—) 2 Mg(—) 2 Mn(—) 2 Hg(—) Hg(—) 2 Ni(—) 2 K(—) Ag(—) Na(—) Sn(—) 2 Sr(—)2Zn(—) 2 8 Chloride WW W a WWW Wa W W W W W PbCl2 MgCl2 MnCl2 HgCl HgCl2 NiCl2 KCl PtCl4 AgCl NaCl SnCl4 SnCl2 SrCl2 ZnCl2 9 Chromate AW w wAW w WW Aw w —(CrO 4) Pb(—) Mg(—) Hg 2(—) Hg(—) Ni(—) K 2(—) Ag 2(—) Ma 2(—) Sn(—) 2 Sn(—) Sr(—) Zn(—) 10 Citrate WW w w WW w W A w —(C6H5O7)P b 3(—)2Mg3(—)2 MnH(—) Hg 3(—) Ni 3(—)2 K3(—) Ag 3(—) Na 3(—) SrH(—) Zn 3(—)2 11 Cyanide wW AWaW Ia W W A Pb(CN)2Mg(CN)2 HgCN Hg(CN)2Ni(CN)2 KCN Pt(CN)2 AgCN NaCN Sr(CN)2Zn(CN)2 12 Ferricy’de wW A IW I W A W A —Fe(CN) 6 Pb3(—)2Mg3(—)2 Hg3(—)2Ni3(—)2 K3(—) Ag 3(—) Na 3(—) Sn 3(—)2Sr3(—)2Zn3(—)2 13 Ferrocy’de aW A I IW I W a W I —Fe(CN) 6 Pb2(—) Mg 2(—) Mn 2(—) Hg 2(—) Ni 2(—) K 4(—) Ag 4(—) Na 4(—) Sn 2(—) Sr 2(—) Zn 2(—) 14 Fluoride ww A d dwW W W WW W w w PbF2 MgF2 MnF2 HgF HgF2 NiF2 KF PtF4 AgF NaF SnF4 SnF2 SrF2 ZnF2 15 Formate WW W w WWW W W W W —(CHO 2) Pb(—) 2 Mg(—) 2 Mn(—) 2 Hg(—) Hg(—) 2 Ni(—) 2 K(—) Ag(—) Na(—) Sr(—) 2Zn(—) 2 16 Hydroxide wA A AwW A Ww A W A Pb(OH) 2Mg(OH) 2 Mn(OH) 2 Hg(OH) 2Ni(OH) 2 KOH Pt(OH) 4 NaOH Sn(OH) 4Sn(OH) 2Sr(OH) 2Zn(OH) 2 17 Iodide wW W A wWW II W d W W W PbI2 MgI2 MnI2 HgI HgI2 NiI2 KI PtI2 AgI NaI SnI4 SnI2 SrI2 ZnI2 18 Nitrate WW W W WWW W W W dW W Pb(NO 3)2Mg(NO 3)2Mn(NO 3)2 HgNO 3 Hg(NO 3)2Ni(NO 3)2 KNO3Pt(NO3)4AgNO 3 NaNO3 Sn(NO 3)2Sr(NO 3)2Zn(NO 3)2 19 Oxalate Aw w a AAW a W A w A —(C2O4) Pb(—) Mg(—) Mn(—) Hg 2(—) Hg(—) Ni(—) K 2(—) Ag 2(—) Na 2(—) Sn(—) Sr(—) Zn(—) 20 Oxide w A AAw A W A w dA A W w PbO MgO MnO Hg2O HgO NiO K2O PtO Ag2ON a2O SnO2 SnO SrO ZnO 21 Phosphate A w wAA A W AW A A A Pb3(PO4)2Mg3(PO4)2Mn3(PO4)2Hg3PO4 Hg3(PO4)2Ni3(PO4)2 K3PO4 Ag3PO4 Na3PO4 Sn3(PO4)S r 3(PO4)2Zn3(PO4)2 22 Silicate AA I W W A A —(SiO 3) Pb(—) Mg(—) Mn(—) K 2(—) Na 2(—) Sr(—) Zn(—) 23 Sulfate wW W w dWW W w WW W w W PbSO4 MgSO4 MnSO4 Hg2SO4 HgSO4 NiSO4 K2SO4Pt(SO4)2Ag2SO4 Na2SO4 Sn(SO4)2SnSO4 SrSO4ZnSO4No. Al NH 4 Sb Ba Bi Cd Ca Cr Co Cu Au (I) Au (II) H Fe (II) Fe (III) 8-117SOLUBILITY CHART (continued) 24 Sulfide Ad A I IAW IA WA A W A PbS MgS MnS Hg2S HgS NiS K2S PtS Ag2SN a2S SnS2 SnS SrS ZnS 25 Tartrate Aw w I IAW IA WA A W A —(C4H4O6) Pb(—) Mg(—) Mn(—) Hg 2(—) Ni(—) K 2(—) Ag 2(—) Na 2(—) Sn(—) Sr(—) Zn(—) 26 Thiocy’te wW W A w W I W W W Pb(CNS) 2Mg(CNS) 2Mn(CNS) 2 HgCNS Hg(CNS) 2 KCNS AgCNS NaCNS Sr(CNS) 2Zn(CNS) 2No. Pb Mg Mn Hg (I) Hg (II) Ni K Pt Ag Na Sn (IV) Sn (II) Sr Zn TeamLRN 8-118REDUCTION OF WEIGHINGS IN AIR TO VACUO When the mass M of a body is determined in air, a correction is necessary for the buoyancy of the air. The corrected mass is given by M + kM/1000, where k is a function of the material used for the weights, given by k = 1000ρair(1/ρbody - 1/ρweight ) and ρ is density. The table below is computed for an air density of 0.0012 g/cm3 and for densities of three common weights: platinum-iridium (21.6 g/cm3), brass (8.5 g/cm3), and aluminum or quartz (2.65 g/cm3). REFERENCES 1. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, pp. 25-28 , Longman, London, 1995. 2. Giacomo, P., Metrologia 18, 33, 1982. 3. Davis, R. S., Metrologia 29, 67, 1992. Density of Value of k for weights of: body (g/cm3) Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 0.5 2.34 2.26 1.95 0.6 1.94 1.86 1.550.7 1.66 1.57 1.26 0.8 1.44 1.36 1.05 0.9 1.28 1.19 0.881.0 1.14 1.06 0.75 1.1 1.04 0.95 0.64 1.2 0.94 0.86 0.551.3 0.87 0.78 0.47 1.4 0.80 0.72 0.40 1.5 0.74 0.66 0.351.6 0.69 0.61 0.30 1.7 0.65 0.56 0.25 Air temperature P/kPa 10 °C2 0 °C3 0 °C 85 0.001043 0.001005 0.000968 90 0.001105 0.001065 0.001025 95 0.001166 0.001124 0.001083 100 0.001228 0.001184 0.001140 105 0.001290 0.001243 0.001198For a more accurate calculation, use the following values of the density of air (assuming 50% relative humidity and 0.04% CO2): Formulas for calculating the density of air over more extended ranges of temperature, pressure, and humidity may be found in th e references.1.8 0.61 0.53 0.21 1.9 0.58 0.49 0.18 2.0 0.54 0.46 0.152.5 0.42 0.34 0.03 3.0 0.34 0.26 -0.05 4.0 0.24 0.16 -0.156.0 0.14 0.06 -0.25 8.0 0.09 0.01 -0.30 10.0 0.06 -0.02 -0.3315.0 0.02 -0.06 -0.37 20.0 0.00 -0.08 -0.39 22.0 0.00 -0.09 -0.40Density of Value of k for weights of: body (g/cm 3) Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al VOLUME OF ONE GRAM OF WATER The following table, which is designed for gravimetric calibration of volumetric apparatus, gives the specific volume of water at standard atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature. REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties , pp. 25-27, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. Volume of 1 g t/°CH2O in cm3 10 1.000298011 1.0003928 12 1.000500713 1.0006212 14 1.0007542 15 1.000899216 1.001056117 1.0012246 18 1.0014044 19 1.001595220 1.0017969 21 1.0020092 22 1.002232023 1.002464924 1.0027079 25 1.0029607 26 1.0032234 27 1.003495628 1.0037771 29 1.0040679 30 1.0043679Volume of 1 g t/ °CH2O in cm3Volume of 1 g t/°CH2O in cm3 TeamLRN8-119PROPERTIES OF CARRIER GASES FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY The following is a list of carrier gases sometimes used in gas chromatography, with properties relevant to the design of chroma tographic systems. All data refer to normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Mr: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) ρ25: Density at 25 °C in g/L λ: Thermal conductivity in mW/m °C η: Viscosity in µPa s (equal to 10-3 cp) cp: Specific heat at 25 °C in J/g °C REFERENCES 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989 At 25°C At 250 °C ρ 25 λη λη cp(25 °C) Gas Mr g L-1mW/m °CµPa s mW/m °CµPa s J/g °C Hydrogen 2.016 0.0824 185.9 8.9 280 13.1 14.3 Helium 4.003 0.1636 154.6 19.9 230 29.5 5.20 Argon 39.95 1.6329 17.8 22.7 27.7 35.3 0.521 Nitrogen 28.01 1.1449 25.9 17.9 39.6 26.8 1.039Oxygen 32.00 1.3080 26.2 20.7 42.6 31.8 0.919 Carbon monoxide 28.01 1.1449 24.8 17.8 40.7 26.5 1.039 Carbon dioxide 44.01 1.7989 16.7 14.9 35.5 24.9 0.843Sulfur hexafluoride 146.05 5.9696 13.1 28.1 15.3 24.8 0.664 Methane 16.04 0.6556 34.5 11.1 75.0 17.6 2.23 Ethane 30.07 1.2291 20.9 9.4 57.7 15.5 1.75Ethylene 28.05 1.1465 20.5 10.3 53.8 17.2 1.53 Propane 44.10 1.8025 17.9 8.3 49.2 14.0 1.67 8-120SOLVENTS FOR ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY This table lists some solvents commonly used for sample preparation for ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The properties given are : λc: cutoff wavelength, below which the solvent absorption becomes excessive. ε: dielectric constant (relative permittivity); the temperature in °C is given as a superscript. tb: normal boiling point. REFERENCES 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/6, Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991. Name λc/nm ε tb/°C Acetic acid 260 6.2020117.9 Acetone 330 21.0120 56.0 Acetonitrile 190 36.6420 81.6 Benzene 280 2.282080.0 2-Butanol 260 17.2620 99.5 Butyl acetate 254 5.0720 126.1 Carbon disulfide 380 2.6320 46 Carbon tetrachloride 265 2.242076.8 1-Chlorobutane 220 7.2820 78.6 Chloroform 245 4.8120 61.1 Cyclohexane 210 2.022080.7 1,2-Dichloroethane 226 10.4220 83.5 Dichloromethane 235 8.9325 40 Diethyl ether 218 4.272034.5 N,N-Dimethylacetamide 268 38.8521 165 N,N-Dimethylformamide 270 38.2520 153 Dimethyl sulfoxide 265 47.2420189 1,4-Dioxane 215 2.2220 101.5 Ethanol 210 25.320 78.2 Ethyl acetate 255 6.082077.1 Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 240 7.3024 85 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 210 13.3825 135 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 210 17.225124.1 Glycerol 207 46.5320 290 Heptane 197 1.9220 98.5 Hexadecane 200 2.0520286.8 Hexane 210 1.8920 68.7 Methanol 210 33.020 64.6 Methylcyclohexane 210 2.0220100.9 Methyl ethyl ketone 330 18.5620 79.5 Methyl isobutyl ketone 335 13.1120 116.5 2-Methyl-1-propanol 230 17.9320107.8 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 285 32.5520202 Nitromethane 380 37.2720101.1 Pentane 210 1.842036.0 Pentyl acetate 212 4.7920149.2 1-Propanol 210 20.82097.2 2-Propanol 210 20.182082.3 Pyridine 330 13.2620115.2 Tetrachloroethylene 290 2.2730121.3 Tetrahydrofuran 220 7.522265 Toluene 286 2.3823110.6 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 231 2.412547.7 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 215 1.942099.2 Water 191 80.1020100.0 o-Xylene 290 2.5620 144.5 m-Xylene 290 2.3620139.1 p-Xylene 290 2.2720138.3 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLC13C CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF USEFUL NMR SOLVENTS The following table gives the expected carbon-13 chemical shifts, relative to tetramethylsilane, for various useful NMR solven ts. In some solvents, slight changes can occur with change of concentration.2,3 REFERENCES 1. Bruno, T. J. and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Now York, 1981. 3. Rahman, A. U., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Basic Principles, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. 4. Pretsch, E., Clerc, T., Seibl, J., and Simon, W., Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Second Edition , Springer- Verlag, Heidelberg, 1989. Solvent Formula Chemical shift (ppm) Acetic acid- d4 CD3COOD 20.0 (CD3) 205.8 (C=O) Acetone (CH 3)2C=O 30.7 (CH3) 206.7 (C=O) Acetone-d6 (CD3)2C=O 29.2 (CD3) 204.1 (C=O) Acetonitrile- d3 CD3C;N 1.3 (CD3) 117.1 (C ;N) Benzene C 6H6 128.5 Benzene- d6 C6D6 128.4 Carbon disulfide CS2 192.3 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 96.0 Chloroform CHCl3 77.2 Chloroform- d3 CDC13 77.05 Cyclohexane- d12 C6D12 27.5 Dichloromethane- d2 CD2C12 53.6 Dimethylformamide- d7 (CD3)2NCDO 31 (CD 3) 36 (CD 3) 162.4 (C=O) Dimethylsulfoxide- d6 (CD3)2S=O 39.6 Dioxane-d8 C4D3O2 67.4 Formic acid- d2 DCOOD 165.5 Methanol- d4 CD3OD 49.3 Nitromethane- d3 CD3NO2 57.3 Pyridine C5H5N 123.6 (C 3) 135.7 (C 4) 149.8 (C 2) Pyridine-d5 C5D5N 123.9 (C3) 135.9 (C4) 150.2 (C2) 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane- d2CDC12CDC1275.5 Tetrahydrofuran- d8 C4D8O 25.8 (C 2) 67.9 (C 1) Trichlorofluoromethane CFC13 117.6 MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS The strongest peaks in the mass spectra of 200 important solvents are listed in this table. The e/m value for each peak is followed by the relative intensity in parentheses, with the strongest peak assigned an intensity of 100. The peaks for each compound are listed in order of decreasing intensity. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order by common name. Data on the physical properties of the same compounds may be found in Section 15 in the table “Properties of Common Laboratory Solvents” . REFERENCES 1. NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899. 2. Lide, D.R., and Milne, G.W.A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. (Also available as a CD ROM database.) TeamLRN 8-124MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound e/m (intensity) Acetal (1,1-Diethoxyethane) 44(100) 43(92) 29(77) 31(76) 45(74) 27(52) 72(48) 73(23) 28(17) 46(15) Acetic acid 43(100) 45(87) 60(57) 15(42) 42(14) 29(13) 14(13) 28(7) 18(6) 16(6) Acetone 43(100) 15(34) 58(23) 27(9) 14(9) 42(8) 26(7) 29(5) 28(5) 39(4)Acetonitrile 41(100) 40(46) 39(13) 14(9) 38(6) 28(4) 26(4) 25(3) 42(2) 27(2) Acetylacetone 43(100) 85(31) 100(20) 27(12) 42(10) 29(10) 41(7) 39(7) 31(5) 26(5) Acrylonitrile 53(100) 26(85) 52(79) 51(34) 27(13) 50(8) 25(7) 38(5) 54(3) 37(3)Adiponitrile 41(100) 68(50) 54(42) 40(21) 55(20) 27(17) 39(16) 28(13) 52(7) 42(6) Allyl alcohol 57(100) 31(34) 29(32) 28(31) 58(25) 39(22) 27(20) 30(16) 32(14) 26(11) Allylamine 30(100) 56(80) 28(76) 57(33) 39(21) 29(20) 27(18) 26(13) 41(8) 18(8)2-Aminoisobutanol 58(100) 41(18) 18(17) 42(13) 28(11) 56(10) 30(10) 29(8) 43(6) 59(5) Benzal chloride 125(100) 127(32) 160(14) 89(13) 162(9) 63(9) 126(8) 62(7) 105(5) 39(5) Benzaldehyde 51(100) 77(81) 50(55) 106(44) 105(43) 52(26) 78(16) 39(13) 27(10) 74(8)Benzene 78(100) 77(20) 52(19) 51(17) 50(15) 39(12) 79(6) 76(5) 74(4) 38(4) Benzonitrile 103(100) 76(34) 50(13) 104(9) 75(7) 51(7) 77(5) 52(4) 39(4) 74(3) Benzyl chloride 91(100) 126(20) 65(14) 92(9) 39(9) 63(8) 128(6) 45(6) 89(5) 125(3)Bromochloromethane 49(100) 130(67) 128(52) 51(31) 93(23) 81(20) 79(20) 95(17) 132(16) 47(8) Bromoform (Tribromomethane) 173(100) 171(50) 175(49) 93(22) 91(22) 79(18) 81(17) 94(13) 92(13) 254(11) Butyl acetate 43(100) 56(34) 41(17) 27(16) 29(15) 73(11) 61(10) 28(7) 55(6) 39(6)Butyl alcohol 31(100) 56(81) 41(62) 43(60) 27(50) 42(31) 29(31) 28(17) 39(16) 55(12) sec-Butyl alcohol 45(100) 31(22) 27(22) 59(20) 29(18) 43(13) 41(12) 44(8) 18(8) 28(5) tert-Butyl alcohol 59(100) 31(33) 41(22) 43(18) 29(13) 27(11) 57(10) 42(4) 60(3) 28(3) Butylamine 30(100) 73(10) 28(5) 41(3) 27(3) 18(3) 44(2) 42(2) 31(2) 29(2) tert-Butylamine 58(100) 41(21) 42(15) 18(9) 30(8) 15(8) 39(7) 57(6) 28(6) 59(4) Butyl methyl ketone 43(100) 58(60) 57(17) 100(16) 29(15) 41(13) 85(8) 27(8) 71(7) 59(5)p-tert-Butyltoluene 133(100) 105(38) 41(23) 148(18) 93(16) 91(14) 115(13) 134(11) 39(11) 116(10) γ-Butyrolactone 28(100) 42(74) 29(48) 27(33) 41(27) 56(25) 86(24) 26(18) 85(10) 39(10) Caprolactam 55(100) 113(87) 30(81) 56(66) 84(60) 85(57) 42(51) 41(33) 28(26) 43(17)Carbon disulfide 76(100) 32(22) 44(17) 78(9) 38(6) 28(5) 77(3) 64(1) 46(1) 39(1) Carbon tetrachloride 117(100) 119(98) 121(31) 82(24) 47(23) 84(16) 35(14) 49(8) 28(8) 36(6) 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 65(100) 45(31) 85(14) 31(10) 64(8) 44(7) 35(6) 26(6) 87(5) 81(4)Chlorobenzene 112(100) 77(63) 114(33) 51(29) 50(14) 75(8) 113(7) 78(5) 76(5) 28(4) Chloroform 83(100) 85(64) 47(35) 35(19) 48(16) 49(12) 87(10) 37(6) 50(5) 84(4) Chloropentafluoroethane 85(100) 69(61) 31(38) 87(32) 50(17) 35(8) 119(6) 66(4) 100(3) 47(3)Cumene (Isopropylbenzene) 105(100) 120(25) 77(13) 51(12) 79(10) 106(9) 39(9) 27(8) 103(6) 91(5) Cyclohexane 56(100) 84(71) 41(70) 27(37) 55(36) 39(35) 42(30) 69(23) 28(18) 43(14) Cyclohexanol 57(100) 44(68) 41(68) 39(51) 32(40) 43(38) 31(32) 42(22) 67(18) 82(16)Cyclohexanone 55(100) 42(85) 41(34) 27(33) 98(31) 39(27) 69(26) 70(20) 43(14) 28(14) Cyclohexylamine 56(100) 43(23) 28(17) 99(10) 70(8) 57(6) 30(6) 93(5) 54(4) 41(4) Cyclopentane 42(100) 70(30) 55(29) 41(29) 39(22) 27(15) 40(7) 29(5) 28(4) 43(3) Cyclopentanone 55(100) 28(50) 84(42) 41(38) 56(29) 27(24) 39(19) 42(15) 26(9) 29(7) p-Cymene (1-Methyl-4-isopropyl- benzene) 119(100) 91(42) 134(33) 39(27) 41(20) 117(18) 65(18) 77(17) 27(16) 120(15)cis-Decalin 67(100) 81(87) 41(81) 138(67) 96(62) 82(62) 39(50) 55(45) 27(44) 95(42) trans-Decalin 41(100) 68(91) 67(88) 82(67) 27(65) 96(61) 95(55) 138(51) 81(51) 29(51) 8-125MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound e/m (intensity) Diacetone alcohol 43(100) 59(41) 58(17) 101(10) 41(9) 31(9) 83(6) 56(6) 55(6) 29(6) 1,2-Dibromoethane 27(100) 107(77) 109(72) 26(24) 28(10) 81(5) 79(5) 25(5) 95(4) 93(4) Dibromofluoromethane 111(100) 113(98) 192(29) 43(16) 41(16) 190(15) 194(14) 81(9) 79(9) 122(7)Dibromomethane 174(100) 93(96) 95(84) 172(53) 176(50) 91(11) 81(9) 79(9) 94(5) 65(5) 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 179(100) 181(97) 129(34) 131(33) 100(17) 31(13) 260(12) 50(8) 69(7) 262(6) Dibutylamine 86(100) 72(52) 30(48) 44(40) 29(31) 57(24) 41(21) 73(15) 28(15) 43(13)o-Dichlorobenzene 146(100) 148(64) 111(38) 75(23) 113(12) 74(12) 50(11) 150(10) 73(9) 147(7) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene dichloride) 63(100) 27(71) 65(31) 26(19) 83(11) 85(7) 61(7) 35(6) 98(5) 62(5)1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) 62(100) 27(91) 49(40) 64(32) 26(31) 63(19) 98(14) 51(13) 61(12) 100(9) 1,1-Dichloroethylene 61(100) 96(61) 98(38) 63(32) 26(16) 60(15) 62(7) 25(7) 100(6) 35(6)cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 61(100) 96(73) 98(47) 63(32) 26(30) 60(21) 25(13) 35(12) 62(9) 100(8) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 61(100) 96(67) 98(43) 26(34) 63(32) 60(24) 25(15) 62(10) 100(7) 47(7) Dichloroethyl ether 93(100) 63(74) 27(38) 95(32) 65(24) 31(9) 49(4) 28(4) 94(3) 62(3)Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 49(100) 84(64) 86(39) 51(31) 47(14) 48(8) 88(6) 50(3) 85(2) 83(2) 1,2-Dichloropropane 63(100) 62(71) 27(57) 41(49) 39(32) 65(31) 76(27) 64(25) 49(13) 77(12)1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 85(100) 135(52) 87(33) 137(17) 101(9) 31(9) 103(6) 100(6) 50(5) 69(4) Diethanolamine 30(100) 74(82) 28(77) 56(69) 18(50) 42(46) 29(36) 27(34) 45(30) 43(19) Diethylamine 30(100) 58(81) 44(28) 73(18) 29(18) 28(17) 72(12) 42(11) 27(11) 59(4)Diethyl carbonate 29(100) 45(70) 31(53) 27(39) 91(24) 28(15) 63(11) 26(10) 30(6) 43(5) Diethylene glycol 45(100) 75(23) 31(20) 44(16) 27(14) 76(12) 29(12) 43(11) 42(9) 41(4) Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme) 59(100) 58(43) 31(34) 29(32) 45(28) 28(19) 89(15) 43(9) 27(5) 60(4) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol) 45(100) 59(56) 72(37) 73(22) 60(14) 31(13) 75(11) 44(9) 104(8) 103(7)Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 43(100) 29(51) 31(42) 45(40) 59(24) 72(18) 44(10) 73(9) 42(9) 30(6) Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 45(100) 31(42) 59(41) 29(38) 28(32) 58(21) 43(14) 27(13) 44(11) 32(10) Diethylenetriamine 44(100) 73(59) 30(35) 19(18) 56(16) 28(16) 27(16) 42(11) 99(8) 43(8) Diethyl ether 31(100) 29(63) 59(40) 27(35) 45(33) 74(23) 15(17) 43(9) 28(9) 26(9)Diisobutyl ketone (Isovalerone) 57(100) 85(82) 41(46) 43(39) 58(33) 28(30) 26(30) 39(22) 42(12) 142(11) Diisopropyl ether 45(100) 43(39) 87(15) 41(12) 59(10) 27(8) 39(4) 69(3) 42(3) 31(3) N,N-Dimethylacetamide 44(100) 87(69) 43(46) 45(23) 42(19) 72(15) 15(11) 30(8) 28(5) 88(4) Dimethylamine 44(100) 45(81) 18(32) 28(30) 43(19) 42(15) 15(9) 46(5) 41(5) 27(5) Dimethyl disulfide 94(100) 45(63) 79(59) 46(38) 47(26) 15(18) 48(14) 61(12) 64(11) 96(9) N,N-Dimethylformamide 73(100) 44(86) 42(36) 30(22) 28(20) 29(8) 43(7) 72(6) 58(5) 74(4) Dimethyl sulfoxide 63(100) 78(70) 15(40) 45(35) 29(16) 61(13) 46(12) 31(11) 48(10) 47(10) 1,4-Dioxane 28(100) 29(37) 88(31) 58(24) 31(17) 15(17) 27(15) 30(13) 43(11) 26(9) 1,3-Dioxolane 73(100) 29(56) 44(53) 45(28) 28(21) 43(20) 27(13) 31(7) 74(5) 42(3)Dipentene 68(100) 93(50) 67(44) 94(22) 39(22) 107(18) 92(18) 53(18) 136(16) 79(16) Epichlorohydrin 57(100) 27(39) 29(32) 49(25) 31(22) 62(18) 28(16) 92(1) TeamLRN 8-126MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound e/m (intensity) Ethanolamine (Glycinol) 30(100) 18(30) 28(15) 42(7) 31(6) 17(6) 61(5) 15(5) 43(3) 29(3) Ethyl acetate 43(100) 29(46) 27(33) 45(32) 61(28) 28(25) 42(18) 73(11) 88(10) 70(10) Ethyl acetoacetate 43(100) 29(24) 88(18) 28(16) 85(14) 27(12) 42(11) 60(9) 130(6) 45(6)Ethyl alcohol 31(100) 45(44) 46(18) 27(18) 29(15) 43(14) 30(6) 42(3) 19(3) 14(3) Ethylamine 30(100) 28(32) 44(20) 45(19) 27(13) 15(10) 42(9) 29(8) 41(5) 40(5) Ethylbenzene 91(100) 106(31) 51(14) 39(10) 77(8) 65(8) 105(7) 92(7) 78(7) 27(6)Ethyl bromide (Bromoethane) 108(100) 110(97) 29(62) 27(51) 28(35) 26(14) 93(6) 32(6) 95(5) 81(5) Ethyl chloride (Cloroethane) 64(100) 28(91) 29(84) 27(75) 66(32) 26(28) 49(25) 51(8) 63(6) 65(4) Ethylene carbonate 29(100) 44(62) 43(54) 88(40) 30(16) 28(11) 45(7) 58(6) 42(6) 73(4)Ethylenediamine (1,2-Ethane- diamine) 30(100) 18(13) 42(6) 43(5) 27(5) 44(4) 29(4) 17(4) 15(4) 41(3) Ethylene glycol 31(100) 33(35) 29(13) 32(11) 43(6) 27(5) 28(4) 62(3) 30(3) 44(2)Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 31(100) 59(71) 29(58) 45(43) 27(33) 74(27) 43(15) 15(14) 28(12) 44(10) Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 45(100) 60(13) 29(13) 90(7) 58(6) 31(5) 28(5) 43(4) 59(3) 46(2) Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 57(100) 45(38) 29(35) 41(31) 87(16) 27(12) 56(11) 31(9) 75(7) 28(7)Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Cellosolve) 31(100) 29(52) 59(50) 27(27) 45(26) 72(14) 43(14) 15(14) 28(8) 26(6) Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 43(100) 31(34) 59(31) 72(28) 44(25) 29(24) 45(12) 27(11) 15(11) 87(7) Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 45(100) 31(15) 29(14) 28(11) 47(9) 76(6) 43(6) 58(4) 46(4) 27(4) Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 43(100) 45(48) 58(42) 29(10) 42(4) 31(4) 73(3) 27(3) 59(2) 26(2) Ethyl formate 31(100) 28(73) 27(51) 29(38) 45(34) 26(17) 74(11) 43(9) 47(8) 56(4) Furan 68(100) 39(64) 40(9) 38(9) 42(6) 29(6) 37(5) 69(4) 34(2) 67(1)Furfural 39(100) 96(55) 95(52) 38(38) 29(35) 37(29) 40(11) 97(9) 50(7) 42(7) Furfuryl alcohol 98(100) 41(65) 39(59) 81(55) 53(53) 97(51) 42(49) 69(39) 70(36) 29(28) Glycerol 61(100) 43(90) 31(57) 44(54) 29(38) 18(32) 27(12) 42(11) 60(10) 45(10)Heptane 43(100) 41(56) 29(49) 57(47) 27(46) 71(45) 56(27) 42(26) 39(23) 70(18) 1-Heptanol 41(100) 70(87) 56(86) 31(78) 43(72) 29(70) 55(67) 27(65) 42(54) 69(41) Hexane 57(100) 43(78) 41(77) 29(61) 27(57) 56(45) 42(39) 39(27) 28(16) 86(14)1-Hexanol (Caproyl alcohol) 56(100) 43(78) 31(74) 41(71) 27(64) 29(59) 55(58) 42(53) 39(37) 69(27) Hexylene glycol 59(100) 43(61) 56(25) 45(17) 41(16) 57(13) 42(13) 85(11) 61(10) 31(10) Hexyl methyl ketone 43(100) 58(79) 41(56) 59(52) 71(49) 27(46) 29(36) 39(27) 57(18) 55(17)Isobutyl acetate 43(100) 56(26) 73(15) 41(10) 29(5) 71(3) 57(3) 39(3) 27(3) 86(2) Isobutyl alcohol 43(100) 33(73) 31(72) 41(66) 42(60) 27(43) 29(18) 39(17) 28(8) 74(6) Isobutylamine 30(100) 28(9) 41(6) 73(5) 27(5) 39(4) 29(3) 15(3) 58(2) 56(2)Isopentyl acetate 43(100) 70(49) 55(38) 61(15) 42(15) 41(14) 27(12) 87(11) 29(10) 73(9) Isophorone 82(100) 39(20) 138(17) 54(13) 27(12) 41(10) 53(8) 83(7) 29(7) 55(6) Isopropyl acetate 43(100) 61(17) 41(14) 87(9) 59(8) 27(8) 42(7) 39(4) 45(3) 44(2) Isopropyl alcohol 45(100) 43(19) 27(17) 29(12) 41(7) 31(6) 19(6) 42(5) 44(4) 59(3) Isoquinoline 129(100) 102(26) 51(20) 128(18) 50(11) 130(10) 75(10) 76(9) 103(8) 74(7) d-Limonene (Citrene) 68(100) 93(50) 67(49) 41(22) 94(21) 79(21) 39(21) 136(20) 53(19) 121(16) 2,6-Lutidine (2,6-Dimethyl- pyridine) 107(100) 39(39) 106(29) 66(22) 92(18) 65(18) 38(12) 27(11) 79(9) 63(9) 8-127MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound e/m (intensity) Mesitylene (1,3,5-Trimethyl- benzene) 105(100) 120(64) 119(15) 77(13) 39(11) 106(9) 91(9) 51(8) 27(7) 121(6) Mesityl oxide 55(100) 83(89) 43(73) 29(42) 98(36) 39(32) 27(28) 53(11) 41(10) 56(5)Methyl acetate 43(100) 74(52) 28(38) 42(19) 59(17) 44(8) 32(8) 29(6) 31(4) 75(2) Methylal (Dimethoxymethane) 45(100) 75(61) 29(59) 31(13) 30(6) 15(6) 47(5) 76(2) 46(2) 44(2) Methyl alcohol 31(100) 29(72) 32(67) 15(42) 28(12) 14(10) 30(9) 13(6) 12(3) 16(2)Methylamine 30(100) 31(87) 28(56) 29(19) 32(15) 15(12) 27(9) Methyl benzoate 105(100) 77(81) 51(45) 136(24) 50(18) 106(8) 78(6) 28(6) 39(5) 27(5) Methylcyclohexane 83(100) 55(82) 41(60) 98(44) 42(35) 56(30) 27(29) 39(27) 69(23) 70(22)Methyl ethyl ketone 43(100) 72(24) 29(19) 27(12) 57(7) 42(5) 26(4) 28(3) 44(2) 39(2) N-Methylformamide 59(100) 30(54) 28(34) 29(13) 58(8) 15(7) 60(3) 41(3) 27(3) 31(2) Methyl formate 31(100) 29(63) 32(34) 60(28) 30(7) 28(7) 44(2) 18(2) 61(1) 59(1)Methyl iodide (Iodomethane) 142(100) 127(38) 141(14) 15(13) 139(5) 140(4) 128(3) 14(1) 13(1) 71(0) Methyl isobutyl ketone 43(100) 58(84) 29(65) 41(56) 57(44) 27(42) 39(31) 85(19) 100(14) 42(14) Methyl isopentyl ketone 43(100) 58(34) 27(14) 41(13) 15(13) 57(11) 39(9) 71(8) 59(8) 29(8)2-Methylpentane 43(100) 42(53) 41(35) 27(31) 71(29) 39(20) 29(18) 57(11) 15(10) 70(7) 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 45(100) 43(47) 69(30) 41(27) 27(19) 39(13) 29(12) 87(11) 84(10) 57(10) Methyl pentyl ketone 43(100) 58(60) 71(14) 41(11) 27(11) 59(9) 39(8) 29(8) 42(5) 114(4)Methyl propyl ketone 43(100) 41(17) 86(12) 42(12) 27(11) 39(8) 71(7) 58(7) 45(7) 44(3) N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 99(100) 44(89) 98(80) 42(60) 41(38) 43(17) 28(17) 71(13) 39(11) 70(10) Morpholine 57(100) 29(100) 87(69) 28(69) 30(38) 56(33) 86(28) 31(28) 27(12) 15(7)Nitrobenzene 77(100) 51(59) 123(42) 50(25) 30(15) 65(14) 39(10) 93(9) 74(7) 78(6) Nitroethane 29(100) 30(12) 28(11) 26(9) 27(8) 43(5) 41(5) 14(5) 15(3) 46(2) Nitromethane 30(100) 61(64) 46(39) 28(30) 45(8) 27(8) 44(7) 29(7) 60(5) 43(4)1-Nitropropane 43(100) 27(93) 41(90) 39(34) 30(25) 44(20) 42(20) 26(20) 28(13) 54(12) 2-Nitropropane 43(100) 41(73) 27(71) 39(30) 30(18) 15(11) 42(9) 28(8) 26(8) 38(6) Octane 43(100) 57(30) 85(25) 41(25) 71(19) 29(17) 56(14) 70(10) 42(10) 27(10)1-Octanol 41(100) 56(85) 43(82) 55(81) 31(69) 27(69) 29(68) 42(62) 70(53) 69(48) Pentachloroethane 167(100) 165(91) 117(90) 119(89) 83(58) 169(54) 130(43) 132(42) 60(40) 85(37) Pentamethylene glycol (1,5-Pentanediol) 31(100) 56(85) 41(67) 57(59) 55(51) 44(45) 29(37) 43(31) 68(29) 27(26) Pentane 43(100) 42(55) 41(45) 27(42) 29(26) 39(19) 57(13) 28(9) 15(9) 72(8) 1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol) 42(100) 70(72) 55(65) 41(56) 31(47) 29(41) 27(26) 57(22) 28(22) 43(21)Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate) 43(100) 70(90) 42(52) 28(51) 61(50) 55(41) 73(21) 41(20) 29(14) 69(11) 2-Picoline (2-Methylpyridine) 93(100) 66(41) 39(31) 92(20) 78(19) 51(19) 65(16) 38(13) 50(12) 52(11) α-Pinene 93(100) 92(30) 39(24) 41(23) 77(22) 91(21) 27(21) 79(18) 121(13) 53(10) β-Pinene 93(100) 41(64) 69(47) 39(33) 27(31) 79(20) 77(18) 53(14) 94(13) 91(13) Piperidine (Hexahydropyridine) 84(100) 85(53) 56(46) 57(43) 28(41) 29(37) 44(34) 42(30) 30(30) 43(25) Propanenitrile 28(100) 54(63) 26(20) 27(17) 52(11) 55(10) 51(9) 15(9) 53(7) 25(7) Propyl acetate 43(100) 61(19) 31(18) 27(15) 42(11) 73(9) 41(9) 29(9) 59(5) 39(5) Propyl alcohol 31(100) 27(19) 29(18) 59(11) 42(9) 60(7) 41(7) 28(7) 43(3) 32(3) Propylamine 30(100) 28(13) 59(8) 27(7) 41(5) 42(3) 39(3) 29(3) 26(3) 18(3)Propylbenzene 91(100) 120(21) 92(10) 38(10) 65(9) 78(6) 51(6) 27(5) 63(4) 105(3) 1,2-Propylene glycol 45(100) 18(46) 29(21) 43(19) 31(18) 27(17) 28(11) 19(8) 44(6) 61(5) TeamLRN 8-128MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound e/m (intensity) Pseudocumene (1,2,4-Trimethyl- benzene) 105(100) 120(56) 119(17) 77(15) 39(15) 51(11) 91(10) 27(10) 106(9) 79(7) Pyridine 79(100) 52(62) 51(31) 50(19) 78(11) 53(7) 39(7) 80(6) 27(3) 77(2)Pyrrole 67(100) 41(58) 39(58) 40(51) 28(42) 38(20) 37(12) 66(7) 68(5) 27(3) Pyrrolidine 43(100) 28(52) 70(33) 71(26) 42(22) 41(20) 27(16) 39(15) 29(10) 30(9) 2-Pyrrolidone 85(100) 42(43) 41(36) 28(33) 30(29) 56(16) 84(14) 40(12) 27(12) 29(9)Quinoline 129(100) 51(28) 76(25) 128(24) 44(24) 50(20) 32(19) 75(18) 74(12) 103(11) Styrene 104(100) 103(41) 78(32) 51(28) 77(23) 105(12) 50(12) 52(11) 39(11) 102(10) Sulfolane 41(100) 28(94) 56(82) 55(72) 120(37) 27(32) 39(19) 29(17) 26(11) 48(5)α-Terpinene 121(100) 93(85) 136(43) 91(40) 77(34) 39(33) 27(33) 79(27) 41(26) 43(18) 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2- difluoroethane 167(100) 169(96) 117(85) 119(82) 171(31) 85(29) 121(26) 82(14) 47(14) 101(13)Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 101(100) 103(64) 167(54) 169(52) 117(19) 119(18) 171(17) 105(11) 31(11) 132(9) 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 131(100) 133(96) 117(76) 119(73) 95(34) 135(31) 121(23) 97(23) 61(19) 60(18) 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 83(100) 85(63) 95(11) 87(10) 168(8) 133(8) 131(8) 96(8) 61(8) 60(8)Tetrachloroethylene 166(100) 164(82) 131(71) 129(71) 168(45) 94(38) 47(31) 96(24) 133(20) 59(17) Tetraethylene glycol 45(100) 89(10) 44(8) 43(6) 31(6) 29(6) 27(6) 101(5) 75(5) 28(5) Tetrahydrofuran 42(100) 41(52) 27(33) 72(29) 71(27) 39(24) 43(22) 29(22) 40(13) 15(10)1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 104(100) 132(53) 91(43) 51(17) 39(17) 131(15) 117(15) 115(14) 78(13) 77(13) Tetrahydropyran 41(100) 28(64) 56(57) 45(57) 29(51) 27(49) 85(47) 86(42) 39(28) 55(23) Tetramethylsilane 73(100) 43(14) 45(12) 74(8) 29(7) 15(5) 75(4) 44(4) 42(4) 31(4)Toluene 91(100) 92(73) 39(20) 65(14) 63(11) 51(11) 50(7) 27(6) 93(5) 90(5) o-Toluidine 106(100) 107(83) 77(17) 79(13) 39(12) 53(10) 52(10) 54(9) 51(9) 28(9) Triacetin 43(100) 103(44) 145(34) 116(17) 115(13) 44(10) 86(9) 28(8) 73(7) 42(7)Tributylamine 142(100) 100(19) 143(11) 29(8) 185(7) 57(6) 44(6) 41(6) 30(5) 86(4) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 97(100) 99(64) 61(58) 26(31) 27(24) 117(19) 63(19) 119(18) 35(17) 62(11) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 97(100) 83(95) 99(62) 85(60) 61(58) 26(23) 96(21) 63(19) 27(17) 98(15)Trichloroethylene 95(100) 130(90) 132(85) 60(65) 97(64) 35(40) 134(27) 47(26) 62(21) 59(13) Trichlorofluoromethane 101(100) 103(66) 66(13) 105(11) 35(11) 47(9) 31(8) 82(4) 68(4) 37(4) 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 101(100) 151(68) 103(64) 85(45) 31(45) 153(44) 35(20) 66(19) 47(18) 87(14)Triethanolamine 118(100) 56(69) 45(60) 42(56) 44(27) 43(25) 41(14) 116(8) 57(8) 86(7) Triethylamine 86(100) 30(68) 58(37) 28(24) 29(23) 27(19) 44(18) 101(17) 42(16) 56(8) Triethylene glycol 45(100) 58(11) 89(9) 31(8) 29(8) 75(7) 44(7) 43(7) 27(7) 28(5)Triethyl phosphate 99(100) 81(71) 155(56) 82(45) 45(45) 109(44) 127(41) 43(24) 125(16) 111(14) Trimethylamine 58(100) 59(47) 30(29) 42(26) 44(17) 15(14) 28(10) 18(10) 43(8) 57(7) Trimethylene glycol (1,3-Propanediol) 28(100) 58(93) 31(76) 57(70) 29(40) 27(26) 45(24) 43(23) 19(18) 30(17) Trimethyl phosphate 110(100) 109(35) 79(34) 95(25) 80(23) 15(20) 140(18) 47(10) 31(7) 139(5) Veratrole 138(100) 95(65) 77(48) 123(44) 52(42) 41(33) 65(30) 51(29) 39(19) 63(17) o-Xylene 91(100) 106(40) 39(21) 105(17) 51(17) 77(15) 27(12) 65(10) 92(8) 79(8) m-Xylene 91(100) 106(65) 105(29) 39(18) 51(15) 77(14) 27(10) 92(8) 79(8) 78(8) p-Xylene 91(100) 106(62) 105(30) 51(16) 39(16) 77(13) 27(11) 92(7) 78(7) 65(7) Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules Dipole Moments Strengths of Chemical Bonds Electronegativity Force Constants for Bond Stretching Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Infrared Correlation Charts Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy Proton NMR Chemical Shifts for Characteristic Organic Structures 13C NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Thefollowing table gives average interatomic distances forbonds between theelements H,B,C,N,O,F, Si,P, Cl,As,Se,Br,Te,and1as ‘determined fromX-ray andneutron diffraction measurements onorganic crystals. Thetable hasbeenderived from ananalysis ofhigh-precisionstructuredataonabout10,000crystalscontainedinthe1985versionoftheCambridgeStructuralDatabase,whichismaintained bytheCambridgeCrystallographic DataCenter.Theexplanation ofthecolumnsis: ‘Column1:Specification ofelementsinthebond,withcoordination numbergiveninparentheses,andbondtype(single,double,et).Forcarbon, thehybridization statis given, Column 2:Substructure inwhich thebond isfound. Thetarget bond isstinboldface. Where Xisnotspecified, itdenotes anyelement type. C# indicates anysp’carbon atom, andC*denotes anspcarbon whose bonds, inaddition tothose specified inthelinear formulation, are toCand Hatoms only Column 3:distheunweighted mean inAunitsofalthevalues forthatbondlength found inthesample. Column4:misthemedianinAunitsofal values. Column 5: osthestandard deviation inthesample.Column6:4,isthelowerquantileforthesample(i,256ofvaluesareessthang,and756exceedit)Column7:4,istheupperquartileforthesampleColumn8:misnumberofobservationsinthesample. Column 9: Notes refer tothe footnotes inAppendix | References ospecialcassaregiveninashorthandformandlistedinAppendix2.Furtherinformation onthemethodofanalysisofthedatamay befound inthe reference cited below. ‘Thetable isreprinted withpermission ofthe authors, theRoyal Society ofChemisty, andtheIntemational Union ofCrystallography. REFERENCE FrankH.Allen,OlgaKennard,DavidG,Watson,LeeBrammer,A.GuyOrpen,andRobinTaylorJ.Chem.Soc.PerkinTrans.11,S1—S19,1987, Bond Substructure a™°a%8Note ASQ)AS)—XyrAsAeXy 2459-2457 OL24562466 ASBseeCUDLOC(2065),CUDLUT(2.081) AeBe ‘==CODDEE, CODDII (2346—3203)AS@-C |XyAeCHy 1903190700161893196H(COS)As-Cop? 19271929007819376 ‘As-Car inPhAS™ 1905 190900121897 191210800(C0S=)Ae-Cor 192219270016190819436 ABYC XeAsCp 1961965001719481978Xy-Ae-Cor 19561956001s19441964 at AGC] X;AeC 2268 ©2256 0089204722810AO-F inASF 167%1676=00201659 19S 6ASQHI seeOPIMAS(2.579,2590)ASQ-NG) —-Xr-AS-N-X; 18581858 002) ‘As@)-NQ) seeTPASSN (1837) As(4-0—00,(O=)As-OH 110 1720017986‘4AsQ)-O seeASAZOC,PHASOCO!(1.787—1.845)A3@0 Xy-AeO 16611661 006865216679 As@)=P(3) seeBELNIP (2.350, 2362) t ‘AsQ-PG) seeBUTHAZIO (2124) tAsQ)S, XyAe$ 2752266 00227 aedAas XpAnS 20832082-02080 20859‘As()-Se(2) seeCOSDIX, ESEARS (2385-2401) t ‘AsQ)Si4) seeBICGEZ, MESIAD (2351-2365) t ‘AsQ)-TeQ) seeETEARS (2571, 2576) tB(a)-Bin) =S—7inboroncages LSLTO 63RSBB) seeCETTAW (2041), B4)-BG) seeCOFVOI (1.698)BQ-BG) —X;-BBX; 17011700 oorstgot aiaB(6>Br 19671971Ools-t9se 97)Bay Br 2017 2008008! 1990 20stBony-C n=SBCincages 17161017002017076.n=34BCHpnotcapes 1971599oom1585ghn=&BCor 1661607«002-1396 Asis an=4:B-CorinPh,B- 16316430006 L6H16S16 Bony-cnaB-Cor 15561552OOS.1545136624 BoC1BG)-Cl andBG)-C1 17st 1751 ott 73)Baya 1833183300131 LB BaF BF (neutral) 1366 136800171356 375sBFinBF, 13651372 0m13821390 BeatseeTMPBTi 2220, 2253) BENG) Xy-BNGOWX) 16 16170013, twes inpyrazaboles 169 1582 OOS «18361560 10 9-1 BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substructure a™°awon Note BONG) ——_-Xy-B-N-Cy allcoplanar 1404 1404 ols) ak?fotBN)>30°seeBOGSUL,BUSHAY,CCILRUK (1.434—1,530)SpBN-X, 1447148300133 BOB-0inBO, 14h1468001483 La forneviral B°O see Note 3 3 BG-0Q) —_-X,B-0-X 13671367 coe 13) 138238Bon-P naeBP tm1977oa?1300138410‘n=3:seeBUPSIBIO (1892,1893) BaysBS) 19301977 a0 19281934 10B82) 18961896GoD189318996 BOS NBS, 18061806001017991816 28CXINB-S, 18S18540013. 1842185910 BeBeseeBEPZEB,TPASTB 2542254801S,2526251 Bre Bec 196619670079 19st1983Br-Cop? (cyclopropane) 19101910 00101900148Br-Cp? 1s83188)OOS. 84gBe-Car(mono-Br+mp-Br,) (a91899OI?1892190611Be-Car (0B) ists 1872 OIL 1864 gee 8g “B(Q-Cl seeTEACBR (2362-2402) tBr ‘seeDTHIBRIO (2646),TPHOSI(2.695)BLN ‘seeNBBZAM (1843)Br-O seeCIYFOF 1581581 0007s 87BrP. seeCISTED(2366)Br-S2) seeBEMLIO(2206) t Br-S3) seeCIWYIQ (2435, 2453) t Br-SQ)* seeTHINBR (2321) tBr-Se seeCIFZUM(2508,2619)Brsi seeBIZIAV (2284) BrTe InBe,Te?~ seeCUGBAH (2692~2716)Be‘Te(e)seeBETUTELO (3079,3015)Br-Te(3) seeBTUPTE (2.835) CipCip? CCH CH, 1513 154 aoe 1071s 92(Chr-CH-ch, 15241596OOS.AS81334 226(CH-C-CH, 14 1534 OO 1827 Satscy-€H,-CH,-c4 1524154ool1561532 2489(C)-CH-CHy- Co 1SUSMoor18215381217(Chs-C-CH,- CF 13815390001533134 0(Ch-CH-ChCh, sea152ool18361899(CP;-C-CHICH, 1591596OO15891362 21S(CO-e-C4CH, Tse1580002s1866161021c2-€ (overall) 1530 1530 OOS. 15211538 57756ineyelopropane (anysubst) 1510150900614971823 mTineyelobutane (any subst) 1554 1553. oon! 15001567 6798 ineyelopentane (C_H-subst) 13 1543 O18 15321884 Leal ineyelohexane (CiH-subst) 1535 1535 OO AS2S SKS Ie eyelopropyl-C* (exocyeic) 1518 1518 OO 1505158 3667 eyelobutyC* (exoeyetc) 19 1529 ool6 ISIN. 1539368 eyelopenty-C* (exoeyclc) 1640 15410017 15271549986 eyelaheryl-C* (exoeylic) 139 1538 Ool6 5913492682 ineyelobutene (any subst) 1373134 0017136601586 25 ineylopentene (CH-subst) Tl 1539 OOS. 1832134828ineyloherene (CiH-subst) 1S15410020158155486inoxirane (epoxide) 1466 1466 OOS. LAB LaTe Bginazinidine 14801481 OTLaes1486 G78inoretane Tse S41 OOS 13876 inaetidine Tse 1343 Os 1536 1558 ‘Otiranyl-C* (exoeytic) 109 1507 OOls 1487 ISIN sziridiny-C* (except) 1512 1512 Gore 1466Cpe? CHCC 131504ool14971309sCH-CHCc 130215020013.44 1510483(CP-CH-C-C 15101510oleHSLLSIBSeu(Ch-C-o-c 132215220016 LSE1833183CapCopt——C5-CC (overall) 1907 1507 01s 149915171486 S C*-G-€ (endoeyclic)inyclopropene 1909180800161501516 2010ineelobutene 15131512 O18 130013255]ineelopentene 1si21512ord=t3021321208ineelohexene 16 1505 0161495156381 ineelopentadiene 192 1903 0191490 TSIS IB ineelohexa-I.-diene 1304 1508 001749115786 C*-C2C (exoeyeie)‘yclopropenyC* 14781478124 taBS 710ejelobuteny-c* 1489148301314 186 9-2 BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substrocture 4m°aom Note‘eqctopentenyC* 10415060012, 1a9sSS‘ylohereny-C* 1st131001) 150213192CCH-Oinabdehydes 151015100008LSOLESI(C60‘inketones rntmeyclobutanone 1321330016LS4ESAStnyelopentanone 1541514ole10Sacyclic and6+rings 109 10800161499) S19 6 C-COOH incarboxylic acids 102 1302 ood 49S 1510176 ‘C*-COO™ incarboxylate anions 1520152) OO SI6 SRST (C*-€(-0¥-06%) inacyclic esters 14971496 OS sase 150983 inBactones 1519 1519002100inlactones 152152aosLOLSEinlactones 14 102 aos as ST ceyclopropyl (C)-C=0 inketones, acids land esters 1486 148s Os ae aes. (C2-C(-0)-NH,) inacyclic amides 1sl4 1512 00161806156(C2-C(-OX-NHC*) inacyclicamides 150615050012 aseSIS(C*-€(-Of-NiC*),] iacyclicamides 1905 1305 oolh 1486 SITS CepCor— CHy-Car 1506 107 ool, 01S ashC+-CH,-Cor 151013100009150815164(C-CH-Cor 1SISLSSaol1308152363(Ciy-C-Car 13271590 001611739308 c-€ar (overall) TSS 1513 aod 1908181eqelopropyl (C+Car 1490-1490-OOIS- 14791303907 CeCe CCC 1466 1465001014146)Coe 14m147200124 LaCON uatatoos tae<eqclopropyl (C+CaN 1a 1470010 wT Cpcey —CCC(conjugated) 1435148501630(unconjugated) 14m14760012148(overall) 1401460OOS.145LAD.CC-CC-C0C 143 MSOI} ashdaseCC-Ca€ (endoeyclc inTCNQ) 12183012 LAM aa C-E-C(-OV-C*)(conjugated) Lage1462OOS14S)aT{unconjogated) Las148600171478 1a97 kB(overall) 14651462 OOSAS}LATE226C-E-C(-O}-O4C inbenzoquinone (C:H-subst only) 14714714)inbenzoquinone (anysubst) 147147 OS146kLET‘on-quinonoid 14s14850012 1AAT148(-€-COOH, 147s14%DIS14611c-€-Co0C* 14s148901d14781497‘-€-CO0™ 192149900171488 SIOHOOC-COoH 1538137 00071535HOOC-COO™ 13915820016138“00€-COO™ 1364158)002215541568formal Csp!-Cap* single bond inselected ‘non-used heterocycles: inLHpyrrole (C3-C4) 1412 14100016 tala infuran (C3-C4) a3 1423001642inthiophene(C3-C4) 14414S01SAISLawDinpyrazole(C3-C4) 141014120016140020inoxazole(C3-C4) ras1428016 aainfurazan (C3-C4) 14 tar? 000) 14Sinfuroxan(C3-C4) 141714170006 aDna CipCor—Co-Car(conjugated) 14701470 OOIS146)LBD Cop*-CarLass 1480 001214801496 TTB oe, Laas Lass 001s 142 Lae 128 cytlopropenyl (C-C)-Car aT 14s 006 ata? 810CarG(-O)-C* 14s1489001614781500Car-C-0)-Car 140148] 00171468 aECar-COOH, 14sLassaoleLaeLasCar-C-OX-OC*) 14571487012148082Car-C00" 106109oleays 51228Cor-Cl-0)-NH; 150015030020 Lage S109CarOaN-Ch(Conjugated) 14%LATO 16a(woconjueated) 149114900008 La8S1496 aT(overall) Hass14870013, a8)14938 9-3 BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substructure a™°aon Note inindole(C3-C3a) 1441434 ool Laka wo CipCept CCC 14st a2? das ast C-GAN inTONQ 1a7 1427010142033 D9Car-Cor imbiphenyls(orthosubst.allH) 148714880074849330 (BI non-H ortho-subst) 1490 14910101486 1495212CarCop! —CarOne 1041436 0006140143737Car-OaN 143144d00081436148 Cpt CCC 137 137% 00.1348 dee CopnCop?—C-CHCH, 12399 130000712(Crc-cH, 323k (-CHACH-C(es) 13171318 001313101323 106(rans) 13121311oll130813208(overall, 13161317 01s,1308132327(Ch-C-CH-C 13261328 OL139134168(C)-CC1C), 13311330 00081326134(Cui,-C-C-4C>H), (overall) a incylopropene (any subst) 1341288 0017128813020 ineyelobutene (any subst) 1335 133519138 incyclopentene (C}H-subst) 13231324 0013134133108 ineyelohexene (CH-subst) 13261328012 13IB 1334196 CCC (allenes, any subst) 13071307 00513031308 (C-C-CoC (CH subst, conjugated) 13301330 old? 13B 5 CAC-C-C-CC (CH sabat, conjugated) 14s Ms oor? 133713500 k (C--Car (CH subst, conjugated) 1339 1340 OO, 136 8‘CCincylopenta-1-diene (anysubet) 133001713281386‘CCineyclohexa-I,-diene (anysubst) 132132 aos133 inCoC-C-0 (GH subst, conjugated) 13401340 01313321348 G8 (CH subst, unconjugated) 13311330 008136133978 (CH subst, overall) 134 1339 0013138248 225 ineylohera-2,5-dien-1-ones 13291327 ott, 1321138 inpbenzoquinones (CoH subst) 1333 1337 ool 1325 13h (any subst) 191399 000130136886 inTCNQ(endocytic) 1381353 0010S 38a(exoeyelic) 139218Ol?13aS(C-C-OHinenoltautomers 136130©000191358inheterocycles (any subst: Utepyreole (C2-C3, C4-C9) 13751377 001813613 fran (C2-C3, C4-C5) 13a 134 mt 1328 1381125 thiophene (C2-C3, CC) 1362 1399 ms 16377 pyrazole (C4-C5) 136 ©1372 001913621383 20 imidazole (C4-C5) 130 1361 oe 382 1367 isoxazole (CCS) al 1336001213388 indole (C2-C3) 1364 13600121385 TwoCor=Car inphenylringswithC*\Hsubst.onlyHC=C-H 138 1381 001313721388 291 CC=CH 13871388 101382139391 csc 13971387 0) 1382taas RD CC (overall) 1341384 001313751381 3.264 FCoCF 13m 134 ott 13656— 38ocec-a 13881389 00413801388 SDinnaphthalene (Dy any subst)cr-cz 13641364 001d1386138 aoa 1406 140600141397 LaIS 28C1-cte 14141901242126 440ChaCha tam1424Ott,L4IT1428108 Car=Car inanthracene (Day, anysubst)ci-c2 13%13%0009139136056on 1410 1410 0101401 tatsC1-Ga 1430143000051426 tae 56CaO 185146=OOo14791a 0a 14014020008 1385140668 inpyridine (CH subst) 13791381 00213713876 (any subst) 13801380 OOS. 313895370 inpyridinium cation (8-H;CHsubst.on©) owe 1313750121368 138030coca 137%1380ool]13713830(N° CH subst onC) 3 1373 192001913232coca 1381385001913 3S 94 BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substructure ‘”°Hmm Noteinpyranine(Hsubst.on©) 1371377001013138810(anysubst.onC) 140s140500241388140 inpyrimidine (CHsubst.onC) 1387 1389 Oo8 1379 L400 Coplecip! —X-EaC-X 13CSOOleLeLa3HtsCHC-CH LigLI)OléLAT}? tkASinCaC-Cipor) LigL193GOILABELS inCaC-Cat LizL19200108797 inCHeC-Ch a Cyp-Cl Omitting 1.2diedlorides CCH 17901790 007sc-cHa 1g0318020003 180018078Coca 191896GOL]Las?tasesX-CHC1(X=CHINO) 1790-1791 GOLDX,-CHO XK=GHNO) isos 1803 ols 1002 Kk Xy-C-C(X =CHNO) m3 18M ole 1a3S ash Xs-€-G), (X=CHNO) 17 17% OOS 76) X-C-C1, 1=CHNO) 1768 1765 OLA 76L LBBC-CH(-C)-CHCC)-CI 1793173 GOI)L786DwBEC-CKCH-C 1762176oI)STSexclopropy-Cl 17S1786otkL178 Cop CE-CL(CHNO subst. 09©) 1 1m aos C-C-C1, (CHINO subst. onC) 170 1716 0013708179ced 171317 ootLmSmo Canc Cor-Cl(mono-Cl+mp-Ci;) ime17amt)Cor-C(e-cl,) a Cip'-ClseeHCLENE0(1634,1646) CF Omitting 12-ditworides C-CH;-P andC,-CH-F 13991399 O17 3s) kaos CCF 14 110)CHcF, 191M?00131385ocr, 136134071303For 1371370007362 Sw Xy-C-F (X=CHNO) 138619 ams} 1373 ws XCF, =CHNO) 1351 138 001s 131386 XiC-F, (X= CHNO) 132 1 oMS 131382 FOX)CONoFK=CHNO) 313% om132 F-OCX), NO,(X=anysubst) 13201219 01312137 CFCaC-F(CHN.Osubst.onC) 1M1649001313 Sk Car-FCaF (mono-F +mp) 13631362 0008387 Lh CaF(oF) 134 134000091388 cH CCH, (sethy) 10s 0600301039 108982 CCH, (primary) 109210850013, 0881099002 Cy-C-H (secondary) 1099 1087000032 Chy-C-H (primary andsecondary) 1093 109s? 108910082 XCM, (wethy!) 10s 107 ne Loe 10872 Xy-C-H, (primary) 1092 1085012088099 2802 Xj-C-H (secondary) 1099 10990007 10951403172 Xyy-C-H (primaryandsecondary) 109 1096s L100 M82 cpCCH tor?1079oid10mSte Cort Cor 10831083 0110800872182 com]ca 212-2159 Os Cort Cort 209820951S.2089deSt CPN) CNH; Lass 1488001314829 28. (Co-NHy 194 1830016 Lae 150) (CNH? iso. 102 om1s Lam) SI2 S09 (en* 1510 1309 002014615319 C-N* (overall 1499 14980018 L488 SIO 1370 Cop'-NQ) CEN? inNeus. pyridinium tas 14s 0009147719032 (C*-NH, (Nip: pyramidal) 149 14701042 Nit iprama 149 14670012 L46l 147782 S22 (CN(Nip:pyramidal) 14691468001414601476 10802S22 C-Rip? overall) 1469 1468 001414601476 1208 Cop-Nip> feazine ian aT. 16 akaimazetidine 14s148008429intetahydropyrrole 147s LATS 0161464148 apipendine 1473 1473001314 La Cop?-Nap?(N plana) in: B ‘cyclic amides C*-NH-C=O 14se 14st Olas asl Bilactams C*-N(-X}-C-O (endo) iaee 1465012 LaSE TSB lactams (C2-NH-C-O (endo) 1437148 olka ass C2-N(-C*)-Cx0 (endo) 1421461 O10 14S} ase C*-NCC}-C=0 (ex0) 1481486 OOle ah asS IS 95 BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substructure tm em Nate Slactams(C#-NH-C-O (endo) 14s14721614? tatCrNE-C)-C=0 (endo) lay1476ooo?ta7snas? skC*-NEC9)-C=0 (ex0) 14s147008tas2a7nitro compounds (12-diitro omitedC-CH,-NO; 14851483 00201478028©,-CHL-NO; 15091507OoktskGENO, 13331533 Oo3 15% 15387C,-C-4NO}), 13715360161325155019 12dinitr: NO,-C*-C*-NO, 1321380 os 136132 Cop'-NQ) GENEN 14931493 0020147713064CNC-Cor 14651468 OLEtalLa.75 Cop'-NG)——CoC-NH, Nip?planar 133%Me0017137138CACNHZCH Nop?planar 13391MO0016137GENCY,‘Nop?planar 13513588 oot‘Nip?pyramidal tai61818ots1397a2‘Cap*-Nsp? (Nplanar) in: BfeyclieamidesNH-C-0 13251323 001383CRH-C-0 13341333 Oo132613838(CorN-CO 13461382OO13391386S Bactams C*-NH-C-O 1385138800138 1386 lactams"CENH-C-0 13311331 Oo1381397CHNEC-C-O 1373aos13381388 SactamsCNH-CO, 13361334 00061301338CANCEC20 13821353 OO1344138618peptidesCH-NCX)-C-CIK-O) 1333133400131326 MO80H(NH);-C-0 13341334 0008132913388 2526(cr-NiD,-c-0 17MSO13 13882568[(Ch-N}-C-0 1361389 ols1354137042827thiouress 16130023138136192ONC simides{CH-O-O))-NHL 1361377 00121361383 wt{CHO-O));-N-Cy 13891383 00171376 14h38[Cip-C-O}1,-N-C# 1396138600101389 140346[Cip*-C(-Oy},-N-Cap? 140914060001381 ta guanidinium (CANH),]° (onsubst) 11 1320 ome tea(anysubst) 13281325 OS131713330 ineterocycic systems (any subst)Utepyrole(NI-C2,NI-C3) 132137 001613631384 88indote (N1-C2) 1370 137 00213641370 pyrazoe (NI-C5) 1357138 002, 1347136520 fmidazole (NI-C2) 149 1649 Oot 13381388 as imidazole (NI-C5) 1310 137 001013651377 aCap") imimidazole(N3-C) 1361377ool1368134 weGarN@)— Cor-N*4CH), 146s 14660007 ast, 14023carNG) Cor-NHy‘spplanar) 1385130m(Nsp?:pyramidal 13941396 ool1385ts2S(overall) 13751377 025-1363 13848 CaN) Car-NH-CH(sp:planar) 13138) ooo? 3B(Np?:pyramidal) ray142301742 tae 8(overall) 138013600213832carN4CO,‘applanar) 13137 00161368382(sp:pyramidal) 102514Sotra} task(overall 13901385003013661420 inindole (N1-C?a) 13213 ooo? 136737680CerNO, 14681469O0L4146)1476556, CaN) Car-NeN 14st 1435 omaCip'=NG3) infaroxan(*N2=C3) 13161316000913138 CapPeNQ)— Car-C-N-Ch 129 127 ooos SSS (Ci)-C-N-OH inoximes 1281 12800013, 1273 12887SONK 13021302om128813936inpyrazole (N2=C3) 1329 1331 Oo 1315-13890 inimidazole (C2-N3) 1331316 oo 13071319inoxazole(N2-C3) 13141318 000913051309 9-6 BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substructure a™°awen Note infurazan (N2=C3, C4=NS) 1298 1299 006130) infuroxan (CANS) 13041306 000813001308Car=NQ) —C=N*-H(pyrimidinium) 1335134001s1328320(C=N*-C* (pyrimidinium) 14616 01013401382 wt(C=N*-0- (pyrimidinium) 13821390013138313696 Car=N@)—C=N(pyridine) 13371338012 13%LaeC=N(pyrazine) 13361335 021319470 C=N=C (pyrimidine) 139 RS aos 1333N&C=N(pyrimidine) 1331S00s1363 C=N (pyrimidine) (overall 13361337 ols 56 inany6-membered N-contaiing aromatic ‘ing: HE=N=CH 13M 13M aos HC=Nacce 139 1341031336 134sCCaN=C-C* Vs14SOo134232C=NZ=C(overall) 13361337 old13291348208 Cop'eNQ)—_X-S-NaC*(isothiocyanide) 1d 147 0006 MOB bode Pr 186 L700 BT naz ad (C-C-CAN inTCNQ Lie Lee 0839 aseCar-CaN LB8LBSooo?133Xan iLil012LenS)Seay TSS1186012 aTeS inalcohol CPO) OH 143 14400183957C-CH,-OH ras146oll1400aSC,-CH-OH 1821481aol14251488286C-C-On (ao1480012148219 108C-OH (overat) raz 1430013 14h La indialkyl ethers »CH,-0-C* 141614180016 La0S14260C-CH,-0-ce 14144OLSC-CHO-C 1914390 01014013Gc-o-c 14821490OOLL144514589C0-C* (overall 142 1428019 ae 1TH inaryalkyl ethers »CHy-0-Car 14214280126C-CH,-0-Cor 143148000134(C-CH-O-Car 14671446000 13S146658C-0-Cor 1471469018145614C0-Car(overall) 1429142700181419 L4367 inalkyl esters ofearboaylic acids 229CHy-0-C(-0)-C* 14s1490010 t4az185200C-CH,-0-C(-0)-c* 14521453000) 14451458Cy-CH-0-C0)-C* 14014600101454146578G-6-0--0)-C* 14771475 008A LB85-060).0ova) tao1oefaaase inalkylestersofP-unsaturated acids:(€*0-0-0)-C-€ (overall) a ainalkylestersofbenzoicacid(€-0-C(-0}-Cipheny) (overall) a a inring systems orirane (epoxides)(anysubst) rra ‘oxetane(anysubst) 1463140 OSLast148tetrahydrofuran (CHsubst) 142aAGOTT1430Last Cxp'-02) ——_tetrabydropyran (CH subst) 14s 1482 ols asta Blactones: C*-0-C(=0) 14921484 01048} 1SOL ka ‘ylactones: C*-0-C(-0) 146414640012 sass 1473 Buactonex: €*-0-C(-0) tal 1466001714524 (0-C-0 system ingemdiols, and pyranose and furanose sugars 3031HO-C*-OH 139740012388 aos€5-0,-C,-O,H inpyranoses ‘0,axial ( C0, 1439 L440 08s atsorc, 1a7146029C0, 103 1400012 13a 0,equatorial (B): C0, 14351436 00084297onc, 1801481010423617C0, 13931393 0007138613817 «+B (over: 0, 1439 1440008142145orc, 1401490012,cro, 14011399 Olt 13921407 97 BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substructare a”°aaonNoweC-O,-Cy-0H infranoses “overall valves) CeO. 142 14460012868 Onc, 1432 1432001214148 C0; tao 1405 00131397140 €y-0,-Cy"O,-C* inpyranoses “Oyaxial (@): C05 149 1438010143316 onc, 14171417 00091410 Lak CO, tap 1409 ole Laat LaIT— 7oct 1351435001312? 1437(0,equatorial (By: C0, 14 143500061149 oc, tae 1a 0008 ais a8 9 C0; 1390 1380 OO 138114008 Oc 1437 14380131428 LaAS 9 =+B Coveray 6-0; 143614360009 asa 126 Oc, 1a 149 O01 4121426126 C04 Taz 140300161391 LaI3. 128oct 1a.14600131428 LAS126Ce-O¢C)-0,-C* infranoses “overall values) CO, 143 14s 0013144 oc, 1a 14180214 C0; 1410 1409 aod Lol 1008 oc 1939-1487 0old 148 a Miscellaneous:Ch-0-SiX, 141614160017 1a0StakC-0-80;-C 146sLal0141484 1a Cip-02) inenols: C-C-OH 133 1331017138Inealeter:C=C-0-C* 13841383 0016131383 a0'C-Ci-0)-01 130813110019987C-C-C-0)-08 139313950191291307Car-C-0)-OH 10s1311mT 5 C*-£(-0)-0-C* 13361337004 132kM681 1229C-C-(-0-0-C* 13321331oll13813882Car-C(-0)-0-C* 1337135001313913CPC(-0)-0-C=C 13621389 O1813811386C-€(-0)-0-C-6 140714050017138412026C*-€(-0)-0-Car 1301399oor1385367 woinanhydrides: O-C-O-C-0 13861386 OOlL139138370inring systems: furan (01-C2, O1-C5) 1368136 ols 1389 ss isoxazole (O1-C3) 13541354 00101451360 Biactones:C*-Ci-0)-0-C* 139 138 13,18 ‘lactones: C*-C(-0)-0-C* 139 1498021321389 Biactones: C*-C(=0)-0-C* 1339133906 13821347 Car-0@) inphenols: Cor-OH 1360 1364 01S, 13831373 SSTinargalkylethers:Car-O-C* 13137otk,1368137702832 Car-0@) indiary! ethers: Car-O-Car 13a 1381 N17 13132 inesters: Car-O-C(20)-C* Var 1410101398 aoe wa CepO(1) ialdehydes andketones:c-CH-O 1921192 aosseLT(C);-C-0 1210121000081206 2Sate(Ci;-C-0 ineyclobutanones 11984198 00071941308 ineyelopentanones 12081208 000712082285 incyelohexanones 12 1211 0009) 120712162cc-C0 121222010126 eas(C-0),-C-0 1231290010126CarC-0 1218 aod122 as(Car)y-C-0 120126s 1201k we ‘C20inbenzoquinones 2roost<elocalized double bonds incarboxylate anions H-C=0," (formate) 12218002 1a aseC-C=0, 12541283 001012471261CC-C205 12012880017123812612CarC=0; 12851283 01019122HOOC-C20," (hydrogen oxalate) 123 1267 ols 128212866'0,=C-C=0,- (oxalate) 121121 00071481288 9-8 BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substructure oom em Ne incarboryic acids (X-COOH)‘C*-C(-0)-OH 12412140019120375€=€-C(-0)-OH 1291soo?2s‘Car-€(-0-08 61soma inesters:C*-C1-0)-0-c* 11961196 001041901081C-€-C-0-0-C* 1199L19800081831303Car-C1-0)-0-C* 12021201 0009196. 1207kaC-OyO-C-C 11901190OreLies 9826€*-€(-0)-0-Cor M8718 glk itis aainanhydrides: O-C-0-C=0 117 L187 0011930 inPlactones: C*-C-O}-O-C* 193119306798 lactones: C*-C(-0O)-0-C* Vor 132 oo 1196 8 Biactones: C*-€-0-0-C* 10s 120700082 inamides HCC 0 12M 13 ook ms ea(C2ACHIN-C-C-O ya12)0021241388 Paciams: C-NH-C-O 1198 1200 001211931308 lactams:C-NH-C0 13s13some twCNC C20 masmeoo17s s bactamsC-NH-CO, 14010mCN-CCO 23133 oma) (NH)CO. 12561256 00071491261 2526(Ce-NH)C=O 121297oonBsS85UCpeNi,-C-0 123012000007122812287 cpr CPee 1400 1402 aos i028CERO-CH, 179117900008SCROPCH,-C 190813060008s EasCePCOrcHC, Heat18200S teCPOME-C, Vals 0008838s?CP-OPC* (vera) 18131811 001718001822 cw'-pay Cpe Lass 18570019, LO LaTO3Cams) CPCar 17931792OO. 78L026Cj-P(-O)-Cor Hgor1802Oot1796180798PhyPeN=P-PA, 1517950008781800197 ConP3)—CyPCar 15361837010180 Leen(N=),P-Cor (P=Naromatic) 1951793 OOlk17S Cy-SH)— O-80,-C(C* =CH, excluded) 178617 Ok ATO €*-80,-€ (overall) 179177 002017641790 ow€1-80,-0-X 17481744 0007788C80,NX, 198178 001816 Cip'-S0)——_C2-8O-C(C* =CH, excluded) isis 1s oom 1802C*-SO}€ (overat) 14091806002s73DCHys"-%, ims0oo?©-5"-%, (C= CH, excladed) 1x23 1830016182 LeC-$"-X;(overall) 10817940025 17HB20aT Cyp'-S2) GSH 108 1805 00101800819CHys-cr 1791787 0008178888 Cyp'-SQ) CCH, $C 1817 Laie 001s a8 egCHSC Haigtsi9orks LasCesc 1856 1860 OL LaSe 6) CS-C* (orerat) ia 1817001880)? inthirane 1M 13S 025TH SEinthietanesceZCMXSP(1817,1844)tmterhydrothiopbene 1927 16 oot’ st taa7 20 tntevabydrothiopyran 1923 mnt olga?CCHSSX 1931200014183324CCS Sx 18631865 OO1S, sas CLSSX (overall) 1833 182800228 kas 9 Cip82) Gae-S-C 17st 78S Oo] Let C-€-S-CoC (intetrathiafulvlene) 174) 174 Oot 1733 1780sCAC-$-CAC (inthiophene) 172172003Lm) awoes 1921799Ook178778 CoS) CarSO-C 17631764 000917561769 96ar-$0;-O-x 17821790 0008174917867ar-80,-N-X, 17581799OOS,1749176508 Cars) Cor-SO-C 190 1790 OORTCars", 17%17oomLTH? Corsa)Car8-C* 173174 0065or-$-Cor 1768176700101762738(Cor-S-Cor (inphenothiazine) 17661764 000817601769 a8 9-9 BONDLENGTHSINCRYSTALLINE ORGANICCOMPOUNDS (continued) ondSeber ome Ne cossxlmumaonagen Cap!-Si2)NeC-S-X 1.6791.6830.0261.6451.69810 Capi)(NaC-5)" 16301690001416191 6A4 Capt)(C*),-CoS:seeIPMUDS (1.599) (Carico teCRLDOM (hat) GorbSa =CNS len tos ae se ys Hynes lao te tone eas ame 38BBWC aloueay ri a rsRais, imtntone corseCae tomigorGotoh kyon Cap*-Set2) (CoC-Se-CoC (intetraselenafulvalene) 1.893 1.8930.013 1.882 1902 2 Shs) Paes too ts foes te Cres) CeaX, taetameotsas)tate cps Giese, is tir one te aes Seco «ca excttes tas tay ms Lat os atEEX}over) iiotatometas)ansaa consis) Gare lie tase ore ast ame Cres) GON, iy te ton ae ta Cop'-Te CHTe 2158 219 0.030 2128 2177 Bcon elt aie his tom ble hoGpate—LetbcusaoGta ESpwusctaioe2229 orentnipe 30txPascse,2519, ‘MeTAMM (350, BQUINT Gale 3918)CENweBECTAR(0-1/3, BOGPO(175) Sdn Rao la ayaaa RayhclNProma) tortoseorsoesdue2s Sowa) dom boot ams ime hme ttos GS(own) tonhamomadodo‘SakelopebondsinCILSAR2289,bitixte Bash CANLUY 2)CrsseMIRGUEIO.BIRHALIO.CTONSE‘ane25) ©1848) SEN, monet) wn ms om 2aGe,tndchsex impjogos hohe cuteGhTeimianpe28200 imis)teow)‘So loge omy nBARRIV.BOJPUL, ‘CETUTE, EPNTEAOPNTECIO 1) So)ENO) ENGandNC os14haes tag EMO) heahooraploie PF teSrtoske FPO) QeayerteeP aca testertowtate rs‘Soberonnage091.70inwide vena ofeionmen: F-0) a FrsOeCyOaFFSULFIODETIOZ) 1401646 Olas wwrsbinFrborne bubTe” =tspSmomeSeNS Fs sre tase or tonsa aes Fs) Featx, tae ta fos teat tast Fo Paexe Sse ter tore Sette Fre Recutniz (Fra) =198.1939 FeNTEL Te) =2008 Hew xen 010% goto toes rho) REM to ton Gos aest tos HtCOW) iakonaC+-0-1 aottasonaso con fer osm on asa init C.0-8 tas torr Gort tor ton tea 4 ite 251) ote oon oyna th ‘Seazenia, cMoz. nevi Mert iFORAM FODMAM(2Oud3475) Lo ALOleeZPRIn-CUMABINZDACH) 244 2144 gom2ia7 aeferlO,weBOWMEE(19-1912), roy ectspeanan) ' is‘SDrintaniogetSUREAIO2429, wzrrrt oss bray tek ame amt omens NEMO) KENCENS=X 9planar ite ie tos ie 8NSENG) Grcunne Rech 39Race ue un onusNepal hylnar taitostreSNRnar Hot et tote ae SSpa] Hs1stoaoras Narnia) pynaie(t-n2) an ehisPydonnum(41°ND) beeto isBae 9-10 BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substructure 4™°«om Note NQ)=N@Q) N= (aromatic) inpyridazine ‘wih CH asortho substituents 13041300 001987 ‘with NCl asortho substituents 1s 1373 GotsNQ@mNQ) —CHNEN-Ce‘it 126512440m139382trams "m21222062g(overat) 10Loo? 128012stCorNeN-Car 12s128)ole2a? X-NeNeN (azides) 1216 1226 ook 120213)N@mNU)—_XCNGNGN (azides) rae028olsdTNQHOR) —(CH)-N-OH (Nop:planar) 139613840012 139%L4OL 8CNO-C (sp pyramidal) 143 tags or? 14ST a8 (Nopplanar) L3971384aol388tap infaroxan(N2-O1) e146 00) NQ-OU)— (C=):N"-O°inpyridineNoxides 1301298 aos 36 infuroxan(°N2-O6") M13 ask N@}O2)im oximes(Ci)-C-N-O8 14614180006 SDT(HXCip?)-C=N-OH 13901390 GOI1380Lar 20(COXCip*-C=N-OH a21300101393 Laos(Cp)-C-N-O 1%37aorT1365S(CH),-C-N-OH (overall) 1341385 aos 139 aoe? infurazan (O1-N2, O1-NS) SS OSD infuroxan (O1-NS) 1380 380 oI 13% inisoxazole (O1-N2) (as 12S 0107 La NQmOU1) innitrateionsNO,” 1291240002012271281 ts {inniteo groups‘C-NO, 1212121400121206 amtCHNO; 12101210 ork 120388CarNO, 12171218aorta EatsHeC-NO, (overall) 1218 12190013, 121012261783 NOHPA)XicPIEXENX)‘Neg?planar 1682161004164 1.6725 Nop*: pyramidal 1683 168300051680 1686(overall) 166216620029 1.6391.682388subsets ofthis group are:O,-PUSLNX, 192sLene01SISMCP-SHINX,)s 1611694018167703O-PESHNXY): 16s1684014162166P-OHINK))» 1663L66800281601677 NQYPG) |-NX-PECXNX-PC-X) (PINring) 179172017716 874k 20SNX-P(-S)NX-PU-S}- (PLN 08) 167 167 OOS 16901703 aw inPesubstituted phosphazenes: (N=),P-N (amino) 1637 1638 aos SSE(aairdinyd) 16164010166516 NQyPis)PhyPeNT=P-Phy et ee ee? NQmPQ)PhyPeN-CS 1991597ols18S 7 NQ)=PG) —_N2P aromatic inphosphazenes 1218209 SseinP=N=S, Veo1606000934628 NOYS4) —C-80,-NH, 1600 1610121811610C-$0;-NH-Cy 168316830091S 6s?C-S0,-N-Ci), Hor16oo) NGS) C-S-NX, Nip planar 170170700198 (orNap" pyramidal seeMODIAZ: 1.765) X-S-NX, Nip" planar 1707 1705001216) LsNasa) CNSR 169 1663 002716216776NQ)=S2) NaSsromaticin PaN=S 1801888OO1584156837NQ}S@) NSinNoSeNandNoSeS Ts1306002221887NOPSe sceCOICUZ(130),DSEMORIO(1.846,1.852,MORTRSIO (1841) Napse sceSEBZOl(1.805),NAPSEZ10(1.80,1.820) NQpSe seeCISMUM(1.790,1.791) NGPSUS) seeDMESIPO!, BOILER, CASSAQ. ‘CASYOK, CECXEN, CINTEY, CIPBUY.FMESIB,MNPSIL,PNPOSI(1973-2344) NGYSK) —_X,-SENX; (overall) 1g 16 002 LS L787 170 ‘subsets ofthis group areXy-Si-NHX ims1719oteetsXy-SENX-Si-X, acyclic 173174 aoe TSS asSENind-membered rings e217 LSSNCSEN inSomembered tings rma 172001816 NQPSi4) ——_-Xy-ShNT-SE-X, a iI BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substructure 4™°aun Note Ne see ACLTEP (2402), BIBLAZ (1980), (CESSAU (2023) 02-02) C-0-0-C“H (00) =70—85° 1464 146k 00) asB tar? 100) ca,180° 14821480 00S 147B La Soverall 149LAT00121461 NATE 7(O=C-0-0-C-0 seeACBZPOD! (1446), ‘CEYLUN (1.452), CIMHIP (1454)S-0-0-Si 143961499 0005-1490 149910 OEP) X-PHOXs a trigonal bipyramidal‘xia 1691685oozeTsOequatorial 16916220024160816square pyramidal 1662 fest 002016938 0@}P4) —C-0-R(=0),"~ rel 16220007 16IS 8BH-0)-P(=0)5- 15015610009155515666(C-0-%(=0)> Yes160700131599 IS(Ci-0},-P=0 Iss1584Ol1550156830(Car-0},-P-O 13871588ood157213999X-O-PCOMCN), 130138500161377 taXO) PON) is 1572 0013156881579 700@}P)—_(N=),P-O-C (N=Paromatic) 15731573aol15633886OUP) ——_C-0-P(=0),?™ (declocalized) 1513 1512 0008) 1508S a (H-0),-P(=0)," (delocalized) 1303 1303 000s 1499 150B 6 (C-O)y-P(=0), (delocalized) 1431485 000814149016(C-0);-P0 1491448800071446 LSBCPO 14891486001048] 1496 TDNy-P-O 146146200141449 147026(Gy-P-0 14s)1489000714993(GNOY-P-O 1467146500071462 LAT?(CNVO)-P-0 145714580009 4s41482S 0@}S4)—C-0-80,-C 157)137601S1566158 aL€-0-80;-CH, 13136001313861382€-0-80,-Car 158015780o1sLSESBRa7 ousa) —-C-80,-¢ 1436143700104X-S0;-NX, 1am14280010142143428C50-NACH, 143014300009 LANS13S206€-80;-0-0 14231423 00084114inSoe 1414730131463 LBL 108 Oars) COC 1497 14980013, 1489 1505SO-Se seeBAPPAI,BIRGUEIO, BIRHALIO,‘CXMSEO, DGLYSE, SPSEBU (1.597 for OnSe to1974 forO-Se) OHSS) (X-O)y-SNXC) 16631658 gs 65065 O@)Sid) —_Xj-SHO-X (overall 16 160 002261716468 OG}-Si4) subsets ofthisgroup are:Xy-SH-0-Ch 1s1647001216862X;SHO-S-X, a2182old1614183170Xy-Si0-0-SPX, 168016760008673168810 O@rTa6)—-O)_-Te 192719270201908192 OGHTed) KO) TeX, 2133-2136 00420782 PQYPG) —-Xy-P-P-Xy 2256-2289 ms 2s 2aPY-PG) seeCECHEX(2.197),COZPIQ(2249)PQYPG) XpPPX, 224220 002200228 at Pl=P(a) seeBUTSUE (2054) POFPG) seeBALXOB (2034)PRS) CyPas 1954198200S198019573(NODC)-PS 1921924old1913192726(NO)-PS 1913191401419061950 Peayse(l)—Xy-PoSe 2093 2099 001920721082 POYSWA) —_Xy-P-SEX,:3- andé-rings 2264 2260 00192492283‘excluded(sceBOPFER,BOPFIV,CASTOF10,‘COZVIW: 2201-2317) PTe(1) seeMOPHTE (2386), TTEBPZ (2327) SQ-S2) CSC SS) =75105" 20s. 2029 01s 2071208SS)=0-20" 20m2068©00022087 207728(vera) 200820450026 «2082058 inpolysulphide chain-s-$-S- 2os1 2050 00222037 2065126 SQyS)—X-NAB-S 1997189600128710 S S-Se(4)‘seeBUWZUO(2264,2269) S-$eQ) X-Se-$(any) 21932198 01s 2178220799 SOrSi¢) —_Xy-SES-X 2452138 0002102188 9-12 BOND LENGTHS INCRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Bond Substructure 4™°aeon NowSayTe X-$-Te(any) rms24060228210 X-S-Te (any) 2682 2686 003S 2673 ee Se2}SeQ) XSeSeX 20200023152 Se2}-Te2) seeBAWFUA, BAWGAH (25242561) 'Sid)-Sicd) Xy-SHSEX, Smembered ringsexcluded: «2387235700229 266‘eeCIHRAM(2511) TeTe seeCAMJOK (2751, 2704) ‘Appendix 1(FootnotestoTable) — TT 1.SampledominatedbyB-CH,,ForlongerbondsinB”-CH,seeLITMEBIO(B(4)-CH,=1.621—1644A). 2ptahrte) Bonding withBap?andNipcoplanar (eBN =0315") predominates, SeeG.Schmidt,R.Boese,andD.Bliser,Z.Nanuforsch, 1982,37b,1230, 3.84observations rangefrom1.38to1.61Aandindividualvaluesdependonsubstituents onBandO.Foradiscussionofborinicacid adductsseeS.JRettigandJ.Trotter,Can.J.Chem.1982,6,2957, 4,SeeM.Kaftoryin‘TheChemistryofFunctionalGroups.SupplementD:TheChemistryofHalide,Pseudchalides, andAzids'eds.S.Patai ‘andZRapoport,Wiley:NewYork,1983,Part2ch.24 5Bondswhichareendocyticorexoeycic6any-or&amemberedringshavebeeomitedfromalaveragesinthisection. 6.TheoverallaveragegivenhereiforCip?-Cip!bondswhichcarryonlyCorHsubstituents. Thevalvecitedreflectstherelativeabundance‘ofeach“substitution group.The‘eanofmeans’forthe9subgroupsis1.538(¢=0.022)A 17.SeeFH.Allen.(a)ActaCrystallogr, 1980,B36,81;(2)1981,B37,890. SeeFH.AllenAciaCrystallogr.1984,B40,64. 9,See FH.Allen, Tevrahedron. 1982, 382843,10.SeeF.H.Alle,Tetrahedron,1982,38645. 11.Cyclopropanonesandeyclobutanones excladed 12SeeW.BSchweizerandJ.D.Dunitz,Hel.Chim.Acta,1982,65,1547 13.SeeL.Norskov-Laurten, HB. Burgi, P.Hoffmann, andH.R.Schmidt, Hels. Chim. Acta, 1985, 68,76. 14.See P.ChakrabartiandJ.D.Dunit,Hele.Chim.cia,1982,68,1555 15. SeeJLHencherin"TheChemistyoftheC=CTripleBonded.S.Pata,Wiley,NewYork,1978,ch.2. 16.Conjugated: torsionangleaboutcentralC-CsinglebondisO20°(cs)or180&20°(iran). 17,Unconjugated: torsion angle about central C-C single bond is20160".6Otherconjugative substituents excluded.19,TCNO istetracyanoquinodimethane.20,NodillerencedetectedbetweenC2=C3andC3C4bonds.21,Derivedfromneutrondifactionresultsonly.22,Nippyramidal,meanvalenceangleatNisinrange108—114°.23.Nip®planar,meanvalenceangleatNis3117."24Cyclic andacyctc peptides.2S.SeeRH.Blessing.J:Am.Chem.Soc,1983,108.2776.26SeeL.Lebioda,AcieCrystallogr,1980,BY,271 27 m= 3ordLetortetra-substitted ureas 28.OverallvaluealsoincludesstructureswithmeanvalenceangeatNintherange115—118", 29,SeeF.H.AllenandA.J.Kirby,J.am.Chem.Soc,1984,1066197. 530.SeeA.J.Kitby,“TheAnomercElectandRelatedStereoeectronic ElectsatOxygen,Springer,Berlin,1983. 31,SeeB.Fuchs, L.Schleifer, and E.Tartakovsky, Now. J.Chim. 1984,8275, 532.See$C.NyburgandC.H.Faerman,JMol.Struc,1986,140,347 33,Sample dominated byP-CH, andP-CH,-C.34.SampledominatedbyC*=tmethy35,SeeA.Kalman,M.CrugerandG.Argay,ActaCrystallogr 1981,BST,868.36Bimodaldistribution resolvedinto22shortbondsand$longerouters 37,All 24observationscomefromBUDTEZ. 38‘Long’O-Hbondsincentrosymmetric 0--~H-~~OH-bondeddimersareexcluded. 38.N-NbondlengthalsodependentontorsionangleaboutN-NbondandonnatureofsubstituentCatoms;theseeflectsaeignoredhere 420.NpyramidalhasaverageangeatNinrange100-1135"Nplanarhasaverageangleof>11755 441See RRHolmesand}A.Deiters,J.Amer.Chem.Soc,1977.9,3318. ‘22NodetectablevariationinS-ObondlengthwithtypeofC-subsituent. Appeodix2.‘Shor-form referencestoindividualCSDentriescitedbyrelerencecodeintheTableAflllistofCSDbibliographic entriesisgiveninSUP$6701. ACBZPOO! J.Am. Chem.Soc.1975,91,6729 BIBLAZ Zh.Struk.Khim,1981,22,118. ACLTEPJ.Organomet.Chem.1980,184417, BICGEZ —Z.Anorg.All.Chem,i983,46,90. 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CODDZNanwforsch, TelB,1984,38,1257 TEACBR Cit.Struct.Commun1914,3.753. COFVOI—ZNanuforsch. TelB1984,9,1027 THINBRJ.Am.ChemSoc,196,92,4002 COICUZ—ChemBer,198417,2686 IMPBTI ActaCrystallogr,Sect.B,1975,31,116. COSDIX —Z.Nanuforsch, TelB1984,39,1344, TPASSN J.Chem.Soc,DaltonTrans,1977,544. COZPIQChem.Ber,1984,117,2063. TPASTB—Crp,Struct.Commun,1976,5,38. COZVIW —ZAnorg Allg. Chem, 1984, S187. TPHOSL —ZNotwforsch, Teil 1979, 34,1064. CTCNSE J.Am Chem. Soc, 1980, 102, $430. TTEBPZ —Z.Nanwforseh, Tell B,1979, 34.256.CUCPIZ J.Am.Chem.Soc,1984,106,1529. ZCMXSP_— Cryst.Struct.Commun,1977,6,93.CUDLOC J.Cryst. Spectrosc, 1985, 1853. CUDLUL 1.Cryst. Spectrosc, 1985, 18,53. M14 TeamLRNBOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS This table summarizes the average values of interatomic distances of representative metal-ligand bonds. Sigma bonds between d- and f-block metals and the elements C, N, O, P, S, and As are included. The values are extracted from a much larger list in Reference 1. The tabulated values are theunweighted means of reported measurements on compounds in each category. If four or more measurements are available, the standard deviation is given in parentheses. All values are in Ångstrom units (10 -10 m). The first part of the table covers metal-carbon bonds in different ligand categories, while the second part covers metal bonds to other elements. R stands for any alkyl group; Me for a CH3 group; C6R5 indicates an aryl group; and C(=O)R an acyl group. Metals are listed in atomic number order. REFERENCE 1. Orpen, A. G., Brammer, L., Allen, F.H., Kennard, O., Watson, D. G., and Taylor, R., J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans ., 1989, S1-S83. MM - C H3 M-CH2R M-CR=CR2 M-C6R5 M-C(=O)R Ti 2.167 2.215(0.042) 2.148 V 2.114(0.012) Cr 2.168 2.035(0.009) 2.075(0.019)Mn 2.095(0.030) 2.176(0.024) 2.007 2.064(0.021) 2.044 Fe 2.074 2.091(0.030) 1.991(0.039) 2.031(0.062) 1.997(0.033) Co 2.014(0.023) 2.039(0.032) 1.934(0.019) 1.974 1.990Ni 2.029 1.964 1.892(0.017) 1.917(0.038) 1.850(0.059) Cu 2.020 Zn 1.964Zr 2.292(0.049) 2.257 Nb 2.336 1.319 Mo 2.254(0.065) 2.250(0.061) 2.204(0.049) 2.193(0.054) 2.109Ru 2.179(0.045) 2.036(0.010) 2.063 2.092(0.057) 2.091 Rh 2.092(0.027) 2.100 2.040(0.054) 2.011(0.026) 1.995(0.031) Pd 2.028 2.000(0.024) 1.981(0.032) 1.982(0.029)Hf 2.275(0.049) 2.205 Ta 2.217(0.035) 2.225(0.056) 2.199(0.073) W 2.189(0.039) 2.175 2.224Re 2.173(0.051) 2.290 2.027 2.190(0.027)Os 2.221 2.052 2.090(0.032) 2.161 Ir 2.175 2.071(0.044) 2.070(0.038) 2.019 Pt 2.083(0.045) 2.062(0.031) 2.024(0.037) 2.049(0.046) 1.991(0.025)Au 2.066(0.045) 2.042 2.059(0.024) Hg 2.072(0.026) 2.125 2.086(0.040) Th 2.567 MM - N H 3 M-OH2 M-PMe3 M-SR M-AsR3 Ti 2.066(0.052) 2.369 2.686 V 2.129(0.131) 2.510(0.010) 2.378(0.007)Cr 2.069(0.008) 1.997(0.070) 2.389(0.069) 2.362 2.460(0.040) Mn 2.189(0.040) 2.455(0.164) 2.366(0.054) 2.400(0.013) Fe 2.085(0.066) 2.246(0.042) 2.271(0.028) 2.352(0.043)Co 1.965(0.021) 2.085(0.064) 2.217(0.043) 2.254(0.025) 2.323(0.021) Ni 2.074(0.093) 2.079(0.038) 2.204(0.031) 2.187(0.007) 2.333(0.035) Cu 1.987(0.017) 2.186(0.215) 2.367(0.016)Zn 2.044 2.090(0.061) 2.295 Y 2.398(0.068) Zr 2.692 Nb 2.248(0.137) 2.741(0.008) Mo 2.217 2.201(0.094) 2.462(0.046) 2.401(0.050) 2.582(0.036) Ru 2.126(0.024) 2.074(0.051) 2.307(0.050) 2.446(0.031)Rh 2.114(0.018) 2.190(0.096) 2.266(0.036) 2.416(0.039) Pd 2.032 2.200 2.287(0.018) 2.386(0.052) Ag 2.350Cd 2.318(0.065) 2.444 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC La 2.556(0.062) Ce 2.565(0.063)Pr 2.518(0.038) Nd 2.533(0.058) Sm 2.459(0.050)Eu 2.441(0.055) Gd 2.443(0.074) Tb 2.455Dy 2.409(0.074) Ho 2.407(0.069) Er 2.404(0.083)Yb 2.353(0.066) Lu 2.404(0.116) Ta 2.589(0.044)W 2.115(0.065) 2.485(0.039) Re 2.253 2.199(0.091) 2.369(0.065) 2.575(0.006) Os 2.136 2.166 2.328(0.029)Ir 2.050(0.021) 2.323(0.028) 2.461 Pt 2.295(0.036) 2.320(0.015) 2.366(0.058) Au 2.157 2.293Hg 2.690(0.083) 2.402(0.065) Th 2.483(0.032) U 2.455(0.047)MM - N H 3 M-OH2 M-PMe3 M-SR M-AsR3BOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS (continued) © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRN9-15STRUCTURES OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds are Arranged in Alphabetical Order by their Chemical Formulas (Lengths in Å and Angles in Degrees) Compound Structure Method AgBr Ag—Br ( re) 2.3931 MW AgCl Ag—Cl ( re) 2.2808 MW AgF Ag—F ( re) 1.9832 MW AgH Ag—H ( re) 1.617 UV AgI Ag—I ( re) 2.5446 MW AgO Ag—O ( re) 2.0030 UV AlBr Al—Br ( re) 2.295 UV AlCl Al—Cl ( re) 2.1301 MW AlF Al—F ( re) 1.6544 MW AlH Al—H ( re) 1.6482 UV AlI Al—I ( re) 2.5371 MW AlO Al—O ( re) 1.6176 UV Al2Br6 Al—Bra 2.22 ED Al—Brb 2.38 ∠BrbAlBrb 82 ∠BraAlBra 118 (D2h) Al2Cl6 Al—Cla 2.04 ED Al—Cl b 2.24 ∠ClbAlClb 87 ∠ClaAlCla 122 (D2h) AsBr3 As—Br 2.324 ∠BrAsBr 99.6 ED AsCl3 As—Cl 2.165 ∠ClAsCl 98.6 ED, MW AsF3 As—F 1.710 ∠FAsF 95.9 ED, MWBOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES This table is reprinted from Kagaku Benran, 3rd Edition , Vol. II, pp. 649—661 (1984), with permission of the publisher, Maruzen Company, LTD. (Copyright 1984 by the Chemical Society of Japan). Translation was carried out by Kozo Kuchitsu. Internuclear distances and bond angles are represented in units of Å (1 Å = 10–10 m) and degrees, respectively. The same but inequivalent atoms are discriminated by subscripts a, b, etc. In some molecules ax for axial and eq for equatorial are also used. All measurements were made in the gas phase. The methods used are abbreviated as follows. UV: ultraviolet (including visible) spectroscopy; IR: infrared spectroscopy ; R: Raman spectroscopy; MW: microwave spectroscopy; ED: electron diffraction; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; LMR: laser magnetic resona nce; EPR: electron paramagnetic resonance; MBE: molecular beam electric resonance. If two methods were used jointly for structure determi nation, they are listed together, as (ED, MW). If the numerical values listed refer to the equilibrium values, they are specified by re and θe. In other cases the listed values represent various average values in vibrational states; it is frequently the case that they represent the rs structure derived from several isotopic species for MW or the rg structure (i.e., the average internuclear distances at thermal equilibrium) for ED. These internuclear distances for the same atom pair with different definitions may sometimes differ as much as 0.01 Å. Appropriate comments are made on the symmetry and conformati on in the equilibrium structure. In general, the numerical values listed in the following tables contain uncertainties in the last digits. However, for certain molecules such as diatomic molecules, with experimental uncertainties of the order of 10–5 Å or smaller, numerical values are listed to four decimal places. REFERENCES 1. L. E. Sutton, ed., Tables of Interatomic Distances and Configuration in Molecules and Ions , The Chemical Society Special Publication, No. 11, 18, The Chemical Society (London) (1958, 1965). 2. K.-H. Hellwege, ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relations in Science and Technology , New Series, II/7, J. H. Callomon, E. Hirota, K. Kuchitsu, W. J. Lafferty, A. G. Maki, C. S. Pote, with assistance of I. Buck and B. Starck, Structure Data of Free Polyatomic Molecules , Springer-Verlag (1976). 3. K. P. Huber and G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules , Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., London (1979). 4. B. Starck, Microwave Catalogue and Supplements . 5. B. Starck, Electron Diffraction Catalogue and Supplements . Al Al BrbBrb Bra BraBra Bra 9-16BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method AsF5 As—Fa1.711 As—Fb 1.656 (D3h) AsH3 As—H (re) 1.511 ∠HAsH (θe) 92.1 MW, IR AsI3 As—I 2.557 ∠IAsI 100.2 ED AuH Au—H ( re) 1.5237 UV BBr3 B—Br 1.893 (D3h)E D BCl3 B—Cl 1.742 (D3h)E D BF B—F ( re) 1.2626 UV BF2H B—H 1.189 B—F 1.311 ∠FBF 118.3 MW BF2OH B—F 1.32 B—O 1.34 O—H 0.941 MW ∠FBF 118 ∠FBO 123 ∠BOH 114.1 BF3 B—F 1.313 (D3h) ED, IR BH B—H ( re) 1.2325 UV BH3PH3 B—P 1.937 B—H 1.212 P—H 1.399 MW ∠PBH 103.6 ∠BPH 116.9 ∠HBH 114.6 ∠HPH 101.3 staggered form BI3 B—I 2.118 (D3h)E D BN B—N ( re) 1.281 UV BO B—O ( re) 1.2045 EPR BO2 B—O 1.265 linear UV BS B—S 1.6091 UV B2H6 B—Ha 1.19 IR, ED B—Hb 1.33 B⋅⋅⋅B 1.77 ∠HaBHa 122 ∠HbBHb 97 B3H3O3 B—O 1.376 ∠BOB≅∠OBO 120 ED B3H6N3 B—N 1.435 B—H 1.26 N—H 1.05 ED ∠NBN 118 ∠BNB 121 (C2) BaH Ba—H ( re) 2.2318 UV BaO Ba—O ( re) 1.9397 MW BaS Ba—S ( re) 2.5074 MBE BeF Be—F ( re) 1.3609 UV BeH Be—H ( re) 1.3431 UV BeO Be—O ( re) 1.3308 UV BiBr Bi—Br ( re) 2.6095 MW BiBr3 Bi—Br 2.63 ∠BrBiBr 90 (C3v)E D BiCl Bi—Cl ( re) 2.4716 MW BiCl3 Bi—Cl 2.423 ∠ClBiCl 100 (C3v)E D BiF Bi—F ( re) 2.0516 MW BiH Bi—H ( re) 1.805 UV BiI Bi—I ( re) 2.8005 MW BiO Bi—O ( re) 1.934 UV BrCN C—N ( re) 1.157 C—Br ( re) 1.790 IR BrCl Br—Cl ( re) 2.1361 MW BrF Br—F ( re) 1.7590 MW BrF3 Br—Fa1.810 Br—Fb1.721 MW ∠FaBrFb86.2 (C2v) BrF5 Br—F (average) 1.753 ED, MW (Br—Feq) – (Br—F ax) = 0.069 ∠FaxBrFeq 85.1 (C4v) BrO Br—O ( re) 1.7172 MW Br2 Br—Br (re) 2.2811 R CBr4 C—Br 1.935 (Td)E D CCl C—Cl 1.6512 UVAs FaFb FbFbFa Ha Hb HaBBHa Hb Ha FbFaBrFa TeamLRN9-17BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method CClF3 C—Cl 1.752 C—F 1.325 ∠FCF 108.6 ED, MW CCl3F C—Cl 1.754 C—F 1.362 ∠ClCCl 111 MW (C3v) CCl4 C—Cl 1.767 (Td)E D CF C—F ( re) 1.2718 EPR CF3I C—I 2.138 C—F 1.330 ∠FCF 108.1 ED, MW CF4 C—F 1.323 (Td)E D CH C—H ( re) 1.1199 UV CI4 C—I 2.15 (Td)E D CN C—N ( re) 1.1718 MW CO C—O ( re) 1.1283 MW COBr2 C—O 1.178 C—Br 1.923 ED, MW∠BrCBr 112.3 COClF C—F 1.334 C—O 1.173 C—Cl 1.725 ED, MW ∠FCCl 108.8 ∠ClCO 127.5 COCl 2 C—O 1.179 C—Cl 1.742 ED, MW ∠ClCCl 111.8 COF2 C—F 1.3157 C—O 1.172 ED, MW∠FCF 107.71 CO 2 C—O (re) 1.1600 IR CP C—P ( re) 1.562 UV CS C—S ( re) 1.5349 MW CS2 C—S (re) 1.5526 IR C2 C—C (re) 1.2425 UV C3O2 C—O 1.163 C—C 1.289 ED linear (large-amplitude bending vibration) CaH Ca—H ( re) 2.002 UV CaO Ca—O ( re) 1.8221 UV CaS Ca—S ( re) 2.3178 UV CdH Cd—H ( re) 1.781 EPR CdBr2 Cd—Br 2.35 linear ED CdCl2 Cd—Cl 2.24 linear ED CdI2 Cd—I 2.56 linear ED ClCN C—Cl ( re) 1.629 C—N ( re) 1.160 MW ClF Cl—F ( re) 1.6283 MW ClF3 Cl—Fa1.698 Cl—Fb1.598 MW ∠FaClFb87.5 (C2v) ClO Cl—O ( re) 1.5696 MW, UV ClOH O—Cl 1.690 O—H 0.975 ∠HOCl 102.5 MW, IR ClO2 Cl—O 1.470 ∠OClO 117.38 MW ClO3(OH) Oa—Cl 1.407 Ob—Cl 1.639 ED ∠OaClOa114.3 ∠OaClOb104.1 Cl2 Cl—Cl (re) 1.9878 UV Cl2O Cl—O 1.6959 ∠ClOCl 110.89 MW CoH Co—H ( re) 1.542 UV Cr (CO)6 C—O 1.16 Cr—C 1.92 ED ∠CrCO 180 CrO Cr—O ( re) 1.615 UV CsBr Cs—Br ( re) 3.0723 MW CsCl Cs—Cl ( re) 2.9063 MW CsF Cs—F ( re) 2.3454 MW CsH Cs—H ( re) 2.4938 UV CsI Cs—I ( re) 3.3152 MWFbFaClFa OaOaOaClObH 9-18Compound Structure Method CsOH Cs—O ( re) 2.395 O—H ( re) 0.97 MW CuBr Cu—Br ( re) 2.1734 MW CuCl Cu—Cl ( re) 2.0512 MW CuF Cu—F ( re) 1.7449 MW CuH Cu—H ( re) 1.4626 UV CuI Cu—I ( re) 2.3383 MW FCN C—F 1.262 C—N 1.159 MW FOH O—H 0.96 O—F 1.442 ∠HOF 97.2 MW F2 F—F (re) 1.4119 R Fe(CO)5 Fe—C (average) 1.821 ED (Fe—C) eq – (Fe—C)ax 0.020 C—O (average) 1.153 (D 3h) GaBr Ga—Br ( re) 2.3525 MW GaCl Ga—Cl ( re) 2.2017 MW GaF Ga—F ( re) 1.7744 MW GaF3 Ga—F 1.88 (D3h)E D GaI Ga—I ( re) 2.5747 MW GaI3 Ga—I 2.458 (D3h)E D GdI3 Gd—I 2.841 ∠IGdI 108 (C3v)E D GeBrH3 Ge—H 1.526 Ge—Br 2.299 MW, IR ∠HGeH 106.2 GeBr4 Ge—Br 2.272 (Td)E D GeClH3 Ge—H 1.537 Ge—Cl 2.150 IR, MW ∠HGeH 111.0 GeCl2 Ge—Cl 2.183 ∠ClGeCl 100.3 ED GeCl4 Ge—Cl 2.113 (Td)E D GeFH3 Ge—H 1.522 Ge—F 1.732 MW, IR∠HGeH 113.0 GeF 2 Ge—F (re) 1.7321 ∠FGeF (θe) 97.17 MW GeH Ge—H ( re) 1.5880 UV GeH4 Ge—H 1.5251 (Td) IR, R GeO Ge—O ( re) 1.6246 MW GeS Ge—S ( re) 2.0121 MW GeSe Ge—Se ( re) 2.1346 MW GeTe Ge—Te ( re) 2.3402 MW Ge2H6 Ge—H 1.541 Ge—Ge 2.403 ED∠HGeH 106.4 ∠GeGeH 112.5 HBr H—Br ( r e) 1.4145 MW HCN C—H ( re) 1.0655 C—N ( re) 1.1532 MW, IR linear HCNO H—C 1.027 C—N 1.161 N—O 1.207 MW linear HCl H-Cl ( re) 1.2746 MW HF H—F ( re) 0.9169 MW HI H—I ( re) 1.6090 MW HNCO N—H 0.986 N—C 1.209 C—O 1.166 MW ∠HNC 128.0 HNCS N—H 0.989 N—C 1.216 C—S 1.561 MW ∠HNC 135.0 ∠NCS 180 HNO N—H 1.063 N—O 1.212 ∠HNO 108.6 UV HNO2 s-trans conformer s-cis conformer MW Ob—H 0.958 0.98 N—Ob1.432 1.39 N—Oa1.170 1.19 ∠OaNOb110.7 114 ∠NObH 102.1 104 HNO3 Oc—H 0.96 N—O c1.41 MW N—Oa1.20 N—Ob 1.21 ∠HOcN 102.2 ∠OcNOa113.9 ∠OcNOb115.9 planarBOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) TeamLRN9-19BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method HNSO N—H 1.029 N—S 1.512 S—O 1.451 MW ∠HNS 115.8 ∠NSO 120.4 planar H2 H—H (re) 0.7414 UV H2O O—H (re) 0.9575 ∠HOH (θe) 104.51 MW, IR H2O2 O—O 1.475 ∠OOH 94.8 IR dihedral angle of internal rotation 119.8 (C2) H2S H—S ( re) 1.3356 ∠HSH (θe) 92.12 MW, IR H2SO4 O—H 0.97 S—Oa1.574 MW S—Oc1.422 ∠HaOaS 108.5 ∠OaSOb101.3 ∠OcSOd123.3 ∠OaSOc108.6 ∠OaSOd106.4 dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOc planes 20.8 dihedral angle between the H aOaS and OaSOb planes 90.9 dihedral angle between the H aSOb and OcSOd planes 88.4 (C2) H2S2 S—S 2.055 S—H 1.327 ∠SSH 91.3 ED, MW dihedral angle of internal rotation 90.6 (C2) HfCl4 Hf—Cl 2.33 (Td)E D HgCl2 Hg—Cl 2.252 linear ED HgH Hg—H ( re) 1.7404 UV HgI2 Hg—I 2.553 linear ED IBr I—Br ( re) 2.4691 MW ICN C—I 1.995 C—N 1.159 MW ICl I—Cl ( re) 2.3210 MW IF5 I—F (average) 1.860 (I—F)eq – (I—F)ax 0.03 ED, MW ∠FaxIFeq 82.1 (C4v) IO I—O ( re) 1.8676 MW I2 I—I (re) 2.6663 R InBr In—Br ( re) 2.5432 MW InCl In—Cl ( re) 2.4012 MW InF In—F ( re) 1.9854 MW InH In—H ( re) 1.8376 UV InI In—I ( re) 2.7537 MW IrF6 Ir—F 1.830 (Oh)E D KBr K—Br ( re) 2.8208 MW KCl K—Cl ( re) 2.6667 MW KF K—F ( re) 2.1716 MW KH K—H ( re) 2.244 UV KI K—I ( re) 3.0478 MW KOH O—H 0.91 K—O 2.212 linear MW K2 K—K (re) 3.9051 UV KrF2 Kr—F 1.89 linear ED LiBr Li—Br ( re) 2.1704 MW LiCl Li—Cl ( re) 2.0207 MW LiF Li—F ( re) 1.5639 MW LiH Li—H ( re) 1.5949 MW LiI Li—I ( re) 2.3919 MW Li2 Li—Li (re) 2.6729 UV Li2Cl2 Li—Cl 2.23 ED Cl—Cl 3.61 ∠ClLiCl 108 LuCl3 Lu—Cl 2.417 ∠ClLuCl 112 (C3v)E D MgF Mg—F ( re) 1.7500 UV MgH Mg—H ( re) 1.7297 UV MgO Mg—O ( re) 1.749 UV MnH Mn—H ( re) 1.7308 UV Mo(CO)6 Mo—C 2.063 C—O 1.145 (Oh)E D MoCl4O Mo—Cl 2.279 Mo—O 1.658 ED ∠ClMoCl 87.2 (C4v)OcOdSHaOaObHb LiClClLi 9-20BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method MoF6 Mo—F 1.820 (Oh)E D NClH2 N—H 1.017 N—Cl 1.748 MW, IR ∠HNCl 103.7 ∠HNH 107 NCl3 N—Cl 1.759 ∠ClNCl 107.1 ED NF2 N—F 1.3528 ∠FNF 103.18 MW NH2 N—H 1.024 ∠HNH 103.3 UV NH2CN N—H 1.00 Na—C 1.35 MW C—Nb 1.160 ∠HNH 114 angle between the NH 2 plane and the N—C bond 142 NH2NO2 N—N 1.427 N—H 1.005 MW ∠HNH 115.2 ∠ONO 130.1 dihedral angle between the NH 2 and NNO2 planes 128.2 NH3 N—H (re) 1.012 ∠HNH (θe) 106.7 IR NH4Cl N—H 1.22 N—Cl 2.54 (C3v)E D NF2CN F2Nb—C≡Na C—Na1.158 C—Nb1.386 MW Nb—F 1.399 ∠NaCNb174 ∠CNbF 105.4 ∠FNbF 102.8 NH N—H ( re) 1.0362 LMR NH2OH N—H 1.02 N—O 1.453 O—H 0.962 MW ∠HNH 107 ∠HNO 103.3 ∠NOH 101.4 The bisector of H—N—H angle is trans to the O—H bond NO N—O ( re) 1.1506 IR NOCl N—Cl 1.975 N—O 1.14 ∠ONCl 113 MW NOF O—N 1.136 N—F 1.512 ∠FNO 110.1 MW NO2 N—O 1.193 ∠ONO 134.1 MW NO2Cl N—Cl 1.840 N—O 1.202 MW ∠ONO 130.6 (C2v) NO2F N—O 1.1798 N—F 1.467 MW ∠ONO 136 (C2v) NS N—S ( re) 1.4940 IR N2 N—N (re) 1.0977 UV N2H4 N—H 1.021 N—N 1.449 ED, MW ∠HNH 106.6 (assumed) ∠NNHa 112 ∠NNHb106 dihedral angle of internal rotation 91 Ha: the H atom closer to the C2 axis, Hb: the H atom farther from the C2 axis N2O N—N ( re) 1.1284 N—O ( re) 1.1841 MW, IR N2O3 Na—Nb1.864 Na—Oa1.142 MW Nb—Ob1.202 Nb—Oc1.217 ∠OaNaNb105.05 ∠NaNbOb112.72 ∠NaNbOc117.47 N2O4 N—N 1.782 N—O 1.190 ED ∠ONO 135.4 (D 2h) NaBr Na—Br ( re) 2.5020 MW NaCl Na—Cl ( re) 2.3609 MW NaF Na—F ( re) 1.9260 MW NaH Na—H ( re) 1.8873 UV NaI Na—I ( re) 2.7115 MW Na2 Na—Na ( re) 3.0789 UV NbCl5 Nb—Cl eq2.241 Nb—Cl ax2.338 (D 3h)E D NbO Nb—O ( re) 1.691 UV Ni(CO) 4 Ni—C 1.838 C—O 1.141 (T d)E D NiH Ni—H ( re) 1.476 UV NpF6 Np—F 1.981 (Oh)E D OCS C—O ( re) 1.1578 C—S ( re) 1.5601 MWC Nb Na HH OcNa NbOb Oa OO N N OO TeamLRN9-21BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method OCSe C—O 1.159 C—Se 1.709 MW OF O—F ( re) 1.3579 LMR OF2 O—F (re) 1.4053 ∠FOF (θe) 103.07 (C2v)M W O(SiH3)2 Si—H 1.486 Si—O 1.634 ED ∠SiOSi 144.1 O2 O—O (re) 1.2074 MW O2F2 O—O 1.217 F—O 1.575 MW ∠OOF 109.5 dihedral angle of internal rotation 87.5 (C 2) O3 O—O (re) 1.2716 ∠OOO (θe) 117.47 (C2v)M W OsF6 Os—F 1.831 (Oh)E D OsO4 Os—O 1.712 (Td)E D PBr3 P—Br 2.220 ∠BrPBr 101.0 ED PCl3 P—Cl 2.039 ∠ClPCl 100.27 ED PCl5 P—Cla2.124 P—Clb2.020 ED (D3h) PF P—F ( re) 1.5896 UV PF3 P—F 1.570 ∠FPF 97.8 ED, MW PF5 P—Fax1.577 P—Feq1.534 (D3h)E D PH P—H ( re) 1.4223 LMR PH2 P—H 1.418 ∠HPH 91.70 UV PH3 P—H 1.4200 ∠HPH 93.345 MW PN N—P ( re) 1.4909 MW PO O—P ( re) 1.4759 UV POCl3 P—O 1.449 P—Cl 1.993 ED∠ClPCl 103.3 POF 3 P—O 1.436 P—F 1.524 ∠FPF 101.3 ED, MW P2 P—P (re) 1.8931 UV P2F4 P—F 1.587 P—P 2.281 ED ∠PPF 95.4 ∠FPF 99.1 The two PF2 planes are trans to each other (the gauche conformer is less than 10%) P4 P—P 2.21 (Td)E D P4O6 P—O 1.638 ∠POP 126.4 (Td)E D PbH Pb—H ( re) 1.839 UV PbO Pb—O ( re) 1.9218 MW PbS Pb—S ( re) 2.2869 MW PbSe Pb—Se ( re) 2.4022 MW PbTe Pb—Te ( re) 2.5950 MW PrI3 Pr—I 2.904 ∠IPrI 113 (C3v)E D PtO Pt—O ( re) 1.7273 UV PuF6 Pu—F 1.971 (Oh)E D RbBr Rb—Br ( re) 2.9447 MW RbCl Rb—Cl ( re) 2.7869 MW RbF Rb—F ( re) 2.2703 MW RbH Rb—H ( re) 2.367 UV RbI Rb—I ( re) 3.1768 MW RbOH Rb—O 2.301 O—H 0.957 linear MW ReClO 3 Re—O 1.702 Re—Cl 2.229 MW ∠ClReO 109.4 (C 3v) ReF6 Re—F 1.832 (Oh)E D RuO4 Ru—O 1.706 (Td)E D SCSe C—Se 1.693 C—S 1.553 MWSCTe C—S 1.557 C—Te 1.904 MW SCl 2 S—Cl 2.006 ∠ClSCl 103.0 (C 2v)E D SF S—F ( re) 1.6006 MW SF2 S—F 1.5921 ∠FSF 98.20 MW SF6 S—F 1.561 (O h)E DClbClb ClbP ClaCla 9-22BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method SO S—O ( re) 1.4811 MW SOCl2 S—O 1.44 S—Cl 2.072 MW ∠ClSCl 97.2 ∠OSCl 108.0 SOF2 S—O 1.420 S—F 1.583 ED ∠OSF 106.2 ∠FSF 92.2 SOF4 S—O 1.403 S—Fa1.575 ED S—Fb1.552 ∠OSFa90.7 ∠OSFb124.9 ∠FaSFb89.6 ∠FbSFb110.2 (C2v) SO2 S—O (re) 1.4308 ∠OSO (θe) 119.329 MW SO2Cl2 S—O 1.404 S—Cl 2.011 ∠OSO 123.5 ED ∠ClSCl 100.0 (C 2v) SO2F2 S—O 1.397 S—F 1.530 ∠OSO 123 ED ∠FSF 97 (C 2v) SO3 S—O 1.4198 (D3h)I R S(SiH3)2 Si—H 1.494 Si—S 2.136 ∠SiSSi 97.4 ED S2 S—S (re) 1.8892 R S2Br2 S—Br 2.24 S—S 1.98 ED∠SSBr 105 dihedral angle of internal rotation 83.5 S 2Cl2 S—Cl 2.057 S—S 1.931 ED ∠SSCl 108.2 dihedral angle of internal rotation 84.1 (C2) S2O2 S—O 1.458 S—S 2.025 ∠OSS 112.8 MW planar cis form S8 S—S 2.07 ED∠SSS 105 (D 4d) SbCl3 Sb—Cl 2.333 ∠ClSbCl 97.2 ED SbH3 Sb—H 1.704 ∠HSbH 91.6 MW SeF Se—F 1.742 MW SeF6 Se—F 1.69 (Oh)E D SeO Se—O ( re) 1.6393 MW SeOF2 Se—O 1.576 Se—F 1.730 MW ∠OSeF 104.82 ∠FSeF 92.22 SeO2 Se—O (re) 1.6076 ∠OSeO (θe) 113.83 MW SeO3 Se—O 1.69 (D3h)E D Se2 Se—Se (re) 2.1660 UV Se6 Se—Se 2.34 ∠SeSeSe 102 ED six-membered ring with chair conformation SiBrF3 Si—F 1.560 Si—Br 2.153 MW ∠FSiBr 108.5 (C 3v) SiBrH3 Si—H 1.485 Si—Br 2.210 MW ∠HSiBr 107.8 (C 3v) SiClH3 Si—H 1.482 Si—Cl 2.048 MW∠HSiCl 107.9 (C 3v) SiCl4 Si—Cl 2.019 (T4)E D SiF Si—F 1.6008 UV SiFH3 Si—H 1.484 Si—F 1.593 MW, IR ∠HSiH 110.63 (C 3v) SiF2 Si—F (re) 1.590 ∠FSiF (θe) 100.8 MW SiF3H Si—H ( re) 1.4468 Si—F ( re) 1.5624 MW ∠HSiF (θe) 110.64 SiF4 Si—F 1.553 (T d)E D SiH Si—H ( re) 1.5201 UV SiH3I Si—H 1.485 Si—I 2.437 MW ∠HSH 107.8 SiH4 Si—H 1.4798 (Td)I R SiN N—Si ( re) 1.572 UV SiO Si—O ( re) 1.5097 MWOFa S FaFbFb SS SS SS SS TeamLRN9-23BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) SiS Si—S ( re) 1.9293 MW SiSe Se—Si ( re) 2.0583 MW Si2 Si—Si (re) 2.246 UV Si2Cl6 Si—Si 2.32 Si—Cl 2.009 ED ∠ClSiCl 109.7 Si2F6 Si—Si 2.317 Si—F 1.564 ED∠FSiF 108.6 Si 2H6 Si—H 1.492 Si—Si 2.331 ED ∠SiSiH 110.3 ∠HSiH 108.6 staggered form (assumed) SnCl4 Sn—Cl 2.280 (Td)E D SnH Sn—H ( re) 1.7815 UV SnH4 Sn—H 1.711 (Td) R, IR SnO Sn—O 1.8325 MW SnS S—Sn ( re) 2.2090 MW SnSe Se—Sn ( re) 2.3256 MW SnTe Sn—Te ( re) 2.5228 MW SrH Sr—H ( re) 2.1455 UV SrO Sr—O ( re) 1.9198 MW SrS S—Sr ( re) 2.4405 UV TaCl5 Ta—Cleq 2.227 Ta—Clax 2.369 (D3h)E D TaO Ta—O ( re) 1.6875 UV TeF6 Te—F 1.815 (Oh)E D Te2 Te—Te (re) 2.5574 UV ThCl4 Th—Cl 2.58 (Td)E D ThF4 Th—F 2.14 (Td)E D TlBr Tl—Br ( re) 2.6182 MW TlCl Tl—Cl ( re) 2.4848 MW TlF Tl—F ( re) 2.0844 MW TlH Tl—H ( re) 1.870 UV TlI Tl—I ( re) 2.8137 MW TiBr4 Ti—Br 2.339 (Td)E D TiCl4 Ti—Cl 2.170 (Td)E D TiO Ti—O ( re) 1.620 UV TiS Ti—S ( re) 2.0825 UV UF6 U—F 1.996 (Oh)E D V(CO)6 V—C 2.015 C—O 1.138 ED (Oh, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) VCl3O V—O 1.570 V—Cl 2.142 ED, MW ∠ClVCl 111.3 VCl4 V—Cl 2.138 (Td, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) ED VF5 V—F (average) 1.71 ED VO V—O ( re) 1.5893 UV W(CO) 6 W—C 2.059 C—O 1.149 (Oh)E D WClF5 W—Cl 2.251 MWW—F (average) 1.836 ∠F aWFb 88.7 WF4O W—O 1.666 W—F 1.847 ED ∠FWF 86.2 (C 4v) WF6 W—F 1.832 (Oh)E D XeF2 Xe—F 1.977 linear IR XeF4 Xe—F 1.94 (D 4h)E D XeF6 Xe—F 1.890 (large-amplitude bending vibration around the Oh structure) ED XeO4 Xe—O 1.736 (T d)E D ZnH Zn—H ( re) 1.5949 UV ZrCl4 Zr—Cl 2.32 (Td)E D ZrF4 Zr—F 1.902 (T d)E D ZrO Zr—O ( re) 1.7116 UVFb FbFb FaWFbClCompound Structure Method 9-24BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Compounds are Arranged in Alphabetical Order by Chemical Name; Cross References are Given for Common Synonyms (Lengths in Å and Angles in Degrees) Compound Structure Method Acetaldehyde Ca—O 1.210 ED, MW Cb—H 1.107 Ca—H 1.128 Ca—Cb 1.515 ∠CbCaO 124.1 ∠HCbH 109.8 ∠CbCaH 115.3 Acetamide C—O 1.220 C—N 1.380 ED CH 3CONH2 C—C 1.519 N—H 1.022 C—H 1.124 ∠NCO 122.0 ∠CCN 115.1 Acetic acid C—C 1.520 ED C—Oa 1.214 C—Ob 1.364 C—H 1.10 ∠CCOa 126.6 ∠CCOb 110.6 Acetone C—C 1.520 C—O 1.213 ED, MW (CH 3)2CO C—H 1.103 ∠CCC 116.0 ∠HCH 108.5 symmetry axis of each methyl group is tilted 2 ° from the C—C bond Acetonitrile C—H 1.107 C—C 1.468 ED, MW CH3CN C—N 1.159 ∠CCH 109.7 Acetonitrile oxide C—C 1.442 C—N 1.169 MW CH 3CNO N—O 1.217 (C3v) Acetyl chloride C—H 1.105 C—O 1.187 ED, MW CH3COCl C—C 1.506 C—Cl 1.798 ∠HCH 108.6 ∠OCCl 121.2 ∠CCCl 111.6 Acetyl cyanide → Pyruvonitrile Acetylene C—H ( re) 1.060 C—C ( re) 1.203 IR HC≡CH Acrolein → Acrylaldehyde Acrylaldehyde Cb—Cc 1.484 ED, MW Ca—Cb 1.345 Cc—O 1.217 Ca—H 1.10 Cc—H 1.13 ∠CaCbCc 120.3 ∠CbCcO 123.3 ∠HCcCb 114 other CCH angles (average) 122 planar s-trans form Acrylonitrile C a—Cb 1.343 ED, MW Cb—Cc 1.438 Cc—N 1.167 Ca—H 1.114 ∠CaCbCc 121.7 ∠CbCcN 178 ∠HCC 120 Acryloyl chloride C—H 1.086 (assumed) C b—Cc 1.48 MW Cc—Cl 1.82 Ca—Cb 1.35 Cc—O 1.19 ∠CaCbH 120 (assumed) ∠CbCaH 121.5 (assumed) ∠CaCbCc 123 ∠CbCcCl 116 ∠CbCcO 127HO CbH3 Ca HObOa CCH3 HCbCa HH OCcH Cl O HCb CcCa HH TeamLRN9-25BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method NHCH2CH2 CH2 Hc HcHb CCNHbHa Hc HcHaCb CbHbCaCa HbHa HCbHCbCaHCbHCbHCaHH2CcAllene C—C 1.3084 C—H 1.087 IR CH2=C=CH2 ∠HCH 118.2 Allyl chloride cis conformer C—Cl 1.811 MW ∠CCCl 115.2 skew conformer C—Cl 1.809 ∠CCCl 109.6 CCCCl dihedral angle of internal rotation 122.4 Aniline C—C 1.392 C—N 1.431 MW C6H5NH2 N—H 0.998 ∠HNH 113.9 dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond 140.6 Azetidine C—N 1.482 ED C—C 1.553C—H 1.107 N—H 1.03 ∠CNC 92.2 ∠CCC 86.9 ∠CCN 85.8 dihedral angle between the CCC and CNC planes 147 Aziridine N—H 1.016 MW N—C 1.475C—C 1.481 C—H 1.084 ∠CNC 60.3 ∠H aNC 109.3 ∠HbCHc 115.7 ∠HbCC 117.8 ∠HbCN 118.3 ∠HcCC 119.3 ∠HcCN 114.3 Azomethane C—N 1.482 N—N 1.247 ED CH3N=NCH3 ∠CNN 112.3 trans conformer Benzene C—C 1.399 C—H 1.101 ED, IR C6H6 p-Benzoquinone Ca—O 1.225 ED Cb—Cb 1.344 Ca—Cb 1.481 ∠CbCaCb 118.1 Biacetyl C—O 1.215 C—C (average) 1.524 ED CH3COCOCH3 C—H 1.108 ∠CCO 119.5 ∠CCC 116.2 trans conformer Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane Ca—Ca 1.497 MW Ca—Cb 1.498 Ca—Ha 1.071 Cb—Hb, Cb—Hc1.093 ∠HbCbHc 115.6 ∠CbCaHa 130.4 ∠CaCbCa 60.0 ∠CaCaHa128.4 dihedral angle between the two C aCaCb planes 121.7 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene C a—Cb 1.535 ED Cb—Cb 1.343 Ca—Cc 1.573 C—H 1.12∠C aCcCa 94 dihedral angle between the two C aCbCbCa planes 115.6 (C2v) Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane See the preceding molecule for the labels of the C atoms ED C7H12 Ca—Cb 1.54 C b—Cb 1.56 Ca—Cc 1.56 C—C (average) 1.549 –CaCcCa 93.1 dihedral angle between the two C aCbCbCa planes 113.1 9-26BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene Cb—Cb 1.345 ED Ca—Ca 1.574 Ca—Cb 1.524 dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes 117.3 Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane HCa(CbH2CbH2)3CaHCa—Cb 1.54 ED Cb—Cb 1.55 ∠CaCbCb 109.7 C—C (average) 1.542large-amplitude torsional motion about the D 3h symmetry axis Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane C—C 1.557 ∠CCC 74.2 ED C5H8 Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane Ca—Ca 1.536 MW Cb—Cb 1.565 Ca—Cb 1.528 Ca—Cc 1.507 Dihedral angle between the C aCaCbCb and C aCaCc planes 112.7 Biphenyl C—C (intra-ring) 1.396 ED (inter-ring) 1.49 torsional dihedral angle between the two rings ∼40 4,4′-Bipyridyl C—C, C—N (intra-ring) 1.375 ED C—C (inter-ring) 1.465 torsional dihedral angle between the two rings ∼37 Bis (cyclopentadienyl) beryllium Be—(cyclopentadienyl plane) 1.470, 1.92 ED (C 5H5)2Be C—C 1.423 (C5v) (The Be atom has two equilibrium positions) Bis (cyclopentadienyl) iron → Ferrocene Bis (cyclopentadienyl) lead C—C 1.430 Pb—C 2.79 ED (C5H5)2Pb dihedral angle between the two C 5H5 planes 40 ∼50 (The two rings are not parallel.) Bis (cyclopentadienyl) manganese Mn—C 2.383 C—C 1.429 (D5h)E D (C5H5)2Mn Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel Ni—C 2.196 C—C 1.430 ED (C 5H5)2Ni (D5h) Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium C—C 1.439 Ru—C 2.196 ED (C5H5)2Ru Bis (cyclopentadienyl) tin C—C 1.431 Sn—C 2.71 ED (C5H5)2Sn C—H 1.14 (D5h) Bis (trifluoromethyl) peroxide O—O 1.42 C—O 1.399 ED CF 3OOCF3 C—F 1.320 ∠COO 107 ∠FCF 109.0 COOC dihedral angle of internal rotation 123 Borine carbonyl B—H 1.194 B—C 1.540 MW BH3CO C—O 1.131 ∠HBH 113.9 ∠BCO 180 (C 3v) Bromobenzene C—H 1.072 MW Cc—Cd 1.401 Cb—Cc 1.375 C—Br 1.85 Ca—Cb 1.42 ∠CbCaCb 117.4 Bromoform C—Br 1.924 C—H 1.11 ED, MW CHBr3 ∠BrCBr 111.7 (C3v) Bromoiodoacetylene C—I 1.972 C—C 1.206 ED IC≡CBr C—Br 1.795CbHCbHH Ca CaHHCb HCb CcH2CaHCbH2CaH CbH2 CdHCcHCbH HCcHCbCaBr TeamLRN9-27BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method 1,3-Butadiene Cb—Cb 1.467 ED Ca—Cb 1.349 C—H (average) 1.108∠CCC 124.4 ∠C bCaH 120.9 anti conformer (C2h) 1,3-Butadiyne HC a≡Cb—Cb≡CaH C—H 1.09 ED Ca—Cb 1.218 Cb—Cb 1.384 linear Butane C—C 1.531 C—H 1.117 ED CH 3CH2CH2CH3 ∠CCC 113.8 ∠CCH 111.0 trans conformer 54% dihedral angle for the gauche conformer 65 2-Butanone → Ethyl methyl ketone Butatriene H2Ca=Cb=Cb=CaH2 C—H 1.08 ED Ca—Cb1.32 Cb—Cb 1.28 (D2h) 2-Butene C aH3—CbH=CbH—CaH3 ED Ca—Cbcis conformer 1.506 trans conformer 1.508 Cb—Cb1.346 1.347 ∠CaCbCb125.4 123.8 3-Buten-1-yne → Vinylacetylene tert-Butyl chloride C—H 1.102 C—C 1.528 ED, MW (CH3)3CCl C—Cl 1.828 ∠CCCl 107.3 ∠CCH 110.8 ∠CCC 111.6 tert-Butyl cyanide → Pivalonitrile 2-Butyne CaH3—Cb≡Cb—CaH3C—H 1.116 ED Cb—Cb 1.214 Ca—Cb 1.468 ∠CbCaH 110.7 Carbon C2 C—C (re) 1.3119 UV Carbon C3 C—C 1.277 linear UV Carbon suboxide → Tricarbon dioxide Carbon tetrabromide C—Br 1.935 (Td)E D CBr4 Carbon tetrachloride C—Cl 1.767 (Td)E D CCl4 Carbon tetrafluoride C—F 1.323 (Td)E D CF4 Carbon tetraiodide C—I 2.15 (Td)E D CI4 Carbonyl cyanide C—O 1.209 C—C 1.466 ED, MW CO(CN) 2 C—N 1.153 ∠CCC 115 ∠CCN 180 Chloroacetylene C—H 1.0550 C—C 1.2033 MW HC≡CCl C—Cl 1.6368 Chlorobenzene C—C 1.400 C—Cl 1.737 ED C6H5Cl C—H 1.083 ∠CC(Cl)C 121.7 ∠CC(H)C 120 Chlorobromoacetylene Cl—C 1.636 C—C 1.206 ED ClC≡CBr C—Br 1.784 Chlorocyanoacetylene C—Cl 1.624 C—C 1.205 ED ClC≡CCN C—CN 1.362 C—N 1.160 Chloroethane → Ethyl chloride 2-Chloroethanol C—O 1.413 C—C 1.519 ED ClCH 2CH2OH C—Cl 1.801 C—H 1.093 O—H 1.033 ∠CCCl 110.7 ∠CCO 113.8 fraction of the gauche conformer at 37 °C is 92 ∼ 94%, dihedral angle of internal rotation 62.4 Chloroethylene → Vinyl chloride Chloroform C—H 1.100 C—Cl 1.758 MW CHCl 3 ∠ClCCl 111.3 (C3v)CaH2CbH CbHCaH2 9-28BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Chloroiodoacetylene C—Cl 1.63 C—I 1.99 MW ClC≡CI C—C 1.209 (assumed) Chloromethane → Methyl chloride 3-Chloropropene → Allyl chloride Cyanamide N a—C 1.346 C—Nb 1.160 MW H2NaCNb N—H 1.00 ∠HNH 114 dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond 142 Cyanoacetylene C b—H 1.058 Ca—Cb 1.205 MW H—C b≡Ca—Cc≡NCa—Cc 1.378 Cc—N 1.159 Cyanocyclopropane C—C (ring) 1.513 C—Ca 1.472 MW C3H5CaN C—H 1.107 Ca—N 1.157 ∠HCH 114.6 ∠CaCH 119.6 Cyanogen C—N 1.163 C—C 1.393 ED (CN)2 linear Cyclobutane C—H 1.113 C—C 1.555 ED (CH2)4 dihedral angle between the two CCC planes 145 Cyclobutanone Ca—Cb 1.527 MW Cb—Cc 1.556 ∠CbCaCb 93.1 ∠CaCbCc 88.0 Cyclobutene Cb—Cb1.342 Ca—Ca1.566 MW Ca—Cb1.517 Ca—H 1.094 Cb—H 1.083 ∠CaCbCb94.2 ∠CbCbH 133.5 ∠CaCaH 114.5 ∠CaCaCb85.8 ∠HCaH 109.2 dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the C a—Ca bond 135.8 Cyclohexane C—C 1.536 C—H 1.119 ED C6H12 ∠CCC 111.3 chair form Cyclohexene Ca—Ca 1.334 ED Ca—Cb 1.50 Cb—Cc 1.52 Cc—Cc 1.54 ∠CaCaCb 123.4 ∠CaCbCc 112.0 ∠CbCcCc 110.9 (C2) half-chair form Cyclooctatetraene Ca—Cb 1.476 ED C—H 1.100 Ca—Ca,Cb—Cb1.340 ∠CbCaCa, ∠CaCbCb126.1 dihedral angle between the C aCaCaCa and C aCbCbCa planes 136.9 tub form (D 2d) 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Ca—Cb 1.509 MW Cb—Cc 1.342 Cc—Cc 1.469 ∠CaCbCc 109.3 ∠CbCcCc 109.4 ∠CbCaCb 102.8 Cyclopentadienylindium In—C 2.621 ED C—C 1.426 (C5v) Cyclopentane C—H 1.114 C—C 1.546 ED (CH2)5 ∠CCH 111.7 (The out-of-plane vibration of the C atoms is essentially free pseudorotation; average value of the displacements of the C atoms from the molecular plane 0.43)Ca O CbH2CcH2CbH2 CbH2 CcH2 CcH2H2CbCaH HCa HCcHCb CcHCbHCaH2 TeamLRN9-29BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Cyclopentene Ca—Cb 1.546 ED Cb—Cc 1.519 Cc—Cc 1.342 ∠CbCaCb 104.0 ∠CbCcCc 110.0 ∠CaCbCc 103.0 dihedral angle between the C bCaCb and C bCcCcCb planes 151.2 Cyclopropane C—C 1.512 C—H 1.083 R (CH2)3 ∠HCH 114.0 Cyclopropanone C—H 1.086 C a—Cb1.475 MW Cb—Cb1.575 Ca—O 1.191 ∠CaCbCb57.7 ∠HCbH 114 dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the C b—Cb bond 151 Cyclopropene C b—Cb 1.304 ED Ca—Cb 1.519 Cb—H 1.077 Ca—H 1.112 ∠CbCbH 133 ∠HCaH 118 Decalin C—C (average) 1.530 C—H (average) 1.113 ED C10H18 ∠CCC (average) 111.4 Dewer benzene → Bicyclo[2.2.0] hexa-2,5-diene Diacetylene → 1,3-Butadiyne 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane C—N 1.472 ED C—C 1.562 ∠NCC 110.2 ∠CNC 108.7 large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis 2,3-Diaza-1,3-butadiene → Formalde- hyde azine Diazirine C—H 1.09 MW C—N 1.482N—N 1.228 ∠HCH 117 Diazoacetonitrile C b—Nb 1.280 MW Nb—Nc 1.132 Ca—Na 1.165 C—H 1.082C a—Cb 1.424 ∠CaCbH 117 ∠CaCbNb 119.5 Diazomethane C—H 1.075 C—N 1.32 MW, IR CH2N2 N—N 1.12 ∠HCH 126.0 linear 1,2-Dibromoethane C—C 1.506 C—Br 1.950 ED CH 2BrCH2Br C—H 1.108 ∠CCBr 109.5 ∠CCH 110 fraction of the trans conformer at 25 °C 95% Dibromomethane C—H 1.08 C—Br 1.924 ED CH 2Br2 ∠HCBr 109 ∠BrCBr 113.2 2,2′-Dichlorobiphenyl C—C 1.398 C—C inter-ring 1.495 ED C6H4Cl—C6H4Cl C—Cl 1.732 C—H 1.10 ∠CCCl 121.4 ∠CCH 126 dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings 74 (defined to be 0 for that of the cis conformer) trans-1,4-Dichlorocyclohexane C—H 1.102 C—Cl 1.810 ED C6H10Cl2 C—C 1.530 ∠CCC 111.5 ∠CCCl (ee) 108.6 ∠CCCl (aa) 110.6 ∠HCCl (ee) 111.5 ∠HCCl (aa) 107.6 ee 49% aa 51% e: equatorial, a: axialCcH CcHH2Cb CbH2CaH2 Ca O H2CbH2Cb CbH HCbCaH2 NN CH2 NcNb NaCaCbH 9-30BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method 1,1-Dichloroethane C—Cl 1.766 C—C 1.540 MW CHCl 2CH3 ∠ClCCl 112.0 ∠CCCl 111.0 1,2-Dichloroethane C—C 1.531 C—Cl 1.790 ED CH 2ClCH2Cl C—H 1.11 ∠CCCl 109.0 ∠CCH 113 fraction of the trans conformer at room temperature 73%, that of the gauche conformer 27% 1,1-Dichloroethylene C—C 1.32 (assumed) C—Cl 1.73 MW CH2=CCl2 ∠ClCC 123 (C2v) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene C—Cl 1.718 C—C 1.354 ED CHCl=CHCl ∠ClCC 123.8 Dichloromethane C—H ( re) 1.087 C—Cl ( re) 1.765 MW, IR CH2Cl2 ∠HCH (θe) 111.5 ∠ClCCl (θe) 112.0 1,1-Difluoroethane C—C 1.498 C—H (average) 1.081 ED CH3CHF2 C—F 1.364 ∠CCH (average) 111.0 ∠CCF 110.7 dihedral angle between the two CCF planes 118.9 1,2-Difluoroethane C—F 1.389 C—C 1.503 ED CH2FCH2F C—H 1.103 ∠CCF 110.3 ∠CCH 111 dihedral angle of internal rotation 109 fraction of the gauche conformer at 22 °C 94% 1,1-Difluoroethane C—C 1.340 C—F 1.315 ED, MW CH 2=CF2 C—H 1.091 ∠CCF 124.7 ∠CCH 119.0 cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene C—C 1.33 C—F 1.342 ED, MW CHF=CHF C—H 1.099 ∠CCF 122.0 ∠CCH 124.1 Difluoromethane C—H 1.093 C—F 1.357 MW CH 2F2 ∠HCH 113.7 ∠FCF 108.3 Dimethoxymethane C a—O 1.432 ED Cb—O 1.382 C—H (average) 1.108 ∠COC 114.6 ∠OCO 114.3 ∠OCH 110.3 Dimethylacetylene → 2-Butyne Dimethylamine C—H 1.106 N—H 1.00 ED (CH) 2NH C—N 1.455 ∠CNC 111.8 ∠CNH 107 ∠NCH 112 ∠HCH 107 Dimethylberyllium Be—C 1.698 C—H 1.127 ED (CH3)2Be ∠BeCH 113.9 CBeC linear Dimethylcadmium C—Cd 2.112 ∠HCH 108.4 R (CH3)2Cd Dimethyl carbonate C b—Ob 1.209 ED Cb—Oa 1.34 Ca—Oa 1.42 ∠OaCbOa 107 ∠CbOaCa 114.5 Dimethylcyanamide Cb—Nb 1.161 Cb—Na 1.338 ED (CaH3)2Na—Cb≡Nb Ca—Na 1.463 ∠CaNCa 115.5 ∠CaNCb 116.0 1,2-Dimethyldiborane B—B 1.799 ED B—C 1.580 B—Hb1.358 (cis), 1.365 (trans) B—Ht 1.24 ∠BBC 122.6 ( cis), 121.8 (trans) Dimethyl diselenide C—H 1.13 C—Se 1.95 ED (CH3)2Se2 Se—Se 2.326 ∠CSeSe 98.9 ∠HCSe 108 dihedral angle between the CSeSe and SeSeC planes 88 Cb Ob CaH3OaCaH3Oa Ht Hb HtBBCH3 Hb CH3 TeamLRN9-31BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Dimethyl disulfide C—S 1.816 S—S 2.029 ED (CH3)2S2 C—H 1.105 ∠SSC 103.2 ∠SCH 111.3 CSSC dihedral angle of internal rotation 85 S,S′-Dimethyl dithiocarbonate Cb—O 1.206 ED Cb—S 1.777 Ca—S 1.802 ∠OCS 124.9 ∠CSC 99.3 syn-syn conformer Dimethyl ether C—O 1.416 C—H 1.121 ED (CH 3)2O ∠COC 112 ∠HCH 108 Dimethylglyoxal → Biacetyl N,N′-Dimethylhydrazine N—N 1.42 C—N 1.46 ED CH3NH—NHCH3 N—H 1.03 C—H 1.12 ∠NNC 112 CNNC dihedral angle of internal rotation 90 Dimethylmercury C—Hg 2.083 C—H 1.160 (assumed) ED (CH3)2Hg Hg ⋅⋅⋅H 2.71 Dimethylphosphine C—P 1.848 P—H 1.419 MW (CH3)2PH ∠CPC 99.7 ∠CPH 97.0 Dimethyl selenide C—H 1.093 Se—C 1.943 MW (CH3)2Se ∠CSeC 96.2 ∠SeCH 108.7 ∠HCH 110.3 Dimethyl sulfide C—S 1.807 C—H 1.116 ED, MW (CH3)2S ∠CSC 99.05 ∠HCH 109.3 Dimethyl sulfone C—H 1.114 S—O 1.435 ED (CH 3)2SO2 S—C 1.771 ∠CSC 102 ∠OSO 121 Dimethyl sulfoxide C—H 1.081 C—S 1.799 MW (CH 3)2SO S—O 1.485 ∠CSC 96.6 ∠CSO 106.7 ∠HCH 110.3 dihedral angle between the SCC plane and the S—O bond 115.5 Dimethylzinc Zn—C 1.929 ∠HCH 107.7 R (CH3)2Zn 1,4-Dioxane C—C 1.523 C—O 1.423 ED C—H 1.112 ∠COC 112.45 ∠CCO 109.2 chair form Ethanal → Acetaldehyde Ethane C—C 1.5351 C—H 1.0940 MW C 2H6 ∠CCH 111.17 staggered conformation Ethanethiol C bH3—CaH2—SH Ca—H 1.090 MW Cb—H 1.093 Ca—Cb 1.530 Ca—S 1.829 S—H 1.350 ∠CbCaH 109.6 ∠CaCbH 109.7 ∠CbCaS 108.3 ∠CaSH 96.4 Ethanol CbH3CaH2OH C—C 1.512 MW C—O 1.431 O—H 0.971 Ca—H 1.10 Cb—H 1.09 ∠CCO 107.8 ∠COH 105 ∠CbCaH 111 ∠CaCbH 110 staggered conformation Ethyl chloride C—C 1.528 ED, MW C—Cl 1.802 C—H 1.103C a—Ha=Cb—Hb (assumed) ∠CCCl 110.7 ∠HbCbHb 109.8 ∠HaCaHa 109.2 ∠CbCaHa 110.6 Ethylene C—H 1.087 C—C 1.339 MW CH2=CH2 ∠CCH 121.3OCaH3SCbSCaH3 CH2CH2OCH2CH2 O 9-32BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Ethylenediamine C—N 1.469 C—C 1.545 ED H2NCH2CH2NH2 C—H 1.11 ∠CCN 110.2 gauche conformer dihedral angle between the NCC and CCN planes 64 Ethylene dibromide → 1,2-Dibromoethane Ethylene dichloride → 1,2-Dichloroethane Ethyleneimine → Aziridine Ethylene oxide C—C 1.466 C—H 1.085 MW C—O 1.431 ∠HCH 116.6 dihedral angle between the NH 2 plane and the N—C bond 158.0 Ethylene sulfide → Thiirane Ethyl methyl ether C—O (average) 1.418 C—C 1.520 ED C2H5OCH3 C—H (average) 1.118 ∠COC 111.9 ∠OCC 109.4 ∠HCH 109.0 fraction of the trans conformer at 20 °C 80% Ethyl methyl ketone C—C (average) 1.518 ED Cc—O 1.219 C—H (average) 1.102 ∠CaCbCc 113.5 ∠CbCcO, ∠CdCcO 121.9 trans conformer 95% Ethyl methyl sulfide C—S (average) 1.813 C—C 1.536 ED C2H5SCH3 C—H 1.111 ∠CSC 97 ∠SCC 114.0 ∠HCH 110 fraction of the gauche conformer at 20 °C 75% Ferrocene C—C 1.440 C—H 1.104 ED (C5H5)2Fe Fe—C 2.064 (D5h) Fluoroform C—H 1.098 C—F 1.332 MW CHF3 ∠FCF 108.8 (C3v) Formaldehyde C—H 1.116 C—O 1.208 MW H 2CO ∠HCH 116.5 Formaldehyde azine H2C=N—N=CH2N—N 1.418 ED C—N 1.277 C—H 1.094∠CNN 111.4 ∠HCN 120.7 fraction of the trans conformer at –30 °C 91% Formaldehyde dimethylacetal → Dimethoxy- methane Formaldoxime C—H a 1.085 MW C—Hb 1.086 C—N 1.276 N—O 1.408 O—Hc 0.956 ∠HbCN 115.6 ∠CNO 110.2 ∠HaCN 121.8 ∠NOHc 102.7 Formamide C—Ha 1.125 ED, MW N—H 1.027 C—N 1.368 C—O 1.212 ∠NCO 125.0 ∠CNH (average) 119.2 Formic acid C—Oa 1.202 MW C—Ob 1.343 Ob—H 0.972 C—H 1.097 ∠HCOa 124.1 ∠OaCOb 124.9 ∠CObH 106.3 planarO CH2CH2 CdH3CbH2CcO CaH3 OHc NC HbHa HaO CN HbHc HObOa CH TeamLRN9-33BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Formic acid dimer Oa⋅⋅⋅Ob 2.703 ED C—Oa 1.220 C—Ob 1.323 ∠OaCOb 126.2 ∠COaOb 108.5 Formyl radical C—H 1.110 C—O 1.1712 MW ∠HCO 127.43 Fulvene Ca—Cd 1.349 MW Ca—Cb 1.470 Cb—Cc 1.355 Cc—Cc 1.476 Cb—H 1.078 Cc—H 1.080 Cd—H 1.13 ∠CbCaCb 106.6 ∠CaCbCc 107.7 ∠CbCcCc 109 ∠CaCbH 124.7 ∠CbCcH 126.4 ∠HCdH 117 2-Furaldehyde Ca—Ce 1.458 MW Ce—Ob 1.250 Ce—H 1.088 ∠CeCaCb 133.9 ∠CaCeH 116.9 ∠CaCeO 121.6 trans conformer (with respect to the Oa and Ob atoms) Furan Cb—Cb 1.431 MW Ca—Cb 1.361 Ca—O 1.362 Ca—Ha 1.075 Cb—Hb 1.077 ∠CaCbCb 106.1 ∠CaOCa 106.6 ∠CbCaO 110.7 ∠OCaHa 115.9 ∠CbCbHb 128.0 Furfural → 2-Furaldehyde Glycolaldehyde Cb—Ob 1.209 MW Ca—Oa 1.437 Ca—Cb 1.499 Oa—Ha 1.051 Cb—Hc 1.102 Ca—Hb 1.093 ∠CaCbOb 122.7 ∠CaCbHc 115.3 ∠CbCaOa 111.5 ∠CaOaHa 101.6 ∠CbCaHb 109.2 ∠HbCaHb 107.6 ∠HbCaOa 109.7 Glyoxal C—C 1.526 C—O 1.212 ED, UV CHOCHO C—H 1.132 ∠CCO 121.2 ∠HCO 112 trans conformer (C2h (assumed)) Hexachloroethane C—C 1.56 C—Cl 1.769 ED Cl3CCCl3 ∠CCCl 110.0 2,4-Hexadiyne CaH3—Cb≡Cc—Cc≡Cb—CaH3 ED Ca—Cb 1.450 Cb—Cc 1.208 Cc—Cc 1.377 C a—H 1.09 Hexafluoroethane C—C 1.545 C—F 1.326 ED F3CCF3 ∠CCF 109.8 staggered conformation Hexafluoropropene average value of the C=C and C—F distances 1.329 ED CF 2=CFCF3 C—C 1.513 ∠CCC 127.8 ∠FCC (CF 2) 124 ∠FCC (CF) 120 ∠FCC (CF3) 110 Hb HbCbCbCa CaHaO Ha Ha OaCa HbHbCbOb Hc 9-34BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method 1,3,5-Hexatriene H2Ca=CbH—CcH=CcH—CbH=CaH2 ED Ca—Cb 1.337 Cb—Cc 1.458 Cc—Cc 1.368 ∠CaCbCc 121.7 ∠CbCcCc 124.4 Iminocyanide radical N—H 1.034 N ⋅⋅⋅N 2.470 UV HNCN ∠HNC 116.5 ∠NCN ∼180 Iodocyanoacetylene I—Ca 1.985 Ca—Cb 1.207 MW I—Ca≡Cb—Cc≡NCb—Cc 1.370 Cc—N 1.160 Isobutane C a—H 1.122 Cb—H 1.113 ED, MW (CbH3)3CaHCa—Cb 1.535 ∠CbCaCb 110.8 ∠CaCbH 111.4 Isobutylene → 2-Methylpropene Ketene C—C 1.317 C—O 1.161 MW CH2=C=O C—H 1.080 ∠HCH 123.0 Malononitrile C—H 1.091 C—C 1.480 MW CaH2(CbN)2 C—N 1.147 ∠CCC 110.4 ∠HCH 108.4 ∠CCN 176.6 (The two N atoms are bent away from each other in the plane of Cb—Ca—Cb) Methane C—H ( re) 1.0870 (Td)M W CH4 Methanethiol C—H 1.09 C—S 1.819 MW CH3SH S—H 1.34 ∠HSC 96.5 ∠HCH 109.8 angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—S bond 2.2. (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—S bond.) Methanol C—H 1.0936 C—O 1.4246 MW CH 3OH O—H 0.9451 ∠HCH 108.63 ∠COH 108.53 angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—O bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—O bond.) 3.27 Methyl radical C—H 1.08 planar UV ⋅CH 3 N-Methylacetamide Ca—Cb 1.520 ED N—Cc 1.469 C—H 1.107 Cb—N 1.386 Cb—O 1.225 ∠CbNCc 119.7 ∠NCbO 121.8 ∠CaCbN 114.1 Methylacetylene → Propyne Methylal → Dimethoxymethane Methylamine N—H 1.010 C—N 1.471 MW CH 3NH2 C—H 1.099 ∠NHN 107.1 ∠HNC 110.3 ∠HCH 108.0 dihedral angle between the CH 3 symmetry axis and the C—N bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the NH 2 group with respect to the C—N bond.) 2.9 Methyl azide C—H 1.09 ED C—Na 1.468 Na—Nb 1.216 Nb—Nc 1.113 ∠CNaNb 116.8 NNN linear Methyl bromide C—H ( re) 1.086 C—Br ( re) 1.933 MW, IR CH3Br ∠HCH (θe) 111.2 (C 3v) Methyl chloride C—H 1.090 C—Cl 1.785 MW, IR CH3Cl ∠HCH 110.8CcH3H NCb OH3Ca Na Nb NcCH3˙ TeamLRN9-35BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Methyldiazirine C—N 1.481 C—C 1.501 MW N—N 1.235 ∠NCN 49.3 dihedral angle between the CNN plane and the C—C bond 122.3 Methylene C—H 1.078 ∠HCH 130 LMR :CH 2 Methylenecyclopropane Ca—Cb 1.332 MW Cb—Cc 1.457 Cc—Cc 1.542 Cc—H 1.09 ∠CcCbCc 63.9 ∠HCaH 114.3 ∠HCcH 113.5 dihedral angle between the CcH2 plane and the Cc—Cc bond 150.8 3-Methyleneoxetane C b—Cc 1.52 MW Cc—O 1.45 Ca—Cb 1.33 C—H 1.09 (assumed) ∠CcCbCc 87 ∠HCcH 114 (assumed) ∠HCaH 120 (assumed) Methyl fluoride C—H ( re) 1.095 MW, IR CH3F C—F ( re) 1.382 ∠HCH (θe) 110.45 (C3v) Methyl formate Ca—H 1.08 ED Cb—Ob 1.206 C—O (average) 1.393C b—H 1.101 (assumed) ∠OaCbOb 127 ∠COC 114 ∠OaCaH 110 Methylgermane C—H 1.083 Ge—H 1.529 MW CH3GeH3 C—Ge 1.945 ∠HCH 108.4 ∠HGeH 109.3 Methyl hypochlorite C—H 1.103 O—Cl 1.674 MW CH3OCl O—C 1.389 ∠HCH 109.6 ∠COCl 112.8 Methylidyne radical C—H ( re) 1.1198 UV :CHMethylidyne phosphide H—C ( r e) 1.0692 C—P ( re) 1.5398 MW HCP Methyl iodide C—H ( re) 1.084 C—I ( re) 2.132 MW, IR CH3I ∠HCH (θe) 111.2 (C3v) Methyl isocyanide C aH3—N≡Cb Ca—H 1.102 Ca—N 1.424 MW N—Cb 1.166 ∠NCaH 109.12 Methylketene O—Ca 1.171 MW Cb—Cc 1.518 Cc—H 1.10 Ca—Cb 1.306 Cb—H 1.083 ∠OCaCb 180.5 ∠CaCbCc 122.6 ∠CaCbH 113.7 ∠CcCbH 123.7 ∠HCH 109.2 Methylmercury chloride Hg—Cl 2.282 C—H 1.15 MW, CH 3HgCl Hg—C 1.99 (C3v) NMR Methyl nitrate C—H a 1.10 MW C—Hb 1.09 C—O 1.437 O—N 1.402 N—Oa 1.205 N—O b 1.208 ∠OCHa 110 ∠OCHb 103 ∠CON 112.7 ∠ONOa 118.1 ∠ONOb 112.4CH3CH NN CaH2 Cb CcH2CcH2 CaH2 Cb CcH2CcH2 O HbOb CbOaCaH3 OCaCb HCcH3 ObOHbNCOaHa Ha˙ 9-36BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Methylphosphine C—P 1.858 C—H 1.094 ED CH3PH2 2-Methylpropane → Isobutane 2-Methylpropene Ca—H 1.119 ED, MW Cc—Hc 1.10 Ca—Cb 1.508 Cb—Cc 1.342 ∠HCaCb (average) 111.4 ∠HcCcHc 118.5 ∠CaCbCa 115.6 ∠CaCbCc 122.2 ∠HCaH 107.9 ∠CbCcH 121 Methylsilane C—H 1.093 C—Si 1.867 MW CH3SiH3 Si—H 1.485 ∠HCH 107.7 ∠HSiH 108.3 (C3v) Methylstannane C—Sn 2.143 Sn—H 1.700 MW CH3SnH3 (C3v) Methyl thiocyanate S—Cb1.684 S—Ca1.824 MW Cb—N 1.170 C—H 1.081 ∠CaSCb99.0 ∠HCH 110.6 ∠HCS 108.3 Naphthalene Ca—Cb 1.37 ED Cb—Cb 1.41 Ca—Cc 1.42 Cc—Cc 1.42 C—C (average) 1.40∠C aCcCc 119.4 Neopentane C—C 1.537 C—H 1.114 ED C(CH3)4 ∠CCH 112 Nickelocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel Nitromethane C—H 1.088 (assumed) C—N 1.489 MW CH3NO2 N—O 1.224 ∠NCH 107 ∠ONO 125.3 N-Nitrosodimethylamine N—O 1.235 N—N 1.344 ED (CH3)2NNO C—N 1.461 ∠ONN 113.6 ∠CNC 123.2 ∠CNN 116.4 Nitrosomethane C—N 1.49 N—O 1.22 MW CH3NO C—H 1.084 ∠CNO 112.6 ∠NCH 109.0 Norbornane → Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Norbornadiene → Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta- 2,5-diene 1,2,5-Oxadiazole O—N 1.380 ∠NON 110.4 MW C—N 1.300 ∠ONC 105.8 C—C 1.421 ∠CCN 109.0 C—H 1.076 ∠CCH 130.2 ∠NCH 120.9 planar 1,3,4-Oxadiazole O—C 1.348 ∠COC 102.0 MW C—N 1.297 ∠OCN 113.4 N—N 1.399 ∠CNN 105.6 C—H 1.075 ∠OCH 118.1 ∠NCH 128.5 planar Oxalic acid C—C 1.544 ED C—Oa 1.205 C—Ob 1.336 Ob—H 1.05 ∠CCOa 123.1 ∠OaCOb 125.0 ∠CObH 104HcHc Cb Cc CaH3CaH3 S Cb NCaH3 HObOaC COa ObH TeamLRN9-37BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Oxalyl dichloride C—O 1.182 ED C—C 1.534 C—Cl 1.744 ∠CCO 124.2 ∠CCCl 111.7 fraction of the trans conformer at 0 °C 68%, that of the gauche conformer 32% Oxetane C—O 1.448 MW C—C 1.546 C—H (average) 1.090 ∠COC 92 ∠CCC 85 ∠OCC 92 ∠HCH (average) 109.9 Oxirane → Ethylene oxide Phenol C—C (average) 1.397 MW Cb—H 1.084 Cc—H 1.076 Cd—H 1.082 Ca—O 1.364 O—H 0.956∠COH 109.0 Phosphirane C—P 1.867 P—H 1.43 MW C—C 1.502 C—H 1.09∠CPC 47.4 ∠HCH 114.4 ∠HPC 95.2 ∠CCH 118 dihedral angle between the PCC plane and the PH bond 95.7 Piperazine C—C 1.540 ED C—N 1.467C—H 1.110 ∠CNC 109.0 ∠CCN 110.4 (C 2h) Pivalonitrile Ca—Cb 1.495 Ca—N 1.159 MW (CcH3)3Cb—Ca≡NCb—Cc 1.536 ∠CcCbCc 110.5 Propadiene → Allene Propane C—C 1.532 C—H 1.107 ED C3H8 ∠CCC 112 ∠HCH 107 Propenal → Acrylaldehyde Propene Ca—Ha 1.104 ED, MW Ca—Cb 1.341 Cc—Hd 1.117 Cb—Cc 1.506 ∠CbCaHa,b,c 121.3 ∠CbCcHd 110.7 ∠CaCbCc 124.3 l-Propenyl chloride CH 3—CbH=CaH—Cl Ca—Cl 1.728 MW ∠CbCaCl 121.9 trans conformer Propiolaldehyde H aCa≡Cb—CcHcOCa—Ha 1.085 ED, MW Ca—Cb 1.211 Cb—Cc 1.453 Cc—Hc 1.130 Cc—O 1.214 ∠CbCcO 124.2 ∠CbCcHc 113.7 ∠CaCbCc 178.6 planar Propylene → Propene Propylene oxide C a—Cb 1.51 MW ∠CaCbCc 121.0 dihedral angle between the C bCcO plane and the C aCb bond 123.8Cl OO CCCl CH2PHCH2 NH NH CH2 CH2CH2 CH2 OCcH2 CaH3CbH 9-38BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Propynal → Propiolaldehyde Propyne H 3Cc—Cb≡CaHCc—H 1.105 MW Cc—Cb 1.459 Cb—Ca 1.206 Ca—H 1.056 ∠HCcCb 110.2 Pyrazine C—C 1.339 C—N 1.403 ED C—H 1.115 ∠CCN 115.6 ∠CCH 123.9 Pyridazine N—Ca 1.341 ED, MW Ca—Cb 1.393 N—N 1.330 Cb—Cb 1.375 ∠NCC 123.7 ∠NNC 119.3 Pyridine N—C a 1.340 MW Cb—Cc 1.394 Cb—Hb 1.081 Ca—Cb 1.395 Ca—Ha 1.084 Cc—Hc 1.077 ∠CaNCa 116.8 ∠NCaCb 123.9 ∠CaCbCc 118.5 ∠CbCcCb 118.3 ∠NCaHa 115.9 ∠CcCbHb 121.3 Pyrimidine N—C 1.340 C—C 1.393 ED ∠NCN 127.6 ∠CNC 115.5 (C2v assumed) Pyrrole N—Ca 1.370 MW Cb—Cb 1.417 Ca—Cb 1.382 N—H 0.996 Ca—Ha 1.076 Cb—Hb 1.077 ∠CaNCa 109.8 ∠NCaCb 107.7 ∠CaCbCb 107.4 ∠NCaHa 121.5 ∠CbCbH 127.1 Pyruvonitrile C—H 1.12 ED, MW C—N 1.17 C—O 1.208C b—Cc 1.477 Ca—Cb 1.518 ∠HCH 109.2 ∠CaCbO 124.5 ∠CaCbCc 114.2 ∠CCN 179 Ruthenocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium Silacyclobutane Si—C 1.892 ED C—C 1.600Si—H 1.47 C—H 1.14 ∠CSiC 80.7 ∠SiCC 84.8 ∠CCC 99.8 dihedral angle between the CCC and CSiC planes 146 Spiropentane C b—Cb 1.52 ED Ca—Cb 1.47 C—H 1.09 ∠CbCaCb 62 ∠HCH 118 (D2d)NNHCa CaHH CbHC b HbCbCbHbHaCa CaHaH N CH2 SiH2CH2 CH2NCcO Cb CaH3 CbH2H2CbCaCbH2 H2Cb TeamLRN9-39BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Succinonitrile C—C 1.561 C—C(N) 1.465 ED C—N 1.161 C—H 1.09 ∠CCC 110.4 fraction of the anti conformer at 170 °C 74%, dihedral angle of CCCC for the gauche conformer 75 Tetrachloroethylene C—Cl 1.718 C—C 1.354 ED CCl 2=CCl2 ∠ClCCl 115.7 Tetracyanoethylene C—N 1.162 C—C 1.435 ED (CN)2C=C(CN)2 C=C 1.357 ∠CC=C 121.1 Tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane C—S 1.785 ED C—F 1.314 ∠CSC 83.2 ∠FCS 113.7 (D2h assumed) Tetrafluoroethylene C—C 1.31 C—F 1.319 ED CF2=CF2 ∠CCF 123.8 (D2h assumed) Tetrahydrofuran C—H 1.115 C—O 1.428 ED C—C 1.536 The skeletal bending vibration of the molecular plane is essentially free pseudorotation Tetrahydropyran C—O 1.420 ED C—C 1.531 C—H 1.116 ∠COC 111.5 ∠OCC 111.8 ∠CCC (C) 108 ∠CCC (O) 111 chair form Tetrahydrothiophene C—S 1.839 C—H 1.120 C—C 1.536 ∠CSC 93.4 ∠SCC 106.1 ∠CCC 105.0 Tetramethylgermane Ge—C 1.945 C—H 1.12 ED (CH 3)4Ge ∠GeCH 108 (Td excluding the H atoms) Tetramethyllead Pb—C 2.238 (Td excluding the H atoms) ED (CH3)4Pb Tetramethylsilane C—H 1.115 C—Si 1.875 ED (CH3)4Si ∠HCH 109.8 (Td excluding the H atoms) Tetramethylstannane C—Sn 2.144 ED (CH3)4Sn C—H 1.12 (Td excluding the H atoms) 1,2,5-Thiadiazole S—N 1.631 ∠NSN 99.6 MW C—N 1.328 ∠CCN 113.8 C—C 1.420 ∠CCH 126.2 C—H 1.079 planar 1,3,4-Thiadiazole S—C 1.721 ∠CSC 86.4 MW N—N 1.371 ∠SCN 114.6 C—N 1.302 ∠CCN 112.2 C—H 1.08 ∠SCH 121.9 ∠NCH 123.5 planar Thietane C—S 1.847 ED, MW C—C 1.549 C—H (average) 1.100 ∠CSC 76.8 ∠HCH (average) 112 dihedral angle between the CCC and CSC planes 154 Thiirane C—C 1.484 ∠HCH 116 MW C—H 1.083 ∠CSC 48.3 C—S 1.815 ∠CCS 65.9 dihedral angle between the CH 2 plane and the C—C bond 152CH2CNCH2CN F2CC F2 SS O CH2CH2CH2CH2 OH2CC H2CH2 H2CH2C CH2CH2CH2CH2 S CHHCNNS NNCHHCS S H2CH2C 9-40BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method Thioformaldehyde C—S 1.611 C—H 1.093 MW CH2S ∠HCH 116.9 Thioformamide N—H a 1.002 MW N—Hb 1.007 C—N 1.358 C—S 1.626 C—Hc 1.10 ∠HaNHb 121.7 ∠HaNC 117.9 ∠HbNC 120.4 ∠NCS 125.3 ∠NCHc 108 ∠SCHc 127 Thiolane → Tetrahydrothiophene Thiophene Ca—Ha 1.078 MW Cb—Hb 1.081 Ca—S 1.714 Ca—Cb 1.370 Cb—Cb 1.423 ∠CaSCa 92.2 ∠SCaCb 115.5 ∠CaCbCb 112.5 ∠SCaHa 119.9 ∠CbCbHb 124.3 Toluene C—C (ring) 1.399 C—CH31.524 ED C—H (average) 1.11the difference between the C—H(CH 3) and C—H(ring): about 0.01 1,1,1-Tribromoethane C—Br 1.93 C—H 1.095 (assumed) MW CH3CBr3 C—C 1.51 (assumed) ∠CCBr 108 ∠BrCBr 111 ∠CCH 109.0 (assumed) Tribromomethane → Bromoform Tri-tert-butyl methane Ca—Cb 1.611 C—H 1.111 ED HCa[Cb(CcH3)3]3 Cb—Cc 1.548 ∠CaCbCc 113.0 Tricarbon dioxide C—O 1.163 C—C 1.289 ED OCCCO linear (with a large-amplitude bending vibration) Trichloroacetonitrile C—N 1.165 C—C 1.460 ED CCl 3CN C—Cl 1.763 ∠ClCCl 110.0 1,1,1-Trichloroethane C—H 1.090 C—C 1.541 MW CH3CCl3 C—Cl 1.771 ∠HCH 110.0 ∠CCH 108.9 ∠ClCCl 109.4 ∠CCCl 109.6 Trichloro(methyl)germane Ge—Cl 2.132 Ge—C 1.89 ED, MW CH 3GeCl3 C—H 1.103 (assumed) ∠ClGeCl 106.4 ∠GeCH 110.5 (assumed) Trichloro(methyl)silane C—Si 1.876 Si—Cl 2.021 MW CH 3SiCl3 (C3v) Trichloro(methyl)stannane Sn—Cl 2.304 Sn—C 2.10 ED CH3SnCl3 C—H 1.100 ∠CSnCl 113.9 ∠ClSnCl 104.7 ∠SnCH 108 Triethylenediamine → 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octaneTrifluoroacetic acid C—F 1.325 ED C—C 1.546 C—O a 1.192 C—Ob 1.35 O—H 0.96 (assumed) ∠CCOa 126.8 ∠CCOb 111.1 ∠CCF 109.5 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane C—C 1.494 C—F 1.340 ED CH3CF3 C—H 1.081 ∠CCF 119.2 ∠CCH 112 Trifluoromethane → FluoroformHbHa C N HcS TeamLRN9-41BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Structure Method 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,2,2-trichloroethane C—C 1.54 C—F 1.33 MW CF3CCl3 C—Cl 1.77 ∠CCF 110 ∠CCCl 109.6 staggered conformation Trimethylaluminium C—H 1.113 Al—C 1.957 ED (CH3)3Al ∠AlCH 111.7 ∠CAlC 120 Trimethylamine C—N 1.458 C—H 1.100 ED (CH 3)3N ∠CNC 110.9 ∠HCH 110 Trimethylarsine C—As 1.979 ∠CAsC 98.8 ED (CH3)3As ∠AsCH 111.4 Trimethylbismuth Bi—C 2.263 C—H 1.07 ED (CH3)3Bi ∠CBiC 97.1 Trimethylborane C—B 1.578 C—H 1.114 ED (CH 3)3B ∠CBC 120.0 ∠BCH 112.5 Trimethyleneimine → Azetidine Trimethylphosphine C—P 1.847 C—H 1.091 ED (CH3)3P ∠CPC 98.6 ∠PCH 110.7 1,3,5-Trioxane C—O 1.422 MW ∠OCO 112.2 ∠COC 110.3 Triphenylamine C—C 1.392 C—N 1.42 ED (C6H5)3N ∠CNC 116 (C3) torsional dihedral angle of the two phenyl rings 47 ° (defined to be 0 when the symmetry axis is contained in the phenyl planes) Tropone Ca—O 1.23 ED Ca—Cb 1.45 Cb—Cc 1.36 Cc—Cd 1.46 Cd—Cd 1.34 ∠CbCaCb 122 ∠CaCbCc 133 ∠CbCcCd 126 ∠CcCdCd 130 (C2v) Vinylacetylene Cb—Cc 1.434 ED, MW Ca—Cb 1.344 Cc—Cd 1.215 Ca—Ha 1.11 Cd—Hd 1.09 ∠CaCbCc 123.1 ∠CbCcCd 178 ∠HaCaCb 119 ∠HbCaCb 122 ∠HcCbCa 122 ∠CcCdHd 182 Vinyl chloride C—C 1.342 ED, MW C—Cl 1.730 C—H 1.09 ∠CCCl 122.5 ∠CCHa 124 ∠CCHb 120 ∠CCHc 121.1C H2CH2 H2C OOO CbH CcH CdHCdHHCcHCbCaO HdCdCcHc CbCa HbHa HaCl CC HbHc 9-44CHARACTERISTIC BOND LENGTHS IN FREE MOLECULES This is a summary of typical bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. The value given for each bond is near the mid-range of value s found in simple molecules. Bond lengths usually vary by 1 or 2%, and often by more, depending on the nature of the other bonds attached to the two atoms in question. References 1 and 2 give bond lengths in individual gas-phase molecules, as determined by spectroscopic and electron diffraction methods. All bond distances are given in Å (1 Å = 10-10 m). REFERENCES 1. “Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules”, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 83rd Edition, 2002, p. 9-17. 2. Harmony, M. D., Laurie, V. W., Kuczkowski, R. L., Schwendeman, R. H., Ramsay, D. A., Lovas, F. J., Lafferty, W. J., and Maki, A. G., “Molecular Structure of Gas-Phase Polyatomic Molecules Determined by Spectroscopic Methods”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8, 619, 1979. 3. Lide, D. R., “A Survey of Carbon-Carbon Bond Lengths”, Tetrahedron 17, 125, 1962. A. Characteristic lengths of single bonds. As Br C Cl F Ge H I N O P S Sb Se Si As 2.10 Br 2.32 2.28 C 1.96 1.94 1.53 Cl 2.17 2.14 1.79 1.99 F 1.71 1.76 1.39 1.63 1.41 Ge 2.30 1.95 2.15 1.73 2.40 H 1.51 1.41 1.09 1.28 0.92 1.53 0.74 I 2.47 2.13 2.32 1.91 2.51 1.61 2.67 N 1.46 1.90 1.37 1.02 1.45 O 1.42 1.70 1.42 0.96 1.43 1.48 P 2.22 1.85 2.04 1.57 1.42 1.65 2.25 S 2.24 1.82 2.05 1.56 1.34 2.00 Sb 2.33 1.70 Se 1.95 1.71 1.47 2.33 Si 2.21 1.87 2.05 1.58 1.48 2.44 1.63 2.14 2.33 Sn 2.14 2.28 1.71 2.67 Te 1.82 1.66 B. Lengths of multiple bonds (non-ring molecules). C=C 1.34 C/H11013C 1.20 C=N 1.21 C/H11013N 1.16 C=O 1.21 C=S 1.61 N=N 1.24N/H11013N 1.13 N=O 1.18 O=O 1.21 C. Effect of environment on carbon-carbon single bonds (other single bonds not shown). From Reference 3. Configuration C–C length Examples of molecules C–C 1.526 H 3C–CH3 C–C= 1.501 H3C–CH=CH2 C–C/H11013 1.459 H3C–C/H11013CH =C–C= 1.467 H 2C=CH–CH=CH2 /H11013C–C= 1.445 HC /H11013C–CH=CH2 /H11013C–C/H11013 1.378 HC /H11013C–C/H11013CH D. Some metal-carbon bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. Al–C 1.96 Bi–C 2.26 Pb–C 2.24 B–C 1.58 Cd–C 2.11 Sn–C 2.14Be–C 1.70 Hg–C 2.08 Zn–C 1.93 TeamLRN9-45DIPOLE MOMENTS This table gives values of the electric dipole moment for about 800 molecules. When available, values determined by microwave s pectroscopy, molecular beam electric resonance, and other high-resolution spectroscopic techniques were selected. Otherwise, the values come from measurements of the dielectric constant in the gas phase or, if these do not exist, in the liquid phase. Compounds are listed by molecular f ormula in Hill order; compounds not containing carbon are listed first, followed by compounds containing carbon. The dipole moment µ is given in debye units (D). The conversion factor to SI units is 1 D = 3.33564 × 10-30 C m. Dipole moments of individual conformers (rotational isomers) are given when they have been measured. The conformers are designa ted as gauche , trans, axial , etc. The meaning of these terms can be found in the references. In some cases an average value, obtained from measurements on the bulk gas, is also given. Other information on molecules that have been studied by spectroscopy, such as the components of the dipole moment in the molecular framework and the variation with vibrational state and isotopic species, is given in References 1 and 2. When the accuracy of a value is explicitly stated (i.e., 1.234 ± 0.005), the stated uncertainty generally indicates two or three standard deviations. When no uncertainty is given, the value may be assumed to be precise to a few units in the last decimal place. However, if more than three decimal places are given, the exact interpretation of the final digits may require analysis of the vibrational averaging. Values measured in the gas phase that are questionable because of undetermined error sources are indicated as approximate ( ≈). Values obtained by liquid phase measurements, which sometimes have large errors because of association effects, are enclosed in brackets, e.g., [1.8]. REFERENCES 1. Nelson, R. D., Lide, D. R., and Maryott, A. A., Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase , Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Nat. Bur. Stnds. 10, 1967. 2.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series , II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19c (1992), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Mol. Form. Name µ/D Compounds not containing carbon AgBr Silver(I) bromide 5.62 ± 0.03 AgCl Silver(I) chloride 6.08 ± 0.06 AgF Silver(I) fluoride 6.22 ± 0.30 AgI Silver(I) iodide 4.55 ± 0.05 AlF Aluminum monofluoride 1.53 ± 0.15 AsCl3 Arsenic(III) chloride 1.59 ± 0.08 AsF3 Arsenic(III) fluoride 2.59 ± 0.05 AsH3 Arsine 0.217 ± 0.003 BClH2 Chloroborane 0.75 ± 0.05 BF Fluoroborane(1) ≈0.5 BF2H Difluoroborane 0.971 ± 0.010 B4H10 Tetraborane 0.486 ± 0.002 B5H9 Pentaborane(9) 2.13 ± 0.04 B6H10 Hexaborane 2.50 ± 0.05 BaO Barium oxide 7.954 ± 0.003 BaS Barium sulfide 10.86 ± 0.02 BrCl Bromine chloride 0.519 ± 0.004 BrF Bromine fluoride 1.422 ± 0.016 BrF3Si Bromotrifluorosilane 0.83 ± 0.01 BrF 5 Bromine pentafluoride 1.51 ± 0.15 BrH Hydrogen bromide 0.8272 ± 0.0003 BrH 3Si Bromosilane 1.319 BrI Iodine bromide 0.726 ± 0.003 BrK Potassium bromide 10.628 ± 0.001 BrLi Lithium bromide 7.268 ± 0.001 BrNO Nitrosyl bromide ≈1.8 BrNa Sodium bromide 9.1183 ± 0.0006 BrO Bromine monoxide 1.76 ± 0.04 BrO 2 Bromine dioxide 2.8 ± 0.3 BrRb Rubidium bromide ≈10.9 BrTl Thallium(I) bromide 4.49 ± 0.05 CaCl Calcium monochloride ≈3.6 ClCs Cesium chloride 10.387 ± 0.004 ClF Chlorine fluoride 0.888061 ClFO 3 Perchloryl fluoride 0.023 ± 0.001 ClF3 Chlorine trifluoride 0.6 ± 0.10Mol. Form. Name µ/D ClF3Si Chlorotrifluorosilane 0.636 ± 0.004 ClGeH3 Chlorogermane 2.13 ± 0.02 ClH Hydrogen chloride 1.1086 ± 0.0003 ClHO Hypochlorous acid ≈1.3 ClH3Si Chlorosilane 1.31 ± 0.01 ClI Iodine chloride 1.24 ± 0.02 ClIn Indium(I) chloride 3.79 ± 0.19 ClK Potassium chloride 10.269 ± 0.001 ClLi Lithium chloride 7.12887ClNO 2 Nitryl chloride 0.53 ClNS Thionitrosyl chloride 1.87 ± 0.02 ClNa Sodium chloride 9.00117ClO Chlorine oxide 1.297 ± 0.001 ClRb Rubidium chloride 10.510 ± 0.005 ClTl Thallium(I) chloride 4.54299Cl 2H2Si Dichlorosilane 1.17 ± 0.02 Cl2OS Thionyl chloride 1.45 ± 0.03 Cl2O2S Sulfuryl chloride 1.81 ± 0.04 Cl2S Sulfur dichloride 0.36 ± 0.01 Cl3FSi Trichlorofluorosilane 0.49 ± 0.01 Cl3HSi Trichlorosilane 0.86 ± 0.01 Cl3N Nitrogen trichloride 0.39 ± 0.01 Cl3OP Phosphorus(V) oxychloride 2.54 ± 0.05 Cl3P Phosphorus(III) chloride 0.56 ± 0.02 CrO Chromium monoxide 3.88 ± 0.13 CsF Cesium fluoride 7.884 ± 0.001 CsNa Cesium sodium 4.75 ± 0.20 CuF Copper(I) fluoride 5.77 ± 0.29 CuO Copper(II) oxide 4.5 ± 0.5 FGa Gallium monofluoride 2.45 ± 0.05 FGeH 3 Fluorogermane 2.33 ± 0.12 FH Hydrogen fluoride 1.826178 FHO Hypofluorous acid 2.23 ± 0.11 FH2N Fluoramide 2.27 ± 0.18 FH3Si Fluorosilane 1.2969 ± 0.0006 FI Iodine fluoride 1.948 ± 0.020 9-46FIn Indium(I) fluoride 3.40 ± 0.07 FK Potassium fluoride 8.585 ± 0.003 FLi Lithium fluoride 6.3274 ± 0.0002 FNO Nitrosyl fluoride 1.730 ± 0.003 FNO 2 Nitryl fluoride 0.466 ± 0.005 FNS Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) 1.902 ± 0.012 FN3 Fluorine azide ≈1.3 FNa Sodium fluoride 8.156 ± 0.001 FO Fluorine oxide 0.0043 ± 0.0004 FRb Rubidium fluoride 8.5465 ± 0.0005 FS Sulfur monofluoride 0.794 ± 0.02 FTl Thallium(I) fluoride 4.2282 ± 0.0008 F2Ge Germanium(II) fluoride 2.61 ± 0.02 F2HN Difluoramine 1.92 ± 0.02 F2H2Si Difluorosilane 1.55 ± 0.02 F2N2 cis-Difluorodiazine 0.16 ± 0.01 F2O Fluorine monoxide 0.308180 F2OS Thionyl fluoride 1.63 ± 0.01 F2O2 Fluorine dioxide 1.44 ± 0.07 F2O2S Sulfuryl fluoride 1.12 ± 0.02 F2S Sulfur difluoride 1.05 ± 0.05 F2Si Difluorosilylene 1.23 ± 0.02 F3HSi Trifluorosilane 1.27 ± 0.03 F3H3Si2 1,1,1-Trifluorodisilane 2.03 ± 0.10 F3ISi Trifluoroiodosilane 1.11 ± 0.03 F3N Nitrogen trifluoride 0.235 ± 0.004 F3NO Trifluoramine oxide 0.0390 ± 0.0004 F3OP Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride 1.8685 ± 0.0001 F3P Phosphorus(III) fluoride 1.03 ± 0.01 F3PS Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride 0.64 ± 0.02 F4N2 Tetrafluorohydrazine ( gauche ) 0.257 ± 0.002 F4S Sulfur tetrafluoride 0.632 ± 0.003 F4Se Selenium tetrafluoride 1.78 ± 0.09 F5I Iodine pentafluoride 2.18 ± 0.11 GeH3N3 Germylazide 2.579 ± 0.003 GeO Germanium(II) oxide 3.2823 ± 0.0001 GeS Germanium(II) sulfide 2.00 ± 0.06 GeSe Germanium(II) selenide 1.65 ± 0.05 GeTe Germanium(II) telluride 1.06 ± 0.07 HI Hydrogen iodide 0.448 ± 0.001 HKO Potassium hydroxide 7.415 ± 0.002 HLi Lithium hydride 5.884 ± 0.001 HLiO Lithium hydroxide 4.754 ± 0.002 HN Imidogen 1.39 ± 0.07 HNO Nitrosyl hydride 1.62 ± 0.03 HNO2 Nitrous acid ( cis) 1.423 ± 0.005 HNO 2 Nitrous acid ( trans ) 1.855 ± 0.016 HNO 3 Nitric acid 2.17 ± 0.02 HN 3 Hydrazoic acid 1.70 ± 0.09 HO Hydroxyl 1.655 ± 0.001 HS Mercapto 0.7580 ± 0.0001 H2O Water 1.8546 ± 0.0040 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide 1.573 ± 0.001 H2S Hydrogen sulfide 0.97833 H3N Ammonia 1.4718 ± 0.0002 H3NO Hydroxylamine 0.59 ± 0.05 H3P Phosphine 0.5740 ± 0.0003 H3Sb Stibine 0.12 ± 0.05 H4N2 Hydrazine 1.75 ± 0.09 H6OSi2 Disiloxane 0.24 ± 0.02 IK Potassium iodide ≈10.8ILi Lithium iodide 7.428 ± 0.001 INa Sodium iodide 9.236 ± 0.003 IO Iodine monoxide 2.45 ± 0.05 IRb Rubidium iodide ≈11.5 ITl Thallium(I) iodide 4.61 ± 0.07 KLi Lithium potassium 3.45 ± 0.20 KNa Potassium sodium 2.693 ± 0.014 LaO Lanthanum monoxide 3.207 ± 0.011 LiNa Lithium sodium 0.463 ± 0.002 LiO Lithium monoxide 6.84 ± 0.03 LiRb Lithium rubidium 4.0 ± 0.1 MgO Magnesium oxide 6.2 ± 0.6 NO Nitric oxide 0.15872 NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide 0.316 ± 0.010 NP Phosphorus nitride 2.7470 ± 0.0001 NS Nitrogen sulfide 1.81 ± 0.02 N2O Nitrous oxide 0.16083 N2O3 Nitrogen trioxide 2.122 ± 0.010 NaRb Rubidium sodium 3.1 ± 0.3 OP Phosphorus monoxide 1.88 ± 0.07 OPb Lead(II) oxide 4.64 ± 0.50 OS Sulfur monoxide 1.55 ± 0.02 OS2 Sulfur oxide (SSO) 1.47 ± 0.03 OSi Silicon monoxide 3.0982OSn Tin(II) oxide 4.32 ± 0.22 OSr Strontium oxide 8.900 ± 0.003 OTi Titanium(II) oxide 2.96 ± 0.05 OY Yttrium monoxide 4.524 ± 0.007 OZr Zirconium(II) oxide 2.55 ± 0.01 O 2S Sulfur dioxide 1.63305 O2Se Selenium dioxide 2.62 ± 0.05 O2Zr Zirconium(IV) oxide 7.80 ± 0.02 O3 Ozone 0.53373 PbS Lead(II) sulfide 3.59 ± 0.18 SSi Silicon monosulfide 1.73 ± 0.09 SSn Tin(II) sulfide 3.18 ± 0.16 Compounds containing carbon CBrF3 Bromotrifluoromethane 0.65 ± 0.05 CBr2F2 Dibromodifluoromethane 0.66 ± 0.05 CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane 0.50 ± 0.01 CClN Cyanogen chloride 2.8331 ± 0.0002 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane 0.51 ± 0.05 CCl 2O Carbonyl chloride 1.17 ± 0.01 CCl 3F Trichlorofluoromethane 0.46 ± 0.02 CF Fluoromethylidyne 0.645 ± 0.005 CFN Cyanogen fluoride 2.120 ± 0.001 CF2 Difluoromethylene 0.47 ± 0.02 CF2O Carbonyl fluoride 0.95 ± 0.01 CF3I Trifluoroiodomethane 1.048 ± 0.003 CH Methylidyne ≈1.46 CHBrClF Bromochlorofluoromethane 1.5 ± 0.3 CHBr 3 Tribromomethane 0.99 ± 0.02 CHClF 2 Chlorodifluoromethane 1.42 ± 0.03 CHCl 2F Dichlorofluoromethane 1.29 ± 0.03 CHCl 3 Trichloromethane 1.04 ± 0.02 CHFO Formyl fluoride 2.081 ± 0.001 CHF 2N Carboimidic difluoride 1.393 ± 0.001 CHF3 Trifluoromethane 1.65150 CHN Hydrogen cyanide 2.985188Mol. Form. Name µ/D Mol. Form. Name µ/DDIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) TeamLRN9-47CHN Hydrogen isocyanide 3.05 ± 0.15 CHNO Isocyanic acid (HNCO) ≈1.6 CHNO Fulminic acid 3.09934 CH2BrCl Bromochloromethane [1.66] CH 2Br2 Dibromomethane 1.43 ± 0.03 CH2ClF Chlorofluoromethane 1.82 ± 0.04 CH 2Cl2 Dichloromethane 1.60 ± 0.03 CH 2F2 Difluoromethane 1.9785 ± 0.02 CH2I2 Diiodomethane [1.08] CH 2N2 Diazomethane 1.50 ± 0.01 CH 2N2 Cyanamide 4.28 ± 0.10 CH2N4 1H-Tetrazole 2.19 ± 0.05 CH 2O Formaldehyde 2.332 ± 0.002 CH 2O2 Formic acid 1.425 ± 0.002 CH2S Thioformaldehyde 1.6491 ± 0.0004 CH 2Se Selenoformaldehyde 1.41 ± 0.01 CH 3BCl 2 Dichloromethylborane 1.419 ± 0.013 CH3BF2 Difluoromethylborane 1.668 ± 0.003 CH3BO Borane carbonyl 1.698 ± 0.020 CH3Br Bromomethane 1.8203 ± 0.0004 CH3Cl Chloromethane 1.8963 ± 0.0002 CH3Cl3Si Methyltrichlorosilane 1.91 ± 0.01 CH3F Fluoromethane 1.858 ± 0.002 CH3F2OP Methylphosphonic difluoride 3.69 ± 0.26 CH3F2P Methyldifluorophosphine 2.056 ± 0.006 CH3F3Si Trifluoromethylsilane 2.3394 ± 0.0002 CH3F3Si (Trifluoromethyl)silane 2.32 ± 0.02 CH3I Iodomethane 1.6406 ± 0.0004 CH3NO Formamide 3.73 ± 0.07 CH3NO2 Nitromethane 3.46 ± 0.02 CH3N3 Methyl azide 2.17 ± 0.04 CH4O Methanol 1.70 ± 0.02 CH4O2 Methylhydroperoxide ≈0.65 CH4S Methanethiol 1.52 ± 0.08 CH5FSi Fluoromethylsilane 1.700 ± 0.008 CH5ISi Iodomethylsilane 1.862 ± 0.005 CH5N Methylamine 1.31 ± 0.03 CH6OSi Methyl silyl ether 1.15 ± 0.02 CH6Si Methylsilane 0.73456 CH8B2 Methyldiborane(6) 0.566 ± 0.006 CIN Cyanogen iodide 3.67 ± 0.02 CO Carbon monoxide 0.10980 COS Carbon oxysulfide 0.715189 COSe Carbon oxyselenide 0.73 ± 0.02 CS Carbon monosulfide 1.958 ± 0.005 CSe Carbon monoselenide 1.99 ± 0.04 C2BrF Bromofluoroacetylene 0.448 ± 0.002 C2ClF 3 Chlorotrifluoroethene 0.40 ± 0.10 C2ClF5 Chloropentafluoroethane 0.52 ± 0.05 C2Cl2F2 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene 0.50 C2Cl2F4 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethane ≈0.5 C2F3N Trifluoroacetonitrile 1.262 ± 0.010 C2F3N Trifluoroisocyanomethane 1.153 ± 0.010 C2HBr Bromoacetylene 0.22962 C2HCl Chloroacetylene 0.44408 C2HCl3 Trichloroethene [0.8] C2HCl 5 Pentachloroethane 0.92 ± 0.05 C2HF Fluoroacetylene 0.7207 ± 0.0003 C2HF3 Trifluoroethene 1.32 ± 0.03 C2HF3O2 Trifluoroacetic acid 2.28 ± 0.25C2HI Iodoacetylene 0.02525 C2H2Br4 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane [1.38] C2H2Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethene 1.34 ± 0.01 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 1.90 ± 0.04 C2H2Cl2O Chloroacetyl chloride 2.23 ± 0.11 C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1.32 ± 0.07 C2H2F2 1,1-Difluoroethene 1.3893 ± 0.0002 C2H2F2 cis-1,2-Difluoroethene 2.42 ± 0.02 C2H2F4 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1.80 ± 0.22 C2H2N2S 1,2,5-Thiadiazole 1.579 ± 0.007 C2H2O Ketene 1.42215 C2H2O2 Glyoxal ( cis) 4.8 ± 0.2 C2H3Br Bromoethene 1.42 ± 0.03 C2H3Cl Chloroethene 1.45 ± 0.03 C2H3ClF2 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 2.14 ± 0.04 C2H3ClO Acetyl chloride 2.72 ± 0.14 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1.755 ± 0.015 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane [1.4] C2H3F Fluoroethene 1.468 ± 0.003 C2H3FO Acetyl fluoride 2.96 ± 0.03 C2H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 2.3470 ± 0.005 C2H3HgN Cyanomethylmercury 4.7 ± 0.1 C2H3I Iodoethene 1.311 ± 0.005 C2H3N Acetonitrile 3.92519 C2H3NO Methyl cyanate 4.26 ± 0.18 C2H3NO Methyl isocyanate ≈2.8 C2H3NS Methyl isothiocyanate 3.453 ± 0.003 C2H3N3 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 2.7 ± 0.1 C2H4BrCl 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane [1.2] C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane [1.19] C2H4ClF 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 2.068 ± 0.014 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 2.06 ± 0.04 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane [1.83] C2H4F2 1,1-Difluoroethane 2.27 ± 0.05 C2H4F2 1,2-Difluoroethane ( gauche ) 2.67 ± 0.13 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 2.750 ± 0.006 C2H4O Ethylene oxide 1.89 ± 0.01 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 1.70 ± 0.03 C2H4O2 Methyl formate 1.77 ± 0.04 C2H4O2 Glycolaldehyde 2.73 ± 0.05 C2H5Br Bromoethane 2.04 ± 0.02 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 2.05 ± 0.02 C2H5ClO 2-Chloroethanol 1.78 ± 0.09 C2H5Cl3Si Trichloroethylsilane [2.04] C2H5F Fluoroethane 1.937 ± 0.007 C2H5I Iodoethane 1.976 ± 0.002 C2H5N Ethyleneimine 1.90 ± 0.01 C2H5NO Acetamide 3.68 ± 0.03 C2H5NO N-Methylformamide 3.83 ± 0.08 C2H5NO2 Nitroethane 3.23 ± 0.03 C2H6O Ethanol ( gauche ) 1.68 ± 0.03 C2H6O Ethanol ( trans ) 1.44 ± 0.03 C2H6O Ethanol ( average ) 1.69 ± 0.03 C2H6O Dimethyl ether 1.30 ± 0.01 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide 3.96 ± 0.04 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol ( average ) 2.36 ± 0.10 C2H6S Ethanethiol ( gauche ) 1.61 ± 0.08 C2H6S Ethanethiol ( trans ) 1.58 ± 0.08 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide 1.554 ± 0.004 C2H6S2 1,2-Ethanedithiol 2.03 ± 0.08 C2H6S2 Dimethyl disulfide [1.85]Mol. Form. Name µ/DDIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. Name µ/D 9-48C2H6Si Vinylsilane 0.657 ± 0.002 C2H7N Ethylamine ( gauche ) 1.210 ± 0.015 C2H7N Ethylamine ( trans ) 1.304 ± 0.011 C2H7N Ethylamine ( average ) 1.22 ± 0.10 C2H7N Dimethylamine 1.01 ± 0.02 C2H7NO Ethanolamine [2.27] C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine 1.99 ± 0.10 C3HF3 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne 2.317 ± 0.013 C3HN Cyanoacetylene 3.73172 C3H2F2 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene 2.98 ± 0.02 C3H2O 2-Propynal 2.78 ± 0.02 C3H3Cl2F 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene 2.43 ± 0.02 C3H3F 3-Fluoropropyne 1.73 ± 0.02 C3H3F3 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 2.45 ± 0.05 C3H3N Acrylonitrile 3.92 ± 0.07 C3H3NO Oxazole 1.503 ± 0.030 C3H3NO Isoxazole 2.95 ± 0.04 C3H4 Propyne 0.784 ± 0.001 C3H4 Cyclopropene 0.454 ± 0.010 C3H4F2 1,1-Difluoro-1-propene 0.889 ± 0.007 C3H4N2 1H-Pyrazole 2.20 ± 0.01 C3H4N2 Imidazole 3.8 ± 0.4 C3H4O Propargyl alcohol 1.13 ± 0.06 C3H4O Acrolein ( trans ) 3.117 ± 0.004 C3H4O Acrolein ( cis) 2.552 ± 0.003 C3H4O Cyclopropanone 2.67 ± 0.13 C3H4O2 Vinyl formate 1.49 ± 0.01 C3H4O2 2-Oxetanone 4.18 ± 0.03 C3H4O2 3-Oxetanone 0.887 ± 0.005 C3H4O3 Ethylene carbonate [4.9] C3H5Br 2-Bromopropene [1.51] C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene ≈1.9 C3H5Cl cis-1-Chloropropene 1.67 ± 0.08 C3H5Cl trans -1-Chloropropene 1.97 ± 0.10 C3H5Cl 2-Chloropropene 1.647 ± 0.010 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 1.94 ± 0.10 C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin [1.8] C3H5F cis-1-Fluoropropene 1.46 ± 0.03 C3H5F trans -1-Fluoropropene ≈1.9 C3H5F 2-Fluoropropene 1.61 ± 0.03 C3H5F 3-Fluoropropene ( gauche ) 1.939 ± 0.015 C3H5F 3-Fluoropropene ( cis) 1.765 ± 0.014 C3H5N Propanenitrile 4.05 ± 0.03 C3H5NO Ethyl cyanate 4.72 ± 0.09 C3H5NO 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (gauche ) 3.17 ± 0.02 C3H6 Propene 0.366 ± 0.001 C3H6Br2 1,2-Dibromopropane [1.2] C3H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloropropane [1.85] C3H6Cl2 1,3-Dichloropropane 2.08 ± 0.04 C3H6O Acetone 2.88 ± 0.03 C3H6O Propanal ( gauche ) 2.86 ± 0.01 C3H6O Propanal ( cis) 2.52 ± 0.05 C3H6O Propanal ( average ) 2.72 C3H6O Allyl alcohol ( gauche ) 1.55 ± 0.08 C3H6O Allyl alcohol ( average ) 1.60 ± 0.08 C3H6O Methyl vinyl ether 0.965 ± 0.002 C3H6O Methyloxirane 2.01 ± 0.02 C3H6O Oxetane 1.94 ± 0.01 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid ( cis) 1.46 ± 0.07 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid ( average ) 1.75 ± 0.09DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) C3H6O2 Ethyl formate ( gauche ) 1.81 ± 0.02 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate ( trans ) 1.98 ± 0.02 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate ( average ) 1.93 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 1.72 ± 0.09 C3H6O2 1,3-Dioxolane 1.19 ± 0.06 C3H6O2S Thietane 1,1-dioxide 4.8 ± 0.1 C3H6O3 1,3,5-Trioxane 2.08 ± 0.02 C3H6S Thietane 1.85 ± 0.09 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 2.18 ± 0.11 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane 2.21 ± 0.11 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane ( gauche ) 2.02 ± 0.03 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane ( trans ) 1.95 ± 0.02 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane ( average ) 2.05 ± 0.04 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane 2.17 ± 0.11 C3H7F 1-Fluoropropane ( gauche ) 1.90 ± 0.10 C3H7F 1-Fluoropropane ( trans ) 2.05 ± 0.04 C3H7F 2-Fluoropropane 1.958 ± 0.001 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane 2.04 ± 0.10 C3H7I 2-Iodopropane [1.95] C3H7N Allylamine ≈1.2 C3H7N Cyclopropylamine 1.19 ± 0.01 C3H7N Propyleneimine ( cis) 1.77 ± 0.09 C3H7N Propyleneimine ( trans ) 1.57 ± 0.03 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide 3.82 ± 0.08 C3H7NO N-Methylacetamide [4.3] C3H7NO2 1-Nitropropane 3.66 ± 0.07 C3H7NO2 2-Nitropropane 3.73 ± 0.07 C3H8 Propane 0.084 ± 0.001 C3H8O 1-Propanol ( gauche ) 1.58 ± 0.03 C3H8O 1-Propanol ( trans ) 1.55 ± 0.03 C3H8O 2-Propanol ( trans ) 1.58 ± 0.03 C3H8O Ethyl methyl ether ( trans ) 1.17 ± 0.02 C3H8O2 1,2-Propylene glycol [2.25] C3H8O2 1,3-Propylene glycol [2.55] C3H8O2 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether ( gauche ) 2.36 ± 0.05 C3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane [0.74] C3H8O3 Glycerol [2.56] C3H8S 1-Propanethiol ( gauche ) 1.683 ± 0.010 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol ( trans ) 1.60 ± 0.08 C3H8S 2-Propanethiol ( gauche ) 1.53 ± 0.03 C3H8S 2-Propanethiol ( trans ) 1.61 ± 0.03 C3H8S Ethyl methyl sulfide ( gauche ) 1.593 ± 0.004 C3H8S Ethyl methyl sulfide ( trans ) 1.56 ± 0.03 C3H9N Propylamine 1.17 ± 0.06 C3H9N Isopropylamine 1.19 ± 0.06 C3H9N Trimethylamine 0.612 ± 0.003 C3H9O4P Trimethyl phosphate [3.18] C4H4 1-Buten-3-yne 0.22 ± 0.02 C4H4 Methylenecyclopropene 1.90 ± 0.01 C4H4N2 Succinonitrile [3.7] C4H4N2 Pyrimidine 2.334 ± 0.010 C4H4N2 Pyridazine 4.22 ± 0.02 C4H4O Furan 0.66 ± 0.01 C4H4O2 Diketene 3.53 ± 0.07 C4H4S Thiophene 0.55 ± 0.01 C4H5N 2-Methylacrylonitrile 3.69 ± 0.18 C4H5N Pyrrole 1.767 ± 0.001 C4H5N Isocyanocyclopropane 4.03 ± 0.10 C4H5NO 2-Methyloxazole 1.37 ± 0.07 C4H5NO 4-Methyloxazole 1.08 ± 0.05Mol. Form. Name µ/D Mol. Form. Name µ/D TeamLRN9-49C4H5NO 5-Methyloxazole 2.16 ± 0.04 C4H5NO 4-Methylisoxazole 3.583 ± 0.005 C4H6 1,2-Butadiene 0.403 ± 0.002 C4H6 1-Butyne 0.782 ± 0.004 C4H6 Cyclobutene 0.132 ± 0.001 C4H6O Divinyl ether 0.78 ± 0.05 C4H6O 3-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene 0.963 ± 0.020 C4H6O trans -2-Butenal 3.67 ± 0.07 C4H6O 2-Methylpropenal 2.68 ± 0.13 C4H6O Cyclobutanone 2.89 ± 0.03 C4H6O 2,3-Dihydrofuran 1.32 ± 0.03 C4H6O 2,5-Dihydrofuran 1.63 ± 0.01 C4H6O2 trans -Crotonic acid [2.13] C4H6O2 Methacrylic acid [1.65] C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate [1.79] C4H6O2 Methyl acrylate [1.77] C4H6O2 γ-Butyrolactone 4.27 ± 0.03 C4H6O2 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 0.939 ± 0.008 C4H6O2 3,6-Dihydro-1,2-dioxin 2.329 ± 0.001 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride ≈2.8 C4H6O3 Propylene carbonate [4.9] C4H6S 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 1.61 ± 0.20 C4H6S 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1.75 ± 0.01 C4H7N Butanenitrile ( gauche ) 3.91 ± 0.04 C4H7N Butanenitrile ( anti) 3.73 ± 0.06 C4H7N 2-Methylpropanenitrile 4.29 ± 0.09 C4H7N 2-Isocyanopropane 4.055 ± 0.001 C4H7NO 2-Pyrrolidone [3.5] C4H8 1-Butene ( cis) 0.438 ± 0.007 C4H8 1-Butene ( skew ) 0.359 ± 0.011 C4H8 cis-2-Butene 0.253 ± 0.005 C4H8 Isobutene 0.503 ± 0.010 C4H8 Methylcyclopropane 0.139 ± 0.004 C4H8Cl2 1,4-Dichlorobutane 2.22 ± 0.11 C4H8Cl2O Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether [2.58] C4H8O cis-2-Buten-1-ol 1.96 ± 0.03 C4H8O trans -2-Buten-1-ol 1.90 ± 0.02 C4H8O 2-Methyl-2-propenol ( skew ) 1.295 ± 0.022 C4H8O Ethyl vinyl ether [1.26] C4H8O 1,2-Epoxybutane 1.891 ± 0.011 C4H8O Butanal 2.72 ± 0.05 C4H8O Isobutanal ( gauche ) 2.69 ± 0.01 C4H8O Isobutanal ( trans ) 2.86 ± 0.01 C4H8O 2-Butanone 2.779 ± 0.015 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 1.75 ± 0.04 C4H8OS 1,4-Oxathiane 0.295 ± 0.003 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid [1.65] C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid [1.08] C4H8O2 Propyl formate [1.89] C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 1.78 ± 0.09 C4H8O2 cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol [2.48] C4H8O2 trans -2-Butene-1,4-diol [2.45] C4H8O2 1,3-Dioxane 2.06 ± 0.04 C4H8O2S Sulfolane [4.8] C4H8S 3-Methylthietane 2.046 ± 0.009 C4H8S Tetrahydrothiophene [1.90] C4H8S2 1,3-Dithiane 2.14 ± 0.04 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 2.08 ± 0.10 C4H9Br 2-Bromobutane 2.23 ± 0.11 C4H9Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane [2.17] C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 2.05 ± 0.04C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane 2.04 ± 0.10 C4H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2.00 ± 0.10 C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2.13 ± 0.04 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane [1.93] C4H9I 2-Iodobutane 2.12 ± 0.11 C4H9I 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane [1.87] C4H9N Pyrrolidine [1.57] C4H9NO N-Methylpropanamide 3.61 C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide [3.7] C4H9NO Morpholine 1.55 ± 0.03 C4H10 Isobutane 0.132 ± 0.002 C4H10O 1-Butanol 1.66 ± 0.03 C4H10O 2-Butanol [1.8] C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 1.64 ± 0.08 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol [1.66] C4H10O Diethyl ether 1.15 ± 0.02 C4H10O Methyl propyl ether ( trans-trans ) 1.107 ± 0.013 C4H10O Isopropyl methyl ether 1.247 ± 0.003 C4H10O2 1,4-Butanediol [2.58] C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether [2.08] C4H10O3 Diethylene glycol [2.31] C4H10S 1-Butanethiol [1.53] C4H10S 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 1.66 ± 0.03 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide 1.54 ± 0.08 C4H11N Butylamine ≈1.0 C4H11N sec-Butylamine [1.28] C4H11N tert-Butylamine [1.29] C4H11N Isobutylamine [1.27] C4H11N Diethylamine 0.92 ± 0.05 C4H11NO2 Diethanolamine [2.8] C4H13N3 Diethylenetriamine [1.89] C5F5N Perfluoropyridine 0.98 ± 0.08 C5H3NS 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 4.59 ± 0.02 C5H3NS 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 4.13 ± 0.02 C5H4 1,3-Pentadiyne 1.207 ± 0.001 C5H4ClN 4-Chloropyridine 0.756 ± 0.005 C5H4FN 3-Fluoropyridine 2.09 ± 0.26 C5H4O 2,4-Cyclopentadien-1-one 3.132 ± 0.007 C5H4OS 4H-Pyran-4-thione 3.95 ± 0.05 C5H4O2 Furfural [3.54] C5H4O2 4H-Pyran-4-one 3.79 ± 0.02 C5H4S2 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione 3.9 ± 0.2 C5H5N Pyridine 2.215 ± 0.010 C5H6 1,2,3-Pentatriene 0.51 ± 0.05 C5H6 1-Penten-3-yne 0.66 ± 0.02 C5H6 cis-3-Penten-1-yne 0.78 ± 0.02 C5H6 trans -3-Penten-1-yne 1.06 ± 0.05 C5H6 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 0.513 ± 0.02 C5H6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 0.419 ± 0.004 C5H6N2 2-Methylpyrimidine 1.676 ± 0.010 C5H6N2 5-Methylpyrimidine 2.881 ± 0.006 C5H6O 2-Methylfuran 0.65 ± 0.05 C5H6O 3-Methylfuran 1.03 ± 0.02 C5H6O 3-Cyclopenten-1-one 2.79 ± 0.03 C5H6O2 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone 4.08 ± 0.02 C5H6O2 Furfuryl alcohol [1.92] C5H6S 2-Methylthiophene 0.674 ± 0.005 C5H6S 3-Methylthiophene 0.914 ± 0.015 C5H7N 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile 4.61 ± 0.13 C5H7N Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 4.04 ± 0.04 C5H7NO2 Ethyl cyanoacetate [2.17]DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. Name µ/D Mol. Form. Name µ/D 9-50C5H8 cis-1,3-Pentadiene 0.500 ± 0.015 C5H8 trans -1,3-Pentadiene 0.585 ± 0.010 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 0.25 ± 0.01 C5H8 1-Pentyne ( gauche ) 0.769 ± 0.028 C5H8 1-Pentyne ( trans ) 0.842 ± 0.010 C5H8 Cyclopentene 0.20 ± 0.02 C5H8 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene 0.287 ± 0.003 C5H8O Cyclopropyl methyl ketone 2.62 ± 0.25 C5H8O Cyclopentanone ≈3.3 C5H8O 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 1.400 ± 0.008 C5H8O 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 1.283 ± 0.005 C5H8O2 Ethyl acrylate [1.96] C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate [1.67] C5H8O2 2,4-Pentanedione [2.78] C5H8O2 Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 4.56 ± 0.02 C5H8O2 Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 4.71 ± 0.05 C5H8O2 Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one 1.720 ± 0.003 C5H9N Pentanenitrile 4.12 ± 0.08 C5H9N 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 3.95 ± 0.04 C5H9N 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine 1.007 ± 0.003 C5H9NO N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone [4.1] C5H10 1-Pentene ≈0.5 C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene ( gauche ) 0.398 ± 0.004 C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene ( trans ) 0.320 ± 0.010 C5H10 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane 0.142 ± 0.001 C5H10O 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2.66 ± 0.05 C5H10O 2-Pentanone [2.70] C5H10O 3-Pentanone [2.82] C5H10O Tetrahydropyran ( chair ) 1.58 ± 0.03 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid [1.61] C5H10O2 3-Methylbutanoic acid [0.63] C5H10O2 Butyl formate [2.03] C5H10O2 Isobutyl formate [1.88] C5H10O2 Propyl acetate [1.78] C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate [1.74] C5H10O2 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol [2.1] C5H10O3 Diethyl carbonate 1.10 ± 0.06 C5H10O3 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate [2.13] C5H10O3 Ethyl lactate [2.4] C5H10S Thiacyclohexane 1.781 ± 0.010 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane 2.20 ± 0.11 C5H11Cl 1-Chloropentane 2.16 ± 0.11 C5H11Cl 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane [1.92] C5H11N Piperidine ( equitorial ) 0.82 ± 0.02 C5H11N Piperidine ( axial ) 1.19 ± 0.02 C5H11N Piperidine ( average ) [1.19] C5H11N N-Methylpyrrolidine 0.572 ± 0.003 C5H12 Isopentane 0.13 ± 0.05 C5H12N2O Tetramethylurea [3.5] C5H12O 1-Pentanol [1.7] C5H12O 2-Pentanol [1.66] C5H12O 3-Pentanol [1.64] C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol [1.88] C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol [1.82] C5H12O2 1,5-Pentanediol [2.5] C5H12O3 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether [1.6] C6H2F4 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 2.42 ± 0.05 C6H2F4 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1.46 ± 0.06 C6H3F3 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1.402 ± 0.009C6H4ClNO21-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 4.64 ± 0.09 C6H4ClNO 21-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 3.73 ± 0.07 C6H4ClNO 21-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 2.83 ± 0.06 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene 2.50 ± 0.05 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene 1.72 ± 0.09 C6H4FNO 2 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 2.87 ± 0.06 C6H4F2 o-Difluorobenzene 2.46 ± 0.05 C6H4F2 m-Difluorobenzene 1.51 ± 0.02 C6H4N2 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 5.78 ± 0.11 C6H4N2 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3.66 ± 0.11 C6H4N2 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 1.96 ± 0.03 C6H4O2 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione 4.23 ± 0.02 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 1.70 ± 0.03 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 1.69 ± 0.03 C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol 2.11 ± 0.11 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 1.60 ± 0.08 C6H5I Iodobenzene 1.70 ± 0.09 C6H5NO 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 3.56 ± 0.07 C6H5NO 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 1.44 C6H5NO 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 1.66 C6H5NO 2 Nitrobenzene 4.22 ± 0.08 C6H6 Fulvene 0.4236 ± 0.013 C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline [1.77] C6H6O Phenol 1.224 ± 0.008 C6H6O 2-Vinylfuran 0.69 ± 0.07 C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone 2.38 ± 0.05 C6H6S Benzenethiol [1.23] C6H7N Aniline 1.13 ± 0.02 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 1.85 ± 0.04 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine [2.40] C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 2.70 ± 0.02 C6H8O 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one 4.33 ± 0.002 C6H8O4 Dimethyl maleate [2.48] C6H8Si Phenylsilane 0.845 ± 0.012 C6H9F 1-Fluorocyclohexene 1.942 ± 0.010 C6H10 1-Hexyne 0.83 ± 0.05 C6H10 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne 0.661 ± 0.004 C6H10 Cyclohexene ( half-chair ) 0.332 ± 0.012 C6H10F2 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 2.556 ± 0.010 C6H10O 3-Methylcyclopentanone 3.14 ± 0.03 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 3.246 ± 0.006 C6H10O Mesityl oxide [2.79] C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate [2.49] C6H10O4 Ethylene glycol diacetate [2.34] C6H11Cl Chlorocyclohexane ( equitorial ) 2.44 ± 0.07 C6H11Cl Chlorocyclohexane ( axial ) 1.91 ± 0.02 C6H11F Fluorocyclohexane ( equitorial ) 2.11 ± 0.04 C6H11F Fluorocyclohexane ( axial ) 1.81 ± 0.04 C6H11N 4-Methylpentanenitrile [3.5] C6H11NO Caprolactam [3.9] C6H12O Butyl vinyl ether [1.25] C6H12O 2-Hexanone [2.66] C6H12O2 Hexanoic acid [1.13] C6H12O2 Pentyl formate 1.90 ± 0.10 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate [1.87] C6H12O2 sec-Butyl acetate [1.87] C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate [1.86] C6H12O2 Ethyl butanoate [1.74] C6H12O2 Diacetone alcohol [3.24] C6H12O3 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate [2.25]DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. Name µ/D Mol. Form. Name µ/D TeamLRN9-51C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 1.43 ± 0.07 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine [1.26] C6H14O Dipropyl ether 1.21 ± 0.06 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 1.13 ± 0.10 C6H14O Butyl ethyl ether [1.24] C6H14O2 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol [2.9] C6H14O2 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether [2.08] C6H14O2 1,1-Diethoxyethane [1.38] C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether [1.6] C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether [1.97] C6H15N Dipropylamine [1.03] C6H15N Diisopropylamine [1.15] C6H15N Triethylamine 0.66 ± 0.05 C6H15NO3 Triethanolamine [3.57] C6H15O4P Triethyl phosphate [3.12] C6H18N3OP Hexamethylphosphoric triamide [5.5] C7H5Cl3 (Trichloromethyl)benzene [2.03] C7H5F3 (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 2.86 ± 0.06 C7H5N Benzonitrile 4.18 ± 0.08 C7H5N Isocyanobenzene 4.018 ± 0.003 C7H6Cl2 2,4-Dichlorotoluene [1.70] C7H6Cl2 3,4-Dichlorotoluene [2.95] C7H6Cl2 (Dichloromethyl)benzene [2.07] C7H6O 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one 4.1 ± 0.3 C7H6O Benzaldehyde [3.0] C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde [2.86] C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene 1.56 ± 0.08 C7H7Cl m-Chlorotoluene [1.82] C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene 2.21 ± 0.04 C7H7Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene [1.82] C7H7F o-Fluorotoluene 1.37 ± 0.07 C7H7F m-Fluorotoluene 1.82 ± 0.04 C7H7F p-Fluorotoluene 2.00 ± 0.10 C7H7NO3 2-Nitroanisole [5.0] C7H8 Toluene 0.375 ± 0.010 C7H8 2,5-Norbornadiene 0.0587 ± 0.0001 C7H8O o-Cresol [1.45] C7H8O m-Cresol [1.48] C7H8O p-Cresol [1.48] C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 1.71 ± 0.09 C7H8O Anisole 1.38 ± 0.07 C7H9N o-Methylaniline [1.60] C7H9N m-Methylaniline [1.45] C7H9N p-Methylaniline [1.52] C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine [2.30] C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine [1.66] C7H10 1,3-Cycloheptadiene 0.740 C7H12 Methylenecyclohexane 0.62 ± 0.01 C7H12O4 Diethyl malonate [2.54] C7H14O 2-Heptanone [2.59] C7H14O 3-Heptanone [2.78] C7H14O 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone [2.74] C7H14O cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol [1.91] C7H14O trans -3-Methylcyclohexanol [1.75] C7H14O2 Pentyl acetate 1.75 ± 0.10 C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate [1.86] C7H15Br 1-Bromoheptane 2.16 ± 0.11 C7H16O 2-Heptanol [1.71] C7H16O 3-Heptanol [1.71] C8H6 Phenylacetylene 0.656 ± 0.005 C8H7N Benzeneacetonitrile [3.5]C8H8 Styrene 0.123 ± 0.003 C8H8O Acetophenone 3.02 ± 0.06 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate [1.94] C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate [2.47] C8H10 Ethylbenzene 0.59 ± 0.05 C8H10 o-Xylene 0.640 ± 0.005 C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol [1.4] C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol [1.45] C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol [1.40] C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol [1.56] C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol [1.55] C8H10O Phenetole 1.45 ± 0.15 C8H10O2 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene [1.29] C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 1.68 ± 0.17 C8H11N 2,4-Dimethylaniline [1.40] C8H11N 2,6-Dimethylaniline [1.63] C8H11N 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine [2.05] C8H16O 2-Octanone [2.70] C8H16O2 Octanoic acid [1.15] C8H16O2 sec-Hexyl acetate [1.9] C8H16O2 Isobutyl isobutanoate [1.9] C8H16O4 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate [1.8] C8H17Cl 1-Chlorooctane [2.00] C8H18O 1-Octanol [1.76] C8H18O 2-Octanol [1.71] C8H18O 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol [1.74] C8H18O Dibutyl ether 1.17 ± 0.06 C8H18S Dibutyl sulfide [1.61] C8H19N Dibutylamine [0.98] C9H7N Quinoline 2.29 ± 0.11 C9H7N Isoquinoline 2.73 ± 0.14 C9H10O2 Ethyl benzoate 2.00 ± 0.10 C9H10O2 Benzyl acetate [1.22] C9H12 Isopropylbenzene ≈0.79 C9H18O 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone [2.66] C9H18O2 Nonanoic acid [0.79] C10H7Br 1-Bromonaphthalene [1.55] C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene [1.57] C10H8 Azulene 0.80 ± 0.02 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene ≈0.83 C10H16O Camphor, (+) [3.1] C10H20O2 2-Ethylhexyl acetate [1.8] C10H21Br 1-Bromodecane [1.93] C10H22O Dipentyl ether [1.20] C10H22O Diisopentyl ether [1.23] C11H12O2 Ethyl trans -cinnamate [1.84] C12H10 Acenaphthene ≈0.85 C12H10O Diphenyl ether ≈1.3 C12H27BO3Tributyl borate [0.77] C12H27N Tributylamine [0.78] C12H27O4P Tributyl phosphate [3.07] C14H12O2 Benzyl benzoate [2.06] C16H22O4 Dibutyl phthalate [2.82] C18H34O2 Oleic acid [1.18] C18H34O4 Dibutyl sebacate [2.48] C21H21O4P Tri- o-cresyl phosphate [2.87] C21H21O4P Tri- m-cresyl phosphate [3.05] C21H21O4P Tri- p-cresyl phosphate [3.18] C22H44O2 Butyl stearate [1.88] C24H38O4 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [2.84]DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. Name µ/D Mol. Form. Name µ/D 9-52STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS* J. Alistair Kerr The strength of a chemical bond, D∞(R-X), often known as the bond dissociation energy, is defined as the standard enthalpy change of the reaction in which the bond is broken: RX Æ R + X. It is given by the thermochemical equation, D∞(R-X) = DfH∞(R) + DfH∞(X) - DfH∞(RX). Some authors list bond strengths at a temperature of absolute zero but here the values at 298 K are given because more thermodynamic data are ava ilable for this temperature. Bond strengths or bond dissociation energies are not equal to, and may differ considerably from, mean bond energie s determined solely from thermochemical data on atoms and molecules. Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES These have usually been measured spectroscopically or by mass spectrometric analysis of hot gases effusing a Knudsen cell. Exce llent accounts of these and other methods are given in (i) Dissociation Energies and Spectra of Diatomic Molecules , by A. G. Gaydon, 3rd. ed., Chapman & Hall, London, 1968 and (ii) “Mass Spectrometric Determination of Bond Energies of High-Temperature Molecules”, K. A. Gingerich, Chimia , 26, 619, 1972. The errors quoted in the table are those given in the original paper or review article. The references have been chosen p rimarily as a key to the literature. It should not be assumed that the author referred to was responsible for the value quoted, as the reference may be to a review article. Bond strengths reported at a temperature of absolute zero, D∞0, have been converted to D∞298 by the use of enthalpy functions taken mainly from the JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 14, Suppl. 1, 1985, wherever possible. For most bonds, however, this data is not available and the conversion has been made by the approximate relation: D∞298 = D∞0 + (3/2) RT The list below does not include the increasing number of bond strengths of diatomic molecules now being calculated by ab initio methods. The Table has been arranged in an alphabetical order of the atoms. * Revised to October 2001.Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1Ref. Ag-Ag 160.3 ± 3.4 314 Ag-Al 183.7 ± 9.2 79 Ag-Au 202.9 ± 9.2 4 Ag-Bi 193 ± 42 246 Ag-Br 293 ± 29 120 Ag-Cl 314.2 184 Ag-Cu 174.1 ± 9.2 136 Ag-D 226.8 205 Ag-Dy 130 ± 19 203 Ag-Eu 129.7 ± 12.6 66 Ag-F 354.4 ± 16.3 120 Ag-Ga 180 ± 15 44 Ag-Ge 174.5 ± 20.9 135 Ag-H 215.1 ± 8 217 Ag-Ho 123.4 ± 16.7 62 Ag-I 234 ± 29 120 Ag-In 166.5 ± 4.9 13 Ag-Li 173.6 ± 6.3 276,303 Ag-Mn 100 ± 21 246 Ag-Na 138.1 ± 8.4 291,298 Ag-Nd <209 221 Ag-O 220.1 ± 20.9 287 Ag-S 217.1 349 Ag-Se 202.5 349 Ag-Si 177.8 ± 10.0 320 Ag-Sn 136.0 ± 20.9 3 Ag-Te 195.8 349 Al-Al 133 ± 6 118 Al-Ar 5.182 ± 0.005 180 Al-As 202.9 ± 7.1 294,301 Al-Au 325.9 ± 6.3 124 Al-Br 429 ± 6 186Al-Cl 511.3 ± 0.8 312 Al-Co 181.6 ± 0.2 22 Al-Cr 223.6 ± 0.6 19 Al-Cu 227.1 ± 1.2 21 Al-D 290.8 246 Al-F 663.6 ± 6.3 80 Al-H 284.9 ± 6.3 80 Al-I 369.9 ± 2.1 267 Al-Kr 6.047 ± 0.001 180 Al-Li 76.5 39Al-N 297 ± 96 120 Al-Ni 225 ± 52 0 Al-O 511 ± 3 56,74 Al-P 216.7 ± 12.6 80 Al-Pd 254.4 ± 12.1 64 Al-S 373.6 ± 7.9 376 Al-Sb 216.3 ± 5.9 293 Al-Se 337.6 ± 10.0 376 Al-Si 229.3 ± 30.1 51 Al-Te 267.8 ± 10.0 376 Al-U 326 ± 29 123 Al-V 147.4 ± 1.0 22 Al-Xe 7.43 ± 0.69 43 Ar-Ar 4.73 ± 0.04 181 Ar-He 3.89 246Ar-Hg 6.15 246 Ar-I 10.0 40 Ar-K 4.2 205As-As 382.0 ± 10.5 247 As-Cl 448 80 As-D 270.3 205As-F 410 205As-Ga 209.6 ± 1.2 83 As-H 274.0 ± 2.9 29 As-I 296.6 ± 28.0 325 As-In 201 297As-N 489 ± 2 310 As-O 481 ± 8 262 As-P 433.5 ± 12.6 137 As-S 379.5 ± 6.3 262 As-Sb 330.5 ± 5.4 94 As-Se 96 288As-Tl 198.3 ± 14.6 300 At-At ~80 89 Au-Au 226.2 ± 0.5 210 Au-B 367.8 ± 10.5 145 Au-Ba 254.8 ± 10.0 135 Au-Be 285 ± 8 120 Au-Bi 297 ± 8.4 135 Au-Ca 243 135 Au-Ce 339 ± 21 135 Au-Cl 343 ± 9.6 120 Au-Co 222 ± 17 135 Au-Cr 213 ± 17 135 Au-Cs 255 ± 3.3 41 Au-Cu 228.0 ± 5.0 34,135 Au-D 318.4 205Au-Dy 259 ± 21 203 Au-Eu 241.0 ± 10.5 66 Au-Fe 187.0 ± 16.7 220 Au-Ga 234 ± 38 135 Au-Ge 274.1 ± 5.0 135 Au-H 292.0 ± 8 217 Au-Ho 267.4 ± 16.7 62,250 TeamLRN9-53STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Au-In 286.0 ± 5.7 13 Au-La 336.4 ± 20.9 127 Au-Li 284.5 ± 6.7 276 Au-Lu 332.2 ± 16.7 132 Au-Mg 243 ± 42 246 Au-Mn 185.4 ± 12.6 342 Au-Na 215.1 ± 12.6 298 Au-Nd 299.2 ± 20.9 127 Au-Ni 247 ± 16 352 Au-O 221.8 ± 20.9 287 Au-Pb 130 ± 42 246 Au-Pd 155 ± 21 135 Au-Pr 310 ± 21 135 Au-Rb 243 ± 2.9 41 Au-Rh 231.0 ± 29 66 Au-S 418 ± 25 131 Au-Sc 280.3 ± 16.7 128 Au-Se 243.1 349 Au-Si 305.4 ± 5.9 139 Au-Sn 254.8 ± 7.1 233 Au-Sr 264 ± 42 246 Au-Tb 289.5 ± 33.5 152,250 Au-Te 317.6 349Au-U 318 ± 29 123 Au-V 240.6 ± 12.1 172 Au-Y 307.1 ± 8.4 177 B-B 297 ± 21 80 B-Br 396 32 B-C 448 ± 29 246 B-Ce 305 ± 21 246 B-Cl 511.3 ± 4 195 B-D 341.0 ± 6.3 246 B-F 757 257 B-H 340 302 B-I 220.5 ± 0.8 315 B-Ir 514.2 ± 17.2 381 B-La 339 ± 63 246 B-N 389 ± 21 80 B-O 808.8 ± 20.9 287 B-P 346.9 ± 16.7 147 B-Pd 329.3 ± 20.9 381 B-Pt 477.8 ± 16.7 268 B-Rh 475.7 ± 20.9 381 B-Ru 446.9 ± 20.9 381 B-S 580.7 ± 9.2 374 B-Sc 276 ± 63 246 B-Se 461.9 ± 14.6 374 B-Si 317 ± 7 390 B-Te 354.4 ± 20.1 374 B-Th 297 140B-Ti 276 ± 63 246 B-U 322 ± 33 246 B-Y 293 ± 63 246 Ba-Br 362.8 ± 8.4 104,199,230 Ba-Cl 436.0 ± 8.4 197,199 Ba-D £193.7 205 Ba-F 587.0 ± 6.7 101,196Ba-H 176 ± 14.6 120 Ba-I 320.8 ± 6.3 188 Ba-O 561.9 ± 13.4 287 Ba-Pd 221.8 ± 5.0 125 Ba-Rh 259.4 ± 25.1 125 Ba-S 400.0 ± 18.8 70 Be-Be 59 35,87 Be-Br 381 ± 84 246 Be-Cl 388.3 ± 9.2 108,191,382 Be-D 203.05 205 Be-F 577 ± 42 80,108 Be-H 200.0 ± 1.3 67 Be-O 434.7 ± 13.4 287 Be-S 372 ± 59 120 Bi-Bi 200.4 ± 7.5 307,324 Bi-Br 267.4 ± 4.2 76 Bi-Cl 301 ± 47 8 Bi-D 283.7 266 Bi-F 367 ± 13 400 Bi-Ga 159 ± 17 296 Bi-H £283.3 266 Bi-I 218.0 ± 4.6 77 Bi-In 153.6 ± 1.7 321 Bi-Li 154.0 ± 5.0 277,305 Bi-O 337.2 ± 12.6 287 Bi-P 280 ± 13 137 Bi-Pb 141.8 ± 14.6 324 Bi-S 315.5 ± 4.6 375 Bi-Sb 251 ± 4 244 Bi-Se 280.3 ± 5.9 375 Bi-Sn 210.0 ± 8.4 135 Bi-Te 232.2 ± 11.3 375 Bi-Tl 121 ± 13 84 Br-Br 192.807 1 Br-C 280 ± 21 120 Br-Ca 310.9 ± 9.2 319 Br-Cd 159 ± 96 120 Br-Cl 217.53 ± 0.29 59 Br-Co 331 ± 42 246 Br-Cr 328.0 ± 24.3 120 Br-Cs 389.1 ± 4 285,362 Br-Cu 331 ± 25 120 Br-D 370.74 205 Br-F 280 ± 12 211 Br-Fe 247 ± 96 120 Br-Ga 444 ± 17 80 Br-Ge 255 ± 29 120 Br-H 366.35 205 Br-Hg 72.8 ± 48 0 Br-I 179.1 ± 0.4 120,309 Br-In 414 ± 21 80 Br-K 379.9 ± 0.8 362,378 Br-Li 418.8 ± 4 362 Br-Mg £327.2 205 Br-Mn 314.2 ± 9.6 120 Br-N 276 ± 21 120 Br-Na 367.4 ± 0.8 362,378Br-Ni 360 ± 13 120 Br-O 235.5 ± 2.4 46 Br-Pb 247 ± 38 120 Br-Rb 380.7 ± 4 362 Br-Sb 314 ± 59 120 Br-Sc 444 ± 63 246 Br-Se 297 ± 84 246 Br-Si 367.8 ± 10.0 106 Br-Sn ≥552 286 Br-Sr 333.0 ± 9.2 199 Br-Th 364 187Br-Ti 439 246 Br-Tl 333.9 ± 1.7 28 Br-U 377.4 ± 6.3 260 Br-V 439 ± 42 246 Br-W 329.3 223 Br-Xe 5.94 ± 0.02 58 Br-Y 485 ± 84 246 Br-Zn 142 ± 29 246 C-C 610 ± 2.0 373 C-Ce 444 ± 13 236 C-Cl 397 ± 29 283 C-D 341.4 205C-F 552 193 C-Ge 460 ± 21 120 C-H 338.4 ± 1.2 205 C-Hf 540 ± 25 357 C-I 209 ± 21 120 C-Ir 632 ± 4 171 C-La 462 ± 20 290 C-Mo 481 ± 15.9 167 C-N 748.0 ± 10 42 C-Nb 569 ± 13.0 167 C-O 1076.5 ± 0.4 80 C-Os ≥594 126 C-P 513.4 ± 8 350 C-Pt 598 ± 5.9 171,379 C-Rh 580.0 ± 3.8 332 C-Ru 616.2 ± 10.5 333 C-S 714.1 ± 1.2 71,354 C-Sc £444 148 C-Se 590.4 ± 5.9 343 C-Si 451.5 91,387 C-Tc 565 ± 29 322 C-Th 453 ± 17 166,357 C-Ti 423 ± 29 162,357 C-U 454.8 ± 15.1 165,169 C-V 427 ± 23.8 167 C-Y 418 ± 14 338 C-Zr 561 ± 25 357 Ca-Ca ~17 153 Ca-Cl 409 ± 9 269 Ca-D £169.9 205 Ca-F 527 ± 21 101,190 Ca-H 167.8 120 Ca-I 284.7 ± 8.4 188 Ca-Li 84.9 ± 8.4 397 9-54STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref.Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Ca-O 402.1 ± 16.7 287,326 Ca-S 337.6 ± 18.8 70,205 Cd-Cd 7.36 251 Cd-Cl 208.4 205 Cd-F 305 ± 21 31 Cd-H 69.0 ± 0.4 120 Cd-I 97.23 215 Cd-In 138 246Cd-O 235.6 ± 83.7 158,287 Cd-S 208.4 ± 20.9 158 Cd-Se 127.6 ± 25.1 158 Cd-Te 100.0 ± 15.1 158 Ce-Ce 245.2 127 Ce-F 582 ± 42 246 Ce-Ir 586 149 Ce-N 519 ± 21 146 Ce-O 795 ± 89 5 Ce-Os 506 ± 33 126 Ce-Pd 322.2 63 Ce-Pt 556 149Ce-Rh 548 149 Ce-Ru 531 ± 25 126 Ce-S 569 24Ce-Se 494.5 ± 14.6 271 Ce-Te 189.4 ± 12.8 252 Cl-Cl 242.580 ± 0.004 205 Cl-Co 337.6 ± 6.7 194 Cl-Cr 377.8 ± 6.7 194 Cl-Cs 448 ± 8 285,363 Cl-Cu 377.8 ± 7.5 184 Cl-D 436.47 205 Cl-Eu ~326 113Cl-F 256.23 205,279 Cl-Fe 329.7 ± 6.7 194 Cl-Ga 481 ± 13 80 Cl-Ge ~431 205 Cl-H 431.62 205 Cl-Hg 100 ± 8 120 Cl-I 211.3 ± 0.4 120 Cl-In 439 ± 88 0 Cl-K 433.0 ± 8 363 Cl-Li 469 ± 13 80 Cl-Mg 327.6 ± 2.1 105,197,382 Cl-Mn 338.5 ± 6.7 194 Cl-N 333.9 ± 9.6 54 Cl-Na 412.1 ± 8 363 Cl-Ni 377.0 ± 6.7 194 Cl-O 268.85 ± 0.10 2 Cl-P 289 ± 42 246 Cl-Pb 301 ± 29 120 Cl-Ra 343 ± 75 120 Cl-Rb 427.6 ± 8 363 Cl-S 277.0 224Cl-Sb 360 ± 50 120 Cl-Sc 331 386 Cl-Se 322 246Cl-Si 406 308,385 Cl-Sm ≥423 399 Cl-Sn 414 ± 17 246 Cl-Sr 406 ± 13 197,199 Cl-Ta 544 23Cl-Th 489 261 Cl-Ti 405.4 ± 10.5 192 Cl-Tl 372.8 ± 2.1 28 Cl-U 452 ± 8 259 Cl-V 477 ± 63 246 Cl-W 423 ± 42 246 Cl-Xe 6.7 205 Cl-Y 527 ± 84 246 Cl-Yb ~322 113Cl-Zn 228.9 ± 19.7 73 Cm-O 736 341 Co-Co 167 ± 25 218 Co-Cu 167 ± 17 135 Co-F 435 ± 63 246 Co-Ge 234 ± 21 135 Co-H 226 ± 42 369 Co-I 285 ± 21 246 Co-Nb 267.0 ± 0.1 8 Co-O 384.5 ± 13.4 287 Co-S 331 349 Co-Si 276 ± 17 380 Co-Ti 235.4 ± 0.1 353 Co-Y 253.7 ± 0.1 8 Co-Zr 306.4 ± 0.1 8 Cr-Cr 142.9 ± 5.4 201 Cr-Cu 155 ± 21 222 Cr-F 444.8 ± 19.7 227 Cr-Ge 154 ± 7 202 Cr-H 190.3 ± 7.0 53 Cr-I 287.0 ± 24.3 120 Cr-N 377.8 ± 18.8 152,355 Cr-O 461 ± 9 179 Cr-Pb 105 ± 2 202 Cr-S 331 93 Cr-Sn 141 ± 3 202 Cs-Cs 43.919 ± 0.010 394 Cs-F 519 ± 8 285 Cs-H 175.364 401 Cs-Hg 8 205Cs-I 337.2 ± 2.1 285,361 Cs-Na 63.2 ± 1.3 86 Cs-O 295.8 ± 62.8 287 Cs-Rb 49.57 ± 0.01 174 Cu-Cu 176.52 ± 2.38 135,323 Cu-D 270.3 205Cu-Dy 142 ± 21 203 Cu-F 413.4 ± 13 99 Cu-Ga 215.9 ± 15.1 44 Cu-Ge 208.8 ± 21 273 Cu-H 277.8 217,318 Cu-Ho 142 ± 21 203Cu-I 197 ± 21 120 Cu-In 187.4 ± 7.9 13 Cu-Li 192.9 ± 8.8 276 Cu-Mn 158.6 ± 17 222 Cu-Na 176.1 ± 16.7 299 Cu-Ni 202 ± 10 117 Cu-O 269.0 ± 20.9 287 Cu-S 276 349Cu-Se 251 349 Cu-Si 221.3 ± 6.3 320 Cu-Sn 169.5 ± 6.7 3,237 Cu-Tb 193 ± 19 203 Cu-Te 278.7 1 D-D 443.533 205D-F 576.6 205 D-Ga <272.8 253 D-Ge £322 205 D-H 439.433 205 D-Hg 42.05 205 D-In 246.0 205D-Li 240.1892 ± 0.0046 207,360 D-Lu 302 308 D-Mg 135.1 205D-Ni £302.9 205 D-Pt £350.2 205 D-S 351 205D-Si 302.5 205 D-Sr ≥275.7 205 D-Zn 88.7 205Dy-F 531 406 Dy-O 607 ± 17 95 Dy-S 414 ± 42 246 Dy-Se 322 ± 42 246 Dy-Te 234 ± 42 246 Er-F 565 ± 17 406 Er-O 615 ± 13 95 Er-S 418 ± 42 246 Er-Se 326 ± 42 246 Er-Te 238 ± 42 246 Eu-Eu 33.5 ± 17 66 Eu-F 544 242Eu-Li 66.9 ± 2.9 275 Eu-O 479 ± 10 95 Eu-Rh 233.9 ± 33 66 Eu-S 362.3 ± 13.0 271,347 Eu-Se 301 ± 14.6 25,178,271 Eu-Te 243 ± 14.6 25,271 F-F 158.78 205 F-Ga 577 ± 14.6 270 F-Gd 590.4 ± 27.2 405 F-Ge 485 ± 21 98 F-H 569.87 ± 0.06 402 F-Hf 650 ± 15 16 F-Hg ~180 205 F-Ho 540 406 F-I £271.5 7,33,60,75 TeamLRN9-55STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref.Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) F-In 506 ± 14.6 270 F-K 497.5 ± 2.5 17 F-La 598 ± 42 246 F-Li 577 ± 21 80 F-Lu 333.5 208F-Mg 461.9 ± 5.0 101,196 F-Mn 423.4 ± 14.6 228 F-Mo 464.8 198F-N 343 205 F-Na 519 205 F-Nd 545.2 ± 12.6 403 F-Ni 430 ± 20 85 F-O 219.54 ± 10 48 F-P 439 ± 96 120 F-Pb 356 ± 8 408 F-Pm 540 ± 42 246 F-Pr 582 ± 46 246 F-Pu 538.5 ± 29 229 F-Rb 494 ± 21 80 F-Ru 402 185F-S 342.7 ± 5.0 30,200,231 F-Sb 439 ± 96 120 F-Sc 589.1 ± 13 404 F-Se 339 ± 42 246 F-Si 552.7 ± 2.1 109 F-Sm 565 242F-Sn 466.5 ± 13 408 F-Sr 541.8 ± 6.7 101,196 F-Ta 573 ± 13 256 F-Tb 561 ± 42 246 F-Th 652 263 F-Ti 569 ± 33 407 F-Tl 445.2 ± 19.2 28 F-Tm 510 242 F-U 659.0 ± 10.5 157,258 F-V 590 ± 63 246 F-W 548 ± 63 246 F-Xe 15.77 317,368F-Y 605.0 ± 20.9 404 F-Yb ≥521.3 18,113,399 F-Zn 368 ± 63 246 F-Zr 616 ± 15 16 Fe-Fe 75 ± 17 330 Fe-Ge 210.9 ± 29 219 Fe-H 180 ± 25 369 Fe-O 390.4 ± 17.2 287 Fe-S 322 93Fe-Si 297 ± 25 380 Ga-Ga 112.1 ± 7 337 Ga-H <274.1 253Ga-I 339 ± 9.6 120 Ga-Li 133.1 ± 14.6 160 Ga-O 353.5 ± 41.8 287 Ga-P 229.7 ± 12.6 130 Ga-Sb 192.0 ± 12.6 295 Ga-Te 251 ± 25 377 Gd-O 719 ± 10 95Gd-S 526.8 ± 10.5 116,345 Gd-Se 431 ± 14.6 25 Gd-Te 343 ± 14.6 25 Ge-Ge 263.6 ± 7.1 238 Ge-H £321.7 243 Ge-Ni 290.3 ± 10.9 335 Ge-O 659.4 ± 12.6 226,287 Ge-Pd 254.7 ± 10.5 334 Ge-S 534 ± 3 280 Ge-Sc 271.0 ± 11 234 Ge-Se 484.7 ± 1.7 282 Ge-Si 296.4 ± 8.6 391 Ge-Te 397 ± 3 282 Ge-Y 279.8 ± 11.4 235 H-H 435.990 205 H-Hg 39.844 205 H-I 298.407 205H-In 243.1 205 H-K 174.576 206,401 H-Li 238.049 ± 0.004 393 H-Mg 126.4 ± 2.9 14,15,100 H-Mn 234 ± 29 120 H-N £339 205 H-Na 185.69 ± 0.25 274,316 H-Ni 252.3 ± 8 217 H-O 429.99 ± 0.38 412 H-P 297 205 H-Pb £157 205 H-Pd 234 ± 25 369 H-Pt £335 205 H-Rb 167 ± 21 120 H-Rh 247 ± 21 369 H-Ru 234 ± 21 369 H-S 344.3 ± 12.1 212 H-Sc ~180 329H-Se 314.47 ± 0.96 122 H-Si £299.2 205 H-Sn 264 ± 17 120 H-Sr 163 ± 8 120 H-Te 268 ± 2.1 119 H-Ti 204.6 ± 8.8 52 H-Tl 188 ± 8 120 H-V 208.7 ± 7.0 53 H-Yb 159 ± 38 120 H-Zn 85.8 ± 2.1 120 He-He 3.8 205 He-Hg 6.61 246Hf-C 548 ± 63 246 Hf-N 536 ± 29 152,245 Hf-O 801.7 ± 13.4 287 Hg-Hg 8 ± 2 204 Hg-I 34.69 ± 0.96 388 Hg-K 8.24 ± 0.21 246 Hg-Li 13.8 205 Hg-Na 9.2 205,411 Hg-O 220.9 ± 33.1 158 Hg-Rb 8.4 205Hg-S 217.1 ± 22.2 158 Hg-Se 144.3 ± 30.1 158 Hg-Te £142 246 Hg-Tl 4 183 Ho-Ho 84 ± 17 62 Ho-O 611 ± 17 95 Ho-S 428.4 ± 14.6 345 Ho-Se 335 ± 17 25 Ho-Te 259 ± 17 25 I-I 151.088 205,371 I-In 331 384I-K 325.1 ± 0.8 361,378 I-Li 345.2 ± 4.2 361 I-Mg ~285 26I-Mn 282.8 ± 9.6 120 I-N 159 ± 17 246 I-Na 304.2 ± 2.1 361,378 I-Ni 293 ± 21 120 I-O 230 47 I-Pb 193 ± 4 340 I-Rb 318.8 ± 2.1 361 I-Si 293 205 I-Sn 234 ± 42 246 I-Sr 269.9 ± 5.9 239 I-Te 192 ± 42 246 I-Ti 310 ± 42 246 I-Tl 272 ± 82 6 I-Zn 108.29 215 I-Zr 305 241In-In 100 ± 8 246 In-Li 92.5 ± 14.6 160 In-O <320.1 287In-P 197.9 ± 8.4 291 In-S 289 ± 17 69 In-Sb 151.9 ± 10.5 81 In-Se 247 ± 17 69 In-Te 218 ± 17 69 Ir-La 577 ± 13 176 Ir-O 414.6 ± 42.3 287 Ir-Si 462.8 ± 20.9 381 Ir-Th 573 133Ir-Ti 422 ± 13 289 Ir-Y 456.1 ± 16.7 177 K-K 54.63 ± 0.02 6,265 K-Kr 4.6 205 K-Li 82.0 ± 4.2 103,410 K-Na 65.994 ± 0.008 36,410 K-O 277.8 ± 20.9 287 K-Xe 5.0 205 Kr-Kr 5.23 50,205Kr-O <8 246 Kr-Xe 5.505 ± 0.002 9 La-La 247 ± 21 386 La-N 519 ± 42 246 La-O 799 ± 49 5 La-Pt 502 ± 21 272 La-Rh 527 ± 17 65 9-56STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref.Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) La-S 573.2 ± 1.7 214,359 La-Se 477 ± 17 25,271 La-Te 381 ± 17 25,154 La-Y 202.1 386 Li-Li 110.21 ± 4 383,398 Li-Mg 67.4 ± 6.3 396 Li-Na 87.181 ± 0.001 102,111 Li-O 333.5 ± 8.4 287 Li-Pb 78.7 ± 7.9 277 Li-S 312.5 ± 7.5 232 Li-Sb 172.8 ± 10.0 278 Li-Sm 49.0 ± 4.2 275 Li-Tm 69.0 ± 3.3 275 Li-Yb 37.2 ± 2.9 275 Lu-Lu 142 ± 33 246 Lu-O 678 ± 89 5 Lu-Pt 402 ± 33 141 Lu-S 507.1 ± 14.6 114,345 Lu-Se 418 ± 17 25 Lu-Te 326 ± 17 25 Mg-Mg 8.552 ± 0.004 264,397 Mg-O 363.2 ± 12.6 287 Mg-S 234 70Mn-Mn 25.9 221 Mn-O 402.9 ± 41.8 225,287 Mn-S 301 ± 17 395 Mn-Se 239.3 ± 9.2 351 Mo-Mo 406 ± 21 168 Mo-Nb 456 ± 25 163 Mo-O 560.2 ± 20.9 287 N-N 945.33 ± 0.59 205 N-O 630.57 ± 0.13 205 N-P 617.1 ± 20.9 72,151 N-Pu 473 ± 63 246 N-S 464 ± 21 246 N-Sb 301 ± 50 120 N-Sc 469 ± 84 246 N-Se 370 ± 11 254 N-Si 470 ± 15 311 N-Ta 611 ± 84 246 N-Th 577.4 ± 33.1 144,152 N-Ti 476.1 ± 33.1 152,356 N-U 531.4 ± 2.1 142 N-V 477.4 ± 17.2 107,152 N-Xe 23.0 182 N-Y 481 ± 63 246 N-Zr 564.8 ± 25.1 143,152 Na-Na 73.0813 ± 0.0001 213 Na-O 256.1 ± 16.7 287 Na-Rb 63.25 392Nb-Nb 510 ± 10.0 164 Nb-Ni 271.9 ± 0.1 8 Nb-O 771.5 ± 25.1 287 Nb-Ti 302.0 ± 0.1 254 Nd-Nd <163 246 Nd-O 703 ± 13 95 Nd-S 471.5 25Nd-Se 385 ± 17 25,156,271 Nd-Te 305 ± 17 25 Ne-Ne 3.93 365 Ni-Ni 200.7 ± 0.2 304 Ni-O 382.0 ± 16.7 287 Ni-Pt 273.7 ± 0.3 367 Ni-S 344.3 93 Ni-Si 318 ± 17 380 Ni-V 206.3 ± 0.1 353 Ni-Y 283.9 ± 0.1 8 Ni-Zr 279.7 ± 0.1 8 Np-O 718.4 ± 41.8 287 O-O 498.36 ± 0.17 38,205 O-Os 575 189O-P 599.1 ± 12.6 287 O-Pa 788.3 ± 17.2 240 O-Pb 382.0 ± 12.6 287 O-Pd 380.7 ± 83.7 287 O-Pm 674 ± 63 246 O-Pr 753 ± 13 95 O-Pt 391.6 ± 41.8 287 O-Pu 715.9 ± 33.9 287 O-Rb 255 ± 84 37 O-Re 626.8 ± 83.7 287 O-Rh 405.0 ± 41.8 287 O-Ru 528.4 ± 41.8 287 O-S 517.90 ± 0.05 57 O-Sb 434.3 ± 41.8 287 O-Sc 681.6 ± 11.3 287 O-Se 464.8 ± 21.3 287,344 O-Si 799.6 ± 13.4 287 O-Sm 565 ± 13 95 O-Sn 531.8 ± 12.6 287 O-Sr 426.3 ± 6.3 327 O-Ta 799.1 ± 12.6 287 O-Tb 711 ± 13 95 O-Te 376.1 ± 20.9 287 O-Th 878.6 ± 12.1 287 O-Ti 672.4 ± 9.2 287 O-Tm 502 ± 13 95 O-U 759.4 ± 13.4 287 O-V 626.8 ± 18.8 12,287 O-W 672.0 ± 41.8 287 O-Xe 36.4 246O-Y 719.6 ± 11.3 209,287 O-Yb 397 ± 17 95 O-Zn 159 ± 45 5 O-Zr 776.1 ± 13.4 287 P-P 489.5 ± 10.5 151 P-Pt £416.7 348 P-Rh 353.1 ± 17 348 P-S 444 ± 89 2 P-Sb 356.9 249P-Se 363.6 ± 10.0 92 P-Si 363.6 346 P-Te 297.9 ± 10.0 92 P-Th 550.2 ± 42 135P-Tl 209 ± 13 293 P-U 297 ± 21 246 P-W 305 ± 4 150 Pb-Pb 86.6 ± 0.8 138,305 Pb-S 346.0 ± 1.7 375 Pb-Sb 161.5 ± 10.5 409 Pb-Se 302.9 ± 4 375 Pb-Te 251 ± 13 375 Pd-Pd 100 ± 15 331 Pd-Si 261 ± 12 336 Pd-Y 238 ± 17 313 Pm-S 423 ± 63 246 Pm-Se 339 ± 63 246 Pm-Te 255 ± 63 246 Po-Po 187.0 205 Pr-S 492.5 ± 4.6 112 Pr-Se 446.4 ± 23.0 155,271 Pr-Te 326 ± 42 246 Pt-Pt 307 ± 2 366 Pt-Si 501.2 ± 18.0 381 Pt-Th 552 133 Pt-Ti 397 ± 13 173 Pt-Y 474.0 ± 12.1 170 Rb-Rb 48.898 ± 0.005 5 Rh-Rh 285.3 ± 0.05 255 Rh-Sc 443.9 ± 10.5 175 Rh-Si 395.0 ± 18.0 381 Rh-Th 515 ± 21 129 Rh-Ti 390.8 ± 14.6 61 Rh-U 519 ± 17 129 Rh-V 364 ± 29 135 Rh-Y 445.2 ± 10.5 175 Ru-Si 397.1 ± 20.9 381 Ru-Th 591.6 ± 42 134 Ru-V 414 ± 29 135 S-S 425.30 205 S-Sb 378.7 110 S-Sc 477 ± 13 359,372 S-Se 371.1 ± 6.7 90 S-Si 623 205 S-Sm 389 112S-Sn 464 ± 3.3 88 S-Sr 339 45 S-Tb 515 ± 42 246 S-Te 339 ± 21 88 S-Ti 418 ± 3 96,292 S-Tm 368 ± 42 246 S-U 522.6 ± 9.6 359 S-V 450 97,205 S-Y 528.4 ± 10.5 358 S-Yb 167 246 S-Zn 205 ± 13 82,158 S-Zr 575.3 ± 16.7 359 Sb-Sb 299.2 ± 6.3 81,248 Sb-Te 277.4 ± 3.8 306,364 Sb-Tl 126.8 ± 10.5 11,293 Sc-Sc 162.8 ± 21 136 TeamLRN9-57STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Molecule D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref.Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Sc-Se 385 ± 17 246 Sc-Si 228.7 ± 14 234 Sc-Te 289 ± 17 246 Se-Se 332.6 ± 0.4 90,375 Se-Si 538 ± 13 370 Se-Sm 331.0 ± 14.6 271 Se-Sn 401.2 ± 5.9 68 Se-Sr ~285 27Se-Tb 423 ± 42 246 Se-Te 291.6 ± 4 88,90,159 Se-Ti 381 ± 42 246 Se-Tm 276 ± 42 246 Se-V 347 ± 21 246 Se-Y 435 ± 13 246Se-Zn 170.7 ± 25.9 82,158 Si-Si 325 ± 7 328 Si-Te 452 ± 8 205,281 Si-Y 258.8 ± 17.3 235 Sm-Te 272.4 ± 14.6 271 Sn-Sn 187.1 ± 0.3 284 Sn-Te 359.8 205 Sr-Sr 15.5 ± 0.4 121 Tb-Tb 131.4 ± 25.1 250 Tb-Te 339 ± 42 246 Te-Te 257.6 ± 4.1 389 Te-Ti 289 ± 17 246 Te-Tm 276 ± 42 246 Te-Y 339 ± 13 246Te-Zn 117.6 ± 18.0 158 Th-Th £289 140 Ti-Ti 141.4 ± 21 216 Ti-V 203.2 ± 0.1 353 Ti-Zr 214.3 ± 0.1 254 Tl-Tl 64.4 ± 17 10 U-U 222 ± 21 246 V-V 269.3 ± 0.1 353 V-Zr 260.6 ± 0.3 254 Xe-Xe 6.138 ± 0.001 49,115 Y-Y 159 ± 21 246 Yb-Yb 20.5 ± 17 161 Zn-Zn 29 339 Zr-Zr 298.2 ± 0.1 8 1. Abbasov, A. S., Azizov, T. 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Table 2 ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF GASEOUS ATOMS FROM ELEMENTS IN THEIR STANDARD STATES For elements that are diatomic gases in their standard states these are readily obtained from the bond strength. For elements t hat are crystalline in their standard states they are derived from vapor pressure data. Atom DfH∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Atom DfH∞298/kJ mol–1Ref. Ag 284.9 ± 0.8 2 Al 330.0 ± 4.0 2 As 302.5 ± 13 1 Au 368.2 ± 2.1 1 B 565 ± 52 Ba 177.8 ± 41 Be 324 ± 52 Bi 209.6 ± 2.1 1 Br 111.87 ± 0.12 2 C 716.68 ± 0.45 2 Ca 177.8 ± 0.8 2 Cd 111.80 ± 0.20 2 Ce 423 ± 13 1 Cl 121.301 ± 0.008 2 Co 428.4 ± 41 Cr 397 ± 41 Cs 76.5 ± 1.0 2 Cu 337.4 ± 1.2 2 Er 317.1 ± 41 F 79.38 ± 0.30 2 Ge 372 ± 32 H 217.998 ± 0.006 2Hf 619 ± 41 Hg 61.38 ± 0.04 2 I 106.76 ± 0.04 2 In 243 ± 41 Ir 669 ± 41 K 89.0 ± 0.8 2 Li 159.3 ± 1.0 2 Mg 147.1 ± 0.8 2 Mn 283.3 ± 41 Mo 658.1 ± 2.1 1 N 472.68 ± 0.40 2 Na 107.5 ± 0.7 2 Nb 721.3 ± 41 Ni 430.1 ± 2.1 1 O 249.18 ± 0.10 2 Os 787 ± 6.3 1 P 316.5 ± 1.0 2 Pb 195.2 ± 0.8 2 Pd 376.6 ± 2.1 1 Pt 565.7 ± 1.3 1 Pu 364.4 ± 17 1 Rb 80.9 ± 0.8 2Re 774 ± 6.3 1 Rh 556 ± 41 Ru 650.6 ± 6.3 1 S 277.17 ± 0.15 2 Sb 264.4 ± 2.5 1 Sc 377.8 ± 41 Se 227.2 ± 41 Si 450 ± 82 Sn 301.2 ± 1.5 2 Sr 163.6 ± 2.1 1 Ta 782.0 ± 2.5 1 Te 196.6 ± 2.1 1 Th 602 ± 62 Ti 473 ± 32 Tl 182.21 ± 0.4 1 U 533 ± 82 V 514.2 ± 1.3 1 W 849.8 ± 41 Y 424.7 ± 2.1 1 Yb 152.09 ± 0.8 1 Zn 130.40 ± 0.40 2 Zr 608.8 ± 41Atom DfH∞298/kJ mol–1Ref. REFERENCES 1. Brewer, L. and Rosenblatt, G. M., Adv. High Temp. Chem. , 2, 1, 1969. 2. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., Eds., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics , Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, 1989. TeamLRN9-65Bond D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. H-C6H5 473.1 ± 3.0 46 H-Cyclohexa-1,3-dien-5-yl 305 ± 21 63 H-Cyclohexa-1,4-dien-3-yl 305.4 ± 8.4 45 H-Cyclohexyl 399.6 ± 46 3 H-C(CH3)2CCCH 3 344.3 ± 11.3 63 H-CH2C(CH3)C(CH3)2 326.4 ± 4.6 63 H-C(CH3)2C(CH3)CH2 319.2 ± 4.6 63 H-CH2C6H5 375.7 ± 1.7 35 H-Cyclohepta-1,3,5-trien-7-yl 305.4 ± 86 3 H-Norbornyl 404.6 ± 10.5 63 H-Cycloheptyl 387.0 ± 46 3 H-CH(CH3)C6H5 357.3 ± 6.3 63 H-Inden-1-yl 351 ± 13 63 H-C(CH3)2C6H5 353.1 ± 6.3 63 H-1-Naphthylmethyl 356.1 ± 6.3 63 H-CH(C6H5)2 340.6 80 H-9,10-Dihydroanthracen-9-yl 315.1 ± 6.3 63 H-C(CH3)(C6H5)2 339 ± 86 3 H-9-Anthracenylmethyl 342.3 ± 6.3 63 H-9-Phenanthrenylmethyl 356.1 ± 6.3 63 H-CN 527.6 ± 1.7 16 H-CH2CN 392.9 ± 8.4 16 H-CH 2NC 380.7 ± 8.8 16 H-CH(CH3)CN 376.1 ± 9.6 63 H-C(CH3)2CN 361.9 ± 8.4 63 H-CH 2NH2 390.4 ± 8.4 63 H-CH2NHCH3 364 ± 86 3 H-CH2N(CH3)2 351 ± 86 3 H-CHO 368.5 ± 1.0 23 H-CHCO 440.6 ± 8.8 16 H-COCH3 373.8 ± 1.5 67 H-COCHCH 2 364.4 ± 4.2 63 H-COC2H5 371.3 1,12 H-COC6H5 363.6 ± 46 3H-CH 424.0 ± 4.2 1 H-CH2 462.0 ± 4.0 1 H-CH3 438.9 ± 0.4 16 H-CCH 556.1 ± 2.9 4,37 H-CHCH2 465.3 ± 3.4 37,81 H-C2H5 423.0 ± 1.6 16 H-Cycloprop-2-en-1-yl 379.1 ± 17 63 H-CH2CCH 374.0 ± 86 3 H-CH2CHCH2 361.9 ± 8.8 16,35 H-Cyclopropyl 444.8 ± 1.3 63 H-n-C3H7 423.3 ± 2.1 82 H-i-C3H7 409.1 ± 2.0 82 H-CH2CCCH3 364.8 ± 86 3 H-CH(CH3)CCH 347.7 ± 9.2 63 H-Cyclobutyl 403.8 ± 46 3 H-Cyclopropylmethyl 407.5 ± 6.7 63 H-CH(CH3)CHCH 2 345.2 ± 5.4 63 H-CH2CHCHCH3 358.2 ± 6.3 63 H-CH2C(CH3)CH2 358.2 ± 4 91,95 H-n-C 4H9 425.4 ± 2.1 82 H-i-C4H9 425.2 ± 2.1 82 H-s-C4H9 411.2 ± 2.0 82 H-t-C 4H9 404.3 ± 1.3 82 H-Cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl 346.7 1,12H-Spiropentyl 413.4 ± 46 3 H-Cyclopent-1-en-3-yl 344.3 ± 46 3 H-CH 2CHCHCHCH2 347 ± 13 63 H-CH(C2H3)2 319.7 63,92 H-CH(CH 3)CCCH3 365.3 ± 11.3 63 H-C(CH3)2CCH 338.9 ± 9.6 63 H-C(CH3)2CHCH2 323.0 ± 6.3 63 H-Cyclopentyl 403.5 ± 2.5 22,74 H-CH2C(CH3)3 418 ± 86 3 H-C(CH3)2C2H5 404.0 ± 6.3 1,74,89Bond D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref.STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES The values below refer to a temperature of 298 K and have mostly been determined by kinetic methods (see (i) S. W. Benson, J. Chem. Educ. , 42, 502, 1965, (ii) J. A. Kerr, Chem. Rev. , 66, 465, 1966 and (iii) D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. , 33, 493, 1982, for a full description of the methods). An increasing number of bond strengths are being determined from gas-phase acidity cycles and from photoionization mass spectrometry (see J. Berkowitz, G. B. Ellison and D. Gutman, J. Phys. Chem. , 98, 2744, 1994). Bond strengths in polyatomic molecules are notoriously difficult to measure accurately since the mechanisms of the kinetic syst ems involved in many of the measurements are seldom straightforward. Thus much controversy has taken place in the literature over the past 15 y ears concerning C-H bond strengths in simple alkanes, for which we recommend data based largely on kinetic studies involving time-resolved flow tube experiments with mass spectrometric determination of reactant radical concentrations (see Berkowitz, J., Ellison, G. B., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994.). These alkane bond strengths and the enthalpies of formation of the corresponding radicals are significantly larger than values derived from experiments in very low pressure reactors (see Dobis, O. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 101, 6030, 1997; and Benson, S. W. and Dobis, O., J. Phys. Chem., 102, 5175, 1998). Other examples illustrating the difficulties involved are concerned with the C-H bond strengths in ethene and methanol or the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the vinyl and hydroxymethyl radicals and changes to the recommendations could w ell arise. Some of the bond strengths have been calculated from the enthalpies of formation of the species involved according to the equat ions: D∞(R–X) = DfH∞(R) + DfH∞(X) – DfH∞(RX) D∞(R–R) = 2 DfH∞(R) – DfH∞(RR) The enthalpies of formation of the atoms and radicals are taken from Tables 2 and 4 and for the molecules from the appropriate References following Table 3. An attempt has been made to list all the important values obtained by methods that are considered to be valid. The references a re intended to serve as a guide to the literature. 9-66STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Bond D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. H-COCF3 380.7 ± 86 3 H-CH2CHO 394.6 ± 9.2 16 H-CH 2COCH3 411.3 ± 7.5 63 H-CH(CH3)COCH3 386.2 ± 5.9 63 H-CH2OCH3 402.2 1,12 H-CH(CH 3)OC2H5 383.7 ± 1.7 55 H-Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl 385 ± 46 3 H-2-Furylmethyl 361.9 ± 86 3 H-CH 2OH 401.8 ± 1.5 50 H-CH(CH3)OH 401.4 1,12 H-CH(OH)CHCH2 341.4 ± 7.5 63 H-C(CH 3)2OH 381 ± 46 3 H-CH2OCOC6H5 419.2 ± 5.4 63 H-COOCH3 387.9 ± 46 3 H-CH 2F 423.8 ± 47 7 H-CHF2 431.8 ± 47 7 H-CF3 449.5 3,61 H-CHFCl 421.7 ± 5.4 97 H-CF2Cl 421.3 ± 8.3 64 H-CHFCl2 413.8 ± 5.0 97 H-CH2Cl 419.0 ± 2.3 84 H-CHCl2 402.5 ± 2.7 84 H-CH2CH2Cl 423.1 ± 2.4 85 H-CH(CH3)Cl 406.6 ± 1.5 84 H-C(CH3)Cl2 390.6 ± 1.5 84 H-CCl3 392.5 ± 2.5 48 H-CH2Br 425.1 ± 4.2 97 H-CHBr2 417.2 ± 7.5 97 H-CBr3 401.7 ± 6.7 63 H-CH2I 431 ± 86 3 H-CHI2 431 ± 86 3 H-CHCF2 448 ± 89 0 H-CFCHF 448 ± 89 0 H-CFCF2 452 ± 89 0 H-CH2CF3 446.4 ± 4.6 63 H-CF2CH 3 416.3 ± 10.5 63 H-C2F5 429.7 ± 2.1 63 H-CFCFCl 444 ± 89 0 H-CHClCF3 425.9 ± 6.3 63 H-CClCFCl 439 ± 89 0 H-CClCH2 >433.5 81 H-CClCHCl 435 ± 89 0 H-CCl2CHCl2 393 ± 86 3 H-C2Cl5 393.5 ± 6.0 66 H-CClBrCF 3 404.2 ± 6.3 63 H-n-C3F7 435 ± 86 3 H-i-C3F7 433.5 ± 2.5 38 H-CHClCHCH 2 370.7 ± 5.9 63 H-C6F5 476.6 63 H-CH2Si(CH3)3 415.1 ± 49 9 H-CSH 399.6 ± 5.0 16 H-CH2SH 392.9 ± 8.4 16 H-CH2SCH3 384.9 ± 5.9 49 H-NH 2 452.7 ± 1.3 16 H-NHCH3 418.4 ± 10.5 63 H-N(CH3)2 382.8 ± 86 3 H-NHC 6H5 368.2 ± 86 3H-N(CH3)C6H5 366.1 ± 86 3 H-NO 195.35 ± 0.25 32 H-NO2 327.6 ± 2.1 63 H-NF 2 316.7 ± 10.5 63 H-NHNH2 366.1 44 H-NH3 385 ± 21 63 H-OH 497.02 ± 0.38 104 H-OCH3 436.0 ± 3.8 16 H-OC2H5 437.7 ± 3.4 16 H-OC(CH 3)3 439.7 ± 46 3 H-OCH2C(CH3)3 428.0 ± 6.3 63 H-OC6H5 361.9 ± 86 3 H-O 2H 369.0 ± 4.2 88 H-O2CH3 370.3 ± 2.1 56 H-O2C(CH3)3 374.0 ± 0.8 47 H-OCOCH3 442.7 ± 86 3 H-OCOC2H5 445.2 ± 86 3 H-OCO-n-C3H7 443.1 ± 86 3 H-ONO 327.6 ± 2.1 15 H-ONO2 423.4 ± 2.1 15 H-SiH 351 63 H-SiH2 268 63 H-SiH3 384.1 ± 2.0 83 H-SiH2CH3 374.9 99 H-SiH(CH3)2 374.0 99 H-Si(CH3)3 377.8 63,99 D-Si(CH3)3 389 ± 7.1 36 H-SiH2C6H5 369.0 63,99 H-SiF3 418.8 63,99 H-SiCl3 382.0 63,99 H-Si2H5 361.1 63 H-Si(CH3)2Si(CH3)3 356.9 ± 8.4 45 H-Si(Si(CH3)3)3 330.5 ± 8.4 45 H-PH2 351.0 ± 2.1 16 H-SH 381.6 ± 2.9 65 H-SCH3 365.3 ± 2.5 65 H-SC6H5 348.5 ± 86 3 H-SO 172.8 100H-GeH 3 349.0 ± 81 6 H-GeH2I 331 ± 86 8 H-Ge(CH3)3 339 ± 83 4 H-AsH2 319.2 ± 0.8 16 H-SeH 334.93 ± 0.75 16 H-Sn(n-C4H9)3 308.4 ± 8.4 19 H-SbH2 288.3 ± 2.1 16 H-TeH 277.0 ± 5.0 16 HC∫CH 965 ± 8 1,24,74 H2C=CH2 728.3 ± 6 1,74 CH 3-CH3 376.0 ± 2.1 1,74,86 CH3-CH2CCH 318.0 ± 86 3 CH3-CH2CCCH3 308.4 ± 6.3 63 CH 3-CH(CH3)CCH 305.4 63 CH3-C(CH3)CCH2 320.1 ± 9.2 63 CH3-CH2CHCHCH3 305.0 ± 3.3 63 CH 3-CH2C(CH3)CH2 301.2 ± 3.3 91 CH3-CH(CH3)CCCH3 320.9 ± 6.3 63 CH3-C(CH3)2CCH 295.8 ± 6.3 63 TeamLRN9-67STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Bond D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. n-C3H7-CH2CCH 306.3 ± 6.3 63 CH3-C(CH3)2CHCH2 284.9 ± 6.3 63 n-C 3H7-CH2CHCH2 295.8 96 CH3-C(CH3)2CCCH3 303.3 ± 6.3 63 CHCCH2-s-C4H9 300.0 ± 6.3 63 CH 3-CH2C6H5 332.2 ± 46 3 CH3-CH(CH3)C6H5 312.1 ± 6.3 63 C2H5-CH2C6H5 294.1 ± 46 3 CH 3-1-Naphthylmethyl 305.0 ± 6.3 63 CH3-C(CH3)2C6H5 308.4 ± 6.3 63 CHCCH2-CH2C6H5 256.9 ± 86 3 n-C 3H7-CH2C6H5 292.9 ± 46 3 CH3-9-Anthracenylmethyl 282.8 ± 6.3 63 CH3-9-Phenanthrenylmethyl 305.0 ± 6.3 63 CH3-CH(C 6H5)2 301 ± 86 3 CH3-C(CH3)(C6H5)2 289 ± 86 3 CH3-CN 509.6 ± 86 3 C2H-CN 602 ± 47 0 C2H5-CH2NH2 332.2 ± 86 3 CH3-CH2CN 336.4 ± 49 3 C2H5-CH 2CN 321.7 ± 7.1 63 CH3-CH(CH3)CN 329.7 ± 86 3 C2H5-CH2CN 321.7 ± 7.1 63 CH3-C(CH 3)2CN 312.5 ± 6.7 63 CH3-C(CH3)(CN)C6H5 250.6 63 C6H5CH2-CH2NH2 284.5 ± 86 3 C6H5CH 2-C5H4N 362.8 80 CN-CN 536 ± 43 0 CH3-2-Furylmethyl 314 ± 86 3 CH3-COC 6H5 355.6 ± 9.2 102 C6H5CH2-COCH2C6H5 273.6 ± 86 3 CH3CO-COCH3 282.0 ± 9.6 63 C6H5CH 2-COOH 280 63 C6H5CO-COC6H5 277.8 63 (C6H5)2CH-COOH 248.5 ± 13 63 CF3-COC 6H5 308.8 ± 86 3 CF2=CF2 319.2 ± 13 103 CH2F-CH2F 368 ± 85 1 CH3-CF 3 423.4 ± 4.6 79 CF3-CF3 413.0 ± 10.5 63 C6F5-C6F5 487.9 ± 24.7 78 CH 3-BF2 ~473 63 C6H5-BCl2 ~510 63 CH2CHCH2-Si(CH3)3 293 63 s-C 4H9-Si(CH3)3 414 63 CH3-NHC6H5 298.7 ± 86 3 C6H5CH2-NH2 297.5 ± 46 3 CH 3-N(CH3)C6H5 296.2 ± 86 3 C6H5CH2-NHCH3 287.4 ± 86 3 C6H5CH2-N(CH3)2 259.8 ± 86 3 CH 2=N2 <175 58 CH3-N2CH3 219.7 13 C2H5-N2C2H5 209.2 13 i-C3H7-N2i-C3H7 198.7 13 n-C4H9-N2n-C4H9 209.2 13 i-C4H9-N2i-C4H9 205.0 13s-C4H9-N2s-C4H9 195.4 13 t-C4H9-N2t-C4H9 182.0 13 C6H5CH2-N2CH2C6H5 157.3 13 CF3-N2CF3 231.0 13 CH3-NO 167.4 ± 3.3 63 i-C3H7-NO 152.7 ± 13 63 t-C4H9-NO 165.3 ± 6.3 63 C6H5-NO 212.5 ± 46 3 NC-NO 120.5 ± 10.5 43 CF3-NO 179.1 ± 86 3 C6F5-NO 208.4 ± 46 3 CCl 3-NO 134 ± 13 63 t-C4H9-NOt-C4H9 121 21 CH3-NO2 254.4 63 CH2C(CH 3)-NO 2 245.2 63 i-C3H7-NO2 246.9 63 t-C4H9-NO2 244.8 63 C6H5-NO 2 298.3 ± 46 3 C(NO2)3-NO2 169.5 ± 46 3 CH3-OC(CH3)CH2 277.4 101 CH3-OC 6H5 238 ± 87 3 CH3-OCH2C6H5 280.3 26 C2H5-OC6H5 264 ± 6.3 63 CH2CHCH 2-OC 6H5 208.4 ± 86 3 O=CO 532.2 ± 0.4 29 CH3-O2 137.0 ± 3.8 53 C2H5-O2 148.4 ± 8.4 53 CH2CHCH2-O2 76.2 ± 2.1 62 i-C3H7-O2 155.4 ± 9.6 53 t-C4H9-O2 152.8 ± 7.4 53 C6H5CH2-O2CCH3 280 ± 86 3 C6H5CH2-O2CC6H5 289 13 CH3-O2SCH 3 279.5 63 CH2CHCH2-O2SCH3 207.5 63 C6H5CH2-O2SCH3 221.3 63 CF3-O2CF3 361.5 10 CH2Cl-O2 122.4 ± 10.5 53 CHCl2-O2 108.2 ± 8.2 53 CCl3-O2 92.0 ± 6.4 53 CH3CHCl-O2 131.2 ± 1.8 53 CH3CCl2-O2 112.2 ± 2.2 53 (CH 3)2CCl-O2 136.0 ± 3.8 53 CH3-SH 312.5 ± 4.2 65 t-C4H9-SH 286.2 ± 6.3 63 C6H5-SH 361.9 ± 86 3 CH3-SCH3 307.9 ± 3.3 65 CH3-SC6H5 290.4 ± 86 3 C6H5CH2-SCH3 256.9 ± 86 3 S-CS 430.5 ± 13 63 F-CH3 472 1,61 F-CN 469.9 ± 5.0 63 F-COF 535 ± 12 18 F-CHFCl 465.3 ± 9.6 97 F-CF 2Cl 490 ± 25 41 F-CFCl2 462.3 ± 10.0 97 F-CF2CH3 522.2 ± 86 3 9-68STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Bond D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. F-C 2F5 530.5 ± 7.5 63 Cl-CN 421.7 ± 5.0 63 Cl-COC6H5 310 ± 13 63 Cl-CSCl 265.3 ± 2.1 71 Cl-CF3 360.2 ± 3.3 27 Cl-CHFCl 354.4 ± 11.7 97 Cl-CF 2Cl 346.0 ± 13.4 97 Cl-CFCl2 305 ± 84 0 Cl-CH2Cl 350.2 ± 0.8 97 Cl-CHCl 2 338.5 ± 4.2 97 Cl-CCl3 305.9 ± 7.5 63 Cl-C2F5 346.0 ± 7.1 27 Cl-CF 2CF2Cl 326 ± 86 3 Cl-SiCl3 464 99 Br-CH3 292.9 ± 5.0 39 Br-C6H5 336.8 ± 86 3 Br-CN 367.4 ± 5.0 63 Br-CH2COCH3 261.5 101 Br-COC6H5 268.6 13 Br-CHF2 289 ± 86 3 Br-CF3 296.2 ± 1.3 3 Br-CF2CH 3 287.0 ± 5.4 76 Br-C2F5 287.4 ± 6.3 63 Br-n-C3F7 278.2 ± 10.5 63 Br-i-C3F7 274.1 ± 4.6 63 Br-CH2C6F5 225 ± 65 4 Br-CHClCF3 274.9 ± 6.3 63 Br-CCl3 231.4 ± 46 3 Br-CClBrCF3 251.0 ± 6.3 63 Br-CH2Br 296.7 ± 1.3 97 Br-CHBr2 292.0 ± 89 7 Br-CBr3 235.1 ± 7.5 63 Br-NO2 82.0 ± 7.1 57 Br-NF2 £222 25 I-CHCH2 259.0 ± 4.2 20 I-n-C4H9 205.0 ± 46 3 I-Norbornyl 261.5 ± 10.5 69 I-CN 305 ± 43 0 I-CF3 227.2 ± 1.3 3 I-CF2CH 3 218.0 ± 4.2 63 I-CH2CF3 235.6 ± 46 3 I-C2F5 218.8 ± 2.9 2 I-n-C 3F7 208.4 ± 4.2 63 I-i-C3F7 215.1 ± 2.9 2 I-n-C4F9 205.0 ± 4.2 72 I-C(CF 3)3 206 33 I-C6H5 273.6 ± 86 3 I-C6F5 277.0 63 C5H5-FeC5H5 381 ± 13 59 CH3-ZnCH3 285 ± 17 63 C2H5-ZnC2H5 238 ± 17 63 CH 3-Ga(CH3)2 264 ± 17 63 C2H5-Ga(C2H5)2 209 ± 17 63 CH3-Ge(CH3)3 347 ± 17 63 CH 3-As(CH3)2 280 ± 17 63 CH3-CdCH3 251 ± 17 63CH 3-In(CH3)2 205 ± 17 63 CH3-Sn(CH3)3 297 ± 17 63 C2H5-Sn(C2H5)3 264 ± 17 63 CH 3-Sb(CH3)2 255 ± 17 63 C2H5-Sb(C2H5)2 243 ± 17 63 CH3-HgCH3 255 ± 17 63 C2H5-HgC2H5 205 ± 17 63 CH3-Tl(CH3)2 167 ± 17 63 CH3-Pb(CH3)3 238 ± 17 63 C2H5-Pb(C2H5)3 230 ± 17 63 CH3-Bi(CH3)2 218 ± 17 63 CO-Cr(CO)5 155 ± 86 0 CO-Fe(CO) 4 172 ± 86 0 CO-Mo(CO)5 167 ± 86 0 CO-W(CO)5 192 ± 86 0 BH3-BH 3 146 13 NH2-NH2 275.3 63 NH2-NHCH3 268.2 ± 86 3 NH2-N(CH 3)2 246.9 ± 86 3 NH2-NHC6H5 218.8 ± 86 3 ON-NO2 40.6 ± 2.1 63 O2N-NO 2 56.9 63 NF2-NF2 88 ± 46 3 O-N2 167 1,14 O-NO 305 1,14 O-NO2 208.7 ± 1.1 31 HO-NO 206.3 63 HO-NO2 206.7 63 HO2-NO2 96 ± 86 3 CH3O-NO 174.9 ± 3.8 9,11 C2H5O-NO 175.7 ± 5.4 8,11 CH3COO2-NO2 118.8 ± 3.0 17 n-C3H7O-NO 167.8 ± 7.5 11 i-C3H7O-NO 171.5 ± 5.4 7,11 n-C4H9O-NO 177.8 ± 6.3 11 i-C4H9O-NO 175.7 ± 6.3 11 s-C4H9O-NO 173.6 ± 3.3 5,11 t-C4H9O-NO 171.1 ± 3.3 6,11 HO-NCHCH3 207.9 13 Cl-NF2 ~134 1,75 I-NO 77.8 ± 0.4 42 I-NO2 76.6 ± 49 8 HO-OH 213 ± 46 3 HO-OCH2C(CH3)3 193.7 ± 7.9 63 CH3O-OCH3 157.3 ± 86 3 C2H5O-OC2H5 158.6 ± 46 3 n-C3H7O-On-C3H7 155.2 ± 46 3 i-C3H7O-Oi-C3H7 157.7 ± 46 3 s-C 4H9O-Os-C4H9 152.3 ± 46 3 t-C4H9O-Ot-C4H9 159.0 ± 46 3 C2H5C(CH3)2O-OC(CH3)2C2H5 164.4 ± 46 3 (CH 3)3CCH2O-OCH2C(CH3)3 152.3 ± 46 3 CF3O-OCF3 193.3 63 (CF3)3CO-OC(CF3)3 148.5 ± 4.6 63 t-C4H9O-OSi(CH3)3 197 63 SF5O-OSF5 155.6 63 TeamLRN9-69STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Bond D∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. t-C4H9O-OGe(C2H5)3 192 63 t-C4H9O-OSn(C2H5)3 192 63 FClO2-O 244.3 13 CF3O-O2CF3 126.8 ± 86 3 SF5O-O2SF5 126.8 63 CH3CO2-O2CCH3 127.2 ± 86 3 C2H5CO2-O2CC2H5 127.2 ± 86 3 n-C3H7CO2-O2Cn-C3H7 127.2 ± 86 3 O-SO 552 ± 82 9 F-OCF 3 182.0 ± 2.1 28 HO-Cl 251 ± 13 52 O-ClO 247 ± 13 29 HO-Br 234 ± 13 52 HO-I 234 ± 13 52 REFERENCES 1.A value calculated from one of the thermochemical equations above, taking enthalpy data fro atoms from Table 2 and for radica ls from Table 4. 2. Ahonkhai, S. I. and Whittle, E., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 16, 543, 1984. 3. Asher, R. L. and Ruscic, B., J. Chem. Phys., 106, 210, 1997. 4. Baldwin, D. P., Buntine, M. A., and Chandler, D.W., J. Chem. Phys. , 93, 6578, 1990. 5. Batt, L. and McCulloch, R. D., Int. J. Chem. Kinet. , 8, 911, 1976. 6. Batt, L. and Milne, R. T. , Int. J. Chem. Kinet. , 8, 59, 1976. 7. Batt, L. and Milne, R. T. , Int. J. Chem. Kinet. , 9, 141, 1977. 8. Batt, L. and Milne, R. T. , Int. J. Chem. Kinet. , 9, 549, 1977. 9. 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Benson in Free Radicals , Kochi, J. K., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, 275 and the article by J. Berkowitz, G. B. Ellison, and D. Gutman, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994. Radical DfH∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Radical DfH∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. CH 596.4 ± 1.2 6 CH2(triplet) 390.4 ± 4 15,34 CH2(singlet) 428.3 ± 41 5 CH3146.4 ± 0.4 10 CH∫C 566.1 ± 2.9 5,27 CH2=CH 300.0 ± 3.4 27,64 C2H5120.9 ± 1.6 10 Cycloprop-2-en-1-yl 439.7 ± 17.2 48 CH∫CCH2340.6 ± 8.4 48 CH2=CHCH2170.7 ± 8.8 10,26 CH3CH=CH 262.7 77 Cyclopropyl 279.9 ± 1.1 48 n-C3H7100.8 ± 2.1 65 i-C3H786.6 ± 2.0 65 CH3C∫CCH2293.7 48 CH2=CHCHCH3125.5 ± 6.3 48 CH∫CCHCH3295.0 ± 9.2 48 Cyclobutyl 214.2 ± 4.2 48 Cyclopropylmethyl 213.8 ± 6.7 48 CH2=C(CH3)CH2127.2 ± 5.4 48 CH3CH=CHCH2125.5 ± 6.3 48 n-C4H980.9 ± 2.2 65 i-C4H972.7 ± 2.2 65 s-C4H966.7 ± 2.1 65 t-C4H951.8 ± 1.3 65 Cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl 263.0 8Spiropentyl 380.7 ± 44 8 Cyclopent-1-en-3-yl 160.7 ± 44 8 CH2=CHCH=CHCH2205 ± 13 48 (C2H3)2CH 205 ± 13 48 CH3C∫CCHCH3272.8 ± 9.6 48 CH∫CC(CH3)2257.3 ± 8.4 48 CH2=CHC(CH3)277.4 ± 6.3 48 Cyclopentyl 107.1 ± 2.5 17 (CH3)3CCH236.4 ± 84 8 C2H5C(CH3)232.2 ± 6.3 71 C6H5338 ± 33 5 Cyclohexa-1,3-dien-5-yl 197 ± 21 48 Cyclohexyl 58.2 ± 44 8 CH3C∫CC(CH3)2221.8 ± 9.6 48 (CH3)2C=C(CH3)CH239.8 ± 6.3 48 CH2=C(CH3)C(CH3)237.7 ± 6.3 48 C6H5CH2208.0 ± 2.5 26 Cyclohepta-1,3,5-trien-7-yl 271.1 ± 84 8 CH3CH2CH2C(CH3)23.4 ± 8.4 69 Norbornyl 136.4 ± 10.5 48 Cycloheptyl 51.1 ± 44 8 C6H5CHCH3169.0 48 C6H5C(CH3)2134.7 48 1-Naphthylmethyl 252.7 48(C 6H5)2CH 289 63 9,10-Dihydroanthracen-9-yl 256.9 ± 6.3 48 9-72STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Radical DfH∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Radical DfH∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref.Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) 9-Anthracenylmethyl 337.6 48 9-Phenanthrenylmethyl 311.3 48 CH2CN 243.1 ± 11.3 10 CH2NC 326.4 ± 11.3 10 CH3CHCN 209.2 ± 9.6 48 (CH3)2CCN 166.5 ± 8.4 48 C6H5C(CH3)CN 248.5 48 CH2NH2149.4 ± 84 8 CH3NHCH2126 ± 84 8 (CH3)2NCH2109 ± 84 8 CN 441.4 ± 4.6 10 CHN2494.42 30 CHO 43.1 9,22CHCO 175.3 ± 8.4 10 CH 3CO -10.0 ± 1.2 56 CH2=CHCO 72.4 48 C2H5CO -32.3 8 C6H5CO 123.0 ± 9.6 78 CH2CHO 10.5 ± 9.2 10 CH3COCH2-23.9 ± 10.9 48 CH3COCHCH3-70.3 ± 7.1 48 CH3OCH2-0.1 8 C2H5OCHCH3-84.5 42 Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl -18.0 ± 6.3 48 CH2OH -17.8 ± 1.3 39 CH2CH2OH -36.0 31 CH=CHOH 113.0 31 CH3CHOH -51.6 8 CH2=CHCHOH 0.0 48 (CH3)2COH -111.3 ± 4.6 48 COOH -217 ± 10 32 COOCH3-169.0 ± 44 8 C6H5COOCH2-69.9 ± 8.4 48 CF 261.5 ± 4.6 3 CHF 143.1 ± 12.6 61 CH2F -31.8 ± 8.4 59 FCO -152.1 ± 12 14 CHF2-238.9 ± 45 9 CF2-184.1 ± 8.4 61 CF3-466.1 ± 3.8 3 CHCl 336.4 ± 11.7 61 CH2Cl 117.3 ± 3.1 67 CFCl 31.0 ± 13.4 61 CHFCl -60.7 ± 10.0 73 CF2Cl -279.1 ± 8.3 49 ClCO -21.8 55CHCl 289.0 ± 3.0 67 CFCl2-89.1 ± 10.0 73 CCl2230.1 ± 8.4 61 CCl371.1 ± 2.5 37 CH2Br 169.0 ± 4.2 73 CHBr2188.3 ± 9.2 73 CBr3207.1 ± 87 3 CH2I 230.1 ± 6.7 48 CHI2333.9 ± 9.2 48 CH3CF2-302.5 ± 84 8CF3CH2-517.1 ± 5.0 48 C2F5-892.9 ± 44 8 CCl=CH2>251 64 CH3CHCl 76.5 ± 1.6 67 CH3CCl248.4 ± 7.6 40,67 CH2CH2Cl 93.0 ± 3.4 68 CHCl2CCl223.4 ± 84 8 CF2ClCF2-686 ± 17 48 C2Cl533.5 ± 5.4 54 C6F5-547.7 ± 84 8 (CH3)3SiCH2-34.7 48 CS 278.5 ± 3.8 62 HCS 300.4 ± 8.4 10 CH2SH 151.9 ± 8.4 10 CH3SCH2136.8 ± 5.9 38 NH 352.3 ± 9.6 60 NH2188.7 ± 1.3 10 HNO 112.9 25 NF234 ± 44 8 N2H3243.5 33 N3469 ± 21 48 CH2NH 104.6 ± 13 33 CH3NH 177.4 ± 84 8 (CH3)3N 145.2 ± 84 8 C6H5NH 237.2 ± 84 8 C6H5NCH3233.5 ± 84 8 NCO 127.0 13,79 CNO 407.01 41CH 3N2215.5 ± 7.5 2 C2H5N2187.4 ± 10.5 2 i-C3H7N2158.6 ± 9.2 2 OH 37.20 ± 0.38 80 CH3O 17.2 ± 3.8 10 C2H5O -15.5 ± 3.4 10 n-C3H7O- 4 1.4 48 i-C3H7O- 5 2.3 48 n-C4H9O- 6 2.8 48 s-C4H9O -69.5 ± 3.3 48 t-C4H9O- 9 0.8 48 C6H5O 47.7 48 CF3O -655.6 7 FO 109 ± 10 21 ClO 101.63 ± 0.1 1 BrO 125.8 ± 2.4 19 IO 126 ± 18 20 HO214.6 70 CH3O29.0 ± 5.1 40 C2H5O2-27.4 ± 9.9 40 CH2=CHCH2O287.9 ± 5.5 43 i-C3H7O2-68.8 ± 11.3 16,40 t-C4H9O2-101.0 ± 9.2 40 HOCH2O2-162.1 ± 2.1 43 CF3O2-614.0 43 CF2ClO2-406.5 43 CFCl2O2-213.7 43 CH2ClO2-5.1 ± 13.6 40 TeamLRN9-73STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Radical DfH∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref. Radical DfH∞298/kJ mol–1 Ref.Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) CHCl2O2-19.2 ± 11.2 40 CCl3O2-20.9 ± 8.9 40 CH3CHClO2-54.7 ± 3.4 40 CH3CCl2O2-63.8 ± 9.8 40 CH3CO2-207.5 ± 44 8 CH3COO2-172 ± 20 12 C2H5CO2-228.5 ± 44 8 n-C3H7CO2-249.4 ± 44 8 FO226.1 45,58 ClO297.5 4,52 OClO 95.6 28,51 NO373.7 ± 1.4 24 sym-ClO3232.6 23 SiH 377 48,76 SiH2269.0 ± 1.3 29,47 SiH3200.5 ± 2.5 66 CH3Si 310 76 CH3SiH 213.0 ± 14.6 74 CH3SiH2152.7 48,76 (CH3)2Si 109 76 (CH3)2SiH 59.8 48,76 (CH3)3Si -3.3 48,76 C6H5Si(CH3)2163 57 (C6H5)2SiCH3326 57 (C6H5)3Si 486.2 57 SiF -19.3 48,76 SiF2-587.9 48,76 1. Abramowitz, S. and Chase, M. W., Pure Appl. Chem. , 63, 1448, 1991. 2. Acs, G. and Peter, A., Int. J. Chem. Kinet. , 19, 929, 1987. 3. Asher, R. L. and Ruscic, B., J. Chem. Phys., 106, 210, 1997. 4. Baer, S., Hippler, H., Rabu, R., Siefke, M., Seitzinger, N., and Troe, J., J. Chem. Phys. , 95, 6463, 1991. 5. Baldwin, D. P., Buntine, M. A., and Chandler, D. W., J. Chem. 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Chem., 97, 2172, 1993.REFERENCESSiF3-1025 48,76 SiCl 195.8 48,76 SiCl2-163.6 48,76 SiCl3-318 48,76 SiH3SiH 269.9 ± 14.6 74 Si2H5223.0 48,76 PH2138.5 ± 2.5 10 HS 143.0 ± 2.8 53 CH3S 124.6 ± 1.8 53 C6H5S 229.7 ± 84 8 SO 5.0 18 HSO -4 44 HSO2-222 11 CH3SO2-239.3 57 HOSO2-385 46 SO3-395.7 75 SF4-746 ± 12 72 SF5-879.9 ± 20 72 CH3S268.6 ± 83 6 C2H5S243.5 ± 83 6 i-C3H7S213.8 ± 83 6 t-C4H9S2-19.3 ± 83 6 HOCS2110.5 50 GeH3222 ± 81 0 AsH2167.8 ± 1.3 10 HSe 144.8 ± 2.1 10 SbH2215.5 ± 2.5 10 HTe 158.6 ± 5.0 10 9-74STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) 25. Dixon, R. N., J. Chem. Phys., 104, 6905, 1996. 26. Ellison, G. B., Davico, G. E., Bierbaum, V. M., and DePuy, C. H., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 156, 109, 1996. 27. Ervin, K. M., Gronert, S., Barlow, S. E., Gilles, M. K., Harrison, A. G., Bierbaum, V. M., DePuy, C. H., Lineberger, W. C., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 112, 5750, 1990. 28. Flesch, R., E. Rühl, K. 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Phys. , 96, 4272, 1992. 73. Tschuikow-Roux, E. and Paddison, S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet. , 19, 15, 1987. 74. Vanderwielen, A. J., Ring, M. A., and O’Neal, H. E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 97, 993, 1975. 75. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R.L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 11, Suppl. 2, 1978. 76. Walsh, R., Acc. Chem. Res. , 14, 246, 1981. 77. Wu, C. H. and Kern, R. D., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 6291, 1987. 78. Zhao, H.-Q., Cheung, Y.-S., Liao, C.-L., Liao, C.-X., Ng, C. Y., and Li, W.-K., J. Chem. Phys., 107, 7230, 1997. 79. Zyrianov, M., Droz-Georget, T., Sanov, A., and Reisler, H., J. Chem. Phys., 105, 8111, 1996. 80. Ruscic, B., Feller, D., Dixon, D. A., Peterson, K. A., Harding, L. B., Asher, R. L., and Wagner, A. F., J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 1, 2001. TeamLRN9-75STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 5 BOND STRENGTHS OF SOME ORGANIC MOLECULES Bond strengths at 298 K expressed in kJ/mol-1 for some organic molecules of the general formula R-X are presented below. Some are experimental values taken from the preceding tables; the remainder are calculated from the enthalpies of formation of atoms (Table 2) and of radicals (Table 4), and the enthalpies of formation of the parent compounds from sources indicated by the references below. The table also includes bon d strengths for the inorganic molecules, hydrogen, the hydrogen halides, water and ammonia. HF C l B r IO H N H 2 CH 3OC H 3 CH 3CO NO CF 3 CCl 3 H 435.990 569.87 431.62 366.35 298.407 497 453 436 439 374 195 450 393 CH 3 439 472 350e293 239e385e358e348e377e354e167 423 362e C2H5 423 463d354e295e236e393e357e355e371e349e—— — i-C3H7 409 460e353e298e234e396e359e356e367e339e153 — — t-C4H9 404 — 355e296e231e402e362e353e366e332e165 — — C6H5 473 533e407e346f280e472e439e423e434e415e213 — — C6H5CH 2376 — 310e256f215f346e302e— 332 297e—— — CCl 3 393 419e288e224e167e——— 3 6 2e— 134 335b286e CF3 450 547e362e294e227 — — — 423 — 179 413 335b C2F5 430 531e347e283e219 — — — —— —— — CH 3CO 374 512e354f292e223e459e417e421e354e282 — — — CN 528 470 422 367 305 — — — 514e— 121 — — C6F5 473 487e383e— 277a497e—— 441e— 208a—— REFERENCES aChoo, K. Y., Mendenhall, G. D., Golden, D.M., and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet ., 6, 813, 1974. bKolesov, V. P. and Papina, T. S., Russ. Chem. Rev ., 52, 425, 1983. cKudchadker, S. A. and Kudchadker, A. P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 1, 1285, 1978. dLias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 17, Suppl. No. 1, 1988. eLide, D. R., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999. fPedley, J. B. and Rylance, J., Sussex.N.P.L. Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data: Organic and Organometallic Compounds , University of Sussex, 1977. 9-74ELECTRONEGATIVITY Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons. While electronegativity is not a precisely defined molecular property, the electronegativity differe nce between two atoms provides a useful measure of the polarity and ionic character of the bond between them. This table gives the electronegativity X, on the Pauling scale, for the most common oxidation state. Other scales are described in the references. REFERENCES 1. Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition , Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1960. 2. Allen, L.C., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 111, 9003, 1989. 3. Allred, A.L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. , 17, 215, 1961. Z Symbol X 1 H 2.20 2H e — 3 Li 0.98 4 Be 1.575 B 2.04 6 C 2.55 7 N 3.048 O 3.44 9 F 3.98 10 Ne —11 Na 0.93 12 Mg 1.31 13 Al 1.6114 Si 1.90 15 P 2.19 16 S 2.5817 Cl 3.16 18 Ar — 19 K 0.8220 Ca 1.00 21 Sc 1.36 22 Ti 1.5423 V 1.63 24 Cr 1.66 25 Mn 1.5526 Fe 1.83 27 Co 1.88 28 Ni 1.9129 Cu 1.90 30 Zn 1.65 31 Ga 1.8132 Ge 2.01Z Symbol XZ Symbol X 33 As 2.18 34 Se 2.55 35 Br 2.9636 Kr — 37 Rb 0.82 38 Sr 0.95 39 Y 1.22 40 Zr 1.33 41 Nb 1.642 Mo 2.16 43 Tc 2.10 44 Ru 2.245 Rh 2.28 46 Pd 2.20 47 Ag 1.9348 Cd 1.69 49 In 1.78 50 Sn 1.9651 Sb 2.05 52 Te 2.1 53 I 2.6654 Xe 2.60 55 Cs 0.79 56 Ba 0.8957 La 1.10 58 Ce 1.12 59 Pr 1.1360 Nd 1.14 61 Pm — 62 Sm 1.1763 Eu — 64 Gd 1.2065 Tb — 66 Dy 1.22 67 Ho 1.2368 Er 1.24 69 Tm 1.25 70 Yb — 71 Lu 1.0 72 Hf 1.3 73 Ta 1.574 W 1.7 75 Re 1.9 76 Os 2.277 Ir 2.2 78 Pt 2.2 79 Au 2.480 Hg 1.9 81 Tl 1.8 82 Pb 1.883 Bi 1.9 84 Po 2.0 85 At 2.286 Rn — 87 Fr 0.7 88 Ra 0.989 Ac 1.1 90 Th 1.3 91 Pa 1.592 U 1.7 93 Np 1.3 94 Pu 1.3 TeamLRN9-75FORCE CONSTANTS FOR BOND STRETCHING Representative force constants ( f) for stretching of chemical bonds are listed in this table. Except where noted, all force constants are derived from values of the harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe. Values derived from the observed vibrational fundamentals ν, which are noted by a, are lower than the harmonic force constants, typically by 2 to 3% in the case of heavy atoms ( often by 5 to 10% if one of the atoms is hydrog en). Values are given in the SI unit newton per centimeter (N/cm), which is identical to the commonly used cgs unit mdyn/Å. REFERENCES 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules , Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Shimanouchi, T., The Molecular Force Field , in Eyring, H., Henderson, D., and Yost, W., Eds., Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise , Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Tasumi, M., and Nakata, M., Pure and Appl. Chem. , 57, 121—147, 1985. Bond Molecule f/(N/cm) Note H-H H25.75 Be-H BeH 2.27 B-H BH 3.05 C-H CH 4.48 CH4 5.44 b C2H6 4.83 a,b,c CH3CN 5.33 b CH3Cl 5.02 a,b,c CCl2=CH2 5.57 b HCN 6.22 N-H NH 5.97 O-H OH 7.80 H2O 8.45 P-H PH 3.22 S-H SH 4.23 H2S 4.28 F-H HF 9.66 Cl-H HCl 5.16 Br-H HBr 4.12I-H HI 3.14 Li-H LiH 1.03 Na-H NaH 0.78K-H KH 0.56 Rb-H RbH 0.52 Cs-H CsH 0.47C-C C 2 12.16 CCl2=CH2 8.43 C2H6 4.50 a,c CH3CN 5.16 C-F CF 7.42 CH3F 5.71 a,c C-Cl CCl 3.95 CH3Cl 3.44 a,c CCl2=CH2 4.02 b C-Br CH3Br 2.89 a,c C-I CH 3I 2.34 a,c C-O CO 19.02 CO2 16.00 OCS 16.14 CH3OH 5.42 a,c C-S CS 8.49 CS2 7.88Bond Molecule f/(N/cm) Note OCS 7.44 C-N CN 16.29 HCN 18.78CH 3CN 18.33 CH3NH2 5.12 a,c C-P CP 7.83Si-Si Si 2 2.15 Si-O SiO 9.24 Si-F SiF 4.90Si-Cl SiCl 2.63 N-N N 2 22.95 N2O 18.72 N-O NO 15.95 N2O 11.70 P-P P2 5.56 P-O PO 9.45 O-O O2 11.77 O3 5.74 a S-O SO 8.30 SO2 10.33 a S-S S2 4.96 F-F F2 4.70 Cl-F ClF 4.48 Br-F BrF 4.06Cl-Cl Cl 2 3.23 Br-Cl BrCl 2.82 Br-Br Br2 2.46 I-I I2 1.72 Li-Li Li2 0.26 Li-Na LiNa 0.21 Na-Na Na2 0.17 Li-F LiF 2.50 Li-Cl LiCl 1.43Li-Br LiBr 1.20 Li-I LiI 0.97 Na-F NaF 1.76Na-Cl NaCl 1.09 Na-Br NaBr 0.94 Na-I NaI 0.76Be-O BeO 7.51 Mg-O MgO 3.48 Ca-O CaO 3.61 aDerived from fundamental frequency, without anharmonicity correction. bAverage of symmetric and antisymmetric (or degenerate) modes. cCalculated from Local Symmetry Force Field (see Reference 2). 9-76FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES This table lists the fundamental vibrational frequencies of selected three-, four-, and five-atom molecules. Both stable molecu les and transient free radicals are included. The data have been taken from evaluated sources. In general, the selected values are based on gas-phase infrared, Raman, or ultraviolet spectra; when these were not available, liquid-phase or matrix-isolation spectra were used. Molecules are grouped by structural type. Within each group, related molecules appear together for convenient comparison. The vibrational modes are described by their approximate character in terms of stretching, bending, deformation, etc. However, it should be emphasized that most such descriptions are only approximate, and that the true normal mode usually involves a mixture of motion s. Abbreviations are: sym. symmetric antisym. antisymmetric str. stretch deform. deformationscis. scissors rock. rocking deg. degenerate In the case of free radicals, strong interactions may exist between the electronic and bending vibrational motions. Details can be found in References 3 and 4. The references should be consulted for information on the accuracy of the data and for data on other molecules not lis ted here. All fundamental frequencies (more precisely, wavenumbers) are given in units of cm -1. XY2 Molecules Point groups D ∞h(linear) and C 2v(bent) Molecule Structure Sym. str. Bend Antisym. str. CO2 Linear 1333 667 2349 CS2 Linear 658 397 1535 C3 Linear 1224 63 2040 CNC Linear 321 1453NCN Linear 1197 423 1476 BO 2 Linear 1056 447 1278 BS2 Linear 510 120 1015 KrF2 Linear 449 233 590 XeF2 Linear 515 213 555 XeCl2 Linear 316 481 H2O Bent 3657 1595 3756 D2O Bent 2671 1178 2788 F2O Bent 928 461 831 Cl2O Bent 639 296 686 O3 Bent 1103 701 1042 H2S Bent 2615 1183 2626 D2S Bent 1896 855 1999 SF2 Bent 838 357 813 SCl2 Bent 525 208 535 SO2 Bent 1151 518 1362 H2Se Bent 2345 1034 2358 D2Se Bent 1630 745 1696 NH2 Bent 3219 1497 3301 NO2 Bent 1318 750 1618 NF2 Bent 1075 573 942 ClO2 Bent 945 445 1111 CH2 Bent 963 CD2 Bent 752 CF2 Bent 1225 667 1114 CCl2 Bent 721 333 748 CBr2 Bent 595 196 641 SiH2 Bent 2032 990 2022 SiD2 Bent 1472 729 1468 SiF2 Bent 855 345 870 TeamLRN9-77FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Molecule Structure Sym. str. Bend Antisym. str. SiCl2 Bent 515 505 SiBr2 Bent 403 400 GeH2 Bent 1887 920 1864 GeCl2 Bent 399 159 374 SnF2 Bent 593 197 571 SnCl2 Bent 352 120 334 SnBr2 Bent 244 80 231 PbF2 Bent 531 165 507 PbCl2 Bent 314 99 299 ClF2 Bent 500 576 XYZ Molecules Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent) Molecule Structure XY str. Bend YZ str. HCN Linear 3311 712 2097 DCN Linear 2630 569 1925 FCN Linear 1077 451 2323ClCN Linear 744 378 2216 BrCN Linear 575 342 2198 ICN Linear 486 305 2188CCN Linear 1060 230 1917 CCO Linear 1063 379 1967 HCO Bent 2485 1081 1868HCC Linear 3612 1848 OCS Linear 2062 520 859 NCO Linear 1270 535 1921NNO Linear 2224 589 1285 HNB Linear 3675 2035 HNC Linear 3653 2032HNSi Linear 3583 523 1198 HBO Linear 754 1817 FBO Linear 500 2075ClBO Linear 676 404 1958 BrBO Linear 535 374 1937 FNO Bent 766 520 1844ClNO Bent 596 332 1800 BrNO Bent 542 266 1799 HNF Bent 1419 1000HNO Bent 2684 1501 1565 HPO Bent 2095 983 1179 HOF Bent 3537 886 1393HOCl Bent 3609 1242 725 HOO Bent 3436 1392 1098 FOO Bent 579 376 1490ClOO Bent 407 373 1443 BrOO Bent 1487 HSO Bent 1063 1009NSF Bent 1372 366 640 NSCl Bent 1325 273 414 HCF Bent 1407 1181HCCl Bent 1201 815 HSiF Bent 1913 860 834 HSiCl Bent 808 522HSiBr Bent 1548 774 408 9-78FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Symmetric XY3 Molecules Point Groups D 3h (planar) and C 3v (pyramidal) Molecule Structure Sym. str. Sym. deform. Deg. str. Deg. deform. NH3 Pyram. 3337 950 3444 1627 ND3 Pyram. 2420 748 2564 1191 PH3 Pyram. 2323 992 2328 1118 AsH3 Pyram. 2116 906 2123 1003 SbH3 Pyram. 1891 782 1894 831 NF3 Pyram. 1032 647 907 492 PF3 Pyram. 892 487 860 344 AsF3 Pyram. 741 337 702 262 PCl3 Pyram. 504 252 482 198 PI3 Pyram. 303 111 325 79 AsI3 Pyram. 219 94 224 71 AlCl3 Pyram. 375 183 595 150 SO3 Planar 1065 498 1391 530 BF3 Planar 888 691 1449 480 BH3 Planar 1125 2808 1640 CH3 Planar 606 3161 1396 CD3 Planar 453 2369 1029 CF3 Pyram. 1090 701 1260 510 SiF3 Pyram. 830 427 937 290 Linear XYYX Molecules Point Group D∞h Molecule Sym. XY str. Antisym. XY str. YY str. Bend Bend C2H2 3374 3289 1974 612 730 C2D2 2701 2439 1762 505 537 C2N2 2330 2158 851 507 233 Planar X2YZ Molecules Point Group C2v Molecule Sym.XY str. YZ str. YX 2 scis. Antisym. XY str. YX 2 rock YX2 wag H2CO 2783 1746 1500 2843 1249 1167 D2CO 2056 1700 1106 2160 990 938 F2CO 965 1928 584 1249 626 774 Cl2CO 567 1827 285 849 440 580 O2NF 1310 822 568 1792 560 742 O2NCl 1286 793 370 1685 408 652 Tetrahedral XY 4 Molecules Point Group Td Molecule Sym. str. Deg. deform.(e) Deg. str.(f) Deg. deform.(f) CH4 2917 1534 3019 1306 CD4 2109 1092 2259 996 CF4 909 435 1281 632 CCl4 459 217 776 314 TeamLRN9-79FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Molecule Sym. str. Deg. deform.(e) Deg. str.(f) Deg. deform.(f) CBr4 267 122 672 182 CI4 178 90 555 125 SiH4 2187 975 2191 914 SiD4 1558 700 1597 681 SiF4 800 268 1032 389 SiCl4 424 150 621 221 GeH4 2106 931 2114 819 GeD4 1504 665 1522 596 GeCl4 396 134 453 172 SnCl4 366 104 403 134 TiCl4 389 114 498 136 ZrCl4 377 98 418 113 HfCl4 382 102 390 112 RuO4 885 322 921 336 OsO4 965 333 960 329 REFERENCES 1. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume I, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. Natl. Bur. St and. (U.S.), 39, 1972. 2. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 6, 993, 1977. 3. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules , D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, 1966. 4. M. E. Jacox, Ground state vibrational energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 13, 945, 1984. 9-80SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES This table lists the leading spectroscopic constants and equilibrium internuclear distance re in the ground electronic state for selected diatomic molecules. The constants are those describing the vibrational and rotational energy through the expressions: Evib /hc = ωe(v+1/2) - ωexe(v+1/2)2 + ⋅⋅⋅ Erot /hc = BvJ(J+1) - Dv[J(J+1)]2 + ⋅⋅⋅ where Bv = Be - αe(v+1/2) + ⋅⋅⋅ Dv = De + ⋅⋅⋅ Here v and J are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, respectively, h is PlanckÕs constant, and c is the speed of light. In this customary formulation the constants ωe , Be , etc. have dimensions of inverse length; in this table they are given in units of cm-1 . Users should note that higher order terms in the above energy expressions are required for very precise calculations; constants for many of these terms can be found in the references. Also, if the ground electronic state is not 1Σ, additional terms are needed to account for the interaction between electronic and pure rotational angular momentum. For some molecules in the table the data have been analyzed in terms of the Du nham series expansion: E/hc = Σlm Ylm(v+1/2)lJm(J+1)m In such cases it has been assumed that Y10 = ωe , Y01 = Be , etc., although in the highest approximations these identities are not precisely correct. Some of the values of re in the table have been corrected for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which can affect the last decimal place. Because of differences in the method of data analysis and limitations in the model, care should be taken in comparing re values for different molecules to a precision beyond 0.001 . Molecules are listed in alphabetical order by formula as written in the most common form. In most cases this form places the mo re electropositive element first, but there are exceptions such as OH, NH, CH, etc. * Indicates a value for the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe. REFERENCES 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules , Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Lovas, F. J., and Tiemann, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 3, 609, 1974. 3.Landolt-Bšrnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series , II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19a (1992), II/19d-1 (1995), Molecular Constants , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 107Ag79Br1Σ+ 249.57 0.63 0.064833 0.0002361 0.0175 2.39311 107Ag35Cl1Σ+ 343.49 1.17 0.12298388 0.00059541 0.06305 2.28079 107Ag19F1Σ+513.45 2.59 0.2657020 0.0019206 0.284 1.98318 107Ag1H1Σ + 1759.9 34.06 6.449 0.201 344 1.618 107Ag2H1Σ +1250.70 17.17 3.2572 0.0722 85.9 1.6180 107Ag127I1Σ +206.50 0.46 0.04486821 0.0001414 0.00847 2.54463 107Ag16O2Π1/2 490.2 3.1 0.3020 0.0025 0.45 2.003 27Al23Σ g-350.01 2.02 0.2054 0.0012 0.31 2.466 27Al79Br1Σ +378.0 1.28 0.15919713 0.00086045 0.11285 2.29481 27Al35Cl1Σ +481.30 1.95 0.24393012 0.00161113 0.2503 2.13011 27Al19F1Σ +802.3 4.77 0.5524798 0.0049841 1.0464 1.65437 27Al1H1Σ +1682.56 29.09 6.3907 0.1858 356.5 1.6478 27Al2H1Σ +1211.95 15.14 3.3186 0.0697 97 1.6463 27Al127I1Σ +316.1 1.0 0.11769985 0.00055859 2.53710 27Al16O2Σ +979.23 6.97 0.6414 0.0058 1.08 1.6179 27Al32S2Σ +617.1 3.33 0.2799 0.0018 0.22 2.029 75As21Σg+429.55 1.12 0.10179 0.000333 2.1026 75As1H3Σ -2130* 7.3067 0.2117 327 1.52315 75As2H3Σ -1484* 3.6688 90 1.5306 75As14N1Σ + 1068.54 5.41 0.54551 0.003366 0.53 1.6184 75As16O2Π1/2 967.08 4.85 0.48482 0.003299 0.49 1.6236ωe ωexe Be αe De re Molecule State cm-1cm-1cm-1cm-110-6cm-1 TeamLRN9-81197Au21Σ g+190.9 0.42 0.028013 0.0000723 0.00250 2.4719 197Au1H1Σ +2305.01 43.12 7.2401 0.2136 279 1.5239 197Au2H1Σ + 1634.98 21.65 3.6415 0.07614 70.9 1.5238 11B23Σ g-1051.3 9.35 1.212 0.014 1.590 11B79Br1Σ +684.31 3.52 0.4894 0.0035 1.00 1.888 11B35Cl1Σ + 840.29 5.49 0.684282 0.006812 1.84 1.71528 11B19F1Σ + 1402.1 11.8 1.516950 0.019056 7.105 1.26267 11B1H1Σ +2366.9 49.40 12.021 0.412 1242 1.2324 11B2H1Σ + 1703.3 28 6.54 0.17 400 1.2324 11B14N3Π 1514.6 12.3 1.666 0.025 8.1 1.281 11B16O2Σ +1885.69 11.81 1.7820 0.0166 6.32 1.2045 11B32S2Σ + 1180.17 6.31 0.7949 0.0061 1.40 1.6092 138Ba79Br2Σ + 193.77 0.41 0.0415082 0.0001219 0.00762 2.84449 138Ba35Cl2Σ +279.92 0.82 0.08396717 0.00033429 0.03022 2.68276 138Ba19F2Σ + 468.9 1.79 0.2159 0.0012 0.175 2.163 138Ba1H2Σ + 1168.31 14.50 3.38285 0.06599 112.67 2.23175 138Ba2H2Σ + 829.77 7.32 1.7071 0.02363 28.77 2.2304 138Ba127I2Σ +152.14 0.27 0.02680587 0.00006634 0.00333 3.08476 138Ba16O1Σ + 669.76 2.03 0.3126140 0.0013921 0.2724 1.93969 138Ba32S1Σ + 379.42 0.88 0.10331 0.0003188 0.0306 2.5074 9Be19F2Σ +1247.36 9.12 1.4889 0.0176 8.28 1.3610 9Be1H2Σ + 2060.78 36.31 10.3164 0.3030 1022.1 1.3426 9Be2H2Σ + 1530.32 20.71 5.6872 0.1225 313.8 1.3419 9Be16O1Σ +1487.32 11.83 1.6510 0.0190 8.20 1.3309 9Be32S1Σ + 997.94 6.14 0.79059 0.00664 2.00 1.7415 209Bi21Σ g+172.71 0.34 0.022781 0.000055 0.00150 2.6596 209Bi1H3Σ -1635.73 31.6 5.137 0.148 183 1.805 209Bi2H3Σ - 1173.32 16.1 2.592 0.054 50.6 1.804 79Br21Σ g+325.32 1.08 0.082107 0.0003187 0.02092 2.2811 79Br35Cl1Σ +444.28 1.84 0.152470 0.000770 0.07183 2.13607 79Br19F1Σ + 670.75 4.05 0.35584 0.00261 0.401 1.75894 79Br16O2Π3/2 779 6.8 0.429598 0.003639 0.523 1.717 12C21Σ g+1854.71 13.34 1.8198 0.0177 6.92 1.2425 12C35Cl2Π1/2 866.72* 6.2 0.6936 0.00672 1.9 1.6450 12C19F2Π1/2 1308.1 11.10 1.4172 0.0184 6.5 1.2718 12C1H2Π1/2 2858.5 63.0 14.457 0.534 1450 1.1199 12C2H2Π1/2 2099.8 34.02 7.806 0.208 420 1.1190 12C14N2Σ + 2068.59 13.09 1.8997830 0.0173717 6.4034 1.17181 12C16O1Σ +2169.81 13.29 1.93128075 0.01750390 6.1216 1.12823 12C31P2Σ + 1239.67 6.86 0.7986 0.00597 1.33 1.562 12C32S1Σ + 1285.15 6.50 0.8200434 0.0059182 1.336 1.53482 12C80Se1Σ +1035.36 4.86 0.5750 0.00379 0.71 1.67609 40Ca35Cl2Σ +367.53 1.31 0.1522302 0.0007990 0.1029 2.43676 40Ca19F2Σ +581.1 2.74 0.339 0.0026 0.45 1.967 40Ca1H2Σ +1298.34 19.10 4.2766 0.0970 183.7 2.0025 40Ca2H2Σ +910* 2.1769 0.035 47.9 2.002 40Ca127I2Σ +238.70 0.63 0.0693263 0.0002634 0.0234 2.82859 40Ca16O1Σ +732.03 4.83 0.444441 0.003282 0.6541 1.8221 40Ca32S1Σ +462.23 1.78 0.1766757 0.0008270 0.1032 2.31775 114Cd1H2Σ +1337.1* 5.323 314 1.781 114Cd2H2Σ +2.704 76 1.775 35Cl21Σ g+559.7 2.68 0.2440 0.0015 0.186 1.988 35Cl19F1Σ +786.15 6.16 0.516479 0.004358 0.88 1.62831 35Cl16O2Π3/2 853.8 5.5 0.62345 0.0058 1.33 1.56963 52Cr1H6Σ +1581* 32 6.220 0.179 347 1.656 52Cr2H6Σ + 1182* 3.14 88.8 1.664 52Cr16O5Π 898.4 6.8 0.5231 0.0070 1.615 133Cs21Σ g+42.02 0.08 0.0127 0.0000264 0.00464 4.47SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) ωe ωexe Be αe De re Molecule State cm-1 cm-1 cm-1 cm-1 10-6cm-1  9-82133Cs79Br1Σ + 149.66 0.37 0.03606925 0.00012401 0.00838 3.07225 133Cs35Cl1Σ +214.17 0.73 0.07209149 0.00033756 0.03268 2.90627 133Cs19F1Σ+ 352.56 1.62 0.18436969 0.0011756 0.20168 1.34535 133Cs1H1Σ+ 891.0 12.9 2.7099 0.0579 113 2.4938 133Cs2H1Σ+619.1* 1.354 20 2.505 133Cs127I1Σ+ 119.18 0.25 0.02362736 0.00006826 0.00371 3.31519 133Cs16O2Σ+ 357.5* 0.223073 0.001303 0.348 2.3007 63Cu21Σg+264.55 1.02 0.10874 0.000614 0.0716 2.2197 63Cu79Br1Σ+ 314.8 0.96 0.10192625 0.00045214 0.04274 2.17344 65Cu35Cl1Σ+ 415.29 1.58 0.17628802 0.00099647 0.12706 2.05118 63Cu19F1Σ+622.7 3.95 0.3794029 0.0032298 0.563 1.74493 63Cu1H1Σ+ 1941.26 37.51 7.9441 0.2563 520 1.46263 63Cu2H1Σ+ 1384.14 18.97 4.0381 0.0917 136.2 1.4626 63Cu127I1Σ+264.5 0.60 0.07328742 0.00028390 0.02244 2.33832 63Cu16O2Π3/2 640.17 4.43 0.44454 0.00456 0.85 1.7244 63Cu32S2Π3/2 415.0 1.75 0.1891 0.18 2.051 19F21Σg+916.64 11.24 0.89019 0.013847 3.3 1.41193 56Fe16O5Δ 965* 0.650 0.72 1.444 69Ga81Br1Σ+ 263.0 0.81 0.081839 0.0003207 0.032 2.35248 69Ga35Cl1Σ+ 365.67 1.25 0.1499046 0.0007936 0.1008 2.20169 69Ga19F1Σ+622.2 3.2 0.3595161 0.0028642 0.50 1.77437 69Ga1H1Σ+ 1604.52 28.77 6.137 0.181 342 1.663 69Ga2H1Σ+ 3.083 0.06 84 1.663 69Ga127I1Σ+216.38 0.47 0.0569359 0.0001897 0.015770 2.57464 69Ga16O2Σ 767.5 6.24 0.4271 0.37 1.744 74Ge79Br2Π1/2 295 0.7 74Ge35Cl2Π1/2 407.6 1.36 72Ge1H2Π1/2 1833.77 37 6.726 0.192 326 1.5880 72Ge2H2Π1/2 1320.09 19 3.415 0.070 83.2 1.5874 74Ge16O1Σ+986.49 4.47 0.4856981 0.0030787 0.4709 1.62464 74Ge32S1Σ+ 575.8 1.80 0.18656576 0.00074910 0.07883 2.01209 74Ge80Se1Σ+ 408.7 1.36 0.09634051 0.00028904 0.02207 2.13463 74Ge130Te1Σ+323.9 0.75 0.06533821 0.00017246 0.012 2.34017 1H21Σg+4401.21 121.34 60.853 3.062 47100 0.74144 2H21Σg+3115.50 61.82 30.444 1.0786 11410 0.74152 3H21Σg+2546.5 41.23 20.335 0.5887 0.74142 1H81Br1Σ+ 2648.97 45.22 8.46488 0.23328 345.8 1.41444 2H81Br1Σ+ 1884.75 22.72 4.245596 0.084 88.32 1.4145 1H35Cl1Σ+2990.95 52.82 10.59342 0.30718 531.94 1.27455 2H35Cl1Σ+ 2145.16 27.18 5.448796 0.113292 140 1.27458 1H19F1Σ+ 4138.32 89.88 20.9557 0.798 2151 0.91681 2H19F1Σ+2998.19 45.76 11.0102 0.3017 594 0.91694 1H127I1Σ+2309.01 39.64 6.4263650 0.1689 206.9 1.60916 202Hg1H2Σ+1203.24* 5.3888 395.3 1.7662 202Hg2H2Σ+896.12* 2.739 91 1.757 127I21Σg+214.50 0.61 0.03737 0.000114 0.0043 2.666 127I79Br1Σ+268.64 0.81 0.0568325 0.0001969 0.0102 2.46899 127I35Cl1Σ+384.29 1.50 0.1141587 0.0005354 0.0403 2.32088 127I19F1Σ+610.24 3.12 0.2797111 0.0018738 0.2356 1.90976 127I16O2Π3/2 681.5 4.3 0.34026 0.00270 0.36 1.8676 115In81Br1Σ+221.0 0.65 0.05489468 0.00018672 0.01350 2.54315 115In35Cl1Σ+317.39 1.03 0.1090583 0.0005177 0.0515 2.40117 115In19F1Σ+535.4 2.6 0.2623241 0.0018798 0.252 1.98540 115In1H1Σ+1476.0 25.61 4.995 0.143 223 1.8380 115In2H1Σ+1048.2 12.4 2.523 0.051 58 1.837 115In127I1Σ+ 177.08 0.34 0.03686702 0.00010411 0.00639 2.75364 39K21Σg+92.02 0.28 0.056743 0.000165 0.0863 3.9051 39K79Br1Σ+213 0.80 0.08122109 0.00040481 0.04462 2.82078SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) ωe ωexe Be αe De re Molecule State cm-1 cm-1 cm-1 cm-1 10-6cm-1  TeamLRN9-8339K35Cl1Σ+ 281 1.30 0.1286348 0.0007899 0.1087 2.66665 39K19F1Σ+426.26 2.45 0.27993741 0.00233492 0.4829 2.17146 39K1H1Σ+ 983.6 14.3 3.416400 0.085313 163.55 2.243 39K2H1Σ+ 707 7.7 1.754 0.0318 50 2.240 39K127I1Σ+186.53 0.57 0.06087473 0.00026776 0.02593 3.04784 139La16O2Σ+ 812.8 2.22 0.35252001 0.00142365 0.2626 1.82591 7Li21Σg+351.43 2.61 0.67264 0.00704 9.87 2.6729 7Li79Br1Σ+563.2 3.5 0.555399 0.005644 2.159 2.17043 7Li35Cl1Σ+ 642.95 4.47 0.7065225 0.0080102 3.409 2.02067 7Li19F1Σ+ 910.57 8.21 1.3452583 0.0202887 11.745 1.56386 7Li1H1Σ+1405.65 23.20 7.51373 0.21665 862 1.59490 7Li2H1Σ+ 1054.80 12.94 4.23310 0.09155 276 1.5941 7Li127I1Σ+ 496.85 2.85 0.4431766 0.0040862 1.4104 2.39192 7Li16O2Π 814.62 7.78 1.212830 0.017899 0.1079 1.68822 24Mg21Σg+51.12 1.64 0.09287 0.00378 1.22 3.891 24Mg35Cl2Σ+ 462.12* 2.1 0.2456154 0.0016204 0.2723 2.19639 24Mg19F2Σ+ 711.69* 4.9 0.51922 0.00470 1.080 1.7500 24Mg1H2Σ+1495.20 31.89 5.8257 0.1859 344 1.7297 24Mg2H2Σ+ 1077.9 16.1 3.0306 0.06289 92 1.7302 24Mg16O1Σ+ 784.78 5.26 0.57470436 0.00532377 1.2328 1.74838 55Mn1H7Σ 1548.0 28.8 5.6841 0.1570 303.9 1.7311 55Mn2H7Σ 1103 13.9 2.8957 0.051 79.5 1.7310 14N21Σg+2358.57 14.32 1.99824 0.017318 5.76 1.09769 14N79Br3Σ-691.75 4.72 0.444 0.0040 1.79 14N35Cl3Σ- 827.96 5.30 0.649770 0.006414 1.598 1.61071 14N19F3Σ- 1141.37 8.99 1.2057 0.01492 5.39 1.3170 14N1H3Σ-3282.3 78.4 16.6993 0.6490 1709.7 1.0362 14N2H3Σ- 2398 42 8.7913 0.2531 490.4 1.0361 14N16O2Π1/2 1904.20 14.07 1.67195 0.0171 0.5 1.15077 14N32S2Π1/2 1218.7 7.28 0.769602 0.0064 1.2 1.4940 23Na21Σg+159.13 0.72 0.154707 0.008736 0.581 3.0789 23Na79Br1Σ+ 302 1.5 0.1512533 0.0009410 0.1554 2.50204 23Na35Cl1Σ+366 2.05 0.2180631 0.0016248 0.3120 2.36080 23Na19F1Σ+ 535.66 3.57 0.4369011 0.0045580 1.163 1.92595 23Na1H1Σ+ 1172.2 19.72 4.9033634 0.1370919 343.40 1.88654 23Na2H1Σ+826.1* 2.557089 0.051600 93.46 1.88654 23Na127I1Σ+ 258 1.1 0.1178056 0.0006478 0.0973 2.71145 23Na16O2Π 492.3 0.424630 0.004506 1.2638 2.05155 93Nb16O4Σ-989.0 3.8 0.4321 0.0021 0.22 1.691 58Ni1H2Δ5/2 1926.6 38 7.700 0.23 481 1.476 58Ni2H2Δ5/2 1390.1 19 3.992 0.092 130 1.465 16O23Σg-1580.19 11.98 1.44563 0.0159 4.839 1.20752 16O1H2Π3/2 3737.76 84.88 18.911 0.7242 1938 0.96966 16O2H2Π3/2 2720.24 44.05 10.021 0.276 537.4 0.9698 31P21Σg+780.77 2.84 0.30362 0.00149 0.188 1.8934 31P35Cl3Σ-551.38 2.23 0.2528748 0.0015119 0.2124 2.01461 31P19F3Σ-846.75 4.49 0.5665 0.00456 1.58938 31P1H3Σ-2365.2 44.5 8.5371 0.2514 436 1.42140 31P2H3Σ-1699.2 23.0 4.4081 0.0928 116 1.4220 31P14N1Σ+1337.24 6.98 0.7864854 0.0055364 1.091 1.49087 31P16O2Π1/2 1233.34 6.56 0.7337 0.0055 1.3 1.4759 208Pb2 110.5 0.35 208Pb79Br2Π1/2 207.5 0.50 208Pb35Cl2Π1/2 303.9 0.88 208Pb19F2Π1/2 502.73 2.28 0.22875 0.001473 0.183 2.0575 208Pb1H2Π1/2 1564.1 29.75 4.971 0.144 201 1.839 208Pb16O1Σ+720.96 3.52 0.30730373 0.00190977 0.2138 1.92181 208Pb32S1Σ+429.17 1.26 0.11632307 0.00043510 0.03418 2.28678SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) ωe ωexe Be αe De re Molecule State cm-1cm-1cm-1cm-110-6cm-1 9-84208Pb80Se1Σ+ 277.6 0.51 0.05059953 0.00012993 0.0070 2.40218 208Pb130Te1Σ+212.0 0.43 0.03130774 0.00006743 0.0027 2.59492 195Pt12C1Σ+ 1051.13 4.86 0.53044 0.003273 0.546 1.6767 195Pt1H2Δ5/2 2294.68* 46 7.1963 0.1996 261 1.52852 195Pt2H2Δ5/2 1644.3* 23 3.640 0.071 66 1.524 85Rb79Br1Σ+ 169.46 0.46 0.04752798 0.00018596 0.01496 2.94474 85Rb35Cl1Σ+ 228 0.92 0.0876404 0.0004537 0.04947 2.78673 85Rb19F1Σ+376 1.9 0.2106640 0.0015228 0.2684 2.27033 85Rb1H1Σ+ 936.9 14.21 3.020 0.072 123 2.367 85Rb127I1Σ+ 138.51 0.33 0.03283293 0.00010946 0.00738 3.17688 85Rb16O2Σ+388.4* 0.246481 0.002174 0.397 2.25420 32S23Σg-725.65 2.84 0.2955 0.001570 0.19 1.8892 32S19F2Π3/2 0.552174 1.60058 32S1H2Π3/2 2711.6 59.9 9.5995 0.2785 480.6 1.34066 32S2H2Π3/2 1885 31 4.95130 0.10308 130 1.34049 32S16O3Σ- 1149.2 5.6 0.7208171 0.005737 1.134 1.48109 121Sb35Cl3Σ- 374.7 0.6 121Sb19F3Σ-605.0 2.6 0.2792 0.0020 0.23 1.918 121Sb1H3Σ- 5.684 240 1.723 121Sb2H3Σ- 2.8782 45 1.7194 121Sb14N1Σ+942.0 5.6 121Sb16O2Π1/2 816 4.2 0.3580 0.0022 0.270 1.826 45Sc19F1Σ+ 735.6 3.8 0.3950 0.00266 1.788 80Se23Σg-385.30 0.96 0.08992 0.000288 0.024 2.166 80Se1H2Π3/2 2400* 8.02 0.23 330 1.48 80Se2H2Π3/2 1708* 3.94 1.48 80Se16O3Σ-914.69 4.52 0.4655 0.00323 0.5 1.648 28Si23Σg-510.98 2.02 0.2390 0.0014 0.21 2.246 28Si35Cl2Π1/2 535.60 2.17 0.2561 0.0016 0.25 2.058 28Si19F2Π1/2 857.19 4.73 0.5812 0.00494 1.07 1.6011 28Si1H2Π1/2 2041.80 35.51 7.4996 0.2190 397 1.5201 28Si2H2Π1/2 1469.32 18.23 3.8840 0.0781 105.4 1.5199 28Si14N2Σ+1151.4 6.47 0.7311 0.00565 1.2 1.572 28Si16O1Σ+ 1241.54 5.97 0.7267521 0.0050379 0.9923 1.50975 28Si32S1Σ+ 749.64 2.58 0.30352788 0.00147308 0.201 1.92926 28Si80Se1Σ+580.0 1.78 0.1920117 0.0007767 0.0842 2.05832 120Sn79Br2Π1/2 247.2 0.6 120Sn35Cl2Π1/2 351.1 1.06 0.1117 0.0004 2.361 118Sn19F2Π1/2 577.6 2.69 0.2727 0.0014 0.26 1.944 120Sn1H2Π1/2 5.31488 207.5 1.78146 120Sn2H2Π1/2 1188.0* 2.6950 0.049 53.4 1.7770 120Sn127I2Π1/2 199.0 0.6 120Sn16O1Σ+822.13 3.72 0.35571998 0.00214432 0.26638 1.83251 120Sn32S1Σ+487.26 1.36 0.13686139 0.00050563 0.0424 2.20898 120Sn80Se1Σ+331.2 0.74 0.0649978 0.0001705 0.011 2.32557 120Sn130Te1Σ+259.5 0.50 0.04247917 0.00009543 0.0055 2.52280 88Sr79Br2Σ+216.60 0.52 0.0541847 0.0001827 0.01356 2.73522 88Sr35Cl2Σ+302.3 0.95 88Sr19F2Σ+502.4 2.3 0.2505346 0.0015513 0.2498 2.07537 88Sr1H2Σ+1206.2 17.0 3.6751 0.0814 135 2.1456 88Sr2H2Σ+841 8.6 1.8609 0.0292 34.7 2.1449 88Sr127I2Σ+173.77 0.35 0.0367097 0.0001060 0.00655 2.94364 88Sr16O1Σ+653.5 3.96 0.33798 0.00219 0.36 1.91983 181Ta16O2Δ3/2 1028.69 3.51 0.40284 0.00182 0.2450 1.68746 130Te23Σg-247.07 0.51 0.039681 0.000106 0.0044 2.5574 130Te1H2Π3/2 5.56 1.74 130Te16O0+797.11 4.00 0.3554 0.00237 0.27 1.825 232Th16O1Σ+895.77 2.39 0.332644 0.001302 0.1833 1.84032SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) ωe ωexe Be αe De re Molecule State cm-1 cm-1 cm-1 cm-1 10-6cm-1  TeamLRN9-8548Ti16O3Δ1 1009.02 4.50 0.53541 0.00301 0.603 1.6202 205Tl81Br1Σ+192.10 0.39 0.0423899 0.0001276 0.0083 1.61817 205Tl35Cl1Σ+ 284.71 0.86 0.09139702 0.00039784 0.0377 2.48483 205Tl19F1Σ+ 476.86 2.24 0.22315014 0.00150380 0.1955 2.08439 205Tl1H1Σ+1390.7 22.7 4.806 0.154 254 1.870 205Tl2H1Σ+ 987.7 12.04 2.419 0.057 60 1.869 205Tl127I1Σ+ 150* 0.0271676 0.0000664 0.0036 2.81361 51V16O4Σ-1011.3 4.86 0.54825 0.00352 0.6 1.5893 89Y35Cl1Σ 380.7 1.3 0.1160 0.0003 0.09 2.41 89Y19F1Σ+ 631.29 2.50 0.29042 0.00163 0.237 1.9257 89Y16O2Σ+861.0 2.9 0.3881 0.0018 0.32 1.790 174Yb1H2Σ+ 1249.54 21.06 3.9931 0.0957 161.8 2.0526 174Yb2H2Σ+ 886.6 10.57 2.01162 0.03425 41.60 2.0516 64Zn35Cl2Σ 390.5 1.6 64Zn19F2Σ 628 3.5 64Zn1H2Σ+ 1607.6 55.14 6.6794 0.2500 466 1.5949 64Zn2H2Σ+ 1072 28 3.350 124 1.6054 64Zn127I2Σ 223.4 0.6 90Zr16O1Σ+ 969.8 4.9 0.42263 0.0023 0.319 1.7116SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) ωe ωexe Be αe De re Molecule State cm-1 cm-1 cm-1 cm-1 10-6cm-1  INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS: hn aal aiaa Se PeteCoe Pee SE500S7SSS PETES SRS seep eeea Coe Socenee INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS (continued) avenumber inom i} = as =m Pm = So ne ae _ a so = === _.. in ket aH \ oe|petpnes_somaaarpee-a-to-e sted _ \ OE eeaeasSE — ' ‘isuest. AMIDE coe a 0 wesSomiourmanyates onion mh — tc anne = eres I eee peeee Tehcbesaaeas Pg xeemien — i ¥verasunes Senge iii LecEND srsna i onowooneetinee | | : i | Boe GS | z 3 cy~5.6 7 e o 10 we 3 iy is 16 Wavelengthinum INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS (continued) fecetawels Leeper)—|robes amp Pieper Heeet :nae a PSELE a PPT ry [|HH RRR RRRacae oton piper tp erla hoorfee ||)ee M4 |RS eee a CCTvendLoree ||||fTtT Pty eteee EH eeeeeeeaee aae Pipipee aeee Pere“CBee CERERSASe2 eee a ee ee Se ———— PIPETTE Titre ryrrr ree) Wavelength inpm INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS (continued)FarIntredRion Seepenenes : — a : —_ & ————— fA ——— = — F ——<—<—_===——— : es Esters“seetates. ————_—— —__ 9.89 INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS (continued) wcnowerens 125 17 2 0 100 300 Phosphor organo (ROMP. wonr0n rsael «wonron re {tonro.— ‘ronson— wonrsn[|ones: — soroneR33=— |tren >——_] nies _— necoer ——— nswcose ———— tsiccons — encase —— cieaoree — sionorzo,Site ashe. — ——Se. ———oe3 ——— ar,Ss: —— Sinise ———— — s prong _——— Matatosane. shone —Sronytse S—pongo=——— ae Moree S— aes. -—— ——————a Piha rs ee Reewiacuenats—a Inorganic cya. PS=) carbons.a a a Pe Semaaroe ee—s raat osa a aa{fi on_— a" Po——— Ee[-—--—*| So. ——— Soe |tind. SE woe Ssows Se mee —————— woeS— a to.———_ ae co. ——| fro— is Ss es —— a EE Sov —wavenuwaen com 00 0 400 20 wo89.90 TeamLRN9-93NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY This table presents the following data relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Z: Atomic number Isotope : Element symbol and mass number Abundance : Natural abundance of the isotope in percent. An * indicates a radioactive nuclide; if no value is given, the nuclide is not present in nature or its abundance is highly variable. I: Nuclear spin ν: Resonant frequency in megahertz for an applied field H0 of 1 tesla (in cgs units, 10 kilogauss) Relative sensitivity : Sensitivity relative to 1H (=1) assuming an equal number of nuclei and constant temperature. Values were calculated from the expressions: For constant H0: 0.0076508( µ/µN)3(I + 1)/ I2 For constant ν: 0.23871( µ/µN)(I + 1) µ/µN: Nuclear magnetic moment in units of the nuclear magneton µN Q: Nuclear quadrupole moment in units of femtometers squared (1 fm2 = 10-2 barn) The table includes all stable nuclides of non-zero spin for which spin and magnetic moment values have been measured, as well a s selected radioactive nuclides of current or potential interest. At least one isotope is included for each element through Z = 95 for which data are available. See Reference 1 for a complete listing of spins and moments. The assistance of P. Pyykko in providing data on nuclear quadrupole moments is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 83th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002. 2. Raghavan, P., At. Data Nuc. Data Tables , 42, 189, 1989. 3. Pyykko, P., Mol. Phys . 19, 1617-1629, 2001. 4. Stone, N. J., <www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/> Abundance ν/MHz Relative sensitivity Z Isotope % I for H0 = 1 T Const. H0 Const. νµ /µN Q/fm2 11n * 1/2 29.1647 0.32139 0.6850 -1.91304272 11H 99.9850 1/2 42.5775 1.00000 1.0000 +2.792847337 12H 0.0115 1 6.5359 0.00965 0.4093 +0.857438228 +0.2860 13H * 1/2 45.4148 1.21354 1.0666 +2.9789625 23He 0.000137 1/2 32.4360 0.44212 0.7618 -2.1276248 36Li 7.59 1 6.2661 0.00850 0.3925 +0.8220467 -0.0808 37Li 92.41 3/2 16.5483 0.29356 1.9433 +3.25644 -4.01 49Be 100 3/2 5.9842 0.01388 0.7027 -1.1776 +5.288 510B 19.9 3 4.5752 0.01985 1.7193 +1.800645 +8.459 511B 80.1 3/2 13.6630 0.16522 1.6045 +2.688649 +4.059 613C 1.07 1/2 10.7084 0.01591 0.2515 +0.7024118 714N 99.632 1 3.0777 0.00101 0.1928 +0.4037610 +2.044 715N 0.368 1/2 4.3173 0.00104 0.1014 -0.2831888 817O 0.038 5/2 5.7742 0.02910 1.5822 -1.89379 -2.558 919F 100 1/2 40.0776 0.83400 0.9413 +2.628868 1021Ne 0.27 3/2 3.3631 0.00246 0.3949 -0.661797 +10.155 1123Na 100 3/2 11.2688 0.09270 1.3233 +2.217522 +10.4 1225Mg 10.00 5/2 2.6083 0.00268 0.7147 -0.85545 +19.94 1327Al 100 5/2 11.1031 0.20689 3.0424 +3.641507 +14.66 1429Si 4.6832 1/2 8.4655 0.00786 0.1988 -0.55529 1531P 100 1/2 17.2515 0.06652 0.4052 +1.13160 1633S 0.76 3/2 3.2717 0.00227 0.3842 +0.6438212 -6.78 1735Cl 75.78 3/2 4.1765 0.00472 0.4905 +0.8218743 -8.165 1737Cl 24.22 3/2 3.4765 0.00272 0.4083 +0.6841236 -6.435 1837Ar * 3/2 5.819 0.01276 0.6833 +1.145 1839Ar * 7/2 3.46 0.01130 1.7079 -1.59 1939K 93.2581 3/2 1.9893 0.00051 0.2336 +0.3914662 +5.85 9-941940K 0.0117 4 2.4737 0.00523 1.5493 -1.298100 -7.3 1941K 6.7302 3/2 1.0919 0.00008 0.1282 +0.2148701 +7.11 2043Ca 0.135 7/2 2.8688 0.00642 1.4150 -1.31726 -4.08 2145Sc 100 7/2 10.3591 0.30244 5.1093 +4.756487 -22.0 2247Ti 7.44 5/2 2.4041 0.00210 0.6587 -0.78848 +30.2 2249Ti 5.41 7/2 2.4048 0.00378 1.1861 -1.10417 +24.7 2350V 0.250 6 4.2505 0.05571 5.5904 +3.345689 +21 2351V 99.750 7/2 11.2133 0.38360 5.5306 +5.1487057 -5.2 2453Cr 9.501 3/2 2.4115 0.00091 0.2832 -0.47454 -15 2555Mn 100 5/2 10.5763 0.17881 2.8980 +3.46872 +33 2657Fe 2.119 1/2 1.3816 0.00003 0.0324 +0.0906230 2759Co 100 7/2 10.077 0.27841 4.9702 +4.627 +42 2861Ni 1.1399 3/2 3.8114 0.00359 0.4476 -0.75002 +16.2 2963Cu 69.17 3/2 11.2982 0.09342 1.3268 +2.22329 -22.0 2965Cu 30.83 3/2 12.1030 0.11484 1.4213 +2.38167 -20.4 3067Zn 4.10 5/2 2.6694 0.00287 0.7314 +0.875479 +15.0 3169Ga 60.108 3/2 10.2478 0.06971 1.2034 +2.01659 +17.1 3171Ga 39.892 3/2 13.0208 0.14300 1.5291 +2.56227 +10.7 3273Ge 7.73 9/2 1.4897 0.00141 1.1546 -0.8794677 -19.6 3375As 100 3/2 7.3150 0.02536 0.8590 +1.439475 +31.4 3477Se 7.63 1/2 8.1571 0.00703 0.1916 +0.53506 3579Br 50.69 3/2 10.7042 0.07945 1.2570 +2.106400 +31.3 3581Br 49.31 3/2 11.5384 0.09951 1.3550 +2.270562 +26.2 3683Kr 11.49 9/2 1.6442 0.00190 1.2744 -0.970669 +25.9 3785Rb 72.17 5/2 4.1254 0.01061 1.1304 +1.35303 +27.6 3787Rb 27.83 3/2 13.9811 0.17703 1.6418 +2.75124 +13.35 3887Sr 7.00 9/2 1.8525 0.00272 1.4358 -1.093603 +33.5 3989Y 100 1/2 2.0949 0.00012 0.0492 -0.1374154 4091Zr 11.22 5/2 3.9748 0.00949 1.0891 -1.30362 -17.6 4193Nb 100 9/2 10.4523 0.48821 8.1011 +6.1705 -32 4295Mo 15.92 5/2 2.7874 0.00327 0.7638 -0.9142 -2.2 4297Mo 9.55 5/2 2.8463 0.00349 0.7799 -0.9335 +25.5 4399Tc * 9/2 9.6294 0.38174 7.4633 +5.6847 -12.9 4499Ru 12.76 5/2 1.9553 0.00113 0.5358 -0.6413 +7.9 44101Ru 17.06 5/2 2.1916 0.00159 0.6005 -0.7188 +45.7 45103Rh 100 1/2 1.3477 0.00003 0.0317 -0.08840 46105Pd 22.33 5/2 1.957 0.00113 0.5364 -0.642 +66.0 47107Ag 51.839 1/2 1.7331 0.00007 0.0407 -0.1136796 47109Ag 48.161 1/2 1.9924 0.00010 0.0468 -0.1306906 48111Cd 12.80 1/2 9.0692 0.00966 0.2130 -0.5948861 48113Cd 12.22 1/2 9.4871 0.01106 0.2228 -0.6223009 49113In 4.29 9/2 9.3655 0.35121 7.2588 +5.5289 +79.9 49115In 95.71 9/2 9.3856 0.35348 7.2744 +5.5408 +81 50115Sn 0.34 1/2 14.0077 0.03561 0.3290 -0.91883 50117Sn 7.68 1/2 15.2610 0.04605 0.3584 -1.00104 50119Sn 8.59 1/2 15.9660 0.05273 0.3750 -1.04728 51121Sb 57.21 5/2 10.2551 0.16302 2.8100 +3.3634 -36 51123Sb 42.79 7/2 5.5532 0.04659 2.7389 +2.5498 -49 52123Te 0.89 1/2 11.2349 0.01837 0.2639 -0.7369478 52125Te 7.07 1/2 13.5454 0.03220 0.3181 -0.8885051 53127I 100 5/2 8.5778 0.09540 2.3504 +2.813273 -71.0 54129Xe 26.44 1/2 11.8604 0.02162 0.2786 -0.7779763 54131Xe 21.18 3/2 3.5159 0.00282 0.4129 +0.6918619 -11.4 55133Cs 100 7/2 5.6234 0.04838 2.7735 +2.582025 -0.343 56135Ba 6.592 3/2 4.2582 0.00500 0.5001 +0.837943 +16.0 56137Ba 11.232 3/2 4.7634 0.00700 0.5594 +0.937365 +24.5 57138La 0.090 5 5.6615 0.09404 5.3188 +3.713646 +45NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY (continued) Abundance ν/MHz Relative sensitivity Z Isotope % I for H0 = 1 T Const. H0 Const. νµ /µN Q/fm2 TeamLRN9-9557139La 99.910 7/2 6.0612 0.06058 2.9895 +2.7830455 +20 58137Ce * 3/2 4.88 0.00752 0.5729 0.96 58139Ce * 3/2 5.39 0.01012 0.6326 1.06 58141Ce * 7/2 2.37 0.00364 1.1708 1.09 59141Pr 100 5/2 13.0359 0.33483 3.5720 +4.2754 -5.9 60143Nd 12.2 7/2 2.319 0.00339 1.1440 -1.065 -63 60145Nd 8.3 7/2 1.429 0.00079 0.7047 -0.656 -33 61143Pm * 5/2 11.59 0.23510 3.1748 +3.80 61147Pm * 7/2 5.62 0.04827 2.7714 +2.58 +74 62147Sm 14.99 7/2 1.7748 0.00152 0.8753 -0.8149 -26 62149Sm 13.82 7/2 1.4631 0.00085 0.7216 -0.6718 +7.4 63151Eu 47.81 5/2 10.5856 0.17929 2.9006 +3.4718 +90.3 63153Eu 52.19 5/2 4.6745 0.01544 1.2809 +1.5331 +241 64155Gd 14.80 3/2 1.312 0.00015 0.1541 -0.2582 +127 64157Gd 15.65 3/2 1.720 0.00033 0.2020 -0.3385 +135 65159Tb 100 3/2 10.23 0.06945 1.2019 +2.014 +143.2 66161Dy 18.91 5/2 1.4654 0.00048 0.4015 -0.4806 +250.7 66163Dy 24.90 5/2 2.0508 0.00130 0.5619 +0.6726 +265 67165Ho 100 7/2 9.0883 0.20423 4.4825 +4.173 +358 68167Er 22.93 7/2 1.2281 0.00050 0.6057 -0.5639 +356.5 69169Tm 100 1/2 3.531 0.00057 0.0829 -0.2316 70171Yb 14.28 1/2 7.5261 0.00552 0.1768 +0.49367 70173Yb 16.13 5/2 2.0730 0.00135 0.5680 -0.67989 +280 71175Lu 97.41 7/2 4.8626 0.03128 2.3983 +2.2327 +349 71176Lu 2.59 7 3.451 0.03975 6.0516 +3.169 +497 72177Hf 18.60 7/2 1.7282 0.00140 0.8524 +0.7935 +336.5 72179Hf 13.62 9/2 1.0856 0.00055 0.8414 -0.6409 +379.3 73180Ta 0.012 9 4.087 0.10610 11.5175 +4.825 73181Ta 99.988 7/2 5.1627 0.03744 2.5463 +2.3705 +317 74183W 14.31 1/2 1.7957 0.00008 0.0422 +0.1177848 75185Re 37.40 5/2 9.7176 0.13870 2.6627 +3.1871 +218 75187Re 62.60 5/2 9.8170 0.14300 2.6900 +3.2197 +207 76187Os 1.96 1/2 0.9856 0.00001 0.0231 +0.06465189 76189Os 16.15 3/2 3.3536 0.00244 0.3938 +0.659933 +85.6 77191Ir 37.3 3/2 0.7658 0.00003 0.0899 +0.1507 +81.6 77193Ir 62.7 3/2 0.8319 0.00004 0.0977 +0.1637 +75.1 78195Pt 33.832 1/2 9.2922 0.01039 0.2182 +0.60952 79197Au 100 3/2 0.7406 0.00003 0.0870 +0.145746 +54.7 80199Hg 16.87 1/2 7.7123 0.00594 0.1811 +0.5058855 80201Hg 13.18 3/2 2.8469 0.00149 0.3343 -0.5602257 +38.6 81203Tl 29.524 1/2 24.7316 0.19598 0.5809 +1.6222579 81205Tl 70.476 1/2 24.9749 0.20182 0.5866 +1.6382146 82207Pb 22.1 1/2 9.0340 0.00955 0.2122 +0.59258 83209Bi 100 9/2 6.9630 0.14433 5.3967 +4.1106 -51.6 84209Po * 1/2 11.7 0.02096 0.2757 +0.77 86211Rn * 1/2 9.16 0.00997 0.2152 +0.601 87223Fr * 3/2 5.95 0.01362 0.6982 +1.17 +117 88223Ra * 3/2 1.3746 0.00017 0.1614 +0.2705 +125 88225Ra * 1/2 11.187 0.01814 0.2627 -0.7338 89227Ac * 3/2 5.6 0.01131 0.6564 +1.1 +170 90229Th * 5/2 1.40 0.00042 0.3843 +0.46 +430 91231Pa *100 3/2 10.2 0.06903 1.1995 2.01 -172 92235U *0.7200 7/2 0.83 0.00015 0.4082 -0.38 +493.6 93237Np * 5/2 9.57 0.13264 2.6234 +3.14 +388.6 94239Pu * 1/2 3.09 0.00038 0.0727 +0.203 95243Am * 5/2 4.6 0.01446 1.2532 +1.5 +421NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY (continued) Abundance ν/MHz Relative sensitivity Z Isotope % I for H0 = 1 T Const. H0 Const. νµ /µN Q/fm2 PROTON NMR CHEMICAL SHIFTS FOR CHARACTERISTIC ORGANIC STRUCTURES ‘Thechartbelowsummarizestherangeofchemicalshiftsforprotonsinseveralclasesororgaiccompoundsandsubstituentgroups.Thechetical shiftsBaregiveninpatspermillonrelativetotetramethylsilane. [REFERENCE Mohaesi,B, J.Chem.Edu,41,38,1964(withpermission). Cheer CH= (CHD aso chreaeSSa rose——— 7ohmwring ———— oo oe ‘cnoseneess os CH esee | ENT}e908,corm.coon a SennJSORconte SSa retinvingketones a CemaconoesSs a ae aosaeee a a——2a mR ace —— SantonJNuseten:Quarksat es aaa canenSO CHimcicHds ACremeieno—x }649,coome,cogers PPPraHes a SS A SO | earn Se CANCHPR, PRCHACHAPR,(CHADCHPR ee nome a ‘CHi—X) oF,08,OP aenimx|BeeRToeoEn, a a SennfBeers a —— CH a A A oea thaxbecrent Se SenexSe Pash| CrNOn CHINO. CHNOL ssa2aaeS Pannea a CH=cH—conjugated oe eeee EAE tes} tetne esCHy=Cterminal OOOC"ete aH EhancleHae SS(crincneueny aciy=cicna—x }SHo,cocHs.coocns, |ffTT fmmRSREERK }BRETEE es 9.8 oe t+we RCEoeoehoa Het erPE ETTT H+O-x)Non,COR.XO.NH,ORon a a amcth pi tttttt wetSum2 aRSOsH, PRSOSM a A Oa a | A<1ot! 234567891007 momo 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8 9-94 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLC13C-NMR ABSORPTIONS OF MAJOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS The table below lists the range of 13C chemical shifts δ in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane, in descending order, for various functional groups. Examples of simple compounds for each family are given to illustrate thecorrelations. The shifts for the carbons of interest, which are italicized, are given in parentheses; when two or more valuesappear, they refer to the sequence of italicized carbon atoms from left to right in the formula. REFERENCES 1. Yoder, C. H. and Schaeffer, C. D., Jr ., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR: Theory and Application , Benjamin/ Cummings, Menlo Part, CA, 1987. 2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981. 3. Brown, D. W., A Short Set of 13C NMR Correlation Tables, J. Chem. Educ ., 62, 209, 1985. δ (ppm) Group Family Example (δ of italicized carbon) 220-165 >C=O Ketones (CH 3)2CO (206.0) (CH3)2CHCOCH3 (212.1) Aldehydes CH3CHO (199.7) α,β-Unsaturated CH3CH=CH CHO (192.4) carbonyls CH2=CH COCH3 (169.9) Carboxylic acids H CO2H (166.0) CH3CO2H (178.1) Amides H CONH2 (165.0) CH3CONH2 (172.7) Esters CH3CO2CH2CH3 (170.3) CH2=CH CO2CH3 (165.5) 140-120 >C=C< Aromatic C6H6 (128.5) Alkenes CH2=CH2 (123.2) CH2=CHCH3 (115.9, 136.2) CH2=CHCH2Cl (117.5, 133.7) CH3CH= CHCH2CH3 (132.7) 125-115 -CN Nitriles CH3-CN (117.7) 80-70 -CC- Alkynes H CCH (71.9) CH3CCH3 (73.9) 70-45 -C-O Esters CH3OOCH2CH3 (57.6, 67.9) Alcohols HO CH3 (49.0) HOCH2CH3 (57.0) 40-20 -C-NH2 Amines CH3NH2 (26.9) CH3CH2NH2 (35.9) 30-15 -S-CH3 Sulfides (thioethers) C6H5-S-CH3 15.6 30-(-2.3) -C-H Alkanes, cycloalkanes CH4 (-2.3) CH3CH3 (5.7) CH3CH2CH 3 (15.8, 16.3) CH3CH2CH2CH3 (13.4, 25.2) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (13.9, 22.8, 34.7) Cyclohexane (26.9) Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Line Spectra of the Elements NIST Atomic Transition Probability Tables Electron Affinities Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels Electron Binding Energies of the Elements Natural Width of X-Ray Lines Photon Attenuation Coefficients Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths Black Body Radiation Characteristics of Infrared Detectors Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses Index of Refraction of Water Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes Index of Refraction of Air Characteristics of Laser Sources Infrared Laser Frequencies Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards TeamLRN10-1LINE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS Joseph Reader and Charles H. Corliss The original tables from which this table was derived were prep ared under the auspices of the Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. The tab le contains the outstanding spectral lines of neutral (I) and s ingly ionized (II) atoms of the elements from hydrogen through plutonium ( Z = 1-94); selected strong lines from doubly ionized (III), trip ly ionized (IV), and quadruply ionized (V) atoms are also included. Listed are lines that appear in em ission from the vacuum ultraviolet to the far infrared. These l ines were selected from much larger lists in such a way as to include the stronger obse rved lines in each spectral region. A more extensive list may b e found in Reference 1. The data were compiled by the following contributors. J. G. Conway — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory L. J. Radziemski — Los Alamos Sci entific Laboratory C. H. Corliss — National Bureau of Standards J. Reader — Nationa l Bureau of Standards R. D. Cowan — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory C. J. Sansonetti — National Bureau of Standards C. R. Cowley — University of Michigan G. V. Shalimoff — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Henry M. and Hannah Crosswhite — Argonne National Laboratory R. W. Stanley — Purdue University S. P. Davis — University of California, Berkeley J. O. Stoner, J r. — University of Arizona V. Kaufman — National Bureau of Standards H. H. Stroke — New Yor k University R. L. Kelly — Naval Postgraduate School D. R. Wood — Wright Stat e University J. F. Kielkopf — University of Louisville E. F. Worden — Lawrenc e Livermore Laboratory W. C. Martin — National Bureau of Standards J. J. Wynne — Intern ational Business Machines Corporation T. K. McCubbin — Pennsylvania State University R. Zalubas — Nati onal Bureau of Standards All wavelengths are given in Ångstrom units (10-10 m). Below 2000 Å the wavelengths are in vacuum (except for the Cu II line at 1999.698 Å, which is in air); above 2000 Å the wavelengths are in air. Wavelength s given to three decimal places have an uncertainty of less tha n 0.001 Å and are therefore suitable for calibration purposes. In the air region, the eleme nts used most commonly for calibration are Ne, Ar, Kr, Fe, Th, and Hg; in the vacuum region, the most common are C, N, O, Si, Cu. All data refer to natural isotopic abundance of the elements ex cept that Kr I and Kr II lines below 11,000 Å given to three de cimal places are for 86Kr. A separate table for 198Hg contains accurately known wavelengths that are frequently us ed for calibration. A large number of the lines for neutral and singly ionized atom s were extracted from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Tables of Spectral- Line Intensities (Reference 2). The intensities of these lines represent quantit ative estimates of relative line strengths that take account of varying detection sensitivity at different wavelengths. They are on a l inear scale.For nearly all of the other lines the intensities r epresent qualitative estimates of the relative strengths of lines not greatly separated in wav elength. Because different observers frequently use different s cales for their intensity estimates, these intensities are useful only as a rough indicat ion of the appearance of a spectrum. In some cases the intensit y scale is not intended to be linear. In the first and second spectra the intensities of t he lines of the singly ionized atom (II) relative to those of t he neutral atom (I) should be used with caution, inasmuch as the concentration of ions in a l ight source depends greatly on the excitation conditions. Descriptive symbols that follow the wavelength have the followi ng meanings: c — complex d — line consists of two unresolved linesh — hazy l — shaded to longer wavelengths s — shaded to shorter wavelengthsp — perturbed by a close line r — easily reversed w — wide The table is arranged alphabetically by element name (not symbo l); for each element the lines are listed by wavelength. Refere nces to the sources of data for each element are given at the end of the table, sta rting on page 10-82. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Reader, J., Corliss, C. H., Wiese, W. L., and Martin, G. A., Tables of Line Spectra of the Elements, Part 1. Wavelengths and Intensities , Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 68, 1980 . 2. Meggers, W. F., Corliss, C. H., and Scribner, B. F., Tables of Spectral Line Intensities, Part 1. Arranged by Elemen ts, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monograph 145, 1975. 3. Fuhr, J. R., Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Sugar, J., and Wies e, W. L., “NIST Atomic Spectroscopic Database” ver. 1.1, Janua ry 1996. NIST Physical Reference Data , National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Available at the WWW address: http:// physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents.html 10-2Intensity Wavelength/ Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): Actinium Ac Z = 89 2000 h 2952.55 III2000 h 3392.78 III3000 3487.59 III2000 s 3863.12 II3000 s 4088.44 II3000 s 4168.40 II 100 4179.98 I 20 4183.12 I20 4194.40 I20 l 4384.53 I20 4396.71 I 2000 h 4413.09 III 20 4462.73 I 3000 h 4569.87 III1000 5910.85 II 20 6359.86 I20 l 6691.27 I Aluminum Al Z = 13 900 125.53 V800 126.07 V800 130.41 V 1000 130.85 V 900 131.00 V900 131.44 V800 160.07 IV 1000 278.69 V 900 281.39 V 70 486.884 III30 486.912 III 250 511.138 III150 511.191 III500 560.317 III200 560.433 III100 670.068 III200 671.118 III500 695.829 III400 696.217 III200 725.683 III300 726.915 III400 855.034 III500 856.746 III400 892.024 III 50 893.887 III 450 893.897 III800 1042.17 IV 50 1191.812 II 900 1237.19 IV900 1257.62 IV800 1264.18 IV 1000 1272.76 IV 150 1350.18 II800 1384.13 III800 1447.51 IV800 1494.79 IV 1000 1526.14 V 800 1537.54 IV800 1539.830 II 1000 1557.25 IV 100 1569.385 II 900 1582.04 IV800 1584.46 IV125 1596.059 II700 1605.766 III100 1611.814 III 800 1611.874 III150 1625.627 II800 1639.06 IV100 1644.235 II100 1644.809 II 1000 1670.787 II 100 1686.250 II800 1719.440 II500 1721.244 II900 1721.271 II500 1724.952 II900 1724.984 II350 1760.104 II300 1761.975 II290 1763.00 I500 1763.869 II700 1763.952 II450 1765.64 I300 1765.815 II 450 1766.38 I400 1767.731 II450 1769.14 I 1000 1818.56 IV 600 1828.588 II400 1832.837 II250 1834.808 II 1000 1854.716 III 300 1855.929 II700 1858.026 II120 1859.980 II 1000 1862.311 II 600 1862.790 III200 1929.978 II150 1931.048 II200 1932.377 II400 1934.503 II150 1934.713 II300 1935.840 III200 1935.949 III150 1936.907 II220 1939.261 II700 1990.531 II150 2016.052 II150 2016.234 II100 2016.368 II200 2074.008 II700 2094.264 II 150 2094.744 II300 2094.791 II100 2095.104 II200 2095.141 II400 2269.10 I120 2269.22 I140 2321.56 I460 2367.05 I110 2367.61 I110 2368.11 I180 2369.30 I140 2370.22 I160 2372.07 I850 2373.12 I 170 2373.35 I110 2373.57 I240 2567.98 I480 2575.10 I110 2637.70 II 150 2652.48 I200 2660.39 I160 2669.17 II650 2816.19 II150 3041.28 II360 3050.07 I450 3057.14 I150 3074.64 II 4500 r 3082.153 I7200 r 3092.710 I1800 r 3092.839 I 150 3428.92 II150 3443.64 I900 3492.23 IV800 3508.46 IV450 3586.56 II360 3587.07 II290 3587.45 II870 3601.63 III 220 3651.06 II110 3651.10 II150 3654.98 II290 3655.00 II450 3900.68 II 4500 r 3944.006 I9000 r 3961.520 I 110 3995.86 II290 4226.81 II870 4529.19 III150 4585.82 II110 4588.19 II550 4666.80 II110 4898.76 II110 4902.77 II150 5280.21 II290 5283.77 II150 5285.85 II110 5312.32 II220 5316.07 II150 5371.84 II180 5557.06 I110 5557.95 I450 5593.23 II 1200 5696.60 III1000 5722.73 III 110 5853.62 II220 5971.94 II 290 6001.76 II220 6001.88 II450 6006.42 II150 6061.11 II290 6068.43 II110 6068.53 II450 6073.23 II110 6181.57 II150 6181.68 II290 6182.28 II220 6182.45 II450 h 6183.42 II450 6201.52 II360 6201.70 II 290 6226.18 II360 6231.78 II450 6243.36 II450 6335.74 II360 6696.02 I 230 6698.67 I110 7361.57 I140 7362.30 I230 7835.31 I290 7836.13 I110 8075.35 I290 8640.70 II360 8772.87 I450 8773.90 I110 8828.91 I180 8841.28 I140 8923.56 I150 9290.65 II110 9290.75 II150 10076.29 II110 10768.36 I140 10782.04 I110 10872.98 I230 10891.73 I 450 11253.19 I570 11254.88 I570 13123.41 I450 13150.76 I230 16718.96 I300 16750.56 I140 16763.36 I300 21093.04 I360 21163.75 I Antimony Sb Z = 51 15 722.86 III15 732.33 III 861.5 IV 4 876.84 II4 921.07 II6 983.57 II 15 999.62 III 6 1001.13 II6 1009.43 II 40 1011.94 III 6 1052.21 II8 1056.27 II8 1057.32 II 40 1065.90 III 6 1073.81 II 30 1075.82 III 1087.6 IV 8 1104.32 V 30 1151.49 III40 1157.74 III 1199.1 IV 50 1205.20 III50 1210.64 III12 1226.00 V 6 1230.30 II8 1274.98 II 20 1306.69 III 8 1327.40 II6 1358.04 II8 1384.70 II 20 1404.18 III 6 1407.83 II8 1436.49 II 20 r 1486.57 I40 h 1491.36 I Actinium—Antimony TeamLRN10-3Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 1499.2 IV 12 1505.70 V50 r 1512.57 I12 1524.47 V 120 r 1532.74 I 80 r 1535.06 I 6 1565.51 II8 1576.11 II7 1581.36 II 80 r 1599.96 I10 1606.98 II 200 w 1612.8 I100 w 1623.3 I 20 1657.04 II 100 w 1662.6 I 15 1673.89 III15 1711.84 III80 r 1716.93 I 150 r 1717.45 I150 r 1723.43 I 15 1725.33 III 100 r 1736.19 I100 h 1765.76 I100 r 1780.87 I100 r 1788.24 I150 1800.18 I 50 r 1810.50 I80 r 1814.20 I 100 1829.50 I 50 r 1868.17 I 300 r 1871.15 I150 r 1882.56 I100 1927.08 I200 r 1950.39 I 60 r 2029.49 I70 r 2039.77 I 150 r 2049.57 I 1000 r 2068.33 I 100 2079.56 I 50 r 2098.41 I80 r 2118.48 I 100 r 2127.39 I 50 r 2137.05 I 100 r 2139.69 I 10 2141.80 II50 r 2141.83 I 100 r 2144.86 I 1500 r 2175.81 I 250 r 2179.19 I200 r 2201.32 I300 r 2208.45 I150 r 2220.73 I100 2221.98 I120 r 2224.93 I300 r 2262.51 I120 2288.98 I150 r 2293.44 I300 r 2306.46 I 2500 r 2311.47 I 150 2315.89 I400 h 2373.67 I300 h 2383.64 I 100 2395.22 I150 2422.13 I250 2426.35 I400 r 2445.51 I400 2478.32 I 150 2480.44 I100 2510.54 I 2000 r 2528.52 I 15 2528.54 II10 2567.75 II 150 2574.06 I 15 2590.13 III 1500 r 2598.05 I 500 r 2598.09 I300 r 2612.31 I 12 2617.17 III 200 r 2652.60 I 20 2669.39 III 300 r 2670.64 I200 r 2682.76 I120 2692.25 I150 r 2718.90 I400 r 2769.95 I 1000 r 2877.92 I 15 2980.96 II 500 r 3029.83 I600 r 3232.52 I 20 3241.28 II 700 r 3267.51 I 15 3498.46 II25 3637.80 II 250 3637.83 I 20 3722.78 II 200 r 3722.79 I 20 3850.22 II 200 4033.55 I 20 4033.56 II20 4133.63 II15 4140.54 II15 4195.17 II20 4219.07 II20 4314.32 II15 4514.50 II30 4596.90 II20 4599.09 II15 4604.77 II30 4647.32 II20 4675.74 II40 4711.26 II20 4757.81 II20 4765.36 II30 4784.03 II 20 4802.01 II20 4832.82 II20 4877.24 II15 4947.40 II15 5044.56 II20 5238.94 II20 5354.24 II40 h 5556.10 I 100 l 5632.02 I 30 5639.75 II60 h 5830.34 I 100 6005.21 II 20 6053.41 II30 6079.80 II 50 6130.04 II20 6154.94 II20 6611.49 I30 6647.44 II30 h 7648.28 I 80 7844.44 I 200 7924.65 I 60 8411.69 I 150 8572.64 I100 8619.55 I400 9518.68 I400 9949.14 I200 10078.49 I300 10261.01 I200 10585.60 I 1000 10677.41 I 800 10741.94 I 80 10794.11 I 600 10839.73 I200 10868.58 I400 10879.55 I300 11012.79 I150 11266.23 I 5 12116.06 I Argon Ar Z = 18 3 336.56 V3 337.56 V6 338.00 V2 338.43 V2 339.01 V3 339.89 V3 350.88 V4 396.87 IV4 398.55 IV2 436.67 V5 446.00 V8 446.95 V4 447.53 V 18 449.06 V 4 449.49 V3 458.12 V2 458.98 V6 p 461.23 V3 462.42 V7 463.94 V 30 487.227 II50 490.650 II30 490.701 II30 519.327 II 3 522.09 V5 524.19 V 6 527.69 V 30 542.912 II 200 543.203 II 70 547.461 II 2 554.50 V 70 556.817 II 5 558.48 V 70 573.362 II30 576.736 II70 580.263 II30 583.437 II70 597.700 II30 602.858 II30 612.372 II 6 623.77 IV3 635.12 V 500 661.867 II 30 664.562 II200 666.011 II 1000 670.946 II3000 671.851 II 70 676.242 II30 677.952 II30 679.218 II 200 679.401 II 10 683.28 IV 7 688.39 IV 12 p 689.01 IV 6 699.41 IV8 700.28 IV3 705.35 V5 709.20 V4 715.60 V3 715.65 V 200 718.090 II 3000 723.361 II 2 725.11 V 500 725.548 II 70 730.930 II 200 740.269 II200 744.925 II 70 745.322 II 4 754.20 IV5 761.47 IV 12 769.15 III 5 800.57 IV 10 801.09 IV10 801.41 IV 5 801.91 IV 20 802.859 I 100 806.471 I 60 806.869 I30 807.218 I40 807.653 I50 809.927 I 120 816.232 I 70 816.464 I80 820.124 I 4 822.16 V 120 825.346 I120 826.365 I 5 827.05 V3 827.35 V 150 834.392 I 4 p 834.88 V 100 835.002 I 2 836.13 V 15 840.03 IV 100 842.805 I 20 843.77 IV25 850.60 IV 180 866.800 I150 869.754 I 10 871.10 III 9 875.53 III 180 r 876.058 I 12 878.73 III 8 879.62 III 180 r 879.947 I 9 883.18 III 10 887.40 III 150 894.310 I 5 900.36 IV9 901.17 IV Antimony—Argon 10-4Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 1000 919.781 II 1000 932.054 II1000 r 1048.220 I 500 r 1066.660 I 7 1669.67 III7 1673.42 III7 1675.48 III9 1914.40 III7 1915.56 III 10 2125.16 III15 2133.87 III10 2138.59 III10 2148.73 III15 2166.19 III10 2168.26 III20 2170.23 III25 2177.22 III 8 2184.06 III 10 2188.22 III15 2192.06 III 7 2248.73 III 10 2279.10 III 7 2281.22 III7 2282.21 III 12 2293.03 III 4 2299.72 IV 10 2300.85 III15 2302.17 III 9 2317.00 III 15 2317.47 III12 2318.04 III10 2319.13 III10 2319.37 III 9 2345.17 III7 2351.67 III9 2360.26 III 10 2395.63 III12 2399.15 III10 2413.20 III 7 2415.61 III 10 2418.82 III 5 2420.456 II 12 2423.52 III12 2423.93 III 7 2443.69 III8 2447.71 IV8 2472.95 III7 2476.10 III 12 2488.86 III12 2513.28 IV10 2516.789 II 6 2518.40 IV9 2525.69 IV 10 2534.709 II15 2562.087 II12 2562.17 IV10 2568.07 IV 7 2569.53 IV 12 2599.47 IV10 2608.06 IV 7 2608.44 IV 12 2615.68 IV 6 2619.98 IV 12 2621.36 IV12 2624.92 IV 7 2631.90 III15 2640.34 IV 10 2654.63 III 8 2674.02 III9 2678.38 III9 2682.63 IV 10 2724.84 III14 2757.92 IV 7 2762.23 III 10 2776.26 IV12 2784.47 IV14 2788.96 IV 7 2797.11 IV 16 2809.44 IV10 2830.25 IV 7 2842.88 III8 2855.29 III6 2874.40 IV9 2884.12 III 25 2891.612 II12 2913.00 IV 11 2926.33 IV 200 2942.893 II100 2979.050 II 10 3010.02 III12 3024.05 III50 3033.508 II 6 3037.98 IV 12 3054.82 III10 3064.77 III 8 3077.40 IV 10 3078.15 III50 3093.402 II 7 3110.41 III7 3127.90 III8 3200.37 I 20 3243.689 II25 3285.85 III25 3293.640 II20 3301.88 III20 3307.228 II15 3311.25 III 7 3319.34 I7 3323.59 III 25 3336.13 III20 3344.72 III25 3350.924 II15 3358.49 III 7 3361.28 III 7 3373.47 I 25 3376.436 II25 3388.531 II15 3391.85 III 7 3393.73 I7 3417.49 III9 3424.25 III8 3438.04 III7 3461.07 I9 3471.32 III 70 3476.747 II20 3478.232 II20 3480.55 III50 3491.244 II 100 3491.536 II 12 3499.67 III15 3503.58 III70 3509.778 II8 3511.12 III 70 3514.388 II70 3545.596 II70 3545.845 II 7 3554.306 I 100 3559.508 II100 3561.030 II 70 3576.616 II25 3581.608 II50 3582.355 II70 3588.441 II 7 3606.522 I 25 3622.138 II20 3639.833 II35 3718.206 II70 3729.309 II50 3737.889 II 150 3765.270 II 50 3766.119 II20 3770.369 I 20 3770.520 II25 3780.840 II20 3795.37 III25 3803.172 II50 3809.456 II 7 3834.679 I 70 3850.581 II10 3858.32 III35 3868.528 II 7 3907.84 III 35 3925.719 II50 3928.623 II25 3932.547 II70 3946.097 II 7 3947.505 I 35 3948.979 I 8 3960.53 III 20 3979.356 II35 3994.792 II50 4013.857 II 6 4023.60 III 50 4033.809 II20 4035.460 II 150 4042.894 II 50 4044.418 I 100 4052.921 II200 4072.005 II 70 4072.385 II 25 4076.628 II35 4079.574 II25 4082.387 II 150 4103.912 II300 4131.724 II 5 4146.70 III 35 4156.086 II 400 4158.590 I 50 4164.180 I35 4179.297 II50 4181.884 I 100 4190.713 I 50 4191.029 I 200 4198.317 I 400 4200.674 I 25 4218.665 II25 4222.637 II25 4226.988 II100 4228.158 II 100 4237.220 II 25 4251.185 I 200 4259.362 I100 4266.286 I 70 4266.527 II 150 4272.169 I550 4277.528 II 20 4282.898 II 100 4300.101 I 25 4300.650 II70 4309.239 II 200 4331.200 II 50 4332.030 II 100 4333.561 I 50 4335.338 I25 4345.168 I 800 4348.064 II 50 4352.205 II25 4362.066 II 50 4367.832 II 200 4370.753 II 70 4371.329 II50 4375.954 II 150 4379.667 II 50 4385.057 II70 4400.097 II 200 4400.986 II400 4426.001 II150 4430.189 II 50 4430.996 II50 4433.838 II20 4439.461 II35 4448.879 II 100 4474.759 II200 4481.811 II100 4510.733 I 20 4522.323 I20 4530.552 II 400 4545.052 II 20 4564.405 II 400 4579.350 II400 4589.898 II 15 4596.097 I 550 4609.567 II 7 4628.441 I 35 4637.233 II 400 4657.901 II 15 4702.316 I20 4721.591 II 550 4726.868 II 50 4732.053 II 300 4735.906 II800 4764.865 II550 4806.020 II150 4847.810 II 50 4865.910 II 800 4879.864 II 70 4889.042 II20 4904.752 II35 4933.209 II 200 4965.080 II 50 5009.334 II70 5017.163 II70 5062.037 II20 5090.495 II Argon TeamLRN10-5Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 100 5141.783 II 70 5145.308 II 5 5151.391 I 15 5162.285 I25 5165.773 II20 5187.746 I20 5216.814 II 7 5221.271 I5 5421.352 I 10 5451.652 I25 5495.874 I 5 5506.113 I 25 5558.702 I10 5572.541 I35 5606.733 I20 5650.704 I10 5739.520 I 5 5834.263 I 10 5860.310 I15 5882.624 I 25 5888.584 I50 5912.085 I15 5928.813 I 5 5942.669 I7 5987.302 I5 5998.999 I5 6025.150 I 70 6032.127 I35 6043.223 I10 6052.723 I20 6059.372 I 7 6098.803 I 10 6105.635 I 100 6114.923 II 10 6145.441 I 7 6170.174 I 150 6172.278 II 10 6173.096 I10 6212.503 I 5 6215.938 I 25 6243.120 II 7 6296.872 I 15 6307.657 I 7 6369.575 I 20 6384.717 I70 6416.307 I25 6483.082 II15 6538.112 I 15 6604.853 I25 6638.221 II20 6639.740 II50 6643.698 II 5 6660.676 I5 6664.051 I 25 6666.359 II 100 6677.282 I 35 6684.293 II 150 6752.834 I 5 6756.163 I 15 6766.612 I20 6861.269 II 150 6871.289 I 5 6879.582 I 10 6888.174 I50 6937.664 I 7 6951.478 I7 6960.250 I 10000 6965.431 I 150 7030.251 I 10000 7067.218 I 100 7068.736 I 25 7107.478 I25 7125.820 I 1000 7147.042 I 15 7158.839 I70 7206.980 I15 7265.172 I 7 7270.664 I 2000 7272.936 I 35 7311.716 I25 7316.005 I 5 7350.814 I 70 7353.293 I 200 7372.118 I 20 7380.426 II 10000 7383.980 I 20 7392.980 I15 7412.337 I10 7425.294 I25 7435.368 I10 7436.297 I 20000 7503.869 I15000 7514.652 I25000 7635.106 I15000 7723.761 I10000 7724.207 I 10 7891.075 I 20000 7948.176 I20000 8006.157 I25000 8014.786 I 7 8053.308 I 20000 8103.693 I35000 8115.311 I10000 8264.522 I 20 8392.27 I 15000 8408.210 I20000 8424.648 I15000 8521.442 I 7 8605.776 I 4500 8667.944 I 20 8771.860 II 180 8849.91 I 20 9075.394 I 35000 9122.967 I 550 9194.638 I 15000 9224.499 I 400 9291.531 I 1600 9354.220 I 25000 9657.786 I 4500 9784.503 I 180 10052.06 I 30 10332.72 I 100 10467.177 II 1600 10470.054 I 13 10478.034 I 180 10506.50 I200 10673.565 I 11 10681.773 I 7 10683.034 II 30 10733.87 I30 10759.16 I 7 10812.896 II11 11078.869 I 30 11106.46 I12 11441.832 I 400 11488.109 I200 11668.710 I 12 11719.488 I 200 12112.326 I 50 12139.738 I50 12343.393 I 200 12402.827 I200 12439.321 I100 12456.12 I200 12487.663 I150 12702.281 I 30 12733.418 I12 12746.232 I 200 12802.739 I 50 12933.195 I 500 12956.659 I200 13008.264 I 200 13213.99 I200 13228.107 I100 13230.90 I500 13272.64 I 1000 13313.210 I1000 13367.111 I 30 13499.41 I 1000 13504.191 I 11 13573.617 I30 13599.333 I 400 13622.659 I200 13678.550 I 1000 13718.577 I 10 13825.715 I10 13907.478 I 200 14093.640 I100 15046.50 I 25 15172.69 I10 15329.34 I30 15989.49 I30 16519.86 I 500 16940.58 I 12 18427.76 I50 20616.23 I30 20986.11 I20 23133.20 I20 23966.52 I Arsenic As Z = 33 510 871.7 III325 889.0 III325 927.5 III325 937.2 III325 953.6 III325 963.8 III250 987.7 V340 1021.96 II250 1029.5 V340 1082.35 II500 1139.40 II615 1149.31 II555 1181.51 II 555 1189.87 II615 1196.38 II615 1196.56 II340 1207.44 II800 1211.17 II 800 1218.10 II340 1223.15 II760 1241.31 II965 1243.08 II870 1245.67 II800 1258.58 II965 1263.77 II800 1266.34 II800 1267.59 II715 1280.99 II715 1287.54 II715 1305.70 II340 1307.74 II760 1333.15 II965 1341.55 II760 1355.93 II965 1369.77 II800 1373.65 II 1000 1375.07 II 760 1375.78 II800 1394.64 II800 1400.31 II500 1448.59 II500 1558.88 II500 1570.99 II100 r 1593.60 I500 1660.55 II340 1860.34 II 1000 r 1890.42 I 500 1912.94 II800 r 1937.59 I585 r 1972.62 I170 r 1990.35 I100 r 1991.13 I100 r 1995.43 I230 r 2003.34 I100 r 2009.19 I200 2263.2 IV350 r 2288.12 I200 2301.0 IV350 r 2349.84 I100 r 2370.77 I135 r 2381.18 I250 2417.5 IV250 2454.0 IV170 r 2456.53 I200 2461.4 IV 340 2602.00 II170 r 2780.22 I300 2830.359 II300 2831.164 II100 r 2860.44 I300 2884.406 II 80 2926.3 III 615 2959.572 II300 3003.819 II300 3116.516 II340 3842.60 II325 3922.6 III715 4190.082 II615 4197.40 II 615 4242.982 II500 4315.657 II500 4323.867 II500 4336.64 II Argon—Arsenic 10-6Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 500 4352.145 II 425 4352.864 II375 4371.17 II615 4427.106 II615 4431.562 II715 4458.469 II340 4461.075 II715 4466.348 II500 4474.46 II800 4494.230 II850 4507.659 II615 4539.74 II715 4543.483 II615 4602.427 II340 4629.787 II340 4707.586 II340 4730.67 II340 4888.557 II340 5105.58 II500 5107.55 II 425 5231.38 II500 5331.23 II340 5497.727 II425 5558.09 II425 5651.32 II425 6110.07 II500 6170.27 II300 6511.74 II300 7092.27 II300 7102.72 II340 7990.53 II300 8174.51 II200 9300.61 I230 9597.95 I290 9626.70 I230 9833.76 I170 9915.71 I290 9923.05 I290 10024.04 I170 10614.07 I Astatine At Z = 85 8 2162.25 I 10 2244.01 I Barium Ba Z = 56 14 555.48 III14 587.57 III 18 647.27 III 300 719.86 V150 721.85 V 1000 766.87 V 40000 794.89 IV 300 877.41 V 50000 923.74 IV 200 946.26 V200 1486.72 II400 1504.01 II300 1554.38 II200 1572.73 II 1573.92 II1630.40 II 100 1674.51 II400 1694.37 II 1697.16 II1761.75 II1771.03 II 1786.93 II 100 1904.15 II500 1924.70 II 1985.60 II 300 1999.54 II 10 2001.30 III 2009.20 II 400 2023.95 II 2052.68 II2054.57 II 500 2214.7 II800 2245.61 II 1000 2254.73 II1400 2304.24 II 60 2331.10 III 2000 2335.27 II 190 2347.58 II 40 2512.28 III40 2523.83 III 60 2528.51 II50 2559.54 III 8 h 2596.64 I 100 2634.78 II 40 2681.89 III 8 2702.63 I 18 2771.36 II15 2785.28 I 100 r 3071.58 I 40 3079.14 III10 h 3108.21 I 8 3132.60 I8 h 3135.72 I 10 3137.70 I10 3155.34 I10 3155.67 I12 3158.05 I12 h 3158.54 I25 3165.60 I15 h 3173.69 I30 3183.16 I15 3183.96 I10 3193.91 I25 h 3203.70 I30 3221.63 I40 3222.19 I50 3261.96 I60 r 3262.34 I 40 3281.50 I15 3281.77 I50 3322.80 I80 h 3356.80 I50 3368.18 III60 r 3377.08 I20 3377.39 I70 r 3420.32 I25 3421.01 I30 h 3421.48 I40 3463.74 I 200 r 3501.11 I 80 h 3524.97 I30 h 3531.35 I 80 h 3544.66 I20 h 3547.68 I 100 3552.45 II200 3567.73 II100 3576.28 II 30 3577.62 I80 h 3579.67 I 200 3596.57 II 40 3630.64 I40 h 3636.83 I20 h 3688.47 I 400 3735.75 II200 3816.69 II200 3842.80 II100 3854.76 II 20 3889.33 I 1400 l 3891.78 II 20 3892.65 I40 3909.91 I 500 3914.73 II 25 3926.85 III50 3935.72 I20 3937.87 I 200 3939.67 II 500 3949.51 II 25 3993.06 III80 3993.40 I30 3995.66 I 300 4036.26 II200 4083.77 II 30 h 4084.86 I 1500 h 4130.66 II 20 4132.43 I 200 4166.00 II500 4216.04 II800 4267.95 II100 4283.10 I300 4287.80 II200 4297.60 II800 4309.32 II 20 h 4323.00 I 600 4325.73 II200 4326.74 II300 4329.62 II 80 4350.33 I60 4402.54 I 400 4405.23 II 40 4431.89 I60 h 4488.98 I50 h 4493.64 I40 4505.92 I 200 4509.63 II 60 h 4523.17 I 130 4524.93 II 65000 4554.03 II 40 4573.85 I80 4579.64 I30 4599.75 I20 h 4619.92 I25 h 4628.33 I 300 4644.10 II 30 4673.62 I35 4691.62 I20 4700.43 I 800 4708.94 II 40 4726.44 I 800 4843.46 II300 4847.14 II200 4850.84 II 30 h 4877.65 I400 4899.97 II 15 4902.90 I 20000 4934.09 II 8 4947.35 I 1000 4957.15 II 300 4997.81 II 1000 5013.00 II 20 h 5159.94 I20 5267.03 I 800 5361.35 II 1000 5391.60 II 200 5421.05 II100 5424.55 I200 5428.79 II300 5480.30 II200 5519.05 I 1000 r 5535.48 I 20 h 5620.40 I10 5680.18 I 400 5777.62 I 800 5784.18 II100 5800.23 I 20 5805.69 I 150 5826.28 I 2800 5853.68 II 15 5907.64 I 100 5971.70 I800 5981.25 II100 5997.09 I300 5999.85 II100 6019.47 I200 6063.12 I300 6110.78 I400 6135.83 II 20000 6141.72 II 150 6341.68 I500 6378.91 II 10 6383.76 III90 6450.85 I 150 6482.91 I 12000 6496.90 II 300 6498.76 I150 6527.31 I 3000 6595.33 I 150 6654.10 I 1500 6675.27 I1800 6693.84 I1000 6769.62 II 600 6865.69 I300 h 6867.85 I 1000 6874.09 II6000 7059.94 I2400 hs 7120.33 I 600 7195.24 I600 hl 7228.84 I 3000 7280.30 I1200 7392.41 I 300 7417.53 I900 hl 7459.78 I600 7488.08 I450 hl 7636.90 I600 hl 7642.91 I 1800 7672.09 I1200 7780.48 I 180 h 7839.57 I 1500 7905.75 I Arsenic—Barium TeamLRN10-7Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 600 7911.34 I 900 h 8210.24 I 8 8308.69 III 1800 h 8559.97 I 100 8710.74 II100 8737.71 II300 h 8799.76 I300 8860.98 I450 8914.99 I300 9219.69 I300 9308.08 I300 h 9324.58 I 1500 9370.06 I 300 9455.92 I 8 9521.76 III 450 9589.37 I900 9608.88 I300 h 9645.72 I 1500 hl 9830.37 I 900 10001.08 I 600 10032.10 I 1200 h 10233.23 I 300 10471.26 I120 hl 10791.25 I180 hl 11012.69 I150 h 11114.42 I240 11303.04 I120 h 11697.45 I120 13207.30 I120 13810.50 I120 14077.90 I120 15000.40 I120 20712.00 I150 25515.70 I150 29223.90 I Beryllium Be Z = 4 58.13 IV58.57 IV59.32 IV60.74 IV64.06 IV75.93 IV 1 h 76.10 III2 76.48 III3 78.53 III4 78.66 III1 h 78.92 III 5 81.89 III 10 82.38 III 82.58 II 20 83.20 III 83.66 II 30 84.76 III50 88.31 III 89.16 I89.80 II90.04 II90.21 I90.67 I91.06 II91.36 II 91.74 II92.19 I92.61 II93.14 II93.42 II93.93 II 94.78 II95.76 II96.29 I97.24 I97.44 I97.86 I97.97 I98.12 I98.37 I98.66 I98.94 I99.19 I 100 100.25 III 100.86 I101.20 I102.13 I102.49 II104.40 II104.67 I 105.80 I107.26 I107.38 I 3 509.99 III2 549.31 III6 582.08 III4 661.32 III8 675.59 III 714.0 II 4 725.59 III5 725.71 II5 743.58 II7 746.23 III2 767.75 III8 775.37 II 20 842.06 II 865.3 II 2 925.25 II 10 943.56 II10 973.27 II 981.4 II 1020.1 II 8 1026.93 II5 1036.32 II 15 1048.23 II 1 1114.69 III 20 1143.03 II 1155.9 II 60 1197.19 II 2 1213.12 III1 1214.32 III2 1362.25 III1 1401.52 III 10 1421.26 III 5 1422.86 III 1426.12 I 1 1435.17 III2 1440.77 III 1491.76 I 20 1512.30 II60 1512.43 II 100 1661.49 I 2 h 1754.69 III 15 1776.12 II20 1776.34 II 1907. I1909.0 II 1912. I 3 1917.03 III 1919. I 5 1929.67 I 10 1943.68 I60 h 1954.97 III 1956. I 50 1964.59 I 5 1985.13 I 1997.95 I1997.98 I 60 1998.01 I 2033.25 I2033.28 I2033.38 I 50 2055.90 I 100 2056.01 I 75 h 2076.94 III60 h 2080.38 III 25 2118.56 III15 h 2122.27 III10 2125.57 I20 2125.68 I15 h 2127.20 III 5 2137.25 III 25 2145. I55 2174.99 I55 2175.10 I 5 2191.57 III 2273.5 II2324.6 II2337.0 I 950 2348.61 I 20 2350.66 I60 2350.71 I 200 2350.83 I 2 2413.34 II 16 2413.46 II20 2453.84 II 2480.6 I 35 2494.54 I35 2494.58 I 100 2494.73 I 16 2507.43 II 5 2617.99 II 20 2618.13 II 100 2650.45 I 60 2650.55 I 200 2650.62 I 60 2650.69 I 100 2650.76 I 5 2697.46 II 20 2697.58 II20 2728.88 II30 2738.05 I 2764.2 II 20 2898.13 I10 2898.19 I20 2898.25 I30 2986.06 I10 2986.42 I 60 3019.33 I30 3019.49 I30 3019.53 I20 3019.60 I10 3046.52 II 30 3046.69 II 3090.3 I 10 3110.81 I10 3110.92 I20 3110.99 I 3120. I 480 3130.42 II320 3131.07 II 3136. I3150. I3160.6 I3163. I3168. I3180.7 II3187. I 20 3193.81 I20 3197.10 II30 3197.15 II20 3208.60 I 3220. I 60 3229.63 I 2 3233.52 II 10 3241.62 II30 3241.83 II15 3269.02 I 100 3274.58 II 30 3274.67 II30 3282.91 I30 3321.01 I30 3321.09 I 220 3321.34 I 20 3345.43 I60 3367.63 I 3405.6 II 5 3451.37 I 300 3455.18 I 20 3476.56 I 300 3515.54 I 10 3555. I 100 3720.36 III 3720.92 III3722.98 III 100 3736.30 I700 3813.45 I 40 3865.13 I80 3865.42 I 1 3865.51 I 6 3865.72 I 100 3866.03 I 90 h 4249.14 III 100 4253.05 I 60 4253.76 I 300 4360.66 II500 4360.99 II400 4407.94 I 2 4485.52 III 100 h 4487.30 III 1 4495.09 III 140 h 4497.8 III 4526.6 I4548. I 12 4572.66 I 700 4673.33 II 1000 4673.42 II 6 4709.37 I Barium—Beryllium 10-8Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 200 4828.16 II 40 4849.16 I 2 h 4858.22 II 80 5087.75 I 8 5218.12 II 20 5218.33 II 3 5255.86 II 64 5270.28 II 500 5270.81 II 20 5403.04 II20 5410.21 II 5558. I 140 h 6142.01 III 10 6229.11 I16 6279.43 II30 6279.73 II30 6473.54 I60 6547.89 II60 6558.36 II30 6564.52 I 2 h 6636.44 II1 6756.72 II2 6757.13 II 30 6786.56 I 1 h 6884.22 I6 h 6884.44 I 100 6982.75 I 6 h 7154.40 I 40 h 7154.65 I 100 7209.13 I 3 7401.20 II2 7401.43 II 10 7551.90 I10 h 7618.68 I20 h 7618.88 I60 8090.06 I 5 h 8158.99 I 10 h 8159.24 I 4 8254.07 I 10 h 8287.07 I30 8547.36 I60 8547.67 I 300 8801.37 I 6 8882.18 I 40 9190.45 I20 h 9243.92 I 1 h 9343.89 II 40 9392.74 I 2 9476.43 II 16 9477.03 II20 9847.32 I10 h 9895.63 I20 h 9895.96 I80 9939.78 I16 10095.52 II20 10095.73 II60 10119.92 II80 10331.03 I30 11066.46 I 11173. II 1 11173.73 II 120 11496.39 I 2 h 11625.16 II 11659. II 2 11660.25 II 100 12095.36 II30 12098.18 II 100 14643.92 I 60 14644.75 I 200 16157.72 I 80 17855.38 I 120 17856.63 I100 18143.54 I160 31775.05 I200 31778.70 I Bismuth Bi Z = 83 6 420.7 IV6 431.2 IV2 488.39 V3 563.62 V5 670.76 III6 686.88 V5 730.71 V 10 738.17 V 4 775.16 III 6 790.5 IV6 790.6 IV8 792.5 IV 10 820.3 IV 9 822.9 IV 12 824.9 IV15 d 864.45 V15 872.6 IV12 923.9 IV15 943.3 IV25 1039.99 III50 h 1045.76 III30 1051.81 III15 1058.88 II20 1085.47 II10 1099.20 II24 1103.4 IV20 1139.01 III50 1224.64 III10 1225.43 II15 1232.78 II10 1241.05 II10 1265.35 II15 1283.73 II10 1306.18 II60 1317.0 IV20 1325.46 II40 1326.84 III 20 1329.47 II60 1346.12 III20 1350.07 II25 1372.61 II15 1376.02 II20 1393.92 II35 1423.33 III35 1423.52 III45 1436.83 II25 1447.94 II50 1455.11 II60 h 1461.00 III25 1462.14 II35 1486.93 II 20 1502.50 II40 1520.57 II40 1533.17 II30 1536.77 II35 1538.06 II 20 1563.67 II40 1573.70 II60 1591.79 II25 1601.58 II60 h 1606.40 III40 1609.70 II40 1611.38 II20 1652.81 II20 1749.29 II80 1777.11 II60 1787.47 II70 1791.93 II70 1823.80 II 100 1902.41 II 9000 1954.53 I7000 1960.13 I 25 1989.35 II 7000 2021.21 I9000 2061.70 I 45 h 2068.9 II 4600 2110.26 I2500 2133.63 I 15 2143.40 II15 2143.46 II60 2186.9 II40 h 2214.0 II 360 2228.25 I 1700 2230.61 I 340 2276.58 I100 2311. IV100 2326. IV 16 2368.12 II12 2368.25 II 100 2376. IV190 2400.88 I 75 h 2414.6 III10 2501.0 II25 2515.69 I70 2524.49 I20 h 2544.5 II 700 2627.91 I100 2629. IV100 2677. IV 12 2693.0 II 280 c 2696.76 I 20 2713.3 II 140 d 2730.50 I 100 2767. IV100 2772. IV360 2780.52 I100 2786. IV 15 2803.42 II11 2803.70 II12 2805.3 II 140 c 2809.62 I100 2842. IV 80 h 2855.6 III 4000 2897.98 I 100 2924. IV100 2933. IV100 2936. IV 15 2936.7 II 3200 2938.30 I 20 2950.4 II12 2963.4 II2800 2989.03 I 700 2993.34 I100 3012. IV 2400 3024.64 I 60 3034.87 I 100 3042. IV 9000 c 3067.72 I 140 3076.66 I 35 3115.0 III 100 3239. IV550 c 3397.21 I 10 3430.83 II12 3431.23 II40 h 3451.0 III40 3473.8 III35 3485.5 III 500 c 3510.85 I380 c 3596.11 I 45 3613.4 III 100 3643. IV 12 3654.2 II 100 3682. IV 50 3695.32 III50 3695.68 III 100 3734. IV 70 h 3792.5 II12 3811.1 II20 3815.8 II10 3845.8 II30 3863.9 II 100 3868. IV 40 h 4079.1 II10 4097.2 II 140 4121.53 I140 4121.86 I 75 h 4259.4 II25 4272.0 II70 h 4301.7 II12 h 4339.8 II25 h 4340.5 II12 h 4379.4 II25 h 4476.8 II60 h 4705.3 II 600 c 4722.52 I 30 4730.3 II20 4749.7 II40 h 4797.4 III12 4908.2 II 10 4916.6 II12 4969.7 II20 4993.6 II45 h 5079.3 III10 5091.6 II50 h 5124.3 II60 h 5144.3 II20 5201.5 II75 h 5209.2 II40 h 5270.3 II10 5397.8 II10 c 5552.35 I 3 5599.41 I 20 5655.2 II 40 h 5719.2 II 6 5742.55 I 12 5818.3 II20 5860.2 II Beryllium—Bismuth TeamLRN10-9Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 20 5973.0 II 15 6059.1 II15 6128.0 II 6 6134.82 I3 6475.73 I3 6476.24 I 15 6497.7 II10 6577.2 II40 h 6600.2 II50 h 6808.6 II 4 h 6991.12 I 12 7033. II 2 7036.15 I 10 h 7381. II 2 7502.33 I 10 h 7637. II10 7750. II 3 7838.70 I2 7840.33 I 20 7965. II 40 8008. III12 h 8050. II50 8070. III15 8328. II15 8388. II30 8532. II 2 8544.54 I1 8579.74 I 25 8653. II 2 8754.88 I3 8761.54 I 25 8863. II 2 8907.81 I 2000 d 9657.04 I 40 9827.78 I20 10104.5 I15 10138.8 I20 10300.6 I20 10536.19 I50 11072.44 I 1500 d 11710.37 I 40 11999.49 I 200 12165.08 I200 12690.04 I100 12817.8 I200 14330.5 I 50 16001.5 I60 22551.6 I Boron B Z = 5 41.00 V 30 48.59 V10 52.68 IV30 60.31 IV 194.37 V262.37 V 160 344.0 IV450 385.0 IV 40 411.80 III 285 418.7 IV 20 510.77 III40 510.85 III 512.53 V 150 518.24 III 75 518.27 III 110 677.00 III160 677.14 III 40 693.95 II40 731.36 II40 731.44 II 749.74 V 40 758.48 III70 758.67 III 110 882.54 II110 882.68 II 40 984.67 II 110 1081.88 II110 1082.07 II 70 1112.2 IV 450 1168.9 IV 70 1170.9 IV 110 1230.16 II220 1362.46 II 70 1600.46 I 120 1600.73 I160 1623.58 II 110 1623.77 II220 1624.02 II 70 1624.16 II 160 1624.34 II100 1663.04 I150 1666.87 I200 1667.29 I150 1817.86 I200 1818.37 I300 1825.91 I300 1826.41 I110 1842.81 II 20 1953.83 III 550 2065.78 III250 2066.38 I250 2066.65 I100 2066.93 I300 2067.19 I450 2067.23 III160 2077.09 III500 2088.91 I500 2089.57 I 70 2220.30 II40 2234.09 III70 2234.59 III40 2323.03 II40 2328.67 II40 2393.20 II 220 2395.05 II 40 2459.69 II40 2459.90 II 1000 2496.77 I1000 2497.73 I 70 2524.7 IV 160 2530.3 IV450 2821.68 IV 70 2824.57 IV 285 2825.85 IV160 2918.08 II110 3032.26 II 70 3179.33 II 110 3323.18 II 110 3323.60 II450 3451.29 II285 4121.93 II110 4194.79 II40 4242.98 III 70 4243.61 III 110 4472.10 II110 4472.85 II220 4487.05 III360 4497.73 III 70 4784.21 II 110 4940.38 II110 6080.44 II 70 6285.47 II70 7030.20 II40 7031.90 II 110 7835.25 III 70 7841.41 III20 8667.22 I70 8668.57 I 800 11660.04 I570 11662.47 I125 15629.08 I200 16240.38 I 250 16244.67 I235 18994.33 I Bromine Br Z = 35 700 379.73 IV700 400.37 IV800 482.11 V900 531.97 V 1000 545.43 IV1000 547.90 V1000 559.76 IV1000 569.19 IV1000 576.59 IV1000 585.10 IV1000 586.71 IV1000 597.51 IV1000 600.09 IV1000 601.27 IV1000 607.03 IV1000 617.85 IV1000 619.87 IV1000 630.14 IV1000 642.23 IV1000 661.53 IV1000 683.51 IV1000 697.72 IV1000 715.39 IV1000 731.00 IV 1000 800.12 IV 700 812.95 V 1000 813.66 IV1000 850.81 V1000 889.23 II1000 948.97 II1000 1015.54 II1000 1049.00 II1000 1069.15 V 900 1112.13 V 1000 1143.56 V1000 1189.28 I1000 1189.50 I1000 1210.73 I 1000 1221.13 I1000 1223.24 I1200 1224.41 I1200 1226.90 I7500 1232.43 I 1200 1243.90 I1500 1251.66 I1000 1255.80 I1500 1259.20 I1200 1261.66 I1200 1266.20 I1000 1279.48 I1000 1286.26 I3000 1309.91 I3000 1316.74 I1000 1317.37 I2000 1317.70 I 12000 1384.60 I 3000 1449.90 I 50000 1488.45 I30000 1531.74 I25000 1540.65 I30000 1574.84 I20000 1576.39 I 25000 1582.31 I75000 1633.40 I 1000 2133.79 IV1000 2145.02 IV1000 2257.21 IV1000 2272.73 IV1000 2307.40 IV1000 2408.16 IV1000 2411.58 IV 700 2491.14 IV 1000 2581.19 IV 600 2661.40 IV 1000 2842.88 IV1100 h 2907.71 IV 500 h 2972.26 II500 3041.18 IV500 3074.42 III500 3349.64 III500 3380.56 IV500 3540.16 III500 3562.43 III 1200 3815.65 I1500 3992.36 I1000 4223.89 II2000 4365.14 I1000 4365.60 II1500 4425.14 I 10000 4441.74 I 10000 4472.61 I20000 4477.72 I 1000 4490.42 I3000 4513.44 I 15000 4525.59 I 3000 4575.74 I2500 4614.58 I2500 4752.28 I4000 4780.31 I1600 4785.19 I4000 4979.76 I1200 5395.48 I1200 5466.22 I1800 5852.08 I 1600 5940.48 I2400 6122.14 I 40000 6148.60 I 2000 6177.39 I Bismuth—Bromine 10-10Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 1500 6335.48 I 60000 6350.73 I 2500 6410.32 I1800 6483.56 I1000 6514.62 I 20000 6544.57 I 1500 6548.09 I 50000 c 6559.80 I 1000 6571.31 I1800 6579.14 I 20000 6582.17 I 1500 6620.47 I 50000 c 6631.62 I20000 6682.28 I10000 6692.13 I 8000 6728.28 I2000 6760.06 I2000 6779.48 I2200 6786.74 I6500 6790.04 I 1600 c 6791.48 I1800 6861.15 I 10000 7005.19 I 2000 7260.45 I 10000 7348.51 I40000 7512.96 I 1600 7591.61 I1800 7595.07 I2000 7616.41 I 30000 7803.02 I 1200 7827.23 I2500 s 7881.45 I2500 7881.57 I2500 7925.81 I 30000 c 7938.68 I 3000 7947.94 I3000 7950.18 I8000 7978.44 I 10000 7978.57 I30000 7989.94 I 2000 8026.35 I2500 8026.54 I 30000 8131.52 I 1000 c 8152.65 I 10000 8153.75 I25000 8154.00 I 5000 8246.86 I 15000 8264.96 I 75000 c 8272.44 I20000 8334.70 I10000 8343.70 I 1200 8384.04 I 40000 8446.55 I 4000 8477.45 I1500 8513.38 I1000 8557.73 I1000 8566.28 I 20000 8638.66 I 4000 8698.53 I 10000 c 8793.47 I15000 8819.96 I25000 8825.22 I 4000 8888.98 I 30000 8897.62 I 6000 8932.40 I1800 8949.39 I9000 8964.00 I 30000 9166.06 I15000 9173.63 I20000 9178.16 I40000 9265.42 I15000 9320.86 I 6000 9793.48 I 10000 9896.40 I 3000 10140.08 I6000 10237.74 I1000 10299.62 I1500 10377.65 I 30000 10457.96 I 1000 10742.14 I3000 10755.92 I1700 13217.17 I1800 14354.57 I1250 14888.70 I1800 16731.19 I1200 18568.31 I 3500 19733.62 I1000 20281.73 I1000 20624.67 I1200 21787.24 I4000 22865.65 I1000 23513.15 I 500 28346.50 I500 30380.85 I600 31630.13 I150 38345.75 I120 39964.36 I Cadmium Cd Z = 48 50 427.01 IV50 447.85 IV60 480.90 IV70 493.00 IV70 495.13 IV70 498.14 IV70 498.53 IV80 504.09 IV70 504.20 IV70 504.50 IV80 506.31 IV60 508.01 IV50 508.95 IV70 509.55 IV70 511.40 IV 80 513.00 IV70 514.50 IV60 519.42 IV80 524.41 IV70 524.47 IV70 525.10 IV60 525.19 IV70 527.07 IV80 531.09 IV80 531.51 IV70 534.29 IV70 536.77 IV60 540.90 IV70 541.74 IV 80 542.60 IV80 546.55 IV60 553.06 IV80 554.05 IV60 567.01 IV 150 1118.16 IV100 1164.65 IV100 1183.40 IV100 1256.00 II150 1296.43 II100 1326.50 II 60 1370.48 IV 150 1370.91 II 60 1418.89 IV 200 1514.26 II 50 1545.17 III 200 1571.58 II100 1668.60 II 50 1702.47 II40 1707.16 III40 1722.95 III50 1724.41 II40 1747.67 III40 1773.06 III 100 1785.84 II 75 1793.40 III40 1823.41 III 100 1827.70 II 50 1844.66 III40 1851.13 III40 1855.85 III 200 1856.67 III150 1874.08 III300 1922.23 II100 1943.54 II 40 1965.54 II30 1986.89 II 200 1995.43 II100 2007.49 II 50 2032.45 II75 2036.23 II40 2039.83 III50 2045.61 III75 2087.91 III 150 2096.00 II 50 2111.60 III 1000 r 2144.41 II 50 2155.06 II 100 2187.79 II 1000 2194.56 II1000 2265.02 II1500 r 2288.022 I 1000 2312.77 II 200 2321.07 II 40 2376.82 II50 2418.69 II50 2469.73 II40 2487.93 II40 2495.58 II50 2509.11 II30 2516.22 II25 h 2525.196 I50 2544.613 I50 2551.98 II25 2553.465 I 3 2565.789 I 500 2572.93 II 50 2580.106 I30 2592.026 I25 h 2602.048 I50 2628.979 I 40 2632.190 I75 2639.420 I40 2659.23 II50 h 2660.325 I25 2668.20 II50 2672.62 II 100 2677.540 I 25 2677.748 I50 2707.00 II75 2712.505 I50 2733.820 I 1000 2748.54 II 100 h 2763.894 I 50 h 2764.230 I50 2774.958 I30 2823.19 II 200 2836.900 I 25 2856.46 II 100 2868.180 I 200 r 2880.767 I 50 r 2881.224 I 200 2914.67 II 50 2927.87 II 200 2929.27 II 1000 r 2980.620 I 200 r 2981.362 I 50 2981.845 I50 3030.60 II 150 3080.822 I 25 3081.48 II30 3082.593 I 100 3092.34 II200 3133.167 I 50 3146.79 II 150 3250.33 II300 3252.524 I300 3261.055 I 50 3343.21 II50 3385.49 II30 3388.88 II 800 3403.652 I 50 3417.49 II50 3442.42 II 100 3464.43 II 1000 3466.200 I 800 3467.655 I 25 3483.08 II 150 3495.44 II 25 3499.952 I 100 3524.11 II100 3535.69 II 1000 3610.508 I 800 3612.873 I 60 3614.453 I20 3649.558 I10 3981.926 I 100 4029.12 II200 4134.77 II 50 4141.49 II 100 4285.08 II 8 4306.672 I 100 4412.41 II 3 4412.989 I 1000 4415.63 II 30 4440.45 II Bromine—Cadmium TeamLRN10-11Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 8 4662.352 I 200 4678.149 I 30 4744.69 II 300 4799.912 I 50 4881.72 II50 5025.50 II 1000 h 5085.822 I 6 5154.660 I 100 5268.01 II100 5271.60 II 1000 5337.48 II1000 5378.13 II 200 5381.89 II 40 5843.30 II50 5880.22 II 300 6099.142 I100 6111.49 I100 6325.166 I 30 6330.013 I 400 6354.72 II 500 6359.98 II 2000 6438.470 I 400 6464.94 II 25 6567.65 II 500 6725.78 II100 6759.19 II 30 6778.116 I50 7237.01 II 100 7284.38 II 1000 7345.670 I 50 8066.99 II 5 8200.309 I 20 9289. I15 11652. I35 14487. I80 15708. I55 d 19120. I25 24371. I35 25448. I Calcium Ca Z = 20 250 190.46 V250 196.97 V300 199.55 V250 200.51 V265 257.98 V400 267.77 V300 270.31 V 400 280.99 V300 284.98 V450 c 286.96 V500 322.17 V300 323.22 V300 330.94 V300 334.55 V250 c 342.45 IV250 343.93 IV450 352.92 V250 377.18 V200 387.08 V750 425.00 V600 434.57 IV 250 437.77 IV750 443.82 IV500 450.57 IV500 558.60 V400 637.93 V 300 643.12 V400 646.57 V750 656.00 IV300 656.76 V500 669.70 IV 24 1341.89 II12 1342.54 II20 1433.75 II20 1545.29 III60 1649.86 II20 1807.34 II40 1814.50 II40 1838.01 II60 1840.06 II20 1843.09 II40 1850.69 II17 2123.03 III16 2152.43 III16 2687.76 III 19 2881.78 III21 2899.79 III19 2924.33 III20 2988.63 III10 3006.86 I15 3028.59 III 3 3055.32 I 19 3119.67 III 170 3158.87 II180 3179.33 II150 3181.28 II 20 3316.51 II12 3361.92 I19 3372.67 III20 3461.87 II13 3487.60 I18 3537.77 III20 3644.41 I30 3683.70 II40 3694.11 II 170 3706.03 II180 3736.90 II 20 3755.67 II30 3758.39 II 230 3933.66 II220 3968.47 II 50 4097.10 II60 4109.82 II 30 4110.28 II40 4206.18 II50 4220.07 II50 4226.73 I24 4283.01 I22 4289.36 I22 4298.99 I25 4302.53 I20 4302.81 III23 4307.74 I22 4318.65 I20 4355.08 I19 4399.59 III25 4425.44 I 26 4434.96 I25 4435.69 I30 4454.78 I28 4455.89 I20 4456.61 I 20 4472.04 II20 4489.18 II19 4499.88 III23 4526.94 I22 4578.55 I23 4581.40 I23 4581.47 I24 4585.87 I24 4585.96 I20 4685.27 I30 4716.74 II40 4721.03 II40 4799.97 II25 4878.13 I70 5001.48 II80 5019.97 II40 5021.14 II23 5041.62 I25 5188.85 I 22 5261.71 I23 5262.24 I22 5264.24 I24 5265.56 I25 5270.27 I60 5285.27 II70 5307.22 II50 5339.19 II27 5349.47 I23 5512.98 I25 5581.97 I27 5588.76 I24 5590.12 I26 5594.47 I25 5598.49 I24 5601.29 I24 5602.85 I30 5857.45 I27 6102.72 I29 6122.22 I22 6161.29 I30 6162.17 I22 6163.76 I24 6166.44 I26 6169.06 I28 6169.56 I35 6439.07 I30 6449.81 I 22 6455.60 I80 6456.87 II34 6462.57 I29 6471.66 I32 6493.78 I28 6499.65 I23 6572.78 I30 6717.69 I33 7148.15 I31 7202.19 I33 7326.15 I30 7575.81 II60 7581.11 II80 7601.30 II 20 7602.32 II40 7820.78 II60 7843.38 II20 8017.50 II20 8020.50 II 70 8133.05 II 100 8201.72 II110 8248.80 II 70 8254.73 II 130 8498.02 II170 8542.09 II160 8662.14 II100 8912.07 II110 8927.36 II110 9213.90 II 90 9312.00 II 100 9319.56 II110 9320.65 II 25 9416.97 I 100 9567.97 II110 9599.24 II 80 9601.82 II80 9854.74 II 110 9890.63 II 90 9931.39 II 100 10223.04 II 20 10343.81 I20 11838.99 II25 12816.04 I24 12823.86 I25 12909.10 I30 13033.57 I21 13086.44 I24 13134.95 I20 16150.77 I22 16157.36 I21 16197.04 I20 18925.47 I24 18970.14 I30 19046.14 I48 19309.20 I49 19452.99 I47 19505.72 I50 19776.79 I35 19853.10 I34 19862.22 I23 19917.19 I24 19933.70 I25 22624.93 I30 22651.23 I Carbon C Z = 6 110 34.973 V450 40.268 V110 227.19 V250 244.91 IV160 248.66 V160 248.74 V200 289.14 IV250 289.23 IV570 312.42 IV500 312.46 IV250 371.69 III250 371.75 III150 371.78 III650 384.03 IV 700 384.18 IV500 386.203 III400 419.52 IV500 419.71 IV Cadmium—Carbon 10-12Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 200 450.734 III 400 459.46 III500 459.52 III570 459.63 III250 511.522 III250 535.288 III300 538.080 III350 538.149 III400 538.312 III350 574.281 III 9 595.022 II 30 687.053 II50 687.345 II10 858.092 II20 858.559 II30 903.624 II60 903.962 II 150 904.142 II 30 904.480 II 800 977.03 III 9 1009.86 II 10 1010.08 II10 1010.37 II80 1036.337 II 150 1037.018 II150 1157.910 I150 1158.019 I150 1158.035 I370 1174.93 III350 1175.26 III330 1175.59 III500 1175.71 III350 1175.99 III370 1176.37 III150 1188.992 I150 1189.447 I200 1189.631 I300 1193.009 I300 1193.031 I300 1193.240 I300 1193.264 I100 1193.393 I150 1193.649 I150 1193.679 I100 1194.064 I100 1194.488 I100 1261.552 I250 1277.245 I 250 1277.282 I300 1277.513 I300 1277.550 I200 1280.333 I100 1311.363 I 9 1323.951 II 120 1329.578 I120 1329.600 I150 1334.532 II300 1335.708 II100 1354.288 I150 1355.84 I120 1364.164 I100 1459.032 I 200 1463.336 I120 1467.402 I150 1481.764 I 1000 1548.202 IV900 1550.774 IV 150 1560.310 I400 1560.683 I400 1560.708 I100 1561.341 I400 1561.438 I150 1656.266 I120 1656.928 I300 1657.008 I120 1657.380 I120 1657.907 I150 1658.122 I500 1751.823 I 1000 1930.905 I 250 2162.94 III 40 2270.91 V 5 2277.25 V 20 2277.92 V 800 2296.87 III800 2478.56 I 250 2509.12 II350 2512.06 II200 l 2524.41 IV300 s 2529.98 IV250 h 2574.83 II150 2697.75 III110 l 2724.85 III150 l 2725.30 III150 l 2725.90 III350 l 2741.28 II250 2746.49 II 1000 2836.71 II 800 2837.60 II200 2982.11 III800 h 2992.62 II350 3876.19 II350 3876.41 II350 3876.66 II570 3918.98 II800 3920.69 II150 4056.06 III200 4067.94 III250 4068.91 III250 4070.26 III250 4074.52 II350 l 4075.85 II150 4162.86 III250 h 4186.90 III 800 4267.00 II 1000 4267.26 II 200 4325.56 III600 4647.42 III520 4650.25 III375 4651.47 III200 w 4658.30 IV200 4665.86 III200 4771.75 I200 4932.05 I 5 4943.88 V5 4944.56 V 200 5052.17 I350 5132.94 II 350 5133.28 II350 5143.49 II570 5145.16 II400 5151.09 II300 5380.34 I 250 5648.07 II350 5662.47 II450 5695.92 III250 5801.33 IV200 5811.98 IV150 5826.42 III570 5889.77 II350 5891.59 II200 6001.13 I250 6006.03 I110 6007.18 I150 6010.68 I300 6013.22 I250 6014.84 I800 6578.05 II570 6582.88 II200 6587.61 I150 6744.38 III250 6783.90 II 150 h 7037.25 III250 7113.18 I250 7115.19 I250 7115.63 II200 7116.99 I350 7119.90 II800 7231.32 II 1000 7236.42 II 150 7612.65 III 90 w 7726.2 IV 200 7860.89 I200 8058.62 I300 h 8196.48 III150 8332.99 III520 8335.15 I300 8500.32 III250 9061.43 I200 9062.47 I200 9078.28 I250 9088.51 I450 9094.83 I300 9111.80 I800 9405.73 I150 9603.03 I250 9620.80 I300 9658.44 I200 10683.08 I300 10691.25 I 12 11619.29 I23 11628.83 I13 11658.85 I47 11659.68 I24 11669.63 I85 11748.22 I 142 11753.32 I114 11754.76 I 11 11777.54 I17 11892.91 I30 11895.75 I26 12614.10 I20 13502.27 I38 14399.65 I 16 14403.25 I61 14420.12 I12 14429.03 I13 14442.24 I12 16559.66 I 50 16890.38 I10 17338.56 I11 17448.60 I13 18139.80 I23 19721.99 I Cerium Ce Z = 58 300 399.36 V200 482.96 V 40 741.79 IV30 754.60 IV75 1332.16 IV75 1372.72 IV 100 2000.42 IV100 2009.94 IV 10000 2318.64 III10000 2372.34 III10000 2380.12 III10000 2431.45 III 15000 2439.80 III10000 2454.32 III10000 2469.95 III10000 2483.82 III10000 2497.50 III20000 2531.99 III10000 2603.59 III 340 2651.01 II270 2830.90 II250 2874.14 II 10000 2923.81 III10000 2931.54 III 400 2976.91 II 10000 3022.75 III50000 3031.58 III95000 3055.59 III20000 3056.56 III40000 3057.23 III20000 3057.58 III 680 3063.01 II 40000 3085.10 III20000 3106.98 III30000 3110.53 III30000 3121.56 III20000 3141.29 III20000 3143.96 III20000 3147.06 III 710 3194.83 II 990 3201.71 II710 3218.94 II880 3221.17 II710 3227.11 II 20000 3228.57 III 710 3234.16 II990 3272.25 II 20000 3353.29 III10000 3395.77 III30000 3427.36 III40000 3443.63 III30000 3454.39 III40000 3459.39 III60000 3470.92 III 710 3485.05 II 50000 3497.81 III60000 3504.64 III 770 3539.08 II Carbon—Cerium TeamLRN10-13Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 50000 3544.07 III 1200 3560.80 II1000 3577.45 II1800 3655.85 II 880 3660.64 II880 3667.98 II 1000 3709.29 II1000 3709.93 II1400 3716.37 II 800 3728.42 II860 3786.63 II 2500 3801.52 II 800 3803.09 II 1000 3808.11 II1100 3838.54 II 860 3848.59 II860 3853.15 II 1200 3854.18 II1200 3854.31 II1100 3878.36 II 1500 3882.45 II1000 3889.98 II 770 3907.29 II980 3912.44 II770 3918.28 II770 3931.09 II770 3940.34 II 2000 3942.15 II2700 3942.75 II 770 3943.89 II 3100 3952.54 II 980 3956.28 II770 3960.91 II770 3967.05 II770 3978.65 II770 3984.68 II700 3992.39 II910 3993.82 II 2800 3999.24 II 910 4003.77 II 2700 4012.39 II 910 4014.90 II840 4024.49 II840 4028.41 II840 4031.34 II 2100 4040.76 II 910 4042.58 II700 4053.51 II 1100 4071.81 II1800 4073.48 II1500 4075.71 II1500 4075.85 II 910 4083.23 II770 4118.14 II980 4123.87 II980 4127.37 II 2700 4133.80 II2000 4137.65 II 770 4142.40 II980 4149.94 II 1400 4151.97 II1300 4165.61 II 3500 4186.60 II 840 4198.72 II910 4202.94 II 1500 4222.60 II770 4227.75 II 980 4239.92 II 1100 4248.68 II2000 4289.94 II1500 4296.67 II 770 4300.33 II770 4306.72 II980 4337.77 II700 4349.79 II910 4364.66 II910 4382.17 II700 4386.84 II 1700 4391.66 II 980 4418.78 II770 4449.34 II 2400 4460.21 II1400 4471.24 II 700 4479.36 II700 4483.90 II840 4486.91 II 770 4523.08 II840 4527.35 II840 4528.47 II840 4539.75 II 2100 4562.36 II1100 4572.28 II 840 4593.93 II 1700 4628.16 II 310 4737.28 II470 5079.68 II280 5159.69 I280 5161.48 I370 5187.46 II260 5223.46 I260 5245.92 I340 5274.23 II450 5353.53 II300 5393.40 II280 5409.23 II260 5512.08 II300 5696.99 I370 5699.23 I240 5719.03 I230 5940.86 I 55 6001.90 I55 6005.86 I55 6006.82 I75 6013.42 I 110 6024.20 I 10000 6032.54 III 110 6043.39 II 55 6047.40 I 10000 6060.91 III 45 6098.34 II45 6123.67 I35 6143.36 II35 6186.17 I35 6208.98 I35 6228.94 I23 6232.45 II28 6237.45 I45 6272.05 II 35 6295.58 I28 6299.51 II23 6300.21 I35 6310.01 I35 6343.95 II 35 6371.11 II28 6386.84 I23 6393.02 II35 6430.07 I23 6436.40 I35 6458.03 I28 6467.39 I35 6473.72 I23 6513.59 II45 6555.65 I23 6579.10 I22 6612.06 I30 6628.93 I22 6652.72 II26 6700.66 I35 6704.27 I30 6774.28 II35 6775.59 I30 6924.81 I 30 6986.02 I35 7061.75 II35 7086.35 II22 7238.36 II25 7252.75 I25 7329.91 I25 7397.77 I25 7616.11 II25 7689.17 II22 7844.94 II22 7857.54 II30 8025.56 II25 8772.14 II30 8891.20 II Cesium Cs Z = 55 10000 614.01 III 2000 638.17 III2500 666.25 III5000 691.60 III3500 703.89 III 15000 718.14 II20000 721.79 III20000 722.20 III 5000 731.56 III 12000 740.29 III15000 808.76 II15000 813.84 II 7500 830.39 III 35000 901.27 II15000 920.35 III40000 926.66 II25000 c 1054.79 III 17 c 1673.99 III12 1705.25 III10 1801.83 III20 c 1822.40 III11 1823.93 III12 1824.70 III12 1841.80 III25 1915.50 III25 c 1923.29 III 12 1961.33 III17 1996.56 III 710 2035.11 III120 2056.43 III330 2076.43 III 540 2077.30 III410 2088.68 III210 2101.63 III200 2141.47 III 1000 2316.88 III 230 2325.95 III390 2340.49 III 1600 2455.81 III1600 2477.57 III 890 2485.45 III410 2495.07 III 1400 2525.67 III 430 2573.05 III 16000 2596.86 III 390 2610.12 III 6200 2630.51 III 370 2700.32 III710 2701.20 III390 2776.44 III 270 2810.87 III630 2845.70 III 3100 2859.32 III 200 2893.85 III180 2921.13 III 3200 2976.86 III 210 3001.28 III 1700 3066.59 III1100 c 3149.36 III1400 3152.36 III8400 3268.32 III1300 3315.51 III 550 3340.60 III430 3344.02 III 1200 3349.46 III 400 3463.45 III580 3476.83 III480 3559.82 III 7200 3597.45 III1300 3608.31 III2300 3618.19 III 300 c 3641.34 III520 3651.08 III 4800 3661.40 III 640 3699.50 III430 3837.46 III 2100 c 3876.15 I2900 3888.37 III 600 c 3888.61 I 2700 3925.60 III 680 c 4001.70 III 3100 4006.55 III 420 4006.78 III520 4043.42 III 14000 4264.70 II18000 w 4277.13 II 370 4403.86 III 1200 4410.22 III 940 4425.68 III530 4471.48 III 12000 4501.55 II 1200 4506.72 III 590 4522.86 III 20000 4526.74 II 1000 c 4555.28 I 460 c 4593.17 I Cerium—Cesium 10-14Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 99900 4603.79 II 420 h 4620.61 III210 4665.52 III 25000 4830.19 II 140 4851.59 III 19000 4870.04 II37000 4952.85 II 370 5035.72 III 27000 5043.80 II75000 5227.04 II29000 5249.38 II11000 5274.05 II10000 c 5349.13 II22000 5370.99 II 230 5380.79 III 60 c 5465.94 I37 5502.88 I 39000 5563.02 II 100 5635.21 I210 c 5664.02 I 27 5745.72 I 24000 5831.14 II 59 c 5838.83 I 300 5845.14 I 51000 5925.63 II 140 5950.14 III110 5979.97 III640 c 6010.49 I 86 6034.09 I 150 6043.99 III870 6079.86 III 9800 6128.61 II 330 6150.42 III 1000 6213.10 I 170 6217.60 I450 6242.96 III320 c 6354.55 I510 6456.33 III 8300 6495.53 II 10000 w 6536.44 II 490 6586.51 I 97 6628.66 I 8800 6646.57 II3300 c 6723.28 I9600 6724.47 II 400 6753.12 III200 6824.65 I300 6870.45 I 37000 6955.50 II 4800 6973.30 I 16000 6979.67 II 980 6983.49 I 13000 w 7149.54 II 1900 c 7219.60 III 790 7228.53 I130 7279.90 I 1100 7279.96 I2600 c 7608.90 I3300 7943.88 I 22000 7997.44 II 3500 8015.73 I 510 8078.94 I 4500 8079.04 I 59000 c 8521.13 I15000 c 8761.41 I61000 c 8943.47 I18000 9172.32 I 5200 9208.53 I 19000 10024.36 I 4800 10123.41 I 26000 10123.60 I 2900 13424.31 I 38000 c 13588.29 I 8400 13602.56 I5700 13758.81 I 55000 c 14694.91 I 820 16535.63 I 1500 17012.32 I 760 20138.47 I880 22811.86 I 1100 23037.98 I3900 23344.47 I4400 24251.21 I 850 24374.96 I890 d 25763.51 I500 25764.73 I 680 c 29310.06 I 2800 30103.27 I 610 c 30953.06 I 1100 34900.13 I 190 36131.00 I 2 c 39177.28 I2 d 39421.25 I1 39424.11 I Chlorine Cl Z = 17 500 392.43 V800 486.17 IV800 534.73 IV700 535.67 IV600 536.15 IV900 537.61 IV500 538.03 V600 538.12 IV800 542.23 V600 542.30 V 1000 545.11 V 600 546.33 V 1000 547.63 V 500 549.22 IV700 552.02 IV600 553.30 IV700 554.62 IV600 556.23 III 700 556.61 III700 557.12 III350 559.305 II700 561.53 III700 561.68 III700 561.74 III400 571.904 II800 574.406 II500 601.50 IV500 604.59 IV500 606.35 III700 618.057 II600 619.982 II800 620.298 II 700 626.735 II800 635.881 II 1000 636.626 II1000 650.894 II1000 659.811 II 1300 661.841 II2000 663.074 II1500 682.053 II1500 687.656 II1500 693.594 II2000 725.271 II2500 728.951 II2000 777.562 II5000 787.580 II5000 788.740 II5000 793.342 II 500 834.84 IV500 834.97 IV 6000 839.297 II8000 839.599 II 600 840.93 IV 5000 851.691 II2000 888.026 II2000 893.549 II 2000 961.499 II 500 973.21 IV600 977.56 IV 40 978.284 I 700 984.95 IV 25 998.372 I25 998.432 I75 1002.346 I 500 1005.28 III600 1008.78 III150 1013.664 I700 1015.02 III 90 1025.553 I 6000 1063.831 II3000 1067.945 II9000 1071.036 II6000 1071.767 II5000 1075.230 II5000 1079.080 II 200 1084.667 I200 1085.171 I250 1085.304 I400 1088.06 I350 1090.271 I250 1090.982 I250 1092.437 I400 1094.769 I350 1095.148 I 350 1095.662 I400 1095.797 I250 1096.810 I300 1097.369 I200 1098.068 I200 1099.523 I500 1107.528 I800 1139.214 II800 1167.148 I 3000 1179.293 I1200 1188.774 I 900 1201.353 I 3000 1335.726 I 10000 1347.240 I 5000 1351.657 I 12000 1363.447 I 2500 1373.116 I 20000 1379.528 I25000 1389.693 I 20000 1389.957 I12000 1396.527 I 500 1441.470 II500 1528.569 II500 1542.942 II500 1558.144 II500 1565.050 II600 1822.50 III500 1828.40 III500 1857.488 II500 1901.61 III500 1983.61 III450 h 1997.370 II450 2032.116 II350 h 2088.583 II350 h 2091.458 II700 2253.07 III500 2268.95 III500 2278.34 III 700 2283.93 III600 2323.50 III500 2336.45 III600 2340.64 III600 2359.67 III600 2370.37 III700 2416.42 III600 2447.14 III600 2448.58 III500 2486.91 III500 2532.48 III600 2580.67 III500 2603.59 III500 2632.67 III500 2633.18 III600 2665.54 III700 2710.37 III500 2724.03 IV500 2751.23 IV700 2782.47 IV600 2965.56 III500 3063.13 IV600 3076.68 IV600 3104.46 III800 3139.34 III900 3191.45 III700 3289.80 III700 3320.57 III 800 3329.06 III900 3340.42 III800 3392.89 III800 3393.45 III900 3530.03 III800 3560.68 III900 3602.10 III800 3612.85 III700 3622.69 III700 3656.95 III700 3670.28 III700 3682.05 III600 3705.45 III600 3707.34 III 800 3720.45 III800 3748.81 III500 3779.35 III 10000 3850.99 II Cesium—Chlorine TeamLRN10-15Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 25000 3860.83 II 500 3925.87 III700 3991.50 III600 4018.50 III600 4059.07 III500 4104.23 III500 4106.83 III 10000 h 4132.50 II 500 4608.21 III 40 4623.938 I50 4654.040 I80 4661.208 I45 4691.523 I40 4721.255 I45 4740.729 I 13000 4781.32 II99000 4794.55 II29000 4810.06 II16000 4819.47 II81000 4896.77 II 47000 4904.78 II26000 4917.73 II10000 4995.48 II26000 5078.26 II 30 5099.789 I 56000 5217.94 II23000 5221.36 II15000 5392.12 II99000 5423.23 II10000 5423.51 II19000 5443.37 II10000 5444.21 II 40 5532.162 I50 d 5796.305 I45 5799.914 I30 5856.742 I50 6019.812 I 200 6140.245 I160 6194.757 I150 6434.833 I300 6932.903 I300 6981.886 I600 7086.814 I 7500 7256.62 I5000 7414.11 I 550 7462.370 I550 7489.47 I700 7492.118 I 11000 7547.072 I 2300 7672.42 I 450 7702.828 I 7000 7717.581 I 10000 7744.97 I 2200 7769.16 I 650 7771.09 I 2200 7821.36 I1700 7830.75 I3000 7878.22 I2300 7899.31 I1800 7915.08 I3000 7924.645 I2100 7933.89 I 1700 7935.012 I 650 7952.52 I 1500 7974.72 I1300 7976.97 I600 7980.60 I 2900 7997.85 I2200 8015.61 I1100 8023.33 I 400 8051.07 I 1700 8084.51 I2200 8085.56 I3000 8086.67 I1300 8087.73 I2500 8194.42 I2200 8199.13 I2200 8200.21 I 800 8203.78 I 18000 8212.04 I 3000 8220.45 I 20000 8221.74 I18000 8333.31 I99900 8375.94 I 400 8406.199 I 15000 8428.25 I 2200 8467.34 I2200 8550.44 I 20000 8575.24 I 750 8578.02 I 75000 8585.97 I 450 8628.54 I300 8641.71 I 3500 8686.26 I2200 8912.92 I3000 8948.06 I2000 9038.982 I2500 9045.43 I1000 9069.656 I2000 9073.17 I7500 9121.15 I3000 9191.731 I 500 9197.596 I 4000 9288.86 I1500 9393.862 I3500 9452.10 I 500 9486.964 I 1000 9584.801 I3500 9592.22 I 250 9632.509 I 1000 9702.439 I 250 9744.426 I200 9807.057 I400 9875.970 I 331 10392.549 I300 11123.05 I269 11409.69 I 1000 11436.33 I 350 13243.8 I310 13296.0 I550 13346.8 I525 13821.7 I294 14931.7 I269 15108.0 I381 15465.1 I 1094 15520.3 I1487 15730.1 I2780 15869.7 I 277 15883.3 I342 15928.9 I735 15960.0 I283 15970.5 I259 16198.5 I 717 19755.3 I100 24470.0 I 39716.0 I40085.5 I40089.5 I40532.2 I Chromium Cr Z = 24 100 438.62 V100 464.02 V100 620.66 IV100 629.26 IV 80 630.30 IV 100 666.55 IV100 693.92 IV 60 1030.47 III 100 1033.69 III100 1036.03 III 80 1055.89 IV 80 1068.41 III 100 1116.48 V150 1121.07 V150 1127.63 V100 1263.50 V100 1417.42 IV150 1465.86 V150 1497.97 V170 1519.03 V220 1579.70 V170 1591.72 V150 1603.19 V120 1672.66 IV120 1758.51 IV140 1802.72 IV130 1812.41 IV200 1837.44 V140 1873.89 IV140 1967.18 IV120 1972.07 IV 19000 2055.52 II14000 2061.49 II 8900 2065.42 II 200 2226.72 III200 2235.91 III150 2237.59 III150 2244.10 III150 2284.44 III 150 2324.88 III130 2383.33 I140 2408.62 I170 2496.31 I110 2502.53 I190 2504.31 I110 2516.92 I390 2519.52 I190 2527.12 I160 2549.54 I130 2560.69 I150 2571.74 I100 2577.65 I380 2591.85 I 250 2653.59 II250 2658.59 II320 2663.42 II440 2666.02 II280 2668.71 II 350 2671.81 II280 2672.83 II 1800 2677.16 II 320 2678.79 II230 2687.09 II280 2691.04 II180 2698.41 II180 2698.69 II110 2701.99 I140 2712.31 II170 2722.75 II420 h 2726.51 I280 h 2731.91 I170 h 2736.47 I250 2743.64 II110 h 2748.29 I330 2748.98 II390 2750.73 II280 2751.87 II 110 h 2752.88 I150 2757.10 I350 2757.72 II750 2762.59 II750 2766.54 II250 h 2769.92 I610 2780.70 I180 2822.37 II180 2830.47 II 2500 2835.63 II 110 2840.02 II 1700 2843.25 II1200 2849.84 II 120 2851.36 II880 2855.68 II610 2858.91 II440 2860.93 II790 2862.57 II750 2865.11 II610 2866.74 II480 2867.65 II210 2870.44 II110 2871.63 I160 2873.48 II320 2875.99 II230 2876.24 II180 2877.98 II120 2879.27 I 170 2887.00 I700 2889.29 I370 2893.25 I190 2894.17 I210 2896.75 I180 2905.49 I260 2909.05 I260 2910.90 I250 2911.14 I480 2967.64 I480 2971.11 I210 2971.91 II480 2975.48 I190 2979.74 II 350 2980.79 I110 2985.32 II480 2985.85 I 1500 2986.00 I Chlorine—Chromium 10-16Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 2100 2986.47 I 660 2988.65 I160 2989.19 II480 2991.89 I230 2994.07 I300 2995.10 I700 2996.58 I210 2998.79 I 1100 3000.89 I 750 3005.06 I140 3013.03 I710 3013.71 I710 3014.76 I 1400 3014.92 I 710 3015.19 I 2800 3017.57 I 430 3018.50 I240 3018.82 I430 3020.67 I 2800 3021.56 I 1100 3024.35 I 170 3029.16 I710 3030.24 I140 3031.35 I390 3034.19 I550 3037.04 I550 3040.85 I110 3050.14 II710 3053.88 I240 3118.65 II430 3120.37 II470 3124.94 II120 3128.70 II590 3132.06 II140 3136.68 II140 3147.23 II100 3155.15 I100 3163.76 I240 3180.70 II220 3197.08 II170 3209.18 II140 3217.40 II120 3245.54 I130 3251.84 I130 3257.82 I130 3339.80 II110 3342.59 II170 3358.50 II 160 3360.30 II430 3368.05 II140 3382.68 II170 3403.32 II360 3408.76 II210 3421.21 II270 3422.74 II140 3433.31 II270 3433.60 I160 3436.19 I140 3441.44 I170 3445.62 I170 3447.43 I190 3453.33 I 130 3455.60 I100 3460.43 I120 3550.64 I130 3566.16 I130 3573.64 I 330 h 3574.80 I 19000 3578.69 I 160 h 3584.33 I130 3585.30 II 17000 3593.49 I 350 3601.67 I 13000 3605.33 I 130 3632.84 I350 3636.59 I630 3639.80 I220 3641.83 I220 3649.00 I170 3653.91 I220 3656.26 I130 3663.21 I120 3685.55 I130 3686.80 I130 3687.25 I130 3730.81 I 150 3732.03 I480 3743.58 I570 3743.88 I340 3749.00 I230 3757.66 I260 3768.24 I130 3791.38 I130 3792.14 I120 3793.29 I130 3793.88 I140 3797.13 I200 3797.72 I530 3804.80 I110 3806.83 I110 3807.93 I180 3815.43 I180 3819.56 I130 3826.42 I130 3830.03 I380 3841.28 I190 3848.98 I140 3849.36 I290 3850.04 I140 3852.22 I190 3854.22 I110 3855.29 I140 3855.57 I260 3857.63 I 660 3883.29 I570 3885.22 I380 3886.79 I260 3894.04 I360 3902.92 I960 3908.76 I120 hd 3911.82 I120 3915.84 I190 3916.24 I 1900 3919.16 I 600 3921.02 I600 3928.64 I410 3941.49 I 1900 3963.69 I 120 3969.06 I 1600 3969.75 I1600 3976.66 I 960 3983.91 I190 3984.34 I 160 3989.99 I960 3991.12 I160 3991.67 I190 3992.84 I160 4001.44 I120 4012.47 II120 4026.17 I190 4039.10 I160 4048.78 I120 4058.77 I140 4126.52 I120 4153.82 I140 4163.62 I170 4174.80 I170 4179.26 I110 4209.37 I 20000 4254.35 I 110 4263.14 I 16000 4274.80 I 10000 4289.72 I 780 4337.57 I 1100 4339.45 I 380 4339.72 I 1900 4344.51 I 380 4351.05 I 2300 4351.77 I 570 4359.63 I530 4371.28 I110 4374.16 I530 4384.98 I110 4458.54 I660 4496.86 I380 4526.47 I380 4530.74 I240 4535.72 I240 4540.50 I240 4540.72 I140 4544.62 I600 4545.96 I120 4565.51 I120 4571.68 I360 4580.06 I360 4591.39 I480 4600.75 I240 4613.37 I600 4616.14 I550 4626.19 I 1600 4646.17 I 570 4651.28 I840 4652.16 I240 d 4698.46 I190 4708.04 I240 4718.43 I120 4730.71 I140 4737.35 I340 4756.11 I190 4789.32 I120 4801.03 I110 4829.38 I140 4870.80 I130 4887.01 I 260 4922.27 I110 4936.33 I 70 4942.50 I 110 4954.81 I60 5013.32 I 70 5166.23 I70 5184.59 I70 5192.00 I85 5196.44 I 5300 5204.52 I8400 5206.04 I 11000 5208.44 I 85 5224.94 I 290 5247.56 I530 5264.15 I180 5265.72 I 95 h 5275.17 I70 h 5276.03 I 340 5296.69 I 70 h 5297.36 I 660 5298.27 I 85 5300.75 I 340 h 5328.34 I 70 h 5329.17 I 780 5345.81 I380 5348.32 I 40 5400.61 I 1400 5409.79 I 24 5628.64 I 7 5642.36 I 24 5664.04 I24 5694.73 I40 5698.33 I24 5702.31 I24 5712.78 I24 h 5783.11 I30 h 5783.93 I24 h 5785.00 I19 h 5785.82 I60 h 5787.99 I 180 h 5791.00 I 35 6330.10 I22 6362.87 I19 6661.08 I21 h 6883.03 I27 h 6924.13 I30 h 6978.48 I85 7355.90 I 130 7400.21 I150 7462.31 I 40 8947.15 I19 8976.83 I Cobalt Co Z = 27 20 355.52 V18 355.88 V12 356.06 V66 609.16 IV70 609.21 IV64 609.28 IV10 1018.36 V10 1021.14 V15 1231.73 V50 1277.01 V80 1299.58 II80 1306.95 II 50 1345.67 V 1000 1696.01 III 800 1697.99 III 1000 1707.35 III Chromium—Cobalt TeamLRN10-17Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 5000 1760.35 III 5000 1773.57 III2000 1780.05 III3000 1782.97 III1000 1787.08 III1000 1789.07 III1000 1823.08 III2000 1830.09 III2000 1831.44 III5000 1835.00 III1500 1842.34 I1800 1847.89 I1800 1852.71 I2400 1855.05 I2000 1863.83 III1500 1878.28 I1800 1936.58 I1500 1946.79 I1500 1951.90 I1800 1954.22 I 1800 1955.17 I1500 1958.55 I1500 1961.59 I1500 h 1968.69 I1500 h 1968.93 I3000 1970.71 I1800 h 1971.16 I1800 h 1972.52 I1500 1973.85 I1800 1976.97 I2400 h 1980.89 I1500 1989.80 I1800 1990.34 I1500 l 1998.49 I1500 2002.32 I 900 2008.04 I 50 2011.51 II 1200 h 2014.58 I 900 2016.17 I 50 2022.35 II50 2027.04 II 900 2031.96 I 1500 2039.95 I1200 2041.11 I 50 2065.54 II 1500 h 2077.76 I 900 2085.67 I900 2087.55 I 900 2089.35 I900 2093.40 I900 2094.86 I900 2095.77 I 1200 2097.51 I1500 2104.73 I1500 2106.80 I 900 2108.98 I900 s 2117.68 I900 2137.78 I900 2138.97 I900 2163.03 I 1100 2174.60 I 200 2193.60 II 200 2256.73 II150 2260.00 II200 2283.52 II 1000 2286.15 II200 2291.98 II 300 d 2293.38 II300 2301.40 II800 d 2307.85 II 2600 2309.02 I 500 2311.60 II500 2314.05 II300 2314.96 II200 p 2317.06 II 2400 2323.14 I 300 p 2324.31 II200 d 2326.11 II500 2326.47 II 1400 2335.99 I1600 2338.67 I 200 2347.39 II 1600 2352.85 I 200 d 2353.41 II 2000 2353.42 I 500 2363.80 II 400 2378.62 II 1400 2380.48 I 200 2381.76 II300 p 2383.45 II 1400 2384.86 I 200 2386.36 II500 2388.92 II200 2397.38 II 1100 d 2402.06 I 200 p 2404.16 II 5300 2407.25 I5300 2411.62 I1600 2412.76 I4800 2414.46 I4800 2415.30 I 300 2417.65 II 4100 2424.93 I3300 2432.21 I2900 2436.66 I2400 2439.05 I 200 2442.63 II200 d 2446.03 II200 p 2447.69 II200 2450.00 II200 2464.20 II200 2486.44 II200 2498.82 II570 2504.52 I 500 2506.46 II360 2506.88 I200 2511.16 II860 2517.87 I500 2519.82 II 4300 2521.36 I 200 h 2524.65 II300 2524.97 II500 2528.62 II 2900 2528.97 I 200 p 2530.09 II720 2530.13 I860 2532.18 I200 d 2533.82 II 2900 2535.96 I 860 2536.49 I300 2541.94 II 1700 2544.25 I200 2546.74 II 340 2548.34 I310 2553.37 I310 2555.07 I300 2559.41 II200 2560.03 II960 2562.15 I500 2564.04 II 1100 2567.35 I 960 2574.35 I800 2580.32 II300 d 2582.22 II500 2587.22 II500 2587.52 II200 2588.91 II100 p 2605.71 II100 2612.50 II100 2614.36 II100 p 2628.77 II100 2632.26 II 100 2636.07 II310 2646.42 I770 2648.64 I100 2653.72 II100 2663.53 II200 2666.73 II100 2675.85 II100 2684.42 II100 2702.02 II200 2706.62 II200 2707.35 II190 2715.99 I100 2727.78 II 80 2734.54 II 190 2745.10 I100 2753.22 II190 2764.19 I100 2766.70 II100 2774.97 II100 2791.00 II100 2793.73 II150 2815.56 I 80 2835.63 II80 2847.35 II80 2871.22 II 190 2886.44 I100 2918.38 II100 2930.24 II 100 2954.73 II690 2987.16 I690 2989.59 I 60 3022.59 II 3100 3044.00 I1700 3061.82 I 80 3387.70 II 1100 3388.17 I2200 3395.38 I 11000 3405.12 I 4500 3409.18 I6700 3412.34 I2200 3412.63 I2700 3417.16 I 50 3423.84 II 2500 3431.58 I4500 3433.04 I1600 3442.93 I8800 3443.64 I 50 3446.39 II 4100 3449.17 I2100 3449.44 I 21000 3453.50 I 1000 3455.23 I5100 3462.80 I5100 3465.80 I8000 3474.02 I1900 3483.41 I4800 3489.40 I2400 3495.69 I 50 3501.72 II 9600 3502.28 I7000 3506.32 I 50 3507.77 II 2900 3509.84 I1400 3510.43 I4800 3512.64 I3800 3513.48 I 4800 3518.35 I1300 3520.08 I2700 3521.57 I3800 3523.43 I 60 3523.51 II 6400 3526.85 I2700 3529.03 I7300 3529.81 I1900 3533.36 I 50 3545.03 II 1100 3560.89 I 80 3561.07 II 8800 3569.38 I 50 3574.95 II 1600 3574.96 I 60 3575.32 II 2500 3575.36 I 60 3577.96 II 1000 3585.16 I6700 3587.19 I1900 3594.87 I1600 3602.08 I 100 3621.21 II 1000 3627.81 I 80 3643.61 II60 3681.35 II 1100 3745.50 I1400 3842.05 I 6900 3845.47 I5500 3873.12 I2800 3873.96 I7900 3894.08 I1500 3935.97 I 80 h 3963.10 II 6000 3995.31 I 970 3997.91 I350 4020.90 I370 4045.39 I350 4066.37 I830 4092.39 I550 4110.54 I 2800 4118.77 I 4400 4121.32 I 90 4190.71 I90 4469.56 I 690 4530.96 I Cobalt 10-18Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 90 4549.66 I 140 4565.59 I190 4581.60 I120 4629.38 I 85 4663.41 I 110 4792.86 I100 4840.27 I150 4867.88 I 80 h 4964.18 II50 5212.71 I50 5230.22 I50 5247.93 I50 5342.71 I50 5352.05 I Copper Cu Z = 29 80 685.141 II 100 709.313 II100 718.179 II150 724.489 II 200 735.520 II250 736.032 II 80 779.295 II 100 797.455 II150 810.998 II200 813.883 II300 826.996 II150 848.808 II250 851.303 II250 858.487 II400 861.994 II400 865.390 II250 869.336 II150 873.263 II200 876.723 II250 877.012 II200 877.555 II500 878.699 II100 884.133 II250 885.847 II600 886.943 II600 890.567 II500 892.414 II800 893.678 II400 894.227 II600 896.759 II400 896.976 II600 901.073 II 400 906.113 II800 914.213 II600 922.019 II500 924.239 II400 935.232 II600 935.898 II600 943.335 II600 945.525 II500 945.965 II200 954.383 II250 956.290 II400 958.154 II200 960.414 II250 968.042 II 200 974.759 II250 977.567 II100 987.657 II250 992.953 II300 1004.055 II 300 1008.569 II300 1008.728 II300 1010.269 II250 1012.597 II500 1018.707 II500 1027.831 II250 1028.328 II200 1030.263 II600 1036.470 II600 1039.348 II600 1039.582 II800 1044.519 II800 1044.744 II500 1049.755 II600 1054.690 II400 1055.797 II600 1056.955 II400 1058.799 II600 1059.096 II 600 1060.634 II600 1063.005 II200 1065.782 II200 1066.134 II500 1069.195 II300 1073.745 II200 1088.395 II300 1094.402 II250 1097.053 II150 1119.947 II200 1142.640 II300 1144.856 II100 1250.048 II150 1265.506 II300 1275.572 II150 1282.455 II150 1287.468 II150 1298.395 II300 1308.297 II300 1314.337 II100 1320.686 II100 1326.395 II150 1350.594 II250 1351.837 II150 1355.305 II300 1358.773 II200 1359.009 II200 1362.600 II 250 1367.951 II200 1371.840 II300 r 1376.79 III200 r 1377.49 III100 1393.128 II100 1398.642 II150 1402.777 II150 1407.169 II100 1414.898 II250 1418.426 II250 1421.759 II200 1427.829 II400 1430.243 II250 1434.904 II 150 1436.236 II150 1442.139 II200 1445.984 II200 1449.058 II250 1450.304 II 200 1452.294 II300 1458.002 II250 1459.412 II200 1463.752 II400 1463.838 II200 1466.070 II400 1470.697 II200 1472.395 II250 1473.978 II200 1474.935 II150 1476.059 II300 r 1481.23 III200 1481.544 II200 1485.328 II750 1488.831 II300 1492.834 II250 1493.366 II250 1495.430 II350 1496.687 II 150 1503.368 II250 1504.757 II200 1505.388 II300 1508.632 II350 1510.506 II200 1512.465 II200 1513.366 II500 1514.492 II200 1517.631 II500 1519.492 II600 1519.837 II200 1520.540 II200 1524.860 II150 1525.764 II500 1531.856 II300 1532.131 II250 1533.986 II250 1535.002 II500 1537.559 II200 1540.239 II300 1540.389 II300 1540.588 II750 1541.703 II400 1544.677 II100 1547.958 II300 1550.653 II300 1551.389 II500 1552.646 II 250 1553.896 II400 1555.134 II500 1555.703 II300 1558.345 II400 1565.924 II400 1566.415 II100 1569.416 II300 1579.492 II300 1580.626 II400 1581.995 II500 1583.682 II400 1590.165 II600 1593.556 II500 r 1593.75 III 400 1598.402 II400 1602.388 II200 1604.848 II300 1605.281 II400 1606.834 II 250 1608.639 II150 1610.296 II200 1617.915 II600 1621.426 II400 1622.428 II250 1630.268 II100 1636.605 II 1000 r 1642.21 III 250 1649.458 II 30 r 1655.32 I 200 1656.322 II200 1660.001 II300 1663.002 II100 1672.776 II 30 1688.09 I30 1691.08 I30 r 1703.84 I50 r 1713.36 I 150 1717.721 II 50 r 1725.66 I 100 1736.551 II 50 r 1741.57 I 150 1753.281 II200 r 1774.82 I100 r 1825.35 I250 1929.751 II250 1944.597 II100 1946.493 II200 1957.518 II150 1970.495 II150 1977.027 II500 1979.956 II300 1989.855 II250 1999.698 II270 2035.854 II250 2037.127 II350 2043.802 II300 2054.980 II100 2078.663 II110 2098.398 II320 2104.797 II300 2112.100 II320 2117.310 II350 2122.980 II350 2126.044 II420 2134.341 II900 2135.981 II 400 2148.984 II150 2161.320 II 1300 r 2165.09 I 250 2174.982 II 1600 r 2178.94 I 700 2179.410 II 1700 r 2181.72 I 700 2189.630 II900 2192.268 II400 2195.683 II 1700 r 2199.58 I1300 r 2199.75 I 100 2200.509 II200 2209.806 II 750 2210.268 II 1600 r 2214.58 I 250 2215.106 II 1000 r 2215.65 I Cobalt—Copper TeamLRN10-19Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 750 2218.108 II 2100 r 2225.70 I 150 2226.780 II 1600 r 2227.78 I 350 2228.868 II 2500 r 2230.08 I1100 r 2238.45 I 900 2242.618 II 2300 r 2244.26 I1000 2247.002 II1300 r 2260.53 I2200 r 2263.08 I 150 2263.786 II200 2276.258 II100 2286.645 II 2500 r 2293.84 I 170 2294.368 II 1000 2303.12 I 150 2369.890 II 2500 r 2392.63 I 120 2403.337 II 1500 2406.66 I1000 r 2441.64 I 100 2485.792 II 2000 r 2492.15 I 150 2506.273 II120 2526.593 II300 2544.805 II100 2571.756 II150 2590.529 II200 2600.270 II 2500 r 2618.37 I 200 2666.291 II750 2689.300 II700 2700.962 II650 2703.184 II700 2713.508 II650 2718.778 II300 2721.677 II120 2737.342 II270 2745.271 II 2500 r 2766.37 I 800 2769.669 II200 2791.795 II170 2799.528 II100 2810.804 II 1250 r 2824.37 I 350 2837.368 II 100 2857.748 II600 2877.100 II270 2884.196 II 2500 r 2961.16 I 100 2986.335 II 2000 2997.36 I2000 3010.84 I2500 3036.10 I2500 3063.41 I1400 3073.80 I1500 3093.99 I1250 3099.93 I2000 3108.60 I1400 h 3126.11 I 1500 3194.10 I1400 3208.23 I1500 h 3243.16 I 10000 r 3247.54 I10000 r 3273.96 I 1400 h 3282.72 I 400 3290.418 II 1500 h 3290.54 I 110 3300.881 II250 3301.229 II 2500 h 3307.95 I 200 3316.276 II 1500 3337.84 I 150 3338.648 II200 3365.648 II450 3370.454 II300 3374.952 II200 3380.712 II100 3384.945 II 1250 h 3483.76 I1250 3524.23 I2000 3530.38 I1400 3599.13 I1400 3602.03 I 1000 3686.555 II 150 3786.270 II170 3797.849 II100 3818.879 II140 3826.921 II160 3864.137 II280 3884.131 II150 3892.924 II170 3903.177 II140 3920.654 II120 3933.268 II120 3987.024 II150 3993.302 II140 4003.476 II 1250 4022.63 I 100 4032.647 II600 4043.484 II500 4043.751 II 2000 4062.64 I 120 4068.106 II500 4131.363 II200 4143.017 II300 4153.623 II500 4161.140 II370 4164.284 II400 4171.851 II500 4179.512 II500 4211.866 II 320 4230.449 II200 4255.635 II950 4275.11 I300 4279.962 II500 4292.470 II400 4365.370 II100 4444.831 II400 4506.002 II150 4516.049 II150 4541.032 II500 4555.920 II100 4596.906 II120 4649.271 II 2000 4651.12 I 120 4661.363 II320 4671.702 II300 4673.577 II450 4681.994 II100 4758.433 II 400 4812.948 II120 4851.262 II300 4854.988 II100 4873.304 II150 4901.427 II 1000 4909.734 II 500 4918.376 II200 4926.424 II900 4931.698 II120 4943.026 II700 4953.724 II500 4985.506 II400 5006.801 II350 5009.851 II400 5012.620 II350 5021.279 II200 5039.016 II300 5047.348 II900 5051.793 II 400 5058.910 II500 5065.459 II450 5067.094 II350 5072.302 II450 5088.277 II420 5093.816 II350 5100.067 II 1500 5105.54 I 250 5124.476 II 2000 5153.24 I 100 5158.093 II100 5183.367 II 2500 5218.20 I 100 5269.991 II100 5276.525 II 1650 5292.52 I 100 5368.383 II 1500 5700.24 I1500 5782.13 I 150 5805.989 II100 5833.515 II200 5897.971 II120 5937.577 II400 5941.196 II100 5993.260 II650 6000.120 II100 6023.264 II250 6072.218 II 150 6080.343 II150 6099.990 II160 6107.412 II300 6114.493 II600 6150.384 II750 6154.222 II500 6172.037 II550 6186.884 II400 6188.676 II300 6198.092 II470 6204.261 II450 6208.457 II750 6216.939 II700 6219.844 II 500 6261.848 II 1000 6273.349 II 350 6288.696 II900 6301.009 II550 6305.972 II 400 6312.492 II120 6326.466 II400 6373.268 II750 6377.840 II400 6403.384 II850 6423.884 II200 6442.965 II750 6448.559 II170 6466.246 II950 6470.168 II750 6481.437 II400 6484.421 II220 6517.317 II400 6530.083 II120 6551.286 II200 6577.080 II750 6624.292 II800 6641.396 II450 6660.962 II 100 6770.362 II300 6806.216 II400 6809.647 II320 6823.202 II250 6844.157 II320 6868.791 II270 6872.231 II270 6879.404 II220 6937.553 II150 6952.871 II150 6977.572 II200 7022.860 II300 7194.896 II400 7326.008 II300 7331.694 II250 7382.277 II 1000 7404.354 II 270 7434.156 II500 7562.015 II700 7652.333 II 1000 7664.648 II 150 7681.788 II450 7744.097 II800 7778.738 II750 7805.184 II 1500 7807.659 II1000 7825.654 II 350 7860.577 II 300 7890.567 II700 7902.553 II 1500 7933.13 I 400 7944.438 II400 7972.033 II 1200 7988.163 II2000 8092.63 I 500 8277.560 II800 8283.160 II250 8503.396 II750 8511.061 II200 8609.134 II500 9813.213 II250 9827.978 II 200 9830.798 II600 9861.280 II600 9864.137 II200 9883.969 II Copper 10-20Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 550 9916.419 II 500 9917.954 II550 9925.594 II450 9938.998 II500 9960.354 II450 10006.588 II550 10022.969 II550 10038.093 II650 10054.938 II450 10080.354 II Dysprosium Dy Z = 66 260 2356.91 II240 2410.01 II260 2439.84 II220 2585.30 I440 2634.80 II220 2755.75 II300 2816.39 II390 2913.95 II 610 3038.28 II830 3135.38 II500 3141.14 II 1200 3156.52 II 670 3162.83 II 1000 3169.99 II 470 3215.19 II830 3216.63 II490 3235.89 II490 3245.12 II 1200 3251.27 II 890 3280.09 II490 3282.77 II 1100 3308.88 II 780 3316.32 II 1000 3319.88 II 780 3341.00 II510 3353.58 II510 3368.11 II 5300 3385.02 II 610 3388.85 II 3800 3393.57 II1300 3396.16 II5300 3407.80 II1300 3413.78 II 530 3414.82 II780 3419.63 II530 3425.06 II 1900 3434.37 II 560 3440.93 II 1300 3441.45 II3800 3445.57 II 830 3446.99 II 2700 3454.32 II1300 3456.56 II4400 3460.97 II 720 3468.43 II560 3471.14 II560 d 3471.53 II 1300 3477.07 II4400 3494.49 II 560 3496.34 II 830 3498.71 II830 3504.53 II830 3505.45 II 1300 3506.81 II560 3517.26 II 4400 3523.98 II 22000 3531.70 II 4400 3534.96 II5500 3536.02 II4400 3538.52 II1700 3542.33 II1400 3546.83 II4400 3550.22 II2200 3551.62 II 440 h 3558.23 II440 3559.30 II 2200 3563.15 II 560 3563.69 II780 3573.83 II 1400 3574.15 II4400 3576.24 II1700 3576.87 II 830 3577.98 II440 3580.04 II 3300 3585.06 II1400 3585.78 II 560 3586.11 II 1100 3591.41 II 560 3591.81 II560 3592.11 II 1800 3595.04 II 560 3600.38 II 1800 3606.12 II 440 3618.51 II560 3620.16 II470 3624.27 II 1100 3629.42 II4000 3630.24 II 440 3632.78 II 1100 3640.25 II 11000 3645.40 II 1000 3648.78 II 700 3664.62 II990 3672.30 II420 3672.70 II 1400 3674.08 II2200 3676.59 II 640 3678.51 I820 3684.85 I 1300 3685.78 I4700 3694.81 II 990 3698.21 II 540 3701.63 II440 3707.57 II440 3708.22 II420 3710.07 II 1600 3724.45 II 930 3739.34 I 1200 3747.82 II1400 3753.51 II1400 3753.75 II1200 3757.05 I4700 3757.37 II 640 3767.63 I640 3773.05 I420 3781.47 I 3300 3786.18 II1600 3788.44 II 700 3791.87 II510 3804.14 II580 3806.27 II 470 3812.27 I470 3813.67 II 1400 3816.76 II 700 3825.68 II 2300 3836.50 II1400 3841.31 II 420 3846.34 II420 3847.02 I 1200 3853.03 II 420 3858.40 I560 3868.45 II 1600 3868.81 I 820 3869.86 II 7000 3872.11 II1200 3873.99 II 470 3879.11 II 5800 3898.53 II 540 3914.87 II540 3915.59 II 540 d 3917.29 I420 3927.86 I540 3930.14 I 2100 3931.52 II 10000 3944.68 II 800 3957.79 II 14000 3968.39 II 2700 3978.57 II1400 3981.92 II1600 3983.65 II 800 3984.21 II540 3991.32 II 1600 3996.69 II8000 4000.45 II 420 4005.84 I540 4011.29 II540 4013.82 I540 4014.70 II420 4027.78 II520 d 4028.32 II520 4032.47 II420 4033.65 II420 4036.32 II 12000 4045.97 I 1600 4050.56 II 520 4055.14 II 2500 4073.12 II7400 4077.96 II 3900 4103.30 II 860 4103.87 I 1500 4111.34 II 490 4124.63 II990 4129.42 II 1200 4143.10 II 990 4146.06 I 5700 4167.97 I 930 4183.72 I 12000 4186.82 I 2200 4191.64 I6800 4194.84 I 800 4198.02 I680 4201.30 I 680 4202.24 I 16000 4211.72 I 1800 4213.18 I3700 4215.16 I4400 4218.09 I 4400 4221.11 I2700 4225.16 I1000 4308.63 II 540 4409.38 II740 4449.70 II420 4577.78 I 2100 4589.36 I 990 4612.26 I170 4731.84 II120 h 4775.79 I480 4957.34 II 70 5022.12 I 160 5042.63 I 95 5070.68 I 120 5077.67 I 80 5090.38 II80 5110.32 I 130 h 5120.04 I190 5139.60 II 110 5169.69 II 80 5185.30 I 290 5192.86 II 95 5197.66 II70 5259.88 I 130 5260.56 I 65 5267.11 I55 5282.07 I 160 5301.58 I 65 5340.30 I85 5389.58 II80 5419.13 I70 5423.32 I95 5451.11 I65 5547.27 I 100 5639.50 I 55 h 5645.99 I80 5652.01 I70 h 5718.46 I55 5745.53 I55 h 5868.11 II70 5945.80 I 120 5974.49 I140 5988.56 I140 6088.26 I100 6168.43 I270 6259.09 I160 6579.37 I 75 6667.86 I 180 6835.42 I 80 6852.96 I65 6899.32 II55 7426.86 II55 7543.73 I80 7662.36 I 100 8201.57 II 45 8791.39 II Erbium Er Z = 68 600 2277.65 III290 2586.73 II490 2670.26 II 500 2739.27 III610 2755.63 II 1000 2904.47 II1500 2910.36 II Copper—Erbium TeamLRN10-21Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 1500 2964.52 II 1200 3002.41 II1000 3055.10 III1000 3070.40 III 610 3073.34 II720 3082.08 II610 3084.02 II770 3122.72 II 1500 3166.25 III 870 3181.92 II870 3220.73 II610 3223.31 II 2300 3230.58 II2700 3264.78 II 720 3279.33 II720 3280.22 II 2000 3301.23 III2300 3312.42 II 770 3323.19 II770 3332.70 II 1300 3346.04 II1400 3364.08 II1400 d 3368.02 II7700 3372.71 II 970 3374.17 II 1700 3385.08 II2300 3392.00 II 770 3441.13 II970 3471.71 II610 3479.41 II970 3485.85 II 6700 3499.10 II 610 3502.78 I610 3524.91 II820 3549.84 II 1500 3558.02 I1000 3559.90 II 920 3570.75 II 1000 3580.52 II 610 3590.76 I610 3599.50 II 1000 3599.83 II3100 3616.56 II 720 3628.04 I 1000 3633.54 II1600 3638.68 I 900 3645.94 II 7900 3692.65 II 1300 3729.52 II 900 3742.64 II900 3747.43 I 1800 3786.84 II1600 3810.33 I4000 3816.78 III3600 3830.48 II 680 3855.90 I 7500 3862.85 I1500 3880.61 II1200 3882.89 II4200 3892.68 I5200 3896.23 II 11000 3906.31 II 3200 3937.01 I2100 3938.63 II3200 3944.42 I2700 3973.04 I3200 3973.58 I 1400 3974.72 II 810 3977.02 I 1100 3982.33 I 810 3987.66 I 14000 4007.96 I 1100 4012.58 I3000 4020.51 I1000 4046.96 I 940 4055.47 II690 4059.78 II 3500 4087.63 I1100 4098.10 I6900 4151.11 I1000 4190.70 I1400 4218.43 I 690 4286.56 I 40000 4290.06 III20000 4386.86 III 810 4409.34 I 1000 4606.61 I 570 4675.62 II 15000 4735.56 III 2000 4783.12 III 250 5007.25 I200 5035.94 I210 5042.05 II120 5124.56 I130 5127.41 II120 5131.53 I130 5133.83 II170 5164.77 II130 5172.78 I160 5188.90 II150 5206.52 I140 5255.93 II 80 5272.91 I90 5348.06 I60 5414.63 II 180 5456.62 I 90 5468.32 I80 5485.97 II80 5593.46 I60 5611.82 I70 5622.01 I80 5626.53 II90 5640.36 I70 5664.95 I 70 5719.55 I 100 5739.19 I290 5762.80 I 70 5784.66 I70 5800.79 I 430 5826.79 I100 5850.07 I120 5855.31 I140 5872.35 I120 5881.14 I 8000 5903.30 III 70 6022.56 I70 6061.25 I60 6076.45 II 360 6221.02 I 55 6262.56 I60 6268.87 I 130 6308.77 I55 6326.13 I 55 6492.35 I60 6583.48 I70 6601.11 I70 6759.87 I35 6790.92 I70 6848.10 I55 6865.13 I55 7459.55 I 120 7469.51 I 35 7680.01 I35 7797.47 I35 7921.85 I30 7937.84 I35 8312.82 I55 8409.90 I 9 8866.84 II Europium Eu Z = 63 30 2124.69 III 200 2350.51 III 4000 2375.46 III 100 d 2435.14 III 1000 2444.38 III4000 2445.99 III2000 2513.76 III 200 2522.14 III160 2564.17 II110 2568.17 II230 2577.14 II 1000 2638.77 II 380 2641.27 II640 2668.34 II110 2673.42 II250 2678.29 II250 2685.66 II550 2692.03 II700 2701.14 II800 2701.90 II240 2705.28 II180 2709.99 I700 2716.98 II 4200 2727.78 II 160 2740.62 II120 2744.26 II480 2781.89 II 1900 2802.84 II 220 2811.75 II 3400 2813.94 II 550 2816.18 II 2000 2820.78 II 400 cw 2828.72 II260 2859.67 II280 2862.57 II200 2892.54 I140 2893.03 I360 2893.83 I 3200 2906.68 II 160 2908.99 I850 2925.04 II200 cw 2952.68 II260 2960.21 II 300 2991.33 II100 c 3023.93 III200 c 3026.79 III320 cw 3054.94 II120 3058.98 I 220 3077.36 II120 3097.45 II320 3106.18 I950 3111.43 I120 3130.73 II 50 c 3171.00 III50 c 3183.78 III 420 3210.57 I 1000 3212.81 I 420 3213.75 I150 3272.77 II210 3277.78 II150 3301.95 II140 3308.02 II140 3313.33 II950 3334.33 I110 3350.40 I140 3369.06 II190 3391.99 II 280 3396.58 II150 3425.02 II150 3441.00 II130 3461.38 II470 cw 3521.09 II150 3542.15 II180 3552.52 II150 3603.20 II 6400 3688.42 II 20000 cw 3724.94 II 350 3741.31 II260 3761.12 II 39000 cw 3819.67 II 140 3844.23 II190 3865.57 I150 3884.75 I 28000 cw 3907.10 II32000 cw 3930.48 II30000 cw 3971.96 II 180 4011.69 II150 4017.58 II120 4039.19 I120 4085.38 II 33000 cw 4129.70 II60000 cw 4205.05 II 150 4298.73 I240 4355.09 II 14000 cw 4435.56 II 3000 4522.57 II 11000 4594.03 I 9800 4627.22 I8300 4661.88 I 110 4867.62 I150 4907.18 I180 4911.40 I180 5013.17 I170 5022.91 I110 5029.54 I170 5114.37 I170 5129.10 I210 5133.52 I270 5160.07 I 210 5166.70 I200 5199.85 I110 5200.96 I120 5206.44 I Erbium—Europium 10-22Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 750 5215.10 I 300 5223.49 I120 5239.24 I200 5266.40 I390 5271.96 I110 5272.48 I150 5282.82 I120 5291.26 I120 5294.64 I540 5357.61 I120 5361.61 I110 5376.94 I120 5392.94 I450 5402.77 I380 5451.51 I260 5452.94 I120 5488.65 I120 5510.52 I200 5547.44 I150 5570.33 I 200 5577.14 I120 5580.03 I210 5645.80 I330 5765.20 I180 5783.69 I170 5818.74 II600 cw 5830.98 I330 5966.07 II480 cw 5967.10 I170 5972.75 I240 5992.83 I110 6012.56 I420 6018.15 I170 6029.00 I420 6049.51 II140 6057.36 I240 6083.84 I240 6099.35 I120 6118.78 I330 6173.05 II110 6178.76 I260 cw 6188.13 I140 6195.07 I240 6262.25 I170 6299.77 I230 6303.41 II120 cw 6350.04 I120 cw 6400.93 I 180 6410.04 I140 6411.32 I830 6437.64 II120 6457.96 I 1400 6645.11 II 50 6666.35 III 140 6802.72 I360 6864.54 I120 7040.20 I330 7077.10 II570 7194.81 II570 7217.55 II540 7301.17 II720 7370.22 II 300 7426.57 II160 7583.91 I 60 cw 7742.57 I70 7746.19 I35 7887.99 I 24 cw 8209.80 I21 cw 8642.67 I18 8870.30 I Fluorine F Z = 9 50 148.00 V50 163.56 V90 165.98 V 100 166.18 V 50 186.84 V60 190.57 V70 190.84 V50 196.39 IV60 196.45 IV70 200.09 IV80 201.16 IV90 208.25 IV90 240.08 IV 100 251.03 IV 140 419.65 IV150 420.05 IV160 420.73 IV100 429.51 III110 430.15 III150 430.76 IV 90 464.29 III 120 465.98 V130 490.57 IV160 491.00 IV 50 497.38 IV60 497.83 IV70 498.80 IV90 506.16 V 100 508.08 V120 508.39 III 60 514.08 V90 525.29 V 100 526.30 V120 567.69 III110 567.75 III140 570.64 IV140 571.30 IV150 571.39 IV160 572.66 IV 90 605.67 II 100 606.80 II 90 630.20 III 100 647.77 V110 647.87 V130 654.03 V120 656.12 III130 656.87 III110 657.23 V140 657.33 V140 658.33 III140 676.12 IV130 677.15 IV150 677.22 IV130 678.99 IV160 679.21 IV 60 757.04 V 150 806.96 I125 809.60 I500 951.87 I 1000 954.83 I750 955.55 I 500 958.52 I 20 972.40 I 350 973.90 I100 976.22 I 40 976.51 I 100 977.75 I 60 1082.31 V70 1088.39 V80 1219.03 III80 1266.87 III90 1267.71 III70 1297.54 III70 1359.92 III 110 1498.93 III120 1502.01 III110 1504.18 III140 1504.79 III130 1506.30 III110 1506.77 III 100 1553.02 III110 1557.59 III100 1563.73 III100 1565.54 III100 1623.40 III100 1650.76 III130 1670.39 III140 1677.40 III100 1716.99 III120 1770.09 III150 1770.67 III110 1772.93 III140 1773.36 III160 1791.65 III110 1803.03 III170 1805.90 III110 1839.30 III120 1839.97 III110 1840.14 III100 2027.44 III120 2030.32 III120 2217.17 III 50 2298.29 IV40 2451.58 IV 120 2452.07 III 50 2456.92 IV 130 2464.85 III130 2470.29 III 120 2478.73 III150 2484.37 III120 2542.77 III120 2580.04 III130 2583.81 III120 2593.23 III130 2595.53 III140 2599.28 III130 2625.01 III140 2629.70 III120 2656.44 III130 2755.55 III160 2759.63 III120 2788.15 III 160 2811.45 III 40 2820.74 IV50 2826.13 IV 140 2833.99 III150 2835.63 III 150 2860.33 III120 2862.86 III140 2887.58 III150 2889.45 III120 2905.30 III140 2913.29 III160 2916.34 III140 2932.49 III140 2994.28 III120 h 2997.21 III130 2997.53 III120 2999.47 III130 3039.25 III120 3039.75 III160 3042.80 III150 3049.14 III140 3113.62 III160 3115.70 III180 3121.54 III 140 3124.79 III140 3134.23 III140 3146.99 III180 3174.17 III170 3174.76 III120 3214.00 III200 3501.45 II200 3501.57 II200 3502.96 II 6 3594.10 I 12 3668.17 I 270 3847.09 II260 3849.99 II250 3851.67 II 5 3898.48 I8 3930.69 I5 3934.26 I5 3948.56 I 240 4024.73 II220 4025.01 II230 4025.49 II200 4103.51 II200 4246.23 II200 4299.17 II140 h 4420.30 III120 h 4427.35 III120 h 4432.32 III140 h 4479.99 III 6 4960.65 I 150 5012.54 III160 5110.99 III 15 5230.41 I12 5279.01 I18 5540.52 I12 5552.43 I10 5577.33 I20 5624.06 I12 5626.93 I15 5659.15 I40 5667.53 I90 5671.67 I18 5689.14 I 25 5700.82 I25 5707.31 I 140 5753.17 III120 5761.20 III Europium—Fluorine TeamLRN10-23Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 12 5950.15 I 25 5959.19 I70 5965.28 I50 5994.43 I 150 6015.83 I 80 6038.04 I 900 6047.54 I100 6080.11 I150 6091.82 III140 6125.50 III800 6149.76 I400 6210.87 I130 6233.57 III 13000 6239.65 I10000 6348.51 I 140 6363.05 III 8000 6413.65 I 450 6569.69 I300 6580.39 I400 6650.41 I 1800 6690.48 I 400 6708.28 I 7000 6773.98 I1500 6795.53 I9000 6834.26 I 50000 6856.03 I 8000 6870.22 I 15000 6902.48 I 6000 6909.82 I4000 6966.35 I 45000 7037.47 I30000 7127.89 I15000 7202.36 I 1000 7309.03 I 15000 7311.02 I 700 7314.30 I 5000 7331.96 I 120 7336.77 III130 7354.94 III 10000 7398.69 I 4000 7425.65 I2200 7482.72 I2500 7489.16 I 900 7514.92 I 5000 7552.24 I5000 7573.38 I7000 7607.17 I 18000 7754.70 I 15000 7800.21 I 300 7879.18 I500 7898.59 I350 7936.31 I300 7956.32 I 80 8016.01 II 1000 8040.93 I 900 8075.52 I350 8077.52 I350 8126.56 I600 8129.26 I300 8159.51 I600 8179.34 I300 8191.24 I 350 8208.63 I 2500 8214.73 I3000 8230.77 I 500 8232.19 I1500 8274.62 I 2000 8298.58 I 600 8302.40 I900 8807.58 I 1000 8900.92 I 300 8912.78 I350 9025.49 I400 9042.10 I350 9178.68 I200 9433.67 I 25 9505.30 I12 9662.04 I25 9734.34 I15 9822.11 I12 9902.65 I80 h 10047.98 II15 10285.45 I20 10862.31 I Francium Fr Z = 87 7177. I Gadolinium Gd Z = 64 1200 1007.24 IV1200 1063.84 IV1600 1476.98 IV1500 1705.03 IV1600 1706.01 IV2000 1736.24 IV1500 1815.32 IV2200 1975.24 III3400 2018.07 III2800 2359.31 III1400 2397.87 IV2800 2697.39 III2800 2703.28 III2700 2727.89 III9000 2904.73 III9500 2955.53 III1200 2999.04 II2100 3010.13 II1900 3027.60 II2100 3032.84 II1600 3034.05 II2100 3081.99 II3500 3100.50 II 930 3145.00 II980 3156.53 II 980 3161.37 II 4000 3176.66 III1400 3331.38 II1100 3336.18 II5400 3350.47 II4300 3358.62 II5400 3362.23 II1100 3392.53 II1100 d 3407.56 II6900 3422.47 II1700 3439.21 II2700 3439.99 II1400 3450.38 II1100 3451.23 II 2700 3463.98 II1700 3467.27 II1700 3468.99 II1400 3473.22 II2200 3481.28 II 1700 3481.80 II1700 3494.40 II1400 3505.51 II1100 3512.50 II4300 3545.80 II3900 3549.36 II1400 3557.05 II5400 3584.96 II1100 3592.71 II1100 3604.87 I6100 3646.19 II3900 3654.62 II3100 3656.15 II1400 3662.26 II2700 3664.60 II2000 3671.20 II2000 3684.13 I3100 3687.74 II2000 3697.73 II 1300 3699.73 II2700 3712.70 II2000 3713.57 I1400 3716.36 II2000 3717.48 I1800 d 3719.45 II1500 3730.84 II4500 3743.47 II1400 3758.31 II8700 3768.39 II1400 3770.69 II2900 3783.05 I5100 3796.37 II3700 3813.97 II3300 3850.69 II5100 3850.97 II4300 3852.45 II1600 3866.99 I1500 3894.70 II2200 3916.51 II1200 3934.79 I1400 3945.54 I1200 3957.67 II1100 4023.14 I1100 4028.15 I1400 4037.33 II1600 4045.01 I1300 4049.43 II 2200 4049.86 II2600 4053.64 I2600 4058.22 I1900 4063.39 II1300 4078.44 II2800 4078.70 I1500 4085.56 II1100 4092.71 I2600 4098.61 II2200 4130.37 II1100 4132.28 II2400 4175.54 I2400 4184.25 II2200 4190.78 I 1300 4212.00 II4800 4225.85 I1700 4251.73 II1600 4262.09 I1100 4306.34 I 1800 4313.84 I2600 d 4325.57 II1900 4327.12 I1000 4344.30 II2200 4346.46 I1400 4401.86 I1400 4422.41 I1100 4430.63 I1100 4519.66 I 910 4537.81 I520 4614.50 I700 4694.33 I410 4743.65 I470 4767.24 I300 4784.62 I320 4821.69 I280 4934.12 I750 5015.04 I 75 5039.09 I 5000 5091.70 III 130 5098.38 II910 5103.45 I180 5108.91 II120 5125.56 II860 5155.84 I190 5176.28 II410 5197.77 I280 5219.40 I130 5233.93 I320 5251.18 I120 5252.14 II140 5255.80 I280 5283.08 I280 5301.67 I220 5302.76 I280 5307.30 I130 5321.50 I280 5321.78 I110 5327.32 I170 5333.30 I300 5343.00 I200 5348.67 I300 5350.38 I240 5353.26 I 3000 5365.96 III 150 5370.63 I 4000 5553.30 III 3000 5587.88 III 190 5617.91 I110 5632.25 I260 5643.24 I 3000 5658.98 III 390 5696.22 I120 5733.86 II240 5791.38 I220 5851.63 I280 5856.22 I110 5904.56 I170 5911.45 II 85 5930.29 I85 5936.84 I 65 5937.71 I 110 h 5988.02 I430 6114.07 I 75 6305.15 II Fluorine—Gadolinium 10-24Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 40 6331.35 I 40 6380.95 II40 h 6538.15 I55 6564.78 I50 6634.36 II35 6681.23 II85 6730.73 I50 6752.67 II26 6786.33 II 100 6828.25 I100 6916.57 I 50 6985.89 II75 6991.92 I60 6996.76 II45 7006.16 II35 7122.57 I 170 7168.37 I 28 7189.57 II28 7262.66 I35 7441.85 I 40 7464.36 I55 7562.97 I80 7733.50 I35 7846.35 II35 7856.93 I25 7930.25 II18 8146.15 I21 8668.63 I21 h 8832.06 II14 h 8849.14 I18 h 8867.31 I 5000 14332.88 III Gallium Ga Z = 31 14 294.53 IV61 295.67 IV30 298.44 V30 300.01 V30 302.86 V41 304.99 IV30 307.03 V30 308.26 V30 311.79 V30 313.68 V40 319.41 V40 322.31 V50 322.99 V30 323.10 V 40 324.25 V40 324.95 V40 326.14 V30 326.77 V30 328.65 V25 423.18 IV16 439.92 IV50 620.00 III40 622.01 III90 806.51 III90 817.30 III50 828.70 III20 878.17 V40 973.21 V 40 989.75 V90 1014.47 V90 1019.71 V 120 1050.48 V80 1054.56 V 90 1058.12 V80 1066.69 V60 1069.60 V80 1073.77 V90 1078.83 V 110 1079.60 V 60 1080.99 V80 1085.00 III 250 1085.01 V 80 1087.37 V90 1091.71 V 100 1094.36 V 80 1095.10 V 160 1102.83 V140 1103.03 V 60 1105.61 III75 1105.62 V70 1106.17 V80 1118.34 V 120 1126.40 V130 1128.10 V120 1128.53 V100 1129.94 V130 1136.07 V 67 1137.06 IV 130 1150.23 V 90 1150.27 III70 1156.10 IV 120 1156.51 V 35 1157.74 V70 1163.60 IV25 1169.40 V75 1170.58 IV48 1171.71 IV40 1178.95 V68 1185.23 IV40 1186.06 IV73 1190.89 IV73 1193.02 IV75 1195.02 IV69 1201.54 IV72 1206.89 IV80 1213.17 V63 1216.15 IV50 1228.03 IV60 1236.38 IV60 1238.59 IV 75 1245.53 IV83 1258.77 IV81 1264.66 IV82 1267.15 IV90 1267.16 III81 1279.24 IV15 1283.64 V80 1285.33 IV80 1293.46 III60 1295.36 III82 1295.86 IV83 1299.46 IV82 1303.53 IV80 1309.68 IV 80 1314.82 IV60 1323.15 III85 1338.09 IV77 1347.03 IV76 1351.06 IV 70 1353.92 III74 1364.63 IV60 1395.54 IV77 1402.55 IV70 1405.32 IV73 1465.87 IV90 1495.07 III50 1534.46 III10 1813.98 II15 1845.30 II20 2091.34 II90 2417.70 III90 2423.98 III15 2424.36 III10 2632.66 I10 2665.05 I20 2700.47 II15 2780.15 II50 3521.77 III 80 3581.19 III 100 3589.34 III 10 3731.10 III10 3806.60 III10 4032.99 I10 4172.04 I15 4251.16 II10 h 4254.04 II10 4255.77 II40 4262.00 II 100 4380.69 III150 4381.76 III100 4863.00 III150 4993.78 III 10 5808.28 III20 5848.25 III15 5993.51 III10 6334.2 II 2000 6396.56 I1000 6413.44 I 10 h 7251.4 I20 h 7403.0 I30 h 7464.0 I10 h 7620.5 I50 h 7734.77 I 100 h 7800.01 I 15 h 8002.55 I20 h 8074.25 I 100 h 8311.86 I200 h 8386.49 I200 h 9492.92 I200 h 9493.12 I300 h 9589.36 I100 h 10905.95 I400 11949.12 I200 12109.78 I 60 14996.64 I60 22016.81 I70 22568.71 I Germanium Ge Z = 32 700 294.51 V 1000 295.64 V 200 304.98 V 20 621.52 V50 724.21 V60 746.88 V 60 760.05 V10 862.234 II15 875.493 II15 905.977 II20 920.554 II 300 971.35 V300 990.66 V 50 999.101 II 300 1004.38 V100 1016.638 II900 1045.71 V700 1072.66 V100 1075.072 II300 1085.51 II 40 1088.45 III 800 1089.49 V200 1098.71 II500 1106.74 II 1000 1116.94 V 500 1120.46 II700 1163.39 V200 1164.27 II500 1181.19 II500 1181.65 II200 1188.73 II 20 1188.99 IV 300 1191.26 II700 1222.30 V 20 1229.81 IV 500 1237.059 II500 1261.905 II100 1264.710 II200 1401.24 II200 1538.091 II500 1576.855 II 75 1581.070 II 100 1602.486 II 3 r 1615.57 I2 r 1624.130 I2 r 1630.173 I3 r 1636.31 I4 r 1639.730 I2 1647.531 I 200 1649.194 II 2 1651.528 I4 r 1651.955 I3 1661.345 I 4 r 1663.539 I 10 h 1665.275 I 4 1667.802 I3 r 1670.608 I 100 r 1691.090 I200 r 1716.784 I100 h 1739.102 I100 1742.195 I 50 1746.065 I 200 1750.043 I100 1758.279 I100 h 1764.185 I100 h 1765.284 I 50 h 1766.433 I 200 1774.176 I200 1785.046 I100 h 1793.071 I 75 h 1801.432 I Gadolinium—Germanium TeamLRN10-25Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 200 h 1841.328 I 200 h 1842.410 I100 h 1844.410 I100 h 1845.872 I100 h 1846.958 I200 1853.134 I500 r 1860.086 I100 1865.052 I300 r 1874.256 I100 1895.197 I500 r 1904.702 I 50 h 1908.434 I30 1912.409 I 300 r 1917.592 I100 h 1923.467 I500 r 1929.826 I 10 h 1934.048 I 100 r 1937.483 I500 1938.008 II100 r 1938.300 I 500 1938.891 II 30 s 1944.116 I 200 1944.731 I200 1955.115 I500 1962.013 I 30 h 1963.373 I30 1965.383 I 200 1970.880 I200 1979.274 II300 h 1987.849 I300 1988.267 I500 r 1998.887 I200 2011.29 I 1700 2019.068 I2400 r 2041.712 I1600 r 2043.770 I 420 2054.461 I220 h 2057.238 I750 r 2065.215 I 2600 r 2068.656 I 420 2086.021 I 2000 r 2094.258 I 25 2104.45 III 240 2105.824 I 95 h 2124.744 I50 h 2186.451 I 340 r 2198.714 I 15 2220.375 I 18 2256.001 I18 2314.201 I24 2327.918 I15 2359.233 I20 2379.144 I10 2389.472 I15 2397.885 I 130 2417.367 I 30 2436.412 I30 2488.25 IV90 2497.962 I 500 2500.54 II 70 2533.230 I20 2542.44 IV 3 2556.298 I 28 2589.188 I 500 2592.534 I 8 2644.184 I1200 2651.172 I 500 2651.568 I500 2691.341 I850 2709.624 I400 2729.78 II 40 2740.426 I 650 2754.588 I 70 2793.925 I80 2829.008 I 1000 2831.843 II1000 2845.527 II 750 3039.067 I600 3067.021 I 20 3124.816 I35 3211.86 III40 3255.05 III 110 3269.489 I 40 3434.03 III 300 3499.21 II 60 3554.19 IV 50 3676.65 IV 200 4178.96 III 70 4226.562 I 200 4260.85 III150 4291.71 III 10 4685.829 I 1000 4741.806 II1000 4814.608 II 50 4824.097 II 100 5131.752 II200 5178.648 II 3 5194.583 I6 5265.892 I6 5513.263 I8 5564.741 I8 5607.010 I6 5616.135 I7 5621.426 I6 5664.226 I5 5664.842 I9 5691.954 I6 5701.776 I5 5717.877 I6 5801.029 I9 5802.093 I 1000 5893.389 II 500 6021.041 II 75 6283.452 II 100 6336.377 II100 6484.181 II 6 6557.488 I 50 7049.369 II30 7145.390 II 5 7353.334 I7 7384.208 I 10 7833.575 I10 8031.039 I 6 8044.165 I 10 8256.013 I10 8482.21 I 9 8700.60 I5 9068.785 I 5 9095.957 I6 9398.868 I 20 9474.993 II20 9475.645 II4 9492.559 I 7 9625.664 I5 10039.436 I4 10200.952 I 10 10382.427 I10 10404.913 I 8 10734.068 I8 10947.416 I 10 11125.130 I 230 11252.83 I600 11714.76 I 1300 12069.20 I1050 12391.58 I 235 13107.61 I470 14822.38 I150 16759.79 I135 17214.34 I 70 18811.86 I62 19279.24 I28 20673.64 I Gold Au Z = 79 100 843.44 III100 845.14 III200 945.10 III100 1040.63 III 80 1044.49 III80 1046.81 III 100 h 1239.96 III100 1278.51 III100 1314.84 III100 h 1328.37 I200 1336.72 III180 1341.68 III100 1348.89 III150 1350.32 III150 1355.61 III150 1356.13 III 50 1363.98 I 500 1365.40 III200 1367.17 III 60 1368.62 I70 1374.82 I50 1375.76 I 180 1377.73 III150 1378.69 III150 1379.98 III125 1380.53 III 200 1381.36 III 80 1382.75 I50 1385.33 I 300 1385.79 III100 1389.41 III180 1391.46 III 60 1392.27 I 180 1396.00 III 50 1402.12 I 100 1402.91 III 70 1407.38 I 100 1408.45 I225 1409.50 III250 1413.80 III 100 1414.27 III100 1417.09 III125 1417.39 III150 1427.42 III300 1428.93 III 80 1429.19 I 250 1430.06 III275 1433.37 III 50 1435.79 I 250 1435.81 III300 1439.12 III200 1441.21 III150 1446.37 III250 1448.42 III250 1454.95 III100 1464.72 III150 1471.28 III100 1474.73 III150 1481.10 III100 1481.76 I300 1487.15 III250 1487.91 III200 1489.47 III250 1500.37 III 200 1502.47 III200 1503.74 III100 1542.00 III100 1548.50 III200 1567.54 III200 1574.85 III200 1579.44 III150 1584.10 III200 1587.16 I200 1589.56 III150 1593.41 III 70 1598.24 I 200 1600.51 III250 1617.16 III100 1617.78 III500 1621.93 III100 1624.34 I300 d 1629.13 III250 1638.88 III 50 1639.90 I 100 1644.17 III150 1646.67 I250 1652.74 III250 1664.77 III100 1665.76 I100 1668.11 III125 1673.93 III 1000 1693.94 III 150 1697.09 III200 1698.98 III200 1699.34 I200 1700.00 III200 1702.25 III100 1707.53 III250 1710.16 III200 1715.69 III100 1716.71 III300 1717.83 III500 1727.31 III100 d 1733.17 III300 1738.48 III150 1744.39 III 500 1746.10 III500 1756.92 III500 1761.95 III300 1767.42 III Germanium—Gold 10-26Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 100 1774.42 III 800 1775.17 III200 1776.40 III100 1780.57 III 60 1783.22 II 300 1786.11 III150 1792.65 III500 1793.76 III200 1801.98 III400 1805.24 III100 1809.81 III400 1821.17 III400 1844.89 III150 1848.83 III500 1861.80 III150 1871.92 III100 1879.83 I150 1918.28 III100 1932.04 III100 1935.42 III 200 1948.79 III100 1958.47 III400 1989.63 III150 1996.85 III 11000 2012.00 I 2600 2021.38 I 150 2082.09 II300 2083.09 III 60 2110.68 II 100 2159.08 III 80 2167.33 III 200 2172.20 III100 2184.11 III500 2188.97 III 70 2248.56 II80 2263.62 II 300 2322.27 III180 2352.65 I100 2382.40 III120 2387.75 I150 2402.71 III150 2405.12 III 2600 2427.95 I 60 2533.52 II 250 2641.48 I 3400 2675.95 I1100 2748.25 I 100 2780.82 I 1000 2802.04 II 300 2819.79 II100 2822.55 II100 h 2825.44 II300 2837.85 II100 2846.92 II100 2856.74 II300 2883.45 I300 2891.96 I100 2893.25 II100 2907.04 II300 2913.52 II300 2918.24 II100 2954.22 II 100 h 2990.27 II300 2994.80 II320 3029.20 I300 3065.42 I100 3122.50 II 1600 3122.78 I 100 3194.72 I100 3227.99 III300 3230.63 I300 3308.30 I300 3309.64 I100 3309.86 III100 3320.12 I100 3355.15 I100 h 3391.31 I100 3395.40 I100 3467.21 I300 3557.36 I300 3586.73 I100 3611.57 I100 h 3631.31 I300 3637.90 I100 h 3645.02 I100 3650.74 I 100 3709.62 I100 3796.01 I100 3874.73 I100 h 3892.26 I400 3897.86 I300 3909.38 I100 3927.69 I400 4040.93 I700 4065.07 I100 4084.10 I100 4241.80 I200 4315.11 I120 h 4437.27 I250 4488.25 I900 h 4607.51 I100 h 4620.56 I500 4792.58 I100 4811.60 I100 5147.44 I300 5230.26 I100 h 5261.76 I100 5655.77 I100 h 5721.36 I300 5837.37 I100 h 5862.93 I300 h 5956.96 I600 6278.17 I100 6562.68 I 600 7510.73 I 10 8145.06 I10 9254.28 I Hafnium Hf Z = 72 220 545.41 V180 600.00 V200 618.27 IV200 644.54 IV400 647.39 IV600 665.65 IV200 673.49 IV270 867.25 V180 875.88 V 180 885.58 V180 896.14 V180 901.54 V180 919.10 V270 921.67 V 245 951.62 V180 960.12 V180 964.74 V160 971.51 V160 1092.76 V160 1201.76 V270 1232.03 V200 1233.59 V160 1237.42 V160 1239.53 V160 1244.46 V440 1396.66 V270 1400.09 V160 1401.70 V370 1407.17 V370 1408.38 V270 1412.28 V270 1413.51 V160 1421.96 V 220 1422.53 V370 1433.43 V370 1437.27 V500 1437.73 V370 1445.40 V270 1457.91 V100 1717.21 IV270 1719.32 V550 1729.08 V750 1731.83 V750 1733.96 V440 1741.74 V 1000 1749.11 V1000 1750.19 V 500 1760.89 V370 1765.62 V270 1774.02 V 6200 2012.78 II8500 2028.18 II 300 2070.94 III 1200 2096.18 II 200 h 2099.30 III200 h 2110.31 III200 2155.66 III200 2183.50 III200 2195.44 III540 2210.82 II200 2234.59 III 320 2254.01 II160 2255.15 II250 2266.83 II620 2277.16 II200 h 2313.44 III230 2321.14 II580 2322.47 II300 2323.25 II300 2324.89 II200 2332.97 II300 2336.47 III200 2337.33 II230 2343.32 II320 2347.44 II 540 2351.22 II250 2380.30 II250 2383.540 III170 2393.18 II450 2393.36 II 670 2393.83 II540 2405.42 II370 2410.14 II320 2417.69 II390 2447.25 II450 2460.49 II400 2461.74 III430 2464.19 II210 2469.18 II 2000 2495.16 III 290 2496.99 II580 2512.69 II580 2513.03 II 1000 2515.16 III 890 2516.88 II340 2531.19 II200 2537.33 II320 2551.40 II400 h 2560.74 III 250 2563.61 II300 h 2567.46 III890 2571.67 II320 2573.90 II320 2576.82 II300 2578.14 II320 2582.54 II390 2606.37 II450 2607.03 II230 2613.60 II450 2622.74 II160 2637.00 I 1100 2638.71 II1100 2641.41 II 160 2642.75 I670 2647.29 II160 2657.84 II210 2661.88 II290 2683.35 II200 2687.22 III670 2705.61 I210 2712.42 II250 2718.59 I710 2738.76 II200 2743.64 I360 2751.81 II500 2753.60 III450 2761.63 I 160 2766.96 I170 2773.02 I980 2773.36 II180 2774.02 II390 2779.37 I230 2808.00 II230 2813.86 II170 2814.48 II230 2817.68 I200 2819.74 I 1200 2820.22 II 490 2822.68 II180 2833.28 I410 2845.83 I 270 2849.21 II270 2850.96 I180 2851.21 II180 2860.56 I Gold—Hafnium TeamLRN10-27Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 760 2861.01 II 760 2861.70 II 2100 2866.37 I 210 2887.14 I800 2889.62 I 1800 2898.26 I1200 2904.41 I 890 2904.75 I 2000 2916.48 I 580 2918.58 I320 2919.59 II180 2924.62 I490 2929.63 II450 2929.90 I710 2937.80 II 2000 2940.77 I 160 2944.71 I 1200 2950.68 I1100 2954.20 I 540 2958.02 I 1400 2964.88 I 620 2966.93 I710 2968.81 II890 2975.88 II 1100 2980.81 I 210 2982.72 I170 3000.10 II800 3005.56 I 1100 3012.90 II 540 3016.78 I 1100 3016.94 II 980 3018.31 I 1200 3020.53 I 410 3031.16 II710 3050.76 I 1100 3057.02 I 850 3067.41 I 2100 3072.88 I 170 3074.10 I250 3074.79 I430 3080.84 I200 3096.76 I340 3101.40 II710 3109.12 II710 3131.81 I850 3134.72 II170 3139.65 II220 3145.32 II 220 3148.41 I450 3156.63 I270 3159.82 I710 3162.61 II450 3168.39 I890 3172.94 I450 3176.86 II220 3181.01 I360 3193.53 II670 3194.19 II200 3196.93 I310 3206.11 I180 3210.98 I180 3217.30 II 180 3220.61 II360 3247.66 I220 3249.53 I890 3253.70 II270 3255.28 II 180 3273.66 II200 h 3279.67 III270 3279.98 II160 3291.05 I210 3306.12 I340 3310.27 I670 3312.86 I180 3317.99 II890 3332.73 I370 3352.06 II230 3358.91 I180 3360.06 I180 3378.93 I230 3384.70 II170 3386.21 I800 3389.83 II230 3392.81 I230 3394.59 II230 3397.26 I 230 3397.60 I 2300 3399.80 II 170 3400.21 I180 3402.51 I230 3410.17 II230 3417.34 I410 3419.18 I200 3428.37 II250 3438.24 II710 3472.40 I200 3478.99 II480 3479.28 II250 3495.75 II250 3497.16 I980 3497.49 I 1200 3505.23 II 980 3523.02 I980 3535.54 II760 3536.62 I180 3548.81 I540 3552.70 II 1300 3561.66 II 270 3567.36 I 1100 3569.04 II 210 3597.42 II540 3599.87 I800 3616.89 I320 3630.87 II 800 3644.36 II320 3649.10 I200 3651.84 I220 3665.35 II200 3672.27 I480 3675.74 I 2200 3682.24 I 280 3696.51 I240 3699.72 II340 3701.15 II 1000 3717.80 I 650 3719.28 II160 3729.10 I460 3733.79 I 160 3737.88 II400 3746.80 I170 3766.92 II200 3768.25 I1400 3777.64 I 1400 3785.46 I 650 3793.37 II850 d 3800.38 I320 3811.78 I 1300 3820.73 I 280 3830.02 I800 3849.18 I600 3858.31 I230 3860.91 I200 3872.55 II160 3877.10 II380 3880.82 II200 3882.52 I200 3889.23 I200 3889.33 I620 3899.94 I620 3918.09 II200 3923.90 II320 3931.38 I 410 3951.83 I160 3968.01 I200 3973.48 I180 4032.27 I230 4062.84 I180 4083.35 I540 4093.16 II 1100 4174.34 I 160 4206.58 II190 4209.70 I170 4228.08 I170 4232.44 II170 4260.98 I200 4263.39 I170 4272.85 II320 4294.79 I160 4330.27 I180 4336.66 II250 4356.33 I180 4370.97 II160 4417.91 I200 4438.04 I250 4565.94 I500 d 4598.80 I230 4620.86 I210 4655.19 I120 4699.01 I160 4782.74 I 310 4800.50 I130 4859.24 I120 4975.25 I 95 5018.20 I95 5047.45 I75 5170.18 I 230 5181.86 I110 5243.99 I120 5294.87 I110 5354.73 I110 5373.86 I 75 5452.92 I 230 5550.60 I230 5552.12 I 95 5613.27 I 160 5719.18 I 95 6098.67 I95 6185.13 I85 6789.27 I 160 6818.94 I160 7063.83 I570 7131.81 I650 7237.10 I410 7240.87 I360 7624.40 I110 7740.17 I310 7845.35 I130 7920.71 I250 7994.73 I130 8204.58 I150 8546.48 I160 8640.06 I 40 8711.24 I65 9004.73 I Helium He Z = 2 15 231.454 II20 232.584 II 30 234.347 II50 237.331 II 100 243.027 II300 256.317 II 1000 303.780 II 500 303.786 II 10 320.293 I 2 505.500 I3 505.684 I4 505.912 I5 506.200 I7 506.570 I 10 507.058 I15 507.718 I20 508.643 I25 509.998 I35 512.098 I50 515.616 I 100 522.213 I400 537.030 I 1000 584.334 I 50 591.412 I 5 958.70 II6 972.11 II8 992.36 II 15 1025.27 II30 1084.94 II35 1215.09 II 50 1215.17 II 120 1640.34 II180 1640.47 II 7 2385.40 II9 2511.20 II 50 2577.6 I 1 2723.19 I 12 2733.30 II 2 2763.80 I 10 2818.2 I 4 2829.08 I 10 2945.11 I40 3013.7 I20 3187.74 I 3 3202.96 II 15 3203.10 II 1 3354.55 I2 3447.59 I Hafnium—Helium 10-28Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 1 3587.27 I 3 3613.64 I2 3634.23 I3 3705.00 I1 3732.86 I 10 3819.607 I 1 3819.76 I 500 3888.65 I 20 3964.729 I 1 4009.27 I 50 4026.191 I 5 4026.36 I 12 4120.82 I 2 4120.99 I3 4143.76 I 10 4387.929 I 3 4437.55 I 200 4471.479 I 25 4471.68 I 6 4685.4 II 30 4685.7 II30 4713.146 I 4 4713.38 I 20 4921.931 I 100 5015.678 I 10 5047.74 I 5 5411.52 II 500 5875.62 I100 5875.97 I 8 6560.10 II 100 6678.15 I 3 6867.48 I 200 7065.19 I 30 7065.71 I50 7281.35 I 1 7816.15 I2 8361.69 I2 9063.27 I2 9210.34 I 10 9463.61 I 4 9516.60 I3 9526.17 I1 9529.27 I1 9603.42 I3 9702.60 I6 10027.73 I2 10031.16 I 15 10123.6 II 1 10138.50 I 10 10311.23 I 2 10311.54 I3 10667.65 I 300 10829.09 I 1000 10830.25 I2000 10830.34 I 9 10913.05 I3 10917.10 I4 11626.4 II 30 11969.12 I20 12527.52 I50 12784.99 I20 12790.57 I 7 12845.96 I 10 12968.45 I 2 12984.89 I 12 15083.64 I200 17002.47 I 1 18555.55 I6 18636.8 II 500 18685.34 I200 18697.23 I100 19089.38 I 20 19543.08 I 1000 20581.30 I 80 21120.07 I10 21121.43 I20 21132.03 I 3 30908.5 II4 40478.90 I Holmium Ho Z = 67 170 2502.91 II170 2533.80 I190 2605.86 II270 2750.35 II270 2769.89 II 300 2824.20 II270 c 2831.69 II270 2849.10 II360 2880.26 II460 2880.98 II570 c 2909.41 II410 c 2979.63 II410 2987.64 II480 c 3049.38 II410 c 3054.00 II500 c 3057.45 II500 c 3082.34 II910 3084.36 II430 c 3086.54 II760 3118.50 II580 c 3166.62 II810 3173.78 II810 c 3181.50 II980 c 3281.97 II630 c 3337.23 II980 c 3343.58 II 8100 c 3398.98 II 810 c 3410.26 II 1400 c 3414.90 II5400 3416.46 II1200 3421.63 II2000 c 3425.34 II2000 c 3428.13 II 3200 3453.14 II 16000 c 3456.00 II 1600 3461.97 II 810 c 3473.91 II 5400 c 3474.26 II6300 3484.84 II2500 c 3494.76 II 810 c 3498.88 II810 3510.73 I 4100 c 3515.59 II 410 c 3519.94 II630 3540.76 II 1600 3546.05 II1100 c 3556.78 II 410 3560.15 II410 c 3573.24 II630 c 3574.80 II810 3579.12 I410 3580.75 II 410 3581.83 II630 c 3592.23 II 1100 cw 3598.77 II 540 c 3600.95 II410 3618.43 I430 c 3626.69 II490 3627.25 II430 c 3631.76 II430 c 3638.30 II 1600 c 3662.29 I1400 3667.97 I 720 3679.19 I670 3679.70 I720 3682.65 I580 3690.65 I410 3700.04 I490 c 3702.35 II430 3712.88 I450 3720.72 I 1100 3731.40 I 810 3736.35 I 3200 cw 3748.17 II8900 c 3796.75 II8900 c 3810.73 II 410 c 3835.35 II 1300 cw 3837.51 II 410 c 3842.05 II 1100 3843.86 II 490 c 3846.73 II 1800 c 3854.07 II2700 c 3861.68 II3000 c 3888.96 II 13000 c 3891.02 II 1300 cw 3905.68 II 580 3955.73 I490 3959.68 I 2700 4040.81 I5400 c 4045.44 II8100 4053.93 I1700 4065.09 II 720 4068.05 I 8900 4103.84 I2900 4108.62 I1500 4120.20 I1300 4125.65 I4300 4127.16 I1500 4136.22 I 980 cw 4152.61 II 8100 4163.03 I2500 4173.23 I 540 4194.35 I 2000 4227.04 I1300 cw 4254.43 I 490 4264.05 I 1300 4350.73 I 300 4477.64 II290 4629.10 II 80 4701.69 II 130 4709.84 II130 c 4717.52 I290 4742.04 II 100 c 4757.01 I 65 4782.92 I 290 4939.01 I250 c 4967.21 II220 4979.97 I 90 4995.05 I 130 5042.37 I 80 5093.07 I 140 5127.81 I130 5142.59 II110 5143.22 II160 5149.59 II 90 c 5167.88 I 130 c 5182.11 I 90 5190.11 II65 5251.82 I90 5301.25 I80 5330.11 I90 5359.99 I 100 5407.08 I 70 5566.52 I65 5627.60 I 140 5659.58 I140 c 5691.47 I 140 c 5696.57 I140 c 5860.28 I 70 c 5882.99 I70 5921.76 I70 cw 5948.03 I70 5972.76 I90 5973.52 I 230 c 5982.90 I120 6081.79 I 70 6208.65 I70 c 6305.36 I70 6550.97 I 260 6604.94 I120 6628.99 I 55 cw 6694.32 I55 c 6785.43 I40 cw 6939.49 I45 cw 6950.39 I 140 7555.09 I 40 c 7628.42 I50 c 7693.15 I60 cw 7815.48 I60 7894.64 I50 8512.94 I40 8670.19 I90 8915.98 II Hydrogen H Z = 1 15 926.226 I20 930.748 I30 937.803 I50 949.743 I 100 972.537 I300 1025.722 I 1000 1215.668 I 500 1215.674 I 5 3835.384 I6 3889.049 I8 3970.072 I 15 4101.74 I30 4340.47 I80 4861.33 I 120 6562.72 I180 6562.852 I 5 9545.97 I7 10049.4 I Helium—Hydrogen TeamLRN10-29Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 12 10938.1 I 20 12818.1 I40 18751.0 I 5 21655.3 I8 26251.5 I 15 40511.6 I 4 46525.1 I6 74578. I Indium In Z = 49 17 378.61 V17 386.21 V14 388.91 V25 393.89 V25 400.57 V25 402.39 V 622 472.71 IV689 479.39 IV709 498.62 IV 10 882.24 III 10 890.84 III10 915.87 III85 954.67 IV87 973.50 IV86 991.60 IV89 1024.68 IV85 1024.79 IV88 1031.45 IV82 1031.98 IV80 1054.43 IV84 1063.03 IV83 1068.25 IV82 1069.82 IV86 1077.64 IV90 1082.10 IV83 1086.33 IV82 1096.81 IV84 1097.18 IV85 1116.10 IV80 1124.06 IV90 1131.46 IV85 1144.43 IV80 1145.41 IV89 1146.62 IV83 1154.11 IV84 1154.60 IV90 1157.71 IV90 1157.82 IV 85 1159.78 IV88 1176.50 IV85 1191.58 IV83 1204.87 IV90 1206.55 IV88 1221.50 IV85 1221.90 IV85 1233.58 IV87 1235.84 IV90 1373.20 IV88 1398.77 IV81 1412.09 IV 100 1625.42 III100 1748.83 III 30 1842.41 III40 1850.30 III30 2154.08 III50 2205.28 II40 2281.64 II 100 c 2306.05 II 90 d 2313.21 II70 d 2327.95 II80 h 2334.57 II 110 d 2382.63 II 70 h 2427.20 II 100 2447.90 II110 d 2488.62 II 90 2488.95 II80 2498.59 II 100 2499.60 II 90 d 2500.99 II 110 d 2512.31 II100 2521.37 I100 2527.41 III160 d 2554.44 II 1100 2560.15 I 200 2601.76 I 90 d 2654.70 II 100 d 2662.63 II140 d 2668.65 II140 d 2674.56 II 80 2683.12 II 1600 2710.26 I 300 2713.94 I 80 2726.15 III 130 d 2749.75 II700 2753.88 I 90 d 2818.97 II 180 c 2836.92 I 80 2865.68 II 120 d 2890.18 II 1100 2932.63 I 100 2941.05 II100 2982.80 III110 c 2999.40 II100 3008.08 III 8000 3039.36 I 110 d 3099.80 II180 c 3101.8 II130 c 3138.60 II 80 c 3142.75 II 130 d 3146.70 II150 3155.77 II100 c 3158.40 II 90 c 3176.30 II90 d 3198.11 II 13000 3256.09 I 3000 3258.56 I 90 c 3338.50 II 100 c 3404.28 II110 d 3438.40 II180 c 3693.91 II 95 c 3708.13 II 380 w 3716.14 II120 c 3718.30 II160 c 3718.72 II160 c 3723.40 II170 w 3795.21 II230 c 3799.21 II250 c 3834.65 II 200 c 3842.18 II100 3852.82 III100 3889.78 II100 c 3902.07 II250 w 3962.35 II 120 c 4004.66 II140 d 4013.92 II100 4023.77 III150 4032.32 III410 w 4056.94 II100 4071.57 III100 4072.93 III 17000 4101.76 I 140 c 4205.14 II100 d 4213.04 II110 d 4219.66 II100 4252.68 III150 d 4372.87 II150 c 4500.78 II 18000 4511.31 I 110 c 4549.01 II140 c 4570.85 II180 w 4578.02 II180 w 4578.40 II 140 c 4616.08 II170 c 4617.17 II250 c 4620.14 II150 w 4620.70 II170 c 4627.30 II140 c 4637.04 II380 c 4638.16 II220 c 4644.58 II360 c 4655.62 II320 w 4656.74 II190 c 4681.11 II450 w 4684.8 II 90 d 4907.06 II 150 c 4973.77 II 80 h 5109.36 II 100 w 5115.14 II140 c 5117.40 II270 c 5120.80 II200 w 5121.75 II 80 d 5129.85 II 240 c 5175.42 II140 c 5184.44 II200 5248.77 III150 c 5309.45 II 80 5411.41 II 140 c 5418.45 II220 w 5436.70 II130 c 5497.50 II 140 c 5507.08 II320 c 5513.00 II250 w 5523.28 II130 c 5536.50 II190 w 5555.45 II240 c 5576.90 II200 w 5636.70 II100 5645.15 III160 c 5708.50 II100 c 5721.80 II100 5819.50 III210 c 5853.15 II490 w 5903.4 II260 w 5915.4 II 120 c 5918.78 II130 c 6062.9 II250 c 6095.95 II210 c 6108.66 II180 w 6115.9 II 230 w 6128.7 II240 w 6129.4 II320 w 6132.1 II150 c 6140.0 II 90 6143.23 II 140 c 6148.10 II190 w 6149.5 II 80 6161.15 II 180 w 6162.45 II200 6197.72 III100 c 6224.28 II280 w 6228.3 II140 w 6231.1 II270 w 6304.8 II290 w 6362.3 II300 w 6469.0 II210 c 6541.20 II190 c 6751.88 II180 c 6765.9 II 100 c 6783.72 II320 w 6891.5 II380 w 7182.9 II180 c 7255.0 II210 c 7276.5 II180 c 7303.4 II320 c 7350.6 II100 c 7632.7 II100 c 7682.9 II210 c 7740.7 II100 c 7776.96 II180 c 7789.0 II 90 c 7840.9 II 240 c 8227.0 II100 w 8813.5 II 80 c 8832.6 II 120 c 9197.7 II120 c 9202.0 II220 w 9213.0 II160 d 9241.1 II100 9977.86 I200 10257.03 I100 h 10744.31 I 20 11334.72 I20 11731.48 I10 12912.59 I 9 13429.96 I7 14719.08 I 6 22291.06 I7 23879.13 I Iodine I Z = 53 30 363.78 V36 380.74 V45 565.53 V50 607.57 V 6 612.46 IV6 666.81 III8 705.11 III7 784.64 III7 784.80 III8 795.52 III 7 919.28 IV 10000 1034.66 II 8 1094.20 III 10000 1139.80 II Hydrogen—Iodine 10-30Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 10000 1160.56 II 20000 1166.48 II10000 1178.65 II15000 1187.34 II10000 1190.85 II 200 1218.41 I 20000 1220.89 II 600 1224.05 I600 1224.08 I500 1228.89 I 20000 1234.06 II 600 1251.34 I 8 1252.35 III 2500 1259.15 I3000 1259.51 I 800 1261.27 I600 1267.57 I600 1267.60 I 1500 1275.26 I3000 1289.40 I 10000 1300.34 I 3000 1302.98 I3000 1313.95 I3000 1317.54 I2000 1330.19 I 20000 1336.52 II 5000 1355.10 I3000 1357.97 I5000 1360.97 I3000 1361.11 I2500 1367.71 I2500 1368.22 I4000 1383.23 I3000 1390.75 I2000 1392.90 I2000 1400.01 I8000 1425.49 I5000 1446.26 I5000 1453.18 I5000 1457.39 I5000 1457.47 I 10000 1457.98 I 2500 1458.79 I4000 1459.15 I2500 1465.83 I1000 1485.92 I5000 1492.89 I5000 1507.04 I 5000 1514.68 I 15000 1518.05 I 2500 1526.45 I5000 1593.58 I5000 1617.60 I2500 1640.78 I 15000 1702.07 I12000 1782.76 I 5000 1799.09 I 75000 1830.38 I15000 1844.45 I 2000 2061.63 I 7 2361.13 IV6 2372.45 IV 7 2376.46 IV8 2387.11 IV9 2426.10 IV8 2475.35 IV8 2519.74 IV 8 2545.67 IV7 2545.71 III8 2652.23 IV 5000 3078.75 II 200 4102.23 I200 4129.21 I100 d 4134.15 I500 d 4321.84 I250 4763.31 I 1000 4862.32 I 200 4916.94 I 10000 5119.29 I 3000 c 5161.20 II1000 5234.57 I3000 c 5245.71 II 10000 5338.22 II 5000 c 5345.15 II 600 c 5427.06 I 3000 5435.83 II 2000 c 5464.62 II 10000 5625.69 II 2000 c 5690.91 II4000 c 5710.53 II1000 d 5764.33 I2000 5894.03 I5000 5950.25 II 300 5984.86 I 2000 d 6024.08 I2000 c 6074.98 II1000 6082.43 I2000 c 6127.49 II 800 6191.88 I500 6213.10 I800 6244.48 I 1000 6293.98 I 500 6313.13 I800 6330.37 I400 6333.50 I 2000 6337.85 I1000 6339.44 I 500 6359.16 I 1000 6566.49 I2000 6583.75 I1000 6585.27 I5000 6619.66 I 500 6661.11 I500 c 6697.29 I 400 6732.03 I 4000 6812.57 II 500 6989.78 I500 7120.05 I 1200 7122.05 I2000 7142.06 I1000 7164.79 I 400 d 7191.66 I700 7227.30 I 1000 7236.78 I 500 7237.84 I 5000 7402.06 I1000 7410.50 I 500 7416.48 I 5000 7468.99 I 500 c 7490.52 I 2000 7554.18 I 500 d 7556.65 I2000 c 7700.20 I 600 7897.98 I500 7969.48 I 1000 8003.63 I 99000 8043.74 I 300 d 8065.70 I 1000 8090.76 I 800 c 8169.38 I500 d 8222.57 I 4000 8240.05 I 10000 c 8393.30 I 1000 8486.11 I1500 c 8664.95 I 500 c 8700.80 I250 d 8748.22 I 1000 8853.24 I2000 8853.80 I3000 8857.50 I1000 d 8898.50 I 400 8964.69 I 400 8993.13 I 5000 9022.40 I 15000 9058.33 I 1000 9098.86 I 12000 9113.91 I 600 9128.03 I600 9227.74 I 1000 9335.05 I4000 9426.71 I3000 9427.15 I2000 9598.22 I2000 9649.61 I3000 d 9653.06 I5000 9731.73 I 500 10003.05 I750 10131.16 I 1000 10238.82 I 400 10375.20 I400 10391.74 I 5000 10466.54 I 400 11236.56 I350 11558.46 I320 11778.34 I450 11996.86 I300 12033.69 I150 12304.58 I 60 13149.16 I 140 13958.27 I 200 14287.02 I100 14460.00 I225 15032.57 I105 15528.65 I150 16037.33 I 15 18275.71 I20 18348.52 I15 18982.41 I35 19070.17 I 110 19105.12 I 50 19370.02 I10 20648.69 I 220 22183.03 I150 22226.53 I 30 22309.21 I32 24420.82 I12 27365.42 I 9 27573.05 I10 30361.93 I 8 30383.88 I 10 34295.73 I 9 34513.11 I3 40228.54 I2 41633.80 I Iridium Ir Z = 77 9900 2010.65 I8700 2022.35 I 15000 2033.57 I 6200 2052.22 I5000 2060.64 I3700 2083.22 I3100 2085.74 I 17000 2088.82 I14000 2092.63 I 2700 2112.68 I1800 2119.54 I2000 2125.44 I 4500 2126.81 II2000 2127.52 I4500 2127.94 I3700 2148.22 I2500 2150.54 I3500 2152.68 II2900 2155.81 I7900 2158.05 I2100 2162.88 I5800 2169.42 II4500 2175.24 I2700 2178.17 I1600 2187.43 II1100 2190.38 II 740 2191.64 I910 2208.09 II 1300 2220.37 I 790 2221.07 II 2500 2242.68 II 620 2245.76 II 2100 2253.38 I2100 2255.10 I1400 2255.81 I 350 2258.51 I 1400 2258.86 I 830 2264.61 I 1100 2266.33 I1000 2268.90 I 660 2280.00 I950 2281.02 II660 2281.91 I330 2284.60 I330 2295.08 I790 2298.05 I460 2299.53 I910 2300.50 I 2700 2304.22 I 410 2305.47 I210 2307.27 I910 2308.93 I460 2315.38 I410 2321.45 I 410 2321.58 I210 2327.98 I540 2333.30 I740 2333.84 I Iodine—Iridium TeamLRN10-31Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 580 2334.50 I 1600 2343.18 I 740 2343.61 I580 2355.00 I230 2357.53 II410 2358.16 I500 2360.73 I 2500 2363.04 I 370 2368.04 II 3500 2372.77 I 290 2375.09 II250 2377.28 I250 2377.98 I500 2379.38 I540 2381.62 I210 2383.17 I 1300 2386.89 I2500 2390.62 I2700 2391.18 I 230 2407.59 I 290 2409.37 I290 2410.17 I290 2410.73 I540 2413.31 I370 2415.86 I620 2418.11 I210 2424.89 I370 2424.99 I290 2425.66 I540 2427.61 I540 2431.24 I 1300 2431.94 I 270 2435.14 I250 2445.34 I250 2447.76 I910 2452.81 I 1300 2455.61 I 230 2455.87 I210 2457.03 I210 2457.23 I870 2467.30 I 3300 2475.12 I 210 2478.11 I 2100 2481.18 I 620 2493.08 I210 2496.27 I250 2502.63 I 4100 2502.98 I 210 2513.71 I990 2533.13 I 1100 2534.46 I 580 2537.22 I580 2542.02 I 7900 2543.97 I 790 2546.03 I210 2551.40 I210 2555.35 I910 2564.18 I210 2569.88 I230 2572.70 I740 2577.26 I740 2592.06 I 740 2599.04 I700 2608.25 I 1800 2611.30 I 210 2614.98 I330 2617.78 I 210 2619.88 I250 2625.32 I700 2634.17 I250 2639.42 I 3500 2639.71 I 210 2644.19 I 1800 2661.98 I 350 2662.63 I 2700 2664.79 I 520 2669.91 I520 2671.84 I330 2673.61 I270 2692.34 I 3000 2694.23 I 330 2772.46 I250 2775.55 I520 2781.29 I330 2785.22 I540 2797.35 I 1600 2797.70 I 380 2798.18 I410 2800.82 I680 2823.18 I 1200 2824.45 I 820 2836.40 I 1100 2839.16 I 820 2840.22 I 3800 2849.72 I 380 2875.60 I380 2875.98 I270 2877.68 I820 2882.64 I650 2897.15 I260 2901.95 I260 2904.80 I200 2907.24 I440 2916.36 I230 2918.57 I 4400 2924.79 I1200 2934.64 I 880 2936.68 I250 2938.47 I 2700 2943.15 I 230 2946.97 I200 2949.76 I 1200 2951.22 I 200 2974.95 I 440 2980.65 I300 2996.08 I220 3002.25 I600 3003.63 I270 3017.31 I380 3029.36 I330 3039.26 I300 3047.16 I300 3049.44 I300 3057.28 I 1600 3068.89 I 320 3083.22 I240 3086.44 I390 3088.04 I 510 3100.29 I510 3100.45 I340 3120.76 I200 3121.78 I3400 3133.32 I 490 3168.88 I370 3177.58 I370 3198.92 I610 3212.12 I370 3219.51 I 5100 3220.78 I 300 3229.28 I470 3241.52 I200 3262.01 I390 3266.44 I200 3322.60 I560 3368.48 I660 3437.02 I410 3448.97 I 3200 3513.64 I 220 3515.95 I410 3522.03 I320 3558.99 I 1200 3573.72 I 320 3594.39 I220 3609.77 I660 3628.67 I220 3636.20 I300 3661.71 I300 3664.62 I320 3674.98 I200 3687.08 I200 3731.36 II530 3747.20 I 3100 3800.12 I 230 3817.24 I480 3902.51 I480 3915.38 I400 3934.84 I590 3976.31 I460 3992.12 I350 4033.76 I370 4069.92 I150 4070.68 I100 4092.61 I140 4115.78 I 90 4172.56 I 260 4268.10 I220 4311.50 I160 4399.47 I 65 4403.78 I 110 4426.27 I 55 4478.48 I55 4545.68 I30 4548.48 I35 4568.09 I75 4616.39 I26 4656.18 I50 4728.86 I26 4756.46 I65 4778.16 I30 4795.67 I50 4938.09 I26 4970.48 I25 4999.74 I25 5002.74 I 30 5014.98 I30 5123.66 I35 5364.32 I75 5449.50 I45 5625.55 I 35 5894.06 I20 6110.67 I12 6288.28 I10 6686.08 I 6 7834.32 I Iron Fe Z = 26 350 386.16 V350 386.88 V400 387.20 V400 387.50 V400 387.76 V400 387.78 V400 395.90 V400 404.62 V400 405.50 V800 407.42 V600 407.44 V400 407.49 V 500 407.75 V400 409.71 V400 410.20 V600 411.55 V700 417.39 V700 418.04 V500 418.47 V700 421.06 V500 421.78 V500 422.31 V500 426.06 V500 426.11 V350 426.97 V 17 525.69 IV15 526.29 IV13 526.63 IV14 536.61 IV15 537.10 IV13 537.26 IV14 537.79 IV13 537.94 IV13 552.14 IV14 607.53 IV13 608.80 IV10 813.38 III10 844.28 III10 p 861.83 III10 891.17 III 10 950.33 III10 981.37 III10 w 983.88 III12 1055.27 II15 1068.36 II15 1071.60 II15 1096.89 II12 1099.12 II18 1112.09 II12 1121.99 II12 1122.86 II12 1128.07 II12 1130.43 II15 1133.41 II 12 1133.68 II12 1138.64 II12 1142.33 II12 1143.23 II Iridium—Iron 10-32Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 18 1144.95 II 12 1147.41 II15 1148.29 II12 1151.16 II12 1267.44 II12 1272.00 II 400 1317.86 V400 1323.27 V400 1330.40 V400 1359.01 V600 1361.82 V700 1373.59 V600 1373.67 V500 1376.34 V500 1378.56 V800 1387.94 V400 1397.97 V600 1400.24 V800 1402.39 V400 1406.67 V 500 1406.82 V400 1407.25 V600 1409.45 V400 1415.20 V600 1420.46 V800 1430.57 V 13 1431.43 IV 800 1440.53 V400 1442.22 V800 1446.62 V700 1448.85 V400 1449.93 V700 1456.16 V500 1459.83 V400 1460.73 V500 1462.63 V700 1464.68 V500 1465.38 V400 1466.65 V500 1469.00 V500 1479.47 V 10 h 1505.17 III13 1526.60 IV13 1530.26 IV14 1532.63 IV13 1532.91 IV15 1533.86 IV13 1533.95 IV 14 1536.58 IV10 h 1538.63 III13 1542.16 IV14 1542.70 IV12 h 1550.20 III13 1566.26 IV14 1568.27 IV13 1591.51 IV13 1592.05 IV13 1598.01 IV13 1600.58 IV10 h 1601.21 III13 1601.67 IV13 1603.18 IV 13 1603.73 IV13 1604.88 IV13 1605.68 IV15 1605.97 IV13 1606.98 IV 17 1609.10 IV14 1609.83 IV13 1610.47 IV13 1611.20 IV13 1613.64 IV15 1614.02 IV13 1614.64 IV13 1615.00 IV16 1616.68 IV14 1617.68 IV12 1618.47 II14 1619.02 IV13 1621.16 IV14 1621.57 IV13 1623.38 IV13 1623.53 IV15 1626.47 IV14 1626.90 IV13 1628.54 IV 13 1630.18 IV17 1631.08 IV15 1631.12 II14 1632.40 IV13 1634.01 IV18 1635.40 II15 1636.32 II15 1639.40 II14 1639.40 IV16 1640.04 IV14 1640.16 IV12 1641.76 II15 1641.87 IV15 1647.09 IV12 1647.16 II15 1651.58 IV15 1652.90 IV13 1653.41 IV13 1656.11 IV15 1656.65 IV14 1660.10 IV13 1662.32 IV13 1662.52 IV13 1663.54 IV13 1668.09 IV12 1670.74 II14 1671.04 IV13 1673.68 IV 14 1675.66 IV13 1681.36 IV15 1687.69 IV15 1698.88 IV12 1702.04 II13 1709.81 IV15 1711.41 IV14 1712.76 IV14 1717.90 IV14 1718.16 IV14 1719.46 IV14 1722.71 IV14 1724.06 IV16 1725.63 IV 13 1761.08 IV12 1761.38 II20 1785.26 II20 1786.74 II18 1788.07 II 13 1792.10 IV13 1796.93 IV13 1827.98 IV10 1869.83 III12 1877.99 III10 1882.05 III12 1886.76 III13 1890.67 III11 1893.98 III20 1895.46 III10 s 1907.58 III19 1914.06 III15 1915.08 III15 1922.79 III10 p 1926.01 III18 1926.30 III15 1930.39 III14 1931.51 III30 1934.538 I 25 1937.269 I14 1937.34 III10 l 1938.90 III14 s 1943.48 III12 1945.34 III50 1946.988 I10 1950.33 III12 1951.01 III25 1951.571 I30 1952.59 I11 1952.65 III30 1953.005 I13 1953.32 III10 1953.49 III10 w 1954.22 III60 1957.823 I11 1958.58 III60 1960.144 I13 1960.32 III30 1961.25 I50 1962.111 I12 1963.11 II15 1987.50 III14 1991.61 III13 1994.07 III12 1995.56 III12 1996.42 III10 2061.55 III 12 2068.24 III14 2078.99 III 100 2084.122 I 10 2084.35 III12 2090.14 III15 2097.48 III12 2097.69 III12 2103.80 III10 2107.32 III15 2151.78 III12 2157.71 III50 2157.794 I12 2158.47 III10 2161.27 III 40 2166.773 I12 2166.95 III12 2171.04 III15 2174.66 III300 2178.118 I 12 2180.41 III 250 2186.486 I 60 2186.892 I 120 2187.195 I250 2191.839 I150 2196.043 I 80 2200.390 I80 2200.724 I15 2208.41 II10 p 2208.85 III20 2213.65 II12 2218.26 II20 2220.38 II10 2221.83 III10 2229.27 III10 2232.43 III10 2232.69 III10 2235.91 III10 2238.16 III 12 p 2241.54 III50 2250.790 I60 2251.874 I 300 2259.511 I 12 2261.59 III60 2264.389 I80 2267.085 I10 2267.42 III80 2267.469 I50 2270.862 I 150 2272.070 I150 2276.026 I 80 2279.937 I 150 2284.086 I150 2287.250 I300 2292.524 I 10 2293.06 III15 2295.86 III 200 2297.787 I600 2298.169 I 80 2299.220 I 300 2300.142 I 50 2301.684 I 100 2303.424 I150 2303.581 I120 2308.999 I150 2313.104 I 10 p 2317.70 III 10 2319.22 III 200 2320.358 I 10 p 2321.71 III10 2326.95 III 100 2327.40 II100 2331.31 II300 2332.80 II 10 p 2336.77 III 200 2338.01 II 10 2338.96 III 600 2343.49 II 80 2343.96 II 150 2344.28 II200 2348.11 II 250 2348.30 II200 2359.12 II150 2360.00 II120 2360.29 II Iron TeamLRN10-33Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 200 2364.83 II 80 2365.76 II80 2368.59 II80 2369.456 I80 2369.95 II 120 2371.430 I300 2373.624 I150 2373.74 II120 2374.518 I120 2376.43 II 80 2379.27 II 120 2380.76 II150 2381.835 I 1000 2382.04 II 300 2388.63 II200 2389.973 I 1000 2395.62 II 300 2399.24 II800 2404.88 II250 2406.66 II 80 2406.97 II 300 2410.52 II200 2411.07 II150 2413.31 II 80 2417.87 II60 2420.396 I60 2423.089 I 150 2424.14 II120 2428.36 II120 2430.08 II 80 2432.26 II60 2438.182 I 150 2439.30 II150 2439.74 I100 2442.57 I250 2443.872 I100 2444.51 II 50 2445.212 I 100 2445.57 II 60 2447.709 I 100 2453.476 I 1500 2457.598 I 150 2458.78 II 80 2461.28 II 100 2461.86 II100 2462.181 I 1500 2462.647 I 50 2463.730 I 800 2465.149 I 60 2467.732 I 600 2468.879 I 80 2470.67 II80 2470.965 I 800 2472.336 I 1000 2472.895 I 200 2473.16 I600 2474.814 I 60 2476.657 I 120 2479.480 I 1200 2479.776 I 100 2480.16 II 80 2482.12 II 100 2482.66 II 10000 2483.271 I 300 2483.533 I 1000 2484.185 I50 2485.990 I 800 2486.373 I100 2486.691 I100 2487.066 I120 2487.370 I 4000 2488.143 I 100 2488.945 I 80 2489.48 II 1000 2489.750 I 50 2489.913 I 3000 2490.644 I 100 2490.71 II 2000 2491.155 I 100 2491.40 II100 2493.18 II500 2493.26 II 60 2494.000 I50 2494.251 I 100 2495.87 I600 2496.533 I 150 2498.90 I 1000 2501.132 I 50 2501.693 I80 2506.09 II 500 2507.900 I 50 2508.753 I 1000 2510.835 I 120 2511.76 II 80 2512.275 I 400 2512.365 I 80 2516.570 I 300 2517.661 I800 2518.102 I150 2519.629 I 50 2522.480 I 4000 2522.849 I 200 2523.66 I500 2524.293 I100 2525.02 I200 2525.39 II300 2526.29 II 2000 2527.435 I 800 2529.135 I250 2529.55 II150 2529.836 I200 2530.687 I120 2533.63 II100 2534.42 II 120 2535.49 II400 2535.607 I200 2536.792 I200 2536.80 II100 2538.80 II100 2538.91 II150 2538.99 II 50 2539.357 I 200 2540.66 II600 2540.972 I 80 2541.10 II 300 2542.10 I250 2543.92 I150 2544.70 I 800 2545.978 I 80 2546.67 II 100 2548.74 II 80 2549.08 II80 2549.39 II 600 2549.613 I400 2562.53 II200 2563.48 II150 2574.36 II300 2576.691 I100 2582.58 II 1500 2584.54 I 650 2585.88 II 90 2591.54 II90 2593.73 II 650 2598.37 II 2000 2599.40 II 300 2599.57 I 60 2605.657 I 300 2606.51 II800 2606.827 I650 2607.09 II600 2611.87 II320 2613.82 II 320 2617.62 II250 2618.018 I 90 2620.41 II 400 2623.53 I200 2625.67 II150 2628.29 II250 2631.05 II250 2631.32 II100 2632.237 I300 2635.809 I 50 2641.646 I 200 2643.998 I300 2666.812 I 60 2666.965 I 600 2679.062 I500 2684.75 II400 2689.212 I 10 h 2695.13 III 200 2699.106 I 80 2706.012 I 400 2706.582 I 60 2708.571 I 200 2711.655 I 80 2714.41 II50 2716.257 I50 2717.786 I 250 2718.436 I 4000 2719.027 I 100 2719.420 I 50 2720.197 I 1500 2720.903 I 400 2723.578 I150 2724.953 I 50 2726.235 I80 2727.54 II 200 2728.020 I 50 2728.820 I80 2728.90 II 1000 2733.581 I 60 2734.005 I50 2734.268 I 500 2735.475 I 50 2735.612 I 500 2737.310 I120 2737.83 I400 2739.55 II250 2742.254 I 800 2742.405 I200 2743.20 II150 2743.565 I200 2744.068 I 80 2744.527 I 300 2746.48 II100 2749.32 II500 2749.48 II 1200 2750.140 I 80 2753.29 II 150 2754.032 I100 2754.426 I800 2755.73 II250 2756.328 I100 2757.316 I120 2761.780 I150 2761.81 II150 2762.026 I120 2762.772 I 120 2763.109 I 80 2766.910 I 250 2767.522 I300 2772.07 I600 2778.220 I 3000 2788.10 I 200 2797.78 I400 2804.521 I 1500 2806.98 I 10 p 2813.24 III 2500 2813.287 I 300 2823.276 I600 2825.56 I 50 2825.687 I 120 2828.808 I 1500 2832.436 I 120 2835.950 I200 2838.119 I200 2843.631 I 1000 2843.977 I 100 2845.594 I800 2851.797 I 50 2869.307 I50 2872.334 I80 2874.172 I50 2894.504 I12 2904.43 III10 2907.50 III 12 2907.70 III 120 2912.157 I120 2929.007 I 1200 2936.903 I 60 2941.343 I 1000 2947.876 I 600 2953.940 I250 2957.364 I150 2965.254 I 1500 2966.898 I 120 2969.36 I800 2970.099 I 1200 2973.132 I 500 2973.235 I 600 2981.445 I 1000 2983.570 I1000 2994.427 I 250 2994.502 I Iron 10-34Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 500 2999.512 I 120 3000.451 I800 3000.948 I 12 3001.62 III60 3001.655 I12 h 3007.28 III 200 3007.282 I500 3008.14 I120 3009.569 I 15 3013.17 III60 3017.627 I60 3018.983 I 500 3020.491 I 1500 3020.639 I 600 3021.073 I500 3024.032 I150 3025.638 I500 3025.842 I 80 3030.148 I60 3031.214 I 60 3034.484 I 800 3037.389 I 80 3041.637 I 800 3047.604 I600 3057.446 I 1000 3059.086 I 250 3067.244 I120 3075.719 I120 3091.577 I 80 3098.189 I 100 3099.895 I100 3099.968 I 60 3100.303 I 100 3100.665 I 10 p 3136.43 III10 3174.09 III80 3175.445 I10 3175.99 III10 3178.01 III 150 3184.895 I250 3191.659 I500 3193.226 I800 3193.299 I200 3196.928 I 80 3199.500 I50 3205.398 I 100 3211.88 I200 3214.011 I 200 3214.396 I 60 3215.938 I50 3217.377 I80 3219.583 I60 3219.766 I 300 3222.045 I600 3225.78 I 80 3227.796 I50 3233.967 I 120 3234.613 I300 3236.222 I100 3239.433 I 80 3244.187 I80 3246.005 I 80 3265.046 I50 3265.617 I13 3266.88 III50 3271.000 I11 3276.08 III 150 3286.75 I 10 3288.81 III 120 3305.97 I200 3306.343 I400 3355.227 I 80 3355.517 I60 3369.546 I 120 3370.783 I 50 3378.678 I50 3380.110 I60 3383.978 I50 3392.304 I 150 3392.651 I150 3399.333 I 80 3404.353 I 500 3407.458 I250 3413.131 I 60 3424.284 I 500 3427.119 I 60 3428.748 I 6000 3440.606 I2500 3440.989 I1000 3443.876 I 200 3445.149 I 1200 3465.860 I2000 3475.450 I 500 3476.702 I 2500 3490.574 I 500 3497.840 I 10 3501.76 III 250 3513.817 I300 3521.261 I400 3526.040 I100 3526.166 I 60 3526.237 I60 3526.381 I60 3526.467 I 100 3533.199 I200 3536.556 I300 3541.083 I250 3542.075 I 80 3553.739 I 400 3554.925 I200 3556.878 I400 3558.515 I 1000 3565.379 I1200 3570.097 I 800 3570.25 I120 3571.996 I100 3573.393 I 60 3573.829 I60 3573.888 I 4000 3581.19 I 150 3582.199 I150 3584.660 I120 3584.929 I300 3585.319 I150 3585.705 I 10 3586.04 III 200 3586.103 I400 3586.984 I 100 3594.633 I 11 3600.94 III 150 3603.204 I 11 3603.88 III200 3605.454 I 500 3606.680 I 1500 3608.859 I 250 3610.16 I 60 3612.068 I 150 3617.788 I 1500 3618.768 I 200 3621.462 I150 3622.004 I150 3623.19 I100 3631.096 I 1200 3631.463 I 60 3632.041 I 100 3638.298 I200 3640.389 I 80 3643.717 I 1500 3647.842 I 250 3649.506 I 80 3650.279 I 200 3651.467 I 120 3670.024 I150 3670.089 I100 3676.311 I150 3677.629 I 1500 3679.913 I 200 3682.242 I120 3683.054 I150 3684.107 I120 3685.998 I500 3687.456 I120 3689.477 I150 3694.008 I120 3695.051 I150 3701.086 I 80 3704.462 I 1200 3705.566 I 60 3707.041 I 150 3707.821 I300 3707.919 I600 3709.246 I120 3716.442 I 8000 3719.935 I1500 3722.563 I 120 3724.377 I 60 3725.491 I60 3727.093 I 500 3727.619 I150 3732.396 I 1200 3733.317 I5000 3734.864 I 120 3735.324 I 6000 3737.131 I 100 3738.306 I400 3743.362 I 6000 3745.561 I1200 3745.899 I3000 3748.262 I 80 3748.964 I 3000 3749.485 I1500 3758.232 I 400 3760.05 I 1500 3763.788 I 400 3765.54 I600 3767.191 I 60 3776.452 I 250 3785.95 I100 3786.68 I 250 3787.880 I250 3790.092 I150 3794.34 I400 3795.002 I120 3797.518 I250 3798.511 I400 3799.547 I200 3805.345 I 80 3806.696 I 600 3812.964 I 60 3813.059 I 1500 3815.840 I2500 3820.425 I 150 3821.179 I 80 3824.306 I 2500 3824.444 I1500 3825.880 I1200 3827.823 I1000 3834.222 I 120 3839.257 I500 3840.437 I800 3841.047 I120 3843.256 I 80 3846.800 I 200 3849.96 I120 3850.817 I 2500 3856.372 I 150 3859.212 I 10000 3859.911 I 150 3865.523 I 60 3867.215 I 250 3872.501 I150 3873.761 I250 3878.018 I 2000 3878.573 I4000 3886.282 I 200 3887.048 I300 3888.513 I800 3895.656 I 1200 3899.707 I 400 3902.945 I250 3906.479 I 80 3916.731 I 600 3920.258 I 1200 3922.911 I1200 3927.920 I2000 3930.296 I 60 3948.774 I60 3949.953 I50 3951.164 I50 3952.601 I16 3954.33 III60 3956.454 I 250 3956.68 I 60 3966.614 I11 3968.72 III 100 3969.257 I 80 3977.741 I10 w 3979.42 III40 3981.771 I50 3983.956 I 60 3994.114 I 200 3997.392 I 40 3998.053 I 400 4005.241 I Iron TeamLRN10-35Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 60 4009.713 I 100 4021.867 I 10 4035.42 III50 4040.638 I 4000 4045.813 I 11 4053.11 III 1500 4063.594 I 50 4066.975 I50 4067.977 I 1200 4071.737 I 40 4076.629 I12 4081.00 III40 4100.737 I40 4107.489 I 150 4118.544 I 10 4120.90 III11 4122.02 III11 4122.78 III40 4127.608 I 400 4132.058 I 80 4134.676 I40 4136.997 I15 4137.76 III13 4139.35 III 200 4143.415 I800 4143.869 I 40 4153.898 I50 4154.500 I60 4156.799 I18 4164.73 III13 4166.84 III50 4172.744 I13 4174.26 III60 4174.912 I50 4175.635 I50 4177.593 I 120 4181.754 I 50 4184.891 I 120 4187.038 I120 4187.795 I 80 4191.430 I40 4195.329 I 150 4198.304 I 40 4199.095 I 300 4202.029 I 40 4203.984 I80 4206.696 I80 4210.343 I 400 4216.183 I100 4219.360 I 50 4222.212 I11 4222.27 III50 4225.956 I 200 4227.423 I100 4233.602 I 13 4235.56 III 250 4235.936 I 50 4238.809 I12 4243.75 III50 4247.425 I 200 4250.118 I300 4250.787 I 40 4258.315 I 800 4260.473 I250 4271.153 I 1200 4271.759 I12 h 4273.40 III 12 4279.72 III 1200 4282.402 I 14 h 4286.16 III80 4291.462 I16 h 4296.85 III 250 4299.234 I 18 h 4304.78 III 1200 4307.901 I 20 h 4310.36 III 150 4315.084 I 1500 4325.761 I 80 4352.734 I80 4369.771 I11 h 4372.31 III14 h 4372.53 III18 h 4372.81 III 800 4375.929 I 3000 4383.544 I1200 4404.750 I 300 4415.122 I 12 4419.60 III 600 4427.299 I400 4461.652 I120 4466.551 I 80 4476.017 I80 4482.169 I 200 4482.252 I 50 4489.739 I50 4528.613 I30 4647.433 I30 4736.771 I50 4859.741 I 120 4871.317 I 60 4872.136 I30 4878.208 I 100 4890.754 I250 4891.492 I 30 4903.309 I 150 4918.992 I500 4920.502 I 1500 4957.597 I 80 5001.862 I30 5005.711 I 100 5006.117 I 60 5012.067 I30 5014.941 I 150 5041.755 I 30 5049.819 I30 5051.634 I25 5074.748 I 150 5110.357 I 40 5139.251 I 100 5139.462 I 25 5151.910 I12 5156.12 III80 5166.281 I 2500 5167.487 I 80 5168.897 I 500 5171.595 I 50 5191.454 I80 5192.343 I 200 5194.941 I 10 5199.08 III30 5204.582 I25 5215.179 I150 5216.274 I 60 5226.862 I 1000 5227.150 I 250 5232.939 I 10 5235.66 III18 5243.31 III13 l 5260.34 III 100 5266.555 I 1200 5269.537 I 800 5270.357 I 14 5272.98 III15 5276.48 III30 5281.789 I16 5282.30 III60 5283.621 I12 5284.83 III11 5298.12 III12 5299.93 III25 5302.299 I14 w 5302.60 III 10 5306.76 III10 5322.74 III 150 5324.178 I800 5328.038 I300 5328.531 I100 5332.899 I 80 5339.928 I 500 5341.023 I 11 5346.88 III12 5353.77 III12 5363.76 III10 5368.06 III 400 5371.489 I 11 l 5375.47 III40 5393.167 I 300 5397.127 I250 5405.774 I250 5429.695 I100 5434.523 I200 5446.871 I120 5455.609 I 25 5497.516 I20 5501.464 I30 5506.778 I30 5569.618 I60 5572.841 I 120 5586.755 I200 5615.644 I 20 5624.541 I50 5662.515 I11 5719.88 III10 5756.38 III20 5762.990 I18 5833.93 III10 5854.62 III30 5862.353 I15 5891.91 III30 5914.114 I10 p 5920.13 III18 p 5929.69 III10 5952.31 III14 5953.62 III 12 5979.32 III30 5986.956 I12 h 5989.08 III18 5999.54 III16 6032.59 III 13 6036.56 III11 6048.72 III11 6054.18 III40 6065.482 I30 6102.159 I40 6136.614 I40 6137.694 I40 6191.558 I30 6213.429 I30 6219.279 I40 6230.726 I20 6246.317 I80 6247.56 II30 6252.554 I20 6393.602 I30 6399.999 I20 6411.647 I20 6421.349 I30 6430.844 I 200 6456.38 II 60 6494.981 I20 6546.239 I20 6592.913 I40 6677.989 I25 7164.443 I80 7187.313 I30 7207.381 I30 7445.746 I40 7495.059 I60 7511.045 I80 7937.131 I60 7945.984 I80 7998.939 I60 8046.047 I50 8085.176 I 150 8220.41 I120 8327.053 I 20 8331.908 I 120 8387.770 I 30 8468.404 I15 8514.069 I60 8661.898 I 150 8688.621 I 52 11422.32 I87 11439.12 I91 11593.59 I 255 11607.57 I 160 11638.26 I230 11689.98 I160 11783.26 I580 11882.84 I225 11884.08 I 1030 11973.05 I 96 14400.56 I72 14512.23 I50 14555.06 I40 14826.43 I94 15294.58 I41 15769.42 I 105 18856.65 I Krypton Kr Z = 36 30 467.35 III 150 472.16 V100 484.39 V Iron—Krypton 10-36Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 250 496.25 V 120 500.77 V200 507.20 V 30 540.86 III60 548.04 V30 565.64 III30 569.16 III30 571.98 III30 579.83 III30 585.14 III30 585.96 III30 593.70 III30 594.10 III30 596.41 III40 600.17 III30 603.67 III50 605.86 III35 606.47 III50 611.12 III35 616.72 III 40 621.45 III45 622.80 III50 625.02 III30 625.76 III45 628.59 III50 630.04 III35 633.09 III 120 637.87 V 50 639.98 III60 646.41 III50 651.20 III50 659.72 III30 664.86 III40 672.34 III35 672.85 III35 676.57 III35 680.13 III35 683.68 III45 686.25 III45 687.98 III 690.86 V691.75 V 45 691.93 III50 695.61 III30 698.05 III50 708.36 III 600 708.85 V 50 714.00 III 100 p 722.04 III 60 729.40 II30 746.70 III 200 761.18 II100 763.98 II 60 766.20 II 200 771.03 II 60 p 773.69 II 200 782.10 II100 783.72 II 60 785.97 III 793.44 IV794.11 IV 7 805.76 IV 810.70 V 18 816.82 IV60 818.15 II60 830.38 II50 837.66 III 22 842.04 IV 100 844.06 II 50 854.73 III60 862.58 III60 864.82 II60 868.87 II40 870.84 III50 876.08 III 200 884.14 II 1000 886.30 II 400 891.01 II 75 897.81 III 200 911.39 II 2000 917.43 II 50 945.44 I50 946.54 I20 951.06 I50 953.40 I50 963.37 I 2000 964.97 II 50 987.29 III 100 1001.06 I100 1003.55 I100 1030.02 I 30 1158.74 III 200 1164.87 I650 1235.84 I 6 1638.82 III6 1914.09 III3 2237.34 IV6 2291.26 IV3 2329.3 IV4 2336.75 IV4 2348.27 IV3 2358.5 IV3 2388.05 IV 40 2393.94 III 4 2416.9 IV3 2428.04 IV5 2442.68 IV4 2451.7 IV6 2459.74 IV 100 h 2464.77 II 5 2474.06 IV 60 2492.48 II40 2494.01 III 4 2517.0 IV 5 2518.02 IV6 2519.38 IV5 2524.5 IV5 2546.0 IV6 2547.0 IV4 2558.08 IV 30 2563.25 III 3 2586.9 IV5 2606.17 IV 10 2609.5 IV 8 2615.3 IV7 2621.11 IV 60 2639.76 III30 2680.32 III 40 2681.19 III80 h 2712.40 II 3 2730.55 IV8 2748.18 IV6 2774.70 IV 3 2829.60 IV 100 2833.00 II 3 2836.08 IV 30 2841.00 III30 2851.16 III 5 2853.0 IV3 2859.3 IV 50 2870.61 III 100 2892.18 III 30 2909.17 III50 2952.56 III60 2992.22 III50 3022.30 III80 3024.45 III50 3046.93 III30 3056.72 III60 3063.13 III40 3097.16 III60 3112.25 III 30 3120.61 III 100 3124.39 III 60 3141.35 III 3 3142.01 IV 100 3189.11 III 80 3191.21 III 6 3224.99 IV 40 3239.52 III40 3240.44 III 300 3245.69 III 3 3261.70 IV 150 3264.81 III100 3268.48 III 30 3271.65 III30 3285.89 III30 3304.75 III50 3311.47 III 200 3325.75 III 60 3330.76 III50 3342.48 III 100 3351.93 III 40 3374.96 III 100 3439.46 III 70 3474.65 III 100 3488.59 III200 3507.42 III100 3564.23 III100 h 3607.88 II 200 3631.889 II 30 3641.34 III 250 3653.928 II 80 3665.324 I 150 3669.01 II100 3679.559 I 80 3686.182 II30 3690.65 III 300 h 3718.02 II200 3718.595 II150 3721.350 II200 3741.638 II150 3744.80 II 80 3754.245 II 500 3778.089 II500 3783.095 II 3 3809.30 IV5 3860.58 IV40 h 3868.70 III 150 h 3875.44 II150 3906.177 II200 3920.081 II 5 3934.29 IV 100 3994.840 II100 h 3997.793 II300 4057.037 II300 4065.128 II 50 4067.37 III 500 4088.337 II250 4098.729 II100 4109.248 II 40 4131.33 III 250 4145.122 II 40 4154.46 III 150 4250.580 II 1000 4273.969 I 100 4282.967 I600 4292.923 II 200 4300.49 II500 h 4317.81 II400 4318.551 I 1000 4319.579 I 150 h 4322.98 II100 4351.359 I 3000 4355.477 II 500 4362.641 I200 4369.69 II800 4376.121 I300 h 4386.54 II200 4399.965 I100 4425.189 I500 4431.685 II600 4436.812 II600 4453.917 I800 4463.689 I800 4475.014 II400 h 4489.88 II600 4502.353 I400 h 4523.14 II200 h 4556.61 II800 4577.209 II300 4582.978 II150 h 4592.80 II500 4615.292 II 1000 4619.166 II 800 4633.885 II 2000 4658.876 II 500 4680.406 II100 4691.301 II200 4694.360 II 3000 4739.002 II 300 4762.435 II 1000 4765.744 II 300 4811.76 II300 4825.18 II800 4832.077 II700 4846.612 II150 4857.20 II300 4945.59 II 20 h 5016.45 III 200 5022.40 II250 5086.52 II400 h 5125.73 II500 5208.32 II Krypton TeamLRN10-37Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 200 5308.66 II 500 5333.41 II200 5468.17 II 10 5501.43 III 500 5562.224 I 2000 5570.288 I 80 5580.386 I 100 5649.561 I400 5681.89 II200 h 5690.35 II100 5832.855 I 3000 5870.914 I 200 5992.22 II 60 5993.849 I10 h 6037.17 III60 6056.125 I10 h 6078.38 III10 6310.22 III 300 6420.18 II100 6421.026 I 200 6456.288 I150 6570.07 II 60 6699.228 I 100 6904.678 I250 7213.13 II100 7224.104 I 80 7287.258 I 400 7289.78 II400 7407.02 II 60 7425.541 I 200 7435.78 II100 7486.862 I300 7524.46 II 1000 7587.411 I2000 7601.544 I 150 7641.16 II 1000 7685.244 I1200 7694.538 I 250 7735.69 II150 7746.827 I800 7854.821 I200 7913.423 I180 7928.597 I200 7933.22 II120 7973.62 II100 7982.401 I 1500 8059.503 I4000 8104.364 I 6000 8112.899 I 60 8132.967 I 3000 8190.054 I 200 8202.72 II 80 8218.365 I 3000 8263.240 I 100 8272.353 I 1500 8281.050 I5000 8298.107 I 100 8412.430 I 3000 8508.870 I 150 8764.110 I 6000 8776.748 I2000 8928.692 I 500 9238.48 II500 hl 9293.82 II200 h 9320.99 II300 9361.95 II100 9362.082 I 200 h 9402.82 II200 h 9470.93 II500 9577.52 II500 h 9605.80 II400 h 9619.61 II200 9663.34 II200 h 9711.60 II 2000 9751.758 I 500 9803.14 II500 9856.314 I 1000 10221.46 II 100 11187.108 I200 11257.711 I150 11259.126 I500 11457.481 I150 11792.425 I 1500 11819.377 I 600 11997.105 I160 12077.224 I 100 12861.892 I 1100 13177.412 I1000 13622.415 I2400 13634.220 I 800 13658.394 I200 13711.036 I600 13738.851 I150 13974.027 I550 14045.657 I140 14104.298 I180 14402.22 I 2000 14426.793 I 100 14517.84 I 1600 14734.436 I 550 14762.672 I450 14765.472 I400 14961.894 I120 15005.307 I140 15209.526 I 1700 15239.615 I 130 15326.480 I 1500 15334.958 I 700 15372.037 I200 15474.026 I180 15681.02 I120 15820.09 I200 16726.513 I 2000 16785.128 I 1000 16853.488 I2400 16890.441 I1600 16896.753 I1800 16935.806 I 600 17098.771 I700 17367.606 I120 17404.443 I150 17616.854 I650 17842.737 I700 18002.229 I 2600 18167.315 I 100 18399.786 I150 18580.896 I300 18696.294 I 170 18785.460 I200 18797.703 I140 20209.878 I300 20423.964 I140 20446.971 I 600 21165.471 I 1800 21902.513 I 120 22485.775 I180 23340.416 I120 24260.506 I180 24292.221 I600 25233.820 I180 28610.55 I 1000 28655.72 I 150 28769.71 I140 28822.49 I300 29236.69 I300 30663.54 I300 30979.16 I500 39300.6 I 1100 39486.52 I 220 39557.25 I100 39572.60 I 1400 39588.4 I 1100 39589.6 I 500 39954.8 I300 39966.6 I 1300 40306.1 I 250 40685.16 I Lanthanum La Z = 57 100 344.12 IV400 390.72 V 1000 432.11 V2500 435.28 V 10000 463.14 IV 5000 482.16 V7000 498.08 V 15000 499.54 IV10000 503.58 V12000 526.76 V10000 531.07 V15000 533.23 V 8000 547.44 V 40000 552.02 IV 5000 600.24 V 30000 631.26 IV 400 796.99 III 2000 870.40 III1000 882.34 III 400 942.86 III 50000 1081.61 III 95000 1099.73 III 2000 1255.63 III 10000 1349.18 III25000 1368.04 IV20000 1463.47 IV15000 1507.87 IV10000 1523.79 III 4000 1808.66 IV5000 1902.97 IV4000 c 2197.45 IV 770 2256.76 II 25000 w 2417.58 IV50000 2532.75 IV45000 2582.05 IV 95000 w 2597.50 IV70000 w 2662.75 IV 420 2808.39 II 50000 w 2848.30 IV30000 c 2962.58 IV 70000 w 3009.51 IV90000 c 3056.68 IV 1000 3171.63 III1500 3171.74 III 510 3245.13 II550 3265.67 II800 3303.11 II 1500 3337.49 II 870 3344.56 II 1500 3380.91 II 320 3628.83 II 1000 3645.42 II 550 3713.54 II 2400 3759.08 II3700 3790.83 II3900 3794.78 II 600 3840.72 II 1600 3849.02 II3400 3871.64 II 1700 3886.37 II1300 3916.05 II1100 3921.54 II2200 3929.22 II9000 3949.10 II4400 3988.52 II3600 3995.75 II2800 4031.69 II3000 4042.91 II 850 4067.39 II 2800 4077.35 II5500 4086.72 II4400 4123.23 II 550 4141.74 II 1100 4151.97 II1500 4196.55 II1600 4238.38 II 480 4269.50 II600 4286.97 II600 4296.05 II440 4322.51 II 4600 4333.74 II 550 4354.40 II 2000 4429.90 II 850 4522.37 II420 4526.12 II400 4558.46 II400 4574.88 II 410 4613.39 II410 4619.88 II540 4655.50 II360 4662.51 II230 4692.50 II230 4728.42 II500 4740.28 II390 4743.09 II320 4748.73 II320 4860.91 II850 4899.92 II 1000 4920.98 II1000 4921.79 II 370 4949.77 I 340 4970.39 II370 4986.83 II720 4999.47 II210 5050.57 I Krypton—Lanthanum 10-38Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 470 5114.56 II 470 5122.99 II450 5145.42 I290 5158.69 I580 5177.31 I850 5183.42 II260 5188.22 II720 5211.86 I520 5234.27 I340 5253.46 I370 5271.19 I370 5301.98 II180 5303.55 II500 5455.15 I470 5501.34 I240 5648.25 I180 5740.66 I370 5769.34 I320 5789.24 I450 5791.34 I 140 5821.99 I320 5930.62 I720 6249.93 I260 d 6262.30 II450 6394.23 I250 6455.99 I180 6709.50 I110 7045.96 I160 7066.23 II 50 7161.25 I 110 w 7282.34 II110 w 7334.18 I 75 cw 7483.50 II50 7498.83 I85 7539.23 I40 7964.83 I75 8086.05 I85 8324.69 I95 8346.53 I65 8545.44 I 300 8583.45 III 40 8674.43 I35 8825.82 I 120 9184.38 III100 9212.63 III140 10284.79 III Lead Pb Z = 82 10 496.38 IV12 499.94 IV14 529.78 IV20 570.16 IV10 648.50 IV20 703.73 V12 749.46 V10 752.52 V10 761.09 IV18 767.45 V18 769.49 V14 771.42 V14 782.79 V15 797.02 V 18 802.07 IV12 802.82 IV18 809.63 V10 812.59 IV10 827.41 IV 12 832.60 IV12 845.94 IV18 857.64 IV16 862.33 IV20 863.97 V14 870.44 IV 6 873.71 II 12 879.96 IV18 883.90 V14 884.96 IV14 884.99 IV14 888.37 V 8 889.68 II 16 890.72 IV14 894.40 V12 896.08 V12 908.51 IV14 915.71 V12 917.90 IV 12 918.09 V12 920.28 V12 920.66 V10 922.12 IV12 922.49 IV10 927.64 IV14 932.20 IV12 954.35 V10 967.23 II10 986.71 II10 995.89 II10 1016.61 II14 1028.61 IV20 1032.05 IV16 1041.24 IV18 1044.14 IV12 1048.9 III10 1049.82 II10 1050.77 II10 1051.26 V15 1056.53 IV10 1060.66 II12 1072.09 IV18 1080.81 IV20 1084.17 IV10 1088.86 V10 1103.94 II10 1108.43 II 10 1109.84 II20 1116.08 IV10 1119.57 II10 1121.36 II10 1133.14 II18 1137.84 IV14 1144.93 IV12 1157.88 V14 1185.43 V20 1189.95 IV10 1203.63 II10 1231.20 II11 1233.50 V10 1291.10 IV 20 1313.05 IV10 1331.65 II10 1335.20 II12 1343.06 IV10 1348.37 II 16 1388.94 IV18 1400.26 IV10 1404.34 IV10 1433.96 II10 1512.42 II14 1535.71 IV20 1553.1 III10 1671.53 II10 1682.15 II20 1726.75 II10 1796.670 II10 1822.050 II10 1904.77 I 7 1921.471 II 12 1959.34 IV16 1973.16 IV10 1998.83 V 5 r 2022.02 I 10 2042.58 IV 12 2049.34 IV 8 r 2053.28 I 12 2079.22 IV 6 2111.758 I 10 2115.066 I15 2154.01 IV 500 r 2170.00 I 7 2175.580 I 12 2177.46 IV 7 2187.888 I8 2189.603 I 10 2203.534 II20 2237.425 I20 2246.86 I25 2246.89 I20 2259.01 V 150 2332.418 I 16 2359.53 IV 180 2388.797 I550 r 2393.792 I140 2399.597 I320 r 2401.940 I320 r 2411.734 I 16 2417.61 IV15 2424.81 V 150 r 2443.829 I160 r 2446.181 I130 r 2476.378 I 80 r 2577.260 I 500 r 2613.655 I900 r 2614.175 I160 2628.262 I 4 2634.256 II 10 2657.094 I 700 2663.154 I 10 2697.541 I 25000 r 2801.995 I 100 2822.58 I 14000 r 2823.189 I35000 r 2833.053 I 6 2840.557 II 14000 r 2873.311 I 3 2914.442 II 15 2966.460 I15 2972.991 I15 2980.157 I4 2986.876 II 10 3043.85 III 150 3118.894 I 10 3137.81 III10 3176.50 III 600 3220.528 I100 3229.613 I400 3240.186 I200 3262.355 I 35000 3572.729 I50000 r 3639.568 I20000 3671.491 I70000 r 3683.462 I 10 3713.982 II 25000 3739.935 I 12 3854.08 III 15000 4019.632 I95000 4057.807 I14000 4062.136 I 10 4157.814 I 10000 4168.033 I 8 4272.66 III 200 4340.413 I 10 4496.15 IV 6 4499.34 III 16 4534.60 IV 7 4571.21 III 10 4579.051 II 6 4761.12 III 1000 5005.416 I 100 5006.572 I 50 5089.484 I10 5107.242 I 2000 5201.437 I 10 5372.099 II40 5692.346 I 200 5895.624 I 2000 6001.862 I 500 6011.667 I500 6059.356 I 40 6081.409 II50 6110.520 I 100 6235.266 I 50 c 6660.20 II 20000 7228.965 I 10 7346.676 I20 7809.259 I 5 7896.737 I 10 8168.001 I 6 8191.886 I5 8217.711 I 40 8272.690 I20 8409.384 I10 8478.492 I 5 8722.810 I 10 8857.457 I 8 9293.476 I 15 9438.05 I15 9604.297 I15 9674.351 I 200 10290.458 I100 10498.965 I 50 10649.249 I15 10886.688 I40 10969.53 I 13512.6 I Lanthanum—Lead TeamLRN10-39Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 14743.0 I 15349.6 I39039.4 I Lithium Li Z = 3 102.9 III103.4 III104.1 III105.5 III108.0 III113.9 III125.5 II135.0 III136.5 II140.5 II167.21 II168.74 II171.58 II178.02 II199.28 II 207.5 II456. II483. II540. II540.0 III729. II729.1 III800. II820. II861. II905.5 II917.5 II936. II945. II965. II972. II988. II 1018. II1032. II1036. II1093. II1103. II1109. II1116. II1132.1 II1141. II1166.4 II1198.09 II 1215. II1238. II1253.8 II1420.89 II1424. II 3 1492.93 II5 1492.97 II1 1493.04 II 1555. II 3 1653.08 II5 1653.13 II1 1653.21 II 1681.66 II1755.33 II 2009. II2039. I2068. II2131. II2164. II 2173.4 I2183. II2214. II2222. II2237. II h 2249.21 II 2286.82 II2302.57 II2303.33 II2304.59 I2304.92 I2305.36 I2305.83 I2306.29 I2306.82 I2307.44 I2308.97 I2309.88 I2310.94 I 2312.11 I2313.49 I2315.08 I2316.95 I2319.18 I2321.88 I2325.11 I2329.02 I2329.84 II2333.94 I 3 2336.88 II5 2336.91 II2 2337.00 II 2340.15 I2348.22 I2358.93 I2373.54 I2381.54 II2383.20 II 1 2394.39 I 2402.33 II2410.84 II 3 2425.43 I 2429.81 II2460.2 I 10 2475.06 I 2506.94 II2508.78 II 2518. I2539.49 II 24 2551.7 II 2559. II 15 2562.31 I 2605.08 II 2 2657.29 II3 2657.30 II 2674.46 II2728.24 II 5 2728.29 II2 2728.32 II3 2730.47 II1 2730.55 II 5 2741.20 I 2766.99 II2790.31 II2801. I2846. I 2868. I2895. I 2 2934.02 II2 2934.07 II5 2934.12 II1 2934.25 II 2968. I 3 3029.12 II3 3029.14 II 3144. I 3 3155.31 II4 3155.33 II1 3196.26 II9 3196.33 II4 3196.36 II5 3199.33 II2 3199.43 II 17 3232.66 I 3249.87 II 3306.28 II3488. I3579.8 I3618. I3662. I3684.32 II 1 3714.00 II5 3714.16 II6 d 3714.27 II8 3714.29 II7 d 3714.40 II 10 3714.41 II 1 3714.51 II 3714.58 II 3 3718.7 I6 3794.72 I 20 3915.30 I20 3915.35 I10 3985.48 I10 3985.54 I40 4132.56 I40 4132.62 I 4196. I 20 4273.07 I20 4273.13 I 5 4325.42 II5 4325.47 II1 4325.54 II 4516.45 II 13 4602.83 I13 4602.89 I 4607.34 II4671.51 II 6 4671.65 II2 4671.70 II3 4678.06 II1 4678.29 II 4760. I4763. II4788.36 II4843.0 II 4 4881.32 II 4 4881.39 II1 4881.49 II8 4971.66 I8 4971.75 I5037.92 II 5271. I5315. I5395. I5440. I 600 c 5483.55 II600 c 5485.65 II320 6103.54 I320 6103.65 I 3600 6707.76 I3600 6707.91 I 48 8126.23 I48 8126.45 I 8517.37 II9581.42 II 10120. II12232. I12782. I13566. I17552. I 18697. I19290. I24467. I40475. I Lutetium Lu Z = 71 100 563.72 V500 810.73 III 2000 832.28 III 100 861.92 V400 876.80 IV100 880.32 V100 891.81 V100 914.72 V400 1001.18 III100 1272.42 IV800 1333.79 IV400 1429.38 IV200 1441.76 V200 1453.35 V200 1468.99 V400 1472.12 V200 1473.71 V200 1485.58 V400 1511.26 IV600 1772.57 IV100 c 1786.25 V 1000 1854.57 III 1500 2065.35 III1500 c 2070.56 III 600 c 2086.47 IV 1000 c 2104.41 IV1000 c 2108.31 IV1700 h 2195.54 II1000 2236.14 III2000 2236.22 III 95 2276.94 II 190 2297.41 II 1300 2392.19 II 120 2399.14 II 80 2419.21 II 130 2459.64 II 370 2536.95 II930 2571.23 II 1700 2578.79 II4500 c 2603.35 III Lead—Lutetium 10-40Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 1800 2613.40 II 18000 2615.42 II 1800 2619.26 II2700 2657.80 II 570 h 2685.08 I 4200 2701.71 II 180 d 2719.09 I480 h 2728.95 I 3600 2754.17 II 750 h 2765.74 I 2000 2772.55 III2700 2796.63 II 270 c 2834.35 II330 h 2845.13 I 3000 2847.51 II 570 h 2885.14 I 6300 2894.84 II4500 2900.30 II 300 2903.05 I 9000 2911.39 II 270 h 2949.73 I 1200 2951.69 II4200 2963.32 II2400 2969.82 II1800 2989.27 I3000 3020.54 II2100 3056.72 II1000 3057.86 III7500 3077.60 II 390 3080.11 I 5100 h 3081.47 I3000 3118.43 I2400 3171.36 I 260 3191.80 II 1400 3198.12 II4800 3254.31 II3800 3278.97 I7600 3281.74 I6200 3312.11 I7600 3359.56 I6200 3376.50 I 950 3385.50 I160 h 3391.55 I 1400 3396.82 I4100 3397.07 II4800 3472.48 II8300 c 3507.39 II1600 3508.42 I 4800 3554.43 II4800 3567.84 I 340 3596.34 I800 3623.99 II680 3636.25 I 2600 3647.77 I 110 3756.70 I110 3756.79 I150 3800.67 I 2700 3841.18 I 530 3876.65 II 50 3918.86 I 480 3968.46 I670 4054.45 I 310 4122.49 I 3100 4124.73 I 150 c 4131.79 I460 4154.08 I1600 4184.25 II 150 4277.50 I250 4281.03 I330 d 4295.97 I150 4309.57 I190 c 4430.48 I190 4450.81 I 3300 4518.57 I 100 h 4648.21 I 1000 4658.02 I 85 h 4659.03 I 150 4785.42 II 85 4815.05 I 460 4904.88 I180 4942.34 I800 4994.13 II800 5001.14 I140 5134.05 I 2700 5135.09 I 170 5196.61 I 500 5402.57 I140 c 5421.90 I100 5437.88 I 2100 5476.69 II 550 5736.55 I 80 5800.59 I 690 cw 5983.9 II140 5997.13 I 1400 6004.52 I 440 6055.03 I150 6159.94 II600 6198.13 III160 6199.66 II 2100 6221.87 II 80 6235.36 II 160 6242.34 II 70 h 6345.35 I 1100 6463.12 II 29 6477.67 I55 c 6523.18 I35 cw 6611.28 II23 c 6677.14 I30 c 6793.77 I45 6917.31 I23 7031.24 I45 7125.84 II14 ch 7237.98 I11 c 7441.52 I 9 c 8178.16 I 17 8382.08 I35 8459.19 II10 d 8478.50 I29 c 8508.08 I35 c 8610.98 I Magnesium Mg Z = 12 400 146.95 IV 20 186.51 III20 187.20 III10 188.53 III 100 231.73 III 80 234.26 III 35 276.58 V 4000 320.99 IV3000 323.31 IV 30 353.09 V150 857.29 IV 50 919.03 IV 250 1037.41 IV300 1210.99 IV300 1342.19 IV800 1346.57 IV300 1346.68 IV600 1352.05 IV900 1384.46 IV500 1385.77 IV800 1387.53 IV300 1404.68 IV 1000 1409.36 IV 500 1437.53 IV 1000 1437.64 IV 300 1447.42 IV300 1459.54 IV400 1459.62 IV400 1481.51 IV350 1490.45 IV 300 1495.50 IV300 1607.11 IV 5 1668.43 I 500 1683.02 IV 10 1683.41 I 400 1698.81 IV 15 1707.06 I40 1734.84 II50 1737.62 II20 1747.80 I40 1750.65 II50 1753.46 II30 1827.93 I 300 1844.17 IV 9 2025.82 I 25 2064.90 III20 2091.96 III20 2177.70 III 3 2329.58 II 20 2395.15 III 6 2449.57 II1 2557.23 I1 2560.94 I1 2562.26 I1 2564.94 I1 2570.91 I1 2572.25 I2 2574.94 I 1 2577.89 I1 2580.59 I1 2584.22 I2 2585.56 I3 2588.28 I1 2591.89 I1 2593.23 I2 2595.97 I2 2602.50 I4 2603.85 I5 2606.62 I1 2613.36 I2 2614.73 I3 2617.51 I 3 2628.66 I6 2630.05 I8 2632.87 I2 2644.80 I3 2646.21 I 4 2649.06 I8 2660.76 II8 2660.82 II6 2668.12 I8 2669.55 I 10 2672.46 I 3 2693.72 I5 2695.18 I6 2698.14 I8 2731.99 I 10 2733.49 I12 2736.53 I 5 2765.22 I7 2768.34 I 38 2776.69 I32 2778.27 I90 2779.83 I 8 2781.29 I 32 2781.42 I 36 2782.97 I 1000 2795.53 II 600 2802.70 II 3 2809.76 I2 2811.11 I1 2811.78 I 12 2846.72 I12 2846.75 I14 2848.34 I14 2848.42 I16 2851.65 I16 2851.66 I 6000 2852.13 I 2 2902.92 I4 2906.36 I3 2915.45 I 10 2936.74 I12 2938.47 I 2 2942.00 I 13 2942.00 I20 3091.08 I22 3092.99 I14 3096.90 I 9 3104.71 II8 3104.81 II6 3168.98 II6 3172.71 II7 3175.78 II 2 3197.62 I 17 3329.93 I 6 3332.15 I9 3336.68 I7 3535.04 II8 3538.86 II7 3549.52 II8 3553.37 II 140 3829.30 I300 3832.30 I500 3838.29 I 8 3848.24 II7 3850.40 II3 3878.31 I 3 3895.57 I4 3903.86 I6 3938.40 I8 3986.75 I Lutetium—Magnesium TeamLRN10-41Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 10 4057.50 I 15 4167.27 I20 4351.91 I 9 4384.64 II 10 4390.59 II 8 4428.00 II9 4433.99 II 14 4481.16 II13 4481.33 II28 4571.10 I10 4730.03 I 7 4851.10 II 75 5167.33 I 220 5172.68 I400 5183.61 I 8 5264.21 II7 5264.37 II9 5401.54 II6 5528.41 I 30 5711.09 I 10 6318.72 I 9 6319.24 I7 6319.49 I 10 6346.74 II 9 6346.96 II 11 6545.97 II 7 6781.45 II8 6787.85 II7 6812.86 II8 6819.27 II 10 7193.17 I10 7291.06 I12 7387.69 I20 7657.60 I19 7659.15 I17 7659.90 I15 7691.55 I12 7877.05 II13 7896.37 II10 8098.72 I 9 8115.22 II8 8120.43 II 10 8209.84 I20 8213.03 I10 8213.99 II11 8234.64 II10 8310.26 I15 8346.12 I 10 8710.18 I12 8712.69 I13 8717.83 I10 8734.99 II17 8736.02 I11 8745.66 II14 8806.76 I10 8824.32 II11 8835.08 II20 8923.57 I10 8997.16 I14 9218.25 II13 9244.27 II12 9246.50 I 30 9255.78 I10 9327.54 II10 9340.54 II25 9414.96 I17 9429.81 I 19 9432.76 I20 9438.78 I12 9631.89 II11 9632.43 II15 9953.20 I15 9983.20 I17 9986.47 I18 9993.21 I14 10092.16 II35 10811.08 I11 10914.23 II10 10951.78 II25 10953.32 I27 10957.30 I28 10965.45 I15 11032.10 I14 11033.66 I45 11828.18 I30 12083.66 I 28 14877.62 I35 15024.99 I30 15040.24 I25 15047.70 I10 15765.84 I30 17108.66 I 5 26392.90 I Manganese Mn Z = 25 600 410.30 V600 410.60 V600 415.62 V650 415.98 V600 428.59 V600 435.67 V 1000 441.72 V 850 442.49 V 60 579.79 IV60 581.44 IV60 581.65 IV60 585.21 IV90 1242.25 IV90 1244.50 IV95 1251.93 IV95 1257.28 IV90 1264.41 IV 500 1283.58 III400 1287.59 III 300 1291.62 III 1000 1360.72 III 800 1365.20 III500 h 1609.17 III 1000 1614.14 III2000 1620.60 III 500 1633.80 III 80 1667.00 IV80 1698.30 IV20 1726.47 II30 1732.70 II50 1733.55 II40 1734.49 II30 1737.93 II 20 1740.16 II20 1742.00 II85 1742.10 IV85 1766.27 IV80 1795.65 IV 80 1795.79 IV30 1853.27 II20 1857.92 II50 1902.95 II20 1907.84 II75 1910.25 IV30 1911.41 II20 d 1914.68 II 100 1915.10 II 20 1918.64 II30 1919.64 II80 1921.25 II20 1923.07 II20 1923.34 II30 1925.52 II50 1926.59 II30 1931.40 II 500 1941.28 III800 1943.21 III 20 1945.15 II20 1947.93 II20 1950.14 II 500 1952.36 III 1000 1952.52 III 30 1953.23 II20 d 1954.81 II30 1959.25 II20 1969.24 II 500 1978.95 III 30 1994.23 II 9700 1996.06 I 14000 1999.51 I18000 2003.85 I 1000 w 2027.83 III 500 w 2028.14 III 50 2037.31 II40 2037.64 II40 2039.97 II 500 2049.68 III500 2066.38 III 1000 2069.02 III 30 2076.21 II 900 2077.38 III800 2084.23 III600 2090.05 III 1500 2092.16 I 500 2094.78 III 20 2097.46 II 500 2097.93 III500 2099.97 III 20 2102.50 II 1700 2109.58 I 30 2113.96 II 1000 2169.78 III 700 2174.15 III900 2176.87 III800 2181.86 III800 2184.87 III290 2208.81 I540 2213.85 I900 2220.55 III 770 2221.84 I 1000 2227.42 III 20 2373.36 II20 2427.38 II50 2427.72 II 30 2427.94 II30 2437.37 II20 2437.84 II30 2452.49 II50 2499.00 II30 2507.60 II20 2516.60 II30 2516.74 II20 2521.66 II20 2530.72 II20 2531.80 II50 2532.78 II50 2533.33 II30 2534.10 II80 2534.22 II 100 2535.66 II 30 2535.98 II 100 2537.92 II 50 2541.11 II 80 2542.92 II50 2543.45 II 100 2548.75 II 50 2551.85 II30 2553.27 II75 2556.57 II30 2556.89 II95 2558.59 II30 2559.41 II 150 2563.65 II 30 2565.22 II 580 2572.76 I480 2575.51 I 12000 2576.10 II 550 2584.31 I 30 2588.97 II45 2589.71 II 250 2592.94 I 6200 2593.73 II 250 2595.76 I 95 2598.90 II30 2602.72 II45 2603.72 II 4300 2605.69 II 190 2610.20 II500 2618.14 II140 2622.90 I150 2624.04 I 40 2624.80 II 200 2625.58 II190 2632.35 II130 2638.17 II 80 2639.84 II27 2650.99 II60 2655.91 II30 2666.77 II30 2667.03 II 110 2672.59 II 55 2673.37 II55 2674.43 II45 2680.34 II30 2680.68 II 30 2681.25 II55 2684.55 II55 2685.94 II 110 2688.25 II Magnesium—Manganese 10-42Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 27 2693.19 II 55 2695.36 II27 2698.97 II85 2701.00 II50 2701.17 II 160 2701.70 II100 2703.98 II130 2705.74 II 80 2707.53 II 110 2708.45 II 45 2709.96 II80 2710.33 II 110 2711.58 II 30 2716.80 II30 2717.53 II30 2719.01 II50 2719.74 II30 2722.10 II30 2724.46 II55 2728.61 II 6200 2794.82 I5100 2798.27 I 220 2799.84 I 3700 2801.06 I 110 2809.11 I 60 2815.02 II30 2816.33 II60 2870.08 II30 2872.94 II80 2879.49 II70 2886.68 II 160 2889.58 II 55 2892.39 II50 2898.70 II80 2900.16 II 140 h 2914.60 I190 h 2925.57 I 1100 2933.06 II1500 2939.30 II 250 h 2940.39 I 1900 2949.20 II 30 3019.92 II55 3031.06 II30 3035.35 II 330 3044.57 I120 3045.59 I200 3047.04 I 30 3050.65 II 250 3054.36 I140 3062.12 I170 3066.02 I170 3070.27 I160 3073.13 I140 h 3178.50 I220 3212.88 I 1000 3228.09 I 300 3230.72 I850 3236.78 I330 3243.78 I650 3248.52 I100 3251.14 I310 3252.95 I 310 3256.14 I220 3258.41 I180 3260.23 I180 3264.71 I200 3330.78 II 720 3441.99 II 50 3460.03 II 360 3460.33 II360 h 3474.04 II 3474.13 II 290 3482.91 II180 3488.68 II140 3495.84 II 50 3496.81 II 100 3497.54 II360 3531.85 I 1100 3532.12 I1300 3547.80 I1100 3548.03 I 390 3548.20 I 2200 3569.49 I 720 3569.80 I 1400 3577.88 I 720 3586.54 I 290 3595.12 I150 3601.72 III420 3607.54 I420 3608.49 I360 3610.30 I290 3619.28 I220 3623.79 I140 3629.74 I100 3660.40 I280 3693.67 I180 3696.57 I210 3706.08 I130 3718.93 I130 3731.93 I260 3790.22 I110 3800.55 I 3200 3806.72 I 700 3809.59 I 2100 3823.51 I 390 3823.89 I200 3829.68 I480 3833.86 I 1300 3834.36 I 350 3839.78 I670 3841.08 I350 3843.98 I120 3926.47 I130 3982.58 I 150 3985.24 I190 3986.83 I150 3987.10 I 1500 4018.10 I 150 4026.44 I 27000 4030.76 I19000 4033.07 I11000 4034.49 I 1500 4035.73 I5600 4041.36 I 210 d 4045.13 I 1100 4048.76 I 150 4055.21 I 1900 4055.54 I 210 4057.95 I 1100 4058.93 I 150 4059.39 I730 4061.74 I730 4063.53 I 290 4070.28 I730 4079.24 I730 4079.42 I 1100 4082.94 I1100 4083.63 I 200 4110.90 I150 4131.12 I120 4135.04 I150 4176.60 I120 4189.99 I370 4235.14 I510 4235.29 I190 4239.72 I290 4257.66 I290 4265.92 I270 4281.10 I 50 4323.63 II 350 4414.88 I210 4436.35 I 800 4451.59 I160 4453.00 I130 4455.01 I160 4455.32 I110 4455.82 I210 4457.55 I270 4458.26 I150 4461.08 I510 4462.02 I290 4464.68 I200 4470.14 I130 4472.79 I170 4490.08 I240 4498.90 I240 4502.22 I160 4709.72 I180 4727.48 I130 4739.11 I 1000 4754.04 I 180 4761.53 I750 4762.38 I300 4765.86 I500 4766.43 I940 4783.42 I 1000 4823.52 I 19 5004.91 I30 5074.79 I 200 5079.20 III 150 5100.03 III 60 5117.94 I50 5150.89 I50 5196.59 I85 5255.32 I 160 5341.06 I 19 5349.88 I95 5377.63 I95 5394.67 I50 5399.49 I95 5407.42 I35 5413.69 I85 5420.36 I35 5432.55 I 150 5454.07 III 12 5457.47 I60 5470.64 I 200 5474.68 III40 5481.40 I 30 5505.87 I50 5516.77 I40 5537.76 I21 5551.98 I 200 5946.65 III140 6013.50 I200 6016.64 I290 6021.80 I200 6231.21 III 17 6440.97 I24 6491.71 I14 h 6942.52 I12 6989.96 I14 7069.84 I12 7184.25 I24 h 7283.82 I35 h 7302.89 I50 7326.51 I12 7680.20 I 12 h 8672.06 I12 h 8701.05 I17 h 8703.76 I30 h 8740.93 I Mercury 198 Hg Z = 80 80 1250.564 I 8 1259.242 I 100 1268.825 I 5 1307.751 I 20 1402.619 I10 1435.503 I 1000 1849.492 I 60 2262.210 II20 2302.065 I20 2345.440 I 100 2378.325 I 20 2380.004 I40 2399.349 I20 2399.729 I20 2446.900 I15 2464.064 I40 2481.999 I30 2482.713 I40 2483.821 I90 2534.769 I 15000 2536.506 I 25 2563.861 I 25 2576.290 I 250 2652.043 I400 2653.683 I100 2655.130 I 50 2698.831 I80 2752.783 I20 2759.710 I40 2803.471 I30 2804.438 I 750 2847.675 II 50 2856.939 I 150 2893.598 I150 2916.227 II 60 2925.413 I 1200 2967.283 I 300 3021.500 I120 3023.476 I 30 3025.608 I Manganese—Mercury 198 TeamLRN10-43Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 50 3027.490 I 400 3125.670 I320 3131.551 I320 3131.842 I 80 3341.481 I 2800 3650.157 I 300 3654.839 I 80 3662.883 I 240 3663.281 I 30 3701.432 I35 3704.170 I30 3801.660 I20 3901.867 I60 3906.372 I 200 3983.839 II 1800 4046.572 I 150 4077.838 I 40 4108.057 I 250 4339.224 I400 4347.496 I 4000 4358.337 I 80 4916.068 I 1100 5460.753 I 160 5675.922 I240 5769.598 I280 5790.663 I 20 6072.713 I30 6234.402 I 160 6716.429 I250 6907.461 I240 11287.407 I Mercury Hg Z = 80 3 621.44 III2 679.68 III2 878.59 III1 886.48 III 400 893.08 II300 915.83 II150 923.39 II200 940.80 II100 962.74 II 50 969.13 II 1 988.89 III2 1009.29 III5 1068.03 III 800 1099.26 II 2 1161.95 III 80 1250.58 I 8 1259.24 I 100 1268.82 I 5 1307.75 I 300 1307.93 II400 1321.71 II400 1331.74 II 80 1350.07 II 200 1361.27 II 20 1402.62 I 200 1414.43 II 10 1435.51 I15 1619.46 II 120 1623.95 II 20 1628.25 II 150 1649.94 II 50 1653.64 II 200 1672.41 II9 1681.40 III 100 1702.73 II100 1707.40 II120 1727.18 II250 1732.14 II 15 1759.75 III20 1775.68 I40 1783.70 II30 1796.22 II 200 1796.90 II 60 1798.74 II30 1803.89 II40 1808.29 II 400 1820.34 II 5 1832.74 I 1000 1849.50 I 160 1869.23 II300 1870.55 II200 1875.54 II 1 1894.77 III 20 1900.28 II30 1927.60 II 300 1942.27 II100 1972.94 II200 1973.89 II150 1987.98 II 90 2026.97 II90 2052.93 II70 2148.00 II 5 2247.55 I 60 2262.23 II20 2302.06 I 7 2314.15 III 15 2323.20 I 5 2340.57 I 20 2345.43 I20 2352.48 I 100 2378.32 I 20 2380.00 I 4 2380.55 III 40 2399.38 I20 2399.73 I10 2400.49 I60 2407.35 II50 2414.13 II 8 2431.65 III5 2441.06 I 20 2446.90 I 15 2464.06 I 5 2480.56 III 40 2482.00 I30 2482.72 I40 2483.82 I 7 2484.50 III 90 2534.77 I 15000 2536.52 I 25 2563.86 I25 2576.29 I 5 2578.91 I2 2612.92 III4 2617.97 III 15 2625.19 I 5 2639.78 I 250 2652.04 I400 2653.69 I100 2655.13 I3 2670.49 III 5 2674.91 I 50 2698.83 I50 2699.38 I80 2705.36 II70 2724.43 III80 2752.78 I20 2759.71 I 6 2769.22 III 40 2803.46 I30 2804.43 I 2 2805.34 I2 2806.77 I 150 2814.93 II 3 2844.76 III 750 2847.68 II 50 2856.94 I 150 2893.60 I150 2916.27 II 60 2925.41 I 150 2935.94 II400 2947.08 II 1200 2967.28 I 300 3021.50 I120 3023.47 I 30 3025.61 I50 3027.49 I15 3090.05 III 400 3125.67 I320 3131.55 I320 3131.84 I400 3208.20 II400 3264.06 II 5 3283.02 III 12 3312.28 III80 3341.48 I 100 3385.25 II 8 3389.01 III5 3450.77 III 400 3451.69 II 3 3500.35 III4 3538.88 III 200 3549.42 II 5 3557.24 III 2800 3650.15 I 300 3654.84 I 80 3662.88 I 240 3663.28 I 30 3701.44 I35 3704.17 I30 3801.66 I15 3803.51 III 100 3806.38 II 20 3901.87 I60 3906.37 I 100 3918.92 II200 3983.96 II 1800 4046.56 I 150 4077.83 I 40 4108.05 I70 4122.07 III10 4140.34 III 100 4216.74 III250 4339.22 I400 4347.49 I 4000 4358.33 I100 4398.62 II 15 4470.58 III12 4552.84 III90 4660.28 II50 4797.01 III80 4855.72 II10 4869.85 III 5 4883.00 I5 4889.91 I 80 4916.07 I 5 4970.37 I 80 4973.57 III 5 4980.64 I 20 5102.70 I40 5120.64 I 100 5128.45 II 20 5137.94 I30 5210.82 III20 5290.74 I 5 5316.78 I 60 5354.05 I30 5384.63 I 1100 5460.74 I 30 5549.63 I 160 5675.86 I 6 5695.71 III 240 5769.60 I100 5789.66 I280 5790.66 I140 5803.78 I 60 5859.25 I60 5871.73 II20 5871.98 I20 6072.72 I 1000 6149.50 II 25 6220.35 III30 6234.40 I35 6418.98 III40 6501.38 III80 6521.13 II10 6584.26 III 6 6610.12 III 30 6709.29 III 160 6716.43 I250 6907.52 I250 7081.90 I200 7091.86 I 40 7346.37 II 100 7485.87 II 12 7517.46 III20 7728.82 I 7 7808.10 III 100 7944.66 II 25 7946.75 III50 7984.51 III 5 8151.64 III 2000 10139.75 I 240 11287.40 I120 13209.95 I140 13426.57 I 60 13468.38 I80 13505.58 I 500 13570.21 I450 13673.51 I200 13950.55 I500 15295.82 I Mecury 198—Mercury 10-44Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 100 16881.48 I 400 16920.16 I300 16942.00 I500 17072.79 I400 17109.93 I 20 17116.75 I20 17198.67 I20 17213.20 I70 17329.41 I30 17436.18 I50 18130.38 I40 19700.17 I 22493.28 I 250 23253.07 I 32148.06 I36303.03 I Molybdenum Mo Z = 42 50 867.92 IV 100 884.19 IV 60 886.05 IV50 891.74 IV 100 1169.33 III100 1254.93 III100 1258.52 III100 1262.21 III100 1263.74 III100 1274.37 III100 1276.40 III200 1277.40 III200 1277.58 III200 1278.40 III150 1281.90 III150 1283.60 III100 1854.73 III 80 1926.26 IV 100 1929.24 IV 80 1971.06 IV70 2010.92 IV 19000 2015.11 II40000 2020.30 II21000 2038.44 II17000 2045.98 II 50 2060.38 IV 4800 2081.68 II2400 2089.52 II2200 2092.50 II4000 2093.11 II 2700 2100.84 II1500 2104.29 II1400 2108.02 II 100 2184.37 III100 2211.02 III400 2269.69 II150 2269.71 III200 2294.97 III160 2304.25 II160 2306.97 II150 2330.93 III110 2332.12 II190 2341.59 II100 2359.76 III 110 2389.20 II140 2403.61 II120 2413.01 II 85 2498.28 II200 2506.19 III 440 2538.46 II330 2542.67 II 80 2558.88 II85 2564.34 II 250 2593.70 II250 2602.80 II400 2616.78 I440 2629.85 I330 2636.67 II720 2638.76 II410 2640.99 I600 2644.35 II370 2646.49 II640 2649.46 I480 2653.35 II560 h 2655.03 I640 2660.58 II720 2672.84 II250 2673.27 II 1000 2679.85 I 95 2681.36 II 640 2683.23 II880 2684.14 II560 2687.99 II480 2701.42 II190 2713.51 II290 2717.35 II 85 2726.97 II 140 2729.68 II 80 2730.20 II 330 2732.88 II160 2736.96 II 80 h 2737.88 II 290 2746.30 II110 2756.07 II220 2763.62 II240 2769.76 II160 2773.78 II190 2774.39 II 1700 2775.40 II 65 2777.86 II 880 2780.04 II400 2784.99 II100 2807.74 III400 2807.76 II 1700 2816.15 II 220 2817.44 II 80 2827.74 II80 2834.39 II80 2835.33 II 160 2842.15 II 1700 2848.23 II 370 2853.23 II370 2863.81 II220 2866.69 II 1700 2871.51 II 85 2872.88 II 220 2879.05 II 65 2888.15 II 1300 2890.99 II 95 2891.28 II 190 2892.81 II950 2894.45 II140 2897.63 II 70 2900.80 II290 2903.07 II 80 2907.12 II 600 2909.12 II 1100 2911.92 II 120 2918.83 II 1300 2923.39 II 140 2924.32 II 1100 2930.50 II 800 2934.30 II 95 2940.10 II 110 2941.22 II150 2944.82 II140 2946.69 II 95 2947.28 II 125 2947.32 III 95 2955.84 II 240 2956.06 II 70 2956.90 II95 2960.24 II 250 2963.79 II 210 2965.27 II 70 2971.91 II 250 2972.61 II 80 2975.40 II95 2992.84 II95 3027.77 II 100 3060.78 II800 3064.28 I250 3065.04 II800 3074.37 I 85 3077.66 II 800 3085.62 I270 3087.62 II190 3092.07 II560 3094.66 I560 3101.34 I 1400 3112.12 I 290 3122.00 II 14000 3132.59 I 110 3138.72 II220 3152.82 II 55 3155.64 II 6000 3158.16 I8700 3170.35 I 95 3172.03 II 160 3172.74 II120 d 3187.59 II 7600 3193.97 I 880 3205.88 I 3000 3208.83 I 560 3215.07 I880 3228.22 I600 3229.79 I 1100 3233.14 I 950 3237.08 I 65 3240.71 II 950 3256.21 I480 3264.40 I800 3270.90 I200 3271.69 III 1100 3289.02 I 950 3290.82 I 190 3292.31 II100 3313.62 II190 3320.90 II640 3323.95 I1300 3344.75 I 95 3346.40 II 1600 3358.12 I 950 3363.78 I950 3379.97 I 1900 3384.62 I 130 3395.36 II640 3404.34 I 1300 3405.94 I 640 3437.22 I130 3446.08 II 3200 3447.12 I 640 3449.07 I950 3456.39 I640 3460.78 I800 3504.41 I560 3508.12 I480 3521.41 I640 3537.28 I520 3558.10 I 400 3563.14 I 1400 3581.89 I1400 3624.46 I1000 3635.43 I 400 3657.35 I540 3664.81 I590 3672.82 I 1300 3680.60 I 65 3688.31 II 180 3692.64 II 1400 3694.94 I 500 3727.69 I 80 3744.37 II 29000 3798.25 I 520 3826.70 I940 3828.87 I 1700 3833.75 I 29000 3864.11 I 580 3869.08 I580 3886.82 I 19000 3902.96 I 65 3941.48 II 1400 4062.08 I2300 4069.88 I1300 4081.44 I 940 4084.38 I730 4107.47 I630 4120.10 I 2900 4143.55 I 480 4185.82 I 2500 4188.32 I1500 4232.59 I 890 4276.91 I 1200 4277.24 I1400 4288.64 I 680 4292.13 I890 4293.21 I840 4326.14 I 1900 4381.64 I2500 4411.57 I 990 4434.95 I480 4457.36 I 630 4474.56 I400 4536.80 I460 4626.47 I640 4707.26 I Mercury—Molybdenum TeamLRN10-45Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 700 4731.44 I 770 4760.19 I410 4819.25 I410 4830.51 I180 5014.60 I 80 5029.00 I65 5030.78 I 100 5047.71 I 50 5055.00 I 200 5059.88 I100 5080.02 I100 5096.65 I130 5097.52 I130 5109.71 I 80 5114.97 I 150 5145.38 I110 5147.39 I 80 5163.19 I 100 5167.76 I160 d 5171.08 I 230 h 5172.94 I160 h 5174.18 I110 5200.17 I 50 5200.74 I50 5211.86 I80 5219.40 I65 5231.06 I 100 5234.26 I460 h 5238.20 I230 h 5240.88 I110 h 5242.81 I100 5245.51 I150 5259.04 I 65 5261.14 I65 5279.65 I 210 5280.86 I 55 5292.08 I55 5295.47 I55 5313.89 I80 5354.88 I65 5356.48 I 560 hl 5360.56 I110 hl 5364.28 I 65 5394.52 I50 5400.47 I55 5435.68 I65 5437.75 I50 5501.54 I 7800 5506.49 I5200 5533.05 I 50 5543.12 I55 5556.28 I 2500 5570.45 I 100 5610.93 I330 5632.47 I 50 5634.86 I 230 5650.13 I 55 5674.47 I 460 5689.14 I 80 5705.72 I 210 5722.74 I620 5751.40 I 520 5791.85 I 55 h 5849.73 I50 h 5851.52 I 520 5858.27 I50 5869.33 I 820 5888.33 I 50 h 5893.38 I 160 h 5928.88 I 35 6025.49 I 1300 6030.66 I 40 6101.87 I40 6357.22 I35 6401.07 I 100 6424.37 I230 6619.13 I 50 6650.38 I 110 6733.98 I 50 6746.27 I35 6753.97 I40 6838.88 I35 6914.01 I 110 7109.87 I150 7242.50 I 40 7245.85 I 40 7391.36 I 140 7485.74 I 27 7720.77 I40 h 8328.44 I45 h 8389.32 I45 h 8483.39 I Neodymium Nd Z = 60 75 2764.98 I80 2993.20 II95 3007.97 II95 3014.19 II95 3018.35 II 140 3056.71 II130 3069.73 II160 3075.38 II240 3092.92 II260 3115.18 II290 3133.60 II220 3134.90 II170 3141.46 II170 3142.44 II150 3203.47 II220 3259.24 II220 3265.12 II320 3275.22 II290 3285.10 II410 3328.28 II 320 3353.59 II410 3560.75 II470 3587.51 II370 3615.82 II410 3653.15 II470 3662.26 II540 3665.18 II540 3672.36 II580 3673.54 II 1200 3685.80 II 440 3687.30 II410 3689.69 II410 3697.56 II470 3713.70 II 640 d 3714.73 II470 3715.68 II410 3718.54 II410 3721.35 II780 3723.50 II 410 3724.87 II710 3728.13 II470 3730.58 II 1000 d 3735.54 II 440 3737.10 II 1000 3738.06 II 580 3752.49 II510 3757.82 II930 3758.95 II930 3763.47 II510 3769.65 II 1400 3775.50 II 710 3779.47 II580 3780.40 II510 3781.32 II 2400 3784.25 II 370 3801.12 II 1200 3803.47 II2500 3805.36 II 470 3807.23 II540 3808.77 II440 3809.06 II580 3810.49 II710 3814.73 II410 3822.47 II 1200 3826.42 II 540 3828.85 II440 3829.16 II510 3830.47 II740 3836.54 II 1700 3838.98 II 410 d 3841.82 II 1700 d 3848.24 II1500 3848.52 II 470 3850.22 II 2400 d 3851.66 II3700 d 3863.33 II 850 3869.07 II470 3875.87 II 1100 3878.58 II1000 3879.55 II 780 3880.38 II 1200 3880.78 II 540 3887.87 II 1300 3889.93 II1300 3890.58 II1300 3890.94 II 580 3891.51 II470 3892.06 II810 3894.63 II440 3897.63 II 2000 3900.21 II1300 3901.84 II1700 3905.89 II 510 3907.84 II 2000 3911.16 II 850 3912.23 II440 3915.13 II610 3915.95 II 1100 3920.96 II 510 3927.10 II 610 3934.82 II410 3936.11 II510 3938.86 II 2000 3941.51 II2000 3951.16 II 810 3952.20 II590 3958.00 II510 3962.21 II 1400 3963.12 II1100 3973.30 II 740 3973.69 II740 3976.85 II740 3979.49 II470 3986.25 II 1400 3990.10 II1000 3991.74 II1100 3994.68 II 410 4000.50 II540 4004.02 II410 4007.43 II 3700 4012.25 II 540 4012.70 II 1000 4020.87 II1000 4021.34 II 1000 4021.78 II1200 4023.00 II 410 4030.47 II 1200 4031.82 II3000 4040.80 II 410 4043.59 II410 4048.81 II850 4051.15 II850 4059.96 II 4700 4061.09 II1100 4069.28 II 710 4075.12 II470 4075.28 II470 4080.23 II 1400 4109.08 II2500 4109.46 II 510 4110.48 II410 4123.88 II470 4133.36 II510 4135.33 II 3000 4156.08 II 510 4156.26 II410 4168.00 II810 4175.61 II 2400 4177.32 II 640 4179.59 II470 4205.60 II470 4211.29 II 440 4227.73 II 1300 4232.38 II2000 4247.38 II 850 4252.44 II410 4261.84 II470 4282.44 II710 4284.52 II 5400 4303.58 II 470 4314.52 II 1100 4325.76 II 510 4327.93 II540 4338.70 II680 4351.29 II850 4358.17 II 470 d 4374.93 II710 4385.66 II540 4400.83 II510 4411.06 II Molybdenum—Neodymium 10-46Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 580 4446.39 II 1400 4451.57 II 740 4462.99 II410 4501.82 II250 4516.36 II340 4541.27 II340 4542.61 II340 4563.22 II300 4621.94 I510 4634.24 I340 4641.10 I250 4645.77 II300 4649.67 I310 4683.45 I470 4706.54 II240 4719.02 I240 4811.34 II350 4825.48 II280 4859.02 II350 4883.81 I 220 4890.70 II240 4891.07 I280 4896.93 I210 4901.84 I330 4920.68 II470 4924.53 I260 4944.83 I290 4954.78 I290 4959.13 II250 4989.94 II360 5076.59 II360 5092.80 II360 5107.59 II340 5123.79 II680 5130.60 II500 5191.45 II630 5192.62 II330 5200.12 II310 5212.37 II450 5234.20 II250 5239.79 II720 5249.59 II360 5255.51 II590 5273.43 II680 5293.17 II220 5311.46 II500 5319.82 II290 5361.47 II 160 5431.53 II240 5594.43 II220 5620.54 I140 d 5675.97 I220 5688.53 II130 5702.24 II160 5708.28 II100 5729.29 I160 5804.02 II 80 5811.57 II70 5825.87 II80 5842.39 II55 5858.91 I45 6007.67 I 45 6034.24 II55 6066.03 I45 6178.59 I45 6223.39 I55 6310.49 I 65 6385.20 II45 6630.14 I45 6650.57 II40 6740.11 II40 6900.43 II35 7037.30 II40 7066.89 II29 7129.35 II24 7189.42 II20 7192.01 II15 7236.54 II12 7316.81 II10 7406.62 II10 7418.18 II12 7511.16 II17 7513.73 II12 7528.99 II10 7538.26 II12 7696.56 II 10 7750.95 II10 7808.47 II12 7863.04 II12 7917.01 II12 7958.95 I12 7965.73 II15 7982.09 II12 7982.68 II12 8000.76 II10 8120.93 II12 8122.07 II12 8141.75 II12 8143.27 II10 8231.52 II10 8307.72 II12 8346.36 II17 8839.10 II Neon Ne Z = 10 66 119.01 V 200 122.52 V 66 125.12 V45 131.99 V50 132.04 V 150 140.76 V150 140.79 V100 142.44 V100 142.50 V 150 142.72 V100 143.27 V150 143.34 V150 147.13 V 66 151.23 V 120 151.42 V 15 151.82 IV15 152.23 IV45 154.50 V15 158.65 IV15 158.82 IV 100 164.02 V100 164.14 V 80 172.62 IV 500 173.93 V 80 177.16 IV 150 186.58 IV100 194.28 IV100 208.48 IV 100 208.73 IV 80 208.90 IV 150 212.56 IV140 223.24 IV120 223.60 IV140 234.32 IV120 234.70 IV 20 251.14 III20 251.56 III20 251.73 III40 267.06 III40 267.52 III20 267.71 III40 283.18 III 160 283.21 III110 283.69 III 40 283.89 III 220 301.12 III220 313.05 III 220 313.68 III 40 313.95 III90 352.956 I60 354.962 I50 357.83 IV 400 357.96 V500 358.47 V200 358.72 IV500 359.38 V 90 361.433 II60 362.455 II 1000 365.59 V 220 379.31 III125 387.14 IV100 388.22 IV150 405.854 II120 407.138 II800 416.20 V150 421.61 IV200 445.040 II300 446.256 II250 446.590 II180 447.815 II150 454.654 II200 455.274 II 10 456.275 II 120 456.348 II 90 456.896 II 1000 460.728 II 500 462.391 II140 469.77 IV200 469.82 IV180 469.87 IV140 469.92 IV250 480.41 V150 481.28 V250 481.36 V500 482.99 V285 488.10 III220 488.87 III450 489.50 III 70 489.64 III 220 490.31 III360 491.05 III120 521.74 IV140 521.82 IV80 541.13 IV 100 542.07 IV150 543.89 IV400 568.42 V250 569.76 V500 569.83 V250 572.11 V800 572.34 V 35 587.213 I35 589.179 I35 589.911 I70 591.830 I 100 595.920 I 75 598.706 I35 598.891 I70 600.036 I 170 602.726 I170 615.628 I170 618.672 I120 619.102 I 200 626.823 I200 629.739 I 1000 735.896 I 400 743.720 I 60 993.88 I70 1068.65 I90 1131.72 I 100 1131.85 II 90 1229.83 I20 1255.03 III 110 1255.68 III160 1257.19 III 90 1418.38 I90 1428.58 I90 1436.09 I 120 1681.68 II180 1688.36 II100 1888.11 II100 1889.71 II200 1907.49 II500 1916.08 II300 1930.03 II200 1938.83 II100 c 1945.46 II 80 2007.01 II65 2018.44 IV 110 2022.19 IV 80 2025.56 II 150 2085.47 II200 2086.96 III300 2089.43 III240 2092.44 III400 2095.54 III180 2096.11 II120 2096.25 II200 2161.22 III300 2163.77 III200 2180.89 III 30 2203.88 IV 200 2209.35 III200 2211.85 III240 2213.76 III 300 2216.07 III 10 2220.81 IV75 2227.42 V 110 2232.41 V Neodymium—Neon TeamLRN10-47Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 65 2245.48 V 250 2258.02 IV 65 2259.57 V 175 2262.08 IV240 2263.21 III 65 2263.39 V 110 2264.54 IV200 2264.91 III250 2265.71 V550 2285.79 IV 30 2293.14 IV 250 2293.49 IV250 2350.84 IV450 2352.52 IV700 2357.96 IV250 2362.68 IV250 2363.28 IV110 2365.49 IV350 2372.16 IV 65 2384.20 IV 350 2384.95 IV300 2412.73 III240 2412.94 III200 2413.78 III200 2473.40 III 80 p 2562.12 II90 w 2567.12 II 800 2590.04 III600 2593.60 III400 2595.68 III300 2610.03 III240 2613.41 III200 2615.87 III 80 2623.11 II80 2629.89 II90 w 2636.07 II80 2638.29 II 200 2638.70 III200 2641.07 III 80 2644.10 II 600 2677.90 III500 2678.64 III 80 2762.92 II90 2792.02 II80 2794.22 II 100 2809.48 II 80 2906.59 II80 2906.82 II 90 2910.06 II90 2910.41 II80 2911.14 II80 2915.12 II80 2925.62 II80 w 2932.10 II80 2940.65 II90 2946.04 II 150 2955.72 II150 2963.24 II150 2967.18 II100 2973.10 II 15 2974.72 I 100 2979.46 II 12 2982.67 I 150 3001.67 II120 p 3017.31 II300 3027.02 II300 3028.86 II 100 3030.79 II120 3034.46 II100 3035.92 II100 3037.72 II100 3039.59 II100 3044.09 II100 3045.56 II120 3047.56 II100 3054.34 II100 3054.68 II100 3059.11 II100 3062.49 II100 3063.30 II100 3070.89 II100 3071.53 II100 3075.73 II120 3088.17 II100 3092.09 II120 3092.90 II 100 3094.01 II100 3095.10 II100 3097.13 II100 3117.98 II120 3118.16 II 10 3126.199 I 300 3141.33 II100 3143.72 II100 p 3148.68 II100 3164.43 II100 3165.65 II100 3188.74 II120 3194.58 II500 3198.59 II 60 3208.96 II 120 3209.36 II120 3213.74 II150 3214.33 II150 3218.19 II120 3224.82 II120 3229.57 II200 3230.07 II120 3230.42 II120 3232.02 II150 3232.37 II100 3243.40 II100 3244.10 II100 3248.34 II 100 3250.36 II150 3297.73 II150 3309.74 II300 3319.72 II 1000 3323.74 II 150 3327.15 II100 3329.16 II200 3334.84 II150 3344.40 II300 3345.45 II150 3345.83 II200 3355.02 II120 3357.82 II200 3360.60 II 120 3362.16 II100 3362.71 II120 3367.22 II 12 3369.808 I40 3369.908 I 100 3371.80 II500 3378.22 II150 3388.42 II120 3388.94 II300 3392.80 II100 3404.82 II120 3406.95 II100 3413.15 II120 3416.91 II120 3417.69 II 50 3417.904 I15 3418.006 I 120 3428.69 II 60 3447.703 I50 3454.195 I 100 3456.61 II100 3459.32 II 25 3460.524 I30 3464.339 I 30 3466.579 I60 3472.571 I 150 3479.52 II200 3480.72 II200 3481.93 II 25 3498.064 I30 3501.216 I25 3515.191 I 150 3520.472 I120 3542.85 II120 3557.80 II100 3561.20 II250 3568.50 II100 3574.18 II200 3574.61 II 50 3593.526 I30 3593.640 I15 3600.169 I20 3633.665 I 150 3643.93 II200 3664.07 II 20 3682.243 I12 3685.736 I 200 3694.21 II 10 3701.225 I 150 3709.62 II250 3713.08 II250 3727.11 II 800 3766.26 II 1000 3777.13 II 100 3818.43 II120 3829.75 II150 4219.74 II100 4233.85 II120 4250.65 II120 4369.86 II 70 4379.40 II 150 4379.55 II100 4385.06 II200 4391.99 II150 4397.99 II150 4409.30 II 100 4413.22 II100 4421.39 II100 p 4428.52 II100 p 4428.63 II150 p 4430.90 II 150 p 4430.94 II120 4457.05 II100 4522.72 II 10 4537.754 I10 4540.380 I 100 4569.06 II 15 4704.395 I12 4708.862 I10 4710.067 I10 4712.066 I15 4715.347 I10 4752.732 I12 4788.927 I10 4790.22 I10 4827.344 I10 4884.917 I 4 5005.159 I 10 5037.751 I10 5144.938 I 25 5330.778 I20 5341.094 I 8 5343.283 I 60 5400.562 I 5 5562.766 I 10 5656.659 I 5 5719.225 I 12 5748.298 I80 5764.419 I12 5804.450 I40 5820.156 I 500 5852.488 I100 5872.828 I100 5881.895 I 60 5902.462 I60 5906.429 I 100 5944.834 I100 5965.471 I100 5974.627 I120 5975.534 I 80 5987.907 I 100 6029.997 I100 6074.338 I 80 6096.163 I60 6128.450 I 100 6143.063 I120 6163.594 I250 6182.146 I 150 6217.281 I150 6266.495 I 60 6304.789 I 100 6334.428 I120 6382.992 I200 6402.246 I150 6506.528 I 60 6532.882 I 150 6598.953 I 70 6652.093 I90 6678.276 I20 6717.043 I 100 6929.467 I 90 7024.050 I 100 7032.413 I 50 7051.292 I80 7059.107 I 100 7173.938 I Neon 10-48Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 150 7213.20 II 150 7235.19 II100 7245.167 I150 7343.94 II 40 7472.439 I90 7488.871 I 100 7492.10 II150 7522.82 II 80 7535.774 I60 7544.044 I 100 7724.628 I120 7740.74 II300 7839.055 I120 7926.20 II400 7927.118 I700 7936.996 I 2000 7943.181 I2000 8082.458 I 100 8084.34 II 1000 8118.549 I 600 8128.911 I 3000 8136.406 I2500 8259.379 I 100 8264.81 II 2500 8266.077 I 800 8267.117 I 6000 8300.326 I 100 8315.00 II 1500 8365.749 I 100 8372.11 II 8000 8377.606 I1000 8417.159 I4000 8418.427 I1500 8463.358 I 800 8484.444 I 5000 8495.360 I 600 8544.696 I 1000 8571.352 I4000 8591.259 I6000 8634.647 I3000 8647.041 I 15000 8654.383 I 4000 8655.522 I 100 8668.26 II 5000 8679.492 I5000 8681.921 I2000 8704.112 I4000 8771.656 I 12000 8780.621 I10000 8783.753 I 500 8830.907 I 7000 8853.867 I1000 8865.306 I1000 8865.755 I3000 8919.501 I2000 8988.57 I 100 9079.46 II 6000 9148.67 I6000 9201.76 I4000 9220.06 I2000 9221.58 I2000 9226.69 I 1000 9275.52 I 200 9287.56 II 6000 9300.85 I1500 9310.58 I3000 9313.97 I 6000 9326.51 I2000 9373.31 I5000 9425.38 I3000 9459.21 I5000 9486.68 I5000 9534.16 I3000 9547.40 I 120 9577.01 II 1000 9665.42 I 100 9808.86 II800 10295.42 I 2000 10562.41 I1500 10798.07 I2000 10844.48 I3000 11143.020 I3500 11177.528 I1600 11390.434 I1100 11409.134 I3000 11522.746 I 1500 11525.020 I 950 11536.344 I500 11601.537 I 1200 11614.081 I 300 11688.002 I 2000 11766.792 I1500 11789.044 I 500 11789.889 I 1000 11984.912 I3000 12066.334 I 800 12459.389 I 1000 12689.201 I1100 12912.014 I 700 13219.241 I800 15230.714 I400 17161.930 I400 18035.80 I 1000 18083.21 I 350 18221.11 I250 18227.02 I 2500 18276.68 I2000 18282.62 I1200 18303.97 I 250 18359.12 I 1200 18384.85 I2000 18389.95 I1000 18402.84 I1200 18422.39 I 300 18458.65 I400 18475.79 I900 18591.55 I 1600 18597.70 I 350 18618.96 I550 18625.16 I 1200 21041.295 I 750 21708.145 I300 22247.35 I350 22428.13 I 2250 22530.40 I 400 22661.81 I600 23100.51 I 1000 23260.30 I 1050 23373.00 I 850 23565.36 I 3500 23636.52 I 300 23701.64 I1100 23709.2 I 1800 23951.42 I 600 23956.46 I 1000 23978.12 I 200 24098.54 I500 24161.42 I600 24249.64 I 1500 24365.05 I 800 24371.60 I400 24447.85 I700 24459.4 I300 24776.46 I550 24928.88 I250 25161.69 I650 25524.37 I125 28386.21 I150 30200. I250 33173.09 I450 33352.35 I 1300 33901. I 2200 33912.10 I 600 34131.31 I100 34471.44 I120 35834.78 I Neptunium Np Z = 93 300 3481.93 I300 h 3501.50 I300 l 3986.89 I300 s 5044.66 I300 l 5601.70 I300 l 5652.75 I300 l 5784.39 I300 l 5878.04 I300 s 6011.22 I300 6056.09 I300 s 6073.90 I300 s 6080.05 I300 l 6120.49 I300 6188.59 I300 l 6200.00 I300 s 6215.90 I300 s 6317.84 I300 l 6341.38 I300 l 6566.11 I300 l 6720.68 I300 s 6751.32 I300 s 6795.21 I 300 l 6802.62 I300 l 6805.81 I300 s 6816.44 I300 l 6865.45 I300 s 6907.13 I300 h 6912.91 I 1000 s 6930.31 I 300 l 6963.63 I 3000 s 6972.09 I 300 7014.02 I300 l 7018.91 I300 s 7039.14 I300 s 7080.01 I300 l 7174.83 I 300 l 7184.93 I300 l 7284.28 I300 l 7292.29 I300 l 7332.52 I300 s 7370.60 I 300 l 7381.03 I300 l 7381.65 I300 l 7402.70 I300 s 7512.22 I300 l 7515.15 I300 l 7546.05 I300 l 7624.83 I300 7626.85 I300 s 7681.01 I300 s 7685.25 I 1000 l 7735.14 I 300 l 7761.61 I 1000 l 7765.75 I 300 s 7776.07 I300 7787.46 I 1000 l 7791.38 I 300 l 7851.44 I300 l 7887.88 I300 l 7901.71 I 300 l 7975.98 I300 h 8080.32 I300 s 8124.59 I300 8155.11 I300 l 8167.42 I300 l 8183.06 I300 l 8188.61 I300 l 8247.82 I300 l 8287.11 I300 s 8287.75 I300 l 8306.22 I300 s 8313.66 I 1000 l 8339.12 I 300 8356.79 I300 l 8367.11 I 3000 8372.88 I3000 8529.96 I1000 s 8696.23 I1000 s 8906.02 I1000 8942.70 I1000 s 9004.75 I1000 l 9006.31 I 10000 l 9016.18 I 3000 l 9141.30 I3000 s 9379.33 I3000 l 9468.66 I3000 s 9679.13 I3000 l 9930.55 I 10000 l 10091.99 I10000 s 10817.45 I10000 l 11695.15 I10000 l 11776.64 I10000 s 12148.18 I10000 s 12377.42 I10000 l 12407.99 I10000 l 13834.33 I Nickel Ni Z = 28 55 315.24 V56 315.71 V72 354.18 V76 354.42 V 68 354.49 V 500 630.71 III500 676.94 III300 713.33 III Neon—Nickel TeamLRN10-49Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 300 713.38 III 500 718.48 III300 722.09 III500 729.82 III400 731.70 III300 732.16 III300 747.99 III300 750.05 III300 757.80 III400 770.22 III500 778.81 III300 788.04 III500 811.57 III500 826.14 III500 842.14 III400 845.24 III300 847.43 III300 860.64 III300 862.88 III300 863.22 III 300 867.51 III300 973.79 III400 979.59 III500 1317.22 II 76 1398.19 IV74 1411.45 IV70 1438.82 IV73 1449.01 IV76 1452.22 IV73 1482.25 IV72 1489.83 IV75 1525.31 IV74 1527.68 IV74 1527.80 IV76 1534.71 IV73 1537.25 IV75 1543.41 IV74 1546.23 IV 300 1604.54 III300 1652.87 III400 1687.90 III 1000 1692.51 III 800 1709.90 III650 1715.30 III500 1719.46 III400 1722.28 III500 1738.25 III300 1739.78 III 1000 1741.55 II 300 1741.96 III550 1747.01 III300 1752.43 III400 1753.01 III800 1764.69 III500 1767.94 III 2000 1769.64 III 400 1776.07 III300 1807.24 III300 1819.28 III800 1823.06 III400 1830.01 III650 1847.28 III 800 1854.15 III300 1858.75 III 1000 2165.55 II2000 2169.10 II2000 2174.67 II 1500 2175.15 II2500 2185.50 II3000 2192.09 II5000 2205.55 II4000 2206.72 II6000 2216.48 II1000 2264.46 II2000 2270.21 II1600 2289.98 I 630 2300.78 I 1000 2303.00 II2000 2310.96 I1700 2312.34 I1400 2313.66 I1400 2313.98 I1000 2316.04 II1400 2317.16 I2600 2320.03 I1900 2321.38 I 1400 2325.79 I 940 2329.96 I 1200 2345.54 I 400 2347.52 I 1000 2375.42 II 240 2386.58 I 1000 2394.52 II2000 2416.13 II 240 2419.31 I160 2472.06 I150 2798.65 I250 2821.29 I500 2943.91 I570 2981.65 I500 2992.60 I 1000 2994.46 I4000 3002.49 I2200 3003.63 I3700 3012.00 I1700 3037.94 I3500 3050.82 I1500 3054.32 I1900 3057.64 I 500 3064.62 I 2600 3101.55 I1300 3101.88 I2900 3134.11 I1100 3232.96 I 600 3243.06 I660 3315.66 I 2000 3331.88 II2900 3369.57 I3300 3380.57 I1300 3391.05 I3300 3392.99 I8200 3414.76 I1600 3423.71 I2600 3433.56 I 990 3437.28 I 4800 3446.26 I1300 3452.89 I5000 3458.47 I 5000 3461.65 I1600 3472.54 I 550 3483.77 I 5500 3492.96 I660 3500.85 I 2600 3510.34 I6600 3515.05 I 660 3519.77 I 8200 3524.54 I5000 3566.37 I 990 3571.87 I 1300 3597.70 I1300 3610.46 I 530 3612.74 I 6600 3619.39 I 200 3664.10 I130 3669.24 I180 3670.43 I260 3674.15 I160 3688.42 I 80 3693.93 I 120 3722.48 I150 3736.81 I 60 3739.23 I 600 3775.57 I700 3783.53 I700 3807.14 I110 3831.69 I 1200 3858.30 I 110 3973.56 I110 4401.55 I 85 4459.04 I55 4470.48 I65 4605.00 I75 4648.66 I 110 4714.42 I 45 4786.54 I45 4855.41 I40 4904.41 I45 4980.16 I45 4984.13 I50 5017.59 I 100 5035.37 I100 5080.52 I 65 5081.11 I40 h 5146.48 I40 h 5155.76 I 180 5476.91 I 23 5709.56 I16 5754.68 I10 5857.76 I10 5892.88 I 10 6108.12 I10 6176.81 I10 6191.18 I13 6256.36 I16 6643.64 I22 6767.77 I10 6914.56 I26 7122.20 I16 7393.60 I16 7409.35 I23 7422.28 I13 7522.76 I19 7555.60 I23 7617.00 I 16 7714.32 I19 7727.61 I19 7748.89 I10 7788.94 I13 7797.59 I 1000 8096.75 II 700 8121.48 II 9 8862.55 I 500 w 9900.92 II Niobium Nb Z = 41 80 464.55 V80 468.32 V80 763.77 V80 774.02 V60 993.54 IV 400 1005.72 IV500 1007.05 IV500 1010.19 IV100 1116.08 IV150 1120.02 IV100 1258.87 V 60 1314.56 III80 1445.43 III 80 1445.98 III80 1447.09 III 100 1456.68 III 80 1484.73 III 100 1495.94 III 80 1498.02 III80 1499.45 III 100 1501.99 III 60 1502.30 IV80 1513.81 III60 1524.36 IV 100 1524.91 III100 1590.21 III 80 1598.86 III80 1604.72 III80 1639.51 III 100 1682.77 III100 1705.44 III100 1707.14 III100 1758.33 V100 1877.34 V100 1892.92 III 60 1922.41 IV 100 1938.84 III 60 1978.22 IV 3300 2029.32 II 65 2032.53 IV 3000 2032.99 II 2000 2109.42 II1700 2125.21 II1100 2126.54 II 80 h 2130.24 III 1500 2131.18 II 80 2273.92 III 100 2275.23 III 80 2279.36 III 100 2281.51 III 80 2284.40 III 100 2290.36 III370 2295.68 II280 2302.08 II100 2313.30 III 100 2338.09 III 80 2344.12 III90 2349.21 III80 2355.54 III Nickel—Niobium 10-50Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 100 2362.06 III 80 2362.50 III80 2365.70 III 100 2372.73 III170 2376.40 II110 2387.09 II100 2387.41 III140 2387.52 II 80 2388.23 III45 2388.27 II 160 2398.48 II 80 2404.89 III55 2405.34 II55 2405.85 II 140 2412.46 II100 2413.94 III160 2416.99 II140 2418.69 II100 2421.91 III 75 2433.80 II 40 2435.95 II45 2437.42 II40 2442.14 II28 2442.68 II65 2451.87 II65 2453.95 II 100 2456.99 III 55 2458.09 II65 2462.89 I80 2468.72 III80 2475.87 III 110 2477.38 II 65 2478.29 II65 2479.94 II35 2483.88 II 100 2499.73 III110 2511.00 II110 2521.40 II390 2544.80 II100 2545.64 III110 2551.38 II130 2556.94 II 80 2557.94 III 130 2562.41 II110 2571.33 II390 2583.99 II390 2590.94 II 80 2598.86 III 80 2633.17 III 200 2642.24 II320 2646.26 II330 2647.50 I330 2654.45 I310 2656.08 II 80 2657.99 III 110 2665.25 II110 2666.59 II110 2667.30 II400 2671.93 II200 2673.57 II200 2675.94 II160 2691.77 II 1000 2697.06 II 320 2698.86 II320 2702.20 II150 2702.52 II470 2716.62 II 470 2721.98 II310 2733.26 II110 2737.09 II240 2768.13 II310 2773.20 I270 2780.24 II110 2793.05 II190 2827.08 II250 2841.15 II280 2842.65 II160 2846.28 II240 2861.09 II100 2865.61 II500 2868.52 II800 2875.39 II270 2876.95 II530 2877.03 II100 2880.72 II570 2883.18 II 280 2888.83 II470 2897.81 II400 2899.24 II470 2908.24 II670 2910.59 II470 2911.74 II 1100 2927.81 II 110 2931.47 II870 2941.54 II110 h 2945.88 II110 2946.12 II110 2946.90 II 1100 2950.88 II 400 2972.57 II320 2974.10 II210 2977.68 II200 2982.11 II330 2990.26 II470 2994.73 II 80 3001.84 III 140 3024.74 II350 3028.44 II300 3032.77 II100 3044.76 II100 3055.52 II220 3064.53 II110 3069.68 II100 3070.90 II 110 3071.56 II100 3073.24 II400 3076.87 II110 3080.35 II 1800 3094.18 II 140 3099.19 II270 3127.53 II 1500 3130.79 II 80 3142.26 III 390 3145.40 II 1200 3163.40 II 150 3175.78 II390 3180.29 II300 3191.10 II 150 3191.43 II 1000 3194.98 II 120 3203.35 II300 3206.34 II390 3215.60 II 800 3225.48 II140 3229.56 II400 3236.40 II200 3247.47 II120 3248.94 II320 3254.07 II230 3260.56 II160 3263.37 II200 3283.46 II160 3292.02 II320 3296.01 I400 3312.60 I120 3319.58 II130 3341.60 II 1300 3341.97 I1300 3343.71 I1700 3349.06 I 420 3349.52 I340 3354.74 I 1700 3358.42 I 130 3365.58 II340 3366.96 I130 3369.16 II350 3374.92 I170 3386.24 II350 3392.34 I230 3408.68 II180 3409.19 II230 3412.94 II230 3425.42 II230 3426.57 II180 3432.70 II180 3440.59 II200 3479.56 II100 3484.05 II500 3498.63 I460 3507.96 I200 3510.26 II200 3515.42 II200 3517.67 II 2000 3535.30 I1300 3537.48 I 250 3540.96 II500 3544.02 I300 3550.45 I 1000 3554.66 I 630 3563.50 I 630 3563.62 I 1500 3575.85 I5000 3580.27 I 500 3584.97 I750 3589.11 I500 3589.36 I500 3593.97 I500 3602.56 I300 3619.51 II420 3649.85 I400 3651.19 II200 3659.61 II630 3660.37 I900 3664.70 I 1500 3697.85 I 330 3711.34 I 3300 3713.01 I 480 3716.99 I2700 3726.24 I 2700 3739.80 I 670 3740.73 II 1700 3742.39 I 530 3763.49 I350 3765.08 I530 3771.85 I870 3781.01 I 1700 3787.06 I1300 3790.15 I3500 3791.21 I2700 3798.12 I2700 3802.92 I 670 3803.88 I530 3804.74 I670 3810.49 I530 3811.03 I530 3815.51 I210 3818.86 II670 3824.88 I 350 3835.18 I350 3863.38 I530 3877.56 I870 3878.82 I670 3883.14 I 1100 3885.44 I 670 3885.68 I580 3891.30 I670 3914.70 I530 3920.20 I670 3937.44 I520 3943.67 I910 d 3966.09 I 1100 4032.52 I 16000 c 4058.94 I 350 4060.79 I 12000 4079.73 I 440 4100.40 I 6700 4100.92 I 310 4116.90 I 5300 4123.81 I 670 4129.43 I770 4129.93 I 2300 4137.10 I 440 4139.44 I 2700 4139.71 I 350 4143.21 I870 4150.12 I 4400 4152.58 I 870 4163.47 I 4400 4163.66 I4000 4164.66 I3500 4168.13 I 310 4184.44 I 1200 4190.88 I 870 4192.07 I870 4195.09 I 1300 4195.66 I 310 4198.51 I350 4201.52 I870 4205.31 I350 4214.73 I 420 4217.94 I420 4229.15 I770 4262.05 I420 4266.02 I Niobium TeamLRN10-51Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 400 4286.99 I 580 4299.60 I580 4300.99 I390 4311.27 I350 4326.33 I390 4331.37 I330 4410.21 I150 4503.04 I530 4523.41 I480 4546.82 I370 4564.53 I720 4573.08 I480 4581.62 I 1200 4606.77 I 170 4616.17 I450 4630.11 I450 4648.95 I450 4663.83 I340 4666.24 I240 4667.22 I 580 4672.09 I530 4675.37 I320 4685.14 I130 c 4706.14 I260 4708.29 I150 4713.50 I220 c 4749.70 I130 c 4967.78 I190 4988.97 I230 5017.75 I150 5026.36 I210 5039.04 I170 5058.01 I130 5065.25 I750 5078.96 I420 5095.30 I170 5100.16 I170 5120.30 I210 5134.75 I250 5160.33 I250 5164.38 I230 5180.31 I190 5189.20 I170 5193.08 I150 5195.84 I150 5232.81 I150 d 5251.62 I270 5271.53 I 130 c 5276.20 I250 5318.60 I460 5344.17 I340 5350.74 I110 5437.27 I 85 5551.35 I 170 5642.11 I130 5664.71 I170 5665.63 I130 5729.19 I110 5760.34 I110 5819.43 I130 d 5838.64 I190 cw 5900.62 I 150 5983.22 I 75 6221.96 I85 c 6430.46 I65 6544.61 I210 cw 6660.84 I 150 cw 6677.33 I130 c 6723.62 I 85 6828.11 I85 6990.32 I 190 c 7046.81 I130 7159.43 I190 cw 7372.50 I 65 7515.93 I 170 c 7574.58 I 75 c 7726.68 I35 7885.31 I40 8135.20 I29 cw 8320.93 I29 8346.08 I35 8905.78 I Nitrogen N Z = 7 400 181.75 IV 52 186.069 V 62 186.153 V 400 191.7 IV400 192.9 IV500 196.87 IV500 197.23 IV500 202.60 IV500 205.94 IV500 205.97 IV500 206.03 IV 90 209.303 V 500 217.20 IV500 d 217.90 IV500 d 223.4 IV800 w 225.12 IV800 225.21 IV600 w 234.12 IV600 w 234.20 IV600 w 234.25 IV550 236.07 IV500 237.99 IV500 w 238.7 IV600 238.80 IV500 w 239.62 IV900 247.20 IV 90 247.561 V 120 247.706 V500 w 248.43 IV500 w 248.46 IV 500 w 248.48 IV500 257.95 III650 258.50 III700 259.19 III800 260.09 III600 260.45 IV800 261.28 III500 262.91 III500 265.23 III500 265.27 III150 266.196 V200 266.379 V500 268.70 III650 270.99 IV 250 283.42 IV300 283.48 IV350 283.58 IV600 285.56 IV600 w 297.7 IV 700 297.82 IV650 300.32 IV 90 303.123 IV 500 303.28 IV150 314.715 III200 314.850 III 90 314.877 III 150 315.053 IV120 322.503 IV150 322.570 IV200 322.724 IV120 323.175 IV600 323.26 III300 335.050 IV500 338.35 III500 340.20 III500 w 351.93 IV500 351.98 III700 353.06 IV 120 362.833 III150 362.881 III150 362.946 III 90 362.985 III 300 374.204 III350 374.441 III500 387.48 III500 420.77 IV250 451.869 III300 452.226 III650 463.74 IV285 644.634 II360 644.837 II450 645.178 II140 647.50 I360 660.286 II170 671.016 II285 671.386 II150 671.630 II160 671.773 II170 672.001 II500 684.996 III570 685.513 III650 685.816 III500 686.335 III350 692.70 I 90 713.518 V 150 713.860 V 285 746.984 II150 748.195 V200 748.291 V500 763.336 III570 764.359 III570 765.148 IV250 771.544 III300 771.901 III350 772.385 III200 772.891 III150 772.975 III650 775.965 II 90 885.67 I90 909.697 I 80 910.278 I40 910.645 I 450 915.612 II450 915.962 II550 916.012 II 650 916.701 II520 921.992 IV500 922.519 IV480 923.057 IV520 924.283 IV 90 953.415 I 100 953.655 I130 953.970 I 1000 955.335 IV 130 963.990 I115 964.626 I 70 965.041 I 650 979.842 III700 979.919 III900 989.790 III700 991.514 III 1000 991.579 III 150 w 1036.16 IV 90 1067.614 I 60 1068.612 I90 1078.71 IV 450 1083.990 II600 1084.580 II430 1085.546 II650 1085.701 II175 1097.237 I115 1098.095 I115 1098.260 I105 1100.360 I 40 1100.465 I90 1101.291 I 360 1134.165 I385 1134.415 I410 1134.980 I105 1143.65 I130 1163.884 I 60 1164.206 I 105 1164.325 I270 1167.448 I105 1168.334 I 60 1168.417 I 195 1168.536 I230 1176.510 I105 1176.630 I195 1177.695 I500 1183.031 III570 1184.550 III 90 1188.01 IV 410 1199.550 I385 1200.223 I360 1200.710 I175 1225.026 I160 1225.37 I130 1228.41 I160 1228.79 I 1000 1238.821 V 900 1242.804 V360 1243.179 I315 1243.306 I290 1310.540 I250 1310.95 I 230 1319.00 I315 1319.68 I115 1326.57 I115 1327.92 I Niobium—Nitrogen 10-52Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 150 1387.371 III 360 1411.94 I700 1492.625 I490 1492.820 I640 1494.675 I 90 1549.336 V 200 l 1616.33 V350 l 1619.69 V 1000 1718.55 IV 250 1729.945 III775 1742.729 I700 1745.252 I570 1747.848 III350 1751.218 III650 1751.657 III150 1804.486 III200 1805.669 III150 1846.42 III 90 w 1860.37 V 350 1885.06 III 400 1885.22 III200 1907.99 III150 1919.55 III150 1919.77 III300 1920.65 III150 1920.84 III200 1921.30 III200 2064.01 III250 2064.42 III120 2068.68 III 90 2071.09 III90 2080.34 IV 160 2095.53 II 70 2096.20 II 110 2096.86 II 90 2117.59 III90 2121.50 III 110 2130.18 II160 2142.78 II 90 2147.31 III 200 2188.20 III150 2188.38 III160 2206.09 II160 2286.69 II110 2288.44 II220 2316.49 II160 2316.69 II285 2317.05 II 90 w 2318.09 IV 160 2461.27 II150 2477.69 IV110 2496.83 II 70 2496.97 II 110 2520.22 II160 2520.79 II220 2522.23 II110 2590.94 II250 2645.65 IV300 2646.18 IV350 2646.96 IV250 w 2682.18 III 90 2689.20 III 160 2709.84 II110 2799.22 II110 2823.64 II 60 l 2859.16 V160 2885.27 II 90 l 2974.52 V 150 w 2980.78 V250 w 2981.31 V 60 w 2998.43 V 220 3006.83 II 90 3078.25 IV 120 3367.34 III360 3437.15 II 90 3463.37 IV 570 3478.71 IV500 3482.99 IV400 3484.96 IV 90 3747.54 IV90 3754.67 III 120 3771.05 III285 3838.37 II360 3919.00 II 90 3938.52 III 450 3955.85 II 1000 3995.00 II 150 3998.63 III200 4003.58 III360 4035.08 II550 4041.31 II360 4043.53 II150 4057.76 IV250 4097.33 III140 4099.94 I200 4103.43 III185 4109.95 I285 4176.16 II120 4195.76 III150 4200.10 III285 4227.74 II285 4236.91 II220 4237.05 II450 4241.78 II 90 4332.91 III 120 4345.68 III300 4379.11 III285 4432.74 II650 4447.03 II 90 4510.91 III 120 4514.86 III360 4530.41 II550 4601.48 II350 4603.73 V 90 4606.33 IV 450 4607.16 II360 4613.87 II250 4619.98 V450 4621.39 II870 4630.54 II 90 4634.14 III 120 4640.64 III550 4643.08 II285 4788.13 II450 4803.29 II180 4847.38 I 90 4858.82 III 150 4867.15 III 285 4895.11 II160 4914.94 I210 4935.12 I200 w 4944.56 V160 4950.23 I 350 4963.98 I285 4987.37 II450 4994.36 II650 5001.48 II360 5002.70 II870 5005.15 II550 5007.32 II450 5010.62 II360 5016.39 II360 5025.66 II550 5045.10 II185 5281.20 I140 5292.68 I 90 5314.35 III 200 5320.82 III150 5327.18 III450 5495.67 II285 5535.36 II650 5666.63 II 550 5676.02 II870 5679.56 II450 5686.21 II450 5710.77 II285 5747.30 II700 5752.50 I240 5764.75 I265 5829.54 I235 5854.04 I360 5927.81 II550 5931.78 II285 5940.24 II650 5941.65 II285 5952.39 II160 5999.43 I210 6008.47 I285 6167.76 II360 6379.62 II150 6380.77 IV185 6411.65 I210 6420.64 I210 6423.02 I210 6428.32 I185 6437.68 I235 6440.94 I 90 6454.11 III 185 6457.90 I120 6467.02 III 300 6468.44 I265 6481.71 I750 6482.05 II360 6482.70 I300 6483.75 I325 6484.80 I160 6491.22 I210 6499.54 I185 6506.31 I750 6610.56 II185 6622.54 I185 6636.94 I235 6644.96 I185 6646.50 I 235 6653.46 I210 6656.51 I185 6722.62 I210 7398.64 I160 7406.12 I 265 7406.24 I685 7423.64 I785 7442.29 I900 7468.31 I185 7608.80 I 60 w 7618.46 V 450 7762.24 II400 8184.87 I400 8188.02 I250 8200.36 I300 8210.72 I570 8216.34 I400 8223.14 I400 8242.39 I550 8438.74 II500 8567.74 I570 8594.00 I650 8629.24 I500 8655.89 I 220 8676.08 II700 8680.28 I650 8683.40 I500 8686.15 I110 8687.43 II110 h 8699.00 II500 8703.25 I160 h 8710.54 II570 8711.70 I500 8718.83 I250 8728.89 I200 8747.36 I500 9386.80 I570 9392.79 I250 9460.68 I200 9863.33 I160 h 9865.41 II110 h 9868.21 II160 h 9887.39 II220 h 9891.09 II160 h 9961.86 II220 h 9969.34 II285 h 10023.27 II220 h 10035.45 II220 h 10065.15 II160 h 10070.12 II250 10105.13 I300 10108.89 I 350 10112.48 I400 10114.64 I110 h 10126.27 II250 10539.57 I200 12074.51 I380 12186.82 I225 12288.97 I290 12328.76 I310 12381.65 I180 12438.40 I510 12461.25 I920 12469.62 I500 13429.61 I840 13581.33 I 180 13587.73 I180 13602.27 I290 13624.18 I250 14757.07 I Nitrogen TeamLRN10-53Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 100 14868.87 I 160 14966.60 I180 15582.27 I120 s 17516.58 I100 l 17584.86 I100 17878.26 I Osmium Os Z = 76 9600 2001.45 I 13000 2003.73 I17000 2010.15 I29000 2018.14 I14000 2022.76 I14000 2028.23 I18000 2034.44 I26000 2045.36 I 8600 2058.69 I 13000 2061.69 I 7800 2067.21 II4200 2070.67 II 7200 2076.95 I 14000 2079.97 I 2900 2082.54 I2900 2089.03 I2900 2089.21 I6000 2097.60 I5300 2100.63 I2100 2117.66 I4800 2117.96 I5300 2137.11 I2600 2154.59 I1300 2157.84 I1200 2158.53 I3100 2166.90 I1100 2167.75 I2100 2171.65 I1100 2234.61 I1300 2252.15 I2000 2255.85 II1400 2264.60 I1400 2282.26 II 500 2367.35 II 2600 2377.03 I1700 2387.29 I1100 2395.88 I 200 2423.07 II 1400 2424.97 I 110 2454.91 II 1800 2461.42 I 110 2468.90 II530 2486.24 II 4500 2488.55 I2600 2498.41 I2400 2513.25 I 780 2538.00 II 1000 2542.51 I1000 2590.76 I1800 2613.06 I3800 2637.13 I1900 2644.11 I1900 2658.60 I2100 2689.82 I 3000 2714.64 I1300 2720.04 I 960 2770.71 I 2800 2806.91 I5100 2838.63 I 2300 2844.40 I1500 2850.76 I1500 2860.96 I9600 2909.06 I2100 2912.33 I2100 2919.79 I1100 h 2948.23 I1400 2949.53 I4400 3018.04 I1100 3030.70 I2900 3040.90 I 120 3042.74 II 8600 3058.66 I1100 3077.72 I3100 3156.25 I 180 3173.93 II150 3213.31 II 1900 3232.06 I3100 3262.29 I 3100 3267.94 I1200 3290.26 I7600 3301.56 I 960 3336.15 I960 3370.59 I620 3387.84 I620 3401.86 I620 3504.66 I 1200 3528.60 I1200 3560.86 I 620 3598.11 I 95 3604.48 II 480 3670.89 I 3700 3752.52 I2100 3782.20 I 730 3876.77 I 1000 3963.63 I 730 3977.23 I960 4066.69 I 1200 4112.02 I2500 4135.78 I1200 4173.23 I1200 4211.86 I4900 4260.85 I 560 4293.95 I560 4311.40 I 4900 4420.47 I 540 4550.41 I 670 4793.99 I 55 5031.83 I45 5039.12 I35 5072.88 I35 5074.77 I35 5079.09 I90 5103.50 I55 5110.81 I 140 5149.74 I 40 5193.52 I 270 5202.63 I 35 5203.23 I45 5255.82 I55 5265.15 I 40 5298.78 I 110 5376.79 I120 5416.34 I 45 5416.69 I28 5417.51 I 55 5443.31 I22 5446.93 I22 5457.30 I28 5470.00 I22 5509.33 I 270 5523.53 I 22 5546.82 I80 5584.44 I35 5620.08 I22 5642.56 I28 5645.25 I28 5680.88 I 170 5721.93 I 22 5765.05 I 170 5780.82 I 40 5800.60 I 110 5857.76 I 28 5860.64 I65 5996.00 I 35 6227.70 I22 6269.41 I22 6403.15 I27 6729.56 I22 7145.54 I26 7602.95 I 7 8041.29 I Oxygen O Z = 8 80 124.616 V 110 135.523 V 80 138.109 V 110 139.029 V 80 151.447 V 110 151.477 V150 151.546 V 80 164.574 V 110 164.657 V 80 164.709 V80 166.235 V 150 167.99 V110 170.219 V450 172.169 V250 185.745 V375 192.751 V450 192.799 V520 192.906 V 80 193.003 V 200 194.593 V150 195.86 IV200 196.01 IV 80 202.161 V80 202.224 V80 202.283 V80 202.334 V 150 202.393 V110 203.78 V150 203.82 V100 203.85 V200 203.89 V100 203.94 V110 207.18 IV 150 207.24 IV300 207.794 V150 215.040 V200 215.103 V250 215.245 V 250 216.018 V520 220.352 V 80 227.372 V80 227.469 V 150 227.511 V 80 227.549 V80 227.634 V80 227.689 V 150 231.823 V140 233.46 IV150 233.50 IV110 233.52 IV200 233.56 IV110 233.60 IV 90 238.36 IV 180 238.57 IV110 248.459 V110 252.56 IV110 252.95 IV 150 253.08 IV300 260.39 IV250 260.56 IV 80 d 264.34 III 110 264.48 III110 266.97 III150 266.98 III150 267.03 III150 277.38 III300 279.63 IV375 279.94 IV110 285.71 IV150 285.84 IV110 286.448 V 80 295.62 III 110 295.66 III120 295.72 III150 303.41 III150 303.46 III140 303.52 III160 303.62 III160 303.69 III250 303.80 III200 305.60 III250 305.66 III190 305.70 III300 305.77 III190 305.84 III 200 306.62 IV150 306.88 IV450 320.979 III300 328.45 III250 328.74 III300 345.31 III110 355.14 III 90 355.33 III80 355.47 III 200 359.02 III190 359.22 III150 359.38 III210 373.80 III200 374.00 III 300 374.08 III190 374.16 III200 374.33 III210 374.44 III Nitrogen—Oxygen 10-54Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 450 395.558 III 300 434.98 III800 507.391 III900 507.683 III 1000 508.182 III1000 525.795 III 250 537.83 II300 538.26 II220 539.09 II200 539.55 II150 539.85 II700 553.330 IV775 554.075 IV850 554.514 IV700 555.261 IV700 597.818 III 1000 599.598 III 580 608.398 IV110 609.70 III640 609.829 IV 160 610.04 III200 610.75 III100 610.85 III270 616.952 IV150 617.005 IV200 617.036 IV520 624.617 IV580 625.130 IV640 625.852 IV 1000 629.730 V 150 644.148 II200 672.95 II150 673.77 II230 681.272 V 70 685.544 I 800 702.332 III800 702.822 III900 702.899 III 1000 703.850 III 900 718.484 II600 718.562 II 70 744.794 I 700 758.678 V640 759.441 V580 760.228 V775 760.445 V640 761.128 V700 762.003 V 70 770.793 I90 771.056 I 520 774.518 V 70 775.321 I 200 779.734 IV315 779.821 IV360 779.912 IV200 779.997 IV640 787.711 IV520 790.109 IV700 790.199 IV 70 791.973 I 300 796.66 II200 802.200 IV 160 802.255 IV 90 804.267 I70 804.848 I70 805.295 I80 805.810 I 240 832.762 II600 832.927 III450 833.332 II780 833.742 III600 834.467 II600 835.096 III800 835.292 III 40 877.879 I 130 921.296 IV160 921.366 IV 80 922.008 I 200 923.367 IV130 923.433 IV 90 935.193 I40 948.686 I90 971.738 I40 976.448 I 160 988.773 I 40 990.204 I 250 1025.762 I 90 1027.431 I 160 1039.230 I 60 1040.942 I40 1152.152 I 900 1302.168 I600 1304.858 I300 1306.029 I200 1338.612 IV130 1342.992 IV230 1343.512 IV640 1371.292 V160 1476.89 III160 w 1506.72 V285 1590.01 III160 1591.33 III315 w 1643.68 V160 1707.996 V220 1760.12 III110 1760.42 III220 1763.22 III220 1764.48 III750 1767.78 III550 1768.24 III360 1771.67 III110 1773.00 III110 1773.85 III220 1779.16 III 160 1781.03 III160 1784.85 III220 1789.66 III110 1848.26 III110 1856.62 III285 1872.78 III285 1872.87 III285 1874.94 III160 1920.04 III110 1920.75 III110 1921.52 III220 1923.49 III110 1923.82 III110 1926.94 III 360 2013.27 III160 2026.96 III220 2045.67 III160 2052.74 III30 d 2283.42 II 30 d 2284.89 II 110 2293.32 II200 2300.35 II 30 d 2313.05 II30 d 2316.12 II30 d 2316.79 II50 d 2319.68 II30 d 2322.15 II30 d 2339.31 II 200 d 2390.44 III 80 2394.33 III 110 2411.60 II 80 2422.84 III80 2425.55 II 250 2433.56 II 80 d 2436.06 II80 d 2438.83 III80 2444.26 II 300 2445.55 II 200 2449.372 IV200 2450.040 IV200 2454.99 III200 2493.44 IV200 2493.77 IV200 2507.73 IV230 2509.19 IV200 2517.2 IV200 2558.06 III 80 2687.53 III 110 2695.49 III300 2733.34 II110 2747.46 II 1000 2781.01 V 920 2786.99 V775 2789.85 V160 2836.26 IV160 2921.45 IV200 2941.33 V210 2941.65 V 80 2959.68 III 265 2972.29 I250 2983.78 III 80 3017.63 III80 3023.45 III80 3043.02 III 200 3047.13 III110 3059.30 III 460 3063.42 IV410 3071.61 IV 80 3121.71 III 160 3122.62 II220 3129.44 II110 3132.86 III450 3134.82 II285 3138.44 II160 3144.66 V160 3209.66 IV 80 3238.57 III 200 3260.98 III300 3265.46 III 80 3267.31 III 220 3270.98 II220 3273.52 II220 3277.69 II360 3287.59 II160 3305.15 II 160 3306.60 II 80 3312.30 III 110 3340.74 III230 3348.08 IV270 3349.11 IV160 3354.27 IV200 3375.40 IV220 3377.20 II130 3378.06 IV360 3381.20 IV360 3385.52 IV285 3390.25 II270 3396.79 IV360 3403.52 IV220 3407.38 II230 3409.66 IV160 3409.84 II410 3411.69 IV230 3413.64 IV 80 3444.10 III80 3455.12 III 285 3470.81 II200 3489.83 IV160 3492.24 IV230 3560.39 IV270 3563.33 IV 80 3698.70 III80 3702.75 III80 3703.37 III 110 3707.24 III220 3712.75 II110 3715.08 III315 w 3725.93 IV285 3727.33 II360 3729.03 IV410 3736.85 IV160 3739.92 II110 3744.00 III230 3744.89 IV360 3749.49 II150 3754.67 III 80 3757.21 III 250 3759.87 III110 3791.26 III160 3803.14 II120 3823.41 I450 3911.96 II 160 3919.29 II185 3947.29 I160 3947.48 I140 3947.59 I220 3954.37 II100 3954.61 I200 3961.59 III450 3973.26 II220 3982.20 II160 4069.90 II285 4072.16 II450 4075.87 II 80 d 4083.91 II50 d 4087.14 II 150 d 4089.27 II110 4097.24 II220 4105.00 II285 4119.22 II Oxygen TeamLRN10-55Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 100 4123.99 V 160 4132.81 II 50 4146.06 II 220 4153.30 II285 4185.46 II450 4189.79 II 80 4233.27 I50 d 4253.74 II50 d 4253.98 II50 d 4275.47 II50 d 4303.78 II 285 4317.14 II160 4336.86 II220 4345.56 II285 4349.43 II220 4366.90 II100 4368.25 I220 4395.95 II450 4414.91 II285 4416.98 II 160 4448.21 II160 4452.38 II 50 4465.45 II50 d 4466.28 II50 4467.83 II50 4469.41 II 360 4590.97 II285 4596.17 II 80 d 4609.39 II 160 4638.85 II360 4641.81 II450 4649.14 II160 4650.84 II360 4661.64 II285 4676.23 II220 4699.21 II285 4705.36 II160 4924.60 II230 w 4930.27 V220 4943.06 II135 5329.10 I160 5329.68 I190 5330.74 I 90 5435.18 I 110 5435.78 I135 5436.86 I120 5577.34 I110 5592.37 III 130 5597.91 V160 5958.39 I190 5958.58 I 80 5995.28 I 160 6046.23 I190 6046.44 I110 6046.49 I100 6106.27 I400 6155.98 I450 6156.77 I490 6158.18 I 80 6256.83 I 100 6261.55 I100 6366.34 I 100 6374.32 I320 6453.60 I360 6454.44 I400 6455.98 I130 6500.24 V 80 6604.91 I 100 6653.83 I360 7001.92 I450 7002.23 I210 7156.70 I400 7254.15 I450 7254.45 I320 7254.53 I210 7476.44 I100 7477.24 I120 7479.08 I120 7480.67 I100 7706.75 I870 7771.94 I810 7774.17 I750 7775.39 I 80 7886.27 I 100 7943.15 I100 7947.17 I 235 7947.55 I210 7950.80 I185 7952.16 I110 7981.94 I135 7982.40 I190 7986.98 I135 7987.33 I250 7995.07 I400 8221.82 I265 8227.65 I265 8230.02 I325 8233.00 I120 8235.35 I120 8426.16 I810 8446.25 I 1000 8446.36 I 935 8446.76 I325 8820.43 I160 d 9057.01 I120 9118.29 I 80 9134.71 I80 9150.14 I80 9151.48 I 235 9156.01 I450 9260.81 I490 9260.84 I450 9260.94 I400 9262.58 I 540 9262.67 I590 9262.77 I490 9265.94 I640 9266.01 I185 9399.19 I120 9481.16 I120 d 9482.88 I235 9487.43 I140 9492.71 I265 9497.97 I160 9499.30 I235 9505.59 I210 9521.96 I120 9523.36 I 120 9523.96 I100 9528.28 I100 9622.13 I 120 9625.29 I160 9677.38 I 80 9694.66 I65 9694.91 I 235 9741.50 I235 9760.65 I120 9909.05 I140 9936.98 I120 9940.41 I160 9995.31 I120 d 10421.18 I590 11286.34 I640 11286.91 I490 11287.02 I490 11287.32 I490 11295.10 I540 11297.68 I590 11302.38 I265 11358.69 I 490 12464.02 I450 12570.04 I120 12990.77 I160 13076.91 I700 13163.89 I750 13164.85 I640 13165.11 I160 16212.06 I120 17966.70 I590 18021.21 I120 18041.48 I120 18042.19 I120 18046.23 I140 18229.23 I540 18243.63 I140 26173.56 I Palladium Pd Z = 46 200 705.49 III200 727.72 III500 763.06 III500 766.42 III 2000 781.02 III 500 794.08 III500 797.52 III500 800.03 III500 800.10 III500 803.67 III 500 825.35 III500 840.58 III500 856.47 III500 864.04 III500 880.59 III500 888.84 III 1000 889.29 III 300 1596.89 III500 1741.62 III 4000 1782.55 III 400 1843.49 III 1500 1851.59 III2000 1852.27 III1000 1859.21 III 1500 1874.63 III2000 1885.83 III1000 1887.40 III1500 1891.34 III4000 1914.62 III 1000 1930.33 III2000 1941.64 III 800 2002.16 III 1000 2004.47 III 500 2055.11 III500 2149.82 III500 2177.55 III500 2177.63 III100 r 2231.59 II200 r 2296.53 II100 2426.87 II100 2430.94 II100 2433.11 II100 2435.32 II150 2446.17 II 1100 2447.91 I 100 2457.29 II150 2469.29 II100 2471.18 II 1700 2476.42 I 250 2486.52 II300 2488.92 II200 2498.81 II150 2505.73 II150 2551.84 II150 2565.51 II100 2569.56 II150 2658.75 II 1900 2763.09 I 150 h 2776.85 II100 h 2787.92 II200 2854.59 II100 h 2871.37 II100 h 2878.01 II520 2922.49 I650 3002.65 I 1500 3027.91 I1100 3065.31 I2600 3114.04 I 11000 3242.70 I 2700 3251.64 I3500 3258.78 I3600 3302.13 I5000 3373.00 I 24000 3404.58 I13000 3421.24 I 5000 3433.45 I 6400 3441.40 I7700 3460.77 I 10000 3481.15 I 2000 3489.77 I 12000 3516.94 I12000 3553.08 I 4500 3571.16 I 20000 3609.55 I20000 3634.70 I 5500 3690.34 I1400 3718.91 I1500 3799.19 I1500 3832.29 I2200 3894.20 I 1500 3958.64 I 290 4087.34 I 2500 4212.95 I 180 4473.59 I Oxygen—Palladium 10-56Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 160 5163.84 I 120 5295.63 I 55 5542.80 I75 5670.07 I55 h 5695.09 I65 6784.52 I75 7368.12 I 120 7764.03 I 45 7915.80 I55 8132.82 I45 8300.83 I65 8761.35 I Phosphorus P Z = 15 250 328.78 V150 359.899 IV500 388.318 IV250 389.50 V300 390.70 V300 445.158 IV 375 475.60 V120 498.180 III520 542.57 V600 544.92 V200 569.853 III200 581.831 III350 629.008 IV400 629.914 IV500 631.779 IV450 673.90 V 10 810.24 II 650 823.179 IV700 824.730 IV800 827.932 IV300 847.669 III350 855.624 III500 859.652 III 10 865.44 II 450 865.45 V600 871.39 V700 877.476 IV300 913.971 III300 917.120 III350 918.665 III 1000 950.655 IV 250 1003.598 III570 1025.563 IV500 1028.096 IV 570 1030.517 IV500 1033.111 IV500 1035.517 IV900 1117.98 V570 1118.551 IV700 1128.01 V 20 1249.82 II20 1301.87 II20 1304.47 II15 1304.68 II35 1305.48 II60 1310.70 II 500 1334.808 III650 1344.327 III 300 1344.845 III500 1366.695 IV 15 1372.033 I 400 1372.674 IV15 1373.500 I 10 1374.732 I15 1377.080 I15 1377.937 I25 1379.429 I25 1381.469 I15 1381.637 I 500 1484.507 IV400 1487.788 IV350 1502.228 III 80 1532.51 II 120 1535.90 II450 1610.50 V150 1618.632 III200 1618.907 III140 1671.070 I100 1671.510 I180 1671.680 I140 1672.035 I140 1672.474 I 600 1674.591 I600 1679.695 I140 1685.976 I100 1694.028 I100 1694.486 I100 1706.376 I100 1707.553 I600 1774.951 I500 1782.838 I400 1787.656 I140 1834.801 I140 1847.165 I100 1849.820 I140 1851.194 I100 1852.069 I500 1858.886 I400 1859.393 I140 1864.348 I650 1888.523 IV180 1905.481 I140 1906.403 I280 1907.665 I280 2023.489 I180 2024.516 I400 2032.432 I400 2033.477 I400 2135.465 I400 2136.182 I 400 2149.145 I280 2152.940 I500 2154.080 I180 2235.732 I450 2440.93 V250 2478.256 IV750 2533.976 I950 2535.603 I750 2553.262 I500 2554.915 I250 2605.506 IV300 2632.713 III400 2644.295 IV400 2728.770 IV 500 2739.309 IV250 2739.872 IV450 2978.55 V700 3175.09 V520 3204.04 V 300 3219.307 III400 3233.602 III650 3347.736 IV570 3364.467 IV400 3371.122 IV300 3957.641 III350 3978.307 III400 4059.312 III300 4080.084 III500 4222.195 III350 4246.720 III400 4420.71 II250 4479.776 III250 4540.288 IV250 4541.112 IV500 4588.04 II500 4589.86 II600 4602.08 II300 4626.70 II 300 4658.31 II500 4943.53 II300 4954.39 II300 4969.71 II100 5079.381 I100 5098.221 I100 5100.974 I140 5109.628 I140 5154.844 I180 5162.290 I300 5253.52 II140 5293.539 I400 5296.13 II250 5316.07 II300 5344.75 II180 5345.851 I100 5364.631 I250 5378.20 II300 5386.88 II400 5425.91 II100 5428.094 I400 5450.74 II140 5458.305 I180 5477.672 I140 5477.860 I140 5478.267 I100 5514.774 I100 5516.997 I 250 5588.34 II500 6024.18 II400 6034.04 II500 6043.12 II250 6055.50 II150 6083.409 III350 6087.82 II180 6097.690 I350 6165.59 II500 6199.024 I180 6210.499 I140 6375.681 I100 6388.579 I250 6435.32 II 600 6459.99 II600 6503.46 II600 6507.97 II100 6717.411 I150 6992.690 III 100 7102.200 I100 7158.367 I180 7165.465 I180 7175.102 I180 7176.660 I200 7443.657 IV250 7845.63 II100 8046.801 I150 8113.528 III140 8278.058 I100 8367.856 I140 8531.475 I140 8613.835 I180 8637.578 I400 8741.529 I100 8872.174 I180 9175.819 I950 9193.85 I600 9278.88 I 1250 9304.94 I 500 9323.50 I950 9435.069 I950 9441.86 I600 9452.83 I 1250 9493.56 I1700 9525.73 I1500 9545.18 I 280 9556.81 I 1700 9563.439 I 280 9593.50 I750 9609.04 I400 9638.939 I500 9676.24 I180 9706.533 I 1500 9734.750 I 280 9736.680 I 1500 9750.77 I 600 9790.21 I 1700 9796.85 I 280 9834.80 I400 9903.68 I280 9976.67 I229 10084.27 I458 10511.58 I962 10529.52 I 1235 10581.57 I 415 10596.90 I 435 10681.40 I265 10813.13 I764 11183.23 I402 11186.75 I479 14241.64 I256 14307.83 I714 15711.52 I228 15962.53 I296 16254.77 I203 16292.97 I 1627 16482.92 I 588 16590.07 I225 16613.05 I221 16738.68 I 419 16803.39 I471 17112.48 I289 17286.91 I299 17423.67 I Palladium—Phosphorus TeamLRN10-57Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 287 23844.97 I 311 29097.16 I Platinum Pt Z = 78 30 1621.66 II30 1723.13 II30 1751.70 II50 r 1777.09 II30 1781.86 II30 1879.09 II40 1883.05 II50 1889.52 II50 1911.70 II30 1929.25 II30 1929.68 II30 1939.80 II30 1949.90 II30 1983.74 II40 2014.93 II 3200 2030.63 I 4400 2032.41 I 100 2036.46 II 40 2041.57 II 5500 2049.37 I1500 2067.50 I3000 2084.59 I1000 2103.33 I 30 2115.57 II 950 2128.61 I 30 2130.69 II 1900 2144.23 I 100 2144.24 II600 2165.17 I 1500 2174.67 I 30 2190.32 II 400 2202.22 I 50 h 2202.58 II 320 2222.61 I 50 h 2233.11 II30 h 2240.99 II 100 2245.52 II150 2249.30 I 30 2251.52 II30 h 2251.92 II 190 2268.84 I 30 h 2271.72 II 280 2274.38 I 50 h 2287.50 II 30 2288.20 II 150 2289.27 I150 2292.40 I240 2308.04 I 50 2310.96 II90 2315.50 I 220 2318.29 I100 2326.10 I170 2340.18 I280 2357.10 I180 2368.28 I 50 2377.28 II 130 2383.64 I 40 2386.81 I 120 2389.53 I 35 2396.17 I70 2401.87 I 200 2403.09 I100 2418.06 I 50 2424.87 II80 2428.04 I50 2428.20 I25 2429.10 I 180 2436.69 I650 2440.06 I 60 2450.97 I 440 2467.44 I 35 2471.01 I 1000 2487.17 I 25 2488.74 II 200 2490.12 I160 2495.82 I240 2498.50 I 50 2505.93 I 120 2508.50 I 50 2514.07 I60 2515.03 I 240 2515.58 I 140 2524.30 I 40 2529.41 I50 2536.49 I 160 2539.20 I 18 2549.46 I50 2552.25 I50 2596.00 I70 2603.14 I30 2616.76 II50 2619.57 I30 2625.34 II 1100 2628.03 I 130 2639.35 I 1000 2646.89 I 500 2650.86 I 20 2658.17 I 2800 2659.45 I 40 2674.57 I 440 2677.15 I200 2698.43 I 2000 2702.40 I1600 2705.89 I 60 2713.13 I 1300 2719.04 I 130 2729.92 I 1800 2733.96 I 70 2738.48 I70 2747.61 I 80 2753.86 I 200 2754.92 I 30 2769.84 I 500 2771.67 I 40 2773.24 I20 2774.00 I50 2774.77 II50 2793.27 I 100 2794.21 II 40 h 2799.98 II 140 2803.24 I 10 2808.51 I50 2818.25 I30 h 2822.27 II 1400 2830.30 I 70 2834.71 I16 2853.11 I80 h 2860.68 II40 h 2865.05 II 40 h 2875.85 II 100 h 2877.52 II 25 2888.20 I25 2893.22 I 600 2893.86 I300 2897.87 I 60 2905.90 I 120 2912.26 I120 2913.54 I 70 2919.34 I30 2921.38 I 1700 2929.79 I 30 2942.76 I30 2944.75 I25 2959.10 I60 2960.75 I 1800 2997.97 I 35 3001.17 II 220 3002.27 I 30 3017.88 I30 h 3031.22 II 130 3036.45 I800 3042.64 I 3200 3064.71 I 30 3071.94 I 130 3100.04 I320 3139.39 I140 3156.56 I120 3200.71 I320 3204.04 I 30 3230.29 I20 3233.42 I20 3250.36 I40 3251.98 I 160 3255.92 I 25 3268.42 I25 3281.97 I 120 3290.22 I500 3301.86 I 60 3315.05 I35 3323.80 I 340 3408.13 I 35 3427.93 I60 3483.43 I 160 3485.27 I120 3628.11 I 70 3638.79 I 70 3643.17 I50 3663.10 I80 3671.99 I80 3674.04 I35 3699.91 I18 3706.53 I80 3818.69 I40 3900.73 I 110 3922.96 I 35 3948.40 I 100 3966.36 I 20 3996.57 I 110 4118.69 I 80 4164.56 I 40 4192.43 I18 4327.06 I18 4391.83 I80 4442.55 I14 4445.55 I 25 4498.76 I12 4520.90 I35 4552.42 I12 4879.53 I14 5044.04 I30 5059.48 I35 5227.66 I40 5301.02 I12 5368.99 I12 5390.79 I14 5475.77 I14 5478.50 I 6 5763.57 I 20 5840.12 I 8 5844.84 I6 6026.04 I7 6318.37 I8 6326.58 I9 6523.45 I 10 6710.42 I20 6760.02 I60 6842.60 I20 7113.73 I10 8224.74 I Plutonium Pu Z = 94 10000 2806.11 II10000 2950.06 II10000 3000.31 II10000 3200.23 II10000 3418.88 II10000 3805.93 I10000 4097.12 I10000 4170.95 I10000 4367.41 I10000 5590.54 I10000 7068.90 I10000 8691.94 I 3000 9533.07 I3000 12144.46 I3000 16897.38 I Polonium Po Z = 84 1500 w 2450.08 I1500 w 2558.01 I2500 w 3003.21 I1200 4170.52 I 800 4493.21 I500 8618.26 I Potassium K Z = 19 100 214.35 V150 271.82 IV100 273.06 IV150 282.35 V150 293.33 V300 294.84 V200 296.17 V200 297.06 V200 300.25 V200 300.50 V 200 311.24 V250 312.77 V200 315.18 V250 327.38 V Phosphorus—Potassium 10-58Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 25 330.68 III 300 340.46 IV150 340.74 IV 30 341.92 III15 348.00 III 200 349.50 V300 354.93 IV150 356.26 IV300 359.73 IV200 359.91 IV250 362.08 IV150 362.15 IV150 363.02 IV500 372.15 V200 372.46 V200 372.77 V300 375.96 IV300 375.96 V250 377.76 V 30 379.12 III 300 379.12 V300 379.88 IV 25 380.48 III 250 380.48 IV200 381.70 IV 30 382.23 III 300 382.23 IV150 382.49 IV200 382.65 IV300 382.91 IV250 384.10 IV200 386.61 IV300 387.80 V250 388.92 IV250 389.07 IV250 389.07 V250 390.11 V250 390.42 IV300 390.57 IV200 391.46 IV200 392.47 IV500 393.14 IV250 395.40 V200 398.36 V 15 398.63 III 200 398.88 V200 399.75 V400 400.21 IV 20 402.10 III 300 402.91 IV250 403.97 IV150 404.41 IV 30 406.48 III 250 408.08 IV 40 408.96 III50 413.79 III30 414.87 III 250 415.05 V200 415.79 V 30 416.00 III 150 417.28 IV 30 417.54 III 30 418.62 III 400 422.18 V300 425.16 V500 425.59 V75 434.72 III 50 435.68 III 250 438.02 V 25 441.81 II 200 442.30 IV300 443.57 IV 75 444.34 III 200 445.61 IV250 446.83 IV 75 448.60 III 750 448.60 IV200 449.71 V200 452.90 V250 455.67 V400 456.33 IV400 456.33 V 75 466.79 III 100 470.09 III 75 471.57 III45 474.92 III 10 476.03 II40 479.18 III10 482.11 III10 482.41 III 200 482.71 V200 483.75 V 30 495.14 II75 497.10 III10 514.94 III50 520.61 III 250 523.00 IV 25 523.79 III 200 526.45 IV150 527.62 IV 40 529.80 III15 539.71 III15 546.12 III 750 580.32 V250 585.51 V500 586.32 V 30 600.77 II 250 602.27 V400 603.43 V 25 607.93 II30 612.62 II 250 638.67 V750 646.19 IV300 687.50 V 20 708.84 III 300 720.43 V400 724.42 V600 731.86 V500 737.14 IV500 741.95 IV500 745.26 IV400 746.35 IV300 749.99 IV150 754.19 IV400 754.67 IV 20 765.31 III30 765.64 III 150 770.29 V 150 771.46 V 35 778.53 III20 872.31 III10 873.86 III15 874.04 III 6 2550.02 III5 2635.11 III5 2689.90 III5 2938.45 III5 2986.20 III6 2992.42 III6 3052.07 III5 3056.84 III5 3062.18 II4 3101.79 I3 3102.04 I7 3217.16 I6 3217.62 I 11 3446.37 I10 3447.38 I 3 3648.84 I4 3648.98 I 18 4044.14 I17 4047.21 I 10 4641.88 I11 4642.37 I 4 4740.91 I6 4744.35 I5 4753.93 I7 4757.39 I5 4786.49 I7 4791.05 I6 4799.75 I8 4804.35 I7 4849.86 I8 4856.09 I8 4863.48 I9 4869.76 I8 4942.02 I9 4950.82 I9 4956.15 I 10 4965.03 I10 5084.23 I11 5097.17 I11 5099.20 I12 5112.25 I12 5323.28 I13 5339.69 I12 5342.97 I14 5359.57 I16 5782.38 I17 5801.75 I 15 5812.15 I17 5831.89 I 8 6120.27 II7 6307.29 II 19 6911.08 I12 6936.28 I20 6938.77 I 7 6964.18 I 12 6964.67 I25 7664.90 I24 7698.96 I 5 7955.37 I4 7956.83 I7 8078.11 I 6 8079.62 I9 8250.18 I8 8251.74 I3 8390.22 I11 8503.45 I 10 8505.11 I 4 8763.96 I3 8767.05 I 13 8902.19 I12 8904.02 I 5 8923.31 I4 8925.44 I7 9347.24 I3 9349.25 I6 9351.59 I 15 9595.70 I14 9597.83 I 6 9949.67 I5 9954.14 I9 10479.63 I5 10482.15 I8 10487.11 I 17 11019.87 I16 11022.67 I 17 11690.21 I16 11769.62 I17 11772.83 I 12522.11 I13377.86 I13397.09 I15163.08 I15168.40 I40158.37 I Praseodymium Pr Z = 59 7000 865.90 V5000 869.17 V2000 1228.59 IV5000 1293.22 IV5000 1295.28 IV5000 1321.36 IV5000 1333.57 IV5000 1354.66 IV2000 1360.64 IV2000 1365.77 IV5000 1374.41 IV5000 1435.56 IV2000 1520.98 IV5000 1574.55 IV5000 1575.10 IV3000 1578.38 IV2000 1622.30 IV 10000 1884.87 IV 2000 2083.23 IV3300 2246.20 V2000 c 2378.98 IV 40 h 2598.04 II 100 h 2707.37 II 60 2760.35 II 270 3168.24 II200 d 3195.99 II190 3219.48 II200 3584.21 II250 3645.66 II250 3646.30 II370 3668.83 II 290 3714.05 II410 3739.18 II680 3761.87 II680 3800.30 II Potassium—Praseodymium TeamLRN10-59Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 390 3811.84 II 1300 h 3816.02 II 680 3818.28 II310 3821.80 II960 3830.72 II480 3840.99 II580 3846.59 II 1200 3850.79 II 720 c 3851.55 II960 3852.80 II480 c 3865.45 II480 3876.19 II 1700 c 3877.18 II 680 3880.47 II440 c 3885.19 II440 c 3889.34 II770 c 3908.05 II630 3912.90 II310 3913.55 II 1300 c 3918.85 II 420 3919.63 II960 3925.47 II480 3927.46 II370 3929.29 II370 3935.82 II730 c 3947.63 II900 c 3949.43 II900 c 3953.51 II380 3956.75 II470 3962.45 II560 3964.26 II 1600 c 3964.81 II 560 c 3966.57 II500 3971.16 II320 3971.67 II620 c 3972.14 II320 3974.85 II 1300 c 3989.68 II 340 3992.16 II 1600 3994.79 II 560 c 3997.04 II320 3999.12 II620 c 4000.17 II730 4004.70 II 1900 4008.69 II 620 4010.60 II730 4015.39 II620 4020.96 II 470 4022.71 II360 4025.54 II360 c 4029.72 II730 c 4031.75 II960 4033.83 II730 4038.45 II470 4039.34 II 1300 4044.81 II 340 4047.08 II450 4051.13 II 2200 4054.88 II2200 4056.54 II 450 4058.80 II 3400 4062.81 II 500 c 4079.77 II500 c 4080.98 II790 4081.85 II500 4083.34 II560 4096.82 II 380 4098.40 II 2900 c 4100.72 II1700 c 4118.46 II 340 4130.77 II 1500 c 4141.22 II2700 4143.11 II1700 c 4164.16 II 620 4171.82 II730 4172.25 II 5200 4179.39 II2500 4189.48 II 560 c 4191.60 II 2500 c 4206.72 II 500 4208.32 II320 4211.86 II320 4217.81 II 3800 4222.93 II3800 4225.35 II 320 4233.11 II 320 c 4236.15 II960 4241.01 II340 4243.51 II840 c 4247.63 II500 4254.40 II320 4269.09 II790 c 4272.27 II470 c 4280.07 II790 c 4282.42 II450 c 4298.98 II 1500 4305.76 II1300 4333.97 II 360 4338.70 II620 cw 4344.30 II470 c 4347.49 II340 4350.40 II450 4354.91 II410 c 4359.79 II 1200 4368.33 II 320 4371.62 II430 4405.83 II 1700 4408.82 II 410 4413.77 II 1200 c 4429.13 II 730 4449.83 II960 4468.66 II 1100 4496.46 II 790 4510.15 II 340 c 4534.15 II340 4535.92 II270 c 4628.74 II270 c 4672.09 II290 4695.77 I250 4736.69 I200 4924.60 I320 4939.74 I380 4951.37 I270 5034.41 II320 5045.52 I360 5110.38 II560 5110.76 II410 5129.52 II 620 5173.90 II360 5206.55 II360 5219.05 II560 5220.11 II680 5259.73 II 340 c 5292.02 II340 5292.62 II430 5322.76 II 65 5509.15 II 150 5535.17 II110 5623.05 II 90 5624.45 II90 5756.17 II90 5779.28 I 160 d 5815.17 II 90 5823.72 II90 5859.68 II 160 5939.90 II 7000 w 5956.05 III 90 5956.60 II 110 5967.82 II 90 6006.33 II 150 6017.80 II150 6025.72 II 140 6055.13 I 65 6087.52 II 9000 w 6090.02 III 65 6114.38 II65 6148.23 I 5000 6160.24 III 190 6161.18 II270 6165.94 II 45 6244.35 II 110 6281.28 II 55 c 6359.03 I55 6411.23 I45 6429.63 II45 6431.84 II45 6486.55 I45 6566.77 II55 6616.67 I75 6656.83 II55 6673.41 II75 6673.78 II35 c 6747.09 I55 cw 6798.60 I35 cw 6827.60 II 7000 6910.14 III 40 7021.51 II 5000 7030.39 III4500 7076.62 III 20 7114.55 I 24 7227.70 II16 7407.56 II20 c 7451.74 II14 7541.02 II20 7645.66 II16 7721.84 I14 7871.67 I14 8067.44 I10 cw 8122.78 II11 8141.10 I 5000 w 8602.74 III 10 8714.59 II Promethium Pm Z = 61 1000 3892.15 II1000 3910.26 II1000 3919.10 II1000 3957.74 II1000 r 3998.96 II 1000 4417.96 II 900 r 4728.36 I900 6100.21 I 1000 d 6520.45 I Protactinium Pa Z = 91 3000 2599.16 II3000 2699.22 II3000 2822.79 II3000 h 2871.42 II3000 h 2891.14 II3000 l 3011.10 II3000 s 3033.59 II3000 l 3071.24 II3000 l 3093.23 II3000 l 3126.23 II3000 l 3146.28 II3000 l 3170.89 II3000 l 3171.54 II 3000 l 3240.58 II3000 3274.46 II3000 l 3332.69 II3000 s 3346.66 II3000 l 3452.82 II3000 3504.97 I3000 s 3530.65 II3000 3570.56 I3000 3571.82 I3000 3618.07 I 10000 3636.52 I 3000 3702.74 I3000 3752.67 I3000 3873.35 I3000 3931.83 I3000 s 3952.62 II 10000 l 3957.85 II 3000 s 3970.07 II3000 3981.82 I 10000 3982.23 I 3000 l 4012.96 II3000 s 4018.21 II3000 4030.16 II3000 s 4046.93 II 10000 s 4056.20 II10000 s 4070.40 II 3000 l 4176.18 II 10000 l 4217.23 II 10000 s 4248.08 II 3000 s 4291.34 II3000 s 4601.43 II3000 l 6035.78 I3000 6162.56 I3000 l 6358.61 I3000 6379.25 I3000 l 6438.97 I3000 h 6792.75 I 10000 6945.72 I 3000 6960.09 I3000 h 6961.78 I3000 s 6992.73 I3000 7076.27 I 3000 h 7100.94 I 10000 s 7114.89 I 3000 h 7171.55 I3000 7227.13 I Praseodymium—Protactinium 10-60Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 3000 7318.79 I 10000 l 7368.25 I 3000 h 7471.89 I 10000 h 7493.15 I 3000 h 7558.26 I 10000 h 7608.20 I10000 7626.79 I10000 s 7635.18 I10000 7669.34 I 3000 7679.20 I 10000 h 7749.19 I 3000 7872.95 I3000 l 7945.56 I 10000 8039.34 I10000 h 8099.84 I10000 8199.04 I10000 8271.87 I 3000 s 8358.98 I3000 s 8369.60 I3000 h 8441.04 I 10000 h 8532.66 I10000 s 8572.96 I 3000 h 8639.91 I3000 h 8653.51 I 10000 8735.27 I 3000 10923.32 I 10000 11791.73 I10000 14344.76 I 3000 18478.61 I Radium Ra Z = 88 100 3649.55 II200 3814.42 II100 4340.64 II100 4682.28 II100 4825.91 I 50 5660.81 I50 7141.21 I50 8019.70 II Radon Rn Z = 86 100 4349.60 I200 7055.42 I100 7268.11 I300 7450.00 I100 7809.82 I100 8099.51 I100 8270.96 I 100 8600.07 I Rhenium Re Z = 75 25000 2003.53 I16000 2017.87 I27000 2049.08 I10000 2085.59 I 9800 2097.12 I3400 2139.04 II3700 2156.67 I4900 2167.94 I3400 2176.21 I4200 c 2214.26 II5200 c 2275.25 II 2900 2287.51 I2700 2294.49 I 390 2298.09 II610 2302.99 I680 2306.54 I 800 2322.49 I300 2328.66 I860 2344.78 I230 2349.39 I680 2352.07 I250 2356.50 I 1200 2365.90 I 570 2367.68 I520 2369.27 I220 2370.76 II320 2375.07 I370 2379.77 I340 2388.57 I230 2393.65 I320 2394.37 I320 2396.79 I210 d 2400.72 I210 2401.68 I 1500 2405.06 I 740 2405.60 I320 2406.70 I270 2410.37 I 1200 2419.81 I 300 2421.73 I300 2421.88 I 2500 2428.58 I 490 2431.54 I420 2432.18 I340 c 2441.47 I230 2442.51 I250 2444.94 I610 2446.98 I610 2449.71 I390 2461.20 I800 c 2461.84 II 1200 2483.92 I 390 2485.81 I980 2487.33 I370 2496.04 I370 2501.72 I570 2502.35 II230 2504.60 II270 2505.94 I 1800 c 2508.99 I 570 2520.01 I540 2521.50 I370 2534.80 I 570 2540.51 I740 d 2544.74 I370 2545.48 I300 2552.02 I370 2554.63 II 1000 2556.51 I 250 2559.08 I340 2564.19 I540 2568.64 II370 2571.81 II380 2586.79 I290 2599.86 I290 2603.89 I660 2608.50 II 610 d 2611.54 I310 2635.83 II550 2636.64 I270 2642.75 I270 2649.05 I 660 2651.90 I400 2654.12 I220 2663.63 I940 2674.34 I220 2688.53 I 1300 2715.47 I 220 2732.21 I610 2733.04 II220 2758.00 I210 2763.79 I310 2767.74 I220 2768.85 I220 2769.32 I350 2770.42 I550 2783.57 I220 2791.29 I220 2814.68 I880 2819.95 I310 2834.08 I 220 2843.00 I270 2850.98 I240 2867.19 I 2900 2887.68 I 490 2896.01 I830 c 2902.48 I210 2905.58 I550 2909.82 I830 c 2927.42 I270 2930.61 I440 2943.14 I270 2962.27 I720 2965.11 I 1500 2965.76 I 310 2976.29 I210 2978.15 I220 2980.82 I220 2982.19 I220 2988.47 I 1800 2992.36 I5500 2999.60 I 350 3001.14 I220 3004.14 I500 3016.02 I300 3016.49 I380 3030.45 I240 3047.25 I 1600 3067.40 I 320 3069.94 I260 3071.16 I550 3082.43 I340 3088.76 I700 3100.67 I700 3108.81 I340 3110.86 I340 c 3118.19 I340 3121.36 I420 3128.94 I260 3134.02 I250 3141.38 I440 3151.64 I330 3153.79 I 360 c 3158.31 I220 3164.52 I700 3168.37 I220 3174.61 I440 3177.71 I 260 3178.61 I600 3182.87 I 1100 3184.76 I1100 3185.57 I 260 3190.78 I260 3192.36 I220 3198.58 I 1100 c 3204.25 I 380 3235.94 I600 3258.85 I600 3259.55 I300 3268.89 I280 3296.70 I280 3296.99 I280 3301.60 I240 3302.23 I320 3303.21 II280 3303.75 I240 3313.95 I 600 3322.48 I 2000 3338.18 I1600 3342.24 I 810 3344.32 I320 3346.20 I240 d 3356.33 I240 3377.74 I320 3379.06 II320 3379.70 I240 3389.43 I 4000 3399.30 I 650 3404.72 I650 3405.89 I240 3408.67 I320 3409.83 I320 3417.77 I810 3419.41 I 8000 3424.62 I 400 3426.19 I300 3427.61 I320 3437.71 I400 3449.37 I 16000 c 3451.88 I 240 3453.50 I 55000 c 3460.46 I40000 c 3464.73 I 400 3467.96 I240 3476.44 I 400 3480.38 I320 3480.85 I240 3482.23 I560 3503.06 I320 3516.65 I320 3517.33 I320 3537.46 I240 3549.89 I240 3570.26 I360 3579.12 I810 c 3580.15 II650 3580.97 I810 3583.02 I320 3617.08 I 810 3637.84 I440 3651.97 I320 3670.53 I860 c 3689.50 I Protactinium—Rhenium TeamLRN10-61Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 1500 c 3691.48 I 520 3703.24 I240 3709.93 I360 c 3717.28 I 4000 3725.76 I 240 c 3735.01 I810 3735.31 I910 3740.10 I300 cw 3745.44 I700 3787.52 I240 3869.94 I240 3875.26 I240 3876.86 I380 c 3917.27 I550 3929.85 I280 3961.04 I350 c 3962.48 I220 4033.31 I240 4081.43 I240 c 4110.89 I 240 cw 4133.42 I 1800 4136.45 I 700 4144.36 I220 4182.90 I220 4183.06 I650 4221.08 I 3600 c 4227.46 I 260 c 4257.60 I380 4358.69 I360 cw 4394.38 I 2600 4513.31 I 260 4516.64 I500 4522.73 I 2200 cw 4889.14 I 220 4923.90 I 1300 5270.95 I1600 cw 5275.56 I 100 5667.88 I110 c 5752.93 I110 cw 5776.83 I550 5834.31 I200 6307.70 I200 6321.90 I100 cw 6605.19 I180 c 6813.41 I260 6829.90 I 50 cw 7640.94 I65 cw 7912.94 I Rhodium Rh Z = 45 50 813.44 III80 882.51 III 100 925.75 III150 937.28 III500 991.62 III400 992.48 III500 d 1009.60 III200 1012.22 III200 1015.17 III200 1073.87 III150 1784.24 III200 1784.94 III 150 1796.50 III200 1816.03 III 1000 1832.05 III 500 1859.85 III800 1880.66 III 500 1884.91 III500 1887.36 III700 1888.62 III800 1901.32 III500 1910.16 III600 1919.37 III500 1927.07 III700 1931.79 III500 1954.25 III500 1994.26 III800 2013.71 III500 2017.47 III500 2028.53 III800 2036.72 III600 2037.61 III 1000 2040.18 III3000 2048.67 III2000 2064.11 III 800 2076.84 III 1000 2118.53 III1000 2118.63 III1000 2139.44 III1000 2152.23 III3000 2158.17 III3000 2163.19 III3000 2167.33 III 150 2276.21 II140 2288.57 I110 2309.82 I350 2322.58 I140 2326.47 I190 2334.77 II300 2361.92 I110 2368.34 I270 2382.89 I230 2383.40 I270 2386.14 II 80 2415.84 II 130 2427.68 I230 2429.52 I110 2437.90 I330 2440.34 I 90 2461.04 II 130 2473.09 I150 2487.47 I100 2490.77 II130 2502.46 I 300 2504.29 II150 2505.67 I350 2509.70 I300 2511.03 II200 2515.75 I130 2520.53 II110 2537.04 II350 2545.70 I550 2555.36 I150 2622.58 I230 2625.88 I100 2630.42 I110 2647.28 I400 2652.66 I 100 2680.63 I400 2703.73 I100 2715.31 II180 2718.54 I160 2728.94 I 100 2771.51 I130 2783.03 I150 2826.43 I180 2826.68 I280 2862.94 I110 2878.66 I140 2882.37 I160 2907.21 I 65 2910.17 II 180 2924.02 I130 2929.11 I130 2931.94 I230 2968.66 I160 2977.68 I450 2986.20 I110 3004.46 I 50 3006.43 III 130 3023.91 I 50 3052.44 III 180 3083.96 I140 3121.76 I240 3123.70 I130 3155.78 I140 3189.05 I470 3191.19 I190 3197.13 I520 3263.14 I520 3271.61 I 2300 3280.55 I2300 3283.57 I 280 3289.14 I210 3294.28 I260 3300.46 I 50 3310.69 III 4200 3323.09 I 330 3338.54 I280 3360.80 I420 3368.38 I 1100 3372.25 I 110 3377.14 I110 3385.78 I 5600 3396.82 I 820 3399.70 I160 3406.55 I820 3412.27 I330 3421.22 I120 d 3424.38 I 8200 3434.89 I1400 3440.53 I 120 3447.74 I120 3450.29 I400 3455.22 I180 3457.07 I220 3457.93 I 5900 3462.04 I 180 3469.62 I 4700 3470.66 I 120 3472.25 I 4700 3474.78 I2100 3478.91 I 110 3494.44 I 1200 3498.73 I5900 3502.52 I2800 3507.32 I8800 3528.02 I880 d 3538.14 I 280 3541.91 I 1200 3543.95 I1800 3549.54 I1200 3570.18 I4700 3583.10 I4700 3596.19 I5900 3597.15 I3100 3612.47 I1800 3626.59 I8200 3657.99 I1300 3666.22 I 560 3681.04 I 1900 3690.70 I9400 3692.36 I 940 3695.52 I280 3698.26 I380 3698.60 I 7600 3700.91 I 940 3713.02 I 650 3735.28 I420 3737.27 I420 3744.17 I 1200 3748.22 I 240 3754.12 I380 3754.27 I490 3755.58 I 1000 3760.40 I2300 3765.08 I 490 3769.97 I380 3778.13 I 1000 3788.47 I1300 3792.18 I3800 3793.22 I4900 3799.31 I 760 3805.92 I 1300 3806.76 I 470 3815.01 I760 3816.47 I 1300 3818.19 I3800 3822.26 I2300 3828.48 I2000 3833.89 I5900 3856.52 I 490 3870.01 I380 3877.34 I120 3913.51 I240 3922.19 I 2000 3934.23 I 590 3942.72 I 3800 3958.86 I 45 3964.54 II 380 3975.31 I240 3984.40 I240 3995.61 I380 3996.15 I120 4023.14 I560 4082.78 I140 4097.52 I120 4119.68 I 1100 4121.68 I1500 4128.87 I 2100 4135.27 I 240 4154.37 I330 4196.50 I 3300 4211.14 I Rhenium—Rhodium 10-62Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 820 4288.71 I 4200 4374.80 I 130 4569.00 I150 4675.03 I 70 4745.11 I70 5090.63 I60 5155.54 I60 5175.97 I95 5193.14 I 130 5354.40 I 95 5390.44 I 160 5599.42 I 40 5686.38 I29 5792.66 I40 5806.91 I35 5831.58 I 130 5983.60 I 35 6102.72 I14 6199.99 I16 6253.72 I 29 6319.53 I40 6752.35 I13 6827.33 I11 6857.68 I20 6879.94 I65 6965.67 I16 6979.15 I16 7001.58 I18 7101.64 I15 7104.45 I18 7268.18 I35 7270.82 I18 h 7442.39 I12 7475.74 I12 7495.24 I11 7557.67 I29 7791.61 I55 7824.91 I21 8029.91 I29 8045.36 I15 8136.20 I 8 8425.59 I Rubidium Rb Z = 37 30 465.85 III40 481.118 II 500 482.83 III500 489.66 III 600 493.48 III 90 497.430 II20 508.434 II 150 513.266 II300 530.173 II 75 533.801 II 1200 535.86 III 40 542.887 II 200 555.036 II 1200 556.19 III1500 566.71 III1000 572.82 III1500 576.65 III2500 579.63 III 1500 581.26 III2500 589.419 II1000 594.94 III1300 595.88 III1200 598.49 III 1500 643.878 II 25 663.76 IV 3000 697.049 II6000 711.187 II 25 716.24 IV50 740.85 IV 10000 741.456 II 5000 769.04 III 25 776.89 IV 2500 815.28 III 15 850.18 IV 1000 1604.12 II5000 1760.50 II2000 2068.92 II 10000 2075.95 II30000 2143.83 II10000 2217.08 II 5000 2291.71 II 50000 2472.20 II 1000 2631.75 III2000 2956.07 III 500 3086.84 III500 3111.36 III 5000 c 3148.90 II 25 3157.54 I50 3227.98 I 500 3286.41 III 60 3348.72 I75 3350.82 I 100 3587.05 I 40 3591.57 I 5000 3600.60 II 10000 3600.64 II25000 3940.51 II 1000 4201.80 I 500 4215.53 I 90000 4244.40 II15000 4273.14 II20000 4571.77 II10000 4648.57 II30000 4775.95 II 2 5087.987 I2 5132.471 I 10 5150.134 I 10000 5152.08 II 1 5165.023 I2 5165.142 I 15 5195.278 I 2 5233.968 I 20 5260.034 I 1 5260.228 I3 5322.380 I 40 5362.601 I 4 5390.568 I 75 5431.532 I 3 5431.830 I6 5578.788 I 40 5647.774 I20 5653.750 I60 5724.121 I 3 5724.614 I 75 6070.755 I30 c 6159.626 I75 c 6206.309 I 120 c 6298.325 I5 6299.224 I 10000 6458.33 II 5000 6560.81 II 100 l 7279.997 I150 7408.173 I200 l 7618.933 I300 7757.651 I 60 7759.436 I 90000 c 7800.27 I45000 c 7947.60 I 40 l 8271.41 I30 8271.71 I40 l 8868.512 I30 8868.852 I30 l 9522.65 I20 l 9540.18 I 2000 c 9689.05 II 35 l 10075.282 I30 l 10075.708 I 100 13235.17 I 20 13442.81 I30 13443.57 I75 13665.01 I 1000 14752.41 I 800 15288.43 I150 15289.48 I 20 22529.65 I 4 27314.31 I Ruthenium Ru Z = 44 250 850.09 III200 850.30 III250 919.74 III500 940.09 III500 966.54 III750 974.14 III900 979.43 III500 981.35 III900 986.84 III900 994.56 III300 1001.65 III500 1009.13 III900 1009.87 III500 1014.68 III800 1190.51 III500 1200.07 III500 1207.17 III500 1209.77 III 300 1211.31 III500 1941.35 III500 2009.28 III 2400 2076.43 I2600 2083.77 I2400 2090.89 I 690 2255.52 I780 2272.09 I780 2279.57 I480 2317.80 I120 2334.96 II190 h 2342.85 II310 2351.33 I170 2357.91 II 780 2402.72 II150 2407.92 II180 2455.53 II150 2456.44 II370 2456.57 II 280 2478.93 II140 2498.42 II140 2498.57 II260 2507.01 II110 2513.32 II110 2517.32 II150 2535.59 II550 2549.58 I370 2609.06 I830 2612.07 I460 2642.96 I330 2651.84 I400 2659.62 I330 2661.61 II690 2678.76 II330 2692.06 II200 2712.41 II690 2719.52 I140 2725.47 II 310 2734.35 II 1800 2735.72 I 100 2778.38 II110 2787.83 II350 2810.03 I 1700 2810.55 I 350 2818.36 I400 2829.16 I640 2854.07 I420 2861.41 I550 2866.64 I 1800 2874.98 I 740 2886.54 I370 2908.88 I 1100 2916.26 I 180 2945.67 II370 2949.50 I550 2965.16 I170 2965.55 II140 2976.59 II550 2976.92 I 1400 2988.95 I 460 2994.96 I440 3006.59 I330 3017.24 I310 3020.88 I390 3064.84 I330 3096.57 I 830 3099.28 I740 3100.84 I490 3294.11 I370 3301.59 I930 3339.55 I 3100 3417.35 I4900 3428.31 I6400 3436.74 I8300 3498.94 I 640 3514.49 I790 3539.37 I690 3570.59 I 6400 3589.22 I6900 3593.02 I 6400 3596.18 I1300 3599.76 I3100 3634.93 I6200 3661.35 I Rhodium—Ruthenium TeamLRN10-63Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 830 3663.37 I 650 3669.49 I550 3726.10 I 8700 3726.93 I 11000 3728.03 I 7100 3730.43 I3500 3742.28 I 870 3742.78 I 2800 3745.59 I 760 3753.54 I870 3755.93 I 1200 3759.84 I 600 3761.51 I600 3767.35 I 1500 3777.59 I 600 3782.74 I 3900 3786.06 I6000 3790.51 I 760 3798.05 I 7600 3798.90 I 7600 3799.35 I 600 3812.72 I760 3817.27 I760 3819.03 I650 3822.09 I550 3824.93 I760 3831.80 I930 3839.70 I760 3850.43 I 1300 3857.55 I 650 3862.69 I 1300 3867.84 I 650 3892.21 I760 3909.08 I 1500 3923.47 I3300 3925.92 I 600 3931.76 I760 3945.57 I600 3978.44 I600 3979.42 I870 3984.86 I 1500 4022.16 I 600 4023.83 I 1400 4051.40 I 710 4054.05 I760 4068.37 I980 4076.73 I 6000 4080.60 I 930 4097.79 I 1900 4112.74 I2000 4144.16 I 650 4145.74 I870 4167.51 I550 4197.58 I550 4198.88 I 7600 4199.90 I1500 4206.02 I5400 4212.06 I 760 4214.44 I930 4217.27 I550 4230.31 I760 4241.05 I 760 4243.06 I760 4284.33 I550 4295.93 I 3700 4297.71 I930 4307.60 I 550 4319.87 I550 4342.07 I710 4354.13 I870 4361.21 I 2400 4372.21 I 870 4385.39 I 1300 4385.65 I1700 4390.44 I1600 4410.03 I1100 4460.04 I5400 4554.51 I1700 4584.44 I 720 4647.61 I 1400 4709.48 I 500 4757.84 I550 4869.15 I160 5011.23 I450 5057.33 I120 5076.32 I 200 5093.83 I530 5136.55 I170 5142.76 I250 5147.24 I110 5151.07 I500 5155.14 I920 5171.03 I180 5195.02 I130 5284.08 I260 5309.27 I110 5335.93 I130 5361.77 I110 h 5401.04 I 80 5484.32 I 130 5510.71 I 90 5559.75 I 290 5636.24 I180 5699.05 I 65 5814.98 I55 5919.34 I80 5921.45 I21 h 5973.38 I16 5988.67 I35 5993.65 I18 6116.77 I26 6199.42 I26 6225.20 I18 6295.22 I 16 6390.23 I26 h 6444.84 I21 6663.14 I55 6690.00 I21 6766.95 I30 6775.02 I21 6824.17 I26 6911.48 I 110 6923.23 I 26 6982.01 I26 7027.98 I35 7238.92 I16 7393.93 I18 7468.91 I 26 7485.79 I70 7499.75 I26 7559.61 I18 7621.50 I18 7722.87 I 22 7791.86 I30 7847.80 I80 7881.49 I18 8264.96 I22 8710.84 I Samarium Sm Z = 62 150 2789.38 II410 3152.52 II720 3183.92 II600 3211.73 II530 3216.85 II600 3218.61 II720 3230.56 II720 3236.64 II720 3239.66 II720 3250.37 II850 3254.38 II 1700 3306.39 II 1200 3321.18 II1200 3365.86 II1200 3382.40 II4200 3568.27 II4200 3592.60 II1700 3604.28 II3400 3609.49 II1700 3621.23 II3400 3634.29 II2200 3661.36 II2200 3670.84 II1100 3693.99 II1600 3728.47 II2100 3731.26 II1600 3735.98 II2900 3739.12 II1200 3743.87 II 930 3745.46 I800 3756.41 I 1200 3757.53 II1900 3760.69 II1100 3764.37 II 370 d 3773.33 I 1100 3778.14 II1500 3788.12 II1600 3793.97 II1600 3797.73 II1600 3826.20 II 1100 3831.50 II 560 3834.48 I 1600 3843.50 II 530 3853.30 I 2700 3854.21 II 480 3854.56 I400 3858.74 I 3700 3885.29 II1600 3896.98 II1300 3903.42 II2500 3922.40 II1900 3928.28 II1300 3941.87 II 470 3951.89 I 1500 3963.00 II1500 3971.40 II 620 3974.66 I 1000 3976.43 II1500 3990.00 II 1400 4064.58 II1000 4092.27 II1900 4118.55 II1200 4152.21 II1000 4188.13 II1100 4203.05 II1000 4225.33 II1200 4236.74 II2100 4256.39 II1300 4262.68 II1200 4279.68 II2200 4280.79 II 710 4282.21 I470 4282.83 I 1600 4296.74 I1900 4318.94 II 470 4319.53 I 1800 4329.02 II 440 4330.02 I 1300 4334.15 II 880 4336.14 I 1100 4347.80 II 440 4362.91 I530 4380.42 I 1600 4390.86 II 410 4401.17 I470 4419.33 I 1500 4420.53 II2900 4424.34 II 470 4429.66 I 1600 4433.88 II1800 4434.32 II 530 4441.81 I440 4442.28 I710 4445.15 I 1300 4452.73 II1200 4454.63 II1000 4458.52 II2200 4467.34 II 810 4470.89 I370 4499.11 I440 4581.73 I380 4649.49 I470 d 4670.75 I 1100 4674.60 II 370 4688.73 I530 4704.40 II 730 4716.10 I770 4728.42 I470 4745.68 II730 4760.27 I580 4783.10 I350 4785.86 I970 4841.70 I730 4883.97 I630 4910.40 I350 4913.25 II430 4918.99 I400 5044.28 I540 5071.20 I510 5117.16 I 350 5122.14 I360 5155.03 II470 5175.42 I250 5200.59 I Ruthenium—Samarium 10-64Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 260 5251.92 I 400 5271.40 I250 5282.91 I220 5453.00 I230 5493.72 I230 5516.09 I140 5550.40 I140 5659.86 I120 5696.73 I 85 5706.20 I70 5773.77 I60 5778.33 I70 d 5786.98 II60 5788.38 I60 5800.52 I65 5802.84 I65 5867.79 I50 5874.21 I50 5898.96 I65 5965.71 II 50 6045.00 I50 6070.06 I45 6084.12 I45 h 6159.56 I45 6256.54 I 100 6267.28 II140 6569.31 II110 6589.72 II 50 6671.51 I 120 d 6731.84 II 95 6794.20 II 120 6860.93 I120 6955.29 II 90 7020.44 II90 7039.22 II90 7042.24 II90 7051.52 II90 7082.37 II26 7088.30 I30 7095.50 I30 7104.54 I26 7115.96 I85 d 7149.60 II23 7213.82 I60 7240.90 II26 7347.30 I30 7444.56 I26 7445.41 I 13 7470.76 I45 7645.09 II12 7645.82 I40 w 7835.08 II16 7895.96 I90 7928.14 II40 8048.70 II16 8065.16 I45 8068.46 II40 w 8305.79 II19 8383.71 I45 w 8485.99 II45 w 8708.43 II95 8913.66 II Scandium Sc Z = 21 350 180.14 V500 243.87 V500 252.85 V 500 253.73 V900 283.91 V800 284.45 V600 288.29 V900 289.59 V 15 289.85 IV 1000 d 291.93 V 800 293.25 V 15 296.31 IV15 299.04 IV 700 300.00 V 1000 573.36 V 600 587.94 V 10 785.12 IV25 1168.61 III15 1550.80 IV 180 1603.06 III150 1610.19 III160 2010.42 III 12 2118.97 IV11 2185.43 IV11 2205.46 IV14 2222.22 IV11 2271.33 IV 110 2438.62 I560 2545.22 II 2900 2552.37 II 560 2555.82 II 2300 2560.25 II1100 2563.21 II 11 2586.93 IV 120 2692.78 I350 2699.07 III360 2706.77 I210 2707.95 I580 2711.35 I230 2734.05 III340 2965.86 I 1200 2974.01 I1400 2980.75 I 340 2988.95 I 2200 3015.36 I2700 3019.34 I 360 3030.76 I120 h 3056.31 I130 3065.11 II990 3251.32 II 1500 3255.69 I4400 3269.91 I5500 3273.63 I 110 d 3343.28 II270 3352.05 II 9900 3353.73 II2000 3359.68 II1700 3361.27 II1700 3361.94 II4000 3368.95 II6600 3372.15 II 130 3418.51 I200 3429.21 I200 3429.48 I 270 3431.36 I530 3435.56 I270 3457.45 I180 3462.19 I130 d 3469.65 I 110 3471.13 I200 3498.91 I 2700 3535.73 II6600 3558.55 II6100 3567.70 II 13000 3572.53 II 9900 3576.35 II7700 3580.94 II4000 3589.64 II4000 3590.48 II 28000 3613.84 II 110 3617.43 I 20000 3630.75 II13000 3642.79 II 6600 3645.31 II 110 3646.90 I 5300 3651.80 II 110 3664.25 II290 3666.54 II 75 h 3717.10 I 270 3833.07 II610 3843.03 II 20000 3907.49 I23000 3911.81 I 4400 3933.38 I5500 3996.61 I 530 4014.49 II 20000 4020.40 I20000 4023.69 I 220 4030.67 I140 4031.39 I220 4043.80 I200 4046.48 I 2700 4047.79 I 120 4049.95 I 5500 4054.55 I 220 4056.59 I100 4068.66 III160 h 4074.97 I160 4078.57 I 6100 4082.40 I 200 4086.67 I400 4087.16 I440 h 4133.00 I530 h 4140.30 I720 4152.36 I 1100 h 4165.19 I 110 h 4218.26 I110 h 4219.73 I180 4231.93 I200 4233.61 I400 4238.05 I 15000 4246.83 II 290 4294.77 II350 4305.71 II 4200 4314.09 II3300 4320.74 II2400 4325.01 II 180 4354.61 II110 4358.64 I 2000 4374.46 II 130 4384.81 II 1100 4400.37 II 880 4415.56 II120 h 4557.24 I160 h 4573.99 I 350 4670.40 II120 4706.97 I120 4709.34 I200 4728.77 I490 4729.23 I590 4734.10 I690 4737.65 I790 4741.02 I 1200 4743.81 I 200 4753.16 I220 4779.35 I170 4839.44 I 90 4909.76 I90 4922.84 I90 4934.25 I 170 4954.06 I120 4973.66 I150 4980.37 I140 4991.92 I 530 5031.02 II250 5064.32 I530 5070.23 I250 5075.81 I 2100 5081.56 I1200 5083.72 I1100 5085.55 I 750 5086.95 I390 5087.14 I270 5089.89 I390 5096.73 I620 5099.23 I370 5101.12 I180 5109.06 I150 5112.86 I320 5116.69 I390 5210.52 I280 5219.67 I350 5239.82 II280 5258.33 I210 5285.76 I120 5341.05 I350 5349.30 I120 5349.71 I210 5355.75 I530 5356.10 I270 5375.35 I370 5392.08 I 270 5446.20 I120 5451.34 I750 5481.99 I530 5484.62 I570 5514.22 I660 5520.50 I660 5526.82 II 70 5564.86 I 110 5591.33 I 80 5640.98 II 250 5657.88 II 1500 5671.81 I1200 5686.84 I1100 5700.21 I 10 5706.82 IV 190 5708.61 I880 5711.75 I230 5717.28 I Samarium—Scandium TeamLRN10-65Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 180 5724.08 I 14 5771.63 IV 620 6210.68 I320 6239.78 I120 6245.63 II110 6249.96 I 80 6256.01 III 250 6258.96 I750 6305.67 I 60 6378.82 I90 6413.35 I60 6604.60 II65 6737.87 I50 6819.52 I50 6835.03 I90 7449.16 III55 h 7741.17 I30 7800.44 I19 h 8761.40 I50 8829.78 III 30 h 8834.35 I 400 22051.86 I150 22065.05 I Selenium Se Z = 34 360 613.0 V360 652.7 IV450 670.1 IV360 724.3 III450 746.4 IV450 759.1 V360 808.7 V360 830.3 V360 832.7 II450 839.5 V360 843.0 III360 845.8 V360 912.9 II360 959.6 IV360 974.8 III450 996.7 IV360 1013.4 II360 1014.0 II450 1033.6 II450 1049.6 II360 1057.4 II360 1094.7 V360 1099.1 III 450 1119.2 III360 1141.9 II450 1192.3 II450 1227.6 V285 1291.0 II285 1308.9 II285 1314.4 IV120 1435.3 I120 1435.8 I150 1449.2 I150 1500.9 I250 1530.4 I150 1531.3 I200 1531.8 I 150 1575.3 I150 1577.6 I150 1577.9 I150 1579.5 I200 1580.0 I 150 1587.5 I150 1593.2 I250 1606.5 I200 1617.4 I150 1621.2 I150 1643.4 I250 1671.2 I250 1675.3 I250 1690.7 I250 1793.3 I300 1795.3 I300 1855.2 I250 1858.8 I400 1898.6 I350 1913.8 I300 1919.2 I500 1960.9 I500 2039.8 I285 2057.5 III 500 2074.8 I285 2136.6 IV500 2164.2 I600 2413.5 I300 2548.0 I360 2665.5 IV285 2724.3 IV285 2767.2 III220 2773.8 III160 2951.6 IV450 3387.2 III450 3413.9 III450 3457.8 III450 3637.6 III450 3738.7 III450 3800.9 III450 4169.1 III360 4175.3 II450 4180.9 II285 4382.9 II285 4446.0 II220 4449.2 II285 4467.6 II500 4730.8 I400 4739.0 I300 4742.2 I285 4840.6 II360 4845.0 II 450 5227.5 II360 5305.4 II100 5365.5 I120 5369.9 I110 5374.1 I285 5522.4 II285 5566.9 II285 5866.3 II450 6056.0 II285 6303.8 III200 6325.6 I360 6444.2 II285 6490.5 II285 6535.0 II 150 6831.3 I120 6990.690 I100 6991.792 I200 7010.809 I150 7013.875 I 300 7062.065 I200 7575.1 I250 7583.4 I150 7592.2 I300 8001.0 I200 8036.4 I150 8093.2 I150 8094.7 I180 8149.3 I150 8152.0 I200 8157.7 I180 8163.1 I150 8182.9 I150 8440.47 I150 8450.38 I150 8742.33 I300 8918.86 I200 9001.97 I200 9038.61 I 100 9432.50 I200 10217.25 I377 10307.45 I900 10327.26 I640 10386.36 I275 11946.87 I170 11952.64 I205 11972.93 I315 14817.93 I410 14917.47 I500 15151.44 I320 15471.00 I265 15520.97 I395 15618.40 I360 16659.44 I505 16813.78 I205 16866.54 I235 21374.24 I680 21442.56 I415 21473.48 I270 21716.36 I240 21730.60 I150 23388.85 I265 24148.18 I375 24385.99 I255 25017.51 I510 25127.43 I Silicon Si Z = 14 10 85.18 V15 96.44 V10 97.14 V20 117.86 V20 118.97 V 4 457.82 IV8 566.61 III8 653.33 III7 815.05 IV8 818.13 IV9 823.41 III 40 h 845.77 II 100 889.72 II 200 892.00 II 9 967.95 III 100 989.87 II200 992.68 II10 993.52 III 13 994.79 III16 997.39 III50 1023.69 II 8 1066.63 IV 14 1108.37 III16 1109.97 III18 1113.23 III 8 1122.49 IV 10 1128.34 IV 100 1190.42 II200 1193.28 II250 1194.50 II100 1197.39 II 30 1206.51 III30 1206.53 III 9 1207.52 III 10 1210.46 III50 1226.81 II 100 1227.60 II 150 1228.75 II200 1229.39 II100 1246.74 II150 1248.43 II100 1250.09 II150 1250.43 II200 1251.16 II 40 1256.49 I50 1258.80 I 1000 1260.42 II2000 1264.73 II 200 1265.02 II 17 1294.54 III14 1296.73 III15 1298.89 III18 1298.96 III14 1301.15 III16 1303.32 III 100 1304.37 II 50 h 1305.59 II 200 1309.27 II 13 1312.59 III 100 1346.87 II100 1348.54 II150 1350.06 II100 1352.64 II100 1353.72 II 15 1393.76 IV 12 1402.77 IV13 1417.24 III90 h 1485.02 II 100 h 1485.51 II 12 1500.24 III10 1501.19 III 9 1501.87 III 100 h 1509.10 II 50 h 1512.07 II60 p 1516.91 II 500 1526.72 II 1000 1533.45 II 150 1594.55 I100 1622.87 I 300 1629.43 I200 1629.92 I100 1667.62 I100 1668.52 I Scandium—Silicon 10-66Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 100 1672.59 I 200 1675.20 I200 1696.20 I200 1697.94 I100 h 1770.92 I100 h 1776.83 I100 h 1799.12 I150 1808.00 II500 h 1814.07 I200 1816.92 II200 1836.51 I200 1841.44 I 9 1842.55 III 200 1843.77 I300 1845.51 I400 1847.47 I200 1848.14 I500 1850.67 I200 1852.46 I500 h 1874.84 I 200 1881.85 I200 1887.70 I200 h 1893.25 I 1000 h 1901.33 I 100 h 1902.46 II 50 h 1910.62 II50 1941.67 II 100 1949.56 II100 1954.97 I 50 2058.65 II50 2059.01 II 200 2072.02 II200 2072.70 II100 2124.12 I 50 h 2136.56 II 110 2207.98 I115 2210.89 I110 2211.74 I120 2216.67 I120 2218.06 I 10 2296.87 III10 2308.19 III 100 h 2356.30 II 30 h 2357.18 II50 h 2357.97 II 300 2435.15 I 11 2449.48 III 425 2506.90 I 375 2514.32 I500 2516.113 I 7 2517.51 IV 350 2519.202 I425 2524.108 I450 2528.509 I110 2532.381 I 25 2541.82 III10 2546.09 III14 2559.21 III30 2563.679 I85 2568.641 I45 2577.151 I 190 2631.282 I 11 2640.79 III14 2655.51 III 9 2817.11 III 1000 2881.579 I300 2904.28 II 500 2905.69 II 55 2970.355 I 150 2987.645 I 50 3006.739 I75 3020.004 I 100 h 3030.00 II 9 3040.93 III 100 h 3043.69 II 50 h 3048.30 II 150 h 3053.18 II 25 3086.24 III20 3093.42 III16 3096.83 III 9 3165.71 IV 16 3185.13 III13 3186.02 III 150 3188.97 II150 3193.09 II100 3195.41 II 14 3196.50 III 200 3199.51 II100 h 3203.87 II200 h 3210.03 II 15 3210.55 III75 3214.66 II12 3230.50 III14 3233.95 III15 3241.62 III12 3258.66 III10 3276.26 III 300 3333.14 II500 3339.82 II 15 3486.91 III 9 3525.94 III 20 3590.47 III 8 3762.44 IV 20 c 3791.41 III25 3796.11 III30 3806.54 III 100 h 3853.66 II500 h 3856.02 II200 h 3862.60 II300 3905.523 I 20 3924.47 III10 4088.85 IV70 4102.936 I 9 4116.10 IV 300 h 4128.07 II500 h 4130.89 II100 h 4190.72 II 50 4198.13 II 9 4338.50 III 30 4552.62 III25 4567.82 III20 4574.76 III 100 4621.42 II150 4621.72 II 9 h 4631.24 IV 10 h 4654.32 IV 9 4683.02 III 16 4716.65 III 50 4782.991 I35 4792.212 I80 4792.324 I15 4813.33 III16 4819.72 III 18 4828.97 III30 4947.607 I40 5006.061 I 1000 5041.03 II1000 5055.98 II 10 h 5091.42 III 100 5181.90 II100 h 5185.25 II200 h 5192.86 II500 h 5202.41 II100 h 5405.34 II100 h 5438.62 II100 h 5456.45 II500 h 5466.43 II500 h 5466.87 II100 h 5469.21 II200 h 5496.45 II 35 5517.535 I 100 h 5540.74 II 150 h 5576.66 II 30 5622.221 I 100 h 5632.97 II200 h 5639.48 II 90 5645.611 I 150 h 5660.66 II 80 5665.554 I 1000 h 5669.56 II 120 5684.484 I300 h 5688.81 II100 5690.425 I 90 5701.105 I 200 h 5701.37 II100 h 5706.37 II160 5708.397 I 20 5739.73 III45 5747.667 I45 5753.625 I45 5754.220 I45 5762.977 I70 5772.145 I70 5780.384 I90 5793.071 I 100 5797.859 I150 h 5800.47 II200 5806.74 II 50 5846.13 II 300 h 5868.40 II 40 5873.764 I10 h 5898.79 III 150 5915.22 II200 5948.545 I500 5957.56 II500 5978.93 II 90 6125.021 I85 6131.574 I90 6131.850 I 100 6142.487 I100 6145.015 I160 6155.134 I160 6237.320 I 40 6238.287 I 125 6243.813 I125 6244.468 I180 6254.188 I 45 6331.954 I1000 6347.10 II 1000 6371.36 II 45 6526.609 I45 6527.199 I45 6555.462 I50 h 6660.52 II 100 6671.88 II 7 6701.21 IV 50 h 6717.04 II 100 6721.853 I 50 6829.82 II30 6848.568 I80 6976.523 I 180 7003.567 I180 7005.883 I 90 7017.646 I 250 7034.903 I 6 h 7047.94 IV 200 7165.545 I100 7226.206 I 100 7235.326 I180 7250.625 I160 7275.294 I400 7289.173 I375 7405.774 I200 7409.082 I275 7415.946 I425 7423.497 I 9 h 7466.32 III 12 h 7612.36 III 100 7680.267 I 6 h 7723.82 IV 30 7800.008 I 400 7848.80 II500 7849.72 II 30 7849.967 I90 7918.386 I 120 7932.349 I140 7944.001 I 35 7970.306 I35 8035.619 I70 8093.241 I 9 h 8102.86 III 11 h 8103.45 III35 8230.642 I 9 h 8262.57 III 40 8443.982 I40 8501.547 I 60 8502.221 I40 8536.165 I 120 8556.780 I 50 8648.462 I40 8728.011 I75 8742.451 I 100 8752.009 I 35 8790.389 I 100 9412.72 II100 9413.506 I 30 10371.269 I 120 10585.141 I120 10603.431 I120 10660.975 I 30 10694.251 I30 10727.408 I60 10749.384 I30 10784.550 I Silicon TeamLRN10-67Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 80 10786.856 I 140 10827.091 I 60 10843.854 I 130 10869.541 I 30 10882.802 I30 10885.336 I80 10979.308 I30 10982.061 I80 11017.965 I 370 11984.19 I220 11991.57 I440 12031.51 I190 15888.39 I 95 16060.03 I 110 19722.50 I Silver Ag Z = 47 25 730.83 II30 752.80 II 400 799.41 III 15 1005.32 II10 1065.49 II12 1072.23 II 250 1074.22 II150 1107.03 II150 1112.46 II 60 1195.83 II50 1223.33 II50 1240.80 II50 1246.87 II55 1256.81 II55 1257.55 II50 1266.63 II70 1273.67 II65 1297.51 II85 1311.20 II55 1313.81 II50 1314.61 II60 1323.84 II60 1342.09 II50 1342.57 II70 1346.62 II50 1353.54 II 150 1364.50 II100 1396.00 II100 1410.93 II 90 1419.72 II95 1432.60 II 100 1464.72 II 50 1466.23 II50 r 1507.37 I 100 r 1515.63 I 50 r 1548.58 I 100 1555.16 II100 1644.50 II 60 1651.52 I50 1652.10 I 700 1656.18 III120 1682.82 II500 1693.51 III 10 1708.11 I50 1709.27 I 125 1736.44 II750 1751.03 III 10 h 1766.14 I75 1790.37 II600 1917.08 III 700 1957.62 III100 1967.38 II600 1975.92 III500 1977.03 III600 2000.24 III150 2015.96 II150 2033.98 II200 2061.17 I100 2069.85 I 80 r 2113.82 II60 2145.60 II 600 2161.89 III 50 2186.76 II60 2229.53 II 100 r 2246.43 II500 2246.51 III 75 r 2248.74 II75 2280.03 II30 h 2309.56 I 700 2310.04 III 70 r 2317.05 II80 r 2320.29 II70 r 2324.68 II80 r 2331.40 II70 2357.92 II50 h 2375.02 I75 2411.41 II90 r 2413.23 II 100 r 2437.81 II 80 2447.93 II80 2473.84 II60 2506.63 II50 h 2575.63 I60 2660.49 II60 2721.77 I75 2767.54 II 100 h 2824.39 I 30 h 3130.02 I90 3180.70 II 100 3267.35 II 55000 r 3280.68 I28000 r 3382.89 I 30 3469.16 I70 3475.82 II80 3495.28 II50 3542.61 I50 h 3624.68 I 75 3682.46 II30 3682.50 I80 3683.34 II50 h 3709.20 I 200 3810.94 I 50 3811.78 I 100 h 3840.74 I 50 h 3907.41 I50 3909.31 II50 h 3914.40 I70 3920.10 II60 3949.43 II 100 h 3981.58 I 70 3985.19 II 100 h 4055.48 I 80 4085.91 II 100 4185.48 II 90 h 4210.96 I100 4212.82 I 50 4311.07 I50 h 4476.04 I30 h 4615.69 I80 4620.04 II50 4620.46 II60 h 4668.48 I30 h 4677.60 I 100 4788.40 II 30 h 4847.82 I 100 4874.10 I 80 5027.35 II 1000 5209.08 I1000 5465.50 I 100 5471.55 I100 5667.34 I 10 h 6268.50 I 320 7687.78 I 25 8005.4 II 500 8273.52 I 25 8403.8 II30 h 8645.70 I10 h 8704.85 I12 8747.6 II15 9000.9 II10 12551.0 I60 16819.5 I20 17416.7 I15 18307.9 I15 18382.3 I Sodium Na Z = 11 7 142.232 IV8 146.064 IV9 150.298 IV8 150.687 IV8 155.510 IV8 156.537 IV 12 162.448 IV10 163.190 IV12 168.411 IV10 168.546 IV 5 183.95 III 10 190.445 IV10 199.772 IV 8 202.49 III8 202.76 III8 p 203.06 III 8 203.28 III8 203.33 III 15 229.87 III50 c 250.52 III30 251.37 III25 266.90 III70 267.65 III50 267.87 III50 268.63 III20 p 272.08 III20 272.45 III10 319.644 IV 300 372.08 II350 376.38 II 100 378.14 III 70 380.10 III12 408.684 IV10 409.614 IV15 410.372 IV 10 411.334 IV13 412.242 IV11 1582.18 IV11 d 1583.98 IV12 1584.14 IV12 d 1587.05 IV11 1615.92 IV12 1618.57 IV11 1655.47 IV15 c 1701.97 IV20 d 1887.47 III12 1960.76 IV11 1965.08 IV12 d 2106.33 IV30 2230.33 III16 2232.19 III20 h 2246.70 III 300 2315.65 II 18 2386.99 III 17 2394.03 III 300 2420.99 II300 2424.73 II 25 2459.31 III18 2468.85 III20 2474.73 III 1000 2493.15 II 25 2497.03 III17 2510.26 III20 2543.84 I10 2543.87 I70 2593.87 I35 2593.92 I 850 2611.81 II850 2661.00 II 1000 2671.83 II 200 2680.34 I100 2680.43 I 1000 2841.72 II 400 2852.81 I200 2853.01 I 2 2893.62 I 1100 2904.92 II1100 2917.52 II1100 2919.05 II1200 2919.85 II1300 2920.95 II1000 2923.49 II 1200 2951.24 II1100 2952.40 II1000 2977.13 II1100 2979.66 II1100 2980.63 II1300 2984.19 II1700 3124.42 II2500 3135.48 II1700 3137.86 II2000 3149.28 II2000 3163.74 II1000 3179.06 II1700 3189.79 II1600 3212.19 II 1500 3257.96 II1700 3285.60 II1700 3301.35 II1200 3302.37 I Silicon—Sodium 10-68Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 600 3302.98 I 1500 3304.96 II1000 3318.04 II 50 3426.86 I 1500 3533.05 II1200 3631.27 II 6 4238.99 I 10 4242.08 I 1 4249.41 I2 4252.52 I 15 4273.64 I20 4276.79 I 2 4287.84 I3 4291.01 I 30 4321.40 I40 4324.62 I 3 4341.49 I5 4344.74 I 40 4390.03 I60 4393.34 I 5 4419.88 I8 4423.25 I 60 4494.18 I 100 4497.66 I 10 4541.63 I15 4545.19 I 120 4664.811 I200 4668.560 I 20 4747.941 I30 4751.822 I 200 4978.541 I400 4982.813 I 40 5148.838 I80 5153.402 I 280 5682.633 I 70 5688.193 I 560 5688.205 I 80000 5889.950 I40000 5895.924 I 120 6154.225 I240 6160.747 I130 6530.70 II130 6544.04 II130 6545.75 II 20 7373.23 I10 7373.49 I50 7809.78 I25 7810.24 I 4400 8183.256 I 800 8194.790 I 8800 8194.824 I 100 8649.92 I 60 8650.89 I25 8942.96 I40 9153.88 I60 9465.94 I80 9961.28 I20 10566.00 I60 10572.28 I 200 10746.44 I 80 10749.29 I 120 10834.87 I 35 11190.19 I50 11197.21 I 400 11381.45 I 1000 11403.78 I400 12679.17 I 60 14767.48 I 100 14779.73 I 60 16373.85 I 100 16388.85 I400 18465.25 I 50 22056.44 I25 22083.67 I60 23348.41 I 100 23379.13 I Strontium Sr Z = 38 15 298.12 IV15 300.12 IV 125 330.67 III500 351.62 III 75 358.80 III 250 363.49 III150 371.21 III 20 378.53 IV 75 392.44 IV50 393.00 IV50 396.22 IV 1000 437.24 III1875 491.79 III1250 507.04 III3750 514.38 III 10 517.28 V 2500 562.75 III 25 578.01 V30 624.93 V25 642.23 V50 649.21 V25 660.94 V 200 664.43 IV 35 686.23 V 100 710.35 IV 12 747.82 V50 1025.23 III35 1125.49 III50 1236.23 III 1400 2152.84 II1400 2165.96 II 100 2273.71 III100 2340.13 III 50 2346.97 IV 160 2428.10 I100 2486.52 III 40 2555.60 IV40 2571.04 IV 100 3002.61 III200 3012.32 III 10 3019.29 IV 100 3021.73 III 50 3061.43 III50 3182.61 III 100 3235.39 III400 3351.25 I650 3380.71 II 50 3430.76 III 950 3464.46 II600 3969.26 I 1300 4030.38 I 46000 4077.71 II32000 4215.52 II 9 4298.57 IV340 4305.45 II 65000 4607.33 I 9 4685.08 IV 3200 4722.28 I2200 4741.92 I1400 4784.32 I4800 4811.88 I3600 4832.08 I3000 4872.49 I2000 4876.32 I1000 4891.98 I8000 4962.26 I1300 4967.94 I 800 h 5156.07 I 1400 5222.20 I2000 5225.11 I2000 5229.27 I2800 5238.55 I4800 5256.90 I 40 5257.71 III 40 5443.48 III 1500 5450.84 I7000 5480.84 I3500 5504.17 I2600 5521.83 I2000 5534.81 I2000 5540.05 I1000 6380.75 I 900 h 6386.50 I600 h 6388.24 I 9000 6408.47 I5500 6504.00 I1000 6546.79 I1700 6550.26 I3000 6617.26 I1800 6791.05 I4800 6878.38 I1200 6892.59 I5500 7070.10 I2500 7309.41 I 500 7621.50 I400 h 7673.06 I200 h 8422.80 I120 8505.69 II200 8688.91 II100 9294.10 I400 h 9448.95 I600 9596.00 I 300 9624.70 I100 9638.10 I100 h 9647.70 II300 10036.66 II 1000 10327.31 II 200 10914.88 II700 11241.25 I100 12014.76 II 60 12445.90 II40 12495.00 I75 12974.70 II 100 13123.80 II 50 17447.40 I 230 20261.40 I 120 20700.70 I 30 26023.60 ISulfur S Z = 16 5 437.4 V5 438.2 V5 439.6 V 20 519.3 IV20 520.1 IV40 520.8 IV20 522.0 IV20 522.5 IV20 551.2 IV40 652.5 IV40 653.0 IV70 653.6 IV40 654.0 IV70 655.6 IV20 655.9 IV 110 657.3 IV 40 658.3 V70 659.8 V 40 660.9 IV 160 661.4 IV110 663.2 V 40 663.7 IV40 664.8 IV70 666.1 IV20 678.1 V40 680.3 V 110 680.9 V 40 681.6 V20 693.5 V70 729.5 III 110 732.42 III 70 735.2 III70 738.5 III 110 744.9 IV110 748.4 IV110 750.2 IV110 753.8 IV285 786.5 V 70 789.0 III70 796.7 III70 800.5 IV70 804.0 IV70 809.7 IV 110 816.0 IV 70 824.9 III70 836.3 III 160 849.2 V110 852.2 V220 854.8 V110 857.9 V110 860.5 V 40 906.9 II40 910.5 II40 912.7 II40 937.4 II40 937.7 II 160 1062.7 IV160 1073.0 IV 70 1073.5 IV 285 1077.1 III 40 1102.3 II70 1194.0 III70 1201.0 III40 1234.1 II Sodium—Sulfur TeamLRN10-69Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 40 1250.5 II 110 1253.8 II110 1259.5 II275 1270.782 I250 1277.216 I280 1295.653 I275 1302.337 I235 1302.863 I235 1303.110 I245 1303.430 I260 1305.883 I265 1310.194 I355 1316.542 I290 1316.618 I375 1323.515 I355 1326.643 I775 1381.552 I710 1385.510 I960 1388.435 I640 1389.154 I 775 1392.588 I 1000 1396.112 I 300 1409.337 I510 1425.030 I425 1433.280 I300 1436.968 I300 1448.229 I425 1472.972 I550 1473.995 I300 1474.380 I355 1481.665 I485 1483.039 I300 1483.233 I330 1485.622 I390 1487.150 I 20 1624.0 IV20 1629.2 IV 680 1666.688 I640 1687.530 I710 1807.311 I680 1820.343 I640 1826.245 I710 1900.286 I550 1914.698 I 20 2387.0 IV40 2398.9 IV 110 2460.5 III110 2489.6 III 160 2496.2 III160 2499.1 III220 2508.2 III 70 2636.9 III 220 2665.4 III110 2691.8 III110 2702.8 III220 2718.9 III110 2721.4 III220 2726.8 III220 2731.1 III110 2741.0 III285 2756.9 III110 2775.2 III 160 2785.5 III110 2863.5 III160 2904.3 III160 2986.0 III110 3097.5 IV 110 3497.3 III160 3632.0 III110 3709.4 III160 3717.8 III160 3838.3 III285 3867.6 I285 3902.0 I160 3928.6 III360 3933.3 II450 4120.8 I280 4142.3 II360 4145.1 II450 4153.1 II450 4162.7 II360 4253.6 III450 4694.1 I285 4695.4 I160 4696.2 I280 4716.2 II 450 4815.5 II360 4924.1 II450 4925.3 II285 4993.5 I360 5428.6 II650 5432.8 II 1000 5453.8 II1000 5473.6 II1000 5509.7 II 280 5564.9 II 1000 5606.1 II 450 5640.0 II450 5640.3 II280 5647.0 II650 5659.9 II450 5664.7 II160 5706.1 I450 5819.2 II450 6052.7 I280 6286.4 II450 6287.1 II450 6305.5 II450 6312.7 II280 6384.9 II280 6397.3 II280 6398.0 II360 6413.7 II160 6743.6 I 285 6748.8 I450 6757.2 I450 7579.0 I450 7629.8 I285 7686.1 I450 7696.7 I 1000 7924.0 I 160 7928.8 I285 7930.3 I450 7931.7 I450 7967.4 I450 7967.4 II450 8314.7 I450 8314.7 II 450 8585.6 I285 8680.5 I450 8694.7 I360 8874.5 I110 8882.5 I 220 8884.2 I160 9035.9 I450 9212.9 I450 9228.1 I450 9237.5 I285 9413.5 I285 9421.9 I285 9437.1 I650 9649.9 I450 9672.3 I450 9680.8 I450 9693.7 I285 9697.3 I285 9739.7 I285 9932.3 I285 9949.8 I285 9958.9 I285 10455.5 I285 10459.5 I Tantalum Ta Z = 73 60 493.07 V 1000 890.87 V 500 947.30 V 67 999.34 IV79 1116.10 IV78 1136.17 IV85 1175.51 IV80 1189.28 IV80 1192.67 IV85 1213.09 IV 500 1213.42 V 85 1215.53 IV90 1223.73 IV88 1238.12 IV95 1240.06 IV87 1258.34 IV94 1264.91 IV98 1272.42 IV94 1275.48 IV86 1275.94 IV92 1308.51 IV87 1315.58 IV92 1332.38 IV86 1343.30 IV92 1365.88 IV 5000 1392.56 V 91 1398.78 IV93 1413.40 IV91 1454.32 IV92 1464.41 IV93 1469.82 IV90 1495.25 IV95 1514.19 IV85 1607.70 IV 7000 1709.10 V 85 1712.16 IV85 1716.13 IV85 2055.75 IV 1100 2140.13 II1500 2146.87 II 1200 2182.71 II1100 2193.88 II1500 2196.03 II 90 2199.58 IV1500 2199.67 II 90 2207.64 IV 1400 d 2210.03 II1400 2239.48 II1200 2250.76 II 840 2261.42 II990 2262.30 II990 2272.59 II790 2285.25 II600 2286.59 II990 2289.16 II440 2302.24 II440 2302.93 II440 2312.60 II420 2315.46 II690 2331.98 II550 2332.19 II250 2357.30 I260 2361.09 I600 2364.24 II 320 2371.58 I 1400 2387.06 II2400 2400.63 II 320 2416.89 II360 2427.64 I360 2429.71 II480 2432.70 II380 2470.90 II600 2474.62 I500 2484.95 I600 2488.70 II500 2490.46 I600 2504.45 I600 2507.45 I 1200 d 2526.35 I 600 2532.12 II 1200 2559.43 I 460 2562.10 I600 2577.37 II600 2603.49 II 1400 2608.63 I1200 2635.58 II 860 2636.90 I 2400 2647.47 I2600 2653.27 I1900 2656.61 I1500 2661.34 I 770 2675.90 II 1500 2685.17 II 470 2694.52 II 1000 2698.30 I1200 2710.13 I2600 2714.67 I 470 2727.44 II 1200 2748.78 I 860 2749.83 I410 2752.49 II 1000 2758.31 I 430 2761.68 II770 2775.88 I680 2796.34 I680 2797.76 II 510 2806.58 I640 2844.25 I560 2848.52 I 1500 2850.49 I Sulfur—Tantalum 10-70Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 1900 2850.98 I 360 2861.98 I470 2871.42 I380 2880.02 I770 2891.84 I560 2902.05 I310 2915.49 I410 2925.19 I310 2932.70 I 1700 2933.55 I 470 2940.06 I 1200 2940.22 I 510 2951.92 I340 2953.56 I 1500 2963.32 I 770 2965.13 II770 2965.54 I340 2969.47 I430 2975.56 I 1800 3012.54 II 290 d 3027.48 I530 3049.56 I530 3069.24 I360 3077.24 I560 3103.25 I380 3124.97 I380 3130.58 I270 3132.64 I320 3170.29 I270 3173.59 I600 3180.95 I300 3223.83 I 1100 3311.16 I 680 3318.84 I330 d 3330.99 II640 3371.54 I360 3385.05 I450 3406.94 I490 3480.52 I380 3497.85 I490 3511.04 I750 3607.41 I980 3626.62 I500 3642.06 I210 3918.51 I210 3970.10 I210 3996.17 I410 4061.40 I 310 4067.91 I300 4205.88 I360 c 4510.98 I340 4574.31 I260 4619.51 I450 4681.88 I200 5037.37 I100 5067.87 I110 5115.84 I100 5141.62 I100 5143.69 I330 5156.56 I110 5212.74 I110 d 5218.45 I 140 5341.05 I200 5402.51 I130 5419.19 I 90 5518.91 I150 5645.91 I 130 5664.90 I130 5776.77 I 90 5780.71 I 130 5811.10 I240 5877.36 I130 5882.30 I 90 5901.91 I90 5918.95 I 130 5939.76 I240 5944.02 I190 c 5997.23 I100 6020.72 I250 6045.39 I100 6047.25 I100 6101.58 I 65 6144.56 I 130 6154.50 I150 6256.68 I150 6268.70 I 150 6309.58 I 75 6325.08 I65 6341.17 I75 6356.16 I65 6360.84 I90 6389.45 I65 6428.60 I 250 6430.79 I200 6450.36 I380 6485.37 I 65 6505.52 I 100 6514.39 I100 6516.10 I100 6574.84 I110 6611.95 I 75 6621.30 I 100 6673.73 I180 6675.53 I 75 c 6740.73 I75 6771.74 I 160 c 6813.25 I210 6866.23 I180 6875.27 I150 6902.10 I140 6927.38 I140 6928.54 I 65 6951.26 I 180 6966.13 I 110 d 6995.22 I 75 7006.96 I 150 7148.63 I110 7172.90 I140 7301.74 I160 7346.41 I140 c 7352.86 I100 7356.96 I 90 cw 7369.09 I 160 7407.89 I100 7882.37 I 75 8026.50 I75 8281.62 I Technetium Tc Z = 43 10000 c 3636.07 I20000 c 4031.63 I15000 4095.67 I20000 4262.27 I 30000 4297.06 I20000 4853.59 I Tellurium Te Z = 52 8 802.28 II8 1059.51 II8 1077.66 II 10 1161.42 II10 1174.34 II12 1175.79 II 9 1208.54 II9 1220.98 II9 1253.62 II9 1270.52 II 10 1324.92 II 9 1363.24 II8 1366.73 II 10 1374.80 II10 1608.41 II 10 1613.15 II 5 1655.4 I5 1688.5 I6 1700.0 I5 1708.0 I 10 1822.4 I 26000 2002.02 I 6500 2081.16 I 18000 2142.81 I 3200 2147.25 I 500 2259.02 I 1200 2383.26 I1500 2385.78 I 50 2438.69 II 120 2530.72 I100 2649.66 II 80 2661.10 II 110 2677.13 I100 2858.29 II150 2895.41 II 70 2967.29 II70 3047.00 II 100 3175.14 I 60 3256.80 II60 3329.22 II 150 3406.79 II 50 3442.25 II50 3521.11 II 50 3552.19 II 100 3611.78 II 50 3617.57 II50 4006.52 II70 4127.32 II 100 4169.77 II 80 4225.73 II 100 4261.11 II 60 4273.43 II80 4285.85 II 150 4364.00 II 75 4385.10 II 170 4478.63 II 80 4537.07 II 100 4557.78 II 70 4630.62 II 100 4641.12 II180 4654.37 II200 4686.91 II 100 4696.38 II100 4706.53 II100 4766.05 II100 4784.87 II100 4827.14 II150 4831.28 II150 4842.90 II130 4865.12 II200 4866.24 II 8 5083.0 I 50 5449.84 II50 5487.95 II 150 5576.35 II150 5649.26 II100 5666.20 II200 5708.12 II150 5755.85 II100 5974.68 II 50 6367.13 II 10 h 6790.0 I20 h 6837.6 I20 h 6854.7 I15 h 7191.1 I20 h 7263.5 I12 7460.98 II15 7468.75 II15 7921.69 II15 7943.14 II10 7950.34 II30 h 8061.4 I10 8122.44 II20 8186.44 II15 8273.53 II15 8672.95 II10 8733.81 II 205 8758.18 I 81 9004.37 I 5660 9722.74 I 532 9868.92 I689 9956.30 I325 9977.13 I 5950 10051.41 I4097 10091.01 I 381 10118.08 I397 10300.56 I745 10493.57 I 1880 10918.34 I 10200 11089.56 I 508 11163.74 I 6620 11487.23 I1580 13247.75 I1050 14513.51 I1480 15452.45 I2430 15546.23 I3760 16403.90 I1960 17303.54 I2780 18291.59 I1020 21043.73 I 464 21602.50 I 74 22555.29 I38 26539.17 I Terbium Tb Z = 65 1000 1259.40 IV1000 1327.67 IV Tantalum—Terbium TeamLRN10-71Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 1000 1373.86 IV 5000 1595.39 IV2000 1633.19 IV2000 2027.79 IV1000 2089.98 IV1000 2332.54 IV 110 2584.61 II110 2608.57 II130 2628.69 II140 2669.29 II190 2704.07 II270 2769.53 II320 2897.44 II250 2956.21 II230 3010.59 II230 3016.18 II460 3053.55 II460 3070.05 II670 3078.86 II480 3082.36 II 480 3089.58 II480 3102.96 II440 3139.64 II480 3187.26 II480 3199.56 II 1100 3218.93 II1200 3219.98 II 480 3252.32 II760 3280.31 II760 3281.40 II 1000 3285.04 II1500 3293.07 II3800 3324.40 II 760 3349.42 II760 3364.93 II810 3454.06 II810 d 3472.79 II810 3500.84 II 5700 3509.17 II1300 3523.66 II1100 3540.24 II 810 3543.89 II 3200 3561.74 II 810 3567.35 II 4200 3568.52 II1600 3568.98 II1100 3579.20 II 710 3585.03 II 810 3596.38 II 1600 3600.44 II 810 3625.54 II 2300 3650.40 II 810 3654.88 II 2000 3658.88 II3800 3676.35 II 810 3682.26 II450 3693.58 I450 3700.12 I 4700 3702.86 II2400 3703.92 II1000 d 3711.76 II 650 3745.04 I 870 3747.17 II870 3747.34 II 1100 3755.24 II 650 3759.35 I1700 3765.14 I 2100 3776.49 II 600 3783.53 I410 3789.92 I760 d 3806.85 II 1500 3830.26 I 540 3833.42 I920 d 3842.50 II 3700 3848.73 II3500 w 3874.17 II 480 3888.22 I490 3894.64 I 2400 3899.20 II1600 3901.33 I 480 3908.06 I650 3915.43 I760 3925.45 II810 d 3939.52 II 2200 d 3976.84 II1800 3981.87 II 970 4002.59 II 1900 4005.47 II 760 4012.75 II870 4032.28 I 2100 4033.03 II 430 4054.12 I410 4060.37 I 1300 4061.58 I 650 4105.37 I 1100 4144.41 II 350 4158.53 I390 4196.74 I650 4203.74 I600 4206.49 I480 4215.09 I480 4232.82 I650 4266.34 I760 cw 4278.52 II450 4310.42 I 2200 4318.83 I 600 4322.23 I600 4325.83 II 3000 4326.43 I 600 4332.12 I870 4336.43 I600 4337.64 I 1700 4338.41 I 700 4340.62 I 870 4356.81 I330 4382.45 I300 4388.23 I260 4390.91 I350 4423.10 I240 4436.12 I240 4448.04 I430 4493.07 I 75 4514.31 II 110 4549.07 I110 4550.45 I110 4556.46 I110 4563.69 II210 4578.69 II 65 4584.84 II65 4591.56 II75 d 4626.32 II95 4626.94 II65 4632.07 I 65 h 4636.59 I85 4641.00 II 210 4641.98 II260 cw 4645.31 II 80 4647.23 I80 4662.79 I80 4676.90 I70 c 4681.87 I80 4688.63 II80 4693.11 II 200 4702.41 II110 4707.94 II 80 4739.93 I70 4747.80 I 410 cw 4752.53 II180 4786.78 I100 4813.77 I 80 4875.57 II80 4881.15 II 95 4915.90 I65 4931.79 I85 4993.82 II 110 5078.25 I 75 5089.12 II85 5186.13 I 120 5228.12 I 75 5248.71 I75 w 5262.11 II75 5281.05 I65 5304.72 I 110 5319.23 I 65 w 5337.90 I 160 5354.88 I 75 5369.72 I75 5375.98 I50 5424.10 II55 5459.81 I55 5509.61 I50 5514.54 I65 5524.12 I85 c 5747.58 I75 5795.64 I75 5803.13 II65 5815.36 I65 5851.07 I65 5870.62 I65 c 5920.78 I 75 5967.34 II35 6331.68 II35 cw 6518.68 I35 6581.82 I90 6677.94 II40 cw 6702.61 I 130 6794.58 II 55 6896.37 II45 h 6899.95 I40 6901.98 I65 7204.28 I40 7257.73 I45 7348.88 II45 7496.12 I 27 h 7582.03 II45 7590.24 I65 7596.44 I30 7627.81 I30 7737.63 I 30 7855.79 II27 7927.90 II30 8025.42 II30 8085.06 II65 8194.82 II95 8212.57 I40 8450.06 II30 h 8511.80 I45 8583.45 II30 8603.40 I65 8765.74 II Thallium Tl Z = 81 10 570.49 IV 5 r 670.87 II 15 r 696.30 II 5 r 709.23 II 10 r 817.18 II 5 r 836.34 II 8 r 1018.85 II 30 1028.69 IV20 1034.73 IV20 1036.61 IV10 r 1049.73 II 8 r 1050.30 II5 r 1074.97 II 30 1079.68 IV10 r 1130.17 II15 r 1162.55 II10 r 1167.43 II10 r 1183.41 II12 r 1194.84 II 5 r 1246.00 II 10 1266.33 III15 r 1307.50 II 8 r 1310.20 II 25 r 1321.71 II 8 r 1330.40 II 10 r 1373.52 II10 1477.14 III 8 r 1489.65 I 10 r 1499.30 II10 r 1507.82 II15 r 1561.58 II10 r 1568.57 II 7 r 1593.26 II5 h 1616. I 5 1685.40 I 10 r 1792.76 II12 r 1814.85 II25 r 1908.64 II 100 r 2007.56 I100 r 2210.71 I 30 2298.04 II 140 2315.98 I900 h 2379.69 I 20 2530.86 II 700 2580.14 I420 2709.23 I 4400 d 2767.87 I 10 2849.80 II 2800 2918.32 I 20 3091.56 II15 3185.51 II15 3186.56 II Terbium—Thallium 10-72Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 15 3187.74 II 1200 3229.75 I 15 3291.01 II15 3369.15 II 9 3456.34 III 20000 3519.24 I 5000 3529.43 I 8 3540.08 II9 3560.68 II 12000 w 3775.72 I 10 3832.30 II10 3887.15 II 7 4109.85 III6 4269.81 III 20 4274.98 II40 4306.80 II20 4737.05 II15 4981.35 II25 5078.54 II25 5152.14 II 18000 5350.46 I 15 d 5384.85 II10 5410.97 II25 5949.48 II10 6179.98 II10 6378.32 II16 h 6549.84 I10 6966.5 II10 7815.80 I20 8373.6 I10 8474.27 I10 8664.1 II20 9130. II20 9130.5 I40 9509.4 I20 9930.4 I30 10011.9 I40 10488.80 I 1000 11512.82 I 150 12736.4 I700 13013.2 I Thorium Th Z = 90 150 1707.37 IV200 1959.02 IV200 2002.34 IV200 2413.50 III200 2427.94 III 200 2431.68 III200 2441.24 III500 2565.593 II480 2692.415 II520 2747.156 II410 2752.166 II800 2832.315 II 1200 2837.295 II 100 2848.084 I550 2870.406 II100 2936.086 I100 2943.729 I420 3049.092 II450 3067.729 II 670 3078.828 II480 3080.217 II510 3108.296 II100 3116.263 I510 3119.526 II 510 3122.963 II480 3125.507 II100 3136.216 I420 3139.306 II420 3142.835 II420 3175.726 II 1100 3180.193 II 770 3188.233 II560 3221.292 II560 3229.009 II480 3235.84 II590 3238.116 II910 3256.274 II180 3257.366 I910 3262.668 II620 3287.789 II910 3291.739 II620 3292.520 II240 3301.650 I 480 3304.238 I510 3321.450 II840 3325.120 II250 3330.476 I620 3334.604 II620 3337.870 II310 3348.768 I980 3351.228 II620 3358.602 II250 3374.974 I 1300 3392.035 II 200 3396.727 I250 3398.544 I200 3405.558 I250 3413.012 I390 3421.210 I270 3423.989 I980 3433.998 II770 3435.976 II 1300 3469.920 II 170 3471.218 I200 3486.552 I670 3539.587 II180 3544.018 I170 3549.595 I200 3555.013 I530 3559.451 II200 3576.557 I 270 3592.780 I270 3598.120 I980 3609.445 II200 3612.427 I480 3615.133 II270 3635.943 I210 3642.248 I170 3649.735 I220 3663.202 I280 3669.968 I700 3675.567 II150 3682.486 I170 3692.566 I180 3698.105 I 340 3706.767 I590 3719.435 I770 3721.825 II 1300 3741.183 II310 3747.539 I 650 3752.569 II180 3770.056 I590 3803.075 I450 3828.384 I840 3839.746 II450 3863.405 II210 3875.374 I340 3895.419 I590 3929.669 II200 3932.911 I390 3967.392 I200 3972.155 I150 3980.089 I530 3994.549 II220 4008.210 I220 4009.056 I280 4012.495 I 4200 4019.129 II 250 4030.842 I 250 4036.047 I250 4063.407 I700 4086.520 II700 4094.747 II150 4100.341 I840 4108.421 II240 4112.754 I280 4115.758 I 1100 4116.713 II 200 4127.411 I200 4134.067 I450 4149.986 II620 4178.060 II620 4208.890 II110 4253.538 I110 4260.333 I480 4277.313 II700 4282.042 II130 4337.277 I 1300 4381.860 II1100 4391.110 II 110 4498.940 I280 4510.527 II 90 4723.438 I50 4840.843 I 280 4863.163 II260 5017.255 II110 5067.974 I 120 5148.211 II 95 5216.596 II 110 5231.160 I 95 5247.654 II60 5343.581 I60 5587.026 I95 5707.103 II70 5760.551 I85 5989.044 II60 6169.822 I50 6182.622 I50 6274.116 II50 6274.117 II50 6355.911 II 60 6457.283 I50 6462.614 I50 h 6531.342 I55 6989.656 I30 7045.795 II 30 7084.171 I30 7168.896 I40 7191.132 II35 7208.006 I50 7525.508 II30 7647.380 I30 8330.451 I40 8967.641 I20 9833.42 I20 10726.93 I20 10942.24 II30 11230.259 I20 11984.67 II20 17208.22 II15 18811.88 I10 22264.35 II Thulium Tm Z = 69 5000 2185.94 III 360 2284.79 II 20000 2296.21 III 5000 2305.03 III 20000 2311.16 III 5000 2312.72 III5000 2326.19 III6000 2328.50 III6000 2329.29 III3000 2331.80 III3000 2357.05 III4000 2406.63 III 450 2409.02 II450 2426.17 II770 2480.13 II 30000 2489.44 III 2000 2504.71 III1300 2509.08 II3000 2519.78 III 130 2527.02 I 10000 2552.46 III 360 2552.76 I540 2561.65 II430 2588.27 II170 h 2596.49 I810 2607.06 II730 2624.33 II 5000 2682.32 III2000 2707.03 III 3000 2719.47 III 540 2721.19 II 3000 2724.44 III4000 2727.56 III 680 2794.60 II730 2797.27 II 2000 2806.77 III 580 2827.92 II200 2854.17 I 1600 2869.23 II1000 2947.72 III 490 2973.22 I 1000 2998.28 III1500 3015.30 II 360 3081.12 I 7400 3131.26 II2300 3133.89 II1900 3151.04 II Thallium—Thulium TeamLRN10-73Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 1500 3157.34 II 450 3172.65 I 2300 3172.83 II1200 3236.81 II1600 3240.23 II2300 3241.54 II 320 3246.96 I 1900 3258.05 II1600 3266.64 II1200 3267.40 II1100 3276.81 II1200 3283.40 II1200 3285.61 II2300 3291.00 II2000 3302.46 II1200 3309.80 II 230 3349.99 I 4000 3362.61 II1700 3397.50 II 850 3410.05 I 340 3412.59 I340 3416.59 I 6400 3425.08 II 340 3429.33 I 4900 3441.50 II4900 3453.66 II8500 3462.20 II 210 3467.51 I340 3476.69 I340 3480.98 I420 3487.38 I340 3499.95 I250 3517.60 I 1700 3535.52 II 420 3537.91 I210 3555.82 I340 3560.92 I420 3563.88 I 1300 3566.47 II 420 3567.36 I280 3586.07 I 2100 3608.77 II1000 3629.09 III 380 3638.41 I 1100 3668.09 II4800 3700.26 II3800 3701.36 II7700 3717.91 I 2400 3734.12 II5000 3744.06 I1700 3751.81 I6000 3761.33 II4800 3761.91 II7100 3795.75 II 770 3798.54 I600 3807.72 I290 3826.39 I 1300 3838.20 II 290 3840.87 I 8900 3848.02 II6800 3883.13 I1800 3883.44 II 5400 3887.35 I 440 3896.62 I 3500 3916.48 I1500 3949.27 I1500 3958.10 II 1800 3996.52 II 220 4024.23 I380 4044.47 I 10000 4094.19 I 9500 4105.84 I1100 4138.33 I8800 4187.62 I6000 4203.73 I 380 4222.67 I 3000 4242.15 II 270 4271.71 I150 4298.36 I 2700 4359.93 I1400 4386.43 I 200 4394.42 I140 4396.50 I120 4454.03 I540 4481.26 II150 4519.60 I 260 4522.57 II110 4548.60 I270 4599.02 I300 4615.94 II 80 4626.33 II95 4626.56 II 110 4634.26 II120 4655.09 I160 4681.92 I120 4691.11 I110 4724.26 I680 4733.34 I 70 4759.90 I80 4831.20 II 140 4957.18 I160 5009.77 II160 5034.22 II150 5060.90 I 95 5113.97 I80 5213.38 I 650 5307.12 I 80 5346.49 II 270 5631.41 I520 5675.84 I 40 5684.76 II35 5709.97 II 190 5764.29 I 35 5838.76 II 240 5895.63 I140 5971.26 I200 6460.26 I 95 6604.96 I 110 6779.77 I120 6844.26 I 80 6845.76 I10 6937.37 I10 7017.90 I12 7034.34 I10 7106.14 I17 7272.62 I14 7310.51 I14 7432.18 I 75 7481.08 I75 7490.20 I 140 7558.33 I 80 7731.53 I40 7856.08 I 55 7927.51 I 110 7930.84 I 95 8017.90 I27 8472.01 II Tin Sn Z = 50 7 169.47 II 150 361.01 V100 753.01 III200 910.92 III500 956.25 IV 7 985.13 II 500 1019.72 IV 1000 1044.49 IV1000 1073.41 IV 200 1089.35 V 8 1108.19 II 1000 1119.34 IV1000 1139.29 III 1000 1158.33 III 200 1160.74 V 10 1161.43 II 1000 1184.25 III2000 1210.52 III 9 1219.07 II 13 1223.70 II11 1243.00 II 2000 1251.38 V1000 1259.92 III 20 1290.86 II 200 1294.36 V 1000 1305.97 III1000 1314.55 IV 20 1316.59 II 1000 1327.34 III1000 1347.65 III1000 1386.74 III 25 1400.52 II 1000 1437.52 IV 20 1475.15 II 9 1489.22 II 1000 1570.36 III 10 r 1737.21 I15 r 1751.46 I20 r 1764.98 I30 r 1790.75 I80 r 1804.60 I 15 1811.34 II 500 1811.71 III 40 r 1815.74 I 120 r 1823.00 I 9 1831.89 II 50 r 1848.75 I 200 r 1860.32 I 80 1886.05 I 100 1891.40 I 12 1899.91 II50 1909.30 I80 1925.31 I 500 1941.86 III150 1952.15 I 50 h 1977.6 I80 1984.20 I50 2040.66 I50 2054.03 I70 2058.31 I 80 2068.58 I 100 2072.89 I100 2073.08 I200 2096.39 I100 2100.93 I100 r 2113.93 I 50 2121.26 I40 r 2148.73 I20 r 2151.43 I30 2151.54 II80 2171.32 I 150 r 2194.49 I300 r 2199.34 I400 r 2209.65 I 80 r 2231.72 I 400 r 2246.05 I 60 2251.17 I 400 r 2268.91 I200 r 2286.68 I 600 r 2317.23 I300 r 2334.80 I 1000 r 2354.84 I 22 2368.33 II 100 2408.15 I800 r 2421.70 I 1000 r 2429.49 I 15 2448.98 II 300 2483.39 I 13 2483.48 II10 2486.99 II 200 2495.70 I400 2546.55 I500 r 2571.58 I200 2594.42 I200 r 2661.24 I700 r 2706.51 I150 2779.81 I 1400 r 2839.99 I1000 r 2863.32 I 700 r 3009.14 I850 r 3034.12 I 12 3047.50 II 550 r 3175.05 I550 r 3262.34 I 50 3283.21 II 110 3330.62 I 60 3351.97 II 10 3472.46 II11 3575.45 II 280 r 3801.02 I 10 5332.36 II20 5561.95 II25 5588.92 II 500 5631.71 I 15 5799.18 II50 5925.44 I 100 5970.30 I150 6037.70 I250 6069.00 I100 6073.46 I400 6149.71 I 200 6154.60 I150 6171.50 I100 6310.78 I 70 6453.50 II Thulium—Tin 10-74Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 25 6844.05 II 20 7191.40 II10 7387.79 II13 7741.80 II 100 7754.97 I100 h 8030.5 I200 8114.09 I 80 8357.04 I 300 8422.72 I400 8552.60 I 50 h 8681.7 I50 h 9410.86 I80 h 9415.37 I 150 9616.40 I 50 9741.1 I 100 h 9742.8 I300 h 9805.38 I500 9850.52 I 54 10894.00 I70 11191.85 I 56 11277.66 I 200 11454.59 I200 11616.26 I258 11739.78 I 96 11825.18 I 106 11835.82 I254 11932.99 I 48 12009.50 I 111 12313.24 I 42 12530.87 I42 12536.5 I89 12888.5 I 187 12981.7 I187 13018.5 I 68 13081.5 I 378 13460.2 I144 13608.2 I 40 20861.7 I 4 24738.2 I Titanium Ti Z = 22 17 252.96 V15 498.26 V14 502.08 V13 526.57 V18 779.07 IV20 1298.66 III20 1298.97 III 23 1455.19 III20 1467.34 IV11 1717.40 V10 1841.49 V20 2067.56 IV18 2103.16 IV 180 2273.28 I190 2279.96 I190 2305.67 I 22 2413.99 III25 2516.05 III 360 2525.60 II 24 2527.84 III 210 2529.85 I 190 2531.25 II190 2534.62 II130 2535.87 II 23 2540.06 III24 2563.44 III 23 2565.42 III22 2567.56 III 270 2599.92 I340 2605.15 I510 2611.28 I300 2619.94 I640 2641.10 I800 2644.26 I950 2646.64 I250 2742.32 I250 2802.50 I190 2841.94 II180 2877.44 II280 2884.11 II450 2912.08 I340 2928.34 I 1100 2942.00 I1300 2948.26 I1600 2956.13 I 22 2984.75 III 1300 d 3066.22 II1100 3072.97 II1600 3075.22 II2300 3078.64 II3600 3088.02 II 720 3119.72 I500 3161.20 II780 3161.77 II 1000 3162.57 II1600 3168.52 II2400 3186.45 I1000 3190.87 II3100 3191.99 I3800 3199.92 I 780 3202.54 II 1100 3217.06 II1300 3222.84 II6600 3234.52 II5200 3236.57 II4100 3239.04 II2600 3241.99 II1200 3248.60 II1200 3252.91 II1200 3254.25 II1200 3261.60 II 840 3314.42 I 2900 3322.94 II 2100 3329.46 II1800 3335.20 II1100 3340.34 II5700 3341.88 I4300 3349.04 II 12000 3349.41 II 4100 3354.64 I7200 3361.21 II1100 3370.44 I4300 3371.45 I5700 3372.80 II2900 d 3377.48 I1400 3380.28 II5700 3383.76 II 1400 3385.95 I1400 3387.84 II1100 3394.58 II 890 3444.31 II600 3461.50 II 600 3477.18 II480 3491.05 II890 3504.89 II600 3510.84 II 17 3576.44 IV 600 3610.16 I 4800 3635.46 I6600 3642.68 I7200 3653.50 I 600 3671.67 I 3100 3685.20 II 600 3689.91 I 2900 3729.82 I3300 3741.06 I 330 3741.64 II 5200 3752.86 I3300 3759.30 II2900 3761.32 II 840 3786.04 I 500 3882.89 I530 3900.54 II 2600 3904.78 I 500 3913.46 II500 3914.34 I 15 3915.47 III 1100 3924.53 I 890 3929.88 I 1100 3947.78 I4500 3948.67 I4500 3956.34 I5200 3958.21 I 950 3962.85 I950 3964.27 I 4800 3981.76 I 570 3982.48 I 5700 3989.76 I7800 3998.64 I 950 4008.93 I 1200 4024.57 I 840 4078.47 I890 4286.01 I840 4287.40 I950 4289.07 I840 4290.94 I840 4295.76 I 2000 4298.66 I 200 4300.05 II 2900 4300.56 I4100 4301.09 I6000 4305.92 I1200 4314.80 I 330 4395.04 II890 4427.10 I230 4443.80 II840 4449.15 I550 4450.90 I840 4453.32 I950 4455.33 I 1100 4457.43 I 240 4468.50 II530 4481.26 I 780 4512.74 I 1000 4518.03 I1000 4522.80 I 780 4527.31 I6000 4533.24 I 240 4533.97 II 3600 4534.78 I2400 4535.58 I1200 4535.92 I1200 4536.05 I 720 4544.69 I950 4548.77 I240 4549.63 II 15 4549.84 III 950 4552.46 I720 4555.49 I240 4571.98 II 15 d 4572.20 III 950 4617.27 I480 4623.09 I720 4656.47 I840 4667.59 I950 4681.92 I470 4840.87 I 400 4885.08 I380 4899.91 I 5800 4981.73 I4600 4991.07 I4000 4999.51 I3600 5007.21 I3200 d 5014.19 I 840 5020.03 I840 5022.87 I 1200 5035.91 I 840 5036.47 I740 5038.40 I 1200 5039.95 I1400 5064.66 I1100 5173.75 I1300 5192.98 I1400 5210.39 I 17 5278.12 III20 5398.93 IV 340 5512.53 I270 5514.35 I320 5514.54 I250 5644.14 I130 5675.44 I 95 5689.47 I95 5715.13 I85 5739.51 I 400 5866.46 I 230 5899.32 I120 5918.55 I150 5922.12 I120 5941.76 I300 5953.17 I200 5965.84 I270 5978.56 I340 5999.04 I110 6064.63 I120 6085.23 I120 6091.17 I120 6126.22 I 17 6246.65 IV 380 6258.10 I 380 6258.70 I300 6261.10 I 55 6546.28 I65 6554.23 I Tin—Titanium TeamLRN10-75Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 75 6556.07 I 18 6621.58 III18 6667.99 III80 6743.12 I20 7072.64 III18 7084.57 III 260 7209.44 I130 7244.86 I130 7251.72 I120 7344.72 I 90 7357.74 I60 7364.11 I60 7978.88 I55 8024.84 I75 8364.24 I 100 8377.85 I100 8382.54 I 75 8396.87 I 120 8412.36 I170 8426.52 I 490 8434.94 I240 8435.70 I 20 8466.87 III90 8675.39 I Tungsten W Z = 74 5800 2001.71 II 13000 2008.07 II 5100 2009.98 II4100 2010.23 II4100 2014.23 II7300 2026.08 II 15000 2029.98 II 5300 2049.63 II9700 2079.11 II6100 2094.75 II2100 2118.87 II2400 2121.59 II1500 2166.32 II1300 2204.48 II 460 2249.80 I510 2277.58 I530 d 2294.49 I340 2309.02 I440 2313.17 I460 2321.63 I390 d 2326.56 I320 2354.61 I 580 2360.44 I850 2363.07 I510 2374.47 I670 2384.82 I730 2397.09 II560 2397.73 I560 2397.98 I 1700 d 2405.58 I 610 2415.68 I870 2424.21 I 1800 2435.96 I 580 2444.06 I780 2451.48 II870 2452.00 I 630 2454.98 I780 2455.51 I780 2456.53 I 1100 2459.30 I1400 2466.85 I 480 2472.51 I 1200 2474.15 I 870 2480.13 I 1500 2481.44 I 480 d 2482.10 I580 2484.74 I390 2487.50 I390 2489.23 II630 2495.26 I680 2504.70 I 75 2510.47 II 310 2520.46 I780 2521.32 I270 2522.04 II780 2523.41 I430 2527.76 I780 2533.64 I 1200 2547.14 I 780 2550.38 I 2700 2551.35 I 730 2561.97 I870 2580.49 I390 2584.39 I390 2589.17 II370 2601.96 I680 2606.39 I370 2608.32 I970 2613.08 I480 2613.82 I400 2620.25 I400 2622.21 I400 2625.22 I400 2632.48 I400 2632.70 I810 2633.13 I400 d 2638.62 I650 2646.18 I400 2646.73 I 1600 2656.54 I 810 2662.84 I810 2671.47 I650 2677.28 I 2100 2681.42 I 650 2695.67 I650 2699.59 I400 2700.01 I400 2706.58 I 400 2708.59 I400 d 2708.80 I400 2715.50 I 2100 2718.91 I2600 2724.35 I 400 2725.03 I650 2748.84 I400 2762.34 I400 2764.27 II400 2769.74 I810 2770.88 I810 2774.00 I810 2774.48 I810 2792.70 I 400 2799.93 I810 2818.06 I 1600 2831.38 I 810 2833.63 I810 2848.02 I 1500 2896.44 I 690 2935.00 I 2400 2944.40 I2400 2946.99 I 730 d 2979.71 I360 3013.79 I520 3016.47 I770 3017.44 I210 3024.93 I310 d 3026.67 I440 d 3041.73 I270 3043.80 I440 3046.44 I810 3049.69 I180 3073.28 I180 d 3084.83 I370 3093.50 I240 3107.23 I240 3108.02 I 230 3117.57 I260 3120.18 I290 3163.42 I320 3176.60 I190 3181.82 I390 3191.57 I390 3198.84 I520 3207.25 I 1000 3215.56 I 190 3232.49 I210 3254.36 I210 3259.66 I210 d 3266.62 I730 3300.82 I440 3311.38 I440 3326.20 I440 3331.69 I390 3373.75 I230 3429.59 I240 3443.00 I400 3495.24 I650 3545.22 I240 3570.65 I 1900 3617.52 I 650 3682.08 I400 3683.30 I570 3688.06 I810 3707.92 I 510 3757.92 I680 3760.13 I 1000 3768.45 I 340 3773.71 I 1000 3780.77 I 290 3809.22 I190 3810.38 I260 3810.79 I 1400 3817.48 I1100 3835.06 I 730 3846.22 I 1800 3867.99 I 730 3881.41 I 8600 4008.75 I 540 4015.22 I910 4045.59 I730 4069.95 I 5000 4074.36 I1000 4102.70 I 540 4137.46 I450 4171.17 I220 4207.05 I250 4219.37 I540 4244.36 I 1400 4269.38 I4100 4294.61 I2200 4302.11 I 200 4378.48 I180 4384.85 I200 4408.28 I640 4484.19 I170 4588.73 I640 4659.87 I640 4680.51 I790 4843.81 I380 4886.90 I220 4982.59 I820 5053.28 I 770 5224.66 I220 5514.68 I 65 5648.37 I55 5735.09 I45 5804.85 I40 5902.64 I55 5947.57 I55 5965.86 I55 6012.78 I40 6021.52 I45 6292.02 I35 6404.21 I40 6445.12 I17 6611.62 I13 6678.42 I15 6693.08 I13 6984.27 I15 7140.52 I 9 7162.64 I 11 7200.16 I10 7278.24 I15 7285.81 I15 7296.55 I10 7509.00 I17 7569.92 I17 7614.15 I13 7688.97 I11 7784.15 I 22 8017.19 I22 8055.64 I13 8123.82 I10 8338.08 I27 8585.11 I10 8594.42 I13 8865.53 I Uranium U Z = 92 440 2565.41 II610 2635.53 II830 2793.94 II870 2802.56 II630 2807.05 II 630 2817.96 II870 2821.12 II680 2828.90 II920 2832.06 II Titanium—Uranium 10-76Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 970 2865.68 II 1200 2889.62 II 780 2906.80 II780 2908.28 II580 2931.41 II530 p 2940.37 II 1300 2941.92 II 830 2943.90 II580 2956.06 II580 2967.94 II580 2971.06 II530 2984.61 II630 3022.21 II630 3031.99 II580 3050.20 II630 3057.91 II630 3062.54 II580 3072.78 II580 3093.01 II580 3102.39 II 970 3111.62 II530 3119.35 II680 3124.95 II530 3139.61 II680 3149.24 II530 3153.11 II730 3229.50 II680 3232.16 II730 3291.33 II 1100 3305.89 II 730 3390.38 I580 3424.56 II580 3435.49 I630 3466.30 I680 3482.49 II 1600 3489.37 I 530 3496.41 II630 3500.08 I780 3507.34 I 1600 3514.61 I 630 3533.57 II530 3540.47 II 1200 3550.82 II 680 3555.32 I 1200 3561.80 I2300 3566.59 I 530 3569.08 I630 3578.72 II 3200 3584.88 I 840 3638.20 I 2800 3670.07 II1100 3701.52 II 600 3738.04 II680 3746.42 II950 3748.68 II600 3751.17 I 1900 3782.84 II 570 3793.10 II 1900 3811.99 I 750 3826.51 II 2000 3831.46 II1200 3839.63 I 2400 3854.64 II4900 3859.57 II1900 3865.92 II1500 3871.03 I1000 3881.45 II 2200 3890.36 II2000 3932.02 II1200 3943.82 I1200 3985.79 II1000 4042.75 I1600 4050.04 II 880 4062.54 II 2200 4090.13 II 810 4116.10 II880 4153.97 I 1400 4171.59 II1000 4241.67 II 600 4472.33 II620 4543.63 II170 4689.07 II150 4756.81 I110 5008.21 II170 5027.38 I 80 5160.32 II 70 5280.38 I80 5475.70 II70 5480.26 II70 5481.20 II 160 5492.95 II 70 5780.59 I70 5798.53 II 230 5915.39 I100 5976.32 I 90 6077.29 I55 6372.46 I90 6395.42 I 110 6449.16 I 90 6826.92 I45 7533.93 I50 7881.94 I35 8445.39 I75 8607.95 I30 8757.76 I 100 10554.93 I 75 11167.84 I 100 11384.13 I100 11859.42 I100 11908.83 I100 12250.46 I100 13185.16 I 75 13306.23 I 100 13961.58 I 75 18634.43 I75 21910.22 I Vanadium V Z = 23 20 225.46 V20 251.66 V20 286.84 V35 483.01 V50 633.94 III 200 677.34 IV500 684.37 IV400 737.85 IV100 864.27 III500 1006.46 III 500 1149.94 III100 1426.65 IV 1000 1643.03 III1000 1650.14 III100 1680.20 V 1000 1694.78 III1000 1760.07 III1000 1788.26 III1000 1794.60 III1000 1812.19 III 300 1861.56 IV500 1939.06 IV400 1951.43 IV500 1997.72 IV 2100 2092.44 I 500 2268.30 IV 1000 2292.86 III2500 2330.42 III2500 2371.06 III1000 2382.46 III 240 2507.78 I410 2526.22 I210 2527.90 II 80 h 2570.72 IV 230 2574.02 I250 2593.05 III250 2595.10 III 80 h 2645.54 IV 180 2661.42 I 1100 2687.96 II 680 2700.94 II530 2706.17 II640 2715.69 II180 2731.35 I240 2864.36 I900 2891.64 II900 2892.66 II 1400 2893.32 II 900 2906.46 II 2400 2908.82 II 710 2923.62 I 2400 2924.02 II1700 2924.64 II 900 2941.37 II 1100 2944.57 II 410 2962.77 I600 2968.38 II 1200 3056.33 I1400 3060.46 I2400 3066.38 I3800 3093.11 II3000 3102.30 II 2600 3110.71 II2000 3118.38 II1500 3125.28 II3200 3183.41 I5300 3183.98 I3800 3185.40 I 410 3187.71 II530 3188.51 II750 3190.68 II 1100 3267.70 II 900 3271.12 II750 3276.12 II 80 h 3514.25 IV 560 3517.30 II 560 3533.68 I560 3545.20 II560 3556.80 II560 3589.76 II490 3592.02 II 560 3592.53 I100 3679.86 III 1300 3688.07 I1000 3690.28 I1500 3692.22 I1000 3695.86 I3800 3703.58 I1800 3704.70 I 320 3715.47 II250 3727.34 II280 3732.76 II520 3790.32 I 1100 3794.96 I 570 3799.91 I570 3803.47 I 1000 3813.49 I1300 3818.24 I1700 3828.56 I2600 3840.75 I 1200 3855.37 I3000 3855.84 I1300 3864.86 I1500 3875.08 I 700 3890.18 I 2400 3902.25 I 700 3909.89 I540 3990.57 I430 3998.73 I170 4005.71 II 1100 4090.58 I1800 4092.69 I 890 4095.49 I 2800 4099.80 I 590 4102.16 I 2800 4105.17 I2300 4109.79 I8900 4111.78 I4300 4115.18 I1800 4116.47 I2000 4123.57 I3100 4128.07 I3100 4132.02 I2300 4134.49 I 20 4200.32 V 360 4232.46 I560 4268.64 I460 4271.55 I 460 4276.96 I430 4284.06 I460 4330.02 I510 4332.82 I760 4341.01 I 1000 4352.87 I 12000 4379.24 I 7000 4384.72 I4800 4389.97 I3600 4395.23 I1400 4400.58 I2300 4406.64 I2800 4407.64 I3600 4408.20 I 4600 4408.51 I 640 4416.47 I640 4421.57 I640 4437.84 I Uranium—Vanadium TeamLRN10-77Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 830 4441.68 I 640 4444.21 I610 4452.01 I 1000 4459.76 I2000 4460.29 I 610 4462.36 I510 4577.17 I640 4580.40 I830 4586.36 I 1300 4594.11 I 230 4619.77 I100 4635.18 I130 4646.40 I160 4670.49 I130 4776.36 I110 4786.51 I130 4796.92 I130 4807.53 I130 4827.45 I150 4831.64 I 120 4832.43 I320 4851.48 I480 4864.74 I620 4875.48 I740 4881.56 I110 5128.53 I110 5138.42 I110 5192.99 I110 5194.83 I110 5234.07 I110 5240.87 I100 5401.93 I140 5415.26 I140 5584.50 I100 5592.42 I200 5624.60 I400 5627.64 I110 5657.44 I110 5668.36 I310 5670.85 I 1200 5698.52 I 920 5703.56 I570 5706.98 I850 5727.03 I230 5731.25 I230 5737.06 I450 6039.73 I480 6081.44 I 1300 6090.22 I 600 6119.52 I450 6199.19 I450 6216.37 I430 6230.74 I710 6243.10 I280 6251.82 I130 6268.82 I170 6274.65 I200 6285.16 I200 6292.83 I170 6296.49 I110 6531.43 I 65 c 6753.00 I 50 c 6766.49 I40 6784.98 I40 7338.92 I35 7356.54 I29 c 8027.39 I 120 w 8116.80 I 70 c 8161.07 I60 c 8919.85 I Xenon Xe Z = 54 8 657.8 III8 660.1 III9 673.8 III9 674.0 III9 676.6 III 10 694.0 III20 698.5 III12 705.1 III10 721.2 III15 731.0 III10 733.3 III 350 740.41 II 15 742.6 III10 756.0 III 10 761.5 III10 769.1 III25 779.1 III15 792.9 III12 796.1 III15 802.0 III 350 803.07 II 25 823.2 III30 824.9 III25 853.0 III 600 880.80 II350 885.54 II 15 889.3 III20 894.0 III20 896.0 III 600 925.87 II250 935.40 II 10 965.5 III 800 972.77 II700 976.68 II 35 1003.4 III35 1017.7 III 500 1032.44 II700 1037.68 II 1100 1041.31 II 10 1047.8 III 1000 1048.27 II1200 1051.92 II 12 1066.4 III 2000 1074.48 II 600 1083.86 II 1200 1100.43 II 30 1130.3 III 600 1158.47 II250 1169.63 II800 p 1183.05 II250 1192.04 I 25 1232.1 III 600 1244.76 II250 1250.20 I 1000 1295.59 I 600 1469.61 I 80 2668.98 III 100 2717.33 III 30 2814.45 III40 2815.91 III30 2827.45 III 40 2847.65 III30 2862.40 III 200 2864.73 II 80 w 2871.10 III60 w 2871.24 III30 2871.7 III 150 h 2895.22 II 30 2896.62 III50 2906.6 III40 2911.89 III80 w 2912.36 III40 2940.2 III60 2945.2 III40 2947.5 III40 2948.1 III80 w 2970.47 III 400 2979.32 II 40 2992.87 III30 3004.25 III 100 h 3017.43 II100 3023.81 III 40 3083.5 III50 3091.1 III30 3106.46 III 300 3128.87 II100 w 3138.3 III 80 c 3150.82 III40 3185.2 III 100 3242.86 III 80 3268.98 III30 3287.82 III80 w 3301.55 III40 3331.6 III30 3358.0 III 200 h 3366.72 II 80 3384.12 III 2 3400.07 I2 3418.37 I2 3420.00 I3 3442.66 I 60 3444.2 III70 3454.2 III 100 w 3458.7 III100 h 3461.26 II 40 3468.22 III 4 3469.81 I4 3472.36 I 5 3506.74 I 80 3522.83 III50 3542.3 III10 3549.86 I50 3552.1 III10 3554.04 I40 3561.4 III 100 3579.7 III 80 3583.6 III 100 w 3595.4 III100 3606.06 III 40 3607.0 III15 3610.32 I 8 3613.06 I 100 w 3615.9 III 40 3623.1 III 600 3624.08 III 6 3633.06 I10 3669.91 I 50 3676.67 III40 3685.90 I40 3693.49 I40 3776.3 III 300 3781.02 III100 3841.5 III200 3877.8 III 60 3880.5 III 100 l 3907.91 II500 3922.55 III300 3950.59 III100 4037.59 II200 4050.07 III200 l 4057.46 II 60 4060.4 III 100 h 4098.89 II100 4109.1 III100 4145.7 III200 l 4158.04 II 1000 h 4180.10 II 500 h 4193.15 II300 h 4208.48 II100 h 4209.47 II300 h 4213.72 II100 4215.60 II300 h 4223.00 II400 h 4238.25 II500 h 4245.38 II100 l 4251.57 II 30 4285.9 III 500 h 4296.40 II500 h 4310.51 II 1000 l 4330.52 II 200 h 4369.20 II100 l 4373.78 II500 h 4393.20 II500 l 4395.77 II200 l 4406.88 II150 l 4416.07 II 50 4434.2 III 500 h 4448.13 II100 w 4462.1 III 1000 h 4462.19 II 500 l 4480.86 II100 l 4521.86 II100 w 4569.1 III100 w 4570.1 III 100 w 4641.4 III 30 4673.7 III60 4683.57 III30 4723.60 III 600 4734.152 I100 w 4757.3 III150 4792.619 I500 4807.02 I400 4829.71 I300 4843.29 I 40 4869.5 III 500 4916.51 I500 4923.152 I200 l 4971.71 II 400 4972.71 II300 4988.77 II100 l 4991.17 II200 5028.280 I Vanadium—Xenon 10-78Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 200 5044.92 II 1000 5080.62 II 300 5122.42 II100 5125.70 II100 5178.82 II300 5188.04 II400 5191.37 II100 5192.10 II 60 5239.0 III 500 5260.44 II500 5261.95 II 2000 5292.22 II 300 5309.27 II 1000 5313.87 II2000 5339.33 II 200 5363.20 II 30 5367.1 III 200 5368.07 II500 5372.39 II100 5392.80 I 50 5401.0 III 3000 5419.15 II 800 5438.96 II300 5445.45 II200 5450.45 II400 5460.39 II 1000 5472.61 II 100 l 5494.86 II 40 5524.4 III 200 5525.53 II600 5531.07 II100 5566.62 I300 5616.67 II300 5659.38 II600 5667.56 II150 5670.91 II100 5695.75 I200 5699.61 II200 5716.10 II500 5726.91 II500 5751.03 II300 5758.65 II300 5776.39 II100 5815.96 II300 5823.89 I150 5824.80 I100 5875.02 I300 5893.29 II 100 5894.99 I200 5905.13 II100 5934.17 I500 5945.53 II300 5971.13 II 2000 5976.46 II 200 6008.92 II 1000 6036.20 II2000 6051.15 II 600 6093.50 II 1500 6097.59 II 400 6101.43 II100 6115.08 II100 6146.45 II 150 6178.30 I120 6179.66 I300 6182.42 I500 6194.07 II100 6198.26 I 60 6205.97 III 100 6220.02 II 25 6221.7 III60 6238.2 III60 6259.05 III 500 6270.82 II400 6277.54 II100 6284.41 II100 6286.01 I250 6300.86 II500 6318.06 I400 6343.96 II600 6356.35 II200 6375.28 II100 6397.99 II300 6469.70 I150 6472.84 I120 6487.76 I100 6498.72 I 200 h 6504.18 I300 6512.83 II200 6528.65 II100 6533.16 I 1000 6595.01 II 100 6595.56 I400 6597.25 II100 6598.84 II150 6668.92 I300 6694.32 II200 6728.01 I150 6788.71 II100 6790.37 II 1000 6805.74 II 200 6827.32 I100 6872.11 I300 6882.16 I 80 6910.22 II 100 6925.53 I800 h 6942.11 II100 6976.18 I 2000 6990.88 II 150 7082.15 II500 7119.60 I 50 s 7147.50 II 200 7149.03 II500 7164.83 II100 7284.34 II 200 7301.80 II200 7339.30 II100 7386.00 I150 7393.79 I300 7548.45 II200 7584.68 I 80 7618.57 II 500 7642.02 I100 7643.91 I200 7670.66 II 60 7787.04 II 100 7802.65 I100 7881.32 I300 7887.40 I 500 7967.34 I100 8029.67 I200 8057.26 I150 8061.34 I100 8101.98 I 150 h 8151.80 II100 8171.02 I700 8206.34 I 10000 8231.635 I 500 8266.52 I 7000 8280.116 I2000 8346.82 I 100 8347.24 II 2000 8409.19 I 50 h 8515.19 II 200 8576.01 I 50 h 8604.23 II 250 8648.54 I100 8692.20 I200 8696.86 I 50 h 8716.19 II 300 8739.39 I100 8758.20 I 5000 8819.41 I 300 8862.32 I200 8908.73 I200 8930.83 I 1000 8952.25 I 100 8981.05 I200 8987.57 I400 9045.45 I500 9162.65 I100 9167.52 I100 9374.76 I200 9513.38 I 50 h 9591.35 II 150 9685.32 I 50 l 9698.68 II 100 9718.16 I 2000 9799.70 I3000 9923.19 I 100 10838.37 I 90 11742.01 I 375 12235.24 I100 12257.76 I300 12590.20 I 2500 12623.391 I 250 13544.15 I 2000 13657.055 I1250 14142.444 I 800 14240.96 I375 14364.99 I 140 14660.81 I 3000 14732.806 I 100 15099.72 I 2500 15418.394 I 150 15557.13 I250 15979.54 I100 16039.90 I 1000 16053.28 I 125 16554.49 I 1500 16728.15 I1500 17325.77 I 350 18788.13 I150 20187.19 I 3000 20262.242 I 250 21470.09 I 1250 23193.33 I 110 23279.54 I 1800 24824.71 I175 25145.84 I 2000 26269.08 I2500 26510.86 I 250 28381.54 I750 28582.25 I300 29384.41 I150 29448.06 I100 29649.58 I100 29813.62 I600 30253.14 I 1500 30475.46 I 100 30504.12 I500 30794.18 I 6000 31069.23 I 125 31336.01 I550 31607.91 I100 32293.08 I 1800 32739.26 I3500 33666.69 I 150 34014.67 I 450 34335.27 I170 34744.00 I 5000 35070.25 I 110 35246.92 I250 36209.21 I150 36231.74 I450 36508.36 I850 36788.83 I140 38685.98 I175 38737.82 I270 38939.60 I120 39955.14 I Ytterbium Yb Z = 70 1000 1050.24 IV1000 1054.46 IV5000 1134.43 IV 900 1316.04 IV800 1326.36 IV900 1350.26 IV 80 1561.42 III80 h 1765.21 III 800 1791.06 IV100 1863.32 III800 1873.91 III500 1898.25 III500 1998.82 III900 2116.65 IV 2500 2116.67 II 800 2123.32 IV 3000 2126.74 II 800 2139.99 IV 20000 2144.77 IV15000 2154.18 IV 370 2161.60 II850 2185.71 II640 2224.46 II300 2240.11 III300 2305.32 III140 2320.81 II170 2390.74 II460 2464.50 I 140 2512.06 II270 2538.67 II 2000 2567.61 III1000 2579.57 III Xenon—Ytterbium TeamLRN10-79Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 800 2599.14 III 600 2621.11 III 1000 2642.56 III1000 2651.74 III 700 2652.25 III990 2653.75 II200 2665.04 II 2000 2666.13 III2000 2666.99 III 390 2671.96 I390 2672.66 II170 2718.35 II230 2748.66 II 1300 2750.48 II 170 2776.28 II600 2795.60 III 1000 2803.43 III 600 2816.92 III 1000 2818.72 III 140 2821.15 II 190 2830.99 II230 h 2847.18 II360 2851.13 II430 2859.80 II140 2861.21 II200 2867.06 II 45 2873.49 I 200 2888.04 II 3600 2891.38 II 600 2898.30 III 1000 2906.31 III 170 2914.21 II140 2915.28 II280 2919.35 II 35 2934.36 I 140 2945.91 II 2000 2970.56 II 200 2983.99 II170 2994.80 II800 2998.00 III310 3005.77 II160 3017.56 II160 3026.67 II 2000 3029.49 III 920 3031.11 II 3000 3092.50 III 28 3100.74 I 170 3107.90 II 190 3117.81 II 4000 3126.01 III1000 3138.58 III 230 3140.94 II 28 3162.29 I 800 3191.35 III390 3192.88 II240 3201.16 II 2000 3228.58 III 35 3239.58 I 18000 3289.37 II 130 3305.25 I140 3305.73 II 80 3319.41 I 2000 3325.51 III 240 3337.17 II280 d 3342.93 II240 3375.48 II2000 3384.01 III 140 3387.50 I 50 3412.45 I 140 3418.39 I360 3426.04 I240 3431.11 I 85 3452.40 I 500 3454.08 II190 d 3458.29 II360 3460.27 I 2400 3464.37 I 500 3476.30 II500 3478.84 II 50 3517.00 I 230 3520.29 II 35 3559.03 I 200 3560.33 II170 3560.70 II360 3585.47 II200 3619.80 II 240 3637.76 II 70 3648.15 I90 3655.73 I 240 3669.69 II140 3675.08 II 32000 3694.19 II 70 3700.58 I 400 3711.91 III180 3734.69 I550 3770.10 I 80 3774.32 I60 h 3791.74 I 170 3839.91 I340 3872.85 I340 3900.85 I140 3911.27 I500 3931.23 III 32000 3987.99 I 930 3990.88 I 50 4007.36 I 2000 4028.14 III 70 4052.28 I 440 4089.68 I470 4149.07 I120 4174.56 I340 4180.81 II300 4213.64 III150 d 4218.56 II 120 4231.97 I 70 4277.74 I 120 4305.97 I 60 h 4393.69 I60 h 4430.21 I 440 4439.19 I 85 h 4482.42 I 100 4517.58 III 85 h 4563.95 I 640 4576.21 I200 4582.36 I 70 4589.21 I 140 4590.83 I 40 4684.27 I 190 4726.08 II170 h 4781.87 I170 4786.61 II 35 4816.43 I40 4837.46 I 40 h 4894.60 I27 4912.36 I 710 4935.50 I140 4966.90 I 30 5067.80 I70 5069.14 I 220 5074.34 I 50 5076.74 I60 5196.08 I85 5211.60 I 100 5244.11 I150 h 5277.04 I170 5335.15 II 30 h 5351.29 I 150 5352.95 II 30 5363.66 I40 5449.27 II60 5481.92 I40 5505.49 I 17 5524.54 I85 h 5539.05 I 2400 5556.47 I 60 5651.98 II 220 5719.99 I 27 5771.66 II35 5833.99 II35 5837.14 II27 5854.51 I17 5989.33 I40 5991.51 II60 6152.57 II60 6274.78 II 200 6328.52 III 35 h 6400.35 I35 h 6417.91 I 340 6489.06 I180 6667.82 I 25 6727.61 II 690 6799.60 I 9 h 7244.41 I8 h 7305.22 I 10 h 7313.05 I16 h 7350.04 I25 7448.28 I30 h 7527.46 I 750 7699.48 I100 7971.46 III 70 h 8922.56 II 200 10110.60 III100 10830.36 III Yttrium Y Z = 39 150 264.64 IV150 273.03 IV900 333.09 V500 333.80 V400 335.14 V500 336.62 V500 339.02 V500 344.59 V900 355.86 IV 300 370.42 IV300 372.05 V400 379.96 V500 386.82 IV300 403.45 V 300 420.74 V600 425.03 IV300 473.10 IV 4000 584.98 V2000 630.97 V5000 805.20 III7000 809.92 III 15000 989.21 III25000 996.37 III 5000 1314.51 III4000 1334.04 III4000 2068.98 III 10000 2127.98 III16000 2191.16 III 350 2243.06 II 10000 2284.34 III10000 2327.31 III 50 2354.20 I 50000 2367.23 III 40000 2414.64 III 560 2422.20 II 60 2694.21 I95 2723.00 I70 2742.53 I 140 2760.10 I 90000 2817.04 III 45 2822.56 I70 2854.43 II95 2886.48 I 160 2919.05 I 99000 2946.01 III 390 2948.40 I350 2964.96 I480 2974.59 I750 2984.26 I140 2996.94 I130 3021.73 I190 3045.37 I 95 3095.88 II 110 3173.06 II220 3179.41 II 70 3191.31 I 2300 3195.62 II2200 3200.27 II2200 3203.32 II3900 3216.69 II6200 3242.28 II 4700 3327.89 II 85 3388.59 I85 3412.47 I 170 3485.73 I 1700 3496.09 II3900 3549.01 II 130 3551.80 I540 3552.69 I170 3558.76 I190 3571.43 I260 3576.05 I 3300 3584.52 II 300 3587.75 I100 3589.69 I 2800 3592.92 I 10000 3600.73 II 6200 3601.92 II7800 3611.05 II Ytterbium—Yttrium 10-80Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 4300 3620.94 I 1900 3628.71 II7800 3633.12 II3000 3664.61 II 170 3692.53 I 13000 3710.30 II 1200 3747.55 II 10000 3774.33 II 1400 3776.56 II7400 3788.70 II1300 3818.35 II4000 3832.88 II 80 3876.82 I 480 3878.28 II 4400 3950.36 II3600 3982.60 II 940 4039.83 I 2400 4047.64 I9400 4077.38 I2000 4083.71 I 9900 4102.38 I8900 4128.31 I7500 4142.85 I 100 h 4157.63 I 2400 4167.52 I2000 4174.14 I8000 4177.54 II 160 4217.80 I280 h 4220.63 I600 4235.73 II 2200 4235.94 I 300 4251.20 I360 h 4302.30 I 2800 4309.63 II 110 4330.78 I440 h 4348.79 I120 4357.73 I800 4358.73 II120 4366.03 I 12000 4374.94 II 150 h 4375.61 I100 4387.74 I 1800 4398.02 II 890 4422.59 II100 4443.66 I130 4446.63 I170 4475.72 I180 4476.96 I 160 4477.45 I110 4487.28 I300 4487.47 I500 4505.95 I890 4527.25 I440 4527.80 I100 4544.32 I100 4559.37 I130 4596.55 I 95 4604.80 I 2000 4643.70 I 200 h 4658.32 I 2000 4674.84 I 180 4696.81 I 170 4728.53 I160 4752.79 I410 4760.98 I120 4781.04 I170 4786.89 I 180 4799.30 I140 4819.64 I120 4822.13 I770 4839.87 I550 4845.68 I410 4852.69 I120 4854.25 I890 4854.87 II330 4859.84 I 1900 4883.69 II 95 4893.44 I 1100 4900.12 II 100 4906.11 I150 4921.87 I120 4974.30 I100 5006.97 I 75 5070.21 I75 5072.19 I 1100 5087.42 II 180 5135.20 I960 5200.41 II 1500 5205.72 II 10000 5238.10 III 180 5240.81 I 75 5380.62 I 220 5402.78 II 90 5424.37 I 190 5438.24 I710 5466.46 I100 5468.47 I240 5497.41 II300 5503.45 I250 5509.90 II120 5521.63 I740 5527.54 I120 5544.50 I180 5577.42 I620 5581.87 I120 5606.33 I560 5630.13 I120 5644.69 I120 5648.47 I740 5662.94 II 90 5675.27 I 160 5706.73 I 90 5743.85 I75 5765.64 I 100 5781.69 II120 6009.19 I120 6023.41 I120 6135.04 I150 6138.43 I 1200 6191.73 I 300 6222.59 I 1000 6435.00 I 90 6538.60 I70 6557.39 I95 6613.75 II40 6650.61 I 150 6687.58 I 70 6700.71 I 190 6793.71 I 21 6815.16 I45 6845.24 I29 6887.22 I24 h 6950.31 I 24 6979.88 I29 7052.94 I35 7191.66 I35 7264.17 II50 7346.46 I29 7450.30 II 9000 7558.71 III 35 7563.13 I29 7855.52 I 110 7881.90 II 10000 7991.43 III 24 8344.43 I 10000 8796.21 III 95 8800.62 I19 h 8835.85 II Zinc Zn Z = 30 200 425.90 IV200 428.54 IV 200 430.59 IV 1000 677.63 III 750 677.96 III200 713.90 III 60 1193.23 II50 1239.12 IV50 1249.69 IV 500 1265.74 IV500 1306.66 IV200 1456.72 III200 1459.98 IV300 1499.42 III300 1500.42 III300 1505.92 III300 1515.85 III300 1552.30 III 90 1572.99 II 200 1629.19 III200 1639.33 III200 1673.05 III 80 d 1735.61 II 100 1767.69 III100 1797.64 II100 d 1811.05 II100 d 1833.57 II100 1864.12 II100 1866.08 II100 1872.13 II 100 d 1918.96 II100 d 1929.67 II100 1969.40 II100 1982.11 II100 1986.99 II500 2025.48 II500 2062.00 II200 2064.23 II120 2079.08 I300 2099.94 II200 2102.18 II800 r 2138.56 I 1000 2501.99 II 150 2515.81 I 1000 2557.95 II 300 2582.49 I200 2608.56 I300 2608.64 I200 2670.53 I 300 2684.16 I300 2712.49 I200 2756.45 I300 2770.86 I300 2770.98 I400 2800.87 I100 2801.06 I200 3035.78 I200 3072.06 I300 3196.31 II500 r 3282.33 I800 3302.58 I700 r 3302.94 I800 3345.02 I500 3345.57 I 50 3883.34 I 300 4680.14 I400 4722.15 I400 4810.53 I 800 4911.62 II500 4924.03 II200 5181.98 I500 5894.33 II500 6021.18 II500 6102.49 II500 6214.61 II 1000 h 6362.34 I 300 7588.5 II300 7732.5 II100 11054.25 I100 13053.63 I100 13150.59 I100 14038.70 I 20 16483.45 I20 16491.98 I20 16505.23 I10 24375.02 I Zirconium Zr Z = 40 500 304.01 V 60 480.66 IV60 497.23 IV60 500.22 IV 600 628.66 IV500 633.56 IV 50 690.39 III 2000 740.61 V 10000 800.00 V10000 806.89 V10000 812.05 V 3000 841.40 V 300 863.65 IV500 864.59 IV 9000 1183.97 IV9000 1201.77 IV 10000 1219.86 IV 500 1303.93 V500 p 1323.81 V 1000 1469.47 IV 10000 1546.17 IV10000 1598.95 IV 5000 1607.95 IV 100 1612.38 III700 1725.02 V200 1790.19 III Yttrium—Zirconium TeamLRN10-81Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/Å Intensity Wavelength/ÅLine Spectra of the Elements (continued): 150 1793.56 III 125 1798.13 III600 1860.86 V200 1940.25 III600 2028.54 V125 2070.43 III200 2086.78 III 10000 2091.49 IV10000 2092.36 IV 600 2132.42 V 10000 2163.68 IV 100 2175.80 III100 2191.15 III 10000 2286.67 IV 100 2301.60 III 90 2539.65 I 570 2567.64 II 1600 2568.87 II2100 2571.39 II 250 2620.56 III 200 2643.79 III150 2664.26 III 1800 2678.63 II 90 2687.75 I 750 2700.13 II 1300 2722.61 II 800 2726.49 II 1400 2734.86 II1100 2742.56 II 660 2745.86 II660 2752.21 II530 2758.81 II620 2814.90 I390 2818.74 II530 2825.56 II710 2837.23 I660 2844.58 II350 2848.52 I350 2851.97 II340 2869.81 II490 2875.98 I300 2915.99 II270 2918.24 II320 2926.99 II320 2948.94 II320 2955.78 II320 2960.87 I320 2962.68 II 320 2968.96 II320 2978.05 II820 2985.39 I320 3003.74 II820 3011.75 I350 3020.47 II500 3028.04 II880 3029.52 I350 d 3036.39 II690 3054.84 II690 3106.58 II350 3120.74 I 500 3129.18 II500 3129.76 II350 3132.07 I690 3138.68 II540 3164.31 II880 3165.97 II880 3182.86 II540 3191.21 I540 3212.01 I760 3214.19 II630 3231.69 II630 3234.12 I760 3241.05 II 1000 3273.05 II1300 3279.26 II 880 3284.71 II540 3305.15 II880 3306.28 II380 3322.99 II 380 3326.80 II380 3334.25 II760 3340.56 II380 3344.79 II760 3356.09 II540 3357.26 II380 3374.73 II570 3387.87 II760 3388.30 II 5700 3391.98 II 570 3393.12 II570 3404.83 II760 3410.25 II380 3414.66 I 1000 3430.53 II4700 3438.23 II 600 3447.36 I410 3457.56 II820 3463.02 II600 3471.19 I 1200 3479.39 II1300 3481.15 II4100 3496.21 II 820 3505.67 II 1000 3509.32 I2000 3519.60 I 440 3525.81 II440 3533.22 I 630 3542.62 II 1800 3547.68 I 630 3550.46 I 1800 3551.95 II2100 3556.60 II1100 3566.10 I2100 3572.47 II1100 3575.79 I1300 3576.85 II 880 3586.29 I3500 3601.19 I 690 3611.89 II 1100 3613.10 II1100 3614.77 II1100 3623.86 I1100 3663.65 I 390 3671.27 II800 3674.72 II390 3697.46 II960 3698.17 II720 3709.26 II560 3745.98 II880 3751.60 II480 3764.39 I480 3766.72 I340 3766.82 II720 3780.54 I560 3791.40 I560 3822.41 I 2200 3835.96 I 1300 3836.76 II 550 3843.02 II550 3847.01 I550 3849.25 I 2900 3863.87 I 770 3864.34 I990 3877.60 I 1500 3885.42 I2900 3890.32 I2000 3891.38 I 610 3921.79 I 1200 3929.53 I 940 3958.22 II490 3966.66 I990 3968.26 I660 3973.50 I770 3991.13 II770 3998.97 II400 4023.98 I770 4024.92 I990 4027.20 I400 4029.68 II490 4030.04 I400 4035.89 I610 4043.58 I490 4044.56 I400 4045.61 II610 4048.67 II 770 4055.03 I600 4055.71 I 1500 4064.16 I2000 4072.70 I 240 4078.31 I 2000 4081.22 I 400 4121.46 I 1200 4149.20 II 400 4161.21 II400 4166.36 I660 4187.56 I 400 4194.76 I610 4199.09 I610 4201.46 I610 4208.98 II400 4213.86 I 2000 4227.76 I2000 4239.31 I 770 4240.34 I770 4241.20 I 1200 4241.69 I 550 4282.20 I550 4294.79 I550 4341.13 I 1000 4347.89 I 290 4359.74 II310 4360.81 I350 4366.45 I550 4507.12 I610 4535.75 I 490 4542.22 I490 4575.52 I350 4602.57 I700 4633.98 I 2300 4687.80 I 510 4688.45 I 1900 4710.08 I1400 4739.48 I 870 4772.31 I700 4815.63 I250 5046.58 I360 5064.91 I470 5078.25 I300 5155.45 I200 5158.00 I100 5191.60 II270 5385.14 I160 5664.51 I160 5797.74 I340 5879.80 I170 6045.85 I170 6121.91 I680 6127.44 I340 6134.55 I440 6143.20 I300 6313.02 I150 6953.84 I150 6990.84 I 540 7097.70 I280 7102.91 I170 7103.72 I590 7169.09 I160 7944.61 I160 8005.27 I150 8063.09 I790 8070.08 I390 8132.99 I280 8212.53 I Zirconium 10-82SOURCES OF DATA FOR EACH ELEMENT Numbers following the element name refer to the references on t he following pages. Actinium: 193 Aluminum: 6,8,81,89,127,144,146,227,228,282Americium: 92 Antimony: 164,167,194,386,406 Argon: 190,203,204,219,367,368,372,373,374,375,414,421Arsenic: 163,168,197,244,280 Astatine: 188 Barium: 1,78,111,252,259,277,279Berkelium: 53,339 Beryllium: 15,44,73,102,115,134,135,171,175,198,335 Bismuth: 1,357,358,359,360,361Boron: 66,69,74,94,104,171,221,222 Bromine: 42,122,124,139,142,240,243,246,248,249,250,316 Cadmium: 44,285,296,353,399Calcium: 16,25,70,150,270 Californium: 52,331 Carbon: 22,66,211 Cerium: 1,136,166,261,305 Cesium: 78,82,154,155,200,201,259,263,325 Chlorine: 11,28,30,31,85,233,238,239Chromium: 1,379,380,412 Cobalt: 1,100,125,159,236,276,291 Copper: 199,273,290,295,324Curium: 51,332 Dysprosium: 1 Einsteinium: 333Erbium: 1,301 Europium: 1,312 Fluorine: 68,169,224,225,226Francium: 408 Gadolinium: 1,46,137,151,152 Gallium: 2,19,62,132,140,141,143,195,281Germanium: 5,119,293,340,341,342 Gold: 38,72,234,393,395 Hafnium: 1,369,404,410,425Helium: 16,94,173,183,317 Holmium: 1 Hydrogen: 214Indium: 1,132,348,349,350,351,352,353,435,436 Iodine: 20,21,58,84,124,153,161,176,184 Iridium: 1Iron: 56,63,71,101,105,138,174,278,381,382 Krypton: 61,121,123,147,208,232,366,390,409,417,421 Lanthanum: 1,78,79,220,309Lead: 54,64,106,256,274,297,283,329,330 Lithium: 3,15,17,18,37,44,112,284,321,335 Lutetium: 1,148,310,401Magnesium: 4,7,49,83,103,128,129,177,217,269,315,335 Manganese: 1,126,385,405,433 Mercury (198): 43,50,69,145,229,242Mercury (Natural): 34,45,90,117,133,189,235,304,327,328,343 Molybdenum: 1,383,420Neodymium: 1 Neon: 56,58,69,118,150,230,364,365,371,388,389,400,402,413,430 Neptunium: 93Nickel: 1,294,415,416,422 Niobium: 1,392,407,431 Nitrogen: 66,107,108,212,213,318Osmium: 1 Oxygen: 23,24,36,66,69,209,210,215 Palladium: 1,287,424Phosphorus: 179,180,182,336 Platinum: 1,288 Plutonium: 91Polonium: 47,48 Potassium: 32,59,60,75,76,86,150,160,172,268,314,322 Praseodymium: 1,149,306,308,337,338 Promethium: 196,260 Protactinium: 96 Radium: 253,254Radon: 251 Rhenium: 1 Rhodium: 1,396Rubidium: 12,109,130,241,257,258,262,264 Ruthenium: 1,423 Samarium: 1Scandium: 1,88,150,298,323 Selenium: 9,80,181,216,245,247,275 Silicon: 87,170,237,292,319,320Silver: 13,99,255,286,289,363,387,398 Sodium: 178,205,206,207,268,299,334 Strontium: 1,109,110,218,231,265,279,313Sulfur: 29,144,202,209,210,266 Tantalum: 1,411,426 Technetium: 35Tellurium: 1,344,345,346,347 Terbium: 1,302 Thallium: 1,195,348,354,355,356Thorium: 1,97,98,156,157,165,434 Thulium: 1,307 Tin: 187,191,399,423Titanium: 1,378,427,428 Tungsten: 1 Uranium: 1,303Vanadium: 1,394,397,432 Xenon: 33,116,118,120,232,384,391,429 Ytterbium: 1,40,192,311Yttrium: 1,77,265,419 Zinc: 39,55,113,131,185,186,370,376,377 Zirconium: 1,362,403,418 TeamLRN10-83REFERENCES 1. 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Am ., 57, 1381, 1967. 434. Zalubas, R., unpublished, 1979.435. Bhatia, K. S., Jones, W. E., and Crooker, A. M., Can. J. Phys ., 50, 2421, 1972. 436. van Kleef, T. A. M. and Joshi, Y. N., Phys. Scr. , 24, 557, 1981. 10-88NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES J.R. Fuhr and W.L. Wiese These tables substantially update and enlarge our earlier tables in this Handbook . The new tables contain critically evaluated atomic transition probabilities for about 9000 selected lines of all elements for which reliable data are available on an absolute scale. The mat erial is largely for neutral and singly ionized spectra, but also includes a number of prominent lines of more highly charged ions of important elements. Many of the data are obtained from comprehensive compilations of the Data Center on Atomic Transition Probabilities at the Nati onal Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards). Specifically, data have been taken from three recent c omprehensive critical compilations on C, N and O,1 on Sc through Mn,2 and Fe through Ni.3 Material from earlier compilations for the elements H through Ne4 and Na through Ca5 was supplemented by more recent material taken directly from the original literature. For the highly charged ions, some of the data were derived from studies of the systematic behavior of transition probabilities.6-8 Most of the original literature is cited in the above tables and in recent bibliographies9,10; for lack of space, individual literature references are not cited here. The wavelength range for the neutral species is normally the visible spectrum or shorter wavelengths; only the very prominent n ear infrared lines are included. For the higher ions, most of the strong lines are located in the far UV. The tabulation is limited to electric di pole — including intercombination — lines and comprises essentially the fairly strong transitions with estimated uncertainties of 50% or less. W ith the exception of hydrogen, helium, and the alkalis, most transitions are between states with low principal quantum numbers. The transition probability, A, is given in units of 108 s-1 and is listed to as many digits as is consistent with the indicated accuracy. The power of 10 is indicated by the E notation (i.e., E-02 means 10-2). Generally, the estimated uncertainties of the A-values are ±25 to 50% for two-digit numbers, ±10 to 25% for three-digit numbers and ±1% or better for four- and five-digit numbers. Each transition is identified by the wavelength, λ, in angstroms; and the statistical weights, gi and gk, of the lower ( i) and upper ( k) states [the product gk A (or gi f) is needed for many applications]. Whenever the wavelengths of individual lines within a multiplet are extremely close, only a n average wavelength for the multiplet as well as the multiplet A-value are given, and this is indicated by an asterisk (*) to the left of the wavelength. This also has been done when the transition probability for an entire multiplet has been taken from the literature and values for individ ual lines cannot be determined because of insufficient knowledge of the coupling of electrons. The wavelength data have been taken either from rece nt compilations or from the original literature cited in bibliographies published by the Atomic Energy Levels Data Center11,12 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Wavelength values are consistent with those given in the table “Line Spectra of the Elements”, which appears elsewh ere in this Handbook . The transition probabilities for hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions are known precisely. Because of the hydrogen degeneracy, a “tr ansition” is actually the sum of all fine-structure transitions between the principal quantum numbers listed in the transition column; there fore, the special hydrogen table which appears below gives weighted average A-values. In addition to the transition probability A, the atomic oscillator strength f and the line strength S are often used in the literature. The conversion factors between these quantities are (for electric-dipole transitions): gi f = 1.499 × 10–8 λ2 gk A = 303.8 λ–1 S where λ is in angstroms, A is in 108 s-1, and S is in atomic units, which are a02e2 = 7.188 × 10-59 m2 C2. After the special table for hydrogen, the tables for other elements appear in alphabetical sequence by element name (not symbol ). Within each element, the tables are ordered by increasing ionization stage (e.g., Al I, Al II, etc.). REFERENCES 1. Wiese, W.L., Fuhr, J.R., and Deters, T.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities of Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen , J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 7 , 1996. 2. Martin, G.A., Fuhr, J.R., and Wiese, W.L., Atomic Transition Probabilities—Scandium through Manganese , J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 3, 1988. 3. Fuhr, J.R., Martin, G.A., and Wiese, W.L., Atomic Transition Probabilities—Iron through Nickel , J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 4, 1988. 4. Wiese, W.L., Smith, M.W., and Glennon, B.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (H through Ne—A Critical Data Compilation) , National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 4, Vol. I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966 . 5. Wiese, W.L., Smith, M.W., and Miles, B.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (Na through Ca—A Critical Data Compilation) , National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 22, Vol. II, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1 969. 6. Wiese, W.L. and Weiss, A.W., Phys. Rev. , 175, 50, 1968. 7. Smith, M.W. and Wiese,M.L., Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. , 23, No. 196, 103, 1971. 8. Martin, G.A., and Wiese,W.L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 537, 1976. 9. Fuhr, J.R., Miller, B.J., and Martin, G.A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (1914 through October 1997) , National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, 1978; Miller, B.J., Fuhr, J.R., and Martin, G.A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (November 1977 through February 1980) , National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, Supplement 1, 1980. 10. Wiese, W.L., Reports on Astronomy, Trans. Int. Astron. Union , 18A, 116—123, 1982; 19A, 122—138, 1985.; 20A, 117—123, 1988, Reidel, D., Ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht, Holland. 11. Moore, C.E., Bibliography on the Analyses of Optical Atomic Spectra , National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 306—Section 1, 1968; Sections 2—4, 1969. TeamLRN10-89NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) 12. Hagan, L. and Martin, W.C., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1968 through June 1971) , National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, 1972; Hagan, L., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1971 through June 1975) , National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 1, 1977; Zalubas, R. and Albright, A., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979) , National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 2, 1980; Musgrove, A. and Zalubas, R., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1979 through December 1983) , National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 3, 1985. 13. Younger, S.M. and Weiss, A., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. , 79A, 629, 1975. Transition Probabilities for Allowed Lines of Hydrogen λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 Hydrogen H I 912.768 2 1800 5.167E-06912.839 2 1682 6.122E-06 912.918 2 1568 7.297E-06 913.006 2 1458 8.753E-06913.104 2 1352 1.057E-05 913.215 2 1250 1.286E-05 913.339 2 1152 1.578E-05913.480 2 1058 1.952E-05 913.641 2 968 2.438E-05 913.826 2 882 3.077E-05914.039 2 800 3.928E-05 914.286 2 722 5.077E-05 914.576 2 648 6.654E-05914.919 2 578 8.858E-05 915.329 2 512 1.200E-04 915.824 2 450 1.657E-04916.429 2 392 2.341E-04 917.181 2 338 3.393E-04 918.129 2 288 5.066E-04919.351 2 242 7.834E-04 920.963 2 200 1.263E-03 923.150 2 162 2.143E-03926.226 2 128 3.869E-03 930.748 2 98 7.568E-03 937.803 2 72 1.644E-02949.743 2 50 4.125E-02 972.537 2 32 1.278E-01 1025.72 2 18 5.575E-011215.67 2 8 4.699E+00 3662.26 8 1800 2.847E-06 3663.40 8 1682 3.374E-063664.68 8 1568 4.022E-06 3666.10 8 1458 4.826E-063667.68 8 1352 5.830E-06 3669.46 8 1250 7.096E-06 3671.48 8 1152 8.707E-063673.76 8 1058 1.078E-05 3676.36 8 968 1.347E-05 3679.35 8 882 1.700E-053682.81 8 800 2.172E-05 3686.83 8 722 2.809E-05 3691.55 8 648 3.685E-053697.15 8 578 4.910E-05 3703.85 8 512 6.658E-05 3711.97 8 450 9.210E-053721.94 8 392 1.303E-04 3734.37 8 338 1.893E-04 3750.15 8 288 2.834E-043770.63 8 242 4.397E-04 3797.90 8 200 7.122E-04 3835.38 8 162 1.216E-033889.05 8 128 2.215E-03 3970.07 8 98 4.389E-03 4101.73 8 72 9.732E-034340.46 8 50 2.530E-02 4861.32 8 32 8.419E-02 6562.80 8 18 4.410E-018392.40 18 800 1.517E-05 8413.32 18 722 1.964E-05 8437.96 18 648 2.580E-058467.26 18 578 3.444E-05 8502.49 18 512 4.680E-05 8545.39 18 450 6.490E-058598.40 18 392 9.211E-05 8665.02 18 338 1.343E-048750.48 18 288 2.021E-04 8862.79 18 242 3.156E-04 9014.91 18 200 5.156E-049229.02 18 162 8.905E-04 9545.97 18 128 1.651E-03 10049.4 18 98 3.358E-0310938.1 18 72 7.783E-03 12818.1 18 50 2.201E-02 16407.2 32 288 1.620E-0416806.5 32 242 2.556E-04 17362.1 32 200 4.235E-04 18174.1 32 162 7.459E-0418751.0 18 32 8.986E-02 19445.6 32 128 1.424E-03 21655.3 32 98 3.041E-0326251.5 32 72 7.711E-03 27575 50 288 1.402E-04 28722 50 242 2.246E-0430384 50 200 3.800E-04 32961 50 162 6.908E-04 37395 50 128 1.388E-0340511.5 32 50 2.699E-02 43753 72 288 1.288E-04 46525 50 98 3.253E-0346712 72 242 2.110E-04 51273 72 200 3.688E-04 59066 72 162 7.065E-0474578 50 72 1.025E-02 75004 72 128 1.561E-03 123680 72 98 4.561E-03 For hydrogen-like ions of nuclear charge Z, the following scaling laws hold: A Z = Z4 AHydrogen; fZ = fH; SZ = Z–2SH (For wavelengths, λZ = Z–2λH) For very highly charged hydrogen-like ions, starting at about Z>25, relativistic corrections13 must be applied.λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 Transition Probabilities for Other Elements λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 Aluminum Al I 2263.5 2 4 6.6E-012269.1 4 6 7.9E-01 2269.2 4 4 1.3E-01 2367.1 2 4 7.2E-012373.1 4 6 8.6E-01 2373.4 4 4 1.4E-01 2568.0 2 4 2.3E-012575.1 4 6 2.8E-01 2575.4 4 4 4.4E-02 2652.5 2 2 1.33E-012660.4 4 2 2.64E-01 3082.2 2 4 6.3E-01 3092.7 4 6 7.4E-013092.8 4 4 1.2E-01 3944.0 2 2 4.93E-01 3961.5 4 2 9.8E-016696.0 2 4 1.69E-02 6698.7 2 2 1.69E-02 7835.3 4 6 5.7E-027836.1 6 8 6.2E-02 Al II 1047.9 1 3 3.6E-01 1048.6 3 5 4.8E-01 1539.8 3 5 8.8E+001670.8 1 3 1.46E+01 1719.4 1 3 6.79E+00 1764.0 5 5 9.8E+001772.8 1 3 9.5E+00 1777.0 5 7 1.7E+01 *1819.0 15 15 5.6E+001855.9 1 3 8.32E-01 1858.0 3 3 2.48E+00 1862.3 5 3 4.12E+001931.0 3 1 1.08E+01 1990.5 3 5 1.47E+01 2816.2 3 1 3.83E+004663.1 5 3 5.3E-01 6226.2 1 3 6.2E-01 6231.8 3 5 8.4E-016243.4 5 7 1.1E+00 6335.7 5 3 1.4E-01 6823.4 3 3 3.4E-016837.1 5 3 5.7E-01 6920.3 3 1 9.6E-01 7042.1 3 5 5.9E-017056.7 3 3 5.8E-01 7471.4 5 7 9.4E-01 Al III *560.36 2 6 4.0E-01 695.83 2 4 7.4E-01 696.22 2 2 7.2E-01 *1352.8 10 14 4.40E+00 1379.7 2 2 4.59E+001384.1 4 2 9.1E+00 1605.8 2 4 1.22E+01 1611.8 4 4 2.42E+00 1611.9 4 6 1.45E+011854.7 2 4 5.40E+00 1862.8 2 2 5.33E+00 *1935.9 10 14 1.22E+013601.6 6 4 1.34E+00 3601.9 4 4 1.49E-01 3612.4 4 2 1.5E+00 Al X 39.925 1 3 2.22E+0351.979 1 3 4.8E+03 55.227 1 3 5.2E+03 55.272 3 5 7.2E+0355.376 5 7 9.5E+03 59.107 3 5 4.6E+03 332.78 1 3 5.6E+01394.83 3 1 8.3E+01 395.36 3 5 1.2E+01 397.76 1 3 1.7E+01400.43 3 3 1.3E+01 401.12 5 5 3.6E+01 403.55 3 1 4.9E+01406.31 5 3 1.9E+01 670.06 3 5 9.8E+00 2535 1 3 3.8E-01 Al XI *36.675 2 6 1.5E+0339.091 2 4 2.6E+03 39.180 4 6 3.1E+03 39.530 2 2 1.8E+0239.623 4 2 3.7E+02 48.298 2 4 3.09E+03 48.338 2 2 3.08E+0352.299 2 4 8.1E+03 52.446 4 6 9.6E+03 52.458 4 4 1.6E+0354.217 2 2 4.8E+02 54.388 4 2 9.6E+02 *99.083 2 6 2.2E+02103.6 2 4 4.2E+02 103.8 4 6 5.0E+02 *141.6 2 6 4.07E+02150.31 2 4 8.5E+02 150.61 4 6 9.9E+02 157.0 2 2 1.3E+02157.4 4 2 2.6E+02 *205.0 2 6 6.3E+01 *308.6 2 6 9.9E+01*341.3 6 2 1.3E+02 550.05 2 4 8.55E+00 568.12 2 2 7.73E+001997 2 4 1.07E+00 2069 2 2 9.7E-01*4761 2 6 2.55E-01 5172 2 4 3.95E-02 5551 4 6 3.85E-02 5687 4 4 6.0E-03 Argon Ar I 1048.22 1 3 5.36E+00 1066.66 1 3 1.29E+00 3406.18 3 1 3.9E-033461.08 3 5 6.7E-04 3554.30 5 5 2.7E-03 3563.29 1 3 1.2E-033567.66 5 7 1.1E-03 3572.30 3 1 5.1E-03 3606.52 3 1 7.6E-033632.68 3 5 6.6E-04 3634.46 3 3 1.3E-03 3643.12 3 5 2.4E-043649.83 3 1 8.0E-03 3659.53 3 3 4.4E-04 3670.67 3 5 3.1E-043675.23 3 3 4.9E-04 3770.37 1 3 7.0E-04 3834.68 3 1 7.5E-033894.66 3 3 5.7E-04 3947.50 5 5 5.6E-04 3948.98 5 3 4.55E-034044.42 3 5 3.33E-03 4045.96 3 3 4.1E-04 4054.53 3 3 2.7E-044158.59 5 5 1.40E-02 4164.18 5 3 2.88E-03 4181.88 1 3 5.61E-034190.71 5 5 2.80E-03 4191.03 1 3 5.39E-03 4198.32 3 1 2.57E-024200.67 5 7 9.67E-03 4251.18 5 3 1.11E-03 4259.36 3 1 3.98E-024266.29 3 5 3.12E-03 4272.17 3 3 7.97E-03 4300.10 3 5 3.77E-034333.56 3 5 5.68E-03 4335.34 3 3 3.87E-03 4345.17 3 3 2.97E-034363.79 3 3 1.2E-04 4424.00 1 3 7.3E-05 4510.73 3 1 1.18E-024522.32 1 3 8.98E-04 4544.75 3 3 8.3E-04 4554.32 3 5 3.8E-044584.96 3 5 1.6E-03 4586.61 3 3 2.3E-03 4587.21 3 1 4.9E-034589.29 3 5 6.2E-05 4596.10 3 3 9.47E-04NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 10-90 TeamLRN4628.44 3 5 3.83E-04 4642.15 3 5 9.6E-04 4647.49 3 3 1.2E-03 4702.32 3 3 1.09E-034746.82 3 1 3.6E-03 4752.94 3 3 4.5E-03 4768.68 3 5 8.6E-034798.74 7 9 8.8E-04 4835.97 7 9 9.3E-04 4836.70 3 5 1.02E-034876.26 3 5 7.8E-03 4886.29 7 9 1.2E-03 4887.95 3 3 1.3E-024894.69 3 1 1.8E-02 4921.04 5 7 5.9E-04 4937.72 7 5 3.6E-044956.75 7 9 1.8E-03 4989.95 5 7 1.1E-03 5032.03 7 5 8.2E-045048.81 3 5 4.6E-03 5054.18 3 3 4.5E-03 5056.53 3 1 5.7E-035060.08 7 9 3.7E-03 5070.99 5 3 2.6E-03 5073.08 3 5 5.9E-045078.03 7 7 4.7E-04 5087.09 5 7 1.6E-03 5104.74 3 5 8.7E-045118.21 5 7 2.7E-03 5127.80 5 5 3.3E-04 5151.39 3 1 2.39E-025152.30 3 5 1.1E-03 5162.29 3 3 1.90E-02 5177.54 7 5 2.4E-035192.72 7 7 1.2E-04 5194.02 3 1 7.8E-03 5210.49 7 7 1.1E-035214.77 5 3 2.1E-03 5216.28 5 3 1.3E-03 5221.27 7 9 8.8E-035241.09 5 5 1.3E-03 5246.24 5 7 1.2E-03 5249.20 5 5 7.9E-04 5252.79 5 7 5.4E-03 5254.47 3 5 3.6E-03 5286.07 5 7 9.6E-045290.00 5 3 9.0E-04 5309.52 5 5 1.2E-03 5317.73 5 7 2.6E-035373.50 3 5 2.7E-03 5393.27 5 5 9.6E-04 5410.48 5 7 2.0E-035421.35 7 5 6.0E-03 5439.99 3 3 1.9E-03 5442.24 7 7 9.3E-045451.65 3 5 4.7E-03 5457.42 5 3 3.6E-03 5459.65 7 7 3.8E-045467.16 5 5 7.6E-045473.46 5 3 2.0E-03 5490.12 5 5 8.5E-04 5492.09 3 1 5.6E-03 5495.87 7 9 1.69E-025506.11 5 7 3.6E-03 5524.96 7 7 1.7E-03 5528.97 1 3 1.2E-035534.49 5 3 2.7E-03 5540.87 7 5 4.1E-04 5552.77 3 3 7.9E-045558.70 3 5 1.42E-02 5559.66 3 5 2.2E-03 5572.54 5 7 6.6E-035574.22 3 5 4.6E-04 5581.87 7 5 5.6E-04 5588.72 5 5 1.5E-035597.48 5 7 4.2E-03 5606.73 3 3 2.20E-02 5618.01 3 3 2.1E-035620.92 3 1 3.6E-03 5623.78 5 5 1.4E-03 5635.58 3 5 9.6E-045637.33 1 3 9.1E-04 5639.12 1 3 2.1E-03 5641.39 3 5 8.7E-045648.69 5 3 1.2E-03 5650.70 3 1 3.20E-02 5659.13 5 5 2.6E-035681.90 5 7 2.0E-03 5683.73 5 5 2.0E-03 5700.87 5 7 5.9E-035712.51 1 3 8.7E-04 5739.52 3 5 8.7E-03 5772.11 5 7 2.0E-035773.99 5 5 1.1E-03 5783.54 3 5 8.1E-04 5789.48 5 5 4.6E-045790.40 5 3 3.4E-04 5802.08 5 3 4.2E-03 5843.77 3 5 3.3E-045882.62 3 1 1.23E-02 5888.58 7 5 1.29E-02 5916.58 5 3 5.9E-04 5927.11 7 7 3.7E-04 5928.81 5 3 1.1E-02 5940.86 1 3 1.2E-035942.67 5 5 1.8E-03 5943.89 7 5 3.6E-04 5949.26 3 3 1.5E-035964.48 1 3 7.7E-04 5968.32 3 3 1.8E-03 5971.60 3 1 1.1E-025981.90 5 7 1.2E-04 5987.30 7 7 1.2E-03 5988.13 3 5 6.1E-045994.66 3 5 2.6E-04 5999.00 5 5 1.4E-03 6005.73 5 3 1.4E-036013.68 7 5 1.4E-036025.15 5 3 9.0E-03 6043.22 5 7 1.47E-02 6052.73 3 5 1.9E-03 6064.76 5 7 5.8E-046081.25 3 3 7.5E-04 6085.86 3 3 9.0E-05 6090.79 1 3 3.0E-036098.81 3 3 5.2E-03 6101.16 3 3 3.3E-03 6104.58 3 1 3.4E-036105.64 3 5 1.21E-02 6113.46 3 5 4.7E-04 6119.66 3 3 5.1E-046121.86 3 5 1.3E-04 6127.42 5 3 1.1E-03 6128.73 3 5 8.6E-046145.44 5 7 7.6E-03 6155.24 5 3 5.1E-03 6165.12 5 5 9.89E-046170.17 5 5 5.0E-03 6173.10 3 5 6.7E-03 6179.41 5 3 6.6E-046212.50 5 7 3.9E-03 6215.94 5 5 5.7E-03 6230.93 5 5 1.2E-046243.40 3 1 1.3E-03 6244.73 3 5 2.0E-04 6248.41 3 5 6.8E-046278.65 5 7 2.0E-04 6296.87 3 5 9.0E-03 6307.66 5 5 6.0E-036309.14 3 3 7.6E-04 6364.89 3 1 5.6E-03 6369.58 5 3 4.2E-036384.72 3 3 4.21E-03 6416.31 3 5 1.16E-02 6431.56 5 3 5.1E-046466.55 1 3 1.5E-03 6481.14 1 3 9.4E-04 6513.85 3 3 5.4E-046538.11 7 7 1.1E-03 6596.12 7 5 2.3E-04 6598.68 5 5 3.6E-04 6604.02 7 5 2.8E-03 6604.85 5 7 1.3E-04 6632.09 3 3 5.3E-046656.88 3 3 3.1E-04 6660.68 3 1 7.8E-03 6664.05 5 5 1.5E-036677.28 3 1 2.36E-03 6684.73 3 5 3.9E-04 6698.47 3 3 2.5E-046698.88 5 3 1.6E-03 6719.22 1 3 2.4E-03 6722.88 5 7 3.2E-046752.84 3 5 1.93E-02 6754.37 3 3 2.1E-03 6756.10 5 5 3.6E-036766.61 5 3 4.0E-03NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 10-91 10-92NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 6779.93 1 3 1.21E-03 6818.29 3 1 2.0E-03 6827.25 5 3 2.4E-03 6851.88 3 5 6.7E-046871.29 3 3 2.78E-02 6879.59 3 5 1.8E-03 6887.10 5 7 1.3E-036888.17 3 5 2.5E-03 6925.01 3 3 1.2E-03 6937.67 3 1 3.08E-026951.46 5 5 2.2E-03 6960.23 5 5 2.4E-03 6965.43 5 3 6.39E-026992.17 3 1 7.5E-03 7030.25 7 5 2.67E-02 7067.22 5 5 3.80E-027068.73 5 3 2.0E-02 7086.70 1 3 1.5E-03 7107.48 5 5 4.5E-037125.83 3 3 6.0E-03 7147.04 5 3 6.25E-03 7158.83 3 1 2.1E-027162.57 1 3 5.8E-04 7206.98 5 3 2.48E-02 7229.93 5 5 6.6E-047265.17 3 3 1.7E-03 7270.66 7 7 1.1E-03 7272.93 3 3 1.83E-027285.44 5 3 1.2E-03 7311.72 3 3 1.7E-02 7316.01 3 3 9.6E-037350.78 3 1 1.2E-02 7353.32 5 7 9.6E-03 7372.12 7 9 1.9E-027383.98 3 5 8.47E-02 7392.97 5 3 7.2E-03 7412.33 3 5 3.9E-037422.26 3 5 6.6E-04 7425.29 5 7 3.1E-03 7435.33 5 5 9.0E-037436.25 7 5 2.7E-03 7471.17 3 3 2.2E-04 7484.24 3 5 3.4E-03 7503.84 3 1 4.45E-01 7510.42 5 5 4.5E-03 7514.65 3 1 4.02E-017618.33 3 5 2.9E-03 7628.86 3 5 2.9E-03 7635.11 5 5 2.45E-017670.04 5 3 2.8E-03 7704.81 5 7 6.3E-04 7723.76 5 3 5.18E-027724.21 1 3 1.17E-01 7798.55 3 5 8.7E-04 7868.20 1 3 3.50E-037891.08 5 5 9.5E-03 7916.45 3 3 1.2E-03 7948.18 1 3 1.86E-018006.16 3 5 4.90E-028014.79 5 5 9.28E-02 8037.23 1 3 3.59E-03 8046.13 3 1 1.12E-02 8053.31 5 3 8.6E-038066.60 5 5 1.4E-03 8103.69 3 3 2.5E-01 8115.31 5 7 3.31E-018264.52 3 3 1.53E-01 8384.73 5 7 2.4E-03 8408.21 3 5 2.23E-018424.65 3 5 2.15E-01 8490.30 3 5 9.6E-04 8521.44 3 3 1.39E-018605.78 5 5 1.04E-02 8620.46 1 3 9.2E-03 8667.94 1 3 2.43E-028761.69 3 5 9.5E-03 8784.61 3 1 2.4E-03 8799.08 5 3 4.6E-038962.19 3 3 1.6E-03 9075.42 3 1 1.2E-02 9122.97 5 3 1.89E-019194.64 3 3 1.76E-02 9224.50 3 5 5.03E-02 9291.53 3 1 3.26E-029354.22 3 3 1.06E-02 9657.78 3 3 5.43E-02 9784.50 3 5 1.47E-0210470.05 1 3 9.8E-03 10478.0 3 3 2.44E-02 10950.7 5 3 3.96E-0311078.9 5 5 8.3E-03 11393.7 3 1 2.22E-02 11441.8 5 3 1.39E-0211467.5 3 5 3.69E-03 11488.11 3 3 1.9E-03 11668.7 5 5 3.76E-0211719.5 5 3 9.52E-03 12026.6 1 3 4.2E-03 12112.2 7 7 3.1E-0212139.8 3 3 4.5E-02 12343.7 5 7 2.0E-02 12402.9 3 3 1.1E-01 12439.2 3 5 4.9E-02 12456.1 5 3 8.9E-02 12487.6 7 5 1.1E-0112554.4 7 5 1.2E-03 12702.4 3 3 7.1E-02 12733.6 5 5 1.1E-0212746.3 3 3 2.0E-02 12802.7 5 5 5.7E-02 12933.3 3 1 1.0E-0112956.6 3 3 7.4E-02 13008.5 5 3 8.9E-02 13214.7 3 1 8.1E-0213273.1 5 7 1.5E-01 13313.4 3 5 1.3E-01 13504.0 5 7 1.1E-0113599.2 5 5 2.2E-0213622.4 3 5 7.3E-02 13678.5 3 5 6.2E-02 14093.6 1 3 4.3E-02 14739.1 5 7 8.8E-0415046.4 1 3 5.2E-02 15172.3 1 3 1.3E-02 15329.6 5 5 1.2E-0315555.5 5 7 9.8E-05 15734.9 5 3 2.9E-04 15816.8 5 3 8.7E-0415989.3 1 3 1.9E-02 16122.7 5 3 3.9E-04 16180.0 5 5 1.2E-0316264.1 3 3 3.0E-04 16520.1 3 5 2.6E-03 16739.8 3 5 3.1E-0316940.4 5 5 2.5E-02 20317.0 1 3 1.6E-03 20616.5 5 5 3.9E-0320812.0 5 7 7.6E-04 21332.2 3 3 3.2E-04 21534.9 3 5 1.1E-0322039.2 3 1 1.2E-03 22077.4 5 3 1.4E-03 23133.4 3 3 1.7E-0323844.8 9 7 1.1E-02 23967.5 3 1 3.6E-03 Ar II 2317.7 6 4 1.4E-01 2891.6 4 2 1.82E-012942.9 4 4 5.3E-01 2979.1 2 2 4.16E-01 3033.5 2 4 9.9E-023139.0 6 6 5.2E-01 3169.7 4 6 4.9E-01 3181.0 6 4 3.7E-013212.5 4 4 5.2E-02 3221.6 6 6 1.8E-02 3226.0 4 4 2.1E-023243.7 4 2 1.06E+00 3249.8 2 4 6.3E-01 3263.6 2 4 1.55E-01 3281.7 2 2 4.2E-01 3430.4 6 8 6.2E-02 3454.1 6 4 3.14E-013466.3 8 6 3.0E-02 3476.7 6 6 1.25E+00 3491.2 4 4 1.79E+003491.5 6 8 2.31E+00 3509.8 2 2 2.55E+00 3514.4 4 6 1.36E+003520.0 6 6 5.2E-01 3521.3 8 8 2.27E-01 3535.3 2 4 5.7E-013548.5 4 4 8.7E-01 3550.0 6 6 2.6E-02 3556.9 2 2 5.0E-023559.5 6 8 2.88E+00 TeamLRN10-93NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3565.0 2 4 5.5E-01 3576.6 6 8 2.75E+00 3581.6 2 4 1.76E+00 3582.4 4 6 2.53E+003588.4 8 10 3.03E+00 3605.9 4 6 4.4E-02 3656.0 6 6 7.6E-023682.5 4 2 1.7E-02 3709.9 4 4 4.7E-02 3717.2 6 8 5.2E-023729.3 6 4 4.80E-01 3746.9 4 6 2.1E-02 3763.5 8 6 1.78E-013766.1 4 4 7.4E-02 3777.5 2 2 1.1E-02 3780.8 8 8 7.7E-013786.4 8 6 1.5E-02 3799.4 6 4 1.7E-01 3808.6 6 6 1.0E-023826.8 6 6 2.81E-01 3841.5 4 2 2.69E-01 3844.7 6 8 4.8E-023845.4 6 4 1.6E-02 3850.6 4 4 3.87E-01 3868.5 4 6 1.4E+003872.1 4 4 1.5E-01 3875.3 4 2 8.2E-02 3880.3 2 2 2.32E-013891.4 2 2 4.3E-02 3892.0 6 4 6.3E-02 3900.6 4 6 7.2E-023911.6 2 4 7.7E-02 3914.8 4 4 3.7E-02 3928.6 2 4 2.44E-013931.2 2 4 2.0E-02 3932.5 4 4 9.3E-01 3944.3 8 6 4.1E-023952.7 4 4 2.08E-01 3958.4 6 4 3.8E-02 3968.4 6 6 4.8E-023979.4 4 2 9.8E-01 3988.2 6 6 4.1E-02 3992.1 4 6 1.6E-02 4013.9 8 8 1.05E-01 4031.4 4 2 7.5E-02 4035.5 4 6 4.4E-024038.8 6 8 1.2E-02 4042.9 4 4 4.06E-01 4045.7 4 4 1.6E-024052.9 2 4 6.7E-01 4065.1 4 4 1.1E-02 4072.0 6 6 5.8E-014079.6 6 4 1.19E-01 4082.4 6 6 2.9E-02 4112.8 4 4 1.1E-024128.6 8 6 1.4E-02 4131.7 4 2 8.5E-01 4178.4 6 4 1.2E-024202.0 2 4 2.1E-024228.2 4 6 1.31E-01 4237.2 4 4 1.12E-01 4266.5 6 6 1.64E-01 4277.5 6 4 8.0E-014282.9 4 2 1.32E-01 4300.6 6 6 5.7E-02 4331.2 4 4 5.74E-014332.0 4 2 1.92E-01 4348.1 6 8 1.17E+00 4352.2 2 2 2.12E-014362.1 4 6 5.5E-02 4370.8 4 4 6.6E-01 4371.3 6 4 2.21E-014376.0 4 2 2.05E-01 4379.7 2 2 1.00E+00 4383.8 4 4 1.1E-024400.1 4 4 1.60E-01 4401.0 8 6 3.04E-01 4412.9 6 8 6.1E-024420.9 2 4 3.1E-02 4426.0 4 6 8.17E-01 4430.2 2 4 5.69E-014431.0 6 6 1.09E-01 4460.6 4 6 1.5E-02 4474.8 4 2 2.90E-014481.8 6 6 4.55E-01 4491.0 6 4 4.6E-02 4530.5 6 4 2.1E-024545.1 4 4 4.71E-01 4579.4 2 2 8.0E-01 4589.9 4 6 6.64E-014598.8 4 4 6.7E-02 4609.6 6 8 7.89E-01 4637.2 6 6 7.1E-024657.9 4 2 8.92E-01 4726.9 4 4 5.88E-01 4732.1 6 4 6.7E-024735.9 6 4 5.80E-01 4764.9 2 4 6.4E-01 4806.0 6 6 7.80E-014847.8 4 2 8.49E-01 4879.9 4 6 8.23E-01 4889.0 2 2 1.9E-01 4904.8 6 8 3.7E-02 4933.2 4 4 1.44E-01 4965.1 2 4 3.94E-014972.2 2 2 9.7E-02 5009.3 4 6 1.51E-01 5017.2 4 6 2.07E-015017.6 4 4 1.1E-02 5062.0 2 4 2.23E-01 5141.8 6 8 8.1E-025145.3 4 6 1.06E-01 5176.2 6 6 1.7E-02 6103.5 2 2 1.7E-026114.9 10 8 2.00E-01 6138.7 6 4 1.2E-02 6172.3 8 6 2.00E-016243.1 8 6 3.0E-026483.1 4 2 1.06E-01 6638.2 6 4 1.37E-01 6639.7 4 2 1.69E-01 6643.7 10 8 1.47E-016666.4 2 2 8.8E-02 6684.3 8 6 1.07E-01 6756.6 4 4 2.0E-026863.5 6 6 2.5E-02 7233.5 2 4 3.7E-02 7380.4 4 4 5.6E-027589.3 6 4 1.07E-01 Ar III 769.15 5 3 6.0E+00 871.10 5 3 1.59E+00 875.53 3 1 3.74E+00878.73 5 5 2.79E+00 879.62 3 3 9.2E-01 883.18 1 3 1.22E+00887.40 3 5 9.0E-01 3024.1 5 7 2.6E+00 3027.2 5 5 6.4E-013054.8 3 5 1.9E+00 3064.8 3 3 1.0E+00 3078.2 1 3 1.4E+003285.9 5 7 2.0E+00 3301.9 5 5 2.0E+00 3311.3 5 3 2.0E+003336.1 7 9 2.0E+00 3344.7 5 7 1.8E+00 3352.1 7 7 2.2E-013358.5 3 5 1.6E+00 3361.3 5 5 3.0E-01 3472.6 5 7 2.0E-013480.6 7 7 1.6E+00 3499.7 3 3 1.3E+00 3500.6 3 5 2.6E-013502.7 5 3 4.3E-01 3503.6 5 5 1.2E+00 3511.7 7 5 2.6E-01 Ar IV 840.03 4 2 2.73E+00 843.77 4 4 2.70E+00 850.60 4 6 2.63E+00 Ar VI 292.15 2 2 6.9E+01 294.05 4 2 1.36E+02 Ar VII *250.41 9 3 2.78E+02*477.54 9 15 9.92E+01 585.75 1 3 7.83E+01 *637.30 9 9 6.7E+01 Ar VIII 158.92 2 4 1.1E+02159.18 2 2 1.11E+02 10-94NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 229.44 2 2 1.12E+02 230.88 4 2 2.21E+02 337.09 4 4 1.2E+01 337.26 6 4 1.0E+02338.22 4 2 1.1E+02 519.43 2 4 6.3E+01 526.46 4 6 7.2E+01526.87 4 4 1.2E+01 700.24 2 4 2.55E+01 713.81 2 2 2.4E+01 Ar IX 48.739 1 3 1.69E+03 Ar XIII 162.96 5 3 3.4E+02*163.08 9 3 5.3E+02 184.90 5 5 1.66E+02 186.38 1 3 8.8E+01*207.89 9 9 9.5E+01 *245.10 9 15 3.7E+01 Ar XIV 180.29 2 4 4.5E+01 183.41 2 2 1.69E+02187.95 4 4 1.97E+02 191.35 4 2 7.5E+01 194.39 2 2 4.6E+01203.35 4 2 7.8E+01 Ar XV 25.05 1 3 1.7E+04 221.10 1 3 9.55E+01 *265.3 9 9 8.1E+01 Ar XVI *23.52 2 6 1.43E+04*24.96 6 10 4.4E+04 353.88 2 4 1.5E+01 389.11 2 2 1.1E+011268 2 4 1.9E+00 1401 2 2 1.4E+00 2975 2 4 9.0E-02 3514 4 6 6.5E-02 Arsenic As I 1890.4 4 6 2.0E+00 1937.6 4 4 2.0E+001972.6 4 2 2.0E+00 2288.1 6 4 2.8E+00 2344.0 2 4 3.5E-012349.8 4 2 3.1E+00 2369.7 4 4 6.0E-01 2370.8 4 6 4.2E-012456.5 6 4 7.2E-02 2492.9 4 2 1.2E-01 2745.0 2 4 2.6E-012780.2 4 4 7.8E-012860.4 2 2 5.5E-01 2898.7 4 2 9.9E-02 Barium Ba I 2409.2 1 3 8.6E-04 2414.1 1 3 1.5E-032420.1 1 3 2.3E-03 2427.4 1 3 5.6E-03 2432.5 1 3 7.2E-032438.8 1 3 1.4E-03 2444.6 1 3 4.5E-03 2452.4 1 3 8.1E-042473.2 1 3 4.6E-03 2500.2 1 3 1.5E-02 2543.2 1 3 4.1E-022596.6 1 3 1.2E-01 2646.5 1 3 1.1E-02 2702.6 1 3 2.5E-022739.2 1 3 9.1E-03 2785.3 1 3 2.8E-02 3071.6 1 3 4.1E-013501.1 1 3 1.9E-01 3889.3 1 3 8.8E-03 3909.9 3 5 4.9E-013935.7 5 7 4.7E-01 3937.9 5 5 1.1E-01 3993.4 7 9 5.5E-013995.7 7 7 8.8E-02 4132.4 1 3 7.1E-03 4239.6 5 3 2.4E-014242.6 3 5 5.6E-02 4264.4 1 3 1.5E-01 4283.1 5 7 6.4E-014323.0 3 5 1.5E-01 4325.2 5 7 7.1E-02 4332.9 3 3 1.5E-014350.3 3 5 6.0E-01 4402.5 3 5 2.7E-01 4406.8 5 5 1.0E-014431.9 1 3 1.2E+00 4467.1 5 7 6.6E-02 4489.0 5 7 4.2E-01 4493.6 5 5 3.6E-01 4505.9 3 3 1.1E+00 4523.2 5 5 9.6E-014573.9 3 1 1.21E+00 4579.6 5 5 7.0E-01 4591.8 5 5 1.6E-024599.7 3 1 4.07E-01 4605.0 3 1 7.7E-02 4619.9 1 3 9.3E-024628.3 5 3 6.0E-02 4673.6 7 5 6.5E-02 4691.6 5 3 1.6E+004700.4 3 3 2.4E-01 4726.4 5 3 4.6E-01 5519.1 3 5 5.0E-015535.5 1 3 1.19E+005777.6 5 7 6.5E-01 5784.0 3 5 2.1E-01 5800.2 5 5 9.9E-02 5805.7 7 7 1.1E-025826.3 5 3 5.6E-01 5907.6 3 5 1.5E-02 5971.7 5 5 1.8E-015997.1 3 3 2.7E-01 6019.5 3 1 1.4E+00 6063.1 5 3 5.7E-016083.4 3 1 1.1E-01 6110.8 7 5 5.5E-01 6129.2 3 1 6.0E-026341.7 5 7 1.9E-01 6450.9 3 5 1.1E-01 6482.9 5 7 4.4E-016498.8 7 7 8.6E-01 6527.3 5 5 5.9E-01 6595.3 3 3 3.9E-016675.3 5 3 1.9E-01 6693.8 7 5 2.8E-01 6865.7 5 5 2.3E-027059.9 7 9 7.1E-01 7120.3 3 5 2.1E-01 7195.2 1 3 2.4E-017280.3 5 7 5.3E-01 7392.4 3 3 5.0E-01 7417.5 7 5 2.5E-027488.1 7 7 1.0E-01 7528.2 5 5 2.7E-02 7672.1 3 5 3.1E-017780.5 5 5 1.3E-01 7905.8 5 3 6.3E-01 7911.3 1 3 2.98E-038147.7 5 5 6.3E-02 9645.6 7 5 1.1E-01 9704.3 3 1 1.6E-019821.5 3 1 5.5E-02 10370.3 3 5 1.3E-02 10649.1 5 5 2.7E-0211075.7 3 3 3.6E-05 11303.1 5 3 1.2E-03 11373.8 3 1 1.3E-01 14158.4 9 7 2.0E-03 14723.2 3 5 8.6E-03 14999.9 5 3 2.8E-0317123.7 7 7 3.3E-03 17187.1 3 1 2.7E-02 20563.9 5 7 2.6E-03 Ba II 1413.4 6 8 1.7E-021417.1 4 6 3.8E-02 1444.9 4 6 8.1E-02 1461.5 6 8 8.7E-021487.0 4 6 1.4E-01 1503.9 6 8 1.5E-01 1554.4 4 6 2.6E-011572.7 6 8 2.4E-01 TeamLRN10-95NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 1573.9 6 6 1.6E-02 1630.4 2 2 1.7E-02 1674.5 4 6 2.2E-01 1694.4 6 8 2.1E-011697.2 6 6 1.7E-02 1761.8 4 4 3.9E-03 1771.0 4 2 3.4E-021786.9 6 4 4.4E-02 1892.7 2 4 9.0E-02 1904.2 4 6 1.1E-021906.8 2 2 5.1E-02 1924.7 6 8 3.1E-02 1954.2 4 6 1.3E-011955.1 4 4 1.8E-02 1970.2 4 2 6.7E-02 1985.6 2 4 2.5E-011999.5 2 4 1.0E-01 2009.2 2 2 8.6E-02 2052.7 4 6 2.0E-012054.6 4 4 2.9E-02 2080.0 4 2 1.0E-01 2153.9 2 4 5.3E-012200.9 2 2 2.0E-01 2232.8 4 6 2.9E-01 2235.4 4 4 4.4E-022286.0 4 2 1.3E-01 2528.5 2 4 7.1E-01 2634.8 4 6 7.6E-012641.4 4 4 1.2E-01 2647.3 2 2 2.0E-01 2771.4 4 2 4.0E-013816.7 4 6 2.3E-03 3842.8 6 8 2.2E-03 3891.8 2 4 1.67E+004024.1 6 4 5.3E-03 4057.5 8 6 1.2E-02 4130.7 4 6 1.80E+004166.0 4 4 3.7E-01 4216.0 2 4 5.8E-02 4287.8 2 2 2.4E-024325.7 4 6 5.9E-02 4329.6 4 4 8.8E-03 4405.2 4 2 3.9E-02 4470.7 6 4 1.4E-02 4509.6 8 6 1.2E-02 4524.9 2 2 7.2E-014554.0 2 4 1.17E+00 4708.9 2 4 9.7E-02 4843.5 4 6 9.3E-024847.1 2 2 4.1E-02 4850.8 4 4 1.4E-02 4900.0 4 2 7.75E-014934.1 2 2 9.55E-01 4997.8 4 2 6.1E-02 5185.0 2 4 1.8E-025361.4 4 6 4.8E-02 5391.6 6 8 5.2E-02 5413.6 6 6 8.4E-045421.1 6 6 1.9E-035428.8 6 4 2.3E-02 5480.3 8 6 1.8E-02 5784.2 2 4 2.0E-01 5853.7 4 4 4.8E-025981.3 4 6 1.6E-01 5999.9 4 4 2.6E-02 6135.8 2 2 8.5E-026141.7 6 4 3.7E-01 6363.2 6 4 2.9E-03 6372.9 4 4 6.7E-046378.9 4 2 9.9E-02 6457.7 6 4 3.0E-03 6496.9 4 2 3.32E-017556.8 6 4 1.6E-03 7678.2 8 6 6.6E-04 8710.7 6 8 8.0E-018737.7 4 6 9.3E-01 Beryllium Be I 1491.8 1 3 1.3E-02 1661.5 1 3 2.0E-012348.6 1 3 5.55E+00 *2494.7 9 15 1.6E+00 *2650.6 9 9 4.24E+004572.7 3 5 7.9E-01 Be II 1197.1 2 2 4.7E-01 1197.2 4 2 9.4E-01 1512.3 2 4 9.2E+001512.4 4 6 1.1E+01 1776.1 2 2 1.4E+00 1776.3 4 2 2.9E+00*2453.8 2 6 1.42E-01 3046.5 2 4 4.8E-01 3046.7 4 6 5.9E-013130.4 2 4 1.14E+00 3131.1 2 2 1.15E+00 3241.6 2 2 1.41E-013241.8 4 2 2.8E-01 3274.6 2 4 1.9E-01 3274.7 2 2 1.9E-01 4360.7 2 4 9.2E-01 4361.0 4 6 1.1E+00 *5255.9 2 6 2.56E-025270.3 2 2 3.30E-01 5270.8 4 2 6.6E-01 6279.4 2 4 1.2E-016279.7 4 6 1.43E-01 6756.7 2 2 5.1E-02 6757.1 4 2 1.02E-017401.2 2 4 3.0E-02 7401.4 2 2 3.0E-02 Bismuth Bi I 1954.5 4 6 1.2E+002021.2 4 4 6.0E-022061.7 4 6 9.9E-01 2110.3 4 2 9.1E-01 2177.3 4 2 2.6E-02 2228.3 4 4 8.9E-012230.6 4 6 2.6E+00 2276.6 4 4 2.5E-01 2515.7 4 6 4.3E-022627.9 4 4 4.7E-01 2696.8 4 6 6.4E-02 2780.5 4 2 3.09E-012798.7 6 6 3.6E-02 2898.0 4 2 1.53E+00 2938.3 6 4 1.23E+002989.0 4 4 5.5E-01 2993.3 4 6 1.6E-01 3024.6 6 6 8.8E-013067.7 4 2 2.07E+00 3076.7 4 4 3.5E-02 3397.2 6 4 1.81E-013402.9 6 6 1.6E-02 3510.9 6 4 6.8E-02 3596.1 2 4 1.98E-013888.2 2 2 6.9E-02 4121.5 2 2 1.64E-01 4308.5 2 4 1.6E-024493.0 2 4 1.5E-02 4722.5 4 2 1.17E-01 6134.8 4 4 1.8E-02 Boron B I 1378.6 2 4 3.50E+00 1378.9 2 2 1.40E+01 1378.9 4 4 1.75E+011379.2 4 2 7.0E+00 1465.5 2 4 3.34E+00 1465.7 4 4 6.7E+001465.8 6 4 1.00E+01 1825.9 2 4 1.76E+00 1826.4 4 6 2.11E+002088.9 2 4 2.8E-01 2089.6 4 6 3.3E-01 2496.8 2 2 8.64E-01 2497.7 4 2 1.73E+00 Bromine Br I 1488.5 4 4 1.2E+00 1540.7 4 4 1.4E+001574.8 2 4 2.0E-01 1576.4 4 6 2.1E-02 1633.4 2 4 8.1E-024365.1 2 4 7.5E-03 4425.1 4 2 4.2E-03 4441.7 6 4 7.5E-034472.6 4 4 9.3E-03 4477.7 6 8 1.3E-02 4513.4 6 4 2.8E-03 10-96NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 4525.6 6 6 7.2E-03 4575.7 4 4 1.6E-02 4614.6 4 6 5.4E-03 4979.8 4 4 2.6E-035245.1 2 4 3.1E-03 5345.4 2 4 7.6E-03 7348.5 4 6 1.2E-017513.0 6 4 1.2E-01 7803.0 2 4 5.3E-02 7938.7 6 6 1.9E-018131.5 2 4 3.8E-02 8343.7 2 2 2.2E-01 8446.6 4 4 1.2E-018638.7 6 4 9.7E-02 Br II 4704.9 5 7 1.1E+00 4785.5 5 5 9.4E-01 4816.7 5 3 1.1E+00 Cadmium Cd I 2288.0 1 3 5.3E+00 2836.9 1 3 2.8E-01 2880.8 3 5 4.2E-012881.2 3 3 2.4E-01 2980.6 5 7 5.9E-01 2981.4 5 5 1.5E-013261.1 1 3 4.06E-03 3403.7 1 3 7.7E-01 3466.2 3 5 1.2E+003467.7 3 3 6.7E-01 3610.5 5 7 1.3E+00 3612.9 5 5 3.5E-014140.5 3 5 4.7E-02 4662.4 3 5 5.5E-02 4678.1 1 3 1.3E-014799.9 3 3 4.1E-01 5085.8 5 3 5.6E-01 6438.5 3 5 5.9E-01 Cd II 2144.4 2 4 2.8E+00 2265.0 2 2 3.0E+00 2572.9 2 2 1.7E+00 2748.5 4 2 2.8E+004415.6 4 6 1.4E-02 Calcium Ca I 2275.5 1 3 3.01E-01 2995.0 1 3 3.67E-012997.3 3 5 2.41E-01 2999.6 3 3 2.79E-01 3000.9 3 1 1.58E+003006.9 5 5 7.5E-01 3009.2 5 3 4.30E-01 3344.5 1 3 1.51E-013350.2 3 5 1.78E-013361.9 5 7 2.23E-01 3624.1 1 3 2.12E-01 3630.8 3 5 2.97E-01 3631.0 3 3 1.53E-013644.4 5 7 3.55E-01 3644.8 5 5 9.4E-02 3870.5 3 5 7.2E-023957.1 3 3 9.8E-02 3973.7 5 3 1.75E-01 4092.6 3 5 1.1E-014094.9 5 7 1.2E-01 4098.5 7 9 1.3E-01 4108.5 5 7 9.0E-014226.7 1 3 2.18E+00 4283.0 3 5 4.34E-01 4289.4 1 3 6.0E-014299.0 3 3 4.66E-01 4302.5 5 5 1.36E+00 4307.7 3 1 1.99E+004318.7 5 3 7.4E-01 4355.1 5 7 1.9E-01 4425.4 1 3 4.98E-014435.0 3 5 6.7E-01 4435.7 3 3 3.42E-01 4454.8 5 7 8.7E-014455.9 5 5 2.0E-01 4526.9 5 3 4.1E-01 4578.6 3 5 1.76E-014581.4 5 7 2.09E-01 4585.9 7 9 2.29E-01 4685.3 3 5 8.0E-024878.1 5 7 1.88E-01 5041.6 5 3 3.3E-01 5188.9 3 5 4.0E-015261.7 3 3 1.5E-01 5262.2 3 1 6.0E-01 5264.2 5 5 9.1E-025265.6 5 3 4.4E-01 5270.3 7 5 5.0E-01 5582.0 5 7 6.0E-025588.8 7 7 4.9E-01 5590.1 3 5 8.3E-02 5594.5 5 5 3.8E-01 5598.5 3 3 4.3E-01 5601.3 7 5 8.6E-02 5602.9 5 3 1.4E-015857.5 3 5 6.6E-01 6102.7 1 3 9.6E-02 6122.2 3 3 2.87E-016161.3 5 5 3.3E-02 6162.2 5 3 3.54E-01 6163.8 3 3 5.6E-026166.4 3 1 2.2E-01 6169.1 5 3 1.7E-01 6169.6 7 5 1.9E-016439.1 7 9 5.3E-01 6449.8 3 5 9.0E-02 6462.6 5 7 4.7E-016471.7 7 7 5.9E-026493.8 3 5 4.4E-01 6499.7 5 5 8.1E-02 Ca II 1341.9 2 4 1.5E-02 1342.5 2 2 1.5E-02 1649.9 2 4 3.2E-031652.0 2 2 3.1E-03 1673.9 2 4 2.24E-01 1680.1 4 6 2.65E-011680.1 4 4 4.41E-02 1807.3 2 4 3.54E-01 1814.5 4 6 4.2E-011814.7 4 4 7.0E-02 1843.1 2 2 1.6E-01 1850.7 4 2 3.08E-012103.2 2 4 8.2E-01 2112.8 4 6 9.7E-01 2113.2 4 4 1.6E-012197.8 2 2 3.1E-01 2208.6 4 2 6.2E-01 3158.9 2 4 3.1E+003179.3 4 6 3.6E+00 3181.3 4 4 5.8E-01 3706.0 2 2 8.8E-013736.9 4 2 1.7E+00 3933.7 2 4 1.47E+00 3968.5 2 2 1.4E+00 Ca III 357.97 1 3 8.8E+02439.69 1 3 1.9E-01 490.55 1 3 1.6E-02 Ca V 558.60 5 3 2.2E+01 637.93 5 3 3.9E+00643.12 3 1 9.1E+00 646.57 5 5 6.9E+00 647.88 3 3 2.3E+00651.55 1 3 2.9E+00 656.76 3 5 2.1E+00 Ca VII 550.20 5 5 1.8E+01 624.39 1 3 3.3E+00630.54 3 5 4.5E+00 630.79 3 3 2.2E+00 639.15 5 7 5.7E+00640.41 5 5 1.3E+00 Ca VIII 182.71 2 2 1.6E+02 184.16 4 2 3.2E+02 Ca IX 163.23 5 3 3.76E+02 371.89 1 3 8.8E+01373.81 3 5 1.16E+02 TeamLRN10-97NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 378.08 5 7 1.5E+02 395.03 3 5 2.2E+02 466.24 1 3 1.12E+02 498.01 3 5 2.49E+01506.18 5 5 7.2E+01 515.57 5 3 3.75E+01 Ca X 110.96 2 4 2.9E+02 111.20 2 2 2.92E+02151.84 2 2 2.3E+02 153.02 4 2 4.5E+02 206.57 4 4 2.9E+01206.75 6 4 2.6E+02 207.39 4 2 2.8E+02 411.70 2 4 8.3E+01419.75 4 6 9.5E+01 420.47 4 4 1.6E+01 557.76 2 4 3.50E+01574.01 2 2 3.2E+01 Ca XI 30.448 1 3 6.2E+03 30.867 1 3 4.9E+04 35.212 1 3 2.0E+03 Ca XII 140.05 4 2 3.7E+02147.27 2 2 1.6E+02 Ca XV 141.69 5 3 4.08E+02 *142.23 9 3 6.3E+02 161.00 5 5 1.9E+02 Ca XVII 19.558 1 3 3.8E+0421.198 3 5 4.9E+04 192.82 1 3 1.21E+02 218.82 3 5 2.76E+01223.02 1 3 3.44E+01 228.72 3 3 2.37E+01 232.83 5 5 6.5E+01 244.06 5 3 3.28E+01 Ca XVIII *18.71 2 6 2.31E+04 *19.74 6 10 7.0E+04 302.19 2 4 2.0E+01344.76 2 2 1.3E+01 Carbon C I 945.191 1 3 3.79E+00 945.338 3 3 1.14E+01945.579 5 3 1.89E+01 1193.24 5 7 1.22E+00 1260.74 1 3 5.32E-011260.93 3 1 1.70E+001261.00 3 3 4.42E-01 1261.12 3 5 3.71E-01 1261.43 5 3 7.06E-01 1261.55 5 5 1.27E+001274.11 5 7 1.03E-02 1277.25 1 3 1.27E+00 1277.28 3 5 1.73E+001277.51 3 3 9.12E-01 1277.55 5 7 2.31E+00 1277.72 5 5 6.35E-011277.95 5 3 5.56E-02 1279.23 5 7 1.10E-01 1279.89 3 5 3.08E-011280.14 1 3 3.11E-01 1280.33 5 5 5.77E-01 1280.40 3 3 1.73E-011280.60 3 1 8.22E-01 1280.85 5 3 3.33E-01 1328.83 1 3 7.95E-011329.09 3 1 2.41E+00 1329.58 5 5 1.79E+00 1329.60 5 3 1.00E+001355.84 5 7 1.04E+00 1364.16 5 5 1.57E-01 1431.60 5 7 2.11E+001432.10 5 5 2.01E+00 1432.53 5 3 2.11E+00 1459.03 5 3 4.76E-011463.34 5 7 1.88E+00 1467.40 5 3 5.49E-01 1468.41 5 3 3.90E-021470.09 5 7 1.37E-02 1472.23 5 3 8.01E-03 1481.76 5 5 3.92E-011560.31 1 3 6.57E-01 1561.34 5 5 2.94E-01 1561.44 5 7 1.18E+001656.27 3 5 8.58E-01 1656.93 1 3 1.13E+00 1657.01 5 5 2.52E+001657.38 3 3 8.64E-01 1657.91 3 1 3.43E+00 1658.12 5 3 1.44E+00 1751.83 1 3 9.07E-01 1763.91 1 3 3.59E-02 1765.37 1 3 1.04E-021930.90 5 3 3.51E+00 2478.56 1 3 3.40E-01 2902.23 1 3 4.32E-032903.27 3 3 1.29E-02 2905.00 5 3 2.15E-02 4371.37 3 3 1.27E-024762.31 1 3 3.37E-03 4762.53 3 5 2.72E-03 4766.67 3 3 2.36E-034770.03 3 1 1.07E-02 4771.74 5 5 7.97E-03 4775.90 5 3 4.84E-034812.92 1 3 4.03E-044817.37 3 3 8.76E-04 4826.80 5 3 6.28E-04 4932.05 3 1 6.02E-02 5023.84 7 9 1.81E-035039.06 7 9 4.73E-03 5041.48 3 5 5.25E-03 5041.79 5 7 3.28E-035052.17 3 5 2.60E-02 5380.34 3 3 1.86E-02 5545.05 3 3 3.04E-035668.94 3 3 2.35E-02 5793.12 7 5 3.44E-03 5794.47 5 5 6.44E-045800.23 3 3 1.04E-03 5800.60 5 3 3.04E-03 5805.20 3 1 4.12E-036001.12 5 5 3.22E-03 6006.02 7 5 1.79E-02 6007.18 3 3 5.34E-036010.68 3 1 2.13E-02 6013.17 7 5 1.79E-02 6013.21 7 9 4.35E-036014.83 5 3 1.60E-02 6016.45 5 7 3.86E-03 6587.61 3 3 5.09E-026655.52 3 3 5.03E-03 6828.12 3 5 9.89E-03 7111.47 3 5 2.17E-027113.18 7 9 2.47E-02 7115.17 5 7 2.19E-02 7115.18 3 1 4.43E-027116.99 7 5 3.26E-02 7119.66 5 3 3.12E-02 7860.88 5 5 1.53E-028058.62 5 5 1.09E-02 8335.15 3 1 3.51E-01 9061.44 3 5 7.31E-029062.49 1 3 9.48E-02 9078.29 3 3 7.07E-02 9088.51 3 1 3.00E-019094.83 5 5 2.28E-01 9111.81 5 3 1.35E-01 9405.73 3 5 2.91E-01 9603.03 1 3 3.06E-02 9620.78 3 3 8.62E-02 9658.43 5 3 1.25E-01 C II 687.345 4 6 2.84E+01858.092 2 2 1.18E+00 858.559 4 2 2.35E+00 903.623 2 4 6.85E+00903.962 2 2 2.74E+01 904.142 4 4 3.42E+01 904.480 4 2 1.37E+011009.86 2 4 5.71E+00 1010.08 4 4 1.14E+01 1010.37 6 4 1.71E+011036.34 2 2 7.61E+00 10-98NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 1037.02 4 2 1.52E+01 1323.91 4 4 4.33E+00 1323.95 6 6 4.49E+00 1334.53 2 4 2.37E+001335.71 4 6 2.84E+00 2091.14 2 4 1.00E-01 2091.19 4 6 1.69E-012091.65 6 8 2.41E-01 2093.16 6 6 7.20E-02 2173.85 2 4 2.31E-012174.17 2 2 2.31E-01 2509.13 2 4 4.53E-01 2511.74 4 4 9.04E-022512.06 4 6 5.42E-01 2727.31 2 4 6.63E-02 2728.72 4 4 3.31E-012729.21 2 2 2.65E-01 2730.63 4 2 1.32E-01 5132.95 2 4 3.89E-015133.28 4 6 2.80E-01 5137.26 2 2 1.55E-01 5139.17 4 4 1.24E-015143.49 4 2 7.73E-01 5145.16 6 6 6.49E-01 5151.08 6 4 4.16E-015640.55 2 4 9.89E-02 5648.07 4 4 1.97E-01 5662.46 6 4 2.93E-015818.31 2 2 3.38E-02 5822.98 2 4 3.38E-03 5823.18 4 2 3.38E-025827.85 4 4 2.16E-02 5836.37 6 4 4.22E-02 5843.62 6 6 1.20E-025856.06 8 6 5.31E-02 6095.29 2 4 4.20E-01 6098.51 4 6 5.03E-016102.56 4 4 8.37E-02 6578.05 2 4 3.63E-01 6582.88 2 2 3.62E-016724.56 2 4 3.17E-02 6727.07 2 2 6.34E-02 6727.26 4 6 2.96E-02 6731.07 4 4 5.06E-02 6733.58 4 2 6.32E-02 6734.00 6 8 1.80E-026738.61 6 6 7.23E-02 6742.43 6 4 4.41E-02 6750.54 8 8 1.08E-016755.16 8 6 2.38E-02 6779.94 4 6 2.56E-01 6780.59 2 4 1.52E-016783.91 6 8 3.65E-01 6787.21 2 2 3.04E-01 6791.47 4 4 1.94E-016798.10 4 2 6.04E-02 6800.69 6 6 1.09E-01 6812.28 6 4 1.80E-027046.25 4 2 3.20E-01 7053.09 4 4 3.19E-01 7063.68 4 6 3.17E-01 7112.48 2 4 2.94E-017113.04 4 6 3.15E-01 7115.63 6 8 3.60E-01 7119.76 4 4 1.17E-017119.91 8 10 4.19E-01 7125.72 6 6 1.02E-01 7132.47 6 4 8.33E-037134.10 8 8 5.93E-02 7231.33 2 4 3.52E-01 7236.42 4 6 4.22E-017237.17 4 4 7.03E-02 8028.85 2 2 1.71E-02 8037.73 2 4 4.26E-028039.40 4 2 8.51E-02 8048.31 4 4 1.36E-02 8062.10 4 6 3.04E-028062.80 6 4 4.56E-02 8076.64 6 6 7.05E-02 9238.30 4 6 3.34E-029251.01 2 4 2.77E-02 9863.06 2 4 5.56E-02 9870.78 4 6 9.31E-029882.68 6 8 1.33E-01 C III 310.170 1 3 6.56E+00 386.203 1 3 3.46E+01 459.466 1 3 5.91E+01459.514 3 5 7.97E+01 459.627 5 7 1.06E+02 574.281 3 5 6.24E+01977.020 1 3 1.767E+01 1174.93 3 5 3.293E+00 1175.26 1 3 4.385E+001175.59 3 3 3.287E+00 1175.71 5 5 9.856E+00 1175.99 3 1 1.313E+011176.37 5 3 5.468E+00 1247.38 3 1 2.082E+01 2296.87 3 5 1.376E+00 2849.05 3 1 1.95E-01 3703.70 3 3 5.90E-01 4325.56 3 5 1.24E-014647.42 3 5 7.26E-01 4650.25 3 3 7.25E-01 4651.02 3 5 2.28E-014651.47 3 1 7.24E-01 4652.05 1 3 3.04E-01 4659.06 3 3 2.27E-014663.64 3 1 9.05E-01 4665.86 5 5 6.78E-01 4673.95 5 3 3.75E-015244.66 1 3 5.30E-02 5253.58 3 3 1.58E-01 5272.52 5 3 2.61E-015695.92 3 5 4.27E-01 5858.34 3 1 1.34E-01 5863.25 3 3 3.35E-02 5871.68 5 3 1.00E-015880.56 5 5 1.99E-02 5894.07 7 5 1.11E-01 6727.48 1 3 1.12E-016731.04 3 5 1.50E-01 6742.15 3 3 8.32E-02 6744.39 5 7 1.99E-016762.17 5 5 4.95E-02 6773.39 5 3 5.47E-03 6851.18 3 5 7.60E-036853.68 5 7 5.64E-03 6857.24 3 3 3.79E-02 6862.69 5 5 3.51E-026868.78 5 3 1.26E-02 6872.04 7 7 4.46E-02 6881.10 7 5 7.80E-037353.88 5 3 3.09E-02 7707.43 3 5 1.30E-01 7771.76 3 1 1.77E-017780.41 3 3 1.76E-01 7796.00 3 5 1.75E-01 8500.32 1 3 1.01E-019593.32 3 3 5.32E-03 9651.47 5 5 1.57E-02 9696.48 5 7 7.53E-039696.54 3 5 7.12E-03 9699.57 7 9 8.47E-03 9701.10 1 3 4.40E-029705.41 3 5 5.93E-02 9706.44 3 3 3.29E-02 9715.09 5 7 7.88E-029717.75 5 5 1.97E-02 9718.79 5 3 2.19E-03 C IV *312.43 2 6 4.63E+01 *384.13 6 10 1.76E+021548.19 2 4 2.65E+00 1550.77 2 2 2.64E+00 5801.31 2 4 3.17E-01 5811.97 2 2 3.16E-01 C V 34.9728 1 3 2.554E+03 40.2678 1 3 8.873E+03 *227.19 3 9 1.363E+02247.315 1 3 1.278E+02 *248.71 9 15 4.247E+02 *260.19 9 3 6.680E+01267.267 3 5 3.947E+02 *2273.9 3 9 5.646E-01 3526.66 1 3 1.663E-018420.72 3 5 6.898E-02 *8433.2 3 9 6.868E-02 8448.12 3 1 6.832E-02 TeamLRN10-99NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 8449.19 3 3 6.829E-02 Cesium Cs I 3203.5 2 4 7.6E-06 3205.3 2 4 7.9E-06 3207.5 2 4 8.5E-063210.0 2 4 9.4E-06 3212.8 2 4 1.19E-05 3216.2 2 4 1.49E-053220.1 2 4 1.7E-05 3220.2 2 2 1.07E-07 3224.8 2 4 2.0E-053225.0 2 2 1.43E-07 3230.5 2 4 2.5E-05 3230.7 2 2 1.97E-073237.4 2 4 2.8E-05 3237.6 2 2 2.63E-07 3245.9 2 4 3.45E-053246.2 2 2 3.7E-07 3256.7 2 4 4.25E-05 3257.1 2 2 7.0E-073270.5 2 4 5.6E-05 3271.0 2 2 9.8E-07 3288.6 2 4 1.0E-043289.3 2 2 2.7E-06 3313.1 2 4 1.6E-04 3314.0 2 2 5.2E-063347.5 2 4 2.2E-04 3348.8 2 2 1.1E-05 3397.9 2 4 4.0E-043400.0 2 2 2.4E-05 3476.8 2 4 6.6E-04 3480.0 2 2 6.6E-053611.4 2 4 1.5E-03 3617.3 2 2 2.5E-04 3876.1 2 4 3.8E-033888.6 2 2 9.7E-04 4555.3 2 4 1.88E-02 4593.2 2 2 8.0E-038521.1 2 4 3.276E-01 8943.5 2 2 2.87E-01 Chlorine Cl I 1188.8 4 6 2.33E+001188.8 4 4 2.71E-01 1201.4 2 4 2.39E+00 1335.7 4 2 1.74E+001347.2 4 4 4.19E+00 1351.7 2 2 3.23E+00 1363.4 2 4 7.5E-014323.3 4 4 1.1E-02 4363.3 4 6 6.8E-03 4379.9 4 4 1.4E-024389.8 6 8 1.4E-02 4526.2 4 4 5.1E-02 4601.0 2 2 4.2E-024661.2 2 4 1.2E-027256.6 6 4 1.5E-01 7414.1 6 4 4.7E-02 7547.1 4 4 1.2E-01 7717.6 4 4 3.0E-027745.0 2 4 6.3E-02 7769.2 6 6 6.0E-02 7821.4 6 8 9.8E-027830.8 4 4 9.7E-02 7878.2 6 6 1.8E-02 7899.3 4 6 5.1E-027924.6 2 4 2.1E-02 7935.0 6 8 3.9E-02 7997.9 4 4 2.1E-02 Cl II 3329.1 5 7 1.5E+003522.1 7 7 1.4E+00 3798.8 5 7 1.6E+00 3805.2 7 9 1.8E+003809.5 3 5 1.5E+00 3851.0 5 7 1.8E+00 3851.4 5 5 1.6E+003854.7 3 5 2.2E+00 3861.9 5 7 2.4E+00 3868.6 7 9 2.7E+003913.9 9 9 8.2E-01 3990.2 5 7 8.4E-01 4132.5 5 5 1.6E+004276.5 9 7 7.6E-01 4768.7 3 5 7.7E-01 4781.3 5 7 1.0E+004794.6 5 7 1.04E+00 4810.1 5 5 9.9E-01 4819.5 5 3 1.00E+004904.8 5 7 8.1E-01 4917.7 3 5 7.5E-01 5078.3 7 7 7.7E-015219.1 3 9 8.6E-01 5392.1 5 7 1.0E+00 Cl III 2298.5 4 4 4.2E+00 2340.6 6 6 4.2E+00 2370.4 8 6 2.8E+00 2531.8 2 4 4.4E+00 2532.5 4 6 5.3E+002577.1 4 6 4.3E+00 2580.7 6 8 4.7E+00 2601.2 2 4 4.6E+002603.6 4 6 5.0E+00 2609.5 6 8 5.7E+00 2617.0 8 10 6.6E+002661.6 4 6 3.4E+00 2665.5 6 8 4.8E+00 2691.5 4 4 3.5E+002710.4 4 6 3.5E+00 3340.4 6 6 1.5E+00 3392.9 4 4 1.9E+003393.5 6 6 1.9E+003530.0 6 8 1.8E+00 3560.7 4 6 1.7E+00 3602.1 6 8 1.7E+00 3612.9 4 6 1.2E+003720.5 4 6 1.7E+00 Chromium Cr I 1999.95 9 9 1.4E+00 2383.30 9 11 4.1E-012389.21 3 5 2.3E-01 2408.60 9 7 6.7E-01 2408.72 7 5 2.9E-012492.57 3 5 4.5E-01 2495.08 3 3 2.7E-01 2496.30 5 7 5.6E-012502.55 7 9 2.2E-01 2504.31 7 9 4.5E-01 2508.11 5 5 2.1E-012508.97 5 3 3.8E-01 2527.11 9 9 5.3E-01 2549.55 3 3 4.8E-012560.70 5 5 4.3E-01 2571.74 7 5 6.4E-01 2577.66 7 7 2.6E-012591.84 9 7 6.5E-01 2620.48 5 3 1.9E-01 2673.64 3 3 1.8E-012701.99 9 11 2.1E-01 2726.50 5 7 7.5E-01 2731.90 5 5 7.8E-012736.46 5 3 7.5E-01 2752.85 3 3 8.7E-01 2757.09 5 5 6.8E-012761.74 5 3 6.8E-01 2764.36 7 7 3.7E-01 2769.90 7 5 1.1E+002780.70 9 7 1.4E+00 2879.27 5 7 2.1E-01 2887.00 3 5 2.7E-012889.22 9 9 6.6E-01 2893.25 7 7 5.2E-01 2894.17 1 3 3.3E-01 2896.76 5 5 3.0E-01 2905.48 3 1 1.3E+00 2909.05 5 3 6.8E-012910.89 7 5 3.4E-01 2911.15 9 7 2.6E-01 2967.64 7 9 3.9E-012971.10 5 7 7.1E-01 2975.48 3 5 8.9E-01 2980.78 1 3 5.10E-012988.64 5 7 5.2E-01 2991.88 3 1 3.0E+00 2994.06 5 5 2.5E-012995.09 5 5 4.3E-01 2996.57 5 3 2.0E+00 2998.78 5 3 4.07E-013000.88 7 5 1.6E+00 10-100NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3005.06 9 7 9.2E-01 3013.72 3 5 8.3E-01 3015.20 1 3 1.63E+00 3020.67 3 3 1.5E+003021.58 9 11 2.91E+00 3024.36 5 5 1.27E+00 3029.17 5 3 3.8E-013030.25 7 7 1.1E+00 3031.35 5 3 3.1E-01 3034.19 7 7 3.5E-013037.05 9 9 5.4E-01 3040.84 7 5 7.4E-01 3053.87 9 7 7.97E-013148.44 9 11 5.6E-01 3155.16 11 13 5.7E-01 3163.76 13 15 6.0E-013237.73 9 9 1.3E+00 3238.09 11 11 2.0E-01 3578.68 7 9 1.48E+003593.48 7 7 1.50E+00 3605.32 7 5 1.62E+00 3639.80 13 11 1.8E+003743.89 13 13 7.61E-01 3757.66 7 7 4.13E-01 3768.24 5 5 5.10E-013804.80 9 9 6.9E-01 3963.69 13 15 1.3E+00 3969.75 11 13 1.2E+003983.90 7 9 1.05E+00 3991.12 5 7 1.07E+00 4001.44 9 11 6.8E-014039.10 15 15 6.7E-01 4048.78 13 13 6.4E-01 4058.78 11 11 6.7E-014065.71 9 11 3.5E-01 4165.52 11 13 7.5E-01 4204.48 13 11 3.1E-014254.33 7 9 3.15E-01 4263.15 15 17 6.4E-01 4274.81 7 7 3.07E-014275.98 11 11 2.2E-01 4280.42 13 15 4.7E-01 4289.73 7 5 3.16E-01 4291.97 7 5 2.4E-01 4297.75 11 13 4.9E-01 4298.05 9 9 2.6E-014300.52 9 7 1.9E-01 4301.19 11 9 2.6E-01 4302.78 11 11 2.5E-014319.66 5 3 1.8E-01 4337.25 5 7 2.0E-01 4373.65 9 9 2.8E-014376.80 13 13 3.2E-01 4413.86 7 5 2.7E-01 4422.70 5 5 2.7E-014424.29 9 7 2.1E-01 4429.93 3 3 2.4E-01 4432.16 1 3 1.8E-014432.77 15 15 4.9E-01 4443.72 3 1 4.5E-01 4482.88 3 3 3.0E-01 4490.55 9 7 3.9E-014492.31 5 3 4.47E-01 4495.28 9 7 2.0E-01 4500.29 7 7 2.1E-014506.84 13 11 2.7E-01 4540.72 11 11 3.14E-01 4564.17 11 13 5.1E-014595.60 13 13 4.7E-01 4622.47 7 7 4.1E-01 4663.33 3 3 2.0E-014665.90 3 3 3.0E-01 4689.38 7 5 2.3E-01 4698.46 9 7 2.2E-014708.02 11 9 4.31E-01 4718.43 13 11 3.4E-01 4730.69 7 5 3.83E-014737.33 9 7 3.38E-01 4741.09 3 5 2.2E-01 4752.07 13 13 6.2E-014756.09 11 9 4.0E-01 4792.49 7 5 2.6E-01 4801.02 9 7 3.06E-014816.13 9 9 1.8E-01 4870.79 7 9 3.5E-01 4887.01 9 11 3.2E-014922.28 11 13 4.0E-01 4966.80 3 1 3.0E-01 5204.51 5 3 5.09E-015206.02 5 5 5.14E-01 5208.42 5 7 5.06E-01 5243.38 5 3 2.19E-015297.37 7 9 3.88E-01 5297.99 7 7 3.0E-01 5328.36 9 11 6.2E-015329.17 9 9 2.25E-01 5783.11 3 3 2.1E-01 5783.89 5 5 2.02E-015787.97 5 7 2.35E-01 Cr II 2653.57 4 6 3.5E-01 2658.59 2 4 5.8E-01 2666.02 6 8 5.9E-012668.71 4 2 1.4E+00 2671.80 6 4 1.0E+00 2672.83 8 6 5.5E-012744.97 4 6 8.5E-01 2787.61 6 6 1.5E+00 2822.38 14 16 2.3E+002835.63 10 12 2.0E+00 2840.01 10 12 2.7E+00 2843.24 8 10 6.4E-012849.83 6 8 9.2E-01 2851.35 8 10 2.2E+00 2856.77 4 6 4.3E-012857.40 6 8 2.8E-01 2860.92 2 4 6.9E-01 2862.57 8 8 6.3E-01 2866.72 4 4 1.2E+002867.09 4 4 1.1E+00 2867.65 2 2 1.1E+00 2870.43 6 6 1.3E+002873.81 4 2 8.8E-01 2880.86 6 4 7.9E-01 2898.53 10 12 1.2E+002921.81 8 10 9.0E-01 2930.83 2 4 1.1E+00 2935.12 6 8 1.8E+002953.34 2 2 1.8E+00 2966.03 10 8 5.4E-01 2971.90 14 14 2.0E+002979.73 12 12 1.8E+00 2985.32 10 10 2.2E+00 2989.18 8 8 2.2E+003118.64 2 4 1.7E+00 3120.36 4 6 1.5E+00 3122.59 12 12 4.4E-013128.69 4 4 8.1E-01 3136.68 6 6 6.4E-01 4588.22 8 6 1.2E-01 Cr V 434.306 9 9 1.5E+01436.351 9 7 2.4E+01 436.601 7 5 2.1E+01 437.420 7 7 1.4E+01437.655 5 5 1.3E+01 441.056 5 3 2.3E+01 456.357 1 3 9.5E+00456.637 3 1 3.3E+01 456.743 3 3 9.1E+00 457.028 5 5 2.7E+01457.504 5 3 1.2E+01 464.015 9 7 3.6E+01 469.634 5 5 2.3E+011106.25 7 9 1.2E+01 1121.07 7 9 2.1E+01 1127.63 9 11 3.5E+01 1465.86 5 3 1.1E+01 1481.65 3 1 1.0E+01 1519.03 5 7 9.5E+001579.70 7 9 8.6E+00 Cr VI 161.687 6 6 1.7E+02 168.088 4 6 2.0E+02 201.007 4 4 2.5E+03201.224 4 6 1.8E+02 201.388 6 4 2.7E+02 201.606 6 6 2.6E+03202.442 6 4 1.0E+03 202.739 4 2 1.2E+03 226.241 6 8 7.2E+02 TeamLRN10-101NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 227.202 4 6 6.6E+02 Cr X 216.72 6 8 9.0E+02223.86 4 2 7.7E+02 224.74 4 4 7.6E+02 226.24 4 6 7.3E+02227.42 4 4 5.2E+02 227.50 4 6 1.8E+01 228.63 6 4 8.1E+01228.71 6 6 4.5E+02 231.21 2 4 1.2E+02 232.96 4 4 4.4E+02242.20 2 4 5.0E+01 244.19 4 6 5.8E+01 395.984 4 4 2.4E+01398.150 6 6 2.1E+01 Cr XI 214.31 5 7 1.4E+01 226.45 5 7 6.0E+02 232 3 1 4.1E+02235.53 5 7 5.5E+02 240.76 1 3 4.8E+02 250.28 5 7 1.0E+01366.491 3 3 1.2E+01 366.942 3 1 3.0E+01 374.927 5 5 2.3E+01422.083 3 5 1.0E+01 Cr XII 216 4 6 2.4E+02 218 6 8 2.4E+02 239 2 2 1.6E+02244.70 2 4 3.0E+02 247 4 2 2.4E+02 247 2 2 3.3E+02248 6 8 1.4E+02 250 6 8 3.5E+02 250 6 6 2.2E+02251.52 4 6 3.4E+02 252 4 6 2.0E+02 256 2 2 1.5E+02 259 2 4 3.2E+02 269 2 2 2.1E+02 300.32 2 2 1.4E+02305.81 4 4 2.76E+02 309 4 2 2.7E+02 309 6 6 1.6E+02311.55 4 2 1.6E+02 324 4 6 2.2E+02 327 6 8 2.2E+02332.06 6 4 1.4E+02 Cr XIII 49.59 1 3 9.9E+02 67.01 1 3 1.67E+03 228 5 7 1.8E+02267.73 5 7 1.9E+02270 3 1 1.7E+02 276.4 5 7 2.2E+02 277 1 3 2.1E+02 279.32 3 5 3.5E+02286 3 1 4.6E+02 328.29 1 3 1.86E+02 345 7 9 1.74E+02 Cr XIV *38.036 2 6 2.47E+0239.796 2 4 3.05E+02 40.018 4 6 3.6E+02 40.782 2 4 3.9E+0240.800 2 2 3.9E+02 41.556 2 4 4.5E+02 41.788 4 6 5.3E+0244.597 2 4 7.1E+02 44.869 4 6 8.3E+02 46.125 4 2 3.1E+0246.468 2 4 6.6E+02 46.527 2 2 6.7E+02 48.300 4 6 5.9E+0248.338 6 8 6.3E+02 50.821 2 4 1.2E+03 51.172 4 6 1.4E+0351.180 4 4 2.3E+02 52.321 4 6 1.0E+03 52.363 6 8 1.1E+0353.760 2 2 3.0E+02 54.164 4 2 5.9E+02 60.699 4 6 2.05E+0360.756 6 8 2.19E+03 63.324 2 4 1.07E+03 63.539 2 2 1.13E+0368.594 2 4 1.98E+03 69.213 4 6 2.31E+03 69.247 4 4 3.8E+0286.060 4 6 5.3E+03 86.169 6 8 5.9E+03 86.185 6 6 3.9E+02101.05 6 4 4.4E+02 101.42 4 2 4.83E+02 104.4 4 6 3.0E+02 104.5 6 8 3.1E+02 109.8 2 4 2.3E+02 110.4 4 6 2.8E+02118.3 4 2 2.1E+02 125.2 4 6 5.0E+02 125.3 6 8 5.4E+02148.5 2 4 2.18E+02 149.1 2 2 2.1E+02 157.1 2 4 3.3E+02158.4 4 6 3.7E+02 187.02 4 6 9.3E+02 187.30 6 8 9.6E+02189.1 2 2 2.13E+02 191.0 4 2 4.11E+02 222.9 4 2 2.2E+02346.3 4 6 2.4E+02346.5 6 8 2.5E+02 Cr XV 18.497 1 3 1.62E+0518.782 1 3 2.8E+04 19.015 1 3 6.3E+02 20.863 1 3 6.0E+0321.153 1 3 5.6E+03 102 3 3 1.6E+02 102.18 5 3 7.0E+02103 3 1 3.8E+02 105 7 5 5.3E+02 111.27 3 3 1.7E+02 Cr XVI 17.073 4 6 1.2E+0417.242 2 4 8.6E+04 17.299 4 4 2.5E+04 17.372 4 4 1.4E+0517.438 4 2 1.1E+05 17.514 2 4 1.1E+05 17.587 2 4 2.0E+0417.656 2 2 2.0E+04 19.442 4 2 9.9E+03 19.714 2 2 1.1E+04 Cr XVII 16.31 5 3 9.6E+0316.32 5 7 3.2E+04 16.37 3 1 9.7E+04 16.44 5 7 1.3E+0516.59 3 1 5.7E+04 16.65 5 5 1.1E+04 16.66 1 3 1.8E+0516.68 5 7 6.8E+04 16.80 5 7 4.4E+04 16.97 1 3 2.63E+0416.97 3 3 1.5E+04 17.968 5 3 8.6E+03 18.336 5 3 1.7E+0418.336 5 5 1.6E+04 18.389 1 3 9.2E+03 Cr XVIII 95.77 4 2 3.08E+02 102.32 4 4 1.54E+02104.98 6 4 8.7E+02 106.84 4 2 3.4E+02 110.41 4 2 7.9E+02112.27 4 2 4.24E+02 119.62 2 2 3.2E+02 123.87 6 4 3.9E+02125.51 4 4 3.4E+02 128.10 6 6 2.8E+02 136.52 4 2 1.66E+02139.87 4 4 1.49E+02 140.82 4 2 2.66E+02 155.46 2 2 2.84E+02157.40 4 4 2.83E+02 10-102NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 Cr XIX 14.73 3 3 7.1E+04 14.80 1 3 1.3E+05 14.81 5 3 3.4E+0414.84 5 7 1.3E+05 109.64 3 3 2.46E+02 110.37 5 3 6.0E+02113.97 5 3 5.5E+02 118.31 3 1 3.29E+02 118.67 5 3 2.1E+02118.83 3 3 1.35E+02 126.30 1 3 1.56E+02 126.33 5 5 4.35E+02130.99 7 5 2.9E+02 134.89 3 1 1.98E+02 138.15 3 1 1.75E+02138.45 5 5 1.71E+02 140.92 5 3 1.38E+02 143.57 3 1 7.2E+02163.94 5 5 3.1E+02 179.18 3 1 1.45E+02 Cr XX 14.13 2 4 1.1E+05 14.26 4 6 1.3E+05128.42 4 4 3.8E+02 131.31 6 4 1.27E+02 133.82 2 4 8.3E+01135.26 4 2 2.41E+02 140.75 4 4 1.35E+02 148.99 6 4 1.75E+02156.00 2 4 8.4E+01 167.97 6 6 1.12E+02 180.85 4 4 1.6E+02 Cr XXI 12.97 3 1 4.8E+0412.98 5 5 3.9E+04 13.02 3 5 3.8E+04 13.02 5 7 3.9E+0413.08 1 3 5.2E+04 13.22 3 1 4.6E+04 13.34 3 5 5.2E+04 13.49 1 3 9.0E+04 13.53 3 3 6.6E+04 13.55 3 5 1.2E+0513.65 5 7 1.5E+05 13.66 3 1 1.2E+05 13.67 5 5 3.9E+0413.68 3 3 8.2E+04 13.75 5 3 4.5E+04 13.75 5 5 9.5E+0413.76 1 3 1.51E+05 13.78 5 7 1.7E+05 13.84 5 7 2.59E+0513.87 3 5 8.5E+04 13.92 3 5 8.5E+04 13.93 5 7 4.2E+0413.95 5 5 3.8E+0414.04 3 5 1.2E+05 14.24 1 3 1.41E+05 Cr XXII 2.190 4 2 1.7E+06 2.191 2 2 2.5E+06 2.198 4 4 4.5E+062.199 2 4 2.3E+06 2.202 4 6 1.6E+06 2.203 4 2 1.3E+0613.149 2 4 1.29E+05 13.292 4 6 1.54E+05 Cr XXIII 1.7632 1 3 3.68E+05 1.8557 1 3 8.97E+052.095 3 1 3.5E+06 2.101 1 3 2.0E+06 2.101 5 5 7.9E+052.102 3 5 2.1E+06 2.103 3 5 1.2E+06 2.104 1 3 1.4E+062.105 3 3 9.6E+05 2.106 3 3 2.0E+06 2.107 5 5 2.3E+062.107 3 5 3.3E+06 2.109 5 3 1.7E+06 2.113 3 5 5.9E+052.119 3 1 2.7E+05 2.129 3 1 5.1E+05 2.1818 1 3 3.37E+062.1923 1 3 2.34E+05 Cobalt Co I 2287.80 8 8 8.6E-01 2295.22 10 8 2.2E-012309.03 10 10 5.6E-01 2323.13 8 8 5.0E-01 2325.53 6 8 1.1E-012335.98 6 6 5.1E-01 2338.66 4 4 7.7E-01 2353.36 8 10 1.5E-01 2355.48 6 8 1.3E-01 2358.18 4 6 1.4E-01 2365.06 10 10 1.3E-012371.85 6 8 7.3E-02 2384.86 10 8 2.4E-01 2392.03 6 6 4.0E-012402.06 8 6 5.1E-01 2407.25 10 12 3.6E+00 2412.76 4 6 6.5E-012414.46 6 8 3.4E+00 2415.29 4 6 3.6E+00 2424.93 10 10 3.2E+002432.21 8 8 2.6E+00 2436.66 6 6 2.6E+00 2439.04 4 4 2.7E+002460.80 4 6 1.2E-012467.69 6 8 7.0E-02 2470.27 10 12 1.5E-01 2476.64 10 8 2.2E-01 2504.52 10 8 1.8E-012511.02 10 10 9.2E-01 2521.36 10 8 3.0E+00 2528.97 8 6 2.8E+002530.13 6 6 7.1E-02 2535.96 6 4 1.9E+00 2536.50 8 8 3.0E-012544.25 4 2 3.0E+00 2562.12 4 4 3.9E-01 2567.34 6 6 3.0E-012574.35 8 8 1.7E-01 2685.34 6 8 5.5E-02 3017.55 8 6 6.9E-023044.00 10 10 1.9E-01 3048.89 6 4 7.5E-02 3061.82 8 8 1.6E-013072.34 6 6 1.5E-01 3086.78 4 4 1.9E-01 3354.37 8 6 1.1E-013367.11 10 8 6.0E-02 3385.22 8 6 1.1E-01 3388.16 6 4 2.4E-013395.37 6 8 2.9E-01 3405.12 10 10 1.0E+00 3409.17 8 8 4.2E-013412.34 8 10 6.1E-01 3412.63 10 8 1.2E-01 3414.74 4 4 8.8E-023417.15 6 6 3.2E-01 3431.58 8 6 1.1E-01 3433.05 4 4 1.0E+003442.92 6 4 1.2E-01 3443.64 8 8 6.9E-01 3449.17 6 6 7.6E-013449.44 10 10 1.8E-01 3453.51 10 12 1.1E+00 3455.24 4 2 1.9E-013462.80 4 6 7.9E-01 3465.79 10 12 9.2E-02 3474.02 6 8 5.6E-01 3483.41 8 10 5.5E-02 3489.40 8 6 1.3E+00 3491.32 4 4 5.0E-023495.68 4 6 4.9E-01 3502.28 10 8 8.0E-01 3502.63 6 6 5.2E-023506.32 8 6 8.2E-01 3509.84 6 8 3.2E-01 3512.64 6 4 1.0E+003513.48 8 10 7.8E-02 3518.34 6 4 1.6E+00 3521.58 10 8 1.8E-013523.42 4 2 9.8E-01 3526.85 10 10 1.3E-01 3529.03 6 8 8.8E-023529.82 8 10 4.6E-01 TeamLRN10-103NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3533.36 4 6 9.1E-02 3560.89 4 4 2.3E-01 3564.95 6 8 7.0E-02 3569.37 8 8 1.6E+003574.97 6 6 1.5E-01 3575.36 8 8 9.6E-02 3585.15 8 8 7.1E-023587.19 6 6 1.4E+00 3594.87 6 6 9.2E-02 3602.08 4 4 1.0E-013704.06 6 8 1.2E-01 3745.49 8 8 7.5E-02 3842.05 8 6 1.3E-013845.47 8 10 4.6E-01 3861.16 6 4 1.4E-01 3873.12 10 8 1.2E-013873.95 8 6 1.0E-01 3881.87 6 4 8.2E-02 3894.07 6 8 6.9E-013894.98 4 2 8.8E-02 3935.96 8 10 6.2E-02 3995.31 8 10 2.5E-013997.90 6 8 7.0E-02 4092.39 8 8 5.7E-02 4110.53 6 6 5.5E-024118.77 6 8 1.6E-01 4121.32 8 10 1.9E-01 5146.75 8 8 1.5E-015212.70 10 10 1.9E-01 5265.79 6 8 5.0E-02 5280.63 10 8 2.8E-015352.05 12 10 2.7E-01 5477.09 6 8 6.8E-02 5483.96 8 10 7.3E-026082.43 10 10 5.4E-02 6455.00 8 10 9.0E-02 7838.12 8 10 5.4E-028093.93 12 10 2.0E-01 8372.79 10 10 8.7E-02 Co II 2286.15 11 13 3.3E+00 2307.85 9 11 2.6E+00 2311.61 7 9 2.8E+00 2314.05 5 7 2.8E+00 2314.97 3 5 2.7E+002330.36 5 3 1.32E+00 2344.28 3 3 1.5E+00 2353.41 7 7 1.9E+002363.80 9 9 2.1E+00 2378.62 11 9 1.9E+00 2383.45 9 7 1.8E+002388.92 11 11 2.8E+00 2389.54 5 3 1.5E+00 2404.17 3 3 1.5E+002417.66 9 9 8.5E-01Copper Cu I *2024.3 2 6 9.8E-02 2165.1 2 4 5.1E-012178.9 2 4 9.13E-01 2181.7 2 2 1.0E+00 2225.7 2 2 4.6E-012244.3 2 4 1.19E-02 2441.6 2 2 2.0E-02 2492.2 2 4 3.11E-022618.4 6 4 3.07E-01 2766.4 4 4 9.6E-02 2824.4 6 6 7.8E-022961.2 6 8 3.76E-02 3063.4 4 4 1.55E-02 3194.1 4 4 1.55E-023247.5 2 4 1.39E+00 3274.0 2 2 1.37E+00 3337.8 6 8 3.8E-034022.6 2 4 1.90E-01 4062.6 4 6 2.10E-01 4249.0 2 2 1.95E-014275.1 6 8 3.45E-01 4480.4 2 2 3.0E-02 4509.4 4 2 2.75E-014530.8 4 2 8.4E-02 4539.7 6 4 2.12E-01 4587.0 8 6 3.20E-014651.1 10 8 3.80E-01 4704.6 8 8 5.5E-02 5105.5 6 4 2.0E-025153.2 2 4 6.0E-01 5218.2 4 6 7.5E-01 5220.1 4 4 1.50E-015292.5 8 8 1.09E-01 5700.2 4 4 2.4E-03 5782.1 4 2 1.65E-02 Cu II 2489.7 5 5 1.5E-022544.8 9 7 1.1E+00 2689.3 7 7 4.1E-01 2701.0 5 5 6.7E-01 2703.2 3 3 1.2E+00 2713.5 5 5 6.8E-01 2769.7 7 7 6.1E-01 Dysprosium Dy I 2862.7 17 15 6.5E-02 2964.6 17 17 6.5E-02 3147.7 15 17 1.1E-013263.2 15 13 1.4E-01 3511.0 15 13 3.1E-01 3571.4 15 13 2.0E-013757.1 17 19 3.0E+003868.8 17 17 3.1E+00 3967.5 17 19 8.7E-01 4046.0 17 15 1.5E+00 4103.9 13 11 1.7E+004186.8 17 17 1.32E+00 4194.8 17 17 7.2E-01 4211.7 17 19 2.08E+004218.1 15 15 1.85E+00 4221.1 15 17 1.52E+00 4225.2 13 15 4.5E+004268.3 15 15 3.6E-02 4276.7 13 13 7.3E-01 4292.0 15 15 5.8E-024577.8 17 19 2.2E-02 4589.4 17 15 1.3E-01 4612.3 17 15 8.2E-025077.7 17 17 5.7E-03 5301.6 17 15 1.1E-02 5547.3 17 17 2.7E-035639.5 17 19 4.7E-03 5974.5 17 17 4.0E-03 5988.6 17 15 5.3E-036010.8 15 15 2.6E-02 6088.3 15 13 3.5E-02 6168.4 15 17 2.5E-026259.1 17 19 8.5E-03 6579.4 17 15 7.5E-03 Erbium Er I 3862.9 13 13 2.5E+004008.0 13 15 2.6E+00 4151.1 13 11 1.8E+00 Europium Eu I 2372.9 8 6 1.9E-012375.3 8 8 2.0E-01 2379.7 8 10 2.0E-01 2619.3 8 10 7.0E-032643.8 8 8 6.6E-03 2659.4 8 10 1.2E-02 2682.6 8 6 1.2E-02 2710.0 8 10 1.4E-01 2724.0 8 8 1.2E-01 2731.4 8 8 3.1E-022732.6 8 6 3.7E-02 2735.3 8 10 4.7E-02 2738.6 8 10 1.3E-022743.3 8 6 1.1E-01 2745.6 8 6 5.0E-02 2747.8 8 8 5.2E-022772.9 8 6 1.0E-02 2878.9 8 10 2.8E-02 2892.5 8 8 1.0E-012893.0 8 6 1.0E-01 10-104NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 2909.0 8 10 6.9E-02 2958.9 8 6 1.6E-02 3059.0 8 8 3.8E-02 3067.0 8 10 9.1E-033106.2 8 10 5.5E-02 3111.4 8 10 3.0E-01 3168.3 8 10 6.9E-023185.5 8 10 5.8E-03 3210.6 8 8 1.1E-01 3212.8 8 8 2.9E-013213.8 8 6 1.8E-01 3235.1 8 10 1.0E-02 3241.4 8 8 2.3E-023246.0 8 6 1.4E-02 3247.6 8 8 2.3E-02 3322.3 8 6 3.5E-023334.3 8 6 3.4E-01 3350.4 8 10 1.5E-02 3353.7 8 8 5.8E-033457.1 8 8 8.4E-03 3467.9 8 8 1.0E-02 3589.3 8 6 6.9E-034594.0 8 10 1.4E+00 4627.2 8 8 1.3E+00 4661.9 8 6 1.3E+005645.8 8 6 5.4E-03 5765.2 8 8 1.1E-02 6018.2 8 10 8.5E-036291.3 8 6 1.8E-03 6864.5 8 10 5.8E-03 7106.5 8 8 2.6E-03 Fluorine F I 806.96 4 6 3.3E+00 809.60 2 4 2.8E+00 951.87 4 2 2.6E+00954.83 4 4 5.77E+00 955.55 2 2 5.1E+00 958.52 2 4 1.3E+006239.7 6 4 2.5E-01 6348.5 4 4 1.8E-01 6413.7 2 4 1.1E-01 6708.3 6 4 1.4E-02 6774.0 6 6 1.0E-01 6795.5 4 2 5.2E-026834.3 4 4 2.1E-01 6856.0 6 8 4.94E-01 6870.2 2 2 3.8E-016902.5 4 6 3.2E-01 6909.8 2 4 2.2E-01 6966.4 4 2 1.1E-017037.5 4 4 3.0E-01 7127.9 2 2 3.8E-01 7309.0 6 8 4.7E-017311.0 4 2 3.9E-01 7314.3 4 6 4.8E-01 7332.0 6 4 3.1E-017398.7 6 6 2.85E-017425.7 4 2 3.4E-01 7482.7 4 4 5.6E-02 7489.2 2 2 1.1E-01 7514.9 2 2 5.2E-027552.2 4 6 7.8E-02 7573.4 2 4 1.0E-01 7607.2 4 4 7.0E-027754.7 4 6 3.82E-01 7800.2 2 4 2.1E-01 Gallium Ga I 2195.4 2 2 1.9E-022199.7 4 2 3.3E-02 2214.4 4 6 1.2E-02 2235.9 4 2 4.3E-022255.0 2 2 3.1E-02 2259.2 4 6 3.1E-02 2294.2 2 4 7.0E-022297.9 4 2 5.8E-02 2338.2 4 6 9.8E-02 2371.3 2 2 5.7E-022418.7 4 2 1.0E-01 2450.1 2 4 2.8E-01 2500.2 4 6 3.4E-012659.9 2 2 1.2E-01 2719.7 4 2 2.3E-01 2874.2 2 4 1.2E+002943.6 4 6 1.4E+00 2944.2 4 4 2.7E-01 4033.0 2 2 4.9E-014172.0 4 2 9.2E-01 Ga II 829.60 1 3 2.2E-01 1414.4 1 3 1.88E+01 Germanium Ge I 1944.7 3 1 7.0E-011955.1 3 3 2.8E-01 1988.3 5 3 2.5E-01 1998.9 5 5 5.5E-01 2041.7 1 3 1.1E+00 2065.2 3 3 8.5E-01 2068.7 3 5 1.2E+002086.0 3 5 4.0E-01 2094.3 5 7 9.7E-01 2105.8 5 5 1.7E-012256.0 5 5 3.2E-02 2417.4 5 5 9.6E-01 2498.0 1 3 1.3E-012533.2 3 3 1.0E-01 2589.2 5 3 5.1E-02 2592.5 3 5 7.1E-012651.2 5 5 2.0E+00 2651.6 1 3 8.5E-01 2691.3 3 3 6.1E-012709.6 3 1 2.8E+002754.6 5 3 1.1E+00 3039.1 5 3 2.8E+00 3124.8 5 5 3.1E-02 3269.5 5 3 2.9E-014226.6 1 3 2.1E-01 4685.8 1 3 9.5E-02 Ge II 999.10 2 4 1.9E+00 1016.6 4 6 2.1E+001017.1 4 4 3.5E-01 1055.0 2 2 6.9E-01 1075.1 4 2 1.3E+001237.1 2 4 1.9E+01 1261.9 4 6 2.2E+01 1264.7 4 4 3.5E+001602.5 2 2 3.4E+00 1649.2 4 2 6.5E+00 4741.8 2 4 4.6E-014814.6 4 6 5.1E-01 4824.1 4 4 8.6E-02 5131.8 4 6 1.9E+005178.5 6 6 1.3E-01 5178.6 6 8 2.0E+00 5893.4 2 4 9.2E-016021.0 2 2 8.4E-01 6336.4 2 2 4.4E-01 6484.2 4 2 8.5E-01 Gold Au I 2427.95 2 4 1.99E+00 2675.95 2 2 1.64E+00 3122.78 6 4 1.90E-016278.30 4 2 3.4E-02 Helium He I 510.00 1 3 4.6224E-01 512.10 1 3 7.3174E-01515.62 1 3 1.2582E+00 522.21 1 3 2.4356E+00 537.03 1 3 5.6634E+00 584.33 1 3 1.7989E+01 *2677.1 3 9 4.4174E-03 *2696.1 3 9 6.0234E-03*2723.2 3 9 8.4996E-03 *2763.8 3 9 1.2508E-02 *2829.1 3 9 1.9389E-02*2945.1 3 9 3.2006E-02 *3187.7 3 9 5.6361E-02 3231.3 1 3 5.1015E-033258.3 1 3 6.9627E-03 3296.8 1 3 9.8432E-03 3354.6 1 3 1.4537E-023447.6 1 3 2.2691E-02 *3554.4 9 15 7.5971E-03 *3563.0 9 3 4.8362E-03*3587.3 9 15 1.8107E-02 TeamLRN10-105NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3613.6 1 3 3.8022E-02 *3634.2 9 15 2.6062E-02 *3652.0 9 3 9.7444E-03 *3705.0 9 15 3.9528E-02*3819.6 9 15 6.4351E-02 3833.6 3 5 9.6470E-03 *3867.5 9 3 2.4465E-023871.8 3 5 1.3386E-02 *3888.7 3 9 9.4746E-02 3926.5 3 5 1.9371E-023935.9 3 1 7.4475E-03 3964.7 1 3 6.9507E-02 4009.3 3 5 2.9612E-024024.0 3 1 1.1281E-02 *4026.2 9 15 1.1600E-01 *4120.8 9 3 4.4529E-024143.8 3 5 4.8812E-02 4169.0 3 1 1.8298E-02 4387.9 3 5 8.9889E-024437.6 3 1 3.2689E-02 *4471.5 9 15 2.4578E-01 *4713.2 9 3 9.5209E-024921.9 3 5 1.9863E-01 5015.7 1 3 1.3372E-01 5047.7 3 1 6.7712E-02*5875.7 9 15 7.0703E-01 6678.2 3 5 6.3705E-01 *7065.2 9 3 2.7853E-017281.4 3 1 1.8299E-01 *8361.7 3 9 3.8126E-03 *9463.6 3 9 5.6868E-039603.4 1 3 5.8286E-03 *9702.6 9 3 8.6511E-03 *10311 9 15 1.9945E-02*10668 9 3 1.4471E-02 *10830 3 9 1.0216E-01 *10913 15 21 1.9801E-0210917 5 7 1.6083E-02 *10997 15 9 1.4253E-03 11013 1 3 9.2496E-0311045 3 5 1.8457E-02 11226 3 1 1.1168E-02 *11969 9 15 3.4781E-02 *12528 3 9 7.0932E-03 12756 5 3 1.2754E-03 *12785 15 21 4.1339E-0212791 5 7 3.2475E-02 *12846 9 3 2.7317E-02 12968 3 5 3.3615E-02*12985 15 9 2.7292E-03 Indium In I 2560.2 2 4 4.0E-01 2710.3 4 6 4.0E-013039.4 2 4 1.3E+00 3256.1 4 6 1.3E+00 4101.8 2 2 5.6E-014511.3 4 2 1.02E+00In II 2941.1 3 1 1.4E+00 Iodine I I 1782.8 4 4 2.71E+00 1830.4 4 6 1.6E-01 Iridium Ir I 2475.12 10 10 2.1E-01 2502.98 10 12 3.2E-01 2639.71 10 10 4.7E-012661.98 10 10 2.5E-01 2664.79 10 8 4.0E-01 2694.23 10 12 4.8E-012849.72 10 10 2.2E-01 2853.31 10 10 2.0E-03 2882.64 10 8 7.2E-022924.79 10 12 1.42E-01 2934.64 8 10 2.0E-01 2951.22 10 8 2.8E-023003.63 8 10 5.9E-02 3168.88 8 10 5.47E-02 3220.78 10 8 2.4E-013558.99 6 8 1.5E-02 3573.72 8 10 5.4E-02 3617.21 6 8 2.0E-023628.67 8 8 2.8E-02 3661.71 8 10 4.0E-02 3734.77 8 8 2.7E-024033.76 8 10 2.7E-02 4069.92 6 8 3.6E-02 4913.35 12 12 3.3E-024939.24 10 12 2.5E-03 Iron Fe I 1934.54 9 7 2.5E-01 1937.27 9 7 2.2E-011940.66 7 5 2.6E-01 2084.12 9 7 3.7E-01 2102.35 7 7 8.8E-02 2112.97 1 3 1.9E-01 2132.02 9 9 7.6E-02 2145.19 7 7 5.7E-022153.01 5 5 6.9E-02 2161.58 3 5 5.0E-02 2166.77 9 7 2.7E+002171.30 5 7 5.1E-02 2173.21 3 5 8.3E-02 2176.84 1 3 1.0E-012191.20 1 3 7.3E-02 2191.84 5 5 1.2E+00 2196.04 3 3 1.2E+002200.72 3 5 2.8E-01 2259.51 9 11 7.0E-02 2267.08 7 5 7.1E-022272.07 7 9 3.8E-022276.03 9 7 1.7E-01 2277.11 7 5 3.7E+01 2287.25 5 3 3.4E-01 2292.52 7 9 4.3E-022294.41 3 1 6.1E-01 2300.14 5 7 8.0E-02 2301.68 1 3 1.3E-012303.42 1 3 9.4E-02 2303.58 3 5 7.6E-02 2309.00 3 5 1.5E-012313.10 5 7 1.4E-01 2320.36 7 9 1.2E-01 2371.43 5 5 5.2E-022373.62 7 7 6.7E-02 2374.52 1 3 2.9E-01 2381.83 3 5 5.4E-022389.97 5 7 5.0E-02 2462.18 7 5 1.5E-01 2462.65 9 9 5.8E-012479.78 5 5 1.8E+00 2483.27 9 11 4.9E+00 2488.14 7 9 4.7E+002490.64 5 7 3.8E+00 2491.15 3 5 3.0E+00 2501.13 9 7 6.8E-012510.83 7 5 1.3E+00 2518.10 5 3 1.9E+00 2522.85 9 9 2.9E+002524.29 3 1 3.4E+00 2527.43 7 7 1.9E+00 2529.13 5 5 9.8E-012535.61 1 3 9.7E-01 2540.97 3 5 9.2E-01 2545.98 5 7 6.7E-012549.61 7 9 3.6E-01 2584.54 11 13 4.6E-01 2606.83 9 11 4.2E-012618.02 7 7 4.0E-01 2623.53 7 9 3.3E-01 2656.15 13 15 2.8E-012669.49 11 13 1.7E-01 2679.06 11 11 1.9E-01 2719.03 9 7 1.4E+00 2720.90 7 5 1.1E+00 2723.58 5 3 6.4E-01 2733.58 11 9 8.6E-012735.48 9 7 6.2E-01 2737.31 3 3 8.5E-01 2742.41 5 5 6.3E-012744.07 1 3 3.5E-01 2750.14 7 7 3.9E-01 2756.33 3 5 2.0E-012788.10 11 13 6.3E-01 2894.50 5 5 6.2E-01 2899.42 5 3 5.9E-012920.69 5 5 5.2E-02 2923.29 11 11 1.6E+00 2925.36 7 9 1.8E-012929.01 7 5 7.3E-02 10-106NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 2936.90 9 9 1.3E-01 2941.34 5 3 5.6E-02 2947.88 7 7 2.0E-01 2953.94 5 5 1.89E-012954.65 5 7 1.0E-01 2957.36 3 3 1.77E-01 2965.25 1 3 1.16E-012966.90 9 11 2.72E-01 2969.36 3 1 3.66E-02 2973.13 5 7 1.35E-012973.24 7 9 1.83E-01 2980.53 7 7 2.2E-01 2981.45 7 5 6.54E-022983.57 9 7 2.80E-01 2987.29 9 7 6.6E-02 2990.39 9 11 3.9E-012994.43 7 5 4.4E-01 2996.39 3 5 1.6E-01 2999.51 11 11 2.3E-013000.95 5 3 6.42E-01 3008.14 3 1 1.07E+00 3009.09 13 11 6.7E-023009.57 9 9 1.7E-01 3011.48 7 9 4.7E-01 3015.92 11 9 5.9E-023016.18 5 3 8.5E-02 3017.63 3 3 6.82E-02 3018.98 7 7 1.3E-013021.07 7 7 4.56E-01 3024.03 3 5 4.88E-02 3025.84 1 3 3.48E-013026.46 5 5 1.1E-01 3031.63 3 3 1.5E-01 3037.39 3 5 3.2E-013042.02 3 5 4.9E-02 3042.66 5 7 5.7E-02 3047.60 5 7 2.84E-013053.07 3 5 1.5E-01 3057.45 11 9 4.4E-01 3059.09 7 9 1.7E-013067.24 9 7 3.4E-01 3068.17 5 3 9.8E-02 3075.72 7 5 2.9E-01 3083.74 5 3 3.0E-01 3091.58 3 1 5.4E-01 3098.19 11 11 1.1E-013100.67 7 7 1.4E-01 3119.49 11 9 8.2E-02 3120.43 9 7 8.9E-023156.27 7 7 5.4E-01 3160.66 9 9 1.9E-01 3161.95 11 13 1.2E-013166.44 9 7 1.14E-01 3168.85 5 7 5.7E-02 3175.45 11 11 1.3E-013176.36 5 3 9.2E-02 3196.93 9 11 9.0E-01 3199.53 9 9 2.6E-013205.40 3 3 1.2E+003215.94 5 5 8.0E-01 3217.38 11 9 2.2E-01 3219.58 7 9 6.2E-01 3222.07 11 11 3.3E-013225.79 11 13 8.8E-01 3227.80 9 7 1.4E+00 3228.25 5 3 4.5E-013229.99 9 11 4.5E-01 3230.21 5 5 1.9E-01 3230.96 7 5 3.9E-013233.05 13 15 5.4E-01 3233.97 9 9 2.0E-01 3246.96 5 3 9.9E-023248.20 7 7 2.2E-01 3253.60 7 9 1.8E-01 3254.36 11 13 5.1E-013257.59 7 5 1.4E-01 3265.62 7 5 3.8E-01 3268.23 3 3 5.9E-023271.00 5 3 6.6E-01 3280.26 9 11 5.4E-01 3282.89 3 5 3.0E-013284.59 5 5 5.4E-02 3290.99 3 5 6.0E-02 3292.02 7 9 6.1E-013292.59 3 3 2.6E-01 3298.13 3 5 8.1E-02 3305.97 5 7 4.7E-013306.36 3 5 6.1E-01 3307.23 13 13 2.0E-01 3314.74 5 7 6.9E-013322.47 9 11 6.2E-02 3323.74 5 5 3.0E-01 3328.87 11 11 2.7E-013337.66 11 9 5.7E-02 3347.93 5 5 4.0E-02 3354.06 1 3 7.7E-023355.23 9 9 3.2E-01 3369.55 9 9 2.4E-01 3370.78 11 11 3.3E-013380.11 7 7 2.4E-01 3383.98 7 7 9.3E-02 3392.65 7 7 2.6E-01 3394.58 5 3 9.9E-02 3399.33 5 5 3.8E-01 3402.26 13 13 2.8E-013406.44 3 5 3.0E-01 3407.46 7 9 5.8E-01 3410.17 3 5 4.7E-013411.35 9 9 5.5E-02 3413.13 5 7 3.6E-01 3417.84 3 3 5.1E-013418.51 3 1 1.3E+00 3424.28 7 7 2.0E-01 3425.01 9 7 2.8E-013427.12 7 9 5.5E-01 3428.19 5 5 2.1E-01 3428.75 7 5 2.7E-013440.99 7 5 8.4E-023442.36 5 5 4.55E-02 3443.88 5 3 6.2E-02 3445.15 5 7 2.8E-01 3447.28 5 5 9.1E-023450.33 3 3 2.0E-01 3476.70 1 3 5.4E-02 3477.85 3 1 4.2E-023485.34 5 3 1.4E-01 3495.29 9 7 9.46E-02 3497.10 7 7 1.4E-013505.07 5 3 9.9E-02 3506.50 5 5 7.1E-02 3508.49 9 11 5.7E-023510.44 1 3 4.4E-02 3516.56 7 5 3.7E-02 3521.84 3 5 9.6E-023523.31 5 3 7.6E-02 3524.08 7 5 7.5E-02 3524.24 5 7 4.2E-023527.79 9 9 2.0E-01 3529.82 3 3 7.6E-01 3536.56 5 7 7.8E-013537.73 5 3 1.1E-01 3537.90 11 11 8.4E-02 3540.12 7 9 1.2E-013541.08 9 11 6.2E-01 3542.08 7 9 7.4E-01 3543.67 3 5 1.8E-013548.02 5 3 9.7E-02 3552.11 3 5 4.5E-02 3552.83 5 5 1.5E-013553.74 11 9 8.1E-01 3556.88 9 11 4.4E-01 3559.50 3 3 1.9E-013560.70 7 9 6.5E-02 3565.38 7 9 3.8E-01 3567.03 5 7 6.5E-023568.42 5 3 5.3E-02 3568.82 7 9 5.6E-02 3570.10 9 11 6.77E-013572.00 11 11 2.4E-01 3573.39 5 7 7.5E-02 3576.76 11 9 9.6E-02 3578.38 1 3 6.3E-02 3581.19 11 13 1.02E+00 3582.20 13 11 2.5E-013583.33 1 3 2.3E-01 3585.32 7 7 1.3E-01 3585.71 9 9 3.75E-023586.98 5 5 1.6E-01 3591.48 1 3 6.0E-02 3592.67 7 5 4.0E-023594.63 9 9 2.7E-01 3595.30 5 5 5.4E-02 3597.02 5 3 1.7E-013599.62 11 9 1.8E-01 3603.20 11 11 2.6E-01 3603.82 3 3 1.7E-013605.45 9 9 6.4E-01 TeamLRN10-107NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3606.68 11 13 8.2E-01 3608.86 3 5 8.14E-01 3610.16 13 13 4.8E-01 3610.70 5 3 7.1E-023612.07 11 13 7.5E-02 3613.45 7 7 6.7E-02 3615.19 3 3 5.8E-023617.79 5 7 6.5E-01 3618.77 5 7 7.3E-01 3621.46 9 11 5.1E-013622.00 7 7 5.1E-01 3623.19 13 13 7.4E-02 3624.06 5 3 5.4E-023630.35 9 7 7.6E-02 3631.46 7 9 5.17E-01 3632.04 3 5 4.8E-013632.55 11 9 5.2E-02 3635.19 5 3 1.4E-01 3637.86 9 9 5.5E-023638.30 7 9 2.6E-01 3640.39 9 11 3.8E-01 3644.80 7 5 7.8E-023645.82 1 3 5.7E-01 3647.84 9 11 2.92E-01 3649.51 11 9 4.2E-013650.03 7 7 9.9E-02 3651.47 7 9 6.2E-01 3655.46 5 5 1.0E-013659.52 9 9 5.8E-02 3667.25 9 7 1.4E-01 3669.15 9 7 7.4E-023669.52 9 7 3.0E-01 3670.09 11 13 7.6E-02 3674.77 5 3 6.7E-023676.31 9 11 4.63E-02 3677.31 5 7 3.1E-01 3677.63 7 5 8.0E-013678.86 3 5 4.1E-02 3682.24 5 5 1.7E+00 3684.11 9 7 3.4E-013686.00 9 11 2.6E-01 3686.26 3 1 1.2E-01 3687.46 11 9 8.01E-02 3688.48 7 9 6.9E-02 3690.73 11 11 2.7E-01 3694.01 5 7 6.8E-013697.43 7 7 2.1E-01 3698.60 5 7 3.8E-02 3699.15 5 7 4.5E-023701.09 7 9 4.8E-01 3702.03 3 1 3.5E-01 3703.69 9 11 5.3E-023703.82 1 3 1.2E-01 3704.46 11 9 1.3E-01 3709.25 9 7 1.56E-013711.41 3 5 7.3E-02 3718.41 7 7 5.3E-02 3719.93 9 11 1.62E-013722.56 5 5 4.97E-023724.38 5 7 1.3E-01 3726.93 5 5 4.6E-01 3727.09 9 7 2.0E-01 3727.62 7 5 2.25E-013730.39 9 11 1.3E-01 3730.95 5 7 3.8E-02 3732.40 5 5 2.8E-013733.32 3 3 6.2E-02 3734.86 11 11 9.02E-01 3735.32 9 9 2.4E-013737.13 7 9 1.42E-01 3738.31 11 13 3.8E-01 3740.24 7 9 1.4E-013742.62 9 9 1.0E-01 3743.36 5 3 2.60E-01 3744.10 5 3 3.6E-013745.56 5 7 1.15E-01 3745.90 1 3 7.33E-02 3746.93 7 7 2.2E-013748.26 3 5 9.15E-02 3749.48 9 9 7.64E-01 3753.61 7 5 9.3E-023756.94 11 11 2.4E-01 3757.45 5 3 1.2E-01 3758.23 7 7 6.34E-013760.05 13 15 4.47E-02 3760.53 3 5 4.8E-02 3763.79 5 5 5.44E-013765.54 13 15 9.8E-01 3766.67 5 3 9.7E-02 3767.19 3 3 6.40E-013768.03 3 1 8.4E-02 3774.82 3 3 4.7E-02 3778.51 7 5 1.2E-013781.94 5 7 3.7E-02 3785.95 11 13 4.2E-02 3786.19 5 5 1.2E-013787.16 5 5 1.0E-01 3787.88 3 5 1.29E-01 3789.82 9 7 3.9E-023791.73 5 3 6.3E-02 3793.87 3 3 7.4E-02 3794.34 9 11 3.8E-02 3795.00 5 7 1.15E-01 3799.55 7 9 7.32E-02 3801.68 5 7 6.6E-023802.00 11 13 3.5E-02 3802.28 5 5 5.0E-02 3804.01 11 9 4.7E-023805.35 9 11 9.8E-01 3806.22 3 3 2.3E-01 3806.70 11 11 5.4E-013807.54 3 5 8.0E-02 3808.73 9 9 3.54E-02 3810.76 5 3 2.0E-013813.88 13 11 8.7E-02 3815.84 9 7 1.3E+00 3817.64 11 11 8.3E-023819.50 7 5 4.6E-023820.43 11 9 6.68E-01 3821.18 11 13 7.0E-01 3821.83 5 5 7.8E-02 3825.88 9 7 5.98E-013827.82 7 5 1.05E+00 3833.31 9 9 4.69E-02 3834.22 7 5 4.53E-013836.33 5 5 3.7E-01 3839.26 9 9 2.8E-01 3839.61 3 5 3.9E-013840.44 5 3 4.70E-01 3841.05 5 3 1.3E+00 3843.26 9 7 4.7E-013845.17 3 3 6.8E-02 3845.69 5 7 4.9E-02 3846.00 9 7 4.3E-023846.41 11 9 1.9E-01 3846.80 7 7 6.6E-01 3849.96 3 1 6.06E-013856.37 7 5 4.64E-02 3859.21 13 11 8.5E-02 3859.91 9 9 9.70E-023865.52 3 3 1.55E-01 3867.22 5 5 3.4E-01 3871.75 11 11 6.7E-023872.50 5 5 1.05E-01 3873.76 11 9 8.0E-02 3878.02 7 7 7.72E-023878.57 5 3 6.6E-02 3883.28 7 7 1.6E-01 3884.36 11 9 3.5E-023885.51 3 5 5.8E-02 3886.28 7 7 5.30E-02 3887.05 9 9 3.52E-023888.51 5 5 2.6E-01 3888.82 5 3 2.7E-01 3891.93 3 3 4.0E-013893.39 11 11 1.3E-01 3895.66 3 1 9.40E-02 3900.52 7 7 7.5E-023902.95 7 7 2.14E-01 3903.90 9 9 9.6E-02 3906.75 5 7 6.7E-02 3907.93 7 5 6.7E-02 3909.66 3 5 5.3E-02 3909.83 3 3 6.5E-023914.27 3 3 5.4E-02 3916.73 13 11 1.2E-01 3919.07 9 9 3.9E-023925.20 1 3 5.7E-02 3931.12 5 7 4.5E-02 3941.28 5 5 8.4E-023942.44 3 5 9.0E-02 3946.99 9 11 4.4E-02 3948.77 11 9 2.2E-013949.14 3 3 3.9E-02 3949.95 7 5 5.9E-02 3951.16 3 5 3.6E-013952.60 11 11 4.1E-02 10-108NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3953.15 7 9 3.7E-02 3955.34 3 3 1.4E-01 3955.96 3 3 5.7E-02 3956.45 13 11 2.1E-013957.02 5 7 1.6E-01 3960.28 5 7 4.2E-02 3963.10 3 5 1.7E-013967.42 9 7 2.3E-01 3967.96 7 9 6.3E-02 3969.26 9 7 2.3E-013970.39 3 1 3.5E-01 3971.32 11 9 5.7E-02 3973.65 5 7 6.6E-023976.61 3 5 1.8E-01 3977.74 5 5 7.0E-02 3981.77 9 9 3.9E-023983.96 9 7 7.6E-02 3985.39 5 5 6.7E-02 3989.86 5 7 5.0E-023996.97 9 9 6.7E-02 3997.39 9 11 1.5E-01 3998.05 11 9 6.6E-024003.76 3 3 7.1E-02 4005.24 7 5 2.04E-01 4006.31 11 9 4.7E-024007.27 7 5 4.2E-02 4009.71 3 5 5.2E-02 4014.53 11 11 2.4E-014017.15 9 11 4.5E-02 4021.87 7 9 1.0E-01 4024.72 7 9 8.9E-024031.96 3 5 7.1E-02 4040.64 5 7 4.4E-02 4044.61 5 3 1.1E-014045.81 9 9 8.63E-01 4054.87 5 3 1.6E-01 4058.22 9 7 4.9E-024059.73 5 3 8.1E-02 4062.44 3 3 2.2E-01 4063.59 7 7 6.8E-014065.40 3 1 1.9E-01 4067.98 9 9 1.7E-01 4070.77 7 5 1.3E-01 4071.74 5 5 7.65E-01 4073.76 5 3 1.6E-01 4074.79 9 9 4.8E-024076.63 9 9 1.9E-01 4078.35 5 3 4.2E-02 4079.18 5 5 5.1E-024079.84 1 3 6.3E-02 4080.21 3 1 2.4E-01 4082.44 3 3 3.8E-024084.49 11 9 1.1E-01 4085.00 3 5 4.2E-02 4085.30 7 7 1.1E-014085.98 7 5 5.0E-02 4088.57 5 3 3.9E-02 4098.18 7 7 6.8E-024107.49 5 3 2.5E-014109.07 1 3 4.5E-02 4109.80 3 3 1.6E-01 4112.96 11 13 1.4E-01 4114.45 5 5 4.7E-024118.54 11 13 5.8E-01 4126.18 11 11 3.9E-02 4127.61 1 3 1.3E-014132.06 5 7 1.2E-01 4132.90 3 5 9.4E-02 4134.68 5 7 1.8E-014137.00 3 5 2.2E-01 4137.42 5 7 6.1E-02 4142.63 3 5 7.4E-024143.87 7 9 1.5E-01 4149.37 11 13 3.6E-02 4150.25 3 3 7.1E-024153.90 7 9 2.3E-01 4154.80 9 11 1.5E-01 4156.80 5 5 1.9E-014158.79 3 5 1.6E-01 4170.90 5 5 6.1E-02 4172.12 7 5 9.7E-024175.64 3 5 1.6E-01 4181.75 5 7 3.6E-01 4182.38 5 5 4.9E-024184.89 5 5 1.1E-01 4187.04 7 5 2.15E-01 4187.79 9 7 1.52E-014191.68 1 3 4.8E-02 4196.21 7 7 9.8E-02 4198.30 11 9 8.03E-024198.64 5 5 1.3E-01 4199.09 9 11 6.1E-01 4200.09 7 7 4.0E-024200.92 7 9 4.2E-02 4202.03 9 9 8.22E-02 4203.67 7 9 8.6E-024203.94 13 13 1.3E-01 4205.54 5 5 3.6E-02 4207.13 5 3 4.3E-024210.34 3 3 1.7E-01 4213.65 3 1 1.9E-01 4217.55 3 5 2.3E-01 4219.36 11 13 3.8E-01 4220.34 3 1 1.9E-01 4222.21 7 7 5.77E-024224.17 9 11 1.3E-01 4224.51 3 5 7.1E-02 4225.45 5 7 1.7E-014226.42 3 3 3.7E-02 4233.60 3 5 1.85E-01 4235.94 9 9 1.88E-014238.81 7 9 2.2E-01 4240.37 5 3 5.7E-02 4245.26 1 3 8.3E-024246.08 7 5 5.7E-02 4247.43 9 11 2.0E-01 4248.22 3 5 3.5E-024250.12 5 7 2.08E-014250.79 7 7 1.0E-01 4260.47 11 11 3.2E-01 4267.83 1 3 9.4E-02 4268.75 5 3 4.2E-024271.15 7 9 1.82E-01 4271.76 9 11 2.28E-01 4282.40 7 5 1.1E-014300.83 5 5 4.7E-02 4305.45 5 3 6.0E-02 4307.90 7 9 3.4E-014315.08 5 5 7.7E-02 4325.76 5 7 5.0E-01 4327.09 5 5 7.8E-024352.73 3 5 3.9E-02 4369.77 9 9 7.2E-02 4383.54 9 11 5.00E-014387.89 3 3 3.9E-02 4388.41 7 7 1.3E-01 4401.29 7 7 5.9E-024404.75 7 9 2.75E-01 4415.12 5 7 1.19E-01 4422.57 3 3 8.8E-024430.61 3 1 7.45E-02 4433.22 5 3 2.3E-01 4438.34 3 1 7.9E-024442.34 5 5 3.76E-02 4443.19 1 3 1.1E-01 4446.83 3 3 5.3E-024447.72 3 3 5.11E-02 4454.38 5 5 3.8E-02 4455.03 9 7 3.9E-024466.55 5 7 1.2E-01 4469.37 5 7 2.6E-01 4481.61 3 3 4.2E-024484.22 7 9 7.0E-02 4485.67 3 3 1.1E-01 4528.61 7 9 5.44E-024533.13 3 1 3.7E-02 4547.85 5 7 7.6E-02 4619.29 7 5 4.7E-024669.17 5 3 4.0E-02 4673.16 5 7 4.6E-02 4678.85 7 9 7.4E-02 4704.95 3 1 8.1E-02 4736.77 9 11 4.9E-02 4789.65 5 5 7.2E-024859.74 5 3 1.3E-01 4871.32 7 5 2.2E-01 4872.14 3 3 2.4E-014878.21 1 3 9.1E-02 4890.75 5 5 2.1E-01 4891.49 9 7 2.9E-014892.87 3 3 4.8E-02 4903.31 3 5 4.7E-02 4917.23 5 3 6.1E-024918.01 1 3 4.0E-02 4918.99 7 7 1.7E-01 4920.50 11 9 3.5E-014930.31 3 3 4.1E-02 TeamLRN10-109NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 4969.92 3 3 1.8E-01 4973.10 3 3 1.0E-01 4978.60 5 3 1.1E-01 4988.95 7 7 4.9E-024991.27 5 7 8.2E-02 5001.86 9 7 3.9E-01 5004.04 5 3 3.5E-025014.94 7 5 3.0E-01 5022.24 5 3 2.6E-01 5074.75 9 11 1.5E-015090.78 7 5 2.0E-01 5109.65 3 5 5.4E-02 5121.64 5 5 7.9E-025125.11 9 7 2.6E-01 5133.69 11 13 2.7E-01 5137.38 11 9 1.1E-015159.06 5 3 1.3E-01 5162.27 11 11 2.4E-01 5184.26 5 7 3.5E-025208.59 7 5 5.2E-02 5232.94 9 11 1.4E-01 5263.30 5 5 5.2E-025266.55 7 9 8.6E-02 5283.62 7 7 8.0E-02 5302.30 3 5 6.3E-025324.18 9 9 1.5E-01 5339.93 5 7 7.0E-02 5353.39 9 7 4.8E-025364.87 5 7 5.5E-01 5367.47 7 9 5.8E-01 5369.96 9 11 4.7E-015373.71 7 9 3.5E-02 5383.37 11 13 5.6E-01 5389.48 7 7 1.3E-015398.29 5 5 9.8E-02 5400.50 9 9 1.8E-01 5410.91 7 9 4.8E-015415.20 11 13 5.6E-01 5424.07 13 15 5.0E-01 5432.95 5 5 4.1E-025445.04 11 11 2.0E-01 5463.27 9 9 3.2E-01 5466.39 9 7 7.5E-02 5473.90 7 7 5.5E-02 5480.87 3 1 1.2E-01 5487.74 7 5 8.6E-025554.89 9 9 8.7E-02 5569.62 5 3 2.1E-01 5572.84 7 5 2.1E-015576.09 3 1 2.1E-01 5586.76 9 7 1.9E-01 5598.30 5 5 1.8E-015615.64 11 9 1.7E-01 5624.54 5 5 5.3E-02 5633.97 11 13 8.7E-025638.27 9 7 4.0E-02 5650.01 3 5 5.0E-02 5655.18 7 9 5.3E-025658.82 7 7 3.6E-025679.02 5 7 3.6E-02 5686.53 9 11 4.4E-02 5691.51 3 1 6.2E-02 5705.99 7 9 6.7E-025717.85 1 3 5.0E-02 5753.12 3 5 7.0E-02 5762.99 5 7 1.0E-015816.36 9 11 3.7E-02 5905.67 5 3 1.2E-01 5927.80 5 3 5.1E-025930.17 5 7 1.6E-01 6020.17 7 9 1.1E-01 6024.07 9 11 1.3E-016055.99 7 9 7.0E-02 6170.49 5 5 1.3E-01 6336.84 3 3 4.9E-026338.90 5 3 4.8E-02 6400.00 7 9 5.5E-02 6411.65 5 7 3.5E-026419.98 7 7 1.3E-01 6469.21 3 3 9.0E-02 6495.78 3 3 6.0E-026496.46 5 5 8.5E-02 6569.23 7 9 6.5E-02 6633.76 7 7 3.6E-026733.16 3 1 3.9E-02 6841.35 5 7 3.6E-02 7130.94 3 5 4.3E-02 Fe II 1144.94 10 12 4.8E+001635.40 8 6 2.4E+00 1641.76 6 4 1.8E+00 1647.16 6 6 5.2E-012208.41 10 10 1.8E+00 2213.66 14 14 4.4E-01 2218.27 8 10 1.9E+002327.40 6 4 5.9E-01 2331.31 10 8 2.9E-01 2332.80 8 6 1.5E+002338.01 4 4 1.1E+00 2343.49 10 8 1.7E+00 2343.96 8 6 2.9E-01 2344.28 2 4 8.2E-01 2348.11 10 8 5.1E-01 2348.30 6 6 1.2E+002351.67 6 6 1.7E+00 2352.31 2 4 4.2E+00 2353.68 8 8 1.3E+002354.89 6 4 2.4E-01 2360.00 10 10 2.4E-01 2360.29 8 6 5.9E-012362.02 8 8 1.3E-01 2363.86 8 10 5.1E+00 2364.83 8 8 6.1E-012365.77 6 6 2.1E+00 2366.59 6 6 9.9E-02 2368.60 6 4 5.9E-012369.95 10 12 5.7E+002370.50 4 4 1.4E-01 2373.74 10 10 3.3E-01 2375.19 4 2 9.8E-01 2379.27 8 8 1.5E-012380.76 6 8 3.1E-01 2382.04 10 12 3.8E+00 2382.90 12 14 2.2E-012383.25 6 6 3.4E-01 2384.39 4 4 2.3E-01 2388.37 10 12 2.2E-012388.63 8 8 1.0E+00 2390.10 14 16 5.5E+00 2390.77 6 6 9.3E-012395.42 6 4 3.3E-01 2395.62 8 10 2.5E+00 2399.24 6 6 1.4E+002400.06 12 14 5.2E+00 2401.29 6 8 2.5E+00 2404.43 4 2 7.1E-012404.89 6 8 1.7E+00 2406.66 4 4 1.6E+00 2410.52 4 6 1.5E+002411.07 2 2 2.4E+00 2413.31 2 4 1.1E+00 2416.45 8 10 1.6E+002418.44 6 8 1.6E+00 2423.21 4 6 1.4E+00 2428.36 8 10 2.7E+002432.87 14 14 3.2E+00 2434.06 8 6 7.0E-01 2434.24 8 10 2.0E+002434.73 12 12 3.2E+00 2439.30 12 14 2.8E+00 2445.11 12 12 1.9E+002445.80 4 6 1.5E+00 2446.47 12 14 2.9E-01 2447.20 6 6 1.2E+002453.98 8 10 7.3E-01 2455.71 8 8 1.0E+00 2458.78 10 12 2.7E+002458.97 6 4 2.0E+00 2460.44 10 12 5.3E+00 2461.28 6 8 2.6E+00 2461.86 8 10 2.6E+00 2466.52 2 4 2.1E+00 2469.51 8 6 2.8E+002472.61 8 10 3.7E+00 2475.12 4 6 3.9E+00 2475.54 6 8 3.5E+002481.05 12 12 1.9E-01 2484.44 8 8 2.3E+00 2492.34 10 12 1.6E-012493.26 14 16 3.4E+00 2501.31 2 2 1.4E+00 2503.87 10 10 2.4E+002508.34 8 10 2.7E+00 2533.63 12 12 1.3E+00 2534.42 8 8 1.2E+002535.36 6 4 3.3E+00 10-110NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 2535.49 10 8 5.4E-01 2536.67 12 12 4.0E-01 2537.14 10 10 1.4E+00 2538.20 14 12 1.2E+002538.50 8 6 3.3E-01 2538.80 12 10 8.2E-01 2538.91 10 8 7.8E-012538.99 14 12 1.2E+00 2540.52 2 2 1.5E+00 2541.10 8 6 7.3E-012541.84 8 6 7.7E-01 2542.73 2 2 1.9E+00 2543.38 10 12 4.4E-012543.43 6 4 7.1E-01 2544.97 4 6 4.0E-01 2545.22 8 10 3.3E-012545.44 8 10 1.4E-01 2546.67 8 8 6.2E-01 2547.34 8 8 2.0E-012548.33 4 6 2.0E-01 2548.59 10 10 1.9E-01 2548.74 4 2 1.7E+002548.92 12 10 4.8E-01 2549.08 10 8 1.5E+00 2549.40 4 4 1.3E+002549.46 6 6 8.0E-01 2549.77 8 6 2.5E-01 2550.03 10 10 1.2E+002550.15 8 10 4.0E-01 2550.68 12 12 8.9E-01 2551.21 10 8 3.2E-012555.07 6 8 1.8E-01 2555.45 4 6 2.5E-01 2557.51 10 8 1.3E-012559.77 6 8 2.4E-01 2559.92 6 8 2.4E-01 2560.28 4 4 1.5E+002562.09 4 2 1.5E+00 2562.54 8 6 1.5E+00 2563.48 6 4 1.3E+002566.22 8 10 2.5E+00 2566.40 8 6 2.1E+00 2566.91 4 2 1.1E+00 2568.41 2 4 4.4E-01 2569.78 2 4 1.2E+00 2570.53 6 8 1.2E+002570.85 8 6 1.7E+00 2573.21 8 10 1.4E-01 2574.36 6 4 1.6E+002576.86 10 12 1.1E+00 2577.92 2 2 1.3E+00 2582.41 6 8 2.4E-012582.58 4 4 7.7E-01 2585.63 10 10 3.6E-01 2585.88 10 8 8.1E-012587.95 8 10 1.4E+00 2588.18 2 2 1.6E-01 2590.55 4 6 9.1E-022591.54 6 6 5.1E-012592.78 14 16 2.1E+00 2593.72 2 4 1.3E-01 2594.96 8 8 1.0E-01 2598.37 8 6 1.3E+002599.40 10 10 2.2E+00 2604.05 8 8 1.1E-01 2605.04 6 8 2.1E+002605.34 4 4 1.6E+00 2605.42 6 6 2.6E-01 2605.90 4 2 1.2E+002606.51 6 6 1.8E+00 2607.09 6 4 1.7E+00 2609.13 8 10 3.0E-012609.87 8 8 1.8E-01 2611.87 8 8 1.1E+00 2613.82 4 2 2.0E+002617.62 6 6 4.4E-01 2619.07 10 10 2.7E-01 2620.17 6 6 1.3E-012620.70 8 8 3.3E-01 2621.67 2 2 4.9E-01 2623.11 14 14 1.1E-012623.73 6 6 2.2E-01 2625.49 12 14 2.2E+00 2625.67 8 10 3.4E-012626.50 4 6 3.4E-01 2628.29 2 4 8.6E-01 2629.59 6 8 6.2E-012630.07 4 6 5.7E-01 2631.05 4 6 7.7E-01 2631.32 6 8 6.0E-012631.61 10 12 5.3E-01 2633.20 6 4 1.7E+00 2636.69 4 4 1.2E-012637.50 6 6 5.2E-01 2637.64 2 4 8.3E-01 2639.56 2 2 1.1E+002642.01 6 6 3.6E-01 2649.47 6 8 1.8E+00 2650.48 6 8 1.6E+002654.63 4 4 7.7E-01 2658.25 8 8 3.2E-01 2662.56 2 2 9.6E-01 2664.66 8 10 1.5E+00 2666.64 6 8 1.7E+00 2667.22 4 6 9.2E-012669.93 2 4 4.7E-01 2671.40 2 4 5.6E-01 2682.51 8 10 7.0E-012683.00 4 6 6.4E-01 2684.75 8 10 1.4E+00 2692.60 10 12 1.2E+002697.33 4 4 2.7E-01 2697.46 4 2 1.8E+00 2699.20 4 4 6.6E-012703.99 8 8 1.2E+00 2707.13 4 6 8.5E-01 2709.05 4 6 3.7E-012711.84 12 14 3.8E-012712.39 10 12 1.3E-01 2714.41 8 6 5.5E-01 2716.22 6 6 1.1E+00 2716.56 14 12 1.6E+002717.87 16 14 1.4E+00 2718.64 10 8 1.3E+00 2719.30 6 8 3.7E-012722.06 8 8 1.1E-01 2722.74 6 8 7.8E-01 2724.88 6 6 9.7E-012727.38 12 10 3.2E-01 2727.54 6 4 8.5E-01 2728.91 8 10 8.8E-022730.73 4 4 2.5E-01 2732.94 8 6 7.8E-01 2739.55 8 8 1.9E+002741.40 6 6 1.7E-01 2743.20 2 4 1.8E+00 2746.48 4 6 1.9E+002746.98 6 6 1.6E+00 2749.18 4 4 1.1E+00 2749.32 6 8 2.1E+002749.49 2 2 1.1E+00 2753.29 10 12 1.2E+00 2754.91 8 6 8.4E-012755.73 8 10 2.1E+00 2761.81 2 4 1.1E-01 2762.34 6 6 3.7E-012763.66 14 12 1.3E+00 2765.13 10 8 1.2E+00 2767.50 12 14 1.9E+002769.36 12 14 1.6E-01 2774.69 2 4 2.4E-01 2776.91 8 8 3.0E-012779.30 10 8 7.6E-01 2779.91 2 4 2.3E-01 2780.04 2 2 2.9E-012783.69 12 10 7.0E-01 2785.19 12 10 1.0E+00 2787.24 8 6 1.3E-012793.89 10 12 9.6E-02 2796.63 10 10 1.0E-01 2799.29 10 8 1.1E-01 2809.78 8 8 1.6E-01 2817.09 6 4 2.1E-01 2831.56 4 6 5.8E-012833.09 6 6 2.7E-01 2835.71 4 6 3.1E-01 2838.22 4 2 4.2E-012839.51 10 8 9.9E-01 2839.80 8 10 4.1E-01 2840.65 2 4 5.3E-012840.76 10 12 1.1E-01 2844.96 2 2 4.5E-01 2847.77 4 4 3.3E-012848.11 6 6 7.0E-01 2848.32 6 4 1.1E+00 2855.69 8 10 1.0E-012856.38 6 8 2.7E-01 TeamLRN10-111NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 2856.91 8 8 8.7E-01 2857.17 6 8 9.5E-02 2872.39 10 8 1.5E-01 2873.40 8 10 3.4E-012875.35 8 10 9.5E-02 2883.71 12 14 1.0E-01 2884.77 6 8 1.4E-012895.22 8 10 8.0E-02 2897.27 6 4 1.4E-01 2944.40 4 2 4.6E-012947.66 6 4 2.0E-01 2949.18 10 8 2.0E-01 2959.84 8 6 1.6E-012964.63 2 2 9.3E-02 2969.93 8 6 1.8E-01 2982.06 4 6 2.1E-012984.82 6 6 3.6E-01 2985.55 2 4 1.8E-01 2997.30 6 8 8.3E-023002.65 4 6 1.4E-01 3036.96 6 6 1.6E-01 3048.99 4 4 2.8E-013062.23 12 10 1.2E-01 3071.12 2 4 1.9E-01 3076.44 4 6 2.8E-013077.17 14 12 1.1E-01 3078.68 6 8 4.2E-01 3135.36 6 6 8.4E-023154.20 10 10 1.5E-01 3167.86 8 8 1.3E-01 3177.54 8 8 8.1E-023179.50 6 8 9.9E-02 5247.95 4 6 1.7E+00 5506.20 12 14 1.4E+005961.71 10 12 7.7E-01 Fe III 1843.4 9 7 4.8E+00 1844.3 7 5 4.9E+00 1846.9 5 3 5.5E+001854.38 3 1 5.7E+00 1865.20 7 7 6.1E+00 1893.98 11 9 5.5E+00 1896.80 13 11 5.0E+00 1904.3 5 5 5.7E+00 1907.58 15 13 5.3E+001915.08 13 15 6.0E+00 1922.79 11 13 5.5E+00 1930.39 9 11 5.1E+001931.51 9 11 5.3E+00 1937.35 7 9 5.1E+00 1943.48 5 7 5.0E+001950.33 13 15 5.5E+00 1951.01 11 11 5.3E+00 1952.65 9 9 4.9E+001953.32 7 7 5.1E+00 1987.50 13 13 4.9E+00Fe VII 150.807 5 7 1.3E+03 150.852 7 9 1.3E+03 151.023 9 11 1.6E+03151.046 7 7 2.2E+02 151.145 9 9 2.1E+02 151.432 5 7 2.2E+02151.512 5 5 5.3E+02 151.675 7 7 3.9E+02 151.782 9 9 2.4E+02154.307 3 1 8.9E+02 154.335 5 7 1.2E+03 154.363 3 3 4.2E+02154.565 5 3 3.5E+02 154.650 5 5 8.8E+02 154.848 1 3 7.7E+02154.921 3 5 9.7E+02 154.941 3 3 2.4E+02 154.949 5 7 1.0E+03155.994 9 11 1.8E+03 158.481 9 9 2.3E+02 165.087 1 3 6.9E+02165.919 7 5 2.8E+03 166.365 9 7 2.9E+03 173.441 9 9 3.6E+03176.744 9 9 2.7E+03 176.928 7 7 2.4E+03 177.172 5 5 1.5E+03235.221 5 3 1.7E+02 240.053 3 1 1.3E+02 243.379 9 7 2.1E+02 Fe VIII 112.472 4 4 3.6E+02112.486 6 6 4.3E+02 116.196 4 6 4.5E+02 117.197 6 8 3.8E+02167.486 4 4 3.0E+03 168.172 6 6 3.1E+03 168.545 6 4 2.0E+03168.929 4 2 2.1E+03 185.213 6 8 1.0E+03 186.601 4 6 9.4E+02 Fe X 76.822 2 2 1.8E+0377.865 4 6 1.6E+03 100.026 8 10 2.6E+03 101.733 6 8 1.8E+03101.846 4 6 1.7E+03 102.095 10 12 2.9E+03 102.192 10 12 2.9E+03102.829 4 6 2.1E+03 103.319 6 8 2.6E+03 103.724 6 8 1.7E+03104.638 8 10 2.1E+03 174.534 4 6 1.8E+03175.266 2 4 1.72E+03 Fe XI 72.166 5 7 2.9E+0372.310 5 5 1.5E+03 72.635 5 7 1.6E+03 91.394 5 7 2.6E+0391.472 7 9 2.5E+03 91.63 3 5 2.3E+03 91.63 7 9 3.4E+0391.63 5 7 2.8E+03 91.733 9 11 4.1E+03 92.81 9 11 3.7E+0392.87 11 13 3.9E+03 93.433 9 11 3.2E+03 179.762 5 7 1.67E+03 Fe XII 65.905 4 4 2.0E+0366.526 6 8 1.7E+03 66.960 4 6 1.6E+03 67.164 4 2 1.1E+0367.821 4 6 1.4E+03 68.382 2 4 1.7E+03 80.541 6 6 8.7E+0281.943 6 4 1.4E+03 82.226 4 2 1.9E+03 84.48 4 6 4.5E+0384.48 8 10 4.9E+03 84.52 10 12 5.2E+03 84.52 6 8 4.0E+0384.85 6 8 2.3E+03 85.14 8 10 3.4E+03 85.477 10 12 4.6E+03186.880 6 8 1.0E+03 192.394 4 2 9.0E+02 193.509 4 4 9.1E+02195.119 4 6 8.6E+02 Fe XIII 62.353 1 3 2.0E+03 62.46 5 7 1.2E+03 62.699 3 5 2.3E+03 63.188 5 7 3.9E+03 64.139 1 3 2.1E+03 74.845 5 5 1.0E+0375.892 5 3 7.7E+02 76.117 5 3 2.1E+03 78.452 9 11 6.3E+0384.270 7 9 5.5E+03 107.384 7 5 1.8E+03 Fe XIV 58.963 2 4 2.7E+03 59.579 4 6 3.1E+0369.176 4 6 5.6E+02 69.386 2 4 7.6E+02 10-112NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 69.66 2 2 8.9E+02 69.66 6 6 1.3E+03 70.251 6 4 8.1E+02 70.613 4 2 1.7E+0372.80 10 12 7.9E+03 76.022 4 6 6.6E+03 76.152 6 8 7.0E+0391.009 6 4 5.1E+02 91.273 4 2 5.6E+02 188 4 6 2.7E+02190 6 8 2.8E+02 207 2 2 2.1E+02 211.316 2 4 3.6E+02213 4 2 2.8E+02 214 2 2 4.0E+02 216 6 8 1.7E+02217 6 8 4.0E+02 217 6 6 2.6E+02 219 2 4 4.8E+02219 4 6 2.4E+02 219.123 4 6 3.9E+02 220 4 4 3.2E+02221 4 6 5.9E+02 226 2 4 3.9E+02 234 2 2 2.8E+02264.787 4 4 3.38E+02 265 4 4 1.5E+02 266 6 4 1.7E+02268 6 6 2.1E+02 268 4 2 3.3E+02 270.524 4 2 2.1E+02274.203 2 2 1.8E+02 280 4 6 2.8E+02 283 6 8 2.7E+02288.45 6 4 1.6E+02 Fe XV 38.95 1 3 1.69E+03 52.911 1 3 2.94E+03 59.404 3 5 3.4E+0363.959 5 7 1.6E+03 65.370 1 3 3.2E+02 65.612 3 3 9.8E+02 66.238 5 3 1.6E+03 68.860 9 11 9.2E+03 69.7 3 1 1.9E+0369.942 3 5 7.4E+03 69.989 5 7 7.9E+03 70.052 7 9 8.8E+0370.224 1 3 4.13E+03 70.53 7 5 2.6E+02 70.59 7 7 1.7E+0373.199 7 9 8.8E+03 73.473 5 7 6.2E+03 233.857 5 7 2.2E+02235 1 3 2.5E+02 243 1 3 2.4E+02 243 5 7 2.3E+02243.790 3 5 4.2E+02248 3 1 5.4E+02 284.160 1 3 2.28E+02 Fe XVI 31.041 2 4 5.2E+02 31.242 4 6 6.1E+02 32.166 2 4 6.8E+0232.192 2 2 6.7E+02 32.433 2 4 7.7E+02 32.652 4 6 9.1E+0234.857 2 4 1.23E+03 35.106 4 6 1.44E+03 35.333 4 6 6.4E+0235.368 6 8 6.8E+02 36.01 4 2 5.0E+02 36.749 2 4 1.1E+0336.803 2 2 1.2E+03 37.096 4 6 1.0E+03 37.138 6 8 1.07E+0339.827 2 4 2.1E+03 40.153 4 6 2.5E+03 40.161 4 4 4.1E+0240.199 4 6 1.7E+03 40.245 6 8 1.8E+03 41.91 2 2 4.72E+0242.30 4 2 9.2E+02 46.661 4 6 3.46E+03 46.718 6 8 3.7E+0350.350 2 4 1.86E+03 50.555 2 2 1.98E+03 54.142 2 4 3.41E+0354.728 4 6 4.16E+03 54.769 4 4 6.97E+02 62.879 2 2 1.05E+0363.719 4 2 2.18E+03 66.263 4 6 9.39E+03 66.368 6 8 1.00E+0466.392 6 6 6.69E+02 76.502 6 4 6.7E+02 76.796 4 2 7.72E+0280.192 4 6 5.2E+02 80.270 6 8 5.4E+02 85.587 2 4 4.0E+02 86.133 4 6 4.8E+02 96.256 4 6 8.7E+02 96.348 6 8 9.3E+02117.2 2 4 3.93E+02 117.7 2 2 3.9E+02 123.4 2 4 5.9E+02124.5 4 6 7.0E+02 144.06 4 6 1.6E+03 144.25 6 8 1.6E+03148 4 2 6.5E+02 266.7 4 6 3.9E+02 267.0 6 8 4.3E+02 Fe XVII 11.023 1 3 2.1E+0412.123 1 3 8.0E+0412.264 1 3 5.9E+04 12.526 1 3 3.0E+03 12.681 1 3 3.5E+03 13.823 1 3 3.3E+0413.891 1 3 3.4E+03 15.015 1 3 2.28E+05 15.262 1 3 6.0E+0416.777 1 3 8.29E+03 17.054 1 3 9.33E+03 41.37 9 11 4.8E+0349.427 3 3 4.0E+03 50.26 7 9 6.0E+03 58.76 9 11 1.2E+04 Fe XIX 13.413 5 3 1.3E+0413.426 5 7 4.8E+04 13.47 3 1 1.5E+05 13.520 5 7 2.0E+0513.56 3 5 1.0E+04 13.68 3 1 8.0E+04 13.69 5 7 2.3E+0413.700 1 3 2.7E+05 13.71 5 5 2.2E+04 13.738 5 7 1.0E+0413.796 5 7 7.0E+04 13.83 5 5 1.4E+04 13.934 1 3 4.51E+0413.961 3 3 2.0E+04 14.668 5 7 1.1E+04 14.671 5 3 1.1E+0414.929 3 3 1.2E+04 14.966 5 3 2.5E+04 14.995 5 5 2.2E+0415.015 1 3 1.4E+04 16.668 3 1 1.1E+04 Fe XX 12.67 6 6 1.0E+04 12.69 4 6 1.2E+0412.73 4 2 4.0E+04 12.77 4 4 2.1E+05 12.78 4 2 6.9E+04 12.78 2 4 1.4E+05 12.79 6 4 1.7E+04 12.82 4 4 1.1E+0512.88 6 4 2.7E+04 12.89 4 4 4.4E+04 12.90 4 2 6.2E+0312.90 4 6 1.4E+05 12.92 2 4 1.7E+04 12.93 4 6 1.6E+0512.93 2 2 1.2E+04 12.98 2 2 6.7E+04 12.99 6 6 5.1E+0413.00 6 4 1.1E+04 13.01 2 4 3.0E+04 13.03 4 2 8.6E+0413.07 6 4 8.2E+03 TeamLRN10-113NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 13.13 2 4 8.9E+04 13.24 4 4 1.2E+04 13.28 4 4 6.1E+03 13.70 4 6 1.1E+0413.71 2 2 9.9E+03 13.78 4 4 1.0E+04 13.79 6 6 1.2E+0413.83 4 2 9.8E+03 13.90 4 2 1.2E+04 13.98 6 4 1.6E+0413.99 4 2 2.2E+04 14.05 4 4 1.7E+04 14.23 2 2 6.3E+03 Fe XXI 8.53 3 1 1.8E+048.53 3 5 6.1E+03 8.53 3 3 1.5E+04 8.56 5 7 2.0E+048.56 1 3 2.1E+04 8.56 5 3 6.5E+03 8.64 5 7 1.5E+048.65 5 7 3.9E+04 8.66 5 5 4.4E+03 8.74 1 3 2.5E+049.42 3 1 4.3E+04 9.42 3 3 3.3E+04 9.44 3 5 1.7E+049.45 1 3 5.2E+04 9.46 5 3 1.5E+04 9.47 5 7 4.9E+049.47 5 5 6.1E+03 9.52 3 3 8.1E+03 9.58 5 5 5.2E+039.59 5 5 1.0E+04 9.67 1 3 5.7E+04 9.68 5 7 4.0E+039.74 5 3 5.3E+03 12.02 1 3 1.3E+04 12.13 3 3 1.8E+0412.18 5 7 2.2E+04 12.19 5 3 6.4E+03 12.21 3 1 1.5E+05 12.21 3 3 1.2E+05 12.25 1 3 2.1E+05 12.28 5 3 5.2E+0412.30 5 7 2.1E+05 12.36 3 3 3.6E+04 12.37 5 7 3.1E+0512.38 5 3 6.9E+03 12.47 5 7 5.8E+04 12.47 5 3 1.3E+0412.49 5 7 1.3E+04 12.53 5 5 1.5E+04 12.57 1 3 7.2E+0412.73 5 5 8.2E+03 12.95 3 5 6.2E+03 13.00 1 3 7.2E+0313.03 5 5 1.3E+0413.14 3 1 2.0E+04 13.41 1 3 7.3E+03 Fe XXII 9.002 4 6 5.5E+04 9.006 6 8 5.7E+04 9.006 6 6 5.3E+049.163 4 6 6.9E+04 9.183 6 8 8.3E+04 9.241 4 6 5.1E+0411.748 4 4 1.2E+05 11.748 4 6 1.6E+05 11.748 4 2 1.8E+0511.763 2 4 1.6E+05 11.789 2 2 2.6E+05 11.789 6 8 1.2E+0511.797 2 4 1.7E+05 11.823 6 4 7.9E+04 11.837 6 8 2.3E+0511.837 6 6 1.7E+05 11.886 4 6 1.3E+05 11.898 2 4 8.2E+0411.922 4 6 1.8E+05 11.976 6 8 5.9E+04 12.027 2 4 6.9E+0412.045 6 8 2.4E+05 12.045 4 4 9.7E+04 12.053 4 6 6.1E+0412.077 2 4 1.0E+05 12.077 4 6 2.4E+05 12.095 6 6 7.8E+0412.193 2 4 7.2E+04 12.193 4 6 9.9E+04 12.325 2 2 1.5E+05 Fe XXIII 7.733 5 7 3.0E+047.849 5 7 4.9E+04 8.307 1 3 4.8E+04 8.529 1 3 4.3E+048.550 3 5 6.0E+04 8.552 3 3 3.2E+04 8.614 5 7 7.7E+04 8.664 3 3 4.4E+04 8.669 5 7 6.1E+04 8.672 1 3 6.8E+048.752 5 7 1.2E+05 8.764 5 7 4.6E+04 8.814 3 5 6.2E+0410.902 5 5 5.3E+04 10.910 3 1 6.7E+04 10.927 5 7 6.0E+0410.934 3 5 5.4E+04 10.979 1 3 7.9E+04 11.018 1 3 4.9E+0411.086 3 1 6.5E+04 11.165 3 5 6.7E+04 11.255 3 3 3.7E+0411.298 1 3 1.3E+0511.325 3 5 1.7E+05 11.338 3 3 9.3E+04 11.429 3 1 1.7E+05 11.433 3 3 1.2E+0511.441 5 7 2.2E+05 11.445 5 5 5.6E+04 11.485 3 5 1.40E+0511.491 5 3 5.9E+04 11.519 5 5 1.16E+05 11.520 1 3 2.16E+0511.524 5 7 2.3E+05 11.593 5 7 3.58E+05 11.613 3 5 1.0E+0511.615 3 3 4.4E+04 11.691 5 7 7.7E+04 11.698 5 5 7.3E+0411.737 3 5 1.8E+05 11.898 1 3 2.03E+05 Fe XXIV 1.8523 2 2 1.0E+05 1.8552 2 4 4.82E+061.8563 4 2 2.43E+06 1.8572 2 2 3.06E+06 1.858 2 4 1.2E+051.8614 4 4 6.24E+06 1.8626 2 4 3.16E+06 1.8627 2 2 5.47E+061.8637 2 2 1.91E+06 1.8655 4 6 2.14E+06 1.8672 4 2 1.63E+061.8678 4 4 3.5E+05 1.8721 4 6 3.2E+05 1.8721 2 2 2.0E+051.8730 2 4 1.5E+05 1.8739 4 4 8.3E+04 1.891 2 2 9.7E+041.897 4 2 9.8E+04 8.231 2 4 6.10E+04 8.316 4 6 7.07E+0410.619 2 4 7.28E+04 10.663 2 2 7.51E+04 11.030 2 4 1.84E+05 11.171 4 6 2.18E+05 Fe XXV 1.4607 1 3 2.54E+05 1.4945 1 3 5.05E+05 1.5730 1 3 1.24E+061.5749 1 3 1.5E+05 1.778 3 3 8.7E+04 1.782 3 1 4.69E+061.787 1 3 2.57E+06 1.787 5 5 1.19E+06 1.788 3 5 2.68E+061.788 3 5 1.63E+06 1.789 1 3 1.78E+06 1.790 3 3 1.23E+061.791 3 5 4.10E+06 10-114NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 1.791 3 3 2.59E+06 1.792 3 1 4.92E+06 1.792 5 5 2.81E+06 1.793 3 1 2.67E+061.794 5 3 2.22E+06 1.797 3 5 8.8E+05 1.798 3 3 1.0E+051.800 1 3 8.6E+04 1.802 3 1 4.1E+05 1.810 3 1 5.9E+051.8502 1 3 4.57E+06 1.8593 1 3 4.42E+05 10.038 3 3 8.08E+04 Krypton Kr I1164.9 1 3 3.16E+00 1235.8 1 3 3.12E+00 4274.0 5 5 2.6E-024351.4 3 1 3.2E-02 4362.6 5 3 8.4E-03 4376.1 3 1 5.6E-024400.0 3 5 2.0E-02 4410.4 3 3 4.4E-03 4425.2 3 3 9.7E-034453.9 3 5 7.8E-03 4463.7 3 3 2.3E-02 4502.4 3 5 9.2E-035562.2 5 5 2.8E-03 5570.3 5 3 2.1E-02 5649.6 1 3 3.7E-035870.9 3 5 1.8E-02 6904.7 3 5 1.3E-02 7224.1 3 5 1.4E-027587.4 3 1 5.1E-01 7601.5 5 5 3.1E-01 7685.2 3 1 4.9E-017694.5 5 3 5.6E-02 7854.8 1 3 2.3E-01 8059.5 1 3 1.9E-018104.4 5 5 1.3E-01 8112.9 5 7 3.6E-01 8190.1 3 5 1.1E-01 8263.2 3 5 3.5E-01 8281.1 3 3 1.9E-01 8298.1 3 3 3.2E-018508.9 3 3 2.4E-01 8776.7 3 5 2.7E-01 8928.7 5 3 3.7E-01 Kr II 4250.6 4 4 1.2E-014292.9 4 4 9.6E-01 4355.5 6 8 1.0E+00 4431.7 2 2 1.8E+004436.8 2 4 6.6E-01 4577.2 6 8 9.6E-01 4583.0 6 4 7.6E-014615.3 4 4 5.4E-014619.2 4 6 8.1E-01 4633.9 4 6 7.1E-01 4658.9 6 4 6.5E-01 4739.0 6 6 7.6E-014762.4 2 4 4.2E-01 4765.7 4 6 6.7E-01 4811.8 2 4 1.7E-014825.2 2 4 1.9E-01 4832.1 4 2 7.3E-01 5208.3 4 4 1.4E-015308.7 4 6 2.4E-02 7407.0 6 6 7.0E-02 Lead Pb I 2022.0 1 3 5.2E-022053.3 1 3 1.2E-01 2170.0 1 3 1.5E+00 2401.9 3 3 1.9E-012446.2 3 3 2.5E-01 2476.4 3 5 2.8E-01 2577.3 5 3 5.0E-012613.7 3 3 2.7E-01 2614.2 3 5 1.9E+00 2628.3 5 3 3.1E-022657.1 3 5 9.8E-04 2663.2 5 5 7.1E-01 2802.0 5 7 1.6E+002823.2 5 5 2.6E-01 2833.1 1 3 5.8E-01 2873.3 5 5 3.7E-013572.7 5 3 9.9E-01 3639.6 3 3 3.4E-01 3671.5 5 3 4.4E-013683.5 3 1 1.5E+00 3739.9 5 5 7.3E-01 4019.6 5 7 3.5E-024057.8 5 3 8.9E-01 4062.1 5 3 9.2E-01 4168.0 5 5 1.2E-025005.4 1 3 2.7E-01 5201.4 1 3 1.9E-01 7229.0 5 3 8.9E-03 Lithium Li I *2741.2 2 6 1.3E-02 *3232.7 2 6 1.17E-02 *4602.9 6 10 2.23E-01*6103.6 6 10 6.860E-01 *6707.8 2 6 3.691E-01 Lutetium Lu I 3376.5 4 4 2.23E+003567.8 4 6 5.9E-01 3620.3 6 4 1.1E-02 3841.2 6 6 2.5E-014518.6 4 4 2.1E-01Magnesium Mg I 2025.8 1 3 8.4E-01*2779.8 9 9 5.2E+00 *2850.0 9 15 2.3E-01 2852.1 1 3 4.95E+00*3094.9 9 15 5.2E-01 3329.9 1 3 3.3E-02 3332.2 3 3 9.7E-023336.7 5 3 1.6E-01 *3835.3 9 15 1.68E+00 4703.0 3 5 2.55E-015167.3 1 3 1.16E-01 5172.7 3 3 3.46E-01 5183.6 5 3 5.75E-015528.4 3 5 1.99E-01 Mg II 1239.9 2 4 1.4E-02 1240.4 2 2 1.4E-02 *2660.8 10 14 3.8E-012790.8 2 4 4.0E+00 2795.5 2 4 2.6E+00 2797.9 4 4 7.9E-012798.1 4 6 4.8E+00 2802.7 2 2 2.6E+00 2928.8 2 2 1.2E+002936.5 4 2 2.3E+00 *3104.8 10 14 8.1E-01 3848.2 6 4 2.8E-023848.3 4 4 3.0E-03 3850.4 4 2 3.0E-02 *4481.2 10 14 2.23E+009218.3 2 4 3.6E-01 9244.3 2 2 3.6E-01 Mg IV 320.99 4 2 1.2E+02 323.31 2 2 5.9E+011219.0 6 6 5.9E+00 1375.5 4 4 4.5E+00 1459.6 6 4 4.6E+00 1495.5 4 6 6.4E+00 1510.7 4 4 6.7E+00 1683.0 6 8 5.8E+001698.8 4 6 3.9E+00 1893.9 6 6 2.8E+00 Mg VI *269.92 10 6 3.1E+02 *292.53 6 6 9.0E+01*314.64 6 2 1.8E+02 *349.15 10 10 6.1E+01 *387.94 6 10 1.3E+01399.29 4 2 2.8E+01 400.68 4 4 2.8E+01 403.32 4 6 2.7E+01 TeamLRN10-115NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 Mg VII 277.01 3 3 9.5E+01 278.41 5 3 1.5E+02 280.74 5 3 2.0E+02319.02 5 5 8.9E+01 *366.42 9 9 4.4E+01 *433.04 9 15 1.6E+011334.3 5 5 5.3E+00 1410.0 5 5 2.57E+00 1487.0 3 5 3.02E+001487.9 5 7 3.66E+00 Mg VIII *74.976 6 10 4.3E+03 315.02 4 4 1.2E+02 *342.29 10 6 6.3E+01353.86 4 4 3.89E+01 356.00 6 4 5.7E+01 *428.52 10 10 3.24E+01*434.62 6 10 1.6E+01 *489.33 6 6 3.9E+01 *686.92 6 10 9.4E+00 Mg IX 62.751 1 3 2.87E+03*67.189 9 15 6.20E+03 *71.965 9 3 1.22E+03 72.312 3 5 4.43E+0377.737 3 1 3.92E+02 368.07 1 3 5.27E+01 438.69 3 1 7.9E+01*443.74 9 9 4.19E+01 749.55 3 5 8.2E+00 1639.8 3 5 2.1E+002814.2 1 3 3.35E-01 Mg X 57.876 2 4 2.09E+03 57.920 2 2 2.09E+03 63.152 2 4 5.6E+0363.295 4 6 6.7E+03 609.79 2 4 7.53E+00 624.94 2 2 7.01E+00 2212.5 2 4 9.64E-01 2278.7 2 2 8.82E-01 5918.7 2 4 3.20E-026229.6 4 6 3.30E-02 Mg XI 7.310 1 3 1.15E+04 7.473 1 3 2.27E+04 7.850 1 3 5.50E+049.169 1 3 1.97E+05 Manganese Mn I 2794.82 6 8 3.7E+00 2798.27 6 6 3.6E+002801.08 6 4 3.7E+003007.65 6 8 1.8E-01 3011.38 8 10 3.1E-01 3016.45 10 12 2.9E-01 3043.36 8 8 5.9E-013044.57 10 8 5.7E-01 3045.59 10 10 6.7E-01 3045.80 8 10 1.7E-013047.03 12 12 6.1E-01 3054.36 8 6 4.6E-01 3070.27 6 6 1.9E-013073.18 4 4 3.7E-01 3082.71 14 14 2.9E-01 3110.68 6 8 2.7E-013113.80 12 10 2.6E-01 3118.10 4 6 1.7E-01 3122.88 10 10 1.9E-013126.85 8 6 2.3E-01 3132.28 10 10 2.1E-01 3132.79 8 8 2.7E-013175.58 8 10 1.8E-01 3201.11 4 6 2.2E-01 3228.09 10 12 6.4E-013230.23 10 12 1.9E-01 3230.72 8 8 3.5E-01 3240.88 6 4 2.2E-013243.78 6 6 5.3E-01 3251.13 4 2 2.3E-01 3252.95 4 4 1.8E-013256.14 4 6 5.0E-01 3258.41 2 2 9.7E-01 3260.24 2 4 3.8E-013267.79 14 14 3.5E-01 3268.72 6 8 3.3E-01 3270.35 12 12 2.6E-013273.02 10 10 2.7E-01 3298.23 6 4 2.8E-01 3303.28 4 4 1.9E-013463.66 8 8 3.2E-01 3470.01 6 8 2.4E-01 3511.83 12 12 2.7E-013535.30 10 10 1.7E-01 3559.81 6 6 2.1E-01 3577.87 10 8 9.4E-01 3595.11 6 4 1.8E-01 3601.27 12 10 2.3E-01 3607.53 8 8 2.3E-013608.49 6 6 3.6E-01 3610.30 4 4 4.2E-01 3635.70 10 8 2.1E-013660.40 12 14 9.1E-01 3675.67 6 8 2.2E-01 3676.96 10 12 7.3E-013680.15 12 10 1.9E-01 3682.09 8 10 7.6E-01 3684.87 6 8 2.6E-013706.08 12 14 1.4E+00 3718.92 10 12 9.6E-01 3731.94 8 10 1.0E+003771.44 14 14 1.9E-013773.86 12 12 2.5E-01 3800.55 6 8 2.7E-01 3806.72 10 12 5.9E-01 3823.51 8 10 5.21E-013823.89 6 6 2.31E-01 3833.87 4 4 3.14E-01 3834.37 6 8 4.29E-013839.78 2 2 4.64E-01 3841.07 4 6 3.3E-01 3843.99 2 4 2.11E-013889.46 12 14 3.1E-01 3898.37 6 8 1.7E-01 3899.34 4 6 2.4E-013924.08 2 4 9.4E-01 3926.48 6 8 5.4E-01 3951.98 2 2 3.1E-013952.84 6 6 4.1E-01 3975.88 2 4 1.8E-01 3982.16 4 2 3.5E-013982.58 6 4 2.3E-01 3982.90 6 4 5.5E-01 3991.60 2 2 2.1E-014011.91 8 8 2.3E-01 4018.11 10 8 2.54E-01 4030.76 6 8 1.7E-014033.07 6 6 1.65E-01 4034.49 6 4 1.58E-01 4041.36 10 10 7.87E-014048.75 6 4 7.5E-01 4052.48 6 8 3.8E-01 4055.55 8 8 4.31E-014058.94 4 2 7.25E-01 4061.74 8 6 1.9E-01 4063.53 6 6 1.69E-014065.08 12 14 2.5E-01 4066.24 10 8 2.2E-01 4070.28 2 2 2.3E-014079.42 2 4 3.8E-01 4082.95 4 6 2.95E-01 4083.63 6 8 2.8E-014089.94 8 10 1.7E-01 4105.37 10 8 1.7E-01 4135.03 12 12 3.0E-01 4141.06 10 10 2.6E-01 4148.80 8 8 2.3E-01 4176.61 14 12 2.4E-014189.99 12 10 2.0E-01 4201.78 10 8 2.3E-01 4235.30 8 6 9.17E-014239.74 4 2 3.9E-01 4257.67 2 2 3.7E-01 4265.93 4 4 4.92E-014281.10 6 6 2.3E-01 4411.87 12 10 2.6E-01 4414.89 8 6 2.93E-014419.77 10 8 2.1E-01 4436.36 6 4 4.37E-01 4451.58 8 8 7.98E-014453.01 4 2 5.44E-01 10-116NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 4455.82 4 6 1.7E-01 4457.04 6 4 2.34E-01 4457.55 6 6 4.27E-01 4458.26 6 8 4.62E-014461.09 8 8 1.7E-01 4462.03 8 10 7.00E-01 4464.68 6 6 4.39E-014470.14 4 4 3.00E-01 4472.79 2 2 4.35E-01 4479.40 8 10 3.4E-014490.08 2 4 2.49E-01 4498.90 4 6 2.49E-01 4502.22 6 8 1.86E-014605.37 10 12 3.6E-01 4626.54 12 14 3.6E-01 4709.71 8 8 1.72E-014727.46 6 6 1.7E-01 4739.11 4 4 2.40E-01 4754.05 6 8 3.03E-014761.53 2 4 5.35E-01 4762.38 8 10 7.83E-01 4765.86 4 6 4.1E-014766.43 6 8 4.6E-01 4783.43 8 8 4.01E-01 4823.53 10 8 4.99E-016013.48 4 6 1.72E-01 6021.79 8 6 3.32E-01 Mn II 2593.72 7 7 2.6E+00 2605.68 7 5 2.7E+002933.05 5 3 2.0E+00 2939.31 5 5 1.9E+00 2949.20 5 7 1.9E+003441.99 9 7 4.3E-01 3460.32 7 5 3.2E-01 3474.13 5 3 1.5E-013482.90 5 5 2.0E-01 3488.68 3 3 2.5E-01 Mn VI 307.999 9 9 3.7E+01 309.440 9 7 5.7E+01 309.579 7 5 4.4E+01 310.058 7 7 3.4E+01 310.182 5 5 2.8E+01311.748 5 3 5.7E+01 320.598 3 5 1.5E+01 320.681 1 3 2.2E+01320.874 3 1 7.8E+01 320.979 3 3 2.2E+01 321.176 5 5 6.0E+01321.541 5 3 2.7E+01 325.146 9 7 1.3E+02 328.431 5 5 4.4E+01328.558 3 5 1.2E+01 329.043 1 3 1.1E+01 1236.23 5 3 1.3E+011255.77 3 1 1.2E+011285.10 5 7 1.1E+01 1333.87 7 9 1.0E+01 Mercury Hg I 2536.52 1 3 8.00E-02 2652.04 3 5 3.88E-012655.13 3 5 1.1E-01 2752.78 1 3 6.10E-02 2856.94 3 1 1.1E-022893.60 3 3 1.6E-01 2925.4 5 3 7.7E-02 2967.3 1 3 4.5E-013021.50 5 7 5.09E-01 3023.48 5 5 9.4E-02 3027.49 5 5 2.0E-023125.66 3 5 6.56E-01 3341.48 5 3 1.68E-01 3650.15 5 7 1.3E+003654.83 5 5 1.8E-01 4046.56 1 3 2.1E-01 4077.81 3 1 4.0E-024108.1 3 1 3.0E-02 4339.22 3 5 2.88E-02 4347.50 3 5 8.4E-024358.34 3 3 5.57E-01 4916.07 3 1 5.8E-02 5025.64 3 3 2.7E-045460.75 5 3 4.87E-01 5769.59 3 5 2.36E-01 6234.4 1 3 5.3E-036716.4 1 3 4.3E-03 6907.5 3 5 2.8E-02 7728.8 1 3 9.7E-0310139.79 3 1 2.71E-01 Molybdenum Mo I 2616.79 3 5 7.34E-01 2621.06 7 7 1.16E-012628.96 3 3 2.81E-01 2629.85 5 7 7.75E-01 2631.50 1 3 2.54E-01 2638.30 5 5 7.57E-01 2640.98 7 5 1.20E+00 2644.36 5 7 1.96E-012649.46 7 9 9.84E-01 2655.02 9 7 4.08E-01 2658.11 7 7 6.43E-012665.09 7 9 1.32E-01 2679.85 9 11 1.31E+00 2684.16 9 9 4.18E-012706.11 3 5 2.03E-01 2710.74 3 3 1.57E-01 2725.15 3 5 2.79E-012728.71 3 3 1.26E-01 2733.39 5 7 2.95E-01 2743.71 1 3 2.47E-012745.38 13 11 1.29E-012751.47 7 9 2.54E-01 2756.26 5 3 1.18E-01 2761.53 9 11 2.06E-01 2763.02 3 1 4.44E-012766.25 3 5 1.17E-01 2787.83 9 7 2.85E-01 2792.96 5 3 1.53E-012798.02 7 5 1.22E-01 2801.47 5 7 1.24E-01 2825.68 5 7 2.53E-012826.75 7 7 4.23E-01 2876.54 9 9 2.84E-01 2886.60 11 11 4.74E-012906.06 3 3 8.04E-01 2913.52 5 3 1.38E-01 2915.38 5 3 7.31E-012918.84 5 3 3.79E-01 2930.39 1 3 1.91E-01 2936.50 11 11 2.33E-012945.43 7 7 3.66E-01 2945.66 3 3 4.08E-01 2946.01 5 5 1.68E-012951.45 9 9 1.43E-01 2959.48 9 11 1.75E-01 2972.96 5 3 2.69E-012977.27 9 7 3.28E-01 2978.28 7 5 1.50E-01 2983.04 1 3 2.82E-012987.92 3 5 8.43E-01 2988.23 5 7 4.28E-01 2988.68 7 9 1.61E-012989.80 9 7 9.27E-01 3000.24 9 9 1.40E-01 3000.44 5 5 1.25E-013000.85 5 7 2.58E-01 3001.43 5 5 2.31E-01 3007.71 7 5 1.90E-013013.39 7 5 6.06E-01 3016.78 9 9 2.75E-01 3025.00 5 5 8.49E-013036.31 3 5 5.81E-01 3041.70 13 11 5.94E-01 3046.80 13 11 1.63E-01 3047.31 11 9 5.01E-01 3055.32 9 7 4.29E-01 3057.56 7 5 2.64E-013061.59 7 5 4.41E-01 3064.27 13 13 8.46E-01 3065.04 13 13 3.08E-013069.51 5 5 1.52E-01 3069.96 11 11 2.72E-01 3070.89 9 11 1.87E-013074.37 11 11 1.42E+00 3079.88 9 11 9.55E-01 3080.40 7 9 3.61E-013081.16 3 5 2.35E-01 3085.62 9 9 1.63E+00 3089.13 11 9 1.53E-013089.71 5 7 2.34E-01 TeamLRN10-117NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3094.66 7 7 1.63E+00 3099.92 9 7 1.45E-01 3100.88 7 9 1.20E+00 3101.34 5 5 1.92E+003106.34 7 5 2.21E-01 3117.54 13 13 1.89E-01 3123.03 3 3 2.81E-013125.03 5 3 1.98E-01 3132.59 7 9 1.79E+00 3135.90 9 11 3.68E-013136.75 9 11 1.57E-01 3142.75 3 5 4.10E-01 3147.35 13 11 2.41E-013155.19 7 7 2.75E-01 3158.17 7 7 4.63E-01 3170.34 7 7 1.37E+003171.38 5 7 2.03E-01 3175.59 13 11 8.40E-01 3179.78 11 13 2.33E-013183.03 11 9 3.98E-01 3184.58 7 5 2.77E-01 3185.10 7 7 2.54E-013185.71 5 3 6.10E-01 3188.10 7 9 3.45E-01 3188.41 5 7 4.40E-013192.79 9 11 1.88E-01 3193.98 7 5 1.53E+00 3194.88 9 11 1.75E-013195.96 9 7 4.10E-01 3197.18 1 3 1.47E-01 3198.85 15 13 7.22E-013200.89 3 5 1.82E-01 3205.22 1 3 4.27E-01 3205.43 9 11 2.55E-013205.89 9 9 5.35E-01 3208.84 7 5 2.77E-01 3210.97 7 5 6.94E-013214.44 9 7 2.01E-01 3215.07 3 5 4.20E-01 3216.78 15 13 2.10E-013221.73 3 1 1.41E+00 3228.21 5 7 3.85E-01 3229.79 9 11 1.44E-01 3233.14 13 13 6.33E-01 3237.06 7 9 2.95E-01 3244.47 5 3 2.80E-013247.61 5 5 1.71E-01 3249.93 5 3 1.87E-01 3251.65 3 5 3.05E-013256.21 5 3 6.89E-01 3256.72 3 3 1.31E-01 3259.16 11 13 1.62E-013262.63 7 9 3.62E-01 3264.40 11 9 5.42E-01 3265.14 5 7 2.60E-013266.16 9 11 1.95E-01 3270.90 7 7 3.59E-01 3276.07 11 9 1.18E-013285.03 1 3 1.41E-013285.35 9 7 4.49E-01 3287.38 5 5 1.38E-01 3289.01 9 9 5.08E-01 3290.82 7 5 5.44E-013305.56 5 3 1.74E-01 3305.91 7 9 3.06E-01 3307.13 7 9 1.25E-013312.33 7 5 1.62E-01 3323.95 9 7 2.82E-01 3325.13 5 3 2.26E-013325.67 5 5 1.72E-01 3327.30 1 3 2.88E-01 3336.56 9 9 1.64E-013340.16 5 3 1.20E-01 3344.73 3 5 6.04E-01 3346.83 11 11 1.13E-013347.00 3 3 2.72E-01 3358.12 5 7 7.59E-01 3361.37 9 9 1.38E-013363.78 5 7 2.74E-01 3363.87 5 7 1.39E-01 3373.81 3 3 2.03E-013375.22 7 7 1.38E-01 3375.65 7 9 1.56E-01 3378.19 3 1 1.88E-013378.46 13 13 3.75E-01 3379.96 5 5 4.11E-01 3382.48 3 3 2.66E-013384.61 7 9 7.32E-01 3385.87 9 11 3.30E-01 3389.79 5 7 1.85E-013392.17 9 9 1.97E-01 3393.65 11 11 2.08E-01 3404.33 7 7 2.10E-013413.37 11 11 1.25E-01 3415.27 9 9 1.83E-01 3415.61 7 9 1.29E-013416.14 9 11 2.45E-01 3418.52 5 3 1.41E-01 3419.69 7 7 1.15E-013420.04 5 5 3.28E-01 3422.31 9 9 2.52E-01 3425.13 11 11 2.29E-01 3427.90 11 13 4.09E-01 3434.79 7 7 1.75E-01 3435.45 15 15 1.50E+003437.21 11 9 8.06E-01 3438.87 1 3 2.34E-01 3441.87 5 3 1.34E-013442.66 3 3 2.94E-01 3445.03 7 9 1.53E-01 3445.26 7 5 2.96E-013445.80 9 9 1.14E-01 3447.12 9 11 8.75E-01 3447.29 5 3 1.79E-013449.07 7 9 1.52E-01 3449.85 5 7 1.65E-01 3452.60 7 7 2.48E-013456.15 5 5 3.60E-013456.52 3 3 2.96E-01 3460.22 5 3 2.77E-01 3460.78 9 7 6.03E-01 3465.84 3 1 9.99E-013466.19 9 7 2.11E-01 3466.96 7 7 1.52E-01 3467.85 5 7 2.63E-013469.22 5 3 6.96E-01 3469.63 13 15 1.51E-01 3470.92 3 5 2.91E-013475.03 3 3 4.68E-01 3479.42 7 5 2.26E-01 3483.67 7 7 1.13E-013483.83 7 5 1.41E-01 3489.43 7 7 3.27E-01 3504.41 7 9 8.06E-013505.31 7 9 2.25E-01 3508.11 9 9 1.59E-01 3510.77 13 13 4.75E-013517.55 11 11 5.41E-01 3518.21 3 3 3.64E-01 3521.38 9 9 1.39E-013521.41 9 11 6.06E-01 3524.65 5 3 3.10E-01 3524.98 7 9 2.25E-013538.92 11 11 2.24E-01 3540.57 5 3 4.46E-01 3542.17 7 5 4.93E-013552.71 9 7 3.64E-01 3555.64 3 3 3.46E-01 3558.09 5 7 5.43E-013563.75 1 3 1.53E-01 3566.05 9 9 2.67E-01 3566.74 7 7 1.43E-013570.64 15 15 7.18E-01 3573.88 3 5 3.58E-01 3580.54 13 11 5.49E-013581.88 11 13 3.81E-01 3584.25 3 3 1.73E-01 3585.57 7 5 3.95E-013588.95 7 7 1.18E-01 3590.74 7 9 2.23E-01 3595.55 5 5 2.32E-01 3598.88 13 11 5.67E-01 3600.73 9 9 2.07E-01 3601.88 7 9 1.15E-013602.94 5 7 2.96E-01 3604.07 9 7 3.25E-01 3610.61 5 3 1.78E-013611.99 7 7 1.16E-01 3615.16 7 9 1.96E-01 3623.22 11 9 5.58E-013624.46 9 11 5.27E-01 3624.62 5 7 1.37E-01 3638.20 5 3 3.51E-013638.21 5 3 3.33E-01 3640.62 7 5 1.94E-01 3647.84 7 7 2.11E-013648.70 7 5 1.15E-01 10-118NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3654.58 3 3 1.80E-01 3657.36 5 7 2.03E-01 3658.13 9 9 1.86E-01 3659.36 7 9 6.70E-013660.92 3 5 1.34E-01 3662.15 7 9 1.45E-01 3662.99 11 11 3.48E-013663.27 7 5 2.30E-01 3664.81 11 13 9.54E-01 3664.88 1 3 1.92E-013669.34 9 7 2.16E-01 3672.81 9 11 1.95E-01 3672.82 9 9 1.13E-013676.23 3 1 5.22E-01 3680.68 11 11 2.96E-01 3681.72 9 7 1.68E-013683.01 3 5 1.20E-01 3687.96 5 7 2.12E-01 3688.97 11 9 3.26E-013690.59 11 9 2.07E-01 3694.94 5 7 6.36E-01 3696.04 11 11 3.59E-013698.07 7 5 1.48E-01 3708.55 7 9 1.28E-01 3715.75 9 7 2.38E-013718.48 5 7 1.34E-01 3720.25 7 9 2.86E-01 3725.55 7 7 1.60E-013727.68 9 11 1.51E-01 3728.30 7 5 1.55E-01 3728.50 7 9 2.20E-013733.02 7 7 1.45E-01 3733.41 13 13 2.80E-01 3735.62 11 11 1.66E-013742.28 7 7 1.56E-01 3747.19 5 7 3.07E-01 3748.48 9 11 3.95E-013755.10 3 5 1.41E-01 3755.16 9 9 2.48E-01 3758.52 9 9 1.22E-013759.60 9 7 1.82E-01 3760.88 9 9 2.16E-01 3768.73 9 9 2.88E-01 3769.99 7 9 2.46E-01 3777.72 13 11 1.66E-01 3788.25 7 9 2.87E-013794.43 9 9 1.22E-01 3797.47 7 5 1.48E-01 3798.25 7 9 6.90E-013801.84 9 7 3.16E-01 3805.99 5 5 2.44E-01 3819.78 9 11 1.47E-013824.78 5 7 1.40E-01 3827.15 7 7 1.94E-01 3828.88 7 7 1.35E-013830.81 5 5 1.83E-01 3831.07 7 9 1.20E-01 3832.11 9 9 3.05E-013833.75 9 9 1.70E-013834.64 3 5 1.20E-01 3846.18 7 7 1.26E-01 3847.25 3 1 2.41E-01 3848.30 9 9 1.26E-013851.99 11 9 1.78E-01 3864.10 7 7 6.24E-01 3866.69 3 5 1.74E-013867.67 5 3 2.22E-01 3869.08 5 3 1.35E-01 3874.15 7 5 1.67E-013902.95 7 5 6.17E-01 3909.54 9 7 1.13E-01 3911.94 5 5 1.15E-013915.43 5 5 1.40E-01 3916.43 5 3 1.78E-01 3919.55 11 13 2.24E-013955.48 13 11 1.71E-01 3973.76 11 13 4.39E-01 3977.90 9 7 1.35E-013980.20 5 3 2.70E-01 3991.85 11 9 1.29E-01 4010.13 5 3 4.38E-014021.01 9 11 2.65E-01 4051.18 13 11 1.36E-01 4062.08 11 9 1.96E-014069.88 13 11 3.25E-01 4076.19 9 9 1.16E-01 4084.37 9 7 1.94E-014102.15 5 3 1.22E-01 4107.46 7 5 2.02E-01 4120.09 13 15 6.05E-014131.92 9 11 1.56E-01 4148.98 9 11 1.56E-01 4157.40 13 11 2.17E-014157.90 9 11 1.60E-01 4185.82 11 13 3.82E-01 4188.32 11 13 3.32E-014194.56 11 11 2.70E-01 4232.59 9 11 3.17E-01 4240.83 5 5 1.68E-014246.02 11 13 2.00E-01 4251.88 13 11 1.76E-01 4254.95 7 9 2.01E-01 4269.28 11 11 1.36E-01 4276.91 7 9 2.85E-01 4277.24 9 11 1.35E-014317.92 15 15 1.28E-01 4325.80 3 3 1.84E-01 4326.14 5 7 2.56E-014340.74 5 7 1.23E-01 4381.63 13 13 2.93E-01 4382.41 11 13 3.83E-014409.94 13 13 1.38E-01 4411.69 11 11 2.63E-01 4434.95 9 9 2.51E-014446.42 11 11 1.90E-01 4457.35 7 7 1.28E-01 4474.57 5 5 2.10E-014491.65 11 11 2.09E-014536.80 13 15 5.03E-01 4598.23 1 3 1.47E-01 4624.23 9 9 1.32E-01 4633.08 3 5 2.35E-014649.06 3 1 1.25E-01 4652.24 5 7 1.55E-01 4686.08 3 3 1.72E-014688.21 13 15 1.54E-01 4707.25 7 9 3.63E-01 4718.86 5 5 2.17E-014723.05 9 9 1.23E-01 4731.44 9 11 4.49E-01 4758.50 11 9 3.01E-014760.18 11 13 4.67E-01 4764.11 9 7 2.16E-01 4811.05 13 11 4.36E-014819.25 11 9 2.71E-01 4830.51 9 7 4.07E-01 4858.39 13 11 1.24E-014868.02 7 5 3.11E-01 5037.18 9 7 1.14E-01 5044.36 7 5 1.31E-015047.70 3 1 2.61E-01 5163.18 9 11 2.03E-01 5171.06 5 7 1.84E-015172.94 5 5 4.11E-01 5174.18 5 3 5.83E-01 5191.45 7 9 1.62E-015238.21 7 9 3.74E-01 5240.87 7 7 3.89E-01 5242.80 7 5 2.01E-015261.53 5 7 1.13E-01 5280.85 5 5 1.28E-01 5355.52 9 9 1.21E-015356.46 11 11 2.11E-01 5360.51 9 11 6.19E-01 5364.28 9 9 2.26E-01 5460.50 5 3 3.46E-01 5493.76 7 5 2.13E-01 5506.49 5 7 3.61E-015533.03 5 5 3.72E-01 5570.44 5 3 3.30E-01 5849.71 3 3 3.02E-01 5851.50 3 5 1.55E-01 5893.36 5 5 2.60E-01 5895.93 5 7 3.12E-015926.37 7 7 1.63E-01 5928.88 7 9 5.32E-01 7154.11 9 9 3.45E-01 Neodymium Nd II 3780.4 16 18 1.4E-01 3805.4 14 16 6.9E-01 3807.2 10 12 4.9E-023863.3 8 10 1.5E-01 3941.5 10 10 6.1E-01 3951.2 12 12 6.0E-013973.3 18 18 6.3E-01 TeamLRN10-119NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3979.5 10 12 2.7E-01 3990.1 16 16 5.2E-01 4012.3 18 20 5.5E-01 4061.1 16 18 4.4E-014106.6 14 16 6.8E-02 4109.5 14 16 3.7E-01 4133.4 14 12 1.5E-014156.1 12 14 3.4E-01 4205.6 18 16 1.8E-01 4284.5 18 18 8.5E-024303.6 8 10 4.7E-01 4325.8 16 16 1.6E-01 4358.2 14 14 1.5E-014382.7 12 10 4.0E-02 4400.8 10 10 6.8E-02 4451.6 12 14 2.5E-014456.4 16 18 6.4E-02 4463.0 14 16 1.8E-01 4958.1 12 10 1.2E-025130.6 22 20 1.6E-01 5192.6 20 18 1.7E-01 5249.6 18 16 1.8E-015276.9 12 10 1.2E-01 5293.2 16 14 1.2E-01 5302.3 20 18 1.1E-015311.5 14 12 1.1E-01 5319.8 12 10 1.6E-01 5357.0 18 16 1.8E-015371.9 20 20 5.1E-02 5485.7 18 18 5.7E-02 5594.4 16 16 7.0E-025620.6 18 18 1.3E-01 5688.5 14 14 5.9E-02 5718.1 16 16 8.7E-025726.8 10 10 5.6E-02 5740.9 12 12 7.2E-02 5804.0 10 10 4.6E-025865.1 16 18 1.3E-02 6051.9 12 10 1.1E-02 Neon Ne I 615.63 1 3 3.8E-01 618.67 1 3 9.3E-01 619.10 1 3 3.3E-01 626.82 1 3 7.4E-01629.74 1 3 4.8E-01 735.90 1 3 6.11E+00 743.72 1 3 4.86E-013369.8 5 5 1.0E-03 3369.9 5 3 7.6E-03 3375.6 5 3 2.2E-033417.9 3 5 9.2E-03 3418.0 3 3 2.2E-03 3423.9 3 3 1.0E-033447.7 5 5 2.1E-02 3450.8 5 3 4.9E-03 3454.2 3 1 3.7E-023460.5 1 3 7.0E-033464.3 5 5 6.7E-03 3466.6 1 3 1.3E-02 3472.6 5 7 1.7E-02 3498.1 3 5 5.1E-033501.2 3 3 1.2E-02 3510.7 5 3 2.2E-03 3515.2 3 5 6.9E-033520.5 3 1 9.3E-02 3593.5 3 5 9.9E-03 3593.6 3 3 6.6E-033600.2 3 3 4.3E-03 3633.7 3 1 1.1E-02 3682.2 3 5 1.6E-033685.7 3 3 3.9E-03 3701.2 3 5 2.2E-03 4536.3 3 3 5.0E-034702.5 3 3 2.1E-03 4708.9 3 3 4.2E-02 4955.4 3 3 3.3E-035113.7 3 3 1.0E-02 5120.5 3 3 5.6E-03 5154.4 3 3 1.9E-025191.3 3 3 1.3E-02 5326.4 3 3 6.8E-03 5333.3 3 3 5.3E-035341.1 3 3 1.1E-01 5400.6 3 1 9.0E-03 5418.6 3 3 5.2E-035433.7 3 3 2.83E-03 5652.6 3 3 8.9E-03 5662.5 3 3 6.9E-035852.5 3 1 6.82E-01 5868.4 3 3 1.4E-02 5881.9 5 3 1.15E-015913.6 3 3 4.8E-02 5939.3 5 3 2.00E-03 5944.8 5 5 1.13E-015961.6 3 3 3.3E-02 5975.5 5 3 3.51E-02 6030.0 3 3 5.61E-026046.1 3 3 2.26E-03 6074.3 3 1 6.03E-01 6096.2 3 5 1.81E-01 6118.0 5 3 6.09E-03 6128.5 3 3 6.7E-03 6143.1 5 5 2.82E-016150.3 3 3 1.5E-02 6163.6 1 3 1.46E-01 6217.3 5 3 6.37E-026266.5 1 3 2.49E-01 6273.0 3 3 9.7E-03 6293.7 3 3 6.39E-036304.8 3 5 4.16E-02 6328.2 5 3 3.39E-02 6330.9 3 3 2.3E-026334.4 5 5 1.61E-01 6351.9 1 3 3.45E-03 6383.0 3 3 3.21E-016401.1 3 3 1.39E-026402.2 5 7 5.14E-01 6506.5 3 5 3.00E-01 6532.9 1 3 1.08E-01 6599.0 3 3 2.32E-016602.9 3 3 5.9E-03 6652.1 3 1 2.9E-03 6678.3 3 5 2.33E-016717.0 3 3 2.17E-01 6721.1 3 3 4.9E-04 6929.5 3 5 1.74E-017024.1 3 3 1.89E-02 7032.4 5 3 2.53E-01 7051.3 3 3 3.0E-027059.1 3 5 6.8E-02 7173.9 3 5 2.87E-02 7245.2 3 3 9.35E-027304.8 1 3 2.55E-03 7438.9 1 3 2.31E-02 7472.4 3 3 4.0E-027535.8 3 3 4.3E-01 7937.0 5 5 7.8E-03 8082.5 3 3 1.2E-038118.5 3 3 4.9E-02 8128.9 3 5 7.2E-03 8259.4 5 5 2.03E-028571.4 3 3 5.5E-02 8582.9 3 5 1.00E-02 8647.0 5 5 3.91E-028681.9 3 3 2.1E-01 8767.5 3 3 1.1E-03 8771.7 3 3 1.6E-018783.8 3 5 3.13E-01 8865.3 3 3 9.4E-03 9201.8 3 3 9.1E-029433.0 3 3 1.1E-03 9486.7 3 3 2.5E-02 9534.2 3 3 6.3E-0210621 3 3 2.4E-03 11409 3 3 4.2E-02 11525 3 3 8.4E-0211767 3 3 6.9E-02 12459 3 3 1.5E-02 Ne II *357.03 6 10 3.8E+01 *361.77 6 2 1.6E+01*406.28 6 10 1.8E+01 *446.37 6 6 4.07E+01 460.73 4 2 4.7E+01462.39 2 2 2.3E+01 1907.5 4 2 2.8E-01 1916.1 4 4 6.9E-011930.0 2 2 5.7E-01 1938.8 2 4 1.3E-01 2858.0 6 6 7.9E-012870.0 6 6 1.7E-01 2873.0 6 4 3.8E-01 2876.3 4 6 7.8E-012876.5 6 4 3.3E-01 10-120NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 2878.1 2 2 6.9E-02 2888.4 4 6 7.0E-02 2891.5 4 4 6.1E-02 2897.0 6 8 5.2E-022906.8 2 4 5.5E-01 2910.1 4 2 1.7E+00 2910.4 2 4 5.9E-012916.2 6 4 9.6E-02 2925.6 2 2 5.6E-01 2933.7 6 6 6.9E-022955.7 6 4 1.2E+00 3001.7 4 4 8.7E-01 3017.3 6 4 3.5E-013027.0 6 6 1.4E+00 3028.7 4 2 8.5E-01 3028.9 2 4 4.7E-013034.5 6 8 3.1E+00 3037.7 4 4 2.1E+00 3045.6 2 2 2.5E+003047.6 4 6 1.8E+00 3054.7 2 4 9.4E-01 3092.9 6 6 1.3E+003097.1 8 8 1.3E+00 3118.0 8 6 4.2E-02 3134.1 6 4 2.6E-013140.4 8 6 2.4E-01 3151.1 6 6 4.8E-02 3154.8 8 6 1.8E-023164.4 8 8 1.6E-01 3165.7 6 6 1.2E-01 3173.6 6 4 4.5E-023176.1 4 6 6.0E-02 3187.6 4 6 1.4E-02 3188.7 6 6 3.9E-013190.9 4 6 1.5E-01 3194.6 4 4 5.2E-01 3198.6 6 8 1.7E+003198.9 4 4 2.3E-01 3209.0 8 8 1.6E-01 3209.4 2 4 6.0E-013213.7 2 4 1.7E+00 3214.3 4 6 2.2E+00 3218.2 8 10 3.6E+00 3224.8 6 8 3.5E+00 3229.5 8 8 1.3E-01 3229.6 8 10 3.6E+003230.1 6 6 1.8E+00 3230.4 4 6 1.4E-01 3232.0 6 4 2.7E-013232.4 4 4 1.6E+00 3243.4 6 6 2.3E-01 3244.1 6 8 1.5E+003248.1 4 4 2.4E-01 3255.4 6 4 3.8E-02 3263.4 2 4 3.9E-013269.9 4 6 5.1E-01 3270.8 6 4 5.7E-02 3297.7 6 6 4.3E-013309.7 4 2 3.1E-01 3310.5 4 4 6.9E-02 3311.3 4 2 2.6E-01 3314.7 6 6 4.4E-023319.7 4 2 1.6E+00 3320.2 8 6 2.1E-01 3323.7 4 4 1.6E+003327.2 4 4 9.1E-01 3329.2 8 8 8.8E-01 3330.7 6 6 3.9E-023334.8 6 8 1.8E+00 3336.1 4 6 1.1E+00 3344.4 2 2 1.5E+003345.5 6 4 1.4E+00 3345.8 4 4 2.2E-01 3353.6 4 2 1.2E-013355.0 4 6 1.3E+00 3356.3 6 6 2.0E-01 3357.8 6 6 5.0E-013360.3 2 4 8.6E-01 3360.6 2 4 8.2E-01 3362.9 4 2 3.5E-013371.8 4 6 2.2E-01 3374.1 4 4 3.0E-01 3378.2 2 2 1.7E+003379.3 2 2 3.0E-01 3386.2 4 6 5.5E-02 3388.4 4 6 2.2E+003390.6 2 4 7.7E-02 3392.8 2 4 4.4E-01 3404.8 4 6 1.9E+003407.0 6 8 2.3E+00 3411.4 4 2 6.1E-01 3413.2 4 4 1.8E+003414.9 4 6 1.8E-02 3416.9 6 6 6.4E-01 3417.7 6 8 1.6E+003438.9 2 2 1.4E+00 3440.7 2 4 3.5E-01 3453.1 4 4 4.6E-013454.8 4 4 1.6E+00 3456.6 2 4 9.6E-01 3457.1 4 6 9.9E-02 3459.3 6 6 1.6E+00 3475.2 4 4 1.2E-02 3477.6 4 6 4.3E-013481.9 4 2 1.4E+00 3503.6 2 2 2.0E+00 3522.7 4 2 2.3E-023538.0 4 2 7.6E-01 3539.9 4 4 3.6E-02 3542.2 6 4 6.0E-013542.9 4 6 1.2E+00 3546.2 2 4 6.3E-02 3551.6 2 4 3.7E-023557.8 2 2 1.9E-01 3561.2 4 6 2.1E-01 3565.8 4 4 6.2E-013568.5 6 8 1.4E+00 3571.2 4 4 6.3E-01 3574.2 6 6 1.0E-01 3574.6 4 6 1.3E+003590.4 4 6 3.6E-02 3594.2 4 2 1.3E+00 3612.3 2 4 2.6E-013628.0 4 4 6.0E-01 3632.7 4 4 1.3E-01 3643.9 4 4 3.2E-013644.9 2 4 9.9E-01 3659.9 4 6 6.7E-02 3664.1 6 4 7.0E-013679.8 4 2 3.2E-01 3694.2 6 6 1.0E+00 3697.1 2 2 2.8E-013701.8 4 6 2.7E-01 3709.6 4 2 1.1E+00 3713.1 4 6 1.3E+003721.8 4 6 2.0E-01 3726.9 4 4 1.2E-01 3727.1 2 4 9.8E-013734.9 4 4 1.9E-01 3744.6 2 4 2.6E-01 3751.2 2 2 1.8E-013753.8 4 6 4.5E-01 3766.3 4 6 2.9E-01 3777.1 2 4 4.2E-013800.0 4 4 3.7E-01 3818.4 2 4 6.1E-01 3829.8 4 6 8.4E-013942.3 4 6 1.0E-02 Ne V *142.61 9 9 6.7E+02 *143.32 9 15 1.2E+03 147.13 5 7 1.5E+03151.23 5 5 3.38E+02 154.50 1 3 7.0E+02 *167.69 9 9 1.5E+02*358.93 9 3 2.1E+02 365.59 5 3 1.35E+02 *482.15 9 9 3.01E+01 *571.04 9 15 1.0E+01 2259.6 3 5 1.9E+00 2265.7 5 7 2.4E+00 Ne VII 97.502 1 3 1.07E+03*115.46 9 3 4.8E+02 116.69 3 5 1.6E+03 127.66 3 1 1.9E+02465.22 1 3 4.09E+01 558.61 3 5 8.11E+00 559.95 1 3 1.07E+01561.38 3 3 7.99E+00 561.73 5 5 2.39E+01 562.99 3 1 3.17E+01 TeamLRN10-121NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 564.53 5 3 1.31E+01 Ne VIII *88.09 2 6 8.4E+02*98.208 6 10 2.77E+03 770.41 2 4 5.90E+00 780.32 2 2 5.69E+002820.7 2 4 7.20E-01 2860.1 2 2 6.88E-01 Nickel Ni I 1963.85 7 7 1.1E-011976.87 7 9 1.1E+00 1981.61 5 5 1.3E-01 1990.25 5 7 8.3E-012007.01 5 5 1.7E-01 2007.69 7 7 9.0E-02 2014.25 3 5 9.3E-012025.40 7 5 2.3E-01 2026.62 9 7 2.4E-01 2047.35 7 5 1.8E-012052.04 9 9 9.7E-02 2055.50 5 3 3.3E-01 2059.92 7 5 2.1E-012060.20 5 3 2.3E-01 2064.39 3 1 4.0E-01 2069.52 5 5 1.1E-012085.57 5 5 2.6E+00 2089.09 7 5 9.7E-02 2095.13 5 7 1.1E-012114.43 5 5 9.7E-02 2121.40 7 5 2.8E-01 2124.80 5 3 3.8E-012147.80 5 3 4.7E-01 2157.83 5 3 4.1E-01 2158.31 7 5 6.9E-012161.04 5 5 1.3E-01 2173.54 5 3 1.5E-01 2174.48 3 1 8.9E-012182.38 7 5 1.3E-01 2183.91 5 5 1.2E-01 2190.22 5 5 3.0E-01 2197.35 3 3 7.8E-01 2201.59 5 3 7.3E-01 2221.94 5 3 2.2E-012244.46 5 5 3.8E-01 2253.57 7 7 1.9E-01 2254.81 9 9 9.6E-022258.15 7 5 1.7E-01 2259.56 5 3 2.0E-01 2261.42 9 7 9.1E-022287.32 3 5 1.8E-01 2289.98 9 7 2.1E+00 2293.11 5 5 3.8E-012300.77 7 7 7.5E-01 2302.97 3 3 4.5E-01 2307.35 5 7 1.6E-012312.34 7 7 5.5E+002313.98 5 5 5.0E+00 2317.16 7 5 3.8E+00 2320.03 9 11 6.9E+00 2321.38 5 7 5.6E+002324.65 7 9 1.8E-01 2325.79 7 9 3.5E+00 2329.96 5 3 5.3E+002345.54 9 7 2.2E+00 2346.63 7 5 5.5E-01 2347.51 9 9 2.2E-012348.73 7 7 2.2E-01 2419.31 7 5 2.0E-01 2943.91 7 5 1.1E-012981.65 5 3 2.8E-01 3002.48 7 7 8.0E-01 3003.62 5 5 6.9E-013012.00 5 5 1.3E+00 3037.93 7 7 2.8E-01 3050.82 7 9 6.0E-013054.31 5 5 4.0E-01 3057.64 3 3 1.0E+00 3064.62 5 7 1.1E-013101.56 5 7 6.3E-01 3101.88 5 7 4.9E-01 3134.11 3 5 7.3E-013225.02 5 3 9.3E-02 3369.56 9 7 1.8E-01 3380.57 5 3 1.3E+003392.98 7 7 2.4E-01 3414.76 7 9 5.5E-01 3423.71 3 3 3.3E-013433.56 7 7 1.7E-01 3446.26 5 5 4.4E-01 3452.88 5 7 9.8E-023458.46 3 5 6.1E-01 3461.66 7 9 2.7E-01 3472.55 5 7 1.2E-013483.77 5 3 1.4E-01 3492.96 5 3 9.8E-01 3510.33 3 1 1.2E+003515.05 5 7 4.2E-01 3524.54 7 5 1.0E+00 3566.37 5 5 5.6E-01 3597.70 3 3 1.4E-01 3619.39 5 7 6.6E-01 4027.67 5 7 1.3E-014295.88 9 7 1.7E-01 4401.54 9 11 3.8E-01 4462.46 3 5 1.7E-014470.48 5 7 1.9E-01 4600.37 5 3 2.6E-01 4604.99 9 7 2.3E-014606.23 5 3 1.0E-01 4648.66 11 9 2.4E-01 4686.22 5 5 1.4E-014701.54 9 9 1.4E-01 4714.42 13 11 4.6E-01 4715.78 7 7 2.0E-014732.47 7 9 9.3E-024752.43 3 3 2.0E-01 4756.52 9 9 1.5E-01 4786.54 11 11 1.8E-01 4812.00 3 1 9.5E-024829.03 5 7 1.9E-01 4831.18 9 7 1.6E-01 4838.64 9 7 2.2E-014855.41 5 5 5.7E-01 4904.41 5 3 6.2E-01 4912.03 3 3 1.5E-014913.97 1 3 2.2E-01 4918.36 9 7 2.3E-01 4935.83 7 5 2.4E-014937.34 9 9 1.2E-01 4953.20 5 5 1.2E-01 4980.17 9 11 1.9E-015000.34 7 7 1.4E-01 5012.46 7 7 1.1E-01 5017.58 11 11 2.0E-015035.37 7 9 5.7E-01 5042.20 3 5 1.4E-01 5048.85 7 7 1.6E-015080.53 9 11 3.2E-01 5081.11 7 9 5.7E-01 5082.35 3 3 2.5E-015084.08 7 9 3.1E-01 5099.95 7 7 2.9E-01 5115.40 11 9 2.2E-015129.37 7 5 1.2E-01 5155.14 5 5 1.1E-01 5155.76 5 7 2.9E-015176.57 5 5 1.8E-01 5371.33 7 7 1.6E-01 5476.91 1 3 9.5E-025637.12 3 3 1.1E-01 5664.02 5 7 1.1E-01 5695.00 3 3 1.7E-016086.29 3 5 1.1E-01 6175.42 3 3 1.7E-01 7122.24 5 7 2.1E-017381.94 9 11 9.7E-02 7422.30 7 5 1.8E-01 7727.66 7 7 1.1E-01 Ni II 2165.55 10 10 2.4E+002169.10 8 8 1.58E+00 2174.67 8 10 1.43E+00 2175.15 6 6 1.77E+002184.61 4 4 2.90E+00 2201.41 4 6 1.3E+00 2206.72 6 8 1.66E+002216.48 10 12 3.4E+00 2220.40 6 8 2.3E+00 2222.96 10 10 9.8E-012224.86 8 8 1.55E+00 2226.33 6 6 1.3E+00 2253.85 4 6 1.98E+002264.46 6 8 1.43E+00 10-122NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 2270.21 8 10 1.56E+00 2278.77 8 6 2.8E+00 2287.09 6 4 2.8E+00 2296.55 8 8 1.98E+002297.14 6 4 2.70E+00 2297.49 4 2 3.0E+00 2298.27 6 6 2.8E+002303.00 8 6 2.9E+00 2316.04 10 8 2.88E+00 2334.58 8 8 8.0E-012375.42 6 8 6.6E-01 2394.52 8 10 1.70E+00 2416.13 6 8 2.1E+002437.89 8 10 5.4E-01 2510.87 8 10 5.8E-01 Ni III 1692.51 11 13 7.9E+00 1709.90 9 11 6.3E+001719.46 5 7 6.0E+00 1722.28 3 5 5.9E+00 1724.52 3 1 6.7E+001741.96 9 7 5.7E+00 1752.43 7 5 5.5E+00 1760.56 5 3 6.5E+001769.64 11 11 6.2E+00 1823.06 9 9 5.6E+00 Ni XIV 164.13 6 8 1.2E+03 168 2 4 2.4E+02168.12 4 2 8.5E+02 169.69 4 4 9.8E+02 170.50 4 4 7.1E+02171.37 4 6 9.4E+02 172.16 6 6 4.7E+02 172.80 6 4 1.4E+02177.28 4 4 5.6E+02 178 2 4 8.9E+01 181 4 6 7.4E+01182.14 4 2 1.5E+02 196 4 2 3.8E+01 288.894 4 4 4.6E+01 292.399 6 6 3.6E+01 Ni XV 50.249 5 7 6.8E+03 60.890 9 11 1.0E+04 64.635 7 9 9.6E+03163.64 5 7 5.6E+01 173.73 5 7 7.6E+02 175 3 1 5.7E+02179.28 5 7 7.5E+02 181 1 3 6.8E+02 269 3 1 5.3E+01278.386 5 5 4.3E+01 Ni XVI 166 4 6 3.1E+02168 6 8 3.2E+02 182 2 2 2.5E+02 185.23 2 4 4.2E+02 187 4 6 1.2E+02187 4 2 3.3E+02 188 2 2 4.7E+02 190 6 8 2.0E+02192 6 8 4.54E+02 192 6 6 3.1E+02 194 4 6 2.8E+02194 2 4 5.5E+02 194 2 2 1.1E+02 194 4 4 3.5E+02194.04 4 6 4.6E+02 195.27 4 4 9.5E+01 196 4 6 6.7E+02197 4 6 1.5E+02 197 4 2 1.2E+02 199 2 4 4.9E+02206 2 2 3.7E+02 217 4 4 1.1E+02 218.391 2 4 9.5E+01223.119 2 2 1.3E+02 231 4 4 1.6E+02 232.475 4 4 4.07E+02233 6 4 2.4E+02 235 4 2 3.8E+02 235 6 6 2.5E+02236 4 4 1.2E+02 237.875 4 2 2.6E+02 238 6 4 1.3E+02239.550 2 2 2.6E+02 245 4 4 1.4E+02 245 4 6 3.2E+02249 6 8 3.3E+02 249 6 4 1.2E+02 250 4 2 1.6E+02254 6 4 1.8E+02 Ni XVII 30.919 1 3 2.77E+03 42.855 1 3 4.75E+03 54.451 9 11 1.5E+04 55.361 1 3 6.7E+03 57.348 7 9 1.4E+04 197.39 1 3 1.6E+02199.87 3 5 2.1E+02 204 3 3 1.8E+02 205 3 1 2.4E+02206 1 3 3.0E+02 207.50 5 7 2.5E+02 215.89 3 5 4.8E+02216 1 3 2.7E+02 217 5 7 2.4E+02 227 5 5 1.6E+02249.180 1 3 2.75E+02 281.50 3 1 2.1E+02 282 3 1 2.4E+02284 5 3 1.5E+02292 5 7 2.2E+02 Ni XVIII 24.881 2 4 8.6E+0225.070 4 6 9.9E+02 26.02 2 4 1.26E+03 26.020 2 4 1.1E+0326.046 2 2 1.1E+03 26.218 4 6 1.5E+03 27.98 4 6 1.0E+0327.982 2 4 2.0E+03 28.018 6 8 1.1E+03 28.220 4 6 2.33E+0329.383 4 6 1.58E+03 29.422 6 8 1.69E+03 29.779 2 4 1.9E+0329.829 2 2 1.9E+03 31.845 4 6 2.7E+03 31.890 6 8 3.0E+0332.034 2 4 3.4E+03 32.340 4 6 4.0E+03 36.990 4 6 5.5E+0337.049 6 8 5.9E+03 41.015 2 4 2.97E+03 41.218 2 2 3.2E+0343.814 2 4 5.5E+03 44.365 4 6 6.8E+03 44.405 4 4 1.14E+0352.615 4 6 1.5E+04 52.720 6 8 1.6E+04 52.745 6 6 1.06E+0359.950 6 4 9.6E+02 60.212 4 2 1.1E+03 63.512 4 6 7.9E+0263.589 6 8 8.5E+02 69.075 4 6 8.0E+02 76.254 4 6 1.38E+0376.359 6 8 1.47E+03 99.275 2 4 1.0E+03 100.4 4 6 1.2E+03114.46 4 6 2.5E+03 114.74 6 8 2.7E+03 Ni XIX 9.140 1 3 3.1E+04 9.153 1 3 5.2E+039.977 1 3 1.1E+05 10.110 1 3 9.4E+04 10.283 1 3 4.7E+0310.433 1 3 5.1E+03 11.539 1 3 4.8E+04 11.599 1 3 6.3E+0312.435 1 3 3.66E+05 12.656 1 3 1.0E+05 13.779 1 3 1.23E+0414.043 1 3 1.31E+04 40.7 3 3 6.4E+03 40.7 3 1 8.4E+0341.132 7 9 9.4E+03 TeamLRN10-123NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 Ni XXI 11.13 3 3 1.7E+04 11.23 5 3 1.7E+04 11.239 5 7 5.7E+0411.28 3 1 2.2E+05 11.318 5 7 2.8E+05 11.48 3 1 1.1E+0511.48 1 3 4.0E+05 11.517 5 7 1.4E+05 11.539 5 7 1.2E+0511.67 1 3 8.0E+04 11.72 3 3 2.3E+04 12.454 5 3 3.3E+0412.472 3 3 1.8E+04 12.502 5 5 2.8E+04 Ni XXII 72.52 4 2 2.84E+02 84.06 6 4 1.2E+0384.24 4 2 5.6E+02 85.86 4 2 4.9E+02 88.00 4 2 1.2E+0395.95 2 2 4.4E+02 98.16 4 4 5.2E+02 98.58 4 4 2.45E+02100.60 6 6 3.9E+02 101.31 6 4 4.83E+02 103.31 4 2 2.66E+02106.04 4 4 2.36E+02 106.16 4 2 5.1E+02 124.31 2 2 3.7E+02126.32 4 4 3.3E+02 Ni XXIII 87.66 3 3 2.8E+02 88.11 5 3 8.3E+02 90.49 3 3 1.77E+0290.96 5 3 2.5E+02 91.83 5 3 7.5E+02 92.32 3 1 4.39E+02100.42 1 3 2.1E+02 102.08 5 5 5.3E+02 103.23 3 3 2.4E+02 103.67 5 5 1.78E+02 104.70 3 1 2.94E+02 106.02 5 5 2.87E+02108.27 7 5 3.32E+02 111.23 3 1 2.26E+02 111.78 5 3 2.19E+02111.86 1 3 1.7E+02 112.55 3 1 1.0E+03 128.87 5 5 4.02E+02133.54 3 3 1.86E+02 137.55 3 1 2.53E+02 Ni XXIV 101.13 6 4 1.63E+02 102.11 4 4 5.4E+02103.43 2 4 1.3E+02103.53 4 2 4.17E+02 104.64 2 2 4.7E+02 106.68 4 2 3.67E+02 113.14 4 4 1.65E+02118.52 2 4 1.5E+02 122.72 6 4 2.17E+02 134.73 6 6 1.44E+02135.47 4 4 8.0E+01 137.01 4 4 2.6E+02 138.80 4 6 7.2E+01153.47 2 2 1.27E+02 159.69 2 4 8.9E+01 Ni XXV 9.30 3 1 9.3E+04 9.31 5 7 8.2E+049.32 3 5 7.8E+04 9.34 1 3 1.1E+05 9.42 3 1 9.0E+049.49 3 5 8.9E+04 9.60 1 3 1.8E+05 9.63 3 5 2.4E+059.64 3 3 1.3E+05 9.71 3 1 2.3E+05 9.71 3 3 1.8E+059.74 5 7 3.0E+05 9.75 3 5 1.3E+05 9.76 1 3 3.03E+059.76 5 3 7.5E+04 9.78 5 7 2.9E+05 9.86 5 7 4.8E+059.87 3 5 2.03E+05 9.92 5 5 1.3E+05 9.94 5 7 1.29E+059.97 3 5 2.5E+05 10.08 1 3 2.80E+05 Ni XXVI 1.5930 4 2 3.4E+06 1.5935 2 2 4.0E+061.5973 4 4 8.1E+06 1.5977 2 4 4.4E+06 1.5982 2 2 7.3E+06 1.5996 2 2 2.7E+06 1.6005 4 6 2.7E+06 1.6036 4 2 2.1E+069.390 2 4 2.59E+05 9.535 4 6 2.96E+05 Ni XXVII 1.2534 1 3 3.35E+05 1.2824 1 3 6.38E+051.3500 1 3 1.63E+06 1.3516 1 3 2.4E+05 1.531 3 3 2.0E+051.534 3 1 6.9E+06 1.537 5 5 2.3E+06 1.537 1 3 3.7E+061.538 3 5 3.9E+061.539 1 3 2.6E+06 1.539 3 5 2.6E+06 1.540 3 3 1.7E+06 1.541 3 5 5.5E+061.542 3 3 3.6E+06 1.542 5 5 3.5E+06 1.544 5 3 3.2E+061.546 3 5 1.6E+06 1.547 3 3 2.1E+05 1.549 1 3 2.0E+051.551 3 1 8.2E+05 1.558 3 1 6.5E+05 1.5883 1 3 6.02E+061.5963 1 3 7.70E+05 Nitrogen N I 1163.88 6 6 7.52E-01 1164.00 4 6 1.27E-021164.21 6 4 5.17E-02 1164.32 4 4 6.94E-01 1167.45 6 8 1.29E+001168.42 6 6 4.24E-02 1168.54 4 6 1.24E+00 1176.51 6 4 9.22E-011176.63 4 4 1.02E-01 1177.69 4 2 1.02E+00 1199.55 4 6 4.01E+001200.22 4 4 3.99E+00 1200.71 4 2 3.98E+00 1310.54 4 6 8.42E-011316.29 4 6 1.42E-02 1492.63 6 4 3.13E+00 1492.82 4 4 3.51E-011494.68 4 2 3.72E+00 3822.03 2 2 3.70E-02 3830.43 4 4 4.67E-023834.22 4 2 1.89E-02 4099.94 2 4 3.48E-02 4109.95 4 6 3.90E-024113.97 4 4 6.62E-03 4137.64 2 4 2.80E-03 4143.43 4 4 6.09E-03 4151.48 6 4 1.01E-02 4249.87 4 2 2.59E-02 4264.00 6 4 2.26E-024356.29 6 8 5.10E-02 4385.54 2 2 8.84E-03 4392.41 4 2 1.76E-024435.43 2 4 7.51E-03 4442.45 4 4 3.81E-02 4669.89 4 4 7.49E-034914.94 2 2 8.08E-03 4935.12 4 2 1.76E-02 5199.84 2 2 1.87E-025201.61 2 4 1.87E-02 5281.20 6 6 2.45E-03 5344.05 6 6 6.10E-045356.62 4 6 1.41E-03 10-124NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 5367.01 4 4 1.07E-03 5372.61 2 4 8.34E-04 5378.27 2 2 1.66E-03 6606.18 4 6 8.87E-046622.54 6 6 7.93E-03 6626.99 2 4 2.20E-03 6636.94 4 4 1.40E-026644.96 8 6 3.49E-02 6646.50 2 2 2.18E-02 6653.46 6 4 2.74E-026656.51 4 2 2.17E-02 6926.67 4 6 7.75E-03 6945.18 6 6 1.83E-026951.60 2 4 1.03E-02 6960.50 4 4 4.67E-03 6973.07 2 2 3.83E-036979.18 6 4 9.83E-03 6982.03 4 2 2.04E-02 7423.64 2 4 5.95E-027442.30 4 4 1.24E-01 7468.31 6 4 1.93E-01 7898.98 6 4 2.82E-017899.28 4 4 3.28E-02 7915.42 4 2 3.13E-01 8184.86 4 6 8.58E-028188.01 2 4 1.27E-01 8200.36 2 2 4.95E-02 8210.72 4 4 4.84E-028216.34 6 6 2.23E-01 8223.13 4 2 2.64E-01 8242.39 6 4 1.36E-018567.74 2 4 4.92E-02 8594.00 2 2 2.09E-01 8629.24 4 4 2.66E-018655.88 4 2 1.05E-01 8680.28 6 8 2.46E-01 8683.40 4 6 1.80E-018686.15 2 4 1.09E-01 8703.25 2 2 2.10E-01 8711.70 4 4 1.28E-018718.84 6 6 6.75E-02 8728.90 4 2 3.76E-02 8747.37 6 4 1.04E-02 9028.92 2 2 3.02E-01 9045.88 6 8 2.80E-01 9049.49 6 6 1.88E-029049.89 4 6 2.60E-01 9060.48 2 4 2.95E-01 9187.45 6 6 2.44E-019187.86 4 6 1.76E-02 9207.59 6 4 2.70E-02 9208.00 4 4 2.33E-019386.81 2 4 2.24E-01 9392.79 4 6 2.63E-01 9460.68 4 4 3.98E-029776.90 2 4 1.18E-02 9786.78 4 6 1.13E-02 9788.29 2 2 2.99E-029798.56 4 4 2.75E-029810.01 4 2 5.30E-02 9814.02 6 8 6.56E-03 9822.75 6 6 4.95E-02 9834.61 6 4 4.50E-029863.33 8 8 9.62E-02 9872.15 8 6 2.97E-02 9883.38 2 2 2.93E-029905.52 4 2 3.11E-03 9909.22 2 4 7.58E-03 9931.47 4 4 3.64E-029947.07 6 8 1.08E-02 9965.75 4 6 7.60E-03 9968.51 6 4 4.50E-039980.42 4 6 8.10E-03 9997.73 8 8 9.20E-03 N II 474.891 5 5 9.66E+00 475.647 1 3 1.17E+01475.698 3 5 1.58E+01 475.757 3 3 8.75E+00 475.803 5 7 2.10E+01475.884 5 5 5.25E+00 508.697 5 5 1.91E+00 510.758 5 7 1.87E+01513.849 5 5 1.24E+01 529.355 1 3 7.23E+00 529.413 3 1 2.43E+01529.491 3 3 6.75E+00 529.637 3 5 4.92E+00 529.722 5 3 1.03E+01529.867 5 5 1.94E+01 533.511 1 3 2.39E+01 533.581 3 5 3.20E+01533.650 3 3 1.66E+01 533.729 5 7 4.13E+01 533.815 5 5 9.19E+00547.818 5 3 2.16E+00 559.762 1 3 1.14E+01 574.650 5 7 3.60E+01582.156 5 5 2.85E+01 635.197 1 3 2.33E+01 644.634 1 3 1.21E+01 644.837 3 3 3.64E+01 645.178 5 3 6.07E+01 660.286 5 3 3.69E+01671.016 3 5 2.47E+00 671.386 5 5 7.40E+00 671.411 1 3 3.04E+00671.630 3 3 2.27E+00 671.773 3 1 9.85E+00 672.001 5 3 3.87E+00745.841 1 3 1.25E+01 746.984 5 3 3.85E+01 748.369 5 3 3.83E+00775.965 5 5 3.08E+01 915.612 1 3 4.38E+00 915.962 3 1 1.32E+011083.99 1 3 2.18E+001085.55 5 5 9.47E-01 1085.70 5 7 3.87E+00 3408.13 3 1 2.19E-01 3437.14 3 1 2.07E+003593.60 3 5 1.21E-01 3609.10 3 3 1.41E-01 3615.86 3 1 1.53E-013829.80 3 5 2.42E-01 3838.37 5 5 6.98E-01 3842.19 1 3 3.06E-013847.40 3 3 2.22E-01 3855.10 3 1 8.82E-01 3856.06 5 3 3.71E-013919.00 3 3 6.76E-01 3955.85 3 5 1.31E-01 3995.00 3 5 1.35E+004114.33 3 3 1.42E-03 4124.08 3 5 3.20E-01 4133.67 5 5 5.30E-014145.77 7 5 7.36E-01 4374.99 3 5 5.55E-03 4447.03 3 5 1.14E+004459.94 3 1 1.12E-01 4465.53 3 3 2.36E-02 4477.68 5 3 8.85E-024488.09 5 5 1.30E-02 4507.56 7 5 1.00E-01 4564.76 3 5 1.41E-024601.48 3 5 2.35E-01 4607.15 1 3 3.26E-01 4613.87 3 3 2.26E-014621.39 3 1 9.55E-01 4630.54 5 5 7.72E-01 4643.09 5 3 4.51E-014654.53 3 5 2.43E-02 4667.21 3 3 2.99E-02 4674.91 3 1 1.05E-014694.27 1 3 1.23E-01 4695.90 3 5 1.29E-01 4697.64 3 3 3.06E-024698.55 3 1 3.67E-01 4700.03 5 7 1.05E-01 4702.50 5 5 9.15E-02 4704.25 5 3 2.13E-01 4706.40 7 9 6.09E-02 4709.58 7 7 1.82E-014712.07 7 5 1.46E-01 4718.38 9 9 3.02E-01 4721.58 9 7 7.75E-024774.24 3 5 3.24E-02 4779.72 3 3 2.52E-01 4781.19 5 7 2.05E-024788.14 5 5 2.52E-01 4793.65 5 3 7.77E-02 4803.29 7 7 3.18E-014810.30 7 5 4.75E-02 4860.17 3 5 1.61E-02 4987.38 3 1 7.48E-014991.24 3 5 3.54E-01 TeamLRN10-125NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 4994.36 5 7 2.62E-01 4994.37 3 3 7.60E-01 4997.22 3 3 1.96E-01 5001.13 3 5 9.76E-015001.47 5 7 1.05E+00 5002.70 1 3 8.45E-02 5005.15 7 9 1.16E+005005.30 5 5 6.51E-02 5007.33 3 5 7.89E-01 5010.62 3 3 2.19E-015011.31 5 3 5.84E-01 5012.04 7 7 5.19E-01 5016.38 5 5 1.62E-015023.05 7 5 3.61E-01 5025.66 7 7 1.07E-01 5040.71 7 5 3.78E-035045.10 5 3 3.42E-01 5073.59 3 3 2.59E-02 5168.05 3 5 3.06E-015170.16 3 3 6.54E-01 5171.27 3 1 8.71E-01 5171.47 5 7 5.81E-015172.34 3 5 6.01E-01 5172.97 1 3 5.01E-01 5173.39 5 7 7.36E-015174.46 5 5 5.07E-01 5175.89 7 9 8.93E-01 5176.57 5 3 2.17E-015177.06 3 3 5.00E-01 5179.34 7 9 8.67E-01 5179.52 9 11 1.07E+005180.36 5 5 4.28E-01 5183.20 7 7 2.88E-01 5184.96 7 7 3.20E-015185.09 5 3 7.11E-02 5186.21 7 5 5.76E-02 5190.38 9 9 1.77E-015191.96 7 5 4.25E-02 5199.50 9 7 1.51E-02 5313.42 3 3 1.41E-015320.20 5 3 4.20E-01 5320.96 3 5 2.52E-01 5327.76 5 5 4.65E-02 5338.73 5 7 1.85E-01 5340.21 7 5 2.59E-01 5351.23 7 7 3.67E-015383.72 3 5 3.31E-03 5452.07 1 3 8.89E-02 5454.22 3 1 3.34E-015462.58 3 3 1.00E-01 5478.09 3 5 4.75E-02 5480.05 5 3 1.30E-015495.65 5 5 2.40E-01 5526.23 3 5 2.13E-01 5530.24 5 7 4.04E-015535.35 7 9 6.04E-01 5535.38 3 3 4.53E-01 5540.06 3 1 6.03E-015543.47 5 5 3.51E-015551.92 7 7 2.00E-01 5552.68 5 3 1.50E-01 5565.26 7 5 3.97E-02 5666.63 3 5 3.74E-015676.02 1 3 2.96E-01 5679.56 5 7 5.25E-01 5686.21 3 3 1.94E-015710.77 5 5 1.24E-01 5730.66 5 3 1.34E-02 5747.30 3 5 3.40E-025767.45 3 3 2.44E-02 5893.15 5 7 2.88E-01 5897.25 3 5 2.16E-015899.83 1 3 1.60E-01 5927.81 1 3 3.22E-01 5931.78 3 5 4.27E-015940.24 3 3 2.26E-01 5941.65 5 7 5.54E-01 5952.39 5 5 1.27E-015960.91 5 3 1.34E-02 6065.00 3 5 2.21E-03 6284.32 5 3 7.74E-026379.62 3 3 6.11E-02 6482.05 3 3 3.01E-01 6610.56 5 7 6.34E-016857.03 5 3 2.53E-01 6869.58 5 5 2.51E-01 6887.83 5 7 2.49E-017762.24 5 5 8.74E-02 8438.74 1 3 2.24E-01 8831.75 1 3 8.42E-038855.30 3 3 2.51E-02 8893.29 5 3 4.12E-02 N III 374.198 2 4 9.89E+01 451.871 2 2 1.03E+01452.227 4 2 2.05E+01 684.998 2 4 9.63E+00 685.515 2 2 3.83E+01685.817 4 4 4.54E+01 686.336 4 2 1.95E+01 763.334 2 2 9.58E+00 764.351 4 2 1.85E+01 771.545 2 4 8.19E+00 771.901 4 4 1.64E+01772.384 6 4 2.45E+01 772.889 6 4 2.09E+01 772.955 4 2 2.34E+01979.832 4 4 8.84E+00 979.905 6 6 9.21E+00 989.799 2 4 4.18E+00991.511 4 4 8.17E-01 991.577 4 6 4.97E+00 1747.85 2 4 1.28E+001751.22 4 4 2.48E-01 1751.66 4 6 1.51E+00 2972.55 2 2 6.67E-012977.33 4 2 3.32E-012978.84 2 4 1.66E-01 2983.64 4 4 8.24E-01 3342.76 2 2 3.80E-01 3353.98 2 4 7.66E-013354.32 4 6 5.51E-01 3355.46 4 2 7.51E-01 3358.78 2 2 3.05E-013360.98 4 4 2.44E-01 3365.80 4 2 1.52E+00 3367.36 6 6 1.27E+003374.07 6 4 8.13E-01 3745.95 2 4 1.90E-01 3752.63 2 2 6.67E-023754.69 4 4 3.78E-01 3762.60 4 4 4.24E-02 3771.03 6 4 5.59E-013771.36 6 4 8.28E-02 3792.97 8 6 1.03E-01 3934.50 2 4 7.49E-013938.51 4 6 8.96E-01 3942.88 4 4 1.49E-01 4097.36 2 4 8.70E-014103.39 2 2 8.67E-01 4195.74 2 4 9.37E-01 4200.07 4 6 1.12E+004215.77 4 4 1.85E-01 4318.78 2 4 5.40E-02 4321.22 2 2 1.08E-014321.39 4 6 5.03E-02 4325.43 4 4 8.60E-02 4327.69 6 8 3.06E-024327.88 4 2 1.07E-01 4332.95 6 6 1.23E-01 4337.01 6 4 7.47E-024345.81 8 8 1.82E-01 4351.11 8 6 4.01E-02 4510.88 2 4 2.84E-014510.96 4 6 4.77E-01 4514.85 6 8 6.80E-01 4518.14 2 2 5.65E-014523.56 4 4 3.61E-01 4530.86 4 2 1.12E-01 4534.58 6 6 2.01E-01 4547.30 6 4 3.33E-02 4634.13 2 4 6.36E-01 4640.64 4 6 7.60E-014641.85 4 4 1.26E-01 4858.70 2 4 4.35E-01 4858.98 4 6 4.66E-014861.27 6 8 5.32E-01 4867.12 4 4 1.73E-01 4867.17 8 10 6.18E-014873.60 6 6 1.50E-01 4881.78 6 4 1.22E-02 4884.14 8 8 8.71E-024896.58 8 6 5.86E-03 5260.86 2 2 2.80E-02 5270.57 2 4 6.95E-025272.68 4 2 1.39E-01 10-126NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 5282.43 4 4 2.21E-02 5297.75 4 6 4.93E-02 5298.95 6 4 7.38E-02 5314.36 6 6 1.14E-015320.87 6 8 5.68E-01 5327.19 4 6 5.29E-01 5352.46 6 6 3.72E-026365.84 2 2 2.18E-01 6394.75 2 4 2.15E-01 6445.34 2 4 8.89E-026450.79 2 2 1.77E-01 6454.08 4 6 1.49E-01 6463.09 4 4 1.13E-016467.02 6 8 2.11E-01 6468.57 4 2 3.52E-02 6478.76 6 6 6.31E-026487.84 6 4 1.05E-02 7371.51 4 4 3.53E-02 7404.54 6 6 3.61E-028307.51 2 4 1.65E-02 8344.95 2 2 6.52E-02 8386.39 4 4 8.03E-028424.56 4 2 3.17E-02 N IV 247.205 1 3 1.19E+02 *283.52 9 15 3.05E+02 *322.64 9 3 8.99E+01335.047 3 5 1.845E+02 387.356 3 1 2.55E+01 765.147 1 3 2.320E+01*923.16 9 9 1.759E+01 955.334 3 1 2.919E+01 1718.55 3 5 2.321E+002649.88 3 3 1.07E+00 3052.20 1 3 1.33E-01 3059.60 3 3 3.95E-013075.19 5 3 6.48E-01 3443.61 3 5 3.46E-01 3445.22 1 3 4.60E-013454.65 3 3 3.42E-01 3461.36 3 1 1.36E+00 3463.36 5 5 1.02E+00 3474.53 5 3 5.61E-01 3478.72 3 5 1.06E+00 *3480.8 3 9 1.06E+003483.00 3 3 1.06E+00 3484.93 3 1 1.06E+00 3689.94 3 1 9.10E-023694.14 3 3 2.27E-02 3707.39 5 3 6.73E-02 3714.43 5 5 1.34E-023735.43 7 5 7.37E-02 3747.54 3 5 9.92E-01 4057.76 3 5 6.62E-014740.26 3 5 1.53E-02 4747.96 3 3 7.60E-02 4752.49 5 7 1.13E-024762.09 5 5 6.99E-024769.86 5 3 2.50E-02 4786.92 7 7 8.79E-02 4796.66 7 5 1.53E-02 5200.41 3 5 2.67E-015204.28 5 7 3.55E-01 5205.15 1 3 1.97E-01 5226.70 3 3 1.46E-015245.60 5 5 8.66E-02 5272.35 5 3 9.48E-03 5288.25 5 3 3.22E-025736.93 3 5 1.84E-01 5776.31 1 3 1.85E-02 5784.76 3 1 5.51E-025795.09 3 3 1.37E-02 5812.31 3 5 1.36E-02 5826.43 5 3 2.25E-025843.84 5 5 4.01E-02 6380.75 1 3 1.42E-01 7103.24 1 3 6.28E-027109.35 3 5 8.46E-02 7111.28 3 3 4.70E-02 *7116.8 9 15 1.12E-017122.98 5 7 1.12E-01 7127.25 5 5 2.80E-02 7127.25 5 3 3.11E-039165.07 3 5 4.23E-02 9182.16 5 7 4.45E-02 9222.99 7 9 4.95E-029247.04 5 5 7.66E-03 9311.55 7 7 5.36E-03 N V *209.29 2 6 1.21E+02 *247.66 6 10 4.26E+021238.82 2 4 3.40E+00 1242.80 2 2 3.37E+00 4603.74 2 4 4.14E-014619.97 2 2 4.10E-01 N VI 24.8980 1 3 5.158E+03 28.7870 1 3 1.809E+04 *161.220 3 9 2.859E+02 173.275 1 3 2.697E+02 *173.93 9 15 8.756E+02 185.192 3 5 8.205E+02*1901 3 9 6.780E-01 2896.4 1 3 2.079E-01 *6991.1 3 9 8.384E-029622.0 1 3 3.276E-02 Oxygen O I 791.973 5 5 4.94E+00 792.938 1 3 2.19E+00792.967 3 5 1.64E+00 877.798 5 3 2.85E+00 877.879 5 5 5.12E+00922.008 5 7 1.23E+00935.193 5 5 1.33E+00 1028.16 1 3 4.22E-01 1152.15 5 5 5.28E+00 1217.65 1 3 2.06E+001302.17 5 3 3.41E+00 1304.86 3 3 2.03E+00 1306.03 1 3 6.76E-013823.41 7 7 6.63E-03 3823.87 5 3 1.87E-03 3824.35 5 5 5.19E-033825.02 3 3 5.59E-03 3825.19 5 7 8.31E-04 3855.01 5 5 1.63E-023947.29 5 7 4.91E-03 3947.48 5 5 4.88E-03 3947.59 5 3 4.87E-033951.93 3 1 3.10E-03 3952.98 5 3 1.29E-03 3953.00 1 3 1.03E-033954.52 3 5 7.73E-04 3954.61 5 5 2.32E-03 3997.95 5 3 2.41E-024217.09 3 1 5.44E-03 4222.77 5 3 2.26E-03 4222.82 1 3 1.81E-034233.27 5 5 4.04E-03 4368.19 3 1 7.56E-03 4368.24 3 5 7.59E-034967.38 3 5 4.43E-03 4967.88 5 7 8.44E-03 4968.79 7 9 1.27E-025019.29 5 5 7.13E-03 5020.22 7 5 9.98E-03 5329.11 3 5 9.48E-035329.69 5 7 1.81E-02 5330.74 7 9 2.71E-02 5435.18 3 5 7.74E-035435.77 5 5 1.29E-02 5436.86 7 5 1.80E-02 5512.60 3 5 2.69E-035512.77 5 7 3.58E-03 5554.83 3 3 5.83E-03 5555.00 5 3 9.71E-03 5958.39 3 5 6.80E-03 5958.58 5 7 9.06E-03 6046.23 3 3 1.05E-026046.44 5 3 1.75E-02 6046.49 1 3 3.50E-03 6155.99 3 5 2.67E-026156.78 5 7 5.08E-02 6158.19 7 9 7.62E-02 6324.84 7 5 3.76E-056453.60 3 5 1.65E-02 6454.44 5 5 2.75E-02 6455.98 7 5 3.85E-026726.28 5 5 1.18E-05 6726.54 5 3 6.44E-06 7001.92 3 5 2.65E-027002.23 5 7 3.53E-02 TeamLRN10-127NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 7254.15 3 3 2.24E-02 7254.45 5 3 3.73E-02 7254.53 1 3 7.45E-03 7771.94 5 7 3.69E-017774.17 5 5 3.69E-01 7775.39 5 3 3.69E-01 7981.94 3 3 2.33E-047982.40 1 3 3.09E-04 7986.98 3 5 4.19E-04 7987.33 5 5 1.41E-047995.07 5 7 5.63E-04 8221.82 7 7 2.89E-01 8227.65 5 3 8.13E-028230.00 5 5 2.26E-01 8233.00 3 3 2.43E-01 8235.35 3 5 4.86E-028446.25 3 1 3.22E-01 8446.36 3 5 3.22E-01 8446.76 3 3 3.22E-018820.42 5 7 2.93E-01 9260.81 3 1 4.46E-01 9260.85 3 3 3.34E-019260.94 3 5 1.56E-01 9262.58 5 3 1.11E-01 9262.67 5 5 2.60E-019262.78 5 7 2.97E-01 9265.83 7 5 2.97E-02 9265.93 7 7 1.48E-019266.01 7 9 4.45E-01 9482.89 5 3 2.34E-01 9622.11 5 3 5.22E-049622.16 3 3 1.57E-03 9625.26 7 5 3.25E-04 9625.30 7 7 1.85E-039694.66 5 7 4.54E-04 9694.91 5 5 4.54E-04 9695.06 5 3 4.54E-04 O II 429.918 4 2 4.25E+01430.041 4 4 4.13E+01 430.176 4 6 4.36E+01 483.760 4 2 2.05E+01 483.980 6 4 1.80E+01 484.027 4 4 3.22E+00 485.087 6 8 2.60E+01485.470 6 6 1.20E+00 485.518 4 6 1.93E+01 2290.85 2 4 7.41E-022293.30 2 2 3.25E-01 2300.33 4 4 4.17E-01 2302.81 4 2 1.67E-012365.14 4 2 1.52E-01 2375.72 6 4 1.35E-01 2406.38 6 4 1.85E-012407.48 4 4 2.25E-01 2411.60 4 2 2.05E-01 2411.64 2 2 1.10E-012415.13 4 2 2.20E-012418.46 6 6 2.30E-01 2425.57 6 6 1.77E-01 2433.54 2 4 4.21E-01 2436.06 4 4 1.69E-012444.25 4 4 7.56E-02 2445.53 4 6 4.98E-01 2517.96 4 6 7.72E-022523.21 2 2 9.63E-02 2526.87 4 4 1.20E-01 2530.28 6 8 8.16E-022571.46 2 4 1.15E-01 2575.28 4 6 1.37E-01 3134.73 8 6 1.23E+003273.43 8 6 9.99E-01 3377.15 2 2 1.27E+00 3390.21 2 4 1.22E+003407.28 6 6 1.02E+00 3712.74 2 4 2.84E-01 3727.32 4 4 5.81E-013749.48 6 4 9.31E-01 3833.07 6 8 1.02E-02 3842.81 2 4 7.45E-023843.58 4 6 3.55E-02 3847.89 2 2 1.95E-01 3850.80 4 6 6.00E-033851.03 4 4 1.59E-01 3851.47 8 8 2.72E-02 3856.13 4 2 2.28E-013857.16 6 6 6.59E-02 3863.50 6 8 6.49E-02 3864.13 2 2 9.12E-023864.43 6 6 2.15E-01 3864.67 6 4 1.80E-01 3874.09 2 4 3.26E-023875.80 8 6 3.38E-02 3882.19 8 8 5.50E-01 3882.45 4 4 8.94E-023883.14 8 6 1.13E-01 3893.52 4 6 1.89E-02 3907.45 6 6 8.64E-023911.96 6 4 1.09E+00 3912.12 4 4 1.41E-01 3919.27 4 2 1.22E+00 3945.04 2 4 2.05E-01 3954.36 2 2 8.57E-01 3973.26 4 4 1.04E+003982.71 4 2 4.27E-01 4069.62 2 4 1.52E+00 4069.88 4 6 1.53E+004072.15 6 8 1.98E+00 4075.86 8 10 2.11E+00 4078.84 4 4 5.52E-014084.65 6 8 7.28E-02 4085.11 6 6 4.55E-01 4092.93 8 8 2.65E-014094.14 6 4 4.70E-02 4096.53 4 6 1.73E-01 4097.22 2 4 3.62E-014103.00 2 2 5.09E-014104.72 4 6 3.14E-01 4104.99 4 4 9.14E-01 4106.02 8 6 1.70E-02 4109.84 6 6 1.21E-024110.19 6 4 2.54E-01 4110.79 4 2 7.70E-01 4112.02 6 6 1.81E-014113.83 8 6 2.41E-01 4119.22 6 8 1.33E+00 4120.28 6 6 2.15E-014120.55 6 4 2.60E-01 4121.46 2 2 5.60E-01 4129.32 4 2 1.79E-014132.80 2 4 9.13E-01 4140.70 4 4 4.09E-02 4153.30 4 6 7.91E-014156.53 6 4 2.11E-01 4169.22 6 6 2.71E-01 4185.44 6 8 1.91E+004189.58 8 8 7.06E-02 4189.79 8 10 1.98E+00 4192.51 6 4 3.21E-014196.27 4 4 3.56E-02 4196.70 4 2 3.56E-01 4317.14 2 4 3.70E-014319.63 4 6 2.55E-01 4319.87 2 2 5.62E-01 4325.76 2 2 1.47E-014327.46 6 6 6.76E-01 4327.85 6 4 7.24E-02 4328.59 4 2 1.12E+004331.47 4 6 4.82E-02 4331.86 4 4 6.50E-01 4336.86 4 4 1.57E-014345.56 4 2 8.31E-01 4347.22 6 4 1.19E-01 4347.41 4 4 9.32E-014349.43 6 6 6.91E-01 4351.26 6 6 9.89E-01 4351.46 4 6 5.82E-024359.40 4 6 1.44E-02 4366.89 6 4 3.98E-01 4369.27 4 4 3.57E-01 4395.93 6 6 3.91E-01 4405.98 6 4 4.30E-02 4414.90 4 6 8.34E-014416.97 2 4 7.13E-01 4443.01 6 6 5.05E-01 4443.52 6 8 1.89E-024447.68 8 6 2.52E-02 4448.19 8 8 5.10E-01 4452.38 4 4 1.37E-014466.24 2 4 9.00E-01 4467.46 2 2 9.00E-01 4563.18 4 4 7.18E-034590.97 6 8 8.85E-01 4595.96 6 6 4.87E-02 4596.18 4 6 8.34E-014638.86 2 4 3.71E-01 10-128NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 4641.81 4 6 5.96E-01 4649.13 6 8 7.81E-01 4650.84 2 2 6.86E-01 4661.63 4 4 4.10E-014673.73 4 2 1.35E-01 4676.23 6 6 2.05E-01 4690.89 2 4 1.86E-014691.42 2 2 7.43E-01 4696.35 6 4 3.25E-02 4698.44 6 6 6.59E-024699.01 6 8 9.88E-01 4699.22 4 6 9.36E-01 4701.18 4 4 9.23E-014701.71 4 2 3.69E-01 4703.16 4 6 9.20E-01 4705.35 6 8 1.10E+004710.01 4 6 2.98E-01 4741.70 6 6 4.71E-02 4751.28 6 8 6.39E-024752.69 6 6 1.45E-02 4844.92 4 6 1.02E-02 4856.39 4 6 5.58E-024856.76 4 4 1.00E-01 4860.97 2 4 4.70E-01 4864.88 4 2 8.07E-024871.52 4 6 5.60E-01 4872.02 4 4 9.34E-02 4890.86 4 2 4.80E-014906.83 4 4 4.54E-01 4924.53 4 6 5.43E-01 4941.07 2 4 5.87E-014943.01 4 6 7.78E-01 4955.71 4 4 1.82E-01 5159.94 2 2 3.29E-015175.90 4 2 1.49E-01 5190.50 2 4 1.26E-01 5206.65 4 4 3.58E-015583.22 2 4 2.17E-02 5611.07 2 2 2.14E-02 6627.37 4 4 1.73E-016641.03 2 2 9.88E-02 6666.66 4 2 6.78E-02 6677.87 2 4 3.37E-02 6717.75 2 2 1.33E-01 6721.39 4 2 1.81E-01 6810.48 6 8 1.64E-036844.10 4 6 2.97E-03 6846.80 8 8 3.17E-02 6869.48 6 6 5.35E-026884.88 4 4 6.12E-02 6895.10 10 8 2.72E-01 6906.44 8 6 2.48E-016907.87 4 2 3.03E-01 6910.56 6 4 2.43E-01 O III 263.694 1 3 3.32E+01 263.727 3 5 4.48E+01263.773 3 3 2.49E+01263.817 5 7 5.97E+01 263.861 5 5 1.49E+01 277.386 5 7 9.43E+01 279.788 5 5 4.25E+01295.942 1 3 5.56E+01 303.413 1 3 4.29E+01 303.461 3 1 1.29E+02303.517 3 3 3.21E+01 303.622 3 5 3.21E+01 303.695 5 3 5.34E+01303.800 5 5 9.61E+01 305.596 1 3 1.20E+02 305.656 3 5 1.62E+02305.702 3 3 9.01E+01 305.767 5 7 2.16E+02 305.836 5 5 5.40E+01320.978 5 7 2.17E+02 328.448 5 5 1.04E+02 345.312 1 3 1.35E+02374.073 5 5 2.85E+01 395.557 5 3 2.80E+01 507.388 1 3 1.61E+01507.680 3 3 4.82E+01 508.178 5 3 8.04E+01 525.794 5 3 9.60E+01597.814 1 3 1.49E+01 599.590 5 5 5.41E+01 702.337 1 3 6.06E+00702.838 3 1 1.83E+01 832.929 1 3 3.41E+00 835.092 5 5 1.44E+00835.289 5 7 5.99E+00 1679.03 3 5 6.57E-01 1686.73 3 3 6.48E-011760.41 3 5 8.38E-01 1764.46 5 5 2.50E+00 1766.63 1 3 1.11E+001772.28 3 1 3.29E+00 1772.97 5 3 1.37E+00 2390.43 3 3 1.62E+002454.97 3 1 3.43E+00 2665.68 3 5 6.75E-01 2674.58 5 5 1.11E+00 2683.66 3 1 1.85E+00 2686.15 7 5 1.54E+00 2687.55 3 3 1.84E+002695.48 3 5 1.82E+00 2794.14 3 1 1.82E-01 2798.93 3 3 4.52E-022809.66 5 3 1.34E-01 2818.70 5 5 2.66E-02 2836.31 7 5 1.46E-012959.69 3 5 1.83E+00 2983.78 3 5 2.15E+00 2992.08 3 5 9.32E-022996.48 3 3 4.64E-01 2997.69 5 7 6.88E-02 3004.34 5 5 4.27E-013008.78 5 3 1.53E-013017.62 7 7 5.38E-01 3023.43 3 5 4.79E-01 3024.36 7 5 9.39E-02 3024.54 1 3 6.16E-013035.41 3 3 4.59E-01 3042.07 3 1 1.94E+00 3047.10 5 5 1.49E+003059.28 5 3 8.72E-01 3064.98 1 3 2.17E-01 3068.13 3 1 6.49E-013068.26 3 3 5.41E-02 3068.67 3 5 2.27E-01 3074.14 5 7 1.84E-013074.72 5 3 3.76E-01 3075.13 5 5 1.61E-01 3075.95 7 9 1.07E-013083.65 7 7 3.20E-01 3084.64 7 5 2.55E-01 3088.04 9 9 5.30E-013095.79 9 7 1.35E-01 3115.67 3 1 1.39E+00 3121.63 3 3 1.38E+003132.79 3 5 1.37E+00 3198.18 3 5 9.57E-02 3201.14 3 3 4.77E-013202.51 5 7 7.08E-02 3207.61 5 5 4.40E-01 3210.58 5 3 1.58E-013216.07 7 7 5.58E-01 3221.21 7 5 9.75E-02 3260.86 5 7 1.68E+003265.33 7 9 1.88E+00 3267.20 3 5 1.58E+00 3281.83 5 5 2.89E-013284.45 7 7 2.06E-01 3299.39 1 3 1.64E-01 3312.33 3 3 4.60E-013326.06 3 3 2.65E-01 3330.30 3 5 6.81E-01 3330.32 3 5 4.76E-013332.41 5 3 7.92E-01 3332.93 5 7 5.04E-01 3336.67 3 3 3.76E-01 3336.69 5 5 8.77E-02 3340.76 5 3 6.57E-01 3344.20 5 5 1.25E-013344.51 5 7 3.48E-01 3347.98 7 5 4.86E-01 3350.62 5 3 1.12E+003350.92 7 7 9.91E-01 3355.86 7 7 6.89E-01 3362.31 7 5 6.87E-013376.61 3 1 1.49E+00 3376.76 3 3 1.12E+00 3377.26 3 5 5.20E-013382.61 5 7 9.86E-01 3383.31 5 3 3.70E-01 3383.81 5 5 8.62E-013384.90 7 9 1.48E+00 TeamLRN10-129NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3394.22 7 7 4.88E-01 3395.43 7 5 9.75E-02 3406.88 1 3 1.93E-01 3408.13 3 1 5.79E-013415.26 3 3 1.44E-01 3428.63 3 5 1.42E-01 3430.57 5 3 2.37E-013444.05 5 5 4.21E-01 3446.68 3 5 9.71E-01 3447.15 1 3 8.09E-013447.97 5 7 1.19E+00 3450.91 7 9 1.44E+00 3451.30 3 3 8.06E-013454.84 5 5 6.89E-01 3454.99 9 11 1.72E+00 3459.48 5 3 1.14E-013459.94 7 7 5.14E-01 3466.13 9 9 2.84E-01 3466.85 7 5 6.82E-023475.24 9 7 2.42E-02 3520.94 1 3 1.50E-01 3531.22 3 1 4.45E-013533.38 3 3 1.11E-01 3534.90 3 5 1.11E-01 3555.24 5 3 1.82E-013556.78 5 5 3.26E-01 3695.38 3 5 4.01E-01 3698.72 5 7 7.62E-013703.36 7 9 1.14E+00 3704.75 3 3 8.53E-01 3707.27 3 5 7.34E-013709.54 3 1 1.13E+00 3712.49 5 5 6.59E-01 3714.03 3 3 4.06E-013715.09 5 7 9.73E-01 3720.89 7 7 3.74E-01 3721.95 5 3 2.80E-013725.31 5 5 2.41E-01 3728.51 5 7 1.29E+00 3728.84 7 9 1.45E+003729.80 3 5 1.22E+00 3732.13 5 3 2.67E-02 3734.83 7 5 7.40E-02 3742.63 5 5 2.24E-01 3746.90 7 7 1.59E-01 3754.70 3 5 7.53E-013757.23 1 3 5.56E-01 3759.88 5 7 9.79E-01 3774.03 3 3 3.91E-013791.28 5 5 2.24E-01 3810.98 5 3 2.37E-02 3816.75 5 3 9.63E-023961.57 5 7 1.25E+00 4072.64 1 3 3.37E-01 4073.98 3 5 4.54E-014081.02 5 7 6.02E-01 4089.30 3 3 2.49E-01 4103.07 5 5 1.48E-014118.60 5 3 1.63E-024440.09 5 3 4.42E-01 4447.69 5 5 4.40E-01 4461.61 5 7 4.36E-01 4524.22 3 1 3.38E-014532.78 5 3 1.40E-01 4535.29 3 3 8.40E-02 4555.39 5 5 2.49E-014557.91 3 5 8.27E-02 5268.30 1 3 3.50E-01 5508.24 5 5 1.06E-015592.25 3 3 3.27E-01 O IV 238.360 2 4 2.96E+02 238.570 4 6 3.54E+02 238.579 4 4 5.90E+01279.631 2 2 2.68E+01 279.933 4 2 5.34E+01 553.329 2 4 1.22E+01554.076 2 2 4.86E+01 554.513 4 4 6.06E+01 555.263 4 2 2.41E+01608.397 2 2 1.21E+01 609.829 4 2 2.40E+01 616.952 6 4 2.60E+01617.005 4 4 2.89E+00 617.036 4 2 2.89E+01 624.619 2 4 1.07E+01625.127 4 4 2.13E+01 625.853 6 4 3.19E+01 779.736 6 4 1.46E+00779.820 4 4 1.31E+01 779.912 6 6 1.36E+01 779.997 4 6 9.70E-01787.710 2 4 5.95E+00 790.112 4 4 1.18E+00 790.199 4 6 7.08E+00921.296 2 4 2.21E+00 921.365 2 2 8.83E+00 923.367 4 4 1.10E+01923.436 4 2 4.39E+00 1338.61 2 4 2.17E+00 1342.99 4 4 4.29E-01 1343.51 4 6 2.57E+00 2120.58 2 2 1.05E+00 2132.64 4 4 1.29E+002493.39 2 4 1.18E+00 2493.75 4 6 8.48E-01 2493.99 2 2 6.09E-012499.27 2 2 4.68E-01 2501.81 4 4 3.73E-01 2507.73 4 2 2.32E+002509.22 6 6 1.94E+00 2510.58 4 2 1.19E+00 2517.37 6 4 1.24E+002781.22 2 2 1.03E-01 2803.57 6 4 1.26E-01 2805.87 2 4 2.90E-012812.50 6 6 3.58E-022816.53 4 4 5.74E-01 2829.17 8 6 1.56E-01 2836.27 6 4 8.43E-01 2916.31 2 4 1.06E+002921.46 4 6 1.27E+00 2926.18 4 4 2.11E-01 3063.43 2 4 1.30E+003071.60 2 2 1.29E+00 3177.89 2 4 7.59E-02 3180.77 2 2 1.51E-013180.99 4 6 7.06E-02 3185.74 4 4 1.21E-01 3188.22 6 8 4.28E-023188.64 4 2 1.50E-01 3194.78 6 6 1.71E-01 3199.58 6 4 1.04E-013209.65 8 8 2.53E-01 3216.31 8 6 5.56E-02 3348.06 2 4 8.51E-013349.11 4 6 1.02E+00 3354.27 4 2 7.71E-01 3362.55 4 4 7.65E-013375.40 4 6 7.56E-01 3378.02 4 4 1.66E-01 3381.21 4 6 7.19E-013381.30 2 4 4.28E-01 3385.52 6 8 1.02E+00 3390.19 2 2 8.49E-013396.80 4 4 5.40E-01 3405.77 4 2 1.67E-01 3409.70 6 6 3.00E-013411.30 4 4 1.69E-01 3411.69 4 6 1.02E+00 3425.55 6 4 4.94E-023489.89 4 6 7.29E-01 3492.21 2 4 6.06E-01 3493.43 4 4 1.21E-013560.39 4 6 1.03E+00 3563.33 6 8 1.10E+00 3593.08 6 6 7.15E-023725.89 2 4 5.61E-01 3725.94 4 6 6.01E-01 3729.03 6 8 6.86E-01 3736.68 4 4 2.23E-01 3736.85 8 10 7.95E-01 3744.89 6 6 1.92E-013758.39 8 8 1.11E-01 3930.68 2 2 3.80E-02 3942.06 2 4 9.42E-023945.31 4 2 1.88E-01 3956.77 4 4 2.98E-02 3974.58 4 6 6.62E-023977.09 6 4 9.91E-02 3995.08 6 6 1.52E-01 4687.03 2 4 2.79E-014772.60 2 4 1.23E-01 4779.10 2 2 2.45E-01 4783.42 4 6 2.06E-014794.18 4 4 1.56E-01 10-130NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 4798.27 6 8 2.91E-01 4813.15 6 6 8.65E-02 5305.51 4 4 6.10E-02 5362.51 6 6 6.12E-026876.49 2 4 1.88E-02 6931.60 2 2 7.35E-02 7004.11 4 4 8.90E-027061.30 4 2 3.48E-02 O V 172.169 1 3 2.94E+02 *192.85 9 15 6.90E+02 *215.17 9 3 1.83E+02220.353 3 5 4.292E+02 248.460 3 1 5.59E+01 629.732 1 3 2.872E+01758.677 3 5 5.547E+00 759.442 1 3 7.373E+00 760.227 3 3 5.514E+00760.446 5 5 1.652E+01 761.128 3 1 2.197E+01 762.004 5 3 9.125E+00774.518 3 1 3.804E+01 1371.30 3 5 3.336E+00 2729.31 3 5 4.52E-012731.45 1 3 5.90E-01 2743.61 3 3 4.38E-01 2752.23 3 1 1.82E+002755.13 5 5 1.37E+00 2769.69 5 3 7.88E-01 2781.01 3 5 1.40E+00*2784.0 3 9 1.40E+00 2786.99 3 3 1.39E+00 2789.85 3 1 1.38E+003058.68 3 5 1.39E+00 3144.66 3 5 8.86E-01 3219.24 3 1 1.54E-013222.29 1 3 1.16E-01 3227.54 3 3 3.38E-02 3239.21 3 3 3.28E-013248.28 5 3 1.18E-01 3263.54 5 5 1.86E-02 3275.64 5 3 4.76E-01 3297.62 7 5 1.30E-01 3690.17 3 5 1.97E-02 3698.36 3 3 1.03E-013702.72 5 7 1.41E-02 3717.31 5 5 9.63E-02 3725.63 5 3 2.91E-023746.64 7 7 1.18E-01 3761.58 7 5 1.61E-02 4119.37 3 5 3.66E-014120.49 3 1 3.33E-01 4123.96 5 7 4.81E-01 4125.49 1 3 2.70E-014134.11 3 3 3.34E-01 4153.27 3 3 1.92E-01 4158.86 3 5 3.39E-014178.46 5 5 1.12E-014213.35 5 3 1.19E-02 4522.66 5 3 1.02E-02 4554.53 3 5 2.41E-01 5114.06 1 3 1.80E-015339.94 1 3 1.85E-02 5349.74 3 1 7.04E-02 5372.71 3 3 1.42E-025414.59 3 5 9.29E-03 5428.38 5 3 2.68E-02 5471.12 5 5 4.86E-025571.81 1 3 8.33E-02 5580.12 3 5 1.11E-01 5583.23 3 3 6.20E-02*5589.9 9 15 1.49E-01 5597.89 5 7 1.48E-01 5604.27 5 5 3.68E-025607.41 5 3 4.08E-03 6330.05 5 7 1.21E-01 6460.12 3 5 9.37E-026466.14 5 7 1.01E-01 6500.24 7 9 1.11E-01 6543.77 5 5 1.64E-026601.28 7 7 1.14E-02 6764.72 1 3 4.37E-02 6789.62 3 5 5.79E-026817.40 3 3 3.00E-02 6828.95 5 7 7.35E-02 6878.76 5 5 1.65E-02 O VI *150.10 2 6 2.62E+02*173.03 6 10 8.78E+02 1031.91 2 4 4.16E+00 1037.61 2 2 4.09E+003811.35 2 4 5.14E-01 3834.24 2 2 5.05E-01 O VII 18.6270 1 3 9.365E+03 21.6020 1 3 3.309E+04*120.33 3 9 5.334E+02 128.411 1 3 8.982E+02 *128.46 9 15 1.615E+03 135.820 3 5 1.523E+03 *1630.3 3 9 7.935E-01 2448.98 1 3 2.514E-01*5933.1 3 9 1.002E-01 8241.76 1 3 3.864E-02 Phosphorus P I 1671.7 4 2 3.9E-011674.6 4 4 4.0E-01 1679.7 4 6 3.9E-01 1775.0 4 6 2.17E+001782.9 4 4 2.14E+00 1787.7 4 2 2.13E+00 2135.5 4 4 2.11E-012136.2 6 4 2.83E+002149.1 4 2 3.18E+00 2152.9 2 4 4.85E-01 2154.1 4 4 1.73E-01 2154.1 4 6 5.8E-012534.0 2 4 2.00E-01 2535.6 4 4 9.5E-01 2553.3 2 2 7.1E-012554.9 4 2 3.00E-01 P II 1301.9 1 3 5.0E-01 1304.5 3 1 1.5E+00 1304.7 3 3 3.7E-011305.5 3 5 3.8E-01 1309.9 5 3 6.2E-01 1310.7 5 5 1.1E+004475.3 5 7 1.3E+00 4499.2 5 7 1.4E+00 4530.8 3 5 1.0E+004554.8 3 5 9.6E-01 4588.0 5 7 1.7E+00 4589.9 3 5 1.6E+004602.1 7 9 1.9E+00 4943.5 7 5 6.3E-01 5253.5 3 5 1.0E+005425.9 5 5 6.9E-01 6024.2 3 5 5.1E-01 6043.1 5 7 6.8E-01 P III 1334.8 2 4 5.5E-011344.3 4 6 6.4E-01 1344.8 4 4 1.1E-01 4057.4 4 4 1.0E-014059.3 6 4 9.0E-01 4080.1 4 2 9.9E-01 Potassium K I 4044.1 2 4 1.24E-024047.2 2 2 1.24E-02 5084.2 2 2 3.50E-03 5099.2 4 2 7.0E-03 5323.3 2 2 6.3E-03 5339.7 4 2 1.26E-02 5343.0 2 4 4.0E-035359.6 4 6 4.6E-03 5782.4 2 2 1.23E-02 5801.8 4 2 2.46E-025812.2 2 4 2.8E-03 5831.9 4 6 3.2E-03 6911.1 2 2 2.72E-026938.8 4 2 5.4E-02 7664.9 2 4 3.87E-01 7699.0 2 2 3.82E-01 K II 607.93 1 3 1.3E-02 TeamLRN10-131NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 K III 2550.0 6 4 2.0E+00 2635.1 4 4 1.2E+00 2992.4 6 8 2.5E+003052.1 4 6 1.7E+00 3202.0 4 4 1.8E+00 3289.1 4 6 2.0E+003322.4 6 6 1.3E+00 3421.8 2 4 1.5E+00 K XVI 206.27 1 3 9.4E+01 K XVII 22.020 2 4 4.7E+04 22.163 4 6 5.6E+0422.18 4 4 9.3E+03 22.60 2 2 2.5E+03 22.76 4 2 4.7E+03 Praseodymium Pr II 3997.0 15 15 1.87E-01 4062.8 13 15 1.00E+00 4100.7 17 19 8.4E-014143.1 15 17 5.8E-01 4179.4 13 15 5.2E-01 4222.9 11 13 3.91E-014241.0 17 15 2.30E-01 4359.8 15 15 1.1E-01 4405.8 17 17 9.0E-024429.3 15 15 2.28E-01 4449.8 13 13 1.24E-01 4468.7 11 13 1.54E-014510.2 13 15 1.16E-01 4534.2 15 17 4.9E-02 4734.2 15 13 2.5E-024879.1 15 15 1.8E-02 4886.0 15 15 1.3E-02 4912.6 17 15 5.7E-025034.4 19 19 1.1E-01 5110.8 21 19 2.78E-01 5135.1 17 17 1.25E-01 5173.9 19 17 3.18E-01 5219.1 15 15 9.5E-02 5220.1 17 15 2.35E-015251.7 15 13 1.1E-02 5259.7 15 13 2.24E-01 5292.6 13 13 9.3E-025810.6 17 19 2.3E-02 5879.3 15 15 7.6E-02 6200.8 15 17 1.8E-026278.7 13 15 2.6E-02 6398.0 11 13 1.9E-02 Rhodium Rh I 3083.96 8 6 4.8E-023114.91 6 4 4.45E-023121.76 6 6 1.1E-01 3123.70 10 8 4.6E-02 3137.71 4 6 3.3E-02 3189.05 6 6 3.03E-013197.13 6 4 4.35E-02 3263.14 6 6 1.3E-01 3271.61 6 4 2.0E-013280.55 8 8 2.36E-01 3283.57 6 8 4.4E-01 3289.14 4 4 1.0E-013323.09 8 10 6.3E-01 3331.09 4 2 5.40E-02 3338.54 8 6 3.5E-023360.80 4 4 1.2E-01 3368.38 6 4 1.1E-01 3396.82 10 10 6.5E-013399.70 6 8 1.2E-01 3462.04 6 6 6.2E-01 3470.66 4 4 8.5E-013478.91 6 6 3.32E-01 3484.04 6 8 9.3E-03 3498.73 4 6 2.12E-013502.52 10 10 4.3E-01 3507.32 6 8 3.4E-01 3528.02 8 8 8.5E-013543.95 4 4 4.65E-01 3549.54 6 6 2.22E-01 3570.18 4 6 1.82E-013583.10 8 10 2.6E-01 3596.19 6 4 5.5E-01 3597.15 6 8 5.9E-013612.47 4 2 8.90E-01 3620.46 6 4 8.5E-02 3654.87 8 8 6.0E-023657.99 8 6 8.8E-01 3666.22 6 8 8.4E-02 3690.70 6 4 3.23E-013692.36 10 8 9.1E-01 3700.91 8 10 3.9E-01 3713.02 4 4 8.3E-023788.47 4 6 1.4E-01 3793.22 8 6 4.2E-01 3799.31 8 8 5.5E-01 3806.76 6 6 6.2E-02 3818.19 6 4 5.8E-01 3822.26 6 6 8.5E-013828.48 6 6 6.2E-01 3833.89 6 4 5.8E-01 3856.52 8 10 5.9E-013872.39 4 6 6.7E-03 3877.34 8 6 3.7E-02 3913.51 8 8 2.5E-033922.19 4 2 6.25E-02 3934.23 8 8 1.58E-01 3942.72 4 2 7.15E-013958.86 6 8 5.5E-01 3984.40 4 4 1.1E-01 3995.61 4 6 4.7E-024053.44 2 2 2.8E-024056.34 6 4 9.5E-03 4082.78 6 4 1.4E-01 4097.52 2 4 7.0E-02 4121.68 6 6 9.8E-024128.87 6 8 1.73E-01 4135.27 8 8 1.0E-01 4196.50 6 8 3.9E-024211.14 8 10 1.62E-01 4244.44 4 4 6.5E-03 4278.60 4 6 9.2E-034288.71 6 8 6.1E-02 4373.04 2 4 1.8E-02 4374.80 8 10 1.64E-014379.92 6 6 2.48E-02 4492.47 6 6 4.5E-03 4528.72 6 8 1.35E-024548.73 4 6 5.5E-03 4551.64 4 4 4.00E-02 4565.19 4 4 1.1E-024569.00 6 8 1.0E-02 4608.12 2 2 2.1E-02 4675.03 8 8 6.4E-034721.00 6 4 3.43E-03 4745.11 6 6 5.2E-03 4755.58 4 4 6.0E-034842.43 6 8 1.6E-03 4963.71 2 2 3.0E-02 4977.75 4 4 9.8E-034979.18 4 6 1.0E-02 5090.63 6 6 5.0E-03 5120.69 6 8 3.1E-035130.76 4 4 4.35E-03 5155.54 2 4 9.8E-03 5184.19 6 8 1.6E-035212.73 4 2 5.95E-03 5292.14 10 10 3.7E-03 5390.44 4 6 9.5E-035424.72 4 4 5.0E-03 5599.42 6 8 1.3E-02 5983.60 10 10 2.1E-02 Rubidium Rb I 3022.5 2 4 4.13E-05 3032.0 2 4 4.93E-05 3044.2 2 4 8.2E-053060.2 2 4 1.05E-04 3082.0 2 4 1.49E-04 3112.6 2 4 2.5E-043113.1 2 2 1.3E-04 3157.5 2 4 3.38E-04 3158.3 2 2 2.0E-043228.0 2 4 6.4E-04 3229.2 2 2 3.8E-04 3348.7 2 4 1.37E-033350.8 2 2 8.9E-04 3587.1 2 4 3.97E-03 3591.6 2 2 2.9E-034201.8 2 4 1.8E-02 10-132NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 4215.5 2 2 1.5E-02 7800.3 2 4 3.70E-01 7947.6 2 2 3.40E-01 Scandium Sc I 2116.7 4 4 2.0E-012120.4 6 6 2.0E-01 2262.3 4 4 5.8E-02 2266.6 4 2 4.8E-012270.9 6 4 4.6E-01 2280.8 4 6 2.8E-01 2289.6 6 6 4.1E-022311.29 4 6 4.1E-02 2315.69 4 4 2.5E-01 2320.32 6 6 2.4E-012324.75 6 4 4.1E-02 2328.19 4 6 4.6E-02 2334.67 4 2 1.7E-012346.03 6 4 1.3E-01 2429.19 4 4 2.8E-01 2438.63 6 6 2.1E-012468.40 4 2 4.9E-02 2692.78 4 2 1.61E-01 2699.02 4 6 2.4E-022706.74 4 4 3.1E-01 2707.93 6 4 1.49E-01 2711.34 6 6 3.2E-012965.88 4 6 7.5E-02 2974.01 4 4 5.5E-01 2980.76 6 6 5.4E-012988.97 6 4 6.9E-02 3015.37 4 6 7.8E-01 3019.35 6 8 8.7E-013030.76 6 6 1.00E-01 3255.68 4 4 3.2E-01 3269.90 4 2 3.13E+003273.63 6 4 2.81E+00 3907.48 4 6 1.66E+00 3911.81 6 8 1.79E+003933.38 6 6 1.62E-01 3996.60 4 6 1.65E-01 4020.39 4 4 1.63E+00 4023.22 4 4 3.0E-01 4023.68 6 6 1.65E+00 4031.38 6 6 2.9E-014036.86 6 4 7.9E-02 4043.80 8 8 3.11E-01 4047.80 6 4 1.54E-014051.83 8 6 7.7E-02 4054.54 4 2 1.67E-01 4067.00 6 8 1.91E-014067.63 10 8 4.1E-02 4074.96 4 6 3.7E-01 4078.56 2 4 4.3E-014080.57 4 4 6.6E-02 4082.39 6 4 2.73E-01 4086.66 6 8 3.7E-014087.47 4 6 1.12E-014093.12 4 4 1.23E-01 4094.86 6 6 1.44E-01 4098.36 8 8 8.7E-02 4132.98 4 6 1.19E+004140.27 6 8 1.17E+00 4147.38 6 6 1.74E-01 4161.85 8 8 1.77E-014171.53 6 4 1.36E-01 4186.42 6 8 8.4E-02 4187.61 8 6 1.28E-014193.53 4 6 6.1E-02 4204.52 6 8 3.5E-02 4205.20 10 8 1.12E-014212.32 4 6 1.58E-01 4212.48 6 6 8.6E-02 4216.08 2 4 2.36E-014218.23 4 4 2.26E-01 4225.54 6 8 9.5E-02 4225.69 4 6 7.6E-024231.64 4 4 1.31E-01 4233.59 6 6 4.0E-01 4238.05 8 8 7.1E-014239.55 6 4 2.27E-01 4246.14 8 6 1.15E-01 4542.55 6 4 1.28E-014544.67 8 6 1.33E-01 4706.94 4 6 2.81E-01 4709.31 6 8 4.0E-014711.72 2 4 1.81E-01 4714.30 4 4 2.14E-01 4719.31 6 6 1.04E-014728.77 8 8 1.16E-01 4729.20 4 4 2.20E-01 4729.24 6 6 1.93E-014734.11 4 2 1.10E+00 4737.65 6 4 8.8E-01 4741.02 8 6 9.1E-014743.82 10 8 9.8E-01 4973.67 4 2 8.4E-01 4980.36 6 4 5.6E-014983.43 4 4 2.58E-01 4991.91 6 6 3.8E-01 4995.00 4 6 5.9E-02 5018.41 6 4 2.09E-01 5021.52 4 4 2.30E-01 5064.31 8 10 7.3E-025066.38 6 6 3.6E-02 5070.17 6 8 1.16E-01 5072.71 2 4 2.0E-025075.82 4 6 1.15E-01 5080.22 4 4 4.1E-02 5081.56 10 10 7.6E-015083.72 8 8 6.2E-01 5085.55 6 6 5.7E-01 5086.94 4 4 6.6E-015096.72 6 4 1.69E-01 5099.27 4 6 1.50E-01 5101.12 10 8 8.8E-025331.79 4 4 1.11E-015339.43 6 6 1.06E-01 5341.07 4 2 3.8E-01 5349.34 6 4 5.9E-01 5350.28 8 8 6.8E-025355.79 6 4 3.0E-01 5356.10 8 6 5.7E-01 5375.37 8 6 3.4E-015392.06 10 8 4.2E-01 5416.16 4 6 4.4E-02 5416.41 6 6 2.0E-025425.55 6 8 4.5E-02 5429.42 2 4 9.0E-02 5432.98 4 4 5.4E-025433.25 6 4 9.7E-02 5438.28 4 6 3.4E-02 5439.04 2 2 1.74E-015442.62 4 2 2.15E-01 5446.20 8 8 2.8E-01 5451.37 6 6 1.50E-015455.24 4 4 6.6E-02 5464.95 4 2 3.2E-02 5468.40 6 4 9.7E-025472.19 8 6 9.7E-02 5482.01 8 8 5.2E-01 5484.63 6 6 5.2E-015514.23 6 8 4.1E-01 5520.52 8 10 4.3E-01 5526.10 4 4 7.1E-025541.07 6 6 5.5E-02 5631.04 2 4 3.0E-02 5671.83 10 12 5.4E-015686.86 8 10 4.9E-01 5700.19 6 8 4.6E-01 5708.64 10 10 4.7E-025711.79 4 6 4.5E-01 5717.31 8 8 7.5E-02 5724.13 6 6 7.4E-025988.43 6 6 6.6E-02 6026.16 4 4 7.2E-02 6146.20 6 8 4.2E-026198.43 4 6 3.5E-02 6249.96 6 8 3.2E-02 6262.22 4 6 8.4E-02 6280.16 2 4 4.0E-02 6284.16 6 6 3.9E-02 6284.73 4 4 7.1E-026293.02 2 2 1.04E-01 7741.16 10 10 3.8E-02 7800.42 8 8 5.1E-02 Sc II 1880.6 5 3 5.0E+002064.3 7 5 2.2E+00 2068.0 5 3 2.0E+00 2273.1 1 3 7.7E+002545.20 5 5 4.0E-01 2552.35 7 5 2.21E+00 2555.79 3 3 6.9E-012560.23 5 3 2.01E+00 TeamLRN10-133NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 2563.19 3 1 2.70E+00 2611.19 5 5 2.2E+00 2667.70 3 5 1.5E+00 2746.36 3 1 3.9E+002782.31 5 5 1.3E+00 2789.15 7 7 1.3E+00 2801.31 9 9 1.3E+002819.49 3 5 2.3E+00 2822.12 5 7 2.5E+00 2826.64 7 9 2.8E+002870.85 5 3 1.1E+00 2912.98 5 3 1.1E+00 2979.68 3 5 1.2E+002988.92 5 7 2.9E+00 3039.92 7 9 3.5E+00 3045.73 5 7 3.68E+003052.92 7 9 3.92E+00 3060.54 7 7 3.0E-01 3065.12 9 11 4.00E+003075.36 9 9 2.5E-01 3128.27 3 3 1.9E+00 3133.07 5 5 1.8E+003139.72 7 7 2.1E+00 3190.98 3 3 1.1E+00 3199.33 5 3 1.9E+003312.72 5 7 1.2E+00 3320.40 5 3 1.2E+00 3343.23 9 7 1.1E+003353.72 5 7 1.51E+00 3359.67 5 5 2.16E-01 3361.26 3 3 3.4E-013361.93 3 1 1.17E+00 3368.94 5 3 8.3E-01 3372.15 7 5 9.9E-013379.16 3 3 2.5E+00 3535.71 5 3 6.1E-01 3558.53 5 7 3.0E-013567.70 3 5 3.5E-01 3572.53 7 7 1.38E+00 3576.34 5 5 1.06E+003580.93 3 3 1.23E+00 3589.63 5 3 4.6E-01 3590.47 7 5 2.9E-01 3613.83 7 9 1.48E+00 3630.74 5 7 1.20E+00 3642.78 3 5 1.13E+003645.31 7 7 2.74E-01 3651.80 5 5 3.0E-01 3859.59 7 5 1.1E+004246.82 5 5 1.29E+00 4314.08 9 7 4.1E-01 4320.75 7 5 4.0E-014325.00 5 3 4.3E-01 4374.46 9 9 1.48E-01 4400.39 7 7 1.43E-014415.54 5 5 1.47E-01 4670.41 5 7 1.16E-01 5031.01 5 3 3.5E-015239.81 1 3 1.39E-015526.79 9 7 3.3E-01 5657.91 5 5 1.04E-01 5669.06 3 1 1.31E-01 Silicon Si I 1977.6 1 3 1.8E-011979.2 3 1 5.1E-01 1980.6 3 3 1.3E-01 1983.2 3 5 1.4E-011986.4 5 3 2.1E-01 1989.0 5 5 4.1E-01 2208.0 1 3 3.11E-012210.9 3 5 4.16E-01 2211.7 3 3 2.32E-01 2216.7 5 7 5.5E-012218.1 5 5 1.38E-01 2506.9 3 5 4.66E-01 2514.3 1 3 6.1E-012516.1 5 5 1.21E+00 2519.2 3 3 4.56E-01 2524.1 3 1 1.81E+002528.5 5 3 7.7E-01 2532.4 1 3 2.6E-01 2631.3 1 3 9.7E-012881.6 5 3 1.89E+00 3905.5 1 3 1.18E-01 4738.8 3 3 1.0E-024783.0 5 3 1.7E-02 4792.3 5 5 1.7E-02 4818.1 5 7 1.1E-024821.2 3 5 8.0E-03 4947.6 3 1 4.2E-02 5006.1 3 5 2.8E-025622.2 3 3 1.6E-02 5690.4 3 3 1.2E-02 5708.4 5 5 1.4E-025754.2 5 3 1.5E-02 5772.1 3 1 3.6E-02 5948.5 3 5 2.2E-027226.2 3 5 7.9E-03 7405.8 3 5 3.7E-02 7409.1 5 7 2.3E-02 7680.3 3 5 4.6E-02 7918.4 3 5 5.2E-02 7932.3 5 7 5.1E-027944.0 7 9 5.8E-02 7970.3 5 5 7.1E-03 Si II 989.87 2 4 6.7E+00 992.68 4 6 8.0E+001020.7 2 2 1.3E+00 1190.4 2 4 6.9E+00 1193.3 2 2 2.8E+011194.5 4 4 3.6E+01 1197.4 4 2 1.4E+01 1248.4 4 4 1.3E+011251.2 6 4 1.9E+011260.4 2 4 2.0E+01 1264.7 4 6 2.3E+01 1304.4 2 2 3.6E+00 1309.3 4 2 7.0E+001526.7 2 2 3.73E+00 1533.5 4 2 7.4E+00 1808.0 2 4 3.7E-022904.3 4 6 6.7E-01 2905.7 6 8 7.1E-01 3210.0 4 6 4.6E-014128.1 4 6 1.32E+00 4130.9 6 8 1.42E+00 5041.0 2 4 9.8E-015056.0 4 6 1.2E+00 5957.6 2 2 4.2E-01 5978.9 4 2 8.1E-016347.1 2 4 7.0E-01 6371.4 2 2 6.9E-01 7848.8 4 6 3.9E-017849.7 6 8 4.2E-01 Si III 883.40 5 7 6.3E+01 994.79 3 3 7.89E+00 997.39 5 3 1.31E+011141.6 3 5 3.0E+01 1144.3 5 7 3.9E+01 1161.6 5 5 1.6E+011206.5 1 3 2.59E+01 1206.5 3 5 4.89E+01 1207.5 5 5 1.9E+011294.5 3 5 5.42E+00 1296.7 1 3 7.19E+00 1298.9 3 3 5.36E+001299.0 5 5 1.61E+01 1301.2 3 1 2.13E+01 1303.3 5 3 8.85E+001328.8 1 3 2.7E+01 1417.2 3 1 2.60E+01 1435.8 5 7 2.1E+011589.0 5 3 1.1E+01 1778.7 7 9 4.4E+00 1783.1 5 7 3.8E+00 3241.6 5 3 2.3E+00 *3486.9 15 21 1.8E+00 3590.5 3 5 3.9E+004552.6 3 5 1.26E+00 4554.0 5 3 7.6E-01 4567.8 3 3 1.25E+004683.0 5 5 9.5E-01 4716.7 5 7 2.8E+00 5451.5 3 5 6.0E-015473.1 5 7 7.9E-01 5716.3 9 7 1.9E-01 5739.7 1 3 4.7E-017462.6 5 3 4.9E-01 7466.3 7 5 5.4E-01 7612.4 3 5 1.1E+00 10-134NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 Si IV 457.82 2 4 3.6E+00 458.16 2 2 3.6E+00 515.12 2 2 4.1E+00516.35 4 2 8.2E+00 *560.50 6 10 1.0E+00 *749.94 10 14 1.45E+01815.05 2 2 1.23E+01 818.13 4 2 2.44E+01 *860.74 10 6 1.8E+00*1066.6 10 14 3.91E+01 1122.5 2 4 2.05E+01 1128.3 4 4 4.03E+001128.3 4 6 2.42E+01 1393.8 2 4 7.73E+00 1402.8 2 2 7.58E+00*1724.1 10 6 5.5E+00 Si V 96.439 1 3 4.8E+02 97.143 1 3 2.0E+03 117.86 1 3 3.0E+02 Si VI 246.00 4 2 1.7E+02249.12 2 2 8.5E+01 Si VII 217.83 5 3 4.3E+02 272.64 5 3 5.1E+01 274.18 3 1 1.2E+02275.35 5 5 8.9E+01 275.67 3 3 3.0E+01 276.84 1 3 3.9E+01278.45 3 5 2.9E+01 Si VIII 214.76 4 2 4.1E+02 216.92 6 4 3.6E+02 232.86 2 2 8.0E+01235.56 4 4 9.7E+01 250.45 2 2 7.7E+01 250.79 4 2 1.6E+02 314.31 4 2 5.2E+01 316.20 4 4 5.0E+01 319.83 4 6 4.9E+01 Si IX 223.73 1 3 4.2E+01225.03 3 3 1.2E+02 227.01 5 3 2.0E+02 227.30 5 3 2.3E+02258.10 5 5 1.04E+02 *294.37 9 9 5.9E+01 *347.36 9 15 2.2E+01 Si X 253.77 2 4 2.9E+01256.57 2 2 1.1E+02258.35 4 4 1.4E+02 261.05 4 2 5.4E+01 272.00 2 2 3.0E+01 277.26 4 2 5.7E+01287.08 2 4 2.6E+01 289.19 4 4 5.0E+01 292.22 6 4 7.3E+01*347.73 10 10 4.3E+01 *353.09 6 10 2.1E+01 Si XI 43.763 1 3 6.11E+03 *49.116 9 3 2.45E+0349.222 3 5 8.9E+03 52.296 3 1 7.6E+02 303.30 1 3 6.42E+01358.29 3 1 1.03E+02 358.63 3 5 1.38E+01 361.41 1 3 1.80E+01364.50 3 3 1.32E+01 365.42 5 5 3.90E+01 368.28 3 1 5.1E+01371.48 5 3 2.07E+01 604.14 3 5 1.12E+01 2300.8 1 3 4.34E-01 Si XII *40.924 2 6 4.42E+03*44.118 6 10 1.4E+04 499.43 2 4 9.56E+00 520.72 2 2 8.47E+001862 2 4 1.15E+00 1949 2 2 1.0E+00 4620 2 4 4.6E-024942 4 6 4.5E-02 Silver Ag I 2061.2 2 4 3.1E-02 2069.9 2 2 1.5E-023280.7 2 4 1.4E+00 3382.9 2 2 1.3E+00 5209.1 2 4 7.5E-01 5465.5 4 6 8.6E-01 5471.6 4 4 1.4E-01 Sodium Na I 3302.4 2 4 2.81E-023303.0 2 2 2.81E-02 4390.0 2 4 7.7E-03 4393.3 4 4 1.6E-034393.3 4 6 9.2E-03 4494.2 2 4 1.2E-02 4497.7 4 6 1.4E-024497.7 4 4 2.4E-03 4664.8 2 4 2.33E-02 4668.6 4 4 4.1E-034668.6 4 6 2.5E-024747.9 2 2 6.3E-03 4751.8 4 2 1.27E-02 4978.5 2 4 4.1E-02 4982.8 4 4 8.2E-034982.8 4 6 4.89E-02 5148.8 2 2 1.17E-02 5153.4 4 2 2.33E-025682.6 2 4 1.03E-01 5688.2 4 6 1.2E-01 5688.2 4 4 2.1E-025890.0 2 4 6.11E-01 5895.9 2 2 6.10E-01 6154.2 2 2 2.6E-026160.8 4 2 5.2E-02 8183.3 2 4 4.53E-01 8194.8 4 6 5.4E-018194.8 4 4 9.0E-02 11381 2 2 8.9E-02 11404 4 2 1.76E-01 Na II 300.15 1 3 3.0E+01301.44 1 3 4.9E+01 372.08 1 3 3.4E+01 Na III 378.14 4 2 7.7E+01 380.10 2 2 3.7E+011991.0 4 6 8.3E+00 2004.2 2 4 4.6E+00 2011.9 6 8 8.4E+002151.5 2 4 4.4E+00 2174.5 4 6 5.3E+00 2230.3 6 8 3.7E+002232.2 4 4 3.3E+00 2246.7 4 6 2.4E+00 2459.3 4 6 3.0E+002468.9 2 4 2.4E+00 2497.0 6 6 1.7E+00 Na V *307.89 10 6 2.0E+02 *333.46 6 6 5.6E+01 *369.01 10 6 1.2E+02 *400.72 10 10 5.0E+01 *445.14 6 10 7.1E+00459.90 4 2 2.3E+01 461.05 4 4 2.3E+01 463.26 4 6 2.2E+01510.10 2 2 5.6E+01 511.19 4 4 6.8E+01 Na VI 313.75 5 3 1.3E+02 361.25 5 5 7.7E+01*416.53 9 9 3.7E+01 *492.80 9 15 1.3E+01 1550.6 5 5 4.35E+001567.8 5 3 2.68E+00 TeamLRN10-135NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 1608.5 3 1 2.6E+00 1649.4 5 5 2.05E+00 1741.5 3 5 2.59E+00 1747.5 5 7 3.1E+00 Na VII *94.409 6 10 2.7E+03*105.27 6 2 4.5E+02 353.29 4 4 1.0E+02 381.30 4 2 4.0E+01397.49 4 4 3.5E+01 399.18 6 4 5.2E+01 *483.28 10 10 2.9E+01486.74 2 4 1.1E+01 491.95 4 6 1.3E+01 555.80 4 4 2.3E+01777.83 4 6 6.8E+00 Na VIII *83.34 9 15 3.94E+03 *89.88 9 3 8.09E+02 90.536 3 5 2.86E+03411.15 1 3 4.42E+01 1239.4 3 3 3.02E+00 1802.7 3 1 2.70E+001867.7 3 5 2.01E+00 2059.1 3 5 1.80E+00 2558.2 5 3 2.26E-022772.0 3 5 4.19E-01 3021.0 5 7 4.90E-01 3108.9 1 3 2.58E-013182.3 1 3 2.92E-01 Na IX 70.615 2 4 1.35E+03 70.653 2 2 1.35E+03 77.764 2 4 3.6E+0377.911 4 6 4.3E+03 681.72 2 4 6.63E+00 694.17 2 2 6.30E+002487.7 2 4 8.32E-01 2535.8 2 2 7.89E-01 6841.8 2 4 2.59E-02 7103.4 4 6 2.78E-02 Strontium Sr I 2206.2 1 3 6.6E-03 2211.3 1 3 8.5E-032217.8 1 3 1.2E-02 2226.3 1 3 1.6E-02 2237.7 1 3 2.3E-022253.3 1 3 3.7E-02 2275.3 1 3 6.7E-02 2307.3 1 3 1.2E-012354.3 1 3 1.8E-01 2428.1 1 3 1.7E-01 2569.5 1 3 5.3E-022931.8 1 3 1.9E-024607.3 1 3 2.01E+00 Sr II 2018.7 2 2 1.2E-012051.9 4 2 2.4E-01 2282.0 2 4 8.3E-01 2322.4 4 6 9.1E-012324.5 4 4 1.5E-01 2423.5 2 2 2.4E-01 2471.6 4 2 4.8E-013464.5 4 6 3.1E+00 3474.9 4 4 5.1E-01 4077.7 2 4 1.42E+004161.8 2 2 6.5E-01 4215.5 2 2 1.27E+00 4305.5 4 2 1.4E+004414.8 4 6 1.1E-01 4417.5 4 4 1.8E-02 4585.9 4 2 7.0E-025303.1 2 4 1.9E-01 5379.1 4 6 2.2E-01 5385.5 4 4 3.7E-025723.7 2 2 7.1E-02 5819.0 4 2 1.4E-01 8688.9 4 6 5.5E-018719.6 4 4 9.7E-02 Sulfur S I 1295.7 5 5 4.9E+00 1296.2 5 3 2.7E+001302.3 3 5 1.8E+00 1302.9 3 3 1.6E+00 1303.1 3 1 6.6E+001303.4 5 3 1.9E+00 1305.9 1 3 2.4E+00 1401.5 5 3 9.1E-011409.3 3 3 5.0E-01 1412.9 1 3 1.6E-01 1425.0 5 7 4.5E+001425.2 5 5 1.2E+00 1433.3 3 5 3.3E+00 1433.3 3 3 1.9E+00 1437.0 1 3 2.4E+00 1448.2 5 3 7.3E+00 1473.0 5 7 4.2E-011474.0 5 7 1.6E+00 1474.4 5 5 5.0E-01 1474.6 5 3 6.2E-021481.7 3 5 1.7E-01 1483.0 3 5 1.2E+00 1483.2 3 3 7.5E-011487.2 1 3 8.7E-01 1666.7 5 5 6.3E+00 1687.5 1 3 9.4E-011782.3 1 3 1.9E+00 1807.3 5 3 3.8E+00 1820.3 3 3 2.2E+001826.2 1 3 7.2E-014694.1 5 7 6.7E-03 4695.4 5 5 6.7E-03 4696.2 5 3 6.5E-03 6403.6 3 5 5.7E-036408.1 5 5 9.5E-03 6415.5 7 5 1.3E-02 *6751.2 15 25 7.9E-027679.6 3 5 1.2E-02 7686.1 5 5 2.0E-02 7696.7 7 5 2.8E-02 S II 1124.4 2 4 1.0E+001125.0 4 4 4.6E+00 1131.0 2 2 3.5E+00 1131.6 4 2 1.4E+001250.5 4 2 4.6E-01 1253.8 4 4 4.2E-01 1259.5 4 6 3.4E-014463.6 8 6 5.3E-01 4483.4 6 4 3.1E-01 4486.7 4 2 6.6E-014524.7 4 4 9.3E-02 4525.0 6 4 1.2E+00 4552.4 4 2 1.2E+004656.7 2 4 9.0E-02 4716.2 4 4 2.9E-01 4815.5 6 4 8.8E-014885.6 2 4 1.7E-01 4917.2 2 2 6.6E-01 4924.1 4 6 2.2E-014925.3 2 4 2.4E-01 4942.5 2 2 1.5E-01 4991.9 4 4 1.5E-015009.5 4 2 7.0E-01 5014.0 4 4 8.4E-01 5027.2 4 2 2.6E-015032.4 6 6 8.1E-01 5047.3 4 2 3.6E-01 5103.3 6 4 5.0E-015142.3 2 2 1.9E-01 5201.0 4 4 7.5E-01 5201.3 6 4 6.5E-02 5212.6 4 6 9.8E-02 5212.6 6 6 8.5E-01 5320.7 6 8 9.2E-015345.7 4 6 8.8E-01 5345.7 6 6 1.1E-01 5428.6 2 4 4.2E-015432.8 4 6 6.8E-01 5453.8 6 8 8.5E-01 5473.6 2 2 7.3E-015509.7 4 4 4.0E-01 5526.2 8 8 8.1E-02 5536.8 4 6 6.6E-025556.0 4 2 1.1E-01 5564.9 6 6 1.7E-01 5578.8 6 6 1.1E-015606.1 10 8 5.4E-01 10-136NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 5616.6 4 4 1.2E-01 5640.0 4 6 6.6E-01 5645.6 6 4 1.8E-02 5647.0 2 4 5.7E-015659.9 6 4 4.6E-01 5664.7 4 2 5.8E-01 5819.2 4 4 8.5E-026305.5 8 6 1.8E-01 6312.7 6 4 3.0E-01 S III 2496.2 7 5 2.5E+00 2508.2 5 3 2.3E+002636.9 3 5 4.5E-01 2665.4 5 5 1.4E+00 2680.5 1 3 6.2E-012691.8 3 3 4.6E-01 2702.8 3 1 1.9E+00 2718.9 3 3 1.2E+002721.4 5 3 7.7E-01 2726.8 3 5 6.0E-01 2731.1 5 5 1.1E+002756.9 7 7 1.4E+00 2785.5 3 3 6.1E-01 2856.0 5 7 5.1E+002863.5 7 9 5.7E+00 2872.0 3 5 4.7E+00 2950.2 3 5 3.0E+002964.8 5 7 4.0E+00 3662.0 3 3 6.4E-01 3717.8 5 3 1.0E+003778.9 3 5 4.4E-01 3831.8 1 3 5.6E-01 3837.8 3 3 4.2E-013838.3 5 5 1.3E+00 3860.6 3 1 1.6E+00 3899.1 5 3 6.7E-014253.6 5 7 1.2E+00 4285.0 3 5 9.0E-01 S IV 551.17 2 2 2.06E+01 554.07 4 2 4.08E+01 3097.5 2 4 2.6E+00 3117.7 2 2 2.5E+00 S V 437.37 1 3 1.12E+01 438.19 3 3 3.33E+01439.65 5 3 5.5E+01 *661.52 9 15 6.44E+01 *679.01 9 15 8.6E+01*690.75 9 9 5.0E+01 786.48 1 3 5.25E+01 *854.85 9 9 4.18E+01 S VI 248.99 2 4 3.1E+01249.27 2 2 3.1E+01 388.94 2 2 4.5E+01 390.86 4 2 8.8E+01 706.48 2 4 4.17E+01712.68 4 6 4.85E+01 712.84 4 4 8.1E+00 933.38 2 4 1.7E+01944.52 2 2 1.6E+01 S VII 60.161 1 3 9.46E+03 60.804 1 3 5.1E+02 72.029 1 3 8.61E+02 S VIII 198.55 4 2 2.5E+02202.61 2 2 1.2E+02 S XI *189.90 9 3 4.3E+02 190.37 5 3 2.8E+02 215.95 5 5 1.4E+02217.63 1 3 7.2E+01 239.81 1 3 2.6E+01 242.57 3 5 1.9E+01242.82 3 3 1.9E+01 246.90 5 5 5.4E+01 247.12 5 3 3.0E+01*288.49 9 15 2.9E+01 S XII 212.14 2 4 3.7E+01 215.18 2 2 1.4E+02 218.20 4 4 1.7E+02221.44 4 2 6.4E+01 227.50 2 2 3.7E+01 234.48 4 2 6.8E+01 S XIII 32.236 1 3 1.09E+0437.600 3 1 1.3E+03 256.66 1 3 8.7E+01 299.89 3 5 1.78E+01 303.37 1 3 2.28E+01 307.36 3 3 1.64E+01 308.91 5 5 4.82E+01312.68 3 1 6.3E+01 316.84 5 3 2.50E+01 500.42 3 5 1.43E+01 S XIV *30.434 2 6 8.28E+03*32.517 6 10 2.6E+04 417.67 2 4 1.2E+01 445.71 2 2 1.0E+011550 2 4 1.4E+00 1663 2 2 1.2E+00 3967 2 4 5.4E-024153 4 6 5.7E-02 Tantalum Ta I 3127.9 4 6 5.7E-03 3168.3 4 4 6.0E-03 3170.3 8 10 8.5E-023205.5 6 8 5.6E-03 3260.2 4 4 5.8E-03 3337.8 6 6 1.3E-023383.9 6 4 5.3E-03 3406.9 4 6 6.8E-02 3419.7 8 8 1.91E-023463.8 4 6 2.62E-02 3484.6 4 4 8.5E-03 3488.8 6 4 7.3E-033497.9 6 8 4.9E-02 3505.0 8 6 2.72E-02 3553.4 4 6 3.3E-033607.4 6 8 4.6E-02 3625.2 10 8 1.0E-02 3626.6 8 10 7.1E-023642.1 10 12 5.5E-02 3657.5 6 6 4.3E-03 3731.0 4 6 5.3E-033754.5 8 8 6.5E-03 3784.3 4 6 4.3E-02 3792.1 4 4 9.0E-033826.9 6 6 5.2E-03 3836.6 8 10 4.0E-03 3848.1 10 8 1.30E-023858.6 10 10 2.5E-03 3918.5 4 2 2.5E-02 3922.8 4 4 3.98E-023996.2 2 4 3.35E-02 3999.3 4 4 1.8E-02 4003.7 10 8 3.1E-034006.8 6 8 7.6E-03 4026.9 4 4 3.60E-02 4029.9 10 10 2.8E-024030.7 8 10 2.3E-03 4040.9 10 12 7.3E-03 4061.4 2 4 6.5E-02 4064.6 4 4 3.83E-02 4067.2 6 4 6.8E-03 4067.9 6 8 8.4E-034097.2 10 10 2.1E-03 4105.0 6 4 1.1E-02 4136.2 8 6 1.82E-024147.9 10 8 1.79E-02 4175.2 6 8 2.8E-02 4205.9 8 10 8.9E-034303.0 6 6 2.08E-02 4378.8 8 6 4.8E-03 4386.1 4 6 1.0E-024402.5 6 6 2.28E-02 4415.7 2 4 2.53E-02 4441.0 4 6 7.5E-03 TeamLRN10-137NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 4441.7 10 8 9.0E-03 4473.5 6 8 1.36E-02 4511.0 10 12 1.56E-02 4511.5 10 8 3.6E-034514.2 10 10 3.1E-03 4521.1 10 10 2.3E-03 4530.9 4 6 2.42E-024547.2 4 6 5.3E-03 4553.7 6 8 9.5E-03 4565.9 8 8 2.5E-024574.3 4 4 1.2E-02 4580.7 8 10 2.1E-03 4619.5 6 4 5.3E-024633.1 4 4 1.2E-02 4669.1 6 4 2.85E-02 4681.9 6 6 1.5E-024684.9 10 8 2.8E-03 4685.3 6 8 3.4E-03 4691.9 2 4 4.08E-024706.1 6 6 1.4E-02 4740.2 4 4 5.0E-02 4758.0 4 6 7.5E-034769.0 8 8 2.8E-02 4780.9 10 8 2.16E-02 4812.8 4 4 1.2E-024825.4 6 6 2.63E-02 4832.2 4 4 1.7E-02 4852.2 4 4 1.7E-024884.0 6 8 1.1E-02 4904.6 12 10 1.95E-02 4920.9 8 10 2.1E-034921.3 2 4 1.2E-02 4926.0 4 4 1.5E-02 4936.4 8 6 4.5E-024969.7 4 4 1.0E-02 5012.5 4 4 1.9E-02 5037.4 10 8 4.4E-025043.3 6 4 2.73E-02 5067.9 8 6 2.92E-02 5069.9 10 12 1.7E-035082.3 10 12 1.9E-03 5087.4 6 4 1.5E-02 5090.7 8 6 9.5E-03 5095.3 6 6 5.0E-03 5136.5 2 2 4.5E-02 5141.6 4 2 1.2E-025143.7 6 4 1.7E-02 5147.6 6 4 9.0E-03 5161.8 4 6 6.3E-035218.7 8 6 8.2E-03 5235.4 6 6 4.7E-03 5295.0 6 6 7.5E-035336.1 6 8 5.5E-03 5349.6 6 4 2.2E-02 5354.7 4 4 6.5E-035396.0 6 8 2.5E-03 5402.5 4 2 1.4E-02 5435.3 4 6 1.1E-025499.4 10 10 6.1E-035518.9 8 10 3.8E-02 5620.7 8 10 6.0E-03 5640.2 6 8 4.9E-03 5645.9 6 8 1.43E-025699.2 6 6 4.2E-03 5767.9 6 8 2.6E-03 5780.7 4 6 3.3E-035811.1 8 6 5.7E-03 5849.7 10 8 2.8E-03 5877.4 10 12 2.3E-025939.8 2 4 1.6E-02 5944.0 4 6 2.13E-02 5997.2 10 10 2.4E-026020.7 2 4 1.0E-02 6045.4 6 8 2.6E-02 6047.3 8 10 9.0E-036249.8 6 6 3.5E-03 6258.7 6 8 3.3E-03 6309.6 4 6 1.83E-026360.8 6 8 4.6E-03 6428.6 6 6 6.0E-03 6430.8 8 8 2.9E-026450.4 8 10 2.2E-02 6485.4 10 10 5.8E-02 6514.4 6 4 2.2E-026516.1 6 8 1.25E-02 6612.0 6 4 1.9E-02 6673.7 2 4 9.0E-036771.7 4 4 5.8E-03 6866.2 8 6 2.58E-02 6927.4 10 12 1.01E-026928.5 10 8 1.69E-02 6951.3 10 10 3.7E-03 6953.9 6 8 8.3E-036966.1 8 8 1.2E-02 6969.5 10 10 2.9E-03 7407.9 6 4 2.0E-02 Thallium Tl I 2104.6 2 4 4.0E-02 2118.9 2 2 2.0E-02 2129.3 2 4 5.8E-02 2151.9 2 2 3.1E-02 2168.6 2 4 9.8E-02 2237.8 2 4 1.9E-012316.0 2 2 7.8E-02 2379.7 2 4 4.4E-01 2507.9 4 2 1.1E-022538.2 4 2 1.6E-02 2580.1 2 2 1.8E-01 2609.0 4 6 1.0E-012609.8 4 4 1.9E-02 2665.6 4 2 5.7E-02 2709.2 4 6 1.7E-012710.7 4 4 3.7E-02 2767.9 2 4 1.26E+00 2826.2 4 2 8.0E-022918.3 4 6 4.2E-012921.5 4 4 7.6E-02 3229.8 4 2 1.73E-01 3519.2 4 6 1.24E+00 3529.4 4 4 2.20E-013775.7 2 2 6.25E-01 5350.5 4 2 7.05E-01 Thulium Tm I 2513.8 8 10 6.9E-022527.0 8 8 1.7E-01 2596.5 8 10 1.6E-01 2601.1 8 6 1.7E-012622.5 8 10 6.1E-02 2841.1 6 6 2.0E-01 2854.2 8 6 2.7E-012914.8 8 8 7.7E-02 2933.0 8 6 1.0E-01 2973.2 8 8 2.3E-013046.9 8 8 1.8E-01 3081.1 8 8 1.9E-01 3122.5 6 6 5.2E-013142.4 6 6 8.8E-02 3172.7 8 8 1.8E-01 3233.7 8 10 5.1E-023247.0 6 8 3.0E-01 3251.8 6 4 5.2E-01 3380.7 6 8 2.0E-013406.0 6 8 1.5E-01 3410.1 8 10 1.0E-01 3416.6 8 8 5.7E-023418.6 6 6 1.1E-01 3563.9 8 6 9.8E-02 3567.4 8 10 4.2E-023744.1 8 8 9.5E-01 3751.8 8 10 1.9E-01 3798.5 6 4 1.2E+003807.7 6 6 3.9E-01 3883.1 8 6 1.0E+00 3887.4 8 8 3.8E-013916.5 6 8 1.5E+00 3949.3 6 6 1.0E+00 4022.6 6 8 4.0E-02 4044.5 6 4 2.9E-01 4094.2 8 6 9.0E-01 4105.8 8 10 6.0E-014138.3 6 4 7.0E-01 4158.6 6 8 5.5E-02 4187.6 8 8 6.1E-014203.7 8 10 2.5E-01 4222.7 6 8 1.5E-01 4271.7 6 6 1.1E-014359.9 8 6 1.3E-01 4386.4 8 8 4.2E-02 4394.4 6 4 1.1E-014643.1 6 6 3.4E-02 4681.9 6 8 3.9E-02 4691.1 6 6 3.9E-025307.1 8 10 2.3E-02 10-138NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 5658.3 6 8 1.0E-02 5675.8 8 10 1.3E-02 5760.2 6 6 1.3E-02 Tin Sn I 2073.1 1 3 3.6E-022199.3 3 5 2.9E-01 2209.7 5 5 5.6E-01 2246.1 1 3 1.6E+002268.9 5 7 1.2E+00 2286.7 5 5 3.1E-01 2317.2 5 7 2.0E+002334.8 3 3 6.6E-01 2354.8 3 5 1.7E+00 2380.7 3 5 3.1E-022408.2 5 3 1.8E-01 2421.7 5 7 2.5E+00 2429.5 5 7 1.5E+002433.5 5 3 8.0E-03 2455.2 5 5 1.1E-02 2476.4 5 3 1.1E-022483.4 5 5 2.1E-01 2491.8 1 3 1.7E-01 2495.7 5 5 6.2E-012523.9 5 3 7.4E-02 2546.6 1 3 2.1E-01 2558.0 1 3 3.4E-012571.6 5 7 4.5E-01 2594.4 5 5 3.0E-01 2636.9 1 3 1.1E-012661.2 3 3 1.1E-01 2706.5 3 5 6.6E-01 2761.8 5 5 3.7E-032779.8 5 7 1.8E-01 2785.0 5 3 1.4E-01 2788.0 1 3 1.4E-012812.6 1 3 2.3E-01 2813.6 5 5 1.2E-01 2840.0 5 5 1.7E+002850.6 5 5 3.3E-01 2863.3 1 3 5.4E-01 2913.5 1 3 8.3E-01 3009.1 3 3 3.8E-01 3032.8 1 3 6.2E-01 3034.1 3 1 2.0E+003141.8 1 3 1.9E-01 3175.1 5 3 1.0E+00 3218.7 1 3 4.7E-023223.6 5 5 1.2E-03 3262.3 5 3 2.7E+00 3330.6 5 5 2.0E-013655.8 1 3 4.1E-02 3801.0 5 3 2.8E-01 4524.7 1 3 2.6E-015631.7 1 3 2.4E-02 5970.3 5 3 9.6E-02 6037.7 5 5 5.0E-026069.0 1 3 4.6E-026073.5 3 1 6.3E-02 6171.5 3 3 4.9E-02 Sn II 2368.3 4 2 4.4E-03 2449.0 4 6 3.7E-01 2487.0 6 8 5.5E-013283.2 4 6 1.0E+00 3352.0 6 8 1.0E+00 3472.5 2 4 1.6E-013575.5 4 6 1.3E-01 5332.4 2 4 8.6E-01 5562.0 4 6 1.2E+005588.9 4 6 8.5E-01 5596.2 4 4 1.5E-01 5797.2 6 6 2.8E-015799.2 6 8 8.1E-01 6453.5 2 4 1.2E+00 6761.5 2 2 3.2E-016844.1 2 2 6.6E-01 Titanium Ti I 2276.75 7 5 1.3E+00 2280.00 9 7 9.4E-012299.86 5 5 6.9E-01 2302.75 7 7 5.7E-01 2305.69 9 9 5.2E-012424.26 9 9 1.7E-01 2520.54 5 3 3.8E-01 2529.87 7 5 3.8E-012541.92 9 7 4.3E-01 2599.91 5 5 6.7E-01 2605.16 7 7 6.4E-012611.29 9 9 6.4E-01 2611.47 7 5 3.3E-01 2619.94 9 7 2.1E-012631.55 7 7 1.7E-01 2632.42 5 5 2.7E-01 2641.12 5 3 1.8E+002644.28 7 5 1.4E+00 2646.65 9 7 1.5E+00 2733.27 5 5 1.9E+00 2735.30 3 1 4.1E+00 2912.07 5 7 1.3E+00 2942.00 5 5 1.0E+002948.26 7 7 9.3E-01 2956.13 9 9 9.7E-01 2956.80 7 5 1.8E-013186.45 5 7 8.0E-01 3191.99 7 9 8.5E-01 3199.92 9 11 9.4E-013341.88 5 7 6.5E-01 3354.63 7 9 6.9E-01 3370.44 5 3 7.6E-013371.45 9 11 7.2E-01 3377.58 7 5 6.9E-01 3385.94 9 7 5.0E-013635.46 5 7 8.04E-013642.68 7 9 7.74E-01 3653.50 9 11 7.54E-01 3724.57 9 9 9.1E-01 3725.16 5 3 7.3E-013729.81 5 5 4.27E-01 3741.06 7 7 4.17E-01 3752.86 9 9 5.04E-013786.04 5 3 1.4E+00 3948.67 5 3 4.85E-01 3956.34 7 5 3.00E-013958.21 9 7 4.05E-01 3981.76 5 5 3.76E-01 3989.76 7 7 3.79E-013998.64 9 9 4.08E-01 4013.24 7 5 2.0E-01 4055.01 1 3 2.8E-014060.26 3 5 2.4E-01 4064.20 3 3 2.4E-01 4065.09 3 1 7.0E-014186.12 9 9 2.10E-01 4266.23 5 5 3.1E-01 4284.99 5 5 3.2E-014289.07 5 5 3.0E-01 4290.93 3 3 4.5E-01 4295.75 3 1 1.3E+004393.93 9 11 3.3E-01 4417.27 11 9 3.6E-01 4449.14 11 11 9.7E-014450.90 9 9 9.6E-01 4453.31 5 5 5.98E-01 4453.71 7 7 4.7E-014455.32 7 7 4.8E-01 4457.43 9 9 5.6E-01 4465.81 5 7 3.28E-014481.26 7 7 5.7E-01 4496.15 7 5 4.4E-01 4518.02 7 9 1.72E-014522.80 5 7 1.9E-01 4527.31 3 5 2.2E-01 4533.24 11 11 8.83E-014534.78 9 9 6.87E-01 4544.69 5 3 3.3E-01 4548.76 7 5 2.85E-01 4552.45 9 7 2.1E-01 4563.43 9 11 2.1E-01 4617.27 7 9 8.51E-014623.10 5 7 5.74E-01 4639.94 3 3 6.64E-01 4640.43 3 1 5.0E-014645.19 3 1 8.57E-01 4650.02 5 3 2.6E-01 4742.79 9 9 5.3E-014758.12 11 11 7.13E-01 4759.27 13 13 7.40E-01 4778.26 9 9 2.0E-014805.42 5 7 5.8E-01 4840.87 5 5 1.76E-01 4856.01 13 15 5.2E-014885.08 11 13 4.90E-01 TeamLRN10-139NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 4913.62 7 9 4.44E-01 4928.34 3 5 6.2E-01 4981.73 11 13 6.60E-01 4989.14 7 5 3.25E-014991.07 9 11 5.84E-01 4999.50 7 9 5.27E-01 5000.99 9 7 3.52E-015007.21 5 7 4.92E-01 5014.28 3 5 6.8E-01 5036.47 7 9 3.94E-015038.40 5 7 3.87E-01 5062.11 5 3 2.98E-01 5210.39 9 9 3.57E-025222.69 3 3 1.95E-01 5224.30 11 11 3.6E-01 5259.98 5 7 2.3E-015351.07 7 7 3.4E-01 5503.90 11 9 2.6E-01 5774.04 9 11 5.5E-015785.98 11 13 6.1E-01 5804.27 13 15 6.8E-01 6098.66 9 7 2.5E-016220.46 9 7 1.8E-01 Ti II 2440.91 4 4 5.1E-01 2451.18 6 6 4.5E-01 2525.59 10 8 5.6E-012531.28 8 6 4.9E-01 2534.63 6 4 5.4E-01 2535.89 4 2 6.8E-012555.99 6 8 3.2E-01 2635.44 4 4 1.9E+00 2638.56 6 6 1.7E+002642.02 8 8 1.9E+00 2645.86 10 10 2.7E+00 2746.54 6 8 2.6E+002751.59 8 10 3.7E+00 2752.68 8 10 1.1E+00 2757.62 6 8 7.2E-012758.35 4 6 9.9E-01 2758.79 2 4 4.4E-01 2764.28 4 4 7.4E-01 2804.82 6 8 4.6E+00 2810.30 8 10 5.1E+00 2817.83 10 12 3.8E+002819.87 8 8 6.5E-01 2821.26 6 8 7.9E-01 2827.12 8 10 1.0E+002828.06 12 14 4.4E+00 2828.64 6 6 1.2E+00 2828.83 10 10 9.1E-012834.02 10 12 7.9E-01 2836.47 8 8 1.2E+00 2839.64 12 12 8.3E-012845.93 10 10 1.2E+00 2851.11 2 4 4.1E-01 2856.10 12 12 1.5E+002862.33 4 6 4.0E-012877.47 8 8 5.7E-01 2884.13 10 10 5.2E-01 2910.65 8 8 4.6E-01 2926.64 10 8 8.9E-012931.10 6 6 3.2E+00 2936.02 4 6 2.7E+00 2938.57 6 8 2.4E+002941.90 8 10 1.8E+00 2942.97 8 8 1.1E+00 2945.30 10 12 2.7E+002952.00 8 8 3.0E-01 2954.59 10 12 4.0E+00 2958.80 8 10 4.0E+002979.06 4 6 1.2E+00 2990.06 6 8 5.6E-01 3017.17 12 12 3.6E-013022.64 10 10 1.2E+00 3023.67 8 8 1.0E+00 3029.76 10 10 3.5E-013056.75 2 4 3.2E-01 3058.08 6 6 5.0E-01 3066.34 4 4 3.3E-013071.25 6 4 3.6E-01 3072.99 4 2 1.6E+00 3075.23 6 4 1.13E+003078.65 8 6 1.09E+00 3081.52 10 8 1.1E+00 3088.04 10 8 1.25E+003089.44 8 6 1.3E+00 3097.20 4 6 4.4E-01 3103.81 10 8 1.1E+003105.10 2 4 6.3E-01 3106.26 6 6 7.8E-01 3117.67 4 2 1.1E+003119.83 6 4 5.9E-01 3127.86 6 6 1.6E+00 3128.50 8 8 1.1E+003161.23 4 2 5.9E-01 3161.80 6 4 4.6E-01 3162.59 8 6 3.9E-013168.55 10 8 4.1E-01 3181.73 6 8 4.6E-01 3182.54 4 6 4.3E-01 3189.49 4 4 9.2E-01 3190.91 6 8 1.3E+00 3202.56 4 6 1.1E+003224.25 12 10 7.0E-01 3228.62 4 2 2.0E+00 3232.29 8 6 6.0E-013234.51 10 10 1.38E+00 3236.13 4 4 7.0E-01 3236.58 8 8 1.11E+003239.04 6 6 9.87E-01 3239.66 6 4 9.4E-01 3241.99 4 4 1.16E+003251.91 6 4 3.38E-01 3252.92 8 6 3.9E-01 3272.07 2 4 3.2E-013278.28 4 4 9.6E-013278.91 6 4 1.0E+00 3282.32 2 2 1.6E+00 3287.66 8 10 1.4E+00 3315.32 2 4 3.8E-013321.70 4 4 7.2E-01 3322.94 10 10 3.96E-01 3329.46 8 8 3.25E-013332.11 6 4 1.1E+00 3340.34 4 4 3.6E-01 3361.23 8 10 1.1E+003372.80 6 8 1.11E+00 3383.77 4 6 1.09E+00 3452.49 2 2 7.7E-013456.40 4 4 8.2E-01 3465.56 4 2 4.1E-01 3483.63 10 8 9.7E-013492.37 8 6 9.8E-01 3504.90 10 10 8.2E-01 3510.86 8 8 9.3E-013520.27 2 4 4.8E-01 3535.41 4 6 5.5E-01 3641.33 4 2 4.9E-013706.23 4 4 3.1E-01 3741.64 6 6 6.2E-01 3757.70 4 4 4.1E-013759.30 8 8 9.4E-01 3761.33 6 6 9.9E-01 4911.18 6 4 3.2E-01 Ti III 865.79 5 3 6.6E+011002.37 5 5 7.6E+00 1004.67 7 5 4.3E+01 1005.80 3 3 1.3E+011007.16 5 3 3.8E+01 1008.12 3 1 5.1E+01 1286.37 9 9 2.0E+001289.30 7 7 2.2E+00 1291.62 5 5 2.4E+00 1293.23 9 7 1.0E+001298.97 7 5 4.9E+00 1327.59 5 3 3.2E+00 1420.44 1 3 1.2E+00 1421.63 3 1 4.0E+00 1422.41 5 5 3.0E+00 1424.14 5 3 1.6E+001455.19 9 7 6.4E+00 1498.70 5 5 2.8E+00 2007.36 3 3 3.4E+002007.60 1 3 1.2E+00 2010.80 5 3 5.4E+00 2097.30 5 7 3.3E+002099.86 3 5 2.5E+00 2104.86 3 3 1.1E+00 2105.09 1 3 1.7E+002199.22 3 3 5.7E+00 2237.77 7 7 2.4E+00 2331.35 3 1 4.3E+002331.66 3 3 1.2E+00 10-140NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 2339.00 5 3 3.0E+00 2346.79 7 5 3.3E+00 2374.99 5 3 4.0E+00 2413.99 5 7 3.8E+002516.05 7 9 3.4E+00 2567.56 3 3 2.3E+00 2984.75 5 5 1.9E+003066.51 3 3 2.5E+00 3228.89 3 3 1.5E+00 3278.31 7 9 3.4E+003320.94 3 5 2.8E+00 3340.20 7 9 3.7E+00 3346.18 9 11 3.7E+003354.71 11 13 4.4E+00 3397.24 3 1 1.8E+00 3404.46 3 3 1.8E+003417.62 3 5 1.9E+00 3915.47 9 11 2.1E+00 4119.14 5 5 9.9E-014213.26 9 11 2.2E+00 4215.53 9 11 2.2E+00 4247.62 11 13 1.1E+004248.54 5 7 2.3E+00 4250.09 3 5 9.5E-01 4259.01 11 13 9.4E-014269.84 9 11 1.7E+00 4285.61 13 15 3.0E+00 4288.66 11 13 1.1E+004296.70 11 13 1.6E+00 4319.56 9 11 1.1E+00 4343.25 3 1 1.0E+004378.94 3 5 1.6E+00 4433.91 11 13 1.8E+00 4440.66 1 3 1.2E+004533.26 3 5 1.5E+00 4576.53 9 7 1.3E+00 4628.07 3 1 1.5E+004652.86 7 9 2.6E+00 4874.00 5 7 1.5E+00 4914.32 3 3 1.1E+004971.19 9 11 2.1E+00 5083.80 5 3 9.7E-01 5278.33 3 3 9.4E-01 7506.87 11 13 1.1E+00 Ti IV 423.49 4 6 4.9E+01 424.16 6 8 5.3E+01 433.63 4 2 5.5E+00433.76 6 4 5.0E+00 729.36 4 2 5.7E+00 1183.64 2 2 6.9E+001195.21 4 2 1.4E+01 1451.74 2 4 1.8E+01 1467.34 4 6 2.1E+012067.56 2 4 5.1E+00 2103.16 2 2 5.0E+00 2541.79 4 6 6.9E+002546.88 6 8 7.4E+002862.60 4 2 4.1E+00 3576.44 4 6 4.6E+00 Ti VIII 249 6 4 1.0E+01 258.610 6 8 7.5E+02 269.533 4 6 6.0E+02272.037 4 4 4.3E+02 272.843 6 4 6.2E+01 276.701 2 4 9.3E+01277.813 4 4 3.8E+02 289.375 2 4 3.6E+01 478.971 4 4 1.7E+01480.376 6 6 1.5E+01 Ti IX 267.941 5 7 5.1E+02 278.713 5 7 4.7E+02 281.446 3 1 3.2E+02285.128 1 3 4.1E+02 433.567 1 3 6.9E+00 439.513 3 3 7.5E+00439.745 3 1 2.1E+01 447.484 5 5 1.6E+01 447.701 5 3 6.5E+00507.174 3 5 6.5E+00 516.215 5 7 6.9E+00 Ti X 253 4 6 2.1E+02 254 6 8 2.3E+02281 2 2 1.1E+02 289.579 2 4 2.5E+02 290.294 4 6 1.1E+02291 4 2 1.8E+02 291 2 2 2.3E+02 292 6 8 1.1E+02293.684 6 8 2.97E+02 293.798 6 6 1.7E+02 295.584 4 6 2.9E+02296 4 6 1.4E+02 297 4 6 9.9E+01 298 4 6 4.3E+02 302 2 2 1.6E+02 305 2 4 2.5E+02 317 2 2 1.5E+02355.815 2 2 1.3E+02 360.133 4 4 2.19E+02 363 4 2 2.1E+02363 6 6 1.3E+02 365.628 4 2 1.2E+02 382 4 6 1.8E+02385 6 8 1.8E+02 389.99 6 4 1.1E+02 Ti XI 65.403 1 3 5.1E+02 87.725 1 3 8.5E+02266 5 7 1.8E+02308.250 3 5 1.3E+02 313.229 5 7 1.6E+02 318 3 1 1.4E+02 322.75 5 7 1.99E+02323 1 3 1.8E+02 327.192 3 5 2.9E+02 332 3 1 3.25E+02386.140 1 3 1.48E+02 408 7 9 1.37E+02 425.74 3 1 1.2E+02446.69 3 1 1.2E+02 453 5 7 1.3E+02 Ti XII 52.896 2 4 1.61E+02 53.140 4 6 1.9E+0253.433 2 4 2.1E+02 53.457 2 2 2.1E+02 55.181 2 4 2.4E+0255.443 4 6 2.81E+02 59.133 2 4 3.72E+02 59.435 4 6 4.41E+0260.701 2 4 3.4E+02 60.762 2 2 3.5E+02 61.286 4 2 1.8E+0262.433 4 6 2.08E+02 62.470 6 8 2.22E+02 65.540 4 6 3.2E+0265.577 6 8 3.5E+02 67.171 2 4 6.2E+02 67.555 4 6 7.2E+0270.986 4 6 5.7E+02 71.031 6 8 6.1E+02 71.545 2 2 1.8E+0271.987 4 2 3.48E+02 82.121 2 4 5.9E+02 82.307 4 6 1.13E+0382.344 2 2 5.8E+02 82.368 6 8 1.2E+03 89.844 2 4 9.9E+0290.512 4 6 1.16E+03 90.547 4 4 1.9E+02 116.497 4 6 3.0E+03 116.597 6 8 3.2E+03 116.62 6 6 2.1E+02 139.884 6 4 2.6E+02140.361 4 2 2.9E+02 141.6 4 6 1.7E+02 141.7 6 8 1.7E+02169.7 4 6 2.8E+02 169.8 6 8 2.9E+02 207.2 2 4 1.5E+02208.5 4 6 1.8E+02 252.8 4 6 4.8E+02 253.1 6 8 5.2E+02257.5 4 2 2.4E+02 Ti XIII 23.356 1 3 1.02E+05 TeamLRN10-141NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 23.698 1 3 1.2E+04 23.991 1 3 3.4E+02 26.641 1 3 4.06E+03 26.960 1 3 3.06E+03117.1 3 3 1.3E+02 117.3 3 1 2.8E+02 120.2 5 3 5.4E+02120.2 7 5 4.4E+02 128.7 3 3 1.2E+02 Ti XIV 21.341 4 6 9.8E+03 21.522 2 4 4.5E+0421.657 4 4 1.3E+04 21.733 4 4 8.8E+04 21.82 4 2 6.4E+0421.883 2 4 7.0E+04 21.958 2 4 1.2E+04 22.05 2 2 1.4E+0424.592 4 2 6.1E+03 24.891 2 2 7.5E+03 Ti XV 20.19 5 7 6.9E+03 20.234 5 7 1.9E+0420.234 3 3 4.9E+04 20.246 1 3 4.2E+04 20.250 5 3 6.5E+0320.29 3 3 1.1E+04 20.30 1 3 3.4E+04 20.30 1 1 5.8E+0420.313 5 3 7.5E+04 20.418 5 7 8.0E+04 20.538 3 3 3.8E+0420.54 3 1 4.1E+04 20.551 1 3 1.3E+04 20.689 5 7 4.3E+0420.698 1 3 1.1E+05 20.771 5 3 1.1E+04 20.897 5 7 2.85E+0420.928 5 5 8.4E+03 21.065 3 3 1.1E+04 21.079 1 3 1.58E+04 21.102 3 5 1.3E+04 22.482 5 3 6.4E+03 22.936 5 5 1.1E+0422.966 5 3 1.1E+04 23.034 1 3 6.3E+03 Ti XVI 110.561 4 2 3.36E+02 116.198 4 4 1.45E+02118.215 6 4 7.4E+02 121.382 4 2 2.4E+02 124.805 4 2 6.1E+02129.075 4 2 3.81E+02 134.724 2 2 2.6E+02 138.800 6 4 3.5E+02143.459 4 4 2.8E+02145.665 6 6 2.3E+02 157.812 4 2 1.32E+02 161.168 4 4 1.2E+02 163.610 4 2 1.92E+02169.740 4 6 1.0E+02 176.267 2 2 2.45E+02 178.240 4 4 2.52E+02 Ti XVII 18.05 3 3 4.5E+0418.13 5 3 2.4E+04 18.13 1 3 8.1E+04 18.176 5 7 9.2E+04123.654 3 3 2.3E+02 124.553 5 3 5.2E+02 127.782 5 3 4.6E+02135.202 3 1 2.93E+02 136.160 5 3 1.95E+02 136.393 3 3 1.14E+02141.948 5 5 3.87E+02 142.589 1 3 1.35E+02 144.405 5 5 9.4E+01146.067 7 5 2.6E+02 154.133 3 1 1.63E+02 156.54 3 1 1.44E+02158.469 5 5 1.4E+02 159.62 5 3 1.03E+02 163.049 3 1 6.2E+02186.863 5 5 2.66E+02 207.73 3 1 1.07E+02 Ti XVIII 17.22 2 4 7.3E+04 17.365 4 6 8.6E+0417.39 4 4 1.4E+04 133.852 2 4 5.2E+01 144.759 4 4 3.2E+02150.15 6 4 1.15E+02 153.15 4 2 1.97E+02 153.23 2 4 6.7E+01159.00 4 4 1.16E+02 166.225 6 4 1.54E+02 179.902 2 4 6.3E+01 189.663 6 6 9.6E+01 191.23 4 4 6.6E+01 197.838 4 6 4.56E+01208.07 4 4 1.2E+02 Ti XIX 15.67 3 1 3.3E+04 15.68 5 5 2.7E+04 15.74 5 7 2.7E+0415.75 3 5 2.4E+04 15.83 1 3 3.2E+04 15.86 1 3 2.9E+0416.02 3 1 3.1E+04 16.18 3 5 3.8E+04 16.41 1 3 6.1E+0416.43 3 5 8.2E+0416.46 3 3 4.4E+04 16.51 5 7 1.0E+05 16.55 5 5 2.7E+04 16.61 3 1 8.0E+0416.64 3 3 5.3E+04 16.69 1 3 1.02E+05 16.71 3 5 7.3E+0416.72 5 3 3.3E+04 16.72 5 5 7.3E+04 16.74 5 7 1.2E+0516.77 3 3 2.6E+04 16.80 5 7 1.81E+05 16.85 3 5 4.4E+0417.08 3 5 8.3E+04 17.36 1 3 9.5E+04 Ti XX 2.629 2 4 4.9E+04 2.6295 4 4 3.2E+062.631 2 2 6.1E+05 2.6319 2 4 1.5E+06 2.632 2 2 2.7E+062.6355 4 6 1.2E+06 8.621 4 2 1.1E+06 9.788 4 6 5.26E+0310.046 2 4 7.29E+03 10.109 4 6 8.6E+03 *10.278 2 6 8.4E+0310.620 2 4 1.34E+04 10.690 4 6 1.58E+04 *11.452 2 6 1.7E+0411.872 2 4 2.8E+04 11.958 4 6 3.4E+04 11.958 4 4 5.6E+0315.211 2 4 3.50E+04 15.253 2 2 3.58E+04 15.907 2 4 8.84E+0416.049 4 6 1.05E+05 16.067 4 4 1.8E+04 31.586 4 6 5.49E+0345.650 2 4 9.6E+03 45.996 4 6 1.1E+04 Ti XXI 2.0633 1 3 1.32E+05 2.1108 1 3 2.60E+052.2211 1 3 6.35E+05 2.497 3 1 2.4E+06 2.505 5 5 3.5E+052.505 1 3 1.4E+06 2.507 3 5 1.4E+06 2.508 3 5 7.9E+052.510 3 3 6.9E+05 2.510 1 3 9.6E+05 2.511 3 3 1.4E+062.512 5 5 1.8E+06 2.512 3 1 1.4E+06 2.513 3 1 2.7E+062.513 3 5 2.4E+06 10-142NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 2.514 5 3 1.2E+06 2.520 3 5 2.6E+05 2.527 3 1 1.2E+05 2.539 3 1 4.1E+052.6102 1 3 2.40E+06 2.6227 1 3 1.12E+05 Tungsten W I 2879.4 1 3 2.4E-012911.0 1 3 7.7E-02 2923.5 7 9 1.54E-02 2935.0 3 5 1.5E-013013.8 7 9 6.4E-02 3016.5 9 11 9.27E-02 3017.4 7 9 1.21E-013024.9 3 3 1.4E-01 3046.4 3 5 5.8E-02 3049.7 7 5 1.7E-013064.9 5 7 1.1E-02 3084.9 5 5 1.3E-02 3093.5 7 9 4.4E-023107.2 5 7 2.33E-02 3108.0 7 9 1.58E-02 3145.5 9 9 4.8E-033170.2 7 5 6.0E-03 3176.6 3 5 2.12E-02 3183.5 7 7 2.64E-033184.4 5 3 2.3E-02 3191.6 1 3 3.2E-02 3198.8 7 9 4.6E-023207.3 7 9 3.0E-02 3208.3 5 5 4.4E-02 3215.6 9 11 2.1E-013221.9 5 7 1.61E-02 3223.1 5 3 3.53E-03 3232.5 9 9 2.4E-023235.1 7 5 2.68E-03 3259.7 7 7 1.3E-02 3300.8 7 9 8.1E-023311.4 7 5 5.6E-02 3363.3 9 7 6.6E-03 3371.0 7 5 1.0E-02 3371.4 3 3 6.7E-03 3386.1 7 7 2.64E-03 3413.0 7 9 9.7E-033459.5 9 9 2.04E-03 3510.0 7 9 5.2E-03 3545.2 1 3 3.2E-023570.6 5 3 6.7E-03 3606.1 3 5 9.6E-03 3617.5 7 7 1.1E-013631.9 3 5 1.3E-02 3675.6 9 11 1.20E-02 3682.1 9 11 2.0E-023707.9 7 7 2.9E-02 3757.9 7 9 1.38E-02 3760.1 5 7 1.99E-023768.5 3 3 3.47E-023780.8 7 5 4.2E-02 3809.2 7 5 9.0E-03 3817.5 7 7 3.1E-02 3829.1 3 3 3.83E-033835.1 5 5 5.2E-02 3846.3 3 5 2.14E-02 3847.5 1 3 8.3E-033864.3 5 5 5.6E-03 3868.0 7 9 4.6E-02 3881.4 7 7 3.6E-023968.5 1 3 5.07E-03 3975.5 9 11 4.1E-03 4001.4 9 9 5.6E-034008.8 7 9 1.63E-01 4019.3 5 3 6.7E-03 4028.8 1 3 2.0E-024045.6 7 5 2.88E-02 4055.2 7 9 1.79E-03 4070.0 7 5 3.60E-024070.6 3 5 5.6E-03 4074.4 7 7 1.0E-01 4088.3 5 3 4.13E-034102.7 9 7 4.9E-02 4115.6 11 11 4.8E-03 4137.5 5 7 8.4E-034171.2 7 9 8.6E-03 4203.8 9 7 4.9E-03 4219.4 9 7 6.1E-034244.4 9 11 1.38E-02 4269.4 7 5 3.04E-02 4283.8 9 7 1.69E-034294.6 7 5 1.2E-01 4302.1 7 7 3.6E-02 4355.2 9 9 5.1E-034361.8 9 7 1.64E-03 4378.5 7 5 3.48E-03 4458.1 3 5 4.2E-034466.3 7 5 1.5E-02 4472.5 13 11 1.55E-03 4484.2 3 5 5.6E-034492.3 9 11 3.6E-03 4495.3 11 11 3.3E-03 4504.8 9 7 7.0E-03 4552.5 9 9 1.42E-03 4586.8 1 3 4.20E-03 4592.6 7 9 3.4E-034609.9 7 9 1.42E-02 4613.3 9 9 2.9E-03 4634.8 9 9 8.8E-034659.9 1 3 1.0E-02 4680.5 7 7 1.4E-02 4720.4 3 5 3.22E-034729.6 7 5 7.8E-03 4752.6 3 3 5.20E-03 4757.5 7 5 2.72E-034757.8 11 9 4.1E-03 4788.4 9 11 2.6E-03 4843.8 5 5 1.9E-024886.9 9 11 8.1E-034924.6 13 11 1.75E-03 4931.6 7 5 1.0E-02 4948.6 9 11 1.36E-03 4972.6 9 11 3.9E-034982.6 1 3 4.17E-03 4986.9 11 9 6.3E-03 5006.2 9 7 1.2E-025015.3 7 9 5.4E-03 5040.4 3 5 5.2E-03 5053.3 3 3 1.9E-025071.5 13 11 3.4E-03 5117.6 11 11 1.61E-03 5124.2 5 5 4.0E-035141.2 7 9 1.12E-03 5224.7 7 5 1.2E-02 5243.0 9 7 1.1E-025254.5 7 5 3.86E-03 5268.6 9 9 1.4E-03 5500.5 11 9 6.9E-035514.7 5 3 7.3E-03 5537.7 9 11 2.2E-03 5617.1 7 7 1.47E-035631.9 9 7 1.43E-03 5660.7 13 11 6.8E-03 5675.4 5 5 2.20E-035796.5 9 7 2.21E-03 5891.6 7 7 1.47E-03 5947.6 5 7 2.40E-035965.9 7 5 1.0E-02 6021.5 5 3 8.7E-03 6081.4 5 3 4.7E-036203.5 7 7 3.0E-03 6285.9 7 5 6.6E-03 6292.0 3 5 2.26E-036303.2 9 9 1.84E-03 6404.2 5 7 1.50E-03 6439.7 9 9 1.29E-036445.1 7 5 6.4E-03 6532.4 3 5 4.6E-03 6538.1 11 9 2.7E-036563.2 5 5 2.04E-03 6814.9 9 9 1.46E-03 7285.8 13 11 1.47E-03 7569.9 5 3 3.73E-03 7664.9 5 3 3.80E-03 8017.2 5 7 1.6E-038358.7 5 7 1.89E-03 9381.4 9 7 1.53E-03 Uranium U I 3553.0 13 13 2.0E-023553.0 9 7 1.4E-02 3553.4 15 13 2.2E-02 3554.5 11 9 8.4E-033554.9 15 17 7.9E-03 3555.3 13 15 2.7E-02 3555.8 13 11 4.1E-033556.9 13 11 7.5E-03 TeamLRN10-143NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 3557.8 13 13 2.9E-02 3558.0 11 13 1.6E-02 3558.6 9 7 3.9E-02 3559.4 7 9 1.5E-023560.3 9 7 6.4E-02 3561.4 15 13 5.5E-02 3561.5 9 9 2.5E-023561.8 13 11 5.7E-02 3563.7 13 13 2.9E-02 3563.8 7 7 1.1E-023565.0 13 11 2.9E-02 3566.0 13 15 1.7E-02 3566.6 11 11 2.4E-013568.8 13 13 3.8E-02 3569.1 17 15 1.1E-01 3569.4 9 9 1.5E-023570.1 13 11 1.3E-02 3570.2 11 9 5.3E-03 3570.6 13 15 2.7E-023570.7 15 15 1.2E-02 3571.2 11 11 6.3E-03 3571.6 17 15 1.3E-013572.9 13 15 1.5E-02 3573.9 13 11 4.0E-02 3574.1 13 15 3.5E-023574.8 13 15 1.9E-02 3577.1 17 15 4.3E-02 3577.5 15 13 7.8E-033577.8 11 11 8.3E-03 3577.9 13 13 2.3E-02 3578.3 13 11 2.0E-023580.0 9 9 1.2E-02 3580.2 11 9 2.9E-02 3580.4 11 13 7.5E-033580.9 13 13 2.1E-02 3582.6 13 13 2.9E-02 3584.6 7 5 2.4E-023584.9 13 15 1.8E-01 3585.4 11 11 1.9E-02 3585.8 11 9 2.8E-023587.8 9 11 1.3E-02 3588.3 7 9 1.8E-02 3589.7 11 13 2.1E-02 3589.8 15 13 5.9E-02 3590.7 9 7 2.2E-02 3591.7 11 9 5.3E-023593.0 11 11 1.4E-02 3593.2 13 15 4.2E-02 3593.7 11 11 7.2E-02 Vanadium V I 3043.12 6 8 2.3E-01 3050.39 10 8 5.3E-01 3053.65 4 4 1.3E+003056.33 6 6 1.3E+00 3060.46 8 8 1.4E+00 3066.37 10 10 2.1E+003066.53 6 4 3.2E-013075.93 4 6 2.8E-01 3080.33 2 4 2.7E-01 3083.54 6 8 2.5E-01 3087.06 2 2 9.2E-013088.11 4 6 4.9E-01 3089.13 4 4 5.3E-01 3093.79 6 6 4.1E-013094.69 2 4 4.3E-01 3112.92 4 2 5.0E-01 3183.41 6 8 2.4E+003183.96 8 10 2.5E+00 3183.98 4 6 2.4E+00 3185.38 10 12 2.7E+003198.01 6 6 3.9E-01 3202.39 8 8 4.0E-01 3205.58 8 10 1.3E+003207.41 10 10 2.6E-01 3212.43 10 12 1.4E+00 3218.87 8 6 3.5E-013233.19 10 8 3.2E-01 3273.03 8 8 2.7E-01 3284.36 10 10 2.8E-013309.18 4 4 3.2E-01 3329.85 6 4 7.7E-01 3356.35 4 6 3.1E-013365.55 2 4 4.8E-01 3376.05 4 4 3.2E-01 3377.39 4 2 9.0E-013377.62 6 6 6.0E-01 3397.58 6 4 2.3E-01 3400.39 8 8 2.5E-013529.73 4 6 4.1E-01 3533.68 6 8 5.2E-01 3533.76 2 4 3.7E-013543.49 2 2 6.7E-01 3545.33 4 4 3.7E-01 3553.27 6 6 2.2E-013555.14 4 2 2.6E-01 3663.60 4 6 3.1E+00 3667.74 6 8 2.7E+003672.41 12 12 9.2E-01 3673.41 8 10 2.7E+00 3676.70 14 14 1.3E+00 3680.12 10 12 2.2E+00 3686.26 10 12 2.3E-01 3687.50 12 14 2.9E+003688.07 8 8 3.5E-01 3690.28 2 4 4.5E-01 3692.22 6 6 5.4E-013695.34 14 16 2.8E+00 3695.86 4 4 6.6E-01 3703.57 10 8 9.2E-013704.70 8 6 6.6E-01 3705.04 6 4 3.6E-01 3706.03 10 10 5.2E-013708.71 12 12 4.4E-01 3790.46 10 8 2.3E-01 3794.96 10 10 2.3E-013806.79 10 10 2.5E-013818.24 4 2 6.73E-01 3828.56 6 4 5.33E-01 3840.75 8 6 5.48E-01 3855.36 4 4 3.30E-013855.85 10 8 5.78E-01 3863.86 8 6 3.1E-01 3864.86 6 6 2.70E-013871.07 10 8 2.8E-01 3875.07 8 8 2.36E-01 3902.26 10 10 2.68E-013921.86 4 2 2.7E-01 3922.43 6 6 2.6E-01 3930.02 10 10 3.3E-013934.01 8 8 6.2E-01 3992.80 12 10 1.2E+00 3998.73 14 12 1.0E+004050.96 10 10 1.4E+00 4051.35 12 12 1.3E+00 4090.57 8 10 8.5E-014092.68 8 10 2.30E-01 4095.48 6 8 7.2E-01 4099.78 6 8 4.10E-014102.15 4 6 7.1E-01 4104.77 10 8 2.1E+00 4105.16 4 6 4.9E-014109.78 2 4 5.00E-01 4111.78 10 10 1.01E+00 4115.18 8 8 5.80E-014116.47 6 6 3.2E-01 4116.59 2 2 2.90E-01 4123.50 4 2 1.00E+004128.06 6 4 7.70E-01 4131.99 8 6 5.5E-01 4134.49 10 8 2.90E-014232.46 10 10 9.8E-01 4232.95 8 8 7.7E-01 4268.64 14 14 1.2E+004271.55 12 12 9.6E-01 4276.95 10 10 9.4E-01 4284.05 8 8 1.2E+004291.82 12 14 8.8E-01 4296.10 10 12 7.7E-01 4297.67 8 10 7.0E-01 4298.03 6 8 7.8E-01 4379.23 10 12 1.1E+00 4384.71 8 10 1.1E+004389.98 6 8 6.9E-01 4395.22 4 6 5.5E-01 4400.57 2 4 3.4E-014406.64 10 10 2.2E-01 4407.63 8 8 4.4E-01 4408.20 6 6 6.0E-014416.47 4 2 2.6E-01 4452.01 14 16 9.2E-01 4457.75 10 12 2.7E-014460.33 10 8 3.0E-01 4462.36 12 14 7.6E-01 4468.00 8 10 2.3E-014469.71 10 12 6.2E-01 10-144NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 4474.04 10 8 4.7E-01 4496.06 8 6 4.0E-01 4514.18 6 4 3.3E-01 4524.21 12 10 3.0E-014525.17 4 2 4.1E-01 4529.58 10 8 2.4E-01 4545.40 10 12 7.6E-014560.72 8 10 7.0E-01 4571.79 6 8 6.0E-01 4578.73 4 6 6.8E-014706.16 6 4 2.4E-01 4757.47 4 2 7.6E-01 4766.62 6 4 5.6E-014776.36 8 6 5.1E-01 4786.50 10 8 4.7E-01 4796.92 12 10 4.8E-014807.52 14 12 5.8E-01 5193.00 12 12 4.0E-01 5195.39 8 8 2.3E-015234.08 10 10 4.9E-01 5240.87 12 12 4.3E-01 5415.25 12 14 3.1E-015487.91 12 10 2.9E-01 5507.75 10 8 3.5E-01 6090.21 8 6 2.60E-01 V II 2527.90 13 13 6.1E-012528.47 9 9 5.2E-01 2528.83 11 11 5.3E-01 2554.04 9 9 5.4E-012589.10 9 9 7.7E-01 2640.86 5 7 1.2E+00 2677.80 3 5 3.4E-012679.33 7 7 3.4E-01 2683.09 1 3 3.4E-01 2687.96 9 9 7.6E-012689.88 3 1 9.2E-01 2690.25 7 5 3.4E-01 2690.79 5 3 5.2E-012700.94 9 11 3.5E-01 2706.17 7 9 3.4E-01 2734.22 9 7 6.2E-01 2753.41 13 11 4.2E-01 2784.20 9 9 1.3E+00 2787.91 7 9 5.0E-012825.86 9 7 1.2E+00 2843.82 7 5 9.9E-01 2847.57 9 7 4.6E-012854.34 11 9 5.0E-01 2862.31 11 11 3.6E-01 2868.11 5 3 2.1E+002869.13 13 11 4.8E-01 2882.49 5 5 4.2E-01 2884.78 3 3 5.6E-012889.61 3 1 1.9E+00 2891.64 5 3 1.4E+00 2892.43 9 9 3.6E-012892.65 7 5 1.3E+002893.31 9 7 1.2E+00 2903.07 3 5 3.4E-01 2906.45 7 7 7.8E-01 2908.81 11 9 1.6E+002910.01 5 5 1.1E+00 2910.38 3 3 1.2E+00 2911.05 7 9 3.7E-012912.46 11 9 5.0E-01 2915.88 9 7 4.9E-01 2924.02 11 11 1.7E+002924.63 9 9 1.2E+00 2930.80 7 7 5.8E-01 2941.37 11 9 3.5E-012944.57 9 7 7.6E-01 2948.08 9 11 4.0E-01 2952.07 7 5 7.2E-012955.58 7 9 3.3E-01 2968.37 7 9 7.0E-01 2972.26 5 7 5.2E-012973.98 9 11 3.5E-01 2985.18 7 9 4.4E-01 3001.20 7 7 7.5E-013014.82 5 3 8.9E-01 3016.78 7 5 5.0E-01 3020.21 9 7 5.0E-013048.21 11 13 7.0E-01 3063.25 9 11 1.0E+00 3100.94 7 7 5.8E-013113.56 11 11 5.0E-01 3122.89 11 13 7.6E-01 3134.93 13 13 5.9E-013136.50 11 11 5.3E-01 3139.73 9 9 5.2E-01 3151.32 3 5 4.4E-013190.69 9 9 3.3E-01 3250.78 11 9 5.2E-01 3251.87 5 7 3.5E-013271.12 7 9 6.9E-01 3276.12 9 11 5.2E-01 3279.84 9 11 5.8E-013287.71 5 7 7.5E-01 3337.85 5 7 5.3E-01 3517.30 9 7 3.8E-01 3530.77 5 3 4.5E-01 3545.19 7 5 4.3E-01 3556.80 9 7 5.1E-013592.01 7 5 4.4E-01 3618.92 3 5 3.3E-01 V III 2318.06 8 10 4.6E+00 2323.82 6 8 3.8E+002330.42 10 10 3.2E+00 2331.75 8 8 2.5E+00 2334.21 6 6 2.2E+002337.13 4 4 2.7E+00 2343.10 6 8 3.6E+00 2358.73 6 8 4.2E+002366.31 8 10 4.2E+002371.06 10 12 5.2E+00 2373.06 4 6 2.9E+00 2382.46 8 10 5.0E+00 2393.58 6 8 4.3E+002404.18 4 6 2.5E+00 2516.14 10 10 3.7E+00 2521.55 8 8 3.5E+002548.21 6 4 2.0E+00 2554.22 8 6 1.2E+00 2593.05 6 6 2.8E+002595.10 8 8 2.8E+00 V IV 677.345 9 9 6.7E+00 680.632 9 7 1.2E+01 681.145 7 5 1.1E+01682.455 7 7 6.5E+00 682.923 5 5 6.9E+00 684.450 7 5 7.7E+00691.530 5 3 1.1E+01 723.537 3 1 1.5E+01 724.068 5 5 1.1E+01724.809 5 3 5.6E+00 737.854 9 7 2.4E+01 750.110 5 5 1.0E+01884.146 1 3 4.7E+00 1071.05 5 5 6.1E+00 1110.72 3 3 5.0E+001112.20 7 7 6.3E+00 1112.44 5 5 5.0E+00 1127.84 7 5 8.9E+001131.26 9 7 9.4E+00 1194.46 7 5 1.0E+01 1226.52 5 5 1.5E+011243.72 3 1 9.4E+00 1247.07 5 3 4.7E+00 1272.97 3 1 2.7E+011304.17 3 5 1.5E+01 1305.42 5 7 7.0E+00 1308.06 7 9 7.9E+001309.50 5 5 8.7E+00 1312.72 7 7 8.6E+00 1317.57 5 7 8.7E+00 1321.92 7 9 9.9E+00 1326.81 3 5 4.0E+00 1329.29 5 5 1.5E+011329.97 3 3 4.8E+00 1330.36 1 3 6.0E+00 1331.67 3 1 1.7E+011332.46 5 3 7.5E+00 1334.49 9 9 8.3E+00 1355.13 7 9 2.5E+011356.53 5 3 4.9E+00 1395.00 5 7 1.4E+01 1400.42 5 7 7.5E+001403.62 7 9 8.4E+00 1412.69 3 3 1.1E+01 1414.41 5 7 1.2E+011414.84 5 5 4.6E+00 TeamLRN10-145NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 1418.53 7 7 5.2E+00 1419.58 7 9 1.3E+01 1423.72 3 5 7.1E+00 1426.65 9 11 2.2E+011429.11 5 5 5.0E+00 1434.84 7 7 5.4E+00 1451.04 3 3 7.0E+001454.00 5 3 1.1E+01 1520.14 5 7 7.2E+00 1522.49 3 5 5.5E+001601.92 3 3 1.2E+01 1611.88 7 7 5.2E+00 1806.18 5 3 7.3E+001809.85 3 1 7.2E+00 1817.68 5 3 4.8E+00 1825.84 7 5 5.3E+001861.56 5 7 6.6E+00 1939.07 7 9 5.8E+00 1951.43 5 7 5.0E+001963.10 3 5 4.8E+00 1997.72 7 7 4.7E+00 2084.43 5 5 4.0E+002120.05 7 9 8.1E+00 2141.20 3 5 7.0E+00 2146.83 7 9 6.6E+002149.85 5 7 5.1E+00 2151.09 7 9 4.3E+00 2155.34 11 13 1.2E+012446.80 9 11 5.3E+00 2570.72 9 11 7.6E+00 3284.56 7 9 5.3E+003496.42 7 9 4.4E+00 3514.25 9 11 4.7E+00 Xenon Xe I 1043.8 1 3 5.9E-011047.1 1 3 1.3E+00 1050.1 1 3 8.5E-02 1056.1 1 3 2.45E+001061.2 1 3 1.9E-01 1068.2 1 3 3.99E+00 1085.4 1 3 4.10E-01 1099.7 1 3 4.34E-01 1110.7 1 3 1.5E+00 1129.3 1 3 4.4E-021170.4 1 3 1.6E+00 1192.0 1 3 6.2E+00 1250.2 1 3 1.4E-011295.6 1 3 2.46E+00 1469.6 1 3 2.81E+00 4501.0 5 3 6.2E-034524.7 5 5 2.1E-03 4624.3 5 5 7.2E-03 4671.2 5 7 1.0E-024807.0 3 1 2.4E-02 7119.6 7 9 6.6E-02 7967.3 1 3 3.0E-038409.2 5 3 1.0E-02Xe II 4180.1 4 4 2.2E+00 4330.5 6 8 1.4E+00 4414.8 6 6 1.0E+004603.0 4 4 8.2E-01 4844.3 6 8 1.1E+00 4876.5 6 8 6.3E-015260.4 2 4 2.2E-01 5262.0 4 4 8.5E-01 5292.2 6 6 8.9E-015372.4 4 2 7.1E-01 5419.2 4 6 6.2E-01 5439.0 4 2 7.4E-015472.6 8 8 9.9E-02 5531.1 8 6 8.8E-02 5719.6 4 6 6.1E-025976.5 4 4 2.8E-01 6036.2 6 6 7.5E-02 6051.2 8 6 1.7E-016097.6 6 4 2.6E-01 6270.8 4 6 1.8E-01 6277.5 4 6 3.6E-026805.7 8 6 6.1E-02 6990.9 10 8 2.7E-01 Ytterbium Yb I 2464.5 1 3 9.1E-012672.0 1 3 1.18E-01 3464.4 1 3 6.2E-01 3988.0 1 3 1.76E+005556.5 1 3 1.14E-02 Yb II 3289.4 2 4 1.8E+00 3694.2 2 2 1.4E+00 Yttrium Y I 2948.41 4 4 3.5E-012974.59 4 6 3.5E-01 2984.25 6 8 4.8E-01 2995.26 6 4 5.1E-02 2996.94 4 6 8.4E-02 3005.26 4 4 4.8E-02 3022.28 6 6 6.6E-023045.36 6 6 1.07E-01 3053.95 6 4 1.9E-03 3155.65 4 6 2.7E-033172.84 4 4 9.9E-03 3185.96 6 8 1.2E-03 3209.38 6 6 3.0E-033227.16 6 4 1.10E-03 3484.05 4 6 1.2E-02 3549.66 6 6 1.0E-033552.69 4 4 2.3E-01 4077.36 4 6 1.1E+00 4083.71 4 4 2.5E-014102.36 6 8 1.3E+004128.30 6 6 1.6E+00 4142.84 4 4 1.6E+00 4167.51 6 6 2.38E-01 4235.93 6 4 3.0E-014352.40 4 4 6.7E-03 4379.33 6 4 7.83E-01 4385.47 4 4 6.9E-024394.01 8 8 1.9E-02 4409.70 4 6 2.7E-03 4417.43 10 8 3.2E-024437.34 6 6 8.64E-02 4443.65 10 8 1.1E-01 4459.01 4 6 1.8E-024476.95 8 6 2.8E-01 4491.74 10 10 2.3E-02 4514.01 4 6 3.34E-014527.78 8 6 8.33E-01 4534.09 6 8 4.4E-02 4544.31 6 6 4.10E-014559.36 2 4 4.0E-01 4581.33 6 4 1.5E-01 4613.00 6 4 1.8E-014643.70 4 6 1.8E-01 4653.78 4 6 1.6E-01 4674.85 6 8 1.3E-014725.84 4 4 1.5E-01 4762.96 6 4 4.2E-02 4780.16 2 4 8.9E-024781.03 8 10 1.0E-01 4799.30 6 8 1.6E-01 4804.31 6 4 2.6E-014804.80 4 4 3.84E-01 4821.63 6 6 1.0E-01 4845.67 8 8 6.8E-014852.68 6 6 6.2E-01 4856.71 6 6 2.0E-01 4859.84 4 4 7.26E-014893.44 6 4 2.2E-01 4900.08 8 6 2.0E-01 4906.11 10 8 1.2E-014950.01 8 6 2.0E-02 4963.49 4 4 1.4E-02 4981.97 4 6 4.7E-03 5004.44 6 4 1.2E-02 5205.01 4 4 8.4E-03 5258.47 6 6 2.9E-035271.82 8 6 1.1E-02 5380.63 6 4 3.2E-01 5381.24 4 4 9.9E-035388.39 6 8 1.1E-02 5390.81 8 6 2.9E-02 5401.88 6 8 6.0E-035424.36 6 4 3.47E-01 5466.24 4 4 1.0E-01 5466.47 10 12 6.3E-015469.10 4 6 3.6E-03 5513.65 6 6 2.39E-01 5519.88 4 6 1.2E-025526.43 6 4 3.9E-03 10-146NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1λ Weights A Å gigk108 s–1 5527.56 8 10 5.4E-01 5541.63 8 8 5.2E-02 5551.00 4 4 6.9E-02 5573.03 6 4 1.8E-025594.12 6 8 5.0E-02 5606.34 10 10 5.84E-02 5619.96 6 4 2.0E-025630.14 4 6 4.9E-01 5641.78 2 4 1.9E-02 5675.27 6 6 9.3E-025675.64 4 6 4.3E-02 5693.63 4 4 1.1E-01 5714.94 8 6 2.0E-025729.25 6 6 2.2E-03 5732.09 6 6 7.5E-02 5740.22 8 6 4.0E-025757.59 4 6 7.6E-03 5788.36 4 4 9.4E-03 5844.13 6 4 5.6E-035879.93 4 2 8.5E-02 5902.91 6 8 4.0E-02 6087.94 6 4 1.1E-016191.72 4 4 4.7E-02 6222.58 4 6 5.9E-03 6402.01 6 4 2.7E-036435.02 6 6 4.0E-02 6437.17 10 8 4.8E-02 6538.57 10 10 1.5E-016622.48 8 6 4.5E-03 6815.15 2 4 7.18E-02 7009.89 2 4 4.4E-027035.15 4 4 6.3E-02 Y II 3112.03 1 3 1.3E-02 3179.42 3 5 3.8E-02 3195.62 3 3 8.23E-013200.27 5 5 4.8E-01 3203.32 3 1 2.77E+00 3216.69 5 3 2.0E+003242.28 7 5 2.0E+003448.81 5 5 4.1E-02 3467.88 5 3 2.7E-02 3496.08 1 3 3.49E-01 3549.01 5 7 3.97E-013584.51 3 5 4.02E-01 3600.74 7 7 1.4E+00 3601.91 3 3 1.13E+003611.04 5 5 1.04E+00 3628.70 5 3 3.3E-01 3664.62 7 5 3.7E-013710.29 7 9 1.5E+00 3747.55 3 3 1.9E-01 3774.34 5 7 1.1E+003776.56 5 3 2.42E-01 3788.70 3 5 8.1E-01 3818.34 5 5 9.70E-023832.90 7 7 3.0E-01 3878.29 7 5 2.9E-02 3930.66 5 5 2.1E-023950.36 3 5 2.80E-01 3951.59 5 3 1.5E-02 3982.60 5 5 2.7E-014124.91 5 7 1.8E-02 4177.54 5 5 5.27E-01 4199.27 3 5 5.36E-034204.69 1 3 2.20E-02 4235.73 5 5 2.3E-02 4309.62 7 5 1.29E-014358.73 3 3 5.55E-02 4374.95 5 5 9.97E-01 4398.01 5 3 1.16E-014422.59 3 1 1.83E-01 4682.33 5 5 1.9E-02 4786.58 7 7 2.1E-024823.31 5 5 4.3E-02 4854.87 5 3 3.9E-01 4881.44 5 3 1.5E-034883.69 9 7 4.7E-01 4900.11 7 5 4.51E-01 4982.13 7 9 1.5E-025087.42 9 9 2.0E-015119.11 5 7 1.6E-02 5200.41 5 5 1.3E-01 5205.73 7 7 1.6E-01 5289.82 7 5 6.7E-035320.78 9 7 3.9E-03 5473.39 3 5 4.3E-02 5480.73 1 3 7.62E-025497.41 5 5 1.2E-01 5509.90 5 5 4.24E-02 5544.61 3 1 1.8E-015546.01 5 3 5.8E-02 5728.89 5 5 3.0E-02 6613.74 5 7 1.7E-026832.48 5 5 3.3E-03 7264.16 5 3 1.3E-02 Zinc Zn I 748.29 1 3 6.0E-02765.60 1 3 7.6E-02 792.05 1 3 5.7E-02 793.85 1 3 1.8E-01809.92 1 3 2.6E-01 1109.1 1 3 3.05E-01 2138.6 1 3 7.09E+003075.9 1 3 3.29E-04 3282.3 1 3 9.0E-01 3302.6 3 5 1.2E+003302.9 3 3 6.7E-01 3345.0 5 7 1.7E+00 3345.6 5 5 4.0E-013345.9 5 3 4.5E-02 6362.3 3 5 4.74E-01 11054 3 1 2.43E-01 Zn II 2025.5 2 4 3.3E+002064.2 2 4 4.6E+00 2099.9 4 6 5.6E+00 2102.2 4 4 9.3E-014911.6 4 6 1.6E+00 TeamLRN 10- 147 ELECTRON AFFINITIES Thomas M. Miller Electron af finity is de fined as the energy difference between the lowest (ground) state of the neutral and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. The accuracy of electron af finity measurements has been greatly improved since the advent of laser photodetachment experiments with negative ions. Electron af finities can be determined with optical precision, though a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular states and splittings is required to specify the photodetachment threshold corresponding to the electron af finity. Atomic and molecular electron af finities are discussed in two excellent articles reviewing photodetachment studies which appear in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry , V ol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984: Chapter 21 by Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., “Elect ron Photodetachment from Gas Phase Negative Ions,” p. 167, and Chapter 22 by Mead, R. D., Stevens, A. E., and Lineberger, W. C., “P hotodetachment in Negative Ion Beams,” p. 213. Persons interested in photodetachment details should consult these articles and the critical r eview of Hotop, H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 14, 731, 1985. For simplicity in the tables below, any electron af finity which was discussed in the articles by Drzaic et al. or Hotop and Lineberger is referenced to these sources, where original references are given. A great many additional elec- tron af finities have been provided here by G. B. Ellison, W. C. Lineberger, H. Hotop, D. G. Leopold, and K. H. Bowen. Little work has b een done on electron af finities for the lanthanides and actinides, but theoretical estimates have been made by Bratch, S. G., Chem. Phys. Lett ., 98, 113, 1983, and Bratch, S. G., and Lagowski, J. J., Chem. Phys. Lett ., 107, 136, 1984. The development of cluster-ion photodetachment apparatuses has brought an explosion of electron af finity estimates for atomic and molecular clusters. [See Arnold, S. T., Eaton, J. G., Patel-Mistra, D., Sarkas, H. W., and Bowen, K. H., in Ion and Cluster Ion Spectroscopy and Structure , Maier, J. P., Ed., Elsevier Science, New York, 1989, p. 417.] The policy in this tabulation is to list the electron af finities for the atoms, diatoms, and triatoms, if adiabatic electron af finities have been determined, but to refer the reader to original sources for higher-order clusters. Additional data on molecular electron af finities may be found in Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry , J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 17, (Supplement No. 1), 1988. For the present tabulation the 1998 CODATA value e/hc = 8065.54477 ± 0.00032 cm -1 eV -1 (http://physics.nist.gov) has been used to convert electron af finities from the units used in spectroscopic work, cm -1 , into eV for these tables. The 40 ppb uncertainty in e/hc is insigni ficant com- pared to uncertainties in the electron af finity measurements. Abbreviations used in the tables: calc = calculated value; PT = photodetachment threshold using a lamp as a light source; LPT = laser photodetach- ment threshold; LPES = laser photoelectron spectroscopy; DA = dissociative attachment; e-scat = electron scattering or attachme nt; kinetic = dissoci- ation kinetics; Knud=Knudsen cell; CT = charge transfer; CD = collisional detachment; and ZEKE = zero electron kinetic energy s pectroscopy. 10- 148 ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) TABLE 1. ATOMIC ELECTRON AFFINITIES Atomic Number AtomElectron affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. 1H 0.754195 0.000019 LPT 89 0.75420812 - calc 205 D 0.754593 0.000074 LPT 89 deuterium D 0.75465624 - calc 205 deuterium T 0.75480540 - calc 205 tritium 2H e not stable - calc 1 3L i 0.618049 0.000020 LPT 185 4B e not stable - calc 1 5B 0.279723 0.000025 LPES 207 6C 1.262119 0.000020 LPT 28 7N not stable - DA 1 8O 1.4611096 0.0000007 LPT 4 9F 3.4011895 0.0000025 LPT 226 10 Ne not stable - calc 111 Na 0.547926 0.000025 LPT 112 Mg not stable - e-scat 113 Al 0.43283 0.00005 LPES 20814 Si 1.3895220 0.0000024 LPES 22615 P 0.7465 0.0003 LPT 116 S 2.077103 0.000001 LPT 117 Cl 3.612724 0.000027 LPT 5218 Ar not stable - calc 119 K 0.50147 0.00010 LPT 120 Ca 0.02455 0.00010 LPT 44 21 Sc 0.188 0.020 LPES 1 22 Ti 0.079 0.014 LPES 123 V 0.525 0.012 LPES 124 Cr 0.666 0.012 LPES 125 Mn not stable - calc 126 Fe 0.151 0.003 LPES 2727 Co 0.662 0.003 LPES 2728 Ni 1.156 0.010 LPES 129 Cu 1.235 0.005 LPES 3730 Zn not stable - e-scat 131 Ga 0.43 0.03 LPES 18332 Ge 1.232712 0.000015 LPES 2833 As 0.814 0.008 LPES 20034 Se 2.020670 0.000025 LPT 135 Br 3.363588 0.000002 LPT 7436 Kr not stable - calc 137 Rb 0.48592 0.00002 LPT 138 Sr 0.048 0.006 LPT 12239 Y 0.307 0.012 LPES 140 Zr 0.426 0.014 LPES 141 Nb 0.893 0.025 LPES 142 Mo 0.748 0.002 LPES 12743 Tc 0.55 0.20 calc 144 Ru 1.05 0.15 calc 145 Rh 1.137 0.008 LPES 146 Pd 0.562 0.005 LPES 11647 Ag 1.302 0.007 LPES 1 TeamLRN 10- 149 ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 48 Cd not stable - e-scat 1 49 In 0.3 0.2 PT 150 Sn 1.112067 0.000015 LPES 2851 Sb 1.046 0.005 LPES 10852 Te 1.9708 0.0003 LPT 153 I 3.059037 0.000010 LPT 9254 Xe not stable - calc 155 Cs 0.471626 0.000025 LPT 156 Ba 0.14462 0.00006 LPT 19557 La 0.47 0.02 LPT 18470 Yb -0.020 - calc 19671 Lu 0.34 0.01 LPT 22372 Hf »0 - calc 173 Ta 0.322 0.012 LPES 174 W 0.815 0.002 LPES 3775 Re 0.15 0.15 calc 176 Os 1.1 0.2 calc 177 Ir 1.5638 0.0005 LPT 14178 Pt 2.128 0.002 LPT 179 Au 2.30863 0.00003 LPT 180 Hg not stable - e-scat 181 Tl 0.2 0.2 PT 182 Pb 0.364 0.008 LPES 183 Bi 0.946 0.010 LPES 184 Po 1.9 0.3 calc 1 85 At 2.8 0.2 calc 1 86 Rn not stable - calc 187 Fr 0.46 - calc 8289 Ac 0.35 - calc 20791 Pr 0.962 0.024 LPES 225 118 ekaradon 0.056 0.01 calc 140121 ekaactinium 0.57 - calc 207 Atomic Number AtomElectron affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. 10- 150 ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) TABLE 2. ELECTRON AFFINITIES FOR DIATOMIC MOLECULES MoleculeElectron affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Ag 2 1.023 0.007 LPES 37 AgO 1.654 0.002 LPES 233Al 2 1.10 0.15 LPES 68 AlO 2.60 0.02 LPES 143 AlP 2.043 0.020 LPES 218AlS 2.60 0.03 LPES 129As 2 0.739 0.008 LPES 200 AsH 1.0 0.1 PT 2AsO 1.286 0.008 LPES 198Au 2 1.938 0.007 LPES 37 AuPd 1.88 - LPES 220BN 3.160 0.005 LPES 189BO 2.508 0.008 LPES 6BeH 0.7 0.1 PT 2Bi 2 1.271 0.008 LPES 119 Br 2 2.55 0.10 CT 2 BrO 2.353 0.006 LPES 88C 2 3.269 0.006 LPES 87 CH 1.238 0.008 LPES 2CN 3.862 0.004 LPES 111CRh 1.46 0.02 LPES 206CS 0.205 0.021 LPES 2CaH 0.93 0.05 PT 2Cl 2 2.38 0.10 CT 2 ClO 2.275 0.006 LPES 88Co 2 1.110 0.008 LPES 27 CoD 0.680 0.010 LPES 29CoH 0.671 0.010 LPES 29Cr 2 0.505 0.005 LPES 114 CrD 0.568 0.010 LPES 29CrH 0.563 0.010 LPES 29CrO 1.221 0.006 LPES 5Cs 2 0.469 0.015 LPES 104 CsCl 0.455 0.010 LPES 30CsO 0.273 0.012 LPES 133Cu 2 0.836 0.006 LPES 37 CuO 1.777 0.006 LPES 118 F 2 3.08 0.10 CT 2 FO 2.272 0.006 LPES 88Fe 2 0.902 0.008 LPES 27 FeD 0.932 0.015 LPES 9FeH 0.934 0.011 LPES 9FeO 1.493 0.005 LPES 45GaAs 1.949 0.020 LPES 218GaP 1.988 0.020 LPES 218Ge 2 2.035 0.001 LPES 123 I 2 2.55 0.05 CT 2 IBr 2.55 0.10 CT 2IO 2.378 0.006 LPES 88InP 1.845 0.020 LPES 218K 2 0.497 0.012 LPES 104 KBr 0.642 0.010 LPES 30KCl 0.582 0.010 LPES 30KCs 0.471 0.020 LPES 104KI 0.728 0.010 LPES 30KRb 0.486 0.020 LPES 104 LiCl 0.593 0.010 LPES 30 LiD 0.337 0.012 LPES 102LiH 0.342 0.012 LPES 102MgCl 1.589 0.011 LPES 31MgH 1.05 0.06 PT 2MgI 1.899 0.018 LPES 31MgO 1.630 0.025 LPES 178MnD 0.866 0.010 LPES 9MnH 0.869 0.010 LPES 9MnO 1.375 0.010 LPES 158MoO 1.290 0.006 LPES 127NH 0.370 0.004 LPT 32NO 0.026 0.005 LPES 73NRh 1.51 0.02 LPES 206NS 1.194 0.011 LPES 2Na 2 0.430 0.015 LPES 104 NaBr 0.788 0.010 LPES 30NaCl 0.727 0.010 LPES 30NaF 0.520 0.010 LPES 30NaI 0.865 0.010 LPES 30NaK 0.465 0.030 LPES 104NbO 1.29 0.02 LPES 174Ni 2 0.926 0.010 LPES 112 NiCu 0.889 0.010 LPES 128NiAg 0.979 0.010 LPES 128NiD 0.477 0.007 LPES 29NiH 0.481 0.007 LPES 29NiO 1.470 0.003 LPES 146O 2 0.450 0.002 LPES 222 OD 1.825533 0.000037 LPT 142OH 1.8276534 0.0000037 LPT 142ORh 1.58 0.02 LPES 206P 2 0.589 0.025 LPES 42 PH 1.028 0.010 LPES 2 PO 1.092 0.010 LPES 2Pb 2 1.366 0.010 LPES 117 PbO 0.722 0.006 LPES 105PbS 1.049 0.010 LPES 228Pd 2 1.685 0.008 LPES 112 PdCO 0.604 0.010 LPES 160Pt 2 1.898 0.008 LPES 112 PtN 1.240 0.010 LPES 46Rb 2 0.498 0.015 LPES 104 RbCl 0.544 0.010 LPES 30RbCs 0.478 0.020 LPES 104Re 2 1.571 0.008 LPES 33 S 2 1.670 0.015 LPES 53 SD 2.315 0.002 LPES 10 MoleculeElectron affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. TeamLRN 10- 151 ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) SF 2.285 0.006 LPES 93 SH 2.314343 0.000004 LPT 47SO 1.125 0.005 LPES 84Sb 2 1.282 0.008 LPES 108 ScO 1.35 0.02 LPES 171Se 2 1.94 0.07 LPES 38 SeH 2.212519 0.000025 LPT 48SeO 1.456 0.020 LPES 41Si 2 2.201 0.010 LPES 100 SiH 1.277 0.009 LPES 2Sn 2 1.962 0.010 LPES 117 SnO 0.598 0.006 LPES 168 MoleculeElectron affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. SnPb 1.569 0.008 LPES 117 Te 2 1.92 0.07 LPES 38 TeH 2.102 0.015 LPES 39 TeO 1.697 0.022 LPES 40 TiO 1.30 0.03 LPES 172 VO 1.229 0.008 LPES 170 YO 1.35 0.02 LPES 171 ZnF 1.974 0.008 LPES 179ZnH <0.95 - PT 2ZnO 2.087 0.008 LPES 179ZrO 1.3 0.3 LPES 173 MoleculeElectron affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. TABLE 3. ELECTRON AFFINITIES FOR TRIATOMIC MOLECULES MoleculeElectron affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Ag 3 2.32 0.05 LPES 37 AgCN 1.588 0.010 LPES 163Al 3 1.4 0.15 LPES 68 AlO 2 4.23 0.02 LPES 143 AlP 2 1.933 0.007 LPES 217 Al 2 P 2.513 0.020 LPES 217 Al 2 S 0.80 0.12 LPES 129 As 3 1.45 0.03 LPES 200 AsH 2 1.27 0.03 PT 2 Au 3 3.7 0.3 LPES 37 Au 2 Pd 3.80 - LPES 220 BO 2 4.3 0.2 CT 98 B 2 N 3.098 0.005 LPES 193 B 3 2.82 0.02 LPES 221 Bi 3 1.60 0.03 LPES 119 C 3 1.981 0.020 LPES 11 CBr 2 1.88 0.07 LPES 235 CCl 2 1.59 0.07 LPES 235 CD 2 0.645 0.006 LPES 12 CDF 0.535 0.005 LPES 95CF 2 0.180 0.020 LPES 235 CH 2 0.652 0.006 LPES 12 CHBr 1.454 0.005 LPES 95CHCl 1.210 0.005 LPES 95CHF 0.542 0.005 LPES 95CHI 1.42 0.17 LPES 95CI 2 2.09 0.07 LPES 235 C 2 H 2.969 0.006 LPES 87 C 2 Nb 1.380 0.025 LPES 243 C 2 O 2.289 0.018 LPES 180 COS 0.46 0.20 CD 2 CS 2 <0.800 - LPES 236 C 2 Ti 1.542 0.020 LPES 147 CoD 2 1.465 0.013 LPES 34 CoH 2 1.450 0.014 LPES 34 CrH 2 >2.5 - LPES 34Cr 2 D 1.464 0.005 LPES 107 Cr 2 H 1.474 0.005 LPES 107 CrO 2 2.413 0.008 LPES 144 Cs 3 0.864 0.030 LPES 18 Cu 3 2.11 0.05 LPES 37 CuCN 1.466 0.010 LPES 163CuCl 2 4.35 0.05 LPES 177 CuBr 2 4.35 0.05 LPES 177 DCO 0.301 0.005 LPES 35DNO 0.330 0.015 LPES 14DO 2 1.077 0.005 LPES 15 DS 2 1.912 0.015 LPES 53 Fe 3 1.43 0.06 LPES 149 FeC 2 1.9782 0.0006 LPES 254 FeCO 1.157 0.005 LPES 103FeD 2 1.038 0.013 LPES 34 FeH 2 1.049 0.014 LPES 34 FeO 2 2.358 0.030 LPES 130 Fe 2 H 0.564 0.019 LPES 254 Fe 2 O 1.60 0.02 LPES 152 GaAs 2 1.894 0.033 LPES 192 GaP 2 1.666 0.041 LPES 192 Ga 2 As 2.428 0.020 LPES 192 Ga 2 P 2.481 0.015 LPES 192 Ge 3 2.23 0.01 LPES 123 GeH 2 1.097 0.015 LPES 28 HCO 0.313 0.005 LPES 35HCl 2 4.896 0.005 LPES 69 HNO 0.338 0.015 LPES 14HO 2 1.078 0.006 LPES 15 HS 2 1.907 0.015 LPES 53 I 3 4.226 0.013 LPES 162 InP 2 1.61 0.05 LPES 137 In 2 P 2.36 0.05 LPES 137 K 3 0.956 0.050 LPES 18 MnD 2 0.465 0.014 LPES 34 MoleculeElectron affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. 10- 152 ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) MnH 2 0.444 0.016 LPES 34 MnO 2 2.06 0.03 LPES 158 N 3 2.70 0.12 PT 2 NCN 2.484 0.006 LPES 154NCO 3.609 0.005 LPES 111 NCS 3.537 0.005 LPES 111 NH 2 0.771 0.005 LPES 58 N 2 O -0.03 0.10 calc 59 NO 2 2.273 0.005 LPES 63 (NO)R R=Ar,Kr,Xe - LPES 90Na 3 1.019 0.060 LPES 18 Nb 3 1.032 0.010 LPES 175 Ni 3 1.41 0.05 LPES 55 NiCO 0.804 0.012 LPES 2NiD 2 1.926 0.007 LPES 34 NiH 2 1.934 0.008 LPES 34 NiO 2 3.05 0.01 LPES 214 ONiO NiO 2 0.82 0.03 LPES 214 Ni(O 2 ) O 3 2.1028 0.0025 LPT 2 O 2 Ar 0.52 0.02 LPES 75 OClO 2.140 0.008 LPES 88 MoleculeElectron affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. OIO 2.577 0.008 LPES 88 PH 2 1.271 0.010 LPES 2 PO 2 3.42 0.01 LPES 124 Pt 3 1.87 0.02 LPES 55 Pd 3 <1.5 0.1 LPES 55 Rb 3 0.920 0.030 LPES 18 ReO 2 2.5 0.1 LPES 216 S 3 2.093 0.025 LPES 16 SO 2 1.107 0.008 LPES 16 S 2 O 1.877 0.008 LPES 16 Sb 3 1.85 0.03 LPES 108 SeO 2 1.823 0.050 LPES 38 SiH 2 1.124 0.020 LPES 2 Si 2 H 2.31 0.01 LPES 182 Si 3 2.29 0.02 LPES 110 Ta 3 1.36 0.03 LPES 169 TiO 2 1.59 0.03 LPES 172 V 3 1.107 0.010 LPES 176 VO 2 2.3 0.2 CT 101 WO 2 1.958 0.050 LPES 233 MoleculeElectron affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. TABLE 4. ELECTRON AFFINITIES FOR LARGER POLYATOMIC MOLECULES MoleculeElectron Affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Name Ag n n =1-60 - LPES 37 Al n n =3-32 - LPES 68 Al 5 2.23 0.05 LPES 238 Al 2 C 2 0.64 0.05 LPES 239 acetylide Al 3 C 2.56 0.06 LPES 161 Al 3 C 2 2.19 0.03 LPES 244 Al3Ge2 2.43 0.03 LPES 244 Al3Si2 2.36 0.03 LPES 244 Al3O 1.00 0.15 LPES 68 AlnOm n=1,2 m=1-5 LPES 143 AlnPm n=1-4 m=1-4 LPES 217 AlnSm n=1-5 m=1-3 LPES 129 Ar(H2O)n n=2,6,7 - LPES 77 ArnBr n=2-9 - ZEKE 212 ArnI n=2-19 - ZEKE 212 As4 <0.8 - LPES 200 As5 ≈1.7 - LPES 200 As5 ≈3.5 - LPES 253 Aun n=1-233 - LPES 37 AuF6 7.5 estimate CT 98 Au3Pd 2.51 - LPES 220 Au4Pd 2.69 - LPES 220 B5 2.33 0.02 LPES 245 BD3 0.027 0.014 LPES 62 BH3 0.038 0.015 LPES 62 B3N 2.098 0.035 LPES 193 Bin n=2-9 - LPES 213 TeamLRN10-153ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Bi4 1.05 0.010 LPES 119 Bi5 2.87 0.02 LPES 253 Br(CO2) 3.582 0.017 LPES 131 Br(H2O)n n=1-4 - LPES 250 Cn n=2-84 - LPES 70 (CO2) n n=1,2 - LPES 75 (CS) n n=2 - LPES 75 (CS2) n n=1,2 - LPES 75 CAl3Ge 2.70 0.06 LPES 224 CAl3Si 2.77 0.06 LPES 224 CCoNO3 1.73 0.03 LPES 199 Co(CO2)NO CDO2 3.510 0.015 LPES 109 CF3 1.82 0.05 LPES 187 CF3Br 0.91 0.2 CD 2 CF3I 1.57 0.2 CD 2 CFO2 4.277 0.030 LPES 131 CHO2 3.498 0.015 LPES 109 CH2O4 2.1 0.2 PT 2 CO3(H2O) CH2S 0.465 0.023 LPES 53 CD3NO2 0.24 0.08 LPES 211 CD3O 1.559 0.004 LPES 194 CD3O2 1.154 0.004 LPES 188 d3-methyl peroxyl radical CD3S 1.856 0.006 LPT 2 CD3S2 1.748 0.022 LPES 53 CH3 0.08 0.03 LPES 2 CH3I 0.2 0.1 CT 2 CH3NO2 0.26 0.08 LPES 211 CH3O 1.572 0.004 LPES 194 CH3O2 1.161 0.005 LPES 188 methyl peroxyl radical CH3S 1.867 0.004 LPES 166 CH3S2 1.757 0.022 LPES 53 CH3Si 0.852 0.010 LPES 97 CH3-Si CH3Si 2.010 0.010 LPES 97 CH2=SiH CH4N 0.432 0.015 LPES 215 CH5Si 1.19 0.04 LPT 65 CH3SiH2 CO3 2.69 0.14 LPES 2 C2F2 2.255 0.006 LPES 106 di fluorovinylidene C2DN 2.009 0.020 LPES 219 DCCN C2DN 1.877 0.010 LPES 219 DCNC C2DO 2.350 0.020 LPES 13 C2HF 1.718 0.006 LPES 106 mono fluorovinylidene C2HN 2.003 0.014 LPES 219 HCCN C2HN 1.883 0.013 LPES 219 HCNC C2HO 2.338 0.008 LPES 190 C2D2 0.492 0.006 LPES 83 vinylidene-d2 C2HD 0.489 0.006 LPES 83 vinylidene-d1 C2HFe 1.4512 0.0025 LPES 254 C2HNi 1.063 0.019 LPES 254 C2H2 0.490 0.006 LPES 83 vinylidene C2H2FO 2.22 0.09 PT 2 acetyl fluoride enolate C2D2N 1.538 0.012 LPES 21 cyanomethyl-d2 radical C2D2N 1.070 0.024 LPES 21 isocyanomethyl-d2 Radical C2H2Fe 1.328 0.019 LPES 254MoleculeElectron Affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Name 10-154ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) C2H2N 1.543 0.014 LPES 21 cyanomethyl radical C2H2N 1.059 0.024 LPES 21 isocyanomethyl radical C2H3 0.667 0.024 LPES 90 vinyl C2H3Fe 1.587 0.019 LPES 254 C2H3Ni 1.103 0.019 LPES 254 C2D3O 1.81897 0.00012 LPT 22 acetaldehyde-d3 enolate C2H3O 1.82476 0.00012 LPT 22 acetaldehyde enolate C2D5O 1.699 0.004 LPES 194 ethoxide-d3 C2H5N 0.56 0.01 PT 2 ethyl nitrine C2H5O 1.712 0.004 LPES 194 ethoxide C2H5O2 1.186 0.004 LPES 188 ethyl peroxyl radical C2H5S 1.953 0.006 LPT 2 ethyl sul fide C2H5S 0.868 0.051 LPES 53 CH3SCH2 C2H7O2 2.26 0.08 PT 50 MeOHOMe C3Fe 1.69 0.08 LPES 132 C3H 1.858 0.023 LPES 11 C3HFe 1.58 0.06 LPES 132 C3H2 1.794 0.008 LPES 153 C3H2F3O 2.625 0.010 LPT 113 1,1,1-tri fluoroacetone enolate C3H3 0.893 0.025 LPES 24 propargyl radical C3H2D 0.88 0.15 LPES 24 propargyl-d1 radical C3D2H 0.907 0.023 LPES 24 propargyl-d2 radical C3H3N 1.247 0.012 LPES 21 CH3CH-CN C3D5 0.464 0.006 LPES 138 allyl-d5 C3H5 0.481 0.008 LPES 138 allyl C3H5 0.397 0.069 kinetic 155 cyclopropyl C3H4D 0.373 0.019 LPES 25 allyl-d1 C3H5O 1.758 0.019 LPT 113 acetone enolate C3H5O 1.621 0.006 LPT 113 propionaldehyde enolate C3H5O2 1.80 0.06 PT 2 methyl acetate enolate C3H7O 1.789 0.033 LPES 23 n-propyl oxide C3H7O 1.847 0.004 LPES 194 isopropyl oxide C3H7S 2.00 0.02 PT 2 n-propyl sul fide C3H7S 2.02 0.02 PT 2 isopropyl sul fide C3O 1.34 0.15 LPES 11 C3O2 0.85 0.15 LPES 11 C3Ti 1.561 0.015 LPES 147 C4F4O3 0.5 0.2 CD 2 tetra fluorosuccinic anhydride C4Fe <2.2 0.2 LPES 132 C4HFe 1.67 0.06 LPES 132 C4H2Fe 1.633 0.019 LPES 254 C4H2O3 1.44 0.10 CT 61 maleic anhydride C4H3Fe 1.182 0.019 LPES 254 C4H3Ni 0.824 0.019 LPES 254 C4D4 0.909 0.015 LPES 125 vinylvinylidene-d4 C4H4 0.914 0.015 LPES 125 vinylvinylidene C4H4N 2.39 0.13 PT 2 pyrrolate C4H5O 1.801 0.008 LPT 113 cyclobutanone enolate C4H6 0.431 0.006 LPES 135 trimethylenemethane C4H6O2 0.69 0.10 CT 61 2,3-butanedione C4H6D 0.493 0.008 LPES 138 2-methylallyl-d7 C4H7 0.505 0.006 LPES 138 2-methylallyl C4H7O 1.67 0.05 PT 2 butyraldehyde enolateMoleculeElectron Affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Name TeamLRN10-155ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) C4H5DO 1.67 0.05 PT 2 2-butanone-3-d1 enolate C4H5D2O 1.75 0.06 PT 2 2-butanone-3,3-d2 enolate C4H9O 1.909 0.004 LPES 194 t-butoxyl C4H9S 2.03 0.02 PT 2 n-butyl sul fide C4H9S 2.07 0.02 PT 2 t-butyl sul fide C4O 2.05 0.15 LPES 11 C4O2 2.0 0.2 LPES 11 C4Ti 1.494 0.020 LPES 147 C5 2.853 0.001 LPT 99 C5F5N 0.68 0.11 CT 67 penta fluoropyridine C5F6O3 1.5 0.2 CD 2 hexa fluoroglutaric anhydride C5D5 1.790 0.008 LPES 11 cyclopentadienyl-d5 C5H5 1.804 0.007 LPES 11 cyclopentadienyl C5H7 0.91 0.03 PT 2 pentadienyl C5H7O 1.598 0.007 LPT 113 cyclopentanone enolate C5H9O 1.69 0.05 PT 2 3-penanone enolate C5H11O 1.93 0.05 LPT 2 neopentoxyl C5H11S 2.09 0.02 PT 2 n-pentyl sul fide C5O2 1.2 0.2 LPES 11 C5Ti 1.748 0.050 LPES 147 C6 4.180 0.001 LPT 8 C6Br4O2 2.44 0.20 CT 2 tetrabromo-BQ C6Cl4O2 2.78 0.10 CT 61 tetrachloro-BQ C6F4O2 2.70 0.10 CT 61 tetra fluoro-BQ C6F5Br 1.15 0.11 CT 67 penta fluorobromo-benzene C6F5Cl 0.82 0.11 CT 67 penta fluorochlorobenzene C6F5I 1.41 0.11 CT 67 penta fluoroiodobenzene C6F5NO2 1.52 0.11 CT 67 penta fluoro-NB C6F6 0.52 0.10 CT 51 hexa fluorobenzene C6F10 >1.4 0.3 CT 2 per fluorocyclohexane C6H2Cl2O2 2.48 0.10 CT 61 2,6-dichloro-BQ C6H3F2NO2 1.17 0.10 CT 61 2,4-di fluoro-NB C6D4 0.551 0.010 LPES 36 o-benzyne-d4 C6H4 0.560 0.010 LPES 36 o-benzyne C6H4BrNO2 1.16 0.10 CT 61 o-bromo-NB C6H4BrNO2 1.32 0.10 CT 61 m-bromo-NB C6H4BrNO2 1.29 0.10 CT 61 p-bromo-NB C6H4ClNO2 1.14 0.10 CT 61 o-chloro-NB C6H4ClNO2 1.28 0.10 CT 61 m-chloro-NB C6H4ClNO2 1.26 0.10 CT 61 p-chloro-NB C6H4ClO <2.58 0.08 PT 2 o-chloroperoxide C6H4FNO2 1.07 0.10 CT 61 o-fluoro-NB C6H4FNO2 1.23 0.10 CT 61 m-fluoro-NB C6H4FNO2 1.12 0.10 CT 61 p-fluoro-NB C6H4N2O4 1.65 0.10 CT 61 o-diNB C6H4N2O4 1.65 0.10 CT 61 m-diNB C6H4N2O4 2.00 0.10 CT 61 p-diNB C6H4O2 1.91 0.10 CT 61 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) C6D5 1.092 0.020 LPES 26 phenyl-d5 C6D5N 1.44 0.02 LPES 96 phenylnitrene-d5 C6H5 1.096 0.006 LPES 26 phenyl C6H2O2 1.859 0.005 LPES 232 dehydrobenzoquinone C6H3O2 <2.18 - LPES 232 benzoquinonideMoleculeElectron Affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Name 10-156ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) C6H5N 1.429 0.011 LPT 115 phenylnitrene C6H5NO2 1.00 0.01 LPES 164 nitrobenzene (NB) C6H5O 2.253 0.006 LPES 26 phenoxyl C6H5S <2.47 0.06 PT 2 thiophenoxide C6H5NH 1.70 0.03 PT 2 anilide C6H7 <1.67 0.04 PT 2 methylchylopentadienyl C6H8 0.855 0.010 LPES 203 (CH2)2C-C(CH2)2 C6H8Si 1.435 0.004 LPT 65 C6H5SiH3 C6H9 0.654 0.010 LPES 203 CH2=C(CH3)-C(CH2)2 C6H9O 1.526 0.010 LPT 113 cyclohexanone enolate C6H10 0.645 0.015 LPES 126 t-butyl vinylidene C6H11O 1.755 +0.05/-0.005 LPT 113 pinacolone enolate C6H11O 1.82 0.06 PT 2 3,3-dimethylbutananl enolate C6N4 2.3 0.3 PT 2 TCNE C7F5N 1.11 0.11 CT 67 penta fluorobenzonitrile C7F8 0.86 0.11 CT 67 octa fluorotoluene C7F14 1.08 0.10 CT 61 per fluoromethyl-cyclohexane C7HF5O 1.10 0.11 CT 67 penta fluorobenzaldehyde C7H3N3O4 2.16 0.10 CT 61 3,5-(NO2)2-benzonitrile C7H4F3NO2 1.41 0.10 CT 61 m-trifluoromethyl-NB C7H4N2O2 1.61 0.10 CT 61 o-cyano-NB C7H4N2O2 1.56 0.10 CT 61 m-cyno-NB C7H4N2O2 1.72 0.10 CT 61 p-cyano-NB C7H6Br 1.308 0.008 LPES 167 o-bromobenzyl C7H6Br 1.307 0.008 LPES 167 m-bromobenzyl C7H6Br 1.229 0.008 LPES 167 p-bromobenzyl C7H6Cl 1.257 0.008 LPES 167 o-chlorobenzyl C7H6Cl 1.272 0.008 LPES 167 m-chlorobenzyl C7H6Cl 1.174 0.008 LPES 167 p-chlorobenzyl C7H6F 1.091 0.008 LPES 167 o-fluorobenzyl C7H6F 1.173 0.008 LPES 167 m-fluorobenzyl C7H6F 0.937 0.008 LPES 167 p-fluorobenzyl C7H6FO 2.218 0.010 LPT 2 m-fluoroacetophenone enolate C7H6FO 2.176 0.010 LPT 2 p-fluoroacetophenone enolate C7H6FeO3 0.990 0.10 CT 120 h4-1,3-butadiene-Fe(CO)3 C7H6N2O4 1.77 0.05 PT 60 3,4-dintrotoluene C7H6N2O4 1.77 0.05 PT 60 2,3-dinitrotoluene C7H6N2O4 1.60 0.05 PT 60 2,4-dinitrotoluene C7H6N2O4 1.55 0.05 PT 60 2,6-dinitrotoluene C7H7 0.912 0.006 LPES 26 benzyl C7H7 0.868 0.006 LPES 136 1-quadricyclanide C7H7 0.962 0.006 LPES 136 2-quadricyclanide C7H7 1.286 0.006 LPES 136 norbornadienide C7H7 0.39 0.04 LPES 136 cycloheptatrienide C7H7 3.046 0.006 LPES 136 1-(1,6-heptadiynide) C7H7 >1.140 0.006 LPES 136 3-(1,6-heptadiynide) C7H7NO2 0.92 0.10 CT 61 o-methyl-NB C7H7NO2 0.99 0.10 CT 61 m-methyl-NB C7H7NO2 0.95 0.10 CT 61 p-methyl-NB C7H7NO3 1.04 0.10 CT 61 m-OCH3-NB C7H7NO3 0.91 0.10 CT 61 p-OCH3-NB C7H7O <2.36 0.06 PT 2 o-methyl phenoxide C7H7O 2.14 0.02 PT 50 benzyloxideMoleculeElectron Affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Name TeamLRN10-157ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) C7H7O2 1.85 0.10 CT 61 o-CH3-BQ C7H8FO <3.05 0.06 PT 50 PhCH2OHF C7H9 1.27 0.03 PT 2 heptatrienyl C7H9O 1.61 0.05 PT 2 2-norbornanone enolate C7H9Si 1.33 0.04 LPT 65 C6H5(CH3)SiH C7H11O 1.598 0.007 LPT 113 cycloheptanone enolate C7H11O 1.49 0.04 PT 2 2,5-dimethyl-cyclopentanone enolate C7H13O 1.72 0.06 PT 2 4-heptanone enolate C7H13O 1.46 0.04 PT 2 di-isopropyl ketone enolate C8F14N2 1.89 0.10 CT 51 1,4-(CN)2C6F4 C8H3F5O 0.88 0.11 CT 67 penta fluoroacetophenone C8H3F6NO2 1.79 0.10 CT 61 3,5-(CF3)2-NB C8H4O3 1.21 0.10 CT 61 phthalic anhydride C8H6 1.044 0.008 LPES 148 C8H7 1.091 0.008 LPES 134 C8H7O 2.057 0.010 PT 2 acetophenone enolate C8H7O 2.10 0.08 LPT 2 phenylacetaldehyde enolate C8H8 0.55 0.02 CT 134 cycooctatetraene C8H8 0.919 0.008 LPES 139 m-xylylene C8H9NO2 1.21 0.05 PT 60 3,5-dimethyl-NB C8H9NO2 2.61 0.05 PT 60 2,6-dimethyl-NB C8H9NO2 0.86 0.10 CT 61 2,3-dimethyl-NB C8H13O 1.63 0.06 PT 2 cyclooctanone enolate C9H8FeO3 0.76 0.10 CT 120 h4-1,3-cyclohexadiene-Fe(CO)3 C9H9O 2.030 0.010 LPT 2 m-methylacetophenone enolate C9H9SiN 1.43 0.10 PT 2 trimethylsilylnitrene C9H11NO2 0.70 0.10 CT 61 2,4,6-trimethyl-NB C9H15O 1.69 0.06 PT 2 cyclononanone enolate C10H4Cl2O2 2.19 0.10 CT 61 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone C10H6N2O4 1.78 0.10 CT 61 1,3-dinitronaphthalene C10H6N2O4 1.77 0.10 CT 61 1,5-dinitronaphthalene C10H6O2 1.81 0.10 CT 61 1,4-naphthoquinone C10H7 1.403 0.015 LPES 197 1-naphthyl radical C10H7NO2 1.23 0.10 CT 61 1-nitronaphthalene C10H7NO2 1.18 0.10 CT 61 2-nitronaphthalene C10H8 0.790 0.008 LPES 230 azulene C10H8CrO3 0.93 0.10 CT 120 h4-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene Cr(CO)3 C10H8FeO3 0.98 0.10 CT 120 h4-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene-Fe(CO)3 C10H17O 1.83 0.06 PT 2 cyclodecanone enolate C11H8FeO3 1.29 0.10 CT 120 h4-1,3-butadiene-Fe(CO)3 C12F10 0.82 0.11 CT 67 deca fluorobiphenyl C12H4N4 2.8 0.3 CD 2 TCNQ C12H9 1.07 0.10 PT 2 perinaphthenyl C12H15O 2.032 0.010 LPT 2 t-butylacetophenoneenolate C12H21O 1.90 0.07 PT 2 cyclododecanone enolate C13F10O 1.52 0.11 CT 67 deca fluorobenzophenone C13H9F 0.64 0.10 CT 61 4- fluorobenzophenone C13H10O 0.62 0.10 CT 61 benzophenone C14H9NO2 1.43 0.10 CT 61 9-nitroanthracene C14H10 0.530 0.008 LPES 230 anthracene (C14H10) n n=1-16 - LPES 231 anthracene clusters C18H12 1.04 0.10 CT 66 tetracene C20H12 0.79 0.10 CT 66 benz[a]pyreneMoleculeElectron Affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Name 10-158ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) C20H12 0.973 0.005 LPES 236 perylene C22H14 1.35 0.10 CT 66 pentacene C44Cl28FeN4 2.59 0.11 CT 186 FeTPPCl28 C44Cl8F20FeN4 3.21 0.03 CT 186 FeTPP βCl8 C44Cl9F20FeN4 3.35 0.03 CT 186 FeTPPF20βCl8Cl C44H8F20FeN4 2.15 0.15 CT 186 FeTPPF20 C44H8ClF20FeN4 3.14 0.03 CT 186 FeTPPF20Cl C44H8Cl21FeN4 2.93 0.23 CT 186 FeTPPoCl20Cl C44H12Cl17FeN4 3.14 0.03 CT 186 FeTPPoCl8βCl8Cl C44H20Cl8FeN4 1.86 0.03 CT 186 FeTPPoCl8 C44H20Cl9FeN4 2.10 0.19 CT 186 FeTPPoCl8Cl C44H28FeN4 1.87 0.03 CT 186 iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) C44H28NiN4 1.51 0.01 CT 186 nickel tetraphenylporphyrin (NiTPP) C44H28ClFeN4 2.15 0.15 CT 186 FeTPPCl C44H30N4 1.69 0.01 CT 186 H2 tetraphenylporphyrin C45H29NiN4O 1.74 0.01 CT 186 NiTPPCHO C52H39FeN7O 1.97 0.03 CT 186 FeTPP-val C60 2.65 0.05 LPT 201 C60F2 2.74 0.07 Knud 202 C64H64FeN8O4 2.07 0.03 CT 186 FeTPP-piv C70F2 2.80 0.07 Knud 202 (benzene) n n=53-124 - LPES 248 (toluene) n n=33-139 - LPES 248 CnNb n=2-7 - LPES 243 CeF4 3.8 0.4 CT 98 Cl(CO2) 3.907 0.010 LPES 131 Cl(H2O) n=1-4 - LPES 250 Con n=1-108 - LPES 251 CoBr3 4.6 0.1 LPES 249 CoCl3 4.7 0.1 LPES 249 CoF4 6.4 0.3 CT 98 Cr(CO)3 1.349 0.006 LPES 94 CrO3 3.66 0.02 LPES 241 CrO4 4.98 0.09 LPES 241 CrO5 4.4 0.1 LPES 241 CsO4 2.5 0.2 LPES 252 Cun n=1-411 - LPES 37 CuBr2 4.35 0.05 LPES 237 Cun (CN) m n=1-6 m=1-6 LPES 159 CuCl2 4.35 0.05 LPES 237 F(H2O) n n=1-4 - LPES 242 F(H2O) n n=1-4 - LPES 250 Fen n=3-34 - LPES 149 Fe(CO)2 1.22 0.02 LPES 2 Fe(CO)3 1.8 0.2 LPES 2 Fe(CO)4 2.4 0.3 LPES 2 FeBr3 4.26 0.06 LPES 249 FeBr4 5.50 0.08 LPES 249 FeCl3 4.22 0.06 LPES 249 FeCl4 6.00 0.08 LPES 249 FeF3 3.6 0.1 CT 98 FeF4 6.0 estimate CT 98 Fe2H2 0.942 0.019 LPES 254MoleculeElectron Affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Name TeamLRN10-159ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) FenOm n=1-4 m=1-6 LPES 152 Ga2As3 2.783 0.024 LPES 192 GaxAsy n=2-50 n=x+y LPES 229 Ga2P3 2.991 0.026 LPES 192 Gen n=3-15 - LPES 71 GexAsy n=5-30 n=x+y LPES 72 GeH3 <1.74 0.04 PT 2 H(NH3)n n=1,2 - LPES 76 HNO3 0.57 0.15 CD 2 (H2O) n n=2-19 - LPES 77 I(CO2) 3.225 0.001 LPES 131 I(H2O)n n=1-4 - LPES 250 InxPy n=2-8 n=x+y LPES 137 IrF4 4.7 0.3 CT 98 IrF6 6.5 0.4 CT 98 Kn n=2-7 - LPES 18 KO4 2.8 0.2 LPES 252 LiO4 3.3 0.2 LPES 252 MnBr3 5.03 0.06 LPES 249 MnCl3 5.07 0.06 LPES 249 MnF4 5.5 0.2 CT 98 MnO3 3.335 0.010 LPES 158 Mo(CO)3 1.337 0.006 LPES 94 MoF5 3.5 0.2 CT 98 MoF6 3.8 0.2 CT 98 MoO3 2.9 0.2 CT 98 N2CD 2.622 0.005 LPES 154 NCND N2CH 2.622 0.005 LPES 154 NCNH (NH3)n n=41-1100 - LPES 77 NH2(NH3)n n=1,2 - LPES 78 NO(H2O)n n=1,2 - LPES 75 NO3 3.937 0.014 LPES 85 NO3(H2O)n n=0-6 - LPES 240 NO(N2O)n n=1,2 - LPES 79 (NO)2 >2.1 - LPES 75 (N2O)n n=1,2 - LPES 81 Nan n=2-5 - LPES 18 (NaF)n n=1-7,12 - LPES 64 Na(NaF)n n=5,7-12 - LPES 64 NaO4 3.1 0.2 LPES 252 NaO5 3.2 0.2 LPES 252 NaSO3 2.3 0.2 LPES 252 Nbn n=6-17 - LPES 181 Nb8 1.513 0.008 LPES 157 Nb3O 1.393 0.006 LPES 169 Nin n=1-100 - LPES 247 NiBr3 4.94 0.08 LPES 249 NiCl3 5.20 0.08 LPES 249 Ni(CO)2 0.643 0.014 LPES 2 Ni(CO)3 1.077 0.013 LPES 2 NiO2 3.05 0.01 LPES 145 ONiO NiO2 0.82 0.03 LPES 145 Ni(O2) OH(H2O) <2.95 0.15 PT 2MoleculeElectron Affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Name 10-160ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) OH(NH3) 2.35 0.07 LPES 234 OH(N2O) 2.14 0.02 LPES 209 OH(N2O)n n=1-5 - LPES 209 OsF4 3.9 0.3 CT 98 OsF6 6.0 0.3 CT 98 P5 3.88 0.03 LPES 253 PBr3 1.59 0.15 CD 2 PBr2Cl 1.63 0.20 CD 2 PCl2Br 1.52 0.20 CD 2 PCl3 0.82 0.10 CD 2 PF5 0.75 0.15 CT 121 PO3 4.95 0.03 CT 156 POCl2 3.83 0.25 CD 2 POCl3 1.41 0.20 CD 2 PtF4 5.5 0.3 CT 98 PtF6 7.0 0.4 CT 98 ReF6 4.7 estimate CT 98 ReO3 3.6 0.1 LPES 216 RhF4 5.4 0.3 CT 98 RuF4 4.8 0.3 CT 98 RuF5 5.2 0.4 CT 98 RuF6 7.5 0.3 CT 98 SF4 1.5 0.2 CT 91 SF5 4.23 0.12 e-scat 204 SF6 1.05 0.10 CT 56 SO3 1.97 0.10 LPES 165 (SO2)2 0.6 0.2 LPES 80 Sbn n=2-9 - LPES 213 Sb5 3.46 0.03 LPES 253 ScBr4 6.13 0.08 LPES 249 ScCl4 6.89 0.08 LPES 249 SeF6 2.9 0.2 CD 2 Si4 2.13 0.01 LPES 110 Si5 2.59 0.02 LPES 110 Si7 1.85 0.02 LPES 110 Sin n=3-20 - LPES 71 SiD3 1.386 0.022 LPES 43 SiF3 <2.95 0.10 PT 17 SiH3 1.406 0.014 LPES 43 Si3H 2.53 0.01 LPES 182 Si4H 2.68 0.01 LPES 182 SinNam n=4-11 m=1-3 LPES 210 Ta3O 1.583 0.010 LPES 169 TeF6 3.34 0.17 CD 2 Tin n=1-130 - LPES 151 TiO3 4.2 - LPES 172 UF5 3.7 0.2 CT 98 UF6 5.1 0.2 CT 98 UO3 <2.1 - CT 98 Vn n=3-65 - LPES 150 VF4 3.5 0.2 CT 98 V2On n=3-7 - LPES 246 V3O 1.218 0.008 LPES 169MoleculeElectron Affinity in eVUncertainty in eV Method Ref. Name TeamLRN10-161ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) REFERENCES 1. Hotop, H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 14, 731, 1985. 2. Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3 , Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984, p. 167. 3. Schulz, P. A., Mead, R. D., Jones, P. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys ., 77, 1153, 1982. 4. Neumark, D. M., Lykke, K. R., Anderson, T., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. A , 32, 1890, 1985. EA(O) = 11,784.645 ± 0.008 cm-1. 5. Wenthold, P. G., Gunion, R. F., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett ., 258, 101, 1996. 6. Wenthold, P. G., Kim, J. B., Jonas, K. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 4472, 1997. 7. Klein, R., McGinnis, R. P., and Leone, S. R., Chem. Phys. Lett ., 100, 475, 1983. 8. Arnold, D. W., Bradforth, S. E., Kitsopoulos, T. N., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys ., 95, 8753, 1991; linear Cn. 9. Stevens, A. E., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. 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F., Dale, F., Henchman, M., Adams, N. G., and Smith, D., J. Phys. Chem ., 89, 2264, 1985. The upper limit given in this paper ( ≤3.4 eV) was later found to be incorrect when rapid charge transfer from HCO2- to WF6 was observed (unpublished). 20. Burnett, S. M., Stevens, A. E., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett ., 100, 124, 1983. 21. Moran, S., Ellis, H. B., DeFrees, D. J., McLean, A. D., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 109, 5996, 1987; Moran, S., Ellis, H. B., DeFrees, D. J., McLean, A. D., Paulson, S. E., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 109, 6004, 1987; see also Lykke, K. R., Neumark, D. M., Andersen, T., Trapa, V . J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys ., 87, 6842, 1987. 22. Mead, R. D., Lykke, K. R., Lineberger, W. C., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., J. Chem. Phys ., 81, 4883, 1984; Lykke, K. R., Mead, R. D., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. , 52, 2221, 1984. The EAs are 14,717.7 ± 1.0 cm-1 for acetaldehyde enolate and 14,671.0 ± 1.0 cm-1 for acetaldehyde-d3 enolate. 23. Ellison, G. B., Engelking, P. C., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys ., 86, 4873, 1982. 24. Oakes, J. M., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 105, 2969, 1983. 25. Ellison, G. B., and Oakes, J. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 106, 7734, 1984. EA(allyl) and EA(allyl-d5) are 0.119 and 0.083 eV too low, respec- tively, in this work, according to Ref. 138. Therefore, EA(allyl-d1) is likely too low by a similar amount. 26. Gunion, R. F., Gilles, M. K., Polak, M. L., and Lineberger, W. C., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes , 117, 601, 1992; see also Ref. 136. 27. Leopold, D. G., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys ., 85, 51, 1986. 28. Scheer, M., Bilodeau, R. C., Brodie, C. A., and Haugen, H. K., Phys. Rev. A , 58, 2844, 1998. 29. Miller, A. E. S., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys ., 87, 1549, 1987. 30. Miller, T. M., Leopold, D. G., Murray, K. 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The atomic or molecular energy shift ∆ W due to an external electric field E is proportional to E 2 for external fields which are weak compared to the internal electric fields between the nucleus and electron cloud. The electric dipole polarizability α is the constant of proportionality de fined by ∆ W = - α E 2 /2. The induced electric dipole moment is α E . Hyperpolarizabilities , coef ficients of higher powers of E , are less often required. Technically, the polarizability is a tensor quantity but for spherically symmetric charge distributions reduces to a single number. In any case, an average polarizability is usually adequate in calculations. Frequency-dependent or dynamic polarizabilities are needed for electric fields which vary in time, except for frequencies which are much lower than electron orbital frequencies, where static polarizabilities suffice. Polarizabilities for atoms and molecules in excited states are found to be larger than for ground states and may be positive or negative. Molecular polarizabilities are very slightly temperature dependent since the size of the molecule depends on its rovibrational state. Onl y in the case of dihy- drogen has this effect been studied enough to warrant consideration in Table 3. Polarizabilities are normally expressed in cgs units of cm 3 . Ground state polarizabilities are in the range of 10 -24 cm 3 = 1 Å 3 and hence are often given in Å 3 units. Theorists tend to use atomic units of a o3 where a o is the Bohr radius. The conversion is α (cm 3 ) = 0.148184 × 10 -24 × α ( a o3 ). Polarizabilities are only recently encountered in SI units, C ⋅ m 2 /V = J/(V/m) 2 . The conversion from cgs units to SI units is α (C ⋅ m 2 /V) = 4 πε o × 10 -6 × α (cm 3 ), where ε o is the permittivity of free space in SI units and the factor 10 -6 simply converts cm 3 into m 3 . Thus, α (C ⋅ m 2 /V) = 1.11265 × 10 -16 × α (cm 3 ). Persons measuring excited state polarizabilities by optical methods tend to use units of MHz/(V/cm) 2 , where the energy shift, ∆ W , is expressed in frequency units with a factor of h understood. The polarizability is -2 ∆ W / E 2 . The conversion into cgs units is α (cm 3 ) = 5.95531 × 10 -16 × α [MHz/(V/cm) 2 ]. The polarizability appears in many formulas for low-energy processes involving the valence electrons of atoms or molecules. The se formulas are given below in cgs units: the polarizability α is in cm 3 ; masses m or µ are in grams; energies are in ergs; and electric charges are in esu, where e = 4.8032 × 10 -10 esu. The symbol α ( ν ) denotes a frequency ( ν ) dependent polarizability, where α ( ν ) reduces to the static polarizability α for ν = 0. For further information and references, see Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics , 13, 1, 1977. Details on polarizability-related interactions, especially in regard to hyperpolarizabilities and nonlinear optical phenomena, are given b y Bogaard, M. P., and Orr, B. J., in Physical Chemistry , Series Two, V ol. 2, Molecular Structure and Properties , Buckingham, A. D., Ed., Butterworths, London, 1975, pp. 149-194. A tabulation of tensor and hyperpolarizabilities is included. The gas number density, n , in Table 1 is usually taken to be that of 1 atm at 0°C in reporting experimental data. Table 1 Formulas Involving Polarizability Description Formula Remarks Lorentz-Lorenz relation For a gas of atoms or nonpolar molecules; the index of refraction is η ( ν ) Refraction by polar molecules The dipole moment is d , in esu . cm (= 10 -18 D) Dielectric constant (dimensionless)From the Lorentz-Lorenz relation for the usual case of κ ( ν ) ≈ 1 Index of refraction (dimensionless)From η 3 ( ν ) = κ ( ν ) Diamagnetic susceptibility From the approximation that the static polarizability is given by the variational formula α = (4/9 a o ) Σ ( N i r i2 ) 2 ; N is the number of electrons, m e is the electron mass; a crude approximation is χ m =( E i / 4 m e c 2 ) α , where E i is the ionization energy Long-range electron- or ion- molecule interaction energyThe target molecule polarizability is α Ion mobility in a gas This one formula is not in cgs units. Enter α in Å 3 or 10 -24 cm 3 units and the reduced mass µ of the ion-molecule pair in amu. Classical limit; pure polarization potential Langevin capture cross section The relative velocity of approach for an ion-molecule pair is ν o ; the target molecular polarizability is α and the reduced mass of the ion-molecule pair is µ Langevin reaction rate coefficientCollisional rate coef ficient for an ion-molecule reaction Rate coef ficient for polar moleculesThe dipole moment of the neutral is d in esu ⋅ cm; the number c is a “locking factor” that depends on α and d , and is between 0 and 1 ανπην ην()=()− ()+  3 41 22 2n ανπην ην()+=()− ()+  d kT n2 2 233 41 2 κν π αν()=+ () 14 n ην π αν()=+ () 12 n χαmo e=()ea N m c21224// Vr e r()=−242α/ κα µ=−() ⋅ 13 8712.//cm / V s2 σν π ν α µoo()=()() 212e/// ke=()212παµ // ke c d kTd=() +() []2212 12πα µ µ π //// 10- 168 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 2: Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabiilities for Ground State Atoms (in Units of 10 -24 cm 3 ) Modi fied effective range cross section for electron-neutral scatteringHere, k is the electron momentum divided by h /2 π , where h is Planck’s constant; A is called the “scattering length”; the reduced mass is µ van der Waals constant between two systems A, BFor the interaction potential term V 6 (r)= - C 6 r 6 ; E A,B represents average dipole transition energiesand α A,B the respective polarizabilities of A, B Dipole-quadrupole constant between two systems A, BFor the interaction potential term V8(r) = - C8r8;EqA,B represents average quadrupole transition energies and αqA,B are the respective quadrupole polarizabilities of A, B van der Waals constant between an atom and a surfaceFor an interaction potential V3(r) = - C3r3; EA,S are characteristic energies of the atom and surface; g = 1 for a free-electron metal and g = (ε∞ - 1)/(ε∞ + 1) for an ionic crystal Relationship between α(ν) and oscillator strengthsHere, fk is the oscillator strength from the ground state to an excited state k, with excitation energy Ek. This formula is often used to estimate static polarizabilities ( ν = 0) Dynamic polarizability Approximate variation of the frequency-dependent polarizability α(ν) from ν = 0 up to the first dipole-allowed electronic transition, of energy Er; the static dipole polarizability is α(0); infrared contributions ignored Rayleigh scattering cross sectionThe photon frequency is ν; the polarizability anisotropy (the difference between polarizabilities parallel and perpendicular to the molecular axis) is γ(ν) Verdet constant De fined from θ = V(ν)B, where θ is the angle of rotation of linearly polarized light through a medium of number density n, per unit length, for a longitudinal magnetic field strength B (Faraday effect) Atomic number Atom PolarizabilityEstimated Accuracy (%) Method Ref. 1H 0.666793 “exact” calc MB77 2H e 0.204956 “exact” calc MB77 0.2050 0.1 index/diel NB65/OC67 3L i 24.3 2 beam MB77 4B e 5.60 2 calc MB77 5B 3.03 2 calc MB77 6C 1.76 2 calc MB77 7N 1.10 2 calc/index MB77 8O 0.802 2 calc/index MB77 9F 0.557 2 calc MB77 10 Ne 0.3956 0.1 diel OC6711 Na 24.11 0.12 interferom ESCHP9412 Mg 10.6 2 calc MB77 11.1 5 calc S7110.6 5 calc BM02 13 Al 6.8 4.4 beam MMD9014 Si 5.38 2 calc MB7715 P 3.63 2 calc MB77Description Formula Remarks σπ πµ αkA eA k h()= + +4 32 32 42 2/ K CEE EE63 2=+  ααABAB AB CEE EE EE EE815 4 15 4=+     ++    αα ααA qB A qB A qB qA B qA B qA B CAS AS 38= +()αgE E EE απv e()= −()eh mf Eh vk k22 2 2 24Σ αα νvr r()= −()E Eh2 2 2 αππν αν γνv()=() ×()+() []8 92 32 344 22c / Vn mcνναν ν()=()  22 ed d TeamLRN10-169ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) 16 S 2.90 2 calc MB77 17 Cl 2.18 2 calc MB7718 Ar 1.6411 0.05 index/diel NB65/OC6719 K 43.4 2 beam MB7720 Ca 22.8 2 calc MB77 29.4 6 calc BM0225.0 8 beam MB77 21 Sc 17.8 25 calc D8422 Ti 14.6 25 calc D8423 V 12.4 25 calc D8424 Cr 11.6 25 calc D8425 Mn 9.4 25 calc D8426 Fe 8.4 25 calc D8427 Co 7.5 25 calc D8428 Ni 6.8 25 calc D8429 Cu 6.2 6 calc BM02 6.1 25 calc D84 30 Zn 5.75 2 index GHM96 6.1 6 calc BM025.6 25 calc D84 31 Ga 8.12 2 calc MB7732 Ge 6.07 2 calc MB7733 As 4.31 2 calc MB7734 Se 3.77 2 calc MB7735 Br 3.05 2 calc MB77 36 Kr 2.4844 0.05 diel OC67 37 Rb 47.3 2 beam MB7738 Sr 27.6 8 beam MB77 23.5 6 calc BM02 39 Y 22.7 25 calc D8440 Zr 17.9 25 calc D8441 Nb 15.7 25 calc D8442 Mo 12.8 25 calc D8443 Tc 11.4 25 calc D8444 Ru 9.6 25 calc D8445 Rh 8.6 25 calc D8446 Pd 4.8 25 calc D8447 Ag 7.2 25 calc D8448 Cd 7.36 3 index GH95 7.4 6 calc BM027.2 25 calc D84 49 In 10.2 12 beam GMBSJ84 9.1 25 calc D84 50 Sn 7.7 25 calc D8451 Sb 6.6 25 calc D8452 Te 5.5 25 calc D8453 I 5.35 25 index A56 4.7 25 calc D84 54 Xe 4.044 0.5 diel MB7755 Cs 59.42 0.13 beam AG0356 Ba 39.7 8 beam MB7757 La 31.1 25 calc D8458 Ce 29.6 25 calc D84Atomic number Atom PolarizabilityEstimated Accuracy (%) Method Ref. 10-170ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) 59 Pr 28.2 25 calc D84 60 Nd 31.4 25 calc D8461 Pm 30.1 25 calc D8462 Sm 28.8 25 calc D8463 Eu 27.7 25 calc D8464 Gd 23.5 25 calc D8465 Tb 25.5 25 calc D8466 Dy 24.5 25 calc D8467 Ho 23.6 25 calc D8468 Er 22.7 25 calc D8469 Tm 21.8 25 calc D8470 Yb 21.0 25 calc D8471 Lu 21.9 25 calc D8472 Hf 16.2 25 calc D8473 Ta 13.1 25 calc D8474 W 11.1 25 calc D8475 Re 9.7 25 calc D8476 Os 8.5 25 calc D8477 Ir 7.6 25 calc D8478 Pt 6.5 25 calc D8479 Au 5.8 25 calc D8480 Hg 5.02 1 index GH96 5.7 25 calc D84 81 Tl 7.6 15 beam NYU84 7.5 25 calc D84 82 Pb 6.8 25 calc D84 83 Bi 7.4 25 calc D8484 Po 6.8 25 calc D8485 At 6.0 25 calc D8486 Rn 5.3 25 calc D8487 Fr 47.1 5 calc DJSB99 48.7 25 calc D84 88 Ra 38.3 25 calc D8489 Ac 32.1 25 calc D8490 Th 32.1 25 calc D8491 Pa 25.4 25 calc D8492 U 24.9 6 beam KB9493 Np 24.8 25 calc D8494 Pu 24.5 25 calc D8495 Am 23.3 25 calc D8496 Cm 23.0 25 calc D8497 Bk 22.7 25 calc D8498 Cf 20.5 25 calc D8499 Es 19.7 25 calc D84 100 Fm 23.8 25 calc D84101 Md 18.2 25 calc D84102 No 17.5 25 calc D84 aMethods: calc = calculated value; beam = atomic beam de flection technique; interferom = atomic beam interference; index = determination based on the measured index of refraction; diel = determination based on the measured dielectric constant.Atomic number Atom PolarizabilityEstimated Accuracy (%) Method Ref. TeamLRN10-171ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) REFERENCES A56. Atoji, M., J. Chem. Phys ., 25, 174, 1956. Semiempirical method based on molecular polarizabilities and atomic radii. AG03. Amini, J. M., and Gould, H., Phys. Rev. Lett . 91, 153001, 2003. BM02. Bromley, M. W. J., and Mitroy, J., Phys. Rev. A 65, 062505, 2002; 062506, 2002. D84. Doolen, G. D., Los Alamos National Laboratory, unpublished. A relativistic linear response method was used. The method is that described by Zangwill, A., and Soven, P., Phys. Rev. A, 21, 1561, 1980. Adjustments of less than 10% across the periodic table have been made to these results to bring them into agreement with accurate experimental values where available, for the purpose of presenting “recommen ded” polar- izabilities in Table 2. DJSB99. Derevianko, A., Johnson, W. R., Safronova, M. S., and Babb, J. F., Phys. Rev. Lett . 82, 3589, 1999. ESCHP94. Ekstrom, C. R., Schmiedmayer, J., Chapman, M. S., Hammond, T. D., and Pritchard, D. E., Phys. Rev. A 51, 3883, 1995. GH95. Goebel, D., and Holm, U ., Phys. Rev. A 52, 3691, 1995. GH96. Goebel, D., and Holm, U., J. Chem. Phys . 100, 7710, 1996. GHM96. Goebel, D., Holm, U., and Maroulis, G., Phys. Rev. A 54, 1973, 1996. GMBSJ84. Guella, T. P., Miller, T. M., Bederson, B., Stockdale, J. A. D., and Jaduszliwer, B., Phys. Rev. A , 29, 2977, 1984. KB94. Kadar-Kallen, M. A., and Bonin, K. D ., Phys. Rev. Lett ., 72, 828, 1994. MB77. Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B ., Adv. At. Mol. Phys ., 13, 1, 1977. For simplicity, any value in Table 2 which has not changed since this 1977 review is referenced as MB77. Persons interested in original references and further details should consult MB77. MMD90. Milani, P., Moullet, I., and de Heer, W. A., Phys. Rev. A , 42, 5150, 1990. NB65. Newell, A. C., and Baird, R. D ., J. Appl. Phys ., 36, 3751, 1965. NYU84. Preliminary value from the New York University group. See GMBSJ84.OC67. Orcutt, R. H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys ., 46, 697, 1967; see also the later references from this group, given following the tables. S71. Stwalley, W. C., J. Chem. Phys . 54, 4517, 1971 . Table 3: Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Diatomic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule Polarizability Ref. Al2 19 23 BH 3.32* 1Br 2 7.02 2 CO 1.95 3Cl 2 4.61 3 Cs2 104 22 CsK 89 22D 2 (v=0,J=0) 0.7921* 5 D2 (293 K) 0.7954 6 DCl 2.84 2F 2 1.38* 7 H2 (v=0,J=0) 0.8023* 5 H2 (293 K) 0.8045* 5 H2 (293 K) 0.8042 6 H2 (322 K) 0.8059 8 HBr 3.61 3HCl 2.63 3 2.77 2 HD ( v=0,J=0) 0.7976* 5 HF 0.80 27HI 5.44 35.35 2 HgCl 7.4* 9ICl 12.3 2K 2 77 2272 21 Li 2 32.8 2934 22 LiCl 3.46* 10LiF 10.8* 11LiH 3.84* 12 3.68* 133.88* 14 N 2 1.7403 6,8 NO 1.70 2 Na2 40 2238 21 NaK 51 22NaLi 40 4O 2 1.5812 6 Rb2 79 22Molecule Polarizability Ref. 10-172ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 4: Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Triatomic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Table 5: Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Inorganic Polyatomic Molecules (Larger than Triatomic) (in Units of 10-24 cm3)Molecule Polarizability Ref. BeH2 4.34* 14 CO2 2.911 8 CS2 8.74 38.86 2 D 2O 1.26 2 H2O 1.45 2 H2S 3.782 3 3.95 2 HCN 2.59 3 2.46 2 HgBr2 14.5 2 HgCl2 11.6 2HgI2 19.1 2 Li3 34.5 29 LiNa2 61.2 30 Li2Na 35.4 30 N2O 3.03 8 NO2 3.02 2† Na3 70 21 O3 3.21 2 OCS 5.71 2 5.2 15 SO2 3.72 34.28 2Molecule Polarizability Ref. Molecule Polarizability Ref. AsCl3 14.9 2 AsN3 5.75 2 BCl3 9.38 20 BF3 3.31 2 (BN3)2 5.73 2 (BH2N)3 8.0 2† ClF3 6.32 2 (CsBr)2 54.5 16 (CsCl)2 42.4 16 (CsF)2 28.4 16 (CsI)2 51.8 16 GanAsm n+m =4-30 28 GeCl4 15.1 2 GeH3Cl 6.7 2† (HgCl)2 14.7 9 Kn n=2,5,7-9,11,20 21 (KBr)2 42.0 16 (KCl)2 32.1 16 (KF)2 21.0 16 (KI)2 36.3 16 Lin n=2-22 29 (LiBr)2 18.9 16 (LiCl)2 13.1 16 (LiF)2 6.9 16 (LiI)2 23.4 16 LiNa3 75.6 30 Li2Na2 60.0 30 Li3Na 54.8 30 ND3 1.70 2 NF3 3.62 2 NH3 2.81 202.10 22.26 3(NO2)2 6.69 2 Nan n=1-40 21 (NaBr)2 26.8 16 (NaCl)2 23.4 16 (NaF)2 20.7 16 (NaI)2 26.9 16 OsO4 8.17 2 PCl3 12.8 2 PF5 6.10 2 PH3 4.84 2 (RbBr)2 48.2 16 (RbCl)2 43.2 16 (RbF)2 40.7 16 (RbI)2 46.3 16 SF6 6.54 8 (SF5)2 13.2 2 SO3 4.84 2 SO2Cl2 10.5 2 SeF6 7.33 2 SiF4 5.45 2 SiH4 5.44 2 (SiH3)2 11.1 2 SiHCl3 10.7 2 SiH2Cl2 8.92 2 SiH3Cl 7.02 2 SnBr4 22.0 2 SnCl4 18.0 213.8 15 SnI 4 32.3 2 TeF6 9.00 2 TiCl4 16.4 2 UF6 12.5 2Molecule Polarizability Ref. TeamLRN10-173ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 6: Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Hydrocarbon Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule Name Polarizability Ref. CH4 methane 2.593 8 C2H2 acetylene 3.33 3 3.93 2 C2H4 ethylene 4.252 8 C2H6 ethane 4.47 3 4.43 2 C3H4 propyne 6.18 2 C3H6 propene 6.26 2cyclopropane 5.66 2 C 3H8 propane 6.29 3 6.37 2 C4H6 1-butyne 7.41 2† 1,3-butadiene 8.64 2 C4H8 1-butene 7.97 2 8.52 2 trans -2-butene 8.49 2 2-methylpropene 8.29 2 C4H10 butane 8.20 2 isobutane 8.14 27 C5H6 1,3-cyclopentadiene 8.64 2 C5H8 1-pentyne 9.12 2trans -1,3-pentadiene 10.0 2 isoprene 9.99 2 C 5H10 cyclopentane 9.15 18 1-pentene 9.65 27 2-pentene 9.84 27 C5H12 pentane 9.99 2neopentane 10.20 18 C 6H6 benzene 10.0 25 10.32 310.74 2 C 6H10 1-hexyne 10.9 2† 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene 11.8 2† 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene 11.8 2† 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene 12.1 2† 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 11.8 2† cyclohexene 10.7 2† C6H12 cyclohexane 11.0 18 10.87 15 1-hexene 11.65 27 C6H14 hexane 11.9 2 C7H8 toluene 11.8 25 12.26 1512.3 2 C 7H12 1-heptyne 12.8 2† C7H14 methylcyclohexane 13.1 21-heptene 13.51 27 C 7H16 heptane 13.61 2 C8H8 styrene 15.0 2 14.41 27 C8H10 ethylbenzene 14.2 2 10-174ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) o-xylene 14.9 2 14.1 15 p-xylene 13.7 25 14.2 1514.9 2 m-xylene 14.2 15 C 8H16 ethylcyclohexane 15.9 2 C8H18 n-octane 15.9 2 3-methylheptane 15.44 272,2,4-trimethylpentane 15.44 27 C 9H10 α-methylstyrene 16.05 27 C9H12 isopropylbenzene 16.0 2† 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 15.5 25 16.14 27 C9H18 isopropylcyclohexane 17.2 2 C9H20 nonane 17.36 27 C10H8 naphthalene 16.5 17 17.48 27 C10H14 durene 17.3 25tert-butylbenzene 17.2 25 17.8 2 † C10H20 tert-butylcyclohexane 19.8 2 C10H22 decane 19.10 27 C11H10 α-methylnaphthalene 19.35 27 β-methylnaphthalene 19.52 27 C11H14 α,β,β -trimethylstyrene 19.64 27 C11H16 pentamethylbenzene 19.1 25 C11H24 undecane 21.03 27 C12H10 acenaphthene 20.61 27 C12H12 α-ethylnaphthalene 21.19 27 β-ethylnaphthalene 21.36 27 C12H18 hexamethylbenzene 20.9 25 C12H26 dodecane 22.75 27 C13H10 fluorene 21.68 27 C14H10 anthracene 25.4 17 25.93 27 phenanthrene 36.8* 17 24.70 27 C14H22 p-di-tert-butylbenzene 24.5 25 C16H10 pyrene 28.22 27 C17H12 2,3-benz fluorene 30.21 27 C18H12 naphthacene 32.27 271,2-benzanthracene 32.86 27chrysene 33.06 27triphenylene 31.07 27 C 18H30 1,3,5-tri- tert-butylbenzene 31.8 25 C24H12 coronene 42.50 27Molecule Name Polarizability Ref. TeamLRN10-175ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 7: Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule Name Polarizability Ref. CBr2F2 dibromodi fluoromethane 9.0 2† CClF3 chlorotri fluoromethane 5.72 20 5.59 2 CCl2F2 dichlorodi fluoromethane 7.93 20 7.81 2 CCl2O phosgene 7.29 2 CCl2S thiophosgene 10.2 2 CCl3F trichloro fluoromethane 9.47 2 CCl3NO2 trichloronitromethane 10.8 2† CCl4 carbon tetrachloride 11.2 2 10.5 3 CF4 carbon tetra fluoride 3.838 8 CF2O carbonyl fluoride 1.88* 17 CHBr3 bromoform 11.8 27 CHBrF2 bromodi fluoromethane 5.7 2† CHClF2 chlorodi fluoromethane 6.38 20 5.91 2 CHCl2F dichloro fluoromethane 6.82 2 CHCl3 chloroform 9.5 8 8.23 27 CHF3 fluoroform 3.52 20 3.57 8 CHFO fluoroformaldehyde 1.76* 17 CHI3 iodoform 18.0 27 CH2Br2 dibromomethane 9.32 2 8.68 27 CH2ClNO2 chloronitromethane 6.9 2† CH2Cl2 dichloromethane 6.48 3 7.93 2 CH2I2 diiodomethane 12.90 27 CH3Br bromomethane 5.87 20 6.03 25.55 15 CH 3Cl chloromethane 5.35 20 4.72 8 CH3F fluoromethane 2.97 8 CH3I iodomethane 7.97 2 C2ClF5 chloropenta fluoroethane 6.3 2† C2Cl2F4 1,2-dichlorotetra fluoroethane 8.5 2† C2Cl3N trichloroacetonitrile 10.42 18 C2F6 hexafluoroethane 6.82 2 C2HBr bromoacetylene 7.39 2 C2HCl chloroacetylene 6.07 2 C2HCl3 trichloroethlyene 10.03 27 C2HCl5 pentachloroethane 14.0 2 C2H2Cl2 1,1-dichloroethylene 7.83 27trans -dichloroethylene 8.15 27 cis-dichloroethylene 8.03 27 C 2H2Cl2F2 1,1-dichloro-2,2-di fluoroethane 8.4 2† C2H2Cl2O chloroacetyl chloride 8.92 2 C2H2Cl3F 1,2,2-trichloro-1- fluoroethane 10.2 2† 10-176ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 12.1 2† C2H2ClN chloroacetonitrile 6.10 18 C2H2F2 1,1-di fluoroethylene 5.01 20 C2H3Br bromoethylene 7.59 2 C2H3Cl chloroethylene 6.41 2 C2H3ClF2 1-chloro-1,1-di fluoroethane 8.05 2 C2H3ClO acetyl chloride 6.62 2 C2H3ClO2 methyl chloroformate 7.1 2† C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-trichloroethane 10.7 2 C2H3F3 1,1,1-tri fluoroethane 4.4 2† C2H3I iodoethylene 9.3 2† C2H4BrCl 1-bromo-2-chloroethane 9.5 2† C2H4Br2 1,2-dibromoethane 10.7 2† C2H4ClF 1-chloro-2- fluoroethane 6.5 2† C2H4ClNO2 1-chloro-1-nitroethane 10.9 2 C2H4Cl2 1,1-dichloroethane 8.64 21,2-dichloroethane 8.0 2 † C2H5Br bromoethane 8.05 2 7.28 27 C2H5Cl chloroethane 7.27 20 8.29 26.4 15 C 2H5ClO 2-chloroethanol 7.1 2† 6.88 27 chloromethyl methyl ether 7.1 2† C2H5F fluoroethane 4.96 2 C2H5I iodoethane 10.0 2 C3H4Cl2 dichloropropene 10.1 2† C3H5Cl chloropropene 8.3 2 C3H5ClO chloroacetone 8.4 2† C3H5ClO2 ethyl chloroformate 9.0 2† C3H6ClNO2 1-chloro-1-nitropropane 10.4 2† C3H6Cl2 dichloropropane 10.9 2† C3H7Br 1-bromopropane 9.4 2† 9.07 27 2-bromopropane 9.6 2† C3H7Cl chloropropane 10.0 2 C3H7ClO β-chloroethyl methyl ether 8.71 27 2-chloro-1-propanol 8.89 273-chloro-1-propanol 8.84 27 C 3H7I 1-iodopropane 11.5 2† C4H5Cl 4-chloro-1,2-butadiene 10.0 2† C4H7Cl 1-chloro-2-methylpropene 10.8 2 C4H7ClO2 2-chlorobutyric acid 10.87 273-chlorobutyric acid 10.80 274-chlorobutyric acid 10.69 27 C 4H8Cl2 1,4-dichlorobutane 12.0 2† C4H9Br bromobutane 13.9 2 10.86 27 C4H9Cl 1-chlorobutane 11.3 2 1-chloro-2-methylpropane 11.1 22-chloro-2-methylpropane 12.5 2 † 2-chlorobutane 12.4 2Molecule Name Polarizability Ref. TeamLRN10-177ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) C4H9ClO β-chloroethyl ethyl ether 10.56 27 2-chloro-1-butanol 10.70 273-chloro-1-butanol 10.38 27 C 4H9I 1-iodobutane 13.3 2† 12.65 27 C5H9ClO2 methyl 2-chlorobutanoate 12.33 27methyl 3-chlorobutanoate 12.31 27methyl 4-chlorobutanoate 12.27 272-chloropentanoic acid 12.69 273-chloropentanoic acid 12.57 274-chloropentanoic acid 12.53 27 C 5H11Br 1-bromopentane 13.1 2† C5H11Cl 1-chloropentane 12.0 2† C5H11F fluoropentane 9.95 27 C6F6 hexafluorobenzene 9.58 27 C6HF5 penta fluorobenzene 9.63 27 C6H2Cl2O2 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone 18.4 2 C6H2F4 1,2,3,4-tetra fluorobenzene 9.69 27 1,2,4,5-tetra fluorobenzene 9.69 27 C6H3F3 1,3,5-tri fluorobenzene 9.74 27 C6H4BrF p-bromo fluorobenzene 13.4 2† C6H4ClNO2 chloronitrobenzene 14.6 2† C6H4Cl2 o-dichlorobenzene 14.17 27 m-dichlorobenzene 14.23 27 p-dichlorobenzene 14.20 27 C6H4FI p-fluoroiodobenzene 15.5 2† C6H4FNO2 p-fluoronitrobenzene 12.8 2† C6H4F2 o-difluorobenzene 9.80 27 m-difluorobenzene 10.3 2† p-difluorobenzene 9.80 27 C6H5Br bromobenzene 14.7 2 13.62 27 C6H5Cl chlorobenzene 14.1 2 12.3 15 C6H5ClO chlorophenol 13.0 2† C6H5F fluorobenzene 10.3 2 C6H5I iodobenzene 15.5 2† C6H11ClO2 ethyl 2-chlorobutanoate 14.16 27 ethyl 3-chlorobutanoate 14.13 27ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate 14.11 27 C 6H13Br bromohexane 14.44 27 C6H13F fluorohexane 11.80 27 C7H7Br p-bromotoluene 14.80 27 C7H7Cl p-chlorotoluene 13.70 27 C7H7F p-fluorotoluene 11.70 27 C7H7I p-iodotoluene 17.10 27 C7H15Br 1-bromoheptane 16.8 2† 16.23 27 C7H15F fluoroheptane 13.66 27 C8H17Br bromooctane 18.02 27 C8H17F fluorooctane 15.46 27 C9H19Br bromononane 19.81 27 C9H19F fluorononane 17.34 27 C10F8 octafluoronaphthalene 17.64 27Molecule Name Polarizability Ref. 10-178ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 8: Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3)C10H7Br α-bromonaphthalene 20.34 27 C10H7Cl α-chloronaphthalene 19.30 27 β-chloronaphthalene 19.58 27 C10H7I α-iodonaphthalene 22.41 27 β-iodonaphthalene 22.95 27 C10H21Br bromodecane 21.60 27 C10H21F fluorodecane 19.18 27 C11H23F fluoroundecane 21.00 27 C12H25Br bromododecane 25.18 27 C12H25F fluorododecane 22.83 27 C12H8Br2O 4,4’-dibromodiphenyl ether 27.8 2† C12H9BrO 4-bromodiphenyl ether 24.2 2† C13H11BrO p-bromophenyl- p-tolyl ether 26.6 2† C14H9Br 9-bromoanthracene 28.32 27 C14H9Cl 9-chloroanthracene 27.35 27 C14H9F fluoranthracene 28.34 27 C14H29F fluorotetradecane 26.57 27 C16H33Br bromohexadecane 32.34 27 C18H37Br bromooctadecane 35.92 27 Molecule Name Polarizability Ref. CN4O8 tetranitromethane 15.3 2 CH2O formaldehyde 2.8 2† 2.45 18 CH2O2 formic acid 3.4 2† CH3NO formamide 4.2 2† 4.08 18 CH3NO2 nitromethane 7.37 2 CH4O methanol 3.29 2 3.23 153.32 18 CH 5N methyl amine 4.7 2 4.01 19 C2N2 cyanogen 7.99 2 C2H2Ok etene 4.4 2† C2H3N acetonitrile 4.40 2† 4.48 18 C2H4O acetaldehyde 4.6 2† 4.59 18 ethylene oxide 4.43 18 C2H4O2 acetic acid 5.1 2† methyl formate 5.05 27 C2H4O4 formic acid dimer 12.7 2 C2H5NO acetamide 5.67 18 N-methyl formamide 5.91 18 C2H5NO2 nitroethane 9.63 2ethyl nitrite 7.0 15 C 2H6O ethanol 5.41 2 5.11 18 methyl ether 5.29 20 5.84 2Molecule Name Polarizability Ref. TeamLRN10-179ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) 5.16 15 C2H6O2 ethylene glycol 5.7 2† 5.61 27 C2H6O2S dimethyl sulfone 7.3 2† C2H6S ethanethiol 7.41 2 C2H7N ethyl amine 7.10 2 dimethyl amine 6.37 2 C2H8N2 ethylene diamine 7.2 2† C3H2N2 malononitrile 5.79 18 C3H3N acrylonitrile 8.05 2 C3H4N2 pyrazole 7.23 27 C3H4O propenal 6.38 2† C3H5N propionitrile 6.70 2 6.24 18 C3H6O acetone 6.33 15 6.4 2† 6.39 18 allyl alcohol 7.65 2propionaldehyde 6.50 2 C 3H6O2 propionic acid 6.9 2† ethyl formate 8.01 2 6.88 27 methyl acetate 6.94 2 6.81 27 C3H6O3 dimethyl carbonate 7.7 2† C3H7NO N-methyl acetamide 7.82 18 N,N-dimethyl formamide 7.81 18 C3H7NO2 nitropropane 8.5 2† C3H8O 2-propanol 7.61 2 6.97 18 1-propanol 6.74 2ethyl methyl ether 7.93 2 C 3H8O2 dimethoxymethane 7.7 2† ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 7.44 27 C3H9N propylamine 7.70 27 9.20 2 isopropylamine 7.77 27trimethylamine 8.15 2 C 4H2N2 fumaronitrile 11.8 2 C4H4N2 succinonitrile 8.1 2† pyrimidine 8.53* 17 pyridazine 9.27* 17 C4H4O2 diketene 8.0 2† C4H4S thiophene 9.67 2 C4H5N methacrylonitrile 8.0 2† trans -crotononitrile 8.2 2† C4H6N2 N-methylpyrazole 8.99 27 C4H6O crotonaldehyde 8.5 2† methacrylaldehyde 8.3 2† C4H6O2 biacetyl 8.2 2† C4H6O3 acetic anhydride 8.9 2† C4H6Sd i vinyl sul fide 10.9 2† C4H7Nb utyronitrile 8.4 2† isobutyronitrile 8.05 18Molecule Name Polarizability Ref. 10-180ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) C4H8Ob utanal 8.2 2† methyl ethyl ketone 8.13 15 trans -2,3-epoxy butane 8.22* 17 C4H8O2 ethyl acetate 9.7 2 8.62 27 1,4-dioxane 10.0 2p-dioxane 8.60 182-methyl-1,3-dioxolane 9.44 15butyric acid 8.58 27 methyl propionate 8.97 27 C 4H9NO2 1-nitrobutane 10.4 2† 2-methyl-2-nitropropane 10.3 2† C4H10O ethyl ether 10.2 2 8.73 15 1-butanol 8.88 22-methylpropanol 8.92 2methyl propyl ether 8.86 27 C 4H10O2 ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 9.28 27 C4H10S ethyl sul fide 10.8 2 C4H11Nb utylamine 13.5 2 diethylamine 10.2 2 9.61 27 C5H5Np yridine 9.5 15 9.18 27 4-cyano-1,3-butadiene 10.5 2† C5H8N2 1,5-dimethylpyrazole 10.72 27 C5H8O2 acetyl acetone 10.5 2† C5H9Nv aleronitrile 10.4 2 22-DMPN 9.59 18 C5H10O diethyl ketone 9.93 15 methyl propyl ketone 9.93 15 C5H10O2 ethyl propionate 10.41 27methyl butanoate 10.41 27 C 5H10O3 diethyl carbonate 11.3 2 C5H12O ethyl propyl ether 10.68 27 C5H12O4 tetramethyl orthocarbonate 13.0 2† C6H4N2O4 p-dinitrobenzene 18.4 2 C6H4O2 p-benzoquinone 14.5 2 C6H5NO2 nitrobenzene 14.7 2 12.92 15 C6H6O phenol 11.1 2† 9.94* 17 C6H7N aniline 12.1 2† C6H8N2 phenylenediamine 13.8 2† phenylhydrazine 12.91 27 C6H10N2 1-ethyl-5-methylpyrazole 12.50 27 C6H10O3 ethyl acetoacetate 12.9 2† C6H12N2 dimethylketazine 15.6 2 C6H12Oc yclohexanol 11.56 18 C6H12O2 amyl formate 14.2 2 C6H12O3 paraldehyde 17.9 2 C6H14O propyl ether 12.8 2 12.5 15 C6H14O2 1,1-diethoxyethane 13.2 2†Molecule Name Polarizability Ref. TeamLRN10-181ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Note: All polarizabilities in the tables are experimental values except those values marked by an asterisk (*), which indicate s a calculated result. The experimental polarizabilities are mostly determined by measurements of a dielectric constant or refractive index which are quite accurate (0.5% or better). However, one should treat many of the results with several percent of caution because of the age of the data and because some of the results refer to optical frequencies rather than static. Comments given with the references are intended to allow one to j udge the degree of cau- tion required. Interested persons should consult these references. In many cases, the reference given is to a theoretical pap er in which the experi- mental results are quoted. These papers, noted in the References, contain valuable information on polarizability calculations and experimental data which often includes the tensor components of the polarizability.1,2-diethoxyethane 11.3 2† C6H15N triethylamine 13.1 2 13.38 27 dipropylamine 13.29 27 C7H4N2O2 p-cyanonitrobenzene 19.0 2 C7H5N benzonitrile 12.5 2† C7H7NO3 nitroanisole 15.7 2† C7H8O anisole 13.1 2† C7H9NO o-anisidine 14.2 2† C7H10N2 1,1-methylphenylhydrazine 14.81 27 C7H14Oc yclohexyl methyl ether 13.4 2† 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone 13.5 15 C7H14O2 pentyl acetate 14.9 2 C8H4N2 p-dicyanobenzene 19.2 2 C8H6N2 quinoxaline 15.13 27 C8H8O acetophenone 15.0 2 C8H8O2 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone 18.8 2 C8H10O phenetole 14.9 2 C8H11N N-dimethylaniline 16.2 2† C8H12N2 1,1-ethylphenylhydrazine 16.62 27 C8H12O2 ethyl sorbate 17.2 2† tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-dione 18.6 2 C8H14O4 diethyl succinate 16.8 2† C8H18Ob utyl ether 17.2 2 C9H7N quinoline 15.70 27 isoquinoline 16.43 27 C9H10O2 ethyl benzoate 16.9 2† C9H21N tripropylamine 18.87 27 C10H9N α-naphthylamine 19.50 27 β-naphthylamine 19.73 27 2-methylquinoline 18.65 271-methylisoquinoline 18.28 27 C 10H10Fe ferrocene 17.1 26 C10H10N2 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline 18.70 27 C10H14BeO4 beryllium acetylacetonate 34.1 2 C11H8O 1-naphthaldehyde 19.75 27 2-naphthaldehyde 20.06 27 C12H8N2 phenazine 23.43 27 C12H9NO3 4-nitrodiphenyl ether 24.7 2† C14H8O2 anthraquinone 24.46 27 C14H14O di-p-tolyl ether 24.9 2† C15H21AlO6 aluminum acetylacetonate 51.9 2 C15H21CrO6 chromium acetylacetonate 53.7 2 C15H21FeO6 ferric acetylacetonate 58.1 2 C20H28O8Th thorium acetylacetonate 79.0 2 C60 buckminsterfullerene 76.5 24 79 31Molecule Name Polarizability Ref. 10-182ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) REFERENCES Kagawa, H., Ichimura, A., Kamka, N. A., and Mori, K., J. Mol. Structure (Theochem) 546, 127, 2001. Parameters were developed for rapid estimation of molecular polarizabilities; this paper contains references for the measured polarizabilities of 371 molecules. 1. McCullough, E. A., Jr., J. Chem. Phys ., 63, 5050, 1975. This calculation is for the parallel component, not the average polarizability. 2. Maryott, A. A., and Buckley, F., U. S. National Bureau of Standards Circular No. 537 , 1953. A tabulation of dipole moments, dielectric con- stants, and molar refractions measured between 1910 and 1952, and used here to determine polarizabilities if no more recent res ult exists. The polarizability is 3/(4 πNo) times the molar polarization or molar refraction, where No is Avogadro’s number. The value 3/(4 πNo) = 0.3964308 x 10-24 cm3 was used for this conversion. A dagger (†) following the reference number in the tables indicates that the polarizability was derived from the molar refraction and hence may not include some low-frequency contributions to the static polarizability; these “static” polarizabilities are therefore low by 1 to 30%. 3. Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtis, C. F., and Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids , Wiley, New York, 1954, p. 950. Fundamental information on molecular polarizabilities. 4. Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Adv. At. Mol. Phys ., 13, 1, 1977. Review emphasizing atomic polarizabilities and measurement techniques. The data quoted in Table 3 are accurate to 8 to 12%. 5. Kolos, W., and Wolniewicz, L., J. Chem. Phys ., 46, 1426, 1967. Highly accurate molecular hydrogen calculations. 6. Newell, A. C., and Baird, R. C., J. Appl. Phys ., 36, 3751, 1965. Highly accurate refractive index measurements at 47.7 GHz (essentially static). 7. Jao, T. C., Beebe, N. H. F., Person, W. B., and Sabin, J. R., Chem. Phys. Lett ., 26, 474, 1974. Tensor polarizabilities, derivatives, and other results are reported. 8. Orcutt, R. H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys ., 46, 697, 1967 (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, H2, N2); Sutter, H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys ., 52, 132, 1970 (CF3H, CFH3, CClF3, CClH3); Bose, T. K., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys ., 52, 140, 1970 (CO2), and 54, 3829, 1971 (C2H4); Nelson, R. D., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys ., 54, 4033, 1971 (SF6, CClF3); Bose, T. K., Sochanski, J. S., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys ., 57, 3592, 1972 (CH4, CF4); Kirouac, S., and Bose, T. K., J. Chem. Phys ., 59, 3043, 1973 (N2O), and 64, 1580, 1976 (He). Highly accurate dielectric constant measurements. These modern data give the most accurate polarizabilities available. A criticism of the interpretation of these data in the case of polar molecules is given in Ref. 20, p. 2905. 9. Huestis, D. L., Technical Report #MP 78-25, SRI International (project PYU 6158), Menlo Park, CA 94025. Molar refractions for mercury- chlorine compounds are analyzed. 10. Bounds, D. G., Clarke, J. H. R., and Hinchliffe, A., Chem. Phys. Lett ., 45, 367, 1977. Theoretical tensor polarizability for LiCl. 11. Kolker, H. J., and Karplus, M., J. Chem. Phys ., 39, 2011, 1963. Theoretical. 12. Cutschick, V . P., and McKoy, V ., J. Chem. Phys ., 58, 2397, 1973. Theoretical tensor polarizabilities. 13. Gready, J. E., Bacskay, G. B., and Hush, N. S., Chem. Phys ., 22, 141, 1977, and 23, 9, 1977. Theoretical. 14. Amos, A. T., and Yoffe, J. A., J. Chem. Phys ., 63, 4723, 1975. Theoretical. 15. Stuart, H. A., Landolt-Börnstein Zahlenwerte and Funktionen, Vol. 1, Part 3 , Eucken, A., and Hellwege, K. H., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1951, p. 511. Tabulation of molecular polarizabilities. Two misprints in the chemical symbols have been corrected. 16. Guella, T., Miller, T. M., Stockdale, J. A. D., Bederson, B., and Vuskovic, L., J. Chem. Phys ., 94, 6857, 1991. Beam measurements with accuracies between 12-24%. 17. Marchese, F. T., and Jaff‚ H. H., Theoret. Chim. Acta (Berlin), 45, 241, 1977. Theoretical and experimental tensor polarizabilities are tabu- lated in this paper. 18. Applequist, J., Carl, J. R., and Fung, K.-K., J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 94, 2952, 1972. Excellent reference on the calculation of molecular polariz- abilities, including extensive tables of tensor polarizabilities, both theoretical and experimental, at 589.3 nm wavelength. 19. Bridge, N. J., and Buckingham, A. D., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) , A295, 334, 1966. Measured tensor polarizabilities at 633 nm wavelength. 20. Barnes, A. N. M., Turner, D. J., and Sutton, L. E., Trans. Faraday Soc ., 67, 2902, 1971. Dielectric constants yielding polarizabilities accurate from 0.3-8%. 21. Knight, W. D., Clemenger, K., de Heer, W. A., and Saunders, W. A., Phys. Rev. B , 31, 2539, 1985. These data probably correspond to a very low internal temperature. 22. Tarnovsky, V ., Bunimovicz, M., Vuskovic, L., Stumpf, B., and Bederson, B., J. Chem. Phys ., 98, 3894, 1993. These data correspond to inter- nal temperatures 480-948 K. 23. Milani, P., Moullet, I., and de Heer, W. A., Phys. Rev. A, 42, 5150, 1990. Beam measurements accurate to 11%. 24. Antoine, R., Dugourd, P., Rayane, D., Benichou, E., Broyer, M., Chandezon, F., and Guet, C., J. Chem. Phys . 110, 9771, 1999. 25. Aroney, M. J., and Pratten, S. J ., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans . 1, 80, 1201, 1984. Uncertainties in the range 1-3%. 26. Le Fevre, R. J. W., Murthy, D. S. N., and Saxby, J. D., Aust. J. Chem ., 24, 1057, 1971. Kerr effect. 27. No, K. T., Cho, K. H., Jhon, M. S., and Scheraga, H. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 115, 2005, 1993. Theoretical; these results are quoted in numer- ous valuable papers on calculated polarizabilities, e.g., Miller, K. J., and Savchik, J. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 101, 7206, 1979. 28. Schlecht, S., Schäfer, R., Woenckhaus, J., Becker, J. A., Chem. Phys. Lett . 246, 315, 1995. 29. Benichou, E., Antoine, R., Rayane, D., Vezin, B., Dalby, F. W., Dugourd, P., Ristori, C., Chandezon, F., Huber, B. A., Rocco, J. C., Blundell, S. A., and Guet, C., Phys. Rev. A 59, R1, 1999. 30. Antoine, R., Rayane, D., Allouche, A. R., Aubert-Frécon, M., Benichou, E., Dalby, F. W., Dugourd, P., Broyer, M., and Guet, C. , J. Chem. Phys . 110, 5568, 1999. 31. Ballard, A., Bonin, K., and Louderback, J., J. Chem. Phys . 113, 5732, 2000. TeamLRN10-178IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS The ionization potentials of neutral and partially ionized atoms are listed in this table. Data were obtained from the compilat ions cited below, supplemented by results from the recent research literature. All values have been corrected to the currently recommended value of the conversion factor from wave number to energy, namely 1 eV = 8065.541 cm–1 (Reference 5). Values are given in eV. Following the traditional spectroscopic notation, columns are headed I, II, III, etc. up to XXX, where I indicates the neutral atom, II the singly ionized atom, III the doubly ionized atom, etc. The first section of the table includes spectra I to VIII of all the elements; subsequent sections cover higher spectra (ionization stages) for those elements for which data are available. REFERENCES 1. Moore, C. E., Ionization Potentials and Ionization Limits Derived from the Analysis of Optical Spectra , Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) No. 34, 1970. 2. Martin, W. C., Zalubas, R., and Hagan, L., Atomic Energy Levels — The Rare Earth Elements , Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), No. 60, 1978. 3. Sugar, J. and Corliss, C., Atomic Energy Levels of the Iron Period Elements: Potassium through Nickel , J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol.14, Suppl. 2, 1985. 4. References to papers in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , in the period 1973—91 covering other elements may be found in the cumulative index to that journal. 5. Cohen, E. R. and Taylor, B. N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 17, 1795, 1988. 6. Martin, W.C., and Wiese, W.L., in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Handbook , Drake, G.W.F., Ed., AIP Press, New York, 1996. 7. Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., and Kotochigova, S., Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for Neutral Atoms , (Web Version 1.2.2), <http://physics.nist.gov/IonEnergy>, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, December 2002. Neutral Atoms to +7 Ions Z Element I II III IV V VI VII VIII 1 H 13.59844 2 He 24.58741 54.41778 3 Li 5.39172 75.64018 122.45429 4 Be 9.3227 18.21116 153.89661 217.71865 5 B 8.29803 25.15484 37.93064 259.37521 340.22580 6 C 11.26030 24.38332 47.8878 64.4939 392.087 489.99334 7 N 14.53414 29.6013 47.44924 77.4735 97.8902 552.0718 667.046 8 O 13.61806 35.11730 54.9355 77.41353 113.8990 138.1197 739.29 871.4101 9 F 17.42282 34.97082 62.7084 87.1398 114.2428 157.1651 185.186 953.911210 Ne 21.5646 40.96328 63.45 97.12 126.21 157.93 207.2759 239.098911 Na 5.13908 47.2864 71.6200 98.91 138.40 172.18 208.50 264.2512 Mg 7.64624 15.03528 80.1437 109.2655 141.27 186.76 225.02 265.9613 Al 5.98577 18.82856 28.44765 119.992 153.825 190.49 241.76 284.6614 Si 8.15169 16.34585 33.49302 45.14181 166.767 205.27 246.5 303.5415 P 10.48669 19.7694 30.2027 51.4439 65.0251 220.421 263.57 309.6016 S 10.36001 23.3379 34.79 47.222 72.5945 88.0530 280.948 328.7517 Cl 12.96764 23.814 39.61 53.4652 67.8 97.03 114.1958 348.2818 Ar 15.75962 27.62967 40.74 59.81 75.02 91.009 124.323 143.46019 K 4.34066 31.63 45.806 60.91 82.66 99.4 117.56 154.8820 Ca 6.11316 11.87172 50.9131 67.27 84.50 108.78 127.2 147.2421 Sc 6.5615 12.79967 24.75666 73.4894 91.65 110.68 138.0 158.122 Ti 6.8281 13.5755 27.4917 43.2672 99.30 119.53 140.8 170.4 23 V 6.7462 14.66 29.311 46.709 65.2817 128.13 150.6 173.424 Cr 6.7665 16.4857 30.96 49.16 69.46 90.6349 160.18 184.725 Mn 7.43402 15.63999 33.668 51.2 72.4 95.6 119.203 194.526 Fe 7.9024 16.1878 30.652 54.8 75.0 99.1 124.98 151.0627 Co 7.8810 17.083 33.50 51.3 79.5 102.0 128.9 157.828 Ni 7.6398 18.16884 35.19 54.9 76.06 108 133 16229 Cu 7.72638 20.29240 36.841 57.38 79.8 103 139 16630 Zn 9.3942 17.96440 39.723 59.4 82.6 108 134 17431 Ga 5.99930 20.5142 30.71 6432 Ge 7.8994 15.93462 34.2241 45.7131 93.533 As 9.7886 18.633 28.351 50.13 62.63 127.634 Se 9.75238 21.19 30.8204 42.9450 68.3 81.7 155.435 Br 11.81381 21.8 36 47.3 59.7 88.6 103.0 192.836 Kr 13.99961 24.35985 36.950 52.5 64.7 78.5 111.0 125.802 37 Rb 4.17713 27.285 40 52.6 71.0 84.4 99.2 13638 Sr 5.6949 11.03013 42.89 57 71.6 90.8 106 122.339 Y 6.2171 12.24 20.52 60.597 77.0 93.0 116 12940 Zr 6.63390 13.13 22.99 34.34 80.348 10-179IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS (continued) Z Element I II III IV V VI VII VIII 41 Nb 6.75885 14.32 25.04 38.3 50.55 102.057 125 42 Mo 7.09243 16.16 27.13 46.4 54.49 68.8276 125.664 143.643 Tc 7.28 15.26 29.5444 Ru 7.36050 16.76 28.4745 Rh 7.45890 18.08 31.0646 Pd 8.3369 19.43 32.9347 Ag 7.5762 21.49 34.8348 Cd 8.9938 16.90832 37.4849 In 5.78636 18.8698 28.03 5450 Sn 7.3439 14.63225 30.50260 40.73502 72.2851 Sb 8.6084 16.53051 25.3 44.2 56 10852 Te 9.0096 18.6 27.96 37.41 58.75 70.7 13753 I 10.45126 19.1313 3354 Xe 12.1298 21.20979 32.123055 Cs 3.89390 23.1574556 Ba 5.21170 10.0039057 La 5.5769 11.060 19.1773 49.95 61.658 Ce 5.5387 10.85 20.198 36.758 65.55 77.659 Pr 5.473 10.55 21.624 38.98 57.5360 Nd 5.5250 10.73 22.1 40.41 61 Pm 5.582 10.90 22.3 41.162 Sm 5.6436 11.07 23.4 41.463 Eu 5.6704 11.241 24.92 42.764 Gd 6.1501 12.09 20.63 44.065 Tb 5.8638 11.52 21.91 39.7966 Dy 5.9389 11.67 22.8 41.4767 Ho 6.0215 11.80 22.84 42.568 Er 6.1077 11.93 22.74 42.769 Tm 6.18431 12.05 23.68 42.770 Yb 6.25416 12.1761 25.05 43.5671 Lu 5.4259 13.9 20.9594 45.25 66.872 Hf 6.82507 14.9 23.3 33.3373 Ta 7.549674 W 7.864075 Re 7.833576 Os 8.438277 Ir 8.967078 Pt 8.9587 18.56379 Au 9.2255 20.580 Hg 10.43750 18.756 34.281 Tl 6.1082 20.428 29.8382 Pb 7.41666 15.0322 31.9373 42.32 68.883 Bi 7.2856 16.69 25.56 45.3 56.0 88.384 Po 8.41785 At86 Rn 10.7485087 Fr 4.072788 Ra 5.2784 10.1471689 Ac 5.17 12.1 90 Th 6.3067 11.5 20.0 28.891 Pa 5.8992 U 6.1940593 Np 6.265794 Pu 6.026295 Am 5.973896 Cm 5.991597 Bk 6.197998 Cf 6.281799 Es 6.42100 Fm 6.50101 Md 6.58102 No 6.65103 Lr 4.9 104 Rf 6.0 TeamLRN10-180IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS (continued) +8 Ions to +15 Ions Z Element IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI 9 F 1103.1176 10 Ne 1195.8286 1362.199511 Na 299.864 1465.121 1648.70212 Mg 328.06 367.50 1761.805 1962.665013 Al 330.13 398.75 442.00 2085.98 2304.141014 Si 351.12 401.37 476.36 523.42 2437.63 2673.18215 P 372.13 424.4 479.46 560.8 611.74 2816.91 3069.84216 S 379.55 447.5 504.8 564.44 652.2 707.01 3223.78 3494.189217 Cl 400.06 455.63 529.28 591.99 656.71 749.76 809.40 3658.52118 Ar 422.45 478.69 538.96 618.26 686.10 755.74 854.77 918.0319 K 175.8174 503.8 564.7 629.4 714.6 786.6 861.1 96820 Ca 188.54 211.275 591.9 657.2 726.6 817.6 894.5 97421 Sc 180.03 225.18 249.798 687.36 756.7 830.8 927.5 100922 Ti 192.1 215.92 265.07 291.500 787.84 863.1 941.9 104423 V 205.8 230.5 255.7 308.1 336.277 896.0 976 106024 Cr 209.3 244.4 270.8 298.0 354.8 384.168 1010.6 109725 Mn 221.8 248.3 286.0 314.4 343.6 403.0 435.163 1134.726 Fe 233.6 262.1 290.2 330.8 361.0 392.2 457 489.256 27 Co 186.13 275.4 305 336 379 411 444 511.9628 Ni 193 224.6 321.0 352 384 430 464 49929 Cu 199 232 265.3 369 401 435 484 52030 Zn 203 238 274 310.8 419.7 454 490 54236 Kr 230.85 268.2 308 350 391 447 492 54137 Rb 150 277.138 Sr 162 177 324.139 Y 146.2 191 206 374.042 Mo 164.12 186.4 209.3 230.28 279.1 302.60 544.0 570 +16 Ions to +23 Ions Z Element XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV 17 Cl 3946.2960 18 Ar 4120.8857 4426.229619 K 1033.4 4610.8 4934.04620 Ca 1087 1157.8 5128.8 5469.86421 Sc 1094 1213 1287.97 5674.8 6033.71222 Ti 1131 1221 1346 1425.4 6249.0 6625.8223 V 1168 1260 1355 1486 1569.6 6851.3 7246.1224 Cr 1185 1299 1396 1496 1634 1721.4 7481.7 7894.8125 Mn 1224 1317 1437 1539 1644 1788 1879.9 8140.626 Fe 1266 1358 1456 1582 1689 1799 1950 202327 Co 546.58 1397.2 1504.6 1603 1735 1846 1962 211928 Ni 571.08 607.06 1541 1648 1756 1894 2011 213129 Cu 557 633 670.588 1697 1804 1916 2060 218230 Zn 579 619 698 738 1856 36 Kr 592 641 786 833 884 937 998 105142 Mo 636 702 767 833 902 968 1020 1082 +24 Ions to +29 Ions Z Element XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXX 25 Mn 8571.94 26 Fe 8828 9277.6927 Co 2219.0 9544.1 10012.1228 Ni 2295 2399.2 10288.8 10775.4029 Cu 2308 2478 2587.5 11062.38 11567.61736 Kr 1151 1205.3 2928 3070 3227 338142 Mo 1263 1323 1387 1449 1535 1601 IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES Sharon G. Lias This table presents values for the first ionization energies (IP) of approximately 1000 molecules and atoms. Substances are lis ted by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see introduction). Values enclosed in parentheses are considered not to be well established . Data appearing in the 1988 reference, were updated in 1996 for inclusion in the database of ionization energies available at the Internet site of the Standard Reference Data program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (http://webbook.nist.gov). The list appearing here includes these updates. The list also includes values for enthalpies of formation of the ions at 298 K, ∆fHion, given according to the ion convention used by mass spectrometrists; to convert these values to the electron convention used by thermodynamicists, add 6 kJ/mol. Details on the cal culation of ∆fHion as well as data for a much larger number of molecules, may be found in the reference and on the Internet site. REFERENCE Lias, S.G., Bartmess, J.E., Liebman, J.F., Holmes, J.L., Levin, R.D., and Mallard, W.G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 17, Suppl. No. 1, 1988. Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol Substances not containing carbon Ac Actinium 5.17 905 Ag Silver 7.57624 1016 AgCl Silver(I) chloride ( ≤ 10.08) ≤ 1065 AgF Silver(I) fluoride (11.0 ± 0.3) 1071 Al Aluminum 5.98577 905 AlBr Aluminum monobromide (9.3) 913 AlBr3 Aluminum tribromide (10.4) 593 AlCl Aluminum monochloride 9.4 855 AlCl3 Aluminum trichloride (12.01) 573 AlF Aluminum monofluoride 9.73 ± 0.01 673 AlF3 Aluminum trifluoride ≤ 15.45 ≤ 282 AlI Aluminum monoiodide 9.3 ± 0.3 965 AlI3 Aluminum triiodide (9.1) 673 Am Americium 5.9738 ± 0.0002 860 Ar Argon 15.75962 1521 As Arsenic 9.8152 1250AsCl 3 Arsenic(III) chloride (10.55 ± 0.025) 754 AsF3 Arsenic(III) fluoride (12.84 ± 0.05) 452 AsH3 Arsine (9.89) 1021 Au Gold 9.22567 1254 B Boron 8.29803 1363 BBr3 Boron tribromide (10.51) 809 BCl3 Boron trichloride 11.60 ± 0.02 718 BF Fluoroborane 11.12 ± 0.01 957 Difluoroborane (9.4) 317 BF3 Boron trifluoride 15.7 ± 0.3 365 BH Boron monohydride (9.77) 1385 BH 3 Borane 12.026 ± 0.024 1261 BI3 Boron triiodide (9.25 ± 0.03) 964 BO 2 Boron dioxide (13.5 ± 0.3) 1001 B2H6 Diborane 11.38 ± 0.05 1134 B2O3 Boron oxide 13.5 ± 0.15 460 B4H10 Tetraborane 10.76 ± 0.04 1105 B5H9 Pentaborane(9) 9.90 ± 0.04 1028 B6H10 Hexaborane (9.0) 965 Ba Barium 5.21170 683 BaO Barium oxide 6.91 ± 0.06 543 Be Beryllium 9.32263 1224 BeO Beryllium oxide (10.1 ± 0.4) 1111 Bi Bismuth 7.2855 908BiCl 3 Bismuth trichloride (10.4) 736 Bk Berkelium 6.23 911 10-181 TeamLRN10-182IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol Br Bromine (atomic) 11.81381 1252 BrCl Bromine chloride 11.01 1079 BrF Bromine fluoride 11.86 1086BrF 5 Bromine pentafluoride 13.172 ± 0.002 840 BrH Hydrogen bromide 11.66 ± 0.03 1087 BrH 3Si Bromosilane 10.6 943 BrI Iodine bromide 9.790 ± 0.004 986 BrK Potassium bromide 7.85 ± 0.1 578 BrLi Lithium bromide (8.7) 685BrNO Nitrosyl bromide 10.17 ± 0.03 1065 BrNa Sodium bromide 8.31 ± 0.1 660 BrO Bromine monoxide 10.46 ± 0.02 1135 BrRb Rubidium bromide 7.94 ± 0.03 583 BrTl Thallium(I) bromide 9.14 ± 0.02 844 Br 2 Bromine 10.516 ± 0.005 1046 Br2Hg Mercury(II) bromide 10.560 ± 0.003 935 Br2Sn Tin(II) bromide 9.0 839 Br3Ga Gallium(III) bromide 10.40 711 Br3P Phosphorus(III) bromide 9.7 798 Br4Hf Hafnium(IV) bromide (10.9) 366 Br4Sn Tin(IV) bromide 10.6 709 Br4Ti Titanium(IV) bromide 10.3 375 Br4Zr Zirconium(IV) bromide (10.7) 388 Ca Calcium 6.11316 768CaCl Calcium monochloride 5.86 ± 0.07 462 CaO Calcium oxide 6.66 ± 0.18 668 Cd Cadmium 8.99367 980Ce Cerium 5.5387 957 Cf Californium 6.30 805 Cl Chlorine (atomic) 12.96764 1373ClCs Cesium chloride (7.84 ± 0.05) 510 ClF Chlorine fluoride 12.66 ± 0.01 1171 ClFO 3 Perchloryl fluoride (12.945 ± 0.005) 1224 ClF2 Chlorine difluoride (12.77 ± 0.05) 1128 ClF3 Chlorine trifluoride (12.65 ± 0.05) 1057 ClF5S Sulfur chloride pentafluoride (12.335 ± 0.005) 144 ClH Hydrogen chloride 12.749 ± 0.009 1137 ClHO Hypochlorous acid (11.12 ± 0.01) 993 ClH3Si Chlorosilane 11.4 899 ClI Iodine chloride 10.088 ± 0.01 991 ClIn Indium(I) chloride (9.51) 842 ClK Potassium chloride (8.0 ± 0.4) 557 ClLi Lithium chloride 9.57 727 ClNO Nitrosyl chloride 10.87 ± 0.01 1099 ClNO2 Nitryl chloride (11.84) 1155 ClNa Sodium chloride 8.92 ± 0.06 681 ClO Chlorine monoxide 10.95 1159 ClO 2 Chlorine dioxide 10.33 ± 0.02 1093 ClRb Rubidium chloride (8.50 ± 0.03) 590 ClTl Thallium(I) chloride 9.70 ± 0.03 869 Cl2 Chlorine 11.480 ± 0.005 1108 Cl2CrO2 Chromyl chloride 11.6 580 Cl2Ge Germanium(II) chloride (10.20 ± 0.05) 813 Cl2H2Si Dichlorosilane 11.4 765 Cl2Hg Mercury(II) chloride 11.380 ± 0.003 952 Cl2O Chlorine oxide 10.94 1135 Cl2OS Thionyl chloride 10.96 844 Cl2O2S Sulfuryl chloride 12.05 807 Cl2Pb Lead(II) chloride (10.2) 791 Cl2S Sulfur dichloride 9.45 ± 0.03 895 10-183IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol Cl2Si Dichlorosilylene (10.93 ± 0.10) 887 Cl2Sn Tin(II) chloride (10.0) 760 Cl3Ga Gallium(III) chloride 11.52 664 Cl3HSi Trichlorosilane (11.7) 648 Cl3N Nitrogen trichloride (10.12 ± 0.1) 1244 Cl3OP Phosphorus(V) oxychloride 11.36 ± 0.02 540 Cl3OV Vanadyl trichloride (11.6) 425 Cl3P Phosphorus(III) chloride 9.91 668 Cl3PS Phosphorus(V) sulfide trichloride 9.71 ± 0.03 573 Cl3Sb Antimony(III) chloride ( ≤ 10.7) s719 Cl4Ge Germanium(IV) chloride 11.68 ± 0.05 629 Cl4Hf Hafnium(IV) chloride (11.7) 246 Cl4Si Tetrachlorosilane 11.79 ± 0.01 527 Cl4Sn Tin(IV) chloride 11.7 ± 0.2 656 Cl4Ti Titanium(IV) chloride (11.5) 349 Cl4V Vanadium(IV) chloride (9.2) 361 Cl4Zr Zirconium(IV) chloride (11.2) 210 Cl5Mo Molybdenum(V) chloride (8.7) 392 Cl5Nb Niobium(V) chloride (10.97) 356 Cl5P Phosphorus(V) chloride (10.2) 608 Cl5Ta Tantalum(V) chloride (11.08) 303 Cl6W Tungsten(VI) chloride (9.5) 348 Cm Curium 6.02 966 Co Cobalt 7.8810 1187Cr Chromium 6.76664 1050 Cs Cesium 3.89390 452 CsF Cesium fluoride (8.80 ± 0.10) 489 CsNa Cesium sodium (4.05 ± 0.04) 535 Cu Copper 7.72638 1084 CuF Copper(I) fluoride 10.15 ± 0.02 984 Dy Dysprosium 5.9389 862 Er Erbium 6.1078 907 Es Einsteinium 6.42 753Eu Europium 5.6704 723 F Fluorine (atomic) 17.42282 1761 FGa Gallium monofluoride (9.6 ± 0.5) 700 FH Hydrogen fluoride 16.044 ± 0.003 1276 FHO Hypofluorous acid 12.71 ± 0.01 1130 FH 3Si Fluorosilane 11.7 752 FI Iodine fluoride 10.54 ± 0.01 922 FIn Indium monofluoride (9.6 ± 0.5) 740 FNO Nitrosyl fluoride 12.63 ± 0.03 1152 FNO2 Nitryl fluoride (13.09) 1154 FNS Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) 11.51 ± 0.04 1090 FO Fluorine monoxide 12.78 ± 0.03 1342 FO2 Fluorine superoxide (FOO) (12.6 ± 0.2) 1228 FS Sulfur fluoride 10.09 986 FTl Thallium(I) fluoride 10.52 835F 2 Fluorine 15.697 ± 0.003 1515 F2Ge Germanium(II) fluoride ( ≤ 11.65) 551 F2HN Difluoramine (11.53 ± 0.08) 1046 F2H2Si Difluorosilane (12.2) 386 F2Mg Magnesium fluoride (13.6 ± 0.3) 588 F2N Difluoroamidogen 11.628 ± 0.01 1155 F2N2 trans -Difluorodiazine (12.8) 1315 F2O Fluorine monoxide 13.11 ± 0.01 1290 F2OS Thionyl fluoride 12.25 688 F2O2S Sulfuryl fluoride 13.04 ± 0.01 501 F2Pb Lead(II) fluoride (11.5) 679 F2S Sulfur difluoride (10.08) 676 TeamLRN10-184IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol F2Si Difluorosilylene 10.78 ± 0.05 450 F2Sn Tin(II) fluoride (11.1) 586 F2Xe Xenon difluoride 12.35 ± 0.01 1083 F3HSi Trifluorosilane (14.0) 150 F3N Nitrogen trifluoride 13.00 ± 0.02 1125 F3NO Trifluoramine oxide 13.31 ± 0.06 1121 F3OP Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride 12.76 ± 0.01 -24 F3P Phosphorus(III) fluoride 11.60 ± 0.05 161 F3PS Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride ≤ 11.05 ± 0.035 ≤ 58 F3Si Trifluorosilyl (9.99) - 32 F4Ge Germanium(IV) fluoride (15.5) 307 F4N2 Tetrafluorohydrazine 11.94 ± 0.03 1119 F4S Sulfur tetrafluoride 12.0 ± 0.3 399 F4Si Tetrafluorosilane 15.24 ± 0.14 -144 F4Xe Xenon tetrafluoride 12.65 ± 0.1 1016 F5I Iodine pentafluoride 12.943 ± 0.005 408 F5P Phosphorus(V) fluoride (15.1) -137 F5S Sulfur pentafluoride 9.60 ± 0.05 10 F6Mo Molybdenum(VI) fluoride (14.5 ± 0.1) -159 F6S Sulfur hexafluoride 15.32 ± 0.02 258 F6U Uranium(VI) fluoride 14.00 ± 0.10 -796 Fe Iron 7.9024 1177 Fm Fermium 6.50 627 Ga Gallium 5.99930 851GaI 3 Gallium(III) iodide 9.40 765 Gd Gadolinium 6.1500 991 Ge Germanium 7.900 1139GeH 4 Germane ≤ 10.53 ≤ 1108 GeI4 Germanium(IV) iodide (9.42) 850 GeO Germanium(II) oxide 11.25 ± 0.01 1044 GeS Germanium(II) sulfide (9.98) 1055 H Hydrogen (atomic) 13.59844 1530 HI Hydrogen iodide 10.386 ± 0.001 1028 HLi Lithium hydride 7.7 882 HN Imidogen ≤ 13.49 ± 0.01 1678 HNO Nitrosyl hydride (10.1) 1075HNO 2 Nitrous acid ≤ 11.3 ≤ 1011 HNO3 Nitric acid 11.95 ± 0.01 1019 HN3 Hydrazoic acid 10.72 ± 0.025 1328 HO Hydroxyl 13.0170 ± 0.0002 1294 HO2 Hydroperoxy 11.35 ± 0.01 1106 HS Mercapto 10.4219 ± 0.0004 1145 H2 Hydrogen 15.42593 ± 0.00005 1488 H2N Amidogen 11.14 ± 0.01 1264 H2O Water 12.6206 ± 0.0020 976 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide 10.58 ± 0.04 885 H2S Hydrogen sulfide 10.457 ± 0.012 989 H2Se Hydrogen selenide 9.892 ± 0.005 984 H2Si Silylene 8.244 ± 0.025 1084 H3N Ammonia 10.070 ± 0.020 925 H3NO Hydroxylamine (10.00) 923 H3P Phosphine 9.869 ± 0.002 958 H3Sb Stibine 9.54 ± 0.03 1067 H4N2 Hydrazine 8.1 ± 0.15 877 H4Si Silane 11.00 ± 0.02 1095 H4Sn Stannane (10.75) 1200 H6Si2 Disilane 9.74 ± 0.02 1019 H8Si3 Trisilane (9.2) 1009 He Helium 24.58741 2372 Hf Hafnium 6.82507 ± 0.00004 1278 10-185IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol Hg Mercury 10.43750 1069 HgI2 Mercury(II) iodide 9.5088 ± 0.0022 900 Ho Holmium 6.0216 882I Iodine (atomic) 10.45126 1115 IK Potassium iodide (7.21 ± 0.3) 570 ILi Lithium iodide (7.5) 633INa Sodium iodide 7.64 ± 0.02 659 ITl Thallium(I) iodide 8.47 ± 0.02 826 I 2 Iodine 9.3074 ± 0.0002 960 I4Ti Titanium(IV) iodide (9.1) 602 I4Zr Zirconium(IV) iodide (9.3) 500 In Indium 5.78636 802Ir Iridium 9.1 1543 K Potassium 4.34066 508 KLi Lithium potassium 4.57 ± 0.04 512 KNa Potassium sodium 4.41636 ± 0.00017 561 K 2 Dipotassium 4.0637 ± 0.0002 519 Kr Krypton 13.99961 1351La Lanthanum 5.5770 969 Li Lithium 5.39172 680 LiNa Lithium sodium 5.05 ± 0.04 571 LiO Lithium monoxide (8.44) 894 LiRb Lithium rubidium 4.3 ± 0.1 486 Li 2 Dilithium 5.1127 ± 0.0003 709 Lu Lutetium 5.42585 950 Md Mendelevium 6.58 635 Mg Magnesium 7.64624 885MgO Magnesium oxide (8.76 ± 0.22) 901 Mn Manganese 7.43402 998 Mo Molybdenum 7.09243 1343N Nitrogen (atomic) 14.53414 1875 NO Nitric oxide 9.26438 ± 0.00005 985 NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide 9.586 ± 0.002 958 NP Phosphorus nitride 11.84 ± 0.04 1247 NS Nitrogen sulfide 8.87 ± 0.01 1119 N2 Nitrogen 15.5808 1503 N2O Nitrous oxide 12.886 1325 N2O4 Nitrogen tetroxide (10.8) 1050 N2O5 Nitrogen pentoxide (11.9) 1161 Na Sodium 5.13908 603 NaRb Rubidium sodium 4.32 ± 0.04 480 Na2 Disodium 4.894 ± 0.003 614 Nb Niobium 6.75885 1384 Nd Neodymium 5.5250 859 Ne Neon 21.56454 2081Ni Nickel 7.6398 1167 No Nobelium 6.65 642 Np Neptunium 6.2657 ± 0.0003 1069 O Oxygen (atomic) 13.61806 1563 OPb Lead(II) oxide 9.08 ± 0.10 939 OS Sulfur monoxide 10.294 ± 0.004 998 OS 2 Sulfur oxide (SSO) 10.584 ± 0.005 971 OSi Silicon monoxide 11.49 ± 0.20 1008 OSn Tin(II) oxide 9.60 ± 0.02 944 OSr Strontium oxide 6.6 ± 0.2 623 O2 Oxygen 12.0697 ± 0.0002 1165 O2S Sulfur dioxide 12.349 ± 0.001 894 O2Th Thorium(IV) oxide (8.7 ± 0.15) 342 O2Ti Titanium(IV) oxide (9.54 ± 0.1) 623 O2U Uranium(IV) oxide (5.4 ± 0.1) 57 TeamLRN10-186IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol O3 Ozone 12.43 1342 O3S Sulfur trioxide 12.82 ± 0.03 841 O3U Uranium(VI) oxide (10.5 ± 0.5) 214 O4Os Osmium(VIII) oxide (12.32) 850 O4Ru Ruthenium(VIII) oxide 12.15 ± 0.03 988 O7Re2 Rhenium(VII) oxide (12.7 ± 0.2) 125 Os Osmium 8.7 1630 P Phosphorus 10.48669 1328 P2 Diphosphorus 10.53 1160 Pa Protactinium 5.89 1133 Pb Lead 7.41666 911 PbS Lead(II) sulfide (8.5 ± 0.5) 954 Pd Palladium 8.3367 1181 Pm Promethium 5.55 536 Pr Praseodymium 5.464 883Pt Platinum 9.0 1433 Pu Plutonium 6.025 926 Ra Radium 5.27892 668Rb Rubidium 4.17713 484 Re Rhenium 7.88 1530 Rh Rhodium 7.45890 1276Rn Radon 10.74850 1037 Ru Ruthenium 7.36050 1355 S Sulfur 10.36001 1277SSn Tin(II) sulfide (8.8) 966 S 2 Disulfur 9.356 ± 0.002 1031 Sb Antimony 8.64 1096Sc Scandium 6.56144 1010 Se Selenium 9.75238 1168 Si Silicon 8.15169 1238Sm Samarium 5.6437 751 Sn Tin 7.34381 1011 Sr Strontium 5.69484 713Ta Tantalum 7.89 1544 Tb Terbium 5.8639 955 Tc Technetium 7.28 1380Te Tellurium 9.0096 1066 Th Thorium 6.308 ± 0.003 1207 Ti Titanium 6.8282 1127Tl Thallium 6.10829 771 Tm Thulium 6.18431 827 U Uranium 6.19405 1129V Vanadium 6.746 ± 0.002 1166 W Tungsten 7.98 1621 Xe Xenon 12.12987 1170Y Yttrium 6.217 1022 Yb Ytterbium 6.25416 754 Zn Zinc 9.39405 1037Zr Zirconium 6.63390 1251 Substances containing carbon C Carbon 11.26030 1803 CBrClF 2 Bromochlorodifluoromethane (11.21) 642 CBrCl3 Bromotrichloromethane (10.6) 980 CBrF 3 Bromotrifluoromethane (11.40) 451 CBr2F2 Dibromodifluoromethane 11.03 ± 0.04 683 CBr4 Tetrabromomethane (10.31 ± 0.02) 1079 CCl Chloromethylidyne (8.9 ± 0.2) 1244 CClF 3 Chlorotrifluoromethane 12.6 ± 0.2 505 10-187IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol CClN Cyanogen chloride 12.34 ± 0.01 1329 CCl2 Dichloromethylene (9.27) 1058 CCl 2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane 12.05 ± 0.24 685 CCl2O Carbonyl chloride (11.5) 888 CCl 3F Trichlorofluoromethane 11.77 ± 0.02 868 CCl 4 Tetrachloromethane 11.47 ± 0.01 1010 CF Fluoromethylidyne 9.11 ± 0.01 1134 CFN Cyanogen fluoride 13.34 ± 0.02 1325 CF2 Difluoromethylene 11.44 ± 0.03 899 CF2O Carbonyl fluoride 13.035 ± 0.030 617 CF3 Trifluoromethyl 8.7 ± 0.2 379 CF3I Trifluoroiodomethane 10.23 397 CH Methylidyne 10.64 ± 0.01 1622 CHBrCl 2 Bromodichloromethane 10.6 973 CHBr 2Cl Chlorodibromomethane 10.59 ± 0.01 1030 CHBr3 Tribromomethane 10.48 ± 0.02 1035 CHCl Chloromethylene 9.84 1247 CHClF 2 Chlorodifluoromethane (12.2) 693 CHCl2F Dichlorofluoromethane (11.5) 829 CHCl3 Trichloromethane 11.37 ± 0.02 992 CHF Fluoromethylene 10.06 ± 0.05 1121 CHF3 Trifluoromethane (13.86) 643 CHI3 Triiodomethane 9.25 ± 0.02 1010 CHN Hydrogen cyanide 13.60 ± 0.01 1447 CHN Hydrogen isocyanide (12.5 ± 0.1) 1407 CHNO Isocyanic acid 11.595 ± 0.005 1016 CHNO Fulminic acid (10.83) 1263CHO Oxomethyl (HCO) (8.55) 826 CH 2 Methylene 10.396 ± 0.003 1392 CH2BrCl Bromochloromethane 10.77 ± 0.01 1085 CH2Br2 Dibromomethane (10.50 ± 0.02) 1013 CH2ClF Chlorofluoromethane 11.71 ± 0.01 870 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 11.32 ± .01 996 CH2F2 Difluoromethane 12.71 774 CH2I2 Diiodomethane 9.46 ± 0.02 1030 CH2N2 Diazomethane 8.999 ± 0.001 1098 CH2N2 Cyanamide (10.4) 1137 CH2O Formaldehyde 10.88 ± 0.01 941 CH2O2 Formic acid 11.33 ± 0.01 715 CH3 Methyl 9.843 ± 0.002 1095 CH3BO Borane carbonyl 11.14 ± 0.02 962 CH3Br Bromomethane 10.541 ± 0.003 979 CH3Cl Chloromethane 11.22 ± 0.01 1001 CH 3Cl3Si Methyltrichlorosilane (11.36 ± 0.03) 548 CH 3F Fluoromethane 12.47 ± 0.02 956 CH3I Iodomethane 9.538 936 CH 3NO Formamide 10.16 ± 0.06 796 CH 3NO2 Nitromethane 11.08 ± 0.07 994 CH3N3 Methyl azide 9.81 ± 0.02 1227 CH 3O Methoxy (10.72) 1050 CH 4 Methane 12.61 ± 0.01 1143 CH4N2O Urea 9.7 690 CH 4O Methanol 10.85 ± 0.01 845 CH 4S Methanethiol 9.44 ± 0.005 888 CH5N Methylamine (8.80) 826 CH 6N2 Methylhydrazine 7.7 ± 0.15 835 CH6Si Methylsilane (10.7) 1003 CN Cyanide 13.5984 1748 CNO Cyanate 11.76 ± 0.01 1290 CO Carbon monoxide 14.014 ± 0.0003 1242 TeamLRN10-188IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol COS Carbon oxysulfide 11.18 ± 0.01 936 COSe Carbon oxyselenide 10.36 ± 0.01 929 CO 2 Carbon dioxide 13.773 ± 0.002 935 CS Carbon sulfide 11.33 ± 0.01 1361 CS2 Carbon disulfide 10.0685 ± 0.0020 1089 C2 Dicarbon (11.4 ± 0.3) 2000 C2Br2F4 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (11.1) 280 C2ClF3 Chlorotrifluoroethylene 9.81 ± 0.03 373 C2ClF 5 Chloropentafluoroethane (12.6) 99 C2Cl2 Dichloroacetylene 9.9 1165 C2Cl2F4 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 12.2 252 C2Cl3F3 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 11.5 386 C2Cl3F3 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 11.99 ± 0.02 429 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene 9.326 ± 0.001 887 C2Cl4F2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane (11.3) 563 C2Cl4O Trichloroacetyl chloride (11.0) 827 C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane (11.1) 920 C2F3N Trifluoroacetonitrile 13.93 ± 0.07 845 C2F4 Tetrafluoroethylene 10.12 ± 0.02 315 C2F6 Hexafluoroethane (13.6) -30 C2H Ethynyl (11.61 ± 0.07) 1685 C2HBr Bromoacetylene 10.31 ± 0.02 1242 C2HBrClF3 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (11.0) 363 C2HCl Chloroacetylene 10.58 ± 0.02 1276 C2HClF2 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene 9.80 ± 0.04 628 C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 9.46 ± 0.02 894 C2HCl3O Dichloroacetyl chloride (10.9) 809 C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane (11.0) 919 C2HF Fluoroacetylene 11.26 1195 C2HF3 Trifluoroethylene 10.14 489 C2HF3O2 Trifluoroacetic acid 11.46 75 C2H2 Acetylene 11.400 ± 0.002 1328 C2H2Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethylene 9.81 ± 0.04 949 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 9.66 ± 0.01 936 C2H2Cl2 trans -1,2-Dichloroethylene 9.64 ± 0.02 934 C2H2Cl2O Chloroacetyl chloride ( ≤ 10.3) 815 C2H2Cl4 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane (11.1) 920 C2H2Cl4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane ( ≤ 11.62) ≤ 971 C2H2F2 1,1-Difluoroethylene 10.29 ± 0.01 650 C2H2F2 cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene 10.23 ± 0.02 690 C2H2O Ketene 9.617 ± 0.003 880 C2H2O2 Glyoxal 10.2 773 C2H2S2 Thiirene 8.61 892 C2H3Br Bromoethylene 9.83 ± 0.02 1028 C2H3Cl Chloroethylene 9.99 ± 0.02 985 C2H3ClF2 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (11.98) 626 C2H3ClO Acetyl chloride 10.82 ± 0.04 801 C2H3ClO Chloroacetaldehyde (10.48) 815 C2H3ClO2 Chloroacetic acid (10.7) 597 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (11.0) 917 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (11.0) 911 C2H3F Fluoroethylene 10.36 ± 0.01 861 C2H3FO Acetyl fluoride (11.5) 667 C2H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 13.3 ± 0.5 536 C2H3N Acetonitrile 12.20 ± 0.01 1253 C2H3NO Methylisocyanate (10.67) 900 C2H4 Ethylene 10.5138 ± 0.0006 1067 C2H4Br2 1,2-Dibromoethane 10.35 ± 0.04 961 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 11.04 ± 0.02 935 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 11.04 ± 0.02 931 10-189IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol C2H4F2 1,1-Difluoroethane (11.87) 643 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 10.229 ± 0.0007 821 C2H4O Ethylene oxide 10.56 ± 0.01 966 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 10.65 ± 0.02 595 C2H4O2 Methyl formate 10.835 ± 0.005 690 C2H5Br Bromoethane 10.29 ± 0.01 931 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 10.98 ± 0.02 947 C2H5ClO 2-Chloroethanol (10.5) 756 C2H5F Fluoroethane (11.78) 873 C2H5I Iodoethane 9.3492 ± 0.0006 893 C2H5N Ethyleneimine (9.5 ± 0.3) 1044 C2H5NO Acetamide 9.65 ± 0.03 693 C2H5NO N-Methylformamide 9.83 ± 0.04 760 C2H5NO2 Nitroethane 10.88 ± 0.05 948 C2H6 Ethane 11.56 ± 0.02 1031 C2H6Cl2Si Dichlorodimethylsilane (10.7) 576 C2H6O Ethanol 10.43 ± 0.05 772 C2H6O Dimethyl ether 10.025 ± 0.025 783 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide 9.10 ± 0.03 727 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol 10.16 593 C2H6S Ethanethiol 9.31 ± 0.03 851 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide 8.69 ± 0.02 801 C2H6S2 Dimethyl disulfide (7.4 ± 0.3) 690 C2H7N Ethylamine 8.86 ± 0.02 808 C2H7N Dimethylamine 8.24 ± 0.08 777 C2H7NO Ethanolamine 8.96 664 C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine (8.6) 812 C2H8N2 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 7.29 ± 0.05 787 C2N2 Cyanogen 13.37 ± 0.01 1597 C3F6 Perfluoropropene 10.60 ± 0.03 -103 C3F6O Perfluoroacetone (11.57 ± 0.13) -282 C3F8 Perfluoropropane (13.38) -491 C3HN Cyanoacetylene 11.64 ± 0.01 1475 C3H2O 2-Propynal (10.7 ± 0.1) 1145 C3H3F3 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene (10.9) 437 C3H3N 2-Propenenitrile 10.91 ± 0.01 1237 C3H3NO Oxazole (9.9) 940 C3H3NO Isoxazole (9.93) 1038 C3H4 Allene 9.692 ± 0.004 1126 C3H4 Propyne 10.37 ± 0.01 1187 C3H4 Cyclopropene 9.67 ± 0.01 1209 C3H4N2 Imidazole (8.81) 997 C3H4O Propargyl alcohol 10.49 ± 0.02 1060 C3H4O Acrolein 10.103 ± 0.006 900 C3H4O Cyclopropanone (9.1 ± 0.1) 895 C3H4O2 Propenoic acid 10.60 701 C3H4O2 2-Oxetanone (9.70 ± 0.01) 653 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene (9.96) 1008 C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 10.04 ± 0.01 965 C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin (10.64) 919 C3H5ClO2 Methyl chloroacetate (10.3) 575 C3H5F 3-Fluoropropene (10.11) 821 C3H5N Propanenitrile 11.84 ± 0.02 1194 C3H5NO Acrylamide (9.5) 720 C3H6 Propene 9.73 ± 0.02 959 C3H6 Cyclopropane 9.86 1005 C3H6Br2 1,2-Dibromopropane (10.1) 903 C3H6Br2 1,3-Dibromopropane ( ≤ 10.2) ≤ 919 C3H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloropropane 10.8 ± 0.1 886 C3H6Cl2 1,3-Dichloropropane 10.89 ± 0.04 892 TeamLRN10-190IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol C3H6O Allyl alcohol 9.67 ± 0.05 808 C3H6O Methyl vinyl ether 8.95 ± 0.01 763 C3H6O Propanal 9.96 ± 0.01 772 C3H6O Acetone 9.703 ± 0.006 719 C3H6O Methyloxirane (10.22) 892 C3H6O Oxetane 9.65 ± 0.01 851 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid 10.525 ± 0.003 568 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 10.61 ± 0.01 639 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 10.25 ± 0.02 579 C3H6O2 1,3-Dioxolane (9.9) 658 C3H6O3 1,3,5-Trioxane (10.3) 528 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 10.18 ± 0.01 898 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane 10.10 ± 0.03 877 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 10.81 ± 0.01 911 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane 10.79 ± 0.02 896 C3H7F 1-Fluoropropane (11.3) 806 C3H7F 2-Fluoropropane (11.08) 776 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane 9.25 ± 0.01 860 C3H7I 2-Iodopropane 9.19 ± 0.02 845 C3H7N Allylamine (8.76) 891 C3H7N Cyclopropylamine (8.8) 926 C3H7N Propyleneimine (9.0) 960 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide (9.12) 688 C3H7NO2 1-Nitropropane (10.81) 919 C3H7NO2 2-Nitropropane (10.71) 894 C3H8 Propane 10.95 ± 0.05 952 C3H8O 1-Propanol 10.18 ± 0.06 727 C3H8O 2-Propanol 10.17 ± 0.02 709 C3H8O Ethyl methyl ether 9.72 ± 0.07 722 C3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane 9.7 588 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol 9.20 ± 0.01 819 C3H8S 2-Propanethiol 9.145 ± 0.005 806 C3H8S Ethyl methyl sulfide (8.55) 765 C3H9BO3 Trimethyl borate (10.0) 65 C3H9ClSi Trimethylchlorosilane (10.15) 624 C3H9N Propylamine (8.78) 777 C3H9N Isopropylamine (8.72) 758 C3H9N Trimethylamine 7.82 ± 0.06 731 C3H9NO 3-Amino-1-propanol (9.0) 651 C4H2O3 Maleic anhydride (10.8) 645 C4H4 1-Buten-3-yne 9.58 ± 0.02 1230 C4H4N2 Succinonitrile (12.1 ± 0.25) 1377 C4H4N2 Pyrimidine 9.23 1087 C4H4N2 Pyridazine 8.67 ± 0.03 1112 C4H4O Furan 8.883 ± 0.003 822 C4H4O2 Diketene (9.6 ± 0.02) 736 C4H4O3 Succinic anhydride (10.6) 500 C4H4O4 Fumaric acid (10.7) 355 C4H4S Thiophene 8.86 ± 0.02 970 C4H5N Methylacrylonitrile 10.34 1127 C4H5N Pyrrole 8.207 ± 0.005 900 C4H5N Cyclopropanecarbonitrile (10.25) 1173 C4H6 1,2-Butadiene (9.03) 1034 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene 9.082 ± 0.004 986 C4H6 1-Butyne 10.19 ± 0.02 1148 C4H6 2-Butyne 9.59 ± 0.03 1071 C4H6 Cyclobutene 9.43 ± 0.02 1067 C4H6O Divinyl ether (8.7) 827 C4H6O trans -2-Butenal 9.73 ± 0.01 835 C4H6O 2-Methylpropenal (9.92) 834 10-191IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol C4H6O Cyclobutanone (9.35 815 C4H6O2 cis-Crotonic acid (10.08) 625 C4H6O2 trans -Crotonic acid (9.9) 604 C4H6O2 Methacrylic acid (10.15) 611 C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate 9.19 ± 0.05 572 C4H6O2 Methyl acrylate (9.9) 641 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride (10.0) 398 C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate (10.0) 287 C4H6S 2,5-Dihydrothiophene (8.4) 898 C4H7N Butanenitrile (11.2) 1110 C4H7N 2-Methylpropanenitrile (11.3) 1115 C4H7NO 2-Pyrrolidone (9.2) 674 C4H8 1-Butene 9.55 ± 0.06 921 C4H8 cis-2-Butene 9.11 ± 0.01 871 C4H8 trans -2-Butene 9.10 ± 0.01 866 C4H8 Isobutene 9.239 ± 0.003 875 C4H8 Cyclobutane (9.82 ± 0.05) 976 C4H8 Methylcyclopropane (9.46) 936 C4H8Br2 1,4-Dibromobutane (10.15) 879 C4H8O Ethyl vinyl ether (8.98) 709 C4H8O 1,2-Epoxybutane ( ≤ 10.15) 862 C4H8O Butanal 9.84 ± 0.02 742 C4H8O Isobutanal 9.71 ± 0.01 721 C4H8O 2-Butanone 9.52 ± 0.04 678 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 9.38 ± 0.05 721 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid 10.17 ± 0.05 509 C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid 10.33 ± 0.03 516 C4H8O2 Propyl formate 10.52 ± 0.02 555 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 10.01 ± 0.05 522 C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 10.15 ± 0.03 548 C4H8O2 1,3-Dioxane 9.8 607 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 9.19 ± 0.01 571 C4H8O2S Sulfolane (9.8) 577 C4H8S Tetrahydrothiophene 8.38 774 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane (10.12) 869 C4H9Br 2-Bromobutane 10.01 ± 0.02 845 C4H9Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 10.09 ± 0.02 861 C4H9Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 9.92 ± 0.03 823 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 10.67 ± 0.03 875 C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane 10.53 857 C4H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 10.73 ± 0.07 877 C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane (10.61) 842 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane 9.23 ± 0.01 840 C4H9I 2-Iodobutane 9.10 ± 0.02 815 C4H9I 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 9.19 ± 0.01 824 C4H9I 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane (9.02) 798 C4H9N Pyrrolidine (8.0) 769 C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide 8.81 ± 0.03 616 C4H9NO Morpholine (8.2) 841 C4H10 Butane 10.53 ± 0.10 890 C4H10 Isobutane (10.57) 886 C4H10O 1-Butanol 9.99 ± 0.05 689 C4H10O 2-Butanol 9.88 ± 0.03 658 C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 10.02 ± 0.04 683 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 9.90 ± 0.02 642 C4H10O Diethyl ether 9.51 ± 0.03 666 C4H10O Methyl propyl ether 9.41 ± 0.07 670 C4H10O Isopropyl methyl ether 9.45 ± 0.04 661 C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (9.6) 529 C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (9.3) 558 TeamLRN10-192IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol C4H10S 1-Butanethiol 9.14 ± 0.01 794 C4H10S 2-Butanethiol (9.10) 781 C4H10S 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol (9.12) 783 C4H10S 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol (9.03) 762 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide (8.43) 730 C4H10S Methyl propyl sulfide (8.8) 767 C4H10S Isopropyl methyl sulfide (8.7) 749 C4H10S2 Diethyl disulfide (8.27) 724 C4H11N Butylamine 8.7 ± 0.1 748 C4H11N sec-Butylamine 8.46 ± 0.1 711 C4H11N tert-Butylamine 8.46 ± 0.1 695 C4H11N Isobutylamine 8.50 ± 0.1 721 C4H11N Diethylamine 7.85 ± 0.1 684 C4H12Si Tetramethylsilane 9.80 ± 0.04 713 C4H12Sn Tetramethylstannane 8.89 ± 0.05 837 C4NiO4 Nickel carbonyl 8.27 ± 0.04 200 C5H4O2 Furfural 9.22 ± 0.01 739 C5H5N Pyridine 9.25 1031 C5H6 1-Penten-3-yne 9.00 ± 0.01 1119 C5H6 cis-3-Penten-1-yne 9.14 ± 0.04 1137 C5H6 trans -3-Penten-1-yne 9.05 ± 0.01 1128 C5H6 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 9.25 ± 0.02 1152 C5H6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 8.55 ± 0.02 955 C5H6O 2-Methylfuran 8.38 ± 0.02 729 C5H6O 3-Methylfuran (8.64) 763 C5H6S 2-Methylthiophene (8.14) 867 C5H6S 3-Methylthiophene (8.40) 893 C5H8 cis-1,3-Pentadiene 8.63 ± 0.03 914 C5H8 trans -1,3-Pentadiene 8.59 ± 0.02 905 C5H8 1,4-Pentadiene 9.60 ± 0.02 1032 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 8.84 ± 0.01 928 C5H8 1-Pentyne 10.10 ± 0.01 1119 C5H8 Cyclopentene 9.01 ± 0.01 905 C5H8 Spiropentane (9.26) 1078 C5H8O Cyclopropyl methyl ketone ( ≤ 9.46) 796 C5H8O Cyclopentanone 9.26 ± 0.01 701 C5H8O 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 8.35 ± 0.01 681 C5H8O2 Ethyl acrylate ( ≤ 10.3) 617 C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate (9.7) 589 C5H8O2 2,4-Pentanedione 8.85 ± 0.01 469 C5H9NO N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone ( ≤ 9.17) ≤ 676 C5H10 1-Pentene 9.51 ± 0.01 896 C5H10 cis-2-Pentene 9.01 ± 0.03 843 C5H10 trans -2-Pentene 9.04 ± 0.01 841 C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene 9.12 ± 0.01 844 C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene 9.52 ± 0.01 891 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 8.69 ± 0.01 796 C5H10 Cyclopentane (10.33 ± 0.15) 918 C5H10O 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 9.51 ± 0.01 675 C5H10O Cyclopentanol (9.72) 695 C5H10O Pentanal 9.74 ± 0.04 709 C5H10O 2-Pentanone 9.38 ± 0.01 646 C5H10O 3-Pentanone 9.31 ± 0.01 640 C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone 9.30 ± 0.01 635 C5H10O Tetrahydropyran 9.25 ± 0.01 670 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid ( ≤ 10.53) ≤ 527 C5H10O2 3-Methylbutanoic acid ( ≤ 10.51) ≤ 499 C5H10O2 Butyl formate 10.52 ± 0.02 584 C5H10O2 Propyl acetate ( ≤ 9.92) 501 C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate 9.99 ± 0.03 482 10-193IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate (10.00) 500 C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate (10.07) 520 C5H10S Thiacyclohexane (8.2) 728 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane 10.10 ± 0.01 846 C5H11I 1-Iodopentane 9.20 ± 0.01 817 C5H11N Piperidine 8.03 ± 0.11 726 C5H11N N-Methylpyrrolidine ≤ 8.41 ± 0.02 ≤ 809 C5H12 Pentane 10.28 ± 0.10 845 C5H12 Isopentane 10.32 ± 0.05 843 C5H12 Neopentane ( ≤ 10.2) ≤ 818 C5H12O 1-Pentanol (10.00) 668 C5H12O 2-Pentanol (9.78) 630 C5H12O 3-Pentanol 9.78 628 C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol (9.86) 649 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol (9.8) 615 C5H12O 3-Methyl-2-butanol (9.88 ± 0.13) 637 C5H12O Butyl methyl ether (9.4 ± 0.1) 648 C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether (9.24) 608 C5H12O Ethyl propyl ether (9.45) 640 C5H12S tert-Butyl methyl sulfide (8.38) 687 C5H12S Ethyl propyl sulfide (8.50) 716 C5H12S Ethyl isopropyl sulfide (8.35) 689 C6BrF5 Bromopentafluorobenzene (9.67) 222 C6ClF5 Chloropentafluorobenzene (9.72) 126 C6Cl6 Hexachlorobenzene (8.98) 822 C6F6 Hexafluorobenzene 9.89 ± 0.04 8 C6F12 Perfluorocyclohexane (13.2) -1095 C6HF5 Pentafluorobenzene (9.63) 122 C6HF5O Pentafluorophenol (9.20) -71 C6H2F4 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene (9.53) 284 C6H2F4 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene (9.53) 263 C6H2F4 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene (9.35) 254 C6H3Cl3 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (9.04) 880 C6H3Cl3 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 9.32 ± 0.02 899 C6H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene (9.92 ± 0.1) 995 C6H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene (9.96 ± 0.1) 999 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene 9.06 ± 0.02 907 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene 9.10 ± 0.02 906 C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene 8.92 ± 0.02 885 C6H4FNO2 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene (9.90) 826 C6H4F2 o-Difluorobenzene 9.29 ± 0.01 602 C6H4F2 m-Difluorobenzene 9.33 ± 0.01 591 C6H4F2 p-Difluorobenzene 9.1589 ± 0.0003 577 C6H4O2 p-Benzoquinone 10.01 ± 0.06 844 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 9.00 ± 0.02 971 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 9.07 ± 0.02 930 C6H5ClO m-Chlorophenol 8.655 ± 0.001 680 C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol ( ≤ 8.69) ≤ 692 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 9.20 ± 0.01 772 C6H5I Iodobenzene 8.685 1003 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 9.86 ± 0.02 1019 C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol (9.1) 782 C6H5NO3 m-Nitrophenol (9.0) 755 C6H5NO3 p-Nitrophenol (9.1) 761 C6H6 Benzene 9.24378 ± 0.00007 975 C6H6 Fulvene (8.36) 1031 C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline (8.50) 883 C6H6ClN m-Chloroaniline (8.09) 835 C6H6ClN p-Chloroaniline ( ≤ 8.18) ≤ 844 C6H6N2O2 o-Nitroaniline (8.27) 861 TeamLRN10-194IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol C6H6N2O2 m-Nitroaniline (8.31) 865 C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline (8.34) 859 C6H6O Phenol 8.49 ± 0.02 723 C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone 7.94 ± 0.01 503 C6H6S Benzenethiol (8.32) 915 C6H7N Aniline 7.720 ± 0.002 832 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine (9.02) 970 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine (9.04) 979 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine (9.04) 976 C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine (7.2) 787 C6H8N2 m-Phenylenediamine (7.14) 777 C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine (6.87 ± 0.05) 759 C6H10 1,5-Hexadiene 9.27 ± 0.05 978 C6H10 1-Hexyne 10.03 ± 0.05 1089 C6H10 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne 9.90 ± 0.04 1060 C6H10 Cyclohexene 8.945 ± 0.01 859 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 9.14 ± 0.01 656 C6H10O Mesityl oxide 9.10 ± 0.01 694 C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate (9.8) 205 C6H11NO Caprolactam (9.07 ± 0.02) 629 C6H12 1-Hexene 9.44 ± 0.04 869 C6H12 cis-2-Hexene (8.97 ± 0.01) 818 C6H12 trans -2-Hexene (8.97 ± 0.01) 814 C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene (9.08 ± 0.01) 817 C6H12 4-Methyl-1-pentene 9.45 ± 0.01 862 C6H12 2-Methyl-2-pentene (8.58) 761 C6H12 4-Methyl- cis-2-pentene 8.98 ± 0.01 809 C6H12 4-Methyl- trans -2-pentene (8.97 ± 0.01) 804 C6H12 2-Ethyl-1-butene (9.06 ± 0.02) 818 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene (9.07 ± 0.01) 812 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene 8.27 ± 0.01 729 C6H12 Cyclohexane 9.86 ± 0.03 828 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane (9.85) 845 C6H12O Hexanal 9.72 ± 0.05 691 C6H12O 2-Hexanone 9.3 ± 0.1 626 C6H12O 3-Hexanone 9.12 ± 0.02 600 C6H12O 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 9.21 ± 0.01 600 C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 9.30 ± 0.01 609 C6H12O 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 9.10 ± 0.01 592 C6H12O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone 9.12 ± 0.02 589 C6H12O Cyclohexanol (9.75) 651 C6H12O2 Hexanoic acid ≤ 10.12 ≤ 463 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate (9.92 ± .05) 471 C6H12O2 sec-Butyl acetate 9.90 453 C6H12O2 Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate (9.90 ± 0.04) 466 C6H13I 1-Iodohexane 9.179 794 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine (8.86) 750 C6H14 Hexane 10.13 810 C6H14 2-Methylpentane (10.12) 802 C6H14 3-Methylpentane (10.08) 801 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane (10.06) 787 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane (10.02) 791 C6H14O 1-Hexanol (9.89) 639 C6H14O 2-Hexanol (9.80 ± 0.03) 611 C6H14O 3-Hexanol (9.63 ± 0.03) 599 C6H14O Dipropyl ether (9.27) 602 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 9.20 ± 0.05 569 C6H14O Butyl ethyl ether (9.36) 610 C6H14O Methyl pentyl ether ( ≤ 9.67) ≤ 657 C6H14O2 1,1-Diethoxyethane (9.2) 434 10-195IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether ≤ 9.8 ≤ 448 C6H14S Dipropyl sulfide 8.30 ± 0.02 676 C6H14S Diisopropyl sulfide (8.2 ± 0.2) 649 C6H15N Hexylamine (8.63 ± 0.05) 699 C6H15N Dipropylamine (7.84 ± 0.02) 641 C6H15N Diisopropylamine (7.73 ± 0.03) 602 C6H15N Triethylamine (7.50 ± 0.02) 631 C6H15NO3 Triethanolamine (7.9) 206 C7H3F5 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene (9.4) 64 C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride (9.53) 815 C7H5Cl3 (Trichloromethyl)benzene ( ≤ 9.60) ≤ 914 C7H5F3 (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 9.685 ± 0.005 335 C7H5N Benzonitrile 9.70 ± 0.01 1154 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 9.49 ± 0.02 878 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (9.3) 604 C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 8.67 ± 0.02 908 C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene (8.7 ± 0.1) 856 C7H7Cl m-Chlorotoluene (8.83) 869 C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene (8.69) 855 C7H7Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene 9.10 ± 0.02 897 C7H7F o-Fluorotoluene 8.91 ± 0.01 709 C7H7F m-Fluorotoluene 8.91 ± 0.01 709 C7H7F p-Fluorotoluene 8.79 ± 0.01 701 C7H7NO Benzamide (9.25) 792 C7H7NO2 o-Nitrotoluene 9.24 946 C7H7NO2 m-Nitrotoluene 9.45 ± 0.1 941 C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene 9.46 ± 0.05 942 C7H8 Toluene 8.8276 ± 0.0006 901 C7H8O o-Cresol (8.24) 670 C7H8O m-Cresol 8.29 ± 0.07 668 C7H8O p-Cresol (8.3) 675 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol (8.3) 701 C7H8O Anisole 8.22 ± 0.03 725 C7H9N Benzylamine (8.64) 917 C7H9N o-Methylaniline (7.44 ± 0.02) 772 C7H9N m-Methylaniline (7.50 ± 0.02) 778 C7H9N p-Methylaniline (7.24 ± 0.02) 753 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 7.34 ± 0.04 792 C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine (8.85 ± 0.02) 922 C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine (8.85 ± 0.03) 918 C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine ( ≤ 8.80 ± 0.05) ≤ 916 C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 8.86 ± 0.03 913 C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine ( ≤ 9.15) ≤ 953 C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine ( ≤ 9.25) ≤ 965 C7H10O Dicyclopropyl ketone (9.1) 1041 C7H14 1-Heptene 9.34 ± 0.10 839 C7H14 trans -3-Heptene (8.92) 790 C7H14 Cycloheptane 9.97 844 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 9.64 775 C7H14 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane (9.92 ± 0.05) 828 C7H14 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 9.7 ± 0.2 799 C7H14O 1-Heptanal (9.65) 668 C7H14O 2-Heptanone 9.28 ± 0.10 594 C7H14O 3-Heptanone 9.18 ± 0.08 589 C7H14O 4-Heptanone 9.10 ± 0.06 577 C7H14O 5-Methyl-2-hexanone (9.28) 586 C7H14O 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 8.95 ± 0.01 552 C7H14O 1-Methylcyclohexanol (9.8 ± 0.2) 586 C7H16 Heptane 9.93 ± 0.10 771 C7H16O 1-Heptanol (9.84) 614 TeamLRN10-196IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol C7H16O 2-Heptanol (9.70) 580 C7H16O 3-Heptanol (9.68) 578 C7H16O 4-Heptanol (9.61) 572 C7H16O Ethyl pentyl ether ( ≤ 9.49) ≤ 602 C8H4O3 Phthalic anhydride (10.1) 603 C8H6O4 Isophthalic acid (9.98) 268 C8H6O4 Terephthalic acid (9.86) 232 C8H7N 2-Methylbenzonitrile ( ≤ 9.38) 1085 C8H7N 3-Methylbenzonitrile ( ≤ 9.34) 1085 C8H7N 4-Methylbenzonitrile 9.32 ± 0.02 1083 C8H7N Indole 7.7602 ± 0.0006 908 C8H8 Styrene 8.464 ± 0.001 964 C8H8O p-Tolualdehyde (9.33) 825 C8H8O Acetophenone 9.29 ± 0.03 810 C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid (9.1) 558 C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid (9.43) 579 C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid (9.23) 560 C8H8O2 Benzeneacetic acid (8.26) 479 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate 9.32 ± 0.03 611 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 8.77 ± 0.01 876 C8H10 o-Xylene 8.56 ± 0.01 844 C8H10 m-Xylene 8.56 ± 0.01 843 C8H10 p-Xylene 8.44 ± 0.01 832 C8H10O p-Ethylphenol (7.84) 613 C8H10O 2,3-Xylenol (8.26) 640 C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol (8.0) 609 C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol (8.05) 615 C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol (8.09) 624 C8H10O Phenetole (8.13) 683 C8H11N 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine ( ≤ 8.9) ≤ 880 C8H11N N-Ethylaniline ( ≤ 7.67) ≤ 794 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 7.12 ± 0.02 787 C8H14 1-Octyne (9.95 ± 0.02) 1040 C8H14 2-Octyne 9.31 ± 0.01 961 C8H14 3-Octyne 9.22 ± 0.01 952 C8H14 4-Octyne 9.20 ± 0.01 946 C8H16 1-Octene 9.43 ± 0.01 829 C8H16 Cyclooctane 9.75 ± 0.05 816 C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane (9.54) 748 C8H16 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane (9.42) 728 C8H16 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane (<9.78) 772 C8H16 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 9.41 728 C8H16 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane (<9.98) 778 C8H16 trans -1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane 9.53 743 C8H16 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane (<9.93) 782 C8H16 trans -1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane (9.56) 738 C8H16 Propylcyclopentane (9.34) 753 C8H16O 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone (8.80) 511 C8H18 Octane 9.80 ± 0.10 737 C8H18 2-Methylheptane (9.84) 734 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (9.86) 713 C8H18 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 9.8 720 C8H18O Dibutyl ether (9.28) s 560 C8H18O Di- sec-butyl ether (9.11) 511 C8H18O Di- tert-butyl ether 8.88 ± 0.07 493 C8H18S Dibutyl sulfide (8.2) 624 C8H18S Di- tert-butyl sulfide (8.0) 583 C8H18S Diisobutyl sulfide (8.34) 625 C8H19N Dibutylamine (7.69) 586 C8H19N Diisobutylamine (7.8) 574 10-197IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol C8H20Si Tetraethylsilane (8.9) 595 C9H7N Quinoline 8.62 ± 0.01 1041 C9H7N Isoquinoline 8.53 ± 0.03 1032 C9H8 Indene 8.14 ± 0.01 949 C9H10 o-Methylstyrene (8.20) 908 C9H10 m-Methylstyrene (8.15) 899 C9H10 p-Methylstyrene (8.1) 895 C9H10 Cyclopropylbenzene (8.35) 956 C9H10 Indan (8.3) 864 C9H10O2 Ethyl benzoate (8.9) 537 C9H12 Propylbenzene 8.713 ± 0.010 848 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene 8.73 ± 0.01 847 C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 8.42 ± 0.02 803 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 8.27 ± 0.01 784 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 8.41 ± 0.01 796 C9H13N N,N-Dimethyl- o-toluidine 7.40 ± 0.02 814 C9H14O Isophorone ( ≤ 9.07) ≤ 670 C9H18 Butylcyclopentane (9.95) 793 C9H18 Propylcyclohexane (9.46) 720 C9H18 Isopropylcyclohexane (9.33) 704 C9H18O 2-Nonanone (9.16) 545 C9H18O 5-Nonanone (9.07) 530 C9H18O 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 9.01 ± 0.06 512 C9H20 Nonane 9.71 ± 0.10 709 C10F8 Perfluoronaphthalene 8.85 -368 C10H7Br 1-Bromonaphthalene 8.08 ± 0.03 955 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene (8.13) 906 C10H8 Naphthalene 8.1442 ± 0.0009 936 C10H8 Azulene 7.38 ± 0.05 1001 C10H8O 1-Naphthol 7.76 ± 0.03 719 C10H8O 2-Naphthol 7.87 ± 0.06 729 C10H10O4 Dimethyl phthalate (9.64 ± 0.07) 277 C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 8.46 ± 0.02 841 C10H14 Butylbenzene 8.69 ± 0.02 826 C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene 8.68 ± 0.02 820 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene 8.68 ± 0.05 816 C10H14 Isobutylbenzene 8.69 ± 0.02 817 C10H14 p-Cymene (8.29) 771 C10H14 o-Diethylbenzene ( ≤ 8.51) ≤ 804 C10H14 m-Diethylbenzene (8.49) 798 C10H14 p-Diethylbenzene (8.40) 790 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 8.04 ± 0.02 730 C10H14O p-tert -Butylphenol (7.8) 552 C10H16 α-Pinene (8.07) 808 C10H16O Camphor (8.76) 577 C10H18 cis-Decahydronaphthalene 9.36 ± 0.04 734 C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene 9.34 ± 0.04 720 C10H20 1-Decene 9.42 ± 0.05 786 C10H20 Butylcyclohexane (9.41) 695 C10H22 Decane (9.65) 682 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 7.97 ± 0.03 882 C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 7.91 ± 0.08 877 C11H16 p-tert -Butyltoluene (8.12) 730 C11H24 Undecane (9.56) 650 C11H24 2-Methyldecane (9.7) 658 C12H8 Acenaphthylene (8.22) 1053 C12H9N Carbazole (7.57) 961 C12H10 Acenaphthene 7.75 ± 0.07 903 C12H10 Biphenyl 8.23 ± 0.10 977 C12H10N2O trans -Azoxybenzene (8.1) 1123 TeamLRN10-198IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. ∆f Hion Form. Name IP/eV kJ/mol C12H10O Diphenyl ether (8.09) 766 C12H11N Diphenylamine 7.16 ± 0.04 908 C12H18 5,7-Dodecadiyne (8.67) 1079 C12H18 Hexamethylbenzene 7.85 ± 0.01 670 C12H22 Cyclohexylcyclohexane (9.41) 690 C12H27N Tributylamine (7.4) 492 C13H10 9H-Fluorene 7.91 ± 0.02 952 C13H10O Benzophenone 9.08 ± 0.05 926 C13H12 Diphenylmethane (8.55) 963 C14H10 Anthracene 7.439 ± 0.006 948 C14H10 Phenanthrene 7.8914 ± 0.0006 966 C14H10 Diphenylacetylene 7.94 ± 0.03 1168 C14H12 cis-Stilbene (7.80) 1005 C14H12 trans -Stilbene 7.656 ± 0.001 973 C14H14 1,2-Diphenylethane 8.9 ± 0.1 1002 C16H10 Fluoranthene 7.9 ± 0.1 1052 C16H10 Pyrene 7.4256 ± 0.0006 935 C18H12 Chrysene 7.60 ± 0.01 1017 C18H14 o-Terphenyl (7.99) 1056 C18H14 m-Terphenyl (8.01) 1057 C18H14 p-Terphenyl 7.80 ± 0.03 1037 C20H12 Perylene 6.960 ± 0.001 981 C24H12 Coronene 7.29 ± 0.01 1026 10-196X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS The energy levels in this tables are the values recommended by Bearden and Burr on the basis of a thorough review of the litera ture on x-ray wavelengths and related data. All values are in electron volts (eV). Values in parentheses are interpolated, and an asterisk * indicates a level which is not resolved from the level above it. See Reference 1 for uncertainties in the levels and a complete description of how the recommended values were obtained. REFERENCES 1. Bearden, J. A., and Burr, A. F., Rev. Mod. Phys ., 39, 125, 1967; also published as X-Ray Wavelengths and X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels , Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 14, 1967. 2. Gray, D. E., Editor, American Institute of Physics Handbook , Third Edition , pp. 7-158 to 7-167, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. Level1H2He3Li4Be5B6C7N8O K 13.59811 24.58678 54.75 111.0 188.0 283.8 401.6 532.0 LI 23.7 LII,III 4.7 6.4 9.2 7.1 Level9F10Ne11Na12Mg13Al14Si15P16S K 685.4 866.9 1072.1 1305.0 1559.6 1838.9 2145.5 2472.0 LI (31) (45) 63.3 89.4 117.7 148.7 189.3 229.2 LII,III 8.6 18.3 31.1 51.4 73.1 99.2 132.2 164.8 Level17Cl18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr K 2822.4 3202.9 3607.4 4038.1 4492.8 4966.4 5465.1 5989.2 LI 270.2 320 377.1 437.8 500.4 563.7 628.2 694.6 LII 201.6 247.3 296.3 350.0 406.7 461.5 520.5 583.7 LIII 200.0 245.2 293.6 346.4 402.2 455.5 512.9 574.5 MI 17.5 25.3 33.9 43.7 53.8 60.3 66.5 74.1 MII,III 6.8 12.4 17.8 25.4 32.3 34.6 37.8 42.5 MIV,V 6.6 3.7 2.2 2.3 Level25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cu30Zn31Ga32Ge K 6539.0 7112.0 7708.9 8332.8 8978.9 9658.6 10367.1 11103.1 LI 769.0 846.1 925.6 1008.1 1096.1 1193.6 1297.7 1414.3 LII 651.4 721.1 793.6 871.9 951.0 1042.8 1142.3 1247.8 LIII 640.3 708.1 778.6 854.7 931.1 1019.7 1115.4 1216.7 MI 83.9 92.9 100.7 111.8 119.8 135.9 158.1 180.0 MII 48.6 54.0 59.5 68.1 73.6 86.6 106.8 127.9 MIII 48.6* 54.0* 59.5* 68.1* 73.6* 86.6* 102.9 120.8 MIV,V 3.3 3.6 2.9 3.6 1.6 8.1 17.4 28.7 Level33As34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr K 11866.7 12657.8 13473.7 14325.6 15199.7 16104.6 17038.4 17997.6 LI 1526.5 1653.9 1782.0 1921.0 2065.1 2216.3 2372.5 2531.6 LII 1358.6 1476.2 1596.0 1727.2 1863.9 2006.8 2155.5 2306.7 LIII 1323.1 1435.8 1549.9 1674.9 1804.4 1939.6 2080.0 2222.3 MI 203.5 231.5 256.5 322.1 357.5 393.6 430.3 MII 146.4 168.2 189.3 222.7 247.4 279.8 312.4 344.2 MIII 140.5 161.9 181.5 213.8 238.5 269.1 300.3 330.5 MIV 41.2 56.7 70.1 88.9 111.8 135.0 159.6 182.4 MV 41.2* 56.7* 69.0 88.9* 110.3 133.1 157.4 180.0 NI 27.3 24.0 29.3 37.7 45.4 51.3 NII 2.5 5.6 5.2 10.6 14.8 19.9 25.6 28.7 NIII 2.5* 5.6* 4.6 10.6* 14.0 19.9* 25.6* 28.7* TeamLRN10-197Level41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rh46Pd47Ag48Cd K 18985.6 19999.5 21044.0 22117.2 23219.9 24350.3 25514.0 26711.2 LI 2697.7 2865.5 3042.5 3224.0 3411.9 3604.3 3805.8 4018.0 LII 2464.7 2625.1 2793.2 2966.9 3146.1 3330.3 3523.7 3727.0 LIII 2370.5 2520.2 2676.9 2837.9 3003.8 3173.3 3351.1 3537.5 MI 468.4 504.6 585.0 627.1 669.9 717.5 770.2 MII 378.4 409.7 444.9 482.8 521.0 559.1 602.4 650.7 MIII 363.0 392.3 425.0 460.6 496.2 531.5 571.4 616.5 MIV 207.4 230.3 256.4 283.6 311.7 340.0 372.8 410.5 MV 204.6 227.0 252.9 279.4 307.0 334.7 366.7 403.7 NI 58.1 61.8 74.9 81.0 86.4 95.2 107.6 NII 33.9 34.8 38.9 43.1 47.9 51.1 62.6 66.9 NIII 33.9* 34.8* 38.9* 43.1* 47.9* 51.1* 55.9 66.9* NIV,V 3.2 1.8 2.0 2.5 1.5 3.3 9.3 Level49In50Sn51Sb52Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba K 27939.9 29200.1 30491.2 31813.8 33169.4 34561.4 35984.6 37440.6 LI 4237.5 4464.7 4698.3 4939.2 5188.1 5452.8 5714.3 5988.8 LII 3938.0 4156.1 4380.4 4612.0 4852.1 5103.7 5359.4 5623.6 LIII 3730.1 3928.8 4132.2 4341.4 4557.1 4782.2 5011.9 5247.0 MI 825.6 883.8 943.7 1006.0 1072.1 1217.1 1292.8 MII 702.2 756.4 811.9 869.7 930.5 999.0 1065.0 1136.7 MIII 664.3 714.4 765.6 818.7 874.6 937.0 997.6 1062.2 MIV 450.8 493.3 536.9 582.5 631.3 739.5 796.1 MV 443.1 484.8 527.5 572.1 619.4 672.3 725.5 780.7 NI 121.9 136.5 152.0 168.3 186.4 230.8 253.0 NII 77.4 88.6 98.4 110.2 122.7 146.7 172.3 191.8 NIII 77.4* 88.6* 98.4* 110.2* 122.7* 146.7* 161.6 179.7 NIV 16.2 23.9 31.4 39.8 49.6 78.8 92.5 NV 16.2* 23.9* 31.4* 39.8* 49.6* 76.5 89.9 OI 0.1 0.9 6.7 11.6 13.6 22.7 39.1 OII 0.8 1.1 2.1 2.3 3.3 13.1 16.6 OIII 0.8* 1.1* 2.1* 2.3* 3.3* 11.4 14.6 Level57La58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm63Eu64Gd K 38924.6 40443.0 41990.6 43568.9 45184.0 46834.2 48519.0 50239.1 LI 6266.3 6548.8 6834.8 7126.0 7427.9 7736.8 8052.0 8375.6 LII 5890.6 6164.2 6440.4 6721.5 7012.8 7311.8 7617.1 7930.3 LIII 5482.7 5723.4 5964.3 6207.9 6459.3 6716.2 6976.9 7242.8 MI 1361.3 1434.6 1511.0 1575.3 1722.8 1800.0 1880.8 MII 1204.4 1272.8 1337.4 1402.8 1471.4 1540.7 1613.9 1688.3 MIII 1123.4 1185.4 1242.2 1297.4 1356.9 1419.8 1480.6 1544.0 MIV 848.5 901.3 951.1 999.9 1051.5 1106.0 1160.6 1217.2 MV 831.7 883.3 931.0 977.7 1026.9 1080.2 1130.9 1185.2 NI 270.4 289.6 304.5 315.2 345.7 360.2 375.8 NII 205.8 223.3 236.3 243.3 242 265.6 283.9 288.5 NIII 191.4 207.2 217.6 224.6 242* 247.4 256.6 270.9 NIV,V 98.9 110.0 113.2 117.5 120.4 129.0 133.2 140.5 NVI,VII 0.1 2.0 1.5 5.5 0.0 0.1 OI 32.3 37.8 37.4 37.5 37.4 31.8 36.1 OII,III 14.4 19.8 22.3 21.1 21.3 22.0 20.3 Level65Tb66Dy67Ho68Er69Tm70Yb71Lu72Hf K 51995.7 53788.5 55617.7 57485.5 59389.6 61332.3 63313.8 65350.8 LI 8708.0 9045.8 9394.2 9751.3 10115.7 10486.4 10870.4 11270.7 LII 8251.6 8580.6 8917.8 9264.3 9616.9 9978.2 10348.6 10739.4 LIII 7514.0 7790.1 8071.1 8357.9 8648.0 8943.6 9244.1 9560.7 MI 1967.5 2046.8 2128.3 2206.5 2306.8 2398.1 2491.2 2600.9X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) 10-198X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level65Tb66Dy67Ho68Er69Tm70Yb71Lu72Hf MII 1767.7 1841.8 1922.8 2005.8 2089.8 2173.0 2263.5 2365.4 MIII 1611.3 1675.6 1741.2 1811.8 1884.5 1949.8 2023.6 2107.6 MIV 1275.0 1332.5 1391.5 1453.3 1514.6 1576.3 1639.4 1716.4 MV 1241.2 1294.9 1351.4 1409.3 1467.7 1527.8 1588.5 1661.7 NI 397.9 416.3 435.7 449.1 471.7 487.2 506.2 538.1 NII 310.2 331.8 343.5 366.2 385.9 396.7 410.1 437.0 NIII 385.0 292.9 306.6 320.0 336.6 343.5 359.3 380.4 NIV 147.0 154.2 161.0 176.7 179.6 198.1 204.8 223.8 NV 147.0* 154.2* 161.0* 167.6 179.6* 184.9 195.0 213.7 NVI,VII 2.6 4.2 3.7 4.3 5.3 6.3 6.9 17.1 OI 39.0 62.9 51.2 59.8 53.2 54.1 56.8 64.9 OII 25.4 26.3 20.3 29.4 32.3 23.4 28.0 38.1 OIII 25.4* 26.3* 20.3* 29.4* 32.3* 23.4* 28.0* 30.6 Level73Ta74W75Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg K 67416.4 69525.0 71676.4 73870.8 76111.0 78394.8 80724.9 83102.3 LI 11681.5 12099.8 12526.7 12968.0 13418.5 13879.9 14352.8 14839.3 LII 11136.1 11544.0 11958.7 12385.0 12824.1 13272.6 13733.6 14208.7 LIII 9881.1 10206.8 10535.3 10870.9 11215.2 11563.7 11918.7 12283.9 MI 2708.0 2819.6 2931.7 3048.5 3173.7 3296.0 3424.9 3561.6 MII 2468.7 2574.9 2681.6 2792.2 2908.7 3026.5 3147.8 3278.5 MIII 2194.0 2281.0 2367.3 2457.2 2550.7 2645.4 2743.0 2847.1 MIV 1793.2 1871.6 1948.9 2030.8 2116.1 2201.9 2291.1 2384.9 MV 1735.1 1809.2 1882.9 1960.1 2040.4 2121.6 2205.7 2294.9 NI 565.5 595.0 625.0 654.3 690.1 722.0 758.8 800.3 NII 464.8 491.6 517.9 546.5 577.1 609.2 643.7 676.9 NIII 404.5 425.3 444.4 468.2 494.3 519.0 545.4 571.0 NIV 241.3 258.8 273.7 289.4 311.4 330.8 352.0 378.3 NV 229.3 245.4 260.2 272.8 294.9 313.3 333.9 359.8 NVI 25.0 36.5 40.6 46.3 63.4 74.3 86.4 102.2 NVII 25.0* 33.6 40.6* 46.3* 60.5 71.1 82.8 98.5 OI 71.1 77.1 82.8 83.7 95.2 101.7 107.8 120.3 OII 44.9 46.8 45.6 58.0 63.0 65.3 71.7 80.5 OIII 36.4 35.6 34.6 45.4 50.5 51.7 53.7 57.6 OIV,V 5.7 6.1 3.5 3.8 2.2 2.5 6.4 Level81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra K 85530.4 88004.5 90525.9 93105.0 95729.9 98404 101137 103921.9 LI 15346.7 15860.8 16387.5 16939.3 17493 18049 18639 19236.7 LII 14697.9 15200.0 15711.1 16244.3 16784.7 17337.1 17906.5 18484.3 LIII 12657.5 13035.2 13418.6 13813.8 14213.5 14619.4 15031.2 15444.4 MI 3704.1 3850.7 3999.1 4149.4 (4317) (4482) (4652) 4822.0 MII 3415.7 3554.2 3696.3 3854.1 4008 4159 4327 4489.5 MIII 2956.6 3066.4 3176.9 3301.9 3426 3538 3663 3791.8 MIV 2485.1 2585.6 2687.6 2798.0 2908.7 3021.5 3136.2 3248.4 MV 2389.3 2484.0 2579.6 2683.0 2786.7 2892.4 2999.9 3104.9 NI 845.5 893.6 938.2 995.3 (1042) (1097) (1153) 1208.4 NII 721.3 763.9 805.3 851 886 929 980 1057.6 NIII 609.0 644.5 678.9 705 740 768 810 879.1 NIV 406.6 435.2 463.6 500.2 533.2 566.6 603.3 635.9 NV 386.2 412.9 440.0 473.4 577 602.7 NVI 122.8 142.9 161.9 298.9 NVII 118.5 138.1 157.4 298.9* OI 136.3 147.3 159.3 254.4 OII 99.6 104.8 116.8 200.4 OIII 75.4 86.0 92.8 152.8 TeamLRN10-199X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra OIV 15.3 21.8 26.5 31.4 67.2 OV 13.1 19.2 24.4 31.4* 67.2* PI 3.1 43.5 PII,III 0.7 2.7 18.8 Level89Ac90Th91Pa92U93Np94Pu95Am96Cm K 106755.3 109650.9 112601.4 115606.1 118678 121818 125027 128220 LI 19840 20472.1 21104.6 21757.4 22426.8 23097.2 23772.9 24460 LII 19083.2 19693.2 20313.7 20947.6 21600.5 22266.2 22944.0 23779 LIII 15871.0 16300.3 16733.1 17166.3 17610.0 18056.8 18504.1 18930 MI (5002) 5182.3 5366.9 5548.0 5723.2 5932.9 6120.5 6288 MII 4656 4830.4 5000.9 5182.2 5366.2 5541.2 5710.2 5895 MIII 3909 4046.1 4173.8 4303.4 4434.7 4556.6 4667.0 4797 MIV 3370.2 3490.8 3611.2 3727.6 3850.3 3972.6 4092.1 4227 MV 3219.0 3332.0 3441.8 3551.7 3665.8 3778.1 3886.9 3971 NI (1269) 1329.5 1387.1 1440.8 1500.7 1558.6 1617.1 1643 NII 1080 1168.2 1224.3 1272.6 1327.7 1372.1 1411.8 1440 NIII 890 967.3 1006.7 1044.9 1086.8 1114.8 (1135.7) 1154 NIV 674.9 714.1 743.4 780.4 815.9 848.9 878.7 NV 676.4 708.2 737.7 770.3 801.4 827.6 NVI 344.4 371.2 391.3 415.0 445.8 NVII 335.2 359.5 380.9 404.4 432.4 OI 290.2 309.6 323.7 351.9 385 OII 229.4 222.9 259.3 283.4 274.1 OIII 181.8 222.9* 195.1 206.1 206.5 OIV 94.3 94.1 105.0 109.3 116.0 115.8 OV 87.9 94.1* 96.3 101.3 105.4 103.3 PI 59.5 70.7 PII 49.0 42.3 PIII 43.0 32.3 Level97Bk98Cf99Es100Fm101Md102No103Lr K 131590 135960 139490 143090 146780 150540 154380 LI 25275 26110 26900 27700 28530 29380 30240 LII 24385 25250 26020 26810 27610 28440 29280 LIII 19452 19930 20410 20900 21390 21880 22360 MI 6556 6754 6977 7205 7441 7675 7900 MII 6147 6359 6574 6793 7019 7245 7460 MIII 4977 5109 5252 5397 5546 5688 5710 MIV 4366 4497 4630 4766 4903 5037 5150 MV 4132 4253 4374 4498 4622 4741 4860 NI 1755 1799 1868 1937 2010 2078 2140 NII 1554 1616 1680 1747 1814 1876 1930 NIII 1235 1279 1321 1366 1410 1448 1480 OI 398 419 435 454 472 484 490 10-200ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS Gwyn P. Williams This table gives the binding energies in electron volts (eV) for selected electronic levels of the elements. For metallic eleme nts the binding energy is referred to the Fermi level; for semiconductors, to the valence band maximum; and for gases and insulators, to the vacuum le vel. The atomic number is listed after the element name. REFERENCES 1. Fluggle and Martensson, J. Elect. Spect. , 21, 275, 1980. 2. Cardona, M. and Ley, L., Photoemission from Solids , Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1978. 3. Bearden, J. A. and Burr, A. F., Rev. Mod. Phys. , 39, 125, 1967. Actinium (89) K 1s 106755 L I 2s 19840L II 2p 1/219083 L III 2p 3/215871 M I 3s 5002 M II 3p1/24656 M III 3p3/23909 M IV 3d3/23370 M V 3d5/23219 N I 4s 1269a N II 4p1/21080a N III 4p3/2 890a N IV 4d3/2 675a N V 4d5/2 639a N VI 4f5/2 319a N VII 4f7/2 319a O I 5s 272a O II 5p1/2 215a O III 5p3/2 167a O IV 5d3/2 80a O V 5d5/2 80a P I 6s — P II 6p1/2 — P III 6p3/2 — Aluminum (13) K 1s 1559.0L I 2s 117.8 a L II 2p1/2 72.9a L III 2p3/2 72.5a Antimony (51) K 1s 30419 L I 2s 4698 L II 2p 1/24380 L III 2p3/24132 M I 3s 946b M II 3p1/2 812.7b M III 3p3/2 766.4b M IV 3d3/2 537.5b M V 3d5/2 528.2b N I 4s 153.2b N II 4p1/2 95.6b,c N III 4p 3/2 95.6b N IV 4d3/2 33.3b N V 4d 5/2 32.1bArgon (18) K 1s 3205.9a L I 2s 326.3a L II 2p1/2 250.6a L III 2p3/2 248.4a M I 3s 29.3a M II 3p1/2 15.9a M III 3p3/2 15.7a Arsenic (33) K 1s 11867 L I 2s 1527.0a,d L II 2p1/2 1359.1a,d L III 2p3/2 1323.6a,d M I 3s 204.7a M II 3p1/2 146.2a M III 3p3/2 141.2a M IV 3d3/2 41.7a M V 3d5/2 41.7a Astatine (85) K 1s 95730L I 2s 17493 L II 2p 1/216785 L III 2p3/214214 M I 3s 4317 M II 3p1/2 4008 M III 3p3/2 3426 M IV 3d3/2 2909 M V 3d5/2 2787 N I 4s 1042a N II 4p1/2 886a N III 4p3/2 740a N IV 4d3/2 533a N V 4d5/2 507a N VI 4f5/2 210a N VII 4f7/2 210a O I 5s 195a O II 5p1/2 148a O III 5p3/2 115a O IV 5d3/2 40a O V 5d5/2 40a Barium (56) K 1s 37441 L I 2s 5989 L II 2p 1/2 5624L III 2p3/25247 M I 3s 1293a,d M II 3p1/21137a,d M III 3p3/21063a,d M IV 3d3/2 795.7a M V 3d5/2 780.5a N I 4s 253.5b N II 4p1/2 192 N III 4p3/2 178.6b N IV 4d3/2 92.6b N V 4d5/2 89.9b N VI 4f5/2 — N VII 4f7/2 — O I 5s 30.3b O II 5p1/2 17.0b O III 5p3/2 14.8b Beryllium (4) K 1s 111.5a Bismuth (83) K 1s 90526 L I 2s 16388L II 2p 1/215711 L III 2p3/213419 M I 3s 3999M II 3p 1/23696 M III 3p3/23177 M IV 3d3/22688 M V 3d5/22580 N I 4s 939b N II 4p1/2 805.2b N III 4p3/2 678.8b N IV 4d3/2 464.0b N V 4d5/2 440.1b N VI 4f5/2 162.3b N VII 4f7/2 157.0b O I 5s 159.3a,d O II 5p1/2 119.0b O III 5p3/2 92.6b O IV 5d3/2 26.9b O V 5d5/2 23.8b Boron (5) K 1s 188a Bromine (35) K 1s 13474L I 2s 1782a L II 2p1/21596a L III 2p3/21550a M I 3s 257a M II 3p1/2 189a M III 3p3/2 182a M IV 3d3/2 70a M V 3d5/2 69a Cadmium (48) K 1s 26711 L I 2s 4018 L II 2p1/23727 L III 2p3/23538 M I 3s 772.0b M II 3p1/2 652.6b M III 3p3/2 618.4b M IV 3d3/2 411.9b M V 3d5/2 405.2b N I 4s 109.8b N II 4p1/2 63.9b,c N III 4p3/2 63.9b,c N IV 4d3/2 11.7b N V 4d5/2 10.7b Calcium (20) K 1s 4038.5a L I 2s 438.4b L II 2p1/2 349.7b L III 2p3/2 346.2b M I 3s 44.3b M II 3p1/2 25.4b M III 3p3/2 25.4b Carbon (6) K 1s 284.2a Cerium (58) K 1s 40443 L I 2s 6548L II 2p 1/26164 L III 2p 3/25723 M I 3s 1436M II 3p 1/21274 M III 3p 3/21187 M IV 3d3/2 902.4a M V 3d5/2 883.8aa,da,d a,d TeamLRN10-201ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) N I 4s 291.0a N II 4p1/2 223.3 N III 4p 3/2 206.5a N IV 4d3/2 109 N V 4d 5/2 — N VI 4f 5/2 0.1 N VII 4f7/2 0.1 O I 5s 37.8 O II 5p 1/2 19.8a O III 5p3/2 17.0a Cesium (55) K 1s 35985L I 2s 5714 L II 2p 1/25359 L III 2p 3/25012 M I 3s 1211 M II 3p 1/21071 M III 3p 3/21003 M IV 3d3/2 740.5a M V 3d5/2 726.6a N I 4s 232.3a N II 4p1/2 172.4a N III 4p3/2 161.3a N IV 4d3/2 79.8a N V 4d5/2 77.5a N VI 4f5/2 — N VII 4f7/2 — O I 5s 22.7 O II 5p1/2 14.2a O III 5p3/2 12.1a Chlorine (17) K 1s 2822.0 L I 2s 270L II 2p 1/2 202 L III 2p3/2 200 Chromium(24) K 1s 5989L I 2s 696.0 b L II 2p1/2 583.8b L III 2p3/2 574.1b M I 3s 74.1b M II 3p1/2 42.2b M III 3p3/2 42.2b Cobalt (27) K 1s 7709 L I 2s 925.1b L II 2p1/2 793.2b L III 2p3/2 778.1b M I 3s 101.0b M II 3p1/2 58.9b M III 3p3/2 58.9b Copper (29) K 1s 8979 L I 2s 1096.7bL II 2p1/2 952.3b L III 2p3/2 932.5b M I 3s 122.5b M II 3p1/2 77.3b M III 3p3/2 75.1b Dysprosium (66) K 1s 53789 L I 2s 9046 L II 2p 1/2 8581 L III 2p3/2 7790 M I 3s 2047 M II 3p 1/2 1842 M III 3p3/2 1676 M IV 3d 3/2 1333 M V 3d 5/2 1292 N I 4s 414.2a N II 4p1/2 333.5a N III 4p3/2 293.2a N IV 4d3/2 153.6a N V 4d5/2 153.6a N VI 4f5/2 8.0a N VII 4f7/2 4.3a O I 5s 49.9a O II 5p1/2 26.3 O III 5p3/2 26.3 Erbium (68) K 1s 57486L I 2s 9751 L II 2p 1/2 9264 L III 2p3/2 8358 M I 3s 2206 M II 3p1/2 2006 M III 3p3/2 1812 M IV 3d3/2 1453 M V 3d5/2 1409 N I 4s 449.8a N II 4p1/2 366.2 N III 4p3/2 320.2a N IV 4d3/2 167.6a N V 4d5/2 167.6a N VI 4f5/2 — N VII 4f7/2 4.7a O I 5s 50.6a O II 5p1/2 31.4a O III 5p3/2 24.7a Europium (63) K 1s 48519 L I 2s 8052 L II 2p 1/2 7617 L III 2p 3/2 6977 M I 3s 1800 M II 3p 1/2 1614 M III 3p 3/2 1481 M IV 3d3/2 1158.6a M V 3d 5/2 1127.5a N I 4s 360N II 4p1/2 284 N III 4p 3/2 257 N IV 4d 3/2 133 N V 4d5/21227a N VI 4f5/2 0 N VII 4f 7/2 0 O I 5s 32 O II 5p 1/2 22 O III 5p 3/2 22 Fluorine (9) K 1s 696.7a Francium (87) K 1s 101137 L I 2s 18639 L II 2p 1/217907 L III 2p3/215031 M I 3s 4652 M II 3p 1/24327 M III 3p3/23663 M IV 3d3/23136 M V 3d5/23000 N I 4s 1153a N II 4p1/2 980a N III 4p3/2 810a N IV 4d3/2 603a N V 4d5/2 577a N VI 4f5/2 268a N VII 4f7/2 268a O I 5s 234a O II 5p1/2 182a O III 5p3/2 140a O IV 5d3/2 58a O V 5d5/2 58a P I 6s 34 P II 6p1/2 15 P III 6p3/2 15 Gadolinium (64) K 1s 50239L I 2s 8376L II 2p 1/27930 L III 2p3/27243 M I 3s 1881M II 3p 1/21688 M III 3p 3/21544 M IV 3d 3/21221.9a M V 3d5/21189.6a N I 4s 378.6a N II 4p1/2 286 N III 4p3/2 271 N IV 4d 3/2 — N V 4d 5/2 142.6a N VI 4f5/2 8.6a N VII 4f7/2 8.6a O I 5s 36 O II 5p1/2 20 O III 5p 3/2 20Gallium (31) K 1s 10367 L I 2s 1299.0a,d L II 2p1/21143.2b L III 2p3/21116.4b M I 3s 159.5b M II 3p1/2 103.5b M III 3p3/2 100.0b M IV 3d3/2 18.7b M V 3d5/2 18.7b Germanium (32) K 1s 11103 L I 2s 1414.6a,d L II 2p1/21248.1a,d L III 2p3/21217.0a,d M I 3s 180.1a M II 3p1/2 124.9a M III 3p3/2 120.8a M IV 3d3/2 29.8a M V 3d5/2 29.2a Gold (79) K 1s 80725 L I 2s 14353 L II 2p1/213734 L III 2p3/211919 M I 3s 3425 M II 3p1/23148 M III 3p3/22743 M IV 3d3/22291 M V 3d5/22206 N I 4s 762.1b N II 4p1/2 642.7b N III 4p3/2 546.3b N IV 4d3/2 353.2b N V 4d5/2 335.1b N VI 4f5/2 87.6b N VII 4f7/2 83.9b O I 5s 107.2a,d O II 5p1/2 74.2b O III 5p3/2 57.2b Hafnium (72) K 1s 65351 L I 2s 11271L II 2p 1/210739 L III 2p 3/29561 M I 3s 2601M II 3p 1/22365 M III 3p 3/22107 M IV 3d 3/21176 M V 3d5/21662 N I 4s 538a N II 4p1/2 438.2b N III 4p3/2 380.7b N IV 4d3/2 220.0b N V 4d 5/2 211.5b N VI 4f5/2 15.9ba a,d a a a a aa 10-202ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) N VII 4f7/2 14.2b O I 5s 64.2b O II 5p1/2 38a O III 5p3/2 29.9b Helium (2) K 1s 24.6a Holmium (67) K 1s 55618 L I 2s 9394L II 2p 1/28918 L III 2p 3/28071 M I 3s 2128M II 3p 1/21923 M III 3p 3/21741 M IV 3d 3/21392 M V 3d5/21351 N I 4s 432.4a N II 4p1/2 343.5 N III 4p3/2 308.2a N IV 4d3/2 160a N V 4d5/2 160a N VI 4f5/2 8.6a N VII 4f7/2 5.2a O I 5s 49.3a O II 5p1/2 30.8a O III 5p3/2 24.1a Hydrogen (1) K 1s 13.6 Indium (49) K 1s 27940L I 2s 4238 L II 2p 1/23938 L III 2p3/23730 M I 3s 827.2b M II 3p1/2 703.2b M III 3p3/2 665.3b M IV 3d3/2 451.4b M V 3d5/2 443.9b N I 4s 122.9b N II 4p1/2 73.5b,c N III 4p3/2 73.5b,c N IV 4d3/2 17.7b N V 4d5/2 16.9b Iodine (53) K 1s 33169 L I 2s 5188 L II 2p 1/24852 L III 2p 3/24557 M I 3s 1072a M II 3p1/2 931a M III 3p3/2 875a M IV 3d3/2 631a M V 3d 5/2 620a N I 4s 186a N II 4p1/2 123aN III 4p3/2 123a N IV 4d3/2 50a N V 4d5/2 50a Iridium (77) K 1s 76111 L I 2s 13419L II 2p 1/212824 L III 2p 3/211215 M I 3s 3174M II 3p 1/2 2909 M III 3p 3/2 2551 M IV 3d 3/2 2116 M V 3d5/2 2040 N I 4s 691.1b N II 4p1/2 577.8b N III 4p3/2 495.8b N IV 4d3/2 311.9b N V 4d5/2 296.3b N VI 4f5/2 63.8b N VII 4f7/2 60.8b O I 52 95.2a,d O II 5p1/2 63.0a,d O III 5p3/2 48.0b Iron (26) K 1s 7112 L I 2s 844.6b L II 2p1/2 719.9b L III 2p3/2 706.8b M I 3s 91.3b M II 3p1/2 52.7b M III 3p3/2 52.7b Krypton (36) K 1s 14326 L I 2s 1921 L II 2p1/2 1730.9a L III 2p3/2 1678.4a M I 3s 292.8a M II 3p1/2 222.2a M III 3p3/2 214.4a M IV 3d3/2 95.0a M V 3d5/2 93.8a N I 4s 27.5a N II 4p1/2 14.1a N III 4p3/2 14.1a Lanthanum (57) K 1s 38925 L I 2s 6266 L II 2p 1/2 5891 L III 2p3/2 5483 M I 3s 1362a,d M II 3p1/2 1209a,d M III 3p3/2 1128a,d M IV 3d3/2 853a M V 3d 5/2 836a N I 4s 247.7a N II 4p 1/2 205.8N III 4p3/2 196.0a N IV 4d3/2 105.3a N V 4d5/2 102.5a N VI 4f5/2 — N VII 4f 7/2 — O I 5s 34.3a O II 5p1/2 19.3a O III 5p3/2 16.8a Lead (82) K 1s 88005 L I 2s 15861 L II 2p 1/215200 L III 2p3/213055 M I 3s 3851 M II 3p 1/23554 M III 3p3/23066 M IV 3d 3/22586 M V 3d 5/22484 N I 4s 891.8b N II 4p1/2 761.9b N III 4p3/2 643.5b N IV 4d3/2 434.3b N V 4d5/2 412.2b N VI 4f5/2 141.7b N VII 4f7/2 136.9b O I 5s 147a,d O II 5p1/2 106.4b O III 5p3/2 83.3b O IV 5d3/2 20.7b O V 5d5/2 18.1b Lithium (3) K 1s 54.7aManganese (25) K 1s 6539 L I 2s 769.1b L II 2p1/2 649.9b L III 2p3/2 638.7b M I 3s 82.3b M II 3p1/2 47.2b M III 3p3/2 47.2b Mercury (80) K 1s 83102L I 2s 14839L II 2p 1/214209 L III 2p 3/212284 M I 3s 3562M II 3p 1/23279 M III 3p 3/22847 M IV 3d 3/22385 M V 3d5/22295 N I 4s 802.2b N II 4p1/2 680.2b N III 4p3/2 576.6b N IV 4d3/2 378.2b N V 4d5/2 358.8b N VI 4f5/2 104.0b N VII 4f7/2 99.9b O I 5s 127b O II 5p3/2 83.1b O III 5p3/2 64.5b O IV 5d3/2 9.6b O V 5d5/2 7.8b Molybdenum (42) K 1s 20000 L I 2s 2866 L II 2p1/22625 L III 2p3/22520 M I 3s 506.3b M II 3p1/2 411.6b M III 3p3/2 394.0b M IV 3d3/2 231.1b M V 3d5/2 227.9b N I 4s 63.2b N II 4p1/2 37.6b N III 4p3/2 35.5b Neodymium (60) K 1s 43569 L I 2s 7126 L II 2p 1/26722 L III 2p3/26208 M I 3s 1575 M II 3p 1/21403 M III 3p3/21297 M IV 3d 3/21003.3a M V 3d5/2 980.4a N I 4s 319.2a N II 4p 1/2 243.3 N III 4p3/2 224.6 N IV 4d3/2 120.5aLutetium K 1s 63314 L I 2s 10870 L II 2p1/210349 L III 2p3/29244 M I 3s 2491 M II 3p1/22264 M III 3p3/22024 M IV 3d3/21639 M V 3d5/21589 N I 4s 506.8a N II 4p1/2 412.4a N III 4p3/2 359.2a N IV 4d3/2 206.1a N V 4d5/2 196.3a N VI 4f5/2 8.9a N VII 4f7/2 7.5a O I 5s 57.3a O II 5p1/2 33.6a O III 5p3/2 26.7a Magnesium (12) K 1s 1303.0b L I 2s 88.6a L II 2p1/2 49.6b L III 2p 3/2 49.2a TeamLRN10-203ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) N V 4d5/2 120.5a N VI 4f5/2 1.5 N VII 4f 7/2 1.5 O I 5s 37.5 O II 5p 1/2 21.1 O III 5p 3/2 21.1 Neon (10) K 1s 870.2a L I 2s 48.5a L II 2p1/2 21.7a L III 2p3/2 21.6a Nickel (28) K 1s 8333 L I 2s 1008.6b L II 2p1/2 870.0b L III 2p3/2 852.7b M I 3s 110.8b M II 3p1/2 68.0b M III 3p3/2 66.2b Niobium (41) K 1s 18986 L I 2s 2698 L II 2p1/22465 L III 2p3/22371 M I 3s 466.6b M II 3p1/2 376.1b M III 3p3/2 360.6b M IV 3d3/2 205.0b M V 3d5/2 202.3b N I 4s 56.4b N II 4p1/2 32.6b N III 4p3/2 30.8b Nitrogen (7) K 1s 409.9a L I 2s 37.3a Osmium (76) K 1s 73871 L I 2s 12968 L II 2p1/212385 L III 2p3/210871 M I 3s 3049 M II 3p 1/22792 M III 3p3/22457 M IV 3d 3/22031 M V 3d 5/21960 N I 4s 658.2b N II 4p1/2 549.1b N III 4p3/2 470.7b N IV 4d3/2 293.1b N V 4d5/2 278.5b N VI 4f5/2 53.4b N VII 4f7/2 50.7b O I 5s 84a O II 5p 1/2 58aO III 5p3/2 44.5b Oxygen (8) K 1s 543.1a L I 2s 41.6a Palladium (46) K 1s 24350 L I 2s 3604 L II 2p 1/2 3330 L III 2p3/2 3173 M I 3s 671.6b M II 3p1/2 559.9b M III 3p3/2 532.3b M IV 3d3/2 340.5b M V 3d5/2 335.2b N I 4s 87.1a,d N II 4p1/2 55.7b,c N III 4p3/2 50.9b,c Phosphorus (15) K 1s 2145.5 L I 2s 189a L II 2p1/2 136a L III 2p3/2 135a Platinum (78) K 1s 78395 L I 2s 13880 L II 2p1/213273 L III 2p3/211564 M I 3s 3296 M II 3p1/2 3027 M III 3p3/2 2645 M IV 3d3/2 2202 M V 3d5/2 2122 N I 4s 725.4b N II 4p1/2 609.1b N III 4p3/2 519.4b N IV 4d3/2 331.6b N V 4d5/2 314.6b N VI 4f5/2 74.5b N VII 4f7/2 71.2b O I 5s 101.7a,d O II 5p1/2 65.3a,b O III 5p3/2 51.7b Polonium (84) K 1s 93105 L I 2s 16939 L II 2p 1/216244 L III 2p 3/213814 M I 3s 4149 M II 3p 1/2 3854 M III 3p 3/2 3302 M IV 3d3/2 2798 M V 3d 5/2 2683 N I 4s 995aN II 4p1/2 851a N III 4p3/2 705a N IV 4d3/2 500a N V 4d5/2 473a N VI 4f5/2 184a N VII 4f7/2 184a O I 5s 177a O II 5p1/2 132a O III 5p3/2 104a O IV 5d3/2 31a O V 5d5/2 31a Potassium (19) K 1s 3608.4a L I 2s 378.6a L II 2p1/2 297.3a L III 2p3/2 294.6a M I 3s 34.8a M II 3p1/2 18.3a M III 3p3/2 18.3a Praseodymium (59) K 1s 41991 L I 2s 6835 L II 2p1/26440 L III 2p3/25964 M I 3s 1511 M II 3p1/21337 M III 3p3/21242 M IV 3d3/2 948.3a M V 3d5/2 928.8a N I 4s 304.5N II 4p 1/2 236.3 N III 4p3/2 217.6 N IV 4d3/2 115.1a N V 4d5/2 115.1a N VI 4f5/2 2.0 N VII 4f7/2 2.0 O I 5s 37.4 O II 5p1/2 22.3 O III 5p3/2 22.3 Promethium (61) K 1s 45184 L I 2s 7428 L II 2p1/27013 L III 2p3/26459 M I 3s — M II 3p 1/21471.4 M III 3p3/21357 M IV 3d 3/21052 M V 3d 5/21027 N I 4s — N II 4p 1/2 242 N III 4p 3/2 242 N IV 4d3/2 120 N V 4d 5/2 120 Protactinium (91) K 1s 112601L I 2s 21105 L II 2p 1/220314 L III 2p 3/216733 M I 3s 5367 M II 3p 1/25001 M III 3p 3/24174 M IV 3d3/23611 M V 3d 5/23442 N I 4s 1387a N II 4p1/21224a N III 4p3/21007a N IV 4d3/2 743a N V 4d5/2 708a N VI 4f5/2 371a N VII 4f7/2 360a O I 5s 310a O II 5p1/2 232a O III 5p3/2 232a O IV 5d3/2 94a O V 5d5/2 94a P I 6s — P II 6p1/2 — P III 6p3/2 — Radium (88) K 1s 103922L I 2s 19237 L II 2p 1/218484 L III 2p3/215444 M I 3s 4822 M II 3p1/24490 M III 3p3/23792 M IV 3d3/23248 M V 3d5/23105 N I 4s 1208a N II 4p1/21058 N III 4p3/2 879a N IV 4d3/2 636a N V 4d5/2 603a N VI 4f5/2 299a N VII 4f7/2 299a O I 5s 254a O II 5p1/2 200a O III 5p3/2 153a O IV 5d3/2 68a O V 5d5/2 68a P I 6s 44 P II 6p 1/2 19 P III 6p 3/2 19 Radon (86) K 1s 98404 L I 2s 18049 L II 2p 1/217337 L III 2p3/214619 M I 3s 4482 M II 3p 1/24159 M III 3p3/23538 M IV 3d 3/23022 M V 3d5/22892 10-204ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) N I 4s 1097a N II 4p1/2 929a N III 4p3/2 768a N IV 4d3/2 567a N V 4d5/2 541a N VI 4f5/2 238a N VII 4f7/2 238a O I 5s 214a O II 5p1/2 164a O III 5p3/2 127a O IV 5d3/2 48a O V 5d5/2 48a P I 6s 26 Rhenium (75) K 1s 71676 L I 2s 12527 L II 2p 1/211959 L III 2p 3/210535 M I 3s 2932 M II 3p1/22682 M III 3p3/22367 M IV 3d3/21949 M V 3d5/21883 N I 4s 625.4b N II 4p1/2 518.7b N III 4p3/2 446.8b N IV 4d3/2 273.9b N V 4d5/2 260.5b N VI 4f5/2 42.9a N VII 4f7/2 40.5a O I 5s 83b O II 5p1/2 45.6b O III 5p3/2 34.6a,d Rhodium (45) K 1s 23220L I 2s 3412L II 2p 1/23146 L III 2p3/23004 M I 3s 628.1b M II 3p1/2 521.3b M III 3p3/2 496.5b M IV 3d3/2 311.9b M V 3d5/2 307.2b N I 4s 81.4a,d N II 4p1/2 50.5b N III 4p3/2 47.3b Rubidium (37) K 1s 15200 L I 2s 2065 L II 2p 1/21864 L III 2p 3/21804 M I 3s 326.7a M II 3p1/2 248.7a M III 3p3/2 239.1a M IV 3d3/2 113.0a M V 3d 5/2 112aN I 4s 30.5a N II 4p1/2 16.3a N III 4p3/2 15.3a Ruthenium (44) K 1s 22117 L I 2s 3224L II 2p 1/2 2967 L III 2p 3/2 2838 M I 3s 586.2b M II 3p1/2 483.3b M III 3p3/2 461.5b M IV 3d3/2 284.2b M V 3d5/2 280.0b N I 4s 75.0b N II 4p1/2 46.5b N III 4p3/2 43.2b Samarium (62) K 1s 46834 L I 2s 7737 L II 2p1/2 7312 L III 2p3/2 6716 M I 3s 1723 M II 3p1/2 1541 M III 3p3/2 1419.8 M IV 3d3/2 1110.9a M V 3d5/2 1083.4a N I 4s 347.2a N II 4p1/2 265.6 N III 4p3/2 247.4 N IV 4d3/2 129.0 N V 4d5/2 129.0 N VI 4f5/2 5.2 N VII 4f7/2 5.2 O I 5s 37.4 O II 5p1/2 21.3 O III 5p3/2 21.3 Scandium (21) K 1s 4492L I 2s 498.0 a L II 2p1/2 403.6a L III 2p3/2 389.7a M I 3s 51.1a M II 3p1/2 28.3a M III 3p3/2 28.3a Selenium (34) K 1s 12658 L I 2s 1652.0a,d L II 2p1/2 1474.3a,d L III 2p3/2 1433.9a,d M I 3s 229.6a M II 3p1/2 166.5a M III 3p3/2 160.7a M IV 3d3/2 55.5a M V 3d 5/2 54.6aSilicon (14) K 1s 1839 L I 2s 149.7a,d L II 2p1/2 99.8a L III 2p3/2 99.2a Silver (47) K 1s 25514 L I 2s 3806 L II 2p 1/23524 L III 2p 3/23351 M I 3s 719.0b M II 3p1/2 603.8b M III 3p3/2 573.0b M IV 3d3/2 374.0b M V 3d5/2 368.0b N I 4s 97.0b N II 4p1/2 63.7b N III 4p3/2 58.3b Sodium (11) K 1s 1070.8b L I 2s 63.5b L II 2p1/2 30.4b L III 2p3/2 30.5a Strontium (38) K 1s 16105 L I 2s 2216 L II 2p1/22007 L III 2p3/21940 M I 3s 358.7b M II 3p1/2 280.3b M III 3p3/2 270.0b M IV 3d3/2 136.0b M V 3d5/2 134.2b N I 4s 38.9b N II 4p1/2 21.6b N III 4p3/2 20.1b Sulfur (16) K 1s 2472 L I 2s 230.9a,d L II 2p1/2 163.6a L III 2p3/2 162.5a Tantalum (73) K 1s 67416 L I 2s 11682 L II 2p 1/211136 L III 2p3/29881 M I 3s 2708 M II 3p 1/22469 M III 3p3/22194 M IV 3d 3/21793 M V 3d 5/21735 N I 4s 563.4b N II 4p 1/2 463.4bN III 4p3/2 400.9b N IV 4d3/2 237.9b N V 4d5/2 226.4b N VI 4f5/2 23.5b N VII 4f7/2 21.6b O I 5s 69.7b O II 5p1/2 42.2a O III 5p3/2 32.7b Technetium (43) K 1s 21044 L I 2s 3043 L II 2p 1/22793 L III 2p3/22677 M I 3s 586.1a M II 3p1/2 447.6a M III 3p3/2 417.7a M IV 3d3/2 257.6a M V 3d5/2 253.9a N I 4s 69.5a N II 4p1/2 42.3a N III 4p3/2 39.9a Tellurium (52) K 1s 31814 L I 2s 4939L II 2p 1/24612 L III 2p3/24341 M I 3s 1006b M II 3p1/2 870.8b M III 3p3/2 820.0b M IV 3d3/2 583.4b M V 3d5/2 573.0b N I 4s 169.4b N II 4p1/2 103.3b,c N III 4p3/2 103.3b,c N IV 4d3/2 41.9b N V 4d5/2 40.4b Terbium (65) K 1s 51996L I 2s 8708L II 2p 1/28252 L III 2p3/27514 M I 3s 1968M II 3p 1/21768 M III 3p 3/21611 M IV 3d 3/21267.9a M V 3d5/21241.1a N I 4s 396.0a N II 4p1/2 322.4a N III 4p3/2 284.1a N IV 4d3/2 150.5a N V 4d5/2 150.5a N VI 4f5/2 7.7a N VII 4f7/2 2.4a O I 5s 45.6a O II 5p1/2 28.7a O III 5p 3/2 22.6a TeamLRN10-205ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) L I 2s 10486 L II 2p 1/29978 L III 2p3/28944 M I 3s 2398 M II 3p 1/22173 M III 3p3/21950 M IV 3d 3/21576 M V 3d 5/21528 N I 4s 480.5a N II 4p1/2 388.7a N III 4p3/2 339.7a N IV 4d3/2 191.2a N V 4d5/2 182.4a N VI 4f5/2 2.5a N VII 4f7/2 1.3a O I 5s 52.0a O II 5p1/2 30.3a O III 5p3/2 24.1a Yttrium (39) K 1s 17038 L I 2s 2373 L II 2p1/22156 L III 2p3/22080 M I 3s 392.0a,d M II 3p1/2 310.6a M III 3p3/2 298.8a M IV 3d3/2 157.7b M V 3d5/2 155.8b N I 4s 43.8a N II 4p1/2 24.4a N III 4p3/2 23.1a Zinc (30) K 1s 9659 L I 2s 1196.2a L II 2p1/21044.9a L III 2p3/21021.8a M I 3s 139.8a M II 3p1/2 91.4a M III 3p3/2 88.6a M IV 3d3/2 10.2a M V 3d5/2 10.1a Zirconium (40) K 1s 17998 L I 2s 2532L II 2p 1/22307 L III 2p 3/22223 M I 3s 430.3b M II 3p1/2 343.5b M III 3p3/2 329.8b M IV 3d3/2 181.1b M V 3d5/2 178.8b N I 4s 50.6b N II 4p1/2 28.5b N III 4p3/2 27.1bUranium (92) K 1s 115606 L I 2s 21757L II 2p 1/220948 L III 2p 3/217166 M I 3s 5548M II 3p 1/25182 M III 3p 3/24303 M IV 3d 3/23728 M V 3d5/23552 N I 4s 1439a,d N II 4p1/21271a,d N III 4p3/21043b N IV 4d3/2 778.3b N V 4d5/2 736.2b N VI 4f5/2 388.2a N VII 4f7/2 377.4b O I 5s 321a,c,d O II 5p1/2 257a,c,d O III 5p3/2 192a,c,d O IV 5d3/2 102.8b O V 5d5/2 94.2b P I 6s 43.9b P II 6p1/2 26.8b P III 6p3/2 16.8b Vanadium (23) K 1s 5465 L I 2s 626.7b L II 2p1/2 519.8b L III 2p3/2 521.1b M I 3s 66.3b M II 3p1/2 37.2b M III 3p3/2 37.2b Xenon (54) K 1s 34561L I 2s 5453L II 2p 1/25107 L III 2p3/24786 M I 3s 1148.7a M II 3p1/21002.1a M III 3p3/2 940.6a M IV 3d3/2 689.0a M V 3d5/2 676.4a N I 4s 213.2a N II 4p1/2 146.7 N III 4p3/2 145.5a N IV 4d3/2 69.5a N V 4d5/2 67.5a N VI 4f5/2 — N VII 4f 7/2 — O I 5s 23.3a O II 5p1/2 13.4a O III 5p3/2 12.1a Ytterbium (70) K 1s 61332M V 3d 5/2 1468 N I 4s 470.9a N II 4p1/2 385.9a N III 4p3/2 332.6a N IV 4d3/2 175.5a N V 4d5/2 175.5a N VI 4f5/2 — N VII 4f 7/2 4.6 O I 5s 54.7a O II 5p1/2 31.8a O III 5p3/2 25.0a Tin (50) K 1s 29200L I 2s 4465L II 2p 1/2 4156 L III 2p 3/2 3929 M I 3s 884.7b M II 3p1/2 756.5b M III 3p3/2 714.6b M IV 3d3/2 493.2b M V 3d5/2 484.9b N I 4s 137.1b N II 4p1/2 83.6b,c N III 4p3/2 83.6b,c N IV 4d3/2 24.9b N V 4d5/2 23.9b Titanium (22) K 1s 4966 L I 2s 560.9b L II 2p1/2 460.2b L III 2p3/2 453.8b M I 3s 58.7b M II 3p1/2 32.6b M III 3p3/2 32.6b Tungsten (74) K 1s 69525 L I 2s 12100 L II 2p1/211544 L III 2p3/210207 M I 3s 2820 M II 3p1/2 2575 M III 3p3/2 2281 M IV 3d 3/2 1949 M V 3d 5/2 1809 N I 4s 594.1b N II 4p1/2 490.4b N III 4p3/2 423.6b N IV 4d3/2 255.9b N V 4d5/2 243.5b N VI 4f5/2 33.6a N VII 4f7/2 31.4b O I 5s 75.6b O II 5p1/2 453a,d O III 5p3/2 36.8bThallium (81) K 1s 85530 L I 2s 15347L II 2p 1/214698 L III 2p 3/212658 M I 3s 3704M II 3p 1/23416 M III 3p 3/22957 M IV 3d 3/22485 M V 3d5/22389 N I 4s 846.2b N II 4p1/2 720.5b N III 4p3/2 609.5b N IV 4d3/2 405.7b N V 4d5/2 385.0b N VI 4f5/2 122.2b N VII 4f7/2 117.8b O I 5s 136a,d O II 5p1/2 94.6b O III 5p3/2 73.5b O IV 5d3/2 14.7b O V 5d5/2 12.5b Thorium (90) K 1s 109651 L I 2s 20472 L II 2p1/219693 L III 2p3/216300 M I 3s 5182 M II 3p1/24830 M III 3p3/24046 M IV 3d3/23491 M V 3d5/23332 N I 4s 1330a N II 4p1/21168a N III 4p3/2 966.4b N IV 4d3/2 712.1b N V 4d5/2 675.2b N VI 4f5/2 342.4b N VII 4f7/2 333.1b O I 5s 290a,c O II 5p1/2 229a,c O III 5p3/2 182a,c O IV 5d3/2 92.5b O V 5d5/2 85.4b P I 6s 41.4b P II 6p1/2 24.5b P III 6p3/2 16.6b Thulium (69) K 1s 59390 L I 2s 10116 L II 2p 1/29617 L III 2p3/28648 M I 3s 2307 M II 3p 1/22090 M III 3p3/21885 M IV 3d 3/21515 aReference 1. bReference 2 (remaining values from Reference 3). cOne-particle approximation not valid. dDerived using energy differences from Reference 3. 10-206NATURAL WIDTH OF X-RAY LINES Natural widths of K X-ray lines in eV: Element K α1 Kα2 Kβ1 Kβ3 Ca 1.00 0.98 Ti 1.45 2.13Cr 2.05 2.64 Fe 2.45 3.20 Ni 3.00 3.70Zn 3.40 3.96 Ge 3.75 4.18 Se 4.10 4.43Kr 4.23 4.62 Sr 5.17 4.97 Zr 5.70 5.25Mo 6.82 6.80 Ru 7.41 7.96 Pd 8.80 9.20Cd 9.80 10.40 Sn 11.20 12.40 11.80 11.00 Te 12.80 14.20 13.30 13.10Xe 14.20 15.10 15.30 14.50 Ba 16.10 16.80 18.15 16.70Ce 18.60 19.50 20.60 18.60 Nd 21.50 21.50 23.25 21.33 Sm 26.00 24.70 25.65 24.65 Gd 29.50 28.00 29.37 28.00Dy 33.90 32.20 32.73 32.00 Er 35.00 35.50 36.20 35.70 Yb 38.80 40.60 41.43 41.15Hf 42.70 44.30 46.00 46.10 W 46.80 48.00 51.83 51.50 Os 49.00 49.40 55.90 55.95Pt 54.10 54.30 59.98 62.13 Hg 64.75 68.20 65.75 68.95 Pb 67.10 72.30 72.20 73.80Po 73.20 75.10 78.60 80.10 Rn 80.00 81.50 85.50 86.50 Ra 87.00 88.20 94.20 95.50Th 94.70 95.00 99.70 101.00 U 103.00 104.30 105.00 107.30 From Salem, S. I. and Lee, P. L., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 18, 233, 1976. Natural widths of L X-ray lines in eV: Element L α 1 Lα2 Lβ1 Lβ2 Lβ3 Lβ4 Lγ1 Zr 1.68 1.52 1.87 5.13 5.50 5.60 3.34 Mo 1.86 1.80 2.03 5.30 5.90 5.78 3.76 Ru 2.03 1.98 2.18 5.45 6.35 5.96 4.15Pd 2.21 2.16 2.36 5.63 6.80 6.18 4.50 Gd 2.43 2.40 2.54 5.82 7.23 6.28 4.83 Sn 2.62 2.62 2.75 6.10 7.70 6.60 5.23Tc 2.88 2.88 2.96 6.25 8.22 6.82 5.60 Xe 3.15 3.15 3.20 6.43 8.70 7.15 5.95 Ba 3.39 3.45 3.45 6.70 9.20 7.42 6.35Ce 3.70 3.78 3.73 6.86 9.70 7.82 6.75 Nd 3.93 4.08 4.00 7.18 10.30 8.15 7.16 Sm 4.13 4.50 4.33 7.42 10.80 8.60 7.50Cd 4.46 4.90 4.63 7.70 11.20 9.08 7.83 Dy 4.81 5.35 5.03 7.90 11.50 9.60 8.30 Er 5.17 5.73 5.45 8.28 11.85 10.03 8.75 Yb 5.40 6.22 5.90 8.58 12.20 11.00 9.20 Hf 5.83 6.70 6.36 8.92 12.40 12.80 9.63 W 6.50 7.20 6.90 9.06 13.10 14.60 10.20Os 7.04 7.70 7.42 9.60 14.60 16.50 10.65 Pt 7.60 8.28 8.00 9.95 16.10 18.00 11.20 Hg 8.10 8.80 8.70 10.40 17.40 19.70 11.80Pb 8.82 9.35 9.35 10.75 18.65 21.30 12.30 Po 9.50 9.95 10.10 11.25 19.90 22.70 13.05 Rn 10.03 10.50 10.65 11.65 21.00 24.00 13.55Ra 11.00 11.20 11.60 12.20 22.00 25.20 14.30 Th 11.90 11.80 12.40 12.80 22.85 26.35 15.00 U 12.40 12.40 13.50 13.30 23.70 27.50 15.70Pu 13.20 13.00 14.10 13.90 24.10 28.30 16.40 Cm 14.80 13.60 15.70 14.60 25.00 29.40 17.10Element K α 1 Kα2 Kβ1 Kβ3 TeamLRN10-207PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS Martin J. Berger and John H. Hubbell This table gives mass attenuation coefficients for photons for all elements at energies between 1 keV (soft x-rays) and 1 GeV ( hard gamma rays). The mass attenuation coefficient µ describes the attenuation of radiation as it passes through matter by the relation I(x)/Io = e–µρx where Io is the initial intensity, I(x) the intensity after path length x, and ρ is the mass density of the element in question. To a high approximation the mass attenuation coefficient is additive for the elements present, independent of the way in which they are bound in chemical c ompounds. The power of ten is indicated beside each number in the table; i.e., 7.41 + 03 means 7.41 × 103. A vertical line between two columns indicates that an absorption edge lies between those energy values. The various edges are labeled at the bottom of the table. The attenuation coefficients were calculated with the computer program XCOM (Reference 1), which uses a cross-section database compiled at the Photon and Charged Particle Data Center at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Their accuracy has been conf irmed at all energies by extensive comparisons with experimental attenuation coefficients. Such comparisons for X-ray energies up to 100 keV can be f ound in Reference 2. REFERENCES 1. Berger, M. J. and Hubbell, J. H., National Bureau of Standards Report NBSIR-87-3597, 1987. 2. Saloman, E. B., Hubbell, J. H., and Scofield, J. H., Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables , 38, 1, 1988. 10-208PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV Atomic no. 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 H 1 7.21 + 00 1.06 + 00 4.19-01 3.85-01 3.69-01 3.36-01 2.94-01 2.43-01 1.73-01 He 2 6.08 + 01 6.86 + 00 5.77-01 2.48-01 1.96-01 1.70-01 1.49-01 1.22-01 8.71-02 Li 3 2.34 + 02 2.71 + 01 1.62 + 00 3.40-01 1.86-01 1.49-01 1.29-01 1.06-01 7.53-02 Be 4 6.04 + 02 7.47 + 01 4.37 + 00 6.47-01 2.25-01 1.55-01 1.33-01 1.09-01 7.74-02 B 5 1.23 + 03 1.60 + 02 9.68 + 00 1.25 + 00 3.01-01 1.66-01 1.39-01 1.14-01 8.07-02 C 6 2.21 + 03 3.03 + 02 1.91 + 01 2.37 + 00 4.42-01 1.87-01 1.51-01 1.23-01 8.72-02 N 7 3.31 + 03 4.77 + 02 3.14 + 01 3.88 + 00 6.18-01 1.98-01 1.53-01 1.23-01 8.72-02 O 8 4.59 + 03 6.95 + 02 4.79 + 01 5.95 + 00 8.65-01 2.13-01 1.55-01 1.24-01 8.73-02 F 9 5.65 + 03 9.05 + 02 6.51 + 01 8.21 + 00 1.13 + 00 2.21-01 1.50-01 1.18-01 8.27-02 Ne 10 7.41 + 03 1.24 + 03 9.34 + 01 1.20 + 01 1.61 + 00 2.58-01 1.60-01 1.24-01 8.66-02 Na 11 6.54 + 02 1.52 + 03 1.19 + 02 1.56 + 01 2.06 + 00 2.80-01 1.59-01 1.20-01 8.37-02 Mg 12 9.22 + 02 1.93 + 03 1.58 + 02 2.11 + 01 2.76 + 00 3.29-01 1.69-01 1.24-01 8.65-02 Al 13 1.19 + 03 2.26 + 03 1.93 + 02 2.62 + 01 3.44 + 00 3.68-01 1.70-01 1.22-01 8.44-02 Si 14 1.57 + 03 2.78 + 03 2.45 + 02 3.39 + 01 4.46 + 00 4.38-01 1.84-01 1.28-01 8.75-02 P 15 1.91 + 03 3.02 + 02 2.86 + 02 4.04 + 01 5.35 + 00 4.92-01 1.87-01 1.25-01 8.51-02 S 16 2.43 + 03 3.85 + 02 3.49 + 02 5.01 + 01 6.71 + 00 5.85-01 2.02-01 1.30-01 8.78-02 Cl 17 2.83 + 03 4.52 + 02 3.90 + 02 5.73 + 01 7.74 + 00 6.48-01 2.05-01 1.27-01 8.45-02 Ar 18 3.18 + 03 5.12 + 02 4.23 + 02 6.32 + 01 8.63 + 00 7.01-01 2.04-01 1.20-01 7.96-02 K 19 4.06 + 03 6.59 + 02 5.19 + 02 7.91 + 01 1.09 + 01 8.68-01 2.34-01 1.32-01 8.60-02 Ca 20 4.87 + 03 8.00 + 02 6.03 + 02 9.34 + 01 1.31 + 01 1.02 + 00 2.57-01 1.38-01 8.85-02 Sc 21 5.24 + 03 8.70 + 02 6.31 + 02 9.95 + 01 1.41 + 01 1.09 + 00 2.58-01 1.31-01 8.31-02 Ti 22 5.87 + 03 9.86 + 02 6.84 + 02 1.11 + 02 1.59 + 01 1.21 + 00 2.72-01 1.31-01 8.19-02 V 23 6.50 + 03 1.11 + 03 9.29 + 01 1.22 + 02 1.77 + 01 1.35 + 00 2.88-01 1.32-01 8.07-02 Cr 24 7.40 + 03 1.28 + 03 1.08 + 02 1.39 + 02 2.04 + 01 1.55 + 00 3.17-01 1.38-01 8.28-02 Mn 25 8.09 + 03 1.42 + 03 1.21 + 02 1.51 + 02 2.25 + 01 1.71 + 00 3.37-01 1.39-01 8.19-02 Fe 26 9.09 + 03 1.63 + 03 1.40 + 02 1.71 + 02 2.57 + 01 1.96 + 00 3.72-01 1.46-01 8.41-02 Co 27 9.80 + 03 1.78 + 03 1.54 + 02 1.84 + 02 2.80 + 01 2.14 + 00 3.95-01 1.48-01 8.32-02 Ni 28 9.86 + 03 2.05 + 03 1.79 + 02 2.09 + 02 3.22 + 01 2.47 + 00 4.44-01 1.58-01 8.70-02 Cu 29 1.06 + 04 2.15 + 03 1.90 + 02 2.16 + 02 3.38 + 01 2.61 + 00 4.58-01 1.56-01 8.36-02 Zn 30 1.55 + 03 2.37 + 03 2.12 + 02 2.33 + 02 3.72 + 01 2.89 + 00 4.97-01 1.62-01 8.45-02 Ga 31 1.70 + 03 2.52 + 03 2.27 + 02 3.42 + 01 3.93 + 01 3.08 + 00 5.20-01 1.62-01 8.24-02 Ge 32 1.89 + 03 2.71 + 03 2.47 + 02 3.74 + 01 4.22 + 01 3.34 + 00 5.55-01 1.66-01 8.21-02 As 33 2.12 + 03 2.93 + 03 2.71 + 02 4.12 + 01 4.56 + 01 3.63 + 00 5.97-01 1.72-01 8.26-02 Se 34 2.32 + 03 3.10 + 03 2.90 + 02 4.41 + 01 4.82 + 01 3.86 + 00 6.28-01 1.74-01 8.13-02 Br 35 2.62 + 03 3.41 + 03 3.21 + 02 4.91 + 01 5.27 + 01 4.26 + 00 6.86-01 1.84-01 8.33-02 Kr 36 2.85 + 03 3.60 + 03 3.43 + 02 5.26 + 01 5.55 + 01 4.52 + 00 7.22-01 1.87-01 8.23-02 Rb 37 3.17 + 03 3.41 + 03 3.74 + 02 5.77 + 01 5.98 + 01 4.92 + 00 7.80-01 1.96-01 8.36-02 Sr 38 3.49 + 03 2.59 + 03 4.06 + 02 6.27 + 01 6.39 + 01 5.31 + 00 8.37-01 2.04-01 8.44-02 Y 39 3.86 + 03 7.42 + 02 4.42 + 02 6.87 + 01 6.86 + 01 5.76 + 00 9.05-01 2.15-01 8.61-02 Zr 40 4.21 + 03 8.12 + 02 4.76 + 02 7.42 + 01 7.24 + 01 6.17 + 00 9.66-01 2.24-01 8.69-02 Nb 41 4.60 + 03 8.89 + 02 5.13 + 02 8.04 + 01 7.71 + 01 6.64 + 00 1.04 + 00 2.34-01 8.83-02 Mo 42 4.94 + 03 9.60 + 02 5.45 + 02 8.58 + 01 1.31 + 01 7.04 + 00 1.10 + 00 2.42-01 8.85-02 Tc 43 5.36 + 03 1.04 + 03 5.84 + 02 9.23 + 01 1.41 + 01 7.52 + 00 1.17 + 00 2.53-01 8.97-02 Ru 44 5.72 + 03 1.12 + 03 6.17 + 02 9.80 + 01 1.50 + 01 7.92 + 00 1.23 + 00 2.62-01 8.99-02 Rh 45 6.17 + 03 1.21 + 03 6.59 + 02 1.05 + 02 1.61 + 01 8.45 + 00 1.31 + 00 2.74-01 9.13-02 Pd 46 6.54 + 03 1.29 + 03 6.91 + 02 1.11 + 02 1.70 + 01 8.85 + 00 1.38 + 00 2.83-01 9.13-02 Ag 47 7.04 + 03 1.40 + 03 7.39 + 02 1.19 + 02 1.84 + 01 9.45 + 00 1.47 + 00 2.97-01 9.32-02 Cd 48 7.35 + 03 1.47 + 03 7.69 + 02 1.24 + 02 1.92 + 01 9.78 + 00 1.52 + 00 3.04-01 9.25-02 In 49 7.81 + 03 1.58 + 03 8.13 + 02 1.32 + 02 2.04 + 01 1.03 + 01 1.61 + 00 3.17-01 9.37-02 Sn 50 8.16 + 03 1.66 + 03 8.47 + 02 1.38 + 02 2.15 + 01 1.07 + 01 1.68 + 00 3.26-01 9.37-02 K EDGE L2L1L3 TeamLRN10-209PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV Atomic no. 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 500.0 1000.0 H 1 1.26-01 8.77-02 5.05-02 3.25-02 2.15-02 1.42-02 1.19-02 1.14-02 1.16-02 He 2 6.36-02 4.42-02 2.58-02 1.70-02 1.18-02 8.61-03 7.78-03 7.79-03 7.95-03Li 3 5.50-02 3.83-02 2.26-02 1.53-02 1.11-02 8.68-03 8.21-03 8.61-03 8.87-03Be 4 5.65-02 3.94-02 2.35-02 1.63-02 1.23-02 1.02-02 9.94-03 1.08-02 1.12-02B 5 5.89-02 4.11-02 2.48-02 1.76-02 1.37-02 1.19-02 1.19-02 1.32-02 1.37-02C 6 6.36-02 4.44-02 2.71-02 1.96-02 1.58-02 1.43-02 1.46-02 1.64-02 1.70-02N 7 6.36-02 4.45-02 2.74-02 2.02-02 1.67-02 1.57-02 1.63-02 1.85-02 1.92-02O 8 6.37-02 4.46-02 2.78-02 2.09-02 1.77-02 1.71-02 1.79-02 2.06-02 2.13-02F 9 6.04-02 4.23-02 2.66-02 2.04-02 1.77-02 1.75-02 1.86-02 2.14-02 2.21-02Ne 10 6.32-02 4.43-02 2.82-02 2.20-02 1.95-02 1.96-02 2.11-02 2.43-02 2.51-02Na 11 6.10-02 4.28-02 2.75-02 2.18-02 1.97-02 2.03-02 2.19-02 2.53-02 2.62-02Mg 12 6.30-02 4.43-02 2.87-02 2.31-02 2.13-02 2.23-02 2.42-02 2.81-02 2.90-02Al 13 6.15-02 4.32-02 2.84-02 2.32-02 2.17-02 2.31-02 2.52-02 2.93-02 3.03-02 Si 14 6.36-02 4.48-02 2.97-02 2.46-02 2.34-02 2.52-02 2.76-02 3.23-02 3.34-02P 15 6.18-02 4.36-02 2.91-02 2.45-02 2.36-02 2.58-02 2.84-02 3.33-02 3.45-02S 16 6.37-02 4.50-02 3.04-02 2.59-02 2.53-02 2.79-02 3.08-02 3.62-02 3.75-02Cl 17 6.13-02 4.33-02 2.95-02 2.55-02 2.52-02 2.81-02 3.11-02 3.67-02 3.80-02Ar 18 5.76-02 4.07-02 2.80-02 2.45-02 2.45-02 2.76-02 3.07-02 3.62-02 3.75-02K 19 6.22-02 4.40-02 3.05-02 2.70-02 2.74-02 3.11-02 3.46-02 4.09-02 4.24-02Ca 20 6.39-02 4.52-02 3.17-02 2.84-02 2.90-02 3.32-02 3.71-02 4.40-02 4.56-02Sc 21 5.98-02 4.24-02 3.00-02 2.72-02 2.80-02 3.23-02 3.62-02 4.30-02 4.45-02Ti 22 5.89-02 4.18-02 2.98-02 2.73-02 2.84-02 3.30-02 3.71-02 4.40-02 4.56-02V 23 5.79-02 4.11-02 2.96-02 2.74-02 2.88-02 3.36-02 3.78-02 4.49-02 4.65-02Cr 24 5.93-02 4.21-02 3.06-02 2.86-02 3.03-02 3.56-02 4.01-02 4.76-02 4.93-02Mn 25 5.85-02 4.16-02 3.04-02 2.87-02 3.07-02 3.63-02 4.09-02 4.86-02 5.04-02Fe 26 5.99-02 4.26-02 3.15-02 2.99-02 3.22-02 3.83-02 4.33-02 5.15-02 5.33-02Co 27 5.91-02 4.20-02 3.13-02 3.00-02 3.26-02 3.88-02 4.40-02 5.23-02 5.41-02Ni 28 6.16-02 4.39-02 3.29-02 3.18-02 3.48-02 4.17-02 4.73-02 5.61-02 5.81-02Cu 29 5.90-02 4.20-02 3.18-02 3.10-02 3.41-02 4.10-02 4.66-02 5.53-02 5.72-02Zn 30 5.94-02 4.24-02 3.22-02 3.18-02 3.51-02 4.24-02 4.82-02 5.72-02 5.91-02Ga 31 5.77-02 4.11-02 3.16-02 3.13-02 3.48-02 4.22-02 4.80-02 5.70-02 5.89-02Ge 32 5.73-02 4.09-02 3.16-02 3.16-02 3.53-02 4.30-02 4.89-02 5.80-02 6.00-02As 33 5.73-02 4.09-02 3.19-02 3.21-02 3.60-02 4.40-02 5.01-02 5.95-02 6.15-02Se 34 5.62-02 4.01-02 3.14-02 3.19-02 3.60-02 4.41-02 5.03-02 5.97-02 6.17-02Br 35 5.73-02 4.09-02 3.23-02 3.29-02 3.74-02 4.60-02 5.24-02 6.22-02 6.43-02Kr 36 5.63-02 4.02-02 3.20-02 3.28-02 3.74-02 4.61-02 5.26-02 6.25-02 6.46-02Rb 37 5.69-02 4.06-02 3.25-02 3.36-02 3.85-02 4.75-02 5.43-02 6.45-02 6.67-02Sr 38 5.71-02 4.08-02 3.29-02 3.41-02 3.93-02 4.87-02 5.56-02 6.61-02 6.83-02Y 39 5.80-02 4.14-02 3.35-02 3.50-02 4.05-02 5.03-02 5.75-02 6.83-02 7.06-02Zr 40 5.81-02 4.15-02 3.38-02 3.55-02 4.12-02 5.13-02 5.87-02 6.98-02 7.22-02Nb 41 5.87-02 4.18-02 3.44-02 3.63-02 4.22-02 5.27-02 6.03-02 7.17-02 7.42-02Mo 42 5.84-02 4.16-02 3.44-02 3.65-02 4.26-02 5.33-02 6.10-02 7.26-02 7.51-02 Tc 43 5.88-02 4.19-02 3.48-02 3.71-02 4.35-02 5.45-02 6.24-02 7.43-02 7.68-02Ru 44 5.85-02 4.16-02 3.48-02 3.73-02 4.39-02 5.50-02 6.30-02 7.51-02 7.77-02Rh 45 5.89-02 4.20-02 3.53-02 3.80-02 4.48-02 5.63-02 6.45-02 7.69-02 7.94-02Pd 46 5.85-02 4.16-02 3.52-02 3.80-02 4.50-02 5.66-02 6.49-02 7.73-02 8.00-02Ag 47 5.92-02 4.21-02 3.58-02 3.88-02 4.61-02 5.81-02 6.67-02 7.93-02 8.20-02Cd 48 5.83-02 4.14-02 3.54-02 3.85-02 4.59-02 5.79-02 6.64-02 7.91-02 8.18-02In 49 5.85-02 4.15-02 3.56-02 3.90-02 4.65-02 5.88-02 6.75-02 8.04-02 8.32-02Sn 50 5.80-02 4.11-02 3.55-02 3.90-02 4.66-02 5.90-02 6.78-02 8.07-02 8.35-02 10-210PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficients, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV Atomic no. 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 Sb 51 8.58 + 03 1.77 + 03 8.85 + 02 1.46 + 02 2.27 + 01 1.12 + 01 1.76 + 00 3.38-01 9.45-02 Te 52 8.43 + 03 1.83 + 03 9.01 + 02 1.50 + 02 2.34 + 01 1.14 + 01 1.80 + 00 3.43-01 9.33-02 I 53 9.10 + 03 2.00 + 03 8.43 + 02 1.63 + 02 2.54 + 01 1.23 + 01 1.94 + 00 3.66-01 9.70-02 Xe 54 9.41 + 03 2.09 + 03 6.39 + 02 1.69 + 02 2.65 + 01 1.27 + 01 2.01 + 00 3.76-01 9.70-02 Cs 55 9.37 + 03 2.23 + 03 2.30 + 02 1.79 + 02 2.82 + 01 1.34 + 01 2.12 + 00 3.94-01 9.91-02 ZB 56 8.54 + 03 2.32 + 03 2.41 + 02 1.86 + 02 2.94 + 01 1.38 + 01 2.20 + 00 4.05-01 9.92-02 La 57 9.09 + 03 2.46 + 03 2.58 + 02 1.97 + 02 3.12 + 01 1.45 + 01 2.32 + 00 4.24-01 1.01-01 Ce 58 9.71 + 03 2.61 + 03 2.74 + 02 2.08 + 02 3.31 + 01 1.52 + 01 2.45 + 00 4.45-01 1.04-01 Pr 59 1.06 + 04 2.77 + 03 2.92 + 02 2.21 + 02 3.53 + 01 1.60 + 01 2.59 + 00 4.69-01 1.07-01 Nd 60 6.63 + 03 2.88 + 03 3.06 + 02 2.30 + 02 3.68 + 01 1.65 + 01 2.69 + 00 4.84-01 1.08-01 Pm 61 2.06 + 03 3.05 + 03 3.26 + 02 2.44 + 02 3.92 + 01 1.73 + 01 2.84 + 00 5.10-01 1.12-01 Sm 62 2.11 + 03 3.12 + 03 3.36 + 02 2.50 + 02 4.03 + 01 1.77 + 01 2.90 + 00 5.19-01 1.11-01 Eu 63 2.22 + 03 3.28 + 03 3.54 + 02 2.63 + 02 4.24 + 01 1.85 + 01 3.04 + 00 5.43-01 1.14-01 Gd 64 2.29 + 03 3.36 + 03 3.65 + 02 2.69 + 02 4.36 + 01 3.86 + 00 3.11 + 00 5.54-01 1.14-01 Tb 65 2.40 + 03 3.51 + 03 3.84 + 02 2.82 + 02 4.59 + 01 4.06 + 00 3.25 + 00 5.77-01 1.17-01 Dy 66 2.49 + 03 3.47 + 03 3.99 + 02 2.90 + 02 4.76 + 01 4.23 + 00 3.36 + 00 5.95-01 1.18-01 Ho 67 2.62 + 03 3.59 + 03 4.17 + 02 3.01 + 02 4.98 + 01 4.43 + 00 3.49 + 00 6.18-01 1.20-01 Er 68 2.75 + 03 3.52 + 03 4.36 + 02 3.13 + 02 5.20 + 01 4.63 + 00 3.63 + 00 6.41-01 1.23-01 Tm 69 2.90 + 03 3.69 + 03 4.57 + 02 2.83 + 02 5.45 + 01 4.87 + 00 3.78 + 00 6.68-01 1.26-01 Yb 70 3.02 + 03 3.80 + 03 4.72 + 02 2.94 + 02 5.63 + 01 5.04 + 00 3.88 + 00 6.86-01 1.27-01 Lu 71 3.19 + 03 3.45 + 03 4.94 + 02 2.21 + 02 5.88 + 01 5.28 + 00 4.03 + 00 7.13-01 1.30-01 Hf 72 3.34 + 03 3.60 + 03 5.11 + 02 2.30 + 02 6.09 + 01 5.48 + 00 4.15 + 00 7.34-01 1.32-01 Ta 73 3.51 + 03 3.77 + 03 5.33 + 02 2.38 + 02 6.33 + 01 5.72 + 00 4.30 + 00 7.60-01 1.35-01 W 74 3.68 + 03 3.92 + 03 5.53 + 02 9.69 + 01 6.57 + 01 5.95 + 00 4.44 + 00 7.84-01 1.38-01 Re 75 3.87 + 03 3.77 + 03 5.76 + 02 1.01 + 02 6.84 + 01 6.21 + 00 4.59 + 00 8.12-01 1.41-01 Os 76 4.03 + 03 2.22 + 03 5.93 + 02 1.04 + 02 7.04 + 01 6.41 + 00 4.70 + 00 8.33-01 1.43-01 Ir 77 4.24 + 03 1.03 + 03 6.18 + 02 1.09 + 02 7.32 + 01 6.69 + 00 4.86 + 00 8.63-01 1.46-01 Pt 78 4.43 + 03 1.08 + 03 6.40 + 02 1.13 + 02 7.57 + 01 6.95 + 00 4.99 + 00 8.90-01 1.49-01 Au 79 4.65 + 03 1.14 + 03 6.66 + 02 1.18 + 02 7.88 + 01 7.26 + 00 5.16 + 00 9.22-01 1.53-01 Hg 80 4.83 + 03 1.18 + 03 6.87 + 02 1.22 + 02 8.12 + 01 7.50 + 00 5.28 + 00 9.46-01 1.56-01 Tl 81 5.01 + 03 1.23 + 03 7.07 + 02 1.26 + 02 8.36 + 01 7.75 + 00 5.40 + 00 9.69-01 1.58-01 Pb 82 5.21 + 03 1.29 + 03 7.30 + 02 1.31 + 02 8.64 + 01 8.04 + 00 5.55 + 00 9.99-01 1.61-01 Bi 83 5.44 + 03 1.35 + 03 7.58 + 02 1.36 + 02 8.95 + 01 8.38 + 00 5.74 + 00 1.03 + 00 1.66-01 Po 84 5.72 + 03 1.42 + 03 7.93 + 02 1.43 + 02 9.35 + 01 8.80 + 00 5.99 + 00 1.08 + 00 1.71-01 At 85 5.87 + 03 1.49 + 03 8.25 + 02 1.49 + 02 9.70 + 01 9.19 + 00 6.17 + 00 1.12 + 00 1.77-01 Rn 86 5.83 + 03 1.49 + 03 8.16 + 02 1.48 + 02 9.56 + 01 9.12 + 00 6.09 + 00 1.10 + 00 1.73-01 Fr 87 6.08 + 03 1.56 + 03 8.49 + 02 1.54 + 02 9.93 + 01 9.52 + 00 1.66 + 00 1.14 + 00 1.78-01 Ra 88 6.20 + 03 1.62 + 03 8.74 + 02 1.59 + 02 1.02 + 02 9.85 + 00 1.71 + 00 1.17 + 00 1.82-01 Ac 89 6.47 + 03 1.70 + 03 8.69 + 02 1.65 + 02 1.06 + 02 1.03 + 01 1.79 + 00 1.21 + 00 1.87-01 Th 90 6.61 + 03 1.74 + 03 8.88 + 02 1.69 + 02 9.37 + 01 1.05 + 01 1.83 + 00 1.23 + 00 1.90-01 Pa 91 6.53 + 03 1.83 + 03 8.76 + 02 1.77 + 02 7.03 + 01 1.10 + 01 1.92 + 00 1.29 + 00 1.97-01 U 92 6.63 + 03 1.86 + 03 8.89 + 02 1.79 + 02 7.11 + 01 1.12 + 01 1.95 + 00 1.30 + 00 1.98-01 Np 93 6.95 + 03 1.96 + 03 9.32 + 02 1.87 + 02 7.45 + 01 1.18 + 01 2.05 + 00 1.35 + 00 2.05-01 Pu 94 7.19 + 03 2.04 + 03 9.65 + 02 1.94 + 02 7.71 + 01 1.22 + 01 2.13 + 00 1.39 + 00 2.10-01 Am 95 7.37 + 03 2.10 + 03 9.90 + 02 1.98 + 02 7.93 + 01 1.25 + 01 2.19 + 00 1.42 + 00 2.14-01 Cm 96 7.54 + 03 2.15 + 03 1.02 + 03 2.03 + 02 8.14 + 01 1.28 + 01 2.25 + 00 1.44 + 00 2.18-01 Bk 97 7.84 + 03 2.25 + 03 1.06 + 03 2.10 + 02 8.39 + 01 1.34 + 01 2.35 + 00 1.50 + 00 2.25-01 Cf 98 7.89 + 03 2.31 + 03 9.27 + 02 2.15 + 02 8.58 + 01 1.37 + 01 2.41 + 00 1.52 + 00 2.29-01 Es 99 7.79 + 03 2.40 + 03 9.59 + 02 2.22 + 02 4.01 + 01 1.42 + 01 2.51 + 00 1.57 + 00 2.36-01 Fm 100 7.13 + 03 2.46 + 03 9.77 + 02 2.26 + 02 4.09 + 01 1.45 + 01 2.57 + 00 1.59 + 00 2.39-01 N5 N4 N3 N1N2M5 M4K EDGEL3 L2 L1M3 M2 M1 TeamLRN10-211PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficients, cm2/g Photon Energy, MeV Atomic no. 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 500.0 1000.0 Sb 51 5.80-02 4.10-02 3.56-02 3.92-02 4.70-02 5.96-02 6.85-02 8.16-02 8.44-02 Te 52 5.67-02 4.01-02 3.49-02 3.86-02 4.64-02 5.89-02 6.77-02 8.07-02 8.35-02I 53 5.84-02 4.12-02 3.61-02 4.00-02 4.82-02 6.13-02 7.04-02 8.40-02 8.69-02Xe 54 5.78-02 4.08-02 3.58-02 3.99-02 4.82-02 6.12-02 7.04-02 8.40-02 8.69-02Cs 55 5.85-02 4.12-02 3.64-02 4.06-02 4.91-02 6.25-02 7.19-02 8.58-02 8.88-02ZB 56 5.80-02 4.08-02 3.61-02 4.04-02 4.90-02 6.25-02 7.19-02 8.58-02 8.88-02La 57 5.88-02 4.12-02 3.66-02 4.11-02 5.00-02 6.37-02 7.34-02 8.76-02 9.06-02Ce 58 5.96-02 4.18-02 3.73-02 4.19-02 5.10-02 6.52-02 7.50-02 8.96-02 9.27-02Pr 59 6.07-02 4.24-02 3.80-02 4.29-02 5.23-02 6.68-02 7.69-02 9.19-02 9.50-02Nd 60 6.07-02 4.24-02 3.81-02 4.30-02 5.26-02 6.72-02 7.74-02 9.25-02 9.56-02Pm 61 6.19-02 4.31-02 3.88-02 4.40-02 5.38-02 6.89-02 7.94-02 9.48-02 9.81-02Sm 62 6.11-02 4.24-02 3.83-02 4.35-02 5.34-02 6.84-02 7.88-02 9.41-02 9.73-02Eu 63 6.19-02 4.28-02 3.88-02 4.42-02 5.42-02 6.96-02 8.02-02 9.57-02 9.90-02Gd 64 6.12-02 4.23-02 3.84-02 4.38-02 5.38-02 6.91-02 7.97-02 9.51-02 9.83-02 Tb 65 6.20-02 4.27-02 3.89-02 4.45-02 5.47-02 7.03-02 8.11-02 9.67-02 1.00-01Dy 66 6.20-02 4.26-02 3.90-02 4.46-02 5.49-02 7.06-02 8.15-02 9.72-02 1.00-01Ho 67 6.26-02 4.29-02 3.93-02 4.50-02 5.55-02 7.14-02 8.24-02 9.83-02 1.02-01Er 68 6.32-02 4.32-02 3.96-02 4.55-02 5.61-02 7.23-02 8.34-02 9.95-02 1.03-01Tm 69 6.40-02 4.36-02 4.01-02 4.61-02 5.70-02 7.35-02 8.48-02 1.01-01 1.04-01Yb 70 6.40-02 4.35-02 4.00-02 4.61-02 5.70-02 7.35-02 8.49-02 1.01-01 1.04-01Lu 71 6.48-02 4.39-02 4.05-02 4.66-02 5.77-02 7.45-02 8.60-02 1.02-01 1.06-01Hf 72 6.50-02 4.39-02 4.05-02 4.68-02 5.80-02 7.48-02 8.64-02 1.03-01 1.06-01Ta 73 6.57-02 4.41-02 4.08-02 4.72-02 5.85-02 7.56-02 8.73-02 1.04-01 1.07-01W 74 6.62-02 4.43-02 4.10-02 4.75-02 5.89-02 7.62-02 8.80-02 1.05-01 1.08-01Re 75 6.69-02 4.46-02 4.14-02 4.79-02 5.95-02 7.70-02 8.89-02 1.06-01 1.09-01Os 76 6.71-02 4.46-02 4.13-02 4.79-02 5.96-02 7.71-02 8.90-02 1.06-01 1.10-01Ir 77 6.79-02 4.50-02 4.17-02 4.84-02 6.02-02 7.80-02 9.01-02 1.07-01 1.11-01Pt 78 6.86-02 4.52-02 4.20-02 4.87-02 6.06-02 7.86-02 9.08-02 1.08-01 1.12-01Au 79 6.95-02 4.57-02 4.24-02 4.93-02 6.14-02 7.95-02 9.19-02 1.09-01 1.13-01Hg 80 6.99-02 4.57-02 4.25-02 4.94-02 6.15-02 7.98-02 9.22-02 1.10-01 1.13-01Tl 81 7.03-02 4.58-02 4.25-02 4.94-02 6.16-02 8.00-02 9.24-02 1.10-01 1.14-01Pb 82 7.10-02 4.61-02 4.27-02 4.97-02 6.21-02 8.06-02 9.31-02 1.11-01 1.15-01Bi 83 7.21-02 4.66-02 4.32-02 5.03-02 6.28-02 8.15-02 9.42-02 1.12-01 1.16-01Po 84 7.39-02 4.75-02 4.40-02 5.12-02 6.40-02 8.32-02 9.61-02 1.15-01 1.18-01At 85 7.54-02 4.82-02 4.46-02 5.20-02 6.49-02 8.44-02 9.76-02 1.16-01 1.20-01Rn 86 7.30-02 4.65-02 4.30-02 5.01-02 6.26-02 8.14-02 9.42-02 1.12-01 1.16-01Fr 87 7.45-02 4.72-02 4.36-02 5.08-02 6.35-02 8.26-02 9.56-02 1.14-01 1.18-01Ra 88 7.53-02 4.75-02 4.38-02 5.10-02 6.38-02 8.31-02 9.61-02 1.15-01 1.19-01Ac 89 7.69-02 4.82-02 4.44-02 5.17-02 6.47-02 8.43-02 9.75-02 1.16-01 1.20-01Th 90 7.71-02 4.81-02 4.42-02 5.15-02 6.45-02 8.40-02 9.72-02 1.16-01 1.20-01Pa 91 7.94-02 4.93-02 4.52-02 5.26-02 6.59-02 8.60-02 9.95-02 1.19-01 1.23-01U 92 7.90-02 4.88-02 4.46-02 5.19-02 6.51-02 8.49-02 9.83-02 1.17-01 1.21-01 Np 93 8.13-02 4.99-02 4.56-02 5.30-02 6.65-02 8.68-02 1.01-01 1.20-01 1.24-01Pu 94 8.26-02 5.05-02 4.60-02 5.34-02 6.71-02 8.76-02 1.01-01 1.21-01 1.25-01Am 95 8.33-02 5.06-02 4.60-02 5.34-02 6.70-02 8.77-02 1.02-01 1.21-01 1.25-01Cm 96 8.41-02 5.08-02 4.60-02 5.34-02 6.70-02 8.77-02 1.02-01 1.21-01 1.26-01Bk 97 8.62-02 5.18-02 4.68-02 5.42-02 6.81-02 8.92-02 1.03-01 1.24-01 1.28-01Cf 98 8.70-02 5.20-02 4.68-02 5.42-02 6.81-02 8.92-02 1.04-01 1.24-01 1.28-01Es 99 8.89-02 5.28-02 4.74-02 5.48-02 6.89-02 9.04-02 1.05-01 1.25-01 1.29-01Fm 100 8.94-02 5.28-02 4.72-02 5.45-02 6.86-02 9.00-02 1.05-01 1.25-01 1.29-01 CLASSIFICATION OFELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION HansDolezalek BasicConversions: c=Av=wk;v=C/A=ck;A=clv=Wk;k=vic=UA ¢=speedoflight=2.99792458x10*m/s roan Woreagn Worenamber Aoprosnate ocs o Namesbands noneer 3x13 x10m wae 14 s0-Fw!ELEGELETUband. SoH 10010 Mn 10Moon a ae500He D1sen W000"!eerwe Ee{00s—3te 1=100m 10MeS edre3asoue 010te 1010Mn!eeet er 10-410 tL badm5Homerwes — 3030aH Totem 100Mm-!= erLeeo. oe imtom 110mm! "wes3A oe =1m O10) ARMUbad.7somerweesSahm ito—0m 1010nen aTH13 =10m 10-11a)VHFTUbd:erwe 30—30ie om oan!tet re aax we0m A ome—3Gxe {me10om alow! eetrT PTaTr 101m! SHTUbn1,ener —_ 3ae 1001mn 0Kom! ner eree Tory 10atERE,TUbed1,inser _ 5030Gis 10tne Nom"!tm! wesLen) Sea ow 110m!Panomicomaerwe,ces — 500Gi—3THe Ve—10gon 11m"! peolroreral FF (0~tem)tnd12 er=e "00—10um 1000mm! paroleaaed (000tomem=!) er er aTor WaIews!atalamenepatelfad61x0 "00THe 0—tam 10ma"!tm! rien{sooam0—t000 er aTors 110mtNerinavlwariwikt(010)10"? 500Tie—3Pate pm—100om 1tout tiie ‘0400—1000 ryaTory 11a Patelacmcart IO)ea are100—10am 10tun! {iotoe 00—100%)a a er Tonio) x10-7 "p=Wonie 10—tam10n=aw {100—tome) (ow a a Wen 10‘goris—te m=10pn 1—oan"! tion Wook Dew HE—Oe 110"a)HadXeapache raGeO)©10"je sek100—10x 10—1000 {iatee) ren DEW WON wanedpatflapepeje 20—50Be 101m ten"!tpm!“itS1086) {icone—1Mev) ©10014 —— me HWSOReo WPwtPateltadyamndpolBITOP ‘0beie pm—10 Diop! Sameya (10M) orohy See010 Wm yappoomel byeomicmn TIO10 00—doaee 100—10tm 10100pa! {iotoomers cm—000014 10-212 CLASSIFICATION OFELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (continued) Note: Abbreviationsusedinthistable:A—ingstrom(1A=10-*m);EH2—exahertz(10"* hertz);EHF—extremelyhighfrequency;ELF—extremely lowfrequency; eV—electron volt(1eV=1.60219x10-*joule);PH2—petabertz (10"hertz);fm—femtometer (10°m);GHz—gigaher (10? hertz), Gm—gigameter (10° m); HF—high frequency; H2—hertz (5); TTU—Intemational Telecommunications Union; keV— Kiloelectronvolt(10?eV);kim—kilometer(10°m);LF—Iowfrequency;m—meter;MeV—megaelectron volt(10*eV);MF-—medium frequency;MHz—megahertz(10* hertz);Mm-—megameter(10?meter);mm—millimeter(10°meter;um—ticrometer(10mete):m— nanometer(10meter)pm—picometer(10"" meer):SHF—superhighfrequency;SLF—superlowfrequency;TH2—terahert:UHF—alir highfrequency: ULF—ulralowfrequency; VHF-—veryhighfrequency; VLF-—verylowfrequency *Alsocalled"microwaves"; nottobeconfusedwith“micrometer waves”. LETTER DESIGNATIONS OF MICROWAVE BANDS Frequency (GH2) ‘Wavelength (cm) Wavenumber (em!) Band m 30-15 0.030.067 L-Band4 1s75 0.067—0.133 ‘S-Bandas S37 (01133-0267 C-Bandsn 37-25 026704 X-Band28 25-17 04-06 Ku-Band127 Wu 06-09 K-Band740 Li—o7s 09-133 Ka-Band 10-213 10-217SENSITIVITY OF THE HUMAN EYE TO LIGHT OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS The human eye responds to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from about 360 nm (violet) to 820 nm (red), with a peak sensitivity near 555 nm. While the detailed shape of this response curve depends on the individual person, studies on representative sample s of human subjects have led to adoption of a standard function relating the perceived brightness (luminous flux) to the actual power of the spectr al radiation. This function is referred to as V(λ), the photopic spectral luminous efficiency function, and it plays an important role in photometry. The function V(λ), as adopted by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is tabulated and plotted below. REFERENCES 1.The Basis for Physical Photometry , CIE Publication #18.2, 1983. 2.CIE Standard Colorimetric Observers , ISO/CIE #10527, 1991. 3.Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants , Sixteenth Edition , Longman Group Ltd., Harlow, Essex, 1995. λ/nm V(λ) 360 0.000004 370 0.000012 380 0.000039 390 0.000120 400 0.000396 410 0.001210 420 0.004000430 0.011600 440 0.023000 450 0.038000460 0.060000 470 0.090980 480 0.139020490 0.208020 500 0.323000 510 0.503000520 0.710000 530 0.862000540 0.954000 550 0.994950 555 1.000000560 0.995000 570 0.952000 580 0.870000590 0.757000 600 0.631000 610 0.503000620 0.381000 630 0.265000 640 0.175000650 0.107000 660 0.061000670 0.032000 680 0.017000 690 0.008210 700 0.004102 710 0.002091 720 0.001047 730 0.000520740 0.000249 750 0.000120 760 0.000060770 0.000030 780 0.000015 790 0.000007800 0.000004 810 0.000002 820 0.000001λ/nm V(λ) λ/nm V(λ) TeamLRN10-214BLACK BODY RADIATION The total power radiated from an ideal black body and the wavelength corresponding to maximum power are given here as a functio n of absolute temperature. Constants used in the calculation are taken from the table “Fundamental Physical Constants” in Section 1. The radi ated power in a band Δλ at λmax may be calculated from: Pmax = 0.657548 ( Δλ/λmax) Ptot T/K Ptot λmax/µm 50 0.354 W/m257.955 100 5.671 28.978 150 28.707 19.318 200 90.728 14.489250 221.504 11.591 273 314.973 10.614 280 348.541 10.349290 401.064 9.992 300 459.311 9.659 310 523.684 9.348320 594.596 9.055 330 672.478 8.781 340 757.771 8.523350 850.931 8.279 360 952.428 8.049 370 1.063 kW/m 27.832 380 1.182 7.626 390 1.312 7.430 400 1.452 7.244410 1.602 7.068 420 1.764 6.899 430 1.939 6.739440 2.125 6.586 450 2.325 6.439 460 2.539 6.299470 2.767 6.165 480 3.010 6.037 490 3.269 5.914500 3.544 5.796 510 3.836 5.682 520 4.146 5.573530 4.474 5.467 540 4.822 5.366 550 5.189 5.269560 5.577 5.175 570 5.986 5.084 580 6.417 4.996590 6.871 4.911 600 7.349 4.830 610 7.851 4.750620 8.379 4.674 630 8.933 4.600 640 9.514 4.528650 10.122 4.458 660 10.760 4.391 670 11.427 4.325680 12.124 4.261 690 12.853 4.200 700 13.615 4.140 710 14.410 4.081 720 15.239 4.025 730 16.103 3.970740 17.004 3.916 750 17.942 3.864 760 18.918 3.813770 19.934 3.763 780 20.989 3.715 790 22.087 3.668800 23.226 3.622 810 24.410 3.577 820 25.638 3.534830 26.911 3.491 840 28.232 3.450 850 29.600 3.409860 31.018 3.369 870 32.486 3.331 880 34.006 3.293890 35.578 3.256 900 37.204 3.220 910 38.886 3.184920 40.623 3.150 930 42.418 3.116 940 44.272 3.083950 46.187 3.050 960 48.162 3.018 970 50.201 2.987980 52.303 2.957 990 54.471 2.927 1000 56.705 2.8981020 61.379 2.841 1040 66.337 2.786 1060 71.589 2.7341080 77.147 2.683 1100 83.022 2.634 1120 89.227 2.5871140 95.773 2.542 1160 102.672 2.498 1180 109.939 2.456 1200 117.584 2.415 1220 125.621 2.375 1240 134.063 2.3371260 142.924 2.300 1280 152.217 2.264 1300 161.955 2.2291320 172.154 2.195 1340 182.827 2.163 1360 193.989 2.1311380 205.655 2.100 1400 217.838 2.070 1420 230.556 2.0411440 243.822 2.012 1460 257.652 1.985 1480 272.063 1.9581500 287.070 1.9321520 302.689 1.906 1540 318.937 1.882 1560 335.831 1.8581580 353.387 1.834 1600 371.623 1.811 1620 390.555 1.7891640 410.202 1.767 1660 430.581 1.746 1680 451.710 1.7251700 473.607 1.705 1720 496.290 1.685 1740 519.779 1.6651760 544.093 1.646 1780 569.249 1.628 1800 595.267 1.6101820 622.168 1.592 1840 649.970 1.575 1860 678.694 1.5581880 708.359 1.541 1900 738.987 1.525 1920 770.597 1.5091940 803.210 1.494 1960 836.848 1.478 1980 871.531 1.4642000 907.282 1.449 2020 944.121 1.435 2040 982.071 1.4202060 1.021 MW/m 21.407 2080 1.061 1.393 2100 1.103 1.3802120 1.145 1.367 2140 1.189 1.354 2160 1.234 1.3422180 1.281 1.329 2200 1.328 1.317 2220 1.377 1.305 2240 1.428 1.294 2260 1.479 1.282 2280 1.532 1.2712300 1.587 1.260 2320 1.643 1.249 2340 1.700 1.2382360 1.759 1.228 2380 1.819 1.218 2400 1.881 1.2072420 1.945 1.197 2440 2.010 1.188 2460 2.077 1.1782480 2.145 1.168 2500 2.215 1.159 2550 2.398 1.1362600 2.591 1.115T/K P tot λmax/µm T/K Ptot λmax/µm 10-215BLACK BODY RADIATION (continued) T/K Ptot λmax/µm 2650 2.796 1.093 2700 3.014 1.073 2750 3.243 1.0542800 3.485 1.035 2850 3.741 1.017 2900 4.011 0.9992950 4.294 0.982 3000 4.593 0.966 3050 4.907 0.9503100 5.237 0.935 3150 5.583 0.920 3200 5.946 0.9063250 6.326 0.892 3300 6.725 0.878 3350 7.142 0.8653400 7.578 0.852 3450 8.033 0.840 3500 8.509 0.8283550 9.006 0.8163600 9.524 0.805 3650 10.065 0.794 3700 10.627 0.7833750 11.214 0.773 3800 11.824 0.763 3850 12.458 0.7533900 13.118 0.743 3950 13.804 0.734 4000 14.517 0.7244100 16.024 0.707 4200 17.645 0.690 4300 19.386 0.6744400 21.254 0.659 4500 23.253 0.644 4600 25.389 0.6304700 27.670 0.617 4800 30.101 0.604 4900 32.689 0.5915000 35.441 0.5805100 38.362 0.568 5200 41.461 0.557 5300 44.743 0.5475400 48.217 0.537 5500 51.889 0.527 5600 55.767 0.5175700 59.858 0.508 5800 64.170 0.500 5900 68.712 0.4916000 73.490 0.483 6500 101.222 0.446 7000 136.149 0.4147500 179.418 0.386 8000 232.264 0.362 8500 296.004 0.3419000 372.042 0.322 9500 461.867 0.305 10000 567.051 0.290T/K P tot λmax/µm T/K Ptot λmax/µm The curves below show, for various temperatures, the fraction of radiant power as a function of wavelength. The function plotte d is Pλ/Δλ Ptot, where Pλ is the power at wavelength λ in a small interval Δλ (in µm), and Ptot is the total power. 0.25 0.200.150.100.05 01000 K Wavelength in µm0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40500 K 300 K 200 K 100 KFraction of Radiant Power TeamLRN10-216CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED DETECTORS This graph summarizes the wavelength response of some semiconductors used as detectors for infrared radiation. The quantity D*(λ) is the signal to noise ratio for an incident radiant power density of 1 W/cm2 and a bandwidth of 1 Hz (60 ° field of view). The Ge, InAs, and InSb detectors are photovoltaics, while the HgCdTe series are photoconductive devices. The cutoff wavelength of the latter can be varied by adjust ing the relative amounts of Hg, Cd, and Te (three examples are shown at 77 K). The graph also shows the theoretical background limited sensitivity for i deal detectors which introduce no intrinsic noise. REFERENCE Infrared Detectors 1995 , EG&G Judson, Montgomeryville, PA. 1014 1013 1012 1011 1010 109 108D*(λ) 1 2 3 456781 0 1 2 2 0 3 0 Wavelength ( µm)Ideal Photovoltaic (BLIP Limit) Ideal Photoconductor (BLIP Limit)Ge 77 K Ge -30°C Ge 22°C InAs 22°C HgCdTe -75 °CDoped Ge 4 KHgCdTe 77 KHgCdTe 77 KHgCdTe -55 °C HgCdTe 77 KInSb 77 KInAs 77 K InAs -30°C 10- 226 INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS This table lists the index of refraction of selected crystalline inorganic compounds. When, available, values are give as a fun ction of wavelength in the range from the ultraviolet to the far infrared region. For each compound a value at 589 nm, the wavelength of the princi pal sodium line, is given. The data have been taken from the references indicated; in many cases, data from a reference have been re fitted to generate the index of refraction at the wavelengths used in this table. All values refer to ambient temperature. Entries marked by * are based on ext rapolation beyond the range of available experimental data. Compounds belonging to the cubic crystal system have only a single refractive index value, but other systems are anisotropic, s o that the crystal is characterized by two or three unique indexes. Hexagonal, rhombohedral, and tetragonal crystals have two unique indexes which are traditionally labeled n o and n e for “ordinary ray” and “extraordinary ray”. Orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic crystals are characterized by three indexe s which are here called n x , n y , and n z . The table indicates the crystal system for each entry in order to identify the material uniquely. The refractive index and other optical properties for metals, semiconductors, and certain other compounds can be found in the t ables “Optical Properties of Selected Elements” and “Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids” in Section 12 of this Handbook . REFERENCES 1. Li, H. H., “Refractive Index of Alkali Halides and its Wavelength and Temperature Derivatives”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5, 329, 1976. 2. Li, H. H., “Refractive Index of Alkaline Earth Halides and its Wavelength and Temperature Derivatives”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 9, 161, 1980. 3. Li, H. H., “Refractive Index of ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe and its Wavelength and Temperature Derivatives”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, 103, 1984. 4. Shannon, R. D., Shannon, R. C., Medenbach, O., and Fischer, R. X., “Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides” , J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 931, 2002. 5. Gray, D. E., ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook , Sec. 6b, p. 6 -12, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 6. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology , III/11, Elastic, Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric, Piezooptic, Electrooptic Constants, and Nonlinear Dielectric Susceptibilities of Crystals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 7. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology , III/30A, High Frequency Properties of Dielec- tric Crystals. Piezooptic and Electrooptic Constants, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996. 8. Weber, M. J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology , V ol. IV . Optical Materials. Part 2: Properties, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986. Crystal SystemIndex of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength Compound Ray 300 nm 589 nm 750 nm 1 /H9262 m2 /H9262 m5 /H9262 m 10 /H9262 m 20 /H9262 m Ref. AgCl cub n 2.0668 2.0401 2.0224 2.0062 1.9975 1.9803 1.9069 5 AlPO 4 rhomb n o 1.5247 1.5203 1.5161 1.5034 6 rhomb n e 1.5338 1.5290 1.5245 1.5116 6 Al 2 O 3 hex n o 1.7673 4 hex n e 1.7598 4 As 2 O 3a cub n 1.7537 4 BaF 2 cub n 1.5010 1.4744 1.4712 1.4686 1.4647 1.4511 1.4014 2 BaO cub n 1.9841 4 BaSO 4 orth n x 1.6362 4 orth n y 1.6374 4 orth n z 1.6480 4 BaTiO 3 tetr n o 2.4405 4 tetr n e 2.3831 4 BaWO 4 tetr n o 1.8426 4 tetr n e 1.8405 4 BeO hex n o 1.7184 4 hex n e 1.7342 4 BeSO 4 ⋅ 4H 2 O tetr n o 1.4713 4 tetr n e 1.4328 4 CaCO 3b hex n o 1.7216 1.6584 1.6503 1.6436 1.6249 5 hex n e 1.5145 1.4864 1.4828 1.4801 1.4753 5 CaF 2 cub n 1.4540 1.4338 1.4311 1.4289 1.4239 1.3990 1.299 2 CaO cub n 1.8396 4 CaSO 4 orth n x 1.5698 4 orth n y 1.5755 4 orth n z 1.6137 4 CaSO 4 ⋅ 2H 2 O monocl n x 1.5207 4 TeamLRN 10- 227 INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS (continued) monocl n y 1.5227 4 monocl n z 1.5304 4 CaWO 4 tetr n o 1.9195 4 tetr n e 1.9355 4 CdS hex n o 2.507 2.390 2.334 5 hex n e 2.525 2.409 2.352 5 CdSe hex n o 2.68* 2.5502 2.4682 2.4483 2.4331 7 hex n e 2.69* 2.5696 2.4873 2.4676 2.4514 7 CdTe cub n 2.6724 2.6302 7 CeF 3 hex n o 1.6183 4 hex n e 1.6113 4 CsBr cub n 1.8047 1.6974 1.6861 1.6784 1.6711 1.6678 1.6630 1.6439 1 CsCl cub n 1.712 1.640 1.631 1.626 1.620 1.616 1.606 1.563 1 CsClO 4 orth n x 1.4752 4 orth n y 1.4788 4 orth n z 1.4804 4 CsF cub n 1.506 1.477 1.474 1.472 1.469* 1.461* 1.436* 1.32* 1 CsI cub n 1.9790 1.7873 1.7694 1.7576 1.7465 1.7428 1.7396 1.7280 1 Cs 2 SO 4 orth n x 1.5598 4 orth n y 1.5644 4 orth n z 1.5662 4 CuBr cub n 2.117 7 CuCl cub n 1.9727 1.9391 1.9245 7 CuSO 4 ⋅ 5H 2 O tricl n x 1.5140 4 tricl n y 1.5367 4 tricl n z 1.5436 4 Dy 2 O 3 cub n 1.9757 4 FeF 2 tetr n o 1.514 4 tetr n e 1.524 4 Gd 2 O 3 cub n 1.96 4 HgS rhomb n o 2.9413 2.7770 2.7120 2.6305 2.6018 6 rhomb n e 3.3072 3.0896 3.0050 2.8776 2.8522 6 KBr cub n 1.6482 1.5598 1.5498 1.5444 1.5383 1.5345 1.5264 1.4924 1 KCl cub n 1.5455 1.4902 1.4840 1.4798 1.4753 1.4704 1.4564 1.3946 1 KClO 4 orth n x 1.4730 4 orth n y 1.4736 4 orth n z 1.4768 4 KF cub n 1.380 1.362 1.360 1.358 1.355 1.344 1.304* 1.09* 1 KH 2 AsO 4 tetr n o 1.5674 7 tetr n e 1.5179 7 KH 2 PO 4 tetr n o 1.5450 1.5093 1.5030 1.4957 5 tetr n e 1.4977 1.4682 1.4641 1.4606 5 KI cub n 1.834* 1.665 1.650 1.640 1.631 1.627 1.620 1.593 1 KIO 3 tricl n x 1.6959 7 tricl ny 1.8317 7 tricl nz 1.8343 7 KIO4 tetr no 1.6205 4 tetr ne 1.6476 4 KNbO3 orth nx 2.2480 2.3395 2.2612 7 orth ny 2.3464 2.2959 2.2622 7 orth nx 2.1803 2.1457 2.1288 7 K2SO4 orth nx 1.4934 4 orth ny 1.4947 4Crystal SystemIndex of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength Compound Ray 300 nm 589 nm 750 nm 1 /H9262m2 /H9262m5 /H9262m 10 /H9262m 20 /H9262m Ref. 10-228INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS (continued) orth nz 1.4973 4 LaF3 hex no 1.605 4 hex ne 1.599 4 LiBr cub n 1.810 1.783 1.781 1.778 1.774* 1.756* 1.68* 1.33* 1 LiCl cub n 1.677 1.662 1.660 1.658 1.654* 1.62* 1.53* 1 LiClO4⋅3H2Oh e x no 1.4832 4 hex ne 1.4384 4 LiF cub n 1.4087 1.3921 1.3895 1.3871 1.3786 1.3266 1.1005 1 LiI cub n 1.979 1.955 1.952 1.950 1.948* 1.940* 1.91* 1.77* 1 LiIO3 hex no 1.8875 1.8713 1.8589 1.8410 6 hex ne 1.7400 1.7268 1.7179 1.7062 6 LiNbO3 rhomb no 2.3007 2.2632 2.2370 7 rhomb ne 2.2116 2.1804 2.1567 7 LiTaO3 rhomb no 2.1864 2.1590 2.1391 2.1066 7 rhomb ne 2.1908 2.1634 2.1432 2.1115 7 Li2SO4⋅H2O monocl nx 1.4615 4 monocl ny 1.4765 4 monocl nz 1.4863 4 Lu2O3 cub n 1.9349 4 MgF2 tetr no 1.3930 1.3776 1.375 1.373 1.368 1.34 1.21 2 tetr ne 1.4055 1.3894 1.387 1.385 1.379 1.34 1.21 2 MgO cub n 1.7355 1.7283 1.7228 1.7084 1.6361 5 MgSO4⋅7H2O orth nx 1.4326 4 orth ny 1.4555 4 orth nz 1.4607 4 MnF2 tetr no 1.472 4 tetr ne 1.501 4 NH4H2AsO4 tetr no 1.6401 1.5777 1.5704 1.5583 7 tetr ne 1.5754 1.5232 1.5179 1.5101 7 NH4H2PO4 tetr no 1.5668 1.5247 1.5187 1.5084 7 tetr ne 1.5137 1.4797 1.4754 1.4694 7 NaBr cub n 1.748 1.642 1.631 1.623 1.616 1.609 1.593* 1.520* 1 NaBrO3 cub n 1.6168 4 NaCl cub n 1.6066 1.5441 1.5369 1.5320 1.5265 1.5188 1.4947 1.382* 1 NaClO3 cub n 1.5151 7 NaF cub n 1.3424 1.3252 1.3231 1.3214 1.3179 1.3017 1.2400 1 NaH2PO4⋅2H2O orth nx 1.4400 7 orth ny 1.4628 7 orth nz 1.4814 7 NaI cub n 1.93* 1.774 1.758 1.74 1.73* 1.73* 1.71* 1.66* 1 NaNO2 orth nx 1.6547 7 orth ny 1.3455 7 orth nz 1.4125 7 NaNO3 rhomb no 1.5840 5 rhomb ne 1.3340 5 Na2HPO4⋅7H2O monocl nx 1.4411 4 monocl ny 1.4423 4 monocl nz 1.4525 4 Na2SO4 orth nx 1.4669 4 orth ny 1.4730 4 orth nz 1.4809 4 NdF3 hex no 1.6191 4 hex ne 1.6132 4Crystal SystemIndex of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength Compound Ray 300 nm 589 nm 750 nm 1 /H9262m2 /H9262m5 /H9262m 10 /H9262m 20 /H9262m Ref. TeamLRN10-229INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS (continued) Nd2O3 cub n 1.92 4 NiF2 tetr no 1.526 4 tetr ne 1.561 4 NiSO4⋅6H2O tetr no 1.5107 4 tetr ne 1.4870 4 PbF2 cub n 1.94* 1.767 1.754 1.745 1.73 1.70 1.66 1.32 5 PbSO4 orth nx 1.8780 4 orth ny 1.8834 4 orth nz 1.8945 4 PrF3 hex no 1.6207 4 hex ne 1.6146 4 RbBr cub n 1.639 1.553 1.544 1.538 1.532 1.530 1.525 1.505* 1 RbCl cub n 1.549 1.493 1.487 1.483 1.479 1.475 1.465 1.424* 1 RbClO4 orth nx 1.4691 4 orth ny 1.4701 4 orth nz 1.4732 4 RbF cub n 1.428* 1.397 1.394 1.391 1.388 1.379 1.346 1.19* 1 RbH2AsO4 tetr no 1.6183 1.5603 1.5538 1.5432 7 tetr ne 1.5718 1.5232 1.5184 1.5121 7 RbH2PO4 tetr no 1.5434 1.5078 1.5021 1.4941 7 tetr ne 1.5106 1.4791 1.4754 1.4704 7 RbI cub n 1.808 1.647 1.633 1.623 1.615 1.612 1.608 1.595 1 Rb2SO4 orth nx 1.5131 4 orth ny 1.5133 4 orth nz 1.5144 4 Sb2O3c cub n 2.8017 4 Sc2O3 cub n 1.9943 4 SiO2d hex no 1.5733 1.5442 1.5394 1.5350 1.5209 5 hex ne 1.5882 1.5534 1.5484 1.5438 1.5291 5 SnO2 tetr no 1.993 4 tetr ne 2.088 4 SrF2 cub n 1.459 1.4380 1.435 1.433 1.429 1.412 1.35 2 SrO cub n 1.8710 4 SrSO4 orth nx 1.6214 4 orth ny 1.6231 4 orth nz 1.6303 4 SrTiO3 cub n 2.4082 2.3525 2.3160 2.2676 2.1205 5 SrWO4 tetr no 1.8618 4 tetr ne 1.8719 4 TbF3 hex no 1.6034 4 hex ne 1.5603 4 TeO2 tetr no 2.2738 2.2080 7 tetr ne 2.4295 2.3520 7 ThO2 cub n 2.1113 4 TiO2e tetr no 2.612 2.533 2.485 2.399 2.220 5 tetr ne 2.910 2.805 2.748 5 tetr no 2.562 4 tetr ne 2.489 4 TlBr cub n 2.418 2.350 2.289 2.103 1.984 2.339 2.322 5 TlCl cub n 2.247 2.198 2.145 1.986 1.891 2.193 5 TlClO4 orth nx 1.6427 4 orth ny 1.6446 4 orth nz 1.6542 4Crystal SystemIndex of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength Compound Ray 300 nm 589 nm 750 nm 1 /H9262m2 /H9262m5 /H9262m 10 /H9262m 20 /H9262m Ref. 10-230INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS (continued) Tl2SO4 orth nx 1.8604 4 orth ny 1.8676 4 orth nz 1.8857 4 Y2O3 cub n 1.930 4 Yb2O3 cub n 1.9468 4 ZnF2 tetr no 1.495 4 tetr ne 1.525 4 ZnO hex no 2.0036 1.9662 1.9435 1.9197 7 hex ne 2.0199 1.9821 1.9589 1.9330 7 ZnSf cub n 2.3691 2.3232 2.2932 2.2633 7 ZnSg hex no 2.372 2.331 2.303 2.26 2.25 2.20 3,5 hex ne 2.368 2.327 2.301 5 ZnSe cub n 2.6222 2.5384 2.4888 2.4462 2.4296 2.4065 3 ZnTe cub n 3.060 2.880 2.789 2.719 2.698 2.684 3 ZrSiO4h tetr no 1.9255 4 tetr ne 1.9843 4 *Provisional value based on extrapolation beyond the range of experimental data. aArsenolite bCalcite cSenarmontite dα-Quartz eRutile fSphalerite gWurtzite hZirconCrystal SystemIndex of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength Compound Ray 300 nm 589 nm 750 nm 1 /H9262m2 /H9262m5 /H9262m 10 /H9262m 20 /H9262m Ref. TeamLRN10-217REFRACTIVE INDEX AND TRANSMITTANCE OF REPRESENTATIVE GLASSES Typical values of the index of refraction and internal transmittance (fraction of light transmitted through a one centimeter th ickness) are tabulated here for selected types of glasses, as well as for synthetic fused (vitreous) silica. Nominal compositions are given in the fir st part of the table. The second part gives the index of refraction, relative to air, and the internal transmittance for representative samples of each glass at wavelengths in the infrared, visible, and near-ultraviolet regions. It should be emphasized that wide variation of these parameters may be found among subty pes of each glass. More detailed data may be found in Reference 3. Assuming that the Lambert-Beer Law is followed, the transmittance of a glass plate of thickness d (in centimeters) can be obtained by raising the transmittance value in the table to the power d. REFERENCES 1. Weber, M.J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology , Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL ,1988. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition , McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 3.Schott Optical Glass , Schott Glass Technologies, Inc., 400 York Ave., Duryea, PA 18642. 4. Kaye, G.W.C., and Laby, T.H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th Edition, Longman, London, 1986. Composition in percent by mass Type Name SiO 2B2O3Al2O3Na2OK2O CaO BaO ZnO PbO P2O5 PK Phosphate crown 3 10 12 5 70 PSK Dense phosphate crown 3 5 4 28 60 BK Borosilicate crown 70 10 8 8 1 3 K Crown 74 9 11 6 ZK Zinc crown 71 17 12BaK Barium crown 60 3 3 10 19 5 SK Dense crown 39 15 5 41 KF Crown flint 67 2 16 3 12BaLF Barium light flint 51 6 5 20 14 4 SSK Extra dense crown 35 10 5 42 8 LLF Extra light flint 63 5 8 24BaF Barium flint 46 8 16 8 22 LF Light flint 53 5 8 34 F Flint 47 2 7 44BaSF Dense barium flint 43 1 7 11 5 33 SF Dense flint 33 5 62 KzFS Short flintSiO 2Fused silica 100 Index of refraction Transmittance of 1 cm plate Type 1.060 µm 546.1 nm 365.0 nm 312.6 nm 1.060 µm 546.1 nm 365.0 nm 310 nm PK 1.51519 1.52736 1.54503 1.5574 0.997 0.998 0.987 0.46 PSK 1.54154 1.55440 1.57342 1.5868 0.996 0.998 0.984 0.46 BK 1.50669 1.51872 1.53627 1.5486 0.999 0.998 0.987 0.35 K 1.50091 1.51314 1.53189 1.5454 0.998 0.998 0.988 0.40ZK 1.52220 1.53534 1.55588 1.5708 0.996 0.998 0.976 0.27 BaK 1.55695 1.57124 1.59407 1.6108 0.998 0.997 0.986 0.28 SK 1.59490 1.60994 1.63398 0.998 0.998 0.959 0.28KF 1.50586 1.51978 1.54251 1.5600 0.998 0.996 0.989 0.49 BaLF 1.57579 1.59166 1.61804 0.996 0.998 0.933 0.010 SSK 1.60402 1.61993 1.64595 0.999 0.998 0.915 0.010LaK 1.69710 1.71616 1.74573 0.999 0.998 0.882 0.17 LLF 1.52775 1.54344 1.57038 0.998 0.997 0.990 0.32 BaF 1.56873 1.58565 1.61524 0.999 0.997 0.992 0.004LF 1.56594 1.58482 1.61926 0.999 0.998 0.981 0.008 F 1.58636 1.60718 1.64606 0.997 0.998 0.959 BaSF 1.60889 1.62987 1.66926 0.999 0.998 0.857SF 1.71350 1.74620 1.8145 0.998 0.997 0.650 KzFS 1.59680 1.61639 1.64849 1.6739 0.998 0.672 0.012 SiO 2 1.44968 1.46008 1.47435a1.53430b a At 366.3 nm. b At 213.9 nm. 10-218INDEX OF REFRACTION OF WATER This table gives the index of refraction of liquid water at atmospheric pressure, relative to a vacuum, at several temperatures and wavelengths. It is generated from the formulation in Reference 1, which covers a wide range of temperature, pressure, and wavelength.The wavele ngths listed here correspond to prominent lines of cadmium (226.50 and 361.05 nm), potassium (404.41 nm), sodium (589.00 nm), Ne (632.80 nm, from a helium - neon laser), and mercury (1.01398 µm). REFERENCES 1. Schiebener, P., Straub, J., Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., and Gallagher, J.S., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 19, 677 (1990); 19, 1617, 1990. 2. Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. T/°C 226.50 nm 361.05 nm 404.41 nm 589.00 nm 632.80 nm 1.01398 µm 0 1.39450 1.34896 1.34415 1.33432 1.33306 1.32612 10 1.39422 1.34870 1.34389 1.33408 1.33282 1.32591 20 1.39336 1.34795 1.34315 1.33336 1.33211 1.3252430 1.39208 1.34682 1.34205 1.33230 1.33105 1.32424 40 1.39046 1.34540 1.34065 1.33095 1.32972 1.32296 50 1.38854 1.34373 1.33901 1.32937 1.32814 1.32145 60 1.38636 1.34184 1.33714 1.32757 1.32636 1.31974 70 1.38395 1.33974 1.33508 1.32559 1.32438 1.31784 80 1.38132 1.33746 1.33284 1.32342 1.32223 1.3157690 1.37849 1.33501 1.33042 1.32109 1.31991 1.31353 100 1.37547 1.33239 1.32784 1.31861 1.31744 1.31114 TeamLRN10-219INDEX OF REFRACTION OF LIQUIDS FOR CALIBRATION PURPOSES This table gives the index of refraction of six liquids which are available in highly pure form and whose index of refraction h as been accurately measured as a function of wavelength and temperature. They are therefore useful for calibration of refractometers. The estimate d uncertainty in the values is: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane ±0.00003 Hexadecane ±0.00008 trans-Bicyclo[4.0.0]decane ±0.00008 1-Methylnaphthalene ±0.00008 Toluene ±0.00003 Methylcyclohexane ±0.00003 Full details are given in the references. This table is reprinted from Reference 1 by permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. REFERENCES 1. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 2. Tilton, L. W., J . Opt. Soc. Am. , 32, 71, 1941. λ 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Hexadecane nm 20 °C2 5 °C3 0 °C2 0 °C2 5 °C3 0 °C 667.81 1.38916 1.38670 1.38424 1.43204 1.43001 1.42798 656.28 1.38945 1.38698 1.38452 1.43235 1.43032 1.42829 589.26 1.39145 1.38898 1.38650 1.43453 1.43250 1.43047546.07 1.39316 1.39068 1.38820 1.43640 1.43436 1.43232 501.57 1.39544 1.39294 1.39044 1.43888 1.43684 1.43480 486.13 1.39639 1.39389 1.39138 1.43993 1.43788 1.43583435.83 1.40029 1.39776 1.39523 1.44419 1.44213 1.44007 λ trans-Bicyclo[4.4.0]decane 1-Methylnaphthalene nm 20 °C2 5 °C3 0 °C2 0 °C2 5 °C3 0 °C 667.81 1.46654 1.46438 1.46222 1.60828 1.60592 1.60360 656.28 1.46688 1.46472 1.46256 1.60940 1.60703 1.60471 589.26 1.46932 1.46715 1.46498 1.61755 1.61512 1.61278546.07 1.47141 1.46923 1.46705 1.62488 1.62240 1.62005 501.57 1.47420 1.47200 1.46980 1.63513 1.63259 1.63022 486.13 1.47535 1.47315 1.47095 1.63958 1.63701 1.63463435.83 1.48011 1.47789 1.47567 1.65627 1.65386 λ Toluene Methylcyclohexane nm 20 °C2 5 °C3 0 °C2 0 °C2 5 °C3 0 °C 667.81 1.49180 1.48903 1.48619 1.42064 1.41812 1.41560 656.28 1.49243 1.48966 1.48682 1.42094 1.41842 1.41591 589.26 1.49693 1.49413 1.49126 1.42312 1.42058 1.41806546.07 1.50086 1.49803 1.49514 1.42497 1.42243 1.41989 501.57 1.50620 1.50334 1.50041 1.42744 1.42488 1.42233 486.13 1.50847 1.50559 1.50265 1.42847 1.42590 1.42334435.83 1.51800 1.51506 1.51206 1.43269 1.43010 1.42752 10-224INDEX OF REFRACTION OF AIR This is a table of the index of refraction n of dry air at 15 °C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa and containing 0.045% by volume of carbon dioxide (“standard air”). The index of refraction is defined by n = λvac/λair where λ is the wavelength of the radiation. The index is calculated from the expression (n-1) × 108 = 8342.54 + 2406147(130 - σ2)-1 + 15998(38.9 - σ2)-1 where σ = 1/λvac and λvac has units of µm. The equation is valid for λvac from 200 nm to 2 µm. The table also gives the correction ( n-1)λair which must be added to the wavelength in air to obtain λvac. If the air is at a temperature t in °C (ITS-90) and a pressure p in pascals, a value of ( n-1) from this table should be multiplied by p[1 + p(60.1 – 0.972 t) × 10-10]/96095.43(1 + 0.003661 t) REFERENCES 1. Birch, K. P., and Downs, M. J., Metrologia , 31, 315, 1994. 2. Edlen, B., Metrologia 2, 71, 1966. λvac (n-1) × 108 λvac – λair 200 nm 32409 0.06480 nm 210 31748 0.06665220 31226 0.06868 230 30801 0.07082 240 30447 0.07305250 30148 0.07535 260 29892 0.07769 270 29670 0.08009280 29477 0.08251 290 29307 0.08497 300 29157 0.08745310 29023 0.08995 320 28904 0.09247 330 28796 0.09500340 28700 0.09755 350 28612 0.10011 360 28532 0.10269370 28460 0.10527 380 28393 0.10786 390 28332 0.11046400 28276 0.11307 410 28224 0.11569 420 28177 0.11831430 28132 0.12094 440 28091 0.12357 450 28053 0.12620460 28018 0.12885 470 27985 0.13149 480 27954 0.13414490 27925 0.13679 500 27897 0.13945 510 27872 0.14211520 27848 0.14477 530 27825 0.14743540 27804 0.15010 550 27784 0.15277560 27765 0.15544 570 27747 0.15811 580 27730 0.16079590 27714 0.16347 600 27698 0.16614 610 27684 0.16882620 27670 0.17151 630 27657 0.17419 640 27644 0.17688650 27632 0.17956 660 27621 0.18225 670 27610 0.18494680 27600 0.18763 690 27590 0.19032 700 27581 0.19301710 27572 0.19570 720 27563 0.19840 730 27555 0.20109740 27547 0.20379 750 27539 0.20649 760 27532 0.20918770 27525 0.21188 780 27518 0.21458 790 27511 0.21728800 27505 0.21998 810 27499 0.22268 820 27493 0.22538830 27488 0.22808 840 27482 0.23079 850 27477 0.23349860 27472 0.23619 870 27467 0.23890880 27462 0.24160 890 27458 0.24431900 27454 0.24701 910 27449 0.24972 920 27445 0.25243930 27441 0.25513 940 27437 0.25784 950 27434 0.26055960 27430 0.26326 970 27427 0.26597 980 27423 0.26868990 27420 0.27138 1.00 µm 27417 0.0002741 µm 1.05 27402 0.0002876 1.10 27390 0.0003012 1.15 27379 0.00031481.20 27370 0.0003283 1.25 27361 0.0003419 1.30 27354 0.00035551.35 27347 0.0003691 1.40 27341 0.0003827 1.45 27336 0.00039631.50 27331 0.0004099 1.55 27327 0.0004234 1.60 27323 0.00043701.65 27319 0.0004506 1.70 27316 0.0004642 1.75 27313 0.00047781.80 27310 0.0004914 1.85 27307 0.0005050 1.90 27305 0.00051871.95 27303 0.0005323 2.00 27301 0.0005459λ vac (n-1) × 108λvac – λair λvac (n-1) × 108λvac – λair TeamLRN 10-221CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES William F. Krupke Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation was first demonstrated by Maiman in 1960, the result of a population in version produced between energy levels of chromium ions in a ruby crystal when irradiated with a xenon flashlamp. Since then population inversio ns and coherent emission have been generated in literally thousands of substances (neutral and ionized gases, liquids, and solids) using a vari ety of incoherent excitation techniques (optical pumping, electrical discharges, gas-dynamic flow, electron-beams, chemical reactions, nuclear decay). The extrema of laser output parameters which have been demonstrated to date and the laser media used are summarized in Table 1. Note that the extreme power and energy parameters listed in this table were attained with laser systems rather than with simple laser oscillators. Laser sources are commonly classified in terms of the state-of-matter of the active medium: gas, liquid, and solid. Each of the se classes is further subdivided into one or more types as shown in Table 2. A well-known representative example of each type of laser is also given in Table 2 together with its nominal operation wavelength and the methods by which it is pumped. The various lasers together cover a wide spectral range from the far ultraviolet to the far infrared. The particular wavelength of emission (usually a narrow line) is presented for some six dozen lasers in Figures 1A and 1B. By suitably designing the excitation source and/or by controlling the laser resonator structure, laser systems can provide cont inuous or pulsed radiation as shown in Table 3. Besides the method of excitation and the temporal behavior of a laser, there are many other parameters that characterize its op eration and efficiency, as shown in Tables 4 and 5. Although many lasers only emit in one or more narrow spectral “lines”, an increasing number of lasers can be tuned by changing the composition or the pressure of the medium, or by varying the wavelength of the pump bands. The spectral regions in which these tunable lase rs operate are presented in Figure 2. REFERENCE Krupke, W. F., in Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. I, Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986. TABLE 1 Extrema of Output Parameters of Laser Devices or Systems Parameter Value Laser medium Peak power 1 × 1014 W (collimated) Nd:glass Peak power density 1018 W/cm2 (focused) Nd:glass Pulse energy >105 JC O2, Nd:glass Average power 105 WC O2 Pulse duration 3 × 10–15 s continuous wave (cw) Rh6G dye; various gases, liquids, solids Wavelength 60 nm ↔ 385 µm Many required Efficiency (nonlaser pumped) 70% CO Beam quality Diffraction limited Various gases, liquids, solids Spectral linewidth 20 Hz (for 10–1 s) Neon-helium Spatial coherence 10 m Ruby 10-222CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued) Table 3 Temporal Characteristics of Lasers and Laser Systems Pulse width range Form Technique (s) Continuous wave Excitation is continuous; resonator Q is held constant at some moderate value ∞ Pulsed Excitation is pulsed; resonator Q is held constant at some moderate value 10–8–10–3 Q-Switched Excitation is continuous or pulsed; resonator Q is switched from a very low value to a moderate value 10–8–10–6 Cavity dumped Excitation is continuous or pulsed; resonator Q is switched from a very high value to a low value 10–7–10–5 Mode locked Excitation is continuous or pulsed; phase or loss of the resonator modes is modulated at a rate related to the resonator transit time 10–12–10–9TABLE 2 Classes, Types, and Representative Examples of Laser Sources Representative Nominal operating Class Type (characteristic) example wavelength (nm) Method(s) of excitation Gas Atom, neutral (electronic transition) Neon-Helium (Ne-He) 633 Glow discharge Atom, ionic (electronic transition) Argon (Ar+) 488 Arc discharge Molecule, neutral (electronic transition) Krypton fluoride (KrF) 248 Glow discharge; e- beam Molecule, neutral (vibrational transition) Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 10600 Glow discharge; gas- dynamic flow Molecule, neutral (rotational transition) Methyl fluoride (CH 3F) 496000 Laser pumping Molecule, ionic (electronic transition) Nitrogen ion (N 2+) 420 E-beam Liquid Organic solvent (dye-chromophore) Rhodamine dye (Rh6G) 580–610 Flashlamp; laser pumping Organic solvent (rare earth chelate) Europium:TTF 612 Flashlamp Inorganic solvent (trivalent rare earth ion) Neodymium:POCl4 1060 Flashlamp Solid Insulator, crystal (impurity) Neodymium:YAG 1064 Flashlamp, arc lamp Insulator, crystal (stoichiometric) Neodymium:UP(NdP 5O14) 1052 Flashlamp Insulator, crystal (color center) F2–:LiF 1120 Laser pumping Insulator, amorphous (impurity) Neodymium:glass 1061 Flashlamp Semiconductor (p-n junction) GaAs 820 Injection currentSemiconductor (electron-hole plasma) GaAs 890 E-beam, laser pumping TeamLRN 10-223CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)Table 4 Properties and Performance of Some Continuous Wave (CW) Lasers Gas Liquid Solid Rhodamine 6G Parameter Unit Neon helium Argon ion Carbon dioxide dye Nd:YAG GaAs Excitation method DC discharge DC discharge DC discharge Ar+ laser pump Krypton arc lamp DC injection Gain medium composition Neon:helium Argon CO 2:N2:He Rh 6G:H 2O Nd:YAG p:n:GaAs Gain medium density Torr 0.1:1.0 0.4 0.4:0.8:5.0 ions/cm32(18):2(22) 1.5(20):2(22) 2(19):3(18):3(22) Wavelength nm 633 488 10600 590 1064 810Laser cross-section cm –23(-13) 1.6(-12) 1.5(-16) 1.8(-16) 7(-19) ;6(-15) Radiative lifetime (upper level) s ;1(-7) 7.5(-9) 4(-3) 6.5(-9) 2.6(-4) ;1(-9) Decay lifetime (upper level) s ;1(-7) ;5.0(-9) ;4(-3) 6.0(-9) 2.3(-4) ;1(-9) Gain bandwidth nm 2(-3) 5(-3) 1.6(-2) 80 0.5 10Type, gain saturation Inhomogeneous Inhomogeneous Homogeneous Homogeneous Homogeneous HomogeneousHomogeneous saturation flux W cm –2;20 3(5) 2.3(3) ;2(4) Decay lifetime (lower level) s ;1(-8) ;4(-10) ;5(-6)b<1(-12) <1(-7) <1(-12) Inversion density cm–3;1(9) 2(10) 2(15) 2(16) 6(16) 1(16) Small signal gain coefficient cm–1;1(-3) ;3(-2) 1(-2) 4 5(-2) 40 Pump power density W cm–3 3 900 0.15 1(6) 150 7(7) Output power density W cm–32.6(-3) ;1 2(-2) 3(5) 95 5(6) Laser size (diameter:length) cm:cm 0.5:100 0.3:100 5.0:600 1(-3):0.3 0.6:10 5(-4):7(-3);2(-2)a Excitation current/voltage A/V 3(-2):2(3) 30:300 0.1:1.5(4) 90:125 1.0/1.7Excitation current density A cm –20.15 600 6(-3) 140 4.5(3) Excitation power W 60 9(3) 1.5(3) 4 1.1(4) 1.7Output power W 0.06 10 240 0.3 300 0.12Efficiency % 0.1 0.1 13 7 2.6 7 aJunction thickness:width:length. bPressure dependent. 10-224CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)Table 5 Properties and Performance of Some Pulsed Lasers Gas Liquid Solid Parameter Unit Carbon dixoxide Krypton fluoride Rhodamine 6G Nd:YAG Nd:glass Excitation method TEA-discharge E-beam/sust. Glow discharge E-beam Xenon flashlamp Xenon flashlamp Xenon flashlamp Gain medium composition CO 2:N2:He CO 2:N2:He He:Kr:F 2 Ar:Kr:F 2Rh6G:alcohol Nd:YAG Nd:Glass Gain medium density torr 100:50:600 240:240:320 1070:70:3 1235:52:3 - ions/cm31(18):1.5(22) 1.5(20):1(22) 3(20):2(22) Wavelength nm 10600 10600 249 249 590 1064 1061Laser cross-section cm –22(-18) 2(-18) 2(-16) 2(-16) 1.8(-16) 7(-19) 2.8(-20) Radiative lifetime (upper level) s 4(-3) 4(-3) 7(-9) 7(-9) 6.5(-9) 2.6(-4) 4.1(-4)Decay lifetime (upper level) s ;1(-4) 5(-5) 2(-9) 3(-9) 6.0(-9) 2.3(-4) 3.7(-4) Gain bandwidth nm 1 1 2 2 80 0.5 26Homogeneous saturation fluence J/cm 20.2 0.2 4(-3) 4(-3) 2(-3) 0.6 ;5 Decay lifetime (lower level) s 5(-8)a1(-8)a<1(-12) <1(-12) <1(-12) <1(-7) <1(-8) Inversion density cm–33(17) 6(17) 4(14) 2(14) 2(16) 4(17) 3(18) Small signal gain coefficient cm–12(-2) 4(-2) 8–92) 4(-2) 4 0.3 8(-2) Medium excitation energy density J/cm30.1 0.36 0.15 0.13 2.8 0.15 0.6 Output energy density J/cm32(-2) 1.8(-2) 1.5(-3) 1.2(-2) 0.85 5(-2) 2(-2) Laser dimensions cm:cm:cm 4.5:4.5:87 10:10:100 1.5:4.5:100 8.5:10:100 1.2 φ25 0.6 φ7.5 0.6 φ8.3 Excitation current/voltage A/V 6(4)/3.3(3) 2.4(4)/4(4) 2.5(4)/1.5(5) 1.2(4)/2.5(5) 2(5)/2.5(4)Excitation current density A cm 28.5 22 170 11.5 2.6(3) Excitation peak power W 2(8) 9(8) 4(9) 3(9) 5.4(9) 4(4) 9(4)Output pulse energy J 35 180 1 102 32 0.1 1.0Output pulse length s 1(-6) 4(-6) 2.5(-8) 6(-7) 3.2(-6) 2(-8) 1(-4)Output pulse power W 3.5(7) 4(7) 4(7) 2(8) 1(7) 5(6) 1(4)Efficiency % 17 5 1 10 b0.2 1.5 3.7 aPressure dependent. bIntrinsic efficiency ≡ energy output/energy deposited in gas. TeamLRN CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued) Ants Kryt H Xen" = AF+ 02 E $KrF + XeF Stilbene 04|2m.,C4,S2|coumarin |.A case, S3 min os in Se=foeine GaAlAs,° Sore 08 GaAs, P, HIDC Coaas 1R-140 10 mris GaAs, Sd, z KF] Ss & 5N.«|3 2£ 5 a é Hi Eejnemoefzd7 Ee Jz InAs P, :5H}comer, |28 rately eaPas :a a= E72 |in,GaAs &g 8 Kel:Na]€ 3£ kenti] = 8 3.0 e Rb CI: Li é 3 oF} 40 InAs,,Sb, a s I 6.0 2 4 8.0 co, 10.0 cs, Cd,.,Ho,Te 20.0 30.0 10-228INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES Arthur Maki The CO2 laser has been the subject of a number of very accurate frequency measurements. Most of the earlier measurements are given by Bradley et al.1 That analysis was based on a single absolute frequency measurement and many laser frequency differences. New measurements of t he methane frequency2-4 have made it necessary to slightly revise that single absolute frequency measurement. In addition, there have been several oth er absolute frequency measurements5-7 that have been used here to improve the accuracy of the present tables. New frequency difference measurements have also been added to the database used for the present tables.8 REFERENCES 1. Bradley, L. C., Soohoo, K. L., and Freed, C., IEEE J. Quantum Electron. , QE-22, 234-267, 1986. 2. Clairon, A., Dahmani, B., Filimon, A., and Rutman, J., IEEE Trans. Inst. Meas. , IM-34, 265-268, 1985. 3. Weiss, C. O., Kramer, G., Lipphardt, B., and Garcia, E., IEEE J. Quantum Electron. , QE-24, 1970-1972, 1988. 4. Bagayev, S. N., Baklanov, A. E., Chebotayev, V. P., and Dychkov, A. S., Appl. Phys. , B-48, 31-35, 1989. 5. Blaney, T. G., Bradley, C. C., Edwards, G. J., Jolliffe, B. W., Knight, D. J. E., Rowley, W. R. C., Shotten, K. C., and Woods , P. T., Proc. R. Soc. Lond. , A-355, 61-88, 1977. 6. Chardonnet, Ch., Van Lerberghe, A., and Bordé, Ch. J., Opt. Comm. , 58, 333-337, 1986. 7. Clairon, A., Acef, O., Chardonnet, Ch., and Bordé, Ch. J., Frequency Standards and Metrology , De Marchi, A., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989, p. 212. 8. Evenson, K., private communication. Frequencies for the 00 °1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2- σ Uncertainties Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) P(70) 26721305.4647 0.1680 P(70) 29789856.3783 0.0308 P(68) 26794232.6712 0.1217 P(68) 29861850.7690 0.0192 P(66) 26866318.8073 0.0867 P(66) 29933216.1760 0.0122P(64) 26937571.7234 0.0606 P(64) 30003944.2861 0.0086 P(62) 27007998.9216 0.0415 P(62) 30074026.9127 0.0072 P(60) 27077607.5643 0.0279 P(60) 30143456.0039 0.0066P(58) 27146404.4834 0.0185 P(58) 30212223.6504 0.0061 P(56) 27214396.1873 0.0121 P(56) 30280322.0930 0.0055 P(54) 27281588.8696 0.0081 P(54) 30347743.7306 0.0049P(52) 27347988.4161 0.0057 P(52) 30414481.1273 0.0044 P(50) 27413600.4119 0.0043 P(50) 30480527.0196 0.0041 P(48) 27478430.1487 0.0036 P(48) 30545874.3239 0.0039P(46) 27542482.6310 0.0032 P(46) 30610516.1429 0.0039 P(44) 27605762.5826 0.0030 P(44) 30674445.7724 0.0039 P(42) 27668274.4525 0.0028 P(42) 30737656.7080 0.0039P(40) 27730022.4206 0.0027 P(40) 30800142.6511 0.0039 P(38) 27791010.4036 0.0026 P(38) 30861897.5150 0.0038 P(36) 27851242.0594 0.0025 P(36) 30922915.4310 0.0037 P(34) 27910720.7927 0.0024 P(34) 30983190.7534 0.0037 P(32) 27969449.7593 0.0023 P(32) 31042718.0652 0.0037 P(30) 28027431.8708 0.0022 P(30) 31101492.1833 0.0036P(28) 28084669.7981 0.0021 P(28) 31159508.1631 0.0037 P(26) 28141165.9762 0.0020 P(26) 31216761.3029 0.0037 P(24) 28196922.6067 0.0019 P(24) 31273247.1487 0.0037P(22) 28251941.6622 0.0017 P(22) 31328961.4978 0.0037 P(20) 28306224.8888 0.0016 P(20) 31383900.4028 0.0037 P(18) 28359773.8090 0.0014 P(18) 31438060.1749 0.0037P(16) 28412589.7245 0.0012 P(16) 31491437.3872 0.0036 P(14) 28464673.7184 0.0011 P(14) 31544028.8776 0.0036 P(12) 28516026.6574 0.0009 P(12) 31595831.7516 0.0036P(10) 28566649.1935 0.0008 P(10) 31646843.3843 0.0035 P(8) 28616541.7661 0.0008 P(8) 31697061.4225 0.0035 P(6) 28665704.6027 0.0008 P(6) 31746483.7868 0.0035 TeamLRN10-229INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued) P(4) 28714137.7205 0.0008 P(4) 31795108.6724 0.0035 P(2) 28761840.9272 0.0008 P(2) 31842934.5511 0.0035 R(0) 28832026.2198 0.0008 R(0) 31913172.5691 0.0035R(2) 28877902.4382 0.0007 R(2) 31958996.0621 0.0034 R(4) 28923046.4303 0.0006 R(4) 32004017.3822 0.0034 R(6) 28967457.0657 0.0005 R(6) 32048236.2498 0.0034R(8) 29011133.0054 0.0003 R(8) 32091652.6619 0.0034 R(10) 29054072.7010 0.0001 R(10) 32134266.8917 0.0034 R(12) 29096274.3935 0.0003 R(12) 32176079.4878 0.0034R(14) 29137736.1129 0.0005 R(14) 32217091.2721 0.0035 R(16) 29178455.6759 0.0007 R(16) 32257303.3386 0.0036 R(18) 29218430.6852 0.0009 R(18) 32296717.0510 0.0037R(20) 29257658.5269 0.0010 R(20) 32335334.0408 0.0038 R(22) 29296136.3689 0.0011 R(22) 32373156.2044 0.0039 R(24) 29333861.1583 0.0012 R(24) 32410185.7003 0.0041R(26) 29370829.6191 0.0011 R(26) 32446424.9459 0.0042 R(28) 29407038.2491 0.0011 R(28) 32481876.6140 0.0042 R(30) 29442483.3168 0.0011 R(30) 32516543.6293 0.0042R(32) 29477160.8582 0.0012 R(32) 32550429.1641 0.0042 R(34) 29511066.6733 0.0013 R(34) 32583536.6340 0.0042 R(36) 29544196.3221 0.0015 R(36) 32615869.6937 0.0041R(38) 29576545.1205 0.0017 R(38) 32647432.2320 0.0040 R(40) 29608108.1360 0.0019 R(40) 32678228.3665 0.0039 R(42) 29638880.1831 0.0022 R(42) 32708262.4386 0.0038R(44) 29668855.8183 0.0024 R(44) 32737539.0081 0.0039 R(46) 29698029.3350 0.0027 R(46) 32766062.8469 0.0041 R(48) 29726394.7582 0.0032 R(48) 32793838.9334 0.0045R(50) 29753945.8385 0.0037 R(50) 32820872.4463 0.0055 R(52) 29780676.0464 0.0042 R(52) 32847168.7576 0.0071 R(54) 29806578.5659 0.0047 R(54) 32872733.4269 0.0099R(56) 29831646.2878 0.0052 R(56) 32897572.1935 0.0141 R(58) 29855871.8032 0.0058 R(58) 32921690.9701 0.0202 R(60) 29879247.3960 0.0074 R(60) 32945095.8355 0.0288R(62) 29901765.0357 0.0113 R(62) 32967793.0268 0.0407 R(64) 29923416.3695 0.0186 R(64) 32989788.9322 0.0567 R(66) 29944192.7145 0.0302 R(66) 33011090.0831 0.0780R(68) 29964085.0488 0.0475 R(68) 33031703.1467 0.1060 R(70) 29983084.0036 0.0720 R(70) 33051634.9172 0.1423 Frequencies for the 00 °1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 13C16O2 with the Estimated 2- σ Uncertainties Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) P(66) 25523832.1808 0.7836 P(66) 28512082.5283 1.2894 P(64) 25590013.4703 0.5415 P(64) 28585121.9396 0.9194 P(62) 25655543.6502 0.3629 P(62) 28657449.4180 0.6420P(60) 25720428.2487 0.2339 P(60) 28729056.6374 0.4375 P(58) 25784672.4840 0.1430 P(58) 28799935.4147 0.2897 P(56) 25848281.2771 0.0810 P(56) 28870077.7187 0.1853P(54) 25911259.2627 0.0405 P(54) 28939475.6771 0.1135 P(52) 25973610.8005 0.0157 P(52) 29008121.5846 0.0659 P(50) 26035339.9857 0.0045 P(50) 29076007.9109 0.0357 P(48) 26096450.6582 0.0079 P(48) 29143127.3077 0.0180 P(46) 26156946.4123 0.0101 P(46) 29209472.6164 0.0090Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) 10-230INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued) Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) P(44) 26216830.6053 0.0101 P(44) 29275036.8754 0.0058 P(42) 26276106.3655 0.0090 P(42) 29339813.3270 0.0050 P(40) 26334776.6003 0.0077 P(40) 29403795.4243 0.0044P(38) 26392844.0030 0.0068 P(38) 29466976.8383 0.0037 P(36) 26450311.0599 0.0063 P(36) 29529351.4635 0.0032 P(34) 26507180.0565 0.0061 P(34) 29590913.4252 0.0029P(32) 26563453.0836 0.0060 P(32) 29651657.0844 0.0028 P(30) 26619132.0428 0.0058 P(30) 29711577.0447 0.0028 P(28) 26674218.6515 0.0055 P(28) 29770668.1566 0.0031P(26) 26728714.4479 0.0054 P(26) 29828925.5239 0.0035 P(24) 26782620.7952 0.0054 P(24) 29886344.5074 0.0041 P(22) 26835938.8858 0.0054 P(22) 29942920.7308 0.0046P(20) 26888669.7451 0.0055 P(20) 29998650.0838 0.0051 P(18) 26940814.2347 0.0055 P(18) 30053528.7271 0.0054 P(16) 26992373.0555 0.0055 P(16) 30107553.0955 0.0055P(14) 27043346.7508 0.0054 P(14) 30160719.9016 0.0055 P(12) 27093735.7083 0.0052 P(12) 30213026.1388 0.0054 P(10) 27143540.1624 0.0051 P(10) 30264469.0839 0.0054P(8) 27192760.1962 0.0049 P(8) 30315046.2994 0.0054 P(6) 27241395.7431 0.0048 P(6) 30364755.6359 0.0055 P(4) 27289446.5880 0.0047 P(4) 30413595.2335 0.0056P(2) 27336912.3682 0.0046 P(2) 30461563.5231 0.0057 R(0) 27407012.8882 0.0045 P(0) 30531879.5415 0.0057 R(2) 27453013.4589 0.0043 P(2) 30577664.6138 0.0056R(4) 27498426.5430 0.0040 P(4) 30622575.1885 0.0054 R(6) 27543251.1200 0.0037 P(6) 30666611.0128 0.0051 R(8) 27587486.0225 0.0034 P(8) 30709772.1257 0.0047R(10) 27631129.9356 0.0031 P(10) 30752058.8571 0.0045 R(12) 27674181.3963 0.0029 P(12) 30793471.8269 0.0044 R(14) 27716638.7917 0.0029 P(14) 30834011.9425 0.0043R(16) 27758500.3577 0.0029 P(16) 30873680.3976 0.0044 R(18) 27799764.1770 0.0029 P(18) 30912478.6694 0.0044 R(20) 27840428.1773 0.0030 P(20) 30950408.5159 0.0044R(22) 27880490.1283 0.0029 P(22) 30987471.9732 0.0043 R(24) 27919947.6395 0.0029 P(24) 31023671.3517 0.0042 R(26) 27958798.1567 0.0028 P(26) 31059009.2327 0.0042R(28) 27997038.9591 0.0028 P(28) 31093488.4642 0.0042 R(30) 28034667.1551 0.0027 P(30) 31127112.1569 0.0043 R(32) 28071679.6785 0.0027 P(32) 31159883.6793 0.0045R(34) 28108073.2842 0.0026 P(34) 31191806.6529 0.0046 R(36) 28143844.5432 0.0026 P(36) 31222884.9469 0.0048 R(38) 28178989.8377 0.0026 P(38) 31253122.6730 0.0053R(40) 28213505.3554 0.0028 P(40) 31282524.1795 0.0061 R(42) 28247387.0838 0.0033 P(42) 31311094.0452 0.0077 R(44) 28280630.8035 0.0046 P(44) 31338837.0736 0.0108R(46) 28313232.0818 0.0083 P(46) 31365758.2858 0.0173 R(48) 28345186.2652 0.0161 P(48) 31391862.9147 0.0295 R(50) 28376488.4720 0.0301 P(50) 31417156.3972 0.0505R(52) 28407133.5839 0.0531 P(52) 31441644.3679 0.0845 R(54) 28437116.2372 0.0887 P(54) 31465332.6516 0.1366 R(56) 28466430.8141 0.1419 P(56) 31488227.2557 0.2138R(58) 28495071.4324 0.2188 P(58) 31510334.3631 0.3247 R(60) 28523031.9357 0.3271 P(60) 31531660.3243 0.4800 R(62) 28550305.8819 0.4763 P(62) 31552211.6497 0.6932 R(64) 28576886.5323 0.6781 P(64) 31571995.0017 0.9805 R(66) 28602766.8393 0.9467 P(66) 31591017.1868 1.3619 TeamLRN10-231INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued) Frequencies for the 00 °1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 12C18O2 with the Estimated 2- σ Uncertainties Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) P(70) 27045326.3119 0.4540 P(70) 30695237.5856 0.0858 P(68) 27114914.0922 0.3324 P(68) 30755520.2231 0.0570 P(66) 27183635.7945 0.2392 P(66) 30815311.4928 0.0364P(64) 27251496.4118 0.1688 P(64) 30874607.2084 0.0223 P(62) 27318500.7361 0.1165 P(62) 30933403.2309 0.0131 P(60) 27384653.3618 0.0783 P(60) 30991695.4724 0.0075P(58) 27449958.6881 0.0510 P(58) 31049479.9009 0.0049 P(56) 27514420.9224 0.0319 P(56) 31106752.5446 0.0041 P(54) 27578044.0828 0.0191 P(54) 31163509.4964 0.0040P(52) 27640832.0010 0.0108 P(52) 31219746.9183 0.0040 P(50) 27702788.3248 0.0059 P(50) 31275461.0455 0.0039 P(48) 27763916.5206 0.0035 P(48) 31330648.1908 0.0039P(46) 27824219.8762 0.0028 P(46) 31385304.7490 0.0039 P(44) 27883701.5029 0.0026 P(44) 31439427.2006 0.0039 P(42) 27942364.3379 0.0025 P(42) 31493012.1163 0.0038P(40) 28000211.1464 0.0024 P(40) 31546056.1605 0.0038 P(38) 28057244.5242 0.0022 P(38) 31598556.0954 0.0037 P(36) 28113466.8992 0.0021 P(36) 31650508.7847 0.0037P(34) 28168880.5335 0.0020 P(34) 31701911.1970 0.0037 P(32) 28223487.5256 0.0019 P(32) 31752760.4093 0.0037 P(30) 28277289.8118 0.0017 P(30) 31803053.6105 0.0037P(28) 28330289.1679 0.0016 P(28) 31852788.1043 0.0038 P(26) 28382487.2111 0.0015 P(26) 31901961.3125 0.0038 P(24) 28433885.4012 0.0013 P(24) 31950570.7773 0.0038P(22) 28484485.0420 0.0012 P(22) 31998614.1649 0.0038 P(20) 28534287.2828 0.0011 P(20) 32046089.2669 0.0037 P(18) 28583293.1193 0.0010 P(18) 32092994.0036 0.0037P(16) 28631503.3952 0.0010 P(16) 32139326.4254 0.0036 P(14) 28678918.8025 0.0009 P(14) 32185084.7154 0.0036 P(12) 28725539.8830 0.0010 P(12) 32230267.1907 0.0036P(10) 28771367.0288 0.0010 P(10) 32274872.3041 0.0037 P(8) 28816400.4829 0.0010 P(8) 32318898.6455 0.0038 P(6) 28860640.3403 0.0011 P(6) 32362344.9434 0.0039P(4) 28904086.5477 0.0011 P(4) 32405210.0652 0.0041 P(2) 28946738.9048 0.0011 P(2) 32447493.0185 0.0041 R(0) 29009228.1702 0.0010 P(0) 32509824.0580 0.0042R(2) 29049894.0586 0.0010 P(2) 32550648.1723 0.0042 R(4) 29089764.2368 0.0009 P(4) 32590887.7542 0.0042 R(6) 29128837.8426 0.0008 P(6) 32630542.4457 0.0041R(8) 29167113.8668 0.0008 P(8) 32669612.0295 0.0041 R(10) 29204591.1529 0.0009 P(10) 32708096.4282 0.0040 R(12) 29241268.3964 0.0010 P(12) 32745995.7040 0.0040R(14) 29277144.1444 0.0011 P(14) 32783310.0573 0.0040 R(16) 29312216.7955 0.0012 P(16) 32820039.8258 0.0040 R(18) 29346484.5984 0.0012 P(18) 32856185.4827 0.0040R(20) 29379945.6517 0.0013 P(20) 32891747.6358 0.0040 R(22) 29412597.9024 0.0013 P(22) 32926727.0254 0.0040 R(24) 29444439.1458 0.0013 P(24) 32961124.5220 0.0040R(26) 29475467.0236 0.0014 P(26) 32994941.1249 0.0040 R(28) 29505679.0230 0.0015 P(28) 33028177.9594 0.0040 R(30) 29535072.4755 0.0016 P(30) 33060836.2743 0.0040R(32) 29563644.5557 0.0018 P(32) 33092917.4394 0.0041 R(34) 29591392.2794 0.0020 P(34) 33124422.9429 0.0043 R(36) 29618312.5023 0.0023 P(36) 33155354.3878 0.0046R(38) 29644401.9182 0.0028 P(38) 33185713.4894 0.0049 10-232INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued) Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) R(40) 29669657.0575 0.0036 P(40) 33215502.0716 0.0056 R(42) 29694074.2853 0.0053 P(42) 33244722.0637 0.0068 R(44) 29717649.7992 0.0082 P(44) 33273375.4969 0.0092R(46) 29740379.6276 0.0128 P(46) 33301464.5003 0.0134 R(48) 29762259.6274 0.0200 P(48) 33328991.2976 0.0199 R(50) 29783285.4820 0.0307 P(50) 33355958.2027 0.0294R(52) 29803452.6988 0.0461 P(52) 33382367.6161 0.0427 R(54) 29822756.6072 0.0681 P(54) 33408222.0209 0.0607 R(56) 29841192.3558 0.0985 P(56) 33433523.9780 0.0848R(58) 29858754.9100 0.1401 P(58) 33458276.1228 0.1165 R(60) 29875439.0495 0.1960 P(60) 33482481.1601 0.1576 R(62) 29891239.3658 0.2702 P(62) 33506141.8605 0.2104R(64) 29906150.2589 0.3673 P(64) 33529261.0556 0.2775 R(66) 29920165.9352 0.4930 P(66) 33551841.6335 0.3621 R(68) 29933280.4042 0.6540 P(68) 33573886.5352 0.4679R(70) 29945487.4756 0.8581 P(70) 33595398.7493 0.5992 Frequencies for the 00 °1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 13C18O2 with the Estimated 2- σ Uncertainties Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) P(70) 25967863.7652 1.1146 P(70) 28960476.2278 0.4069 P(68) 26033448.2798 0.8152 P(68) 29022326.9578 0.2861 P(66) 26098273.9159 0.5860 P(66) 29083661.3546 0.1961 P(64) 26162346.4813 0.4129 P(64) 29144473.5795 0.1303P(62) 26225671.5466 0.2844 P(62) 29204757.8761 0.0833 P(60) 26288254.4494 0.1906 P(60) 29264508.5768 0.0507 P(58) 26350100.2984 0.1237 P(58) 29323720.1086 0.0290P(56) 26411213.9778 0.0772 P(56) 29382386.9988 0.0152 P(54) 26471600.1504 0.0459 P(54) 29440503.8809 0.0073 P(52) 26531263.2618 0.0258 P(52) 29498065.4997 0.0038P(50) 26590207.5442 0.0138 P(50) 29555066.7172 0.0032 P(48) 26648437.0195 0.0077 P(48) 29611502.5178 0.0031 P(46) 26705955.5026 0.0057 P(46) 29667368.0132 0.0031P(44) 26762766.6051 0.0055 P(44) 29722658.4475 0.0034 P(42) 26818873.7378 0.0055 P(42) 29777369.2022 0.0039 P(40) 26874280.1143 0.0056 P(40) 29831495.8006 0.0044P(38) 26928988.7531 0.0056 P(38) 29885033.9125 0.0049 P(36) 26983002.4809 0.0056 P(36) 29937979.3584 0.0053 P(34) 27036323.9351 0.0055 P(34) 29990328.1139 0.0054P(32) 27088955.5657 0.0054 P(32) 30042076.3132 0.0055 P(30) 27140899.6384 0.0051 P(30) 30093220.2534 0.0055 P(28) 27192158.2363 0.0049 P(28) 30143756.3978 0.0054P(26) 27242733.2620 0.0047 P(26) 30193681.3793 0.0053 P(24) 27292626.4396 0.0044 P(24) 30242992.0038 0.0052 P(22) 27341839.3165 0.0042 P(22) 30291685.2529 0.0051P(20) 27390373.2651 0.0040 P(20) 30339758.2870 0.0049 P(18) 27438229.4843 0.0037 P(18) 30387208.4477 0.0048 P(16) 27485409.0008 0.0035 P(16) 30434033.2603 0.0046P(14) 27531912.6704 0.0033 P(14) 30480230.4356 0.0045 P(12) 27577741.1795 0.0031 P(12) 30525797.8725 0.0044 P(10) 27622895.0455 0.0031 P(10) 30570733.6593 0.0043 P(8) 27667374.6182 0.0031 P(8) 30615036.0750 0.0043 P(6) 27711180.0803 0.0033 P(6) 30658703.5912 0.0044 P(4) 27754311.4480 0.0034 P(4) 30701734.8727 0.0045 TeamLRN10-233INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued) Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) P(2) 27796768.5718 0.0036 P(2) 30744128.7785 0.0045 R(0) 27859189.3155 0.0036 P(0) 30806522.5414 0.0045 R(2) 27899959.0889 0.0035 P(2) 30847319.2956 0.0044R(4) 27940052.7921 0.0033 P(4) 30887476.2168 0.0043 R(6) 27979469.5315 0.0031 P(6) 30926993.0424 0.0042 R(8) 28018208.2478 0.0028 P(8) 30965869.7046 0.0041R(10) 28056267.7161 0.0026 P(10) 31004106.3298 0.0040 R(12) 28093646.5448 0.0025 P(12) 31041703.2379 0.0040 R(14) 28130343.1757 0.0025 P(14) 31078660.9408 0.0040R(16) 28166355.8825 0.0025 P(16) 31114980.1420 0.0040 R(18) 28201682.7706 0.0025 P(18) 31150661.7340 0.0041 R(20) 28236321.7757 0.0025 P(20) 31185706.7976 0.0042R(22) 28270270.6628 0.0024 P(22) 31220116.5992 0.0043 R(24) 28303527.0249 0.0024 P(24) 31253892.5891 0.0043 R(26) 28336088.2817 0.0023 P(26) 31287036.3991 0.0044R(28) 28367951.6781 0.0024 P(28) 31319549.8396 0.0043 R(30) 28399114.2823 0.0025 P(30) 31351434.8973 0.0043 R(32) 28429572.9843 0.0026 P(32) 31382693.7318 0.0042R(34) 28459324.4940 0.0028 P(34) 31413328.6728 0.0042 R(36) 28488365.3390 0.0029 P(36) 31443342.2165 0.0041 R(38) 28516691.8625 0.0029 P(38) 31472737.0219 0.0040R(40) 28544300.2211 0.0031 P(40) 31501515.9074 0.0039 R(42) 28571186.3823 0.0032 P(42) 31529681.8467 0.0040 R(44) 28597346.1222 0.0032 P(44) 31557237.9646 0.0042R(46) 28622775.0223 0.0038 P(46) 31584187.5329 0.0046 R(48) 28647468.4672 0.0071 P(48) 31610533.9656 0.0057 R(50) 28671421.6417 0.0148 P(50) 31636280.8146 0.0088R(52) 28694629.5272 0.0286 P(52) 31661431.7650 0.0151 R(54) 28717086.8993 0.0510 P(54) 31685990.6298 0.0261 R(56) 28738788.3239 0.0852 P(56) 31709961.3449 0.0434R(58) 28759728.1540 0.1355 P(58) 31733347.9642 0.0693 R(60) 28779900.5263 0.2075 P(60) 31756154.6537 0.1068 R(62) 28799299.3572 0.3078 P(62) 31778385.6867 0.1594R(64) 28817918.3393 0.4447 P(64) 31800045.4375 0.2317 R(66) 28835750.9374 0.6283 P(66) 31821138.3761 0.3291 R(68) 28852790.3843 0.8707 P(68) 31841669.0622 0.4581R(70) 28869029.6768 1.1863 P(70) 31861642.1394 0.6268 Frequencies for the 01 1e1-(111e0,031e0)I and 011e1-(111e0,031e0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2- σ Uncertainties Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) P(59) 26125213.2723 1.6633 P(59) 30427055.2899 0.1962 P(57) 26191576.6703 1.0880 P(57) 30494640.3229 0.1332 P(55) 26257240.7898 0.6844 P(55) 30561557.5929 0.0865 P(53) 26322208.2302 0.4094 P(53) 30627802.0344 0.0530P(51) 26386481.4313 0.2286 P(51) 30693368.7014 0.0306 P(49) 26450062.6783 0.1155 P(49) 30758252.7710 0.0175 P(47) 26512954.1076 0.0498 P(47) 30822449.5469 0.0123P(45) 26575157.7109 0.0191 P(45) 30885954.4624 0.0114 P(43) 26636675.3402 0.0160 P(43) 30948763.0834 0.0109 P(41) 26697508.7115 0.0182 P(41) 31010871.1119 0.0100 P(39) 26757659.4084 0.0177 P(39) 31072274.3882 0.0091 P(37) 26817128.8857 0.0160 P(37) 31132968.8940 0.0091 P(35) 26875918.4726 0.0144 P(35) 31192950.7549 0.0102 10-234INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued) P(33) 26934029.3751 0.0131 P(33) 31252216.2430 0.0118 P(31) 26991462.6787 0.0119 P(31) 31310761.7788 0.0134 P(29) 27048219.3509 0.0106 P(29) 31368583.9339 0.0147P(27) 27104300.2431 0.0096 P(27) 31425679.4328 0.0155 P(25) 27159706.0925 0.0093 P(25) 31482045.1550 0.0157 P(23) 27214437.5237 0.0097 P(23) 31537678.1367 0.0154P(21) 27268495.0505 0.0104 P(21) 31592575.5725 0.0147 P(19) 27321879.0769 0.0108 P(19) 31646734.8172 0.0137 P(17) 27374589.8987 0.0108 P(17) 31700153.3868 0.0127P(15) 27426627.7040 0.0104 P(15) 31752828.9602 0.0119 P(13) 27477992.5747 0.0098 P(13) 31804759.3803 0.0113 P(11) 27528684.4867 0.0096 P(11) 31855942.6551 0.0113P(9) 27578703.3113 0.0101 P(9) 31906376.9582 0.0116 P(7) 27628048.8151 0.0113 P(7) 31956060.6304 0.0122 P(5) 27676720.6609 0.0127 P(5) 32004992.1796 0.0129P(3) 27724718.4080 0.0141 P(3) 32053170.2819 0.0136 R(1) 27841759.7696 0.0152 P(1) 32170312.0391 0.0149 R(3) 27887393.2105 0.0146 P(3) 32215845.0845 0.0151R(5) 27932349.2934 0.0135 P(5) 32260620.8121 0.0152 R(7) 27976627.0108 0.0124 P(7) 32304638.8261 0.0152 R(9) 28020225.2521 0.0115 P(9) 32347898.8990 0.0150R(11) 28063142.8031 0.0110 P(11) 32390400.9714 0.0148 R(13) 28105378.3457 0.0109 P(13) 32432145.1513 0.0145 R(15) 28146930.4576 0.0109 P(15) 32473131.7137 0.0142R(17) 28187797.6116 0.0107 P(17) 32513361.0997 0.0140 R(19) 28227978.1750 0.0103 P(19) 32552833.9153 0.0140 R(21) 28267470.4088 0.0099 P(21) 32591550.9309 0.0141R(23) 28306272.4666 0.0099 P(23) 32629513.0796 0.0143 R(25) 28344382.3939 0.0107 P(25) 32666721.4564 0.0144 R(27) 28381798.1267 0.0122 P(27) 32703177.3164 0.0142R(29) 28418517.4902 0.0141 P(29) 32738882.0732 0.0136 R(31) 28454538.1976 0.0165 P(31) 32773837.2976 0.0136 R(33) 28489857.8477 0.0213 P(33) 32808044.7156 0.0174R(35) 28524473.9240 0.0312 P(35) 32841506.2063 0.0279 R(37) 28558383.7917 0.0486 P(37) 32874223.8000 0.0462 R(39) 28591584.6963 0.0754 P(39) 32906199.6761 0.0735R(41) 28624073.7602 0.1131 P(41) 32937436.1606 0.1114 R(43) 28655847.9806 0.1644 P(43) 32967935.7238 0.1624 R(45) 28686904.2261 0.2328 P(45) 32997700.9775 0.2292R(47) 28717239.2334 0.3239 P(47) 33026734.6728 0.3151 R(49) 28746849.6038 0.4465 P(49) 33055039.6965 0.4238 R(51) 28775731.7988 0.6142 P(51) 33082619.0689 0.5595R(53) 28803882.1361 0.8465 P(53) 33109475.9403 0.7272 Frequencies for the 01 1f1-(111f0,031f0)I and 011f1-(111f0,031f0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2- σ Uncertainties Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) P(60) 26051570.0104 4.4521 P(60) 30355115.0204 0.2752 P(58) 26120964.4932 3.0629 P(58) 30425283.5969 0.1926 P(56) 26189552.8496 2.0516 P(56) 30494732.8293 0.1301 P(54) 26257339.6006 1.3305 P(54) 30563455.6325 0.0840 P(52) 26324329.0344 0.8289 P(52) 30631445.1076 0.0512 P(50) 26390525.2136 0.4901 P(50) 30698694.5456 0.0292 P(48) 26455931.9824 0.2698 P(48) 30765197.4310 0.0163Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) TeamLRN10-235INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued) Band I Band II Frequency Uncertainty Frequency Uncertainty Line (MHz) (MHz) Line (MHz) (MHz) P(46) 26520552.9722 0.1334 P(46) 30830947.4444 0.0111 P(44) 26584391.6075 0.0551 P(44) 30895938.4662 0.0104 P(42) 26647451.1105 0.0181 P(42) 30960164.5794 0.0105P(40) 26709734.5057 0.0151 P(40) 31023620.0723 0.0105 P(38) 26771244.6242 0.0174 P(38) 31086299.4415 0.0107 P(36) 26831984.1067 0.0157 P(36) 31148197.3941 0.0114P(34) 26891955.4069 0.0126 P(34) 31209308.8510 0.0126 P(32) 26951160.7945 0.0105 P(32) 31269628.9481 0.0138 P(30) 27009602.3576 0.0096 P(30) 31329153.0395 0.0147P(28) 27067282.0045 0.0092 P(28) 31387876.6994 0.0151 P(26) 27124201.4662 0.0090 P(26) 31445795.7236 0.0149 P(24) 27180362.2977 0.0089 P(24) 31502906.1318 0.0141P(22) 27235765.8792 0.0090 P(22) 31559204.1695 0.0128 P(20) 27290413.4182 0.0093 P(20) 31614686.3091 0.0113 P(18) 27344305.9494 0.0096 P(18) 31669349.2515 0.0098P(16) 27397444.3368 0.0097 P(16) 31723189.9280 0.0086 P(14) 27449829.2733 0.0096 P(14) 31776205.5007 0.0081 P(12) 27501461.2824 0.0096 P(12) 31828393.3642 0.0085P(10) 27552340.7179 0.0101 P(10) 31879751.1463 0.0095 P(8) 27602467.7649 0.0111 P(8) 31930276.7092 0.0107 P(6) 27651842.4399 0.0125 P(6) 31979968.1497 0.0120P(4) 27700464.5912 0.0139 P(4) 32028823.8002 0.0131 P(2) 27748333.8988 0.0148 P(2) 32076842.2290 0.0139 R(2) 27864709.8633 0.0146 P(2) 32193218.1935 0.0150R(4) 27909939.2762 0.0135 P(4) 32238298.4853 0.0151 R(6) 27954412.3294 0.0122 P(6) 32282538.0393 0.0153 R(8) 27998127.7801 0.0112 P(8) 32325936.7244 0.0153R(10) 28041084.2173 0.0107 P(10) 32368494.6458 0.0154 R(12) 28083280.0620 0.0108 P(12) 32410212.1438 0.0155 R(14) 28124713.5668 0.0110 P(14) 32451089.7941 0.0155R(16) 28165382.8151 0.0112 P(16) 32491128.4063 0.0154 R(18) 28205285.7213 0.0111 P(18) 32530329.0234 0.0152 R(20) 28244420.0302 0.0110 P(20) 32568692.9211 0.0149R(22) 28282783.3158 0.0114 P(22) 32606221.6061 0.0147 R(24) 28320372.9812 0.0129 P(24) 32642916.8154 0.0144 R(26) 28357186.2574 0.0149 P(26) 32678780.5147 0.0140R(28) 28393220.2023 0.0168 P(28) 32713814.8971 0.0133 R(30) 28428471.6994 0.0175 P(30) 32748022.3813 0.0120 R(32) 28462937.4565 0.0165 P(32) 32781405.6101 0.0106R(34) 28496614.0042 0.0142 P(34) 32813967.4482 0.0122 R(36) 28529497.6934 0.0163 P(36) 32845710.9809 0.0212 R(38) 28561584.6939 0.0309 P(38) 32876639.5111 0.0385R(40) 28592870.9914 0.0593 P(40) 32906756.5580 0.0646 R(42) 28623352.3850 0.1054 P(42) 32936065.8540 0.1015 R(44) 28653024.4839 0.1779 P(44) 32964571.3426 0.1518R(46) 28681882.7038 0.2907 P(46) 32992277.1760 0.2184 R(48) 28709922.2632 0.4635 P(48) 33019187.7118 0.3048 R(50) 28737138.1785 0.7231 P(50) 33045307.5105 0.4152 10-236INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS Arthur Maki Aside from the CO2 laser transitions, the absorption spectrum of CO has been more accurately and thoroughly measured than any other spectrum. A bibliography of earlier measurements on CO is given by Maki and Wells,1 and the present tables were calculated from the measurements referred to in that work. In addition, some new and very accurate frequency measurements2,3 have been made and were incorporated in the present tables. The frequencies of the rotational transitions of HF and HCl were calculated from constants obtained from fitting the measurements o f Evenson et al.4,5 and Jennings and Wells.6 A new report on infrared wavenumber standards from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on Molecul ar Structure and Spectroscopy, may be found in Reference 7. REFERENCES 1. Maki, A. G. and Wells, J. S., Wavenumber Calibration Tables from Heterodyne Frequency Measurements , NIST Special Publication 821, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1991. 2. Evenson, K. and Stroh, F., private communication. 3. George, T., Urban, W., and co-workers, private communication. 4. Jennings, D. A., Evenson, K. M., Zink, L. R., Demuynck, C., Destombes, J. L., Lemoine, B., and Johns, J. W. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. , 122, 477- 480, 1987. 5. Nolt, I. G., Radostitz, J. V., DiLonardo, G., Evenson, K. M., Jennings, D. A., Leopold, K. R., Vanek, M. D., Zink, L. R., Hin z, A., and Chance, K. V., J. Mol. Spectrosc. , 125, 274-287, 1987. 6. Jennings, D. A. and Wells, J. S., J. Mol. Spectrosc. , 130, 267-268, 1988. 7.High Resolution Wavenumber Standards for the Infrared, Pure Appl. Chemistry, 68, 193, 1996. Wavenumbers for the v = 1-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* Wavenumber (unc) cm–1Transition cm–1Transition 2147.081132(01) R( 0) 2139.426071(01) P( 1) 2150.856006(01) R( 1) 2135.546178(01) P( 2) 2154.595581(01) R( 2) 2131.631574(01) P( 3) 2158.299710(01) R( 3)2127.682404(01) P( 4) 2161.968245(01) R( 4) 2123.698816(01) P( 5) 2165.601041(01) R( 5) 2119.680957(01) P( 6) 2169.197949(01) R( 6)2115.628973(01) P( 7) 2172.758824(01) R( 7) 2111.543012(01) P( 8) 2176.283519(01) R( 8) 2107.423221(01) P( 9) 2179.771887(01) R( 9)2103.269746(01) P(10) 2183.223782(01) R(10) 2099.082734(01) P(11) 2186.639057(01) R(11) 2094.862333(01) P(12) 2190.017565(01) R(12)2090.608688(01) P(13) 2193.359161(01) R(13) 2086.321947(01) P(14) 2196.663698(01) R(14) 2082.002256(01) P(15) 2199.931030(01) R(15)2077.649762(01) P(16) 2203.161010(01) R(16) 2073.264612(01) P(17) 2206.353492(01) R(17) 2068.846952(01) P(18) 2209.508331(02) R(18)2064.396929(01) P(19) 2212.625379(02) R(19) 2059.914688(02) P(20) 2215.704492(02) R(20) 2055.400377(02) P(21) 2218.745522(02) R(21)2050.854140(02) P(22) 2221.748326(03) R(22) 2046.276126(03) P(23) 2224.712755(03) R(23) 2041.666479(03) P(24) 2227.638666(03) R(24)2037.025345(03) P(25) 2230.525912(04) R(25) 2032.352870(04) P(26) 2233.374349(04) R(26) 2027.649200(04) P(27) 2236.183829(04) R(27)2022.914480(04) P(28) 2238.954210(05) R(28) 2018.148857(05) P(29) 2241.685344(05) R(29) 2013.352474(05) P(30) 2244.377088(06) R(30) 2008.525477(06) P(31) 2247.029296(07) R(31) 2003.668012(06) P(32) 2249.641824(08) R(32) 1998.780224(07) P(33) 2252.214527(10) R(33)1993.862257(09) P(34) 2254.747262(14) R(34) TeamLRN10-237INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Wavenumber (unc)* Wavenumber (unc) cm–1 Transition cm–1 Transition 1988.914257(11) P(35) 2257.239883(18) R(35) 1983.936367(14) P(36) 2259.692248(24) R(36) 1978.928733(18) P(37) 2262.104213(33) R(37) 1973.891500(25) P(38) 2264.475634(45) R(38)1968.824811(34) P(39) 2266.806368(61) R(39) 1963.728813(46) P(40) 2269.096273(81) R(40) 1958.603648(61) P(41) 2271.345206(106) R(41)1953.449462(82) P(42) 2273.553027(139) R(42) * The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses. Wavenumbers for the v = 2-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* Wavenumber (unc) cm –1 Transition cm–1 Transition 4263.837198(02) R( 0) 4256.217140(02) P( 1) 4267.542066(02) R( 1) 4252.302244(02) P( 2) 4271.176630(02) R( 2) 4248.317633(02) P( 3) 4274.740746(02) R( 3)4244.263453(02) P( 4) 4278.234264(02) R( 4) 4240.139852(02) P( 5) 4281.657039(02) R( 5) 4235.946975(02) P( 6) 4285.008924(02) R( 6)4231.684972(02) P( 7) 4288.289772(02) R( 7) 4227.353987(02) P( 8) 4291.499437(02) R( 8) 4222.954169(02) P( 9) 4294.637773(02) R( 9)4218.485665(02) P(10) 4297.704631(02) R(10) 4213.948620(02) P(11) 4300.699868(02) R(11) 4209.343182(02) P(12) 4303.623334(02) R(12)4204.669499(02) P(13) 4306.474886(02) R(13) 4199.927716(02) P(14) 4309.254375(02) R(14) 4195.117980(02) P(15) 4311.961657(02) R(15)4190.240439(02) P(16) 4314.596584(02) R(16) 4185.295239(02) P(17) 4317.159011(02) R(17) 4180.282526(02) P(18) 4319.648791(02) R(18)4175.202447(02) P(19) 4322.065779(03) R(19) 4170.055149(03) P(20) 4324.409829(03) R(20) 4164.840777(03) P(21) 4326.680794(03) R(21)4159.559478(03) P(22) 4328.878530(03) R(22) 4154.211398(03) P(23) 4331.002889(04) R(23) 4148.796683(04) P(24) 4333.053728(04) R(24)4143.315479(04) P(25) 4335.030899(05) R(25) 4137.767932(04) P(26) 4336.934259(06) R(26) 4132.154187(05) P(27) 4338.763661(07) R(27)4126.474391(06) P(28) 4340.518961(09) R(28) 4120.728689(07) P(29) 4342.200014(11) R(29) 4114.917226(09) P(30) 4343.806675(16) R(30)4109.040148(12) P(31) 4345.338799(21) R(31) 4103.097600(16) P(32) 4346.796243(29) R(32) 4097.089728(21) P(33) 4348.178862(40) R(33)4091.016676(29) P(34) 4349.486513(54) R(34) 4084.878591(40) P(35) 4350.719052(73) R(35) 4078.675618(54) P(36) 4351.876336(96) R(36)4072.407901(73) P(37) 4352.958224(127) R(37) 4066.075588(97) P(38) 4353.964572(166) R(38) 4059.678822(127) P(39) 4354.895240(214) R(39) * The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses. 10-238INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Wavenumbers for the v = 3-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* Wavenumber (unc) cm–1 Transition cm–1 Transition 6354.179057(13) R( 0) 6346.594000(13) P( 1) 6357.813923(13) R( 1) 6342.644103(13) P( 2) 6361.343487(13) R( 2) 6338.589491(13) P( 3) 6364.767599(13) R( 3)6334.430309(13) P( 4) 6368.086115(13) R( 4) 6330.166705(13) P( 5) 6371.298887(13) R( 5) 6325.798826(13) P( 6) 6374.405768(12) R( 6)6321.326819(13) P( 7) 6377.406611(12) R( 7) 6316.750831(12) P( 8) 6380.301271(12) R( 8) 6312.071008(12) P( 9) 6383.089600(12) R( 9)6307.287498(12) P(10) 6385.771452(12) R(10) 6302.400447(12) P(11) 6388.346680(13) R(11) 6297.410003(12) P(12) 6390.815139(13) R(12)6292.316311(13) P(13) 6393.176681(13) R(13) 6287.119520(13) P(14) 6395.431160(13) R(14) 6281.819775(13) P(15) 6397.578430(13) R(15)6276.417224(13) P(16) 6399.618344(13) R(16) 6270.912012(13) P(17) 6401.550757(13) R(17) 6265.304287(13) P(18) 6403.375523(13) R(18)6259.594194(13) P(19) 6405.092495(14) R(19) 6253.781880(13) P(20) 6406.701527(14) R(20) 6247.867492(14) P(21) 6408.202474(14) R(21)6241.851176(14) P(22) 6409.595189(15) R(22) 6235.733077(14) P(23) 6410.879527(15) R(23) 6229.513342(15) P(24) 6412.055343(16) R(24)6223.192117(15) P(25) 6413.122491(17) R(25) 6216.769547(16) P(26) 6414.080825(19) R(26) 6210.245778(17) P(27) 6414.930201(23) R(27)6203.620957(19) P(28) 6415.670474(28) R(28) 6196.895229(23) P(29) 6416.301500(37) R(29) 6190.068739(28) P(30) 6416.823133(50) R(30)6183.141633(37) P(31) 6417.235231(67) R(31) 6176.114058(50) P(32) 6417.537649(90) R(32) 6168.986159(67) P(33)6161.758082(90) P(34) * The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of CO Frequency Uncertainty* Wavenumber Uncertainty* MHz MHz J′J″ cm –1cm–1 115271.2029 0.0004 1 0 3.84503345 0.00000001 230538.0016 0.0008 2 1 7.68991999 0.00000003 345795.9923 0.0012 3 2 11.53451273 0.00000004 461040.7712 0.0016 4 3 15.37866477 0.00000005576267.9350 0.0019 5 4 19.22222923 0.00000006 691473.0809 0.0021 6 5 23.06505926 0.00000007 806651.8065 0.0023 7 6 26.90700800 0.00000008921799.7104 0.0025 8 7 30.74792863 0.00000008 1036912.3919 0.0027 9 8 34.58767438 0.00000009 1151985.4515 0.0029 10 9 38.42609848 0.00000010 1267014.4906 0.0031 11 10 42.26305422 0.00000010 1381995.1119 0.0034 12 11 46.09839491 0.00000011 1496922.9195 0.0038 13 12 49.93197392 0.00000013 TeamLRN10-239INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of HF Frequency Uncertainty* Wavenumber Uncertainty* MHz MHz J′J″ cm–1 cm–1 1232476.21 0.12 1 0 41.110981 0.000004 2463428.09 0.19 2 1 82.171116 0.0000063691334.81 0.25 3 2 123.129676 0.000008 4914682.58 0.51 4 3 163.936165 0.000017 6131968.11 1.10 5 4 204.540439 0.0000377341702.00 2.00 6 5 244.892818 0.000067 8542412.1 3.21 7 6 284.944197 0.000107 9732646.8 4.72 8 7 324.646153 0.000157 10910978.2 6.51 9 8 363.951056 0.000217 12076004.8 8.55 10 9 402.81216 0.000285 13226355.2 10.81 11 10 441.18372 0.00036114360689.8 13.25 12 11 479.02105 0.00044 15477704.4 15.86 13 12 516.28065 0.00053 16576131.8 18.61 14 13 552.92024 0.0006217654744.4 21.48 15 14 588.89888 0.00072 18712356.5 24.44 16 15 624.17703 0.00082 19747825.6 27.43 17 16 658.71656 0.0009220760054.3 30.32 18 17 692.4809 0.00101 21747991.7 32.91 19 18 725.4349 0.00110 22710634.7 34.94 20 19 757.5452 0.0011723647028.7 36.08 21 20 788.7800 0.00120 24556268.8 35.93 22 21 819.1090 0.00120 25437499.9 34.12 23 22 848.5037 0.001141611793.5189 0.0042 14 13 53.76364468 0.00000014 1726602.5173 0.0047 15 14 57.59326065 0.00000016 1841345.5237 0.0052 16 15 61.42067535 0.000000171956018.1486 0.0057 17 16 65.24574239 0.00000019 2070616.0050 0.0061 18 17 69.06831542 0.00000020 2185134.7075 0.0065 19 18 72.88824816 0.000000222299569.8733 0.0069 20 19 76.70539441 0.00000023 2413917.1217 0.0071 21 20 80.51960806 0.00000024 2528172.0747 0.0073 22 21 84.33074306 0.000000242642330.3567 0.0074 23 22 88.13865346 0.00000025 2756387.5949 0.0075 24 23 91.94319341 0.00000025 2870339.4194 0.0077 25 24 95.74421713 0.000000262984181.4631 0.0080 26 25 99.54157896 0.00000027 3097909.3621 0.0085 27 26 103.33513334 0.00000028 3211518.7558 0.0090 28 27 107.12473480 0.000000303325005.2869 0.0096 29 28 110.91023800 0.00000032 3438364.6013 0.0102 30 29 114.69149772 0.00000034 3551592.3489 0.0107 31 30 118.46836884 0.000000363664684.1829 0.0111 32 31 122.24070637 0.00000037 3777635.7608 0.0118 33 32 126.00836545 0.00000039 3890442.7435 0.0137 34 33 129.77120137 0.000000464003100.7965 0.0179 35 34 133.52906952 0.00000060 4115605.5892 0.0254 36 35 137.28182546 0.00000085 4227952.7954 0.0370 37 36 141.02932487 0.000001234340138.0932 0.0531 38 37 144.77142361 0.00000177 4452157.1657 0.0746 39 38 148.50797766 0.00000249 4564005.7001 0.1025 40 39 152.23884318 0.00000342 * The uncertainty given is twice the standard error.Frequency Uncertainty* Wavenumber Uncertainty* MHz MHz J′J″ cm –1 cm–1 10-240INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) 26289917.4 30.32 24 23 876.9373 0.00101 27112767.2 24.41 25 24 904.38457 0.00081 27905345.6 16.88 26 25 930.82214 0.0005628666999.3 10.80 27 26 956.22817 0.00036 29397124.8 14.65 28 27 980.58253 0.00049 30095168.2 24.62 29 28 1003.86676 0.0008230760624.2 33.36 30 29 1026.0640 0.00111 31393035.7 36.17 31 30 1047.1590 0.00121 * The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of H 35Cl Frequency Uncertainty* Wavemumber Uncertainty* MHz MHz J′J″ cm–1 cm–1 1876226.517 0.065 3 2 62.584180 0.000002 2499864.439 0.066 4 3 83.386502 0.0000023121986.563 0.064 5 4 104.138262 0.000002 3742216.601 0.076 6 5 124.826909 0.000003 4360180.042 0.098 7 6 145.439951 0.0000034975504.51 0.11 8 7 165.964966 0.000004 5587820.10 0.12 9 8 186.389615 0.000004 6196759.76 0.22 10 9 206.701656 0.0000076801959.63 0.50 11 10 226.888951 0.000017 7403059.41 1.02 12 11 246.939481 0.000034 7999702.7 1.8 13 12 266.841359 0.0000628591537.3 3.1 14 13 286.582837 0.000103 9178215.8 4.8 15 14 306.152324 0.000161 * The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of H 37Cl Frequency Uncertainty* Wavenumber Uncertainty* MHz MHz J′J″ cm–1 cm–1 1873410.72 0.05 3 2 62.490255 0.000002 2496115.33 0.05 4 3 83.261445 0.0000023117308.69 0.05 5 4 103.982225 0.000002 3736615.64 0.06 6 5 124.640082 0.000002 4353662.84 0.08 7 6 145.222561 0.000003 4968079.04 0.09 8 7 165.717279 0.000003 5579495.53 0.10 9 8 186.111938 0.000003 6187546.42 0.19 10 9 206.394332 0.0000066791869.04 0.45 11 10 226.552365 0.000015 7392104.3 0.9 12 11 246.574057 0.000030 7987896.9 1.6 13 12 266.447561 0.0000548578896.1 2.7 14 13 286.161170 0.000089 * The uncertainty given is twice the standard error.Frequency Uncertainty* Wavenumber Uncertainty* MHz MHz J′J″ cm –1 cm–1 TeamLRNSection 11: Nuclear and Particle Physics Summary Tables of Particle Properties Table of the Isotopes Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Cosmic Radiation /1 /1/1 /1Gauge /& Higgs Boson Sum m a ry T ableSUMMAR Y T ABLES OF P AR TICLE PR OPER TIESExtracted from the P article Listings of theR eview of Particle PhysicsPublished in Eur/. Jour/. Ph ys/. C/3 /, /1 /#28/1/9/9/8/#29Av ailable at http/:/#2F/#2F p d g /. l b l /. g o vP article Data Group Authors/:C/. Caso /, G/. Conforto /, A/. Gurtu/, M/. Aguilar/-Benitez /, C/. Amsler /,R/.M/. Barnett /, P /.R/. Burc hat/, C/.D/. Carone/, O/. Dahl/, M/. Doser/,S/. Eidelman /, J/.L/. F eng/, M/. Go o dman /, C/. Grab /, D/.E/. Gro om/,K/. Hagiw ara /, K/.G/. Ha y es /, J/.J/. Hern/#13 andez/, K/. Hik asa /, K/. Honsc heid/,F/. James/, M/.L/. Mangano /, A/.V/. Manohar /, K/. M/#7F onig /, H/. Mura y ama/,K/. Nak am ura /, K/.A/. Oliv e /, A/. Piepk e /, M/. Ro os/, R/.H/. Sc hindler /,R/.E/. Shro c k/, M/. T anabashi /, N/.A/. T/#7F ornqvist /, T/.G/. T ripp e /, P /. V ogel /,C/.G/. W ohl /, R/.L/. W orkman/, W/./-M/. Y aoT ec hnical Asso ciates/: B/. Armstrong /, J/.L/. Casas Serradilla /,B/.B/. Filimono v /, P /.S/. Gee/, S/.B/. Lugo vsky/, S/. Mank o v/, F/. Nic holsonOther Authors who ha v e made substan tial con tributionsto reviews since the /1/9/9/4 edition/:K/.S/. Babu /, D/. Besson /, O/. Bieb el /, R/.N/. Cahn /, R/.L/. Cra wford/, R/.H/. Dalitz /,T/. Damour/, K/. Desler /, R/.J/. Donah ue /, D/.A/. Edw ards /, J/. Erler /,V/.V/. Ezhela /, A/. F ass/#12 o/, W/. F etsc her/, D/. F roidev aux /, T/.K/. Gaisser /,L/. Garren /, S/. Geer/, H/./-J/. Gerb er/, F/.J/. Gilman /, H/.E/. Hab er/, C/. Hagmann/,I/. Hinc hli/#0Be /, C/.J/. Hogan/, G/. H/#7F ohler /, J/.D/. Jac kson /, K/.F/. Johnson /,D/. Karlen/, B/. Ka yser /, K/. Kleinknec h t /, I/.G/. Kno wles/, C/. Kolda /, P /. Kreitz /,P /. Langac k er /, R/. Landua/, L/. Litten b erg /, D/.M/. Manley /, J/. Marc h/-Russell/,T/. Nak ada /, H/. Quinn/, G/. Ra/#0Belt /, B/. Renk/, M/.T/. Ronan /, L/.J/. Rosen b erg /,M/. Sc hmitt /, D/.N/. Sc hramm /, D/. Scott /, T/. Sj/#7F ostrand /, G/.F/. Smo ot /,S/. Spanier/, M/. Srednic ki /, T/. Stanev/, M/. Suzuki /, N/.P /. Tk ac henk o/,G/. V alencia /, K/. v an Bibb er /, R/. V oss/, L/. W olfenstein /, S/. Y oussefc/#0D Regen ts of the Univ ersit y of California/#28Appro ximate closing date for data/: Jan uary /1/, /1/9/9/8/#29GA UGE AND HIGGS BOSONS GA UGE AND HIGGS BOSONSGA UGE AND HIGGS BOSONS GA UGE AND HIGGS BOSONS/#0D /#0D/#0D /#0DI /#28 J PC/#29 /= /0/,/1/#28/1 /, /,/#29Mass m /#3C /2 /#02 /1/0 /, /1/6eVCha rge q /#3C /5 /#02 /1/0 /, /3/0eMean life /#1C /= Stableg gg go r gluon o r gluono r gluon o r gluon I /#28 J P/#29 /= /0/#28/1 /,/#29Mass m /= /0 /#5B a /#5DSU/#28/3/#29 colo r o ctetW WW W J /= /1Cha rge /= /#06 /1 eMass m /= /8/0 /: /4/1 /#06 /0 /: /1/0 GeVmZ /, mW /= /1/0 /: /7/8 /#06 /0 /: /1/0 GeVmW /+ /, mW /, /= /, /0 /: /2 /#06 /0 /: /6 GeVF ull width /, /= /2 /: /0/6 /#06 /0 /: /0/6 GeVW /,mo des a re cha rge conjugates of the mo des b elo w/.pW /+DECA Y MODES W /+DECA Y MODESW /+DECA Y MODES W /+DECA Y MODESF raction /#28/,i /#2F/,/#29 Con/#0Cdence level /#28MeV /#2F c /#29/` /+/#17 /#5B b /#5D /#28/1/0 /: /7/4 /#06 /0 /: /3/3 /#29 /#25 /#7Be /+/#17 /#28/1/0 /: /9 /#06 /0 /: /4 /#29 /#25 /4/0/2/0/5/#16 /+/#17 /#28/1/0 /: /2 /#06 /0 /: /5 /#29 /#25 /4/0/2/0/5/#1C /+/#17 /#28/1/1 /: /3 /#06 /0 /: /8 /#29 /#25 /4/0/1/8/5hadrons /#28/6/7 /: /8 /#06 /1 /: /0 /#29 /#25 /#7B/#19 /+/#0D /#3C /2 /: /2 /#02 /1/0 /, /4/9/5/#25 /4/0/2/0/5 Z ZZ Z J /= /1Cha rge /= /0Mass m /= /9/1 /: /1/8/7 /#06 /0 /: /0/0/7 GeV /#5B c /#5DF ull width /, /= /2 /: /4/9/0 /#06 /0 /: /0/0/7 GeV/, /,/` /+/` /, /#01/= /8/3 /: /8/3 /#06 /0 /: /2/7 MeV /#5B b /#5D/, /,invisible /#01/= /4/9/8 /: /3 /#06 /4 /: /2 MeV /#5B d /#5D/, /,hadrons /#01/= /1/7/4/0 /: /7 /#06 /5 /: /9 MeV/, /,/#16 /+/#16 /, /#01/#2F/, /,e /+e /, /#01/= /1 /: /0/0/0 /#06 /0 /: /0/0/5/, /,/#1C /+/#1C /, /#01/#2F/, /,e /+e /, /#01/= /0 /: /9/9/8 /#06 /0 /: /0/0/5 /#5B e /#5DAverage cha rged multiplicit y Average cha rged multiplicit yAverage cha rged multiplicit y Average cha rged multiplicit y/#0ANcha rged /#0B/= /2/1 /: /0/0 /#06 /0 /: /1/3Couplings to leptons Couplings to leptonsCouplings to leptons Couplings to leptonsg /`V /= /, /0 /: /0/3/7/7 /#06 /0 /: /0/0/0/7g /`A /= /, /0 /: /5/0/0/8 /#06 /0 /: /0/0/0/8g /#17e/= /0 /: /5/3 /#06 /0 /: /0/9g /#17/#16/= /0 /: /5/0/2 /#06 /0 /: /0/1/7Asymm etr y pa rameters Asymm etr y pa rametersAsymm etr y pa rameters Asymm etr y pa rameters /#5B f /#5DAe /= /0 /: /1/5/1/9 /#06 /0 /: /0/0/3/4A/#16 /= /0 /: /1/0/2 /#06 /0 /: /0/3/4A/#1C /= /0 /: /1/4/3 /#06 /0 /: /0/0/8Ac /= /0 /: /5/9 /#06 /0 /: /1/9Ab /= /0 /: /8/9 /#06 /0 /: /1/1Cha rge asymm etr y /#28/#25/#29 at Z p ole Cha rge asymm etr y /#28/#25/#29 at Z p oleCha rge asymm etr y /#28/#25/#29 at Z p ole Cha rge asymm etr y /#28/#25/#29 at Z p oleA /#28/0 /` /#29FB /= /1 /: /5/9 /#06 /0 /: /1/8A /#28/0 u /#29FB /= /4 /: /0 /#06 /7 /: /3A /#28/0 s /#29FB /= /9 /: /9 /#06 /3 /: /1 /#28S /= /1/./2/#29A /#28/0 c /#29FB /= /7 /: /3/2 /#06 /0 /: /5/8A /#28/0 b /#29FB /= /1/0 /: /0/2 /#06 /0 /: /2/8pZ DECA Y MODES Z DECA Y MODESZ DECA Y MODES Z DECA Y MODESF raction /#28/,i /#2F/,/#29 Con/#0Cdence level /#28MeV /#2F c /#29e /+e /,/#28 /3 /: /3/6/6 /#06 /0 /: /0/0/8 /#29 /#25 /4/5/5/9/4/#16 /+/#16 /,/#28 /3 /: /3/6/7 /#06 /0 /: /0/1/3 /#29 /#25 /4/5/5/9/3/#1C /+/#1C /,/#28 /3 /: /3/6/0 /#06 /0 /: /0/1/5 /#29 /#25 /4/5/5/5/9/` /+/` /,/#5B b /#5D /#28 /3 /: /3/6/6 /#06 /0 /: /0/0/6 /#29 /#25 /#7Binvisible /#28/2/0 /: /0/1 /#06 /0 /: /1/6 /#29 /#25 /#7Bhadrons /#28/6/9 /: /9/0 /#06 /0 /: /1/5 /#29 /#25 /#7B/#28 uu /+ c c /#29/#2F/2 /#28/1/0 /: /1 /#06 /1 /: /1 /#29 /#25 /#7B/#28 d d /+ s s /+ b b /#29/#2F/3 /#28/1/6 /: /6 /#06 /0 /: /6 /#29 /#25 /#7Bc c /#28/1/2 /: /4 /#06 /0 /: /6 /#29 /#25 /#7Bb b /#28/1/5 /: /1/6 /#06 /0 /: /0/9 /#29 /#25 /#7Bg g g /#3C /1 /: /1 /#25 /9/5/#25 /#7B/#19 /0/#0D /#3C /5 /: /2 /#02 /1/0 /, /5/9/5/#25 /4/5/5/9/3/#11/#0D /#3C /5 /: /1 /#02 /1/0 /, /5/9/5/#25 /4/5/5/9/2/!/#0D /#3C /6 /: /5 /#02 /1/0 /, /4/9/5/#25 /4/5/5/9/0/#11 /0/#28/9/5/8/#29 /#0D /#3C /4 /: /2 /#02 /1/0 /, /5/9/5/#25 /4/5/5/8/8/#0D/#0D /#3C /5 /: /2 /#02 /1/0 /, /5/9/5/#25 /4/5/5/9/4/#0D/#0D/#0D /#3C /1 /: /0 /#02 /1/0 /, /5/9/5/#25 /4/5/5/9/4/#19 /#06W /#07/#5B g /#5D /#3C /7 /#02 /1/0 /, /5/9/5/#25 /1/0/1/3/9/#1A /#06W /#07/#5B g /#5D /#3C /8 /: /3 /#02 /1/0 /, /5/9/5/#25 /1/0/1/1/4J /=/#20 /#28/1 S /#29X /#28 /3 /: /6/6 /#06 /0 /: /2/3 /#29 /#02 /1/0 /, /3/#7B/#20 /#28/2 S /#29X /#28 /1 /: /6/0 /#06 /0 /: /2/9 /#29 /#02 /1/0 /, /3/#7B/#1Fc /1 /#28/1 P /#29X /#28 /2 /: /9 /#06 /0 /: /7 /#29 /#02 /1/0 /, /3/#7B/#1Fc /2 /#28/1 P /#29X /#3C /3 /: /2 /#02 /1/0 /, /3/9/0/#25 /#7B/#07 /#28/1 S /#29 X /+ /#07 /#28/2 S /#29 X/+ /#07 /#28/3 S /#29 X /#28 /1 /: /0 /#06 /0 /: /5 /#29 /#02 /1/0 /, /4/#7B/#07 /#28/1 S /#29X /#3C /5 /: /5 /#02 /1/0 /, /5/9/5/#25 /#7B/#07 /#28/2 S /#29X /#3C /1 /: /3/9 /#02 /1/0 /, /4/9/5/#25 /#7B/#07 /#28/3 S /#29X /#3C /9 /: /4 /#02 /1/0 /, /5/9/5/#25 /#7B/#28 D /0/#2FD /0/#29 X /#28/2/0 /: /7 /#06 /2 /: /0 /#29 /#25 /#7BD /#06X /#28/1/2 /: /2 /#06 /1 /: /7 /#29 /#25 /#7BD /#03/#28/2/0/1/0/#29 /#06X /#5B g /#5D /#28/1/1 /: /4 /#06 /1 /: /3 /#29 /#25 /#7BB /0s X seen /#7Banomalous /#0D /+ hadrons /#5B h /#5D /#3C /3 /: /2 /#02 /1/0 /, /3/9/5/#25 /#7Be /+e /,/#0D /#5B h /#5D /#3C /5 /: /2 /#02 /1/0 /, /4/9/5/#25 /4/5/5/9/4/#16 /+/#16 /,/#0D /#5B h /#5D /#3C /5 /: /6 /#02 /1/0 /, /4/9/5/#25 /4/5/5/9/3/#1C /+/#1C /,/#0D /#5B h /#5D /#3C /7 /: /3 /#02 /1/0 /, /4/9/5/#25 /4/5/5/5/9/` /+/` /,/#0D/#0D /#5B i /#5D /#3C /6 /: /8 /#02 /1/0 /, /6/9/5/#25 /#7Bqq /#0D/#0D /#5B i /#5D /#3C /5 /: /5 /#02 /1/0 /, /6/9/5/#25 /#7B TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) GAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONSGAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONSGAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONSGAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONS γγγγ I(JPC) = 0,1(1−−) Mass m<210−16eV Charge q<510−30e Mean life= Stable gggg or gluonor gluonor gluonor gluonI(JP) = 0(1−) Mass m=0[a] SU(3) color octet WWWW J=1 Charge =1e Mass m=8 0:410:10 GeV mZ−mW=1 0:780:10 GeV mW+−mW−=−0:20:6G e V Full width Γ = 2 :060:06 GeV W−modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. p W+DECAY MODES W+DECAY MODES W+DECAY MODES W+DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) ‘+ [b]( 1 0:740:33) % { e+ (10:90:4 ) % 40205 + (10:20:5 ) % 40205 + (11:30:8 ) % 40185 hadrons (67:81:0) % { +γ <2:210−495% 40205 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 1 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ZZZZ J=1 Charge = 0 Mass m=9 1:1870:007 GeV[c] Full width Γ = 2 :4900:007 GeV Γ/parenleftbig ‘+‘− =8 3:830:27 MeV[b] Γ/parenleftbiginvisible= 498:34:2M e V[d] Γ/parenleftbig hadrons = 1740:75:9M e V Γ/parenleftbig+−/Γ/parenleftbige+e−=1:0000:005 Γ/parenleftbig +− /Γ/parenleftbig e+e− =0:9980:005[e] Average charged multiplicityAverage charged multiplicityAverage charged multiplicityAverage charged multiplicity/angbracketleftbig Ncharged =2 1:000:13 Couplings to leptonsCouplings to leptonsCouplings to leptonsCouplings to leptons g‘ V=−0:03770:0007 g‘ A=−0:50080:0008 ge=0:530:09 g=0:5020:017 Asymmetry parametersAsymmetry parametersAsymmetry parametersAsymmetry parameters[f] Ae=0:15190:0034 A=0:1020:034 A=0:1430:008 Ac=0:590:19 Ab=0:890:11 Charge asymmetry (%) at Zpole Charge asymmetry (%) at Zpole Charge asymmetry (%) at Zpole Charge asymmetry (%) at Zpole A(0‘) FB=1:590:18 A(0u) FB=4:07:3 A(0s) FB=9:93:1 (S = 1.2) A(0c) FB=7:320:58 A(0b) FB=1 0:020:28 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 2 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) pZDECAY MODESZDECAY MODESZDECAY MODESZDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) e+e−(3:3660:008) % 45594 +−(3:3670:013) % 45593 +−(3:3600:015) % 45559 ‘+‘−[b]( 3:3660:006) % { invisible (20:010:16 ) % { hadrons (69:900:15 ) % { (uu+cc)/2 (10:11:1) % { (dd+ss+bb)/3 (16:60:6) % { cc (12:40:6) % { bb (15:160:09 ) % { ggg <1:1 % 95% { 0γ <5:210−595% 45593 γ <5:110−595% 45592 !γ <6:510−495% 45590 0(958)γ <4:210−595% 45588 γγ <5:210−595% 45594 γγγ <1:010−595% 45594 W[g]<710−595% 10139 W[g]<8:310−595% 10114 J= (1S)X (3:660:23 )10−3 { (2S)X (1:600:29 )10−3 { c1(1P)X (2:90:7)10−3 { c2(1P)X <3:210−390% { (1S)X+ (2S)X +(3S)X(1:00:5)10−4 { (1S)X <5:510−595% { (2S)X <1:3910−495% { (3S)X <9:410−595% { (D0/D0)X (20:72:0) % { DX (12:21:7) % { D(2010)X [g]( 1 1:41:3) % { B0 sX seen { anomalousγ+h a d r o n s [h]<3:210−395% { e+e−γ [h]<5:210−495% 45594 +−γ [h]<5:610−495% 45593 +−γ [h]<7:310−495% 45559 ‘+‘−γγ [i]<6:810−695% { qqγγ [i]<5:510−695% { γγ [i]<3:110−695% 45594 eLF [g]<1:710−695% 45593 eLF [g]<9:810−695% 45576 LF [g]<1:210−595% 45576 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 3 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Higgs Bosons | H0and H, Searches for Higgs Bosons | H0and H, Searches for Higgs Bosons | H0and H, Searches for Higgs Bosons | H0and H, Searches for H0H0H0H0Mass m>77:5 GeV, CL = 95% H0 1in Supersymmetric Models ( mH0 1<mH0 2) H0 1in Supersymmetric Models ( mH0 1<mH0 2) H0 1in Supersymmetric Models ( mH0 1<mH0 2) H0 1in Supersymmetric Models ( mH0 1<mH0 2) Mass m>62:5 GeV, CL = 95% A0Pseudoscalar Higgs Boson in Supersymmetric ModelsA0Pseudoscalar Higgs Boson in Supersymmetric ModelsA0Pseudoscalar Higgs Boson in Supersymmetric ModelsA0Pseudoscalar Higgs Boson in Supersymmetric Models[j] Mass m>62:5 GeV, CL = 95% tan >1 HHHHMass m>54:5 GeV, CL = 95% See the Particle Listings for a Note giving details of Higgs Bosons. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 4 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Heavy Bosons Other ThanHeavy Bosons Other ThanHeavy Bosons Other ThanHeavy Bosons Other Than Higgs Bosons, Searches forHiggs Bosons, Searches forHiggs Bosons, Searches forHiggs Bosons, Searches for Additional WBosons Additional WBosons Additional WBosons Additional WBosons WR| right-handed W Mass m>549 GeV (assuming light right-handed neutrino) W0with standard couplings decaying to e, Mass m>720 GeV, CL = 95% Additional ZBosons Additional ZBosons Additional ZBosons Additional ZBosons Z0 SMwith standard couplings Mass m>690 GeV, CL = 95% ( ppdirect search) Mass m>779 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak t) ZLRof SU(2) LSU(2) RU(1) (with gL=gR) Mass m>630 GeV, CL = 95% ( ppdirect search) Mass m>389 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak t) Zof SO(10)!SU(5)U(1) (coupling constant derived from G.U.T.) Mass m>595 GeV, CL = 95% ( ppdirect search) Mass m>321 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak t) Z ofE6!SO(10)U(1) (coupling constant derived from G.U.T.) Mass m>590 GeV, CL = 95% ( ppdirect search) Mass m>160 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak t) ZofE6!SU(3)SU(2)U(1)U(1) (coupling constant derived from G.U.T.); charges are Q=p 3=8Q−p 5=8Q ) Mass m>620 GeV, CL = 95% ( ppdirect search) Mass m>182 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak t) Scalar LeptoquarksScalar LeptoquarksScalar LeptoquarksScalar Leptoquarks Mass m>225 GeV, CL = 95% (1st generation, pair prod.) Mass m>237 GeV, CL = 95% (1st gener., single prod.) Mass m>119 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd gener., pair prod.) Mass m>73 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd gener., single prod.) Mass m>99 GeV, CL = 95% (3rd gener., pair prod.) (See the Particle Listings for assumptions on leptoquark quan- tum numbers and branching fractions.) HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 5 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Axions ( A0) and Other Axions ( A0) and Other Axions ( A0) and Other Axions ( A0) and Other Very Light Bosons, Searches forVery Light Bosons, Searches forVery Light Bosons, Searches forVery Light Bosons, Searches for The standard Peccei-Quinn axion is ruled out. Variants with reduced couplings or much smaller masses are constrained by various data. TheParticle Listings in the full Review contain a Note discussing axion searches. The best limit for the half-life of neutrinoless double beta decay with Majoron emission is >7:210 24years (CL = 90%). NOTES [a] Theoretical value. A mass as large as a few MeV may not be precluded. [b]‘indicates each type of lepton ( e,,a n d), not sum over them. [c]T h e Z-boson mass listed here corresponds to a Breit-Wigner resonance parameter. It lies approximately 34 MeV above the real part of the posi-tion of the pole (in the energy-squared plane) in the Z-boson propagator. [d] This partial width takes into account Zdecays into  and any other possible undetected modes. [e] This ratio has not been corrected for the mass. [f]H e r e A2gVgA/(g2 V+g2 A). [g] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [h]S e et h e ZParticle Listings for the γenergy range used in this measure- ment. [i]F o r mγγ=( 6 05) GeV. [j] The limits assume no invisible decays. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 6 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) LEPTONSLEPTONSLEPTONSLEPTONS eeee J=1 2 Mass m=0:510999070:00000015 MeV[a] =( 5:4857991110:000000012)10−4u (me+−me−)/m<410−8, CL = 90% qe++qe− e<410−8 Magnetic moment =1:0011596521930:000000000010 B (ge+−ge−)/gaverage =(−0:52:1)10−12 Electric dipole moment d=( 0:180:16)10−26ecm Mean life> 4:31023yr, CL = 68%[b] HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 1 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)  J=1 2 Mass m= 105:6583890:000034 MeV[c] =0:1134289130:000000017 u Mean life=( 2:197030:00004)10−6s +/−=1:000020:00008 c= 658:654 m Magnetic moment =1:00116592300:0000000084 eh/2m (g+−g−)/gaverage =(−2:61:6)10−8 Electric dipole moment d=( 3:73:4)10−19ecm Decay parametersDecay parametersDecay parametersDecay parameters[d] =0:75180:0026 =−0:0070:013 =0:7490:004 P=1:0030:008[e] P/> 0:99682, CL = 90%[e] 0=1:000:04 00=0:70:4 /A = (04)10−3 0/A = (04)10−3 /A = (46)10−3 0/A = (26)10−3 =0:020:08 +modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. p −DECAY MODES−DECAY MODES−DECAY MODES−DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) e−e 100% 53 e−eγ [f]( 1:40:4) % 53 e−ee+e−[g]( 3:40:4)10−553 Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes e−e LF [h]<1:2 % 90% 53 e−γ LF<4:910−1190% 53 e−e+e−LF<1:010−1290% 53 e−2γ LF<7:210−1190% 53 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 2 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)  J=1 2 Mass m= 1777:05+0:29 −0:26MeV Mean life= (290:01:2)10−15s c=8 6:93m Magnetic moment anomaly >−0:052 and<0:058, CL = 95% Electric dipole moment d>−3:1a n d<3:110−16ecm, CL = 95% Weak dipole momentWeak dipole momentWeak dipole momentWeak dipole moment Re(dw )<0:5610−17ecm, CL = 95% Im(dw )<1:510−17ecm, CL = 95% Weak anomalous magnetic dipole momentWeak anomalous magnetic dipole momentWeak anomalous magnetic dipole momentWeak anomalous magnetic dipole moment Re( w )<4:510−3, CL = 90% Im( w )<9:910−3, CL = 90% Decay parametersDecay parametersDecay parametersDecay parameters See theParticle Listings for a note concerning -decay parameters. (eor)=0:7480:010 (e)=0:7450:012 ()=0:7410:030 (eor)=1:010:04 (e)=0:980:05 ()=1:070:08 (eor)=0:010:07 ()=−0:100:18 ()(eor)=0:7490:026 ()(e)=0:7330:033 ()()=0:780:05 ()=0:990:05 ()=0:9960:010 (a1)=1:020:04 (all hadronic modes) = 0 :9970:009 +modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. \ h" stands for orK.\‘" stands for eor. \Neutral" means neutral hadron whose decay products include γ’s and/or0’s. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 3 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Scale factor/ p −DECAY MODES−DECAY MODES−DECAY MODES−DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Modes with one charged particleModes with one charged particleModes with one charged particleModes with one charged particle particle−0 neutrals0K0 L (\1-prong")(84:710:13) % S=1.2 { particle−0 neutrals0K0 (85:300:13) % S=1.2 { − [i]( 1 7:370:09) % 885 −γ [g]( 3:00:6)10−3 { e−e [i]( 1 7:810:07) % 889 h−0 neutrals0K0 L (49:520:16) % S=1.2 { h−0K0 L (12:320:12) % S=1.5 { h− (11:790:12) % S=1.5 { − [i]( 1 1:080:13) % S=1.4 883 K− [i]( 7:10:5)10−3820 h−1 neutrals (36:910:17) % S=1.2 { h−0 (25:840:14) % S=1.1 { −0 [i]( 2 5:320:15) % S=1.1 878 −0non-(770) (3:03:2)10−3878 K−0 [i]( 5:20:5)10−3814 h−20 (10:790:16) % S=1.2 { h−20 (9:390:14) % S=1.2 { h−20(ex.K0) (9:230:14) % S=1.2 { −20(ex.K0) [i]( 9:150:15) % S=1.2 862 K−20(ex.K0)[i]( 8:02:7)10−4796 h−30 (1:400:11) % S=1.1 { h−30 (1:230:10) % S=1.1 { −30(ex.K0) [i]( 1:110:14) % 836 K−30(ex.K0)[i]( 4:3+10:0 −2:9)10−4766 h−40(ex.K0) (1:70:6)10−3 { h−40(ex.K0,) [i]( 1:10:6)10−3 { K−000K0 (1:660:10) % { K−1(0orK0) (9:51:0)10−3 { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 4 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Modes with K0’s Modes with K0’s Modes with K0’s Modes with K0’s K0(particles)− (1:660:09) % S=1.4 { h−K00 neutrals0K0 L (1:620:09) % S=1.4 { h−K0 (9:90:8)10−3S=1.5 { −K0 [i]( 8:30:8)10−3S=1.4 812 −K0 (non- K(892)−)<1:710−3CL=95% 812 K−K0 [i]( 1:590:24)10−3737 h−K00 (5:50:5)10−3 { −K00 [i]( 3:90:5)10−3794 K0− (1:90:7)10−3 { K−K00 [i]( 1:510:29)10−3685 −K000 (64)10−4 { K−K000 <3:910−4CL=95% { −K0K0 [i]( 1:210:21)10−3S=1.2 682 −K0 SK0S (3:00:5)10−4S=1.2 { −K0 SK0L (6:01:0)10−4S=1.2 { −K0 SK0S0 <2:010−4CL=95% { −K0 SK0L0 (3:11:2)10−4 { K−K00 neutrals (3:10:4)10−3 { K0h+h−h−0 neutrals<1:710−3CL=95% { K0h+h−h− (2:32:0)10−4 { Modes with three charged particlesModes with three charged particlesModes with three charged particlesModes with three charged particles h−h−h+0neut.(\3-prong") (15:180:13) % S=1.2 { h−h−h+0 neutrals (ex.K0 S!+−)(14:600:13) % S=1.2 { −+−0 neutrals (14:600:14) % { h−h−h+ (9:960:10) % S=1.1 { h−h−h+(ex.K0) (9:620:10) % S=1.1 { h−h−h+(ex.K0,!) (9:570:10) % S=1.1 { −+− (9:560:11) % S=1.1 { −+−(ex.K0) (9:520:11) % S=1.1 { −+−(ex.K0,!) [i]( 9:230:11) % S=1.1 { h−h−h+1 neutrals (5:180:11) % S=1.2 { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 5 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) h−h−h+1 neutrals(ex. K0 S!+−)(4:980:11) % S=1.2 { h−h−h+0 (4:500:09) % S=1.1 { h−h−h+0(ex.K0) (4:310:09) % S=1.1 { h−h−h+0(ex. K0,!) (2:590:09) % { −+−0 (4:350:10) % { −+−0(ex.K0) (4:220:10) % { −+−0(ex.K0,!) [i]( 2:490:10) % { h−()0 (2:880:35) % { (a1(1260) h)− <2:0 % CL=95% { h−0 (1:350:20) % { h−+h− (4:52:2)10−3 { h−−h+ (1:170:23) % { h−h−h+20 (5:40:4)10−3{ h−h−h+20(ex.K0) (5:30:4)10−3 { h−h−h+20(ex.K0,!,)[i]( 1:10:4)10−3 { h−h−h+30 [i]( 1:4+0:9 −0:7)10−3S=1.5 { h−h−h+30 (2:90:8)10−4 { K−h+h−0 neutrals (5:40:7)10−3S=1.1 { K−+−0 neutrals (3:10:6)10−3S=1.1 { K−+− (2:30:4)10−3 { K−+−(ex.K0) [i]( 1:80:5)10−3 { K−+−0 (84)10−4 { K−+−0(ex.K0) [i]( 2:4+4:3 −1:6)10−4 { K−+K−0n e u t .<910−4CL=95% { K−K+−0n e u t . (2:30:4)10−3 { K−K+− [i]( 1:610:26)10−3685 K−K+−0 [i]( 6:93:0)10−4 { K−K+K−0n e u t .<2:110−3CL=95% { K−K+K− <1:910−4CL=90% { −K+−0n e u t . <2:510−3CL=95% { e−e−e+e (2:81:5)10−5889 −e−e+ <3:610−5CL=90% 885 Modes with ve charged particlesModes with ve charged particlesModes with ve charged particlesModes with ve charged particles 3h−2h+0 neutrals (ex. K0 S!−+) (\5-prong")(9:70:7)10−4 { 3h−2h+(ex.K0) [i]( 7:50:7)10−4 { 3h−2h+0(ex.K0) [i]( 2:20:5)10−4 { 3h−2h+20 <1:110−4CL=90% { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 6 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Miscellaneous other allowed modesMiscellaneous other allowed modesMiscellaneous other allowed modesMiscellaneous other allowed modes (5)− (7:40:7)10−3 { 4h−3h+0 neutrals (\7-prong")<2:410−6CL=90% { K(892)−0(h06=K0 S) (1:940:31) % { K(892)−0 neutrals (1:330:13) % { K(892)− (1:280:08) % 665 K(892)0K−0 neutrals (3:21:4)10−3 { K(892)0K− (2:10:4)10−3539 K(892)0−0 neutrals (3:81:7)10−3 { K(892)0− (2:20:5)10−3653 (K(892))−! −K00(1:10:5)10−3 { K1(1270)− (44)10−3433 K1(1400)− (84)10−3335 K 2(1430)− <310−3CL=95% 317 − <1:410−4CL=95% 798 −0 [i]( 1:740:24)10−3778 −00 (1:40:7)10−4746 K− (2:70:6)10−4720 +−−0 neutrals <310−3CL=90% { −+− (3:40:8)10−4 { a1(1260)−!−0<3:910−4CL=90% { − <1:110−4CL=95% 637 −0 <2:010−4CL=95% 559 0(958)− <7:410−5CL=90% { 0(958)−0 <8:010−5CL=90% { − <2:010−4CL=90% 585 K− <6:710−5CL=90% { f1(1285)− (5:82:3)10−4 { f1(1285)−! −+−(1:90:7)10−4 { h−!0 neutrals (2:360:08) % { h−! [i]( 1:930:06) % { h−!0 [i]( 4:30:5)10−3{ h−!20 (1:90:8)10−4 { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 7 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Lepton Family number ( LF), Lepton number ( L), Lepton Family number ( LF), Lepton number ( L), Lepton Family number ( LF), Lepton number ( L), Lepton Family number ( LF), Lepton number ( L), or Baryon number ( B) violating modes or Baryon number ( B) violating modes or Baryon number ( B) violating modes or Baryon number ( B) violating modes (In the modes below, ‘means a sum over eandmodes) (In the modes below, ‘means a sum over eandmodes) (In the modes below, ‘means a sum over eandmodes) (In the modes below, ‘means a sum over eandmodes) Lmeans lepton number violation ( e.g.−! e+−−). Following common usage, LFmeans lepton family violation and not lepton number violation ( e.g.−!e−+−).Bmeans baryon number violation. e−γ LF<2:710−6CL=90% 888 −γ LF<3:010−6CL=90% 885 e−0LF<3:710−6CL=90% 883 −0LF<4:010−6CL=90% 880 e−K0LF<1:310−3CL=90% 819 −K0LF<1:010−3CL=90% 815 e− LF<8:210−6CL=90% 804 − LF<9:610−6CL=90% 800 e−0LF<2:010−6CL=90% 722 −0LF<6:310−6CL=90% 718 e−K(892)0LF<5:110−6CL=90% 663 −K(892)0LF<7:510−6CL=90% 657 e−K(892)0LF<7:410−6CL=90% 663 −K(892)0LF<7:510−6CL=90% 657 e− LF<6:910−6CL=90% 596 − LF<7:010−6CL=90% 590 −γ L<2:810−4CL=90% 883 −0L<3:710−4CL=90% 878 e−e+e−LF<2:910−6CL=90% 888 e−+−LF<1:810−6CL=90% 882 e+−−LF<1:510−6CL=90% 882 −e+e−LF<1:710−6CL=90% 885 +e−e−LF<1:510−6CL=90% 885 −+−LF<1:910−6CL=90% 873 e−+−LF<2:210−6CL=90% 877 e+−−L<1:910−6CL=90% 877 −+−LF<8:210−6CL=90% 866 +−−L<3:410−6CL=90% 866 e−+K−LF<6:410−6CL=90% 814 e−−K+LF<3:810−6CL=90% 814 e+−K−L<2:110−6CL=90% 814 e−K+K−LF<6:010−6CL=90% 739 e+K−K−L<3:810−6CL=90% 739 −+K−LF<7:510−6CL=90% 800 −−K+LF<7:410−6CL=90% 800 +−K−L<7:010−6CL=90% 800 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 8 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) −K+K−LF<1:510−5CL=90% 699 +K−K−L<6:010−6CL=90% 699 e−00LF<6:510−6CL=90% 878 −00LF<1:410−5CL=90% 867 e− LF<3:510−5CL=90% 700 − LF<6:010−5CL=90% 654 e−0 LF<2:410−5CL=90% 798 −0 LF<2:210−5CL=90% 784 pγ L,B<2:910−4CL=90% 641 p0L,B<6:610−4CL=90% 632 p L,B<1:3010−3CL=90% 476 e−light boson LF<2:710−3CL=95% { −light boson LF<510−3CL=95% { Heavy Charged Lepton SearchesHeavy Charged Lepton SearchesHeavy Charged Lepton SearchesHeavy Charged Lepton Searches L{ charged leptonL{ charged leptonL{ charged leptonL{ charged lepton Mass m>80:2 GeV, CL = 95% m0 L{ stable charged heavy leptonL{ stable charged heavy leptonL{ stable charged heavy leptonL{ stable charged heavy lepton Mass m>84:2 GeV, CL = 95% NeutrinosNeutrinosNeutrinosNeutrinos See the Particle Listings for a Note \Neutrino Mass" giving details of neutrinos, masses, mixing, and the status of experimental searches. eeee J=1 2 Mass m: Unexplained e ects have resulted in signi cantly neg- ative m2in the new, precise tritium beta decay experiments. It is felt that a real neutrino mass as large as 10{15 eV would cause observable spectral distortions even in the presence of the end-point count excesses. Mean life/mass, /me>7109s/eV (solar) Mean life/mass, /me>300 s/eV, CL = 90% (reactor) Magnetic moment < 1:810−10B, CL = 90% HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 9 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)  J=1 2 Mass m<0:17 MeV, CL = 90% Mean life/mass, /m>15:4 s/eV, CL = 90% Magnetic moment < 7:410−10B, CL = 90%  J=1 2 Mass m<18:2 MeV, CL = 95% Magnetic moment < 5:410−7B, CL = 90% Electric dipole moment d<5:210−17ecm, CL = 95% Number of Light Neutrino TypesNumber of Light Neutrino TypesNumber of Light Neutrino TypesNumber of Light Neutrino Types (includinge,,a n d) Number N=2:9940:012 (Standard Model ts to LEP data) Number N=3:070:12 (Direct measurement of invisible Z width) Massive Neutrinos andMassive Neutrinos andMassive Neutrinos andMassive Neutrinos and Lepton Mixing, Searches forLepton Mixing, Searches forLepton Mixing, Searches forLepton Mixing, Searches for For excited leptons, see Compositeness Limits below. See the Particle Listings for a Note \Neutrino Mass" giving details of neutrinos, masses, mixing, and the status of experimental searches. While no direct, uncontested evidence for massive neutrinos or lepton mixing has been obtained, suggestive evidence has come from solar neu- trino observations, from anomalies in the relative fractions of eand observed in energetic cosmic-ray air showers, and possibly from a eap- pearance experiment at Los Alamos. Sample limits are: Stable Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass LimitsStable Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass LimitsStable Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass LimitsStable Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits Mass m>45:0 GeV, CL = 95% (Dirac) Mass m>39:5 GeV, CL = 95% (Majorana) Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass LimitsNeutral Heavy Lepton Mass LimitsNeutral Heavy Lepton Mass LimitsNeutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits Mass m>69:0 GeV, CL = 95% (Dirac Lcoupling to e,, with U‘j 2>10−12) Mass m>58:2 GeV, CL = 95% (Majorana Lcoupling to e, ,with U‘j 2>10−12) HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 10 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Solar NeutrinosSolar NeutrinosSolar NeutrinosSolar Neutrinos Detectors using gallium ( E /&0:2 MeV), chlorine ( E /&0:8M e V ) , and ^Cerenkov e ect in water ( E /&7 MeV) measure signi cantly lower neutrino rates than are predicted from solar models. The de citin the solar neutrino flux compared with solar model calculationscould be explained by oscillations with  m 210−5eV2causing the disappearance of e. Atmospheric NeutrinosAtmospheric NeutrinosAtmospheric NeutrinosAtmospheric Neutrinos Underground detectors observing neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere have measured a /eratio much less than ex- pected and also a de ciency of upward going compared to down- ward. This could be explained by oscillations leading to the disap-pearance of  with  m210−3to 10−2eV2. oscillation: e6!e(= mixing angle) oscillation: e6!e(= mixing angle) oscillation: e6!e(= mixing angle) oscillation: e6!e(= mixing angle) m2<910−4eV2, CL = 90% (if sin22=1 ) sin22< 0:02, CL = 90% (if ( m2) is large) oscillation: ()!e(e) (any combination) oscillation: ()!e(e) (any combination) oscillation: ()!e(e) (any combination) oscillation: ()!e(e) (any combination) m2<0:075 eV2, CL = 90% (if sin22=1 ) sin22< 1:810−3, CL = 90% (if ( m2) is large) HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 11 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] The uncertainty in the electron mass in uni ed atomic mass units (u) is ten times smaller than that given by the 1986 CODATA adjustment,quoted in the Table of Physical Constants (Section 1). The conversionto MeV via the factor 931 :49432(28) MeV/u is more uncertain because of the electron charge uncertainty. Our value in MeV di ers slightly from the 1986 CODATA result. [b] This is the best \electron disappearance" limit. The best limit for the mode e −!γis>2:351025yr (CL=68%). [c] The muon mass is most precisely known in u (uni ed atomic mass units). The conversion factor to MeV via the factor 931 :49432(28) MeV/u is more uncertain because of the electron charge uncertainty. [d] See the \Note on Muon Decay Parameters" in the Particle Listings for de nitions and details. [e]Pis the longitudinal polarization of the muon from pion decay. In standard V−Atheory, P=1a n d== 3/4. [f] This only includes events with the γenergy>10 MeV. Since the e−e and e−eγmodes cannot be clearly separated, we regard the latter mode as a subset of the former. [g]S e et h eParticle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [h] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [i] Basis mode for the . HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 12 Created: 6/12/1998 14:32 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) QUARKSQUARKSQUARKSQUARKS The u-,d-, and s-quark masses are estimates of so-called \current- quark masses," in a mass-independent subtraction scheme such as MS at a scale 2G e V .T h e c-a n d b-quark masses are estimated from charmonium, bottomonium, D,a n d Bmasses. They are the \running" masses in the MS scheme. These can be di erent from the heavy quark masses obtained in potential models. uuuu I(JP)=1 2(1 2+) Mass m=1:5t o5M e V[a]Charge =2 3eI z=+1 2 mu/md=0:20 to 0:70 dddd I(JP)=1 2(1 2+) Mass m=3t o9M e V[a]Charge =−1 3eI z=−1 2 ms/md=1 7t o2 5 m=(mu+md) / 2=2t o6M e V ssss I(JP)=0 (1 2+) Mass m= 60 to 170 MeV[a]Charge =−1 3eStrangeness =−1 (ms{(mu+md)/2) (md−mu) = 34 to 51 cccc I(JP)=0 (1 2+) Mass m=1:1t o1:4 GeV Charge =2 3eCharm = +1 bbbb I(JP)=0 (1 2+) Mass m=4:1t o4:4 GeV Charge = −1 3eBottom =−1 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 1 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) tttt I(JP)=0 (1 2+) Charge =2 3e Top = +1 Mass m= 173:85:2 GeV (direct observation of top events) Mass m= 1707 (+14) GeV (Standard Model electroweak t, assum- ingMH=MZ. Number in parentheses is shift from changing MHto 300 GeV. b0(4thGeneration) Quark, Searches for b0(4thGeneration) Quark, Searches for b0(4thGeneration) Quark, Searches for b0(4thGeneration) Quark, Searches for Mass m>128 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, charged current decays) Mass m>46:0 GeV, CL = 95% ( e+e−, all decays) Free Quark SearchesFree Quark SearchesFree Quark SearchesFree Quark Searches All searches since 1977 have had negative results. NOTES [a] The ratios mu/mdandms/mdare extracted from pion and kaon masses using chiral symmetry. The estimates of uand dmasses are not without controversy and remain under active investigation. Within the literaturethere are even suggestions that the uquark could be essentially massless. The s-quark mass is estimated from SU(3) splittings in hadron masses. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 2 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) LIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONSLIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONSLIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONSLIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONS (S=C=B=0 ) (S=C=B=0 ) (S=C=B=0 ) (S=C=B=0 ) ForI=1(,b,,a):ud,(uu−dd)/p 2,du; forI=0(,0,h,h0,!,,f,f0):c1(uu+dd)+ c2(ss)  IG(JP)=1−(0−) Mass m= 139:569950:00035 MeV Mean life=( 2:60330:0005)10−8s (S = 1.2) c=7:8045 m !‘γform factors !‘γform factors !‘γform factors !‘γform factors[a] FV=0:0170:008 FA=0:01160:0016 (S = 1.3) R=0:059+0:009 −0:008 −modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. p +DECAY MODES+DECAY MODES+DECAY MODES+DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) + [b]( 9 9:987700:00004) % 30 +γ [c]( 1:240:25 )10−430 e+e [b]( 1:2300:004 )10−470 e+eγ [c]( 1:610:23 )10−770 e+e0(1:0250:034 )10−84 e+ee+e−(3:20:5)10−970 e+e <5 10−690% 70 Lepton Family number ( LF)o rL e p t o nn u m b e r( L) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF)o rL e p t o nn u m b e r( L) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF)o rL e p t o nn u m b e r( L) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF)o rL e p t o nn u m b e r( L) violating modes +e L [d]<1:510−390% 30 +e LF [d]<8:010−390% 30 −e+e+ LF<1:610−690% 30 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 1 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) 0000 IG(JPC)=1−(0−+) Mass m= 134:97640:0006 MeV m−m0=4:59360:0005 MeV Mean life=( 8:40:6)10−17s (S = 3.0) c=2 5:1n m Scale factor/ p 0DECAY MODES0DECAY MODES0DECAY MODES0DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) 2γ (98:7980:032) % S=1.1 67 e+e−γ (1:1980:032) % S=1.1 67 γpositronium (1:820:29 )10−967 e+e+e−e−(3:140:30 )10−567 e+e−(7:52:0)10−867 4γ <210−8CL=90% 67  [e]<8:310−7CL=90% 67 ee <1:710−6CL=90% 67  <3:110−6CL=90% 67  <2:110−6CL=90% 67 Charge conjugation ( C) or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Charge conjugation ( C) or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Charge conjugation ( C) or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Charge conjugation ( C) or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes 3γ C<3:110−8CL=90% 67 +e−+e−+LF<1:7210−8CL=90% 26 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 2 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)  IG(JPC)=0+(0−+) Mass m= 547:300:12 MeV Full width Γ = 1 :180:11 keV[f](S = 1.8) C-nonconserving decay parametersC-nonconserving decay parametersC-nonconserving decay parametersC-nonconserving decay parameters +−0Left-right asymmetry = (0 :090:17)10−2 +−0Sextant asymmetry = (0 :180:16)10−2 +−0Quadrant asymmetry = ( −0:170:17)10−2 +−γ Left-right asymmetry = (0 :90:4)10−2 +−γ (D-wave) = 0:050:06 (S = 1.5) Dalitz plot parameterDalitz plot parameterDalitz plot parameterDalitz plot parameter 000 =−0:0390:015 Scale factor/ p DECAY MODESDECAY MODESDECAY MODESDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Neutral modesNeutral modesNeutral modesNeutral modes neutral modes (71:50:6) % S = 1 . 4 { 2γ [f]( 3 9:210:34) % S=1.4 274 30(32:20:4 ) % S=1.3 178 02γ (7:11:4)10−4257 other neutral modes <2:8 % CL=90% { Charged modesCharged modesCharged modesCharged modes charged modes (28:50:6) % S = 1 . 4 { +−0(23:10:5 ) % S=1.4 173 +−γ (4:770:13) % S=1.3 235 e+e−γ (4:91:1)10−3274 +−γ (3:10:4)10−4252 e+e−<7:710−5CL=90% 274 +−(5:80:8)10−6252 +−e+e−(1:3+1:2 −0:8)10−3235 +−2γ <2:110−3235 +−0γ <610−4CL=90% 173 0+−γ <310−6CL=90% 210 Charge conjugation ( C), Parity ( P), Charge conjugation ( C), Parity ( P), Charge conjugation ( C), Parity ( P), Charge conjugation ( C), Parity ( P), Charge conjugation Parity ( CP), or Charge conjugation Parity ( CP), or Charge conjugation Parity ( CP), or Charge conjugation Parity ( CP), or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes +−P,CP<910−4CL=90% 235 3γ C<510−4CL=95% 274 0e+e−C [g]<410−5CL=90% 257 0+−C [g]<510−6CL=90% 210 +e−+−e+LF<610−6CL=90% 263 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 3 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) f0(400{1200)f0(400{1200)f0(400{1200)f0(400{1200)[h] ororororIG(JPC)=0+(0++) Mass m= (400{1200) MeV Full width Γ = (600{1000) MeV f0(400{1200) DECAY MODESf0(400{1200) DECAY MODESf0(400{1200) DECAY MODESf0(400{1200) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  dominant { γγ seen { (770)(770)(770)(770)[i]IG(JPC)=1+(1−−) Mass m= 770:00:8M e V ( S=1 . 8 ) Full width Γ = 150 :71:1M e V Γee=6:770:32 keV Scale factor/ p (770) DECAY MODES(770) DECAY MODES(770) DECAY MODES(770) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c)  100 % 358 (770)decays(770)decays(770)decays(770)decays γ (4:50:5)10−4S=2.2 372  < 610−3CL=84% 146 +−0< 2:010−3CL=84% 249 (770)0decays(770)0decays(770)0decays(770)0decays +−γ (9:91:6)10−3358 0γ (6:81:7)10−4372 γ (2:4+0:8 −0:9)10−4S=1.6 189 +−[j]( 4:600:28)10−5369 e+e−[j]( 4:490:22)10−5384 +−0< 1:210−4CL=90% 319 +−+−< 210−4CL=90% 246 +−00< 410−5CL=90% 252 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 4 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) !(782)!(782)!(782)!(782) IG(JPC)=0−(1−−) Mass m= 781:940:12 MeV (S = 1.5) Full width Γ = 8 :410:09 MeV Γee=0:600:02 keV Scale factor/ p !(782) DECAY MODES!(782) DECAY MODES!(782) DECAY MODES!(782) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) +−0(88:80:7 ) % 327 0γ (8:50:5 ) % 379 +−(2:210:30) % 365 neutrals (excluding 0γ) (5:3+8:7 −3:5)10−3 { γ (6:51:0)10−4199 0e+e−(5:91:9)10−4379 0+−(9:62:3)10−5349 e+e−(7:070:19)10−5S=1.1 391 +−00<2 % CL=90% 261 +−γ <3:610−3CL=95% 365 +−+−<110−3CL=90% 256 00γ (7:22:5)10−5367 +−<1:810−4CL=90% 376 3γ <1:910−4CL=95% 391 Charge conjugation ( C) violating modes Charge conjugation ( C) violating modes Charge conjugation ( C) violating modes Charge conjugation ( C) violating modes 0C<110−3CL=90% 162 30C<310−4CL=90% 329 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 5 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) 0(958)0(958)0(958)0(958) IG(JPC)=0+(0−+) Mass m= 957:780:14 MeV Full width Γ = 0 :2030:016 MeV (S = 1.3) Scale factor/ p 0(958) DECAY MODES0(958) DECAY MODES0(958) DECAY MODES0(958) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) +− (43:81:5 ) % S=1.1 232 0γ(including non- resonant+−γ)(30:21:3 ) % S=1.1 169 00 (20:71:3 ) % S=1.2 239 !γ (3:010:30) % 160 γγ (2:110:13) % S=1.2 479 30(1:540:26)10−3430 +−γ (1:030:26)10−4467 +−0<5 % CL=90% 427 00<4 % CL=90% 118 ++−−<1 % CL=90% 372 ++−−neutrals <1 % CL=95% { ++−−0<1 % CL=90% 298 6 <1 % CL=90% 189 +−e+e−<610−3CL=90% 458 0γγ <810−4CL=90% 469 40<510−4CL=90% 379 e+e−<2:110−7CL=90% 479 Charge conjugation ( C)o rP a r i t y( P) violating modes Charge conjugation ( C)o rP a r i t y( P) violating modes Charge conjugation ( C)o rP a r i t y( P) violating modes Charge conjugation ( C)o rP a r i t y( P) violating modes +−P,CP<2 % CL=90% 458 00P,CP<910−4CL=90% 459 0e+e−C [g]<1:3 % CL=90% 469 e+e−C [g]<1:1 % CL=90% 322 3γ C<1:010−4CL=90% 479 +−0C [g]<6:010−5CL=90% 445 +− C [g]<1:510−5CL=90% 274 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 6 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) f0(980)f0(980)f0(980)f0(980)[k]IG(JPC)=0+(0++) Mass m= 98010 MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 100 MeV p f0(980) DECAY MODESf0(980) DECAY MODESf0(980) DECAY MODESf0(980) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c)  dominant 470 KK seen { γγ (1:190:33)10−5490 e+e−<310−790% 490 a0(980)a0(980)a0(980)a0(980)[k]IG(JPC)=1−(0++) Mass m= 983:40:9M e V Full width Γ = 50 to 100 MeV a0(980) DECAY MODESa0(980) DECAY MODESa0(980) DECAY MODESa0(980) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  dominant 321 KK seen { γγ seen 492 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 7 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1020)(1020)(1020)(1020) IG(JPC)=0−(1−−) Mass m= 1019:4130:008 MeV Full width Γ = 4 :430:05 MeV Scale factor/ p (1020) DECAY MODES(1020) DECAY MODES(1020) DECAY MODES(1020) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) K+K−(49:10:8 ) % S=1.3 127 K0 LK0S(34:10:6 ) % S=1.2 110 ++−0(15:50:7) % S = 1 . 5 { γ (1:260:06) % S=1.1 363 0γ (1:310:13)10−3501 e+e−(2:990:08)10−4S=1.2 510 +−(2:50:4)10−4499 e+e−(1:3+0:8 −0:6)10−4363 +−(8+5 −4)10−5S=1.5 490 !γ <5 % CL=84% 210 γ <710−4CL=90% 219 +−γ <310−5CL=90% 490 f0(980)γ <110−4CL=90% 39 00γ <110−3CL=90% 492 +−+−<8:710−4CL=90% 410 ++−−0<1:510−4CL=95% 341 0e+e−<1:210−4CL=90% 501 0γ <2:510−3CL=90% 346 a0(980)γ <510−3CL=90% 36 0(958)γ (1:2+0:7 −0:5)10−4 { +−γ (2:31:0)10−5{ h1(1170)h1(1170)h1(1170)h1(1170) IG(JPC)=0−(1+−) Mass m= 117020 MeV Full width Γ = 360 40 MeV h1(1170) DECAY MODESh1(1170) DECAY MODESh1(1170) DECAY MODESh1(1170) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  seen 310 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 8 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) b1(1235)b1(1235)b1(1235)b1(1235) IG(JPC)=1+(1+−) Mass m= 1229:53:2M e V ( S=1 . 6 ) Full width Γ = 142 9M e V ( S=1 . 2 ) p b1(1235) DECAY MODESb1(1235) DECAY MODESb1(1235) DECAY MODESb1(1235) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) ! dominant 348 [D/Samplitude ratio = 0 :290:04] γ (1:60:4)10−3608  seen { ++−0<50 % 84% 536 (KK)0<8 % 90% 248 K0 SK0L<6 % 90% 238 K0 SK0S<2 % 90% 238  <1:5 % 84% 146 a1(1260)a1(1260)a1(1260)a1(1260)[l]IG(JPC)=1−(1++) Mass m= 123040 MeV[m] Full width Γ = 250 to 600 MeV a1(1260) DECAY MODESa1(1260) DECAY MODESa1(1260) DECAY MODESa1(1260) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  dominant 356 [D/Samplitude ratio = −0:1000:028] γ seen 607 ()S-wave possibly seen 575 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 9 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) f2(1270)f2(1270)f2(1270)f2(1270) IG(JPC)=0+(2++) Mass m= 1275:01:2M e V Full width Γ = 185 :5+3:8 −2:7MeV (S = 1.5) Scale factor/ p f2(1270) DECAY MODESf2(1270) DECAY MODESf2(1270) DECAY MODESf2(1270) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c)  (84:6+2:5 −1:3) % S=1.3 622 +−20(7:2+1:5 −2:7) % S=1.3 562 KK (4:60:4 ) % S=2.8 403 2+2−(2:80:4 ) % S=1.2 559  (4:51:0)10−3S=2.4 327 40(3:01:0)10−3564 γγ (1:32+0:17 −0:16)10−5637  <810−3CL=95% 475 K0K−++c . c . <3:410−3CL=95% 293 e+e−<910−9CL=90% 637 f1(1285)f1(1285)f1(1285)f1(1285) IG(JPC)=0+(1++) Mass m= 1281:90:6M e V ( S=1 . 7 ) Full width Γ = 24 :01:2M e V ( S=1 . 4 ) (4=()Pwave) Scale factor/ p f1(1285) DECAY MODESf1(1285) DECAY MODESf1(1285) DECAY MODESf1(1285) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) 4 (354 ) % S=1.6 563 00+−(23:53:0) % S=1.6 566 2+2−(11:71:5) % S=1.6 563 0+−(11:71:5) % S=1.6 340 40<710−4CL=90% 568  (5018 ) % 479 a0(980)[ignoring a0(980)! KK](348 ) % S=1.2 234  [excluding a0(980)] (157) % S = 1 . 1 { KK (9:61:2) % S=1.5 308 KK(892) not seen { γ0(5:41:2) % S=2.3 410 γ (7:93:0)10−4236 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 10 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1295)(1295)(1295)(1295) IG(JPC)=0+(0−+) Mass m= 1297:02:8M e V Full width Γ = 53 6M e V (1295) DECAY MODES(1295) DECAY MODES(1295) DECAY MODES(1295) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) +−seen 488 a0(980) seen 245 00seen { ()S-wave seen { (1300)(1300)(1300)(1300) IG(JPC)=1−(0−+) Mass m= 1300100 MeV[m] Full width Γ = 200 to 600 MeV (1300) DECAY MODES(1300) DECAY MODES(1300) DECAY MODES(1300) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  seen 406 ()S-wave seen { a2(1320)a2(1320)a2(1320)a2(1320) IG(JPC)=1−(2++) Mass m= 1318:10:6M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) Full width Γ = 107 5M e V[m](KK0 Sandmodes) Scale factor/ p a2(1320) DECAY MODESa2(1320) DECAY MODESa2(1320) DECAY MODESa2(1320) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c)  (70:12:7) % S=1.2 419  (14:51:2) % 535 ! (10:63:2) % S=1.3 362 KK (4:90:8) % 437 0(958) (5:30:9)10−3287 γ (2:80:6)10−3652 γγ (9:40:7)10−6659 +−−<8 % CL=90% 621 e+e−<2:310−7CL=90% 659 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 11 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) f0(1370)f0(1370)f0(1370)f0(1370)[k]IG(JPC)=0+(0++) Mass m= 1200 to 1500 MeV Full width Γ = 200 to 500 MeV f0(1370) DECAY MODESf0(1370) DECAY MODESf0(1370) DECAY MODESf0(1370) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  seen { 4 seen { 40seen { 2+2−seen { +−20seen { 2()S-wave seen {  seen { KK seen { γγ seen { e+e−not seen { f1(1420)f1(1420)f1(1420)f1(1420)[n]IG(JPC)=0+(1++) Mass m= 1426:21:2M e V ( S=1 . 3 ) Full width Γ = 55 :03:0M e V f1(1420) DECAY MODESf1(1420) DECAY MODESf1(1420) DECAY MODESf1(1420) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) KK dominant 439 KK(892)+ c.c. dominant 155  possibly seen 571 !(1420)!(1420)!(1420)!(1420)[o]IG(JPC)=0−(1−−) Mass m= 141931 MeV Full width Γ = 174 60 MeV !(1420) DECAY MODES!(1420) DECAY MODES!(1420) DECAY MODES!(1420) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  dominant 488 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 12 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1440)(1440)(1440)(1440)[p]IG(JPC)=0+(0−+) Mass m= 1400 - 1470 MeV[m] Full width Γ = 50 - 80 MeV[m] (1440) DECAY MODES(1440) DECAY MODES(1440) DECAY MODES(1440) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) KK seen { KK(892)+ c.c. seen {  seen { a0(980) seen { ()S-wave seen { 4 seen { a0(1450)a0(1450)a0(1450)a0(1450) IG(JPC)=1−(0++) Mass m= 147419 MeV Full width Γ = 265 13 MeV a0(1450) DECAY MODESa0(1450) DECAY MODESa0(1450) DECAY MODESa0(1450) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  seen 613 0(958) seen 392 KK seen 530 (1450)(1450)(1450)(1450)[q]IG(JPC)=1+(1−−) Mass m= 146525 MeV[m] Full width Γ = 310 60 MeV[m] p (1450) DECAY MODES(1450) DECAY MODES(1450) DECAY MODES(1450) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c)  seen 719 4 seen 665 ! <2:0 % 95% 512 e+e−seen 732  <4 % 317  <1 % 358 KK <1:610−395% 541 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 13 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) f0(1500)f0(1500)f0(1500)f0(1500)[r]IG(JPC)=0+(0++) Mass m= 150010 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 112 10 MeV f0(1500) DECAY MODESf0(1500) DECAY MODESf0(1500) DECAY MODESf0(1500) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) 0(958) seen {  seen 513 4 seen { 40seen 690 2+2−seen 686 2 seen { +−seen 737 20seen 738 KK seen 563 f0 2(1525)f0 2(1525)f0 2(1525)f0 2(1525) IG(JPC)=0+(2++) Mass m= 15255M e V[m] Full width Γ = 76 10 MeV[m] f0 2(1525) DECAY MODESf0 2(1525) DECAY MODESf0 2(1525) DECAY MODESf0 2(1525) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) KK (88:83:1 ) % 581  (10:33:1 ) % 531  (8:21:5)10−3750 γγ (1:320:21)10−6763 !(1600)!(1600)!(1600)!(1600)[s]IG(JPC)=0−(1−−) Mass m= 164924 MeV (S = 2.3) Full width Γ = 220 35 MeV (S = 1.6) !(1600) DECAY MODES!(1600) DECAY MODES!(1600) DECAY MODES!(1600) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  seen 637 ! seen 601 e+e−seen 824 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 14 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) !3(1670)!3(1670)!3(1670)!3(1670) IG(JPC)=0−(3−−) Mass m= 16674M e V Full width Γ = 168 10 MeV[m] !3(1670) DECAY MODES!3(1670) DECAY MODES!3(1670) DECAY MODES!3(1670) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  seen 647 ! seen 614 b1(1235) possibly seen 359 2(1670)2(1670)2(1670)2(1670) IG(JPC)=1−(2−+) Mass m= 167020 MeV[m] Full width Γ = 258 18 MeV[m](S = 1.7) 2(1670) DECAY MODES2(1670) DECAY MODES2(1670) DECAY MODES2(1670) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) 3 (95:81:4) % 806 f2(1270) (56:23:2) % 325  (314 ) % 649 f0(1370) (8:73:4) % { KK(892)+ c.c. (4:21:4) % 453 (1680)(1680)(1680)(1680) IG(JPC)=0−(1−−) Mass m= 168020 MeV[m] Full width Γ = 150 50 MeV[m] (1680) DECAY MODES(1680) DECAY MODES(1680) DECAY MODES(1680) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) KK(892)+ c.c. dominant 463 K0 SK seen 620 KK seen 681 e+e−seen 840 ! not seen 622 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 15 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) 3(1690)3(1690)3(1690)3(1690) IG(JPC)=1+(3−−) JPfrom the 2and KKmodes. Mass m= 16915M e V[m] Full width Γ = 160 10 MeV[m](S = 1.5) p 3(1690) DECAY MODES3(1690) DECAY MODES3(1690) DECAY MODES3(1690) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Scale factor (MeV / c) 4 (71:11:9 ) % 788 +−0(6722 ) % 788 ! (166 ) % 656  (23:61:3 ) % 834 KK (3:81:2 ) % 628 KK (1:580:26) % 1.2 686 +−seen 728 (1700)(1700)(1700)(1700)[q]IG(JPC)=1+(1−−) Mass m= 170020 MeV[m](0and+−modes) Full width Γ = 240 60 MeV[m](0and+−modes) (1700) DECAY MODES(1700) DECAY MODES(1700) DECAY MODES(1700) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  dominant 640 2(+−) large 792 0+−large 640 0large 642 +−seen 838 −0seen 839 KK(892)+ c.c. seen 479  seen 533 KK seen 692 e+e−seen 850 0! seen 662 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 16 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) fJ(1710)fJ(1710)fJ(1710)fJ(1710)[t]IG(JPC)=0+(even++) Mass m= 17125M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) Full width Γ = 133 14 MeV (S = 1.2) fJ(1710) DECAY MODESfJ(1710) DECAY MODESfJ(1710) DECAY MODESfJ(1710) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) KK seen 690  seen 648  seen 837 (1800)(1800)(1800)(1800) IG(JPC)=1−(0−+) Mass m= 180113 MeV (S = 1.9) Full width Γ = 210 15 MeV (1800) DECAY MODES(1800) DECAY MODES(1800) DECAY MODES(1800) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) +−−seen { f0(980)−seen 623 f0(1370)−seen { −not seen 728 −seen { a0(980) seen 459 f0(1500)−seen 240 0(958)−seen { K 0(1430) K−seen { K(892) K−not seen 560 3(1850)3(1850)3(1850)3(1850) IG(JPC)=0−(3−−) Mass m= 18547M e V Full width Γ = 87+2 8 −23MeV (S = 1.2) 3(1850) DECAY MODES3(1850) DECAY MODES3(1850) DECAY MODES3(1850) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) KK seen 785 KK(892)+ c.c. seen 602 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 17 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) f2(2010)f2(2010)f2(2010)f2(2010) IG(JPC)=0+(2++) Seen by one group only. Mass m= 2011+6 0 −80MeV Full width Γ = 202 60 MeV f2(2010) DECAY MODESf2(2010) DECAY MODESf2(2010) DECAY MODESf2(2010) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  seen { a4(2040)a4(2040)a4(2040)a4(2040) IG(JPC)=1−(4++) Mass m= 202016 MeV Full width Γ = 387 70 MeV a4(2040) DECAY MODESa4(2040) DECAY MODESa4(2040) DECAY MODESa4(2040) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) KK seen 892 +−0seen { 0seen 941 f4(2050)f4(2050)f4(2050)f4(2050) IG(JPC)=0+(4++) Mass m= 204411 MeV (S = 1.4) Full width Γ = 208 13 MeV (S = 1.2) f4(2050) DECAY MODESf4(2050) DECAY MODESf4(2050) DECAY MODESf4(2050) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) !! (266 ) % 658  (17:01:5) % 1012 KK (6:8+3:4 −1:8)10−3895  (2:10:8)10−3863 40<1:2 % 977 f2(2300)f2(2300)f2(2300)f2(2300) IG(JPC)=0+(2++) Mass m= 229728 MeV Full width Γ = 149 40 MeV f2(2300) DECAY MODESf2(2300) DECAY MODESf2(2300) DECAY MODESf2(2300) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  seen 529 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 18 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) f2(2340)f2(2340)f2(2340)f2(2340) IG(JPC)=0+(2++) Mass m= 233960 MeV Full width Γ = 319+8 0 −70MeV f2(2340) DECAY MODESf2(2340) DECAY MODESf2(2340) DECAY MODESf2(2340) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  seen 573 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 19 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) STRANGE MESONSSTRANGE MESONSSTRANGE MESONSSTRANGE MESONS (S=1,C=B=0 ) (S=1,C=B=0 ) (S=1,C=B=0 ) (S=1,C=B=0 ) K+=us,K0=ds,K0=ds,K−=us, similarly for K’s KKKK I(JP)=1 2(0−) Mass m= 493:6770:016 MeV[u](S = 2.8) Mean life=( 1:23860:0024)10−8s (S = 2.0) c=3:713 m Slope parameter g Slope parameter g Slope parameter g Slope parameter g[v] (See Particle Listings for quadratic coecients) K+!++−=−0:21540:0035 (S = 1.4) K−!−−+=−0:2170:007 (S = 2.5) K!00=0:5940:019 (S = 1.3) Kdecay form factors Kdecay form factors Kdecay form factors Kdecay form factors[a,w] K+ e3+=0:02860:0022 K+ 3+=0:0320:008 (S = 1.6) K+ 30=0:0060:007 (S = 1.6) K+ e3 fS/f+ =0:0840:023 (S = 1.2) K+ e3 fT/f+ =0:380:11 (S = 1.1) K+ 3 fT/f+ =0:020:12 K+!e+eγ FA+FV =0:1480:010 K+!+γ FA+FV <0:23, CL = 90% K+!e+eγ FA−FV <0:49 K+!+γ FA−FV =−2:2t o0:3 K−modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Scale factor/ p K+DECAY MODES K+DECAY MODES K+DECAY MODES K+DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) + (63:510:18) % S=1.3 236 e+e (1:550:07)10−5247 +0(21:160:14) % S=1.1 205 ++−(5:590:05) % S=1.8 125 +00(1:730:04) % S=1.2 133 0+ (3:180:08) % S=1.5 215 Called K+ 3. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 20 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) 0e+e (4:820:06) % S=1.3 228 Called K+ e3. 00e+e (2:10:4)10−5206 +−e+e (3:910:17)10−5203 +−+ (1:40:9)10−5151 000e+e <3:510−6CL=90% 135 +γγ [x]( 1:100:32)10−6227 +3γ [x]<1:010−4CL=90% 227 + <6:010−6CL=90% 236 e+e <610−5CL=90% 247 +e+e−(1:30:4)10−7236 e+ee+e−(3:0+3:0 −1:5)10−8247 ++−<4:110−7CL=90% 185 +γ [x,y]( 5:500:28)10−3236 +0γ [x,y]( 2:750:15)10−4205 +0γ(DE) [x,z]( 1:80:4)10−5205 ++−γ [x,y]( 1:040:31)10−4125 +00γ [x,y]( 7:5+5:5 −3:0)10−6133 0+γ [x,y]<6:110−5CL=90% 215 0e+eγ [x,y]( 2:620:20)10−4228 0e+eγ(SD) [aa]<5:310−5CL=90% 228 00e+eγ <510−6CL=90% 206 Lepton Family number ( LF), Lepton number ( L),  S= Q(SQ) Lepton Family number ( LF), Lepton number ( L),  S= Q(SQ) Lepton Family number ( LF), Lepton number ( L),  S= Q(SQ) Lepton Family number ( LF), Lepton number ( L),  S= Q(SQ) violating modes, or  S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s violating modes, or  S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s violating modes, or  S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s violating modes, or  S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s ++e−e SQ<1:210−8CL=90% 203 ++− SQ<3:010−6CL=95% 151 +e+e−S1 (2:740:23)10−7227 ++−S1 (5:01:0)10−8172 + S1 (4:2+9:7 −3:5)10−10227 −e+e+LF<2:010−8CL=90% 236 +e LF [d]<410−3CL=90% 236 ++e−LF<2:110−10CL=90% 214 +−e+LF<710−9CL=90% 214 −+e+L<710−9CL=90% 214 −e+e+L<1:010−8CL=90% 227 −++L [d]<1:510−4CL=90% 172 +e L [d]<3:310−3CL=90% 236 0e+e L<310−3CL=90% 228 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 21 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K0K0K0K0 I(JP)=1 2(0−) 50% KS, 50% KL Mass m= 497:6720:031 MeV mK0−mK=3:9950:034 MeV (S = 1.1) m K0−mK0 /maverage<10−18 [bb] K0 SK0 SK0 SK0 SI(JP)=1 2(0−) Mean life=( 0:89340:0008)10−10s c=2:6762 cm CP-violation parametersCP-violation parametersCP-violation parametersCP-violation parameters[cc] Im(+−0)=−0:0020:009 Im(000)2<0:1, CL = 90% Scale factor/ p K0 SDECAY MODES K0 SDECAY MODES K0 SDECAY MODES K0 SDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) +−(68:610:28) % S=1.2 206 00(31:390:28) % S=1.2 209 +−γ [y,dd ]( 1:780:05)10−3206 γγ (2:40:9)10−6249 +−0(3:2+1:2 −1:0)10−7133 30<3:710−5CL=90% 139 e [ee]( 6:700:07)10−4S=1.1 229  [ee]( 4:690:06)10−4S=1.1 216 S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s +−S1<3:210−7CL=90% 225 e+e−S1<1:410−7CL=90% 249 0e+e−S1<1:110−6CL=90% 231 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 22 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K0 LK0 LK0 LK0 LI(JP)=1 2(0−) mKL−mKS=( 0:53010:0014)1010hs−1 =( 3:4890:009)10−12MeV Mean life=( 5:170:04)10−8s (S = 1.1) c=1 5:51 m Slope parameter g Slope parameter g Slope parameter g Slope parameter g[v] (See Particle Listings for quadratic coecients) K0 L!+−0=0:6700:014 (S = 1.6) KLdecay form factorsKLdecay form factorsKLdecay form factorsKLdecay form factors[w] K0 e3+=0:03000:0016 (S = 1.2) K0 3+=0:0340:005 (S = 2.3) K0 30=0:0250:006 (S = 2.3) K0 e3 fS/f+ <0:04, CL = 68% K0 e3 fT/f+ <0:23, CL = 68% K0 3 fT/f+ =0:120:12 KL!e+e−γ: K=−0:280:08 CP-violation parametersCP-violation parametersCP-violation parametersCP-violation parameters[cc] =( 0:3270:012)% 00 =( 2:2750:019)10−3(S = 1.1) +− =( 2:2850:019)10−3 00/+− =0:99560:0023[ ](S = 1.8) 0/=( 1:50:8)10−3[ ](S = 1.8) +−=( 4 3:50:6) 00=( 4 3:41:0) 00−+−=(−0:10:8) jforK0 L!+−0=0:00110:0008 +−γ =( 2:350:07)10−3 +−γ=( 4 44) 0 +−γ /< 0:3, CL = 90% HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 23 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) S=−QinK0 ‘3decay S=−QinK0 ‘3decay S=−QinK0 ‘3decay S=−QinK0 ‘3decay Rex=0:0060:018 (S = 1.3) Imx=−0:0030:026 (S = 1.2) CPT -violation parameters CPT -violation parameters CPT -violation parameters CPT -violation parameters Re  = 0:0180:020 Im  = 0:020:04 Scale factor/ p K0 LDECAY MODESK0 LDECAY MODESK0 LDECAY MODESK0 LDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) 30(21:120:27 ) % S=1.1 139 +−0(12:560:20 ) % S=1.7 133  [gg]( 2 7:170:25 ) % S=1.1 216 Called K0 3. ee [gg]( 3 8:780:27 ) % S=1.1 229 Called K0 e3. 2γ (5:920:15 )10−4249 3γ <2:410−7CL=90% 249 02γ [hh]( 1:700:28 )10−6231 0e [gg]( 5:180:29 )10−5207 (atom) (1:060:11 )10−7 { eeγ [y,gg,hh ]( 3:62+0:26 −0:21)10−3229 +−γ [y,hh]( 4:610:14 )10−5206 00γ <5:610−6209 Charge conjugation Parity ( CP, CPV ) or Lepton Family number ( LF) Charge conjugation Parity ( CP, CPV ) or Lepton Family number ( LF) Charge conjugation Parity ( CP, CPV ) or Lepton Family number ( LF) Charge conjugation Parity ( CP, CPV ) or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes, or  S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s violating modes, or  S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s violating modes, or  S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s violating modes, or  S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s +−CPV (2:0670:035)10−3S=1.1 206 00CPV (9:360:20 )10−4209 +−S1 (7:20:5)10−9S=1.4 225 +−γ S1 (3:250:28 )10−7225 e+e−S1<4:110−11CL=90% 249 e+e−γ S1 (9:10:5)10−6249 e+e−γγ S1 [hh]( 6:51:2)10−7249 +−e+e−S1 [hh]<4:610−7CL=90% 206 +−e+e−S1 (2:9+6:7 −2:4)10−9225 e+e−e+e−S1 (4:10:8)10−8S=1.2 249 0+−CP,S1[ii]<5:110−9CL=90% 177 0e+e−CP,S1[ii]<4:310−9CL=90% 231 0 CP,S1[jj]<5:810−5CL=90% 231 eLF [gg]<3:310−11CL=90% 238 eeLF [gg]<6:110−9CL=90% { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 24 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K(892)K(892)K(892)K(892) I(JP)=1 2(1−) K(892)mass m= 891:660:26 MeV K(892)0mass m= 896:100:28 MeV (S = 1.4) K(892)full width Γ = 50 :80:9M e V K(892)0full width Γ = 50 :50:6M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) p K(892) DECAY MODESK(892) DECAY MODESK(892) DECAY MODESK(892) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) K 100 % 291 K0γ (2:300:20)10−3310 Kγ (9:90:9)10−4309 K < 710−495% 224 K1(1270)K1(1270)K1(1270)K1(1270) I(JP)=1 2(1+) Mass m= 12737M e V[m] Full width Γ = 90 20 MeV[m] K1(1270) DECAY MODESK1(1270) DECAY MODESK1(1270) DECAY MODESK1(1270) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K (426) % 7 6 K 0(1430) (284) % { K(892) (165 ) % 301 K! (11:02:0) % { Kf0(1370) (3:02:0) % { K1(1400)K1(1400)K1(1400)K1(1400) I(JP)=1 2(1+) Mass m= 14027M e V Full width Γ = 174 13 MeV (S = 1.6) K1(1400) DECAY MODESK1(1400) DECAY MODESK1(1400) DECAY MODESK1(1400) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K(892) (946 ) % 401 K (3:03:0) % 298 Kf0(1370) (2:02:0) % { K! (1:01:0) % 285 K 0(1430) not seen { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 25 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K(1410)K(1410)K(1410)K(1410) I(JP)=1 2(1−) Mass m= 141415 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 232 21 MeV (S = 1.1) p K(1410) DECAY MODESK(1410) DECAY MODESK(1410) DECAY MODESK(1410) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) K(892) >40 % 95% 408 K (6:61:3) % 611 K <7 % 95% 309 K 0(1430)K 0(1430)K 0(1430)K 0(1430)[kk]I(JP)=1 2(0+) Mass m= 14296M e V Full width Γ = 287 23 MeV K 0(1430) DECAY MODESK 0(1430) DECAY MODESK 0(1430) DECAY MODESK 0(1430) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K (9310) % 621 K 2(1430)K 2(1430)K 2(1430)K 2(1430) I(JP)=1 2(2+) K 2(1430)mass m= 1425:61:5M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) K 2(1430)0mass m= 1432:41:3M e V K 2(1430)full width Γ = 98 :52:7M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) K 2(1430)0full width Γ = 109 5M e V ( S=1 . 9 ) Scale factor/ p K 2(1430) DECAY MODESK 2(1430) DECAY MODESK 2(1430) DECAY MODESK 2(1430) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) K (49:91:2) % 622 K(892) (24:71:5) % 423 K(892) (13:42:2) % 375 K (8:70:8) % S=1.2 331 K! (2:90:8) % 319 K+γ (2:40:5)10−3S=1.1 627 K (1:5+3:4 −1:0)10−3S=1.3 492 K! <7:210−4CL=95% 110 K0γ <910−4CL=90% 631 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 26 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K(1680)K(1680)K(1680)K(1680) I(JP)=1 2(1−) Mass m= 171727 MeV (S = 1.4) Full width Γ = 322 110 MeV (S = 4.2) K(1680) DECAY MODESK(1680) DECAY MODESK(1680) DECAY MODESK(1680) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K (38:72:5) % 779 K (31:4+4:7 −2:1) % 571 K(892) (29:9+2:2 −4:7) % 615 K2(1770)K2(1770)K2(1770)K2(1770)[ll]I(JP)=1 2(2−) Mass m= 17738M e V Full width Γ = 186 14 MeV K2(1770) DECAY MODESK2(1770) DECAY MODESK2(1770) DECAY MODESK2(1770) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K { K 2(1430) dominant 287 K(892) seen 653 Kf2(1270) seen { K seen 441 K! seen 608 K 3(1780)K 3(1780)K 3(1780)K 3(1780) I(JP)=1 2(3−) Mass m= 17767M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) Full width Γ = 159 21 MeV (S = 1.3) p K 3(1780) DECAY MODESK 3(1780) DECAY MODESK 3(1780) DECAY MODESK 3(1780) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) K (319 ) % 612 K(892) (205 ) % 651 K (18:81:0) % 810 K (3013 ) % 715 K 2(1430) <16 % 95% 284 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 27 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K2(1820)K2(1820)K2(1820)K2(1820)[mm]I(JP)=1 2(2−) Mass m= 181613 MeV Full width Γ = 276 35 MeV K2(1820) DECAY MODESK2(1820) DECAY MODESK2(1820) DECAY MODESK2(1820) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K 2(1430) seen 325 K(892) seen 680 Kf2(1270) seen 186 K! seen 638 K 4(2045)K 4(2045)K 4(2045)K 4(2045) I(JP)=1 2(4+) Mass m= 20459M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) Full width Γ = 198 30 MeV K 4(2045) DECAY MODESK 4(2045) DECAY MODESK 4(2045) DECAY MODESK 4(2045) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K (9:91:2) % 958 K(892) (95 ) % 800 K(892) (75 ) % 764 K (5:73:2) % 742 !K (5:03:0) % 736 K (2:81:4) % 591 K(892) (1:40:7) % 363 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 28 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CHARMED MESONSCHARMED MESONSCHARMED MESONSCHARMED MESONS (C=1) (C=1) (C=1) (C=1) D+=cd,D0=cu,D0=cu,D−=cd, similarly for D’s DDDD I(JP)=1 2(0−) Mass m= 1869:30:5M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) Mean life=( 1:0570:015)10−12s c= 317m CP-violation decay-rate asymmetriesCP-violation decay-rate asymmetriesCP-violation decay-rate asymmetriesCP-violation decay-rate asymmetries ACP(K+K−)=−0:0170:027 ACP(KK0)=−0:020:05 ACP()=−0:0140:033 ACP(+−)=−0:020:04 D+!K(892)0‘+‘form factors D+!K(892)0‘+‘form factors D+!K(892)0‘+‘form factors D+!K(892)0‘+‘form factors r2=0:720:09 rv=1:850:12 ΓL/ΓT=1:230:13 Γ+/Γ−=0:160:04 D−modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Scale factor/ p D+DECAY MODES D+DECAY MODES D+DECAY MODES D+DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Inclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modes e+anything (17:21:9) % { K−anything (24:22:8) % S = 1 . 4 { K0anything + K0anything (597) % { K+anything (5:81:4) % { anything [nn]<13 % CL=90% { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 29 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Leptonic and semileptonic modesLeptonic and semileptonic modesLeptonic and semileptonic modesLeptonic and semileptonic modes + <7:210−4CL=90% 932 K0‘+‘ [oo]( 6:80:8 ) % 868 K0e+e (6:70:9 ) % 868 K0+ (7:0+3:0 −2:0) % 865 K−+e+e (4:1+0:9 −0:7) % 863 K(892)0e+e B(K0!K−+)(3:20:33) % 720 K−+e+enonresonant <710−3CL=90% 863 K−++ (3:20:4 ) % S=1.1 851 K(892)0+ B(K0!K−+)(2:90:4 ) % 715 K−++nonresonant (2:71:1)10−3851 (K(892))0e+e <1:2 % CL=90% 714 (K)0e+enon- K(892) <910−3CL=90% 846 K−+0+ <1:410−3CL=90% 825 0‘+‘ [pp]( 3:11:5)10−3930 Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K(892)0‘+‘ [oo]( 4:70:4 ) % 720 K(892)0e+e (4:80:5 ) % 720 K(892)0+ (4:40:6 ) % S=1.1 715 0e+e (2:20:8)10−3776 0+ (2:70:7)10−3772 e+e <2:09 % CL=90% 657 + <3:72 % CL=90% 651 ‘+‘ <510−3CL=90% { 0(958)+ <910−3CL=90% 684 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 30 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a KorKK K Hadronic modes with a KorKKK Hadronic modes with a KorKK K Hadronic modes with a KorKKK K0+(2:890:26) % S=1.1 862 K−++[qq]( 9:00:6 ) % 845 K(892)0+ B(K0!K−+)(1:270:13) % 712 K 0(1430)0+ B(K 0(1430)0!K−+)(2:30:3 ) % 368 K(1680)0+ B(K(1680)0!K−+)(3:70:8)10−365 K−++nonresonant (8:50:8 ) % 845 K0+0[qq]( 9:73:0 ) % S=1.1 845 K0+(6:62:5 ) % 680 K(892)0+ B(K0!K00)(6:30:4)10−3712 K0+0nonresonant (1:31:1 ) % 845 K−++0[qq]( 6:41:1 ) % 816 K(892)0+total B(K0!K−+)(1:40:9 ) % 423 K1(1400)0+ B(K1(1400)0!K−+0)(2:20:6 ) % 390 K−++total (3:11:1 ) % 616 K−++3-body (1:10:4 ) % 616 K(892)0+0total B(K0!K−+)(4:50:9 ) % 687 K(892)0+03-body B(K0!K−+)(2:80:9 ) % 687 K(892)−++3-body B(K−!K−0)(73)10−3688 K−++0nonresonant [rr]( 1:20:6 ) % 816 K0++−[qq]( 7:00:9 ) % 814 K0a1(1260)+ B(a1(1260)+!++−)(4:00:9 ) % 328 K1(1400)0+ B(K1(1400)0!K0+−)(2:20:6 ) % 390 K(892)−++3-body B(K−!K0−)(1:40:6 ) % 688 K00+total (4:20:9 ) % 614 K00+3-body (55)10−3614 K0++−nonresonant (84)10−3814 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 31 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K−+++−[qq]( 7:21:0)10−3772 K(892)0++− B(K0!K−+)(5:42:3)10−3642 K(892)00+ B(K0!K−+)(1:9+1:1 −1:0)10−3242 K(892)0++−no- B(K0!K−+)(2:91:1)10−3642 K−0++(3:10:9)10−3529 K−+++−nonresonant <2:310−3CL=90% 772 K−++00(2:2+5:0 −0:9) % 775 K0++−0(5:4+3:0 −1:4) % 773 K0+++−−(87)10−4714 K−+++−0(2:01:8)10−3718 K0K0K+(1:80:8 ) % 545 Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K0+(6:62:5 ) % 680 K0a1(1260)+(8:01:7 ) % 328 K0a2(1320)+<310−3CL=90% 199 K(892)0+(1:900:19) % 712 K(892)0+total [rr]( 2:11:3 ) % 423 K(892)0+S-wave [rr]( 1:61:6 ) % 423 K(892)0+P-wave <110−3CL=90% 423 K(892)0+D-wave (107)10−3423 K(892)0+D-wave longitu- dinal<710−3CL=90% 423 K1(1270)0+<710−3CL=90% 487 K1(1400)0+(4:91:2 ) % 390 K(1410)0+<710−3CL=90% 382 K 0(1430)0+(3:70:4 ) % 368 K(1680)0+(1:430:30) % 65 K(892)0+0total (6:71:4 ) % 687 K(892)0+03-body [rr]( 4:21:4 ) % 687 K(892)−++3-body (2:00:9 ) % 688 K−++total (3:11:1 ) % 616 K−++3-body (1:10:4 ) % 616 K00+total (4:20:9 ) % CL=90% 614 K00+3-body (55)10−3614 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 32 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K0f0(980)+<510−3CL=90% 461 K(892)0++−(8:13:4)10−3S=1.7 642 K(892)00+(2:9+1:7 −1:5)10−3S=1.8 242 K(892)0++−no- (4:31:7)10−3642 K−0++(3:10:9)10−3529 Pionic modesPionic modesPionic modesPionic modes +0(2:50:7)10−3925 ++−(3:60:4)10−3908 0+(1:050:31)10−3769 ++−nonresonant (2:20:4)10−3908 ++−0(1:9+1:5 −1:2) % 882 +B(!+−0) (1:70:6)10−3848 !+B(!!+−0)<610−3CL=90% 764 +++−−(2:10:4)10−3845 +++−−0(2:9+2:9 −2:0)10−3799 Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. +(7:52:5)10−3848 0+(1:050:31)10−3769 !+<710−3CL=90% 764 +<1:2 % CL=90% 658 0(958)+<910−3CL=90% 680 0(958)+<1:5 % CL=90% 355 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 33 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a KKpair Hadronic modes with a KKpair Hadronic modes with a KKpair Hadronic modes with a KKpair K+K0(7:41:0)10−3792 K+K−+[qq]( 8:80:8)10−3744 +B(!K+K−) (3:00:3)10−3647 K+K(892)0 B(K0!K−+)(2:80:4)10−3610 K+K−+nonresonant (4:50:9)10−3744 K0K0+| 741 K(892)+K0 B(K+!K0+)(2:11:0 ) % 611 K+K−+0| 682 +0B(!K+K−) (1:10:5 ) % 619 +B(!K+K−)<710−3CL=90% 268 K+K−+0non- (1:5+0:7 −0:6) % 682 K+K0+−<2 % CL=90% 678 K0K−++(1:00:6 ) % 678 K(892)+K(892)0 B2(K+!K0+)(1:20:5 ) % 273 K0K−++non- K+K0<7:910−3CL=90% 678 K+K−++−| 600 ++− B(!K+K−)<110−3CL=90% 565 K+K−++−nonresonant <3 % CL=90% 600 Fractions of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. +(6:10:6)10−3647 +0(2:31:0 ) % 619 +<1:4 % CL=90% 268 ++−<210−3CL=90% 565 K+K(892)0(4:20:5)10−3610 K(892)+K0(3:21:5 ) % 611 K(892)+K(892)0(2:61:1 ) % 273 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 34 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Doubly Cabibbo suppressed ( DC)m o d e s , Doubly Cabibbo suppressed ( DC)m o d e s , Doubly Cabibbo suppressed ( DC)m o d e s , Doubly Cabibbo suppressed ( DC)m o d e s , C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r Lepton Family number ( LF)o rL e p t o nn u m b e r( L) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF)o rL e p t o nn u m b e r( L) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) or Lepton number ( L) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) or Lepton number ( L) violating modes K++−DC (6:81:5)10−4845 K+0DC (2:51:2)10−4681 K(892)0+DC (3:61:6)10−4712 K++−nonresonant DC (2:41:2)10−4845 K+K+K−DC<1:410−4CL=90% 550 K+DC<1:310−4CL=90% 527 +e+e−C1<6:610−5CL=90% 929 ++−C1<1:810−5CL=90% 917 ++−C1<5:610−4CL=90% 759 K+e+e−[ss]<2:010−4CL=90% 869 K++−[ss]<9:710−5CL=90% 856 +e+−LF<1:110−4CL=90% 926 +e−+LF<1:310−4CL=90% 926 K+e+−LF<1:310−4CL=90% 866 K+e−+LF<1:210−4CL=90% 866 −e+e+L<1:110−4CL=90% 929 −++L<8:710−5CL=90% 917 −e++L<1:110−4CL=90% 926 −++L<5:610−4CL=90% 759 K−e+e+L<1:210−4CL=90% 869 K−++L<1:210−4CL=90% 856 K−e++L<1:310−4CL=90% 866 K(892)−++L<8:510−4CL=90% 703 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 35 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D0D0D0D0 I(JP)=1 2(0−) Mass m= 1864:60:5M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) mD−mD0=4:760:10 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life=( 0:4150:004)10−12s c= 124:4m mD0 1−mD0 2 <241010hs−1, CL = 90%[tt] ΓD0 1{ΓD02 /ΓD0<0:20, CL = 90%[tt] Γ(K+‘−‘(via D0))/Γ( K−‘+‘)<0:005, CL = 90% Γ(K+−orK+−+−(viaD0)) Γ(K−+orK−++−)<0:0085 (or<0:0037), CL = 90%[uu] CP-violation decay-rate asymmetriesCP-violation decay-rate asymmetriesCP-violation decay-rate asymmetriesCP-violation decay-rate asymmetries ACP(K+K−)=0:0260:035 ACP(+−)=−0:050:08 ACP(K0 S)=−0:030:09 ACP(K0 S0)=−0:0180:030 D0modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Scale factor/ p D0DECAY MODESD0DECAY MODESD0DECAY MODESD0DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Inclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modes e+anything (6:750:29) % { +anything (6:60:8) % { K−anything (534) % S = 1 . 3 { K0anything + K0anything (425) % { K+anything (3:4+0:6 −0:4)% { anything [nn]<13 % CL=90% { Semileptonic modesSemileptonic modesSemileptonic modesSemileptonic modes K−‘+‘ [oo]( 3:500:17) % S=1.3 867 K−e+e (3:660:18) % 867 K−+ (3:230:17) % 863 K−0e+e (1:6+1:3 −0:5) % 861 K0−e+e (2:8+1:7 −0:9) % 860 K(892)−e+e B(K−!K0−)(1:350:22) % 719 K(892)−‘+‘ | { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 36 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K(892)0−e+e | 708 K−+−+ <1:210−3CL=90% 821 (K(892))−+ <1:410−3CL=90% 693 −e+e (3:70:6)10−3927 A fraction of the following resonance mode has already appeared above as a submode of a charged-particle mode. K(892)−e+e (2:020:33) % 719 Hadronic modes with a KorKK K Hadronic modes with a KorKK K Hadronic modes with a KorKK K Hadronic modes with a KorKK K K−+(3:850:09) % 861 K00(2:120:21) % S=1.1 860 K0+−[qq]( 5:40:4 ) % S=1.2 842 K00(1:210:17) % 676 K0f0(980) B(f0!+−)(3:00:8)10−3549 K0f2(1270) B(f2!+−)(2:40:9)10−3263 K0f0(1370) B(f0!+−)(4:31:3)10−3 { K(892)−+ B(K−!K0−)(3:40:3 ) % 711 K 0(1430)−+ B(K 0(1430)−!K0−)(6:41:6)10−3364 K0+−nonresonant (1:470:24) % 842 K−+0[qq]( 1 3:90:9 ) % S=1.3 844 K−+(10:81:0 ) % 678 K(892)−+ B(K−!K−0)(1:70:2 ) % 711 K(892)00 B(K0!K−+)(2:10:3 ) % 709 K−+0nonresonant (6:92:5)10−3844 K000| 843 K(892)00 B(K0!K00)(1:10:2 ) % 709 K000nonresonant (7:92:1)10−3843 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 37 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K−++−[qq]( 7:60:4 ) % S=1.1 812 K−+0total (6:30:4 ) % 612 K−+03-body (4:82:1)10−3612 K(892)00 B(K0!K−+)(9:82:2)10−3418 K−a1(1260)+ B(a1(1260)+!++−)(3:60:6 ) % 327 K(892)0+−total B(K0!K−+)(1:50:4 ) % 683 K(892)0+−3-body B(K0!K−+)(9:52:1)10−3683 K1(1270)−+ B(K1(1270)−!K−+−)[rr]( 3:61:0)10−3483 K−++−nonresonant (1:760:25) % 812 K0+−0[qq]( 1 0:01:2 ) % 812 K0B(!+−0) (1:60:3)10−3772 K0!B(!!+−0) (1:90:4 ) % 670 K(892)−+ B(K−!K0−)(4:11:6 ) % 422 K(892)00 B(K0!K00)(4:91:1)10−3418 K1(1270)−+ B(K1(1270)−!K0−0)[rr]( 5:11:4)10−3483 K(892)0+−3-body B(K0!K00)(4:81:1)10−3683 K0+−0nonresonant (2:12:1 ) % 812 K−+00(155 ) % 815 K−++−0(4:10:4 ) % 771 K(892)0+−0 B(K0!K−+)(1:20:6 ) % 641 K(892)0 B(K0!K−+) B(!+−0)(2:90:8)10−3580 K−+!B(!!+−0) (2:70:5 ) % 605 K(892)0! B(K0!K−+) B(!!+−0)(73)10−3406 K0++−−(5:81:6)10−3768 K0+−00(0) (10:6+7:3 −3:0) % 771 K0K+K−(9:41:0)10−3544 K0B(!K+K−) (4:30:5)10−3520 K0K+K−non- (5:10:8)10−3544 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 38 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K0 SK0SK0S(8:41:5)10−4538 K+K−K−+(2:10:5)10−4434 K+K−K00(7:2+4:8 −3:5)10−3435 Fractions of many of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. (Modes for which there are only upper limits and K(892)submodes only appear below.) K0 (7:11:0)10−3772 K00(1:210:17) % 676 K−+(10:81:0 ) % S=1.2 678 K0! (2:10:4 ) % 670 K00(958) (1:720:26) % 565 K0f0(980) (5:71:6)10−3549 K0 (8:61:0)10−3520 K−a1(1260)+(7:31:1 ) % 327 K0a1(1260)0<1:9 % CL=90% 322 K0f2(1270) (4:21:5)10−3263 K−a2(1320)+<210−3CL=90% 197 K0f0(1370) (7:02:1)10−3 { K(892)−+(5:10:4 ) % S=1.2 711 K(892)00(3:20:4 ) % 709 K(892)0+−total (2:30:5 ) % 683 K(892)0+−3-body (1:430:32) % 683 K−+0total (6:30:4 ) % 612 K−+03-body (4:82:1)10−3612 K(892)00(1:470:33) % 418 K(892)00transverse (1:50:5 ) % 418 K(892)00S-wave (2:80:6 ) % 418 K(892)00S-wave long. <310−3CL=90% 418 K(892)00P-wave <310−3CL=90% 418 K(892)00D-wave (1:90:6 ) % 418 K(892)−+(6:12:4 ) % 422 K(892)−+longitudinal (2:91:2 ) % 422 K(892)−+transverse (3:21:8 ) % 422 K(892)−+P-wave <1:5 % CL=90% 422 K−+f0(980) <1:1 % CL=90% 459 K(892)0f0(980) <710−3CL=90% { K1(1270)−+[rr]( 1:060:29) % 483 K1(1400)−+<1:2 % CL=90% 386 K1(1400)00<3:7 % CL=90% 387 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 39 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K(1410)−+<1:2 % CL=90% 378 K 0(1430)−+(1:040:26) % 364 K 2(1430)−+<810−3CL=90% 367 K 2(1430)00<410−3CL=90% 363 K(892)0+−0(1:80:9 ) % 641 K(892)0 (1:90:5 ) % 580 K−+! (3:00:6 ) % 605 K(892)0! (1:10:5 ) % 406 K−+0(958) (7:01:8)10−3479 K(892)00(958) <1:110−3CL=90% 99 Pionic modesPionic modesPionic modesPionic modes +−(1:530:09)10−3922 00(8:52:2)10−4922 +−0(1:61:1 ) % S=2.7 907 ++−−(7:40:6)10−3879 ++−−0(1:90:4 ) % 844 +++−−−(4:03:0)10−4795 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 40 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a KKpair Hadronic modes with a KKpair Hadronic modes with a KKpair Hadronic modes with a KKpair K+K−(4:270:16)10−3791 K0K0(6:51:8)10−4S=1.2 788 K0K−+(6:41:0)10−3S=1.1 739 K(892)0K0 B(K0!K−+)<1:110−3CL=90% 605 K(892)+K− B(K+!K0+)(2:30:5)10−3610 K0K−+nonresonant (2:32:3)10−3739 K0K+−(5:01:0)10−3739 K(892)0K0 B(K0!K+−)<510−4CL=90% 605 K(892)−K+ B(K−!K0−)(1:20:7)10−3610 K0K+−nonresonant (3:9+2:3 −1:9)10−3739 K+K−0(1:30:4)10−3742 K0 SK0S0<5:910−4739 K+K−+−[vv]( 2:520:24)10−3676 +−B(!K+K−) (5:31:4)10−4614 0B(!K+K−) (3:01:6)10−4260 K+K−03-body (9:12:3)10−4309 K(892)0K−++c.c. B(K0!K+−)[ww]<510−4528 K(892)0K(892)0 B2(K0!K+−)(62)10−4257 K+K−+−non- | 676 K+K−+−nonresonant <810−4CL=90% 676 K0K0+−(6:92:7)10−3673 K+K−+−0(3:12:0)10−3600 Fractions of most of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K(892)0K0<1:610−3CL=90% 605 K(892)+K−(3:50:8)10−3610 K(892)0K0<810−4CL=90% 605 K(892)−K+(1:81:0)10−3610 0<1:410−3CL=90% 644  <2:810−3CL=90% 489 ! <2:110−3CL=90% 239 +−(1:080:29)10−3614 0(63)10−4260 +−3-body (75)10−4614 K(892)0K−++c . c . [ww]<810−4CL=90% { K(892)0K(892)0(1:40:5)10−3257 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 41 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Doubly Cabibbo suppressed ( DC)m o d e s , Doubly Cabibbo suppressed ( DC)m o d e s , Doubly Cabibbo suppressed ( DC)m o d e s , Doubly Cabibbo suppressed ( DC)m o d e s , C= 2 forbidden via mixing ( C2M )m o d e s , C= 2 forbidden via mixing ( C2M )m o d e s , C= 2 forbidden via mixing ( C2M )m o d e s , C= 2 forbidden via mixing ( C2M )m o d e s , C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes K+‘−‘(via D0) C2M<1:710−4CL=90% { K+−or K+−+−(via D0)C2M<1:010−3CL=90% { K+−DC (2:80:9)10−4861 K+−(via D0) <1:910−4CL=90% 861 K+−+−DC (1:92:7)10−4812 K+−+−(via D0) <410−4CL=90% 812 −anything (via D0) <410−4CL=90% { e+e−C1<1:310−5CL=90% 932 +−C1<4:110−6CL=90% 926 0e+e−C1<4:510−5CL=90% 927 0+−C1<1:810−4CL=90% 915 e+e−C1<1:110−4CL=90% 852 +−C1<5:310−4CL=90% 838 0e+e−C1<1:010−4CL=90% 773 0+−C1<2:310−4CL=90% 756 !e+e−C1<1:810−4CL=90% 768 !+−C1<8:310−4CL=90% 751 e+e−C1<5:210−5CL=90% 654 +−C1<4:110−4CL=90% 631 K0e+e−[ss]<1:110−4CL=90% 866 K0+−[ss]<2:610−4CL=90% 852 K(892)0e+e−[ss]<1:410−4CL=90% 717 K(892)0+−[ss]<1:1810−3CL=90% 698 +−0+−C1<8:110−4CL=90% 863 eLF [gg]<1:910−5CL=90% 929 0eLF [gg]<8:610−5CL=90% 924 eLF [gg]<1:010−4CL=90% 848 0eLF [gg]<4:910−5CL=90% 769 !eLF [gg]<1:210−4CL=90% 764 eLF [gg]<3:410−5CL=90% 648 K0eLF [gg]<1:010−4CL=90% 862 K(892)0eLF [gg]<1:010−4CL=90% 712 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 42 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D(2007)0D(2007)0D(2007)0D(2007)0I(JP)=1 2(1−) I,J,Pneed con rmation. Mass m= 2006:70:5M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) mD0−mD0= 142:120:07 MeV Full width Γ <2:1 MeV, CL = 90% D(2007)0modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D(2007)0DECAY MODES D(2007)0DECAY MODES D(2007)0DECAY MODES D(2007)0DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) D00(61:92:9) % 43 D0γ (38:12:9) % 137 D(2010)D(2010)D(2010)D(2010)I(JP)=1 2(1−) I,J,Pneed con rmation. Mass m= 2010:00:5M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) mD(2010)+−mD+= 140:640:10 MeV (S = 1.1) mD(2010)+−mD0= 145:3970:030 MeV Full width Γ <0:131 MeV, CL = 90% D(2010)−modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D(2010)DECAY MODES D(2010)DECAY MODES D(2010)DECAY MODES D(2010)DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) D0+(68:31:4) % 39 D+0(30:62:5) % 38 D+γ (1:1+2:1 −0:7) % 136 D1(2420)0D1(2420)0D1(2420)0D1(2420)0I(JP)=1 2(1+) I,J,Pneed con rmation. Mass m= 2422:21:8M e V ( S=1 . 2 ) Full width Γ = 18 :9+4:6 −3:5MeV D1(2420)0modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D1(2420)0DECAY MODES D1(2420)0DECAY MODES D1(2420)0DECAY MODES D1(2420)0DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) D(2010)+−seen 355 D+−not seen 474 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 43 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D 2(2460)0D 2(2460)0D 2(2460)0D 2(2460)0I(JP)=1 2(2+) JP=2+assignment strongly favored (ALBRECHT 89 B). Mass m= 2458:92:0M e V ( S=1 . 2 ) Full width Γ = 23 5M e V D 2(2460)0modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D 2(2460)0DECAY MODES D 2(2460)0DECAY MODES D 2(2460)0DECAY MODES D 2(2460)0DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) D+−seen 503 D(2010)+−seen 387 D 2(2460)D2(2460)D2(2460)D2(2460)I(JP)=1 2(2+) JP=2+assignment strongly favored (ALBRECHT 89 B). Mass m= 24594M e V ( S=1 . 7 ) mD 2(2460)−mD 2(2460)0=0:93:3M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) Full width Γ = 25+8 −7MeV D 2(2460)−modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D 2(2460)DECAY MODES D 2(2460)DECAY MODES D 2(2460)DECAY MODES D 2(2460)DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) D0+seen 508 D0+seen 390 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 44 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CHARMED, STRANGE MESONSCHARMED, STRANGE MESONSCHARMED, STRANGE MESONSCHARMED, STRANGE MESONS (C=S=1) (C=S=1) (C=S=1) (C=S=1) D+ s=cs,D− s=cs, similarly for D s’s D sD sD sD s was Fwas Fwas Fwas FI(JP) = 0(0−) Mass m= 1968:50:6M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) mD s−mD=9 9:20:5M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) Mean life=( 0:4670:017)10−12s c= 140m D+ sform factors D+ sform factors D+ sform factors D+ sform factors r2=1:60:4 rv=1:50:5 ΓL/ΓT=0:720:18 Branching fractions for modes with a resonance in the nal state include all the decay modes of the resonance. D− smodes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Scale factor/ p D+ sDECAY MODES D+ sDECAY MODES D+ sDECAY MODES D+ sDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Inclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modes K−anything (13+14 −12)% { K0anything + K0anything (3928 ) % { K+anything (20+18 −14)% { non- KKanything (6417 ) % { e+anything (8+6 −5)% { anything (18+15 −10)% { Leptonic and semileptonic modesLeptonic and semileptonic modesLeptonic and semileptonic modesLeptonic and semileptonic modes + (4:0+2:2 −2:0)10−3S=1.4 981 + (74 ) % 182 ‘+‘ [xx]( 2:00:5) % { ‘+‘+0(958)‘+‘ [xx]( 3:41:0) % { ‘+‘ (2:50:7) % { 0(958)‘+‘ (8:83:4)10−3 { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 45 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a KKpair (including from a ) Hadronic modes with a KKpair (including from a ) Hadronic modes with a KKpair (including from a ) Hadronic modes with a KKpair (including from a ) K+K0(3:61:1 ) % 850 K+K−+[qq]( 4:41:2 ) % S=1.1 805 +[yy]( 3:60:9 ) % 712 K+K(892)0[yy]( 3:30:9 ) % 682 f0(980)+[yy]( 1:80:8 ) % S=1.3 732 K+K 0(1430)0[yy]( 74)10−3186 fJ(1710)+!K+K−+[zz]( 1:51:9)10−3204 K+K−+nonresonant (94)10−3805 K0K0+| 802 K(892)+K0[yy]( 4:31:4 ) % 683 K+K−+0| 748 +0[yy]( 95 ) % 687 +[yy]( 6:72:3 ) % 407 +03-body [yy]<2:6 % CL=90% 687 K+K−+0non- <9 % CL=90% 748 K+K0+−<2:8 % CL=90% 744 K0K−++(4:31:5 ) % 744 K(892)+K(892)0[yy]( 5:82:5 ) % 412 K0K−++non- K+K0<2:9 % CL=90% 744 K+K−++−(8:33:3)10−3673 ++−[yy]( 1:180:35) % 640 K+K−++−non- (3:0+3:0 −2:0)10−3673 Hadronic modes without K’s Hadronic modes without K’s Hadronic modes without K’s Hadronic modes without K’s ++−(1:00:4 ) % S=1.2 959 0+<810−4CL=90% 827 f0(980)+[yy]( 1:80:8 ) % S=1.7 732 f2(1270)+[yy]( 2:31:3)10−3559 f0(1500)+!+−+[aaa]( 2:81:6)10−3391 ++−nonresonant <2:810−3CL=90% 959 ++−0<12 % CL=90% 935 +[yy]( 2:00:6 ) % 902 !+[yy]( 3:11:4)10−3822 +++−−(6:93:0)10−3899 ++−00| 902 +[yy]( 1 0:33:2 ) % 727 +03-body [yy]<3:0 % CL=90% 886 +++−−0(4:93:2 ) % 856 0(958)+[yy]( 4:91:8 ) % 743 +++−−00| 803 0(958)+[yy]( 1 24 ) % 470 0(958)+03-body [yy]<3:1 % CL=90% 720 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 46 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Modes with one or three K’s Modes with one or three K’s Modes with one or three K’s Modes with one or three K’s K0+<810−3CL=90% 916 K++−(1:00:4 ) % 900 K+0<2:910−3CL=90% 747 K(892)0+[yy]( 6:52:8)10−3773 K+K+K−<610−4CL=90% 628 K+[yy]<510−4CL=90% 607 C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r Lepton number ( L) violating modes Lepton number ( L) violating modes Lepton number ( L) violating modes Lepton number ( L) violating modes ++−[ss]<4:310−4CL=90% 968 K++−C1<5:910−4CL=90% 909 K(892)++−C1<1:410−3CL=90% 765 −++L<4:310−4CL=90% 968 K−++L<5:910−4CL=90% 909 K(892)−++L<1:410−3CL=90% 765 D sDsDsDsI(JP) = 0(??) JPis natural, width and decay modes consistent with 1−. Mass m= 2112:40:7M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) mD s−mD s= 143:80:4M e V Full width Γ <1:9 MeV, CL = 90% D− smodes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D+ sDECAY MODES D+ sDECAY MODES D+ sDECAY MODES D+ sDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) D+ sγ (94:22:5) % 139 D+ s0(5:82:5) % 48 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 47 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Ds1(2536)Ds1(2536)Ds1(2536)Ds1(2536)I(JP) = 0(1+) J,Pneed con rmation. Mass m= 2535:350:340:5M e V Full width Γ <2:3 MeV, CL = 90% Ds1(2536)−modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Ds1(2536)+DECAY MODES Ds1(2536)+DECAY MODES Ds1(2536)+DECAY MODES Ds1(2536)+DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) D(2010)+K0seen 150 D(2007)0K+seen 169 D+K0not seen 382 D0K+not seen 392 D+ sγ possibly seen 389 DsJ(2573)DsJ(2573)DsJ(2573)DsJ(2573)I(JP) = 0(??) JPis natural, width and decay modes consistent with 2+. Mass m= 2573:51:7M e V Full width Γ = 15+5 −4MeV DsJ(2573)−modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. DsJ(2573)+DECAY MODES DsJ(2573)+DECAY MODES DsJ(2573)+DECAY MODES DsJ(2573)+DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) D0K+seen 436 D(2007)0K+not seen 245 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 48 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) BOTTOM MESONSBOTTOM MESONSBOTTOM MESONSBOTTOM MESONS (B=1) (B=1) (B=1) (B=1) B+=ub,B0=db,B0=db,B−=ub, similarly for B’s B-particle organizationB-particle organizationB-particle organizationB-particle organization Many measurements of Bdecays involve admixtures of Bhadrons. Pre- viously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the Bsection, but because of their importance we have created two new sections: \ B/B0 Admixture" for (4S) results and \ B/B0/B0 s/b-baryon Admixture" for results at higher energies. Most inclusive decay branching fractions are found in the Admixture sections. B0-B0mixing data are found in the B0 section, while B0 s-B0smixing data and B-Bmixing data for a B0/B0 sad- mixture are found in the B0 ssection. CP-violation data are found in the B0section. b-baryons are found near the end of the Baryon section. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 49 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) The organization of the Bsections is now as follows, where bullets indicate particle sections and brackets indicate reviews. [Production and Decay of b-flavored Hadrons] B mass, mean life branching fractions B0 mass, mean life branching fractionspolarization in B 0decay B0-B0mixing [CPViolation in BDecay] CPviolation BB0Admixtures branching fractions B/B0/B0 s/b-baryon Admixtures mean life production fractions branching fractions B mass B0 s mass, mean life branching fractions polarization in B0 sdecay B0 s-B0smixing B-Bmixing (admixture of B0,B0 s) At end of Baryon Listings: b mass, mean life branching fractions b-baryon Admixture mean life branching fractions HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 50 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) BBBB I(JP)=1 2(0−) I,J,Pneed con rmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass mB= 5278:91:8M e V Mean lifeB=( 1:650:04)10−12s c= 495m B−modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Modes which do not identify the charge state of the Ba r el i s t e di nt h e B/B0ADMIXTURE section. The branching fractions listed below assume 50% B0B0and 50% B+B− production at the (4S). We have attempted to bring older measurements up to date by rescaling their assumed (4S) production ratio to 50:50 and their assumed D,Ds,D,a n d branching ratios to current values whenever this would a ect our averages and best limits signi cantly. Indentation is used to indicate a subchannel of a previous reaction. All resonant subchannels have been corrected for resonance branching frac-tions to the nal state so the sum of the subchannel branching fractions can exceed that of the nal state. Scale factor/ p B+DECAY MODES B+DECAY MODES B+DECAY MODES B+DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Semileptonic and leptonic modesSemileptonic and leptonic modesSemileptonic and leptonic modesSemileptonic and leptonic modes ‘+‘anything [pp]( 1 0:30:9) % { D0‘+‘ [pp]( 1:860:33) % { D(2007)0‘+‘ [pp]( 5:30:8) % { 0e+e <2:210−3CL=90% 2638 !‘+‘ [pp]<2:110−4CL=90% { 0‘+‘ [pp]<2:110−4CL=90% { e+e <1:510−5CL=90% 2639 + <2:110−5CL=90% 2638 + <5:710−4CL=90% 2340 e+eγ <2:010−4CL=90% { +γ <5:210−5CL=90% { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 51 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D,D,o rDsmodes D,D,o rDsmodes D,D,o rDsmodes D,D,o rDsmodes D0+(5:30:5)10−32308 D0+(1:340:18) % 2238 D0++−(1:10:4 ) % 2289 D0++−nonresonant (54)10−32289 D0+0(4:23:0)10−32209 D0a1(1260)+(54)10−32123 D(2010)−++(2:10:6)10−32247 D−++<1:410−3CL=90% 2299 D(2007)0+(4:60:4)10−32256 D(2010)+0<1:710−4CL=90% 2254 D(2007)0+(1:550:31) % 2183 D(2007)0++−(9:42:6)10−32236 D(2007)0a1(1260)+(1:90:5 ) % 2062 D(2010)−++0(1:50:7 ) % 2235 D(2010)−+++−<1 % CL=90% 2217 D 1(2420)0+(1:50:6)10−3S=1.3 2081 D 1(2420)0+<1:410−3CL=90% 1997 D 2(2460)0+<1:310−3CL=90% 2064 D 2(2460)0+<4:710−3CL=90% 1979 D0D+ s(1:30:4 ) % 1815 D0D+ s(94)10−31734 D(2007)0D+ s(1:20:5 ) % 1737 D(2007)0D+ s(2:71:0 ) % 1650 D+ s0<2:010−4CL=90% 2270 D+ s0<3:310−4CL=90% 2214 D+ s <510−4CL=90% 2235 D+ s <810−4CL=90% 2177 D+ s0<410−4CL=90% 2198 D+ s0<510−4CL=90% 2139 D+ s! <510−4CL=90% 2195 D+ s! <710−4CL=90% 2136 D+ sa1(1260)0<2:210−3CL=90% 2079 D+ sa1(1260)0<1:610−3CL=90% 2014 D+ s <3:210−4CL=90% 2141 D+ s <410−4CL=90% 2079 D+ sK0<1:110−3CL=90% 2241 D+ sK0<1:110−3CL=90% 2184 D+ sK(892)0<510−4CL=90% 2171 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 52 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D+ sK(892)0<410−4CL=90% 2110 D− s+K+<810−4CL=90% 2222 D− s+K+<1:210−3CL=90% 2164 D− s+K(892)+<610−3CL=90% 2137 D− s+K(892)+<810−3CL=90% 2075 Charmonium modesCharmonium modesCharmonium modesCharmonium modes J= (1S)K+(9:91:0)10−41683 J= (1S)K++−(1:40:6)10−31612 J= (1S)K(892)+(1:470:27)10−31571 J= (1S)+(5:01:5)10−51727 J= (1S)+<7:710−4CL=90% 1613 J= (1S)a1(1260)+<1:210−3CL=90% 1414 (2S)K+(6:93:1)10−4S=1.3 1284 (2S)K(892)+<3:010−3CL=90% 1115 (2S)K++−(1:91:2)10−3909 c1(1P)K+(1:00:4)10−31411 c1(1P)K(892)+<2:110−3CL=90% 1265 KorKmodes KorKmodes KorKmodes KorKmodes K0+(2:31:1)10−52614 K+0<1:610−5CL=90% 2615 0K+(6:51:7)10−52528 0K(892)+<1:310−4CL=90% 2472 K+<1:410−5CL=90% 2587 K(892)+<3:010−5CL=90% 2534 K(892)0+<4:110−5CL=90% 2561 K(892)+0<9:910−5CL=90% 2562 K+−+nonresonant <2:810−5CL=90% 2609 K−++nonresonant <5:610−5CL=90% { K1(1400)0+<2:610−3CL=90% 2451 K 2(1430)0+<6:810−4CL=90% 2443 K+0<1:910−5CL=90% 2559 K0+<4:810−5CL=90% 2559 K(892)++−<1:110−3CL=90% 2556 K(892)+0<9:010−4CL=90% 2505 K1(1400)+0<7:810−4CL=90% 2389 K 2(1430)+0<1:510−3CL=90% 2382 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 53 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K+K0<2:110−5CL=90% 2592 K+K−+nonresonant <7:510−5CL=90% { K+K−K+<2:010−4CL=90% 2522 K+ <1:210−5CL=90% 2516 K+K−K+nonresonant <3:810−5CL=90% 2516 K(892)+K+K−<1:610−3CL=90% 2466 K(892)+ <7:010−5CL=90% 2460 K1(1400)+ <1:110−3CL=90% 2339 K 2(1430)+ <3:410−3CL=90% 2332 K+f0(980) <810−5CL=90% 2524 K(892)+γ (5:73:3)10−52564 K1(1270)+γ <7:310−3CL=90% 2486 K1(1400)+γ <2:210−3CL=90% 2453 K 2(1430)+γ <1:410−3CL=90% 2447 K(1680)+γ <1:910−3CL=90% 2361 K 3(1780)+γ <5:510−3CL=90% 2343 K 4(2045)+γ <9:910−3CL=90% 2243 Light unflavored meson modesLight unflavored meson modesLight unflavored meson modesLight unflavored meson modes +0<2:010−5CL=90% 2636 ++−<1:310−4CL=90% 2630 0+<4:310−5CL=90% 2582 +f0(980) <1:410−4CL=90% 2547 +f2(1270) <2:410−4CL=90% 2483 +−+nonresonant <4:110−5CL=90% { +00<8:910−4CL=90% 2631 +0<7:710−5CL=90% 2582 +−+0<4:010−3CL=90% 2621 +0<1:010−3CL=90% 2525 a1(1260)+0<1:710−3CL=90% 2494 a1(1260)0+<9:010−4CL=90% 2494 !+<4:010−4CL=90% 2580 +<1:510−5CL=90% 2609 0+<3:110−5CL=90% 2550 0+<4:710−5CL=90% 2493 +<3:210−5CL=90% 2554 +++−−<8:610−4CL=90% 2608 0a1(1260)+<6:210−4CL=90% 2434 0a2(1320)+<7:210−4CL=90% 2411 +++−−0<6:310−3CL=90% 2592 a1(1260)+a1(1260)0<1:3 % CL=90% 2335 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 54 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Baryon modesBaryon modesBaryon modesBaryon modes pp+<1:610−4CL=90% 2439 pp+nonresonant <5:310−5CL=90% { pp++−<5:210−4CL=90% 2369 ppK+nonresonant <8:910−5CL=90% { p <610−5CL=90% 2430 p+−<2:010−4CL=90% 2367 0p <3:810−4CL=90% 2402 ++p <1:510−4CL=90% 2402 − cp+(6:22:7)10−4 { − cp+0<3:1210−3CL=90% { − cp++−<1:4610−3CL=90% { − cp++−0<1:34 % CL=90% { Lepton Family number ( LF) or Lepton number ( L) violating modes, or Lepton Family number ( LF) or Lepton number ( L) violating modes, or Lepton Family number ( LF)o rL e p t o nn u m b e r( L) violating modes, or Lepton Family number ( LF)o rL e p t o nn u m b e r( L) violating modes, or B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s +e+e−B1<3:910−3CL=90% 2638 ++−B1<9:110−3CL=90% 2633 K+e+e−B1<610−5CL=90% 2616 K++−B1<1:010−5CL=90% 2612 K(892)+e+e−B1<6:910−4CL=90% 2564 K(892)++−B1<1:210−3CL=90% 2560 +e+−LF<6:410−3CL=90% 2637 +e−+LF<6:410−3CL=90% 2637 K+e+−LF<6:410−3CL=90% 2615 K+e−+LF<6:410−3CL=90% 2615 −e+e+L<3:910−3CL=90% 2638 −++L<9:110−3CL=90% 2633 −e++LF<6:410−3CL=90% 2637 K−e+e+L<3:910−3CL=90% 2616 K−++L<9:110−3CL=90% 2612 K−e++LF<6:410−3CL=90% 2615 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 55 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) B0B0B0B0 I(JP)=1 2(0−) I,J,Pneed con rmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass mB0= 5279:21:8M e V mB0−mB=0:350:29 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean lifeB0=( 1:560:04)10−12s c= 468m B+/B0=1:020:04 (average of direct and inferred) B+/B0=1:040:04 (direct measurements) B+/B0=0:95+0:15 −0:12(inferred from branching fractions) B0-B0mixing parameters B0-B0mixing parameters B0-B0mixing parameters B0-B0mixing parameters d=0:1720:010 mB0=mB0 H−mB0 L=( 0:4640:018)1012hs−1 xd= mB0/ΓB0=0:7230:032 CPviolation parametersCPviolation parametersCPviolation parametersCPviolation parameters Re(B0) =0:0020:008 B0modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing. Modes which do not identify the charge state of the Ba r el i s t e di nt h e B/B0ADMIXTURE section. The branching fractions listed below assume 50% B0B0and 50% B+B− production at the (4S). We have attempted to bring older measurements up to date by rescaling their assumed (4S) production ratio to 50:50 and their assumed D,Ds,D,a n d branching ratios to current values whenever this would a ect our averages and best limits signi cantly. Indentation is used to indicate a subchannel of a previous reaction. All resonant subchannels have been corrected for resonance branching frac- tions to the nal state so the sum of the subchannel branching fractionscan exceed that of the nal state. Scale factor/ p B0DECAY MODESB0DECAY MODESB0DECAY MODESB0DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) ‘+‘anything [pp]( 1 0:50:8) % { D−‘+‘ [pp]( 2:000:25) % { D(2010)−‘+‘ [pp]( 4:600:27) % { −‘+‘ [pp]( 2:5+0:8 −1:0)10−4 { −‘+‘ (1:80:6)10−4 { Inclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modes K+anything (7880 ) % { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 56 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D,D,o rDsmodes D,D,o rDsmodes D,D,o rDsmodes D,D,o rDsmodes D−+(3:00:4)10−32306 D−+(7:91:4)10−32236 D0+−<1:610−3CL=90% 2301 D(2010)−+(2:760:21)10−32254 D−++−(8:02:5)10−32287 (D−++−) nonresonant (3:91:9)10−32287 D−+0(1:11:0)10−32207 D−a1(1260)+(6:03:3)10−32121 D(2010)−+0(1:50:5 ) % 2247 D(2010)−+(6:73:3)10−32181 D(2010)−++−(7:61:7)10−3S=1.3 2235 (D(2010)−++−) non- resonant(0:02:5)10−32235 D(2010)−+0(5:73:1)10−32151 D(2010)−a1(1260)+(1:300:27) % 2061 D(2010)−++−0(3:41:8 ) % 2218 D 2(2460)−+<2:210−3CL=90% 2064 D 2(2460)−+<4:910−3CL=90% 1979 D−D+ s(8:03:0)10−31812 D(2010)−D+ s(9:63:4)10−31735 D−D+ s(1:00:5 ) % 1731 D(2010)−D+ s(2:00:7 ) % 1649 D+ s−<2:810−4CL=90% 2270 D+ s−<510−4CL=90% 2214 D+ s−<710−4CL=90% 2198 D+ s−<810−4CL=90% 2139 D+ sa1(1260)−<2:610−3CL=90% 2079 D+ sa1(1260)−<2:210−3CL=90% 2014 D− sK+<2:410−4CL=90% 2242 D− sK+<1:710−4CL=90% 2185 D− sK(892)+<9:910−4CL=90% 2172 D− sK(892)+<1:110−3CL=90% 2112 D− s+K0<510−3CL=90% 2221 D− s+K0<3:110−3CL=90% 2164 D− s+K(892)0<410−3CL=90% 2136 D− s+K(892)0<2:010−3CL=90% 2074 D00<1:210−4CL=90% 2308 D00<3:910−4CL=90% 2238 D0 <1:310−4CL=90% 2274 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 57 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D00<9:410−4CL=90% 2198 D0! <5:110−4CL=90% 2235 D(2007)00<4:410−4CL=90% 2256 D(2007)00<5:610−4CL=90% 2183 D(2007)0 <2:610−4CL=90% 2220 D(2007)00<1:410−3CL=90% 2141 D(2007)0! <7:410−4CL=90% 2180 D(2010)+D(2010)−<2:210−3CL=90% 1711 D(2010)+D−<1:810−3CL=90% 1790 D+D(2010)−<1:210−3CL=90% 1790 Charmonium modesCharmonium modesCharmonium modesCharmonium modes J= (1S)K0(8:91:2)10−41683 J= (1S)K+−(1:10:6)10−31652 J= (1S)K(892)0(1:350:18)10−31570 J= (1S)0<5:810−5CL=90% 1728 J= (1S) <1:210−3CL=90% 1672 J= (1S)0<2:510−4CL=90% 1614 J= (1S)! <2:710−4CL=90% 1609 (2S)K0<810−4CL=90% 1283 (2S)K+−<110−3CL=90% 1238 (2S)K(892)0(1:40:9)10−31113 c1(1P)K0<2:710−3CL=90% 1411 c1(1P)K(892)0<2:110−3CL=90% 1263 KorKmodes KorKmodes KorKmodes KorKmodes K+−(1:5+0:5 −0:4)10−52615 K00<4:110−5CL=90% 2614 0K0(4:7+2:8 −2:2)10−52528 0K(892)0<3:910−5CL=90% 2472 K(892)0<3:010−5CL=90% 2534 K0<3:310−5CL=90% 2593 K+K−<4:310−6CL=90% 2593 K0K0<1:710−5CL=90% 2592 K+−<3:510−5CL=90% 2559 K00<3:910−5CL=90% 2559 K0f0(980) <3:610−4CL=90% 2523 K(892)+−<7:210−5CL=90% 2562 K(892)00<2:810−5CL=90% 2562 K 2(1430)+−<2:610−3CL=90% 2445 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 58 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K0K+K−<1:310−3CL=90% 2522 K0 <8:810−5CL=90% 2516 K−++−[bbb]<2:310−4CL=90% 2600 K(892)0+−<1:410−3CL=90% 2556 K(892)00<4:610−4CL=90% 2504 K(892)0f0(980) <1:710−4CL=90% 2467 K1(1400)+−<1:110−3CL=90% 2451 K−a1(1260)+[bbb]<2:310−4CL=90% 2471 K(892)0K+K−<6:110−4CL=90% 2466 K(892)0 <4:310−5CL=90% 2459 K1(1400)00<3:010−3CL=90% 2389 K1(1400)0 <5:010−3CL=90% 2339 K 2(1430)00<1:110−3CL=90% 2380 K 2(1430)0 <1:410−3CL=90% 2330 K(892)0γ (4:01:9)10−52564 K1(1270)0γ <7:010−3CL=90% 2486 K1(1400)0γ <4:310−3CL=90% 2453 K 2(1430)0γ <4:010−4CL=90% 2445 K(1680)0γ <2:010−3CL=90% 2361 K 3(1780)0γ <1:0 % CL=90% 2343 K 4(2045)0γ <4:310−3CL=90% 2244  <3:910−5CL=90% 2435 Light unflavored meson modesLight unflavored meson modesLight unflavored meson modesLight unflavored meson modes +−<1:510−5CL=90% 2636 00<9:310−6CL=90% 2636 0<810−6CL=90% 2609  <1:810−5CL=90% 2582 00<1:110−5CL=90% 2551 00<4:710−5CL=90% 2460 0 <2:710−5CL=90% 2522 00<2:310−5CL=90% 2493 0<1:310−5CL=90% 2554 +−0<7:210−4CL=90% 2631 00<2:410−5CL=90% 2582 [gg]<8:810−5CL=90% 2582 +−+−<2:310−4CL=90% 2621 00<2:810−4CL=90% 2525 a1(1260)[gg]<4:910−4CL=90% 2494 a2(1320)[gg]<3:010−4CL=90% 2473 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 59 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) +−00<3:110−3CL=90% 2622 +−<2:210−3CL=90% 2525 a1(1260)00<1:110−3CL=90% 2494 !0<4:610−4CL=90% 2580 ++−−0<9:010−3CL=90% 2609 a1(1260)+−<3:410−3CL=90% 2434 a1(1260)00<2:410−3CL=90% 2434 +++−−−<3:010−3CL=90% 2592 a1(1260)+a1(1260)−<2:810−3CL=90% 2336 +++−−−0<1:1 % CL=90% 2572 Baryon modesBaryon modesBaryon modesBaryon modes pp <1:810−5CL=90% 2467 pp+−<2:510−4CL=90% 2406 p−<1:810−4CL=90% 2401 00<1:510−3CL=90% 2334 ++−−<1:110−4CL=90% 2334 −− c++<1:010−3CL=90% 1839 − cp+−(1:30:6)10−3 { − cp <2:110−4CL=90% 2021 − cp0<5:910−4CL=90% { − cp+−0<5:0710−3CL=90% { − cp+−+−<2:7410−3CL=90% { Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes, or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes, or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes, or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes, or B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s γγ B1<3:910−5CL=90% 2640 e+e−B1<5:910−6CL=90% 2640 +−B1<6:810−7CL=90% 2637 K0e+e−B1<3:010−4CL=90% 2616 K0+−B1<3:610−4CL=90% 2612 K(892)0e+e−B1<2:910−4CL=90% 2564 K(892)0+−B1<2:310−5CL=90% 2559 K(892)0 B1<1:010−3CL=90% 2244 eLF [gg]<5:910−6CL=90% 2639 eLF [gg]<5:310−4CL=90% 2341 LF [gg]<8:310−4CL=90% 2339 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 60 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) B/B0ADMIXTURE B/B0ADMIXTURE B/B0ADMIXTURE B/B0ADMIXTURE The branching fraction measurements are for an admixture of Bmesons at the(4S). The values quoted assume that B( (4S)!BB) = 100%. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B!Danything, the treatment of multiple D’s in the nal state must be de ned. One possiblity would be to count the number of events with one-or-more D’s and divide by the total number of B’s. Another possibility would be to count the total number of D’s and divide by the total number of B’s, which is the de nition of average multiplicity. The two de nitions are identical when only one of the speci edparticles is allowed in the nal state. Even though the \one-or-more"de nition seems sensible, for practical reasons inclusive branching fractions are almost always measured using the multiplicity de nition. For heavy nal state particles, authors call their results inclusive branching fractionswhile for light particles some authors call their results multiplicities. In theBsections, we list all results as inclusive branching fractions, adopting a multiplicity de nition. This means that inclusive branching fractions can exceed 100% and that inclusive partial widths can exceed total widths, just as inclusive cross sections can exceed total cross sections. Bmodes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing. Scale factor/ p BDECAY MODESBDECAY MODESBDECAY MODESBDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Semileptonic and leptonic modesSemileptonic and leptonic modesSemileptonic and leptonic modesSemileptonic and leptonic modes B!e+eanything [ccc]( 1 0:410:29) % S=1.2 { B!pe+eanything < 1:610−3CL=90% { B!+anything [ccc]( 1 0:30:5) % { B!‘+‘anything [pp,ccc ]( 1 0:450:21) % { B!D−‘+‘anything [pp]( 2:70:8) % { B!D0‘+‘anything [pp]( 7:01:4) % { B!D‘+‘ [pp,ddd ]( 2:70:7) % { B!D1(2420)‘+‘any- thing(7:41:6)10−3 { B!D‘+‘anything + D‘+‘anything(2:30:4) % { B!D 2(2460)‘+‘any- thing< 6:510−3CL=95% { B!D−+‘+‘any- thing(1:000:34) % { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 61 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) B!D− s‘+‘anything [pp]< 910−3CL=90% { B!D− s‘+‘K+any- thing[pp]< 610−3CL=90% { B!D− s‘+‘K0anything [pp]< 910−3CL=90% { B!K+‘+‘anything [pp]( 6:00:5) % { B!K−‘+‘anything [pp]( 1 04)10−3 { B!K0/K0‘+‘anything [pp]( 4:40:5) % { D,D,o rDsmodes D,D,o rDsmodes D,D,o rDsmodes D,D,o rDsmodes B!Danything (2 4:11:9) % { B!D0/D0anything (6 3:12:9) % S = 1 . 1 { B!D(2010)anything (2 2:71:6) % { B!D(2007)0anything (2 6:02:7) % { B!D sanything [gg]( 1 0:02:5) % { b!ccs (2 24) % { B!DsD,D sD,DsD,o r D sD[gg]( 4:91:3) % { B!D(2010)γ < 1:110−3CL=90% { B!D+ s−,D+ s−, D+ s−,D+ s−,D+ s0, D+ s0,D+ s,D+ s, D+ s0,D+ s0,D+ s!, D+ s![gg]< 510−4CL=90% { B!Ds1(2536)+anything < 9:510−3CL=90% { Charmonium modesCharmonium modesCharmonium modesCharmonium modes B!J= (1S)anything (1:130:06) % { B!J= (1S)(direct) any- thing(8:00:8)10−3 { B! (2S)anything (3:50:5)10−3 { B!c1(1P)anything (4:20:7)10−3 { B!c1(1P)(direct) any- thing(3:70:7)10−3 { B!c2(1P)anything < 3:810−3CL=90% { B!c(1S)anything < 910−3CL=90% { KorKmodes KorKmodes KorKmodes KorKmodes B!Kanything [gg]( 7 8:92:5) % { B!K+anything (6 65) % { B!K−anything (1 34) % { B!K0/K0anything [gg]( 6 44) % { B!K(892)anything (1 86) % { B!K(892)0/K(892)0any- thing[gg]( 1 4:62:6) % { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 62 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) B!K1(1400)γ < 4:110−4CL=90% { B!K 2(1430)γ < 8:310−4CL=90% { B!K2(1770)γ < 1:210−3CL=90% { B!K 3(1780)γ < 3:010−3CL=90% { B!K 4(2045)γ < 1:010−3CL=90% { B!b!sγ (2:30:7)10−4 { B!b!sgluon < 6:8 % CL=90% { Light unflavored meson modesLight unflavored meson modesLight unflavored meson modesLight unflavored meson modes B!anything [gg,eee ] (3597) % { B!anything (1 7:61:6) % { B!0anything (2 15) % { B!!anything <81 % CL=90% { B!anything (3:50:7) % S = 1 . 8 { Baryon modesBaryon modesBaryon modesBaryon modes B! canything (6:41:1) % { B!− ce+anything < 3:210−3CL=90% { B!− cpanything (3:60:7) % { B!− cpe+e < 1:510−3CL=90% { B!−− canything (4:22:4)10−3 { B!− canything < 9:610−3CL=90% { B!0 canything (4:62:4)10−3 { B!0 cN(N=porn) < 1:510−3CL=90% { B!0 canything B(0 c!−+)(1:40:5)10−4{ B!+ canything B(+ c!−++)(4:5+1:3 −1:2)10−4 { B!p/panything [gg]( 8:00:4) % { B!p/p(direct) anything [gg]( 5:50:5) % { B!/anything [gg]( 4:00:5) % { B!−/+anything [gg]( 2:70:6)10−3 { B!baryons anything (6:80:6) % { B!ppanything (2:470:23) % { B!p/panything [gg]( 2:50:4) % { B!anything < 510−3CL=90% { Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes or B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B!e+e−s B1< 5:710−5CL=90% { B!+−s B1< 5:810−5CL=90% { B!es LF< 2:210−5CL=90% { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 63 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) B/B0/B0 s/b-baryon ADMIXTURE B/B0/B0 s/b-baryon ADMIXTURE B/B0/B0 s/b-baryon ADMIXTURE B/B0/B0 s/b-baryon ADMIXTURE These measurements are for an admixture of bottom particles at high energy (LEP, Tevatron, S ppS). Mean life=( 1:5640:014)10−12s Mean life=( 1:720:10)10−12sC h a r g e d b-hadron admixture Mean life=( 1:580:14)10−12s Neutral b-hadron ad- mixture charged b−hadron /neutral b−hadron =1:090:13 The branching fraction measurements are for an admixture of Bmesons and baryons at energies above the (4S). Only the highest energy results (LEP, Tevatron, S ppS )a r eu s e di nt h eb r a n c h i n gf r a c t i o na v e r a g e s . T h e production fractions give our best current estimate of the admixture atLEP. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B!Danything, the treatment of multiple D’s in the nal state must be de ned. One possiblity would be to count the number of events with one-or-more D’s and divide by the total number of B’s. Another possibility would be to count the total number of D’s and divide by the total number of B’s, which is the de nition of average multiplicity. The two de nitions are identical when only one of the speci ed particles is allowed in the nal state. Even though the \one-or-more"de nition seems sensible, for practical reasons inclusive branching fractionsare almost always measured using the multiplicity de nition. For heavy nal state particles, authors call their results inclusive branching fractionswhile for light particles some authors call their results multiplicities. In the Bsections, we list all results as inclusive branching fractions, adopting a multiplicity de nition. This means that inclusive branching fractions canexceed 100% and that inclusive partial widths can exceed total widths,just as inclusive cross sections can exceed total cross sections. The modes below are listed for a binitial state. bmodes are their charge conjugates. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not includemixing. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 64 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) p bDECAY MODESbDECAY MODESbDECAY MODESbDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) PRODUCTION FRACTIONSPRODUCTION FRACTIONSPRODUCTION FRACTIONSPRODUCTION FRACTIONS The production fractions for weakly decaying b-hadrons at the Zhave been calculated from the best values of mean lives, mixing parameters, and branching fractions in this edition by the LEP BOscillation Working Group as described in the note \Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons" in the BParticle Listings. Values assume B(b!B+)=B ( b!B0) B(b!B+)+B ( b!B0)+ B ( b!B0 s)+B ( b!b) = 100 %. The notation for production fractions varies in the literature ( fB0,f(b! B0), Br( b!B0)). We use our own branching fraction notation here, B(b!B0). B+(3 9:7+1:8 −2:2)% { B0(3 9:7+1:8 −2:2)% { B0 s(1 0:5+1:8 −1:7)% { b (1 0:1+3:9 −3:1)% { DECAY MODESDECAY MODESDECAY MODESDECAY MODES Semileptonic and leptonic modesSemileptonic and leptonic modesSemileptonic and leptonic modesSemileptonic and leptonic modes anything (2 3:11:5) % { ‘+‘anything [pp,ccc ]( 1 0:990:23) % { e+eanything [ccc]( 1 0:90:5) % { +anything [ccc]( 1 0:80:5) % { D−‘+‘anything [pp]( 2:020:29) % { D0‘+‘anything [pp]( 6:50:6) % { D−‘+‘anything [pp]( 2:760:29) % { D0 j‘+‘anything [pp, f ] seen { D− j‘+‘anything [pp, f ] seen { D 2(2460)0‘+‘anything seen { D 2(2460)−‘+‘anything seen { +anything (2:60:4) % { c!‘−‘anything [pp]( 7:80:6) % { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 65 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Charmed meson and baryon modesCharmed meson and baryon modesCharmed meson and baryon modesCharmed meson and baryon modes D0anything (6 0:13:2) % { D−anything (2 3:72:3) % { Dsanything (1 85) % { canything (9:72:9) % { c/canything [eee] (1174) % { Charmonium modesCharmonium modesCharmonium modesCharmonium modes J= (1S)anything (1:160:10) % { (2S)anything (4:82:4)10−3 { c1(1P)anything (1:80:5) % { KorKmodes KorKmodes KorKmodes KorKmodes sγ < 5:410−490% { Kanything (8 819 ) % { K0 Sanything (2 9:02:9) % { Pion modesPion modesPion modesPion modes 0anything [eee] (27860 ) % { Baryon modesBaryon modesBaryon modesBaryon modes p/panything (1 46) % { Other modesOther modesOther modesOther modes charged anything [eee] (4977) % { hadron+hadron−(1:7+1:0 −0:7)10−5{ charmless (721 )10−3 { Baryon modesBaryon modesBaryon modesBaryon modes /anything (5:90:6) % { B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s +−anything B1< 3:210−490% { BBBB I(JP)=1 2(1−) I,J,Pneed con rmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass mB= 5324:91:8M e V mB−mB=4 5:780:35 MeV BDECAY MODESBDECAY MODESBDECAY MODESBDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) Bγ dominant 46 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 66 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) BOTTOM, STRANGE MESONSBOTTOM, STRANGE MESONSBOTTOM, STRANGE MESONSBOTTOM, STRANGE MESONS (B=1,S=1) (B=1,S=1) (B=1,S=1) (B=1,S=1) B0 s=sb,B0 s=sb, similarly for B s’s B0 sB0sB0sB0sI(JP) = 0(0−) I,J,Pneed con rmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass mB0 s= 5369:32:0M e V Mean life=( 1:540:07)10−12s c= 462m B0 s-B0smixing parameters B0 s-B0smixing parameters B0 s-B0smixing parameters B0 s-B0smixing parameters Bat high energy = fdd+fss=0:1180:006 mB0 s=mB0 sH{mB0 sL>9:11012hs−1, CL = 95% xs= mB0 s/ΓB0s>14:0, CL = 95% s>0:4975, CL = 95% These branching fractions all scale with B( b!B0 s), the LEP B0 spro- duction fraction. The rst four were evaluated using B( b! B0 s)= (10:5+1:8 −1:7)% and the rest assume B( b!B0 s) = 12%. The branching fraction B( B0 s!D− s‘+‘anything) is not a pure mea- surement since the measured product branching fraction B( b!B0 s) B(B0 s! D− s‘+‘anything) was used to determine B( b! B0 s), as described in the note on \Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons." HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 67 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) p B0 sDECAY MODESB0 sDECAY MODESB0 sDECAY MODESB0 sDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) D− sanything (9233 ) % { D− s‘+‘anything [ggg]( 8:12:5) % { D− s+<13 % 2321 J= (1S) (9:33:3)10−41590 J= (1S)0<1:210−390% 1788 J= (1S) <3:810−390% 1735 (2S) seen 1122 +−<1:710−490% 1122 00<2:110−490% 2861 0<1:010−390% 2655  <1:510−390% 2628 +K−<2:110−490% 2660 K+K−<5:910−590% 2639 pp <5:910−590% 2515 γγ <1:4810−490% 2685 γ <710−490% 2588 Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes or Lepton Family number ( LF) violating modes or B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s B= 1 weak neutral current ( B1)m o d e s +−B1<2:010−690% 2682 e+e−B1<5:410−590% 2864 eLF [gg]<4:110−590% 2864  B1<5:410−390% { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 68 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ccMESONSccMESONSccMESONSccMESONS c(1S)c(1S)c(1S)c(1S) IG(JPC)=0+(0−+) Mass m= 2979:82:1M e V ( S=2 . 1 ) Full width Γ = 13 :2+3:8 −3:2MeV p c(1S)D E C A YM O D E Sc(1S)D E C A YM O D E Sc(1S)D E C A YM O D E Sc(1S)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Decays involving hadronic resonancesDecays involving hadronic resonancesDecays involving hadronic resonancesDecays involving hadronic resonances 0(958) (4:11:7) % 1319  (2:60:9) % 1275 K(892)0K−++c . c . (2:00:7) % 1273 K(892) K(892) (8:53:1)10−31193  (7:12:8)10−31086 a0(980) <2 % 90% 1323 a2(1320) <2 % 90% 1193 K(892) K+c . c . <1:28 % 90% 1307 f2(1270) <1:1 % 90% 1142 !! <3:110−390% 1268 Decays into stable hadronsDecays into stable hadronsDecays into stable hadronsDecays into stable hadrons KK (5:51:7) % 1378  (4:91:8) % 1425 +−K+K−(2:0+0:7 −0:6) % 1342 2(K+K−) (2:11:2) % 1053 2(+−) (1:20:4) % 1457 pp (1:20:4)10−31157 KK <3:1 % 90% 1262 +−pp <1:2 % 90% 1023  <210−390% 987 Radiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decays γγ (3:01:2)10−41489 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 69 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) J= (1S) J= (1S) J= (1S) J= (1S) IG(JPC)=0−(1−−) Mass m= 3096:880:04 MeV Full width Γ = 87 5k e V Γee=5:260:37 keV (Assuming Γ ee=Γ) Scale factor/ p J= (1S)D E C A YM O D E S J= (1S)D E C A YM O D E S J= (1S)D E C A YM O D E S J= (1S)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) hadrons (87:70:5) % { virtualγ!hadrons (17:02:0) % { e+e−(6:020:19) % 1548 +−(6:010:19) % 1545 Decays involving hadronic resonancesDecays involving hadronic resonancesDecays involving hadronic resonancesDecays involving hadronic resonances  (1:270:09) % 1449 00(4:20:5)10−31449 a2(1320) (1:090:22) % 1125 !++−−(8:53:4)10−31392 !+−(7:21:0)10−31435 !f2(1270) (4:30:6)10−31143 K(892)0K 2(1430)0+c . c . (6:72:6)10−31005 !K(892) K+c . c . (5:32:0)10−31098 K+K(892)−+c . c . (5:00:4)10−31373 K0K(892)0+c . c . (4:20:4)10−31371 !00(3:40:8)10−31436 b1(1235)[gg]( 3:00:5)10−31299 !KK0 S[gg]( 3:00:7)10−31210 b1(1235)00(2:30:6)10−31299 K(892) K+c . c . (2:040:28)10−3969 !KK (1:90:4)10−31268 !fJ(1710)!!KK (4:81:1)10−4878 2(+−) (1:600:32)10−31318 (1232)++p−(1:60:5)10−31030 ! (1:580:16)10−31394 KK (1:480:22)10−31179 fJ(1710)!KK (3:60:6)10−4875 pp! (1:300:25)10−3S=1.3 769 (1232)++(1232)−−(1:100:29)10−3938 (1385)−(1385)+(or c.c.) [gg]( 1:030:13)10−3692 pp0(958) (94)10−4S=1.7 596 f0 2(1525) (84)10−4S=2.7 871 +−(8:01:2)10−41365 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 70 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) KK0 S[gg]( 7:20:9)10−41114 !f1(1420) (6:82:4)10−41062  (6:50:7)10−41320 (1530)−+(5:91:5)10−4597 pK−(1385)0(5:13:2)10−4645 !0(4:20:6)10−4S=1.4 1447 0(958) (3:30:4)10−41192 f0(980) (3:20:9)10−4S=1.9 1182 (1530)00(3:21:4)10−4608 (1385)−+(or c.c.) [gg]( 3:10:5)10−4857 f1(1285) (2:60:5)10−4S=1.1 1032  (1:930:23)10−41398 !0(958) (1:670:25)10−41279 !f0(980) (1:40:5)10−41271 0(958) (1:050:18)10−41283 pp (4:51:5)10−5527 a2(1320)[gg]<4:310−3CL=90% 1263 KK 2(1430)+ c.c. <4:010−3CL=90% 1159 K 2(1430)0K2(1430)0<2:910−3CL=90% 588 K(892)0K(892)0<510−4CL=90% 1263 f2(1270) <3:710−4CL=90% 1036 pp <3:110−4CL=90% 779 (1440)! <2:510−4CL=90% 946 !f0 2(1525) <2:210−4CL=90% 1003 (1385)0 <210−4CL=90% 911 (1232)+p <110−4CL=90% 1100 0 <910−5CL=90% 1032 0<6:810−6CL=90% 1377 Decays into stable hadronsDecays into stable hadronsDecays into stable hadronsDecays into stable hadrons 2(+−)0(3:370:26) % 1496 3(+−)0(2:90:6 ) % 1433 +−0(1:500:20) % 1533 +−0K+K−(1:200:30) % 1368 4(+−)0(9:03:0)10−31345 +−K+K−(7:22:3)10−31407 KK (6:11:0)10−31440 pp+−(6:00:5)10−3S=1.3 1107 2(+−) (4:01:0)10−31517 3(+−) (4:02:0)10−31466 nn+−(44)10−31106 00(1:270:17)10−3992 2(+−)K+K−(3:11:3)10−31320 pp+−0[hhh]( 2:30:9)10−3S=1.9 1033 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 71 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) pp (2:140:10)10−31232 pp (2:090:18)10−3948 pn−(2:000:10)10−31174 nn (1:90:5)10−31231  (1:80:4)10−3S=1.8 818  (1:350:14)10−3S=1.2 1074 pp0(1:090:09)10−31176 −+(or c.c.) [gg]( 1:060:12)10−3945 pK− (8:91:6)10−4876 2(K+K−) (7:03:0)10−41131 pK−0(2:90:8)10−4820 K+K−(2:370:31)10−41468 0(2:20:7)10−4998 +−(1:470:23)10−41542 K0 SK0L(1:080:14)10−41466 +c . c . <1:510−4CL=90% 1032 K0 SK0S<5:210−6CL=90% 1466 Radiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decays γc(1S) (1:30:4 ) % 116 γ+−20(8:33:1)10−31518 γ (6:11:0)10−31487 γ(1440)!γKK [p]( 9:11:8)10−41223 γ(1440)!γγ0(6:41:4)10−51223 γ(1440)!γ+−(3:40:7)10−4 { γ (4:50:8)10−31343 γ0(958) (4:310:30)10−31400 γ2+2−(2:80:5)10−3S=1.9 1517 γf4(2050) (2:70:7)10−3874 γ!! (1:590:33)10−31337 γ(1440)!γ00(1:70:4)10−3S=1.3 1223 γf2(1270) (1:380:14)10−31286 γfJ(1710)!γKK (8:5+1:2 −0:9)10−4S=1.2 1075 γ (8:60:8)10−41500 γf1(1420)!γKK (8:31:5)10−41220 γf1(1285) (6:51:0)10−41283 γf0 2(1525) (4:7+0:7 −0:5)10−41173 γ (4:01:2)10−4S=2.1 1166 γpp (3:81:0)10−41232 γ(2225) (2:90:6)10−4834 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 72 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) γ(1760)!γ00(1:30:9)10−41048 γ0(3:91:3)10−51546 γpp+−<7:910−4CL=90% 1107 γγ <510−4CL=90% 1548 γ <1:310−4CL=90% 1074 3γ <5:510−5CL=90% 1548 γfJ(2220) >2:5010−3CL=99.9% { γf0(1500) (5:70:8)10−41184 γe+e−(8:81:4)10−3 { c0(1P)c0(1P)c0(1P)c0(1P) IG(JPC)=0+(0++) Mass m= 3417:32:8M e V Full width Γ = 14 5M e V p c0(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sc0(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sc0(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sc0(1P)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Hadronic decaysHadronic decaysHadronic decaysHadronic decays 2(+−) (3:70:7) % 1679 +−K+K−(3:00:7) % 1580 0+−(1:60:5) % 1608 3(+−) (1:50:5) % 1633 K+K(892)0−+c . c . (1:20:4) % 1522 +−(7:52:1)10−31702 K+K−(7:12:4)10−31635 +−pp (5:02:0)10−31320 pp <9:010−490% 1427 Radiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decays γJ= (1S) (6:61:8)10−3303 γγ <510−495% 1708 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 73 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) c1(1P)c1(1P)c1(1P)c1(1P) IG(JPC)=0+(1++) Mass m= 3510:530:12 MeV Full width Γ = 0 :880:14 MeV c1(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sc1(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sc1(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sc1(1P)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) Hadronic decaysHadronic decaysHadronic decaysHadronic decays 3(+−) (2:20:8) % 1683 2(+−) (1:60:5) % 1727 +−K+K−(94)10−31632 0+−(3:93:5)10−31659 K+K(892)0−+c . c . (3:22:1)10−31576 +−pp (1:40:9)10−31381 pp (8:61:2)10−51483 +−+K+K−<2:110−3 { Radiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decays γJ= (1S) (27:31:6) % 389 c2(1P)c2(1P)c2(1P)c2(1P) IG(JPC)=0+(2++) Mass m= 3556:170:13 MeV Full width Γ = 2 :000:18 MeV p c2(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sc2(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sc2(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sc2(1P)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Hadronic decaysHadronic decaysHadronic decaysHadronic decays 2(+−) (2:20:5) % 1751 +−K+K−(1:90:5) % 1656 3(+−) (1:20:8) % 1707 0+−(74)10−31683 K+K(892)0−+c . c . (4:82:8)10−31601 +−pp (3:31:3)10−31410 +−(1:91:0)10−31773 K+K−(1:51:1)10−31708 pp (10:01:0)10−51510 J= (1S)+−0<1:5 % 90% 185 Radiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decays γJ= (1S) (13:51:1) % 430 γγ (1:60:5)10−41778 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 74 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (2S) (2S) (2S) (2S) IG(JPC)=0−(1−−) Mass m= 3686:000:09 MeV Full width Γ = 277 31 keV (S = 1.1) Γee=2:140:21 keV (Assuming Γ ee=Γ) Scale factor/ p (2S)D E C A YM O D E S (2S)D E C A YM O D E S (2S)D E C A YM O D E S (2S)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) hadrons (98:100:30) % { virtualγ!hadrons (2:90:4) % { e+e−(8:50:7)10−31843 +−(7:71:7)10−31840 Decays into J= (1S)and anything Decays into J= (1S)and anything Decays into J= (1S)and anything Decays into J= (1S)and anything J= (1S)anything (54:23:0) % { J= (1S)neutrals (22:81:7) % { J= (1S)+−(30:21:9 ) % 477 J= (1S)00(17:91:8 ) % 481 J= (1S) (2:70:4 ) % S=1.7 200 J= (1S)0(9:72:1)10−4527 J= (1S)+−(10:03:3)10−3 { Hadronic decaysHadronic decaysHadronic decaysHadronic decays 3(+−)0(3:51:6)10−31746 2(+−)0(3:00:8)10−31799 +−K+K−(1:60:4)10−31726 +−pp (8:02:0)10−41491 K+K(892)0−+c . c . (6:72:5)10−41673 2(+−) (4:51:0)10−41817 0+−(4:21:5)10−41751 pp (1:90:5)10−41586 3(+−) (1:51:0)10−41774 pp0(1:40:5)10−41543 K+K−(1:00:7)10−41776 +−0(95)10−51830  <8:310−5CL=90% 1760 +−(85)10−51838  <410−4CL=90% 1467 −+<210−4CL=90% 1285 K+K−0<2:9610−5CL=90% 1754 K+K(892)−+c . c . <5:410−5CL=90% 1698 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 75 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Radiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decays γc0(1P) (9:30:9 ) % 261 γc1(1P) (8:70:8 ) % 171 γc2(1P) (7:80:8 ) % 127 γc(1S) (2:80:6)10−3639 γ0(958) <1:110−3CL=90% 1719 γγ <1:610−4CL=90% 1843 γ(1440)!γKK <1:210−4CL=90% 1569 (3770) (3770) (3770) (3770) IG(JPC)=??(1−−) Mass m= 3769:92:5M e V ( S=1 . 8 ) Full width Γ = 23 :62:7M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) Γee=0:260:04 keV (S = 1.2) p (3770) DECAY MODES (3770) DECAY MODES (3770) DECAY MODES (3770) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Scale factor (MeV / c) DD dominant 242 e+e−(1:120:17)10−51.2 1885 (4040) (4040) (4040) (4040)[iii]IG(JPC)=??(1−−) Mass m= 404010 MeV Full width Γ = 52 10 MeV Γee=0:750:15 keV (4040) DECAY MODES (4040) DECAY MODES (4040) DECAY MODES (4040) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) e+e−(1:40:4)10−52020 D0D0seen 777 D(2007)0D0+c . c . seen 578 D(2007)0D(2007)0seen 232 (4160) (4160) (4160) (4160)[iii]IG(JPC)=??(1−−) Mass m= 415920 MeV Full width Γ = 78 20 MeV Γee=0:770:23 keV (4160) DECAY MODES (4160) DECAY MODES (4160) DECAY MODES (4160) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) e+e−(104)10−62079 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 76 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (4415) (4415) (4415) (4415)[iii]IG(JPC)=??(1−−) Mass m= 44156M e V Full width Γ = 43 15 MeV (S = 1.8) Γee=0:470:10 keV (4415) DECAY MODES (4415) DECAY MODES (4415) DECAY MODES (4415) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) hadrons dominant { e+e−(1:10:4)10−52207 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 77 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) bbMESONSbbMESONSbbMESONSbbMESONS (1S) (1S) (1S) (1S) IG(JPC)=0−(1−−) Mass m= 9460:370:21 MeV (S = 2.7) Full width Γ = 52 :51:8k e V Γee=1:320:05 keV Scale factor/ p (1S)D E C A YM O D E S (1S)D E C A YM O D E S (1S)D E C A YM O D E S (1S)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) +−(2:67+0:14 −0:16) % 4384 e+e−(2:520:17) % 4730 +−(2:480:07) % S=1.1 4729 Hadronic decaysHadronic decaysHadronic decaysHadronic decays J= (1S)anything (1:10:4)10−34223  <210−4CL=90% 4698 +−<510−4CL=90% 4728 K+K−<510−4CL=90% 4704 pp <510−4CL=90% 4636 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 78 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Radiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decays γ2h+2h−(7:01:5)10−44720 γ3h+3h−(5:42:0)10−44703 γ4h+4h−(7:43:5)10−44679 γ+−K+K−(2:90:9)10−44686 γ2+2−(2:50:9)10−44720 γ3+3−(2:51:2)10−44703 γ2+2−K+K−(2:41:2)10−44658 γ+−pp (1:50:6)10−44604 γ2+2−pp (46)10−54563 γ2K+2K−(2:02:0)10−54601 γ0(958) <1:310−3CL=90% 4682 γ <3:510−4CL=90% 4714 γf0 2(1525) <1:410−4CL=90% 4607 γf2(1270) <1:310−4CL=90% 4644 γ(1440) <8:210−5CL=90% 4624 γfJ(1710)!γKK <2:610−4CL=90% 4576 γf0(2200)!γK+K−<210−4CL=90% 4475 γfJ(2220)!γK+K−<1:510−5CL=90% 4469 γ(2225)!γ <310−3CL=90% 4469 γX <310−5CL=90% { X= pseudoscalar with m<7:2G e V ) γXX <110−3CL=90% { XX= vectors with m<3:1G e V ) b0(1P)b0(1P)b0(1P)b0(1P)[jjj]IG(JPC)=0+(0++) Jneeds con rmation. Mass m= 9859:81:3M e V p b0(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sb0(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sb0(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sb0(1P)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) γ(1S) <6 % 90% 391 b1(1P)b1(1P)b1(1P)b1(1P)[jjj]IG(JPC)=0+(1++) Jneeds con rmation. Mass m= 9891:90:7M e V b1(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sb1(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sb1(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sb1(1P)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) γ(1S) (358) % 422 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 79 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) b2(1P)b2(1P)b2(1P)b2(1P)[jjj]IG(JPC)=0+(2++) Jneeds con rmation. Mass m= 9913:20:6M e V b2(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sb2(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sb2(1P)D E C A YM O D E Sb2(1P)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) γ(1S) (224) % 443 (2S) (2S) (2S) (2S) IG(JPC)=0−(1−−) Mass m=1 0:023300:00031 GeV Full width Γ = 44 7k e V Γee=0:5200:032 keV p (2S)D E C A YM O D E S (2S)D E C A YM O D E S (2S)D E C A YM O D E S (2S)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) (1S)+−(18:50:8 ) % 475 (1S)00(8:81:1 ) % 480 +−(1:71:6 ) % 4686 +−(1:310:21) % 5011 e+e−(1:180:20) % 5012 (1S)0<810−390% 531 (1S) <210−390% 127 J= (1S)anything <610−390% 4533 Radiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decays γb1(1P) (6:70:9 ) % 131 γb2(1P) (6:60:9 ) % 110 γb0(1P) (4:31:0 ) % 162 γfJ(1710) <5:910−490% 4866 γf0 2(1525) <5:310−490% 4896 γf2(1270) <2:4110−490% 4931 b0(2P)b0(2P)b0(2P)b0(2P)[jjj]IG(JPC)=0+(0++) Jneeds con rmation. Mass m=1 0:23210:0006 GeV b0(2P)D E C A YM O D E Sb0(2P)D E C A YM O D E Sb0(2P)D E C A YM O D E Sb0(2P)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) γ(2S) (4:62:1) % 210 γ(1S) (96)10−3746 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 80 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) b1(2P)b1(2P)b1(2P)b1(2P)[jjj]IG(JPC)=0+(1++) Jneeds con rmation. Mass m=1 0:25520:0005 GeV mb1(2P)−mb0(2P)=2 3:51:0M e V p b1(2P)D E C A YM O D E Sb1(2P)D E C A YM O D E Sb1(2P)D E C A YM O D E Sb1(2P)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Scale factor (MeV / c) γ(2S) (214 ) % 1.5 229 γ(1S) (8:51:3) % 1.3 764 b2(2P)b2(2P)b2(2P)b2(2P)[jjj]IG(JPC)=0+(2++) Jneeds con rmation. Mass m=1 0:26850:0004 GeV mb2(2P)−mb1(2P)=1 3:50:6M e V b2(2P)D E C A YM O D E Sb2(2P)D E C A YM O D E Sb2(2P)D E C A YM O D E Sb2(2P)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) γ(2S) (16:22:4) % 242 γ(1S) (7:11:0) % 776 (3S) (3S) (3S) (3S) IG(JPC)=0−(1−−) Mass m=1 0:35530:0005 GeV Full width Γ = 26 :33:5k e V Scale factor/ p (3S)D E C A YM O D E S (3S)D E C A YM O D E S (3S)D E C A YM O D E S (3S)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) (2S)anything (10:60:8 ) % 296 (2S)+−(2:80:6 ) % S=2.2 177 (2S)00(2:000:32) % 190 (2S)γγ (5:00:7 ) % 327 (1S)+−(4:480:21) % 814 (1S)00(2:060:28) % 816 (1S) <2:210−3CL=90% { +−(1:810:17) % 5177 e+e−seen 5177 Radiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decaysRadiative decays γb2(2P) (11:40:8) % S = 1 . 3 8 7 γb1(2P) (11:30:6 ) % 100 γb0(2P) (5:40:6 ) % S=1.1 123 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 81 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (4S) (4S) (4S) (4S) or(10580) or(10580) or(10580) or(10580)IG(JPC)=??(1−−) Mass m=1 0:58000:0035 GeV Full width Γ = 10 4M e V Γee=0:2480:031 keV (S = 1.3) p (4S)D E C A YM O D E S (4S)D E C A YM O D E S (4S)D E C A YM O D E S (4S)D E C A YM O D E S Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) BB >96 % 95% { non- BB <4 % 95% { e+e−(2:80:7)10−55290 J= (3097)anything (2:20:7)10−3 { D+anything + c.c. <7:4 % 90% 5099 anything <2:310−390% 5240 (1S)anything <410−390% 1053 (10860)(10860)(10860)(10860) IG(JPC)=??(1−−) Mass m=1 0:8650:008 GeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 110 13 MeV Γee=0:310:07 keV (S = 1.3) (10860) DECAY MODES(10860) DECAY MODES(10860) DECAY MODES(10860) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) e+e−(2:80:7)10−65432 (11020)(11020)(11020)(11020) IG(JPC)=??(1−−) Mass m=1 1:0190:008 GeV Full width Γ = 79 16 MeV Γee=0:1300:030 keV (11020) DECAY MODES(11020) DECAY MODES(11020) DECAY MODES(11020) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) e+e−(1:60:5)10−65509 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 82 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] See the \Note on !‘γand K!‘γForm Factors" in the Particle Listings for de nitions and details. [b]M e a s u r e m e n t so fΓ ( e+e)/Γ(+) always include decays with γ’s, and measurements of Γ( e+eγ)a n dΓ (+γ) never include low-energy γ’s. Therefore, since no clean separation is possible, we consider the modes withγ’s to be subreactions of the modes without them, and let [Γ( e+e) +Γ (+)]/Γ total = 100%. [c]S e et h eParticle Listings for the energy limits used in this measure- ment; low-energy γ’s are not included. [d] Derived from an analysis of neutrino-oscillation experiments. [e] Astrophysical and cosmological arguments give limits of order 10−13;s e e the0Particle Listings. [f] See the \Note on the Decay Width Γ( !γγ)" in our 1994 edition, Phys. Rev. D50 D50D50D50, 1 August 1994, Part I, p. 1451. [g]Cparity forbids this to occur as a single-photon process. [h] See the \Note on scalar mesons" in the f0(1370) Particle Listings . The interpretation of this entry as a particle is controversial. [i] See the \Note on (770)" in the (770) Particle Listings . [j]T h e e+e−branching fraction is from e+e−!+−experiments only. The!interference is then due to !mixing only, and is expected to be small. If euniversality holds, Γ( 0!+−)=Γ (0!e+e−) 0.99785. [k] See the \Note on scalar mesons" in the f0(1370) Particle Listings . [l] See the \Note on a1(1260)" in the a1(1260) Particle Listings . [m] This is only an educated guess; the error given is larger than the error on the average of the published values. See the Particle Listings for details. [n] See the \Note on the f1(1420)" in the (1440) Particle Listings. [o] See also the !(1600) Particle Listings. [p] See the \Note on the (1440)" in the (1440) Particle Listings. [q] See the \Note on the (1450) and the (1700)" in the (1700) Particle Listings. [r] See the \Note on non- qqmesons" in the Particle Listings (see the index for the page number). [s] See also the !(1420) Particle Listings. [t] See the \Note on fJ(1710)" in the fJ(1710) Particle Listings . [u]S e et h en o t ei nt h e KParticle Listings. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 83 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [v] The de nition of the slope parameter gof the K!3Dalitz plot is as follows (see also \Note on Dalitz Plot Parameters for K!3Decays" in the KParticle Listings): M 2=1+ g(s3−s0)/m2 ++. [w] For more details and de nitions of parameters see the Particle Listings. [x]S e et h e KParticle Listings for the energy limits used in this measure- ment. [y] Most of this radiative mode, the low-momentum γpart, is also included in the parent mode listed without γ’s. [z] Direct-emission branching fraction. [aa] Structure-dependent part. [bb] Derived from measured values of +−,00,  , mK0 L−mK0 S ,a n d K0 S, as described in the introduction to \Tests of Conservation Laws." [cc]T h e CP-violation parameters are de ned as follows (see also \Note on CPViolation in KS!3" and \Note on CPViolation in K0 LDecay" in the Particle Listings): +−= +− ei+−=A(K0 L!+−) A(K0 S!+−)=+0 00= 00 ei00=A(K0 L!00) A(K0 S!00)=−20 =Γ(K0 L!−‘+)−Γ(K0 L!+‘−) Γ(K0 L!−‘+)+Γ ( K0 L!+‘−), Im(+−0)2=Γ(K0 S!+−0)CP viol: Γ(K0 L!+−0), Im(000)2=Γ(K0 S!000) Γ(K0 L!000). where for the last two relations CPT is assumed valid, i.e., Re(+−0)’ 0a n dR e (000)’0. [dd]S e e t h e K0 SParticle Listings for the energy limits used in this measure- ment. [ee] Calculated from K0 Lsemileptonic rates and the K0 Slifetime assuming S = Q . [ ]0/is derived from 00/+− measurements using theoretical input on phases. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 84 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [gg] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [hh]S e et h e K0 LParticle Listings for the energy limits used in this measure- ment. [ii] Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. [jj] Violates CPin leading order. Test of direct CPviolation since the in- direct CP-violating and CP-conserving contributions are expected to be suppressed. [kk] See the \Note on f0(1370)" in the f0(1370) Particle Listings and in the 1994 edition. [ll]S e e t h e n o t e i n t h e L(1770) Particle Listings in Reviews of Modern Physics 56 565656No. 2 Pt. II (1984), p. S200. See also the \Note on K2(1770) and the K2(1820)" in the K2(1770) Particle Listings . [mm] See the \Note on K2(1770) and the K2(1820)" in the K2(1770) Particle Listings . [nn]T h i si saw e i g h t e da v e r a g eo f D(44%) and D0(56%) branching frac- tions. See \ D+andD0! (anything) / (total D+and D0)" under \D+Branching Ratios" in the Particle Listings. [oo] This value averages the e+and+branching fractions, after making a small phase-space adjustment to the +fraction to be able to use it as ane+fraction; hence our ‘+here is really an e+. [pp]A n‘indicates an eor amode, not a sum over these modes. [qq] The branching fraction for this mode may di er from the sum of the submodes that contribute to it, due to interference e ects. See therelevant papers in the Particle Listings. [rr] The two experiments measuring this fraction are in serious disagreement. See the Particle Listings. [ss] This mode is not a useful test for a C=1 weak neutral current because both quarks must change flavor in this decay. [tt]T h e D 0 1-D0 2limits are inferred from the D0-D0mixing ratio Γ(K+‘−‘(via D0)) / Γ( K−‘+‘). [uu] The larger limit (from E791) allows interference between the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed and mixing amplitudes; the smaller limit (from E691) doesn’t. See the papers for details. [vv] The experiments on the division of this charge mode amongst its sub- modes disagree, and the submode branching fractions here add up to considerably more than the charged-mode fraction. [ww] However, these upper limits are in serious disagreement with values ob- tained in another experiment. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 85 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [xx] For now, we average together measurements of the Xe+eandX+ branching fractions. This is the average , not the sum. [yy] This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the nal-state resonance. [zz] This value includes only K+K−decays of the fJ(1710), because branch- ing fractions of this resonance are not known. [aaa] This value includes only +−decays of the f0(1500), because branching fractions of this resonance are not known. [bbb]B0and B0 scontributions not separated. Limit is on weighted average of the two decay rates. [ccc] These values are model dependent. See ‘Note on Semileptonic Decays’ in the B+Particle Listings. [ddd]Dstands for the sum of the D(11P1),D(13P0),D(13P1),D(13P2), D(21S0), and D(21S1) resonances. [eee] Inclusive branching fractions have a multiplicity de nition and can be greater than 100%. [ f]Djrepresents an unresolved mixture of pseudoscalar and tensor D(P- wave) states. [ggg] Not a pure measurement. See note at head of B0 sDecay Modes. [hhh] Includes pp+−γand excludes pp,pp!,pp0. [iii]JPCknown by production in e+e−via single photon annihilation. IG is not known; interpretation of this state as a single resonance is unclear because of the expectation of substantial threshold e ects in this energyregion. [jjj] Spectroscopic labeling for these states is theoretical, pending experimen- tal information. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 86 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NBARYONSNBARYONSNBARYONSNBARYONS (S=0 , I= 1/2) (S=0 , I= 1/2) (S=0 , I= 1/2) (S=0 , I= 1/2) p,N+=uud;n,N0=udd pppp I(JP)=1 2(1 2+) Mass m= 938:272310:00028 MeV[a] =1:0072764700:000000012 u qp mp /(qp mp)=1:00000000150:0000000011 qp+qp /e<210−5 qp+qe /e<1:010−21 [b] Magnetic moment =2:792847390:00000006N Electric dipole moment d=(−46)10−23ecm Electric polarizability =( 1 2:10:9)10−4fm3 Magnetic polarizability =( 2:10:9)10−4fm3 Mean life> 1:61025years (independent of mode) >1031to 51032years[c](mode dependent) Below, for Ndecays, pand ndistinguish proton and neutron partial life- times. See also the \Note on Nucleon Decay" in our 1994 edition (Phys. Rev. D50 D50D50D50, 1673) for a short review. The \partial mean life" limits tabulated here are the limits on /Bi,w h e r e is the total mean life and Biis the branching fraction for the mode in question. Partial mean life p pDECAY MODESpDECAY MODESpDECAY MODESpDECAY MODES (1030years) Con dence level (MeV / c) Antilepton + mesonAntilepton + mesonAntilepton + mesonAntilepton + meson N!e+ >130 ( n),>550 ( p) 90% 459 N!+ >100 ( n),>270 ( p) 90% 453 N! >100 ( n),>25 (p) 90% 459 p!e+ >140 90% 309 p!+ >69 90% 296 n! >54 90% 310 N!e+ >58 (n),>75 (p) 90% 153 N!+ >23 (n),>110 ( p) 90% 119 N! >19 (n),>27 (p) 90% 153 p!e+! >45 90% 142 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 1 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) p!+! >57 90% 104 n!! >43 90% 144 N!e+K >1:3(n),>150 ( p) 90% 337 p!e+K0 S>76 90% 337 p!e+K0 L>44 90% 337 N!+K >1:1(n),>120 ( p) 90% 326 p!+K0 S>64 90% 326 p!+K0 L>44 90% 326 N!K >86 (n),>100 ( p) 90% 339 p!e+K(892)0>52 90% 45 N!K(892) >22 (n),>20 (p) 90% 45 Antilepton + mesonsAntilepton + mesonsAntilepton + mesonsAntilepton + mesons p!e++−>21 90% 448 p!e+00>38 90% 449 n!e+−0>32 90% 449 p!++−>17 90% 425 p!+00>33 90% 427 n!+−0>33 90% 427 n!e+K0−>18 90% 319 Lepton + mesonLepton + mesonLepton + mesonLepton + meson n!e−+>65 90% 459 n!−+>49 90% 453 n!e−+>62 90% 154 n!−+>7 90% 120 n!e−K+>32 90% 340 n!−K+>57 90% 330 Lepton + mesonsLepton + mesonsLepton + mesonsLepton + mesons p!e−++>30 90% 448 n!e−+0>29 90% 449 p!−++>17 90% 425 n!−+0>34 90% 427 p!e−+K+>20 90% 320 p!−+K+>5 90% 279 Antilepton + photon(s)Antilepton + photon(s)Antilepton + photon(s)Antilepton + photon(s) p!e+γ >460 90% 469 p!+γ >380 90% 463 n!γ >24 90% 470 p!e+γγ >100 90% 469 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 2 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Three (or more) leptonsThree (or more) leptonsThree (or more) leptonsThree (or more) leptons p!e+e+e−>510 90% 469 p!e++−>81 90% 457 p!e+ >11 90% 469 n!e+e− >74 90% 470 n!+e− >47 90% 464 n!+− >42 90% 458 p!+e+e−>91 90% 464 p!++−>190 90% 439 p!+ >21 90% 463 p!e−++>6 90% 457 n!3 >0:0005 90% 470 Inclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modes N!e+anything >0:6(n,p) 90% { N!+anything >12 (n,p) 90% { N!e+0anything >0:6(n,p) 90% { B= 2 dinucleon modes B= 2 dinucleon modesB= 2 dinucleon modes B= 2 dinucleon modes The following are lifetime limits per iron nucleus. pp!++>0:7 90% { pn!+0>2 90% { nn!+−>0:7 90% { nn!00>3:4 90% { pp!e+e+>5:8 90% { pp!e++>3:6 90% { pp!++>1:7 90% { pn!e+ >2:8 90% { pn!+ >1:6 90% { nn!ee >0:000012 90% { nn! >0:000006 90% { pDECAY MODESpDECAY MODESpDECAY MODESpDECAY MODES Partial mean life p pDECAY MODES (years) Con dence level (MeV/ c) p!e−γ >1848 95% 469 p!e−0>554 95% 459 p!e− >171 95% 309 p!e−K0 S>29 95% 337 p!e−K0 L>9 95% 337 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 3 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) nnnn I(JP)=1 2(1 2+) Mass m= 939:565630:00028 MeV[a] =1:0086649040:000000014 u mn−mp=1:2933180:000009 MeV =0:0013884340:000000009 u Mean life= 886:71:9s ( S=1 . 2 ) c=2:658108km Magnetic moment =−1:91304280:0000005N Electric dipole moment d<0:9710−25ecm, CL = 90% Electric polarizability =( 0:98+0:19 −0:23)10−3fm3(S = 1.1) Charge q=(−0:41:1)10−21e Mean nn-oscillation time >1:2108s, CL = 90%[d](bound n) >0:86108s, CL = 90% (free n) Decay parametersDecay parametersDecay parametersDecay parameters[e] pe−e gA/gV=−1:26700:0035 (S = 1.9) " A=−0:11620:0013 (S = 1.8) " B=0:9900:008 " a=−0:1020:005 "AV= (180:070:18)[f] " D=(−0:51:4)10−3 p nDECAY MODESnDECAY MODESnDECAY MODESnDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) pe−e 100 % 1.19 Charge conservation ( Q) violating mode Charge conservation ( Q) violating mode Charge conservation ( Q) violating mode Charge conservation ( Q) violating mode pee Q<810−2768% 1.29 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 4 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) N(1440) P11 N(1440) P11 N(1440) P11 N(1440) P11 I(JP)=1 2(1 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 1430 to 1470 ( 1440) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 ( 350) MeV pbeam =0:61 GeV=c 42=3 1:0m b Re(pole position) = 1345 to 1385 ( 1365) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 160 to 260 ( 210) MeV N(1440) DECAY MODESN(1440) DECAY MODESN(1440) DECAY MODESN(1440) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 60{70 % 397 N 30{40 % 342  20{30 % 143 N <8% y N()I=0 S-wave5{10 % { pγ 0:035{0:048 % 414 pγ, helicity=1/2 0:035{0:048 % 414 nγ 0:009{0:032 % 413 nγ, helicity=1/2 0:009{0:032 % 413 N(1520) D13 N(1520) D13 N(1520) D13 N(1520) D13 I(JP)=1 2(3 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 1515 to 1530 ( 1520) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 110 to 135 ( 120) MeV pbeam =0:74 GeV=c 42=2 3:5m b Re(pole position) = 1505 to 1515 ( 1510) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 110 to 120 ( 115) MeV N(1520) DECAY MODESN(1520) DECAY MODESN(1520) DECAY MODESN(1520) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 50{60 % 456 N 40{50 % 410  15{25 % 228 N 15{25 % y N()I=0 S-wave<8% { pγ 0:46{0:56 % 470 pγ, helicity=1/2 0:001{0:034 % 470 pγ, helicity=3/2 0:44{0:53 % 470 nγ 0:30{0:53 % 470 nγ, helicity=1/2 0:04{0:10 % 470 nγ, helicity=3/2 0:25{0:45 % 470 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 5 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) N(1535) S11 N(1535) S11 N(1535) S11 N(1535) S11 I(JP)=1 2(1 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 1520 to 1555 ( 1535) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 100 to 250 ( 150) MeV pbeam =0:76 GeV=c 42=2 2:5m b Re(pole position) = 1495 to 1515 ( 1505) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 90 to 250 ( 170) MeV N(1535) DECAY MODESN(1535) DECAY MODESN(1535) DECAY MODESN(1535) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 35{55 % 467 N 30{55 % 182 N 1{10 % 422  <1 % 242 N <4% y N()I=0 S-wave<3% { N(1440) <7% y pγ 0:15{0:35 % 481 pγ, helicity=1/2 0:15{0:35 % 481 nγ 0:004{0:29 % 480 nγ, helicity=1/2 0:004{0:29 % 480 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 6 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) N(1650) S11 N(1650) S11 N(1650) S11 N(1650) S11 I(JP)=1 2(1 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 1640 to 1680 ( 1650) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 145 to 190 ( 150) MeV pbeam =0:96 GeV=c 42=1 6:4m b Re(pole position) = 1640 to 1680 ( 1660) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 150 to 170 ( 160) MeV N(1650) DECAY MODESN(1650) DECAY MODESN(1650) DECAY MODESN(1650) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 55{90 % 547 N 3{10 % 346 K 3{11 % 161 N 10{20 % 511  1{7 % 344 N 4{12 % y N()I=0 S-wave<4% { N(1440) <5 % 147 pγ 0:04{0:18 % 558 pγ, helicity=1/2 0:04{0:18 % 558 nγ 0:003{0:17 % 557 nγ, helicity=1/2 0:003{0:17 % 557 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 7 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) N(1675) D15 N(1675) D15 N(1675) D15 N(1675) D15 I(JP)=1 2(5 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 1670 to 1685 ( 1675) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 140 to 180 ( 150) MeV pbeam =1:01 GeV=c 42=1 5:4m b Re(pole position) = 1655 to 1665 ( 1660) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 125 to 155 ( 140) MeV N(1675) DECAY MODESN(1675) DECAY MODESN(1675) DECAY MODESN(1675) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 40{50 % 563 K <1 % 209 N 50{60 % 529  50{60 % 364 N <1{3 % y pγ 0:004{0:023 % 575 pγ, helicity=1/2 0:0{0:015 % 575 pγ, helicity=3/2 0:0{0:011 % 575 nγ 0:02{0:12 % 574 nγ, helicity=1/2 0:006{0:046 % 574 nγ, helicity=3/2 0:01{0:08 % 574 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 8 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) N(1680) F15 N(1680) F15 N(1680) F15 N(1680) F15 I(JP)=1 2(5 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 1675 to 1690 ( 1680) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 120 to 140 ( 130) MeV pbeam =1:01 GeV=c 42=1 5:2m b Re(pole position) = 1665 to 1675 ( 1670) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 105 to 135 ( 120) MeV N(1680) DECAY MODESN(1680) DECAY MODESN(1680) DECAY MODESN(1680) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 60{70 % 567 N 30{40 % 532  5{15 % 369 N 3{15 % y N()I=0 S-wave5{20 % { pγ 0:21{0:32 % 578 pγ, helicity=1/2 0:001{0:011 % 578 pγ, helicity=3/2 0:20{0:32 % 578 nγ 0:021{0:046 % 577 nγ, helicity=1/2 0:004{0:029 % 577 nγ, helicity=3/2 0:01{0:024 % 577 N(1700) D13 N(1700) D13 N(1700) D13 N(1700) D13 I(JP)=1 2(3 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 1650 to 1750 ( 1700) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 50 to 150 ( 100) MeV pbeam =1:05 GeV=c 42=1 4:5m b Re(pole position) = 1630 to 1730 ( 1680) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 50 to 150 ( 100) MeV N(1700) DECAY MODESN(1700) DECAY MODESN(1700) DECAY MODESN(1700) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 5{15 % 580 K <3 % 250 N 85{95 % 547 N <35 % y pγ 0:01{0:05 % 591 pγ, helicity=1/2 0:0{0:024 % 591 pγ, helicity=3/2 0:002{0:026 % 591 nγ 0:01{0:13 % 590 nγ, helicity=1/2 0:0{0:09 % 590 nγ, helicity=3/2 0:01{0:05 % 590 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 9 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) N(1710) P11 N(1710) P11 N(1710) P11 N(1710) P11 I(JP)=1 2(1 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 1680 to 1740 ( 1710) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 50 to 250 ( 100) MeV pbeam =1:07 GeV=c 42=1 4:2m b Re(pole position) = 1670 to 1770 ( 1720) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 80 to 380 ( 230) MeV N(1710) DECAY MODESN(1710) DECAY MODESN(1710) DECAY MODESN(1710) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 10{20 % 587 K 5{25 % 264 N 40{90 % 554  15{40 % 393 N 5{25 % 48 N()I=0 S-wave10{40 % { pγ 0:002{0:05% 598 pγ, helicity=1/2 0:002{0:05% 598 nγ 0:0{0:02% 597 nγ, helicity=1/2 0:0{0:02% 597 N(1720) P13 N(1720) P13 N(1720) P13 N(1720) P13 I(JP)=1 2(3 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 1650 to 1750 ( 1720) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 100 to 200 ( 150) MeV pbeam =1:09 GeV=c 42=1 3:9m b Re(pole position) = 1650 to 1750 ( 1700) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 110 to 390 ( 250) MeV N(1720) DECAY MODESN(1720) DECAY MODESN(1720) DECAY MODESN(1720) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 10{20 % 594 K 1{15 % 278 N >70 % 561 N 70{85 % 104 pγ 0:003{0:10 % 604 pγ, helicity=1/2 0:003{0:08 % 604 pγ, helicity=3/2 0:001{0:03 % 604 nγ 0:002{0:39 % 603 nγ, helicity=1/2 0:0{0:002 % 603 nγ, helicity=3/2 0:001{0:39 % 603 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 10 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) N(2190) G17 N(2190) G17 N(2190) G17 N(2190) G17 I(JP)=1 2(7 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 2100 to 2200 ( 2190) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 350 to 550 ( 450) MeV pbeam =2:07 GeV=c 42=6:21 mb Re(pole position) = 1950 to 2150 ( 2050) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 350 to 550 ( 450) MeV N(2190) DECAY MODESN(2190) DECAY MODESN(2190) DECAY MODESN(2190) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 10{20 % 888 N(2220) H19 N(2220) H19 N(2220) H19 N(2220) H19 I(JP)=1 2(9 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 2180 to 2310 ( 2220) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 320 to 550 ( 400) MeV pbeam =2:14 GeV=c 42=5:97 mb Re(pole position) = 2100 to 2240 ( 2170) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 370 to 570 ( 470) MeV N(2220) DECAY MODESN(2220) DECAY MODESN(2220) DECAY MODESN(2220) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 10{20 % 905 N(2250) G19 N(2250) G19 N(2250) G19 N(2250) G19 I(JP)=1 2(9 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 2170 to 2310 ( 2250) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 290 to 470 ( 400) MeV pbeam =2:21 GeV=c 42=5:74 mb Re(pole position) = 2080 to 2200 ( 2140) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 280 to 680 ( 480) MeV N(2250) DECAY MODESN(2250) DECAY MODESN(2250) DECAY MODESN(2250) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 5{15 % 923 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 11 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) N(2600) I1;11 N(2600) I1;11 N(2600) I1;11 N(2600) I1;11 I(JP)=1 2(11 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 2550 to 2750 ( 2600) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 500 to 800 ( 650) MeV pbeam =3:12 GeV=c 42=3:86 mb N(2600) DECAY MODESN(2600) DECAY MODESN(2600) DECAY MODESN(2600) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 5{10 % 1126 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 12 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) BARYONSBARYONSBARYONSBARYONS (S=0 , I= 3/2) (S=0 , I= 3/2) (S=0 , I= 3/2) (S=0 , I= 3/2) ++=uuu ,+=uud,0=udd,−=ddd (1232) P33 (1232) P33 (1232) P33 (1232) P33 I(JP)=3 2(3 2+) Breit-Wigner mass (mixed charges) = 1230 to 1234 ( 1232) MeV Breit-Wigner full width (mixed charges) = 115 to 125 ( 120) MeV pbeam =0:30 GeV=c 42=9 4:8m b Re(pole position) = 1209 to 1211 ( 1210) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 98 to 102 ( 100) MeV (1232) DECAY MODES(1232) DECAY MODES(1232) DECAY MODES(1232) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N >99 % 227 Nγ 0:52{0:60 % 259 Nγ, helicity=1/2 0:11{0:13 % 259 Nγ, helicity=3/2 0:41{0:47 % 259 (1600) P33 (1600) P33 (1600) P33 (1600) P33 I(JP)=3 2(3 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 1550 to 1700 ( 1600) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 ( 350) MeV pbeam =0:87 GeV=c 42=1 8:6m b Re(pole position) = 1500 to 1700 ( 1600) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 200 to 400 ( 300) MeV (1600) DECAY MODES(1600) DECAY MODES(1600) DECAY MODES(1600) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 10{25 % 512 N 75{90 % 473  40{70 % 301 N <25 % y N(1440) 10{35 % 74 Nγ 0:001{0:02 % 525 Nγ, helicity=1/2 0:0{0:02 % 525 Nγ, helicity=3/2 0:001{0:005 % 525 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 13 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1620) S31 (1620) S31 (1620) S31 (1620) S31 I(JP)=3 2(1 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 1615 to 1675 ( 1620) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 120 to 180 ( 150) MeV pbeam =0:91 GeV=c 42=1 7:7m b Re(pole position) = 1580 to 1620 ( 1600) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 100 to 130 ( 115) MeV (1620) DECAY MODES(1620) DECAY MODES(1620) DECAY MODES(1620) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 20{30 % 526 N 70{80 % 488  30{60 % 318 N 7{25 % y Nγ 0:004{0:044 % 538 Nγ, helicity=1/2 0:004{0:044 % 538 (1700) D33 (1700) D33 (1700) D33 (1700) D33 I(JP)=3 2(3 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 1670 to 1770 ( 1700) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 200 to 400 ( 300) MeV pbeam =1:05 GeV=c 42=1 4:5m b Re(pole position) = 1620 to 1700 ( 1660) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 150 to 250 ( 200) MeV (1700) DECAY MODES(1700) DECAY MODES(1700) DECAY MODES(1700) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 10{20 % 580 N 80{90 % 547  30{60 % 385 N 30{55 % y Nγ 0:12{0:26 % 591 Nγ, helicity=1/2 0:08{0:16 % 591 Nγ, helicity=3/2 0:025{0:12 % 591 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 14 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1905) F35 (1905) F35 (1905) F35 (1905) F35 I(JP)=3 2(5 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 1870 to 1920 ( 1905) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 280 to 440 ( 350) MeV pbeam =1:45 GeV=c 42=9:62 mb Re(pole position) = 1800 to 1860 ( 1830) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 230 to 330 ( 280) MeV (1905) DECAY MODES(1905) DECAY MODES(1905) DECAY MODES(1905) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 5{15 % 713 N 85{95 % 687  <25 % 542 N >60 % 421 Nγ 0:01{0:03 % 721 Nγ, helicity=1/2 0:0{0:1 % 721 Nγ, helicity=3/2 0:004{0:03 % 721 (1910) P31 (1910) P31 (1910) P31 (1910) P31 I(JP)=3 2(1 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 1870 to 1920 ( 1910) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 190 to 270 ( 250) MeV pbeam =1:46 GeV=c 42=9:54 mb Re(pole position) = 1830 to 1880 ( 1855) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 200 to 500 ( 350) MeV (1910) DECAY MODES(1910) DECAY MODES(1910) DECAY MODES(1910) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 15{30 % 716 Nγ 0:0{0:2 % 725 Nγ, helicity=1/2 0:0{0:2 % 725 (1920) P33 (1920) P33 (1920) P33 (1920) P33 I(JP)=3 2(3 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 1900 to 1970 ( 1920) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 150 to 300 ( 200) MeV pbeam =1:48 GeV=c 42=9:37 mb Re(pole position) = 1850 to 1950 ( 1900) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 200 to 400 ( 300) MeV (1920) DECAY MODES(1920) DECAY MODES(1920) DECAY MODES(1920) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 5{20 % 722 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 15 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1930) D35 (1930) D35 (1930) D35 (1930) D35 I(JP)=3 2(5 2−) Breit-Wigner mass = 1920 to 1970 ( 1930) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 ( 350) MeV pbeam =1:50 GeV=c 42=9:21 mb Re(pole position) = 1840 to 1940 ( 1890) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 200 to 300 ( 250) MeV (1930) DECAY MODES(1930) DECAY MODES(1930) DECAY MODES(1930) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 10{20 % 729 Nγ 0:0{0:02 % 737 Nγ, helicity=1/2 0:0{0:01 % 737 Nγ, helicity=3/2 0:0{0:01 % 737 (1950) F37 (1950) F37 (1950) F37 (1950) F37 I(JP)=3 2(7 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 1940 to 1960 ( 1950) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 290 to 350 ( 300) MeV pbeam =1:54 GeV=c 42=8:91 mb Re(pole position) = 1880 to 1890 ( 1885) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 210 to 270 ( 240) MeV (1950) DECAY MODES(1950) DECAY MODES(1950) DECAY MODES(1950) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 35{40 % 741 N 716  20{30 % 574 N <10 % 469 Nγ 0:08{0:13 % 749 Nγ, helicity=1/2 0:03{0:055 % 749 Nγ, helicity=3/2 0:05{0:075 % 749 (2420) H3;11 (2420) H3;11 (2420) H3;11 (2420) H3;11 I(JP)=3 2(11 2+) Breit-Wigner mass = 2300 to 2500 ( 2420) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 300 to 500 ( 400) MeV pbeam =2:64 GeV=c 42=4:68 mb Re(pole position) = 2260 to 2400 ( 2330) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 350 to 750 ( 550) MeV (2420) DECAY MODES(2420) DECAY MODES(2420) DECAY MODES(2420) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) N 5{15 % 1023 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 16 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) BARYONSBARYONSBARYONSBARYONS (S=−1,I=0 ) (S=−1,I=0 ) (S=−1,I=0 ) (S=−1,I=0 ) 0=uds  I(JP)=0 (1 2+) Mass m= 1115:6830:006 MeV Mean life=( 2:6320:020)10−10s (S = 1.6) c=7:89 cm Magnetic moment =−0:6130:004N Electric dipole moment d<1:510−16ecm, CL = 95% Decay parametersDecay parametersDecay parametersDecay parameters p− −=0:6420:013 " −=(−6:53:5) " γ−=0:76[g] " −=( 84)[g] n0 0=+ 0:650:05 pe−e gA/gV=−0:7180:015[e] DECAY MODESDECAY MODESDECAY MODESDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) p−(63:90:5 ) % 101 n0(35:80:5 ) % 104 nγ (1:750:15)10−3162 p−γ [h]( 8:41:4)10−4101 pe−e (8:320:14)10−4163 p− (1:570:35)10−4131 (1405) S01 (1405) S01 (1405) S01 (1405) S01 I(JP)=0 (1 2−) Mass m= 14074M e V Full width Γ = 50 :02:0M e V Below KN threshold (1405) DECAY MODES(1405) DECAY MODES(1405) DECAY MODES(1405) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  100 % 152 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 17 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1520) D03 (1520) D03 (1520) D03 (1520) D03 I(JP)=0 (3 2−) Mass m= 1519:51:0M e V[i] Full width Γ = 15 :61:0M e V[i] pbeam =0:39 GeV=c 42=8 2:8m b (1520) DECAY MODES(1520) DECAY MODES(1520) DECAY MODES(1520) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 451% 244  421% 267  101% 252  0:90:1% 152 γ 0:80:2% 351 (1600) P01 (1600) P01 (1600) P01 (1600) P01 I(JP)=0 (1 2+) Mass m= 1560 to 1700 (1600) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 250 ( 150) MeV pbeam =0:58 GeV=c 42=4 1:6m b (1600) DECAY MODES(1600) DECAY MODES(1600) DECAY MODES(1600) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 15{30 % 343  10{60 % 336 (1670) S01 (1670) S01 (1670) S01 (1670) S01 I(JP)=0 (1 2−) Mass m= 1660 to 1680 (1670) MeV F u l lw i d t hΓ=2 5t o5 0( 35) MeV pbeam =0:74 GeV=c 42=2 8:5m b (1670) DECAY MODES(1670) DECAY MODES(1670) DECAY MODES(1670) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 15{25 % 414  20{60 % 393  15{35 % 64 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 18 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1690) D03 (1690) D03 (1690) D03 (1690) D03 I(JP)=0 (3 2−) Mass m= 1685 to 1695 (1690) MeV F u l lw i d t hΓ=5 0t o7 0( 60) MeV pbeam =0:78 GeV=c 42=2 6:1m b (1690) DECAY MODES(1690) DECAY MODES(1690) DECAY MODES(1690) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 20{30 % 433  20{40 % 409  25 % 415  20 % 350 (1800) S01 (1800) S01 (1800) S01 (1800) S01 I(JP)=0 (1 2−) Mass m= 1720 to 1850 (1800) MeV Full width Γ = 200 to 400 ( 300) MeV pbeam =1:01 GeV=c 42=1 7:5m b (1800) DECAY MODES(1800) DECAY MODES(1800) DECAY MODES(1800) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 25{40 % 528  seen 493 (1385) seen 345 NK(892) seen y (1810) P01 (1810) P01 (1810) P01 (1810) P01 I(JP)=0 (1 2+) Mass m= 1750 to 1850 (1810) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 250 ( 150) MeV pbeam =1:04 GeV=c 42=1 7:0m b (1810) DECAY MODES(1810) DECAY MODES(1810) DECAY MODES(1810) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 20{50 % 537  10{40 % 501 (1385) seen 356 NK(892) 30{60 % y HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 19 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1820) F05 (1820) F05 (1820) F05 (1820) F05 I(JP)=0 (5 2+) Mass m= 1815 to 1825 (1820) MeV F u l lw i d t hΓ=7 0t o9 0( 80) MeV pbeam =1:06 GeV=c 42=1 6:5m b (1820) DECAY MODES(1820) DECAY MODES(1820) DECAY MODES(1820) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 55{65 % 545  8{14 % 508 (1385) 5{10 % 362 (1830) D05 (1830) D05 (1830) D05 (1830) D05 I(JP)=0 (5 2−) Mass m= 1810 to 1830 (1830) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 110 ( 95) MeV pbeam =1:08 GeV=c 42=1 6:0m b (1830) DECAY MODES(1830) DECAY MODES(1830) DECAY MODES(1830) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 3{10 % 553  35{75 % 515 (1385) >15 % 371 (1890) P03 (1890) P03 (1890) P03 (1890) P03 I(JP)=0 (3 2+) Mass m= 1850 to 1910 (1890) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 200 ( 100) MeV pbeam =1:21 GeV=c 42=1 3:6m b (1890) DECAY MODES(1890) DECAY MODES(1890) DECAY MODES(1890) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 20{35 % 599  3{10 % 559 (1385) seen 420 NK(892) seen 233 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 20 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (2100) G07 (2100) G07 (2100) G07 (2100) G07 I(JP)=0 (7 2−) Mass m= 2090 to 2110 (2100) MeV Full width Γ = 100 to 250 ( 200) MeV pbeam =1:68 GeV=c 42=8:68 mb (2100) DECAY MODES(2100) DECAY MODES(2100) DECAY MODES(2100) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 25{35 % 751  5 % 704  <3 % 617 K <3 % 483 ! <8 % 443 NK(892) 10{20 % 514 (2110) F05 (2110) F05 (2110) F05 (2110) F05 I(JP)=0 (5 2+) Mass m= 2090 to 2140 (2110) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 250 ( 200) MeV pbeam =1:70 GeV=c 42=8:53 mb (2110) DECAY MODES(2110) DECAY MODES(2110) DECAY MODES(2110) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 5{25 % 757  10{40 % 711 ! seen 455 (1385) seen 589 NK(892) 10{60 % 524 (2350) H09 (2350) H09 (2350) H09 (2350) H09 I(JP)=0 (9 2+) Mass m= 2340 to 2370 (2350) MeV Full width Γ = 100 to 250 ( 150) MeV pbeam =2:29 GeV=c 42=5:85 mb (2350) DECAY MODES(2350) DECAY MODES(2350) DECAY MODES(2350) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 12 % 915  10 % 867 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 21 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) BARYONSBARYONSBARYONSBARYONS (S=−1,I=1 ) (S=−1,I=1 ) (S=−1,I=1 ) (S=−1,I=1 ) +=uus,0=uds,−=dds ++++ I(JP)=1 (1 2+) Mass m= 1189:370:07 MeV (S = 2.2) Mean life=( 0:7990:004)10−10s c=2:396 cm Magnetic moment =2:4580:010N(S = 2.1) Γ/parenleftbig+!n‘+/Γ/parenleftbig−!n‘−<0:043 Decay parametersDecay parametersDecay parametersDecay parameters p0 0=−0:980+0:017 −0:015 " 0=( 3 634) " γ0=0:16[g] " 0= (1876)[g] n+ +=0:0680:013 " += (16720)(S = 1.1) " γ+=−0:97[g] " +=(−73+ 133 −10)[g] pγ γ=−0:760:08 p +DECAY MODES +DECAY MODES +DECAY MODES +DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) p0(51:570:30) % 189 n+(48:310:30) % 185 pγ (1:230:05)10−3225 n+γ [h]( 4:50:5)10−4185 e+e (2:00:5)10−571 S= Q(SQ) violating modes or S= Q(SQ) violating modes or S= Q(SQ) violating modes or S= Q(SQ) violating modes or S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s S= 1 weak neutral current ( S1)m o d e s ne+e SQ<510−690% 224 n+ SQ<3:010−590% 202 pe+e−S1<710−6225 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 22 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) 0000 I(JP)=1 (1 2+) Mass m= 1192:6420:024 MeV m−−m0=4:8070:035 MeV (S = 1.1) m0−m=7 6:9590:023 MeV Mean life=( 7:40:7)10−20s c=2:2210−11m Transition magnetic moment  =1:610:08N p 0DECAY MODES0DECAY MODES0DECAY MODES0DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) γ 100 % 74 γγ <3 % 90% 74 e+e−[j]510−374 −−−− I(JP)=1 (1 2+) Mass m= 1197:4490:030 MeV (S = 1.2) m−−m+=8:080:08 MeV (S = 1.9) m−−m=8 1:7660:030 MeV (S = 1.2) Mean life=( 1:4790:011)10−10s (S = 1.3) c=4:434 cm Magnetic moment =−1:1600:025N(S = 1.7) Decay parametersDecay parametersDecay parametersDecay parameters n− −=−0:0680:008 " −=( 1 015) " γ−=0:98[g] " −= (249+1 2 −120)[g] ne−e gA/gV=0:3400:017[e] " f2(0) f1(0) = 0:970:14 " D=0:110:10 e−e gV/gA=0:010:10[e](S = 1.5) " gWM/gA=2:41:7[e] −DECAY MODES −DECAY MODES −DECAY MODES −DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) n−(99:8480:005) % 193 n−γ [h]( 4:60:6)10−4193 ne−e (1:0170:034)10−3230 n− (4:50:4)10−4210 e−e (5:730:27 )10−579 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 23 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1385) P13 (1385) P13 (1385) P13 (1385) P13 I(JP)=1 (3 2+) (1385)+mass m= 1382:80:4M e V ( S=2 . 0 ) (1385)0mass m= 1383:71:0M e V ( S=1 . 4 ) (1385)−mass m= 1387:20:5M e V ( S=2 . 2 ) (1385)+full width Γ = 35 :80:8M e V (1385)0full width Γ = 36 5M e V (1385)−full width Γ = 39 :42:1M e V ( S=1 . 7 ) Below KN threshold (1385) DECAY MODES(1385) DECAY MODES(1385) DECAY MODES(1385) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c)  882 % 208  122 % 127 (1660) P11 (1660) P11 (1660) P11 (1660) P11 I(JP)=1 (1 2+) Mass m= 1630 to 1690 (1660) MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 200 ( 100) MeV pbeam =0:72 GeV=c 42=2 9:9m b (1660) DECAY MODES(1660) DECAY MODES(1660) DECAY MODES(1660) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 10{30 % 405  seen 439  seen 385 (1670) D13 (1670) D13 (1670) D13 (1670) D13 I(JP)=1 (3 2−) Mass m= 1665 to 1685 (1670) MeV F u l lw i d t hΓ=4 0t o8 0( 60) MeV pbeam =0:74 GeV=c 42=2 8:5m b (1670) DECAY MODES(1670) DECAY MODES(1670) DECAY MODES(1670) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 7{13 % 414  5{15 % 447  30{60 % 393 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 24 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1750) S11 (1750) S11 (1750) S11 (1750) S11 I(JP)=1 (1 2−) Mass m= 1730 to 1800 (1750) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 160 ( 90) MeV pbeam =0:91 GeV=c 42=2 0:7m b (1750) DECAY MODES(1750) DECAY MODES(1750) DECAY MODES(1750) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 10{40 % 486  seen 507  <8 % 455  15{55 % 81 (1775) D15 (1775) D15 (1775) D15 (1775) D15 I(JP)=1 (5 2−) Mass m= 1770 to 1780 (1775) MeV Full width Γ = 105 to 135 ( 120) MeV pbeam =0:96 GeV=c 42=1 9:0m b (1775) DECAY MODES(1775) DECAY MODES(1775) DECAY MODES(1775) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 37{43% 508  14{20% 525  2{5% 474 (1385) 8{12% 324 (1520) 17{23% 198 (1915) F15 (1915) F15 (1915) F15 (1915) F15 I(JP)=1 (5 2+) Mass m= 1900 to 1935 (1915) MeV Full width Γ = 80 to 160 ( 120) MeV pbeam =1:26 GeV=c 42=1 2:8m b (1915) DECAY MODES(1915) DECAY MODES(1915) DECAY MODES(1915) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 5{15 % 618  seen 622  seen 577 (1385) <5 % 440 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 25 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1940) D13 (1940) D13 (1940) D13 (1940) D13 I(JP)=1 (3 2−) Mass m= 1900 to 1950 (1940) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 300 ( 220) MeV pbeam =1:32 GeV=c 42=1 2:1m b (1940) DECAY MODES(1940) DECAY MODES(1940) DECAY MODES(1940) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK <20 % 637  seen 639  seen 594 (1385) seen 460 (1520) seen 354 (1232) K seen 410 NK(892) seen 320 (2030) F17 (2030) F17 (2030) F17 (2030) F17 I(JP)=1 (7 2+) Mass m= 2025 to 2040 (2030) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 200 ( 180) MeV pbeam =1:52 GeV=c 42=9:93 mb (2030) DECAY MODES(2030) DECAY MODES(2030) DECAY MODES(2030) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK 17{23 % 702  17{23 % 700  5{10 % 657 K <2 % 412 (1385) 5{15 % 529 (1520) 10{20 % 430 (1232) K 10{20 % 498 NK(892) <5 % 438 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 26 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (2250)(2250)(2250)(2250) I(JP) = 1(??) Mass m= 2210 to 2280 (2250) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 150 ( 100) MeV pbeam =2:04 GeV=c 42=6:76 mb (2250) DECAY MODES(2250) DECAY MODES(2250) DECAY MODES(2250) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) NK <10 % 851  seen 842  seen 803 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 27 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) BARYONSBARYONSBARYONSBARYONS (S=−2,I= 1/2) (S=−2,I= 1/2) (S=−2,I= 1/2) (S=−2,I= 1/2) 0=uss,−=dss 0000 I(JP)=1 2(1 2+) Pis not yet measured; + is the quark model prediction. Mass m= 1314:90:6M e V m−−m0=6:40:6M e V Mean life=( 2:900:09)10−10s c=8:71 cm Magnetic moment =−1:2500:014N Decay parametersDecay parametersDecay parametersDecay parameters 0 =−0:4110:022 (S = 2.1) " =( 2 112) " γ=0:85[g] "  = (218+1 2 −19)[g] γ =0:40:4 0γ =0:200:32 p 0DECAY MODES0DECAY MODES0DECAY MODES0DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) 0(99:540:05) % 135 γ (1:060:16)10−3184 0γ (3:50:4)10−3117 +e−e <1:110−390% 120 +− <1:110−390% 64 S= Q(SQ) violating modes or S= Q(SQ) violating modes or S= Q(SQ) violating modes or S= Q(SQ) violating modes or S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s −e+e SQ<910−490% 112 −+ SQ<910−490% 49 p−S2<410−590% 299 pe−e S2<1:310−3323 p− S2<1:310−3309 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 28 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) −−−− I(JP)=1 2(1 2+) Pis not yet measured; + is the quark model prediction. Mass m= 1321:320:13 MeV Mean life=( 1:6390:015)10−10s c=4:91 cm Magnetic moment =−0:65070:0025N Decay parametersDecay parametersDecay parametersDecay parameters − =−0:4560:014 (S = 1.8) " =( 44) " γ=0:89[g] "  = (1888)[g] e−e gA/gV=−0:250:05[e] p −DECAY MODES −DECAY MODES −DECAY MODES −DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) −(99:8870:035) % 139 −γ (1:270:23 )10−4118 e−e (5:630:31 )10−4190 − (3:5+3:5 −2:2)10−4163 0e−e (8:71:7)10−5122 0− <810−490% 70 0e−e <2:310−390% 6 S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s n−S2<1:910−590% 303 ne−e S2<3:210−390% 327 n− S2<1:5 % 90% 314 p−−S2<410−490% 223 p−e−e S2<410−490% 304 p−− S2<410−490% 250 p−−L<410−490% 272 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 29 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1530) P13 (1530) P13 (1530) P13 (1530) P13 I(JP)=1 2(3 2+) (1530)0mass m= 1531:800:32 MeV (S = 1.3) (1530)−mass m= 1535:00:6M e V (1530)0full width Γ = 9 :10:5M e V (1530)−full width Γ = 9 :9+1:7 −1:9MeV p (1530) DECAY MODES(1530) DECAY MODES(1530) DECAY MODES(1530) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c)  100 % 152 γ <4 % 90% 200 (1690)(1690)(1690)(1690) I(JP)=1 2(??) Mass m= 169010 MeV[i] Full width Γ <50 MeV (1690) DECAY MODES(1690) DECAY MODES(1690) DECAY MODES(1690) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K seen 240 K seen 51 −+−possibly seen 214 (1820) D13 (1820) D13 (1820) D13 (1820) D13 I(JP)=1 2(3 2−) Mass m= 18235M e V[i] Full width Γ = 24+1 5 −10MeV[i] (1820) DECAY MODES(1820) DECAY MODES(1820) DECAY MODES(1820) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K large 400 K small 320  small 413 (1530) small 234 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 30 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (1950)(1950)(1950)(1950) I(JP)=1 2(??) Mass m= 195015 MeV[i] Full width Γ = 60 20 MeV[i] (1950) DECAY MODES(1950) DECAY MODES(1950) DECAY MODES(1950) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K seen 522 K possibly seen 460  seen 518 (2030)(2030)(2030)(2030) I(JP)=1 2(5 2?) Mass m= 20255M e V[i] Full width Γ = 20+1 5 −5MeV[i] (2030) DECAY MODES(2030) DECAY MODES(2030) DECAY MODES(2030) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K 20 % 589 K 80 % 533  small 573 (1530) small 421 K small 501 K small 430 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 31 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ΩBARYONSΩBARYONSΩBARYONSΩBARYONS (S=−3,I=0 ) (S=−3,I=0 ) (S=−3,I=0 ) (S=−3,I=0 ) Ω−=sss Ω−Ω−Ω−Ω− I(JP)=0 (3 2+) JPis not yet measured;3 2+is the quark model prediction. Mass m= 1672:450:29 MeV Mean life=( 0:8220:012)10−10s c=2:46 cm Magnetic moment =−2:020:05N Decay parametersDecay parametersDecay parametersDecay parameters K− =−0:0260:026 0− =0:090:14 −0 =0:050:21 p Ω−DECAY MODES Ω−DECAY MODES Ω−DECAY MODES Ω−DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) K−(67:80:7) % 211 0−(23:60:7) % 294 −0(8:60:4) % 290 −+−(4:3+3:4 −1:3)10−4190 (1530)0−(6:4+5:1 −2:0)10−417 0e−e (5:62:8)10−3319 −γ <4:610−490% 314 S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s S= 2 forbidden ( S2)m o d e s −S2<1:910−490% 449 Ω(2250)−Ω(2250)−Ω(2250)−Ω(2250)−I(JP) = 0(??) Mass m= 22529M e V Full width Γ = 55 18 MeV Ω(2250)−DECAY MODES Ω(2250)−DECAY MODES Ω(2250)−DECAY MODES Ω(2250)−DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) −+K−seen 531 (1530)0K−seen 437 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 32 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CHARMED BARYONSCHARMED BARYONSCHARMED BARYONSCHARMED BARYONS (C=+1 )(C=+1 )(C=+1 )(C=+1 ) + c=udc ,++ c=uuc ,+ c=udc ,0 c=ddc , + c=usc,0 c=dsc,Ω0 c=ssc + c+c+c+cI(JP)=0 (1 2+) Jnot con rmed;1 2is the quark model prediction. Mass m= 2284:90:6M e V Mean life=( 0:2060:012)10−12s c=6 1:8m Decay asymmetry parametersDecay asymmetry parametersDecay asymmetry parametersDecay asymmetry parameters + =−0:980:19 +0 =−0:450:32 ‘+‘ =−0:82+0:11 −0:07 Nearly all branching fractions of the + care measured relative to the pK−+mode, but there are no model-independent measurements of this branching fraction. We explain how we arrive at our value of B( + c! pK−+) in a Note at the beginning of the branching-ratio measurements, in the Listings. When this branching fraction is eventually well determined,all the other branching fractions will slide up or down proportionally as the true value di ers from the value we use here. Scale factor/ p + cDECAY MODES+ cDECAY MODES+ cDECAY MODES + cDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) Hadronic modes with a pand one K Hadronic modes with a pand one K Hadronic modes with a pand one K Hadronic modes with a pand one K pK0(2:50:7 ) % 872 pK−+[k]( 5:01:3 ) % 822 pK(892)0[l]( 1:80:6 ) % 681 (1232)++K−(85)10−3709 (1520)+[l]( 4:5+2:5 −2:1)10−3626 pK−+nonresonant (2:80:9 ) % 822 pK0 (1:30:4 ) % 567 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 33 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) pK0+−(2:41:1 ) % 753 pK−+0seen 758 pK(892)−+[l]( 1:10:6 ) % 579 p(K−+)nonresonant0(3:61:2 ) % 758 (1232) K(892) seen 416 pK−++−(1:10:8)10−3670 pK−+00(84)10−3676 pK−+000(5:03:4)10−3573 Hadronic modes with a pand zero or two K’s Hadronic modes with a pand zero or two K’s Hadronic modes with a pand zero or two K’s Hadronic modes with a pand zero or two K’s p+−(3:52:0)10−3926 pf0(980) [l]( 2:81:9)10−3621 p++−−(1:81:2)10−3851 pK+K−(2:30:9)10−3615 p [l]( 1:20:5)10−3589 Hadronic modes with a hyperonHadronic modes with a hyperonHadronic modes with a hyperonHadronic modes with a hyperon +(9:02:8)10−3863 +0(3:61:3 ) % 843 +<5 % CL=95% 638 ++−(3:31:0 ) % 806 + (1:70:6 ) % 690 (1385)+ [l]( 8:53:3)10−3569 K+K0(6:02:1)10−3441 0+(9:93:2)10−3824 +0(1:000:34) % 826 + (5:52:3)10−3712 ++−(3:41:0 ) % 803 +0<1:4 % CL=95% 578 −++(1:80:8 ) % 798 0+0(1:80:8 ) % 802 0++−(1:10:4 ) % 762 ++−0| 766 +! [l]( 2:71:0 ) % 568 +++−−(3:0+4:1 −2:1)10−3707 +K+K−(3:51:2)10−3346 + [l]( 3:51:7)10−3292 +K+−(7+6 −4)10−3668 0K+(3:91:4)10−3652 −K++(4:91:7)10−3564 (1530)0K+[l]( 2:61:0)10−3471 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 34 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Semileptonic modesSemileptonic modesSemileptonic modesSemileptonic modes ‘+‘ [m]( 2:00:6) % { e+e (2:10:6) % { + (2:00:7) % { e+anything (4:51:7) % { pe+anything (1:80:9) % { e+anything | { +anything | { ‘+‘anything | { Inclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modesInclusive modes panything (5016 ) % { panything (no ) (1219 ) % { phadrons | { nanything (5016 ) % { nanything (no ) (2917 ) % { anything (3511 ) % S=1.4 { anything [n]( 1 05) % { C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r C= 1 weak neutral current ( C1)m o d e s ,o r Lepton number ( L) violating modes Lepton number ( L) violating modes Lepton number ( L) violating modes Lepton number ( L) violating modes p+−C1<3:410−4CL=90% 936 −++L<7:010−4CL=90% 811 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 35 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) c(2593)+c(2593)+c(2593)+c(2593)+I(JP)=0 (1 2−) The spin-parity follows from the fact that c(2455)decays, with little available phase space, are dominant. Mass m= 2593:90:8M e V m−m+ c= 308:90:6M e V ( S=1 . 1 ) Full width Γ = 3 :6+2:0 −1:3MeV + cand its submode c(2455)| the latter just barely | are the only strong decays allowed to an excited + chaving this mass; and the + c+−mode seems to be largely via ++ c−or0 c+. c(2593)+DECAY MODES c(2593)+DECAY MODES c(2593)+DECAY MODES c(2593)+DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) + c+−[o]67 % 124 c(2455)++−247% 1 7 c(2455)0+247% 2 3 + c+−3-body 1810 % 124 + c0not seen 261 + cγ not seen 290 c(2625)+c(2625)+c(2625)+c(2625)+I(JP) = 0(??) JPis expected to be 3/2−. Mass m= 2626:60:8M e V ( S=1 . 2 ) m−m+ c= 341:70:6M e V ( S=1 . 6 ) Full width Γ <1:9 MeV, CL = 90% + cand its submode (2455)are the only strong decays allowed to an excited + chaving this mass. c(2625)+DECAY MODES c(2625)+DECAY MODES c(2625)+DECAY MODES c(2625)+DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) + c+−seen 184 c(2455)++−small 100 c(2455)0+small 101 + c+−3-body large 184 + c0not seen 293 + cγ not seen 319 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 36 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) c(2455)c(2455)c(2455)c(2455) I(JP)=1 (1 2+) JPnot con rmed;1 2+is the quark model prediction. c(2455)++mass m= 2452:80:6M e V c(2455)+mass m= 2453:60:9M e V c(2455)0mass m= 2452:20:6M e V m++ c−m+ c= 167:870:19 MeV m+ c−m+ c= 168:70:6M e V m0 c−m+ c= 167:300:20 MeV m++ c−m0 c=0:570:23 MeV m+ c−m0 c=1:40:6M e V + cis the only strong decay allowed to a chaving this mass. c(2455) DECAY MODESc(2455) DECAY MODESc(2455) DECAY MODESc(2455) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) + c 100 % 90 c(2520)c(2520)c(2520)c(2520) I(JP) = 1(??) c(2520)++mass m= 2519:41:5M e V c(2520)0mass m= 2517:51:4M e V mc(2520)++−m+ c= 234:51:4M e V mc(2520)0−m+ c= 232:61:3M e V mc(2520)++−mc(2520)0=1:91:9M e V c(2520)++full width Γ = 18 5M e V c(2520)0full width Γ = 13 5M e V HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 37 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) + c+ c+ c+ cI(JP)=1 2(1 2+) I(JP) not con rmed;1 2(1 2+) is the quark model prediction. Mass m= 2465:61:4M e V Mean life=( 0:35+0:07 −0:04)10−12s c= 106m + cDECAY MODES + cDECAY MODES + cDECAY MODES + cDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K−++seen 784 K(892)0+not seen 601 (1385)+K−+not seen 676 +K−+seen 808 +K(892)0seen 653 0K−++seen 733 0+seen 875 −++seen 850 (1530)0+not seen 748 0+0seen 854 0++−seen 817 0e+e seen 882 0 c0c0c0cI(JP)=1 2(1 2+) I(JP) not con rmed;1 2(1 2+) is the quark model prediction. Mass m= 2470:31:8M e V ( S=1 . 3 ) m0 c−m+ c=4:72:1M e V ( S=1 . 2 ) Mean life=( 0:098+0:023 −0:015)10−12s c=2 9m 0 cDECAY MODES0 cDECAY MODES0 cDECAY MODES0 cDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) K0seen 864 −+seen 875 −++−seen 816 pK−K(892)0seen 406 Ω−K+seen 522 −e+e seen 882 −‘+anything seen { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 38 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) c(2645)c(2645)c(2645)c(2645) I(JP)=? ( ??) c(2645)+mass m= 2644:62:1M e V ( S=1 . 2 ) c(2645)0mass m= 2643:81:8M e V mc(2645)+−m0 c= 174:31:1M e V mc(2645)0−m+ c= 178:21:1M e V c(2645)+full width Γ <3:1 MeV, CL = 90% c(2645)0full width Γ <5:5 MeV, CL = 90% cis the only strong decay allowed to a cresonance having this mass. c(2645) DECAY MODESc(2645) DECAY MODESc(2645) DECAY MODESc(2645) DECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) 0 c+seen 101 + c−seen 107 Ω0 cΩ0 cΩ0 cΩ0 cI(JP)=0 (1 2+) I(JP) not con rmed; 0(1 2+) is the quark model prediction. Mass m= 27044M e V ( S=1 . 8 ) Mean life=( 0:0640:020)10−12s c=1 9m Ω0 cDECAY MODESΩ0 cDECAY MODESΩ0 cDECAY MODESΩ0 cDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) +K−K−+seen 697 −K−++seen 838 Ω−+seen 827 Ω−−++seen 759 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 39 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) BOTTOM BARYONSBOTTOM BARYONSBOTTOM BARYONSBOTTOM BARYONS (B=−1) (B=−1) (B=−1) (B=−1) 0 b=udb ,0 b=usb,− b=dsb 0 b0 b0 b0 bI(JP)=0 (1 2+) I(JP) not yet measured; 0(1 2+) is the quark model prediction. Mass m= 56249M e V ( S=1 . 8 ) Mean life=( 1:240:08)10−12s c= 372m These branching fractions are actually an average over weakly decaying b-baryons weighted by their production rates in Zdecay (or high-energy pp), branching ratios, and detection eciencies. They scale with the LEP bproduction fraction B( b!b) and are evaluated for our value B( b! b)=( 1 0:1+3:9 −3:1)%. The branching fractions B( b-baryon! ‘−‘anything) and B( 0 b! + c‘−‘anything) are not pure measurements because the underlying measured products of these with B( b! b) were used to determine B(b!b), as described in the note \Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons." p 0 bDECAY MODES0 bDECAY MODES0 bDECAY MODES0 bDECAY MODES Fraction (Γi/Γ) Con dence level (MeV / c) J= (1S) (4:72:8)10−41744 + c−seen 2345 + ca1(1260)−seen 2156 + c‘−‘anything [p]( 9:0+3:1 −3:8)% { p−<5:010−590% 2732 pK−<5:010−590% 2711 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 40 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) b-baryon ADMIXTURE ( b,b,b,Ωb) b-baryon ADMIXTURE ( b,b,b,Ωb) b-baryon ADMIXTURE ( b,b,b,Ωb) b-baryon ADMIXTURE ( b,b,b,Ωb) Mean life=( 1:200:07)10−12s These branching fractions are actually an average over weakly decaying b-baryons weighted by their production rates in Zdecay (or high-energy pp), branching ratios, and detection eciencies. They scale with the LEP bproduction fraction B( b!b) and are evaluated for our value B( b! b)=( 1 0:1+3:9 −3:1)%. The branching fractions B( b-baryon! ‘−‘anything) and B( 0 b! + c‘−‘anything) are not pure measurements because the underlying measured products of these with B( b! b) were used to determine B(b!b), as described in the note \Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons." b-baryon ADMIXTURE ( b,b,b,Ωb) b-baryon ADMIXTURE ( b,b,b,Ωb) b-baryon ADMIXTURE ( b,b,b,Ωb) b-baryon ADMIXTURE ( b,b,b,Ωb) Fraction (Γi/Γ) p(MeV / c) p−anything (4:92:4) % { ‘−‘anything (3:1+1:0 −1:2)% { /anything (35+12 −14)% { −‘−‘anything (5:5+2:0 −2:4)10−3 { HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 41 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] The masses of the pand na r em o s tp r e c i s e l yk n o w ni nu( u n i e da t o m i c mass units). The conversion factor to MeV, 1 u = 931 :494320:00028 MeV, is less well known than are the masses in u. [b] The limit is from neutrality-of-matter experiments; it assumes qn=qp+ qe. See also the charge of the neutron. [c] The rst limit is geochemical and independent of decay mode. The second entry, a range of limits, assumes the dominant decay modes areamong those investigated. For antiprotons the best limit, inferred fromthe observation of cosmic ray p’s isp>107yr, the cosmic-ray storage time, but this limit depends on a number of assumptions. The best direct observation of stored antiprotons gives p/B(p!e−γ)>1848 yr. [d] There is some controversy about whether nuclear physics and model dependence complicate the analysis for bound neutrons (from which the best limit comes). The second limit here is from reactor experiments with free neutrons. [e] The parameters gA,gV,a n d gWM for semileptonic modes are de ned by Bf[γ(gV+gAγ5)+ i(gWM/mBi)q]Bi,a n dAVis de ned by gA/gV= gA/gV eiAV. See the \Note on Baryon Decay Parameters" in the neutron Particle Listings. [f] Time-reversal invariance requires this to be 0or 180. [g] The decay parameters γand  are calculated from andusing γ=p 1− 2cos, tan = −1 p 1− 2sin. See the \Note on Baryon Decay Parameters" in the neutron Particle List- ings. [h] See the Particle Listings for the pion momentum range used in this mea- surement. [i] The error given here is only an educated guess. It is larger than the error on the weighted average of the published values. [j] A theoretical value using QED. [k] See the \Note on + cBranching Fractions" in the Branching Fractions of the + cParticle Listings. [l] This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the nal-state resonance. [m]A n‘indicates an eor amode, not a sum over these modes. [n] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [o] Assuming isospin conservation, so that the other third is + c00. [p] Not a pure measurement. See note at head of 0 bDecay Modes. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 42 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) SEARCHES FORSEARCHES FORSEARCHES FORSEARCHES FOR MONOPOLES,MONOPOLES,MONOPOLES,MONOPOLES, SUPERSYMMETRY,SUPERSYMMETRY,SUPERSYMMETRY,SUPERSYMMETRY, COMPOSITENESS, etc.COMPOSITENESS, etc.COMPOSITENESS, etc.COMPOSITENESS, etc. Magnetic Monopole SearchesMagnetic Monopole SearchesMagnetic Monopole SearchesMagnetic Monopole Searches Isolated supermassive monopole candidate events have not been con- rmed. The most sensitive experiments obtain negative results. Best cosmic-ray supermassive monopole flux limit: <1:010−15cm−2sr−1s−1for 1:110−4< < 0:1 Supersymmetric Particle SearchesSupersymmetric Particle SearchesSupersymmetric Particle SearchesSupersymmetric Particle Searches Limits are based on the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Assumptions include: 1) e0 1(oreγ) is lightest supersymmetric particle; 2)R-parity is conserved; 3) All scalar quarks (except etLandetR)a r ed e - generate in mass, and meqR=meqL. 4) Limits for selectrons and smuons refer to thee‘Rstates. See the Particle Listings for a Note giving details of supersymmetry. e0 i| neutralinos (mixtures of eγ,eZ0,a n deH0 i) Mass me0 1>10:9 GeV, CL = 95% Mass me0 2>45:3 GeV, CL = 95% [tan >1] Mass me0 3>75:8 GeV, CL = 95% [tan >1] Mass me0 4>127 GeV, CL = 95% [tan >3] e i| charginos (mixtures of fWandeH i) Mass me 1>65:7 GeV, CL = 95% [ me 1{me0 12G e V ] Mass me 2>99 GeV, CL = 95% [GUT relations assumed] e| scalar neutrino (sneutrino) Mass m>37:1 GeV, CL = 95% [one flavor] Mass m>43:1 GeV, CL = 95% [three degenerate flavors] HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 1 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ee| scalar electron (selectron) Mass m>58 GeV, CL = 95% [ meeR{me0 14G e V ] e| scalar muon (smuon) Mass m>55:6 GeV, CL = 95% [ meR{me0 14G e V ] e| scalar tau (stau) Mass m>45 GeV, CL = 95% [if me0 1<38 GeV] eq| scalar quark (squark) These limits include the e ects of cascade decays, evaluated assuming a xed value of the parameters and tan . The limits are weakly sensitive to these parameters over much of parameter space. Limits assume GUT re- lations between gaugino masses and the gauge coupling; in particular that for  not small, me0 1meg/6. Mass m>176 GeV, CL = 95% [any meg<300 GeV, =−250 GeV, tan =2 ] Mass m>224 GeV, CL = 95% [ megmeq, =−400 GeV, tan =4 ] eg| gluino There is some controversy on whether gluinos in a low-mass window (1 /. meg /.5 GeV) are excluded or not. See the Supersymmetry Listings for details. The limits summarised here refere to the high-mass region ( meg /&5G e V ) , and include the e ects of cascade decays, evaluated assuming a xed valueof the parameters and tan . The limits are weakly sensitive to these pa- rameters over much of parameter space. Limits assume GUT relations be- tween gaugino masses and the gauge coupling; in particular that for  not small, m e0 1meg/6. Mass m>173 GeV, CL = 95% [any meq,=−200 GeV, tan =2 ] Mass m>212 GeV, CL = 95% [ megmeq,=−250 GeV, tan =2 ] HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 2 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Quark and Lepton Compositeness,Quark and Lepton Compositeness,Quark and Lepton Compositeness,Quark and Lepton Compositeness, Searches forSearches forSearches forSearches for Scale Limits  for Contact InteractionsScale Limits  for Contact InteractionsScale Limits  for Contact InteractionsScale Limits  for Contact Interactions (the lowest dimensional interactions with four fermions)(the lowest dimensional interactions with four fermions)(the lowest dimensional interactions with four fermions)(the lowest dimensional interactions with four fermions) If the Lagrangian has the form g2 22 Lγ L Lγ L (with g2/4set equal to 1), then we de ne   LL. For the full de nitions and for other forms, see the Note in the Listings on Searches for Quark and Lepton Compositeness in the full Review and the original literature. + LL(eeee )>2:4 TeV, CL = 95% − LL(eeee )>3:6 TeV, CL = 95% + LL(ee)>2:6 TeV, CL = 95% − LL(ee)>2:9 TeV, CL = 95% + LL(ee)>1:9 TeV, CL = 95% − LL(ee)>3:0 TeV, CL = 95% + LL(‘‘‘‘ )>3:5 TeV, CL = 95% − LL(‘‘‘‘ )>3:8 TeV, CL = 95% + LL(eeqq )>2:5 TeV, CL = 95% − LL(eeqq )>3:7 TeV, CL = 95% + LL(eebb )>3:1 TeV, CL = 95% − LL(eebb )>2:9 TeV, CL = 95% + LL(qq)>2:9 TeV, CL = 95% − LL(qq)>4:2 TeV, CL = 95%  LR(ee)>3:1 TeV, CL = 90%  LL(qqqq )>1:6 TeV, CL = 95% HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 3 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Excited LeptonsExcited LeptonsExcited LeptonsExcited Leptons The limits from ‘+‘−do not depend on (whereis the‘‘transition coupling). The -dependent limits assume chiral coupling, except for the third limit for ewhich is for nonchiral coupling. For chiral coupling, this limit cor- responds to γ=p 2. e| excited electron Mass m>85:0 GeV, CL = 95% (from e+e−) Mass m>91 GeV, CL = 95% (if Z>1) Mass m>194 GeV, CL = 95% (if γ=1 ) |e x c i t e dm u o n Mass m>85:3 GeV, CL = 95% (from +−) Mass m>91 GeV, CL = 95% (if Z>1) | excited tau Mass m>84:6 GeV, CL = 95% (from +−) Mass m>90 GeV, CL = 95% (if Z>0:18) | excited neutrino Mass m>84:9 GeV, CL = 95% (from ) Mass m>91 GeV, CL = 95% (if Z>1) Mass m= none 40{96 GeV, CL = 95% (from ep!X) q| excited quark Mass m>45:6 GeV, CL = 95% (from qq) Mass m>88 GeV, CL = 95% (if Z>1) Mass m>570 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp!qX) Color Sextet and Octet ParticlesColor Sextet and Octet ParticlesColor Sextet and Octet ParticlesColor Sextet and Octet Particles Color Sextet Quarks ( q6) Mass m>84 GeV, CL = 95% (Stable q6) Color Octet Charged Leptons ( ‘8) Mass m>86 GeV, CL = 95% (Stable ‘8) Color Octet Neutrinos ( 8) Mass m>110 GeV, CL = 90% ( 8!g) HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 4 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) TESTS OF CONSERVATION LAWS Revised by L. Wolfenstein and T.G. Trippe, May 1998.In keeping with the current interest in tests of conservation laws, we col- lect together a Table of experimental limits on all weak and electromagneticdecays, mass di erences, and moments, and on a few reactions, whose ob- servation would violate conservation laws. The Table is given only in the fullReview of Particle Physics , not in the Particle Physics Booklet. For the bene t of Booklet readers, we include the best limits from the Table in thefollowing text. Limits in this text are for CL=90% unless otherwise speci ed. The Table is in two parts: \Discrete Space-Time Symmetries," i.e.,C,P, T,CP,a n dCPT ; and \Number Conservation Laws," i.e., lepton, baryon, hadronic flavor, and charge conservation. The references for these data can be found in the the Particle Listings in the Review . A discussion of these tests follows. CPT INVARIANCE General principles of relativistic eld theory require invariance under the combined transformation CPT . The simplest tests of CPT invariance are the equality of the masses and lifetimes of a particle and its antiparticle. The best test comes from the limit on the mass di erence between K 0andK0. Any such di erence contributes to the CP-violating parameter . Assuming CPT invariance, , the phase of should be very close to 44. (See the \Note onCPViolation in K0 LDecay" in the Particle Listings.) In contrast, if the entire source of CPviolation in K0decays were a K0−K0mass di erence,would be 44+9 0. Assuming that there is no other source of CPT violation than this mass di erence, it is possible to deduce that [1] mK0−mK02(mK0 L−mK0 S)jj(2 3+−+1 300−0) sin0; where0=4 3:5with an uncertainty of less than 0 :1. Using our best values of theCP-violation parameters, we get j(mK0−mK0)=mK0j10−18. Limits can also be placed on speci c CPT -violating decay amplitudes. Given the small value of (1−j00=+−j), the value of 00−+−provides a measure of HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 1 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CPT violation in K0 L!2decay. Results from CERN [1] and Fermilab [2] indicate no CPT -violating e ect. CPANDTINVARIANCE GivenCPT invariance, CPviolation and Tviolation are equivalent. So far the only evidence for CPorTviolation comes from the measurements of +−,00, and the semileptonic decay charge asymmetry for KL,e.g.,j+−j =jA(K0 L!+−)=A(K0 S!+−)j=( 2:2850:019)10−3and [Γ(K0 L! −e+)−Γ(K0 L!+e−)]=[sum] = (0:3330:014)%. Other searches for CPorTviolation divide into (a) those that involve weak interactions or parity violation, and (b) those that involve processes otherwise allowed by the strong or electromagnetic interactions. In class (a) the most sensitive are probably the searches for an electric dipole moment of the neutron, measured to be<1:010−25ecm, and the electron ( −0:180:16)10−26ecm. A nonzero value requires both PandTviolation. Class (b) includes the search forCviolation in decay, believed to be an electromagnetic process, e.g., as measured by Γ( !+−0)=Γ(!all)<510−6,a n ds e a r c h e sf o r T violation in a number of nuclear and electromagnetic reactions. CONSERVATION OF LEPTON NUMBERS Present experimental evidence and the standard electroweak theory are con- sistent with the absolute conservation of three separate lepton numbers: elec- tron number Le, muon number L, and tau number L. Searches for viola- tions are of the following types: a)L=2for one type of lepton. The best limit comes from the search for neutrinoless double beta decay ( Z;A)!(Z+2;A)+e−+e−.T h eb e s t laboratory limit is t1=2>1:11025yr (CL=90%) for76Ge. b) Conversion of one lepton type to another. For purely leptonic processes, the best limits are on !eγand!3e,m e a s u r e da s Γ(!eγ)=Γ(!all)<510−11and Γ(!3e)=Γ(!all)<1:010−12. For semileptonic processes, the best limit comes from the coherent con- version process in a muonic atom, −+(Z;A)!e−+(Z;A), measured as Γ(−Ti!e−Ti)=Γ(−Ti!all)<410−12. Of special interest is the case in which the hadronic flavor also changes, as in KL!eand K+!+e−+,m e a s u r e da sΓ ( KL!e)=Γ(KL!all)<3:310−11 and Γ(K+!+e−+)=Γ(K+!all)<2:110−10. Limits on the conver- sion ofintoeorare found in decay and are much less stringent than HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 2 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) those for!econversion, e.g.,Γ (!γ)=Γ(!all)<3:010−6and Γ(!eγ)=Γ(!all)<2:710−6. c) Conversion of one type of lepton into another type of antilepton. The case most studied is −+(Z;A)!e++(Z−2;A), the strongest limit being Γ(−Ti!e+Ca)=Γ(−Ti!all)<910−11. d) Relation to neutrino mass. If neutrinos have mass, then it is ex- pected even in the standard electroweak theory that the lepton numbers arenot separately conserved, as a consequence of lepton mixing analogous toCabibbo quark mixing. However, in this case lepton-number-violating pro- cesses such as !eγare expected to have extremely small probability. For small neutrino masses, the lepton-number violation would be observed rstin neutrino oscillations, which have been the subject of extensive experimen- tal searches. For example, searches for edisappearance, which we label as e6!e, give measured limits ( m2)<910−4eV2for sin2(2) = 1, and sin2(2)<0:02 for large ( m2), whereis the neutrino mixing angle. Pos- sible evidence for mixing has come from two sources. The de cit in the solarneutrino flux compared with solar model calculations could be explained byoscillations with ( m 2)10−5eV2causing the disappearance of e.I na d - dition underground detectors observing neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere have measured a =eratio much less than expected and also a de ciency of upward going compared to downward. This could be explained by oscillations leading to the disappearance of with (m2)o f the order 10−2{10−3eV2. CONSERVATION OF HADRONIC FLAVORS In strong and electromagnetic interactions, hadronic flavor is conserved, i.e. the conversion of a quark of one flavor ( d;u;s;c;b;t ) into a quark of another flavor is forbidden. In the Standard Model, the weak interactions violate theseconservation laws in a manner described by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing (see the section \Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Mixing Matrix"). The way in which these conservation laws are violated is tested as follows: a)S=Qrule. In the semileptonic decay of strange particles, the strangeness change equals the change in charge of the hadrons. Tests comefrom limits on decay rates such as Γ( +!ne+)=Γ(+!all)<510−6, and from a detailed analysis of KL!e, which yields the parameter x, HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 3 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) measured to be (Re x,I mx)=( 0:0060:018,−0:0030:026). Corresponding rules are  C=Qand  B=Q. b) Change of flavor by two units. In the Standard Model this occurs only in second-order weak interactions. The classic example is  S= 2 via K0−K0mixing, which is directly measured by m(KS)−m(KL)=( 3:489 0:009)10−12MeV. There is now evidence for B0−B0mixing ( B= 2), with the corresponding mass di erence between the eigenstates ( mB0 H−mB0 L)= (0:7230:032)ΓB0=( 3:050:12)10−10MeV, and for B0 s{B0 smixing, with (mB0 sH{mB0 sL)>14ΓB0sor>610−9MeV (CL=95%). No evidence exists forD0−D0mixing, which is expected to be much smaller in the Standard Model. c) Flavor-changing neutral currents. In the Standard Model the neutral-current interactions do not change flavor. The low rate Γ( KL! +−)=Γ(KL!all) = (7:20:5)10−9puts limits on such interac- tions; the nonzero value for this rate is attributed to a combination of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. The best test should come fromK +!+, which occurs in the Standard Model only as a second-order weak process with a branching fraction of (1 to 8) 10−10. Observation of one event has been reported [4], yielding Γ( K+!+)=Γ(K+!all) =( 4:2+9:7 −3:5)10−10. Limits for charm-changing or bottom-changing neutral currents are much less stringent: Γ( D0!+−)=Γ(D0!all)<410−6 and Γ(B0!+−)=Γ(B0!all)<710−7. One cannot isolate flavor- changing neutral current (FCNC) e ects in non leptonic decays. For exam- ple, the FCNC transition s!d+(u+u) is equivalent to the charged-current transitions!u+(u+d). Tests for FCNC are therefore limited to hadron decays into lepton pairs. Such decays are expected only in second-order in the electroweak coupling in the Standard Model. References 1. R. Carosi et al. , Phys. Lett. B237 , 303 (1990). 2. M. Karlsson et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2976 (1990); L.K. Gibbons et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1199 (1993). 3. B. Schwingenheuer et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4376 (1995). 4. S. Adler et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2204 (1997). HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 4 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) TESTS OF DISCRETE SPACE-TIME SYMMETRIESTESTS OF DISCRETE SPACE-TIME SYMMETRIESTESTS OF DISCRETE SPACE-TIME SYMMETRIESTESTS OF DISCRETE SPACE-TIME SYMMETRIES CHARGE CONJUGATION ( C) INVARIANCE CHARGE CONJUGATION ( C) INVARIANCE CHARGE CONJUGATION ( C) INVARIANCE CHARGE CONJUGATION ( C) INVARIANCE Γ(0!3γ)/Γtotal<3:110−8, CL = 90% C-nonconserving decay parameters +−0left-right asymmetry parameter (0 :090:17)10−2 +−0sextant asymmetry parameter (0 :180:16)10−2 +−0quadrant asymmetry parameter ( −0:170:17)10−2 +−γleft-right asymmetry parameter (0 :90:4)10−2 +−γparameter (D-wave) 0 :050:06 (S = 1.5) Γ(!3γ)/Γtotal<510−4, CL = 95% Γ(!0e+e−)/Γtotal[a]<410−5, CL = 90% Γ(!0+−)/Γtotal[a]<510−6, CL = 90% Γ(!(782)!0)/Γtotal<110−3, CL = 90% Γ(!(782)!30)/Γtotal<310−4, CL = 90% Γ(0(958)!0e+e−)/Γtotal[a]<1:310−2, CL = 90% Γ(0(958)!e+e−)/Γtotal[a]<1:110−2, CL = 90% Γ(0(958)!3γ)/Γtotal<1:010−4, CL = 90% Γ(0(958)!+−0)/Γtotal[a]<6:010−5, CL = 90% Γ(0(958)!+−)/Γtotal[a]<1:510−5, CL = 90% PARITY ( P) INVARIANCE PARITY ( P) INVARIANCE PARITY ( P) INVARIANCE PARITY ( P) INVARIANCE eelectric dipole moment (0 :180:16)10−26ecm electric dipole moment (3 :73:4)10−19ecm electric dipole moment ( d) >−3:1a n d<3:110−16ecm, CL = 95% Γ(!+−)/Γtotal<910−4, CL = 90% Γ(0(958)!+−)/Γtotal<210−2, CL = 90% Γ(0(958)!00)/Γtotal<910−4, CL = 90% pelectric dipole moment ( −46)10−23ecm nelectric dipole moment <0:9710−25ecm, CL = 90% electric dipole moment <1:510−16ecm, CL = 95% HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 5 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) TIME REVERSAL ( T) INVARIANCE TIME REVERSAL ( T) INVARIANCE TIME REVERSAL ( T) INVARIANCE TIME REVERSAL ( T) INVARIANCE Limits on e,,,p,n,a n d electric dipole moments under Parity Invariance above are also tests of Time Reversal Invariance. decay parameters transverse e+polarization normal to plane of  spin, e+momentum0:0070:023 0/A (04)10−3 0/A (26)10−3 electric dipole moment ( d) >−3:1a n d<3:110−16ecm, CL = 95% Im()i n K 3decay (from transverse pol.) −0:0170:025 Im()i n K0 3decay (from transverse pol.) −0:0070:026 n!pe−decay parameters AV, phase of gArelative to gV[b] (180:070:18) triple correlation coecient D (−0:51:4)10−3 triple correlation coecient Dfor−!ne−e0:110:10 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 6 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CPINVARIANCECPINVARIANCECPINVARIANCECPINVARIANCE Re(dw ) <0:5610−17ecm, CL = 95% Im(dw ) <1:510−17ecm, CL = 95% Γ(!+−)/Γtotal<910−4, CL = 90% Γ(0(958)!+−)/Γtotal<210−2, CL = 90% Γ(0(958)!00)/Γtotal<910−4, CL = 90% K!+−rate di erence/average (0 :070:12)% K!00rate di erence/average (0 :00:6)% K!0γrate di erence/average (0 :93:3)% (g+−g−)/( g++g−)f o r K!+−(−0:70:5)% CP-violation parameters in K0 Sdecay Im(+−0)=I m ( A ( K0 S!+−0,CP- violating) / A( K0 L!+−0))−0:0020:008 Im(000)2=Γ ( K0 S!30)/ Γ(K0 L!30)<0:1, CL = 90% charge asymmetry jforK0 L!+−00:00110:0008 0 +−γ /forK0 L!+−γ< 0:3, CL = 90% Γ(K0 L!0+−)/Γtotal[c]<5:110−9, CL = 90% Γ(K0 L!0e+e−)/Γtotal[c]<4:310−9, CL = 90% Γ(K0 L!0)/Γtotal[d]<5:810−5, CL = 90% ACP(K+K−)i n D!K+K−−0:0170:027 ACP(KK0)i n D+!K+K0and D−! K−K0−0:020:05 ACP()i n D!−0:0140:033 ACP(+−)i n D!+−−0:020:04 ACP(K+K−)i n D0,D0!K+K−0:0260:035 ACP(+−)i n D0,D0!+−−0:050:08 ACP(K0 S)i n D0,D0!K0 S −0:030:09 ACP(K0 S0)i n D0,D0!K0 S0−0:0180:030 Re(B0) 0:0020:008  −()+ +()/ −()− +()−0:030:06 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 7 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CPVIOLATION OBSERVEDCPVIOLATION OBSERVEDCPVIOLATION OBSERVEDCPVIOLATION OBSERVED K0 Lbranching ratios charge asymmetry in K0 ‘3decays ()=[ Γ (−+)−Γ(+−)]/sum (0 :3040:025)% (e)=[ Γ (−e+e)−Γ(+e−e)]/sum (0 :3330:014)% parameters for K0 L!2decay 00 = A(K0 L!20)/ A(K0 S!20) (2:2750:019)10−3(S = 1.1) +− = A(K0 L!+−)/A ( K0 S! +−) (2:2850:019)10−3 0/Re(0/)=( 1− 00/+− )/3 [ e]( 1:50:8)10−3(S = 1.8) +−, phase of+−(43:50:6) 00, phase of00(43:41:0) parameters for K0 L!+−γdecay +−γ = A(K0 L!+−γ,CP violating)/A( K0 S!+−γ) (2:350:07)10−3 +−γ= phase of +−γ(444) Γ(K0 L!+−)/Γtotal(2:0670:035)10−3(S = 1.1) Γ(K0 L!00)/Γtotal(9:360:20)10−4 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 8 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CPT INVARIANCE CPT INVARIANCE CPT INVARIANCE CPT INVARIANCE (mW+−mW−)/maverage−0:0020:007 (me+−me−)/maverage<410−8, CL = 90% qe++qe−  e <410−8 (ge+−ge−)/gaverage(−0:52:1)10−12 (+−−)/average(28)10−5 (g+−g−)/gaverage(−2:61:6)10−8 (m+−m−)/maverage(25)10−4 (+−−)/average(67)10−4 (mK+−mK−)/maverage(−0:61:8)10−4 (K+−K−)/average(0:110:09)% (S = 1.2) K!rate di erence/average ( −0:50:4)% K!0rate di erence/average [ f]( 0:81:2)% mK0−mK0 /maverage[g]<10−18 phase di erence 00−+−(−0:10:8) CPT -violation parameters in K0decay real part of  0 :0180:020 imaginary part of  0 :020:04 ( qp mp {qp mp)/ q m average(1:51:1)10−9 qp+qp  e <210−5 (p+p)  average(−2:62:9)10−3 (mn−mn)/maverage(95)10−5 (m−m)m(−1:00:9)10−5 (−)/average0:040:09 (++−)  average0:0140:015 (m−−m+)/maverage(1:12:7)10−4 (−−+)/average0:020:18 (mΩ−−mΩ+)/maverage(05)10−4 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 9 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) TESTS OF NUMBER CONSERVATION LAWSTESTS OF NUMBER CONSERVATION LAWSTESTS OF NUMBER CONSERVATION LAWSTESTS OF NUMBER CONSERVATION LAWS LEPTON FAMILY NUMBERLEPTON FAMILY NUMBERLEPTON FAMILY NUMBERLEPTON FAMILY NUMBER Lepton family number conservation means separate conservation of each of Le,L, L. Γ(Z!e)/Γtotal[h]<1:710−6, CL = 95% Γ(Z!e)/Γtotal[h]<9:810−6, CL = 95% Γ(Z!)/Γtotal[h]<1:210−5, CL = 95% limit on−!e−conversion (−32S!e−32S) / (−32S!32P)<710−11, CL = 90% (−Ti!e−Ti) / (−Ti!capture)<4:310−12, CL = 90% (−Pb!e−Pb) / (−Pb!capture)<4:610−11, CL = 90% limit on muonium !antimuonium conversion Rg= GC/GF<0:018, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−e)/Γtotal[i]<1:210−2, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−γ)/Γtotal<4:910−11, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−e+e−)/Γtotal<1:010−12, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−2γ)/Γtotal<7:210−11, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−γ)/Γtotal<2:710−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−γ)/Γtotal<3:010−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−0)/Γtotal<3:710−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−0)/Γtotal<4:010−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−K0)/Γtotal<1:310−3, CL = 90% Γ(−!−K0)/Γtotal<1:010−3, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−)/Γtotal<8:210−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−)/Γtotal<9:610−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−0)/Γtotal<2:010−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−0)/Γtotal<6:310−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−K(892)0)/Γtotal<5:110−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−K(892)0)/Γtotal<7:510−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−K(892)0)/Γtotal<7:410−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−K(892)0)/Γtotal<7:510−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−)/Γtotal<6:910−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−)/Γtotal<7:010−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−e+e−)/Γtotal<2:910−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−+−)/Γtotal<1:810−6, CL = 90% HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 10 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(−!e+−−)/Γtotal<1:510−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−e+e−)/Γtotal<1:710−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!+e−e−)/Γtotal<1:510−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−+−)/Γtotal<1:910−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−+−)/Γtotal<2:210−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−+−)/Γtotal<8:210−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−+K−)/Γtotal<6:410−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−−K+)/Γtotal<3:810−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−K+K−)/Γtotal<6:010−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−+K−)/Γtotal<7:510−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−−K+)/Γtotal<7:410−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−K+K−)/Γtotal<1:510−5, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−00)/Γtotal<6:510−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!−00)/Γtotal<1:410−5, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−)/Γtotal<3:510−5, CL = 90% Γ(−!−)/Γtotal<6:010−5, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−0)/Γtotal<2:410−5, CL = 90% Γ(−!−0)/Γtotal<2:210−5, CL = 90% Γ(−!e−light boson)/Γtotal<2:710−3, CL = 95% Γ(−!−light boson)/Γtotal<510−3, CL = 95% oscillations. (For other lepton mixing e ects in particle decays, see the Particle Listings.) e6!e (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <910−4eV2, CL = 90% sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <0:02, CL = 90% e! (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <9e V2, CL = 90% sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <0:25, CL = 90% e! sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <0:7, CL = 90% !e (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <0:09 eV2, CL = 90% sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <3:010−3, CL = 90% !e (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <0:14 eV2, CL = 90% sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <0:004, CL = 95% ()!e(e) (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <0:075 eV2, CL = 90% sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <1:810−3, CL = 90% ! (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <0:9e V2, CL = 90% sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <0:004, CL = 90% ! HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 11 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <2:2e V2, CL = 90% sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <4:410−2, CL = 90% ()!() (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <1:5e V2, CL = 90% sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <810−3, CL = 90% e6!e (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <0:17 eV2, CL = 90% sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <710−2, CL = 90% 6! (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <0.23 or>1500 eV2 sin2(2)f o r ( m2) = 100eV2[j]<0:02, CL = 90% 6! (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <7o r>1200 eV2 sin2(2) for 190 eV2<(m2)<320 eV2[k]<0:02, CL = 90% Γ(+!+e)/Γtotal[l]<8:010−3, CL = 90% Γ(+!−e+e+)/Γtotal<1:610−6, CL = 90% Γ(0!+e−+e−+)/Γtotal<1:7210−8, CL = 90% Γ(!+e−+−e+)/Γtotal<610−6, CL = 90% Γ(K+!−e+e+)/Γtotal<2:010−8, CL = 90% Γ(K+!+e)/Γtotal[l]<410−3, CL = 90% Γ(K+!++e−)/Γtotal<2:110−10, CL = 90% Γ(K+!+−e+)/Γtotal<710−9, CL = 90% Γ(K0 L!e)/Γtotal[h]<3:310−11, CL = 90% Γ(K0 L!ee)/Γtotal[h]<6:110−9, CL = 90% Γ(D+!+e+−)/Γtotal<1:110−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+!+e−+)/Γtotal<1:310−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+!K+e+−)/Γtotal<1:310−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+!K+e−+)/Γtotal<1:210−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!e)/Γtotal[h]<1:910−5, CL = 90% Γ(D0!0e)/Γtotal[h]<8:610−5, CL = 90% Γ(D0!e)/Γtotal[h]<1:010−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!0e)/Γtotal[h]<4:910−5, CL = 90% Γ(D0!!e)/Γtotal[h]<1:210−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!e)/Γtotal[h]<3:410−5, CL = 90% Γ(D0!K0e)/Γtotal[h]<1:010−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!K(892)0e)/Γtotal[h]<1:010−4, CL = 90% Γ(B+!+e+−)/Γtotal<6:410−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!+e−+)/Γtotal<6:410−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!K+e+−)/Γtotal<6:410−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!K+e−+)/Γtotal<6:410−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!−e++)/Γtotal<6:410−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!K−e++)/Γtotal<6:410−3, CL = 90% HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 12 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(B0!e)/Γtotal[h]<5:910−6, CL = 90% Γ(B0!e)/Γtotal[h]<5:310−4, CL = 90% Γ(B0!)/Γtotal[h]<8:310−4, CL = 90% Γ(B!es)/Γtotal<2:210−5, CL = 90% Γ(B0 s!e)/Γtotal[h]<4:110−5, CL = 90% TOTAL LEPTON NUMBERTOTAL LEPTON NUMBERTOTAL LEPTON NUMBERTOTAL LEPTON NUMBER Violation of total lepton number conservation also implies violation of lepton family number conservation. limit on−!e+conversion (−32S!e+3 2Si)/ (−32S!32P)<910−10, CL = 90% (−127I!e+ 127Sb)/ (−127I!anything)<310−10, CL = 90% (−Ti!e+Ca) / (−Ti!capture)<8:910−11, CL = 90% Γ(−!−γ)/Γtotal<2:810−4, CL = 90% Γ(−!−0)/Γtotal<3:710−4, CL = 90% Γ(−!e+−−)/Γtotal<1:910−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!+−−)/Γtotal<3:410−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e+−K−)/Γtotal<2:110−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!e+K−K−)/Γtotal<3:810−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!+−K−)/Γtotal<7:010−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!+K−K−)/Γtotal<6:010−6, CL = 90% Γ(−!pγ)/Γtotal<2:910−4, CL = 90% Γ(−!p0)/Γtotal<6:610−4, CL = 90% Γ(−!p)/Γtotal<1:3010−3, CL = 90% e!(e)L (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <0:14 eV2, CL = 90% 2sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <0:032, CL = 90% !(e)L (m2)f o rs i n2(2)=1 <0:16 eV2, CL = 90% 2sin2(2) for \Large" ( m2) <0:001, CL = 90% Γ(+!+e)/Γtotal[l]<1:510−3, CL = 90% Γ(K+!−+e+)/Γtotal<710−9, CL = 90% Γ(K+!−e+e+)/Γtotal<1:010−8, CL = 90% Γ(K+!−++)/Γtotal[l]<1:510−4, CL = 90% Γ(K+!+e)/Γtotal[l]<3:310−3, CL = 90% Γ(K+!0e+e)/Γtotal<310−3, CL = 90% Γ(D+!−e+e+)/Γtotal<1:110−4, CL = 90% HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 13 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(D+!−++)/Γtotal<8:710−5, CL = 90% Γ(D+!−e++)/Γtotal<1:110−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+!−++)/Γtotal<5:610−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+!K−e+e+)/Γtotal<1:210−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+!K−++)/Γtotal<1:210−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+!K−e++)/Γtotal<1:310−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+!K(892)−++)/Γtotal<8:510−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+ s!−++)/Γtotal<4:310−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+ s!K−++)/Γtotal<5:910−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+ s!K(892)−++)/Γtotal<1:410−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!−e+e+)/Γtotal<3:910−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!−++)/Γtotal<9:110−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!K−e+e+)/Γtotal<3:910−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!K−++)/Γtotal<9:110−3, CL = 90% Γ(−!p−−)/Γtotal<410−4, CL = 90% Γ(+ c!−++)/Γtotal<7:010−4, CL = 90% BARYON NUMBERBARYON NUMBERBARYON NUMBERBARYON NUMBER Γ(−!pγ)/Γtotal<2:910−4, CL = 90% Γ(−!p0)/Γtotal<6:610−4, CL = 90% Γ(−!p)/Γtotal<1:3010−3, CL = 90% pmean life >1:61025years A few examples of proton or bound neutron decay follow. For limits on many other nucleon decay channels, see the Baryon Summary Table. (N!e+) >130 ( n),>550 ( p)1030years, CL = 90% (N!+) >100 ( n),>270 ( p)1030years, CL = 90% (N!e+K) >1:3(n),>150 ( p)1030years, CL = 90% (N!+K) >1:1(n),>120 ( p)1030years, CL = 90% limit on nnoscillations (bound n)[ m]>1:2108s, CL = 90% limit on nnoscillations (free n) >0:86108s, CL = 90% ELECTRIC CHARGE ( Q) ELECTRIC CHARGE ( Q) ELECTRIC CHARGE ( Q) ELECTRIC CHARGE ( Q) emean life / branching fraction [ n]>4:31023yr, CL = 68% Γ(n!pee)/Γtotal<810−27, CL = 68% HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 14 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) S= QRULE S= QRULE S= QRULE S= QRULE Allowed in second-order weak interactions. Γ(K+!++e−e)/Γtotal<1:210−8, CL = 90% Γ(K+!++−)/Γtotal<3:010−6, CL = 95% x=A ( K0!−‘+)/A( K0!−‘+)=A (  S=−Q)/A( S=Q) real part of x 0:0060:018 (S = 1.3) imaginary part of x −0:0030:026 (S = 1.2) Γ/parenleftbig+!n‘+/Γ/parenleftbig−!n‘−<0:043 Γ(+!ne+e)/Γtotal<510−6, CL = 90% Γ(+!n+)/Γtotal<3:010−5, CL = 90% Γ(0!−e+e)/Γtotal<910−4, CL = 90% Γ(0!−+)/Γtotal<910−4, CL = 90% S= 2 FORBIDDENS= 2 FORBIDDENS= 2 FORBIDDENS= 2 FORBIDDEN Allowed in second-order weak interactions. Γ(0!p−)/Γtotal<410−5, CL = 90% Γ(0!pe−e)/Γtotal<1:310−3 Γ(0!p−)/Γtotal<1:310−3 Γ(−!n−)/Γtotal<1:910−5, CL = 90% Γ(−!ne−e)/Γtotal<3:210−3, CL = 90% Γ(−!n−)/Γtotal<1:510−2, CL = 90% Γ(−!p−−)/Γtotal<410−4, CL = 90% Γ(−!p−e−e)/Γtotal<410−4, CL = 90% Γ(−!p−−)/Γtotal<410−4, CL = 90% Γ(Ω−!−)/Γtotal<1:910−4, CL = 90% S= 2 VIA MIXINGS= 2 VIA MIXINGS= 2 VIA MIXINGS= 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. mK0 L−mK0 S(0:53010:0014)1010hs−1 mK0 L−mK0 S(3:4890:009)10−12MeV HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 15 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) C= 2 VIA MIXING C= 2 VIA MIXINGC= 2 VIA MIXING C= 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. mD0 1−mD0 2 [o]<241010hs−1, CL = 90% ΓD0 1{ΓD0 2 /ΓD0mean life di erence/average [ o]<0:20, CL = 90% Γ/parenleftbigK+‘−‘(via D0)/Γ/parenleftbigK−‘+‘<0:005, CL = 90% Γ/parenleftbigK+−orK+−+−(via D0)/Γ/parenleftbigK−+or K−++−[p]<0:0085 (or<0:0037), CL = 90% Γ(D0!K+‘−‘(via D0))/Γtotal<1:710−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!K+−orK+−+−(via D0))/Γtotal<1:010−3, CL = 90% B= 2 VIA MIXING B= 2 VIA MIXINGB= 2 VIA MIXING B= 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. d0:1720:010 mB0=mB0 H−mB0 L(0:4640:018)1012hs−1 xd= mB0/ΓB0 0:7230:032 Bat high energy 0 :1180:006 mB0 s=mB0 sH{mB0 sL>9:11012hs−1, CL = 95% xs= mB0 s/ΓB0 s>14:0, CL = 95% s>0:4975, CL = 95% S= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDENS= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDENS= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDENS= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(K+!+e+e−)/Γtotal(2:740:23)10−7 Γ(K+!++−)/Γtotal(5:01:0)10−8 Γ(K+!+)/Γtotal(4:2+9:7 −3:5)10−10 Γ(K0 S!+−)/Γtotal<3:210−7, CL = 90% Γ(K0 S!e+e−)/Γtotal<1:410−7, CL = 90% Γ(K0 S!0e+e−)/Γtotal<1:110−6, CL = 90% Γ(K0 L!+−)/Γtotal(7:20:5)10−9(S = 1.4) Γ(K0 L!+−γ)/Γtotal(3:250:28)10−7 Γ(K0 L!e+e−)/Γtotal<4:110−11, CL = 90% Γ(K0 L!e+e−γ)/Γtotal(9:10:5)10−6 HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 16 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(K0 L!e+e−γγ)/Γtotal[q]( 6:51:2)10−7 Γ(K0 L!+−e+e−)/Γtotal[q]<4:610−7, CL = 90% Γ(K0 L!+−e+e−)/Γtotal(2:9+6:7 −2:4)10−9 Γ(K0 L!e+e−e+e−)/Γtotal(4:10:8)10−8(S = 1.2) Γ(K0 L!0+−)/Γtotal<5:110−9, CL = 90% Γ(K0 L!0e+e−)/Γtotal<4:310−9, CL = 90% Γ(K0 L!0)/Γtotal<5:810−5, CL = 90% Γ(+!pe+e−)/Γtotal<710−6 C= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN C= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDENC= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN C= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(D+!+e+e−)/Γtotal<6:610−5, CL = 90% Γ(D+!++−)/Γtotal<1:810−5, CL = 90% Γ(D+!++−)/Γtotal<5:610−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!e+e−)/Γtotal<1:310−5, CL = 90% Γ(D0!+−)/Γtotal<4:110−6, CL = 90% Γ(D0!0e+e−)/Γtotal<4:510−5, CL = 90% Γ(D0!0+−)/Γtotal<1:810−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!e+e−)/Γtotal<1:110−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!+−)/Γtotal<5:310−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!0e+e−)/Γtotal<1:010−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!0+−)/Γtotal<2:310−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!!e+e−)/Γtotal<1:810−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!!+−)/Γtotal<8:310−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!e+e−)/Γtotal<5:210−5, CL = 90% Γ(D0!+−)/Γtotal<4:110−4, CL = 90% Γ(D0!+−0+−)/Γtotal<8:110−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+ s!K++−)/Γtotal<5:910−4, CL = 90% Γ(D+ s!K(892)++−)/Γtotal<1:410−3, CL = 90% Γ(+ c!p+−)/Γtotal<3:410−4, CL = 90% HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 17 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) B= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN B= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDENB= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN B= 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(B+!+e+e−)/Γtotal<3:910−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!++−)/Γtotal<9:110−3, CL = 90% Γ(B+!K+e+e−)/Γtotal<610−5, CL = 90% Γ(B+!K++−)/Γtotal<1:010−5, CL = 90% Γ(B+!K(892)+e+e−)/Γtotal<6:910−4, CL = 90% Γ(B+!K(892)++−)/Γtotal<1:210−3, CL = 90% Γ(B0!γγ)/Γtotal<3:910−5, CL = 90% Γ(B0!e+e−)/Γtotal<5:910−6, CL = 90% Γ(B0!+−)/Γtotal<6:810−7, CL = 90% Γ(B0!K0e+e−)/Γtotal<3:010−4, CL = 90% Γ(B0!K0+−)/Γtotal<3:610−4, CL = 90% Γ(B0!K(892)0e+e−)/Γtotal<2:910−4, CL = 90% Γ(B0!K(892)0+−)/Γtotal<2:310−5, CL = 90% Γ(B0!K(892)0)/Γtotal<1:010−3, CL = 90% Γ(B!e+e−s)/Γtotal<5:710−5, CL = 90% Γ(B!+−s)/Γtotal<5:810−5, CL = 90% Γ(b!+−anything)/Γtotal<3:210−4, CL = 90% Γ(B0 s!+−)/Γtotal<2:010−6, CL = 90% Γ(B0 s!e+e−)/Γtotal<5:410−5, CL = 90% Γ(B0 s!)/Γtotal<5:410−3, CL = 90% HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 18 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 TeamLRNReview of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a]Cparity forbids this to occur as a single-photon process. [b] Time-reversal invariance requires this to be 0or 180. [c] Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. [d] Violates CPin leading order. Test of direct CPviolation since the in- direct CP-violating and CP-conserving contributions are expected to be suppressed. [e]0/is derived from 00/+− measurements using theoretical input on phases. [f] Neglecting photon channels. See, e.g.,A .P a i sa n dS . B .T r e i m a n ,P h y s . Rev. D12 D12D12D12, 2744 (1975). [g] Derived from measured values of +−,00,  , mK0 L−mK0 S ,a n d K0 S, as described in the introduction to \Tests of Conservation Laws." [h] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [i] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [j] (m2) = 100 eV2. [k] 190 eV2<(m2)<320 eV2. [l] Derived from an analysis of neutrino-oscillation experiments. [m] There is some controversy about whether nuclear physics and model dependence complicate the analysis for bound neutrons (from which thebest limit comes). The second limit here is from reactor experimentswith free neutrons. [n] This is the best \electron disappearance" limit. The best limit for the mode e −!γis>2:351025yr (CL=68%). [o]T h e D0 1-D0 2limits are inferred from the D0-D0mixing ratio Γ(K+‘−‘(via D0)) / Γ( K−‘+‘). [p] The larger limit (from E791) allows interference between the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed and mixing amplitudes; the smaller limit (from E691) doesn’t. See the papers for details. [q]S e et h e K0 LParticle Listings for the energy limits used in this measure- ment. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page 19 Created: 6/12/1998 14:35 11-50TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES (Revised 2002) Norman E. Holden Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York [email protected] This table presents an evaluated set of values for the experimental quantities which characterize the decay of radioactive nucl ides. A list of the major references used in this evaluation is given below. When uncertainties are not listed, they are assumed to be five or less in the last digit quoted. If they exceed five in the last digit, the value is prefaced by an approximate sign. For quasi-stable nuclides, the mea sured width, Γ, of the resonance is given. To estimate the approximate half-life, the Heisenbergy relationship may be used, the half-life = 4.56 E-22 seconds / Γ(MeV). The effective literature cutoff date for data in this edition of the Table is December, 2002. Table Layout General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented, along with subsequent published journals an d reports: 1. G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot, A.H. Wapstra, The Nubase Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties, Nuclear Physics A624 , 1 (1997). 2. International Commission on Atomic Weights, Atomic Weights of the Elements - 1999, Pure & Applied Chemistry 75 , 667 (2001). 3. J.R. Parrington, H.D. Knox, S. Breneman, E.M. Baum, F. Feiner, Chart of the Nuclides, 15th Edition, Knolls Atomic Power Lab. (1996) 4. N.E. Holden, Total and Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Uranium, Plutonium, Americium and Curium Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemis- try 61 , 1483 (1989). 5. N.E. Holden, Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62 , 941 (1990). 6. N.E. Holden, Review of Thermal Neutron Cross Sections and Isotopic Composition of the Elements, BNL-NCS-42224 (March 1989). 7. P. Raghavan, Table of Nuclear Moments, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 42 , 189 (1989). 8. E. Brown, R. Firestone, Radioactivity Handbook, Wiley Interscience Press (1986). 9. J.K. Tuli, Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (January 2000). 10. N.E. Holden, D.C. Hoffman, Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72 1525 (2000). 11. N. Stone, Table of New Nuclear Moments , private communication, www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/moments.html (Dec 2000) *This research was carried out under the auspices of the US Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886.Column No. Column Title Description 1 Isotope or Element For elements, the atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, the mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2. 2 Isotopic Abundance in atom percent.3 Atomic Mass or Atomic WeightAtomic mass relative to 12C = 12. Atomic weight is given on the same scale. 4 Half-life/Resonance WidthHalf-life in decimal notation. µs = microseconds; ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; m = minutes; h = hours; d = days; and y = years. For quasi-stable nuclides, the measured width at half maximum of the energy resonance is given 5 Decay Mode/Energy Decay modes are α= alpha particle emission; β¯ = negative beta emission; β+= positron emission; EC = orbital electron capture; IT = isomeric transition from upper to lower isomeric state; n = neutron emission; SF = spontaneous fission; ββ =double beta decay. Total disintegration energy in MeV units. 6 Particle Energy/ IntensityEnd point energies of beta transitions and discrete energies of alpha particles in MeV and their intensities in percent. 7 Spin and Parity Nuclear spin or angular momentum of the nuclides in units of h/2 π; parity is positive or negative. 8 Magnetic Dipole MomentMagnetic dipole moments in nuclear magneton units. 9 Electric Quadrupole MomentElectric quadrupole moments in barn units (10¯24cm2). 10 Gamma Ray Energy/ IntensityGamma ray energies in MeV and intensities in percent. Ann. rad. refers to the 511.006 keV photons emitted in the annihilation of positrons in matter. TeamLRN11-51TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2 ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b) γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) on 1.008664924 614. s ββββ −−−−/0.78235 0.782/100. 1/2 ++++ −−−−1.913043 β −, γ /< 0.069 1H 1.00794(7) 1H 99.9885(70) 1.007825032 >2.8 ×1023 y 1/2 ++ 2.79285 2H 0.0115(70) 2.014101778 1 ++ 0.85744 +2.86 mb 3H 3.016049268 12.33 y β −/0.01859 0.01860/100. 1/2 ++ 2.97896 4H 4.0278 Γ ≈3 n/ /100 2 − 5H 5.040 Γ =1.9(4) n/ /100 (1/2 +) 6H 6.0449 Γ =1.6(4) n/ (2 −) 2He 4.002602(2) 3He 1.34 ×10 −43.016029309 1/2 +− 2.12762 4He ≈100. 4.002603250 0 + 5He 5.01222 Γ =0.60(2) n, α 3/2 − 6He 6.018888 0.807 s β −/3.508 3.510/100. 0 + β, d /0.00076 7He 7.02803 Γ =0.15(2) n (3/2) − 8He 8.03392 0.119 s β −/10.65 /84. 0 + 0.9807/84. n/ /16. 0.4776/5. β, t /0.82 9He 9.0438 Γ =0.10(6) n /100 (1/2 −) 10He 10.0524 Γ =0.3(2) 2n /100 0 + 3Li 6.941(2) 4Li 4.0272 Γ =6.0 p/ /100 2 − 5Li 5.01254 Γ =1.2 p/ α 3/2 − 6Li 7.59(4) 6.0151223 1 ++ 0.82205 −0.8 mb 7Li 92.41(4) 7.0160041 3/2 −+ 3.25644 −0.041 8Li 8.022486 0.84 s β −/16.004 12.5/100. 2 ++ 1.6536 +0.032 α/ α(1.6) 9Li 9.026789 0.178 s β −/13.606 13.5/75. 3/2 − 3.439 −0.027 β −/ 11/25. 10Li 10.03590 Γ =0.11(5) n /7. 1 + 11Li 11.04380 8.8 ms β −/20.6 /8.3 3/2( −) 3.668 −0.031 3.368/33. β −, n /85.7 0.320/7.8 β −, 2n /4.1 2.590/6. β −, 3n /1.9 2.811/2.8 β −, d />0.01 0.219/0.78 β −, t /0.02 12Li 12.054 <0.01 µs 4Be 9.012182(3) 5Be 5.041 p, 3He (1/2 +) 6Be 6.01973 Γ =0.092(6) 2p, α 0 + 7Be 7.0169293 53.28 d EC/0.8618 3/2 − 0.4776/10.4 8Be 8.00530509 Γ =6.8(17)eV 2 α/0.046 0 + 9Be 100. 9.0121822 3/2 −− 1.1776 +0.0529 10Be 10.0135338 1.52 ×106y β −/0.5559 0.555/100. 0 + 11Be 11.02166 13.8 s β −, β − α/11.51 11.48/61. 1/2 + 2.125/35.5 (0.478 −7.97) 12Be 12.02692 22.0 ms β −, (n)/11.71 n//0.5 0 + (0.95 −4.4) 13Be 13.0361 Γ ≈1. 14Be 14.0428 4.6 ms β −/16.2 0 + 3.5346/0.9 β −, n 0.288/94. 3.6845/7. 11-52TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES β −, 2n /6. β −, α /<0.012 β −, t /<0.04 5B 10.811(7) 7B 7.0299 Γ =1.4(2) p, α (3/2 −) 8B 8.024607 0.770 s β +, 2 α/17.979 13.7( β +)/93. 2 + 1.0355 0.068 ann.rad. 9B 9.013329 Γ=0.5(2) keV p, 2 α/ 3/2 − 10B 19.9(7) 10.0129371 3 ++ 1.8006 +0.085 11B 80.1(7) 11.0093055 3/2 −+ 2.6886 +0.0406 12B 12.014352 0.0202 s β−/13.369 1 ++ 1.0027 0.0132 4.438/1.3 β−α/1.6/ 3.215/0.00065 13B 13.017780 0.0174 s β−/13.437 13.4 3/2 −+ 3.17778 0.037 3.68/7.6 β−n/0.25/ 2.43(n)/0.09 3.55(n)/0.16 14B 14.02540 14. ms β−/20.64 2 − 1.185 0.0298 6.094/90. 15B 15.03110 10.4 ms β−, (n)/19.09 (3/2 −) 2.66 0.038 16B 16.0398 Γ<0.1 n 17B 17.0469 5.1 ms β−, (n)/22.7 2.54 0.039 18B 18.056 <0.026 µs 0 − 19B 19.0637 3.3 ms β−, (n)/26.5 n//125. (3/2 −) 6C 12.0107(8) 8C 8.03768 Γ=0.25(4) p 0 + 9C 9.031040 127. ms β+, p, 2 α/16.498 (3/2 −) −1.391 ann.rad. 10C 10.0168532 19.3 s β+/3.648 1.865 0 + ann.rad. 0.71829/100. 11C 11.011433 20.3 m β+, EC/1.982 0.9608/99. 3/2 −− 0.964 0.0333 ann.rad. 12C 98.93(8) 12.000000000 0 + 13C 1.07(8) 13.003354838 1/2 −+ 0.70241 14C 14.003241991 5715. y β−/0.15648 0.1565/100. 0 + 15C 15.010599 2.45 s β−/9.772 4.51/68. 1/2 + 1.32 5.298/68. 9.82/32. (7.30–9.05) 16C 16.014701 ≈0.750 s β−/8.012 β/3.3, 4.3/84, 16 0 + β, n n/0.8, 1.7/84, 16 17C 17.02258 0.19 s β−/13.17 3/2 + 1.375 β−, n n/1.6–3.7/11. 1.849 1.906 18C 18.02676 0.092 s β−/11.81 0 + β−, n n/0.88–4.59/21. 19C 19.0353 0.05 s n 1/2 + 20C 20.0403 0.01 s 0 + 21C 21.0493 <0.03 µs 22C 22.056 9 ms β−, n n//99. 0 + 7N 14.0067(2) 10N 10.0426 Γ=2.3(16) 11N 11.0268 Γ=0.52(9) 1/2 + 12N 12.018613 11.00 ms β+,β+α/17.338 16.38/95. 1 ++ 0.457 +10. mb ann.rad. 4.438/2. 13N 13.0057386 9.97 m β+/2.2204 1.190/100. 1/2 − 0.3222 14N 99.636(20) 14.003074007 1 ++ 0.40376 +0.0200 15N 0.364(20) 15.00010897 1/2 −− 0.28319Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-53TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 16N 16.006100 7.13 s β−/10.419 4.27/68. 2 − 6.129/68.8 10.44/26. 1.986 18 mb 7.115/4.7 β−,α 1.85/.0012 (0.99–8.87) 17N 17.00845 4.17 s β−,β−n/8.68 3.7/100. 1/2 − 0.352 0.871/3. 0.4–1.7n/95. 2.1842/0.3β −α/ 8.0, 8.2 18N 18.01408 0.62 s β−/13.90 9.4/100. 1 − 0.328 0.012 0.822/61. β−,α /12. 1.65/60.5 1.982/98.(0.535–7.13) 19N 19.01703 0.32 s β−/12.53 (0.096–3.14) 20N 20.02337 0.14 s β−/17.97 21N 21.0271 0.08 s 22N 22.0344 0.02 s 23N 23.0405 15 ms β−, n n//80. 8O 15.9994(3) 12O 12.03440 Γ=0.51(16) 2p 0 + 13O 13.02481 8.9 ms β+, p/17.77 1.56 (p)/ (3/2 −) 1.389 0.011 ann.rad. 4.438/0.56 14O 14.0085953 70.60 s β+/5.1430 1.81/99. 0 + ann.rad. 2.312/99.4 15O 15.0030655 122.2 s β+/2.754 1.723/100. 1/2 − 0.7195 ann.rad. 16O 99.757(16) 15.994914622 0 + 17O 0.038(1) 16.9991315 5/2 +− 1.8938 −0.026 18O 0.205(14) 17.999160 0 + 19O 19.003579 26.9 s β−/4.820 3.25/60. 5/2 + 1.5320 3.7 mb 0.197/95.9 4.60/40. 1.3569/50.4 (0.11–4.18) 20O 20.004076 13.5 s β−/3.814 0 + 1.057/100. 21O 21.00866 3.4 s β−/8.11 (0.28–4.6) 22O 22.00997 2.2 s β−/6.5 0 + (0.64–1.86) 23O 23.0157 0.08 s 24O 24.0204 ≈65 ms β−, n n//18. 0 + 1.83/28. 0.52/14.1.31/12. 25O 25.029 <0.05 µs 26O 26.038 <0.04 µs 0 + 9F 18.9984032(5) 14F 14.036 15F 15.0180 Γ=0.9(3) p (1/2 +) 16F 16.01147 Γ=0.037(14) p 0 − 17F 17.0020952 64.5 s β+/2.761 1.75/ 5/2 ++ 4.721 0.058 ann.rad. 18F 18.000938 1.830 h β+, EC/1.656 0.635/97. 1 + ann.rad. 19F 100. 18.9984032 1/2 ++ 2.62887 0.072 20F 19.9999813 11.00 s β−/7.0245 5.398/100. 2 ++ 2.0934 0.042 1.634/100. 3.33/0.009 21F 20.999949 4.16 s β−/5.684 3.7/8. 5/2 + 3.9 0.3507/90. 5.0/63. 1.395/15. 5.4/29. (1.746–4.684) 22F 22.00300 4.23 s β−/10.82 3.48/15. 4 + 1.2746/100. 4.67/7. 2.0826/82.5.50/62. (0.82–4.37) 23F 23.00357 2.2 s β−/8.5 5/2 + 1.701/48. 2.129/34.(0.493–3.83)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-54TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 24F 24.0081 0.3 s β−/13.5 1.9816/ 25F 25.0121 ≈50 ms β−, (n) n//14. 1.70/39. (0.57–2.19) 26F 26.0196 10 ms β−, (n) n//11. 2.02/67. 1.67/19. 27F 27.0269 5.0 ms β−, (n) n//90. 2.02/18. 29F 29.043 2.5 ms β−, (n) n//100. 31F 10Ne 20.1797(6) 16Ne 16.02575 Γ=0.12(4) 2p 0 + 17Ne 17.01770 109. ms β+, p/14.53 1.4–10.6/6.9 1/2 − ann.rad./ β+,α /0.014 0.495 18Ne 18.005697 1.67 s β+/4.446 3.416/92. 0 + ann.rad./ 1.0413/7.8(0.658–1.70) 19Ne 19.001880 17.22 s β+/3.238 2.24/99. 1/2 +− 1.885 ann.rad./ (0.11–1.55) 20Ne 90.48(3) 19.992440176 0 + 21Ne 0.27(1) 20.99384674 3/2 +− 0.66180 +0.103 22Ne 9.25(3) 21.9913855 0 +− 0.19 23Ne 22.9944673 37.2 s β−/4.376 3.95/32. 5/2 +− 1.08 0.440/33. 4.39/67. (1.64–2.98) 24Ne 23.99362 3.38 m β−/2.47 1.10/8. 0 + 0.4723/100. 1.98/92. 0.874/7.9 25Ne 24.99779 0.61 s β−/7.30 6.3/ 1/2 + 0.0895/96. 7.3/ (0.98–3.69) 26Ne 26.00046 197 ms β−, n/7.3 n//0.13 0 + 0.233/ 27Ne 27.0076 31. ms β−, n/12.7 n//2. (3/2 +) 28Ne 28.0121 19. ms β−, n/12.3 n//11. 0 + 2.06/19. 0.86/3. 29Ne 29.0194 15. ms β−, (n)/15.4 n//17. (3/2 +) 2.92/55. β−, 2n /<2.2 (0.22–1.18) 30Ne 30.024 7. ms β−, (n) n//9. 0 + 0.151/9. 31Ne 31.033 >0.26 µs 32Ne 32.040 >0.20 µs0 + 34Ne 11Na 22.989770(2) 18Na 18.0272 19Na 19.01388 0.03 s β+, p/11.18 20Na 20.00735 0.446 s β+/13.89 2 ++ 0.3694 ann.rad./ α 2.15/ 1.634/79. 21Na 20.997655 22.48 s β+/3.547 2.50/95. 3/2 ++ 2.3863 ≈+0.05 ann.rad./ 0.351/5. 22Na 21.9944366 2.605 y β+/90/2.842 0.545/90. 3 ++ 1.746 +0.19 ann.rad./ EC/10/ 1.2745/99.9 23Na 100. 22.9897697 3/2 ++ 2.21752 +0.106 24mNa 20.2 ms I.T., β−1+ 0.4723/100. 24Na 23.9909633 14.96 h β−/5.5158 1.389/ >99. 4 ++ 1.690 1.3686/100. 2.754/100.(0.997–4.238) 25Na 24.989954 59.3 s β−/3.835 2.6/7. 5/2 ++ 3.683 ≈−0.06 0.3897/12.7 3.15/25. 0.5850/13.4.0/65. 0.9747/14.9 (0.836–2.80) 26Na 25.99259 1.07 s β−/9.31 3 ++ 2.851 −5.3 mb 1.809/98.9Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-55TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 27Na 26.99401 0.290 s β−/9.01 7.95/ 5/2 ++ 3.90 −7.2 mb 0.9847/87.4 β−, n/ 1.698/11.9 28Na 27.9989 31. ms β−/14.0 12.3/ 1 ++ 2.42 +0.04 1.473/37. β−, n/ 2.389/18.6 29Na 29.0028 44. ms β−, n/13.3 11.5/ 3/2 ++ 2.46 +86. mb 2.560/36. (1.04–3.99) 30Na 30.0092 50. ms β−, n/17.5 n//30. 2 +2.07 1.483/46. 31Na 31.0136 17.2 ms β−, n/15.9 n//37. 3/2 −+ 2.30 1.483/14. (0.05–3.54) 32Na 32.0197 13.5 ms β−/19.1 0.240–3.935 33Na 33.027 8.0 ms β−/20. / ≈38 0.886/16 β−, n 0.8,1.02/47(6) 0.546/6.4 β−, 2n /13(3) 0.050–2.55 34Na 34.035 5. ms β−/24. 35Na 35.044 1.5 ms β−/24 37Na 12Mg 24.3050(6) 20Mg 20.01886 96. ms β+/10.73 /70 0 + β+, p /30 21Mg 21.01171 122. ms β+, p/13.10 5/2 + 0.332/51. 22Mg 21.999574 3.86 s β+/4.786 3.05/ 0 + 0.0729/60. 0.5820/100.(1.28–1.93) 23Mg 22.994125 11.32 s β+/4.057 3.09/92. 3/2 + 0.536 1.25 0.440/8.2 24Mg 78.99(4) 23.9850419 0 + 25Mg 10.00(1) 24.9858370 5/2 +− 0.85545 +0.200 26Mg 11.01(3) 25.9825930 0 + 27Mg 26.9843407 9.45 m β−/2.6103 1.59/41. 1/2 + 0.17068/0.9 1.75/58. 0.84376/72.2.65/0.3 1.01443/28. 28Mg 27.983877 20.9 h β−/1.832 0.459/95. 0 + 0.0306/95. 0.4006/36.0.9418/36.1.342/54. 29Mg 28.98855 1.3 s β−/7.55 5.4/ 3/2 + 0.960/15. 1.398/16.2.224/36. 30Mg 29.9905 0.32 s β−/7.0 0 + 0.224/85. 31Mg 30.9966 0.24 s β−/11.7 (3/2 +) 1.61/26. β−, n / ≈6. 32Mg 31.9992 0.12 s β−/10.3 0 + 2.765/25. 33Mg 33.0056 91. ms β−/13.7 /83. 1.848/ β−, n /17. 34Mg 34.0091 0.02 s β−/11.3 0 + 35Mg 35.0175 0.07 s (7/2 −) 36Mg 36.022 >0.2µs0 + 37Mg 37.031 >0.26 µs (7/2 −) 38Mg 0+ 13Al 26.981538(2) 21Al 21.028 <0.035 µs 22Al 22.0195 59. ms β+/18.6 p/1.3/18. 4 + ann.rad./ β+, p, 2p, α/ α/3.3/0.3 23mAl ≈0.35 s β+, p/0.17 0.554 0.839 23Al 23.00727 0.47 s β+/12.24 ann.rad./ β+, p/Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-56TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 24mAl 0.129 s I.T./0.4259 β+13.3 1+ 1.3686/5.3 24Al 23.999941 2.07 s β+/13.878,p 3.40/48. 4 + 1.078(2)/16. 4.42/41. 1.368(2)/96.6.80/3. 2.753(2)/43.8.74/8. 4.315(3)/15. 5.392(3)/20.7.0662(2)/41. 25Al 24.990429 7.17 s β+/4.277 3.27/ 5/2 + 3.646 ann.rad./ 1.6115(2)/100.0.975(2)/5. 26mAl 6.345 s β+/ 3.2/ 0 + ann.rad./ 26Al 25.9868917 7.1 ×105 y β+/82/4.0042 1.16/ 5 ++ 2.804 +0.17 ann.rad./ EC/18 1.8087/99.8 27Al 100. 26.9815384 5/2 ++ 3.64151 +0.140 28Al 27.9819102 2.25 m β−/4.6422 2.865/100. 3 + 3.24 0.18 1.7778(6)/100. 29Al 28.980445 6.5 m β−/3.680 1.4/30. 5/2 + 1.2732(8)/89. 2.5/70. 2.0282(8)/4. 2.4262(8)/7. 30Al 29.98296 3.68 s β−/8.56 5.05/ 3 + 1.26313(3)/35. 2.23525(5)/65. 31Al 30.98395 0.64 s β−/8.00 6.25/ 5/2 + 0.75223(3)/18. 1.69473(3)/59.2.31664(4)/73. 32Al 31.9881 33. ms β−/13.0 1 + 33Al 32.9909 41.7 ms β−/12.0 /91.5 1.940/2.5 β−, n /8.5 (1.01–4.34) 34Al 33.9969 56. ms β−/17.1 4.255/44 4 0.929/57 β−, n /26. (0.12–4.26) 35Al 34.9999 39. ms β−/14.3 0.974/48 5/2 + 0.064/45. β−, n / ≈41. (0.12–5.63) 36Al 36.0064 0.09 s β−/18.3 β−, n /<31. 37Al 37.010 >1µs β−/16. 38Al 38.0169 >0.2µs 39Al 39.022 >0.2µs 40Al >0.26 µs 41Al 14Si 28.0855(3) 22Si 22.0345 29. ms β+, p 1.99/20 0 + 23Si 23.0255 40.7 ms β+, p/5.9 1.32,(0.6–11.6) 24Si 24.01155 0.14 s β+, p/10.81 1.44,3.92,1.09 0 + ann.rad./ (1.66–4.47) 25Si 25.00411 221 ms β+, p/12.74 5/2 + ann.rad./ 26Si 25.992330 2.23 s β+/5.066 3.282/ 0 + ann.rad./ 0.8294(8)/22. 27Si 26.9867048 4.14 s β+/4.8118 3.85/100. 5/2 +− 0.8554 ann.rad./ 2.211(5)/0.2 28Si 92.223(19) 27.97692653 0 + 29Si 4.685(8) 28.97649472 1/2 +− 0.5553 30Si 3.092(11) 29.97377022 0 + 31Si 30.9753633 2.62 h β−/1.4920 1.471/99.9 3/2 + 1.2662(5)/0.05 32Si 31.974148 1.6 ×102 y β−/0.224 0.213/100. 0 + 33Si 32.97800 6.1 s β−/5.85 3.92 (3/2 +) 1.21 1.4313(5)/13. 1.8477/100.2.538(2)/10. 34Si 33.97858 2.8 s β−/4.60 3.09/ 0 + 0.42907(5)/60. 1.17852(2)/64.Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-57TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 1.60756(5)/36. 35Si 34.98458 0.9 s β−/10.50 36Si 35.9867 0.5 s β−/7.9 0+ β−, n / ≈12. 37Si 36.9930 ≈0.09 s β−/12.5 β−, n / ≈17. 38Si 37.9960 >1µs β−/10.7 0+ β−, n 39Si 39.0023 >1µs β−/14.8 40Si 40.0058 >0.2µs0+ 41Si 41.013 >0.2µs 42Si 42.016 >0.2µs0+ 43Si 15P 30.973761(2) 24P 24.0344 25P 25.0203 <0.03 µs 26P 26.0118 ≈20. ms β+, p/18.1 3 + 27P 26.99919 0.3 s β+, p/11.63 p/0.73, 0.61/0.07 1/2 + 28P 27.992312 270. ms β+/14.332 3.94/13. 3 + ann.rad./ 5.25/13. 1.779(2)/98.6.96/16. 2.839(2)/2.88.8/7. 3.040(2)/3.211.49/52. 4.498(2)/12. 7.537(2)/9. 29P 28.981801 4.14 s β+/4.9431 3.945/98. 1/2 + 1.2349 ann.rad./ 1.273/1.322.426/0.39 30P 29.9783138 2.50 m β+/4.2323 3.245/99.9 1 + ann.rad./ 2.230(3)/0.07 31P 100. 30.9737615 1/2 ++ 1.13160 32P 31.9739071 14.28 d β−/1.7106 1.710/100. 1 +− 0.2524 33P 32.971725 25.3 d β−/0.249 0.249/100. 1/2 + 34P 33.973636 12.4 s β−/5.374 3.2/15. 1 + 1.78–4.1/ 5.1/85. 2.127(5)/15. 35P 34.973314 47. s β−/3.989 2.34/100. 1/2 + 1.572(1)/100. 36P 35.97826 5.7 s β−/10.41 0.902/77. 3.291/100. 37P 36.97961 2.3 s β−/7.90 0.6462/ 1.5829/ 38P 37.9845 0.6 s β−/12.4 1.2923/ β−, n / ≈12. 2.224/ 39P 38.9864 ≈0.16 s β−/10.5 β−, n /26 40P 39.9911 ≈0.26 s β−/14.5 β−,n / ≈30. 41P 40.9948 0.12 s β−/≈13.8 β−, n / ≈30. 42P 42.0001 0.11 s β−/17. β−, n / ≈50. 43P 43.0033 33. ms β−/16. β−, n /100. 44P 44.010 >0.2µs 45P 45.015 >0.2µs 46P 46.024 >0.2µs 16S 32.065(5) 26S 26.0278 ≈10 ms 0+Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-58TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 27S 27.0188 16. ms β+, 2p/18.3 p/2.26, 7.80 28S 0.13 s 0+ 29S 28.99661 0.188 s β+/13.79 5/2 + ann.rad./ β+, p/ 30S 29.984903 1.18 s β+/6.138 4.42/78. 0 + ann.rad./ 5.08/20. 0.678/79. 31S 30.979555 2.56 s β+/5.396 4.39/99. 1/2 + 0.48793 ann.rad./ 1.2662(5)/1.2 32S 94.93(31) 31.9720707 0 + 33S 0.76(2) 32.9714585 3/2 ++ 0.64382 −0.068 34S 4.29(28) 33.9678668 0 + 35S 34.9690321 87.2 d β−/0.1672 0.1674/100. 3/2 ++ 1.00 +0.047 36S 0.02(1) 35.9670809 0 + 37S 36.9711257 5.05 m β−/4.8653 1.64/94. 7/2 − 0.9083(4)/0.06 4.75/5.6 3.1033(2)/94.2 38S 37.97116 2.84 h β−/2.94 1.00/ 0 + 0.1962(4)/0.2 1.9421(3)/84. 39S 38.97514 11.5 s β−/6.64 1.301/52. 1.697/44. 40S 39.9755 9. s β−/4.7 0 + 41S 40.9800 ≈2.6 s β−/8.7 β−, n 42S 41.9815 ≈0.56 s β−/7.8 0 + β−, n /<4. 43S 42.987 0.22 s β−/12. β−, n / ≈40 44S 43.9883 0.12 s β−/9. 0 + β−, n /18. 45S 44.9948 0.08 s β−/14. β−, n /54. 46S 45.9996 >0.2µs0 + 47S 47.008 >0.2µs 48S 48.013 >0.2µs0 + 49S 49.022 <0.2µs 17Cl 35.453(2) 28Cl 28.0285 29Cl 29.0141 <0.02 µs 30Cl 30.0048 <0.03 µs 31Cl 30.99242 0.15 s β+, p/11.98 0.986, 1.52/0.7 3/2 + ann.rad./ 32Cl 31.98569 297. ms β+/12.69 9.47/50. 1 + 1.11 ann.rad./ β+,α /0.05 2.2305/92 β+, p /0.026 (1.55–4.77) 33Cl 32.977452 2.511 s β+/5.583 4.51/98. 3/2 ++ 0.752 ann.rad./ 0.8409/0.521.966/0.452.866/0.44 34mCl 32.2 m β+/ 1.35/24. 3 + ann.rad./ 2.47/28. I.T./ 0.1457(8)/42. 2.1276(5)/42. 34Cl 33.9737620 1.528 s β+/5.4922 4.50/100. 0 + ann.rad./ 35Cl 75.78(4) 34.96885271 3/2 ++ 0.82187 −0.0825 36Cl 35.9683069 3.01 ×105 y β−/0.7086 0.7093/98. 0 ++ 1.28547 −0.018 β+, EC/1.1421 0.115/0.002 ann.rad./ 37Cl 24.22(4) 36.96590260 3/2 ++ 0.68412 −0.0649 38mCl 0.715 s I.T./ 5 − 0.6714/100Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-59TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 38Cl 37.9680106 37.2 m β−/4.9168 1.11/31. 2 − 2.05 1.64216(1)/31. 2.77/11. 2.16760(2)/42.4.91/58. 39Cl 38.968008 55.6 m β−/3.442 1.91/85. 3/2 + 0.25026(1)/47. 2.18/8. 1.26720(5)/54.3.45/7. 0.986–1.517 40Cl 39.97042 1.38 m β−/7.48 2 − 0.6431(3)/6. 1.4608(1)/77.2.8402(2)/17. 41Cl 40.9707 34. s β−/5.7 3.8/ (0.167–1.359) 42Cl 41.9732 6.8 s β−/9.4 43Cl 42.9742 3.3 s β−/8.0 44Cl 43.9785 ≈0.43 s β−/12.3 β−, n /<8. 45Cl 44.980 0.40 s β−/11. β−, n /24. 46Cl 45.984 0.22 s β−/14.9 β−, n / ≈60 47Cl 46.988 >0.2µs β−/15. β−, n /<3. 48Cl 47.995 >0.2µs 49Cl 48.9999 >0.17 s 50Cl 50.008 51Cl 51.014 >0.2µs 18Ar 39.948(1) 30Ar 30.0216 <0.02 µs0 + 31Ar 31.0121 ≈14.1 ms β+/18.4 p/2.08/100. 5/2 β+, p /55. β+, 2p /2.5 β+, 3p /0.11 32Ar 31.99766 98. ms β+/11.2 p/3.35, 0.6–5.55 0 + ann.rad./ β+, p /43. 33Ar 32.98993 174. ms β+/11.62 3.17,2.10 1/2 +− 0.72 ann.rad./ β+, p/ (1.32–5.72) 0.810(2)/48. 34Ar 33.980270 0.844 s β+/6.061 5.0/95. 0 + ann.rad./ 0.6658(1)/2.53.1290(1)/1.3 35Ar 34.975257 1.77 s β+/5.965 4.94/93. 3/2 ++ 0.633 −0.08 ann.rad./ 1.2185(5)/1.221.763(1)/0.252.964(1)/0.2 36Ar 0.3365(30) 35.9675463 0 + 37Ar 36.9667759 35.0 d EC/.813 3/2 ++ 1.15 +0.076 38Ar 0.0632(5) 37.9627322 0 + 39Ar 38.964313 268. y β−/0.565 0.565/100. 7/2 −− 1.59 −0.12 40Ar 99.6003(30) 39.962383123 0 + 41Ar 40.964501 1.82 h β−/2.492 1.198/ 7/2 − 1.29364(5)/99. 1.6770(3)/0.05 42Ar 41.96305 33. y β−/0.60 0.60/100. 0 + 43Ar 42.9657 5.4 m β−/4.6 0.4791(2)/10. 0.7380(1)/43. 0.9752(1)/100.1.4400(3)/39. 44Ar 43.96537 11.87 m β−/3.55 0 + 0.182–1.866 45Ar 44.96809 21.5 s β−/6.9 7/2 − 0.0610/25. 1.020/35.3.707/34.Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-60TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 46Ar 45.96809 8.4 s β−/5.70 0 + 1.944/ 47Ar 46.9722 ≈0.7 s β− 48Ar 47.9751 49Ar 48.9822 >0.17 µs β− 50Ar 49.986 >0.17 µs β− 51Ar 50.993 >0.2µs β− 52Ar 51.998 10 ms β− 53Ar 52.994 β− 19K 39.0983(1) 32K 32.0219 33K 33.0073 <0.025 µs 34K 33.9984 <0.04 µs 35K 34.98801 0.19 s β+/11.88 3/2 + ann.rad./ β+, p/ /0.37 1.751/14. 2.5698/26.2.9827/51. 36K 35.98129 0.342 s β+/12.81 5.3/42. 2 ++ 0.548 ann.rad./ 9.9/44. 1.97044(5)/82. β+, p /0.048 2.20783(5)/30. 2.43343(2)/32. 37K 36.9733769 1.23 s β+/6.149 5.13/ 3/2 ++ 0.2032 ann.rad./ 2.7944(8)/2.3.602(2)/0.05 38mK 0.924 s β+/6.742 5.02/100. 0 + ann.rad./ 38K 37.969080 7.63 m β+/5.913 2.60/99.8 3 ++ 1.37 ann.rad./ 2.1675(3)/99.83.9356(5)/0.2 39K 93.2581(44) 38.9637069 3/2 ++ 0.39146 +0.049 40K 0.0117(1) 39.9639987 1.26 ×109 y β−/1.3111 1.312/89. 4 −− 1.29810 −0.061 ann.rad./ β+, EC/1.505 1.50/10.7 1.4608/10.5 41K 6.7302(44) 40.9618260 3/2 ++ 0.21487 +0.060 42K 41.9624031 12.36 h β−/3.525 1.97/19. 2 −− 1.1425 0.31260(2)/0.3 3.523/81. 1.5246(3)/18.1 43K 42.96072 22.3 h β−/1.82 0.465/8. 3/2 ++ 0.163 0.2211(2)/4. 0.825/87. 0.3729(2)/88.1.24/3.5 0.3971(2)/11.1.814/1.3 0.6178(2)/81. 44K 43.96156 22.1 m β−/5.66 5.66/34. 2 −− 0.856 0.36821/2.2 1.15700(1)/58.2.15079(2)/22. 45K 44.96070 17.8 m β−/4.20 1.1/23. 3/2 ++ 0.173 0.1743(5)/80. 2.1/69. 1.2607(8)/7.4.0/8. 1.7056(6)/69. 2.3542(5)/14. 46K 45.96198 1.8 m β−/7.72 6.3/ 2 −− 1.05 1.347(1)/91. 3.700(5)/28. 47K 46.96168 17.5 s β−/6.64 4.1/99. 1/2 ++ 1.93 0.56474(3)/15. 6.0/1. 0.58575(3)/85. 2.0131/100 48K 47.96551 6.8 s β−/12.09 5.0/ (2 −) 0.67122(1)/4. 0.6723(5)/20.0.78016(1)/32.3.83153(7)/80. 49K 48.9675 1.26 s β−/11.0 2.025/ 2.252/ 50K 49.9728 0.472 s β−/14.2 51K 50.9764 0.365 s β− /Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-61TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 52K 51.983 0.105 s β− 53K 52.987 30. ms β−3/2+ 54K 53.994 10. ms β− 20Ca 40.078(4) 34Ca 34.0141 <0.035 µs 35Ca 35.0048 25.7 ms β+, p/15.6 p/1.43/49 1.9–8.8 36Ca 35.99309 0.10 s β+, (p)/10.99 2.52 ann.rad./ β+, n/ 37Ca 36.98587 0.18 s β+/11.64 3.103 3/2 + ann.rad./ β+, n/ 1.369 38Ca 37.976319 0.44 s β+/6.74 0 + ann.rad./ 1.5677(5)/25.3.210(2)/1. 39Ca 38.970718 0.861 s β+/6.531 5.49/100. 3/2 + 1.02168 ann.rad./ 40Ca 96.941(156) 39.9625912 0 + 41Ca 40.9622783 1.02 ×105y EC/0.4214 7/2 −− 1.5948 −0.090 42Ca 0.647(23) 41.9586183 0 + 43Ca 0.135(10) 42.9587668 7/2 −− 1.3173 −0.055 44Ca 2.086(110) 43.955481 0 + 45Ca 44.956186 162.7 d β−/0.257 0.257/100. 7/2 −− 1.327 +0.05 46Ca 0.004(3) 45.953693 >0.4×1016 y β−β−0+ 47Ca 46.954546 4.536 d β−/1.992 0.684/84. 7/2 −− 1.38 +0.02 1.297/75 1.98/16. (0.041–1.88) 48Ca 0.187(21) 47.952533 4.3 ×1019 y β−β−0+ >7.1×1019y β− 49Ca 48.955673 8.72 m β−/5.262 0.89/7. 3/2 − 3.0844(1)/92. 1.95/92. 4.0719(1)/7. 50Ca 49.95752 14. s β−/4.97 3.12/ 0 + 0.2569/98. (0.0715–1.59) 51Ca 50.9615 10. s β−/7.3 (3/2 −) 52Ca 51.9651 4.6 s β−/8.0 53Ca 52.9701 0.09 s β−/10.9 54Ca 53.975 55Ca 54.981 56Ca 55.986 21Sc 44.955910(8) 36Sc 36.0149 37Sc 37.0030 38Sc 37.9947 <0.3µs 39Sc 38.98479 <0.3µsp 40Sc 39.977964 0.182 s β+/14.320 5.73/50. 4 − ann.rad./ 7.53/15. 0.752/41.8.76/15. 3.732/99.59.58/20. (1.12–3.92) 41Sc 40.9692513 0.596 s β+/6.4953 5.61/100. 7/2 −+ 5.431 −0.156 ann.rad./ 42mSc 61.6 s β+/ 2.82/ 7 + ann.rad./ 0.4375(5)/100.1.2270(5)/100.1.5245(5)/100. 42Sc 41.9655168 0.682 s β+/6.4259 5.32/100. 0 + ann.rad./ 43Sc 42.961151 3.89 h β+, EC/2.221 0.82/22. 7/2 −+ 4.62 −0.26 ann.rad./ 1.22/78. 0.3729(1)/22. 44mSc 58.2 h I.T./0.27 6 ++ 3.88 0.27124(1)/87. EC/3.926 (1.00–1.16)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-62TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 44Sc 43.959403 3.93 h β+, EC/3.653 1.47/ 2 ++ 2.56 +0.10 ann.rad./ 1.157/100 45Sc 100. 44.955910 7/2 −+ 4.75649 −0.220 46mSc 18.7 s I.T./0.14253 1 − 0.14253(2)/62. 46Sc 45.955170 83.81 d β−/2.367 0.357/100. 4 ++ 3.03 +0.12 0.8893/100 1.121/100 47Sc 46.952408 3.349 d β−/0.600 0.439/69. 7/2 −+ 5.34 −0.22 0.15938(1)/68. 0.601/31. 48Sc 47.95224 43.7 h β−/3.99 0.655/ 6 + 0.9835/100 1.03750(1)/97.1.3121/100 49Sc 48.950024 57.3 m β−/2.006 2.00/99.9. 7/2 − 1.7619(3)/0.05 50Sc 49.95219 1.71 m β−/6.89 3.05/76. (5 +) 0.5235(1)/88. 3.60/24. 1.1210(1)/100. 1.5537(2)/100. 51Sc 50.95360 12.4 s β−/6.51 4.4/ 7/2 − 1.4373(4)/52. 5.0/ 0.718–2.144 52Sc 51.9566 8.2 s β−/9.0 (3 +) 53Sc 52.9592 >3. ms β−/8.1 54mSc ≈7µs( 5 +) 0.110/IT 54Sc 53.9630 0.23 s β−/11.6 0.100/50 1.70/400.50/40 55Sc 54.967 0.12 s β−/13 56Sc 55.973 57Sc 56.977 58Sc 57.983 22Ti 47.867(1) 38Ti 38.0098 <0.12 µs 39Ti 39.0013 29. ms β+/15.4 40Ti 39.9905 53. ms β+/11.7 p/2.16/29 β+, p 3.73/23 1.70/220.242–5.74 41Ti 40.98313 80. ms β+, p/12.93 p/4.73/107 3/2 + ann.rad./ 3.10/673.75/390.744–6.73 42Ti 41.97303 0.20 s β+/7.000 6.0/ ann.rad./ 0.6107(5)/56. 43Ti 42.96852 0.50 s β+/6.87 5.80/ 7/2 − 0.85 ann.rad./ 44Ti 43.959690 60. y EC/0.268 0 + 0.06787/91 0.07832/97 45Ti 44.958124 3.078 h β+/86/2.062 1.04 7/2 − 0.095 0.015 ann.rad./ EC/14/ (0.36–1.66) 46Ti 8.25(3) 45.952630 0 + 47Ti 7.44(2) 46.951764 5/2 −− 0.78848 +0.30 48Ti 73.72(3) 47.947947 0 + 49Ti 5.41(2) 48.947871 7/2 −− 1.10417 +0.24 50Ti 5.18(2) 49.944792 0 + 51Ti 50.946616 5.76 m β−/2.471 1.50/92. 3/2 − 0.3197(2)/93. 2.13/ 0.6094–0.9291 52Ti 51.94690 1.7 m β−/1.97 1.8/100. 0 + 0.0170(5)/100. 0.1245/100 53Ti 52.9497 33. s β−/5.0 (2.2–3)/ 3/2 − 0.1008(1)/20. 0.1276(1)/45.0.2284(1)/39.Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-63TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 1.6755(5)/45. (1.72–2.8)/ 54Ti 53.9509 1.5 s β−/4.3 55Ti 54.9551 0.32 s β−/7.4 56Ti 55.9580 0.19 s β−/7.0 57Ti 56.963 0.06 s β−/11. 58Ti 57.966 ≈47 ms 59Ti 58.972 0.06 s 60Ti 59.976 >0.15 µs 61Ti 60.982 >0.15 µs 23V 50.9415(1) 40V 40.0111 41V 40.9997 42V 41.9912 <0.055 µs 43V 42.9807 >0.8 s β+/11.3 44V 43.9744 0.09 s β+,α/13.7 ann.rad./ 45V 44.96578 0.54 s β+/7.13 7/2 − 46V 45.960200 0.4223 s β+/7.051 6.03/100. 0 + ann.rad./ 47V 46.954907 32.6 m β+, EC/2.928 1.90/99. + 3/2− ann.rad./ 1.7949(8)/0.19(0.2–2.16) 48V 47.952254 15.98 d β+/4.012 0.698/50. 4 + 2.01 ann.rad./ 0.9835/100(1.3–2.4) 49V 48.948517 337. d EC/0.602 7/2 − 4.47 50V 0.250(4) 49.947163 1.4 ×1017y EC /82.7 6 ++ 3.34569 +0.21 β−/17.3 51V 99.750(4) 50.943964 7/2 −+ 5.148706 −0.04 52V 51.944780 3.76 m β−/3.976 2.47/ 3 + 1.4341(1)/100. 53V 52.944342 1.56 m β−/3.436 2.52/ 7/2 − 1.0060(5)/90. 1.2891(3)/10. 54mV 0.9 µs( 5 +) 0.108/IT 54V 53.94644 49.8 s β−/7.04 1.00/5. 3 + 0.8348/97. 2.00/12. 0.9887/80.2.95/45. 2.259/46.5.20/11. (0.56–3.38) 55V 54.9472 6.5 s β−/6.0 6.0/ (7/2 −) 0.5177/73. (0.224–1.21) 56V 55.9504 0.23 s β−/9.1 0.70/50. 0.34/40.1.00/30. 57V 56.9524 0.33 s β−/8.1 0.30/60. 0.60/30.0.80/30. 58V 57.9567 0.20 s β−/11.6 59V 58.9593 0.13 s β−/9.9 0.90/80. 60V 59.965 0.20 s β−/14. 0.102–0.208 61V 60.967 0.04 s 0.646 62V 61.973 ≈65 ms 63V 62.977 >0.15 µs 64V >0.15 µs 24Cr 51.9961(6) 42Cr 42.0064 13. ms β+, p p/1.90/29 p/1.50–3.7Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-64TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 43Cr 42.9977 21. ms β+, p p/3.83/18 p/4.29/15p/1.01–4.59 44Cr 43.9855 53. ms β+, (p)/10.3 p/0.95–3.1 45Cr 44.9792 0.05 s β+, p/12.5 7/2 − ann.rad./ 46Cr 45.96836 0.3 s β+/7.60 ann.rad./ 47Cr 46.96291 0.51 s β+ /7.45 3/2 − ann.rad./ 48Cr 47.95404 21.6 h EC/1.66 ann.rad./ 0.116(2)/95.0.305(10)/100. 49Cr 48.951341 42.3 m β+, EC/2.631 1.39/ 5/2 − 0.476 ann.rad./ 1.45/ 0.09064(1)/51.1.54/ 0.15293(1)/27. (0.062 −1.6) 50Cr 4.345(13) 49.946050 >1.8×1017 y β+EC 0 + 51Cr 50.944772 27.70 d EC/0.7527 7/2 −− 0.934 0.3201/10.2 52Cr 83.789(18) 51.940512 0 + 53Cr 9.501(17) 52.940653 3/2 −− 0.47454 −0.15 54Cr 2.365(7) 53.938885 0 + 55Cr 54.940844 3.497 m β−/2.603 2.5/ 3/2 − 1.5282(2)/0.04 (0.13–2.37) 56Cr 55.94065 5.9 m β−/1.62 1.50/100. 0 + 0.026(2)/100. 0.083(3)/100. 57Cr 56.9438 21. s β−/5.1 3.3/ 3/2 − 0.0834 0.850/8. 3.5/ (0.083 −2.62) 58Cr 57.9443 7.0 s β−/4.0 (0.131–0.683) 59mCr 0.10 ms (9/2 +) 0.208/IT 0.1930.102 59Cr 58.9487 1.0 s β−/7.7 1.236 60Cr 59.9497 0.6 s β−/6.0 61Cr 60.9541 0.26 s β−/8.8 0.354–1.860 62Cr 61.9558 0.19 s β−/7.3 0.285 63Cr 62.962 0.11 s 64Cr 63.964 0.04 s 65Cr 64.970 >0.15 µs 66Cr >0.15 µs 67Cr 25Mn 54.938049(9) 44Mn 44.0069 <0.105 µs 45Mn 44.9945 <0.07 µs 46Mn 45.9867 34. ms β+/17.1 β+, p // ≈58 47Mn 46.9761 ≈0.1 s β+/12.3 48Mn 47.9689 0.15 s β+/13.5 5.79/58. 4 + 4.43/10. 49Mn 48.95962 0.38 s β+/7.72 6.69/ 5/2 − ann.rad./ 50mMn 1.74 m β+/7.887 3.54/ 5 + ann.rad./ 1.0980/94.0.783/91.(0.66–3.11) 50Mn 49.954244 0.283 s β+/7.6330 6.61/ 0 + ann.rad./ 51Mn 50.948215 46.2 m β+, EC/3.208 2.2/ 5/2 − 3.568 0.4 ann.rad./ 0.7491(1)/0.26(1.148–1.164)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-65TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 52mMn 21.1 m β+/98/5.09 2.631/ 2 + 0.0076 ann.rad./ I.T./2/0.378 0.3778 (I.T.) 1.43406(1)/98.(0.7–4.8) 52Mn 51.945570 5.591 d β+/4.712 0.575/ 6 ++ 3.063 +0.5 ann.rad./ EC/ 0.74421(1)/90. 1.4341/100 53Mn 52.941294 3.7 ×106y EC/0.5970 7/2 − 5.024 54Mn 53.940363 312.1 d EC/1.377 3 ++ 3.282 +0.33 0.8340/100 6.7×108 y β+//1.3 ×10−7 55Mn 100. 54.938049 5/2 −+ 3.4687 +0.32 56Mn 55.938909 2.579 h β−/3.6954 0.718/18. 3 ++ 3.2266 0.84675/99 1.028/34. 1.81072(4)/27. 2.113/14.5 57Mn 56.938287 1.45 m β−/2.691 5/2 − 58Mn 57.93999 65 s β−/6.25 3.8/ 3 + 0.45916(2)/20. 5.1/ 0.81076(1)/82. 1.32309(5)/53. 59Mn 58.94045 4.6 s β−/5.19 4.5/ 5/2 − 0.726/ 0.473/0.287–2.35 60mMn 1.77 s β−/IT 5.7/ 3 + 0.824/ 60Mn 59.9433 50. s β−/8.6 0 + 1.969/ 61Mn 60.9446 0.67 s β−/7.4 (5/2) − 62Mn 61.9480 0.67 s β−/10.4 (3 +) 0.877/ 0.942–1.299 63Mn 62.9498 0.28 s β−/8.8 0.356,0.450 64mMn >0.1 ms 0.135/IT 64Mn 63.9537 87 ms β−/11.8 0.746 65Mn 64.9561 0.09 s β−/10. 0.366 66Mn 65.961 66 ms 0.471 67Mn 66.964 42 ms 68Mn 28 ms 69Mn 14 ms 26Fe 55.845(2) 45Fe 45.0146 4. ms 2p p// ≈80. 46Fe 46.0008 12. ms β+/13.1 p// ≈36. 47Fe 46.9929 22. ms β+/15.6 p//87. 48Fe 47.9806 ≈44. ms β+/11.2 49Fe 48.9763 70. ms β+/13.0 (7/2 −) ann.rad./ 50Fe 49.9630 0.15 s β+/8.2 0.651 51Fe 50.95683 0.31 s β+/8.02 (5/2 −) ann.rad./ 52mFe 46. s β+/4.4 (12 +) ann.rad./ (0.622–2.286)/ 52Fe 51.94812 8.28 h β+/57/2.37 0.804/ 0 + ann.rad./ EC/43/ 0.16868(1)/99.I.T./ 0.377 (I.T.)/ 53mFe 2.6 m I.T./3.0407 19/2 − 0.7011(1)/99. 1.0115(1)/87.1.3281(1)/87.2.3396(1)/13. 53Fe 52.945312 8.51 m β+/3.743 2.40/42. 7/2 − ann.rad./ 2.80/57. 0.3779(1)/42. (1.2–3.2) 54Fe 5.845(35) 53.939615 >3.1×1022y EC-EC 0 + 55Fe 54.938298 2.73 y EC/0.2314 3/2 − Mn x-ray 56Fe 91.754(36) 55.934942 0 +Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-66TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 57Fe 2.119(10) 56.935398 1/2 −+ 0.0906 0.16 58Fe 0.282(4) 57.933280 0 + 59Fe 58.934880 44.51 d β−/1.565 0.273/48. 3/2 −− 0.336 1.099/57 0.475/51. 1.292/43. (0.14–1.48) 60Fe 59.934077 1.5 ×106 y β−/0.237 0.184/100. 0 + 0.0586/100 61mFe 0.25 µs (9/2 +) 0.654/IT 0.207 61Fe 60.93675 6.0 m β−/3.98 2.5/13. 1.205/44. 2.63/54. 1.028/43.2.80/31. (0.12–3.37) 62Fe 61.93677 68. s β−/2.53 2.5/100. 0 + 0.5061(1)/100. 63Fe 62.9404 6. s β−/6.3 5/2 − 0.995/ (1.365–1.427) 64Fe 63.9411 2.0 s β−/4.9 65mFe 0.4 µs (5/2 −) 0.364/IT 65Fe 64.9449 1.3 s β−/7.9 66Fe 65.9460 0.44 s β−/5.7 0.471–1.425 67mFe ≈0.04 ms (5/2 −) 0.367/IT 67Fe 66.9500 0.48 s β−/8.8 0.189 68Fe 67.953 0.15 s β− /≈7.6 69Fe 68.958 0.17 s 70Fe >0.15 µs 71Fe >0.15 µs 72Fe >0.15 µs 27Co 58.933200(9) 48Co 48.0018 49Co 48.990 <0.035 µs 50Co 49.9812 44. ms β+/17.0 2.03–2.79 51Co 50.9705 >0.2µs β+/12.8 52Co 51.9632 0.12 s β+/14.0 0.849–1.942 53mCo 0.25 s β+, p/ 19/2 − ann.rad./ 53Co 52.95423 0.24 s β+/8.30 7/2 − ann.rad./ 54mCo 1.46 m β+/8.44 4.25/100. 7 + ann.rad./ 0.411(1)/99.1.130(1)/100.1.408(1)/100. 54Co 53.948464 0.1932 s β+/8.2430 7.34/100. 0 + ann.rad./ 55Co 54.942003 17.53 h β+/3.4513 0.53/ 7/2 −+ 4.822 ann.rad./ EC/ 1.03/ 0.9312/75. 1.50/ 0.4772/20. (0.092–3.11) 56Co 55.939844 77.3 d β+/4.566 1.459/18. 4 + 3.85 +0.25 ann.rad./ EC/ 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68.(0.26–3.61) 57Co 56.936296 271.8 d EC/0.8361 7/2 −+ 4.72 +0.5 0.12206/86 (0.014–0.706) 58mCo 9.1 h I.T./ 5 + 0.02489/0.035 58Co 57.935757 70.88 d β+/2.307 2 ++ 4.04 +0.22 ann.rad./ EC/ 0.81076/99 59Co 100. 58.933200 7/2 −+ 4.63 +0.41 60mCo 10.47 m I.T./99.8/0.059 2 ++ 4.40 +0.3 0.0586/2.0 β−/0.2/1.56 60Co 59.933822 5.271 y β−/2.824 0.315/99.7 5 ++ 3.799 +0.44 1.1732/100 1.3325/100 61Co 60.932479 1.650 h β−/1.322 1.22/95. 7/2 − 0.0674/86. 0.842–0.909Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-67TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 62mCo 13.9 m β−/ 0.88/25. 5 + 1.1635(3)/70. 2.88/75. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 62Co 61.93405 1.50 m β−/5.32 1.03/10. 2 + 1.1292(3)/13. 1.76/5. 1.1730(3)/83.2.9/20. 1.9851(1)/3.4.05/60. 2.3020(1)/19. 63Co 62.93362 27.5 s β−/3.67 3.6/ 7/2 − 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.60.156–2.17 64Co 63.93581 0.30 s β−/7.31 7.0/ 1 + 65Co 64.93648 1.14 s β−/5.96 (7/2) − 66m2Co >0.1 ms (8 −) 0.252/IT 0.2140.175 66m1Co 1.2 µs( 5 +) 0.175/IT 66Co 65.9398 0.25 s β−/10.0 (1.245–1.425) 67Co 66.9406 0.43 s β−/8.4 0.694 68Co 67.9444 0.19 s β−/11.7 69Co 68.9452 0.20 s β−/9.3 70Co 69.950 0.09 s β−13. 71Co 70.952 0.21 s β 72Co 71.956 0.09 s β 73Co >0.15 µs 74Co >0.15 µs 75Co >0.15 µs 28Ni 58.6934(2) 48Ni ≈0.5µs 49Ni 12. ms 50Ni 49.9959 9. ms β+, p // ≈75. 51Ni 50.9877 >0.2µs β+/16.0 52Ni 51.9757 38. ms β+/11.7 53Ni 52.9685 0.05 s β+, p/13.3 7/2 − ann.rad./ 54Ni 53.95791 0.11 s β+/8.80 0.937 55Ni 54.95134 0.20 s β+/8.70 7.66/ 7/2 − ann.rad./ 56Ni 55.94214 6.08 d EC/2.14 0 + 0.15838/99 β+ /<10−60.81185(3)/87. 0.2695–0.7500 57Ni 56.939800 35.6 h β+/3.264 0.712/10. 3/2 −− 0.798 ann.rad./ EC/ 0.849/76. 1.3776/78. (0.127–3.177) 58Ni 68.0769(89) 57.935348 >4×1019y EC-EC 0 + 59Ni 58.934351 ≈7.6×104 y EC/ 3/2 − 60Ni 26.2231(77)5 9.930790 0 + 61Ni 1.1399(6) 60.931060 3/2 −− 0.75002 +0.16 62Ni 3.6345(17) 61.928348 0 + 63Ni 62.929673 100. y β−/0.066945 0.065/ 1/2 − 64Ni 0.9256(9) 63.927969 0 + 65Ni 64.930088 2.517 h β−/2.137 0.65/30. 5/2 − 0.69 0.36627(3)/5. 1.020/11. 1.11553(4)/16.2.140/58. 1.48184(5)/23. 66Ni 65.92912 54.6 h β−/0.23 0 + 67mNi 13.3 µs 9/2 + 0.313/IT 0.694 67Ni 66.93157 21. s β−/3.56 3.8/ 1/2 −+ 0.601 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100.(0.10–1.98)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-68TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 68m2Ni 0.34 µs0 + 0.511 68m1Ni 0.86 ms (5 −) 0.814/IT 2.033 68Ni 67.93185 29. s β−/2.06 69m2Ni 0.44 µs (17/2) 0.148/IT 0.5931.959 69m1Ni 3.5 s 69Ni 68.9352 11. s β−/5.4 0.6807(3)/100. (0.207–1.213) 70mNi 0.21 µs( 8 +) 0.183/IT 0.4480.9701.259 70Ni 69.9361 6.0 s β−/3.5 71Ni 70.9400 2.56 s β−/6.9 72Ni 71.9413 1.6 s β−/5.2 73Ni 72.946 0.84 s β−/9. 74Ni 73.948 1.1 s β−/7. 75Ni 74.953 ≈0.47 s 76Ni 75.955 ≈0.24 s 77Ni 76.961 >0.15 µs 78Ni 77.964 >0.15 µs 29Cu 63.546(3) 52Cu 51.9972 53Cu 52.9856 <0.3µs 54Cu 53.9767 <0.075 µs 55Cu 54.9655 >0.2µs β+/13.2 56Cu 55.9586 93. ms β+/15.3 0.511/233 2.700/1000.9507–3.287 57Cu 56.94922 196. ms β+/8.77 3/2 − 0.77–3.01 58Cu 57.944541 3.21 s β+/8.563 4.5/15. 1 + ann.rad./ EC/ 7.439/83. 0.0403(4)/5. 1.4483(2)/11.1.4546(2)/16. 59Cu 58.939504 1.36 m β+/4.800 1.9/ 3/2 − ann.rad./ 3.75/ 0.3393(1)/8. 0.8780(1)/12.1.3015(1)/15.(0.4–2.6) 60Cu 59.937368 23.7 m β+/6.127 2.00/69. 2 ++ 1.219 ann.rad./ EC/ 3.00/18. 1.3325/88. 3.92/6. 1.7915/45. (0.12–5.048) 61Cu 60.933462 3.35 h β+/2.237 0.56/3. 3/2 −+ 2.14 ann.rad./ 0.94/5. 0.2830/13.1.15/2. 0.6560/11.1.220/51. (0.067–2.123) 62Cu 61.932587 9.67 m β+/98/3.948 2.93/98. 1 +− 0.380 ann.rad./ EC/ 1.17302(1)/0.6 (0.87–3.37) 63Cu 69.15(15) 62.929601 3/2 −+ 2.2233 −0.211 64Cu 63.929768 12.701 h β−/38/0.579 0.578/ 1 +− 0.217 ann.rad./ β+/19/1.6751 0.65/ 1.3459(3)/0.6 EC/41/ 65Cu 30.85(15) 64.927794 3/2 −+ 2.3817 −0.195Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-69TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 66Cu 65.928873 5.09 m β−/2.642 1.65/6. 1 +− 0.282 0.8330(1)/0.22 2.7/94. 1.0392(2)/9.2 67Cu 66.92775 2.580 d β−/0.58 0.395/56. 3/2 − 0.09125(1)/7. 0.484/23. 0.09325(1)/17.0.577/20. 0.18453(1)/47. 68mCu 3.79 m I.T./86/ 6 −+ 1.24 0.0843(5)/70. β−/14/1.8 0.1112(5)/18. 0.5259(5)/74.(0.64–1.34) 68Cu 67.92964 31. s β−/4.46 3.5/40. 1 ++ 2.48 1.0774(5)/58. 4.6/31. 1.2613(5)/17. (0.15–2.34) 69mCu 0.36 µs (13/2 +) 0.075/IT 0.190/IT0.6801.871 69Cu 68.92943 2.8 m β−/2.68 2.48/80. 3/2 −+ 2.84 0.5307(3)/3. 0.8340(5)/6.1.0065(8)/10. 70mCu 47. s β−/ 2.52/10. 5 −+ 1.9 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017(2)/90.1.2517(5)/60.(0.39–3.06) 70Cu 69.93241 5. s β−/6.60 5.42/54. 1 ++ 1.5 0.8848(2)/54. 6.09/46. 71mCu 0.28 µs (19/2) 0.133/IT 0.4940.9391.189 71Cu 70.93262 20. s β−/4.56 3/2 − 0.490/ 72mCu 1.76 µs( 4 −) 0.051/IT 0.0820.138 72Cu 71.9357 6.6 s β−/8.2 (1 +) 0.652/ 73Cu 72.9365 4.2 s β−/6.3 5.8/43 0.450/100 6.25/42 0.307–1.559 74Cu 73.9401 1.6 s β−/9.9 75Cu 74.9414 1.2 s β−/7.9 76Cu 75.9455 0.64 s β−/11. 77Cu 76.947 0.47 s β− /≈10. 78Cu 77.952 0.34 s β−/12. 79Cu 78.954 0.19 s β−/11. 80Cu 79.962 >0.15 µs 30Zn 65.39(2) 54Zn 53.9929 55Zn 54.9840 56Zn 55.9724 0.04 s 57Zn 56.9649 0.04 s β+, p/14.6 (7/2 −) ann.rad./ 58Zn 57.9546 0.09 s β+ 59Zn 58.94927 183. ms β+, p/9.09 8.1/ 3/2 − ann.rad./ (0.491–0.914) 60Zn 59.94183 2.40 m β+/97/4.16 0 + ann.rad./ EC/3/ 0.669/47. (0.062–0.947) 61Zn 60.93951 1.485 m β+/5.64 4.38/68. 3/2 − ann.rad./ 0.4748/17.(0.15–3.52)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-70TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 62Zn 61.93433 9.22 h β+/3/1.63 0.66/7. 0 + ann.rad./ EC/93/ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26.(0.20–1.526)/ 63Zn 62.933215 38.5 m β+/93/3.367 1.02/ 3/2 −− 0.28164 +0.29 ann.rad./ EC/7/ 1.40/ 0.66962(5)/8.4 1.71/ 0.96206(5)/6.62.36/84. (0.24–3.1) 64Zn 48.27(32) 63.929146 >2.3×1018y EC-EC 0 + 65Zn 64.929245 243.8 d β+/98/1.3514 0.325/ 5/2 −+ 0.7690 −0.023 ann.rad./ EC/1.5/ 1.116/50.8 66Zn 27.977(77) 65.926036 0 + 67Zn 4.102(21) 66.927131 5/2 −+ 0.8755 +0.15 68Zn 19.02(12) 67.924847 0 + 69mZn 13.76 h I.T./99 +/0.439 9/2 + 0.4390(2)/95. 69Zn 68.926553 56. m β−/0.906 0.905/99.9 1/2 − 0.318/ 70Zn 0.631(9) 69.925325 0 + 71mZn 3.97 h β−/ 1.45/ 9/2 + 0.3864/93. 0.4874/62.0.6203/57.(0.099–2.489) 71Zn 70.92773 2.4 m β−/2.81 1/2 − 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5(0.12–2.29) 72Zn 71.92686 46.5 h β−/0.46 0.25/14. 0 + 0.0164(3)/8. 0.30/86. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4 73mZn 6. s I.T./0.196 (7/2 +) 0.042 73Zn 72.92978 24. s β−/4.29 4.7/ (1/2 −) 0.216(1)/100. 0.496–0.911 74Zn 73.92946 1.60 m β−/2.3 2.1/ 0.0565/ 0.1401/(0.05–0.35) 75Zn 74.9329 10.2 s β−/6.0 0.229/ 76Zn 75.9334 5.7 s β−/4.2 3.6/ 0.119/ 77mZn 1.0 s β−/ (1/2 −) 0.772 77Zn 76.9371 2.1 s β−/7.3 4.8/ 0.189/ 78mZn >0.03 ms 1.070 78Zn 77.9386 1.5 s β−/6.4 0.225/ 79Zn 78.9421 1.0 s β−/8.6 0.702/ 80Zn 79.9444 0.54 s β−/7.3 0.713/ 0.2248/ 81Zn 80.9505 0.29 s β−/11.9 82Zn 81.9548 >0.15 µs 83Zn >0.15 µs 31Ga 69.723(1) 56Ga 55.9949 57Ga 56.9829 58Ga 57.9742 59Ga 58.9634 60Ga 59.9571 0.07 s β+1.004 β+, p // ≈1.6 3.848 β+,α //≈0.02 1.555–2.559 61Ga 60.9492 0.17 s β+/9.0 3/2−0.088–1.362 62Ga 61.94418 0.116 s β+/9.17 8.3/ 0 + ann.rad./ EC/Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-71TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 63Ga 62.9391 32. s β+/5.5 4.5/ ann.rad./ EC/ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11.1.0652(4)/45. 64mGa 0.022 ms 0.0429 64Ga 63.936838 2.63 m β+/7.165 2.79/ 0 + ann.rad./ 6.05/ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43.1.38727(1)/12.3.3659(1)/13. 65Ga 64.9394 15.2 m β+/86/3.255 0.82/10. 3/2 − ann.rad./ EC/ 1.39/19. 0.1151(2)/55. 2.113/56. 0.1530(2)/96.2.237/15. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06–2.4) 66Ga 65.931592 9.5 h β+/56/5.175 0.74/1. 0 + ann.rad./ EC/43/ 1.84/54. 1.03935(8)/38. 4.153/51. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28–5.01) 67Ga 66.928205 3.260 d EC/1.001 3/2 −+ 1.8507 0.20 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20.0.30024/17.(0.091–0.89) 68Ga 67.927983 1.130 h β+/90/2.921 1.83/ 1 + 0.01175 0.028 ann.rad./ EC/10/ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57–2.33)/ 69Ga 60.108(9) 68.925581 3/2 −+ 2.01659 +0.17 70Ga 69.926027 21.1 m EC/0.2/0.655 1 + 0.1755(5)/0.15 β−/99.8/1.656 1.65/99. 1.042(5)/0.48 71Ga 39.892(9) 70.924707 >2.4×1026 y β−3/2−+ 2.56227 +0.11 72Ga 71.926372 14.10 h β−/4.001 0.64/40. 3 −− 0.13224 +0.5 0.834 1.51/9. 2.2022.52/8. 0.6303.15/11. (0.113–3.678) 73Ga 72.92517 74.87 h β−/1.59 3/2 − 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47.(0.01–1.00)/ 74mGa 10. s I.T./ 1 + 0.0565(1)/75. 74Ga 73.92694 8.1 m β−/5.4 2.6/ 3 − 0.5959/92. 2.354/45.(0.23–3.99) 75Ga 74.92650 2.10 m β−/3.39 3.3/ 3/2 − 0.2529/ 0.5746/(0.12–2.10) 76Ga 75.9289 29. s β−/7.0 3 − 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26.(0.34–4.25) 77Ga 76.9293 13.0 s β−/5.3 5.2/ 0.469/ 0.459/ 78Ga 77.9317 5.09 s β−/8.2 3 + 0.619/77. 1.187/20. 79Ga 78.9329 2.85 s β−/7.0 4.6/ 0.465/ 80Ga 79.9366 1.68 s β−/10.4 10./ 0.659/ 81Ga 80.9377 1.22 s β−/8.3 5.1/ 0.217/ 82Ga 81.9432 0.599 s β−/12.6 1.348/ 83Ga 82.9469 0.308 s β− /≈11.5 84Ga 83.952 ≈0.085 s β−/14 85Ga >0.15 µsElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-72TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 86Ga >0.15 µs 32Ge 72.64(1) 58Ge 57.9910 59Ge 58.9817 60Ge 59.9702 61Ge 60.9638 0.04 s β+/13.6 62Ge 61.9547 0.13 s 63Ge 62.9496 0.15 s β−/9.8 64Ge 63.9416 1.06 m β+/4.4 3.0/ 0 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.1282(2)/11. β+, p 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. 65Ge 64.9394 31. s β+/6.2 0.82/10. ann.rad./ EC/ 1.39/19. 0.0620/27.EC, p 2.113/56. 0.6497/33. 2.237/15. 0.8091/21. β +, p //0.011 (0.19–3.28) 66Ge 65.93385 2.26 h β+/27/2.10 0 + ann.rad./ EC/73/ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28.(0.022–1.77) 67Ge 66.932738 19.0 m β+/96/4.225 1.6/ 1/2 − ann.rad./ EC/4/ 2.3/ 0.1670/84. 3.15/ (0.25–3.73) 68Ge 67.92810 270.8 d EC/0.11 0 + Ga k x-ray/39. 69Ge 68.927973 1.63 d β+/36/2.2273 0.70/ 5/2 − 0.735 0.02 ann.rad./ EC/64/ 1.2/ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36.(0.2–2.04) 70Ge 20.370(89) 69.924250 0 + 71mGe 20.4 ms I.T./0.0234 9/2 + 0.1749 71Ge 70.924954 11.2 d EC/0.229 1/2 −+ 0.547 72Ge 27.380(60) 71.922076 0 + 73Ge 7.759(78) 72.923460 >1.8×1023 y β−9/2+− 0.879467 −0.17 74Ge 36.656(80) 73.921178 0 + 75mGe 48. s I.T./ 7/2 + 0.13968(3)/39. 75Ge 74.922860 1.380 h β−/1.177 1.19/ 1/2 −+ 0.510 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2 76Ge 7.835(81) 75.921403 1.6 ×1021 y β−β−0+ 77mGe 53. s I.T./20/ 1/2 − 1.605/0.22 β−/80/2.861 2.9/ 1.676/0.16 0.195–1.482 77Ge 76.923549 11.25 h β−/2.702 0.71/23. 7/2 + 0.2110/29. 1.38/35. 0.2155/27.2.19/42. 0.2644/51. (0.15–2.35) 78Ge 77.922853 1.45 h β−/0.95 0.70/ 0 + 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4. 79mGe 39. s β−/IT 7/2 + 79Ge 78.9254 19.1 s β−/4.2 4.0/20. 1/2 − 0.1096/21. 4.3/80. (0.10–2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 80Ge 79.92545 29.5 s β−/2.67 2.4/ 0 + 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 81mGe ≈7.6 s β−/ 3.75/ 1/2 + 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 81Ge 80.9288 ≈7.6 s β−/6.2 3.44/ 9/2 + 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100.Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-73TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 82Ge 81.9296 4.6 s β−/4.7 0 + 1.093/ 83Ge 82.9345 1.9 s β−/8.9 84Ge 83.9373 0.98 s β−/7.7 85Ge 84.943 0.54 s β−/10. 86Ge 85.946 >0.15 µs 87Ge >0.15 µs 88Ge >0.15 µs 89Ge >0.15 µs 33As 74.92160(2) 60As 59.993 61As 60.981 62As 61.9732 63As 62.9637 64As 63.9576 0.02 s 65As 64.9495 0.13 s β+/9.4 66m2As 1.9 µs 66m1As 0.018 ms 66As 65.94410 95.8 ms β+/9.55 67As 66.9392 42. s β+/6.0 5.0/ 5/2 − 0.121/ EC/ 0.123/ 0.244/ 68As 67.9368 2.53 m β+/8.1 3 + ann.rad./ 0.652/32.0.762/33.1.016/77.(0.61–3.55) 69As 68.93228 15.2 m β+/98/4.01 2.95/ 5/2 − 1.6 ann.rad./ EC/2/ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 70As 69.93093 52.6 m β+/84/6.22 1.44/ 4 ++ 2.1061 +0.09 ann.rad./ EC/16/2.14 1.0395(7)/82./2.89 (0.17–4.4)/ 71As 70.927114 2.72 d β+/32/2.013 5/2 −+ 1.6735 −0.02 ann.rad./ EC/68/ 0.1749(2)/84. 1.0957(2)/4.2 72As 71.926753 26.0 h β+/77/4.356 0.669/5. 2 −− 2.1566 −0.08 ann.rad./ 1.884/12. 0.83395(5)/80.2.498/62. 1.0507(1)/9.63.339/19. (0.1–4.0) 73As 72.923825 80.3 d EC/0.341 3/2 − 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5Se k x-ray/90. 74As 73.923829 17.78 d β+/31/2.562 0.94/26. 2 −− 1.597 ann.rad./ EC/37/ 1.53/3. 0.59588(1)/60.β −/1.353 0.71/16. 0.6084(1)/0.6 1.35/16. 0.6348(1)/15. 75mAs 0.017 s 75As 100. 74.921597 3/2 −+ 1.43947 +0.31 76As 75.922394 26.3 h β−/2.962 0.54/3. 2 −− 0.903 0.5591(1)/45. 1.785/8. 0.65703(5)/6.22.410/36. 1.21602(1)/3.42.97/51. (0.3–2.67) 77As 76.920648 38.8 h β−/0.683 0.70/98. 3/2 −+ 1.295 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.40.5208/0.43 78As 77.92183 1.512 h β−/4.21 3.00/12. 2 − 0.6136(3)/54. 3.70/17. 0.6954(3)/18.4.42/37. 1.3088(3)/10.Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-74TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 79mAs 1.21 µs 9/2 + 0.542/IT 0.231 79As 78.92095 9.0 m β−/2.28 1.80/95. 3/2 − 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 80As 79.92258 16. s β−/5.64 3.38/ 1 + 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5–3.0) 81As 80.92213 33. s β−/3.856 3/2 − 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 82mAs 13.7 s β−/ 3.6/ 5 − 0.6544(1)/72. 0.8186(4)/27.1.7313(2)/27.1.8954(2)/38. 82As 81.9246 19. s β−/7.4 7.2/80. 1 + 0.6544(1)/15. 83As 82.9250 13.4 s β−/5.5 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34.2.0767/28. 84mAs 0.6 s β− 84As 83.9291 4. s β−, n/7.2 1 − 0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49.(0.325–5.150) 85As 84.9318 2.03 s β−, n/8.9 3/2 − 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 86As 85.9362 0.95 s β−, n/11.4 0.704/ 87As 86.9396 0.49 s β−, n/10. 0.704/ 88As 87.945 >0.15 µs 89As 88.949 >0.15 µs 90As >0.15 µs 91As >0.15 µs 92As >0.15 µs 34Se 78.96(3) 65Se 64.965 0.011 s β+/60/14. β+, p 3.55/ 66Se 65.9552 0.03 s 67Se 66.9501 0.13 s β+/10.2 ann.rad./ β+, (p)/ 0.352 68Se 67.9419 36. s β+/4.7 ann.rad./ (0.050–0.426) 69Se 68.93956 27.4 s β+/6.78 5.006/ ann.rad./ EC/ 0.0664(4)/27. β+, p // ≈0.045 0.0982(4)/63. 70Se 69.9335 41.1 m β+/2.4 0 + ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35.0.4262(2)/29. 71Se 70.9319 4.7 m β+/4.4 3.4/36. 5/2 − ann.rad EC/ 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13.1.0960(3)/10. 72Se 71.92711 8.5 d EC/0.34 0 + 0.0460(2)/57. 73mSe 40. m I.T./73/0.0257 0.85 3/2 − ann.rad. β+/27/2.77 1.45/ 0.0257(2)/27. 1.70/ 0.2538(1)/2.5 73Se 72.92678 7.1 h β+/65/2.74 0.80/ 9/2 + 0.86 ann.rad EC/35/ 1.32/95. 0.0670(1)/72. 1.68/1. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6–1.5) 74Se 0.89(4) 73.922477 0 +Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-75TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 75Se 74.922524 119.78 d EC/0.864 5/2 + 0.67 1.0 0.13600/55 0.26465/58(0.024–0.821) 76Se 9.37(29) 75.919214 0 + 77mSe 17.4 s I.T./ 7/2 + 0.1619(2)/52. 77Se 7.63(16) 76.919915 1/2 −+ 0.53506 78Se 23.77(28) 77.917310 0 + 79mSe 3.92 m I.T./ 0.09573(3)/9.5 79Se 78.918500 2.9 ×105 y β−/0.151 7/2 +− 1.018 +0.8 80Se 49.61(41) 79.916522 0 + 81mSe 57.3 m I.T./99/0.1031 7/2 + 0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.060.2760/0.06 81Se 80.917993 18.5 m β−/1.585 1.6/98. 1/2 − 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.750.8283/0.32 82Se 8.73(22) 81.916700 ≈1×1020 y β−β−0+ 83mSe 1.17 m β−/3.96 2.88/ 1/2 − 0.35666(6)/17. 3.92/ 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21.2.0514(2)/11.(0.19–3.1) 83Se 82.919119 22.3 m β−/3.668 0.93/ 9/2 + 0.22516(6)/33. 1.51/ 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45.(0.21–2.42) 84Se 83.91847 3.3 m β−/1.83 1.41/100. 0 + 0.4088(5)/100. 85Se 84.92225 32. s β−/6.18 5.9/ 5/2 + 0.3450(1)/22. 0.6094(1)/41. 86Se 85.92428 15. s β−/5.10 5/2 + 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100.2.6619(1)/49. 87Se 86.92853 5.4 s β−/7.28 0.468(1)/100. n/ 1.4979(1)/23. 88Se 87.93143 1.5 s β−, n/6.85 0.5346/ 89Se 88.9360 0.41 s β−, n/9.0 90Se 89.9394 >0.15 µs 91Se 90.945 0.27 s β−, n/8. 92Se 91.949 >0.15 µs 93Se >0.15 µs 94Se >0.15 µs 35Br 79.904(1) 67Br 66.9648 68Br 67.958 <1.2µs 69Br 68.9502 <0.024 µs β+/9.6 70mBr 2.2 s 9 + 70Br 69.9446 79. ms β+/10.0 /0.75 71Br 70.9392 21. s β+/6.9 72Br 71.9365 1.31 m β+/8.7 3 ≈0.55 0.4547–1.3167 73Br 72.9318 3.4 m β+/4.7 3.7/ 3/2 − ann.rad 0.065–0.700 74mBr 46. m β+/ 4.5/ 4 − 1.82 ann.rad 0.63480.7285(0.2–4.38) 74Br 73.92989 25.4 m β+/6.91 ann.rad 0.6341Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-76TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.6348 (0.2–4.7) 75Br 74.92578 1.62 β+/76/3.03 3/2 −+ 0.75 ann.rad 0.28650(0.1–1.56) 76mBr 1.4 s I.T./5.05 4 + 0.104548 0.05711 76Br 75.92454 16.0 h β+/57/4.96 1.9/ 1 − 0.54821 0.270 ann.rad 3.68/ 0.55911 1.85368(0.4–4.6) 77mBr 4.3 m I.T./0.1059 9/2 + 0.1059 77Br 76.921380 2.376 d EC/99/1.365 3/2 − 0.973 +0.53 ann.rad. 0.238980.52069(0.08–1.2) 78Br 77.921146 6.45 m β+/92/3.574 1.2/ 1 + 0.13 ann.rad. EC/8/ 2.5/ 0.61363 (0.7–3.0) 79mBr 4.86 s I.T./0.207 9/2 + 0.2072 79Br 50.69(7) 78.918338 3/2 −+ 2.106400 +0.331 80mBr 4.42 h I.T./0.04885 5 −+ 1.3177 +0.75 Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.10.04885/0.3 80Br 79.918530 17.66 m β−/92/2.004 1.38 β−/7.6 1 + 0.5140 0.196 ann.rad. EC/5.7/1.8706 1.99 β−/82 0.6169/6.7 β+/2.6/ 0.85 β+/2.8 (0.64–1.45) 81Br 49.31(7) 80.916291 3/2 −+ 2.270562 +0.276 82mBr 6.1 m I.T./98/0.046 2 − 0.046/0.24 β−/2 /3.139 (0.62–2.66) 82Br 81.916805 1.471 d β−/3.093 0.444/ 5 −+ 1.6270 0.751 0.5544/71 0.61905/430.77649/84(0.013–1.96) 83Br 82.915181 2.40 h β−/0.972 0.395/1 3/2 − 0.52964 0.925/99 (0.12–0.68) 84mBr 6.0 m β−/4.97 2.2/100 (6 −) 0.4240/100 0.8817/981.4637/101 84Br 83.91651 31.8 m β−/4.65 2.70/11 2 − 2. 0.8816/41 3.81/20 1.8976/134.63/34 (0.23–4.12) 85Br 84.91561 2.87 m β−/2.87 2.57 3/2 − 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6(0.09–2.4) 86Br 85.91880 55.5 s β−/7.63 3.3 (2 −) 1.56460/64 7.4 2.75106/21 (0.5–6.8) 87Br 86.92072 55.6 s β−/6.85 6.1/ 3/2 − 1.41983 n/ 1.4762 (0.2–6.1) 88mBr 5.1 µs 88Br 87.92407 16.3 s β−/8.96 1 − 0.7649 n/ 0.7753 0.8021(0.1–6.99) 89Br 88.92640 4.35 s β−/8.16 3/2 − 0.7753 n/ 1.0978Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-77TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 90Br 89.9306 1.91 s β−/10.4 8.3/ 2 − 0.6555 n/ 9.8/ 0.7071 1.3626 91Br 90.9339 0.54 s β−/90 /9.80 0.263 β−n/10 / 0.803 92Br 91.9392 0.31 s β−/12.20 0.740 β−n/ 93Br 92.9431 0.10 s β−/11 0.117 β−n //11 (0.237–3.606) 94Br 93.9487 0.07 s β−n/ 95Br >0.15 µs 96Br >0.15 µs 97Br >0.15 µs 36Kr 83.80(1) 69Kr 68.9653 0.03 s β+, (p) 4.07/ 70Kr 69.9560 0.06 s 71Kr 70.9505 100. ms β+, EC/10.1 (0.198–0.207) 72Kr 71.9419 17. s β+/5.0 0 + ann.rad EC/ 0.3100/29 0.4150/36(0.12–0.58) 73Kr 72.9389 28. s β+/6.7 5/2 − ann.rad. EC/ 0.1781/66 β+, p/ /0.25 (0.06–0.86) 74Kr 73.9333 11.5 m β+/3.1 0 + ann.rad. EC/ 0.08970/31 0.2030/20(0.010–1.06) 75Kr 74.93104 4.3 m β+/4.90 3.2/ 5/2 +− 0.531 +1.1 ann.rad. EC/ 0.1325/68 0.1547/21(0.02–1.7) 76Kr 75.92595 14.8 h EC/1.31 0 + Br k x-ray 0.270/210.3158/39(0.03–1.07) 77Kr 76.92467 1.24 h β+/80/3.06 5/2 +− 0.583 +0.9 ann.rad. EC/20/ 1.55/ 0.1297/80 1.70/ 0.1465/381.87/ (0.02–2.3) 78Kr 0.355(3) 77.92039 >2.3×1020y EC-EC 0 + 79mKr 53. s I.T./0.1299 7/2 +− 0.786 +0.40 Kr x-ray 79Kr 78.920083 1.455 d β+/7 /1.626 1/2 −+ 0.536 ann.rad. EC/93 / 0.2613/13 0.39756/190.6061/8(0.04–1.3) 80Kr 2.286(10) 79.916379 0 + 81mKr 13.1 s I.T./0.1904 1/2 −+ 0.586 0.1904 81Kr 80.916593 2.1 ×105y EC/0.2807 7/2 +− 0.908 +0.63 Br k x-ray 0.2760 82Kr 11.593(3) 81.913485 0 + 83mKr 1.86 h I.T./0.0416 1/2 −+ 0.591 Kr k x-ray 0.009400.03216 83Kr 11.500(19) 82.914137 9/2 +− 0.970699 +0.259 84Kr 56.987(15) 83.911508 0 +Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-78TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 85mKr 4.48 h β−/79 / 0.83/79 1/2 −+ 0.633 0.30487 I.T./21 /0.305 0.15118 85Kr 84.912530 10.73 y β−/0.687 0.15/0.4 9/2 + 1.005 +0.43 0.51399 86Kr 17.279(41) 85.910615 0 + 87Kr 86.913359 1.27 h β−/3.887 1.33/8 5/2 +− 1.023 −0.30 0.40258/49.6 3.49/43 2.5548/9.23.89/30 (0.13–3.31) 88Kr 87.91445 2.84 h β−/2.91 0 + 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6(0.03–2.8) 89Kr 88.91764 3.15 m β−/4.99 3.8/ 5/2 +− 0.330 +0.16 0.19746 4.6/ 0.2209/19.94.9/ 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8(0.2–4.7) 90Kr 89.91953 32.3 s β−/4.39 2.6/77 0 + 0.12182/32.9 2.8/6 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2(0.1–4.2) 91Kr 90.9234 8.6 s β−/6.4 4.33/ 5/2 +− 0.583 +0.30 0.10878/43.5 4.59/ 0.50658/19. (0.2–4.4) 92Kr 91.92611 1.84 s β−/5.99 0.1424/66. n/ (0.14–3.7) 93Kr 92.9312 1.29 s β−/8.6 7.1/ 1/2 +− 0.413 0.1820 n/ 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6(0.057–4.03) 94Kr 93.9343 0.21 s β−/7.3 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. −0.410 (0.098–0.985) 95Kr 94.9397 0.78 s β−/9.7 96Kr 95.9431 >50 ms 97Kr 96.9486 <0.1 s β− 98Kr >0.15 µs 99Kr >0.15 µs 100Kr >0.15 µs 37Rb 85.4678(3) 71Rb 70.9653 72Rb 71.9591 <1.2µs 73Rb 72.9504 <0.03 µs 74Rb 73.9445 64.8 ms β+/10.4 75Rb 74.93857 19. s β+/7.02 2.31/ ann. rad. 0.179 76Rb 75.93508 39. s β+/8.50 4.7/ 1 −− 0.372623 +0.4 ann. rad. 0.4240/92.(0.064–1.68) 77Rb 76.93041 3.8 m β+/5.34 3.86/ 3/2 −+ 0.654468 +0.70 ann. rad. 0.0665/59(0.04–2.82) 78mRb 5.7 m I.T./0.1034 4 −+ 2.549 +0.81 ann. rad. β+/ 3.4 0.4553/81. EC/ (0.103–4.01) 78Rb 77.92814 17.7 m β+/7.22 0 + ann. rad. EC/ 0.4553/63. (0.42–5.57)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-79TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 79Rb 78.92400 23. m β+/84/3.65 5/2 ++ 0.3358 −0.10 ann.rad. EC/16 / 0.68812/23. (0.017–3.02) 80Rb 79.92252 34. s β+/5.72 4.1/22 1 +− 0.0836 +0.35 ann.rad. 4.7/74 0.6167/25. 81mRb 30.5 m I.T./0.85 1.4 9/2 ++ 5.598 −0.74 ann.rad. β+, EC/ (0.085–1.9) 81Rb 80.91900 4.57 h β+/27/2.24 1.05/ 3/2 −+ 2.060 +0.40 ann.rad./ EC/73 0.19030/64. (0.05–1.9) 82mRb 6.47 h β+/26/ 0.80/ 5 −+ 1.5100 +1.0 ann.rad./ EC/74/ 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85.(0.092–2.3) 82Rb 81.91821 1.258 m β+/96/4.40 3.3/ 1 ++ 0.554508 +0.19 ann.rad./ EC/4/ 0.7665/13. (0.47–3.96) 83Rb 82.91511 86.2 d EC/0.91 5/2 −+ 1.425 +0.20 Kr x-ray 0.5205/46.(0.03–0.80) 84mRb 20.3 m I.T./0.216 6 −+ 0.2129 +0.6 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63.0.4645/32. 84Rb 83.914387 32.9 d β+/22/2.681 0.780/11 2 −− 1.32412 −0.015 ann.rad./ EC/75 / 1.658/11 0.8817/68.β −/3/0.894 0.893/ (1.02–1.9) 85Rb 72.17(2) 84.911792 5/2 −+ 1.353 +0.23 86mRb 1.018 m I.T./0.5560 6 −+ 1.815 +0.37 0.556/98. 86Rb 85.911170 18.65 d β−/1.775 1.774/8.8 2 −− 1.6920 +0.19 1.0768/8.8 87Rb 27.83(2) 86.909186 4.88 ×1010 y β−/0.283 0.273/100 3/2 −+ 2.7512 +0.13 88Rb 87.911323 17.7 m β−/5.316 5.31 2 − 0.508 0.8980/14. 1.8360/21.(0.34–4.85) 89Rb 88.91229 15.4 m β−/4.50 1.26/38 3/2 −+ 2.304 +0.14 1.032/58. 1.9/5 1.248/42.2.2/34 2.1960/134.49/18 (0.12–4.09) 90mRb 4.3 m β−/4.50 1.7/ 4 −+ 1.616 +0.20 0.1069(IT) 6.5/ 0.8317/94 (0.20–5.00) 90Rb 89.91481 2.6 m β−/6.59 6.6 1 − 0.8317/28. (0.31–5.60) 91Rb 90.91649 58.0 s β−/5.861 5.9 3/2 −+ 2.182 +0.15 0.0936/34. (0.35–4.70) 92Rb 91.91968 4.48 s β−/8.11 8.1/94 1 − 0.8148/8. (0.1–6.1) 93Rb 92.92195 5.85 s β−/7.46 7.4/ 5/2 +1.410 +0.18 0.2134/4.8 n/1 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9(0.16–5.41) 94Rb 93.92643 2.71 s β−/10.31 9.5/ 3 +1.498 +0.16 0.8369/87. n/10 1.5775/32. (0.12–6.35) 95Rb 94.92929 0.377 s β−/9.30 8.6/ 5/2 +1.334 +0.21 0.352/65. n/8 0.680/22. (0.20–2.27) 96mRb 1.7 µs 0.2999 0.46120.24000.093–0.369Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-80TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 96Rb 95.93427 0.199 s β−/11.76 10.8/ 2 ++ 1.466 +0.25 0.815/76. n/13/ (0.20–5.42) 97Rb 96.93733 0.169 s β−/10.42 10.0 3/2 +1.841 +0.58 0.167/100. n/27/ 0.585/79. 0.599/56.1.258/52.(0.14–2.08) 98Rb 97.94174 0.107 s β−/12.34 0.144/ n/13 (0.07–3.68) 99Rb 98.9453 59. ms β−/11.3 100Rb 99.9499 53. ms β−/13.5 0.129 (0.058–4.483) 101Rb 100.9532 0.03 s β−/11.8 102Rb 101.9592 0.09 s β− 38Sr 87.62(1) 73Sr 72.966 >25 ms 74Sr 73.9563 >1.2µs 75Sr 74.9499 ≈0.08 s 76Sr 75.9416 8.9 s β+/6.1 77Sr 76.9378 9.0 s β+/6.9 5.6 −0.35 +1.4 0.147 β+, p //0.08 78Sr 77.93218 2.7 m β+/3.76 (0.047–0.793) 79Sr 78.92971 2.1 m β+/5.32 4.1 3/2 −− 0.474 +0.74 ann.rad./ 0.039/28.0.105/22.(0.135–0.612) 80Sr 79.92453 1.77 h β+/1.87 0 + ann.rad./ 0.174/10.0.589/39.(0.24–0.55) 81Sr 80.92322 22.3 m β+/87/3.93 2.43/ 1/2 −+ 0.544 ann.rad./ EC/13/ 2.68/ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35(0.06–1.7) 82Sr 81.91840 25.36 d EC/0.18 Rb x-ray 83mSr 5.0 s I.T./0.2591 1/2 −+ 0.582 0.2591/87.5 83Sr 82.91756 1.350 d β+/24/2.28 0.465/ 7/2 +− 0.898 +0.79 ann.rad./ EC/76/ 0.803/ 0.3816/12. 1.227/ 0.3816 0.7627/30.(0.094–2.15) 84Sr 0.56(1) 83.913426 0 + 85mSr 1.127 h I.T./87/0.2387 1/2 −+ 0.601 0.2318/84. EC/13 (0.15–0.24) 85Sr 84.912936 64.85 d EC/1.065 9/2 +− 1.001 +0.30 0.51399/99.3 86Sr 9.86(1) 85.909265 0 + 87mSr 2.81 h I.T./0.3884 1/2 −+ 0.63 0.3884(IT) 87Sr 7.00(1) 86.908882 9/2 +− 1.093 +0.34 88Sr 82.58(1) 87.905617 0 + 89Sr 88.907455 50.52 d β−/1.497 1.492/100 5/2 +− 1.149 −0.3 0.9092 90Sr 89.907738 29.1 y β−/0.546 0.546/100 0 + 91Sr 90.91020 9.5 h β−/2.70 0.61/7 5/2 +− 0.887 +0.044 0.5556/61. 1.09/33 0.7498/24.1.36/29 1.0243/33.2.66/26 (0.12–2.4) 92Sr 91.91098 2.71 h β−/1.91 0.55/96 0 + 1.3831/90. 1.5/3 (0.24–1.1)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-81TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 93Sr 92.91394 7.4 m β−/4.08 2.2/10 5/2 +− 0.794 +0.26 0.5903/ 2.6/25 0.71043.2/65 0.87573 0.8883/(0.17–3.97) 94Sr 93.91537 1.25 m β−/3.511 2.1/ 0 + 0.6219 3.3/ 0.7043 0.72410.80641.4283 95Sr 94.91931 25.1 s β−/6.08 1/2 +− 0.5379 0.6859 6.1/50 0.8269 2.71732.9332 96Sr 95.92165 1.06 s β−/5.37 4.2/ 0 + 0.1222 0.53050.80940.9318 97Sr 96.92615 0.42 s β−/7.47 5.3 (1/2 +) −0.500 0.2164 0.30710.65220.95381.25801.9050 98Sr 97.92845 0.65 s β−/5.83 5.1 0.0365 0.11900.42860.44470.5636 99Sr 98.9333 0.27 s β−/8.0 −0.26 0.8 100Sr 99.9354 0.201 s β−/7.1 101Sr 100.9405 0.115 s β−/9.5 102Sr 101.9430 68. ms β−/8.8 103Sr 102.9490 >0.15 µs 104Sr 103.952 >0.15 µs 105Sr >0.15 µs 39Y 88.90585(2) 76Y >0.2µs 77Y 76.9496 ≈57. ms 78mY 5.8 s (5 +) 78Y 77.9435 53 ms β+/10.5 0.279/100 0.504/900.713/40 79Y 78.9374 15. s β+/7.1 (0.152–1.106) 80mY 4.8 s 0.2285 80Y 79.9320 30. s β+/7.0 5.5 (4) ann.rad./ 5.0/ 0.3858/100 0.5951/420.756–1.396 81Y 80.9291 1.21 m β+/5.5 3.7/ ann.rad./ 4.2/ 0.428 0.469 82Y 81.9268 9.5 s β+/7.8 6.3/ 1 + ann.rad./ 0.57360.60170.7375 83mY 2.85 m β+/95/4.6 2.9 1/2 − ann.rad./ EC/5 / 0.2591Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-82TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.4218 0.4945 83Y 82.92235 7.1 m β+/4.47 3.3 9/2 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.0355 0.48990.8821(0.03–3.4) 84mY 4.6 s β+/1 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.7930 84Y 83.9203 40. m β+/6.4 1.64/47 5 − ann.rad./ EC/ 2.24/25 0.4628 2.64/21 0.66063.15/7 0.7931 0.97441.0398(0.2–3.3) 85mY 4.9 h β+/70/ 9/2 + 6.2 ann.rad./ EC/30/ 0.2317 0.5356 2.1238 (0.1–3.1)0.7673 85Y 84.91643 2.6 h β+/55/3.26 1.54/ 1/2 − ann.rad./ EC/45/ 0.2317 0.50450.9140(0.07–1.4) 86mY 48. m I.T./99/ 8 + 4.8 ann.rad./ β+/ 0.0102(IT) EC/ 0.2080 (0.09–1.1) 86Y 85.91489 14.74 h β+/5.24 4 − <0.6 ann.rad./ EC/ 0.3070 0.62771.07661.15311.9207(0.1–3.8) 87mY 13. h I.T./98/ 9/2 + 6.1 0.3807 β+/0.7/ 1.15/0.7 EC/ 87Y 86.910880 3.35 d EC/99 +/1.862 0.78/ 1/2 − 0.3880 0.4870 88Y 87.909506 106.6 d EC/99 +/3.623 0.76/ 4 − ann.rad./ β+/0.2/ 0.89802 1.836012.734043.2190 89mY 15.7 s I.T./0.909 9/2 + 0.9092(IT) 89Y 100. 88.905849 1/2 −− 0.13742 90mY 3.24 h I.T./99 +/ 0.68204 7 + 5.1 0.2025 β−/0.002/ 0.4794 0.6820 90Y 89.907152 2.67 d β−/2.282 2.28/ 2 −− 1.630 −0.155 91mY 49.7 m I.T./0.555 9/2 + 5.96 0.5556(IT) 91Y 90.907301 58.5 d β−/1.544 1.545/ 1/2 − 0.1641 1.208 92Y 91.90893 3.54 h β−/3.63 3.64/ 2 − 0.4485 0.56110.9345Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-83TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 1.4054 (0.4–3.3) 93mY 0.82 s I.T./0.759 9/2 + 0.1686(IT) 0.5902 93Y 92.90956 10.2 h β−/2.87 2.88/90 1/2 − 0.2669 0.94711.9178 94mY 1.4 µs 0.4322 0.76991.2024 94Y 93.91160 18.7 m β−/4.919 4.92/ 2 − 0.3816 0.91881.1389(0.3–4.1) 95Y 94.91279 10.3 m β−/4.42 1/2 − 0.4324 0.95422.17603.5770 96mY 9.6 s β−/( 3 +) 0.1467 0.61740.91501.10711.7507 96Y 95.91588 6.2 s β−/7.09 7.12/ 0 − 1.594 97mY 1.21 s β−/7.4 4.8/ 9/2 + 0.1614 6.0/ 0.9700 1.1030 97Y 96.91813 3.76 s β−/6.69 6.7 1/2 − 0.2969 1.99603.28763.4013 98mY 2.1 s β−/9.8 5.5/ (4 −) 0.2415 0.62050.64731.22281.8016 98Y 97.92224 0.59 s β−/8.83 8.7/ 1 + 0.2131 1.22281.59072.94134.4501 99mY 0.011 ms 99Y 98.92463 1.47 s β−/7.57 1/2 − 0.1218/43.8 n /2.5/ 0.5362 0.72421.0130 100mY 0.94 s β−, n / 3 + 100Y 99.9278 0.73 s β−, n/9.3 n/1.8/ 1 + 101Y 100.9303 0.43 s β−, n/8.6 n/1.5/ (5/2) 102Y 101.9336 0.36 s β−, n/9.9 n/4.0/ 103Y 102.9369 0.23 s β−, n n/8.3/ 104Y 103.9414 0.18 s 105Y 104.9451 >0.15 µs 106Y 105.950 >0.15 µs 107Y >0.15 µs 108Y >0.15 µs 40Zr 91.224(2) 78Zr >0.2µsElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-84TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 79Zr 78.949 0.06 s 80Zr 79.9406 ≈4.5 s β+/8.0 0.290 0.538 81Zr 80.9368 5.3 s β+/7.2 6.1 (3/2 −) 82Zr 81.9311 32. s β+/4.0 3. ann.rad./ 83mZr 7. s β+/7.0 (7/2 +) ann.rad./ 83Zr 82.9287 44. s β+/5.9 4.8 (1/2 −) ann.rad./ EC 0.0556 0.10500.25600.4741.525 84Zr 83.9233 26. m β+/2.7 0 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.0449 0.11250.37290.667 85mZr 10.9 s I.T./0.2922 1/2 − ann.rad./ β+, EC/ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 85Zr 84.9215 7.9 m β+/4.7 3.1 7/2 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.2663 0.41630.4543 86Zr 85.91647 16.5 h EC/1.47 0 + 0.0280 0.2430.612 87mZr 14.0 s I.T./0.3362 1/2 − 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 87Zr 86.91482 1.73 h β+/3.67 2.26 9/2 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.3811 1.228 88Zr 87.91023 83.4 d EC/0.67 0 + 0.3929 89mZr 4.18 m I.T./94/0.5877 1/2 − ann.rad./ β+/1.5/ 0.5877(IT) EC/4.7/ 1.507 89Zr 88.908889 3.27 d β+/23/2.832 0.9/ 9/2 +− 1.07 ann.rad./ EC/77/ 0.9092 90mZr 0.809 s I.T./ 5 − 6.3 0.1326 2.18622.3189(IT) 90Zr 51.45(40) 89.904702 0 + 91Zr 11.22(5) 90.905643 5/2 +− 1.30362 −0.21 92Zr 17.15(8) 91.905039 0 + 93Zr 92.906474 1.5 ×106y β−/0.091 5/2 + 0.0304 94Zr 17.38(28) 93.906314 >1017 y β−β−0+ 95Zr 94.908041 64.02 d β−/1.125 0.366/55 5/2 + 1.13 +0.29 0.7242 0.400/44 0.7567 96Zr 2.80(9) 95.908275 3 ×1019 y β−β−0+ >1.7×1018 y β− 97Zr 96.910950 16.8 h β−/2.658 1.91/ 1/2 − 0.7434 98Zr 97.91276 30.7 s β−/2.26 2.2/100 0 + 99Zr 98.91651 2.2 s β−/4.56 3.9/ 1/2 + 0.4692/55.2 3.5/ 0.5459/48 0.028–1.321 100Zr 99.91776 7.1 s β−/3.34 0 + 0.4006 0.5043 101Zr 100.92114 2.1 s β−/5.49 6.2/ 3/2 − 0.1194 0.20570.2089Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-85TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 102Zr 101.92298 2.9 s β−/4.61 103Zr 102.9266 1.3 s β−/7.0 104Zr 103.9288 1.2 s β−/5.9 105Zr 104.9331 ≈1. s β−/8.5 106Zr 105.9359 >0.24 µs 107Zr 106.941 >0.24 µs 108Zr 107.944 >0.15 µs 109Zr >0.15 µs 110Zr >0.15 µs 41Nb 92.90638(2) 81Nb 80.949 <0.08 µs 82Nb 81.9431 50 ms β+/11. 83Nb 82.9367 4.1 s β+/7.5 84Nb 83.9336 12. s β+, EC/9.6 (3 +) 85Nb 84.9279 2.3 m β+/6.0 86mNb 56. s β+ 86Nb 85.9250 1.46 m β+/8.0 ann.rad./ 0.7511.003 87mNb 3.7 m β+ / 1/2 − ann.rad./ EC/ 0.1352 0.2010 87Nb 86.92036 2.6 m β+5.2/ (9/2 +) ann.rad./ EC/ 0.2010 0.47060.61651.06651.8842 88mNb 7.7 m β+/4 − ann. rad./ EC/ 0.2625 0.39961.05691.0825 88Nb 87.9183 14.3 m β+/7.6 3.2/ 8 + ann. rad./ EC/ 1.0570 1.0828(0.07–2.5) 89mNb 2.0 h β+/ 3.3/ 9/2 + 0.5880/10(D) EC/ (0.17–4.0) 89Nb 88.91349 1.10 h β+/74/4.29 2.8/ 1/2 −+ 6.216 ann.rad./ EC/26 / 0.5074 0.58800.76961.2775 90mNb 18.8 s I.T./0.1246 4 − 0.002 0.1225 90Nb 89.911263 14.6 h β53 /6.111 0.86/5 8 + 4.961 ann. rad./ EC/47 / 1.5/92 0.1412 1.12922.18622.3189(0.1–3.3) 91mNb 62. d I.T./97 / 1/2 − 0.1045(IT) EC/3 / 1.2050 91Nb 90.906989 7 ×102y EC/1.253 9/2 + Mo k x-ray 92mNb 10.13 d EC/99 +/2 + 6.114 0.9126 0.93451.8475Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-86TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 92Nb 91.907192 3.7 ×107y EC/2.006 7 + 0.5611 0.9345 93mNb 16.1 y I.T./0.0304 1/2 − Nb x −ray 0.0304 93Nb 100. 92.906376 9/2 ++ 6.1705 −0.32 94mNb 6.26 m I.T./99 + /2.086 3 + Nb k x-ray β−/0.5/ 0.0409 0.87109 94Nb 93.907282 2.4 ×104y β−/2.045 0.47/ 6 + 0.70263 0.87109 95mNb 3.61 d I.T./97.5/ 0.2357 1/2 − 0.2040 β−/2.5 / 0.2356 95Nb 94.906834 34.97 d β−/0.926 0.160/ 9/2 + 6.141 0.76578 96Nb 95.908099 23.4 h β−/3.187 0.5/10 6 + 4.976 0.7782 0.75/90 0.2191–1.498 97mNb 58.1 s I.T./0.7434 0.734/98 1/2 − 0.7434 97Nb 96.908096 1.23 h β−/1.934 1.27/98 9/2 + 6.15 0.4809 0.6579 98mNb 51. m β−/4.67 5 + 0.7874 0.1726–1.89 98Nb 97.91033 2.9 s β−/4.59 4.6/ 1 + 0.6451 0.78741.0243 99mNb 2.6 m β−/ 3.2/ 1/2 − 0.0978/100 (0.138–3.010) 99Nb 98.91162 15.0 s β−/3.64 3.5/100 9/2 + 0.0977 0.1378/3.1 100m2Nb 0.013 ms 100m1Nb 3.0 s β−/6.74 5.8 Nb k x-ray 0.1590.63641.0637 100Nb 99.91418 1.5 s β−/6.25 6.2/ 0.5354 5.3/ 0.6001–1.566 101Nb 100.91525 7.1 s β−/4.57 4.3/ 0.1105–0.810 102mNb 4.3 s β− / 102Nb 101.91804 1.3 s β−/7.21 7.2/ 0.2960–2.184 103Nb 102.91914 1.5 s β−/5.53 5.3/ 5/2 + 104mNb 0.9 s β−, n/ n/0.06 104Nb 103.9225 4.8 s β−, n/8.1 n/0.05 105Nb 104.9239 3.0 s β−, n/6.5 n/1.7 106Nb 105.9282 1.0 s β−, n/9.3 n/4.5 107Nb 106.9303 0.30 s β−, n/7.9 n/6.0 108Nb 107.9350 0.19 s β, n/ n/6.2 (0.193–0.590) 109Nb 108.9376 0.19 s β, n/ n/31 110Nb 109.943 0.17 s β, n/ n/40 111Nb >0.15 µs 112Nb >0.15 µs 113Nb >0.15 µs 42Mo 95.94(1) 83Mo 82.949 ≈6. ms 84Mo 83.9401 ≈3.7 s β+/6. 85Mo 84.9366 3.2 s β+/8.1 1/2 + 86Mo 85.9302 20. s β+/4.8 87Mo 86.9273 14. s EC, β+/6.5 (0.752–1.004) 88Mo 87.92195 8.0 m β+/3.4 0 ++ 0.5 ann.rad./ EC 0.0800Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-87TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.1399 0.1707 89mMo 0.19 s I.T./0.118 1/2 − 0.118(IT) 0.268 89Mo 88.91948 2.2 m β+/5.58 9/2 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.659 0.8031.1551.272 90Mo 89.91394 5.7 h β+/25/2.489 1.085/ 0 + ann.rad./ EC/75 / 0.04274 0.122370.25734 91mMo 1.08 m I.T./50/0.653 1/2 − ann.rad./ β+, EC/50 / 2.5/ 0.6529 2.8/ 1.20814.0/ 1.5080 2.2407 91Mo 90.91175 15.5 m β+/94/4.43 3.44/94 9/2 − ann.rad./ EC/6/ 1.6373 2.63213.0286(0.1–4.2) 92Mo 14.77(31) 91.906810 >3×1017 y β+-EC 0 + 93mMo 6.9 h I.T./99 +/2.425 21/2 ++ 9.21 0.26306(IT) 0.684611.47711 93Mo 92.906811 3.5 ×103y EC/0.405 5/2 + 0.0304 94Mo 9.226(99) 93.905087 0 + 95Mo 15.900(85) 94.905841 5/2 +− 0.9142 −0.02 96Mo 16.674(12) 95.904678 0 + 97Mo 9.560(50) 96.906020 5/2 +− 0.9335 +0.26 98Mo 24.20(25) 97.905407 0 + 99Mo 98.907711 2.7476 d β−/1.357 0.45/14 1/2 + 0.375 0.144048 0.84/2 0.181091.21/84 0.36644 0.73947 100Mo 9.67(20) 99.90748 ≈1×1019 y β−β−0+ 101Mo 100.91035 14.6 m β−/2.82 2.23/ 1/2 + 0.0063 0.7/ 0.19193 0.5909(0.0809–2.405) 102Mo 101.91030 11.3 m β−/1.01 1.2/ 0 + 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100.0.2243/32. 103Mo 102.91320 1.13 m β−/3.8 3/2 + 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2)0.2511(2) 104Mo 103.91376 1.00 m β−/2.16 0 + 0.0686(1)/100. 0.4239(4)/21. 105Mo 104.9170 36. s β−/4.95 3/2 + 0.0642/ 0.0856/0.2495/ 106Mo 105.91814 8.4 s β−/3.52 0 + 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6.0.3723(2)/12. 107Mo 106.9217 3.5 s β−/6.2 108Mo 107.9236 1.1 s β−/5.1 (0.028–0.636) 109Mo 108.9278 0.5 s β−/7.2Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-88TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 110Mo 109.9297 0.30 s β−/5.7 Tc k x-ray 0.142(0.039–0.599) 111Mo 110.9345 >0.15 µs 112Mo 111.937 >0.15 µs 113Mo 112.942 >0.15 µs 114Mo >0.15 µs 115Mo >0.15 µs 116Mo >0.15 µs 117Mo >0.15 µs 43Tc 85Tc 84.949 <0.1 ms 86Tc 85.9430 0.05 s β+/11.9 87Tc 86.9365 2.4 s β+/8.6 88Tc 87.9328 5.8 s β+/10.1 89mTc 13. s 89Tc 88.9275 13. s β+/7.5 90mTc 49.2 s β+5.3/ 6 + ann.rad./ 0.9479/1.0542/ 90Tc 89.9235 8.3 s β+/8.9 7.0/15 1 + ann.rad./ 7.9/95. 0.9479/ 91mTc 3.3 m β+1/2+ ann.rad./170. EC 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.81.6339(1)/9.11.9023(1)/6.2.4509(1)/13.5 91Tc 90.9184 3.14 m β+/6.2 5.2 9/2 + ann.rad./200. 92Tc 91.91526 4.4 m β+/7.87 4.1 8 + ann.rad./200. EC 0.0850/ 0.14750.32930.77311.5096 93mTc 43. m I.T./13 1/2 − 0.3924(IT) EC/20 0.9437 2.6445 93Tc 92.910248 2.73 h β+/13/3.201 0.81 9/2 + 6.26 ann.rad./ EC/87/ 1.3629 1.47711.5203(0.1–3.0) 94mTc 52. m β+/72/4.33 2 + ann.rad./ EC/28/ 0.8710 1.8686 94Tc 93.909655 4.88 h β+/11/4.256 7 + 5.08 ann.rad./ EC/89/ 0.4491 0.70260.84960.8710 95mTc 61. d I.T./4/ 1/2 − ann.rad./ β+/0.3 0.5/ 0.0389(IT) EC/96 0.7/ 0.2041 0.5821Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-89TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.5821 0.8351 95Tc 94.90766 20.0 h EC/100/1.691 9/2 + 5.89 0.7657 1.0738 96mTc 52. m I.T./90/ 4 + 0.0342(IT) β+, EC/2/ 0.7782 1.2002 96Tc 95.90787 4.3 d EC/2.973 7 ++ 5.04 Mo k x-ray 0.77820.81250.84981.12168 97mTc 91. d I.T./0.0965 1/2 − Tc k x-ray EC /3.9 0.0965 97Tc 96.906364 4.2 ×106y EC/100/0.320 9/2 + Mo k x-ray 98Tc 97.907215 ≈6.6×106 y β−/1.80 0.40/100 6 + 0.65241 0.74535 99mTc 6.01 h I.T./100/0.142 1/2 − Tc k x-ray 0.140490.14261 99Tc 98.906254 2.13 ×105 y β−/0.294 0.293/100 9/2 ++ 5.6847 −0.129 100Tc 99.907657 15.8 s β−/3.202 2.2/ 1 + 0.5396 EC /1.8(10)−3/ 0.17 2.9/ 0.5908 3.3 (0.3 79–2.30) 101Tc 100.90731 14.2 m β−/1.61 1.32/ 9/2 + 0.1272 0.18410.30680.5451(0.073–0.969) 102mTc 4.4 m I.T./2/4.8 1.8/ 0.4184 β−/98/ 0.4752 0.62810.63021.04641.10331.61632.2447 102Tc 101.90921 5.3 s β−/4.53 3.4/ 1 + 0.4686 4.2 0.47512.2/ 1.1055 103Tc 102.90918 54. s β−/2.66 2.0/ 5/2 + 0.1361 2.2/ 0.1743 0.21040.34640.5629(0.13–1.0) 104mTc 0.005 ms 104Tc 103.91144 18.2 m β−/5.60 5.3/ (3 +) 0.3483 0.35800.53050.53510.88440.89311.6768(0.3–3.7) 105Tc 104.91166 7.6 m β−/3.6 3.4/ 5/2 + 0.1079 0.14320.3215 106Tc 105.91436 36. s β−/6.55 2 + 0.2703 0.5222Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-90TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 1.9694 2.23932.7893 107Tc 106.9151 21.2 s β−/4.8 0.1027 0.10630.17700.4587 108Tc 107.9185 5.1 s β−/7.72 (3) 0.2422 0.46560.70780.73261.5835 109Tc 108.9200 1.4 s β−/6.3 p/0.08 110Tc 109.9234 0.83 s β−/8.8 p/0.04 0.2407 111Tc 110.9250 0.30 s β−.n/7.0 n/0.85 0.150/92.7 0.063–1.435 112Tc 111.9292 0.26 s β, n n/2.6 113Tc 112.931 0.15 s β−, n/8. /2.1 0.0985/100 0.0658–1.520 114Tc 113.936 0.15 s β−, n /1.3 115Tc 114.938 >0.15 µs 116Tc >0.15 µs 117Tc >0.15 µs 118Tc >0.15 µs 44Ru 101.07(2) 87Ru 86.949 >1.5µs 88Ru 87.9404 1.2 s 0+ 89Ru 88.936 1.4 s β+.p/8. 90Ru 89.9298 12. s β+/5.9 0+ann.rad./ 0.155–1.551 91Ru 90.9264 9. s β+, EC/7.4 9/2 + ann.rad./ 92Ru 91.9201 3.7 m β+/53/4.5 0 + ann.rad./ EC/47/ 0.1346 0.21380.2593 93mRu 10.8 s I.T./21/ 1/2- ann.rad./ β+, EC/79/ 5.3/ 0.7344 1.11121.39622.0931 93Ru 92.9171 1.0 m β+/6.3 9/2 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.6807 1.4349(0.5–4.2)weak 94Ru 93.91137 52. m EC/100/1.59 0 + 0.3672 0.52470.8922 95Ru 94.91042 1.64 h EC/85/2.57 1.20/ 5/2 + 0.86 ann.rad./ β+/15/ 0.91/ 0.3364 0.62680.036–2.424 96Ru 5.54(14) 95.90760 >3.1×1016 y β+β+0+ 97Ru 96.90756 2.89 d EC/1.12 5/2 +− 0.78 Tc k x-ray 0.21570.32450.4606 98Ru 1.87(3) 97.90529 0 +Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-91TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 99Ru 12.76(14) 98.905939 5/2 +− 0.6413 +0.079 100Ru 12.60(7) 99.904219 0 + 101Ru 17.06(2) 100.905582 5/2 +− 0.7188 +0.46 102Ru 31.55(14) 101.904349 0 + 103Ru 102.906323 39.27 d β−/0.763 0.223 3/2 + 0.206 +0.62 0.05329 0.294980.44380.497080.557040.61033(0.04–1.6) 104Ru 18.62(27) 103.905430 0 + 105Ru 104.907750 4.44 h β−/1.917 1.11/22 3/2 + -0.3 0.12968 1.134/13 0.14911.187/49 0.2629 0.316640.469430.676340.72420(0.1–1.8) 106Ru 105.90733 1.020 y β−/0.0394 0.0394/100 0 + 107Ru 106.9099 3.8 m β−/2.9 2.1/ 0.1939 3.2/ 0.3741 0.46250.8488 108Ru 107.9102 4.5 m β−/1.4 1.2/ 0+0.0923 0.16510.43390.49750.6189 109Ru 108.91320 34.5 s β−/4.2 0.1164 0.3584 110Ru 109.9140 15. s β−/2.81 0.1121 0.37370.43970.7967 111Ru 110.9176 1.5 s β−/5.5 112Ru 111.9188 4.5 s β−/4.5 113mRu 0.6 s 113Ru 112.9225 0.80 s β−/7. 0.2632 0.048–2.418 114Ru 113.9239 0.57 s β−/6.1 0.127/24 (0.053–0.180) 115Ru 114.928 ≈0.74 s β−/8. 116Ru 115.930 >0.15 µs 117Ru 116.935 >0.15 µs 118Ru 117.937 >0.15 µs 119Ru >0.15 µs 120Ru >0.15 µs 45Rh 102.90550(2) 89Rh 88.9494 >0.15 µs 90mRh ≈12. ms 90Rh 89.9429 1.0 s 91Rh 90.9366 1.9 s 92Rh 91.9320 5.6 s β+/11.1 93Rh 92.9257 14. s β+/8.1 (0.138–1.493)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-92TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 94mRh 25.8 s β+/8 + ann.rad./ 0.12640.31170.75621.07521.4307 94Rh 93.9217 1.18 m β+/9.6 6.4/ 3 + ann.rad./ 0.14610.31170.75621.4307 95mRh 1.96 m I.T./88/ 1/2 + ann.rad./ β+, EC/12/ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 95Rh 94.9159 5.0 m β+/5.1 3.2 9/2 + ann.rad./ 0.22930.41030.66100.94161.3520(0.2–3.8) 96mRh 1.51 m I.T./60/0.052 2 + ann.rad./ β+, EC/40/ 4.70/ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.83261.09851.6921(0.4–3.3) 96Rh 95.91452 9.6 m β+/6.45 3.3/ 5 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.4299 0.63150.68530.74180.8326(0.2–3.4) 97mRh 46. m I.T./5 / 2.6/ 1/2 − ann.rad./ β+, EC/95/ 0.1886 0.42152.2452 97Rh 96.91134 31.0 m β+/3.52 2.1/ 9/2 + ann.rad./ 0.18860.38920.45150.83980.8788(0.2–3.5) 98mRh 3.5 m β+/5 + ann.rad./ 0.61540.65240.7452 98Rh 97.91072 8.7 m β+/90/5.06 3.4/ 2 + ann.rad./ 0.65240.7623 99mRh 4.7 h β+/8/ .74/ 9/2 + 5.67 ann.rad./ EC/92/ 0.2766/ 0.34080.61781.2612 99Rh 98.90820 16. d β+/4/2.10 0.54/ 1/2 − ann.rad./ EC/97/ 0.68/ 0.0894/ 0.3530Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-93TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.5277 (0.1–2.0) 100mRh 4.7 m I.T./99/ 5 + ann.rad./ β+/0.4/ 0.0748/ 0.2647(IT) 100Rh 99.90812 20.8 h β+/3.63 2.62/ 1 − 0.4462 EC/ 2.07/ 0.5396 0.58820.82251.55342.3761 101mRh 4.35 d EC/92/ 9/2 ++ 5.51 Rh k x-ray I.T./8/0.1573 0.1272/ 0.30690.5451 101Rh 100.90616 3.3 y EC/0.54 1/2 − Ru k x-ray 0.12720.19800.3252 102mRh 3.74 y EC/2.323 6+4.04 0.4751 IT/0.0419 0.6313 >1.2×106 y β+/<0.00025 0.6975 0.76681.04661.1032 102Rh 101.906842 207. d EC/62 0.5 ann.rad./ β−/19/ 0.4686 β+/14/ 0.4751 0.55660.62801.1032(0.4–1.6) 103mRh 56.12 m IT 7/2 + 4.54 103Rh 100. 102.905504 1/2 −− 0.0884 104mRh 4.36 m I.T./99 +/5 + Rh k x-ray β−1.3/ 0.0514 0.09710.5558 104Rh 103.906655 42.3 s β−/99+/2.441 1.88/2 1 + 0.3581 EC/0.4/1.141 2.44/98 0.5558 1.2370(0.35–1.8) 105mRh 43. s I.T./1.296 1/2 − Rh k x-ray 0.1296 105Rh 104.905692 35.4 h β−/0.567 0.247/30 7/2 ++ 4.45 0.2801 0.567/70 0.3061 0.3189 106mRh 2.18 h β−/ 0.92/ 6 + 0.2217 0.45100.51190.61620.71730.74841.04581.5277 106Rh 105.90729 29.9 s β−/3.54 2.4/2 1 ++ 2.58 0.51186/ 3.0/12 0.616123.54/79 0.62187 (0.05–3.04)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-94TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 107Rh 106.90675 21.7 m β−/1.51 1.20/65 7/2 + 0.2776 1.5/17 0.3028 0.3925 108mRh 6.0 m β−/ 1.57/ 0.4339 0.49730.6189 108Rh 107.9087 17. s β−/4.5 1 + 0.4046 0.43390.49730.58110.61460.90140.9471 109Rh 108.90874 1.34 m β−/2.59 2.25/ 7/2 + 0.1134 0.17800.29140.32540.32680.4261(0.1–1.6) 110mRh 29. s β−/ [.6/ 0.3737 0.43970.7967 110Rh 109.9110 3.1 s β−/5.4 5.5/ 1 + 0.3737 0.44000.54630.68770.83810.9045 111Rh 110.9117 11. s β−/3.7 0.275 112mRh 6.8 s β− / 112Rh 111.9140 3.5 s β−/6.2 1 + 0.3489 113Rh 112.9154 0.9 s β−/4.9 0.1285 114mRh 1.8 s β− / 114Rh 113.9173 1.8 s β−/6.5 1 + 115Rh 114.9201 0.99 s β−/6.0 116mRh 0.9 s β− / 0.3405 116Rh 115.9228 0.7 s β−/8.0 1 + 0.340 0.398–1.665 117Rh 116.925 0.44 s β−/7. 0.0346 0.1317 118Rh 117.929 ≈0.30 ms 0.379 0.5750.370–1.037 119Rh 118.931 >0.15 µs 120Rh 119.936 >0.15 µs 121Rh 120.938 >0.15 µs 122Rh 46Pd 106.42(1) 91Pd 90.949 >1.5µs 92Pd 91.9404 1.0 s 93Pd 92.9359 1.2 s β+, p 9/2 0.240/81 0.382–0.864 94Pd 93.9288 9. s EC, β+ /≈6.6 0.5582 (0.0546–0.798) 95mPd 94.92684 13.4 s EC, β+/10.2 21/2 + 95PdElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-95TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 96Pd 95.9182 2.03 m EC, β+/3.5 1.15/ 0.1248 0.4995 97Pd 96.9165 3.1 m β+, EC/4.8 3.5/ 5/2 + ann.rad./ 0.26530.47520.7927(0.2–3.4) 98Pd 97.91273 17.7 m β+/1.87 0 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.0677 0.11250.66300.8379 99Pd 98.91181 21.4 m β+/49/3.37 2.18/ 5/2 + ann.rad./ EC/51/ 0.1360 0.26360.6734(0.2–2.85) 100Pd 99.90851 3.7 d EC/0.36 0 + 0.03271 0.07480.0840 101Pd 100.90829 8.4 h β+/5/1.980 0.776/ 5/2 +− 0.66 ann.rad./ EC/95/ 0.0244 0.29630.5904 102Pd 1.02(1) 101.905607 0 + 103Pd 102.906087 16.99 d EC/0.543 5/2 + Rh k x-ray 0.039750.35750.4971 104Pd 11.14(8) 103.904034 0 + 105Pd 22.33(8) 104.905083 5/2 +− 0.642 +0.66 106Pd 27.33(3) 105.903484 0 + 107mPd 20.9 s I.T./0.2149 11/2 − Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT) 107Pd 106.90513 6.5 ×106y β−/0.033 0.03/ 5/2 + 108Pd 26.46(9) 107.903895 0 + 109mPd 4.75 m I.T./0.1889 11/2 − Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT) 109Pd 108.905954 13.5 h β−/1.116 1.028 5/2 + 0.0880 (0.08–1.0) 110Pd 11.72(9) 109.905153 0 + 111mPd 5.5 h I.T./73/0.172 11/2 − 0.0704 β−/27/ 0.35 0.1722 0.77 0.3912 (0.1–1.97) 111Pd 110.90764 23.4 m β−/2.19 2.2/95 5/2 + 0.0598 0.24540.58000.65041.38851.4590 112Pd 111.90731 21.04 h β−/0.29 0.28/ 0 + 0.018 113mPd 1.48 m β−/ 5/2 + 0.0959 113Pd 112.91015 1.64 m β−/3.34 0.0958 0.48240.64360.7394Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-96TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 114Pd 113.91037 2.48 m β−/1.45 0 + 0.1266 0.23200.55820.5760 115Pd 114.9137 47. s β−/4.58 0.1255 0.25540.3428 116Pd 115.9142 12.7 s β−/2.61 0.1015 0.11470.1778 117Pd 116.9178 4.4 s β−/5.7 0.2473 0.077–0.403 118Pd 117.9189 2.4 s β−/4.1 0.1254 0.028–0.596 119Pd 118.9227 0.9 s β−/6.5 0.2566 0.070–0.326 120Pd 119.9240 0.5 s β−/5.0 0.1581 0.053–0.595 121Pd 120.9282 >0.24 µs 122Pd 121.9298 >0.24 µs 123Pd 122.934 >0.15 µs 124Pd 47Ag 107.8682(2) 93Ag 94mAg 0.03 s 94Ag 93.9428 0.38 s β+, p/ 95Ag 94.9355 2.0 s β+, p/ (0.539–2.025) 96mAg 4.4 s β+8+ β+, p /8. 96Ag 95.9307 7. s β+/11.6 2 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.1248 β+, p /21. 0.4995 (0.1066–1.416) 97Ag 96.9240 19. s β+/7.0 ann.rad./ EC/ 0.6862 1.2941(0.352–3.294) 98Ag 97.9218 47.6 s β+/8.4 5 + ann.rad./ EC/ /36. 0.5711β +, p /0.11 0.6786 0.8631(0.153–1.185) 99mAg 11. s I.T./100/ 1/2 − Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT)0.3426 99Ag 98.9176 2.07 m β+/87 5.4 9/2 + ann.rad./ EC/13/ 0.2199 0.26450.80560.8323(0.2–3.5) 100mAg 2.3 m β+/2 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.6657 1.6941 100Ag 99.9161 2.0 m β+/7.1 4.7/ 5 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.2807 0.4503Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-97TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.6657 0.75080.7732 101mAg 3.1 s I.T./0.23 1/2 − Ag k x-ray 0.09810.176(IT) 101Ag 100.9128 11.1 m β+/69/4.2 2.7/ 9/2 + 5.7 ann.rad./ EC/31/ 0.2610 2.18/ 0.27472.73/ 0.32693.38/ 0.4392 0.66731.1739(0.2–3.1) 102mAg 7.8 m β+/38/ 3.4 2 ++ 4.14 ann.rad./ EC/13/ 0.5567I.T./49/ 0.9777 1.83472.05452.15943.2386 102Ag 101.91197 13.0 m β+/78/5.92 2.26/ 5 + 4.6 ann.rad./ EC/22/ 0.5564 0.71930.163–2.242 103mAg 5.7 s I.T./0.134 1/2 − Ag k x-ray 0.1344 103Ag 102.90897 1.10 h β+/28/2.69 1.7 7/2 ++ 4.47 ann.rad./ EC/72/ 1.3 0.1187 0.1482 104mAg 33. m β+/64/ 2.71/ 2 ++ 3.7 ann.rad./ EC/36/ 0.5558I.T./0.07/ 0.7657 (0.5–3.4) 104Ag 103.90863 69. m β+/16/4.28 0.99/ 5 + 3.92 ann.rad./ EC/84/ 0.5558 0.92590.9416(0.18–2.27) 105mAg 7.2 m I.T./98/0.0255 7/2 ++ 4.41 Ag x-ray EC/2 / 0.3063 0.3192(0.1–1.0) 105Ag 104.90653 41.3 d EC/1.35 1/2 − 0.1014 0.0640 0.28040.34450.4434 106mAg 8.4 d EC/ 6 + 3.71 +1.1 Pd k x-ray 0.45100.51180.71731.0458 106Ag 105.90667 24.0 m β+/59/2.965 /1.96 1 ++ 2.85 ann.rad./ EC/41 / 0.5119 107mAg 44.2 s I.T./0.093 7/2 ++ 4.40 1.0 Ag x-ray 0.0931 107Ag 51.839(8) 106.905093 1/2 −− 0.11357 108mAg 418. y EC/92/ 6 + 3.580 +1.3 Ag k x-ray I.T./8 /0.079 Pd k x-ray 0.43392Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-98TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.61427 0.72290 108Ag 107.905954 2.39 m β−/97/1.65 1.02/1.7 1 ++ 2.6884 ann.rad./ EC/2/ 1.65/96 0.43392β −/1/1.92 0.88/0.3 0.61885 0.63298 109mAg 39.8 s I.T./0.088 7/2 ++ 4.40 +1.0 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 109Ag 48.161(8) 108.904756 1/2 −− 0.13069 110mAg 249.8 d β−/99/ 0.087 6 ++ 3.60 +1.4 0.65774 I.T./1 /0.1164 0.530 0.76393 0.884670.937481.38427(0.447–1.56) 110Ag 109.906111 24.6 s β−/2.892 2.22/5 1 ++ 2.7271 0.2 0.65774 2.89/95 0.8154 1.1257 111mAg 1.08 m IT/99/0.0598 7/2 + Ag k x-ray β−/1/ 0.0598 0.2454 111Ag 110.905295 7.47 d β−/1.037 1.035/ 1/2 −− 0.146 0.2454 0.3421 112Ag 111.90701 3.13 h β−/3.96 3.94/ 2 − 0.0547 0.6067 3.4 0.6174 1.3877(0.4–2.9) 113mAg 1.14 m I.T./80 /0.043 7/2 + 0.1422 β−/20 / 1.5 0.2983 0.31610.3923 113Ag 112.90657 5.3 h β−/2.02 2.01/ 1/2 − 0.159 0.2588 0.2986 114Ag 113.90881 4.6 s β−/5.08 4.9/ 1 + 0.5582 0.57601.9946 115mAg 18.7 s β− / 7/2 + 0.1134 0.13150.22880.3887 115Ag 114.90876 20. m β−/3.10 1/2 − 0.1316 0.21280.22910.4727(0.13–2.49) 116mAg 10.5 s I.T./2 / 3.2/ 5 + 0.5134 β−/98 / 2.9 0.7055 0.255–2.838 116Ag 115.91137 2.68 m β−/6.16 5.3 2 − 0.5134 0.69932.4779 117mAg 5.3 s β−/ 3.2/ 7/2 + 0.1354 0.29810.3868 0.1571 117Ag 116.91171 1.22 m β−/4.18 2.3 1/2- 0.1354 0.3377 118mAg 2.8 s β−/59/ 0.1277 I.T./41 /0.1277 0.4878 0.6771Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-99TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.7709 1.0586 118Ag 117.9145 4.0 s β−/7.1 0.4878 0.67713.2259 119Ag 118.9157 2.1 s β−/5.35 7/2 + 0.0674 0.36620.39910.6264 120mAg 0.32 s β− / 0.2030 I.T./ 0.5059 0.69780.83000.9258 120Ag 119.9188 1.23 s β−/8.2 0.5059 0.69780.81711.3231 121Ag 120.9198 0.78 s β−/6.4 0.1150 0.31480.35370.36960.50071.5105(0.11–2.5) 122mAg 1. s β− / 122Ag 121.9233 0.44 s β−/9.2 123Ag 122.9249 0.31 s β−/7.4 124Ag 123.9285 0.22 s β−/10.1 125Ag 124.9305 0.17 s β− 126Ag 125.9345 0.11 s β− 127Ag 126.9369 0.11 s β− 128Ag 58 ms β− 129Ag 0.05 s β−, n 48Cd 112.411(8) 96Cd 95.9398 97Cd 96.9349 3. s β+, (p) 98Cd 97.9276 9.2 s β+/5.4 (p) /0.025 99Cd 98.9250 16. s β+, EC/6.9 ann.rad./ 100Cd 99.9203 1.1 m β+, EC/3.9 ann.rad./ (0.090–1.043) 101Cd 100.9187 1.2 m β+/83/5.5 4.5 5/2 + In k x-ray EC/17/ 0.0985 1.72250.31–2.84) 102Cd 101.91474 5.8 m β+/27/2.59 0 + ann.rad./ EC/73 0.0974 0.48101.03661.3598 103Cd 102.91342 7.5 m β+/33/4.14 5/2 +− 0.81 −0.8 ann.rad./ EC/67/ Ag k x-ray 1.07991.44871.4618(0.1–2.8)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-100TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 104Cd 103.90985 58. m EC/1.14 0 + Ag k x-ray 0.08350.7093 105Cd 104.90947 55.5 m β+/26/2.739 1.69/ 5/2 +− 0.7393 +0.43 Ag k x-ray EC/74/ 0.3469 0.60720.96181.3025(0.25–2.4) 106Cd 1.25(6) 105.90646 >2.6×1017 y β+, EC 0 + 107Cd 106.90661 6.52 h EC/99 +/1.417 5/2 +− 0.615055 +0.68 Ag k x-ray β+ / 0.0931 0.8289 108Cd 0.89(3) 107.90418 >4.1×1017 y EC EC 0 + 109Cd 108.904985 462.0 d EC/0.214 5/2 +− 0.827846 +0.69 Ag k x-ray 0.08804 110Cd 12.49(18) 109.903006 0 + 111mCd 48.5 m I.T./ 11/2 − Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT)0.2454 111Cd 12.80(12) 110.904182 1/2 +− 0.594886 112Cd 24.13(21) 111.902758 0 + 113mCd 14.1 y β−/99.9/0.59 0.59/99.9 11/2 −− 1.087 −0.71 0.2637 113Cd 12.22(12) 112.904401 7.7 ×1015y β−1/2+− 0.622301 114Cd 28.73(42) 113.903359 0 + 115mCd 44.6 d β−/1.629 0.68/1.6 11/2 −− 1.042 −0.54 0.48450 1.62/97 0.93381 1.29064 115Cd 114.905431 2.228 d β−/1.446 0.593/42 1/2 +− 0.648426 0.23141 1.11/58 0.26085 0.336240.492270.52780 116Cd 7.49(18) 115.904756 3.8 ×1019 y β−β−0+ 117mCd 3.4 h β−/2.66 0.72/ 11/2 − 0.1586 0.55290.37–2.42 117Cd 116.907219 2.49 h β−/2.52 0.67/51 1/2 + 0.2209 2.2/10 0.2733 0.34451.3033 118Cd 117.90692 50.3 m β−/0.52 0 + 119mCd 2.20 m β−/ 11/2 − 0.1056 0.72081.02502.0213 119Cd 118.90992 2.69 m β−/3.8 ≈3.5/ 1/2 + 0.1340 0.29290.3429 120Cd 119.90985 50.8 s β−/1.76 1.5/ 0 + 121mCd 8. s β−/ 11/2 − 0.1008 0.98781.02091.18152.0594 121Cd 120.9131 13.5 s β−/4.9 (3/2 +) 0.2102 0.32420.34921.0403Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-101TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 122Cd 121.9135 5.3 s β−/3.0 0 + 123mCd 1.9 s β− / 123Cd 122.91770 2.09 s β−/6.12 3 + 124Cd 123.9177 1.24 s β−/4.17 0 + 0.0365 0.06280.1799 125mCd 0.66 s β− / 125Cd 124.92129 0.68 s β−/7.16 3/ + 126Cd 125.9224 0.52 s β−/5.49 0 + 0.2601 127Cd 126.9264 0.4 s β−/8.5 3/ + 128Cd 127.9278 0.28 s β−/7.1 0 + 0.247 129Cd 128.9323 0.27 s β−/5.9 0.281 130Cd 129.9340 0.162 s β−/0 + β−, n / ≈3.5 131Cd 68 ms 132Cd 0.10 s β−, n/ /60 49In 114.818(3) 98mIn ≈0.03 s 98In 97.9422 1. s 99In 98.9346 ≈3.8 s β+/8.9 100In 99.9316 6. s β+, (p)/10.5 101In 100.9266 15. s β+/7.3 102In 101.9243 22. s EC/8.9 (5) 0.1566 0.7767(0.397–0.923) 103mIn 34. s 103In 102.91991 1.1 m β+, EC/6.05 4.2 9/2 + ann.rad./ EC /45 0.1879 (0.157–3.98) 104mIn 16. s IT/0.0935 104In 103.9183 1.84 m β+, EC/7.9 4.8 5 ++ 4.44 +0.7 ann.rad./ 0.65800.83410.8781 105mIn 43. s I.T. 1/2 − In k x-ray 0.6740 105In 104.91467 5.1 m β+, EC/4.85 3.7 9/2 ++ 5.675 +0.83 0.1310 0.26000.6038 106mIn 5.3 m β+/85/ 4.90 3 + ann.rad./ EC/15/ 0.6326 0.86111.7164 106In 105.91346 6.2 m β+/65/6.52 2.6 7 ++ 4.92 +0.97 ann.rad./ EC/35/ 0.2259 0.63270.86110.99781.0091 107mIn 51. s I.T./0.6786 1/2 − In k x-ray 0.6785 107In 106.91029 32.4 m β+/35/3.43 2.20/ 9/2 ++ 5.59 +0.81 ann.rad./ E.C/65/ Cd k x-ray 0.20500.32090.5055(0.2–2.99)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-102TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 108mIn 57. m β+/53/ 1.3 6 ++ 4.94 +0.47 ann.rad./ EC/47/ Cd k x-ray 0.63291.98633.4522 108In 107.90971 40. m β+/33/5.15 3.49/ 3 ++ 4.56 +1.01 ann.rad./ EC/67/ Cd k x-ray 0.24290.63310.8756 109mIn 1.3 m I.T./0.650 1/2 − In k x-ray 0.6498 109In 108.90715 4.2 h β+/8/2.02 0.79/ 9/2 ++ 5.54 +0.84 ann.rad./ EC/92/ Cd k x-ray 0.20350.6235 110mIn 4.9 h EC/ 7 ++ 4.72 +1.00 Cd k x-ray 0.65770.88470.9375(0.1–1.98) 110In 109.90717 1.15 h β+/62/3.88 2.22/ 2 ++ 4.37 +0.35 ann.rad./ EC/38/ Cd k x-ray 0.6577(0.6–3.6) 111mIn 7.7 m I.T./0.537 1/2 −+ 5.53 In k x-ray 0.537 111In 110.90511 2.8049 d EC/0.866 9/2 ++ 5.50 +0.80 Cd k x-ray 0.17120.2453 112mIn 20.8 m I.T./0.155 4 + In k x-ray 0.1555 112In 111.90553 14.4 m β+/22/2.586 1 ++ 2.82 +0.09 ann.rad./ EC/34/ Cd k x-rayβ −/0.663 0.6171 113mIn 1.658 h I.T./0.3917 1/2 −− 0.210 In k x-ray 0.3917 113In 4.29(5) 112.904062 9/2 ++ 5.529 +0.80 114mIn 49.51 d I.T./97/0.190 5 ++ 4.65 +0.74 In k x-ray EC/3 / 0.19027 114In 113.904918 1.198 m β−/97/1.989 1.984/ 1 ++ 2.82 Cd k x-ray EC/3/1.453 0.5584 0.57271.2998 115mIn 4.486 h I.T./95/0.336 1/2 −− 0.255 In k x-ray β−/5 /0.83 0.3362 0.4974 115In 95.71(5) 114.903879 4.4 ×1014 y β−/0.495 9/2 ++ 5.541 +0.81 116m2In 2.16 s I.T./0.162 8 −+ 3.22 +0.31 In k x-ray EC /0.023 0.1624 116m1In 54.1 m β− / 1.0 5 ++ 4.43 +0.80 0.13792 0.41688/271.09723/58.51.29349/85 116In 115.905261 14.1 s β−/3.274 3.3/99 1 + 2.788 0.11 0.46313 1.25261.29349 117mIn 1.94 h β−/53/1.769 1.77/ 1/2 −− 0.2517 In k x-ray I.T./47 / 0.15855Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-103TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.31531 0.55294 117In 116.90452 44. m β−/1.455 0.74/ 9/2 ++ 5.52 +0.83 0.15855 0.39660.55294 118m2In 8.5 s I.T./98/ (8 −) +3.32 +0.44 In k x-ray β−/2/ 0.1382 118m1In 4.40 m β− / 1.3 5 ++ 4.23 +0.80 0.2086 2.0 0.6833 1.2295 118In 117.90636 5.0 s β−/4.42 4.2/ 1 + 0.5282 1.17341.22952.0432 119mIn 17.9 m β−/97/ 2.7/ 1/2 −− 0.32 0.3114 I.T./3/0.311 0.7631 119In 118.90585 2.3 m β−/2.36 1.6/ 9/2 ++ 5.52 +0.85 0.0239 0.64950.76311.2149 120m2In 47 s β−/6.1 8 −+ 3.692 +0.53 1.171 1.023 120m1In 46. s β−/5.8 2.2/ 5 ++ 4.30 +0.81 1.171 1.023 120In 119.90796 3.1 s β−/5.37 5.6/ (1 +) 0.4146 3.1/ 0.5924 0.86371.02321.1714(0.4–2.7) 121mIn 3.8 m β−/99/ 3.7/ 1/2 −− 0.36 0.0601 I.T./1/0.313 0.3136 0.92561.04121.10221.1204 121In 120.90785 23. s β−/3.36 2.5 9/2 ++ 5.50 +0.81 0.2620 0.65730.9256 122mIn 10. s β−/ 4.4/ 8 −+ 3.78 +0.59 1.0014 1.1403 122In 121.91028 1.5 s β−/6.37 5.3/ (1 +) 0.2391 1.00141.14031.1641.1903 123mIn 47. s β−/ 4.6/ (1/2 −) −0.40 0.1258 1.1703.234 123In 122.91044 6.0 s β−/4.39 3.3/ (9/2 +) +5.49 +0.76 0.6188 1.01971.1305 124mIn 3.4 s β−8−+ 3.89 +0.66 0.1029 0.96991.07291.1316 124In 123.91318 3.18 s β−/7.36 5/ 3 ++ 4.04 +0.61 0.7070 0.99781.1316Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-104TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 3.2142 (0.3–4.6) 125mIn 12.2 s β−/ 5.5/ 1/2 −− 0.43 0.1876 125In 124.91360 2.33 s β−/5.42 4.1/ 9/2 ++ 5.50 +0.71 0.4260 1.03181.3350 126mIn 1.53 s 4.9/ 3 ++ 4.03 +0.49 0.9086 0.96961.1411 126In 125.91646 1.63 s β−/8.21 4.2/ 8 −+ 4.06 0.1118 0.90861.1411 127mIn 3.73 s β−/ 6.4/ (1/2 −) 0.2523 3.074 127In 126.91734 1.14 s β−/6.51 4.9/ (9/2 +) +5.52 +0.59 0.4680 0.64610.80511.5977 128mIn 0.7 s β−/ 5.4/ (8 −) 1.8670 1.9739(0.1205–2.12) 128In 127.92017 0.80 s β−/8.98 5.0/ 3 + 0.9352 1.16883.51984.2970 129mIn 1.23 s β−/98/ ≈7.5/ 1/2 − 0.3153 n/2/ 0.9067 1.2220 129In 128.9217 0.63 s β−/7.66 5.5/ 9/2 + 0.2853 0.76931.86502.1180 130m2In 0.53 s β−/ 8.8/ 5 + 0.0892 0.77441.2212 130m1In 0.51 s β−/ 6.1/ 10 − 0.0892 0.12980.77441.22121.9052 130In 129.92486 0.29 s β−/10.25 10.0/ 1 − 131m2In 0.3 s β−/ (21/2 +) 131m1In 0.35 s β−/ (1/2 −) 131In 130.9268 0.28 s β−/9.18 6.4/ (9/2 +) 0.3328 2.433 132In 131.9323 ≈0.206 s β−/13.6 6.0/ (7 −) 0.1320 8.8/ 0.2992 0.37474.0406 133In 132.9383 0.165 s β−, (n) 134In 133.9447 0.14 s (0.354–2.005) 135In 0.09 s 50Sn 118.710(7) 100Sn 99.9394 1.0 s β+/7.3 3.4/ 101Sn 100.9361 3. s β+/9. 102Sn 101.9243 3.8 s β+/5.8 103Sn 102.9281 7. s β+/7.7Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-105TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 104Sn 103.9232 21. s β+, EC/4.5 105Sn 104.9214 28. s β+/6.3 In-x-ray (0.2879–3.819) 106Sn 105.91688 2.0 m β+/20/3.18 ann.rad./ EC/80/ In k x-ray 0.38650.4772 107Sn 106.9157 2.92 m EC/5.0 1.2/ 0.4218 β+ / 0.6105 0.67851.00131.12901.542 108Sn 107.91196 10.3 m β+/1/2.09 0.36/ 0 + In k x-ray EC/99/ 0.2724 0.3965(0.105–1.68) 109Sn 108.91129 18.0 m β+/9/3.85 1.52/ 7/2 +− 1.08 +0.3 ann.rad./ EC/91/ In k x-ray 0.64981.0992 110Sn 109.90785 4.1 h EC/0.64 0 + In k x-ray 0.283 111Sn 110.90774 35. m β+/31/2.45 1.5/ 7/2 ++ 0.61 +0.2 In k x-ray EC/69/ 0.7620 1.15301.9147 112Sn 0.97(1) 111.904822 0 + 113mSn 21.4 m I.T./92/0.077 7/2 + Sn k x-ray EC/8/ In x-ray 0.0774 113Sn 112.905174 115.1 d EC/1.036 1/2 +− 0.879 In k x-ray 0.255110.39169 114Sn 0.66(1) 113.902783 0 + 115Sn 0.34(1) 114.903347 1/2 +− 0.9188 116Sn 14.54(9) 115.901745 0 + 117mSn 14.0 d I.T./0.3146 11/2 −− 1.396 −0.4 Sn k x-ray 0.15856 117Sn 7.68(7) 116.902955 1/2 +− 1.0010 118Sn 24.22(9) 117.901608 0 + 119mSn 293. d I.T./0.0896 11/2 −− 1.4 0.21 Sn k x-ray 0.02387 119Sn 8.59(4) 118.903311 1/2 +− 1.0473 120Sn 32.58(9) 119.902199 0 + 121mSn 44. y I.T./78/0.006 11/2 −− 1.388 −0.14 Sn k x-ray β−/22/ 0.354/ 0.03715 121Sn 120.904239 1.128 d β−/0.388 0.383/100 3/2 + 0.698 −0.02 122Sn 4.63(3) 121.903441 0 + 123mSn 40.1 m β−/1.428 1.26/99 3/2 + 0.1603 0.3814 123Sn 122.905723 129.2 d β−/1.404 1.42/99.4 11/2 −− 1.370 +0.03 0.1603 1.03021.0886 124Sn 5.79(5) 123.905275 >2.2×1018 y β−β−0+ 125mSn 9.51 m β−/2.387 2.03/98 3/2 + 0.3321 1.4040 125Sn 124.907785 9.63 d β−/2.364 2.35/82 11/2 −− 1.35 +0.1 1.0671 (0.2–2.3)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-106TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 126Sn 125.90765 2.34 ×105y β−/0.38 0.25/100 0 + 0.0643 0.08760.41480.66630.6950 127mSn 4.15 m β−/3.21 2.72/ 3/2 + 0.4909 1.34801.5640 127Sn 126.91035 2.12 h β−/3.20 2.42/ 11/2 − 0.8231 3.2/ 1.0956 (0.120–2.84) 128mSn 6.5 s IT/0.091 (7 −) 128Sn 127.91054 59.1 m β−/1.27 0.48/ 0 + 0.4823 0.63/ 0.5573 0.6805 129mSn 6.9 m β−/ 11/2 − 1.1611 129Sn 128.9134 2.4 m β−/4.0 3/2 + 0.6456 130mSn 1.7 m β−/( 7 −) 0.1449 0.8992 130Sn 129.91386 3.7 m β−/2.15 1.10/ 0 + 0.0700 0.19250.7798 131mSn 1.02 m β−/ 3.4/ 11/2 − 0.3043 0.45000.79851.2260(0.08–3.21) 131Sn 130.9169 39. s β−/4.69 3.8/ 3/2 + see131mSn 132Sn 131.91775 40. s β−/3.12 1.8/ 0.0855 0.24670.34020.8985 133Sn 132.9236 1.44 s β−/7.8 7.5/ 7/2 − 134Sn 133.9278 1.04 s β−/6.8 135Sn 134.9347 0.53 s β−, n /21. 0.282 0.733–1.855 136Sn 135.9393 0.25 s β−, n /30. 137Sn 136.946 0.19 s β−, n / ≈58 51Sb 121.760(1) 103Sb 102.9401 >1.5µs 104Sb 103.9363 0.5 s 105Sb 104.9315 1.1 s 106Sb 105.9288 0.6 s β+/10.5 107Sb 106.9242 4.0 s β+/7.9 1.280 0.15150.66660.553–2.046 108Sb 107.9222 7.0 s β+/9.5 (0.151–1.280) 109Sb 108.91814 17.3 s β+/6.38 4.42/ 5/2 + 0.925 EC/ 4.67/ 1.062 4.33/ 0.261–2.127 110Sb 109.9175 24. s β+/9.0 6.8/ 3 + ann.rad./ EC/ 0.6365 0.98471.21171.2433Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-107TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 111Sb 110.91254 1.25 m β+/87/4.47 3.3/ 5/2 + ann.rad./ EC/13 / 0.1002 0.15450.48911.0326 112Sb 111.91240 51.4 s β+/90/7.06 4.75/ 3 + ann.rad./ EC/10/ 0.6700 0.99091.2571 113Sb 112.90937 6.7 m β+/65/3.91 2.42/ 5/2 + ann.rad./ (0.3–3.6) EC/35/ Sn k x-ray 0.33240.4980 114Sb 113.9091 3.49 m β+/78/5.9 3.4/ 3 + 1.7 ann.rad./ EC/22/ Sn k x-ray 0.88761.2999 115Sb 114.90660 32.1 m β+/67/3.03 1.51/ 5/2 ++ 3.46 −0.4 ann.rad./ EC/33/ Sn k x-ray 0.4973 116mSb 1.00 h β+/78/ 1.16/ 8 − 2.6 ann.rad./ EC/22/ Sn k x-ray 0.40730.54290.97251.2935(0.0998–1.501) 116Sb 115.90680 16. m β+/50/4.707 1.3/ 3 + 2.72 ann.rad./ EC/50/ 2.3/ Sn k x-ray 0.931801.29354(0.138–3.903) 117Sb 116.90484 2.80 h β+/2/1.76 0.57/ 5/2 ++ 3.4 Sn k x-ray EC/98/ 0.1586 118mSb 5.00 h EC/99/ 8 − 2.3 Sn k x-ray 0.253681.050691.22964 118Sb 117.905533 3.6 m β+/74/3.657 2.65/ 1 + 2.5 ann.rad./ EC/26/ Sn k x-ray 1.22964 119Sb 118.90395 38.1 h EC/0.59 5/2 ++ 3.45 −0.4 Sn k x-ray 0.0239 120mSb 5.76 d EC/ 8 − 2.34 Sn k x-ray 0.08980.197301.023011.17121 120Sb 119.90508 15.89 m β+/41/2.68 1.72/ 1 ++ 2.3 ann.rad./ EC/59/ Sn k x-ray 0.70381.17121 121Sb 57.21(5) 120.903822 5/2 ++ 3.363 −0.4 122mSb 4.19 m I.T./0.162 8 − Sb x-ray 0.06140.0761 122Sb 121.90518 2.72 d β−/98/1.979 1.414/65 2 −− 1.90 +0.9 0.56409 β+/2/1.620 1.980/26 0.69277Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-108TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 1.14050 1.2569 123Sb 42.79(5) 122.904216 7/2 ++ 2.550 −0.5 124m2Sb 20.3 m I.T./0.035 8 − 124m1Sb 1.6 m I.T./80/ 1.2/ 5 + 0.4984 β−/20/ 1.7/ 0.6027 0.64581.1010 124Sb 123.905938 60.20 d β−/2.905 0.61/52 3 − 1.2 +1.9 0.60271/97.8 2.301/23 0.64583/7.4 0.72277/10.51.69094/48.2(0.0274–2.808) 125Sb 124.905247 2.758 y β−/0.767 0.13/30 7/2 ++ 2.63 0.0355 0.302/45 0.176320.62/13 0.38044 0.427860.463360.600600.63595 126m2Sb 11. s I.T./ 3 − L x-ray 0.0227 126m1Sb 19.0 m β−/86 / 1.9 5 + 0.4148 I.T./14 / 0.6663 0.6950 126Sb 125.90725 12.4 d β−/3.67 1.9 8 − 1.3 0.2786 0.4148/83.30.6663/99.70.6950/990.7205 127Sb 126.906914 3.84 d β−/1.581 0.89/ 7/2 + 2.70 0.2524 1.10/ 0.29081.50/ 0.4121 0.43700.68570.7837 128mSb 10.1 m β−/96/ 2.6/ 5 + 0.3140 I.T./4/ 0.5941 0.74320.7539 128Sb 127.90917 9.1 h β−/4.38 2.3/ 8 − 1.3 0.2148 0.31410.52650.74330.7540 129mSb 17.7 m β− / 0.4338 0.65780.7598 129Sb 128.90915 4.40 h β−/2.38 0.65/ 7/2 − 2.82 0.0278 0.18080.35940.45960.54470.81280.91461.0301 130mSb 6.5 m β−/2.6 2.12/ 0.1023 0.79340.8394Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-109TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 130Sb 129.91155 38.4 m β−/4.96 2.9/ 8 − 0.1823 0.33090.46800.73940.8394 131Sb 130.9120 23.0 m β−/3.20 1.31/ 7/2 + 0.6423 3.0/ 0.6579 0.93310.9434 132mSb 2.8 m β−/ 3.9/ 4 + 0.1034 0.35380.69680.97390.9896 132Sb 131.91420 4.2 m β−/5.49 8 − 0.1034 0.15060.69680.9739 133Sb 132.9152 2.5 m β−/4.00 1.20/ 7/2 + 3.00 0.4235 0.63180.81651.0764 134mSb 10.4 s β− / 6.1 7 − 134Sb 133.9206 0.8 s β−/8.4 8.4 0 − 0.1152 0.29700.70631.2791 135Sb 134.9252 1.71 s β−/8.12 7/2 + 1.127 1.279 136Sb 135.9301 0.82 s β−/9.3 137Sb 136.9353 >0.15 µs 138Sb 137.9410 >0.15 µs 139Sb 138.946 >0.15 µs 52Te 127.60(3) 106Te 105.9377 0.06 ms α/4.32 /100 107Te 106.9350 3.1 ms α/ 70/ 3.86(1)/ β+, EC/10.1 108Te 107.9295 2.1 s α/68 / 3.314(4)/ 0 + β+, EC/32 /6.8 109Te 108.9275 4.6 s β+EC/96 /8.7 0.7523 α/4 / 3.107(4)/ 0.287–2.045 110Te 109.9224 19. s β+, EC/4.5 0 + ann.rad./ 0.21910.6059 111Te 110.9211 19.3 s β+, EC/8.0 (7/2 +) ann.rad./ 0.2670.3220.341 112Te 111.9171 2.0 m β+, EC/4.3 0 + ann.rad./ 0.29620.37270.4187 113Te 112.9154 1.7 s β+/85/5.7 4.5/ (7/2 +) ann.rad./ EC/15/ Sb k x-ray 0.81441.01811.1812Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-110TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 114Te 113.9125 15. m β+/40/3.2 0 + ann.rad./ EC/60/ Sb k x-ray 0.08380.0903 115mTe 6.7 m β+/45/ (1/2 +) ann.rad./ EC/55/ Sb k x-ray 0.72360.7704 115Te 114.9116 5.8 m β+/45/4.6 2.7/ 7/2 + ann.rad./ EC/55/ Sb k x-ray 0.72361.32681.3806(0.22–2.7) 116Te 115.9084 2.49 h EC/1.5 0 + Sb k x-ray 0.0937 117Te 116.90864 1.03 h EC/75/3.54 1.78/ 1/2 + ann.rad./ β+/25/ Sb k x-ray 0.91971.71642.3000 118Te 117.90583 6.00 d EC/0.28 0 + Sb k x-ray 119mTe 4.69 d EC/ 11/2 − 0.89 Sb k x-ray 0.153600.27051.21271 119Te 118.90641 16.0 h β+/2/2.293 0.627/ 1/2 + 0.25 ann.rad. EC/98/ Sb k x-ray 0.64400.6998 120Te 0.09(1) 119.90403 0 + 121mTe ≈154. d I.T. (89%) 11/2 − 0.90 Te k x-ray EC(11%) 0.2122 121Te 120.90494 16.8 d EC/1.04 1/2 + Sb k x-ray 0.50760.5731 122Te 2.55(12) 121.903056 0 + 123mTe 119.7 d I.T./0.247 11/2 −− 0.93 Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1 123Te 0.89(3) 122.904271 >5.3×1016y EC/0.051 1/2 +− 0.73695 124Te 4.74(14) 123.902819 0 + 125mTe 58. d I.T./0.145 11/2 −− 0.99 −0.06 Te k x-ray 0.0355 125Te 7.07(15) 124.904424 1/2 +− 0.8885 126Te 18.84(25) 125.903305 0 + 127mTe 109. d I.T./98/0.088 11/2 −− 1.04 Te k x-ray β−/2/0.77 0.0883 127Te 126.905217 9.4 h β−/0.698 0.696/ 3/2 + 0.64 0.3603 128Te 31.74(8) 127.904462 2.2 ×1024 y β−β−0+ 129mTe 33.6 d I.T./63/0.105 11/2 −− 1.09 Te k x-ray β−/37/ 1.60/ 0.45984 0.6959 129Te 128.906596 1.16 h β−/1.498 0.99/9 3/2 + 0.70 0.06 0.0278 1.45/89 0.45984 0.48728 130Te 34.08(62) 129.906223 8 ×1020 y β−β−0+ 131mTe 1.35 d β−/78/2.4 0.42/ 11/2 −− 1.04 0.0811 I.T./22/0.18 0.1021 0.14973Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-111TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.77369 0.793750.85225 131Te 130.908522 25.0 m β−/2.233 1.35/12 3/2 + 0.70 0.14973 1.69/22 0.453272.14/60 0.49269 132Te 131.90852 3.26 d β−/0.51 0.215 0 + 0.049725 0.111980.22830 133mTe 55.4 m β−/82/ 2.4/30 11/2 − Te k x-ray I.T./18/0.334 0.0949 0.16890.31210.3341 133Te 132.9109 12.4 m β−/2.94 2.25/25 3/2 + 0.3121 2.65 0.4079 1.3334 134Te 133.9116 42. m β−/1.51 0.6/ 0 + 0.7672/29 0.7/ 0.0794–0.9255 135Te 134.9165 19.0 s β−/6.0 5.4/ 0.267 6.0 0.603 0.870 136Te 135.92010 17.5 s β−/5.1 2.5/ 0 + 2.0779/25 0.0873–3.235 137Te 136.9253 2.5 s β−/98 /6.9 6.8 7/2 − 0.2436 n/2 / 138Te 137.9292 1.4 s β−/6.4 139Te 138.9347 >0.15 µs 140Te 139.9387 >0.15 µs 141Te 140.9444 >0.15 µs 142Te 141.949 >0.15 µs 53I 126.90447(3) 108I 107.9436 0.04 s α/91/4. 3.95 109I 108.9382 0.11 ms p 0.593/100 0.717/630.496–1.057 110I 109.9346 0.65 s β+, EC/83/11.4 ann.rad./ α/17/≈3.6 3.457(10)/ p/11/ 111I 110.9303 2.5 s β+, E../8.5 ann.rad./ 0.26650.32150.3412 112I 111.9280 3.4 s β+, EC/10.2 ann.rad./ 0.68890.7869 113I 112.9237 5.9 s β+, EC/7.6 ann.rad./ 0.4625/1000.6224/740.0550–1.422 114I 113.9219 2.1 s β+, EC/8.7 ann.rad./ 0.68260.7088 115I 114.9188 1.3 m β+, EC/6.7 5/2 + ann.rad./ 0.2750.2840.4600.709Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-112TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 116I 115.9167 2.9 s β+/97/7.8 6.7/ 1 + ann.rad./ EC/3/ 0.5402 0.6789 117I 116.9136 2.22 m β+, EC/4.7 3.2/ (5/2 +) 3.1 ann.rad./ 0.27440.3259 118mI 8.5 m β+, EC/ 4.9/ 7 − 4.2 ann.rad./ I.T. 0.104 0.59980.60520.6138 118I 117.9134 14. m β+, EC/7.0 2 − 2.0 ann.rad./ 0.54480.60521.3384 119I 118.9102 19. m β+/54/3.5 2.4/ (5/2 +) +2.9 ann.rad./ EC/46/ Te k x-ray 0.2575 120mI 53. m β+/80/ 3.8 4.2 ann.rad. EC/20/ Te k x-ray 0.42570.56040.61471.3459 120I 119.91005 1.35 h β+/56/5.62 4.03 2 − 1.23 ann.rad./ EC/ 4.60 Te k x-ray 0.56040.64111.5230(0.43–3.1) 121I 120.90737 2.12 h β+/13/2.27 1.2/ 5/2 + 2.3 ann.rad./ EC/87/ Te k x-ray 0.2122(0.14–1.1) 122I 121.90760 3.6 m β+/4.234 3.1/ 1 ++ 0.94 ann.rad./ EC/ Te k x-ray 0.5641 123I 122.905605 13.2 h EC/1.242 5/2 + 2.82 Te k x-ray 0.1590 124I 123.906211 4.18 d β+/23/3.160 1.54/ 2 − 1.44 ann.rad./ EC/77/ 2.14/ Te k x-ray 0.75/ 0.6027/62.9 0.7228/10.31.6910/11.2(0.31–1.73) 125I 124.904624 59.4 d EC/0.1861 5/2 + 2.82 −0.89 Te k x-ray 0.0355 126I 125.905619 13.0 d EC/ 2 − 1.44 ann.rad./ β+/2.155 1.13/ Te k x-ray β−/1.258/47 0.87/ 0.3887 1.25/ 0.6622 127I 100. 126.904468 5/2 ++ 2.8133 −0.79 128I 127.905805 25.00 m β−/2.118 2.13/ 1 + Te k x-ray EC/1.251 0.44287 0.52658 129I 128.904988 1.7 ×107 y β−/0.194 0.15/ 7/2 ++ 2.621 −0.55 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 130mI 9.0 m I.T./83/0.048 2 + I k x-ray β−/17/ 0.5361Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-113TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 130I 129.906674 12.36 h β−/2.949 1.04/ 5 + 3.35 0.4180 0.62 0.5361 0.66850.7395 131I 130.906125 8.021 d β−/0.971 0.606/ 7/2 ++ 2.742 −0.40 0.08017 0.284310.364460.63699 132mI 1.39 h IT 8 − 132I 131.90800 2.28 h β−/14/3.58 0.80/ 4 + 3.09 0.09 I k x-ray I.T./86/ 1.03/ 0.0980 1.2/ 0.50591.6/ 0.522642.16/ 0.63019 0.65060.667680.772600.95457 133mI 9. s I.T./1.63 19/2 − I kx-ray 0.07300.64740.9126 133I 132.90781 20.8 h β−/1.77 1.24/85 7/2 ++ 2.86 −0.27 0.51056 0.529890.87537 134mI 3.7 m I.T./98/0.316 8 − I k x-ray β−/2/ 0.0444 0.2719 134I 133.9099 52.6 m β−/4.05 1.2/ 4 + 0.1354 0.847020.88409 135I 134.91005 6.57 h β−/2.63 0.9/ 7/2 + 2.94 0.2884 1.3/ 0.41768 0.526581.131561.26046 136mI 47. s β−/ 4.7/ 6 − 0.1973 5.2/ 0.3468 0.37010.38141.3130(0.16–2.36) 136I 135.91466 1.39 m β−/6.93 4.3/ 2 − 0.3447 5.6/ 1.3130 1.32112.2896(0.3–6.1) 137I 136.91787 24.5 s β−/5.88 5.0/ (7/2 +) 0.6010 1.21801.22011.30261.5343(0.25–4.4) 138I 137.9224 6.5 s β−/7.8 6.9/ 2 − 0.4836 7.4/ 0.5888 0.8752(0.4–5.3) 139I 138.92609 2.30 s β−/6.81 0.192 n/ 0.198 0.273Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-114TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.382 0.3860.4680.6831.313 140I 139.9310 0.86 s β−/8.8 (3) 0.372 n/ 0.377 0.457 141I 140.9351 0.45 s β−/7.8 142I 141.9402 ≈0.2 s β− 143I 142.9441 >0.15 µs 144I 143.9496 >0.15 µs 54Xe 131.293(6) 110Xe 109.9445 0.2 s β+/9.2 α /≈64 111mXe 0.9 s EC, β+ 111Xe 110.9416 0.7 s EC, β+/10.6 α/ 3.58(1)/ 112Xe 111.9357 3. s EC, β+/7.2 α/0.8/ 113Xe 112.9334 2.8 s EC, β+/9.1 114Xe 113.9281 10.0 s β+, EC/5.9 0 + ann.rad./ 0.10310.16160.30850.68260.7088 115Xe 114.9270 18. s β+, EC/7.6 (5/2 +) ann.rad./ 116Xe 115.9214 56. s β+, EC/4.3 3.3/ 0 + ann.rad./ 0.10420.19160.24770.31070.4127 117Xe 116.9206 1.02 m β+, EC/6.5 (5/2 +) −0.594 +1.16 ann.rad./ 0.22140.51900.63890.6613 118Xe 117.917 ≈4. m β+, EC/3. 2.7/ 0 + ann.rad./ 0.05350.06000.1199 119Xe 118.9156 5.8 m β+, EC/5.0 3.5/ 7/2 +− 0.654 +1.31 0.0873 0.10000.23180.4615 120Xe 119.91216 40. m β+, EC/97/1.96 0 + I k x-ray β+/3/ 0.0251 0.07260.1781(0.1–1.03) 121Xe 120.91138 39. m β+/44/3.73 2.8/ 5/2 +− 0.701 +1.33 ann.rad./ EC/56/ I k x-ray 0.13280.25270.4452(0.1–3.1)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-115TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 122Xe 121.9086 20.1 h EC/0.9 0 + I k x-ray 0.3501 123Xe 122.90848 2.00 h β+/23/2.68 1.51/ 1/2 +− 0.150 ann.rad./ EC/77/ I k x-ray 0.14890.1781(0.1–2.1) 124Xe 0.0953(27) 123.905895 >1017 y β−β− 125mXe 57. s I.T./0.252 (9/2 −) −0.745 +0.42 Xe k x-ray 0.11110.141 125Xe 124.906398 17.1 h EC/1.653 0.47/ 1/2 +− 0.269 I k x-ray 0.18840.2434 126Xe 0.0890(14) 125.90427 0 + 127mXe 1.15 m I.T./0.297 (9/2 −) −0.884 +0.69 Xe k x-ray 0.12460.1725 127Xe 126.905179 36.34 d EC/0.662 1/2 +− 0.504 I k x-ray 0.17210.20290.3750 128Xe 1.910(22) 127.903531 0 + 129mXe 8.89 d I.T./0.236 11/2 −− 0.891 +0.64 Xe k x-ray 0.03960.1966 129Xe 26.40(18) 128.904780 1/2 +− 0.7780 130Xe 4.071(53) 129.903509 0 + 131mXe 11.9 d I.T./0.164 11/2 −− 0.9940 +0.73 Xe k x-ray 0.16398 131Xe 21.233(62) 130.905083 3/2 ++ 0.69186 −0.12 132Xe 26.9087(680) 131.904155 0 + 133mXe 2.19 d I.T./0.233 11/2 −− 1.082 +0.77 Xe k x-ray 0.23325 133Xe 132.905906 5.243 d β−/0.427 0.346/99 3/2 ++ 0.813 +0.14 Cs k x-ray 0.0809980.1606 134Xe 10.436(29) 133.905395 >1.1×1016 Y β−β−0+ 135mXe 15.3 m I.T./ 11/2 − 1.103 +0.62 Xe k x-ray 0.52658 135Xe 134.90721 9.10 h β−/1.15 0.91/ 3/2 + 0.903 +0.21 0.24975 0.60807 136Xe 8.858(33) 135.90722 >0.8×1021 y β−β−0+ 137Xe 136.91156 3.82 m β−/4.17 4.1/ 7/2 −− 0.970 −0.49 0.45549 3.6/ 0.8489 0.98221.27321.78342.8498 138Xe 137.91399 14.1 m β−/2.77 0.8/ 0 + 0.1538 2.4/ 0.2426 0.25830.43451.768262.0158 139Xe 138.91879 39.7 s β−/5.06 4.5/ −0.304 +0.40 0.1750 5.0/ 0.2186 0.2965(0.1–3.37) 140Xe 139.9216 13.6 s β−/4.1 2.6 0 + 0.0801Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-116TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.6220 0.80551.4137(0.04–2.3) 141Xe 140.9267 1.72 s β−/6.2 6.2/ 5/2 ++ 0.010 −0.58 0.1187 0.9095(0.05–2.55) 142Xe 141.9297 1.22 s β−/5.0 3.7/ 0 + 0.0338 4.2/ 0.0729 0.20380.30910.41450.53820.57180.61810.6448 143mXe 0.96 s β− 143Xe 142.9352 0.30 s β−/7.3 −0.460 +0.93 144Xe 143.9385 1.2 s β−/6.1 145Xe 144.9437 0.9 s β−, (n) 146Xe 145.9473 >0.15 µs 147Xe 146.9530 >0.15 µs 55Cs 132.90545(2) 112Cs 111.9503 0.5 ms p 0.81 113Cs 112.9445 17. µs p 0.96 114Cs 113.9408 0.58 s β+, EC/11.8 1 + ann.rad./ 0.68260.7088 115Cs 114.9359 ≈1.4 s β+, EC/8.4 ann.rad./ 116mCs 0.7 s β, EC/ ann.rad./ 0.3935 116Cs 115.9330 3.8 s β+, EC/10.8 ann.rad./ 0.39350.52430.61510.6223 117mCs 6.5 s β+, EC/ 117Cs 116.9286 ≈8.4 s β+, EC/7.5 ann.rad./ 118mCs 17. s β+, EC/ 5. 118Cs 117.92654 14. s β+, EC/9. 2 +3.88 +1.4 ann.rad./ 0.33720.47270.58650.5906 119mCs 29. s 3/2 +0.84 +0.9 119Cs 118.92234 43. s β+, EC/6.3 9/2 ++ 5.5 +2.8 ann.rad./ 0.1690.1760.2240.257 120mCs 60. s β+, EC/ 120Cs 119.92066 64. s β+, EC/7.92 2 ++ 3.87 +1.45 ann.rad./ 0.32240.47350.5534(0.3–3.28) 121mCs 2.0 m I.T./60/ (9/2 +) +5.41 +2.7 ann.rad./ β+/40/ 4.4 0.1794Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-117TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.1961 121Cs 120.91718 2.3 m β+, EC/5.40 4.38/ 3/2 ++ 0.77 +0.84 ann.rad./ 0.1537(0.08–0.56) 122m2Cs 4.4 m β+, EC 8 −+ 4.77 +3.3 ann.rad./ 122m1Cs 0.36 s IT 0.3311 0.49710.6385(0.27–2.22) 122Cs 121.91614 21. s β+, EC/7.1 5.8/ (1 +) −0.133 −0.19 ann.rad./ 0.33110.51200.8179 123mCs 1.6 s I.T./ 11/2 − Cs k x-ray 0.0946 123Cs 122.91299 5.87 m β+/75/4.20 3.0/ 1/2 ++ 1.38 ann.rad./ EC/25/ Xe k x-ray 0.09740.5964 124mCs 6.3 s IT 7 + 124Cs 123.91225 30. s β+/9 /5.92 ≈5. 1 ++ 0.673 −0.74 ann.rad./ EC/8 / Xe k x-ray 0.35390.49250.9418 125Cs 124.90972 45. m β+/40/3.09 2.06/ 1/2 ++ 1.41 ann.rad./ EC/60/ Xe k x-ray 0.1120.526 126Cs 125.90945 1.64 m. β+/81/4.83 3.4 1 ++ 0.78 −0.68 ann.rad./ EC/19/ 3.7/ Xe k x-ray 0.38860.49120.9252 127Cs 126.90741 6.2 h β+/96/2.08 0.65/ 1/2 ++ 1.46 Xe k x-ray EC/4/ 1.06 0.1247 0.4119 128Cs 127.90775 3.62 m β+/68/3.930 2.44/ 1 ++ 0.97 −0.57 ann.rad./ EC/32 / 2.88/ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 129Cs 128.90606 1.336 d EC/1.195 1/2 ++ 1.49 Xe k x-ray 0.37190.4115 130mCs 3.5 m IT, β+, EC 5 −+ 0.629 +1.45 130Cs 129.90671 29.21 m β+/55/2.98 1.98/ 1 ++ 1.46 −0.06 ann.rad./ EC/43/ Xe k x-rayβ −/1.6/0.37 0.44/1.6 0.5361 131Cs 130.90546 9.69 d EC/0.352 5/2 ++ 3.54 −0.58 Xe k x-ray 132Cs 131.906430 6.48 d EC/98/ 2 −+ 2.22 +0.51 Xe k x-ray β+/0.3/2.120 0.4646 β−/ /1.280 0.6302 0.66769 133Cs 100. 132.905447 7/2 ++ 2.582 −0.0037 134mCs 2.91 h I.T./0.139 8 −+ 1.098 +1.0 Cs k x-ray 0.12749 134Cs 133.906714 2.065 y β−/2.059 0.089/27 4 ++ 2.994 +0.39 0.56327 0.658/70 0.56935 EC/1.22 0.60473 0.79584Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-118TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 135mCs 53. m I.T./1.627 19/2 −+ 2.18 +0.9 0.7869 0.8402 135Cs 134.905972 2.3 ×106 y β−/0.269 0.205/100 7/2 ++ 2.732 +0.05 136mCs 19. s I.T./ 8 +1.32 +0.7 136Cs 135.907307 13.16 d β−/2.548 0.341/ 5 ++ 3.71 +0.2 0.06691 0.340570.818501.04807 137Cs 136.907085 30.2 y β−/1.176 0.514/95 7/2 ++ 2.84 +0.05 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 138mCs 2.9 m I.T./75 /0.080 6 −+ 1.71 −0.40 Cs k x-ray β−/25 / 3.3 0.0799 0.19170.46281.43579 138Cs 137.91101 32.2 m β−/5.37 2.9/ 3 −+ 0.700 +0.12 0.1381 0.462691.009691.435792.21788 139Cs 138.913359 9.3 m β−/4.213 4.21 7/2 ++ 2.70 −0.07 0.6272 1.2832(0.4–3.66) 140Cs 139.91727 1.06 m β−/6.22 5.7/ 1 −+ 0.13390 −0.11 0.5283 6.21/ 0.6023 0.9084(0.41–3.94) 141Cs 140.92005 24.9 s β−/5.26 5.20/ 7/2 ++ 2.44 −0.4 Ba k x-ray 0.04850.56160.58871.1940(0.05–3.33) 142Cs 141.92430 1.8 s β−/7.31 6.9/ 0.3596 7.28 0.9668 1.17591.3265 143Cs 142.92732 1.78 s β−/6.24 6.1 (3/2 +) +0.87 +0.47 0.1955 0.23240.3064(0.17–1.98) 144Cs 143.93203 1.01 s β−/8.47 8.46/ 1 −0.546 +0.30 0.1993 7.9/ 0.5598 0.63920.7587 145Cs 144.93541 0.59 s β−/7.89 7.4/ 3/2 ++ 0.784 +0.6 0.1126 7.9/ 0.1755 0.1990 146Cs 145.94024 0.322 s β−, (n)/9.38 ≈9.0 2 −− 0.515 +0.22 147Cs 146.9439 0.227 s β−, (n)/9.3 148Cs 147.9490 0.15 s β−, (n)/10.5 149Cs 148.9527 >50 ms 150Cs 149.9580 >50 ms 151Cs 150.9620 >50 ms 56Ba 137.327(7) 114Ba 113.9509 0.43 s β+, (p) p/20 a /0.9 115Ba 114.948 0.45 s β+, (p) p/<15Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-119TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 116Ba 115.9417 1.3 s β+, (p) p/3 117Ba 116.9377 1.8 s β+, (p), EC/8.4 p/13 (3/2 −) (0.0457–0.364) 118Ba 117.9466 5.2 s β+, (0.040–0.156) 119Ba 118.931 5.4 s β+, EC/8. 120Ba 119.9260 24. s β+, EC/5.0 0 + ann.rad./ 0.140(0.075–0.146) 121Ba 120.9245 30. s β+, EC/6.8 5/2 +0.660 +1.8 ann.rad./ 122Ba 121.9203 2.0 m β+, EC/3.8 0 + ann.rad./ 123Ba 122.9189 2.7 m β+, EC/5.5 −0.68 +1.5 ann.rad./ 0.03060.09270.11610.1235 124Ba 123.91509 12. m β+, EC/2.65 ann.rad./ 0.16950.18881.2160 125mBa 8. m β+, EC/ 4.5 0.174 125Ba 124.9146 3.5 m β+, EC/4.6 3.4 1/2 ++ 0.18 ann.rad./ 0.05500.07760.08540.1409 126Ba 125.91124 1.65 h β+/2/1.67 0 + Cs k x-ray EC/98 / 0.2179 0.23360.2576 127mBa 1.9 s IT 7/2 −− 0.723 1.6 127Ba 126.9111 12.9 m β+/54/3.5 1/2 ++ 0.083 ann.rad./ EC/46/ Cs k x-ray 0.11480.1808(0.07–2.5) 128Ba 127.90831 2.43 d EC/0.52 0 + Cs k x-ray 0.27344 129mBa 2.17 h EC/98/ 7/2 ++ 0.93 +1.6 Cs k x-ray β+/2/ 0.1769 0.18230.20231.4593 129Ba 128.90868 2.2 h β+/20/2.43 1.42/ 1/2 +− 0.40 ann.rad./ EC/80/ Cs k x-ray 0.12910.21430.2208 130mBa 9.5 ms I.T./2.475 /100. 8 −− 0.04 +2.8 0.080–0.802 130Ba 0.106(1) 129.90631 2.2 ×1021 y β+β+0+ 131mBa 14.6 m I.T./0.187 9/2 −− 0.87 +1.5 Ba k x-ray 0.1085 131Ba 130.90693 11.7 d EC/1.37 1/2 + 0.7081 Cs k x-ray 0.12381/28.40.21608/21.30.49636/42.9(0.0549–1.171) 132Ba 0.101(1) 131.905056 1.3 ×1021 y EC EC 0 + 133mBa 1.621 d I.T./0.288 11/2 −− 0.91 +0.9 Ba k x-ray 0.2761 133Ba 132.906003 10.53 y EC/0.517 1/2 + 0.7717 Cs k x-ray 0.08099Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-120TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.35600 134Ba 2.417(18) 133.904504 0 + 135mBa 1.20 d I.T./0.2682 11/2 −− 1.00 +1.0 Ba k x-ray 0.2682 135Ba 6.592(12) 134.905684 3/2+ +0.838 +0.16 136mBa 0.308 s I.T./2.0305 7 − Ba k x-ray 0.81851.0481 136Ba 7.854(24) 135.904571 0 + 137mBa 2.552 m I.T./0.6617 11/2 −− 0.99 +0.8 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 137Ba 11.232(24) 136.905822 3/2 ++ 0.9374 +0.245 138Ba 71.698(42) 137.905242 0 + 139Ba 138.908836 1.396 h β−/2.317 2.14/27 7/2 −− 0.97 −0.57 0.16585 2.27/72 1.2544 1.42033 140Ba 139.91060 12.75 d β−/1.05 0.48 0 + 0.16268 1.0/ 0.304851.02/ 0.53727 141Ba 140.91441 18.3 m β−/3.22 2.59/ 3/2 −− 0.34 +0.45 0.1903 2.73/ 0.2770 0.3042(0.1–2.5) 142Ba 141.91645 10.7 m β−/2.212 1.0/ 0 + 0.23152 1.10/ 0.25512 0.30901.2040 143Ba 142.92061 14.3 s β−/4.24 4.2/ 5/2 ++ 0.44 −0.88 0.1786 0.211480.7988(0.17–2.4) 144Ba 143.92294 11.4 s β−/3.1 2.4/ 0 + La k x-ray 2.9/ 0.10386 0.15660.17280.38820.43048 145Ba 144.9269 4.0 s β−/4.9 4.9/ (5/2 −) −0.28 +1.22 La k x-ray 0.09180.09709 146Ba 145.9302 2.20 s β−/4.12 3.9/ 0 + 0.0644 0.25130.32700.33290.3622 147Ba 146.9340 0.892 s β−/5.75 5.5/ 148Ba 147.9377 0.64 s β−, n/5.11 149Ba 148.9421 0.36 s β−, (n)/7.3 150Ba 149.9456 0.3 s 151Ba 150.9507 >0.15 µs 152Ba 151.9542 153Ba 151.9596 57La 138.9055(2) 117La 116.950 23 ms p 0.806/ 3/2 + 118La 117.946 119La 118.941 120La 119.938 2.8 s EC, β+/11. 121La 120.9330 5.3 sElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-121TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 122La 121.9307 9. s EC, β+/≈9.7 123La 122.9262 17. s EC/7. 124La 123.9245 30. s EC/ ≈8.8 (7 +) 125mLa 0.39 s 125La 124.9207 1.2 m β+, EC/5.6 11/2 − ann.rad./ 0.04360.0676 126mLa <50. s 126La 125.9194 54. s β+, EC/7.6 ann.rad./ 0.2560.4550.117–3.853 127La 126.9162 3.8 m β+, EC/4.7 3/2 + ann.rad./ 0.0250.0562 128La 127.9155 5.0 m β+/80/6.7 (5 −) ann.rad./ EC/20/ Ba k x-ray 0.2841/870.4793/54(0.315–2.212) 129mLa 0.56 s IT (11/2 −) 129La 128.91267 11.6 m β+/58/3.72 2.42/ 3/2 + ann.rad./ EC/42/ Ba k x-ray 0.1105 0.2786 (0.1–1.8) 130La 129.9123 8.7 m β+/78/5.6 3 + ann.rad./ EC/22/ Ba k x-ray 0.3573/810.5506/27(0.1965–1.989) 131La 130.9101 59. m β+/76/3.0 1.42/ 3/2 + ann.rad./ EC/24/ 1.94/ Ba k x-ray 0.10850.36580.5263 132mLa 24. m I.T./76/ 6 − La k x-ray β+, EC/24/ 0.1352 0.4645 132La 131.91011 4.8 h β+/40/4.71 2.6/ 2 − ann.rad./ EC/60/ 3.2 Ba k x-ray 3.7/ 0.4645 0.5671 133La 132.9084 3.91 h β+/4/2.2 1.2/ 5/2 + Ba k x-ray EC/96/ 0.2788 0.29010.3024 134La 133.90849 6.5 m β+/63/3.71 2.67/ 1 + ann.rad./ EC/37/ Ba k x-ray 0.6047(0.5–1.9) 135La 134.90697 19.5 h EC/1.20 5/2 + Ba k x-ray 0.4805 136La 135.9077 9.87 m β+/36/2.9 1.8/ 1 + ann.rad./ EC/64/ Ba k x-ray 0.8185 137La 136.90647 6 ×104y EC/0.60 7/2 ++ 2.70 +0.2 0.2836 138La 0.090(1) 137.907107 1.06 ×1011y5 ++ 3.7136 +0.4 1.4358/65 0.7887/35 139La 99.910(1) 138.906349 7/2 ++ 2.7830 +0.20Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-122TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 140La 139.909473 1.678 d β−/3.762 1.35 3 −+ 0.73 +0.09 1.24/1.67/ 141La 140.910958 3.90 h β−/2.502 2.43/ 7/2 + 142La 141.91408 1.54 h β−/4.505 2.11/ 2 − 2.98/4.52/ 143La 142.91606 14.1 m β−/3.43 3.3/ 7/2 − 144La 143.9196 40.7 s β−/5.5 4.1/ 145La 144.9217 24. s β−/4.1 4.1/ 3/2 + 146mLa 10.0 s β−/6.7 5.5/ (6) 146La 145.9258 6.3 s β−/6.6 6.2/ (2 −) 147La 146.9278 4.02 s β−/5.0 4.6/ 148La 147.9322 1.1 s β−/7.26 2 − 149La 148.9342 1.10 s β−/5.5 0.1335 0.009–1.709 150La 149.9386 0.51 s x-ray (0.097–0.209) 151La 150.9416 >0.15 µs 152La 151.946 >0.15 µs 153La 152.949 >0.15 µs 154La 153.954 155La 154.958 58Ce 140.116(1) 119Ce 118.953 120Ce 119.947 121Ce 120.944 1.1 s β+, p 122Ce 121.938 123Ce 122.936 3.8 s β+, EC/ ≈8.6 ann.rad./ 124Ce 123.931 6. s EC/ ≈5.6 125Ce 124.929 9.6 s β+, EC/7. 7/2 − ann.rad./ 0.13460.16660.056–1.329 126Ce 125.9241 50. s EC/4. 127Ce 126.9228 32. s β+, EC/6.1 ann.rad./ (0.058–1.148) 128Ce 127.9189 4.1 m β+, EC/3.2 ann.rad./ (0.023–0.880) 129Ce 128.9187 3.5 m β+, EC/5.6 ann.rad./ (0.0675–1.015) 130Ce 129.9147 26. m β+, EC/2.2 0 + ann.rad./ La k x-ray0.047–1.431 131mCe 5. m β+EC ann.rad./ 0.23040.39550.4213 131Ce 130.9144 10. m β+, EC/4.0 2.8/ ann.rad. 0.1190.1690.414 132mCe 9.4 ms IT/2.340 0.3255 0.10–0.955 132Ce 131.9115 3.5 h EC/1.3 0 + La k x-ray 0.15540.1821Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-123TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 133mCe 1.6 h β+, EC/ 1/2 + ann.rad. 0.07690.09730.5577 133Ce 132.9116 5.4 h β+/8/2.9 1.3/ 9/2 − ann.rad. EC/92/ 0.0584 0.13080.47220.5104 134Ce 133.9090 3.16 d EC/0.5 0 + La k x-ray 0.13040.16230.6047 135mCe 20. s I.T./0.446 11/2 − Ce k x-ray 0.08260.14970.2134 135Ce 134.90915 17.7 h β+/1 /2.026 0.8/ 1/2 + La k x-ray EC/99 / 0.0345 0.26560.30010.6068 136Ce 0.185(2) 135.90714 >0.7×1014 y EC EC 0 + 137mCe 1.43 d I.T./99 /0.254 11/2 − 1.0 Ce k x-ray EC/0.8 / 0.1693 0.2543 137Ce 136.90778 9.0 h β+/1.222 3/2 + 0.96 La k x-ray 0.4472 138Ce 0.251(2) 137.90599 >0.9×1014 y EC EC 0 + 139mCe 56.4 s I.T./0.7542 11/2 − Ce k x-ray 0.7542 139Ce 138.90665 137.6 d EC/0.28 3/2 + 1.06 La k x-ray 140Ce 88.450(51) 139.905435 0 + 0.16585 141Ce 140.908272 32.50 d β−/0.581 0.436/69 7/2 − 1.1 Pr k x-ray 0.581/31 0.14544/48.0 142Ce 11.114(51) 141.909241 >1.6×1017 y β−β−0+ 143Ce 142.912382 1.38 d β−/1.462 1.404/ 3/2- 0.43 Pr k x-ray 1.110/47 0.0574 0.2933 144Ce 143.913643 284.6 d β−/0.319 0.185/20 0 + Pr k x-ray 0.318/ 0.0801 0.1335 145Ce 144.91723 3.00 m β−/2.54 1.7/24 3/2 − Pr k x-ray 1.3 0.0627 0.7245 146Ce 145.9187 13.5 m β−/1.04 0.7/90 0 + Pr k x-ray 0.09860.21820.31670.0930 147Ce 146.9225 56. s β−/3.29 3.3/ 0.2687 148Ce 147.9244 56. s β−/2.1 1.66/ 0 + 0.0904 0.09850.12120.2918 149Ce 148.9283 5.2 s β−/4.2 0.0577 0.08640.38000.1099Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 11-124TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2 ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b) γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 150Ce 149.9302 4.4 s β −/3.0 0.0526 151Ce 150.9340 1.0 s β −/5.3 Pr k x-ray 152Ce 151.9366 1.4 s β −/4.4 0.098 0.115 153Ce 152.9406 >0.15 µs 154Ce 153.943 >0.15 µs 155Ce 154.947 >0.15 µs 156Ce 155.951 157Ce 156.956 59Pr 140.90765(2) 121Pr 120.955 0.6 s 122Pr 121.952 123Pr 122.946 124Pr 123.943 1.2 s β +, EC/12. ann.rad./ 125Pr 124.9378 ≈3.3 s β +ann.rad./ 0.1358 126Pr 125.9353 3.1 s β +, EC/ ≈10.4 ann.rad./ (0.170–0.985) 127Pr 126.9308 4.2 s β + / ≈7.5 ann.rad./ (0.028–0.8949) 128Pr 127.9288 3.0 s β +, EC/ ≈9.3 ann.rad./ 0.207/1000.400–1.373 129Pr 128.9249 32 s β +, EC/5.8 ann.rad./ (0.0395–1.865) 130Pr 129.9234 40. s β +, EC/8.1 ann.rad./ 131mPr 5.7 s (0.06–0.16) 131Pr 130.9201 1.7 m β +, EC/5.3 ≈5.5 ann.rad./ (0.059–0.980) 132Pr 131.9191 1.6 m β +, EC/7.1 ann.rad./ 0.3250.4960.533 133mPr 1.1 s IT/0.192 0.1305 0.0617 133Pr 132.9162 6.5 m β +, EC/4.3 5/2 + ann.rad./ 0.0740.13430.24190.31560.33080.4650 134mPr ≈11. m β +, EC/ ann.rad./ 0.2940.4600.4950.632 134Pr 133.9157 17. m β +, EC/6.2 2 + ann.rad./ 0.2940.495 135Pr 134.9131 24. m β +, EC/3.7 2.5/ 3/2 + ann.rad./ 0.08260.21350.29610.5832 136Pr 135.91265 13.1 m β +/57 /5.13 2.98/ 2 + ann.rad./ EC/43 Ce k x-ray TeamLRN11-125TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.5398 0.5522 137Pr 136.91068 1.28 h β +/26 /2.70 1.68/ 5/2 + ann.rad./ EC/74 / Ce k x-ray 0.43390.51400.8367(0.16–1.8) 138mPr 2.1 h β +/24 / 1.65/ 7 − ann.rad./ EC/76 / Ce k x-ray 0.30270.78871.0378(0.07–2.0) 138Pr 137.91075 1.45 m β +/75 /4.44 3.42/ 1 + ann.rad./ EC/25 / Ce k x-ray 0.7887 139Pr 138.90893 4.41 h β +/8 /2.129 1.09/ 5/2 + ann.rad./ EC/92 / Ce k x-ray 0.25511.34731.6307 140Pr 139.90907 3.39 m β +/51 /3.39 2.37/ 1 + ann.rad./ EC/49 / Ce k x-ray 0.30691.5965 141Pr 100. 140.907648 5/2 ++ 4.275 −0.08 142mPr 14.6 m I.T./0.004 c.e./ 5 − 2.2 142Pr 141.910041 19.12 h β −/2.162 0.58/4 2 −+ 0.234 +0.030 0.5088 EC/0.744 2.16/96 1.57580 143Pr 142.910813 13.57 d β −/0.934 0.933/ 7/2 ++ 2.70 +0.8 0.7420 144mPr 7.2 m IT/99 +/0.059 3 − Pr k x-ray β − / 0.0590 0.69650.8142 144Pr 143.913301 17.28 m β −/2.998 0.807/1 0 − 0.69649 2.30/ 1.489122.996/98 2.18562 145Pr 144.91451 5.98 h β −/1.81 1.80/97 7/2 + 0.0725 0.67580.7483 146Pr 145.9176 24.2 m β −/4.2 2.2/30 2 − 0.4539/48 3.7/10 1.52474.2/40 147Pr 146.91898 13.4 m β −/2.69 1.5/ 3/2 + 0.3146/24. 2.1/ 0.5779/16 0.6413/19. 148mPr 2.0 m β −/ 4.0/ (4) 0.3016 3.8/ 0.4506 0.6975 148Pr 147.9222 2.27 m β −/4.9 4.8/ 1 −0.3017 4.5/ 149Pr 148.92379 2.3 m β −/3.40 3.0 (5/2 +) 0.1085 0.13850.1651 150Pr 149.9270 6.2 s β −/5.7 1 −0.1302 ≈5.5 0.8044 0.8527 151Pr 150.9283 22.4 s β −/4.2Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2 ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b) γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-126TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 152Pr 151.9319 3.2 s β −/6.7 4 +0.0726 0.1640.285 153Pr 152.9339 4.3 s β −/5.5 154Pr 153.9381 2.3 s β −/7.9 155Pr 154.9400 156Pr 155.944 157Pr 156.947 158Pr 157.952 159Pr 158.955 60Nd 144.24(3) 125Nd 0.6 s β +, p 126Nd 125.943 127Nd 126.941 1.8 s β +, EC/9. (5/2) ann.rad./ 128Nd 127.935 4. s β +, EC/6. ann.rad./ 129Nd 128.933 4.9 s β +, EC/8. 5/2( −) ann.rad./ (0.091–0.875) 130Nd 129.929 28. s β +, EC/5. ann.rad./ 131Nd 130.9271 0.5 m β +, EC/6.6 ann.rad./ (0.09–0.36) 132Nd 131.9231 1.5 m β +, EC/3.7 ann.rad./ (0.099–0.567) 133Nd 132.9222 1.2 m β +, EC/5.6 ann.rad./ (0.06–0.37) 134Nd 133.9187 ≈8.5 m β +/17 /2.8 0 + ann.rad./ EC/83 / Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58(0.09–1.00) 135mNd 5.5 m β + / 135Nd 134.9182 12. m β +/65 /4.8 9/2 −− 0.78 +2.0 ann.rad./ EC/35 / Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23.0.204/51.(0.11–1.8) 136Nd 135.9150 50.6 m EC/94 /2.21 1.04/ 0 + Pr kx-ray β +/6 / 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35.(0.10–0.97) 137mNd 1.6 s I.T./0.5196 11/2 − Nd k x-ray 0.10840.17750.2337 137Nd 136.9146 38. m β +/40 /3.69 1.7/20 1/2 +− 0.63 ann.rad./ EC/60 / 2.40/20 Pr k x-ray 0.07550.5806 138Nd 137.9119 5.1 h EC/1.1 0 + Pr k x-ray 0.19950.3258 139mNd 5.5 h I.T./12 /0.231 1.17/ 11/2 − Nd k x-ray β +/88 / Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34.0.7382/30. 139Nd 138.91192 30. m β +/25 /2.79 1.77/ 3/2 + 0.91 +0.3 ann.rad./ EC/75 / Pr k x-ray 0.4050 140Nd 139.90931 3.37 d EC /0.22 0 + Pr k x-rayElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-127TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 141mNd 1.04 m IT/99 +/0.756 11/2 − Nd k x-ray 0.7565 141Nd 140.909605 2.49 h EC/98 /1.823 0.802/ 3/2 + 1.01 +0.3 Pr k x-ray β+/2 / (0.15–1.7) 142Nd 27.2(5) 141.907719 0 + 143Nd 12.2(2) 142.909810 7/2 −− 1.07 −0.60 144Nd 23.8(3) 143.910083 2.1 ×1015 y α 1.83 0 + 145Nd 8.3(1) 144.912569 7/2 −− 0.66 −0.31 146Nd 17.2(3) 145.913113 0 + 147Nd 146.916096 10.98 d β−/0.896 0.805/ 5/2 − 0.58 0.9 Pr k x-ray 0.531020.09111–0.686 148Nd 5.7(1) 147.916889 0 + 149Nd 148.920145 1.73 h β−/1.691 1.03/25 5/2 − 0.35 1.3 Pr k x-ray 1.13/26 0.1143/19.1.42/ 0.2113/27. (0.06–1.6) 150Nd 5.6(2) 149.920887 ≈1×1019 y β−β−0+ 151Nd 150.923825 12.4 m β−/2.442 1.2/ (3/2 +) Pm k x-ray 0.11680.25571.1806(0.10–1.9)m 152Nd 151.92468 11.4 m β−/1.1 0 + 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18.(0.016–0.66) 153Nd 152.9280 28.9 s β−/3.6 0.418 154Nd 153.9296 25.9 s β−/2.8 0.1519 0.7998 155Nd 154.9334 8.9 s β−/5.0 0.1807 156Nd 155.9355 5.5 s β−/4.1 0.0848 157Nd 156.9393 158Nd 157.942 159Nd 158.946 160Nd 159.949 161Nd 160.954 61Pm 128Pm 127.948 1.0 s β+, p Ann.rad. 129Pm 128.943 130Pm 129.940 2.5 s β+, EC/11. 0.1589 0.326–1.062 131Pm 130.936 ≈6.3 s β+0.185 0.2200.146 132Pm 131.934 6. s β+, EC/10. ann.rad./ 133Pm 132.930 12. s β+, EC/ ≈7.0 ann.rad./ 134Pm 133.9282 24. s β+, EC/ ≈8.9 (5 +) ann.rad./ 0.2940.495 135Pm 134.9247 0.8 m β+, EC/6.0 11/2 − (0.13–0.47) 136Pm 135.9235 1.8 m β+/89 /7.9 (3 +) ann.rad./ EC/11 / Nd k x-ray 0.37350.6027 137Pm 136.9206 2.4 m β+, EC/5.6 (11/2 −) ann.rad./ 0.10860.1775Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-128TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 138mPm 3.2 m β+/50 / ≈7.0 3.9/ 3 + 3. ann.rad./ EC/50 / Nd k x-ray 0.52090.7290 138Pm 137.9193 10. s β+/6.9 6.1/ 1 + ann.rad./ 139mPm 0.18 s IT/ (11/2 −) 0.1887 139Pm 138.91678 4.14 m β+/68 /4.52 3.52/ (5/2 +) ann.rad./ EC/32 / Nd k x-ray 0.4028(0.27–2.4) 140mPm 5.87 m β+/70 / 3.2 7/2 − ann.rad./ EC/30 / Nd k x-ray 0.41990.77381.0283 140Pm 139.91585 9.2 s β+/89 /6.09 5.07/74 1 + ann.rad./ EC/11 / Nd k x-ray 0.77381.4898 141Pm 140.91359 20.9 m β+/52 /3.72 2.71 5/2 + ann.rad./ EC/48 / Nd k x-ray 0.88621.2233 142Pm 141.91295 40.5 s β+/86 /4.87 3.8/ 1 + ann.rad./ EC/20 / Nd k x-ray 0.64141.5758 143Pm 142.910928 265. d EC/1.041 5/2 + 3.8 Nd k x-ray β+ /<6×10-6/ 0.7420 144Pm 143.912586 360. d EC/2.332 5 − 1.7 Nd k x-ray β+/7×10-6/ 0.6180 0.6965 145Pm 144.912745 17.7 y EC/0.163 5/2 ++ 3.8 +0.2 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 146Pm 145.914693 5.53 y EC/63 /1.472 3 − Nd k x-ray β−/37 /1.542 0.795/ 0.4538 0.73620.7474 147Pm 146.915134 2.623 y β−/0.224 0.224/ 7/2 ++ 2.6 +0.7 0.1213 0.1974 148mPm 41.3 d β−/95 /2.6 0.4/60 6 − 1.8 0.5503/94. I.T./5 /0.137 0.5/17 0.6300/89. 0.7/21 0.7257/33 148Pm 147.91747 5.37 d β−/2.47 1.02/ 1 −+ 2.0 +0.2 0.5503 2.47/ 0.9149 1.4651 149Pm 148.918330 2.212 d β−/1.071 0.78/9 7/2 + 3.3 0.2859 1.072/90 0.5909 0.8594 150Pm 149.92098 2.68 h β−/3.45 1.6/ (1 −) 0.3339/69. 2.3/ 1.1658/16.1.8/ 1.3245/17. (0.25–2.9) 151Pm 150.92120 1.183 d β−/1.187 0.84/ 5/2 ++ 1.8 1.9 0.1677/8 0.2751/70.3401/22 152m2Pm 15. m β−, I.T./ ( >6) (0.14–1.4) 152m1Pm 7.5 m β−/( 4 −) 0.1218 0.24470.3404Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-129TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 1.0971 1.4375 152Pm 151.9235 4.1 m β−/3.5 3.5/20 1 + 0.1218 3.50/60 (0.12–2.1) 153Pm 152.92414 5.4 m β−/1.90 1.7/ (5/2 −) 0.0910 0.11980.1273 154mPm 2.7 m β−/ 2.0/ 0.0820 0.18481.4403 154Pm 153.9266 1.7 m β−/4.1 1.9/ 0.0820 0.83961.39402.0589(0.08–2.8) 155Pm 154.9280 48. s β−/3.2 (5/2 −) (0.05–0.78) 156Pm 155.93106 26.7 s β−/5.16 157Pm 156.9332 10.9 s β−/4.6 158Pm 157.9367 5. s β−/6.3 159Pm 158.939 1.5 s 160Pm 159.943 161Pm 160.946 162Pm 161.950 163Pm 162.954 62Sm 150.36(3) 129Sm ≈0.55 s β+, p 130Sm 129.949 131Sm 130.946 1.2 s β+, EC/ ann.rad./ 132Sm 131.941 4.0 s β+ 133Sm 132.939 2.9 s β+, EC/ ≈8.4 5/2 + ann.rad./ 0.36960.0845 134Sm 133.934 11. s β+, EC/5. 0 + ann.rad./ 135Sm 134.932 10. s β+, EC/7. 7/2 + ann.rad./ 136Sm 135.9283 42. s β+, EC/4.5 0 + ann.rad./ 137Sm 136.9271 45. s β+, EC/6.1 ann.rad./ 138Sm 137.9235 3.0 m β+, EC/3.9 0 + ann.rad./ 0.05360.0747 139mSm 10. s I.T./94 /0.457 (11/2 −) 1.1 Sm k x-ray β+/6 / 4.7 0.1118 0.15530.19010.2673 139Sm 138.9226 2.6 m β+/75 /5.5 4.1/ 1/2 +− 0.53 Pm k x-ray EC/25 / 0.3678 0.4028(0.27–2.4) 140Sm 139.9195 14.8 m β+, EC/3.4 1.9/ 0 + ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray0.13960.2255(0.07–1.7) 141mSm 22.6 m β+/32 / 1.6/ 11/2 −− 0.83 +1.6 ann.rad./ EC/68 / 2.19/ Pm k x-rayI.T./0.3 /0.1758 0.1966 0.43180.7774Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-130TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 141Sm 140.91847 10.2 m β+/52 /4.54 3.2/ 1/2 +− 0.74 ann.rad./ EC/48 / Pm k x-ray 0.4382 142Sm 141.91520 1.208 h β+/6 /2.10 1.0/ 0 + ann.rad./ EC/94 / Pm k x-ray 143mSm 1.10 m IT/99/0.7540 11/2 − Sm k x-ray 0.7540 143Sm 142.914624 8.83 m β+/46 /3.443 2.47/ 3/2 ++ 1.01 +0.4 ann.rad./ EC/54 / Pm k x-ray 1.0565 144Sm 3.07{7) 143.911996 0 + 145Sm 144.913407 340. d EC/0.617 7/2 −− 1.12 −0.60 Pm k x-ray 0.06130.4924 146Sm 145.913038 1.03 ×108 y α/ 2.50/ 0 + 147Sm 14.99(18) 146.914894 1.06 ×1011 y α/ 2.23/ 7/2 −− 0.815 −0.26 148Sm 11.24(10) 147.914818 7 ×1015 y α/ 1.96/ 0 + 149Sm 13.82(7) 148.917180 1016 y α/ 7/2 −− 0.672 +0.075 150Sm 7.38(1) 149.917272 0 + 151Sm 150.919929 90. y β−/0.0768 0.076/ 5/2 −− 0.363 +0.7 0.02154 152Sm 26.75(16) 151.919729 0 + 153Sm 152.922094 1.929 d β−/0.808 0.64/ 3/2 +− 0.0216 +1.3 Eu k x-ray 0.69/ 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/290.075–0.714 154Sm 22.75(29) 153.922206 0 + 155Sm 154.924636 22.2 m β−/1.627 1.52 3/2 − 1.1 Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 156Sm 155.92553 9.4 h β−/0.72 0.43/ 0 + 0.0872 0.71/ 0.1657 0.2038 157Sm 156.9283 8.0 m β−/2.7 2.4/ 3/2 − Eu k x-ray 0.19640.19780.3942 158Sm 157.9299 5.5 m β−/2.0 0 + 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 159Sm 158.9332 11.3 s β−/3.8 0.1898 160Sm 159.9353 9.6 s β−/3.6 0 + 0.110 161Sm 160.9388 ≈4.8 s 0.264 162Sm 161.941 163Sm 162.945 164Sm 163.948 165Sm 164.953 63Eu 151.964(1) 130Eu 0.9 ms p 1.027/ 131Eu ≈26. ms β+, p p/0.95 132Eu 131.954 133Eu 132.949 134Eu 133.946 0.5 s EC, β+ann.rad./ 135Eu 134.942 1.5 s EC, β+ /≈8.7 ann.rad./ 136mEu ≈3.2 s 7 + 0.255 136Eu 135.940 ≈3.9 s EC, β+/10. 1 + ann.rad./ 137Eu 136.935 11. s EC/ ≈7.5 11/2 − ann.rad./ 138Eu 137.9335 12. s EC, β+ /≈9.2 7 + 5 ann.rad./ 139Eu 138.9298 18. s EC, β+/6.7 6 ann.rad./ 140mEu 0.125 s EC, β+ann.rad./Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-131TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 140Eu 139.9285 1.51 s EC, β+/8.4 1 − ann.rad./ 141mEu 3.0 s β+/58 / 11/2 − ann.rad./ EC/9 / Eu k x-rayI.T./33 /0.0964 (0.09–1.6) 141Eu 140.9244 40. s β+/81 /5.6 5/2 ++ 3.49 +0.85 ann.rad./ EC/15 / Sm k x-ray 0.38450.3940 142mEu 1.22 m β+/83 / 4.8/ 8 −+ 2.98 +1.4 ann.rad./ EC/17 / Sm k x-ray 0.55660.76801.0233 142Eu 141.9231 2.4 s β−/94/7.4 7.0/ 1 ++ 1.54 +0.12 ann.rad./ EC/6 / 0.7680 143Eu 142.92017 2.62 m β+/72/5.17 4.1/ 5/2 ++ 3.67 +0.51 ann.rad./ EC/28/ 5.1/ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/71.5368/3.1.9127/2. 144Eu 143.91879 10.2 s β+/86 /6.33 5.31/ 1 ++ 1.89 +0.10 ann.rad./ EC/13 / Sm k x-ray 1.6601 145Eu 144.916263 5.93 d β+/2 /2.660 0.79/ 5/2 ++ 4.00 +0.29 ann.rad./ EC/98 /1.71 Sm k x-ray 0.65350.89371.6587 146Eu 145.91720 4.57 d β+/5 /3.88 1.47/ 4 −+ 1.42 −0.18 ann.rad./ EC/95 / Sm k x-ray 0.63360.63410.7470(0.27–2.64) 147Eu 146.916742 24.4 d EC/99. /1.722 5/2 ++ 3.72 +0.53 Sm k x-ray β+/0.4 / 0.12113 0.197250.6776 148Eu 147.91815 54.5 d EC/3.11 0.92 5 −+ 2.34 +0.35 Sm k x-ray 0.5503/99.0.6299/71.(0.067–2.17) 149Eu 148.91792 93.1 d EC/0.692 5/2 ++ 3.57 +0.75 Sm k x-ray 0.27700.3275 150Eu 149.91970 36. y EC/2.26 5 −+ 2.71 +1.13 Sm k x-ray 0.33400.43940.5843(0.25–1.8) 150mEu 12.8 h β−/92 / 1.013/ 0 − Sm k x-ray β+/0.4 / 1.24/ 0.3339 EC/8 / 0.4065 151Eu 47.81(6) 150.919846 5/2 ++ 3.472 +0.90 152m2Eu 1.60 h I.T./0.1478 8 − Eu k x-ray 0.0898 152m1Eu 9.30 h β−/72 / 1.85/ 0 − Sm k x-ray EC/28 / 0.89/ 0.12178 0.841530.96334Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-132TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 152Eu 151.921741 13.5 y EC/72 /1.874 0.69/ 3 −− 1.941 +2.71 Sm k x-ray β−/28 /1.818 1.47/ Gd k x-ray 0.121780.344271.40802(0.252–1.528) 153Eu 52.19(6) 152.921227 5/2 ++ 1.533 +2.41 154mEu 46.1 m I.T./ ≈0.16 8 − Eu k x-ray 0.06820.1009 154Eu 153.922976 8.59 y β−/99.9/1.969 0.27/29 3 −− 2.01 +2.8 Gd k x-ray EC/0.02/0.717 0.58/38 0.12299/40. 0.84/17 0.72331/20.0.98/4 1.2745/361.87/11 (0.059-1.90) 155Eu 154.922890 4.76 y β−/0.252 0.15/ 5/2 ++ 1.52 +2.4 Gd k x-ray 0.0865/300.1053/20 156Eu 155.92475 15.2 d β−/2.451 0.30/11 1 +≈ 1.1 0.08899/9. 0.49/30 0.64623/7.1.2/12 0.723441/6.2.45/31 0.8118/10. 157Eu 156.92542 15.13 h β−/1.36 0.98/ (5/2 +) +1.50 +2.6 Gd k x-ray 1.30/41 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48.0.4107/76. 158Eu 157.9278 45.9 m β−/3.5 2.5/ (1 −) +1.44 +0.7 0.0795 0.89760.94420.9771 159Eu 158.92909 18.1 m β−/2.51 2.4/ (5/2 +) +1.38 +2.7 0.0678 2.57/ 0.0786 0.0957 160Eu 159.9315 38. s β−/4.1 2.7/ (0 −) 0.0753 4.1/ 0.1735 0.41310.51550.82170.91100.9246 161Eu 160.9337 27. s β−/3.7 0.0719 162Eu 161.9370 11. s β−/5.6 163Eu 162.9392 164Eu 163.943 165Eu 164.946 166Eu 165.950 167Eu 166.953 64Gd 157.25(3) 135Gd 1.1 s β+(0.163–0.360) 136Gd 135.947 137Gd 136.945 7. s EC, β+ /≈8.8 ann.rad./ 138Gd 137.9400 ≈4.7 s EC, β+0.0647 139mGd ≈4.8 s 0.1216 139Gd 138.9381 5. s EC, β+ /≈7.7 0.104–0.323 140Gd 139.934 16. s EC/4.8 0 + 0.1748 141mGd 25. s EC, β+/ 11/2 − ann.rad./ 141Gd 140.9322 21. s β+/7.3 0 + ann.rad./ 142Gd 141.9276 1.17 m EC, β+/4.2 1/2 + ann.rad./Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-133TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 143mGd 1.84 m β+/67 / 11/2 − ann.rad./ EC/33 / Eu k x-rayI.T./ 0.1176 0.27190.58800.66810.7999 143Gd 142.9266 39. s β+/82 /6.0 1/2 + ann.rad./ EC/18 / Eu k x-ray 0.20480.2588 144Gd 143.9234 4.5 m β+/45 /4.3 3.3/ 0 + ann.rad./ EC/55 / Eu k x-ray 0.3332 145mGd 1.44 m I.T./95 /0.749 11/2 − 0.0273 β+/4 /5.7 0.3295 0.38660.7214 145Gd 144.92169 23.4 m β+/33 /5.05 2.5/ 1/2 + ann.rad./ EC/67 / Eu k x-ray 1.75791.8806(0.32–3.69) 146Gd 145.91831 48.3 d EC/99.9 /1.03 0.35/ 0 + Eu k x-ray β+/0.2 0.1147 0.11550.1546 147Gd 146.919090 1.588 d EC/99.8 /2.188 0.93/ 7/2 − 1.0 Eu k x-ray EC/0.2 / 0.2293 0.36990.39600.9289(0.1–1.8) 148Gd 147.918111 75. y α/3.27 3.1828/ 0 + 149Gd 148.919339 9.3 d EC/1.32 7/2 − 0.9 Eu k x-ray 0.14960.29850.3465 150Gd 149.91866 1.8 ×106 y α/2.80 2.73/ 0 + 151Gd 150.920345 124. d EC/0.464 7/2 − 0.8 Eu k x-ray 0.15360.2432 152Gd 0.20(1) 151.919789 0 + 153Gd 152.921747 240. d EC/0.485 3/2 − 0.4 Eu k x-ray 0.097430.10318 154Gd 2.18(3) 153.920862 0 + 155Gd 14.80(12) 154.922619 3/2 −− 0.259 +1.30 156Gd 20.47(9) 155.922120 0 + 157Gd 15.65(2) 156.923957 3/2 −− 0.340 +1.36 158Gd 24.84(7) 157.924101 0 + 159Gd 158.926385 18.6 h β−0.971 0.971/58 3/2 −− 0.44 Tb k x-ray 0.913/29 0.363510.607/12 0.058-0.855 160Gd 21.86(19) 159.927051 >1.9 ×1019 y β−β−0+ 161Gd 160.929666 3.66 m β−/1.956 1.56/85 5/2 − Tb k x-ray 0.10230.31490.3609Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-134TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 162Gd 161.930981 8.4 m β−/1.39 1.0/ 0 + 0.4030 0.4421 163Gd 162.9340 1.13 m β−/3.1 0.2868 0.2141.685 164Gd 163.9359 45. s β−/2.3 165Gd 164.9394 10 s β− 166Gd 165.942 167Gd 166.946 168Gd 167.948 169Gd 168.953 65Tb 158.92534(2) 138Tb 139Tb 138.948 1.6 s 0.109 0.120 140Tb 139.946 2.4 s β+, EC/11 0.329 0.355–0.740 141Tb 140.941 3.5 s β+, EC/ ≈8.3 142mTb 0.30 s β+, EC/ 4 − 142Tb 141.939 0.60 s β+, EC/10. 0 + 143Tb 142.9346 12. s β+, EC/7.4 11/2 − 144mTb 4.1 s IT 5 − 144Tb 143.9324 <1.5 s β+, EC/8.4 1 + 145mTb 30. s β+, EC/ ≈6.6 11/2 − ann.rad./ 0.25770.53700.9876 145Tb 144.9287 β+, EC/6.5 1/2 + 146mTb 23. s β+/76 / (5 −) ann.rad./ EC/24 / Gd k x-ray 1.07891.5795 146Tb 145.9270 ≈8. s β+/8.1 1 + 147mTb 1.8 m β+/35 / 11/2 − ann.rad./ EC/65 / Gd k x-ray 1.39771.7978 147Tb 146.92404 1.6 h β+/42 /4.61 5/2 ++ 1.70 ann.rad./ EC/58 / Gd k x-ray 0.69441.1522(0.120–3.318) 148mTb 2.3 m β+/25 / 9 + ann.rad./ EC/75 / Gd k x-ray 0.39450.63190.78450.8824 148Tb 147.92422 1.00 h β+, EC/5.69 2 −− 1.75 −0.3 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray0.48880.7845(0.14–3.8) 149mTb 4.16 m EC/88 / 11/2 − ann.rad./ β+/12 / Gd k x-ray 0.16500.7960Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-135TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 149Tb 148.923243 4.13 h β+/4 /3.636 1.8/ 1/2 ++ 1.35 Gd k x-ray α/16/ 3.97/ 0.1650 0.35220.3886(0.1–3.2) 150mTb 6.0 m β+/17 / ann.rad./ EC/83 / Gd k x-ray 0.43840.63800.65040.8275 150Tb 149.92366 3.3 h β+, EC/4.66 2 −− 0.90 ann.rad./ 0.49630.6380(0.3–4.29) 151mTb 25. s I.T./95 / 11/2 − 0.0229 β+, EC/7 / 0.0495 0.37970.8305 151Tb 150.923099 17.61 h β+/1 /2.565 0.70/ 1/2 ++ 0.92 Gd k x-ray EC/99 / 0.1083 0.25170.2870(0.1–1.8) 152mTb 4.3 m I.T./79 /0.5018 (8 +) Tb k x-ray EC/21 /4.35 Gd k x-ray 0.28330.34430.4111 152Tb 151.92407 17.5 h β+/20 /3.99 2.5/ 2 −− 0.58 +0.3 ann.rad./ EC/80 / 2.8/ Gd k x-ray 0.3443(0.2–2.88) 153Tb 152.923433 2.34 d EC/1.570 5/2 ++ 3.44 +1.1 Gd k x-ray 0.2119(0.05–1.1) 154m2Tb 23.1 h EC/98 / (7 −) 0.9 Gd k x-ray I.T./2 / 0.1231 0.24790.34671.4199 154m1Tb 9. h β+/78 / (3 −) 1.7 +3. Gd k x-ray I.T./22 / 0.1231 0.24790.5401(0.12–2.57) 154Tb 153.92469 21.5 h EC/99 /3.56 1.86/ 0 − Gd k x-ray β+/1 / 2.45 0.1231 1.27442.1872(0.12–3.14) 155Tb 154.92350 5.3 d EC/0.82 3/2 ++ 2.01 +1.41 Gd k x-ray 0.086540.10530 156m2Tb 1.02 d I.T./ (7 −) Tb k x-ray 0.0496 156m1Tb 5.3 h I.T./0.0884 (0 +) Tb k x-ray 0.0884 156Tb 155.924744 5.3 d EC/2.444 3 −≈ 1.7 +2. Gd k x-ray 0.08896Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-136TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.19921 0.534351.22245 157Tb 156.924021 1.1 ×102y EC/0.0601 3/2 ++ 2.01 +1.4 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 158mTb 10.5 s I.T./0.11 0 − Gd k x-ray 0.0110 158Tb 157.925410 1.8 ×102y EC/80 /1.220 3 −+ 1.76 +2.7 Gd k x-ray β−/20 /0.937 0.0795 0.94420.9621 159Tb 100. 158.925343 3/2 ++ 2.014 +1.43 160Tb 159.927164 72.3 d β−/1.835 0.57/47 3 −+ 1.79 3.8 Dy k x-ray 0.86/27 0.08678 0.298570.879360.96615 161Tb 160.927566 6.91 d β−/0.593 0.46/23 3/2 + 2.2 +1.2 Dy k x-ray 0.52/66 0.025650.6/10 0.04892 0.07458 162Tb 161.92948 7.6 m β−/2.51 1.4 (1/2 −) Dy k x-ray 0.26000.80750.8882 163Tb 162.930644 19.5 m β−/1.785 0.80/ 3/2 + Dy k x-ray 0.35110.38970.4945 164Tb 163.9334 3.0 m β−/3.9 1.7/ (5 +) Dy k x-ray 0.16890.21570.61100.68850.7548 165Tb 164.9349 2.1 m β−/3.0 3/2 + 0.5389 1.17851.29201.6648 166Tb 165.9380 ≈21 s β−/ 167Tb 166.9401 19 s 0.057 0.070 168Tb 167.9436 8 s 0.075–0.227 169Tb 168.946 170Tb 169.950 171Tb 170.953 66Dy 162.50(3) 139Dy 0.6 s β+, p 140Dy 139.954 141Dy 140.951 0.9 s EC, β+/9. 142Dy 141.946 2.3 s EC, β+/7.1 143Dy 142.9440 3.9 s EC, β+ /≈8.8 144Dy 143.9391 9.1 s EC, β+ /≈6.2 145mDy 144.9365 14. s EC, β+11/2 − 146mDy 0.15 s I.T. 10 + 146Dy 145.9325 30. s EC, β+/5.2 147mDy 56. s I.T./40 / (11/2 −) −0.66 +0.7 Dy k x-ray β+, EC/60 / 0.072Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-137TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.6787 147Dy 146.9309 75. s EC, β+/6.37 1/2 +− 0.92 ann.rad./ 0.10070.25340.3653 148Dy 147.92710 3.1 m β+/4 /2.68 1.2/ 0 + ann.rad./ EC/96 / Tb k x-ray 0.6202 149Dy 148.92734 4.2 m β+, EC/3.81 (7/2 −) −0.12 −0.62 ann.rad./ 0.10080.10630.25340.65360.78941.77651.8062 150Dy 149.92558 7.18 m β+, EC/67 /1.79 0 + Tb k x-ray α/33 / 4.233/ 0.3967 151Dy 150.926181 17. m β+/5 /2.871 7/2 −− 0.95 −0.30 Tb k x-ray EC/89 / 0.1764α/6 / 4.067/ 0.3030 0.38610.5463(0.16–2.09) 152Dy 151.92472 2.37 h EC/0.60 0 + Tb k x-ray α/ 3.63/ 0.2569 153Dy 152.925763 6.3 h β+/1 /2.171 0.89/ (7/2 −) −0.78 ≈−0.15 Tb k x-ray EC/99 / 0.0807α/0.01 / 3.46/ 0.0997 0.2137(0.08–1.66) 154Dy 153.92442 3. ×106 y α/2.95 2.87/ 0 + 155Dy 154.92575 9.9 h β+/2 /2.095 0.845/ 3/2 −− 0.385 +1.04 Tb k x-ray EC/98 / 0.0655 0.2269 156Dy 0.056(3) 155.92428 0 + 157Dy 156.92546 8.1 h EC/1.34 3/2 −− 0.301 +1.30 Tb k x-ray (0.0609–1.319) 158Dy 0.095(3) 157.924405 0 + 159Dy 158.925736 144. d EC/0.366 3/2 −− 0.354 +1.37 Tb k x-ray 0.3262 160Dy 2.39(18) 159.925194 0 + 161Dy 18.889(42) 160.926930 5/2 +− 0.480 +2.51 162Dy 25.475(36) 161.926795 0 + 163Dy 24.896(42) 162.928728 5/2 −+ 0.673 +2.65 164Dy 28.260(54) 163.929171 0 + 165mDy 1.26 m I.T./98 /0.108 1/2 − Dy k x-ray β−/2 / 0.1082 0.5155 165Dy 164.931700 2.33 h β−/1.286 1.29/ 7/2 +− 0.52 +3.5 Ho k x-ray 0.09468 166Dy 165.932803 3.400 d β−/0.486 0.40/ 0 + Ho k x-ray 0.02820.0825 167Dy 166.9357 6.2 m β− /≈2.35 1.78 (1/2 −) Ho k x-ray 0.25930.31030.5697(0.06–1.4)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-138TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 168Dy 167.9372 8.5 m β−/1.6 0 + Ho k x-ray 0.19250.4867 169Dy 168.9403 ≈39. s β−/3.2 170Dy 169.9427 171Dy 170.9465 172Dy 171.949 173Dy 172.953 67Ho 164.93032(2) 140Ho 6 ms p/ p/1.09 141mHo 8 µs p/ p/1.23 141Ho 4.2 ms β+, p p/1.71 142Ho 141.960 0.4 s EC/ β+, p 0.307 143Ho 142.955 144Ho 143.952 0.7 s β+, EC/12 145Ho 144.947 2.4 s β+ 146Ho 145.9440 3.3 s β+, EC/10.7 (10 +) ann.rad./ 147Ho 146.9396 5.8 s β+, EC/8.2 11/2 − ann.rad./ 148mHo 9. s β+, EC/ 4 − ann.rad./ 148Ho 147.9372 2. s β+, EC/9.4 1 + ann.rad./ 0.66151.6883 149mHo 21. s β+, EC/ 11/2 − ann.rad./ 1.07331.0911 149Ho 148.93379 >30. s β+, EC/6.01 1/2 + 150mHo 25. s β+, EC/ (9 +) ann.rad./ 0.39390.55110.65340.8034 150Ho 149.9326 1.3 m β+, EC/6.6 ann.rad./ 0.59130.65340.8034 151mHo 47. s β+, EC/87 / ann.rad./ α/13 4.605/ 0.2102 0.48890.69480.7762 151Ho 150.93169 35.2 s β+, EC/80/5.13 ann.rad./ α/20 / 4.519/ 0.3522 0.52740.96761.0471 152mHo 50. s β+, EC/90/ (9 +) +5.9 −1. ann.rad./ α/10/ 4.453/ 0.4929 0.61380.64740.6835 152Ho 151.93166 2.4 m β+, EC/88/6.47 (3 +) −1.02 +0.1 ann.rad./ α/12/ 4.387/ 0.6140 0.6476 153mHo 9.3 m β+, EC/99 +/4.12 5/2 +1.19 ann.rad./ α/ 4.01/ 0.0905 0.10890.1618Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-139TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.2302 0.27070.36590.4565 153Ho 152.93020 2.0 m β+, EC/99 +/4.13 11/2 −+ 6.8 −1.1 ann.rad./ α/ 3.91/ 0.2958 0.33460.43810.6383 154mHo 3.3 m β+, EC/ (8 +) 5.7 −1.0 ann.rad./ 0.33460.41240.4771 154Ho 153.93060 12. m β+, EC/5.75 1 −− 0.64 +0.2 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray0.33460.57000.8734 155Ho 154.92908 48. m β+/6/3.10 (5/2 +) +3.51 +1.5 ann.rad./ EC/94 / Dy k x-ray 0.04740.13630.3254(0.06–2.24) 156mHo 5.8 m I.T./0.0352 +2.99 +2.3 ann.rad./ β+/25 / 1.8/ Dy k x-ray EC/75 / 2.9/ 0.1378 0.2666(0.28–2.9) 156Ho 155.9290 56. m β+, EC/4.4 (5 +) ann.rad./ 0.13780.2665 157Ho 156.92819 12.6 m β+/5/2.54 1.18/ 7/2 −+ 4.35 +3.0 ann.rad./ EC/95/ Dy k x-ray 0.28000.3411 158m2Ho 28. m I.T./44/ 2 −+ 2.44 +1.6 ann.rad./ EC/56/ Dy k x-ray 0.09890.2182 158m1Ho 21. m β+, EC/ (9 +) ann.rad./ 0.09810.16640.21820.32050.40620.97741.05320.4846 158Ho 157.92895 11.3 m β+/8/4.24 1.30/ 5 ++ 3.77 +4.1 ann.rad./ EC/92/ Dy k x-ray 0.09890.21820.9488 159mHo 8.3 s IT/0.206 1/2 + Ho k x-ray 0.16600.2059 159Ho 158.927708 33.0 m EC/1.838 7/2 −+ 4.28 +3.2 Dy k x-ray 0.12100.1320Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-140TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.2529 0.3096(0.06–1.2) 160m2Ho 3. s 1 + 160mHo 5.0 h IT/67/0.060 2 −+ 2.52 +1.8 0.0868 EC/33/3.35 0.1970 0.64640.72810.87910.96190.9658 160Ho 159.92873 25.6 m β+, EC/3.29 0.57/ 5 ++ 3.71 +4.0 See Ho[166m] 0.72820.8794 161mHo 6.8 s IT/0.211 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 161Ho 160.927852 2.48 h EC/0.859 7/2 −+ 4.25 +3.2 Dy k x-ray 0.02560.05920.07740.1031 162mHo 1.12 h IT/61/ 6 −+ 3.60 +4. Dy k x-ray EC/39/ Ho k x-ray 0.08070.18500.28280.93721.2200 162Ho 161.929092 15. m EC/96 /0.295 1 + Dy k x-ray β+/4 / 0.0807 1.31961.3728 163mHo 1.09 s I.T./0.298 (1/2 +) Ho k x-ray 0.2798 163Ho 162.928730 4.57 ×103y EC/0.00258 7/2 −+ 4.23 +3.6 Dy M x-rays 164mHo 38. m I.T./0.140 (6 −) Ho k x-ray 0.03730.05660.0940 164Ho 163.930231 29. m EC/58 /0.987 1 + Dy k x-ray β−/42 /0.963 0.0734 0.0914 165Ho 100. 164.930319 7/2 −+ 4.17 +3.49 166mHo 1.2 ×103 y β−/7 − 3.6 −3. Er k x-ray 0.184070.711690.81031 166Ho 165.932281 1.117 d β−/1.855 1.776/48 0 − Er k x-ray 1.855/51 0.08057 1.37943 167Ho 166.933127 3.1 h β−/1.007 0.31/43 (7/2 −) Er k x-ray 0.61/21 0.07930.96/15 0.08350.97/15 0.2379 0.32130.3465 168mHo 2.2 m I.T./ 168Ho 167.93550 3.0 m β−/2.91 2.0/ 3 + Er k x-ray 0.7413Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-141TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.8159 0.8211(0.08–2.34) 169Ho 168.93687 4.7 m β−/2.12 1.2/ (7/2 −) 2.0/ 0.1496 0.76100.77840.78840.8529 170mHo 43. s β−/1 + 0.0787 0.81231.89401.9726 170Ho 169.93962 2.8 m β−/3.87 6 + Er k x-ray 0.18160.25820.89020.93210.94141.1387 171Ho 170.941 53 s β− / 172Ho 171.9448 25. s β− / Er k x-ray (0.077–1.186) 173Ho 172.947 174Ho 173.951 175Ho 174.954 68Er 167.259(3) 144Er 143.961 145Er 144.957 0.9 s β+ 146Er 145.952 ≈1.7 s β+ 147Er 146.9494 2.5 s E.C, β+ /≈9.1 148Er 147.9444 4.5 s β+, EC/6.8 149mEr 10. s IT 11/2 − 149Er 148.9425 10.7 s EC β+/8.1 1/2 + 150Er 149.9370 18. s β+/36 /4.11 0 + ann.rad./ EC/64 / Ho k x-ray 0.4758 151Er 150.9373 23. s β+, EC/5.2 7/2 − ann.rad./ 152Er 151.93500 10.2 s β+, EC/10/3.11 0 + ann.rad./ α/90/ 4.804/ 153Er 152.93509 37.1 s α/ 4.674 −0.934 −0.42 0.351 β+, EC/47/4.56 4.35/ (0.0945–1.700) 154Er 153.93278 3.7 m β+, EC/99 +/2.03 0 + ann.rad./ α/0.5/ 4.166/ 155Er 154.93321 5.3 m β+, EC/47/3.84 (7/2 −) −0.669 −0.27 ann.rad./ EC/53 / Ho k x-ray 0.11010.2415 156Er 155.9308 20. m β+, EC/1.7 0 + ann.rad./ 0.02980.03520.05220.1336 157Er 156.9319 25. m β+, EC/3.5 3/2 −− 0.412 +0.92 ann.rad./ 0.1170.3851.320Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-142TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 1.660 1.8202.000 158Er 157.93087 2.2 h EC/99.5 /1.78 0.74/ 0 + Ho k x-ray β+/0.5 / 0.0719 0.24860.3868 159Er 158.930681 36. m β+/7 /2.769 3/2 −− 0.304 +1.17 ann.rad./ EC/93 / Ho k x-ray 0.62450.6493(0.07–2.5) 160Er 159.92908 1.191 d EC/0.33 0 + Ho k x-ray (0.05–0.96) 161Er 160.93000 3.21 h EC/2.00 3/2 −− 0.37 +1.36 Ho k x-ray 0.8265(0.07–1.74) 162Er 0.139(5) 161.928775 0 + 163Er 162.93003 1.25 h EC/1.210 5/2 −+ 0.557 +2.55 Ho k x-ray 0.43610.43991.1135 164Er 1.601(3) 163.929197 0 + 165Er 164.930723 10.36 h EC/0.376 5/2 −+ 0.643 +2.71 Ho k x-ray 166Er 33.503(36) 165.930290 0 + 167mEr 2.27 s I.T./0.208 1/2 − Er k x-ray 0.2078 167Er 22.869(9) 166.932046 7/2 +− 0.5639 +3.57 168Er 26.978(18) 167.932368 0 + 169Er 168.934588 9.40 d β−/0.351 0.35/ ≈100 1/2 −+ 0.485 Tm k x-ray 0.10980.1182 170Er 14.910(36) 169.935461 0 + 171Er 170.938026 7.52 h β−/1.491 5/2 − 0.66 2.9 Tm k x-ray 0.111600.295910.30832(0.08–1.4) 172Er 171.939352 2.05 d β−/0.891 0.28/48 Tm k x-ray 0.36/46 0.0597 0.40730.6101 173Er 172.9424 1.4 m β−/2.6 (7/2 −) Tm k x-ray 0.19280.19920.8952 174Er 173.9441 3.1 m β−/1.8 Tm k x-ray (0.100–0.152) 175Er 174.9479 1.2 m β−(0.0765–1.168) 176Er 175.9503 177Er 176.954 69Tm 168.93421(2) 145Tm ≈3.5µs p 1.73/91 1.4/9 146mTm 0.21 s β+, p p/1.118 1.01/0.89/Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-143TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 146Tm 145.967 0.06 s β+/14. p 1.119/ 0.94/ 147mTm 0.4 ms β+, p p/1.115 147Tm 146.961 0.56 s EC, β+/85 ≈ 10.7 p/15/ 1.052/ 148mTm 147.9573 0.7 s β+, EC/12. ann.rad./ 148Tm 149Tm 148.9524 0.9 s β+, EC/ ≈9.2 11/2 − 150Tm 149.9494 2.3 s β+, EC/ ≈11.5 6 − (0.1007–2.177) 151Tm 150.9454 4. s β+, EC/7.5 ann.rad./ 152mTm 8. s β+, EC/ 9 + 152Tm 151.9443 5. s β+, EC/8.8 ann.rad./ 153Tm 152.94203 1.6 s β+, EC/10 /6.46 ann.rad./ α/90 / 5.109/ 154mTm 3.3 s β+, EC/15 / α/5.031/100 ann.rad./ α/ 4.84/0.24 0.4605–0.7960 154Tm 153.9407 8.1 s β+, EC/56 /7.4 α/4.956/100 ann.rad./ α/44 / 4.83/0.45 155Tm 154.93919 30. s β+, EC/5.58 0.0315 α/ 4.46/ 0.0638 0.08810.22680.53200.6067 156mTm 19. s α/ 4.46/ 156Tm 155.9389 1.40 m β+, EC/7.6 2 −+ 0.40 −0.5 ann.rad./ α/ 4.23/ 0.3446 0.45290.5860 157Tm 156.9367 3.6 m β+, EC/4.5 2.6 1/2 +0.48 ann.rad./ α/ 3.97/ 0.1104 0.34840.38550.4550(0.1–1.58) 158Tm 157.9379 4.0 m β+, EC/74 /6.5 (2 −) +0.04 +0.7 ann.rad./ EC/26 / Er k x-ray 0.19210.33510.62801.1498(0.18–2.81) 159Tm 158.9348 9.1 m β+/23 /3.9 5/2 ++ 3.42 +1.9 ann.rad./ EC/77 / Er k x-ray 0.05910.08480.2713(0.05–1.27) 160mTm 1.24 m IT (5) 160Tm 159.9354 9.4 m β+/15 /5.9 1 −+ 0.16 +0.58 ann.rad./ EC/85 / Er k x-ray 0.12640.26420.72850.85440.86141.3685 161Tm 160.9334 31. m β+, EC/3.2 7/2 ++ 2.40 +2.9 ann.rad./ Er k x-rayElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-144TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.0595 0.08441.6481(0.04–2.15) 162mTm 24. s I.T./90 / 5 + Tm k x-ray β+, EC/10 / Er k x-ray 0.06690.81150.9003 162Tm 161.93394 21.7 m β+/8 /4.81 1 −+ 0.07 +0.69 ann.rad./ EC/92 / Er k x-ray 0.10200.7987(0.1–3.75)m 163Tm 162.93265 1.81 h EC/98 /2.439 1/2 +− 0.082 Er k x-ray β+/1 / 0.0692 0.10430.2414 164mTm 5.1 m I.T./80 / 6 − 0.0914 β+, EC/20 / 0.1394 0.20810.24050.3149 164Tm 163.93345 2.0 m β+/36 /3.96 2.94/ 1 ++ 2.38 +0.71 ann.rad./ EC/64 / Er k x-ray 0.0914 165Tm 164.932433 1.253 d EC/1.593 1/2 +− 0.139 Er k x-ray 0.04720.05440.297280.80636 166Tm 165.93355 7.70 h EC/98 /3.04 2 ++ 0.092 +2.14 Er k x-ray β+/2 / 0.0806 0.18440.77891.27342.0524 167Tm 166.932849 9.24 d EC/0.748 1/2 +− 0.197 Er k x-ray 0.05710.20778 168Tm 167.934171 93.1 d EC/1.679 3 ++ 0.23 +3.2 Er k x-ray 0.198250.44750.81595 169Tm 100 168.934211 1/2 +− 0.232 −1.2 170Tm 169.935798 128.6 d β−/99.8/0.968 0.883/24 1 −+ 0.247 +0.74 Yb k x-ray EC/0.2 /0.314 0.968/76 0.08425 171Tm 170.936426 1.92 y β−/0.096 0.03/2 1/2 +− 0.230 0.06674 0.096/98 172Tm 171.93840 2.65 d β−/1.88 1.79/36 2 − Yb k x-ray 1.88/29 0.07879 1.387221.466011.529821.60861 173Tm 172.93960 8.2 h β−/1.298 0.80/21 1/2 + Yb k x-ray 0.86/71 0.3988 0.4613 174Tm 173.94216 5.4 m β−/3.08 0.70/14 (4 −) Yb k x-ray 1.20/83 0.07664Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-145TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.17669 0.273320.36660.99205(0.08–1.6) 175Tm 174.94383 15.2 m β−/2.39 0.9/36 (1/2 +) Yb k x-ray 1.9/23 0.36396 0.514870.941250.98247 176Tm 175.9471 1.9 m β−/4.2 2.0/ (4 +) Yb k x-ray 1.2/ 0.1898 0.38191.0691 177Tm 176.9490 1.4 m β− 178Tm 177.9526 179Tm 178.9553 70Yb 173.04(3) 148Yb 147.967 149Yb 148.963 0.7 s β+, p p/2.5–6.4/ 0.647 150Yb 149.958 151Yb 150.9545 1.6 s β+/8.5 152Yb 151.9502 3.2 s β+EC/5.5 153Yb 152.9492 4. s β+EC/6.7 154Yb 153.9455 0.40 s β+EC/7 /4.49 ann.rad./ α/93 / 5.32/ 155Yb 154.9456 1.7 s β+, EC/16 /6.0 −0.8 −1. ann.rad./ α/84 / 5.19/ 156Yb 155.94277 26. s β+, EC/21/3.57 0 + ann.rad./ α/79 / 4.69/ 157Yb 156.9427 39. s β+, EC/99 +/5.5 −0.64 ann.rad./ α/0.5/ 4.69/ 0.231 (0.035–0.670) 158Yb 157.93986 1.5 m β+, EC/1.9 0 + ann.rad./ 0.07410.2526 159Yb 158.9402 1.4 m EC, β+/5.1 −0.37 −.022 Tm k x-ray 0.16610.17720.32970.3903 160Yb 159.9376 4.8 m β+, EC/2.0 0 + ann.rad./ 0.14040.17370.2158 161Yb 160.9375 4.2 m β+, EC/3.9 3/2 −− 0.33 +1.03 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray0.07820.59990.6315 162Yb 161.9358 18.9 m β+, EC/1.7 0 + ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray0.11880.1635 163Yb 162.9363 11.1 m β+/26 /3.4 1.4/ 3/2 −− 0.37 +1.24 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray0.0636Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-146TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.8603 (0.06 –1.9) 164Yb 163.9345 1.26 h EC/1.0 0 + Tm k x-ray 0.09140.6752 165Yb 164.93540 9.9 m β+/10 /2.76 1.58/ (5/2 −) +0.48 +2.48 ann.rad./ EC/90 / Tm k x-ray 0.08011.0903 166Yb 165.93388 2.363 d EC/0.30 0 + Tm k x-ray 0.08280.18440.77891.27342.0524 167Yb 166.934947 17.5 m β+/0.5 /1.954 0.639/ 5/2 −+ 0.62 +2.70 Tm k x-ray EC/99.5 / 0.06296 0.106160.113370.17633 168Yb 0.13(1) 167.933895 0 + 169mYb 46. s I.T./0.0242 1/2 − Yb L x-ray 0.0242 169Yb 168.935187 32.02 d EC/0.909 7/2 +− 0.63 +3.5 0.1979/35.9 0.3078/10.050.0207–0.2611 170Yb 3.04(15) 169.934759 0 + 171Yb 14.28(57) 170.936323 1/2 −+ 0.49367 172Yb 21.83(67) 171.936378 0 + 173Yb 16.13(27) 172.938207 5/2 −− 0.67989 +2.80 174Yb 31.83(92) 173.938858 0 + 175Yb 174.941273 4.19 d β−/0.470 0.466/73 7/2 − 0.77 Lu k x-ray 0.071/21 0.3963/130.353/6.2 (0.114–0.28) 176mYb 11.4 s I.T./1.051 (8 −) Yb k x-ray 0.09610.19010.29290.3897 176Yb 12.76(41) 175.942569 1026 y β−β−0+ 177mYb 6.41 s I.T./0.3315 1/2 − Yb k x-ray 0.11310.2084 177Yb 176.945257 1.9 h β−/1.399 1.40 9/2 + Lu k x-ray 0.1504 178Yb 177.94664 1.23 h β−/0.65 0.25/ 0 + 0.1415 0.32460.35160.38150.6125 179Yb 178.9499 8. m β−/2.4 180Yb 179.9523 2. m β−0.1028–0.4423 181Yb 180.9561 71Lu 174.967(1) 150mLu ≈0.03 ms p/1.295 150Lu 149.973 49. ms p 151mLu 16 µs p/1.31Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-147TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 151Lu 150.967 0.08 s p/1.231 152Lu 151.963 0.7 s 153Lu 152.959 154Lu 153.9571 1.0 s β+, EC/10.8 155mLu 2.6 ms α/7.41 155Lu 154.9542 0.07 s EC/8.0 α/ 5.66/90 156mLu 0.20 s α/ 5.57/ 156Lu 155.9529 ≈0.5 s β+, EC/9.5 ann.rad./ α/ 5.45/ 157mLu ≈9.6 s α 4.925/ 157Lu 156.95010 4.8 s β+, EC/94 /6.93 ann.rad./ α/ 5.00/ 158Lu 157.94984 10.4 s β+, EC/99 /8.0 ann.rad./ α/ 4.67/ 0.3682 0.4770 159Lu 158.9467 12.3 s β+, EC/6.0 ann.rad./ 0.15050.18750.3693 160Lu 159.94654 36.1 s β+, EC/7.3 ann.rad./ 0.24340.39570.5773 161Lu 160.9432 1.2 m β+, EC/5.3 ann.rad./ 0.04370.06710.10030.11080.15620.2562 162mLu ≈1.5 m EC/ 4 − 162Lu 161.9432 1.37 m β+, EC/6.9 1 − ann.rad./ 0.16660.6314 163Lu 162.9412 4.1 m β+, EC/4.6 ann.rad./ 0.05390.05810.15040.16310.3717 164Lu 163.9412 3.14 m β+, EC/6.3 1.6/ 0.1238 3.8/ 0.2621 0.74040.86390.8804 165Lu 164.9396 10.7 m β+, EC/3.9 2.06/ 1/2 + ann.rad./ 0.12060.13240.17420.2036(0.04–2.0) 166m2Lu 2.1 m β+/35 / (0 −) ann.rad./ EC/65 / Yb k x-ray 1.06731.25662.0986 166m1Lu 1.4 m β+, EC/58 / (3 −) ann.rad./ I.T./42 /0.0344 0.1024 0.2281Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-148TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.2861 0.81190.8301 166Lu 165.9398 2.8 m β+/25 /5.5 (6 −) ann.rad./ EC/75 / Yb k x-ray 0.10240.22810.33750.3679 167Lu 166.9383 52. m β+/2 /3.1 2.1/ 7/2 + Yb k x-ray EC/98 / 0.0297 0.2392(0.03–2.0) 168mLu 6.7 m β+/12 / 3 + ann.rad./ EC/88 / Yb k x-rayIT/<0.8 0.1988/190 0.8960/1000.9792/1280.018–2.65 168Lu 167.9387 5.5 m β+/6 /4.5 1.2/ (6 −) ann.rad./ EC/94 / Yb k x-ray 0.11140.11240.22860.34831.4836 169mLu 2.7 m I.T./0.0290 1/2 − Lu L x-ray 0.0290 169Lu 168.93765 1.419 d EC/2.293 1.271/ 7/2 + 2.30 3.5 Yb k x-ray 0.191210.9606(0.08–2.1) 170mLu 0.7 s I.T./0.0929 4 − Lu L x-ray 0.044490.0484 170Lu 169.93847 2.01 d EC/3.46 2.44/ 0 + Yb k x-ray 0.587110.59081.28029(0.1–3.38) 171mLu 1.31 m I.T./0.0711 1/2 − Lu k x-ray 0.07119 171Lu 170.937910 8.24 d EC/1.479 0.362/ 7/2 + 2.30 3.42 Yb k x-ray 0.019390.66744(0.02–1.3) 172mLu 3.7 m I.T./0.0419 1 − Lu L x-rays 0.04186 172Lu 171.939082 6.64 d EC/2.519 4 − 2.90 3.80 Yb k x-ray 0.181561.09367(0.07–2.2) 173Lu 172.938927 1.37 y EC/0.671 7/2 + 2.28 3.63 Yb k x-ray 0.078600.27198 174mLu 142. d IT/99.3/ 0.17086 6 − 1.50 Lu k x-ray EC/0.7 / 0.067055 174Lu 173.940334 3.3 y EC/1.374 1 − 1.9 Yb k x-ray 0.076641.2419Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-149TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 175Lu 97.41(2) 174.940768 7/2 ++ 2.2327 +3.49 176mLu 3.66 h β−/1.315 1.229/ 1 −+ 0.318 −1.47 Hf k x-ray 1.317/ 0.088372 176Lu 2.59(2) 175.942683 3.73 ×1010 y β−/1.192 7 −+ 3.169 +4.92 Hf k x-ray 0.201870.30691 177m2Lu 6. m β−39/2 − 177mLu 160.7 d IT/22/0.9702 23/2 − 2.33 5.4 Lu k x-ray β−/78 Hf k x-ray 0.112950.208360.378500.41853 177Lu 176.943755 6.65 d β−/0.498 0.497/ 7/2 ++ 2.239 +3.39 0.11295 0.20836 178mLu 23.1 m β−/( 9 −) 0.2166 0.3317 178Lu 177.945952 28.5 m β−/2.099 2.03/ 1 + Hf k x-ray 0.09321.30991.3408(0.09–1.7) 179Lu 178.94732 4.6 h β−/1.405 1.35/ 7/2 + 0.2143 0.3377 180Lu 179.9499 5.7 m β−/3.1 1.49/ 0.40795/50. (0.07–1.9) 181Lu 180.9518 3.5 m β−/2.5 (7/2 +) 0.0458 0.20590.5749 182Lu 181.9552 2.0 m β− /≈4.1 0.0978 0.72080.8182 183Lu 182.9576 58. s β− / 7/2 + 184Lu 183.9612 20 s β− 72Hf 178.49(2) 154Hf 153.964 2. s EC, β+/≈6.7 155Hf 154.963 0.9 s EC, β+/8. 156Hf 155.9593 25. ms α/ 157Hf 156.9581 0.11 s α/ 158Hf 157.9539 2.9 s EC/54 /5.1 0 + α/46 / 5.27/ 159Hf 158.9538 5.6 s β+, EC/88 /6.9 ann.rad./ α/12 / 5.09/ 160Hf 159.95063 ≈12. s β+, EC/97 /4.9 0 + ann.rad./ α/4.78 161Hf 160.9503 17. s α/ 4.60/ 162Hf 161.94720 38. s β+, EC/3.7 0 + ann.rad./ 0.17390.19630.4101 163Hf 162.9471 40. s β+, EC/5.5 ann.rad./ 0.04540.06210.07100.6882 164Hf 163.9536 2.8 m EC, β+/3.0 165Hf 164.9445 1.32 m EC/4.6 11/2 −Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-150TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 166Hf 165.9423 6.8 m EC/93 /2.3 ann.rad./ β+/7 / Lu k x-ray 0.0788 167Hf 166.9426 2.0 m β+/40 /4.0 (5/2 −) ann.rad./ EC/60 / Lu k x-ray 0.17540.3152 168Hf 167.9406 25.9 m β+, EC/1.8 0 + ann.rad./ (0.0144–1.311) 169Hf 168.9412 3.25 m EC/85 /3.3 (5/2 −) ann.rad./ β+/15 / Lu k x-ray 0.36950.4929 170Hf 169.9397 16.0 h EC/1.1 0 + Lu k x-ray 0.09850.12020.16470.57290.6207 171mHf 30. s (1/2 −) +0.53 171Hf 170.9405 12.2 h EC, β+/2.4 7/2 +− 0.67 +3.46 ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray0.12210.66201.0714 172Hf 171.93946 1.87 y EC/0.35 0 + Lu k x-ray 0.023990.12582(0.0818–0.123) 173Hf 172.9407 23.6 h EC/1.6 1/2 − Lu k x-ray 0.123670.139630.296970.31124(0.1–2.1) 174Hf 0.16(1) 173.940042 2.0 ×1015y0 + 175Hf 174.941504 71. d EC/0.686 5/2 −− 0.60 +2.7 Lu k x-ray 0.089360.34340 176Hf 5.26(7) 175.941403 0 + 177m2Hf 51.4 m I.T./2.740 37/2 − Hf k x-ray 0.21400.29510.31150.3267 177m1Hf 1.1 s I.T./ 23/2 + Hf k x-ray 0.208360.228470.37851 177Hf 18.60(9) 176.943220 7/2 −+ 0.7935 +0.337 178m2Hf 31. y I.T./ 16 ++ 8.16 +6.00 Hf k x-ray 0.325550.426350.089–0.574 178m1Hf 4.0 s I.T./ 8 − Hf k x-ray 0.213420.325550.42635 178Hf 27.28(7) 177.943698 0 +Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-151TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 179m2Hf 25.1 d I.T./1.1057 25/2 − 7.4 Hf k x-ray 0.12270.14610.36260.4537 179m1Hf 18.7 s I.T./0.375 1/2 − Hf k x-ray 0.16070.2141 179Hf 13.62(2) 178.945815 9/2 +− 0.641 +3.79 180mHf 5.52 h I.T./1.1416 8 −+ 9. +4.6 Hf k x-ray 0.21520.33230.4432 180Hf 35.08(16) 179.946549 0 + 181mHf 1.5 ms /1.738 25/2 − 181Hf 180.949099 42.4 d β−/1.027 0.408/ 1/2 − Ta k x-ray 0.13294/540.48200/1000.3459/20 182mHf 62. m β−/54 /1.60 0.49/43 8 − Hf k x-ray IT/46 /1.173 0.95/10 0.0509 0.22440.34410.45580.50660.9428 182Hf 181.95055 9. ×106 y β−/0.37 0 + Ta k x-ray 0.2704 183Hf 182.95353 1.07 h β−/2.01 1.18/68 3/2 − Ta k x-ray 1.54/25 0.0732 0.45910.7837 184Hf 183.95545 4.1 h β−/1.34 0.74/38 0 + Ta k x-ray 0.85/16 0.04141.10/46 0.1391 0.3449 185Hf 184.9588 ≈3.5 m β− / 0.165 186Hf 185.9609 ≈2.6 m 0.738 73Ta 180.9479(1) 155Ta 12 µs p/1.77 156Ta 155.972 0.11 s β+ /≈11.6 p/ 1.02/ ≈100 157Ta 156.968 10 ms α/ 6.117 p/ 0.927/3.4 158Ta 157.9664 37. ms α/ 6.05/100 5.97/100 159Ta 158.9629 0.6 s β+, EC/20 /8.5 α/5.52/34 ann.rad./ α/80 / 5.60/55 160Ta 159.9615 1.4 s β+, EC/10.1 ann.rad./ α 5.41/ 161Ta 160.9584 2.9 s β+, EC/7.5 ann.rad./ α/ 5.15 162Ta 161.9564 4. s EC/8.6 163Ta 162.9544 10.6 s EC/6.8 164Ta 163.9536 14.2 s β+/8.5 3 + ann.rad./ α/ 4.62/ 0.2110 0.3768Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-152TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 165Ta 164.9508 31. s EC β+/5.9 166Ta 165.9505 34. s β+/82 /7.7 ann.rad./ EC/18 / Hf k x-ray 0.15870.31170.8101 167Ta 166.9486 1.4 m β+, EC/5.6 ann.rad./ 168Ta 167.9478 2.4 m β+/77 /6.7 3 + ann.rad./ EC/23 / Hf k x-ray 0.12390.26150.7502 169Ta 168.9459 4.9 m β+, EC/4.4 ann.rad./ 0.02880.15350.1924 170Ta 169.9461 6.8 m β+/70 /6.0 (3 +) ann.rad./ EC/35 / Hf k x-ray 0.10080.2212 171Ta 170.9445 23.3 m β+, EC/3.7 (5/2 −) 0.0496 0.50180.5064(0.05–1.02) 172Ta 171.9447 36.8 m β+/25 /4.9 (3 −) ann.rad./ EC/75 / Hf k x-ray 0.213961.10923(0.09 –3.8) 173Ta 172.9446 3.6 h β+/24 /3.7 (5/2 −) 1.70 −1.9 ann.rad./ EC/76 / Hf k x-ray 0.069720.17219(0.06 –2.7) 174Ta 173.9442 1.12 h β+/27 /3.8 (3 +) ann.rad./ EC/73 / Hf k x-ray 0.090890.20638(0.09–3.64) 175Ta 174.9437 10.5 h EC/2.0 7/2 + 2.27 +3.7 Hf k x-ray 0.20770.26710.3487 176Ta 175.9447 8.1 h EC/3.1 1 − Hf k x-ray 0.088371.15735 177Ta 176.944472 2.356 d EC/1.166 7/2 + 2.25 Hf k x-ray 0.11295(0.07–1.06) 178mTa 2.4 h EC/ (7 −) Hf k x-ray 0.088860.213420.325550.42635 178Ta 177.9458 9.29 m EC/99 /1.9 1 ++ 2.74 +0.65 ann.rad./ β+/1 / Hf k x-ray 0.09316 179Ta 178.94593 1.8 y EC/0.110 7/2 + 2.29 3.37 Hf k x-ray 180mTa 0.012(2) >1.2×1015y( 9 −) 4.82Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-153TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 180Ta 179.947466 8.15 h EC/87 /0.854 1 + Hf k x-ray β−/13 /0.708 0.61/3 W k x-ray 0.71/10 0.09333 0.10340 181Ta 99.988(2) 180.947996 7/2 ++ 2.370 +3.3 182mTa 15.8 m I.T./0.5198 10 − Ta k x-ray 0.146780.17157 182Ta 181.950152 114.43 d β−/1.814 0.25/30 3 −+ 3.02 +2.6 W k x-ray 0.44/20 1.12127/1000.52/40 1.22138/79 0.085–1.289 183Ta 182.951373 5.1 d β−/1.070 0.45/5 7/2 ++ 2.36 W k x-ray 0.62/91 0.0847 0.09910.10790.24610.3540 184Ta 183.95401 8.7 h β−/2.87 1.11/15 (5 −) W k x-ray 1.17/81 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74.(0.09–1.4) 185Ta 184.95556 49. m β−/1.99 1.21/5 (7/2 +) W k x-ray 1.77/81 0.0697 0.17390.1776 186Ta 185.9586 10.5 m β−/3.9 2.2/ (3 −) W k x-ray 0.19790.21490.5106(0.09–1.5) 187Ta 186.9604 188Ta 187.9637 74W 183.84(1) 158mW 0.14 ms α 8.28(3)/ 158W 157.974 1.3 ms α/ 6.433/96 159W 158.972 7. ms α/ 160W 159.9684 0.08 s α/ 5.92/ 0 + 161W 160.9671 0.41 s β+, EC/18 /8.1 α/82 / 5.78/ 162W 161.9626 1.39 s β+, EC/54 /5.8 0 + α/46 / 5.54/ 163W 162.9624 2.8 s β+, EC/59 /7.5 α/41 / 5.38/ 164W 163.95890 6. s β+, EC/97 /5.0 0 + ann.rad./ α/3 / 5.15/ 165W 164.9583 5.1 s β+, EC/99 /7.0 ann.rad./ α/1 / 4.91/ 166W 165.95502 16. s β+, EC/99 /4.2 0 + ann.rad./ α/1 / 4.74/ 167W 166.9547 20. s EC/5.6 168W 167.9519 53. s EC/3.8 ann.rad./ α/10−5/ 4.40(1) Ta k x-ray 0.1755(0.037–0.573) 169W 168.9518 1.3 m EC/5.4 ann.rad./ Ta k x-rayElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-154TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.123 (0.097–0.699) 170W 169.9485 2.4 m EC/2.2 ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray0.3162(0.060–0.144) 171W 170.9494 2.4 m EC/4.6 ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray0.1842(0.052–0.479) 172W 171.9474 6.6 m β+, EC/2.5 ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray0.0389(0.034–0.674) 173W 172.9489 6.3 m EC/4.0 ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray0.4576(0.035–0.623) 174W 173.9462 35. m EC/1.9 0 + ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray0.32870.4288(0.056–0.429) 175W 174.9468 35. m EC/2.9 1/2 − (0.015–0.27) 176W 175.9456 2.5 h β+, EC/0.8 0 + 0.03358 0.061290.094870.10020 177W 176.9466 2.21 h EC/2.0 (1/2 −) Ta k x-ray 0.155050.185690.42694 178W 177.9459 21.6 d EC/0.091 0 + Ta k x-ray 179mW 6.4 m IT/99.7/0.222 (1/2 −) W k x-ray EC/0.3/ 0.2220 179W 178.94707 38. m EC/1.06 (7/2 −) Ta k x-ray 0.0307 180W 0.12(1) 179.946706 7.4 ×1016 y α/0 + 181W 180.94820 121.1 d EC/0.188 9/2 + Ta k x-ray 0.136170.15221 182W 26.50(16) 181.948205 8.3 ×1018 y α/0 + 183mW 5.15 s I.T./ (11/2 +) W k x-ray 0.04650.05260.09910.1605 183W 14.31(4) 182.950224 1.9 ×1018 y α/ 1/2 −+ 0.1177848 184W 30.64(2) 183.950932 4.0 ×1018 y α/0 + 185mW 1.6 m I.T./0.1974 11/2 + W k x-ray 0.06590.13150.1737 185W 184.953420 74.8 d β−/0.433 0.433/99.9 3/2 − 0.12536 186W 28.43(19) 185.954362 6.5 ×1018 y α/0 + 187W 186.957158 23.9 h β−/1.311 0.624/66 3/2 − 0.62 Re k x-ray 1.315/16 0.68572/330.081–1.18 0.134–0.773Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-155TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 188W 187.958487 69.78 d β−/0.349 0.349/99 0 + 0.0636 0.22710.2907 189W 188.9619 10.6 m β−/2.5 1.4/ (3/2 −) (0.1262–1.466) 2.5/ 190mW 0.3 ms 190W 189.9632 30. m β−/1.3 0.95/ 0 + Re k x-ray 0.15760.1621 75Re 186.207(1) 160Re 159.981 0.7 ms p/ 1.261(6)/91 α/ 6.54/ 161Re 160.978 14 ms α/ 6.24 p 1.35 162Re 161.9757 0.10 s α/ 6.12/94 6.09/94 163Re 162.9721 0.26 s β+, EC/9.0 α/5.87/32 α/ 5.92/66 164Re 163.9704 0.9 s β+, EC/10.7 α/ 5.78/ 165Re 164.9671 2. s β+, EC/87 /8.1 α/ 5.51/ 166Re 165.9651 2.5 s β+, EC/9.4 α/ 5.50/ 167mRe 6.2 s α, EC/ 167Re 166.9626 3.4 s β+, EC/7.4 α/ 5.015/ 168Re 167.9616 4.4 s β+, EC/9.1 α/ 4.833/ 0.1117 169mRe 8.1 s α 4.70/ 4.87/ 169Re 168.9588 16. s 170Re 169.9582 9.2 s β+, EC/9.0 0.1560 0.30550.4125 171Re 170.9555 15.2 s EC/ ≈5.7 172mRe 55. s β+, EC/ (2) ann.rad./ 0.12340.25370.3504 172Re 171.9553 15. s β+, EC/7.3 ann.rad./ 0.12340.2537 173Re 172.9531 2.0 m EC/ ≈3.9 ann.rad./ 174Re 173.9521 2.4 m β+, EC/5.6 ann.rad./ 0.11190.2430 175Re 174.9514 5.8 m β+, EC/4.3 ann.rad./ 176Re 175.9516 5.3 m β+, EC/5.6 (3 +) ann.rad./ 0.10890.2406 177Re 176.9503 14. m EC/78 /3.4 (5/2 −) ann.rad./ β+/22 / W k x-ray 0.07970.08430.1968 178Re 177.9509 13.2 m β+/11 /4.7 3.3/ (3) ann.rad./ EC/89 / W k x-rayElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-156TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.1059 0.23730.9391 179Re 178.9500 19.7 m EC/99 /2.71 0.95/ (5/2 +) 2.8 W k x-ray β+/1 / 0.1199 0.29000.41540.43021.6803 180Re 179.95079 2.45 m EC/92 /3.80 1.76/ 1 − 1.6 ann.rad./ β+/8 / W k x-ray 0.10360.9028(0.07–2.2) 181Re 180.95006 20. h EC /1.74 5/2 + 3.19 W k x-ray 0.36070.36550.6390 182mRe 12.7 h EC/ 0.55/ 2 + 3.3 +1.8 W k x-ray 1.74/ 0.0677 1.12141.2215(0.06–2.2) 182Re 181.9512 2.67 d EC/2.8 (7 +) 2.8 +4.1 W k x-ray 0.06780.22931.12131.2214 183Re 182.95082 70. d EC/0.56 (5/2 +) +3.17 +2.3 W k x-ray 0.16232 184mRe 165. d I.T./75 /0.188 8 ++ 2.9 Re k x-ray EC/25 / 0.1047 0.21650.92093(0.10–1.1) 184Re 183.95252 38. d EC/1.48 3 −+ 2.53 +2.8 W k x-ray 0.792070.90328(0.1–1.4) 185Re 37.40(2) 184.952955 5/2 ++ 3.1871 +2.18 186mRe 2.0 ×105y I.T./0.150 8 + Re k x-ray 0.0590 186Re 185.954986 3.718 d β−/92 /1.070 0.973/21 1 −+ 1.739 +0.62 W k x-ray EC/8 /0.582 1.07/71 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5(0.63–0.77) 187Re 62.60(2) 186.955751 4.2 ×1010 y β−/0.00266 0.0025/ 5/2 ++ 3.2197 +2.07 188mRe 18.6 m I.T./0.172 (6 −) Re k x-ray 0.09250.1059 188Re 187.958112 17.00 h β−/2.120 1.962/20 1 −+ 1.788 +0.57 Os k x-ray 2.118/79 0.15502 0.309–2.022 189Re 188.959228 24. h β−/1.01 1.01/ (5/2 +) 0.1471 0.21670.21940.2451 190mRe 3.0 h β−/51 / (6 −) Re k x-ray I.T./49 / 0.1191 0.2238Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-157TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.6731 (0.1–1.79) 190Re 189.9618 3.0 m β−/3.2 1.8/ (2 −) Os k x-ray 0.18670.55800.6051 191Re 190.96312 9.7 m β−/2.05 1.8/ 192Re 191.9660 16. s β−/4.2 ≈2.5/ (0.2–0.75) 76Os 190.23(3) 162Os 161.984 1.8 ms α/ 6.60 163Os 162.982 5.5 ms α/ 6.51 164Os 163.9779 0.04 s α 165Os 164.9765 0.07 s α 166Os 165.9718 0.18 s β+, EC/28 /6.3 6.27/ 0 + ann. rad./ α/72 / 5.98/ 167Os 166.9714 0.7 s β+, EC/76 /8.2 ann.rad./ α/24 / 5.84/ 168Os 167.96775 2.2 s β+, EC/51 /5.7 0 + ann. rad./ α/49 / 169Os 168.9671 3.3 s β+, EC/89 /7.7 5.57/80 ann.rad./ α/13 / 5.51/12 5.54/8 170Os 169.96357 7.1 s β+, EC/5.0 0 + ann.rad./ α/ 5.40/ (0.162–0.216) 171Os 170.9630 8.4 s β+, EC/98 /7.1 α/5.24/93.5 ann.rad./ α/19 / 5.17/6.5 0.190–0.705 172Os 171.9601 19. s β+, EC/99 /4.5 0 + ann.rad./ α/1.1/ 5.10/ (0.063–1.120) 173Os 172.9598 16. s β+, EC/6.3 ann.rad./ α/0.4 / 4.94/ 0.142–0.299 174Os 173.9563 44. s β+, EC/3.9 0 + 0.118 α/0.02 / 4.76/ 0.138 / 0.001 0.1580.325 175Os 174.9570 1.4 m β+, EC/5.3 0.125 0.1810.248 176Os 175.9550 3.6 m β+, EC/3.2 0 + 0.8155 0.77580.85731.20931.2909 177Os 176.9551 2.8 m β+, EC/4.5 (1/2 −) 0.0848 0.19580.30021.2686 178Os 177.9534 5.0 m β+, EC/2.3 0 + ann.rad./ 0.59460.68500.96871.3311 179Os 178.9539 7. m β+, EC/3.7 ann.rad./ 0.06540.21860.5938 180Os 179.9524 21.5 m β+, EC/1.5 0 + Re k x-ray 0.0202–0.7174Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-158TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 181mOs 1.75 h EC/ (1/2 −) ann.rad./ 0.0489 181Os 180.9532 2.7 m EC/2.9 (7/2 −) ann.rad./ 0.117940.238680.8267(0.07–2.64) 182Os 181.95219 21.5 h EC/0.9 0 + Re k x-ray 0.18020.5100 183mOs 9.9 h EC/84 / 1/2 − Os k x-ray I.T./16 / Re k x-ray 1.10201.1080 183Os 182.9531 13. h EC/2.1 9/2 +− 0.79 +3.1 Re k x-ray 0.11440.3818 184Os 0.02(1) 183.952491 0 + 185Os 184.954043 93.6 d EC/1.013 1/2 − Re k x-ray 0.64610.87480.8805 186Os 1.59(3) 185.953838 2. ×1015 y α/ ≈2.75/ 0 + 187Os 1.96(2) 186.955748 1/2 −+ 0.0646519 188Os 13.24(8) 187.955836 0 + 189mOs 5.8 h I.T./0.0308 9/2 − Os L x-ray 0.0308 189Os 16.15(5) 188.958145 3/2 ++ 0.65993 +0.86 190mOs 9.9 m I.T./1.705 10 −− 0.6 Os k x-ray 0.18670.36110.50260.6161 190Os 26.26(2) 189.958445 0 + 191mOs 13.1 h I.T./0.0744 3/2 − Os k x-ray 0.0744 191Os 190.960928 15.4 d β−/0.314 0.140/100 9/2 −+ 2.5 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 192mOs 6.0 s I.T./2.0154 (10 −) Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.90.5692/70(0.201–1.000) 192Os 40.78(19) 191.961479 0 + 193Os 192.964148 30.5 h β−/1.141 1.04/20 3/2 −+ 0.730 +0.47 Ir k x-ray 0.13890.4605 194Os 193.965179 6.0 y β−/0.097 0.054/33 0 + Ir L x-ray 0.096/67 0.0429 195Os 194.9681 6.5 m β−/2.0 2.0/ 196Os 195.96962 34.9 m β−/1.16 0.84/ 0 + 0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9 77Ir 192.217(3) 164Ir 0.06 ms p 1.78 165Ir 164.9876 0.3 ms p/87 1.71 α/13 6.72 166mIr 15 ms α/98.2 6.56 p/1.8 1.32Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-159TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 166Ir 165.9855 ≈11 ms α/93 6.56 p/6.9 1.15 167mIr 30 ms α/48, β+6.41/80 p/32 1.24/0.4 167Ir 166.9817 35. ms α/80, β+6.35/48 p/0.4 1.04/32 168Ir 167.9799 0.16 s α/82 169mIr 0.3 s α/ 6.11/84 169Ir 168.9764 0.6 s α/ 6.00/50 170Ir 169.9743 0.43 s α/ 6.03/ 171Ir 170.9718 1.3 s α/ 5.91/ 172Ir 171.9706 2.1 s α/ 5.811/ 0.228 (0.379–0.475) 173Ir 172.9677 3.0 s α/ 5.665/ 0.0493 (0.092–0.296) 174Ir 173.9668 4. s α/ 5.478/ 0.1587 (0.276–1.33) 175Ir 174.9641 ≈4.5 s α/ 5.393/ 0.1056 176Ir 175.9635 8. s EC, β+/80 0.260 α/3.2/ 5.118/ (0.135–0.415) 177Ir 176.9612 30. s EC, β+/5.7 0.184 α/0.06/ 5.011/ (0.062–0.194) 178Ir 177.9601 12. s β+, EC/6.3 0.13200.26670.3633 179Ir 178.9592 4. m EC/4.9 0.0975 (0.045–0.220) 180Ir 179.9593 1.5 m EC/6.4 0.2765 ((0.132–1.106) 181Ir 180.9576 4.9 m β+, EC/4.1 (7/2 +) ann.rad./ 0.1076(0.0196–1.715) 182Ir 181.9582 15. m β+/44 /5.6 ann.rad./ EC/56 / Os k x-ray 0.12730.2370 183Ir 182.9568 57. m β+, EC/3.5 ann.rad./ 0.08770.22850.2824 184Ir 183.9574 3.0 h β+/12 /4.6 2.3/ 5 − 0.70 +2.41 ann.rad./ EC/88 / 2.9/ Os k x-ray 0.119680.26400.3904 185Ir 184.9566 14. h β+/3 /2.4 (5/2 −) 2.60 −2.1 ann.rad./ EC/97 / Os k x-ray 0.25431.8288 186mIr 1.7 h EC / (2 −) 0.64 +1.46 Os k x-ray 0.13710.7675 186Ir 185.95795 15.7 h EC/98 /3.83 (5 +) 3.9 −2.55 Os k x-ray β+/2 / 0.1372 0.29680.4348(0.13–3.0) 187Ir 186.95736 10.5 h EC/1.50 3/2 ++ 0.94 Os k x-ray 0.0743Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-160TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.4009 0.42710.61090.9128 188Ir 187.95885 1.72 d β+/2.81 1.13/ (2 −) 0.30 +0.48 Os k x-ray EC/99 +/ 1.64/ 0.1550 0.47800.63302.2146 189Ir 188.95872 13.2 d EC/0.53 3/2 + 0.13 +0.88 Os k x-ray 0.2449 190m2Ir 3.09 h β+, EC/95 / (11 −) 0.376 I.T./5 / 190m1Ir 1.12 h I.T. /0.0263 7 + Ir L x-ray 190Ir 189.9606 11.8 d EC/2.0 (4 +) 0.04 +2.8 Os k x-ray 0.18670.40720.51860.55800.6051(0.2–1.4) 191mIr 4.93 s I.T./0.1714 11/2 −+ 0.603 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 191Ir 37.3(2) 190.960591 3/2 ++ 0.151 +0.82 192m2Ir 241. y I.T./0.161 (9 +) Ir k x-ray 192m1Ir 1.44 m I.T./0.0580 (1 +) Ir L x-ray 0.05800.3165 192Ir 191.962602 73.83 d β−/1.460 (4 −) +1.92 +2.15 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83.0.46806/48. 193mIr 10.53 d I.T./0.0802 11/2 − Ir L x-ray 0.0803 193Ir 62.7(2) 192.962923 3/2 ++ 0.164 +0.75 194mIr 170. d β−/ 11 Pt k x-ray 0.32840.48290.5624 194Ir 193.965075 19.3 h β−/2.247 1.92/9 1 −+ 0.39 +0.34 0.2935 2.25/86 0.3284 0.6451(0.1–2.2) 195mIr 3.9 h β−/ 0.41/ (11/2 −) Pt k x-ray 0.97/ 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.50.4329/9.60.6849/9.6 195Ir 194.965976 2.8 h β−/1.120 1.0/80 (3/2 +) Pt k x-ray 1.11/13 0.0989/9.7 196mIr 1.40 h β−/ 1.16/ Pt k x-ray 0.35570.39350.44710.52140.6473 196Ir 195.96838 52. s β−/3.21 2.1/15 0 − 0.3329 3.2/80 0.3557 0.7796 197mIr 8.9 m β−/ (11/2 −) 0.3465 I.T./ See Ir[197]Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-161TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 197Ir 196.96964 5.8 m β−/2.16 1.5/ (3/2 +) 0.0531 2.0/ 0.1351 0.43060.4697 198Ir 197.9723 8. s β−/4.1 0.4074 0.5070 199Ir 198.97378 78Pt 195.078(2) 166Pt 0.3 ms α/ 7.11/ 167Pt 0.7 ms α/ 6.99/ 168Pt 167.9880 2.0 ms α 6.83 0.582/69 0.594/690.725/62 169Pt 168.9864 3. ms α 170Pt 169.9816 14 ms α 6.55 0.509/100 0.662/860.214–0.726 171Pt 170.9811 0.05 s α 6.45 172Pt 171.97730 0.10 s α/ 6.31/94 0 + 173Pt 172.9765 0.36 s β+, EC/8.2 6.23 α/ 6.20/ 174Pt 173.97281 0.89 s β+, EC/17 /5.6 0 + α/83 / 6.040/ 175Pt 174.9723 2.5 s β+, EC/65 /7.6 0.0774 α/35 / 5.831/5 0.1354 5.96/54 0.21286.038/ 176Pt 175.9690 6.3 s β+, EC/60 /5.1 0 + ann.rad./ α/40 / 5.528/0.6 0.2277 5.750/41 177Pt 176.9685 11. s EC/91 /6.8 5.53/ 0.0908 α/9 / 5.485/3 5.525/6 178Pt 177.9649 21. s EC/93 /4.5 0 + α/7 / 5.286/0.2 5.442/7 179Pt 178.9653 33. s β+, EC/5.7 +0.43 α/ 5.16/ 180Pt 179.9632 52. s β+, EC/99.7 /3.7 0 + α/0.3 / 5.140/ 181Pt 180.9632 51. s β+, EC/5.2 +0.48 182Pt 181.9613 2.7 m β+, EC/2.9 0 + ann.rad./ 0.13600.14600.2100 183mPt 43. s β+, EC/ (7/2 −) +0.78 +3.4 ann.rad./ I.T./ 0.3132/26 0.3164/590.6296/1000.058–1.75 183Pt 182.9617 7. m β+, EC/4.6 +0.50 ann.rad./ 0.119/1000.307/930.260/900.058–1.377 184Pt 183.9599 17.3 m β+, EC/2.3 ann.rad./ 0.1549Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-162TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.1919 0.5484 185mPt 33. m β+, EC/ 1/2 −+ 0.5 185Pt 184.9607 1.18 h β+, EC/3.8 (9/2 +) −0.75 +3.7 ann.rad./ 0.13530.19740.22960.2551 186Pt 185.95943 2.0 h β+, EC/1.38 0 + ann.rad./ 0.61150.6892 187Pt 186.9607 2.35 h β+, EC/3.1 3/2 −0.41 −1.1 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray0.10640.11000.20150.28490.7092 188Pt 187.95940 10.2 d EC/0.51 0 + Ir k x-ray 0.18760.1951 189Pt 188.96083 10.9 h β+, EC/1.97 3/2 −− 0.43 −1.2 Ir k x-ray 0.09430.60760.7214(0.09–1.47) 190Pt 0.014(1) 189.95993 4.5 ×1011y0 + 191Pt 190.961684 2.86 d EC/1.02 (3/2 −) −0.50 −0.9 Ir k x-ray 0.35990.40940.5389 192Pt 0.782(7) 191.961035 0 + 193mPt 4.33 d I.T./0.1498 13/2 +− 0.75 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 193Pt 192.962984 60. y EC/0.0566 (1/2 −) +0.60 Ir k x-rays 194Pt 32.967(99) 193.962663 0 + 195mPt 4.01 d I.T./0.2952 13/2 +− 0.61 +1.4 Pt k x-ray 0.0989 195Pt 33.832(10) 194.964774 1/2 −+ 0.6095 196Pt 25.242(41) 195.964934 0 + 197mPt 1.590 h I.T./97 / 13/2 + Pt k x-ray β−/3 / 0.0530 0.3465 197Pt 196.967323 19.9 h β−/0.719 1/2 − 0.51 Au k x-ray 0.19140.2688 198Pt 7.163(55) 197.967875 0 + 199mPt 13.6 s I.T./0.424 13/2 + Pt k x-ray 0.3919 199Pt 198.970576 30.8 m β−/1.70 0.90/18 (5/2 −) 0.3170/4.9 1.14/14 0.49375/5.7 0.5430/14.8(0.055–1.293) 200Pt 199.97142 12.5 h β− /≈0.66 0 + Au k x-ray 0.135900.227470.24371 201Pt 200.9745 2.5 m β−/2.66 (5/2 −) 0.070 0.152Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-163TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.222 1.760 202Pt 201.9757 1.8 d 0.440 79Au 196.96655(2) 170mAu 0.62 ms p/58 1.74/ α/42 7.11/ 170Au 0.30 ms p/85 1.47/ α/15 7.01/ 171Au 170.9918 1.0 ms p/46 1.44/100 α/54 7.00 172Au 171.9901 4 ms α/7.02 6.86 173mAu 15 ms α/92 6.732 173Au 172.9864 0.02 s α/94 6.672 174Au 173.9842 0.14 s α 6.54 175Au 174.9817 0.15 s α 176Au 175.9803 0.9 s β+, EC/10.5 α/ 6.260/80 6.290/20 177Au 176.9772 1.2 s α/ 6.115/ 6.150/ 178Au 177.9760 2.6 s α/ 5.920/ 179Au 178.9732 7.5 s α/ 5.85/ 180Au 179.9724 8.1 s EC/8.6 5.65 0.1522 α/ 5.61 0.2564 5.50 0.5242 0.67650.80840.8597 181Au 180.9700 11.4 s EC/97.5/6.3 5.482/ α/2.7/ 182Au 181.9686 21. s β+, EC/6.9 ann.rad./ α/0.13/ 0.1549 0.2649(0.13–1.4) 183Au 182.9676 42. s EC/5.5 +1.97 0.1630 α/0.8/ 0.2730 0.3625 184mAu 48 s (2 +) +1.44 +1.9 0.069(IT) 184Au 183.9675 21. s EC, β+/7.1 (5 +) +2.07 +4.7 α/0.013/ 185mAu 6.8 m β+, EC/ I.T./0.145 185Au 184.9657 4.3 m β+, EC/4.71 (5/2 −) +2.17 −1.1 ann.rad./ α/0.26/ 186mAu <2. m β+, EC/ 0.1915 186Au 185.9659 10.7 m β+, EC/6.0 3 −− 1.26 +3.1 ann.rad./ α/8(10)−4/ 0.1915 0.2988 187mAu 2.3 s IT 9/2 − 187Au 186.9646 8.3 m β+, EC/3.60 1/2 ++ 0.54 ann.rad./ 0.91521.26681.33211.4081 188Au 187.9651 8.8 m β+, EC/5.3 (1 −) −0.07 ann.rad./ 0.26600.34040.6061Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-164TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 189mAu 4.6 m β+, EC/ 11/2 −+ 6.19 0.1667 189Au 188.9642 28.7 m EC/96 /3.2 1/2 ++ 0.49 ann.rad./ β+/4 / Pt k x-ray 0.44780.71330.8128 190Au 189.96470 43. m β+/2 /4.44 1 −− 0.07 ann.rad./ EC/98 / Pt k x-ray 0.29580.30180.5977 191mAu 0.9 s I.T./0.2663 (11/2 −) 6.6 Au k x-ray 0.24140.2526 191Au 190.96365 3.2 h EC/1.83 3/2 ++ 0.137 +0.72 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16(0.088–1.30) 192Au 191.96481 4.9 h β+/5 /3.52 2.19/ 1 −− 0.011 −0.23 ann.rad./ EC/95 / 2.49/ Pt k x-ray 0.29590.3165 193mAu 3.9 s I.T./0.2901 11/2 − 6.2 +1.98 Au k x-ray 0.2580 193Au 192.96413 17.6 h EC/1.07 3/2 ++ 0.140 +0.66 Pt k x-ray 0.18620.2556 194Au 193.96534 1.64 d β+/3 /2.49 1.49/ 1 −+ 0.076 −0.24 ann.rad./ EC/97 / Pt k x-ray 0.29350.3284/61 195mAu 30.5 s I.T./0.3186 11/2 − 6.2 +1.9 Au k x-ray 0.2617 195Au 194.965017 186.10 d EC/0.227 3/2 ++ 0.149 +0.61 Pt k x-ray 196m2Au 9.7 h I.T./0.5954 12 − 5.7 Au k x-ray 0.14780.1883 196m1Au 8.1 s I.T./0.0846 8 + 0.0847 196Au 195.966551 6.17 d EC/92 /1.506 2 −+ 0.591 0.81 Pt k x-ray 197mAu 7.8 s I.T./0.4094 11/2 −+ 6.0 +1.7 Au k x-ray β−/8 /0.686 0.1302 0.2790 197Au 100. 196.966551 3/2 ++ 0.14575 +0.55 198mAu 2.30 d I.T./0.812 (12 −) Au k x-ray 0.09720.18030.2419 198Au 197.968225 2.695 d β−/1.372 0.290/1 2 −+ 0.5934 +0.64 Hg k x-ray 0.961/99 0.411794 199Au 198.968748 3.14 d β−/0.453 0.25/22 3/2 ++ 0.2715 +0.51 Hg k x-ray 0.292/72 0.158370.462/6 0.20820 200mAu 18.7 h β−/84 /1.0 0.56/ 12 − 5.9 Au k x-ray I.T./16 / 0.2559/71 0.3680/770.4978/730.5793/720.084–0.904) 200Au 199.97072 48.4 m β−/2.24 0.7/15 1 − 0.3679/19 2.2/77 1.2254/10.6 (0.077–1.570)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-165TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 201Au 200.97165 26. m β−/1.28 1.27/82 3/2 + (0.027–0.732) 202Au 201.9738 29. s β−/3.0 (1 −) 0.4396 203Au 202.97515 1.0 m β−/2.14 ≈1.9/ 3/2 + (0.04–0.37) 204Au 203.9783 40. s β−/4.5 (2 −) 0.4366 1.5113 205Au 204.9796 31. s β− / (0.38–1.33) 80Hg 200.59(2) 172Hg ≈0.25 ms α 7.35 173Hg 0.9 ms α 7.21 174Hg 1.9 ms α 7.07 175Hg 174.9912 0.02 s α 176Hg 175.98733 21 ms α 6.74/94 177Hg 176.9863 0.13 s α 6.58 178Hg 177.98248 0.26 s EC/50 /6.1 0 + α/50 / 6.43/ 179Hg 178.9818 1.05 s EC/8.0 α/ 6.29/ 180Hg 179.9783 2.6 s EC/5.5 0 + 0.1250 α/ 6.12/33 0.3005 5.69/.03 0.3812 181Hg 180.9778 3.6 s β+EC/74 / ≈7.3 (1/2 −) +0.507 0.0663 α/26 / 0.0811 0.09240.14740.15870.21420.2398 182Hg 181.9739 10.8 s β+, EC/85/5.0 0 + 0.129/122 α/15/ 5.87/8.6 0.2176/66 5.45/0.03 0.0256–0.543 183Hg 182.9744 9. S β+, EC/77/6.3 1/2 −+ 0.524 0.0714 α/ 5.83/ 0.0874 5.91/ 0.1538 184Hg 183.9719 30.9 s β+, EC/99/4.1 0 + 0.0915 α/1/ 5.54/1.3 0.1265 5.07/0.002 0.1560 0.2362 185mHg 21.s β+, EC, IT, α/ 5.37/ 13/2 +− 1.02 +0.2 0.211 0.292 185Hg 184.9720 51. S β+, EC/95/5.8 1/2 −+ 0.509 0.02–0.55 186Hg 185.9695 1.4 m β+, EC/3.3 0 + 0.1119 α 5.09/0.02 0.2518 187mHg 1.7 m β+, EC/ 13/2 +− 1.04 +0.5 see Hg187 187Hg 186.9698 2.4 m β+, EC/4.9 3/2 −− 0.594 −0.8 0.1034/32 0.2334/1000.2403/330.27151/310.3763/380.5254/30 0.10–2.18 188Hg 187.9676 3.2 m β+, EC/2.3 0 + 0.0988 α 4.61 0.1148 0.14240.1900 189mHg 8.6 m EC/ 13/2 +− 1.06 +0.7 0.0780 0.3210Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-166TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2 ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b) γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4345 0.5655(0.08–2.170) 189Hg 188.9687 7.6 m EC/4.2 3/2 −− 0.6086 −0.8 0.2005 0.20380.23860.2485 190Hg 189.9663 20.0 m EC/1.5 0 + 0.1296 0.1426 191mHg 51. m β +/6 / 13/2 +− 1.07 +0.6 ann.rad./ EC/94 / Au k x-ray 0.27410.42030.5787(0.07–1.9) 191Hg 190.9671 50. m β +, EC/3.2 (3/2 −) −0.62 −0.8 0.1963 0.22470.2524 192Hg 191.9653 5.0 h EC/ ≈0.5 0 + Au k x-ray 0.15720.27480.3065 193mHg 11.8 h β +, EC/91 / 13/2 +− 1.05843 +0.92 Hg k x-ray I.T./9 /0.2901 0.1866 0.25800.40760.57330.9324(0.1–1.96) 193Hg 192.96664 3.8 h EC, B +/2.34 3/2 −− 0.6276 −0.7 0.1866 0.25800.8611 194Hg 193.96538 520. y EC/0.04 0 + Au L x-rays 195mHg 1.67 d I.T./(54)/0.3186 13/2 +− 1.04465 +1.1 Hg k x-ray EC/(46)/ Au k x-ray 0.26170.56030.7798 195Hg 194.96664 10.5 h EC/1.51 1/2 −+ 0.541475 Au k x-ray 0.06140.7798 196Hg 0.15(1) 195.965814 >2.5 ×1018y0 + 197mHg 23.8 h I.T./(93)/0.2989 13/2 +− 1.02768 +1.2 Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray0.13398 197Hg 196.967195 2.69 d EC/0.600 1/2 −+ 0.527374 Au k x-ray 0.07735 198Hg 9.97(20) 197.966752 0 + 199mHg 42.7 m I.T./0.532 13/2 +− 1.014703 +1.2 Hg k x-ray 0.15841 199Hg 16.87(22) 198.968262 1/2 −+ 0.505885 200Hg 23.10(19) 199.968309 0 + 201Hg 13.18(9) 200.970285 3/2 −− 0.560226 +0.39 202Hg 29.86(26) 201.970625 0 + 203Hg 202.972857 46.61 d β −/0.492 0.213/100 5/2 −+ 0.8489 +0.34 Tl k x-ray 0.279188 204Hg 6.87(15) 203.973475 0 + 205Hg 204.976056 5.2 m β −/1.531 1.33/4 1/2 −+ 0.6010 0.20378 (0.2–1.4) TeamLRN11-167TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 206Hg 205.97750 8.2 m β −/1.31 0.935/34 0 + Tl k x-ray 1.3/63 0.3052 0.6502 207Hg 206.9825 2.9 m β −/4.8 (9/2 +) 208Hg 207.9859 0.7 h β −0.474 81Tl 204.3 833(2) 177mTl 0.23 ms p/51 α/49 177Tl 176.9969 0.017 s α/73 p/27 178Tl 177.9952 0.25 s α/ 6.704 6.7856.626.859 179mTl 1.7 ms α /7.21/80 α /7.10/20 179Tl 178.9917 0.3 s α 6.57/ 180Tl 179.9912 1.5 s α 6.28/30 6.36/306.21/186.56/156.47/7 181mTl 1.4 ms α 6.58/100 181Tl 180.9869 3.2 ms α 6.19/100 182Tl 181.9856 3. s β +, EC/10.9 0.351 (0.26–0.41) 183mTl 0.06 s α 9/2 − 183Tl 182.9826 5. s β +, EC/7.7 1/2 + 0.208 184Tl 183.9818 11. s β +, EC/(98)/9.2 0.2868 α/(2)/ 6.16/ 0.3399 0.3667 185mTl 1.8 s I.T./0.453 (9/2 −) 0.1688 α/5.97 6.01 0.2840 185Tl 184.9791 20. s EC/ β +/6.6 186mTl 4. s I.T./0.374 0.3738 186Tl 185.9776 28. s β +, EC/7.5 0.3567 0.40260.4053 187mTl 15.6 s I.T./ ≈0.33 (9/2 +) +3.8 −2.4 0.2995 187Tl 186.9762 50. s β +, EC/6.0 1/2 + 1.6 188mTl 1.18 m β +, EC/ (7 +) Hg k x-ray 0.41290.50430.5921 188Tl 187.9759 1.2 m β +, EC/7.8 (2 −) +0.48 +0.13 See Tl[188m] 0.4129 189mTl 1.4 m β +, EC/ (9/2 −) +3.878 −2.29 0.2156 0.22840.31750.4452 189Tl 188.9743 2.3 m β +, EC/5.2 (1/2 +) 0.3337 0.45100.52230.9422 190mTl 3.7 m β +, EC/ 4.2/ (7 +) +0.495 +0.29 0.1968 0.41640.7311Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2 ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b) γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-168TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 190Tl 189.9738 2.6 m β +, EC/7.0 5.7/ (2 −) +0.25 −0.33 0.4164 0.62540.68381.0999 191mTl 5.2 m β +, EC/(98)/ (9/2 +) +3.903 −2.3 0.2157 0.26470.32560.3359 191Tl 190.9723 (1/2) 1.59 192mTl 10.8 m β +, EC/ (7 +) +0.518 0.46 0.1740 0.42280.63480.78630.7455 192Tl 191.972 9.6 m β +, EC/6.4 (2 −) +0.20 −0.33 0.3975 0.42280.6908 193mTl 2.1 m I.T./(75)/ (9/2 −) +3.948 −2.2 0.3650 193Tl 192.9706 22. m β +, EC/3.6 (1/2 +) +1.591 0.2077 0.32440.34400.67611.04471.5793 194mTl 32.8 m β +/(20)/ ≈0.30 (7 +) +0.540 +0.61 ann.rad./ EC/(80)/ Hg k x-ray 0.42820.63630.7490 194Tl 193.9711 34. m β +, EC/5.3 2 − 0.140 −0.28 0.3955 0.42820.6363 195mTl 3.6 s I.T./0.483 9/2 − Tl k x-ray 0.09900.3836 195Tl 194.9697 1.16 h EC/97/2.8 1/2 ++ 1.58 ann.rad./ β +/(3)/ Hg k x-ray 0.24220.56350.88451.3639(0.13–2.5) 196mTl 1.41 h β +, EC/95/4.9 (7 +) 0.55 +0.76 0.0840 0.42610.63530.6954(0.08–1.0) 196Tl 195.9705 1.84 h β+/(15)/4.4 2 −+ 0.072 −0.18 ann.rad./ EC/(85)/ Hg k x-ray 0.42570.6105(0.03–2.4) 197mTl 0.54 s IT/53/0.608 9/2 − Tl k x-ray β+, EC/47/ 0.2262 0.41180.58720.6367 197Tl 196.96954 2.83 h β+/(1)/2.18 1/2 ++ 1.58 Hg k x-ray EC/(99)/ 0.1522/8.2 0.4258Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-169TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 198mTl 1.87 h β+, EC/(53)/ 7 ++ 0.64 Hg k x-ray IT/47/0.5347 Tl k x-ray 0.41180.58720.6367 198Tl 197.9405 5.3 h EC, β+/(1)/3.5 1.4/ 2 − Hg k x-ray 2.1/ 0.41182.4/ 0.6367 0.6759(0.23–2.8) 199Tl 198.9698 7.4 h EC/1.4 1/2 −+ 1.60 Hg k x-ray 0.20820.24730.4555 200Tl 199.97095 1.087 d EC/2.46 1.07/ 2 − 0.04 Hg k x-ray 1.44/ 0.36799 1.2057(0.11–2.3) 201Tl 200.97080 3.042 d EC/0.48 1/2 ++ 1.605 Hg k x-ray 0.135280.16740/10.0 202Tl 201.97209 12.47 d EC/1.36 2 − 0.06 Hg k x-ray 0.43957 203Tl 29.524(14) 202.972329 1/2 ++ 1.622258 204Tl 203.973848 3.78 y β−/97/0.7637 0.763/97 2 − 0.09 Hg k x-ray EC/(3)/0.347 205Tl 70.476(14) 204.974412 1/2 ++ 1.638215 206mTl 3.76 m I.T./2.644 12 − Tl k x-ray 0.21660.26610.45340.68661.0219 206Tl 205.976095 4.20 m β−/1.533 1.53/99.9 0 − Pb k x-ray 0.80313 207mTl 1.3 s I.T./1.350 11/2 − Tl k x-ray 0.35011.0000 207Tl 206.97741 4.77 m β−/1.423 1.43/99.8 1/2 ++ 1.88 0.89723 208Tl 207.982004 3.053 m β−/5.001 1.28/23 (5 +) +0.29 Pb k x-ray 1.52/22 0.277281.796/51 0.51061 0.583022.61448 209Tl 208.98535 2.16 m β−/3.98 1.8 /100 (1/2 +) Pb k x-ray 1.5670/1000.4651/95(0.12–1.33) 210Tl 209.99006 1.30 m β−/5.48 1.3/25 (5 +) Pb k x-ray 1.9/56 0.081 0.29810.79788 82Pb 207.2(1) 178Pb ≈0.2 ms 180Pb 5 ms α/ 7.25 181Pb 180.9967 0.05 s α/ 7.07 182Pb 181.99268 55 ms α 6.90Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-170TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 183mPb 0.42 s α 6.70/82.7 13/2 + 6.86/1.9 183Pb 182.9919 0.54 s α/ 6.57/4.3 (3/2 −) 6.78/11.0 184Pb 183.9882 0.48 s α/94 6.63/ 0 + 185mPb 4.3 s α 6.41/ 13/2 +− 1.2 185Pb 184.9876 6.3 s α/ 6.29/56 3/2 −− 1.1 0.205 6.49/44 0.2696.48/ 186Pb 185.9835 5. s β+, EC/95/5.5 0 + α/(5)/ 6.32/ 6.34/ <100 6.01/ <0.2 187mPb 15.2 s β+, EC/ 5.99/ (1/2 −) 0.0674 α/12 6.19/ 0.2080 0.27550.29950.44870.7477 187Pb 186.9839 18.3 s EC/7.2 13/2 + 0.1930 α/7 6.08/ 0.3314 0.34350.3934 188Pb 187.9811 23. s EC/(78)/4.8 0 + 0.1850 α/(22)/ 5.98/ <10 0.7582 5.61/ <0.1 189Pb 188.9809 51. s EC/6.1 α/ 5.58/ 190Pb 189.9782 1.2 m β+(13)/4.1 0 + ann.rad./ EC/(86)/ Tl k x-rayα/(0.9)/ 5.58/ 0.1415 0.15120.9422 191mPb 2.2 m β+, EC/ 13/2 +− 1.17 +0.085 ann.rad./ 0.38710.61350.7122 191Pb 190.9782 1.3 m β+, EC/5.5 ann.rad./ 0.9368 192Pb 191.9758 3.5 m β+, EC/ ≈3.4 0 + ann.rad./ α/.006/ 5.11 0.1675 0.60821.1954 193mPb 5.8 m β+, EC/ 13/2 +− 1.15 +0.19 ann.rad./ 0.36500.3922 193Pb 192.9761 ≈2. m EC/5.2 3/2 194Pb 193.9740 11. m β+, EC/2.7 0 + ann.rad./ α 4.64 0.2036 195mPb 15. m β+/(8)/ 13/2 +− 1.132 +0.30 ann.rad./ EC/(92)/ Tl k x-ray 0.38360.39420.8784 195Pb 194.976 ≈15. m β+, EC/5.8 ann.rad./ 0.38360.39370.7776Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-171TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 196Pb 195.9727 37. m β+, EC/2.1 0 + Tl k x-ray 0.25310.5021 197mPb 43. m EC/79/ 13/2 +− 1.104 +0.38 Tl k x-ray β+/2/ 0.3079 IT/19/0.3193 0.3877 0.7743(0.2–2.2) 197Pb 196.9734 ≈8. m EC/97/3.6 (3/2 −) −1.075 −0.08 Tl k x-ray β+/3/ 0.3755 0.38580.7611 198Pb 197.9720 2.4 h EC/1.4 0 + Tl k x-ray 0.17340.29030.3654 199mPb 12.2 m IT/93/0.4248 13/2 + Pb k x-ray β+, EC/(7)/ 0.4255 199Pb 198.9729 1.5 h EC/(99)/2.9 5/2 −− 1.074 +0.08 Tl k x-ray β+/(1)/ 0.3534 0.72021.1350(0.22–2.4) 200Pb 199.97182 21.5 h EC/0.81 0 + Tl k x-ray 0.14763 201mPb 1.02 m I.T./0.6291 13/2 + Pb k x-ray 0.6288 201Pb 200.97285 9.33 h EC/1.90 5/2 −+ 0.675 −0.009 Tl k x-ray 0.331200.36131(0.11–1.8) 202mPb 3.53 h IT/90/2.170 9 −− 0.228 +0.58 Pb k x-ray β+/10/ Tl k x-ray 0.422190.787000.96271 202Pb 201.97214 5.3 ×104y EC/0.05 0 + Tl L x-ray 203mPb 6.2 s I.T./0.8252 13/2 + Pb k x-ray 0.82030.8252 203Pb 202.97338 2.163 d EC/0.98 5/2 −+ 0.686 +0.10 Tl k x-ray 0.279188 204mPb 1.13 h I.T./2.185 9 − Pb k x-ray 0.374810.899220.91175 204Pb 1.4(1) 203.973028 0 + 205Pb 204.974467 1.51 ×107y EC/0.0512 5/2 −+ 0.712 +0.23 Tl L x-ray 206Pb 24.1(1) 205.974449 0 + 207mPb 0.80 s I.T./1.632 13/2 + Pb k x-ray 0.569151.06310 207Pb 22.1(1) 206.975880 1/2 −+ 0.59258 208Pb 52.4(1) 207.976636 >2×1019yS F 0 + 209Pb 208.981075 3.25 h β−/0.644 0.645/100 9/2 +− 1.474 −0.3 210Pb 209.984174 22.6 y β−/0.0635 0.017/81 0 + 0.061/19 α 3.72 211Pb 210.988732 36.1 m β−/1.37 0.57/5 (9/2 +) −1.404 +0.09 0.40486 1.36/92 0.42700Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-172TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.83186 (0.09–1.27) 212Pb 211.991887 10.64 h β−/0.574 0.28/83 0 + Bi k x-ray 0.57/12 0.23858 213Pb 212.9966 10.2 m β−/2.1 214Pb 213.999797 26.9 m β−/1.0 0.67/48 0 + Bi k x-ray 0.73/42 0.24192 0.295090.35187 215Pb 36 s 83Bi 20 8.98038(2) 185Bi 184.9977 0.04 ms p/86 1.59 α/14 186Bi 185.9965 10 ms α 7.16 7.26 187mBi ≈8. ms α/12 187Bi 186.9935 32. ms α/7 7.00/88.3 7.61/8.07.37/3.7 188Bi 187.9922 α 189mBi 7.0 ms α 7.30 189Bi 188.9895 0.68 s α 190Bi 189.9875 5. s β+, EC/(10)/8.7 α/(90)/ 6.45/ 191mBi 0.12 ms α 6.87 191Bi 190.9861 12. s β+, EC/(60)/7.3 α/(40)/ 6.32/ 192Bi 191.9854 40. s β+, EC/(80)/9.0 α/(20)/ 6.06/ 193mBi 3.2 s β+, EC/ 1/2 + α/ 6.48/ 193Bi 192.9837 1.11 m β+, EC/40/7.1 9/2 + α/(60)/ 5.91/ 194Bi 193.9828 1.8 m β+, EC/99.9/8.2 (10 −) 0.1661 α/0.1/ 0.1740 0.28020.4210.57540.9650 195mBi 1.45 m β+, EC/(94)/ α/(6)/ 6.11/ 195Bi 194.9811 2.9 m β+, EC/99.8/5.8 3/2 − α/(0.2) 5.45/ 196Bi 195.9806 5. m EC/ ≈7.4 0.1376 0.37200.68801.0486 197Bi 196.9789 5. m β+, EC/5.2 1/2 + 198mBi 7.7 s I.T./0.2485 (10 −) 0.2485 198Bi 197.9790 11.8 m β+, EC/6.6 (7 +) 0.0900 0.19760.56241.0635 199mBi 24.7 m β+, EC/ ann.rad./ 199Bi 198.9776 27. m β+, EC/4.3 9/2 − 4.6 0.7203 0.83740.84170.9460Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-173TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 1.0528 1.3056(0.12–3.2) 200mBi 31. m β+, EC/ (2 +) 0.2453 0.41980.46241.0265 200Bi 199.9781 36. m EC/(90)/5.9 7 + ann.rad./ β+/(10)/ Pb k x-ray 0.41980.46231.0265 201mBi 59.1 m I.T./0.846 (1/2 +) Bi k x-ray β+, EC/ 0.8464 201Bi 200.97697 1.8 h EC/3.84 9/2 − 4.8 Pb k x-ray 0.62880.93571.0138(0.13–2.4) 202Bi 201.97768 1.72 h β+/(3)/5.16 5 ++ 4.26 −0.72 ann.rad./ EC/(97)/ Pb k x-ray 0.578600.92734(0.08–3.5) 203Bi 202.97687 11.8 h EC/99.8/3.25 9/2 −+ 4.02 −0.69 Pb k x-ray β+/(0.2)/ 1.35/ 0.1865 0.82030.89691.8475(0.1–2.9) 204Bi 203.97779 11.2 h EC/4.44 6 ++ 4.32 −0.43 Pb k x-ray 0.374810.899220.98409 205Bi 204.97737 15.31 d EC/2.71 9/2 −+ 4.07 −0.59 Pb k x-ray 0.703471.76435 206Bi 205.97848 6.243 d EC/3.76 6 ++ 4.36 −0.39 Pb k x-ray 0.516190.803130.88100 207Bi 206.978456 31.55 y EC/2.399 9/2 − 4.08 −0.6 Pb k x-ray 0.569151.06310 208Bi 207.979727 3.68 ×105y EC/2.880 5 + 4.63 −0.64 Pb k x-ray 2.61435 209Bi 100. 208.980384 9/2 −+ 4.111 −0.37 210mBi 3.0 ×106 y α/ 4.420(3)/0.29 9 −+ 2.73 −0.47 Tl k x-ray 4.569(3)/3.9 0.26614.584(3)/1.4 0.30524.908(4)/39 0.65024.946(3)/55 210Bi 209.984105 5.01 d β−/1.163 1.16/99 1 −− 0.0445 +0.136 0.2661 0.3.52 211Bi 210.98726 2.14 m α/(99.7)/ 6.279/16 9/2 − Tl k x-ray β−/(0.3)/0.58 6.623/84 0.3501 212m2Bi 7. m β− / (15 −) 212m1Bi 25.0 m α/(93)/ 6.300/40 (9 −) 0.120 β−/(7)/ 6.340/53 0.233 0.275Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-174TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.404 0.727 212Bi 211.991271 1.009 h β−/(64)/2.254 (1 −) +0.32 +0.1 Tl k x-ray α/(36)/ 6.051/25 Po k x-ray 6.090/9.6 0.2881 0.727250.785511.62066 213Bi 212.99437 45.6 m β−/(98)/1.43 1.02/31 9/2 −+ 3.72 −0.60 Po k x-ray α/(2)/ 1.42/66 0.4404 5.549/0.16 (0.15–1.328)5.869/2.0 1.10006 214Bi 213.99870 19.7 m β−/3.27 0.60931 1.120271.76449(0.19–3.2) 215Bi 215.0018 7.7 m β−/2.3 0.2937 (0.27–0.835) 216Bi 216.0062 2.3 m β−/4.0 0.5498 0.4192 217Bi 97 s β/ 84Po 188Po 0.30 ms α 7.91 7.35 189Po 5 ms α 7.54 7.257.32 190Po 189.9951 2.4 ms α/ 7.53 191mPo 93. ms α 7.376/50 6.888/46 191Po 190.9947 22 ms α/ 7.334/77 6.97/8 192Po 191.9915 34. ms α/8.5 7.17 193mPo 0.24 s α/ 7.00 193Po 192.9911 0.45 s α/ 6.95 194Po 193.9883 0.39 s α/ 6.84/93 0 + 6.19/0.22 195mPo 1.9 s α/ 6.70/ 195Po 194.9881 4.6 s α/ 6.61/ 196Po 195.9855 5.8 s α/(95)/ 6.52/94 0 + β+, EC/(5)/ ≈4.6 5.77/0.02 197mPo 25.8 s α/(84)/ 6.385(3)/55 13/2 + β+, EC/(16)/ 197Po 196.9856 53. s α/(44)/ 6.282(4)/76 (3/2 −) β+, EC/(56)/6.2 198Po 197.9834 1.76 m α/(70)/ 6.18/57 0 + β+, EC/(30)/4.0 5.27/7.6 ×10−4 199mPo 4.2 m β+, EC/(51)/ 13/2 + 0.99 ann.rad./ α/(39)/ 6.059/24 0.2745 0.49981.0020 199Po 198.985 5.2 m β+, EC/(88)/7. (3/2 −) Bi k x-ray α/(12)/ 5.952/7.5 0.1877 0.36161.02141.0344Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-175TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 200Po 199.9817 11.5 m β+, EC/85/3.4 0 + 0.14748 α/(15)/ 5.863/11.1 0.32792 0.61760.6709 201mPo 8.9 m β+, EC/(57)/ 13/2 + 1.00 Bi k x-ray IT/40/0.418 Po k x-rayα/(3)/ 5.786/ ≈3. 0.2726 0.41230.41790.9670 201Po 200.9822 15.3 m β+, EC/98/4.9 3/2 − 0.94 Bi k x-ray α/(2)/ 5.683(3)/1.1 0.2056 0.22500.84830.9048 202Po 201.9807 45. m β+, EC/98/2.8 0 + 0.0410 α/(2)/ 5.588/1.9 0.1656 0.31580.6884 203mPo 1.2 m IT/96/0.6414 13/2 + Bi k x-ray β−EC/(4)/ Po k x-ray 0.6414 203Po 202.9814 35. m β+, EC/4.2 5/2 −+ 0.74 0.17516 0.214770.893500.908631.09095 204Po 203.98031 3.53 h EC/2.34 0 + Bi k x-ray α 5.377/0.66 0.2702 0.88441.0162(0.11–1.9) 205Po 204.98117 1.7 h β+, EC/3.53 5/2 −+ 0.76 +0.17 Bi k x-ray 0.836810.849830.872411.00124(0.12–2.7) 206Po 205.98047 8.8 d EC/(95)/1.85 0 + Bi k x-ray α/(5)/ 5.223/5.5 0.28644 0.311560.511340.807371.03228(0.11–1.5) 207mPo 2.8 s I.T./1.383 19/2 − Po k x-ray 0.26820.300740.81448 207Po 206.98158 5.80 h EC, β+/2.91 5/2 −+ 0.79 +0.28 Bi k x-ray 0.742630.911760.99225 208Po 207.981231 2.898 y α/5.213 4.233/0.0002 0 + 5.1158/100 209Po 208.982415 102. y α/4.976 4.624/0.56 1/2 −≈ + 0.77 0.26049 4.879/99.2 0.8964 210Po 209.982857 138.4 d α/5.407 4.516/0.001 0 + 0.80313 5.304/100Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-176TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 211mPo 25.2 s α/ 7.273/91 25/2 + Pb k x-ray 7.994/1.7 0.328088.316/0.25 0.569158.875/7.0 0.89723 1.06310 211Po 210.986637 0.516 s α/7.594 6.570/0.54 9/2 + 0.56915 6.892/0.55 0.897237.450/98.9 212mPo 45. s α/ 8.514/2.0 16 + 9.086/1.011.650/97 212Po 211.988852 0.298 µs α/8.953 8.784/100 0 + 213Po 212.992843 3.7 µs α/8.537 7.614/0.003 9/2 + 8.375/100 214Po 213.995186 163.7 µs α/7.833 6.904/0.01 0 + 0.7995 7.686/99.99 0.298 215Po 214.999415 1.780 ms α/7.526 6.950/0.02 (9/2 +) 6.957/0.037.386/100 216Po 216.001905 0.145 s α/6.906 5.895/0.002 0 + 6.778/99.99 217Po 217.0064 <10. s α/6.662 6.539/ 218Po 218.008965 3.04 m α/6.114 5.181/1.00 0 + 85At 193At 192.9998 40 ms α/ 194At 193.9990 40 ms α/ 195mAt 0.39 s α 6.96 195At 194.9965 140 ms α/ 7.11 196mAt 8 µs 0.158 196At 195.9957 0.39 s α/ 7.05/ 197mAt 4. s α (1/2+) 197At 196.9939 0.35 s β+, EC/7.8 (9/2 −) α/ 6.96/ 198mAt 1.5 s β+, EC/(75)/ α/(25)/ 6.85/86 198At 197.9928 5. s α/ 6.75/94 199At 198.9910 7.1 s β+, EC/8/5.6 9/2 − α/(92)/ 6.64/ 200mAt 4.3 s β+, EC/(80) 10 − α/(20)/ 6.536/12 200At 199.990 43. s β+, EC/65/ ≈8.0 5 + α/(35)/ 6.412/44 6.465/57 201At 200.9885 1.48 s β+, EC/29/5.9 9/2 − α/(71)/6.474 6.344/ 202mAt ≤1.5 s I.T./0.391 202At 201.9885 3.02 m β+, EC/88/7.2 5 + ann.rad./ α/(12)/ 6.135/7.7 0.4413 6.225/4.3 0.5697 0.6753 203At 202.9868 7.4 m β+, EC/69/5.1 9/2 − 0.1458 α/(31)/6.210 6.088/ 0.2459 0.64141.00201.0340 204At 203.9873 9.1 m β+, EC/95/6.5 (5 +) Po k x-ray α/(5)/ 5.951/ 0.3271 0.4254Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-177TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.5156 0.6837 205At 204.98604 26. m β+, EC/90/4.54 (9/2 −) Po k x-ray α/(10)/6.020 5.902/ 0.1543 0.66960.7194 206At 205.98660 29.4 m β+, EC/99/5.72 5 + Po k x-ray α/(1)/5.881 5.703/ 0.20186 0.395610.477160.70071 207At 206.98578 1.81 h β+, EC/90/3.91 9/2 − Po k x-ray α/(10)/5.873 5.758/ 0.16801 0.588420.81448 208At 207.98657 1.63 h β+, EC/99/4.97 (6 +) Po k x-ray α/(1)/5.752 5.626/0.01 0.1770 5.641/0.53 0.2060 0.66010.68520.84501.0281 209At 208.98616 5.4 h β+, EC/96/3.49 (6 +) Po k x-ray α/(4)/5.757 5.647/4.1 0.10422 0.545030.781890.79020(0.1–2.6) 210At 209.98713 8.1 h EC/99.8/3.98 5 + Po k x-ray α/(0.2)/5.632 5.361/0.05 0.24535 5.442/0.05 0.52758 1.181431.436781.48335(0.04–2.4) 211At 210.987481 7.21 h EC/(58)/0.787 9/2 − Po k x-ray α/(42)/5.980 5.211/0.004 0.66956 5.868/42 0.6870 0.74263 212mAt 0.119 s α/ 7.837/65 (9 −) 7.897/33 212At 211.990735 0.314 s α/7.828 7.058/0.4 (1 −) 7.088/0.67.618/157.681/84 213At 212.992922 0.11 µs α/9.254 9.080/ 9/2 − 214mAt 0.76 µs α/8.762 (9 −) 214At 213.996357 0.56 µs α/8.987 8.819/100 (1 −) 215At 214.99864 0.10 ms α/8.178 7.626/0.045 (9/2 −) 0.40486 8.023/99.9 216At 216.002408 0.30 ms α/7.947 7.595/0.2 (1 −) 7.697/2.17.800/97 217At 217.00471 32. ms α/7.202 6.812/0.06 (9/2 −) 0.2595 7.067/99.9 0.3345 0.5940 218At 218.00868 1.6 s α/6.883 6.654/6 6.695/906.748/4 219At 219.0113 50. s α/6.390 6.275/Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-178TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 220At 220.0153 3.71 m β−/3.7 (0.24–0.70) 221At 221.0181 2.3 m β 222At 222.0223 0.9 m β 223At 223.0253 50. s β 86Rn 195mRn 5 ms α 7.56 195Rn 6 ms α 7.54 196Rn 195.9977 4. ms α/ 7.46 197mRn 0.02 s α 7.36 197Rn 196.9983 0.07 s α/ 7.26 198Rn 197.9988 0.05 s α 199mRn 0.3 s α (13/2 +) 199Rn 198.9983 0.62 s α/ 3/2 − 200Rn 199.9957 1.06 s α/(98)/ 6.901/ 0 + 0.4329 EC/(2)/5. 0.5043 201mRn 3.8 s EC/(10)/ 13/2 + α/(90)/ 6.773/ 201Rn 200.9955 7.0 s α/(80)/ 6.725/ (3/2 −) EC/(20)/ α/6.778 202Rn 201.9932 9.9 s α/(12)/ 6.641/ 0 + 0.5695 EC/(88)/ 0.2876–0.6255 203mRn 28. s α/ 6.551 13/2 +− 0.96 +1.3 203Rn 202.9948 45. s α/(66)/6.629 6.499/ 0 EC/(34)/ ≈7.4 204Rn 203.9914 1.24 m α/(68)/ 6.420/ 0 + EC/(32)/3.8 205Rn 204.9917 2.8 m α/(23)/6.390 6.123(3)/0.02 (5/2 −) +0.80 +0.06 0.2652 EC/(77)/5.2 6.262(3)/23 0.3553 0.46480.62050.67530.7300 206Rn 205.9902 5.7 m α/(68)/6.384 6.258(3)/ 0 + 0.06170 EC/(32)/3.3 0.0968 0.32450.38620.48220.49730.7728 207Rn 206.9907 9.3 m β+, EC/77/4.6 5/2 −+ 0.82 +0.22 At k x-ray α/(23)/6.252 5.995(4)/0.02 0.32947 6.068(3)/0.15 0.344556.126(3)/22.8 0.36767 0.402670.74723(0.18–1.4) 208Rn 207.98963 24.3 m α/(60)/6.260 5.469(2)/0.003 0 + EC/(40)/2.85 6.140(2)/60 209Rn 208.99038 29. m β+/(83)/3.93 2.16/2.3 5/2 −+ 0.8388 +0.31 At k x-ray α/(17)/ 5.887(3)/0.04 0.27933 5.898(3)/0.02 0.337536.039(2)/16.9 0.40841 0.689420.74594(0.18–3.2) 210Rn 209.98968 2.4 h α/(96)/6.157 5.351(2)/0.005 0 + At k x-ray EC/(4)/2.37 6.039(2)/96 0.19625Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-179TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.45824 0.571040.64868(0.14–1.7) 211Rn 210.99059 14.6 h β+, EC/74/2.89 1/2 −+ 0.60 At k x-ray α/(26)/5.964 5.619(1)/0.7 0.16877 5.784(1)/16.4 0.250225.851(1)/8.8 0.37049 0.674120.678391.36298(0.11–2.7) 212Rn 211.990689 24. m α/6.385 5.587(4)/0.05 0 + 6.260(4)/99.95 213Rn 212.99387 20 ms α/8.243 7.552(8)/1.0 9/2 + 0.540 8.087(8)/98.27.254/0.8 214Rn 213.99535 0.27 µs α/9.209 9.037(9)/ 0 + 215Rn 214.99873 2.3 µs α/8.840 8.674(8)/ (9/2 +) 216Rn 216.00026 45. µs α 217Rn 217.003915 0.6 ms α/7.885 7.500/0.1 9/2 + 7.742(4)/100 218Rn 218.005586 35. ms α/7.267 6.534(1)/0.16 0 + 0.6093 7.133(1)/99.8 0.6653 219Rn 219.009475 3.96 s α/6.946(1) 6.3130(5)/0.05 (5/2 +) −0.44 +0.93 Po k x-ray 6.425(3)/7.5 0.130576.5309(4)/0.12 0.271136.5531(3)/12.2 0.401706.8193(3)/81 (0.1–1.05) 220Rn 220.011384 55.6 s α/6.404 5.7486(5)/0.07 0 + 6.2883(1)/99.9 221Rn 221.0156 25. m α/(22)/6.148 5.778(3)/1.8 7/2 +− 0.020 −0.38 Fr L x-ray β−/(78)/1.2 5.788(3)/2.2 0.07384 6.037(3)/18 0.08323 0.06100.18639 222Rn 222.017570 3.823 d α/5.590 4.987(1)/0.08 0 + 0.510 5.4897(3)/99.9 223Rn 223.0218 23. m β− / −0.78 +0.80 224Rn 224.0241 1.8 h β−/0 + 0.1085 0.26010.2655 225Rn 225.0284 4.5 m β− / 7/2 −0.70 +0.84 226Rn 226.0309 7.4 m β− / 227Rn 227.0354 2. s β− / 228Rn 228.0381 65. s β− / 87Fr 199Fr 12 s α 7.66 200Fr 200.0065 ≈20 ms α 7.47 201Fr 201.0046 0.05 s α/ 7.36/ (9/2 −) 202Fr 202.0033 0.34 s α/7.590 7.237(8)/100 203Fr 203.0014 0.55 s α/7.280 7.132(5)/ (9/2 −) 204Fr 204.001 2.1 s α/ 7.03/96 6.97/907.01/74 205Fr 204.9987 3.9 s α/7.050 6.914(5)/ (9/2 −) 206mFr 0.7 s α/ 6.93 0.531(IT) 206Fr 205.9985 16.0 s α/7.416 6.792(5)/84Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-180TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 207Fr 206.9969 14.8 s α/6.900 6.766(5)/ 9/2 −+ 3.9 −0.16 208Fr 207.99713 59.1 s α/(77)/6.770 6.636(5)/ 7 +− 4.8 +0.004 EC/(23)/6.99 209Fr 208.99592 50.0 s α/(89)/5.1 6.646(3)/ 9/2 −+ 3.9 −0.24 0.7978 EC/(11)/5.16 (0.1103–1.384) 210Fr 209.99640 3.2 m α/6.670 6.543(5)/ 6 ++ 4.4 +0.19 0.2030 EC/6.26 0.6438 0.81750.9008 211Fr 210.99553 3.10 m α/6.660 6.534(5)/ 9/2 −+ 4.0 −0.19 0.220 EC/4.61 0.2799 0.53890.9169 212Fr 211.99618 20. m EC/(57)/5.12 6.261(1)/16 (5 +) +4.6 −0.10 Rn x-ray α/(43)/6.529 6.335(1)/4 0.08107 6.335(1)/4 0.083786.343(1)/1.3 0.22776.383(1)/10 1.18566.406(1)/9.5 1.27486.08–6.18 0.014–1.178 213Fr 212.99617 34.6 s α/6.905 8.476(4)/51 9/2 −+ 4.0 −0.14 214mFr 3.4 ms α/ 8.547(4)/46 9 − 6.775–8.046 214Fr 213.99895 5.1 ms α/8.587 7.409(3)/0.3 (1 −) 7.605(8)/1.07.940(3)/1.08.355(3)/4.78.427(3)/93 215Fr 215.00033 0.12 µs α/9.537 9.360(8)/ (9/2 −) 216Fr 216.00319 0.70 µs α/9.175 9.005(10)/95 (0.045–0.160) 217Fr 217.00462 0.016 ms α/8.471 8.315(8)/ (9/2 −) 218mFr 22. ms α 218Fr 218.00756 1. ms α/8.014 7.384(10)/0.5 (1 −) 7.542(15)/1.07.572(10)/57.732(10)/0.57.867(2)/93 219Fr 219.00924 21. ms α/8.132 6.802(2)/0.25 (9/2 −) 6.967(2)/0.67.146(2)/0.257.313(2)/99 220Fr 220.012313 27.4 s α/6.800 6.582(1)/10 1 +− 0.67 +0.47 0.0450 6.630(2)/6 0.0616.641(1)/12 0.10606.686(1)/61 0.15396.39–6.58 0.1617 221Fr 221.01425 4.8 m α/6.457 5.9393(7)/0.17 (5/2 −) +1.58 −1.0 At k x-ray 5.9797(7)/0.49 0.09956.0751(7)/0.15 0.217986.1270(7)/ 0.40916.2433(3)/1.36.3410(7)/83.4 222Fr 222.01754 14.3 m β−/2.03 1.78/ 2 −+ 0.63 +0.51 α/5.850 223Fr 223.019731 22.0 m β−/1.149 α/5.291 (3/2 +) +1.17 +1.17 0.1509 α//0.006 5.314 0.0589 5.403 0.1453 224Fr 224.02323 3.0 m β−/2.82 1 −+ 0.40 +0.517 0.13150 0.21575Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-181TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.8367 (0.1–2.21) 225Fr 225.02561 3.9 m β−/1.87 3/2 +1.07 +1.3 226Fr 226.0293 49. s β−/3.6 1 +0.071 −1.35 0.18606 0.25373 227Fr 227.0318 2.48 m β−/2.5 1/2 +1.50 228Fr 228.0357 39. s β− /≈3.5 2 −− 0.76 +2.4 229Fr 229.0384 50. s β− / 230Fr 230.0425 19. s β− / (3) 231Fr 231.0454 17. s β− / 232Fr 232.0500 5. s β− / 88Ra 202Ra ≈3 ms α 7.86 203mRa 0.03 s α 7.62 203Ra 203.0092 ≈4 ms α 7.58 204Ra 204.0065 0.06 s α 7.48 205mRa ≈0.17 s 205Ra 205.0062 0.22 s α 7.34 206Ra 206.0038 0.4 s α/7.416 7.272(5)/ 0 + 207Ra 207.0037 1.3 s α/7.270 7.133(5)/ 208Ra 208.0018 1.4 s α/7.273 7.133(5)/ 0 + 209Ra 209.0019 4.6 s α/7.150 7.008(5)/ 5/2 +0.87 +0.40 210Ra 210.0005 3.7 s α/7.610 7.020(5)/ 0 + 211Ra 211.0009 13. s α/7.046 6.912(5)/ (5/2 −) +0.878 +0.48 EC/5.0 212Ra 211.99978 13.0 s α/7.033 6.901(2)/ 0 + 213mRa 2.1 ms IT 213Ra 213.00034 2.7 m EC/(20)/3.88 (1/2 −) +0.613 0.1024 α/(80)/6.860 6.521(3)/4.8 0.11010 6.622(3)/39 0.21256.730(3)/36 214Ra 214.00009 2.46 s α/7.272 7.14/99.8/ 0 + 0.642 6.51/0.2 215Ra 215.00270 1.7 ms α/8.864 7.883(6)/2.8 (9/2 +) 0.773/100 8.171(3)/1.4 0.852/748.700(3)/95.9 0.055–1.048 216Ra 216.00352 0.18 µs α/9.526 9.349(8)/ 0 + 217Ra 217.00631 1.6 µs α/9.161 8.992(8)/ 9/2 − 218Ra 218.00712 26. µs α/8.547 8.390(8)/ 0 + 219Ra 219.01006 0.010 s α/8.132 7.680(10)/65 7.982(9)/35 220Ra 220.01101 18. ms α/7.593 7.39/5 0 + 0.465 7.45/95 221Ra 221.01391 29. s α/6.879 6.254(10)/0.7 5/2 −0.180 +1.9 6.578(5)/36.585(3)/86.608(3)/356.669(3)/216.758(3)/31 222Ra 222.015361 36.2 s α/5.590 6.237(2)/3.0 0 + 0.324 6.556(2)/97 0.1448–0.8402 223Ra 223.018497 11.43 d α/5.979 5.287(1)/0.15 (3/2 +) +0.271 +1.25 Rn k x-ray 5.338(1)/0.13 0.122315.365(1)/0.13 0.144185.433(5)/2.3 0.154185.502(1)/1.0 0.158595.540(1)/9.2 0.269395.607(3)/24 0.32388Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-182TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 5.716(3)/52 0.33328 5.747(1)/9 0.444945.857(1)/0.32 (0.10–0.7)5.872(1)/0.85 224Ra 224.020202 3.66 d α/5.789 5.034(10)/0.003 0 + Rn k x-ray 5.047(1)/0.007 0.24075.164(5)/0.007 0.40935.449(2)/4.9 0.65015.685(2)/95 225Ra 225.023603 14.9 d β−/0.36 0.32/100 (3/2 +) −0.734 Ac k x-ray α 5.01/2 ×−50.0434 4.98 ×10−6 226Ra 226.025402 1599. y α/4.870 4.194(1)/0.001 0 + Rn k x-ray >4×1018y Sf/4 ×10−144.343(1)/0.006 0.1861/3.64 4.601(1)/6.16 0.26244.784(1)/93.8 0.053–2.448 227Ra 227.029170 42. m β−/1.325 1.03/ (3/2 +) −0.404 +1.5 Ac L x-ray 1.30/ Ac k x-ray 0.02739 228Ra 228.031063 5.76 y β−/0.046 0.039/50 0 + 0.0135 0.014/30 (0.006–0.0306)0.026/20 229Ra 229.0348 4.0 m β−/1.76 1.76/ (3/2 +) +0.503 +3.1 0.0145–0.1715 230Ra 230.03708 1.5 h β−/1.0 0.7/ 0 + 0.0631 0.07200.20280.46980.4787 231Ra 231.0412 1.7 m β− 232Ra 232.0437 4. m β− 233Ra 233.0480 30. s β− 234Ra 234.051 ≈30. s β−/ 89Ac 206mAc 0.04 s α 7.79 206Ac ≈26 ms α 7.75 207Ac 207.0121 27 ms α/ 7.69 208mAc ≈25. ms α/ 7.72 208Ac 208.0115 ≈0.1 s α/ 7.62 209Ac 209.0096 ≈0.10 s α/ 7.58 210Ac 210.0093 0.34 s α/7.610 7.462(8)/ 211Ac 211.0076 0.20 s α/7.620 7.480(8)/ 212Ac 212.0078 0.9 s α/7.520 7.379(8)/ 213Ac 213.0066 0.73 s α/7.500 7.364(8)/ (9/2 −) 214Ac 214.0069 8.2 s α/(86)/7.350 7.007(8)/3 (5 +) EC/(14)/6.34 7.082(5)/38 7.214(5)/45 215Ac 215.0065 0.17 s α/7.750 7.60/99.2 (9/2 −) 0.399 7.21/0.46 0.5827.03/0.20 0.6546.96/0.14 216mAc 0.44 ms α/ 8.198(8)/1.7 (9 −) 8.283(8)/2.59.028(5)/499.106(5)/46 216Ac 216.00871 ≈0.3 ms α/9.241 8.990(2)/10 (1) 9.070(8)/90 217mAc 0.7 µs α/ 10.540/100 217Ac 217.00933 0.07 µs α/9.832 9.650(10)/100 9/2 −Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-183TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 218Ac 218.01162 1.1 µs α/9.380 9.205(15)/ 219Ac 219.01241 0.012 ms α/8.830 8.664(10)/ (9/2 −) 220Ac 220.0148 26. ms α/8.350 7.610(20)/23 4.680(20)/217.790(10)/137.850(10)/247.985(10)/48.005(10)/58.060(10)/68.195(10)/3 221Ac 221.01558 52. ms α/7.790 7.170(10)/2 7.375(10)/107.440(15)/207.645(10)/70 222mAc 63. s α/(>89)/ 6.710(20)/7 EC/(1)/ 6.750(20)/13I.T./( <10)/ 6.810(20)/24 6.840(20)/96.890(20)/136.970(20)/77.000(20)/13 222Ac 222.01782 5. s α/7.141 6.967(10)/6 1 − 7.013(2)/94 223Ac 223.01913 2.1 m α/(99)/6.783 6.131(2)/0.12 (5/2 −) 0.0725 EC/(1)/0.59 6.177(2)/0.94 0.0839 6.293(1)/0.47 0.09276.326(1)/0.3 0.09906.332(2)/0.14 0.19176.360(1)/0.22 0.21586.397(1)/0.13 0.35886.448(1)/0.2 0.47686.473(1)/3.16.523(2)/0.66.528(1)/3.16.563(1)/13.66.582(3)/0.36.646(1)/446.661(1)/31 224Ac 224.021708 2.7 h EC/(90)/1.403 5.841(1)/0.5 0 − Ra L kx-ray α/(10)/6.323 5.860(1)/0.75 Ra k x-ray 5.875(1)/1.7 0.084265.941(1)/4.4 0.131506.000(1)/6.7 0.15716.013(1)/1.4 0.215756.056(1)/22 0.26196.138(1)/26 (0.03–0.3)6.154(1)/1.06.204(1)/126.210(1)/20 225Ac 225.02322 10.0 d α/5.935 5.286(1)/0.2 3/2 Fr k x-ray 5.444(3)/0.1 0.06296/0.485.554(1)/0.1 0.09982/1.365.608(1)/1.1 0.10845.636(1)/4.5 0.11165.681(1)/1.4 0.14515.722(1)/2.9 0.150.02/0.6915.731(1)/10 0.157245.791(1)/9 0.18795/0.545.793(1)/18 0.0075–0.8085Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-184TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 226Ac 226.026089 1.224 d EC/(17)/0.640 (1 −) Ra k x-ray β−/(83)/1.116 Th k x-ray α/(0.006)/5.51 5.399(5)/0.006 0.07218 0.158160.23034 227Ac 227.027747 21.77 y β−/98.6/0.045 0.045/54 (3/2 −) +1.1 +1.7 0.0838/23. α/(1.4)/5.043 4.869(1)/0.09 0.0811/14. 4.938(1)/0.52 0.2696/13.4.951(1)/0.65 (0.044–1.27) 228Ac 228.031014 6.15 h β−/2.127 1.11/32 (3 +) Th L x-ray 1.85/12 Th k x-ray 2.18/11 0.12903 0.338420.911160.96897(0.2–1.96) 229Ac 229.03293 1.04 h β−/1.10 1.1/ (3/2 +) 0.09335/2.43 0.16451/2.610.56916/2.240.0111–0.898 230Ac 230.0360 2.03 m β−/2.7 1.4/ 1 + Th k x-ray β−sf /0.000119 0.45497 0.50820(0.12–2.5) 231Ac 231.0386 7.5 m β−/2.1 2.1/100 (1/2 +) 0.14379 0.185740.221400.282500.3070 232Ac 232.0420 2.0 m β−/3.7 (2 −) 233Ac 233.0446 2.4 m β−/ (1/2 +) 234Ac 234.0484 40. s β−/( 1 +) 90Th 232.03 81(1) 209Th ≈0.01 s α 8.08 210Th 210.0150 ≈12 ms α 7.90 211Th 211.0149 0.04 s α 7.79 212Th 212.0129 ≈30. ms α/ 7.80/ 0 + 213Th 213.0130 0.14 s α/7.840 7.692(10)/ 214Th 214.0115 0.09 s α/7.825 7.677(10)/ 0 + 215Th 215.0117 1.2 s α/7.660 7.33(10)/8 (1/2 −) 0.134 7.395(8)/52 0.1927.524(8)/40 216mTh 0.14 ms α 9.93 216Th 216.01105 28. ms α/8.071 7.92/99.46 0 + 0.628 7.30/0.54 217Th 217.01306 0.25 ms α/9.424 9.27/94.6 8.46/3.88.73/1.6 218Th 218.01327 0.11 µs α/9.847 9.665(10)/ 0 + 219Th 219.01552 1.05 µs α/9.510 9.340(20)/ 220Th 220.01573 10. µs α/8.953 8.790(20)/ 0 + 221Th 221.01817 1.73 ms α/8.628 7.732/7 8.142/728.469/21 222Th 222.01845 2.24 ms α/8.129 7.980/97.7 0 + 7.599/2.3 223Th 223.02079 0.65 s α/7.454 7.29(1)/41(5) 7.32(1)/29(5)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-185TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 7.350(15)/20(5) 7.390(15)/10(4) 224Th 224.02146 1.05 s α/7.305 6.768(5)/1.2 6.997(5)/197.170(5)/7 225Th 225.02394 8.72 m EC/(10)/0.68 (3/2 +) α/(90)/6.920 6.441(2)/15 6.479(2)/436.501(3)/146.627(3)/36.650(5)/36.700(5)/26.743(3)/76.796(2)/9 226Th 226.024891 30.83 m α/6.454 6.026(1)/0.2 0 + Ra k x-ray 6.041(1)/0.19 0.11126.098(1)/1.3 0.24216.2283(4)/23 0.13106.3375(4)/75 0.1733–0.9295 227Th 227.027699 18.72 d α/6.146 (3/2 +) Ra L x-ray Ra k x-ray0.050140.235970.25624(0.02–1.0) 228Th 228.028731 1.913 y α/5.520 5.1770(2)/0.18 0 + 5.2114(1)/0.45.3405(1)/26.75.4233(1)/73 229Th 229.031754 7.9 ×103 y α/5.168 4.814/9.3 5/2 ++ 0.46 +4. 0.1935/4.3 4.845(5)/56 0.21089/2774.9008(5)/10.2 0.13697/1.214.689–5.077 0.0111–0.6036 230Th 230.033126 7.54 ×104 y α/4.771 4.4383(6)/0.03 0 + 0.0677/0.46 4.4798(6)/0.12 0.1439/0.078 >2. ×1018y SF/ <4×10−124.6211(6)/23.4 4.6876(6)/76.3 231Th 231.036296 1.063 d β−/0.390 0.138/22 5/2 + Pa L x-ray 0.218/20 Pa k x-ray0.305/52 0.02564 0.084203/(0.02–0.3) 232Th 100. 232.038050 1.40 ×1010 y α/4.081 3.830(10)/0.2 0 + 0.0590 1.2×1021y SF/1.1 ×10−93.952(5)/23 0.124 4.010(5)/77 233Th 233.041576 22.3 m β−/1.245 1.245/ 1/2 + Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.029380.086530.45930(0.02–1.2) 234Th 234.043596 24.10 d β−/0.273 0.102/20 0 + Pa L x-ray 0.198/72 0.06329/4.1 0.09235/2.40.09278/2.4 235Th 235.04751 7.2 m β−/1.9 0.4162 0.65940.72720.7470.9318Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-186TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 236Th 236.0497 37.5 m β− /≈1.0 Pa k x-ray 0.1107 237Th 237.0539 5.0 m β− 238Th 9.4 m 0.0890 91Pa 231.035 88(2) 212Pa ≈5 ms α 8.27 213Pa 213.0212 7 ms α 8.24 214Pa 214.0207 17 ms α 8.12 215Pa 215.0190 15. ms α 8.08/100 216Pa 216.0190 0.19 s α/ 7.95/51 0.134 7.82/457.79/4 217mPa 1.5 ms α/ 10.16/72 0.4504–0.8208 8.306/119.55/69.69/2 217Pa 217.0183 3.8 ms α/8.490 8.337/99 0.0466–0.634 7.873/0.47.728/0.37.710/0.3 218Pa 218.0200 0.12 ms α/ 9.54/31 0.092 9.61/69 219Pa 219.0199 0.05 µs α 220Pa 220.0219 0.8 µs α 221Pa 221.0219 6. µs α 9.08(3) 222Pa 222.0237 ≈4.3 ms α/8.700 8.180/50 8.330/208.540/30 223Pa 223.0240 ≈6.5 ms α/8.340 8.006(10)/55 8.196(10)/45 224Pa 224.0256 0.84 s α/7.630 7.555(10)/75(3) 0.1945 7.46(1)/25(3) (0.028–0.412) 225Pa 225.0261 1.8 s α/7.380 7.195(10)/30 7.245(10)/70 226Pa 226.02792 1.8 m α/(74)/6.987 6.728(10)/0.7 EC/(26)/2.83 6.823(10)/35 6.863(10)/39 227Pa 227.02879 38.3 m α/(85)/6.582 6.357(4)/7 (5/2 −) 0.0649 EC/(15)/1.02 6.376(10)/2.2 0.0669 6.401(4)/8 0.11006.416(4)/136.423(10)/106.465(4)/43 228Pa 228.03100 22. h EC/(98)/2.111 (3 +) +3.5 Th k x-ray α/(2) 5.779/0.23 0.409/100 5.805/0.15 0.4631/2226.078/0.4 0.91116/2426.105/0.25 0.96464/1206.118/0.22 0.96897/149 0.058–1.96 229Pa 229.03209 1.5 d EC/(99.8)/0.32 (5/2) 0.04244 α/(0.2)/5.836 5.536(2)/0.02 (0.024–0.18) 5.579(2)/0.095.668(2)/0.05 230Pa 230.034532 17.4 d EC/(90)/1.310 0.51/ (2 −) 2.0 Th L x-ray β−/(10)/0.563 Th k x-ray 0.44370.45477Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-187TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.89876 0.918560.95199(0.053–1.07) 231Pa 231.035878 3.25 ×104 y α/5.148 4.6781(5)/1.5 3/2 − 2.01 −1.7 Ac L x-ray 4.7102(5)/1.0 Ac k x-ray >2×1017 y SF/ <1.6×10−154.7343(5)/8.4 0.01899 4.8513(5)/1.4 0.0273964.9339(5)/3 0.038234.9505(5)/22.8 0.046394.9858(5)/1.4 0.255865.0131(5)/25.4 0.260295.0292(5)/20 0.283675.0318(5)/2.5 0.300075.0587(5)/11 0.30264 0.33007(0.02–0.61) 232Pa 232.03858 1.31 d β−/1.34 (2 −) U k x-ray 0.109000.150090.894390.96934(0.10–1.17) 233Pa 233.040239 27.0 d β−/0.571 0.15/40 3/2 −+ 4.0 −3.0 U L x-ray 0.256/60 U k x-ray 0.300170.312010.34059 234mPa 1.17 m β−/99.9/2.29 (0 −) U k x-ray IT/0.13/ 0.25818/0.07 0.76641/0.321.0009/0.85(0.06–1.96) 234Pa 234.043303 6.69 h β−/2.197 0.51/ (4 +) U L x-ray U k x-ray0.1312/0.030.5695/0.020.9256/0.02(0.02–1.99) 235Pa 235.04544 24.4 m β−/1.41 1.4/97 (3/2 −) 0.0308–0.65893 236Pa 236.0487 9.1 m β−/2.9 1.1/40 (1 −) U k x-ray 2.0/50 0.642353.1/10 0.68759 1.7630(0.04–2.18) 237Pa 237.0511 8.7 m β−/2.3 1.1/60 (1/2 +) 0.4986 1.6/30 0.52932.3/10 0.5407 0.85360.8650(0.04–1.4) 238Pa 238.0545 2.3 m β−/3.5 1.2/ (3 −) 0.10350 1.7/ 0.1785 0.44840.63500.68001.01446(0.04–2.5) 239Pa 239.0571 1.8 hElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-188TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 92U2 3 8.02891(3) 217U ≈16 ms α 8.005 218U 218.0235 ≈0.002 s α 8.63(3)/ 219U 219.0249 0.04 ms α 9.68(4)/ 222U 222.0261 ≈1.µs α 223U 223.0277 0.02 s α/ 8.78(4)/ 224U 224.02759 ≈1. ms α/ 8.46/100 225U 225.02938 84. ms α/ 7.87/83 7.82/157.63/2 226U 226.02933 0.26 s α/7.560 7.56/86 0 + 7.38/14 227U 227.03113 1.1 m α/7.200 6.870/ 228U 228.03137 9.1 m α/6.803 6.404(6)/0.6 0 + 0.095 6.440(5)/0.7 0.1526.589(5)/29 0.1876.681(6)/70 0.246 229U 229.03350 58. m EC/(80)/1.31 6.223/3 (3/2 +) α/(20)/6.473 6.297(3)/11 6.332(3)/206.360(3)/64 230U 230.033927 20.8 d α/5.992 5.5866(3)/0.01 0 + Th L x-ray >4×1010 y SF/ <10−105.6624(3)/0.26 0.07218 5.6663(3)/0.38 0.154215.8178(3)/32 0.230345.8887(3)/67 (0.081–0.8565) 231U 231.03626 4.2 d EC/0.36 (5/2 −) Pa L x-ray α/(10−3) 5.46/1.6 ×10−3Pa k x-ray 5.47/1.4 ×10−30.02564 5.40/1. ×10−30.08420 232U 232.037146 70. y α/5.414 4.9979(1)/0.003 0 + 2.6×1015y SF/2.7 ×10−125.1367(1)/0.3 5.2635(1)/315.3203(1)/69 233U 233.039627 1.592 ×105 y α/4.909 4.7830(8)/13.2 5/2 ++ 0.59 3.66 Th L x-ray >2.7×1017y SF/6 ×10−114.8247(8)/84.4 0.04244 4.510–4.804 0.09714 (0.0252–1.119) 234U 0.0054(5) 234.040945 2.455 ×105 y α/4.856 4.604(1)/0.24 0 + 0.05323/0.156 1.5×1016y SF/1.6 ×10−94.7231(1)/27.5 0.12091 4.776(1)/72.5 235mU 26. m IT/0.0007 1/2 + 235U 0.7204(6) 235.043922 7.04 ×108 y α/4.6793 4.1525(9)/0.9 7/2 −− 0.38 4.9 Th L x-ray 1.0×1019y SF/7 ×10−94.2157(9)/5.7 Th k x-ray 4.3237(9)/4.6 0.109174.3641(9)/11 0.143784.370(4)/6 0.163384.3952(9)/55 0.185744.4144(9)/2.1 0.202134.5025(9)/1.7 0.205334.5558(9)/4.2 0.221404.5970(9)/5.0 (0.03–0.79) 236U 236.045561 2.342 ×107 y α/4.569 4.332(8)/0.26 0 + Th L x-ray 2.5×1016y SF/9 ×10−84.445(5)/26 0.04946/100 4.494(3)/74 0.11279/24.1 0.17115/0.080 237U 237.048723 6.75 d β−/0.519 0.24/ 1/2 + Np L x-ray 0.25/ Np k x-rayElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-189TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.05953 0.20801 238U 99.2742(10) 238.050784 4.47 ×109 y α 4.0395/0.23 0 + Th L x-ray 8.2×1015y SF/5 ×10−54.147(5)/23 0.04955/.06 4.196(5)/77 0.1135/.01 239U 239.054289 23.5 m β−/1.265 1.2/ 5/2 + (0.522–0.681) 1.3/ 240U 240.056585 14.1 h β−/0.39 0.36/ 0 + Np L x-ray 0.044100.055580.06760 242U 242.0629 16.8 m β− /≈1.2 93Np 225Np 225.0339 >2µs 226Np 226.0351 0.03 s α/ 8.04(2)/ 227Np 227.0350 0.51 s α/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/ 228Np 228.0362 61. s EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/, SF 229Np 229.0363 4.0 m α/7.010 6.890(20) 230Np 230.0378 4.6 m EC/97 /3.6 α/3 6.660(20) 231Np 231.03823 48.8 m EC/98 /1.8 5/2 0.2629 α/2 /6.368 6.280/2 0.3475 0.3703 232Np 232.0400 14.7 m EC/99 /2.7 (4 −) U L x-ray U k x-ray0.32680.819250.86683 233Np 233.0410 36.2 m EC/1.2 (5/2 +) U L x-ray U k x-ray0.298870.31201 234Np 234.04289 4.4 d β+, EC/1.81 0.79/ (0 +) U L x-ray U k x-ray1.52721.55871.6022 235Np 235.044055 1.085 y EC/99.9 /0.124 5/2 + U k x-ray α/0.001/5.191 236mNp 22.5 h EC/52 / (1 −) U L x-ray β−/48 / Pu L x-ray U k x-ray0.642350.68759 236Np 236.04657 1.55 ×105y EC/91 /0.94 (6 −) U L x-ray β−/9 /0.49 U k x-ray 0.104230.16031 237Np 237.048166 2.14 ×106 y α/4.957 4.6395(5)/6.5 5/2 ++ 3.14 +3.89 Pa L x-ray 1×1018y SF/2.1 ×10−104.766(5)/9.7 Pa k x-ray 4.7715(5)/22.7 0.029378/154.7884(5)/47.8 0.08653/124.558–4.873 (0.03–0.28) 238Np 238.050940 2.117 d β−/1.292 1.2/ 2 + Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray0.98447/25.2Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-190TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 1.02855/18.3 (.044–1.026) 239Np 239.052931 2.355 d β−/0.722 0.341/30 5/2 + Pu L x-ray 0.438/48 Pu k x-ray 0.106130.228186/110.27760/15(0.04–0.50) 240mNp 7.22 m β−/99.9 / 2.18/ (1 +) 0.25143 IT/0.1 / 0.26333 0.554540.59735 240Np 240.05617 1.032 h β−/2.20 0.89/ 5 + 0.1471/ 0.56640.6008 241Np 241.0583 13.9 m β−/1.3 1.3/ 5/2 + 0.1330/ 0.17400.280 242mNp 2.2 m β−/( 1 +) 0.15910 0.2651/0.785700.9448/ 242Np 242.0616 5.5 m β−/2.7 2.7/ 6 + 0.6209 0.736200.780741.47340(0.04–2.37) 243Np 243.0643 1.9 m 244Np 244.0678 2.3 m 94Pu 228Pu 228.0387 α/ 7.81(2)/ 229Pu 229.0362 ≈1.5 m α/ 7.46/ 230Pu 230.03964 1.7 m α/ 7.06/81 7.00/19 231Pu 231.04126 8.6 m EC/90 α/10 6.72 232Pu 232.04118 34. m EC/ >80/1.1 0 + α/<20/6.716 6.542(10)/38 6.600(10)/62 233Pu 233.04299 20.9 m EC(99.9)/1.9 0.1503 α/0.1 /6.416 6.300(20)/0.1 0.1804 0.23530.50020.5346/1.0352/ 234Pu 234.04331 8.8 h EC/94 /0.39 0 + α/6 /6.310 6.035(3)/0.024 6.149(3)/1.96.200(3)/4. 235Pu 235.0453 25.3 m EC/99 +/1.2 (5/2 +) α/0.003/5.957 5.850(20)/0.003 236Pu 236.046048 2.87 y α/5.867 5.611/0.21 0 + 0.0476/0.07 1.5×109y SF/1.9 ×10−75.7210/30.5 0.109/0.02 5.7677(1)/69.3 (0.17–0.97) 237Pu 237.048403 45.7 d EC/99.9 /0.220 7/2 − Np L x-ray α/0.003 /5.747 5.334(4)/0.0015 Np k x-ray 5.356(4)/0.0006 0.0263445.650(4)/0.0007 0.03319Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-191TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 0.05954 (0.03–0.5) 238Pu 238.049553 87.7 y α/5.593 5.3583(1)/0.10 0 + U k x-ray 4.75 ×1010y SF/1.8 ×10−75.465(1)/28.3 0.04347 5.4992(1)/71.6 (0.04–1.1) 239Pu 239.052156 2.410 ×104 y α/5.244 5.055/0.047 1/2 ++ 0.203 U k x-ray 8. ×1015y SF/3 ×10−105.076/0.078 0.05162 5.106/11.9 0.05682 5.144/17.1 0.129285.157/70.8 0.37502(4.74 –5.03) 0.41369 240Pu 240.053807 6.56 ×103 y α/5.255 5.0212(1)/0.07 0 + U L x-ray 1.14 ×1011y SF/5.7 ×10−65.1237(1)/26.4 0.04524 5.1681(1)/73.5 0.10423 (0.04–0.97) 241Pu 241.056844 14.4 y β−/99+/0.0208 4.853(7)/3 ×10−45/2+− 0.683 +6. 0.14854 α/0.002 /5.139 4.8966(7)/0.002 0.1600 <6. ×1016 y SF/ >2.4×10−14 242Pu 242.058736 3.75 ×105 y α/4.983 4.7546(7)/0.098 0 + U L x-ray 6.77 ×1010y SF/5.5 ×10−44.8564(7)/22.4 0.04491 4.9006(7)/78 0.10350 243Pu 243.061996 4.956 h β−/0.582 0.49/21 7/2 + Am L x-ray 0.58/60 0.0417 0.0839 244Pu 244.064197 8.00 ×107 y α/99.9/4.665 4.546(1)/19.4 0 + U L x-ray 6.6×1010y SF/0.12 4.589(1)/80.5 0.0439 245Pu 245.06774 10.5 h β−/1.21 0.93/57 (9/2 −) Am L x-ray 1.21/11 Am k x-ray 0.2804 /0.308320.327520.56014(0.03–1.2) 246Pu 246.07020 10.85 d β−/0.40 0.150/85 0 + Am L x-ray 0.35/10 Am k x-ray 0.043790.22371 247Pu 247.0741 2.3 d 95Am 232Am 232.0466 0.9 m EC/ ≈5.0 233Am 233.0465 ≈3.2 m α 6.78 234Am 234.0478 2.3 m EC/4.2 235Am 235.0480 ≈15 m EC Pu K x-ray 236Am 236.0456 54. s 237Am 237.0503 1.22 h EC/99.98 /1.7 (5/2 −) Pu k x-ray α/0.02 /6.20 6.042(5)/0.02 0.14559 0.280260.43845 238Am 238.05198 1.63 h EC/2.26 1 + Pu L x-ray α/0.0001 /6.04 5.940/0.0001 Pu k x-ray 0.918700.96278 239Am 239.053018 11.9 h EC/99.99/0.803 5/2 − Pu L x-ray α/0.01/5.924 5.734(2)/0.001 Pu k x-ray 5.776(2)/0.008 0.18172 0.228180.27760Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-192TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 240Am 240.05529 2.12 d EC/1.38 (3 −) Pu L x-ray α/5.592 5.378(1)/16 ×10−4Pu k x-ray 0.888780.98764(0.1–1.3) 241Am 241.056822 432.7 y α/5.637 5.2443(1)/0.002 5/2 −+ 1.58 +3.1 Np L x-ray 1.2×1014y SF/3.6 ×10−105.3221(1)/0.015 0.02634 /.024 5.3884(1)/1.4 0.03319/.001265.4431(1)/12.8 0.05954/0.3595.4857(1)/85.2 (0.03–1.128)5.5116(1)/0.205.5442(1)/0.34 242mAm 141. y IT/99.5/0.048 5 −+ 1.0 +6.5 Am L x-ray α/0.5/5.62 5.141(4)/0.026 0.04863 >3. ×1012y SF/ <4.7×10−95.2070(2)/0.4 0.08648 0.109440.16304 242Am 242.059542 16.02 h β−/83 /0.665 0.63/46 1 −+ 0.388 −2.4 Pu L x-ray EC/17 /0.750 0.67/37 Cm L x-ray Pu k x-ray0.04220.04453 243Am 243.061372 7.37 ×103 y α/5.438 5.1798(5)/1.1 5/2 −+ 1.5 +2.9 0.04354 2. ×1014y SF/3.7 ×10−95.2343(5)/11 0.07467 5.2766(5)/88 0.086575.394(5)/0.12 0.117705.3500(5)/0.16 0.14197 244mAm ≈26. m β−/1.498 (1 −) 0.0429 244Am 244.064279 10.1 h β−/1.428 Am L x-ray Cm k x-ray0.74600.9000 245Am 245.066444 2.05 h β−/0.894 0.65/19 (5/2 +) Cm L x-ray 0.90/77 Cm k x-ray 0.25299 246mAm 25.0 m β−/ 1.3/79. 2 − Cm L x-ray 1.60/14 Cm k x-ray2.1/7 0.27002 0.798811.062011.07885(0.04–2.29) 246Am 246.06977 39. m β−/2.38 1.2/ (7 −) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray0.15290.20460.6786 247Am 247.0722 22. m β−/1.7 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray0.2267 /0.2853 / 96Cm 233Cm 233.0508 α/ 7.34/ 234Cm 234.0502 ≈51. s α 7.24/ 235Cm 235.0516 236Cm 236.0514 EC/1.7 237Cm 237.0529 EC/2.5Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-193TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 238Cm 238.05302 2.4 h EC/ >90 /0.97 0 + α/<10 /6.632 6.520(50)/ <10 239Cm 239.0548 ≈3. h EC/1.7 0.04070.14660.1874 240Cm 240.055519 27. d α/6.397 5.989/0.014 0 + 6.147/0.05 1.9×106y SF/3.9 ×10−66.2478(6) /28.8 6.2906(6) /70.6 241Cm 241.057646 32.8 d EC/99 /0.768 1/2 + Am k x-ray α/1 /6.184 5.8842(4)/0.12 0.13241 5.9291(4)/0.18 0.16505 5.9389(4)/0.69 0.18028 0.430630.47181 242Cm 242.058828 162.8 d α/6.216 5.9694(1)/0.035 0 + Pu L x-ray 6.069(1)/25 0.04408 7.0×106y SF/6.4 ×10−66.1129(1)/74 0.10189 (0.04–1.2) 243Cm 243.061381 29.1 y α/6.167 5.6815(5) /0.2 5/2 + 0.41 Pu L x-ray 5.6856(5)/1.6 Pu k x-ray 5.5×1011y SF/5.3 ×10−95.7420(5)/10.6 0.10612 5.7859(5)/73.3 0.209755.9922(5)/6.5 0.228196.0103(5)/1.0 0.277606.0589(5)/5 0.285466.0666(5)/1.5 0.33431 (0.04–0.7) 244Cm 244.062745 18.1 y α/5.902 5.6656/0.02 0 + Pu L x-ray 5.7528/23 0.04282 1.32 ×107y SF/1.4 ×10−45.8050/77 0.09885 5.515/0.004 0.15262 245Cm 245.065485 8.48 ×103 y α/5.623 5.235(10)/0.3 7/2 + 0.5 Pu L x-ray 5.3038(10)/5.0 Pu k x-ray 1.4×1012y SF/6.1 ×10−75.3620(7)/93 0.04195 5.4927(11)/0.8 0.132995.5331(11)/0.6 0.13606 0.17494 246Cm 246.067217 4.76 ×103 y α/5.476 5.343(3)/21 0 + Pu L x-ray 1.8×107y SF/0.026 5.386(3)/79 0.04453 247Cm 247.070346 1.56 ×107 y α/5.352 4.818(4)/4.7 9/2 − 0.37 Pu k x-ray 4.8690(20)/71 9/2 − 0.2792 4.941(4)/1.6 0.28864.9820(20)/2.0 0.34715.1436(20)/1.2 0.40355.2104(20)/5.75.2659(20)/13.8 248Cm 248.072341 3.48 ×105 y α/99.92 /5.162 4.931(5)/0.07 0 + 5.0349(2)/16.5 4.15 ×106y SF/8.38 5.0784(2)/(75)/1 249Cm 249.075946 64.15 m β−/0.900 0.9/ 1/2 + Bk k x-ray 0.560390.63431 250Cm 250.07835 ≈9.7×103y SF/85.8 0 + α/5.27 251Cm 251.08228 16.8 m β−/1.42 0.90/16 (1/2 +) 0.3896 / 0.52990.5425 252Cm 252.0849 <2 dElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-194TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 97Bk 238Bk 238.0583 2.4 m EC/5.0 239Bk 239.0584 240Bk 240.0598 ≈4.8 m 242Bk 242.0621 7.0 m EC/3.0 243Bk 243.063001 4.5 h EC/99.8 /1.508 6.542(4)/0.03 (3/2 −) 0.1466 α/0.15 /6.871 6.5738(2)/0.04 0.1874 6.7180(22)/0.02 0.7556.7581(20)/0.02 0.840 0.946 244Bk 244.0652 4.4 h EC/99.99 /2.26 (4 −) 0.1445 α/0.01 /6.778 6.625(4)/0.003 0.1876 6.667(4)/0.003 0.2176 0.98150.9215/ 245Bk 245.066355 4.94 d EC/99.9 /0.810 3/2 − Cm L x-ray α/0.1 /6.453 5.8851(5)/0.03 Cm k x-ray 6.1176(9)/0.01 0.252996.1467(5)/0.02 0.38096.3087(5)/0.014 0.38516.3492(5)/0.018 246Bk 246.0687 1.80 d EC/1.35 (2 −) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray0.798811.08142 247Bk 247.07030 1.4 ×103 y α/5.889 5.465(5)/1.5 (3/2 −) 0.04175 5.501(5)/7 0.08395.532(5)/45 0.2685.6535(20)/5.55.678(2)/135.712(2)/175.753(2)/4.35.794(2)/5.5 248Bk 248.07311 23.7 h β−/70 /0.87 0.86/ (1 −) Cm L x-ray EC/30 /0.72 Cf L x-ray Cm k x-rayCf k x-ray0.5507 249Bk 249.074980 320. d β−/0.125 0.125/100 7/2 + 2.0 0.327/10−5 α/0.001 /5.525 5.390(1)/0.0002 0.308/10−6 1.8×109y SF/4.9 ×10−85.4174(6)/0.001 250Bk 250.078309 3.217 h β−/1.780 0.74/ 2 − Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray0.989121.03184(0.04–1.6) 251Bk 251.08075 56. m β−/1.09 (3/2 −) 0.02481 0.15280.1776 252Bk 252.0843 1.8 m 98Cf 237Cf 237.0621 2.1 s α, SF/10 238Cf 238.0614 21 ms SF/ 239Cf 239.0626 ≈0.7 m α 240Cf 240.0623 1.1 m α/7.719 7.590(10)/ 0 + SF/ ≈2.1Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-195TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 241Cf 241.0637 4. m EC/3.3 α/7.60 7.335(5)/ 242Cf 242.06369 3.5 m α/7.509 7.351(6)/20 0 + SF/≤0.014 7.385(4)/80 243Cf 243.0654 11. m EC/86 /2.2 7.060(6)/20 (1/2 +) α/14 /7.40 7.170/4 244Cf 244.065990 20. m α/7.328 7.168(5)/25 0 + 7.210(5)/75 245Cf 245.068038 44. m α/36 /7.255 7.15/91.7 Cm K x-ray EC/64 /1.569 6.983/0.31 0.5709 7.09/7 0.60147.065/0.68 0.6163 246Cf 246.068798 1.49 d α/6.869 6.6156(10)/0.18 0 + Cm L x-ray 6.7086(7)/21.8 0.04221 1.8×103y SF/2.3 ×10−46.7501(7)/78.0 0.0945 0.147 247Cf 247.07099 3.11 h EC/99.96 /0.65 7/2 + Bk k x-ray α/0.04 /6.55 6.301(5)/ 0.2941 0.4778 248Cf 248.07218 334. d α/6.369 6.220(5)/17 0 + 3.2×104y SF/0.0029 6.262(5)/83 249Cf 249.074846 351. y α/6.295 5.758/3.7 9/2 − Cm L x-ray 5.812/85.7 Cm k x-ray 8. ×1010y SF/4.4 ×10−75.8488(2)/1.0 0.25299/2.5 5.9029(2)/2.8 0.33351/13.65.9451(2)/4.0 0.38832/63.66.1401(2)/1.1 (0.0376–1.103)6.1940(2)/2.2 250Cf 250.076399 13.1 y α/6.129 5.8913(4)/0.3 0 + Cm L x-ray 1.7×104y SF/0.077 5.9889(4)/15 0.04285 6.0310(4)/84.5 251Cf 251.079579 9.0 ×102 y α/6.172 5.56448(7)/1.5 1/2 + 5.632(1)/4.55.648(1)/3.55.6773(6)/355.762(3)/3.85.7937(7)/2.05.8124(8)/4.25.8514(6)/276.0140(7)/11.66.0744(7)/2.7 252Cf 252.081619 2.65 y α/96.9 /6.217 5.7977(1)/0.23 0 + Cm L x-ray 86. y SF/3.1/ 6.0756(4)/15.2 0.04339 6.1184(4)/81.6 0.1002 253Cf 253.08512 17.8 d β−/99.7 /0.29 0.27/100 (7/2 +) α/0.3 /6.126 5.921(5)/0.02 254Cf 254.08732 60.5 d SF/99.7/ 0 + α/0.3/5.930 5.792(5)/0.05 5.834(5)/0.26 255Cf 255.0910 1.4 h β−/0.7 256Cf 256.0934 12. m SF 99Es 241Es 241.0687 ≈8 s α 8.11 242Es 242.0697 16 s α 7.92 243Es 243.0696 21. s α/>30 / 7.89/ >30 EC/<70 /4.0 244Es 244.0709 37. s EC/76 /4.6 α/4 / 7.57/4 Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-196TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 245Es 245.0713 1.3 m α/40 /7.858 7.74 EC/60 /3.1 246Es 246.0730 7.7 m EC/90 /3.9 α/10 / 7.35 247Es 247.07365 4.8 m EC/93 /2.48 α/7 / 7.32 248Es 248.0755 26. m EC/99.7 /3.1 α/0.3 / 6.87 249Es 249.07640 1.70 h EC/99.4 /1.45 (7/2 +) 0.3795 α/0.6 / 6.77 0.8132 250mEs 2.2 h EC/ (1 −) Cf L x-ray β+Cf k x-ray0.98911.0319 250Es 250.0787 8.6 h EC/2.1 (6 +) Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray0.303390.349480.82883 251Es 251.07998 1.38 d EC/99.5 /0.38 (3/2 −) α/0.5 / 6.462/0.05 6.492/0.4 252Es 252.08297 1.29 y α/76 / 6.632/61.0 (5 −) EC/24 /1.26 6.562/10.3 253Es 253.084818 20.47 d α/ 6.633/89.8 7/2 ++ 4.10 7. 0.04180 6.3×105y SF/8.9 ×10−66.5916/6.6 0.3892 254mEs 1.64 d β−/99.6 / 0.475 2 + 2.9 3.7 Fm L x-ray α/0.3 /6.67 6.382 2 + Fm k x-ray >10. y SF/0.045 0.6488 0.6938 254Es 254.088017 276. d α/ 6.429 (7 +) 0.064 >2.5×107 y SF/ <3×10−6 255Es 255.09027 40. d β−/92 /0.29 (7/2 +) α/8 / 6.26 2.6×103y SF/0.0042 6.300 256mEs 7.6 h β−/( 8 +) 0.218 0.2320.862 256Es 256.0936 25. m β−/1.7 (1 +) 257Es 257.0960 7.7 d β− 100Fm 242Fm 242.0734 0.8 ms SF/ >96 243Fm 243.0745 0.2 s α/ 8.55 <SF/0.4 244Fm 244.0741 3.3 ms SF/ >97 0 + 245Fm 245.0754 4. s α/ 8.15/ SF/<0.1 246Fm 246.07528 1.2 s α/85/ 8.24/ 0 + SF/15/ 247mFm 9. s α/ 8.18/ 247Fm 247.0768 35. s α/8.20 7.87/70 EC/2.9 7.93/30 248Fm 248.07718 34. s α/99.9 /8.001 7.83/20 0 + SF/0.1/ 7.87/80 249Fm 249.0790 3. m EC/2.4 (7/2 +) α/ 7.53 250mFm 1.8 s IT/ SF/<8×10−5Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-197TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 250Fm 250.07951 30. m α/ 7.43/ 0 + EC/0.8SF/0.007 251Fm 251.08157 5.3 h EC/98 /1.47 (9/2 −) α/2 / 6.833 252Fm 252.08246 1.058 d α/7.154 6.998/15 0 + SF/0.0023 7.039/85 253Fm 253.085175 3.0 d EC/88/0.333 6.676/ 1/2 + Es k x-ray α/12 / 6.943/ 0.2719 254Fm 254.086847 3.240 h α/ 7.150 0 + SF/0.059 7.192 255Fm 255.089955 20.1 h α/ 6.9635(5)/5.0 7/2 + 1.0×104y SF/2.3 ×10−57.0225(5)/93.4 256Fm 256.09177 2.63 h SF/91 0 + α/19 6.92/ 257Fm 257.09510 100.5 d α/99.79 6.519 (9/2 +) 0.1794 SF/0.21 0.2410 258Fm 258.0971 0.37 ms SF/ 259Fm 259.1006 1.5 s SF/ 260Fm ≈4 ms SF/ 101Md 245mMd ≈0.4 s α 8.64, 8.68 245Md 245.0810 0.9 ms SF 246Md 246.0819 1.0 s α 8.74 8.50–8.56 247mMd ≈0.2 s SF/ 247Md 247.0818 3. s α 8.43 248Md 248.0828 7. s EC/80 /5.3 8.32/15 α/20 / 8.36/5 SF/<0.05 249Md 249.0830 24. s EC >/<80 /3.7 α/>20 /8.46 8.030(20)/ 250Md 250.0845 50. s EC/94 /4.6 7.75/4 α/6 /8.25 7.83/2 251Md 251.0849 4.0 m EC/ >94 /3.1 α/<6 / 7.55/ 252Md 252.0866 2. m EC/ >50 /3.9 α/<50 / 7.73/ 253Md 253.0873 ≈6 m EC/2.0 254mMd 30. m EC/ 254Md 254.0897 10. m EC/2.7 255Md 255.09108 27. m EC/92 /1.04 α/7.33/93 (7/2 −) 0.121/100 α/8 / 7.27/5 0.115/65 SF/≤0.15 7.75/1 0.136/35 7.71/1 0.141–0.453 256Md 256.0941 1.30 h EC/89 /2.13 7.21/71 Fm k x-ray α/11 / 7.14/22 0.121/409 SF/<2.6 7.68/2.5 0.115/266 7.25/2.5 0.136/1437.64/2.1 0.634/119 0.141–1.37 257Md 257.095535 5.5 h EC/85 /0.41 7.074 (7/2 −) Fm k x-ray α/15, SF/ ≤1 7.014 (0.181–0.389) 258mMd 57. m EC/ (1 −) Fm k x-ray SF/≤30 258Md 258.098427 51.5 d α/7.40 6.718(2)/ (8 −) 0.3678 SF/≤0.003 6.763(4)/ 0.057–0.448Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-198TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 259Md 259.1005 1.64 h SF/ >98.7 7/2 + α/<1.3 260Md 260.104 ≈27.8 d SF/73–100 102No 250No 250.0875 ≈0.036 ms SF/ 0 + 251No 251.0889 0.76 s α/91 8.62/96 SF/0.26 8.58/4 252No 252.08897 2.44 s α/68/8.551 8.42 0 + 7.6 s SF/32/ 8.37 EC, β+/<1.6 253No 253.0907 1.7 m α/ 8.010(20) (9/2 −) EC/3.2 254mNo 0.28 s I.T./ SF/≤.2 254No 254.09095 49. s α/ 8.09 0 + EC/1.1SF/0.17 255No 255.09323 3.1 m α/62 / 8.12/ 1/2 + 0.187 EC/38/2.01 7.93 8.08 256No 256.09428 2.9 s α/ 8.43 0 + SF/0.5 257No 257.09685 25. s α/ 8.22 (7/2 +) SF/<1.5 8.27 8.32 258No 258.0983 ≈1.2 ms SF/ 0 + 259No 259.1011 58. m α/78 /7.794 7.52 (9/2 +) EC/22/0.5 7.55SF/<9.7 260No 260.103 0.11 s SF/ 262No 262.108 ≈8. ms SF/ 103Lr 251Lr 251.0944 39 m SF 252Lr 252.0953 ≈0.36 s α 9.02/73 SF/<1 8.97/27 253mLr ≈0.57 s α 8.79 SF/1.3 253Lr 253.0953 1.5 s α/ 8.72 SF/8 254Lr 254.0965 13. s α/ 8.45 EC/5.2SF/<0.1 255Lr 255.0967 22. s α/ 8.37/60 EC/3.2 8.43/40SF/<0.1 256Lr 256.0988 28. s α/99.7 /8.554 8.43/ EC/4.2 8.39SF/<0.03 257Lr 257.0996 0.65 s α/ 8.80 7/2 + EC/2.5 8.80SF/<0.03 258Lr 258.1019 3.9 s α/ 8.60/46 EC/3.4 8.62/25SF/<5 8.56/20 8.65/9Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-199TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 259Lr 259.1030 6.1 s α/80 8.44(1) SF/20 260Lr 260.1056 3. m α/ 8.03 261Lr 261.1069 40. m SF 262Lr 262.1097 3.6 h EC/2. SF/<10 104Rf 253Rf 253.1007 ≈48. µsS F α/<10 254Rf 254.1002 23. µs SF/ >98.5 α/<1.5 255Rf 255.1015 1.6 s α 8.72/ <0.05 0.203 SF/52 8.77/94 0.142 8.67/ <0.05 8.58/ <0.05 8.92/ <0.05 256Rf 256.10118 6.2 ms SF/99.68 α/0.32 8.81 257Rf 257.1031 4.7 s α/9.22 8.77 0.117 EC/11 9.01SF/<1.4 8.95 8.62 258Rf 258.1036 12. ms SF/87 α/13 259Rf 259.1056 3.4 s. α/9.09/93 8.77(2)/ SF/7 8.86/ 260Rf 260.1064 20. ms SF/ 261Rf 261.1088 1.1 m α/8.78, SF/ <10 8.28/ 262Rf 262.1099 2.1 s SF/ >99.2 263Rf 263.1125 22. m SF , α 105Db 255Db 255.1074 ≈1.5 s α, SF/≈20 256Db 256.1081 1.6 s α/64 9.02/67 EC/35 8.89/11SF/0.05 9.08/11 9.12/11 257mDb 0.8 s α 9.16 SF/<13 257Db 257.1079 1.5 s α/ 8.97/33 SF/<6 9.07/38 9.12/5.58.94/99.02/98.89/5.5 258Db 258.1094 4.2 s α/ 9.30/ E.C/5.3 9.17/SF/<33 9.08/ 259Db 259.1097 ≈0.51 s SF/ α/ 9.47/ 260Db 260.1114 1.5 s α/ 9.05/ SF/<9.6 9.08/ 9.13/ 261Db 261.1121 1.8 s α/ 8.93/ SF/<18Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11-200TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 262Db 262.1141 34. s SF/ <33 α/ 8.45/ 8.53/8.67/ 263Db 263.1151 ≈0.45 m SF/57 8.36/ α/41 8.41/ EC/3 106Sg 258Sg 258.1132 ≈2.9 ms SF α/<20 259Sg 259.1147 0.5 s α/ 9.62 SF/<20 9.35 9.03 260Sg 260.11444 4. ms α/50 9.76 SF/50 9.72 9.81 261Sg 261.1162 0.3 s α, SF/ <10 9.56 262Sg 0.007 s SF α/<22 263Sg 263.1183 0.8 s α 9.06 SF/<30 9.25 265Sg 265.1211 ≈7.4 s α/>65 8.84/46 SF/<35 8.76/23 8.94/238.69/8 266Sg 266.1219 ≈21. s α/ 8.77/66 SF/<82 8.52/33 107Bh 260Bh 260.122 α 261Bh 261.1218 12. ms α/, SF <10 10.40 10.1010.03 262mBh 8. ms α/ 10.37 SF/<12 10.24 262Bh 262.1230 0.10 s α/ 10.06 SF/<12 9.91 9.74 264Bh 264.1247 0.44 s α/ 9.48 SF/ 9.62 266Bh 266.1270 ≈1 s 9.29 267Bh 267.1277 ≈17 s 8.83 108Hs 263Hs 263.1287 α/ 264Hs 264.1284 ≈0.08 ms α/, SF/ ≈50 11.0 265mHs ≈0.75 ms α 10.57/63 10.7310.5210.34 265Hs 265.1300 2.0 ms α/ 10.30/90 SF/<1 10.43 10.3710.25 266Hs 266.1300 ≈2.3 ms α 10.2Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) TeamLRN11-201TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES 267Hs 267.1371 33 ms α/>88 9.88 9.839.75 269Hs 269.1341 9.3 s α 9.23 9.17 270Hs 2–7 s α 9.16 277Hs ≈11 m SF 109Mt 266mMt ≈1.2 ms α 10.46–10.81 266Mt 266.1379 ≈0.7 ms α 10.48–11.31 267Mt 267.138 19 ms α 268Mt 268.1388 0.07 s α/>68 10.10, 10.24 110110 267110 267.1440 ≈3µs α/>32 11.6 269110 269.1451 0.17 ms α/>75 11.11 271m110 ≈1.1 ms α 10.68 10.74 270m110 ≈6 ms α 10.95 11.1512.15 270110 270.1446 0.1 ms α 11.03 271110 271.1461 ≈56 ms α 10.71 273m110 0.076 ms α 11.8 273110 273.1492 118 ms α/ 9.73 280110 ≈7.5 s SF/ 281110 ≈1 m α 8.83 111111 272111 272.1535 ≈1.5 ms α/>68 10.82 112112 277112 ≈0.24 ms α 11.45 11.65 283112 ≈3. m sf/ >0.7 α/<0.3 284112 ≈9.8 s α 9.17 285112 ≈11. m α 8.67 114114 287114 ≈5.5 s α 10.3 288114 ≈1.9 s α 9.84 289114 ≈20. s α 9.71 116116 292116 ≈0.03 s α 10.6Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (Atom %)Atomic Mass or WeightHalf-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)Spin (h/2ππππ)Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)γγγγ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 11- 198 NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (Revised 2003) Norman E. Holden This table presents an evaluated set of values for experimental quantities that characterize the properties for scattering and absorption of neutrons. The neutron cross section is given for room temperature neutrons, 20.43°C, corresponding to a thermal neutron energy of 0.0253 electron volts (eV) or a neutron velocity of 2200 meters/second. The neutron resonance integral is de fined over the energy range from 0.5 eV to 0.1x10 6 eV , or 0.1 MeV . Bound neutron scattering lengths and neutron cross sections averaged over a Maxwellian spectrum at 30 keV for astrophysica l applications are also presented. A list of the major references used is given below. The literature cutoff date is January 2003. Uncertainti es are given in paren- theses. Parentheses with two or more numbers indicate values to the excited state(s) and to the ground state of the product nuc leus. Table Layout General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented: 1. Mughabghab, S.F., Divadeenam, M., Holden, N.E.; Neutron Cross Sections, V ol. 1 Neutron Resonance Parameters and Thermal Cross Sec- tions, Part A, Z = 1-60. Academic Press Inc., New York, New York (1981); Mughabghab, S.F.; Part B, Z = 61-100. Academic Press Inc., Orlando, Florida (1984). 2. Holden, N.E.; Fifty Years with Nuclear Fission Conference, Wash., D.C., Gaithersburg, Md. April 26-29, 1989, p. 946. American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, Illinois (1989). 3. Tuli, J.K.; Nuclear Wallet Cards , Brookhaven National Laboratory (Jan. 2000). 4. Holden, N.E.; Half-lives of Selected Nuclides , Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990). 5. Holden, N.E., Hoffman, D.C.; Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Ground State Nuclides , Pure & Applied Chemistry 72, 1525 (2000). 6. Koester, L., Rauch, H., Seymann, E.; Neutron Scattering Lengths: A Survey of Experimental Data and Methods , Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 49, 65 (1991). 7. Sears, V .F.; Neutron Scattering Lengths and Cross Sections , Neutron News 3, (3), 26 (1992). 8. Bao, Z.Y ., Beer, H., Käppeler, F., V oss, F., Wisshak, K., Raucher,T.; Neutron Cross Sections for Nucleo-synthesis Studies , Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 76, 70 (2000). Column Number Column Title Description 1 Isotope/Element For elements, atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2. 2 Isotopic Abundance in atom percent 3 Half-life Half-life in decimal notation. m s = microsecond; ms = millisecond; s = second; m = minute; h = hour; d = day; y = year. 4 Thermal Neutron Cross Sections Cross sections for neutron capture reactions in units of barns (10 -24 cm 2 ) or millibarns (mb). Proton, alpha production and fission reactions are designated by s p , s a , s f , respectively. Separate values are listed for isomeric production. 5 Neutron Resonance Integrals Resonance integrals for neutron capture reactions in barns (10 -24 cm 2 ) or millibarns (mb). Proton, alpha production and fission reactions are designated by R.I. p , R.I. a , R.I. f , respectively. Separate values are listed for isomeric production. 6 Neutron Scattering Lengths Bound coherent scattering lengths for neutron scattering reactions in units of femtometers (fm), whi ch is equal to fermis (10 -13 cm). 7 Maxwellian Averaged Cross Section Astrophysical Cross Sections, averaged over a stellar neutron maxwellian spectrum characteri zed by a thermal energy of 30 keV, expressed in barns (10 -24 cm 2 ), millibarns (mb) or microbarns ( m b). TeamLRN 11- 199 NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm) ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) 1 H 0.332(2) 0.149(1) -3.739(1) 1 H 99.9885(70) >2.8x10 23 y 0.332(2) 0.149(1) - 3.741(1) 0.25(2) mb * 2 H 0.0115(70) 0.51(1)mb 0.23(2) mb 6.671(4) 2.1(4) m b 3 H 12.33 y < 6. m b 4.79(3) 2 He < 0.05 3.26(3) 3 He 0.000134(3) s p = 5.33(1)x10 3 RI p = 2.39(1)x10 3 5.74(7) 0.05(1) mb 8.(1) m b * 4 He 99.999867(3) 3.26(3) 3 Li 71.(2) 32.(1) - 1.90(2) 6 Li 7.59(4) s t = 9.4(1)x10 2 RI t = 422.(4) 2.0(1) s t ª 1. 39.(5) mb 17.(2) mb 0.06(1) mb* 7 Li 92.41(4) 45.(5) mb 20.(2) mb - 2.22(2) 42.(3) m b 8 Li 0.84 s < ª 5.5 m b 4 Be 8.8(4) mb 3.9(2) mb 7.79(1) 7 Be 53.28 d s p = 3.9(1)x10 4 RI p = 1.75(5)x10 4 s p = 16(4) * s a ª 0.1 9 Be 100. 8.8(4) mb 3.9(2) mb 7.79(1) 10 Be 1.52x10 6 y <1. mb 5 B 7.6(1)x10 2 3.4(1)x10 2 5.30(4) 10 B 19.9(7) s a = 38.4(1)x10 2 RI a = 17.3(1)x10 2 - 0.1(3) 0.3(1) 0.13(4) s p = 7.(1) mb s t = 8.(2) mb 11 B 80.1(7) 5.(3) mb 2.(1) mb 6.65(4) 6 C 3.5(1) mb 1.6(1) mb 6.646(1) 12 C 98.93(8) 3.5(1) mb 1.6(1) mb 6.651(2) 16.(1) m b * 13 C 1.07(8) 1.4(1) mb 1.7(2) mb 6.19(9) 0.021(4) mb 14 C 5715. y <1.4 m b 3.(1) m b * 7 N 2.00(6) 0.90(3) 9.36(2) 14 N 99.636(20) s p = 1.93(5) RI p = 0.87(3) 9.37(2) s p = 1.8(2) mb * 0.080(1) 0.034(1) 0.04(1) mb 15 N 0.364(20) 0.04(1) mb 0.11(3) mb 6.44(3) 6.(1) m b * 8 O 0.29(1) mb 0.40(4) mb 5.805(4) 16 O 99.757(16) 0.19(1) mb 0.36(4) mb 5.805(5) 34.(4) m b 17 O 0.038(1) s a = 0.257(10) 0.11(1) 5.8(2) s a = 3.9(5) mb * 0.54(7) mb 0.39(5) mb 18 O 0.205(14) 0.16(1) mb 0.81(4) mb 5.84(7) 9.(1) m b * 9 F 9.5(1) mb 21.(3) mb 5.65(1) 6.(1) mb 19 F 100. 9.5(1) mb 21.(3) mb 5.65(1) 6.(1) mb 10 Ne 42.(5) mb 19.(3) mb 4.566(6) 20 Ne 90.48(3) 39.(5) mb 18.(3) mb 4.631(6) 0.12(1) mb *Extrapolated value. 11- 200 NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 21 Ne 0.27(1) 0.7(1) 0.31(5) 6.7(2) ª 1.5 mb s a = 0.18(9) mb 22 Ne 9.25(3) 51.(5) mb 23.(3) mb 3.87(1) 58.(4) m b* 11 Na 0.53(2) 0.32(2) 3.63(2) 2.1(2) mb 22 Na 2.605 y s p = 2.8(3)x10 4 RI p < 2.x10 5 s a = 2.6(4)x10 2 RI a = 1.2(2) x 10 2 23 Na 100. s m = 0.43(3) RI m = 0.30(6) 3.63(2) 2.1(2) mb 12 Mg 66.(6) mb 38.(5) mb 5.375(4) 24 Mg 78.99(4) 0.053(6) 32.(4) mb 5.7(2) 3.3(4) mb 25 Mg 10.00(1) 0.20(1) 98.(15) mb 3.6(2) 6.4(4) mb 26 Mg 11.01(3) 0.038(1) 25.(2) mb 4.9(2) 0.13(1) mb* 27 Mg 9.45 m 0.07(2) 0.03(1) 13 Al 0.230(2) 0.17(1) 3.45(1) 26 Al 7.1x10 5 y s p = 1.97(10) 0.14(2) s a = 0.34(1) 27 Al 100. 0.230(2) 0.17(1) 3.45(1) 2.9(3) mb 14 Si 0.166(9) 0.12(2) 4.15(1) 28 Si 92.223(19) 0.17(1) 0.11(2) 4.11(1) 2.9(3) mb 29 Si 4.685(8) 0.12(1) 0.08(2) 4.7(1) 7.9(9) mb 30 Si 3.092(11) 0.107(3) 0.62(6) 4.61(1) 3.2(3) mb* 31 Si 2.62 h 73.(6) mb 33.(3) mb 32 Si 1.6x10 2 y< 0.5 15 P 0.17(1) 0.08(1) 5.13(1) 31 P 100. 0.17(1) 0.08(1) 5.13(1) 1.7(1) mb 16 S 0.54(2) 0.24(2) 2.847(1) 32 S 94.93(31) 0.55(5) 0.25(2) 2.804(2) 4.1(2) mb s a < 0.5 mb 33 S 0.76(2) 0.46(3) 0.21(2) 4.7(2) 7.4(15) mb s a = 0.12(1) RI a = 0.05(1) s a = 0.18(1) s p = 2. mb 34 S 4.29(28) 0.25(1) 0.13 3.48(3) 0.23(1) mb 36 S 0.02(1) 0.24(2) 0.26(3) 0.17(1) mb* 17 Cl 33.6(3) 15.(2) 9.58(1) 35 Cl 75.78(4) 43.7(4) 20.(2) 11.7(1) 9.4(3) mb s p = 0.44(1) RI p = 0.2 s p = 1.7(2) mb* s a ª 0.08 mb 36 Cl 3.01x10 5 y s p = 46.(2) mb RI p = 0.02 s p = 91.(8) mb <10. s a = 0.59(7) mb s a = 0.9(2) mb 37 Cl 24.22(4) (0.05 + 0.38) (0.04+0.26) 3.1(1) 2.0(2) mb 18 Ar 0.66(3) 0.42(5) 1.91(1) 36 Ar 0.3365(30) 5.(1) 2.(1) 24.9(1) s a = 5.4(3) mb s p < 1.5 mb Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm) ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. TeamLRN 11- 201 NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 37 Ar 35.0 d s a = 1.08(8)x10 3 RI a = 900. s a ª 1.3 s p = 37.(4) RI p = 31. s p ª 0.04 38 Ar 0.0632(5) 0.8(2) 0.4(1) 3.5(35) 39 Ar 268. y 6.(2)x10 2 s a <0.29 40 Ar 99.6003(30) 0.64(3) 0.41(5) 1.83(1) 2.5(3) mb 41 Ar 1.82 h 0.5(1) 0.2(1) 19 K 2.1(1) 1.0(1) 3.67(2) 39 K 93.2581(44) 2.1(2) 0.9(1) 3.74(2) 11.8(4) mb s a = 4.3(5) mb s p < 0.05 mb 40 K 0.0117(1) 1.26x10 9 y 30.(8) 13.(4) s p = 7.(1) mb s p = 4.4(4) 2.0(2) s a = 40.(6) mb s a = 0.42(8) 41 K 6.7302(44) 1.46(3) 1.4(2) 2.69(8) 22.(1) mb 20 Ca 0.43(2) 0.23(2) 4.70(2) 40 Ca 96.941(156) 0.41(3) 0.22(4) 4.80(2) 6.7(7) mb s a = 0.13(4) mb 41 Ca 1.02x10 5 y ª 4. s a = 0.18(3) s p = 7.(2) mb 42 Ca 0.647(23) 0.65(10) 0.39(4) 3.4(1) 16.(2) mb 43 Ca 0.135(10) 6.(1) 3.9(2) - 1.56(9) 51.(6) mb 44 Ca 2.086(110) 0.8(2) 0.56(1) 1.42(6) 9.(1) mb 45 Ca 162.7 d ª 15. 46 Ca 0.004(3) >4x1015 y 0.70(3) 0.9(1) 3.6(2) 5.3(5) mb* 48Ca 0.187(21) 4.3x1019 y 1.0(1) 0.5(1) 0.39(9) 0.8(1) mb* 21Sc 27.2(2) 12.(1) 12.3(1) 45Sc 100. (10.+17.) (5.6+6.4) 12.3(1) 69.(5) mb 46Sc 83.81 d 8.(1) 3.6(5) 22Ti 6.1(1) 2.8(2) - 3.438(2) 44Ti 60 y 1.1(2) sp<0.2 46Ti 8.25(3) 0.6(2) 0.4(1) 4.93(6) 27.(3) mb 47Ti 7.44(2) 1.6(2) 1.6(2) 3.63(1) 64.(8) mb 48Ti 73.72(3) 7.9(9) 3.6(2) - 6.09(2) 32.(5) mb 49Ti 5.41(2) 1.9(5) 1.2(2) 1.04(5) 22.(2) mb 50Ti 5.18(2) 0.179(3) 0.12(2) 6.18(8) 3.6(4) mb 23V 5.0(2) 2.8(1) - 0.382(1) 50V 0.250(4) 1.4x1017 y 21.(4) 50.(20) 7.6(6) sp = 0.7(4) mb 51V 99.750(4) 4.9(1) 2.7(2) - 0.402(2) 38.(4) mb 24Cr 3.0(2) 1.7(1) 3.635(7) 50Cr 4.345(13) >1.8x1017 y 15.(1) 8.(1) - 4.5(1) 0.05(1) 51Cr 27.70 d < 10. 52Cr 83.789(18) 0.8(1) 0.6(2) 4.91(2) 8.8(4) mb 53Cr 9.501(17) 18.(2) 9.(1) - 4.2(1) 0.06(1) 54Cr 2.365(7) 0.36(4) 0.25(5) 4.6(1) 7.(2) mbElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. 11-202NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 25Mn 13.3(1) 14.0(3) - 3.75(2) 53Mn 3.7x106 y 70.(10) 32.(5) 54Mn 312.1 d < 10. 55Mn 100. 13.3(1) 14.0(3) - 3.75(2) 40.(3) mb 26Fe 2.7(1) 1.4(2) 9.45(2) 54Fe 5.845(35) 2.3(2) 1.3(2) 4.2(1) 29.(2) mb sa = 10. mbR Ia = 1.1(1) mb 55Fe 2.73 y 13.(2) 6.(1) sa = 0.01 56Fe 91.754(36) 2.8(3) 1.4(2) 9.93(3) 11.7(5) mb 57Fe 2.119(10) 1.4(2) 0.8(4) 2.3(1) 40.(4) mb 58Fe 0.282(4) 1.3(1) 1.3(2) 15.(7) 12.(1) mb 59Fe 44.51 d 13.(3) 6.(1) 27Co 37.19(8) 74.(2) 2.49(2) 58mCo 9.1 h 1.4(1)x1052.5(10)x105 58Co 70.88 d 1.9(2)x1037.(1)x103 59Co 100. (20.7+16.5) (39.+35.) 2.49(2) 38.(4) mb 60mCo 10.47 m 58.(3) 230.(50) 60Co 5.271 y 2.0(2) 4.3(10) 28Ni 4.5(2) 2.3(2) 10.3(1) 58Ni 68.0769(89) >4x1019 y 4.6(4) 2.3(2) 14.4(1) 41.(2) mb sa < 0.03 mb 59Ni ª 7.6x104 y sabs = 92.(4) RIabs = 1.4(1)x102 sa = 14.(2) sp = 2.(1) 60Ni 26.2231(77) 2.9(3) 1.5(2) 2.8(1) 25.(1) mb 61Ni 1.1399(6) 2.5(5) 1.5(4) 7.60(6) 82.(8) mb sa = 0.03 mb 62Ni 3.6345(17) 15.(1) 6.8(3) - 8.7(2) 13.(4) mb 63Ni 100. y 20.(5) 9.(2) 64Ni 0.9256(9) 1.6(1) 1.2(2) - 0.37(7) 9.(1) mb 65Ni 2.517 h 22.(2) 10.(1) 29Cu 3.8(1) 4.1(4) 7.718(4) 63Cu 69.15(15) 4.5(2) 5.(1) 6.43(15) 0.09(1) 64Cu 12.701 h ª 270. 65Cu 30.85(15) 2.17(3) 2.2(1) 10.61(19) 41.(5) mb 66Cu 5.09 m 1.4(1)x102 60.(20) 30Zn 1.1(2) 2.8(4) 5.680(5) 64Zn 48.27(32) >2.3x1018 y 0.74(5) 1.4(3) 5.23(4) 59.(5) mb sp < 12. mb sa = 11.(3) mb 65Zn 243.8 d 66.(8) 30.(4) sa = 2.0(2) 66Zn 27.977(77) 0.9(3) 1.8(2) 5.98(5) 35.(3) mb sa < 0.02 mb 67Zn 4.102(21) 6.9(1.4) 25.(5) 7.58(8) 0.15(2) sa = 0.4 mbElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. TeamLRN11-203NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 68Zn 19.02(12) (0.072 + 0.8) (0.2 + 2.9) 6.04(3) 19.(2) mb sa <0.02 mb sm = 3.(1) mb 70Zn 0.631(9) (8.1+83.) mb 0.9(2) 0.02(1) 31Ga 2.9(1) 22.(3) 7.288(2) 69Ga 60.108(9) 1.68(7) 16.(2) 7.88(4) 0.14(1) 71Ga 39.892(9) >2.4x1026 y 4.7(2) 31.(3) 6.40(3) 0.12(1) sm = 0.15(5) 32Ge 2.2(1) 6.(2) 8.19(2) 68Ge 270.8 d 1.0(5) 70Ge 20.370(89) (0.3 + 2.7) 2.3(1) 10.0(1) 88.(5) mb 72Ge 27.380(60) 0.9(2) 0.8(3) 8.5(1) 0.07(2) 73Ge 7.759(78) >1.8x1023 y 15.(1) 66.(20) 5.02(4) 0.3(1) 74Ge 36.656(80) (0.14 + 0.28) (0.4+0.5) 7.6(1) 53.(7) mb 76Ge 7.835(81) 1.6x1021 y (0.09 + 0.06) (1.3+0.6) 8.2(15) 0.03(2) 33As 4.0(4) 61.(5) 6.58(1) 75As 100. 4.0(4) 61.(5) 6.58(1) 0.57(4) 34Se 12.(1) 14.(3) 7.970(9) 74Se 0.89(4) 50.(2) 520(50) 0.8(3) 0.2(1) 75Se 119.78 d 3.3(10)x102 76Se 9.37(29) (22. + 63.) (9.+31.) 12.2(1) 0.16(1) 77Se 7.63(16) 42.(4) 30.(5) 8.25(8) 0.3(1) sa = 0.97(3) mb 78Se 23.77(28) sm = 0.38(2) RIm = 4.3(4) 8.24(9) 0.1 80Se 49.61(41) (0.05+0.54) (0.15+0.85) 7.48(3) 42.(3) mb 82Se 8.73(22) ª 1x1020 y (39.+ 5.2) mb 39.(4) mb 6.34(8) 0.04(2) 35Br 6.8(2) 92.(8) 6.79(2) 76Br 16.0 h 224.(42) 79Br 50.69(7) (2.5+8.3) (36.+96.) 6.79(7) 0.63(4) sm = 0.08(1) 81Br 49.31(7) (2.4+0.24) 51.(5) 6.78(7) 0.31(2) 36Kr 24.(1) 39.(6) 7.81(2) 78Kr 0.353(3) >2.3x1020 y (0.17+6.) 20.(1) (0.11+0.19) 80Kr 2.286(10) (4.6+7.) 57.(6) (0.09+0.18) 82Kr 11.593(3) (14.+7.) 130.(13) 90.(6) mb 83Kr 11.500(19) 183.(30) 183.(20) 0.24(2) 84Kr 56.987(15) ( sm+ sg) = 0.11 2.4(3) (16.+33.) mb sm = 0.09 85Kr 10.73 y 1.7(2) 1.8(10) 0.07(2) 86Kr 17.279(41) 3.(2) mb ª 1. mb 8.1(3) 3.2(4) mb 37Rb 0.39(4) 6.(3) 7.08(2) 84Rb 32.9 d sp = 12.(2) 85Rb 72.17(2) (0.06+0.38) (0.7+7.) 7.0(1) 0.24(1) 86Rb 18.65 d <20. 87Rb 27.83(2) 4.88x1010 y 0.10(1) 2.3(4) 7.3(1) 16.(1) mb 88Rb 17.7 m 1.2(3) 0.5(1)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. 11-204NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 38Sr 1.2(1) 10.(1) 7.02(2) 84Sr 0.56(1) (0.6+0.2) (9.+1.) 0.4(1) 86Sr 9.86(1) sm = 0.81(4) RIm = 4.(1) 5.68(5) (48.+22.) mb 87Sr 7.00(1) 16.(3) 118.(30) 7.41(7) 97.(5) mb 88Sr 82.58(1) 5.8(4) mb 0.07(3) 7.16(6) 6.0(2) mb 89Sr 50.52 d 0.42(4) 0.2 90Sr 29.1 y 10.(1) mb 0.10(2) 39Y 1.25(5) 1.0(1) 7.75(2) 89Y 100. (0.001+1.25) (0.006+1.0) 7.75(2) 19.(1) mb 90Y 2.67 d <6.5 91Y 58.5 d 1.4(3) 0.6(1) 40Zr 0.19(1) 0.95(9) 7.16(3) sa <0.1 mb 90Zr 51.45(40) ª 0.014 0.2(1) 6.4(1) 21.(2) mb 91Zr 11.22(5) 1.2(3) 5.(2) 8.8(1) 60.(8) mb 92Zr 17.15(8) 0.2(1) 0.6(2) 7.5(2) 33.(4) mb 93Zr 1.5x106 y <4. 16.(5) 0.10(1) 94Zr 17.38(28) >1017 y 0.049(6) 0.25(3) 8.3(2) 26.(1) mb 96Zr 2.80(9) >1.7x1018 y 0.020(3) 5.0(5) 5.5(1) 11.(1) mb 41Nb 1.11(1) 8.5(6) 7.14(3) sa <0.1 mb 93Nb 100. 1.1 (6.3+2.2) 7.14(3) 266.(5) mb sm = 0.86 94Nb 2.4x104 y( sm+ sg) = 15.(1) 126.(13) sm = 0.6(1) 95Nb 34.97 d <7. <200. 42Mo 2.5(1) 26.(5) 6.72(2) sa <0.1 mb 92Mo 14.77(31) >3x1017 y 0.06 ª 0.8 6.93(8) 0.07(1) sm = 0.2 mb 94Mo 9.226(99) 0.02 ª 0.8 6.82(7) 0.10(2) 95Mo 15.900(85) 13.4(3) 109.(5) 6.93(6) 0.29(1) sa = 30.(4) mb 96Mo 16.674(12) 0.5 17.(3) 6.22(6) 0.11(1) 97Mo 9.560(50) 2.5(2) 14.(3) 7.26(8) 0.34(1) sa = 0.4(2) mb 98Mo 24.20(25) 0.14(1) 7.2(7) 6.60(7) 0.10(1) 100Mo 9.67(20) ª 1x1019 y 0.19(1) 3.6(3) 6.75(7) 0.11(1) 43Tc 98Tc ª 6.6x106 y sm = 0.9(2) 99Tc 2.13x105 y 23.(2) 4.0(4)x1026.8(3) 0.93(5) 44Ru 2.6 (1) 48.(5) 7.03(3) 96Ru 5.54(14) >3.1x1016 y 0.23(4) 7.(2) 0.21(1) 98Ru 1.87(3) < 8. 0.3(1) 99Ru 12.76(14) 4.(1) 195.(20) 1.2(3) 100Ru 12.60(7) 5.8(6) 11.(2) 0.21(1)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. TeamLRN11-205NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 101Ru 17.06(2) 5.(1) 1.1(3)x1021.00(4) sa <0.15 mb 102Ru 31.55(14) 1.2(1) 4.3(5) 0.15(1) 103Ru 39.27 d <20. ª 30. 104Ru 18.62(27) 0.49(2) 6.(2) 0.15(1) 105Ru 4.44 h 0.29(3) 0.13(1) 106Ru 1.020 y 0.15(4) 2.0(6) 45Rh 145.(2) 1.2(1)x1035.88(4) 103Rh 100. (11.+ 134.) (0.08+1.1)x1035.88(4) 0.81(1) 104mRh 4.36 m 800.(100) 104Rh 42.3 s 40.(30) 105Rh 35.4 h 1.1(3)x1041.7(4)x104 46Pd 7.(1) 82.(8) 5.91(6) 102Pd 1.02(1) 3.2(10) 10.(2) 0.3(1) 104Pd 11.14(8) 16.(2) 0.29(3) 105Pd 22.33(8) 22.(2) 60.(20) 5.5(3) 1.20(6) sa = 0.5(2) mb 106Pd 27.33(3) (0.013+0.28) (0.2+5.5) 6.4(4) 0.25(3) 107Pd 6.5x106 y 1.8(2) 108.(4) 1.34(6) 108Pd 26.46(9) (0.19+8.5) (2.+240.) 4.1(3) 0.20(2) 110Pd 11.72(9) (0.033+0.7) (0.7+8.) 0.15(2) 47Ag 62.(1) 767.(60) 5.922(7) 107Ag 51.839(8) (1.+35.) (3.+105.) 7.56(1) 0.80(3) 109Ag 48.161(8) (4.1 + 87.) (0.7+14.1)x1024.17(1) 0.79(3) 110mAg 249.8 d 82.(11) 20.(4) 111Ag 7.47 d 3.(2) 105.(20) 48Cd 2.52(5)x10373.(8) 4.87(5) 106Cd 1.25(6) >2.6x1017 y 0.20(3) 4.(1) 0.30(2) 108Cd 0.89(3) >4.1x1017 y 1. 14.(3) 5.4(1) 0.20(1) 109Cd 462.0 d ª 180. 6.7(12)x103 sa <0.05 110Cd 12.49(18) (0.06+11.) (6.+34.) 5.9(1) (0.01+0.22) 111Cd 12.80(12) 3.5(20) 51.(6) 6.5(1) 0.75(1) 112Cd 24.13(21) (0.012+2.2) 15. 6.4(1) 0.19(1) 113Cd 12.22(12) 7.7x1015 y 2.06(4)x104390.(40) - 8.0(2) 0.67(1) sa <1. mb 114Cd 28.73(42) (0.04+0.29) 16.(7) 7.5(1) (0.01+0.12) 116Cd 7.49(18) 3.8x1019 y (26.+52.) mb 1.2 6.3(1) (12.+47.) mb 49In 197.(4) 3.3(2)x1034.07(2) 113In 4.29(5) (3.1+5.0+3.9) (220.+90.) 5.39(6) (0.48+0.31) 115In 95.71(5) 4.4x1014 y (88.+73.+44.) (1.5+1.2+0.7)x1034.01(2) (0.69+0.02) 50Sn 0.61(3) 8.(2) 6.225(2) 112Sn 0.97(1) (0.15+0.40) (8.+19.) 0.21(1) 113Sn 115.1 d ª 9. 210.(50) 114Sn 0.66(1) ª 0.12 5.(1) 6.2(3) 134.(3) mb 115Sn 0.34(1) sa = 0.06 mb 29.(6) 0.34(1) 116Sn 14.54(9) (0.006+0.14) (0.5+11.) 5.93(5) 91.(2) mb 117Sn 7.68(7) 1.1(1) 16.(5) 6.48(5) 319.(7) mbElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. 11-206NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 118Sn 24.22(9) sm = 4. mb 4.7(5) 6.07(5) 62.(1) mb 119Sn 8.59(4) 2.(1) 2.9(5) 6.12(5) 0.18(1) 120Sn 32.58(9) (0.001+0.13) 1.2(3) 6.49(5) (0.5+36.) mb 122Sn 4.63(3) (0.15+0.001) 0.81(4) 5.74(5) (18.+4.) mb 124Sn 5.79(5) >2.2x1018 y (0.13+0.004) (8.0+0.08) 5.97(5) 12.(2) mb 51Sb 5.2(2) 169.(20) 5.57(3) 121Sb 57.21(5) (0.4+5.8) (13.+192.) 5.71(6) 0.53(2) 123Sb 42.79(5) (0.02+0.04+4.0) (1.+119.) 5.38(7) 0.30(1) 124Sb 60.20 d 17.(3) ª 8. 52Te 4.2(1) 47.(3) 5.80(3) 120Te 0.09(1) (1.+5.) ª 1. 5.3(5) 0.4(1) 122Te 2.55(12) (0.4+3.) (5.+75.) 3.8(2) 295.(3) mb 123Te 0.89(3) >5.3x1016 y 370.(40) 4.5(3)x103- 0.05 0.83(1) sa = 0.05 mb 124Te 4.74(14) (1.+6.) (1.4+4.) 8.0(1) 155.(2) mb 125Te 7.07(15) 1.1(2) 21.(4) 5.02(8) 431.(4) mb 126Te 18.84(25) (0.12+0.8) (0.6+7.4) 5.56(7) (28.+53.) mb 128Te 31.74(8) 2.2x1024 y (0.03+0.2) (0.2+1.6) 5.89(7) (3.+41.) mb 130Te 34.08(62) 8.x1020 y (0.01+0.19) (0.03+0.3) 6.02(7) (4.+11.) mb 53I 6.2(1) 1.5(1)x1025.28(2) 125I 59.4 d 900.(100) 1.4(2)x104 127I 100. 6.2(1) 1.5(1)x1025.28(2) 0.64(3) 128I 25.00 m 22.(4) ª 10. 129I 1.7x107 y (20.7+10.3) 36.(4) 0.44(2) 130I 12.36 h 18.(3) ª 8. 131I 8.021 d ª 0.7 8.(4) 54Xe 25.(1) 263.(50) 4.92(3) 124Xe 0.0953(27) >1017 y (28.+137.) (0.6+3.0)x103(0.13+0.51) 125Xe 17.1 h sa < 0.03 126Xe 0.0890(14) (0.45+3.) (8.+52.) (0.04+0.32) 127Xe 36.34 d sa £ 0.01 128Xe 1.910(22) sm = 0.48 RIm = 38.(10) 0.26(1) 129Xe 26.40(18) 22.(5) 250.(50) 0.62(2) 130Xe 4.071(53) sm = 0.45 RIm = 16.(4) 0.132(3) 131Xe 21.233(62) 90.(10) 9.(1)x1020.45(8) 132Xe 26.9087(680) (0.05+0.4) (0.9+3.7) (5.+60.) mb 133Xe 5.243 d 190.(90) 134Xe 10.436(29) >1.1x1016 y (0.003 + 0.26) 0.40(4) 20.(2) mb 135Xe 9.10 h 2.65(11)x106 7.6(5)x103 136Xe 8.858(33) >8x1020 y 0.26(2) 0.7(2) 0.9(1) mb 55Cs 30.4(8) 422.(50) 5.42(2) 132Cs 6.48 d sa < 0.15 133Cs 100. (2.7+27.3) (32.+360.) 5.42(2) (0.04+0.47) 134Cs 2.065 y 140.(10) 54.(9) 135Cs 2.3x106 y 8.3(3) 38.(3) 137Cs 30.2 y (0.20+0.07) 0.36(7) 56Ba 1.3(2) 10.(2) 5.07(3) 130Ba 0.106(1) 2.2x1021 y (1.+8.) (25.+200.) - 3.6(6) 0.76(11)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. TeamLRN11-207NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 132Ba 0.101(1) 1.3x1021 y (0.84+9.7) (4.7+24.) 7.8(3) 0.6(1) 133Ba 10.53 y 4.(1) 85.(30) 134Ba 2.417(18) (0.1+1.3) (5.6+18.) 5.7(1) 0.18(1) 135Ba 6.592(12) (0.014+5.8) (0.47+131.) 4.7(1) 0.46(2) 136Ba 7.854(24) (0.010+0.44) (0.1+1.5) 4.91(8) 61.(2) mb 137Ba 11.232(24) 5.(1) 4.(1) 6.8(1) 76.(3) mb 138Ba 71.698(42) 0.41(2) 0.4(1) 4.84(8) 4.0(2) mb 139Ba 1.396 h 5.(1) 2.2(5) 140Ba 12.75 d 1.6(3) 14.(1) 57La 9.2(2) 12.(1) 8.24(4) 138La 0.090(1) 1.06x1011 y 57.(6) 4.1(9)x102 139La 99.910(1) 9.2(2) 12.(1) 8.24(4) 38.(3) mb 140La 1.678 d 2.7(3) 69.(4) 58Ce 0.64(4) 0.71(6) 4.84(2) 136Ce 0.185(2) (1.0+6.5) 58.(12) 5.80(9) (0.028+0.3) 138Ce 0.251(2) (0.025+1.0) (1.5+5.2) 6.70(9) 179.(5) mb 140Ce 88.450(51) 0.58(4) 0.50(5) 4.84(9) 11.0(4) mb 141Ce 32.50 d 29.(3) 13.(2) 142Ce 11.114(51) >1.6x1017 y 0.97(3) 1.3(3) 4.75(9) 28.(1) mb 143Ce 1.38 d 6.1(7) 2.7(3) 144Ce 284.6 d 1.0(1) 2.6(3) 59Pr 11.5(4) 14.(3) 4.58(5) 141Pr 100. (4.+7.5) 14.(3) 4.58(5) 111.(2) mb 142Pr 19.12 h 20.(3) 9.(1) 143Pr 13.57 d 90.(10) 190.(25) 60Nd 51.(2) 49.(5) 7.69(5) 142Nd 27.2(5) 19.(1) 34.(11) 7.7(3) 35.(1) mb 143Nd 12.2(2) 330.(10) 128.(30) 0.24(1) sa = 17. mb 144Nd 23.8(3) 2.1x1015 y 3.6(3) 3.9(5) 2.8(3) 81.(2) mb 145Nd 8.3(1) 47.(6) 260.(40) 0.42(1) sa = 12. mb 146Nd 17.2(3) 1.5(2) 3.0(4) 8.7(2) 91.(1) mb 147Nd 10.98 d 440.(150) 200. 148Nd 5.7(1) 2.4(1) 13.(2) 5.7(3) 147.(2) mb 150Nd 5.6(2) ª 1x1019 y 1.0(1) 14.(2) 5.3(2) 0.16(1) 61Pm 146Pm 5.53 y 8.4(1.7)x103 147Pm 2.623 y (84.+96.) (1000.+1280.) 12.6(4) 2.(1) 148mPm 41.3 d 10600.(800) 148Pm 5.37 d ª 1032.6(2.4)x103 149Pm 2.212 d 1400.(200) 151Pm 1.183 d ª 150. 62Sm 5.6(1)x1031.4(2)x103 144Sm 3.07(7) 1.6(1) 2.4(3) 92.(6) mb 145Sm 340. d 280.(20) 600.(90) 147Sm 14.99(18) 1.06x1011 y 56.(4), sa = 0.6 mb 710.(50) 14.(3) 0.97(1) 148Sm 11.24(10) 7x1015 y 2.4(6) 27.(14) 241.(2) mbElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. 11-208NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 149Sm 13.82(7) 1016 y 4.01(6)x104, sa = 31. mb 3.1(5)x1031.82(2) 150Sm 7.38(1) 102.(5) 290.(30) 14.(3) 422.(4) mb 151Sm 90. y 1.52(3)x1043520.(60) 2.(1) 152Sm 26.75(16) 206.(15) 3.0(3)x103- 5.0(6) 473.(4) mb 153Sm 1.929 d 420.(180) 154Sm 22.75(29) 7.5(3) 32.(6) 9.(1) 0.21(1) 63Eu 4570.(100) 3.8(5)x1035.3(3) 151Eu 47.81(6) (4.+3150.+6000.) (2.+4.)x103(1.6+2.2) sa = 8.7(3) mb 152m1Eu 9.30 h 6.8(15)x104< 105 152Eu 13.5 y 1.1(2)x1041.6(2)x1035.(2) 153Eu 52.19(6) 300.(20), sa <1. mb 1.8(4)x1038.2(1) 2.8(1) 154Eu 8.59 y 1.5(3)x1031.6(2)x1034.4(7) 155Eu 4.76 y 3.9(2)x1031.6(2)x1041.3(1) 64Gd 48.8(6)x103400.(10) 9.5(2) 148Gd 75. y 1.40(14)x104 152Gd 0.20(1) 1.1x1014 y 700.(200), sa <7. mb 700.(200) 1.05(2) 153Gd 240. d 2.(1)x104, sa = 0.03 154Gd 2.18(3) (0.035+60.) 230.(50) 1.03(1) 155Gd 14.80(12) 61.(1)x103, sa = .08 mb 1540.(100) 2.65(3) 156Gd 20.47(9) ª 2.0 104.(15) 6.3(4) 615.(5) mb 157Gd 15.65(2) 2.54(3)x105, sa <0.05 800.(100) 1.37(2) 158Gd 24.84(7) 2.3(3) 73.(7) 9.(2) 324.(3) mb 160Gd 21.86(19) >1.9x1019 y 1.5(7) 6.(1) 9.15(5) 0.15(2) 161Gd 3.66 m 2.0(6)x104 65Tb 23.2(5) 420.(50) 7.34(2) 159Tb 100. 23.2(5) 420.(50) 7.34(2) 1.6(2) 160Tb 72.3 d 570.(110) 66Dy 9.5(2)x1021.5(2)x10316.9(3) 156Dy 0.056(3) 33.(3), sa < 9. mb 1000.(100) 1.6(2) 158Dy 0.095(3) 43.(6), sa < 6. mb 120.(10) 6.1(5) 0.8(2) 159Dy 144. d 8.(2)x103 160Dy 2.39(18) 60.(10), sa < 0.3 mb 1100.(200) 6.7(4) 0.89(1) 161Dy 18.889(42) 600.(50), sa < 1. mb 1100.(100) 10.3(4) 1.96(2) 162Dy 25.475(36) 170.(20) 2755.(300) - 1.4(5) 446.(4) mb 163Dy 24.896(42) 120.(10), sa < 20. mb 1600.(400) 5.0(4) 1.11(1) 164Dy 28.260(54) (1.7+1.0)x103(4.+2.)x10249.4(2) 212.(3) mb 165mDy 1.26 m 2.0(6)x103 165Dy 2.33 h 3.5(3)x1032.2(3)x104 67Ho 61.(2) 670.(40) 8.01(8) 163Ho 4.57x103 y (0.4+1.7) 165Ho 100. (3.1+58.), sa < 20. mb (?+670.) 8.01(8) (0.8+0.5) 166mHo 1.2x103 y 3.1(8)x10310.(3)x103 68Er 1.5(2)x102730.(10) 7.79(2) 162Er 0.139(5) 19.(3), sa < 11. mb 480.(50) 8.8(2) 1.6(1) 164Er 1.601(3) 13.(3), sa < 1.2 mb 105.(10) 8.2(2) 1.08(5) 166Er 33.503(36) (3.+14.), sa < 70. mb 96.(12) 10.6(2) 0.56(6) 167Er 22.869(9) 6.5(8)x102, sa = 3. mb 2970.(70) 3.0(3) 1.4(2)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. TeamLRN11-209NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 168Er 26.978(18) 2.3(3), sa = 0.09 mb 37.(5) 7.4(4) 0.34(4) 170Er 14.910(36) 8.(2) 26.(4) 9.6(5) 0.17(1) 171Er 7.52 h 370.(40) 170.(20) 69Tm 108.(4) 1.5(2)x1037.07(3) 169Tm 100 (8.+100.) 1.5(2)x1037.07(3) 1.13(6) 170Tm 128.6 d 100.(20) 460.(50) 171Tm 1.92 y ª 160. 118.(6) 70Yb 52.(10) 1.7(2)x10212.43(3) 168Yb 0.13(1) 2.4(2)x103, sa < 0.1 mb 2.0(5)x104-4.07(2) 0.7(4) 169Yb 32.02 d 3.6(3)x1035200.(500) 170Yb 3.04(15) 12.(2), sa < 10. mb 320.(30) 6.8(1) 0.77(1) 171Yb 14.28(57) 53.(5), sa < 1.5 mb 315.(30) 9.7(1) 1.21(1) 172Yb 21.83(67) ª 1.3, sa < 1. mb 25.(3) 9.4(1) 0.34(1) 173Yb 16.13(27) 16.(2), sa < 1. mb 380.(30) 9.56(7) 0.75(1) 174Yb 31.83(92) (46.+17.), sa < 0.02 mb (13.+16.) 19.3(1) 151.(2) mb 176Yb 12.76(41) 3.1(2), sa < 1. mb 8.(2) 8.7(1) 116.(2) mb 71Lu 78.(7) 8.3(7)x1027.21(3) 175Lu 97.41(2) (16.+8.) (550.+270.) 7.24(3) (1.04+0.11) 176Lu 2.59(2) 3.73x1010 y (2.+2100.) (3.+930.) 6.1(2) 1.53(7) 177mLu 160.7 d 3.2(3) 1.4(2) 177Lu 6.65 d 1000.(300) 72Hf 106.(3) 19.7(5)x1027.8(1) 174Hf 0.16(1) 2.0x1015 y 600.(50) 400.(50) 11.(1) 0.8(2) 176Hf 5.26(7) 23.(4) 700.(100) 6.6(2) 0.46(2) 177Hf 18.60(9) (1.+375.), sa < 20. mb 7170.(200) 1.5(1) 178m2Hf 31. y sm2 = 45.(5) RIm2 = 8(1)x102 178Hf 27.28(7) (54.+32.) (0.9+1.0)x1035.9(2) 0.31(1) 179Hf 13.62(2) (0.43+46.) (6.8+620.) 7.5(2) (0.01+0.95) 180Hf 35.08(16) 13.0(5), sa < 13. mb 32.(1) 13.2(3) 179.(5) mb 181Hf 42.4 d 30.(25) 73Ta 20.(1) 650(20.) 6.91(7) 179Ta 1.8 y 9.3(6)x1021.22(7)x103 180mTa 0.012(2) > 1.2x1015 y ª 560. 1350.(100) 181Ta 99.988(2) (0.012 + 20.), sa <1. mb (0.4+650.) 6.91(7) 0.77(2) 182Ta 114.43 d 8200.(600) 900.(90) 74W 18.(1) 3.6(3)x1024.86(2) 180W 0.12(1) 7.4x1016 y ª 4. 210.(30) 0.54(6) 182W 26.50(16) 8.3x1018 y 20.(1) 600.(90) 6.97(4) 274.(8) mb 183W 14.31(4) 1.9x1018 y 10.5(3) 340.(50) 6.53(4) 0.52(2) 184W 30.64(2) 4.0x1018 y (0.002 + 2.0) 15.(2) 7.48(6) 0.22(1) 185W 74.8 d ª 3.3 300.(50) 186W 28.43(19) 6.5x1018 y 37.(2) 510.(50) - 0.72(4) 176.(5) mb 187W 23.9 h 70.(10) 2760.(550) 188W 69.78 h 12.(1) 75Re 90.(4) 8.4(2)x1029.2(3) 185Re 37.40(2) (0.33+110.) 1700.(50) 9.0(3) 1.54(6)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. 11-210NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 187Re 62.60(2) 4.2x1010 y (2.+72.) (9.+310.) 9.3(3) 1.16(6) 76Os 17.(1) 1.5(1)x10210.7(2) 184Os 0.02(1) >5.6x1013 y 3.3(3)x103, sa <10. mb 1.4(1)x1030.4(2) 186Os 1.59(3) 2.x1015 y ª 80., sa < 0.1 mb 3.8(9)x10212(2) 0.42(2) 187Os 1.96(2) 2.(1)x102, sa < 0.1 mb 5.0(7)x1020.90(3) 188Os 13.24(8) ª 5., sa < 30. mb 1.5(2)x1027.6(3) 0.40(2) 189Os 16.15(5) (0.00026+40.), sa<10. mb (0.013+670.) 10.7(3) 1.17(5) 190Os 26.26(2) (9.+4.), sa < 20. mb (22.+8.) 11.0(3) 0.30(5) 191Os 15.4 d 3.8(6)x1021.7(3)x102 192Os 40.78(19) 3.(1), sa < 10. mb 7.(1) 11.5(4) 0.31(5) 193Os 30.5 h 2.5(5)x1021.1(2)x102 77Ir 4.2(1)x1022.8(4)x10310.6(3) 191Ir 37.3(2) (0.14+660.+260.) (1.0+4.2)x1031.35(4) 192Ir 73.83 d 1.4(3)x1034.8(7)x103 193Ir 62.7(2) (0.04+6.+109.) 1.4(2)x1030.99(7) 194Ir 19.3 h 1.6(3)x1037.(2)x102 78Pt 10.(1) 1.3(1)x1029.60(1) 190Pt 0.014(1) 4.5x1011 y 1.5(1)x102, sa < 8. mb 70.(10) 9.(1) 0.7(2) 192Pt 0.782(7) (2.0+6.), sa < 0.2 mb 115.(20) 9.9(5) 0.6(1) 194Pt 32.967(99) (0.1+1.1), sa < 5. mb (4.+?) 10.55(8) (0.03+0.34) 195Pt 33.832(10) 28.(1), sa < 5. mb 365.(50) 8.8(1) 0.9(2) 196Pt 25.242(41) (0.045+0.55) 7.(2) 9.89(8) (0.01+0.19) 198Pt 7.163(55) (0.3+3.1) (5.+53.) 7.8(1) (3.+79.) mb 199Pt 30.8 m ª 15. ª 7. 79Au 98.7(1) 1.55(3)x1037.63(6) 197Au 100. sm+g = 98.7(1) RIm+g = 1.55(3)x1037.63(6) 582.(9) mb sm = 8.(2) mb RIm = 0.06(2) 198Au 2.695 d 26.5(15)x103ª 4.x104 199Au 3.14 d ª 30. 80Hg 3.7(1)x10287.(5) 12.69(2) 196Hg 0.15(1) >2.5x1018 y (105.+3000.) (53.+410.) 30.(1) 0.4(2) 198Hg 9.97(8) (0.017+2.) (1.7+70.) 0.17(2) 199Hg 16.87(10) 2.1(2)x103435(20) 16.9(4) 0.37(2) 200Hg 23.10(16) ª 1. 2.1(5) 0.12(1) 201Hg 13.18(8) ª 8. 30.(3) 0.26(1) 202Hg 29.86(20) 4.9(5) 4.5(2) 11.(1) 74.(6) mb 204Hg 6.87(4) 0.4(1) 0.8(2) 42.(4) mb 81Tl 3.3(1) 12.5(8) 8.776(5) 203Tl 29.524(14) 11.(1), sa < 0.3 mb 41.(2) 7.0(2) 124.(8) mb 204Tl 3.78 y 22.(2) 90.(20) 0.14(5) 205Tl 70.476(14) 0.11(2) 0.6(2) 9.52(7) 54.(4) mb 82Pb 0.172(2) 0.14(4) 9.402(2) 204Pb 1.4(1) 0.68(7) 2.0(2) 10.9(1) 90.(6) mb 205Pb 1.51x107 y ª 5. ª 2. 0.06(1) 206Pb 24.1(1) 0.027(1) 0.10(1) 9.23(5) 16.(1) mb 207Pb 22.1(1) 0.61(3) 0.38(1) 9.28(2) 10.(1) mbElem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. TeamLRN11-211NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 208Pb 52.4(1) >2x1019 y 0.23(1) mb, sa < 8. mb 2.0(2) mb 9.50(3) 0.36(4) mb 210Pb 22.6 y < 0.5 83Bi 0.034(1) 0.19(2) 8.532(2) 209Bi 100. (11.+23.) mb, sa<0.3 mb 0.19(2) 8.532(2) 2.7(5) mb 210mBi 3.0x106 y 54.(4) mb 0.20(3) 84Po 210Po 138.4 d sm<0.5 mb, sa < 2. mb sg<30. mb, sf< 0.1 85At 86Rn 220Rn 55.6 s <0.2 222Rn 3.823 d 0.74(5) 88Ra 223Ra 11.43 d 1.3(2)x102, sf< 0.7 224Ra 3.66 d 12.0(5) 226Ra 1599. y ª 13., sf< 7. mb 280.(50) 10.(1) 228Ra 5.76 y 36.(5), sf< 2. 89Ac 227Ac 21.77 y 8.8(7)x102, sf< 0.35 mb 1.5(4)x103 90Th 7.4 85.(3) 10.31(3) 227Th 18.72 d sf = 2.0(2)x102 228Th 1.913 y 1.2(2)x102, sf<0.3 1014.(400) 229Th 7.9x103 y ª 60. 1.0(2)x103 sf = 30.(3) RIf = 466.(75) 230Th 7.54x104 y 23.4(5) 1.0(1)x103 sf < 0.5 mb 232Th 100. 1.40x1010 y 7.37(4) 85.(3) 10.31(3) sf = 3.(1) mb sa < 1. mb 233Th 22.3 m 1.5(1)x1034.(1)x102 sf = 15.(2) 234Th 24.10 d 1.8(5) sf < 0.01 91Pa 230Pa 17.4 d 1.5(3)x103 231Pa 3.25x104 y 2.0(1)x102750.(80) 9.1(3) sf = 20.(1) mb RIf = 0.05(1) 232Pa 1.31 d 4.6(10)x102 300.(70) sf = 1.5(5)x103 RIf = 1.0(1)x103 233Pa 27.0 d 39.(2) (460.+440.) sm = 20.(4) sg = 19.(3) sf < 0.1 92U 3.4(3); sf = 4.2(1) 280.(20),RIf = 2.0 8.417(5)Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. 11-212NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 230U 20.8 d sf ª 25. 231U 4.2 d sf ª 250. 232U 70. y 73.(2) 280.(15) sf = 74.(8) RIf = 350.(30) 233U 1.592x105 y 47.(2) 137.(6) 10.1(2) sf = 5.3(1)x102RIf = 760.(17) sa < 0.2 mb 234U 0.0054(5) 2.455x105 y 96.(2) 660.(70) 12.(4) sf = 0.07(2) RIf = 6.5 235U 0.7204(6) 7.04x108 y 95.(5) 144.(6) 10.47(4) sf = 586.(2) RIf = 275(5) sa < 0.1 mb 236U 2.342x107 y 5.1(3) 360.(15) sf < 1.3 mb RIf = 4.38(50) 237U 6.75 d ª 1021200.(200) sf < 0.35 238U 99.2742(10) 4.47x109 y 2.7(1) 277.(3) 8.402(5) sf ª 3. mb 1.54(15) mb sa = 1.4(5) mb 239U 23.5 m 22.(2) sf = 15.(3) 93Np 234Np 4.4 d sf = 9.(3)x102 235Np 1.085 y 1.6(1)x102 236mNp 22.5 h sf = 2.7(2)x1037.(4)x102 236Np 1.55x105 y sf = 3.0(2)x1031.35(30)x103 237Np 2.14x106 y 1.7(1)x1026.5(3)x10210.6(1) sf = 20.(1) mb RIf = 4.7 238Np 2.117 d sf = 2.6(3)x1031.4(3)x103 239Np 2.355 d (32.+19.) sf < 1. 94Pu 236Pu 2.87 y sf = 1.6(3)x1021000.(60) 237Pu 45.7 d sf = 2.3(3)x103 238Pu 87.7 y 5.1(2)x1021.6(2)x10214.1(5) sf = 17.(1) RIf = 26.(2) 239Pu 2.410 x 104 y 2.7(1)x1022.0(2)x1027.7(1) sf = 752.(3) 3.0(1)x102 sa £ 0.3 mb 240Pu 6.56x103 y 2.9(1)x1028.4(3)x1033.5(1) sf ª 59. mb RIf = 3.2 241Pu 14.4 y 3.7(1)x102, sa <0.2 mb 1.6(1)x102 sf = 1.01(1)x1035.7(4)x102 242Pu 3.75 x 105 y 19.(1) 1.1(1)x1038.1(1) sf<0.2 RIf = 0.23 243Pu 4.956 h <100. sf = 2.0(2)x102 244Pu 8.00x107 y 1.7(1) 41.(3) 245Pu 10.5 h 1.5(3)x102220.(40) 95Am 241Am 432.7 y (0.6+6.4)x102(1.+14.)x102 sf = 3.15(10) 14.(1) 242mAm 141. y 1.7(4)x103ª 200. sf = 5.9(3)x103RIf = 1.8(1)x103Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. TeamLRN11-213NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) 242Am 16.02 h sf = 2.1(2)x103RIf = < 300. 3.3(5)x102ª 1.5x102 243Am 7.37x103 y (75.+5.) (17.1+1.0)x1028.3(2) sf = 79.(2) mb RIf = 0.056 244mAm ª 26. m sf = 1.6(3)x103 244Am 10.1 h sf = 2.2(3)x103 96Cm 242Cm 162.8 d ª 20. 120.(50) sf ª 5. 243Cm 29.1 y 1.3(1)x102214.(20) sf = 6.2(2)x102RIf = 1.6(1)x103 244Cm 18.1 y 15.(1) 640.(50) 9.5(3) sf = 1.1(2) RIf = 10.8(8) 245Cm 8.48x103 y 3.5(2)x102110.(10) sf = 2.1(1)x103RIf = 8.(1)x102 246Cm 4.76x103 y 1.2(2) 120.(10) 9.3(2) sf = 0.16(7) 13.(2) 247Cm 1.56x107 y 60.(30) 5.(1)x102 sf = 82.(5) 7.3(7)x102 248Cm 3.48x105 y 2.6(3) 270.(30) 7.7(2) sf = 0.36(7) 13.(2) 249Cm 64.15 m ª 1.6 250Cm ª 9.7x103 y ª 80. 97Bk 249Bk 320. d 7.(1)x1029.(1)x102 sf ª 0.1 250Bk 3.217 h sf = 1.0(2)x103 98Cf 249Cf 351. y 5.0(3)x1027.7(4)x102 sf = 1.7(1)x103RIf = 2.1(3)x103 250Cf 13.1 y 2.0(2)x10312.(2)x103 sf = 110.(90) RIf = 160.(40) 251Cf 9.0x102 y 2.9(2)x1031.6(1)x103 sf = 4.5(5)x103RIf = 5.5(3)x103 252Cf 2.65 y 20.(2) 43.(3) sf = 32.(4) RIf = 1.1(3)x102 253Cf 17.8 d 18.(2) 8.(1) sf = 1.3(2)x103 254Cf 60.5 d 4.5(10) 2. 99Es 253Es 20.47 d (180.+5.8) (37.5+1.1)x102 254mEs 1.64 d sf = 1.8(1)x103 254Es 276. d 28.(3) 18.(2) sf = 1.8(2)x103RIf = 1.2(3)x103 255Es 40. d ª 55. 100Fm 255Fm 20.1 h 26.(3) 14.(2) sf = 3.3(2)x103 257Fm 100.5 d sf = 3.0(2)x103Elem. or Isot.Natural Abundance (%) Half-LifeThermal Neut. Cross- Section (barns)Resonance Integral (barns)Coh. Scat. Length (fm)ssss (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) *Extrapolated value. 11-167COSMIC RADIATION A.G. Gregory and R.W. Clay The Nature of Cosmic Rays Primary cosmic radiation, in the form of high energy nuclear particles, electrons and photons from outside the solar system and from the Sun, continually bombards our atmosphere. Secondary radiation, resulting from the interaction of the primary cosmic rays with atmosp heric gas, is present at sea-level and throughout the atmosphere. The secondary radiation is collimated by absorption and scattering in the atmosphere and consists of a number of components ass ociated with different particle species. High energy primary particles can produce large numbers of secondary particles forming an extensive air shower. Thus, a number of particles may then be detected simultaneously at sea-level. Primary particle energies accessible in the vicinity of the earth range from ~108 eV to ~1020 eV. At the lower energies, the limit is determined by the inability of charged particles to traverse the heliosphere to us through the outward-moving solar wind. The upper energy li mit is set by the practicality of building detectors to record particles with the extremely low fluxes found at those energies (J.G. Wilson, 1976 ; O.C. Allkofer, 1975a). Primary Cosmic Rays Primary Particle Energy Spectrum Figure 1 shows the spectrum of primary particle energies. This includes all particle species. In differential form it is roughl y a power law of intensity versus energy with an index of ~ –3. There appears to be a knee (a steepening) at a little above 1015 eV and an ankle (a flattening) above ~1018 eV. Figure 2 emphasizes the features in the spectrum at the highest energies through multiplying the flux with a strongly rising po wer law of energy. This figure should be used with caution as errors for the two axes are not now independent. Data on the high energy cosmic ray spectrum are uncertain largely because of limited event statistics due to the very low flux which might best be measured in particles per square kilometer per century. The highest energy event recorded to 1995 had an energy of 3 × 1020 eV (D.J. Bird et al., 1993). It is expected that the highest energy cosmic rays will interact with the 2.7 K cosmic microwave background through photoproduc tion or photodisintegration. These interactions will appreciably reduce the observed flux of cosmic rays with energies above 5 × 1019 eV if they travel further than ~150 million light years. This process is known as the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz’min (GZK) cut off (P. Sokolsky, 1989). At energies below ~1013 eV, solar system magnetic fields and plasma can modulate the primary component and Figure 3 shows the extent of this modulation between solar maximum and minimum (E. Juliusson, 1975; J. Linsley, 1981). Primary Particle Energy Density If the above spectrum is corrected for solar effects, the energy density above a particle energy of 109 eV outside the solar system is found to be ~5 × 105 eV m–3. As the threshold energy is increased, the energy density decreases rapidly, being 2 × 104 eV m–3 above 1012 eV and 102 eV m–3 above 1015 eV. The energy density at lower energies outside the heliosphere is unknown but may be substantially greater if the particle r est mass energy is included together with the kinetic energy (A. W. Wolfendale, 1979). Primary Particle Isotropy This is measured as an anisotropy ( Imax – Imin)/(Imax + Imin) × 100%, where I, the intensity (m–2s–1sr –1), is usually measured with an angular resolution of a few degrees. The measured anisotropy is small and energy dependent. It is roughly constant in amplitude at between 0.05 and 0.1% (with a pha se of 0 to 6 hours in right ascension) for energies between 1011 eV and 1014 eV and appears to increase at higher energies roughly as 0.4 × (Energy(eV)/1016)0.5% up to ~1018 eV. The latter rise may well be an artifact of the progressively more limited statistics as the flux drops rapidly with energy . It appears possible that a real anisotropy has been observed at the highest energies (above a few times 1019 eV) with a directional preference for the supergalactic plane (this plane reflects the directions of galaxies within about 100 million light years) (A.W. Wolfendale, 1979; R.W. Clay, 1987; T. Stanev et al., 1995). Primary Particle Composition The composition of low energy cosmic rays is close to universal nuclear abundances except where propagation effects are present . For example, Li, Be, and B which are spallation products, are over-abundant by about six orders of magnitude. Composition at 1011 eV per nucleus Charge 1 2 (3–5) (6–8) (10–14) (16–24) (26–28) ≥30 % Composition 50 25 1 12 7 4 4 0.1 (10% uncertainty) Measurements at higher energies indicate that there is an increase in the relative abundances of nuclei with charge greater tha n 6 at energies above 50 TeV/nucleus (K. Asakimori et al., 1993) (1 TeV = 1012 eV). Cosmic ray composition at low energies is often quoted at a fixed energy per nucleon. When presented in this way, protons const itute roughly 90% of the flux, helium nuclei about 10% and the remainder sum to a total of about 1%. Certain radioactive isotopic ratios show lifetime effects. The ratio of Be10/B9 abundances is used to measure an “age” of cosmic rays since Be10 is unstable with a half life of about 1.6 × 106 years. A ratio of 0.6 is expected in the absence of Be10 decay and a ratio of about 0.2 is found experimentally (E. Juliusson, 1975; P. Meyer, 1981). TeamLRN11-168FIGURE 1. The energy spectrum of cosmic ray particles. This spectrum is of a differential form and can be converted to an integral spectrum by integration over all energies above a required threshold (E). Insofar as the spectrum approximates a power law ofindex –3, a simple conversion to the integral at an energy E/1.8 is obtained by multiplying the differential flux by the energy and dividing by 0.62. FIGURE 2. Energy spectrum at the highest energies. This spectrum (after Yoshida et al., 1995) has the differential spectrum multiplied by energy cubed. It is from a compilation of a numberof measurements and indicates the good general agreement at the lower energies and a spread due to inadequate statistics at the highest energies. FIGURE 3. Energy spectrum of particles at lower energies. (a) Solar minimum proton energy spectrum. (b) Solar maximum proton energy spectrum. (c) Gamma-ray energy spectrum. (d) Local interstellar electron spectrum.Differential flux (m-2s-1sr-1eV-1)10-12 13 log (primary energy (eV))14 15 16 17 18 19 2010-20 10-28 10-36 171025 1024 18 19 20 log (energy (eV))J(E)E3(m-2s-1sr-1eV2) 10-4Differential flux (m-2s-1sr-1eV-1) 10-8 10-12 10-16 8 9 10 11 12 13 log (primary kinetic energy (eV))dcba 11-169At higher energies, composition determinations are indirect and are rather contradictory and controversial. Experiments aim to differentiate between broad composition models. The measurement technique is based on studies of cosmic ray shower development. A rather dire ct technique for such studies is to use fluorescence observations of the shower development to determine the atmospheric depth of maximum develo pment of the shower. Such observations suggest a heavy composition (large atomic number) at energies ~1017 eV which changes with increasing energy to a light composition (perhaps protonic) above ~1019 eV (T. K. Gaisser et al., 1993). Primary Electrons Primary electrons constitute about 1% of the cosmic ray beam. The positron to negative electron ratio is about 10% (J. M. Clem et al., 1995). Antimatter in the Primary eam The ratio of antiprotons to protons in the primary cosmic ray beam (at about 400 MeV) is about 10–5. At about 10 GeV the ratio is about 10–3. At the highest measured energies (10 TeV), the upper limit to the ratio is about 20% (S. Orito et al., 1995; M. Amenomori et al., 1995). Primary Gamma-Rays The flux of primary gamma-rays is low at high energies. At 1 GeV the ratio of gamma-rays to protons is about 10–6. The arrival directions of these gamma-rays are strongly concentrated in the plane of the Milky Way although there is a diffuse, near isotropic background flux and some point sources have been detected. Since the absorption cross section for gamma-rays above 100 MeV is approximately 20 mbarn/electron, less than 10% of gamma-rays reach mountain altitudes (A. W. Wolfendale, 1979; P. F. Michelson, 1994). Sea Level Cosmic Radiation The sea level cosmic ray dose is 300 millirad ⋅yr–1 and the sea level ionization is 2.2 × 106 ion pairs m–3s–1. The sea level flux has a soft component, which can be absorbed in about 100 mm of lead (about 100 g ⋅cm–2 of absorber) and a more penetrating (largely muon) hard component. The sea level radiation is largely produced in the atmosphere and is a secondary component from interactions of the primary particles. The st eep primary energy spectrum means that most secondaries at sea level are from rather low energy primaries. Thus the secondary flux is dependent on the solar cycle and the geomagnetic latitude of the observer. Absolute Flux of the Hard Component Vertical Integral Intensity I(0) ~100 m–2s–1sr–1 Angular dependence I( θ) ~ I(0) cos2(θ) Integrated Intensity ~200 m–2s–1 (O.C. Allkofer, 1975b). Flux of the Soft Component In free air, the soft component comprises about one third of the total cosmic ray flux. Latitude Effect The geomagnetic field influences the trajectories of lower energy cosmic rays approaching the Earth. As a result, the backgroun d flux is reduced by about 7% at the geomagnetic equator. The effect decreases towards the poles and is negligible at latitudes above about 40 °. Flux of Protons The proton component is strongly attenuated by the atmosphere with an attenuation length (reduction by a factor of e) of about 120 g⋅cm–2. It constitutes about 1% of the total vertical sea level flux. Absorption The soft component is absorbed in about 100 g ⋅cm–2 of matter. The hard component is absorbed much more slowly: Absorption in lead, 6% per 100 g ⋅cm–2 Absorption in rock, 8.5% per 100 g ⋅cm–2 Absorption in water, 10% per 100 g ⋅cm–2 (Absorption for depths less than 100 g ⋅pd cm–2 is given by K. Greisen, 1943.) Altitude Dependence The cosmic ray background in the atmosphere has a maximum intensity of about 15 times that at sea level at a depth of about 150 g⋅cm–2 (15 km altitude). At maximum intensity, the soft and hard components contribute roughly equally but the hard component is then attenua ted more slowly (S. Hayakawa, 1969). Cosmic Ray Showers High energy cosmic rays produce particle cascades in the atmosphere which can be detected at sea level provided that their ener gy exceeds about 100 GeV (such low energy cascades may be detected by using the most sensitive atmospheric Cerenkov detectors). The primary part icle progressively loses energy which is transferred through the production of successive generations of secondary particles to a cascade of hadro ns, an electromagnetic shower component (both positively and negatively charged electrons and gamma-rays) and muons. The secondary particles are relat ivistic and all travel effectively at the speed of light. As a result, they reach sea level at approximately the same time but, due to Coulomb scatter ing (for the electrons) and TeamLRN11-170production angles (for the pions producing the muons), are spread laterally into a disk-like shower front with a characteristic lateral width of several tens of meters and thickness (near the central shower core) of 2 to 3 m. The number of particles at sea level is roughly propor tional to the primary particle energy: Number of particles at sea level ~10–10 × energy (eV). At altitudes below a few kilometers, the number of particles in a shower attenuates with an attenuation length of about 200 g ⋅cm–2. i.e., particle number = original number × exp(–(depth increase)/200) The above applies to an individual shower. The rate of observation of showers of a given size (particle number at the detector) at different depths of absorber attenuates with an absorption length of about 100 g ⋅cm–2 (J.G. Wilson, 1976). Atmospheric Background Light from Cosmic Rays Cosmic ray particles produce Cerenkov light in the atmosphere and produce fluorescent light through the excitation of atmospher ic molecules. Cerenkov Light High energy charged particles will cause the emission of Cerenkov light in air if their energies are above about 30 MeV (electr ons). This threshold is pressure (and hence altitude) dependent. A typical Cerenkov light pulse (at sea level, 100 m from the central shower core) h as a time spread of a few nanoseconds. Over this time, the photon flux between 430 and 530 nm would be ~1014 m–2s–1 for a primary particle energy of 1016 eV. For comparison, the night sky background flux is ~6 × 1011 photons m–2s–1sr–1 in the same wavelength band (J.V. Jelley, 1967). Fluorescence Light Cosmic ray particles in the atmosphere excite atmospheric molecules which then emit fluorescence light. This is weak compared t o the highly collimated Cerenkov component when viewed in the direction of the incident cosmic ray particle but is emitted isotropically. Ty pical pulse widths are longer than 50 ns and may be up to several microseconds for the total pulse from distant large showers (R.M. Baltrusaitis e t al., 1985). Effects of Cosmic Rays Cerenkov Effects in Transparent Media Background cosmic ray particles will produce Cerenkov light in transparent material with a photon yield between wavelengths λ1 and λ2 where θc (the Cerenkov angle) = cos–1 (1/refractive index). This background light is known to affect light detectors, e.g., photomultipliers, and can be a major source of background noise (R.W. Clay and A.G. Gregory, 1977). Effects on Electronic Components If background cosmic ray particles pass through electronic components, they may deposit sufficient energy to affect the state o f, e.g., a transistor flip-flop. This effect may be significant where reliability is of great importance or the background flux is high. For instance , it has been estimated that, in communication satellite operation, an error rate of about 2 × 10–3 per transistor per year may be found. Permanent damage may also result. A significant error rate may be found even at sea level in large electronic memories. This error rate is dependent on the sensiti vity of the component devices to the deposition of electrons in their sensitive volumes (J.F. Ziegler, 1981). Biophysical Significance When cosmic rays interact with living tissue, they produce radiation damage. The amount of the damage depends on the total dose of radiation. At sea level, this dose is small compared with doses from other sources but both the quantity and quality of the radiation chan ge rapidly with altitude. Approximate dose rates under various conditions are: Dose rates (mrem ⋅yr–1) Sea level cosmic rays, 30 Cosmic rays at 10 km (subsonic jets), 2000 Cosmic rays at 18 km (supersonic transports), 10,000(c.f., mean total sea level dose, 300) Astronauts would be subject to radiation from galactic (0.05 rads per day) and solar (a few hundred rads per solar flare) cosmi c rays as well as large fluxes of low energy radiation when passing through the Van Allen belts (about 0.3 rads per traverse). Both astronauts and SST travellers would be subject to a small flux of low energy heavy nuclei stopping in the body. Such parti cles are capable of destroying cell nuclei and could be particularly harmful in the early stages of the development of an embryo. The rates of heav y nuclei stopping in tissue in supersonic transports and spacecraft are approximately as follows:~ / sin /2 13722 12 πθ λ λ λλ () ()∫cdphotons(unit length)±1 11-171Stopping nuclei ((cm3 tissue)–1 hr–1) Supersonic transport (16 km), 0.0005 Supersonic transport (20 km), 0.005Spacecraft, 0.15 (O. C. Allkofer, 1975a; O. C. Allkofer et al., 1974). Carbon Dating Radiocarbon is produced in the atmosphere due to the action of cosmic ray slow neutrons. Solar cycle modulation of the very low energy cosmic rays causes an anticorrelation of the atmospheric 14C activity with sunspot number with a mean amplitude of about 0.5%. In the long term, modulation of cosmic rays by a varying magnetic field may be important (A.A. Burchuladze et al., 1979). Practical Uses of Cosmic Rays There are few direct practical uses of cosmic rays. Their attenuation in water and snow have, however, enabled automatic monito rs of water and snow depth to be constructed. A search for hidden cavities in pyramids has been carried out using a muon “telescope”. Other Effects Stellar X-rays have been observed to affect the transmission times of radio signals between distant stations by altering the de pth of the ionospheric reflecting layer. It has also been suggested that variations in ionization of the atmosphere due to solar modulation may have o bservable effects on climatic conditions. REFERENCES O.C. Allkofer, (1975a) Introduction to Cosmic Radiation, Verlag Karl Thiemig, Munchen, Germany. O.O. Allkofer, (1975b) J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys., 1, L51. O.C. Allkofer and W. Heinrich, (1974) Health Phys., 27, 543. M. Amenomori et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 85. Universita La Sapienza, Roma. K. Asakimori et al., (1993) Proc. 23rd Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Calgary, 2, 25, University of Calgary, Canada. R.M. Baltrusaitis et al., (1985) Nucl. Inst. Meth., A420, 410. D.J. Bird et al., (1993) Phys. Rev. Lett., 71, 3401. A.A. Burchuladze, S.V. Pagava, P. Povinec, G. I. Togonidze, S. Usacev, (1979) Proc. 16th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Kyoto, 3, 201, U niv. of Tokyo, Japan. R.W. Clay, (1987) Aust. J. Phys., 40, 423. R.W. Clay and A.G. Gregory, (1977) J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 10, 135. J.M. Clem et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 5, Universita La Sapienza, Roma. T.K. Gaisser et al., (1993) Phys. Rev. D, 47, 1919. K. Greisen, (1943) Phys. Rev., 63, 323. S. Hayakawa, (1969) Cosmic Ray Physics, Wiley-Interscience, New York. J.V. Jelley, (1967) Prog. in Elementary Particle and Cosmic Ray Physics, 9, 41. E. Juliusson, (1975) Proc. 14th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Munich, 8, 2689, Max Planck Institute fur Extraterrestriche Physik, Munch en, Germany. J. Linsley, (1981) Origin of Cosmic Rays, I.A.U. Symposium 94, 53, D. Reidel Publishing Co Dordrecht, Holland. P. Meyer, (1981) Origin of Cosmic Rays, I.A.U. Symposium 94, 7, D. Reidel Publishing Co. Dordrecht, Holland. P.F. Michelson (1994) in Towards a Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Detector III, 257, Ed. T. Kifune, Universal Academy Press Inc., Tokyo, Japan. P. Sokolsky, (1989) Introduction to Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics, Addison Wesley Publishing Company. T. Stanev et al., (1995) Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 3056. S. Orito et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 76. Universita La Sapienza, Roma. J.G. Wilson, (1976) Cosmic Rays, Wykeham Pub. (London) Lt., U.K. A.W. Wolfendale, (1979) Pramana, 12, 631. S.Yoshida et al., (1995) Astroparticle Phys., 3, 105. J.F. Ziegler, (1981) IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, ED-28, 560. TeamLRNSection 12: Properties of Solids Techniques for Materials Characterization Symmetry of Crystals Ionic Radii in Crystals Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements Lattice Energies The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy Elastic Constants of Single Crystals Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals Dielectric Constants of Glasses Properties of Superconductors High Temperature Superconductors Organic Superconductors Properties of Semiconductors Diffusion Data for Semiconductors Properties of Magnetic Materials Organic Magnets Electron Work Function of the Elements Secondary Electron Emission Optical Properties of Selected Elements Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids Elasto-optic, Electro-optic, and Magneto-optic Constants Nonlinear Optical Constants Phase Diagrams Heat Capacity of Selected Solids Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials Thermal Conductivity of Glasses Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals Commercial Metals and Alloys Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics 12-1TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES USED TO DETERMINE THE COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND ENERGY STATES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS H.P.R.Frederikse The many experimental methods, originally designed to study the chemical and physical behavior of solids and liquids, have grow n into a new field known as Materials Characterization (or Materials Analysis). During the past 30 years a host of techniques aimed at the study of surfaces and thin films has been added to the ma ny tools for the analysis of bulk samples. The field has benefitted particularly from the development of computers and microprocessors, which have vastly increased the speed and accuracy of the measuring devi ces and the recording of their output. Materials characterization was and is a very important tool in the search for new physical and chemical phenomena. It plays an essential role in new applications of solids and liquids in industry, communications, and medicine. Many of its techniques are used in quality control, in safety regulations, and in the fight against pollution. In most Materials Characterization experiments the sample is subjected to some kind of radiation: electromagnetic, acoustic, th ermal, or particles (electrons, ions, neutrons, etc.). The surface analysis techniques usually require a high vacuum. As a result of interactions between the solid (or liquid) and the incoming radiation a beam of a similar (or a different) nature will emerge from the sample. Measurement of the physical and/or chemical attributes of this emerging radiation will yield qualitative, and often quantitative, informati on about the composition and the properties of the material being probed. The modern tendency of describing practically everything in this world by a combination of a few letters (acronyms) has also pe netrated the field of Materials Characterization. The table below gives the meaning of the acronym for every technique listed, the form and size of the required sample (bulk, surface, film, liquid, powde r, etc.), the nature of the incoming and of the emerging radiation, the depth and the lateral spatial resolution that can be probed, and the information obtained from the experiment. The last column lists one or two major references to the technique described. Lateral Information Technique Sample In Out Depth resolution obtained Ref. OPTICAL AND MASS SPECTROSCOPIES FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 1. AAS Atomize (flame, electro, Light Absorption spectrum — — Concentration of atomic species 1,2 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy thermal, etc.) e.g., glow discharge (quantitative, using standards) 2. ICP-AES Atomize (flame, electro, — Emission spectrum — — Concentration of atomic species 3 Induct. Coupled Plasma — Atomic thermal, ICP, etc.) (quantitative, using standards) Emission Spectroscopy 3. Dynamic SIMS Surface Ion beam Secondary ions; 2 nm–1 µm 0.50 nm Elemental and isotopic analysis; 4 Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass (1–20 keV) analysis with mass (or deeper: depth profile (all elements); Spectroscopy spectrometer ion milling) detection limits: ppb-ppm 4. Static SIMS Surface Ion beam Secondary ions, 0.1–0.5 nm 10 µm Elemental analysis of surface layers; 4 Static Secondary Ion Mass (0.5–20 keV) analysis with molecular analysis; Spectroscopy mass spectrometer detection limits: ppb-ppm 5. SNMS Surface, bulk Plasma discharge; Sputtered atoms 0.1–0.5 nm 1 cm Elemental analysis Z ≥ 3; 4,6 Sputtered Neutral Mass noble gases: ionized by atoms (or deeper: depth profile; detection limit: ppm Spectroscopy 0.5–20 keV or electrons; then ion milling) mass analyzed 6. SALI Surface e-beam, ion-beam, Sputtered atoms 0.1–0.5 nm 60 nm Surface analysis; depth profiling 7 Surface Analysis by Laser or laser for ionized by laser; up to 3 µm in Ionization sputtering then mass analyzed milling mode 7. LIMS Surface, bulk u.v. laser Ionized species; 50–150 nm 5 µm–1 mm Elemental (micro)analysis; 8 Laser Ionization Mass (ns pulses) analyzed with mass detection limits: 1–100 ppm Spectroscopy spectrometer 8. SSMS Sample in the form of two High voltage R.F. Ions — analyzed in 1–5 µm — Survey of trace elements; 9 Spark Source Mass Spectroscopy electrodes spark produces ions mass spectrometer detection limit: 0.01–0.05 ppm 9. GDMS Sample forms the cathode Sputtered atoms Ions — analyzed in 0.1–100 µm 3–4 mm (Bulk) trace element analysis; 9,10 Glow Discharge Mass Spectroscopy for a D.C. glow discharge ionized in plasma mass spectrometer detection limit: sub-ppb 10. ICPMS Liquid-dissolved sample Ions produced in Ions — analyzed in — — High sensitivity analysis of trace 11 Induct. Coupled Plasma Mass carried by gas stream into argon plasma quadrupole mass elementsSpectroscopy R.F. induction coil spectrometer TeamLRN 12-2TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) PHOTONS — ABSORPTION, REFLECTION AND ELECTRON EMISSION 11. IRS Thin crystal, glass, liquid I.R. light I.R. spectrum — — Electronic transitions (mainly in 12,13, Infrared Spectroscopy (W-filament, semiconductors and superconductors); 14 globar, Hg-arc) vibrational modes (in crystals and molecules) 12. FTIR Solid, liquid; transmission White light Fourier Transform — — Spectra obtained at higher speed 15 Fourier Transform I.R. or reflection (all frequencies) of spectrum and resolution Spectroscopy (interferometer) 13. ATR Surface or thin crystal — — µm’s — Atomic or molecular spectra of 16 Attenuated Total Reflection surfaces and films 14. (µ)-RS Solid, liquid Laser beam, Raman spectra 0.5 µm 0.5 µm Molecular and crystal vibrations 12,14, (Micro-) Raman Spectroscopy (1 µm–1 cm) e.g., Ar-line, 17 YAG-line 15. CARS Solid, liquid Pump beam ( ω 0)+ Anti-Stokes — — High resolution Raman spectra 14 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman (50 µm–3 cm) probe beam ( ωs) spectrum Spectroscopy 16. Ellipsometry Transparent films, Polarized light Change in 0.05 nm–5 µm 25 µm Refractive index and absorption 18,19 crystals, adsorbed layers polarization (or sample thickness) 17. UPS Surfaces, adsorbed layers u.v. light, 10–100 eV; Electrons 0.2–10 nm 0.1–10 nm Energies of electronic states of 20,21 Ultraviolet Photo-electron 200 eV (synchrotron) surfaces and free molecules Spectroscopy 18. PSD Surfaces with adsorbed Far u.v. light Ions — analyzed with 0.1–2 nm — Structure and desorption kinetics 22 Photon Stimulated Desorption species E > 10 eV mass spectrometer of adsorbed atoms and molecules X-RAYS 19. XRD Single crystals, powders X-rays: Diffracted X-ray 1–1000 µm 0.1–10 mm Identification of crystallographic 23,24 X-Ray Diffraction films λ = 0.05–0.2 nm beam structures; all elements (low Z (6–17 keV) difficult) 20. XRF/EDS Thin films, single layer Prim. X-ray beam Fluorescent X-rays 1–100 µm 10 mm Elemental analysis; all elements 25,26 X-Ray Fluorescence/Energy λ = 0.02–0.1 nm except H, He, Li — (EDS also used Dispersive Spectroscopy 12–80 keV in XRD, SEM, TEM and EPMA) 21. EXAFS Films, foils High intensity Spectrum near nm– µm — Local atomic structure: order/disorder 27 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine X-rays (synchrotron) absorption edge in vicinity of absorbing atom Structure 22. XPS/ESCA Surfaces, thin films Soft X-rays Core electrons; 0.5–10 nm 5 nm–50 µm (Quantitative) identification of all 28,29 X-Ray Photo-electron ( ≈20 atomic layers) (1–20 keV) valence electrons elements in surface layer or film Spectroscopy/Electron Spect. for Chemical Analysis ELECTRONS 23. CL Insulators, semiconductors Electrons Photons 1 nm–2 µn 1 or 2 µm Energy levels of impurities and 30 Cathode Luminescence 5–50 keV 0.1–5 eV point defects 24. APS Surface ( ≈20 atomic layers) Electrons X-rays to pinpoint — — Identification of surface species 21, see Appearance Potential (energy scan) electron energy also C Spectroscopy 50–2000 eV thresholdLateral Information Technique Sample In Out Depth resolution obtained Ref. 12-3TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Lateral Information Technique Sample In Out Depth resolution obtained Ref. 25. AES Thin films, surfaces Electrons Auger electrons 0.3–3 nm ≈30 nm Elemental composition of surface 28,29 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 3–10 keV 20–2000 eV (except H, He); detection limit 0.1–1% 26. EELS Very thin samples Electrons (Retarded) electrons; <200 nm 1–100 nm Local elemental concentration; 31 Electron Energy Loss (<200 nm) (100–400 keV) minus 1–1000 eV electronic structure, chem. bonding; Spectroscopy interatomic distances 27. EXELFS Thin films Electrons Electrons <200 nm 1–100 nm Density of states of valence electrons 27,32 Extended Electron Energy (100–400 keV) energies 0–30 eV (above Fermi level) Loss Fine Structure above edge 28. ESD Adsorbed species Electrons Ions — analyzed with — — Structure and desorption properties 22 Electron Stimulated Desorption E > 10 eV mass spectrometer of adsorbed atoms and molecules 29. ESDIAD (See ESD) (See ESD) Directional — — Geometries of adsorbed species 22 ESD-Ion Angular Distribution dependence of (atoms or molecules) emitted ions 30. EPMA Solid conductors and Electrons Characteristic X-ray 100 nm–5 µm1 µm Elemental analysis, Z ≤ 4, 33,34 Electron Probe (X-Ray) Micro insulators <1 cm thick 5–30 keV 0.1–15 keV major, minor and trace amounts Analysis 31. LEED Surface Mono-energetic Diffracted electrons 0.4–2 nm <5 µm Crystallographic structure of surface; 35 Low Energy Electron Diffraction electron beam resolution: 0.01 nm 10–1000 eV 32. RHEED Surface Electron beam at Reflected electrons 0.2–10 nm <5 µm Surface symmetry 36,37 Reflection High Energy Electron grazing angle Diffraction 5–50 keV 33. SEM Bulk, films High energy Secondary and 1 nm–5 µm 1–20 nm Surface image, defect structure; 33,34 Scanning Electron Microscopy (conducting) electrons backscattered resolution 5–15 nm; usually ~30 keV electrons magnification 300,000 × 34. (S)TEM Thin specimen — <200 nm High energy Transmitted and (Sample 2–20 nm (Defect) structure of cryst. solids; 33 (Scanning) Transmission Electron electrons diffracted electrons thickness) microchemistry; high resol.: 0.2 nm Microscopy typically 300 keV 35. FEM Metals, alloys — Electron emission ≈0.5 nm 10–100 nm Surface image, crystallographic 34 Field Emission Microscopy (sharp point) (with appl. electric structure field — 50 kV) 36. STM Polished or cleaved Tunneling current controls distance between sample and 1–5 nm 2–10 nm Atomic-scale relief map of surface; 39 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy surface (conducting) very sharp tip resolution: vert. 0.002 nm, hor. 0.2 nm 37. SPM Very flat surface Any field: e.g. mechan. vibration recorded with laser probe; 1–100 nm 1–100 nm Surface-magnetic field, surf ace- 39a Scanned Probe Microscopy same with magnetic, electric or thermal field thermal conductivity, etc. 38. AFM Very flat surface Similar to STM; force measured with cantilever spring 0.5–5 nm 0.2–130 nm Surface topography with atomic 40 Atomic Force Microscopy resolution; interatomic force IONS AND NEUTRONS 39. ISS (or LEIS) Surface Ion beam Sputtered ions 0.1–0.5 nm 1–100 µm Elemental analysis (better for low Z)4 1 Ion Scattering Spectroscopy He+ or Ne+ (energy analysis) detection limits: 0.01–1% (Low Energy Ion Scattering) <3 keV 40. FIM Surface: metals, alloys; (He gas above He ions + high ≈0.1 nm 0.1–2 nm Atomic structure of surface 34,42 Field Ion Microscopy very sharp tip sample) electric field produce image 41. RBS Solids, thin films Mono-energetic Backscattered ions 10 nm–1 µm 1 mm Element identification (Li to U) 46 Rutherford Back Scattering ions (H+ or He++) detection limit: 0.01–1% 0.5–3 MeV TeamLRN 12-4TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Lateral Information Technique Sample In Out Depth resolution obtained Ref. 42. NRA Solids, thin films Mono-energetic Protons, deuterons 0.1–5 µm 10 µm– Element identification (all) 47 Nuclear Reaction Analysis ions (Li, Be, B, etc.) 3He, α-particles, 10 mm detection limit: 10–12–10–2 200 keV–6 MeV γ-rays 43. PIXE Thin films, surface layers High energy ions Characteristic <10 µm1 µm–2 mm Trace impurities: Z >3 48 Particle Induced X-ray Emission (H+ or He++) X-rays detection limit: 0.1–100 ppm (depending on sample thickness) 44. INS Surface He-ions ( ≈5 eV) Electrons — — Energies of valence electrons 49 Ion Neutralization Spectroscopy 45. NAA Bulk, >0.5 g Thermal neutrons Characteristic Bulk — Trace concentrations (of isotopes) of 43 Neutron Activation Analysis γ-rays, (≈1 MeV) elements: trans. metals, Pt-group; detection limit: 108–1014 atoms/cm3 46. N(P)D Crystalline solids Thermal neutrons Diffracted neutrons Bulk — Crystallographic structure; 44 Neutron (Powder) Diffraction E ≈0.0025 eV porosity, particle size 47. SANS Inhomogeneous solids; Thermal neutrons Scattered neutrons 1–25 mm — Average size of inhomogeneities; 45 Small Angle Neutron Scattering powders; porous samples 2 θ = 10–2–10–4 range: 1 nm–1 mm ACOUSTIC 48. SLAM Bulk, film Acoustic wave Reflected acoustic µm–cm 0.1–20 mm Defect structure; 50 Scanning Laser Acoustic produced by laser wave thickness measurement Microscopy 1 MHz–1 GHz THERMAL 49. DTA Specimen and reference Uniform heating Temperature Bulk — Phase transitions, crystallization 51 Differential Thermal Analysis sample difference 50. DSC Specimen and ref. sample Controlled heating Measure heat Bulk — Phase transitions, crystallization; 51 Differential Scanning Calorimetry required for equal activation energies temperature 51. TGA Bulk, 1–100 g Controlled heating Weight as function Bulk — Decomposition, non-stoichiometry, 52 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis of temperature kinetics of reaction (and time) RESONANCE 52. EPR (ESR) Paramagnetic solids or Microwave radiation Microwave Bulk — Local environment of paramagnetic 53,54 Electron Paramagnetic (Spin) liquids in magnetic field absorption ion; concentration of paramagnetic, Resonance 3–300 GHz; 1–100 kG (at resonance) species; detection limit: 1011 spins/cm3 53. ECR Semiconductors, metals; Microwave radiation Microwave Bulk — Electronic energy bands, effective 55 Electron Cyclotron Resonance free electrons in magnetic field absorption masses (low temperature) 10–30 GHz; 5–10 kG (at resonance) 54. Mössbauer Effect Source and absorber Mono-energetic Mössbauer spectrum 50 m 1 cm Interaction between nucleus and its 56 γ-rays: 5–100 keV (Doppler shifted environment (local electric, magnetic (lines) fields; bonds; valency; diffusion, etc.) 55. NMR (MRI) Solids, liquids R.F. radiation + R.F. absorption <1 cm 1 cm Quant. analysis; local magnetic 58 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance magnetic field; e.g. environment; diffusion; imaging (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) for protons: 60 MHz, 14 kG 56. ENDOR Solids, liquids R.F. + microwave Microwave — — Hyperfine interaction → local 54 Electron Nuclear Double radiation in magn. absorption atomic structure Resonance field. 12-5TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Lateral Information Technique Sample In Out Depth resolution obtained Ref. 57. NQR Solids R.F. radiation R.F. absorption — — Asymmetry of the charge distribution 55,59 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance 0.5–1000 MHz at the nucleus OTHER 58. BET (Large) surface area Adsorbed gas (e.g., N2 at low temp.) as function of — — Surface area measurement 60 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller 1–20 m2/g pressure (monolayer coverage) REFERENCES General References A. Wachtman, J. B., Characterization of Materials , Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1993. B. Brundle, C. R., Evans, C. A., and Wilson, S., Eds., Encyclopedia of Materials , Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1992. C. Woodruff, D. P. and Delchar, T. A., Modern Techniques of Surface Science , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. D.Metals Handbook, 9th Edition, Vol. 10, Materials Characterization, Whan, R. E., Coordinator, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1986 . Specific References 1. Slavin, M., Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy , 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978. 2. Schrenk, W. G., Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy , Plenum Press, New York, 1975. 3. Dean, J. A. and Rains, T. E., Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy , Vols. 1—3, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1969. 4. Benninghoven, A., Rudenauer, F. G., and Werner, H. W., Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. 5. Bird, J. R. and Williams, J. S., Eds., in Ion Beams for Materials Analysis , Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 515—537. 6. Smith, G. C., Quantitative Surface Analysis for Materials Science , The Institute of Metals, London, 1991. 7. Becker, E. H., in Ion Spectroscopies for Surface Analysis , Czanderna, A. W. and Hercules, D. M., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991, p. 273. 8. Simons, D. S., Int. J. Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes , 55, 15, 1983. 9. White, F. A. and Wood, G. M., Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Science and Engineering , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 10. Harrison, W. W. and Bentz, B. L., Prog. Anal. Spectrometry, 11, 53, 1988. 11. Bowmans, P. W. J. M., Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy , Parts I and II, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. 12. Brame, Jr., E. G. and Grasselli, J., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy , Practical Spectroscopy Series, Vol. I, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976. 13. Hollas, J. M., Modern Spectroscopy , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. 14. Turrell, G., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Crystals , Academic Press, New York and London, 1972. 15. Griffith, P. R. and Haseth, J. A., Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 16. Barnowski, M. K., Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communications , Academic Press, New York, 1976. 17. Long, D. A., Raman Spectroscopy , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977. 18. Azzam, R. M. A., Ellipsometry and Polarized Light , Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, 1977. 19. Hecht, E., Optics, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, 1987. 20. Brundle, C. R., in Molecular Spectroscopy , West, A. R., Ed., Heyden, London, 1976. 21. Park, R. L., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research , Vol. III, Anderson, R. B. and Dawson, P. T., Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 1—39. 22. Madey, T. E. and Stockbauer, R., in Solid State Physics: Surfaces, Vol. 22 of Methods of Experimental Physics, Park, R.L. and Lagally, M. G., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1985. 23. Cullity, B. D., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction , 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1978. 24. Schwartz, L. H. and Cohen, J. B., Diffraction from Materials , Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987. TeamLRN 12-6TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) 25. deBoer, D. K. G., in Advances in X-Ray Analysis , Vol. 34, Barrett, C. S. et. al., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991. 26. Birks, L. S., X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis , 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969. 27. Bonnelle, C. and Mande, C., Advances in X-Ray Spectroscopy , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 28.Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photo-Electric Spectroscopy , Briggs, D. and Seah, M. P., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. 29. Powell, C. J. and Seah, M. P., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A , Vol. 8, 735, 1990. 30. Yacobi, G. G. and Holt, D. B., Cathodeluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids , Plenum Press, New York, 1990. 31. Egerton, R. F., Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope , Plenum Press, New York, 1986. 32. Disko, M. M., Krivanek, O. L., and Rez, P., Phys. Rev., B25, 4252, 1982. 33. Goldstein, J. I., et. al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis , 2nd Edition, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. 34. Murr, L. E., Electron and Ion Microscopy and Microanalysis, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. 35. Armstrong, R. A., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research , Vol. III, Anderson, R. B., and Dawson, P. T.,Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1976. 36. Dobson, P. J. et. al., Vacuum, 33, 593, 1983. 37. Rymer, T. B., Electron Diffraction , Methuen, London, 1970. 38. Reimer, L., Transmission Election Microscopy , Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 39.Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods , Behm, R. J., Garcia, N., and Rohrer, H., Kluwer, Eds., Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1990. 39a. Wikramasinghe, H.K., Scientific American , Vol. 261, No. 4, pp. 98—105, Oct. 1989. 40. Rugar, D. and Hansma, P., Physics Today, 43(10), pp. 23—30, 1990. 41. Feldman, C. C. and Mayer, J. W., Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis , North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1986. 42. Muller, E. W. and Tsong, T. T., Field Ion Microscopy , Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1969. 43. Amiel, S., Nondestructive Activation Analysis , Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981. 44. Bacon, G. E., Neutron Diffraction , 3rd Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975. 45. Neutron Scattering, Part A., in Methods of Experimental Physics , Vol. 23, Skold, K. and Price, D. L., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1986. 46. Chu, W. K., Mayer, J. W., and Nicolet, M. A., Backscattering Spectroscopy , Academic Press, New York, 1987. 47. Rickey, F. A., in High Energy and Heavy Ion Beams in Materials Analysis , Tesmer, J. R., et. al., Eds., MRS, 1990, pp. 3—26. 48. Johansson, S. A. E. and Campbell, J. L., PIXE: A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988. 49. Hagstrum, H. D., in Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions , Tolk, N. H. et. al., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1977, pp. 1—46. 50. Nikoonahad, M., in Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing , Vol. VI, Sharpe, R.S., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1984, pp. 217—257. 51. Gallagher, P. K., Characterization of Materials by Thermoanalytical Techniques , MRS - Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 23—27, 1988. 52. Earnest, C. M., Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry , ASTM Special Technical Publication 997, 1988. 53. Poole, C. P., Electron Spin Resonance — A Comprehensive Treatise on Experimental Techniques , 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. 54. Atherton, N. M., Principles of Electron Spin Resonance, Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, U.K., 1993. 55. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics , 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, p. 196. 56. Gibb, T. C., Principles of Mössbauer Spectroscopy , Chapman & Hall, London, 1976. 57. Slichter, C. P., Principles of Magnetic Resonance , 3rd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 58.NMR Spectroscopy Techniques , Dybrowski, C. and Lichter, R. L., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987. 59. Das, T. P. and Hahn, E. L., Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy , Academic Press, New York, 1958. 60. Somorjai, G. A., Principles of Surface Chemistry , Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1972, p. 216. © 2000 CRC Press LLCSYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS L. I. Berger The ability of a body to coincide with itself in its different positions regarding a coordinate system is called its symmetry. This property reveals itself in iteration of the parts of the body in space. The iteration may be done by reflection in mirror planes, rotation about certain axes, inversions and translations. These actions are called the symmetry operations. The planes, axes, points, etc., are known as symmetry elements. Essentially, mirror reflection is the only truly primitive symmetry operation. All other operations may be done by a sequence of reflections in cer tain mirror planes. Hence, the mirror plane is the only true basic symmetry element. But for clarity, it is convenient to use the other symmetry operation s, and accordingly, the other aforementioned symmetry elements. The symmetry elements and operations are presented in Table 1. The entire set of symmetry elements of a body is called its symmetry class. There are thirty-two symmetry classes that describe all crystals which have ever been noted in mineralogy or been synthesized (more than 150,000). The denominations and symbols of the symmetry class es are presented in Table 2. There are several known approaches to classification of individual crystals in accordance with their symmetry and crystallochem istry. The particles which form a crystal are distributed in certain points in space. These points are separated by certain distances (translations) equal to each other in any chosen direction in the crystal. Crystal lattice is a diagram that describes the location of particles (individual or groups) i n a crystal. The lattice parameters are three non-coplanar translations that form the crystal lattice. Three basic translations form the unit cell of a crystal. August Bravais (1848) has shown that all possible crystal lattice structures belong to one or another of fourteen lattice types (Bravais lattices). T he Bravais lattices, both primitive and non-primitive, are the contents of Table 3. Among the three-dimensional figures, there is a group of polyhedrons that are called regular, which have all faces of the same shape and all edges of the same size (regular polygons). It has been shown that there are only five regular polyhedrons. Because of their importanc e in crystallography and solid state physics, a brief description of these polyhedrons is included in Table 4. The systematic description of crystal structures is presented primarily in the well known Structurbericht . The classification of crystals by the Structurbericht does not reflect their crystal class, the Bravais lattice, but is based on the crystallochemical type. This mak es it inconvenient to use the Structurbericht categories for comparison of some individual crystals. Thus, there have been several attempts to provide a more convenient classification of crystals. Table 5 presents a compilation of different classifications which allows the reader to correlate th e Structurbericht type with the international and Schoenflies point and space groups and with Pearson’s symbols, based on the Bravais lattice and chemical composition of the class prototype. The information included in Table 5 has been chosen as an introduction to a more detailed crystallophysical an d crystallochemical description of solids. TABLE 1 Symmetry Operations and Elements Symmetry element Presentation Symbol on the stereo- International graphic projection Symmetry operation Name (Hermann-Mauguin) Schoenflies Parallel Perpendicular Reflection in a plane Plane m Cs Rotation by angle Axis n = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 Cn α = 360°/n about an axis n = 2 C2 n = 3 C3 n = 4 C4 n = 6 C6 Rotation about an Inversion n = 3, 4, 6 Cni axis and inversion (improper) in a symmetry center axis lying on the axis n = 3 C 3i n = 4 C 4i TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCSYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 1 Symmetry Operations and Elements (continued) Symmetry element Presentation Symbol on the stereo- International graphic projection Symmetry operation Name (Hermann-Mauguin) Schoenflies Parallel Perpendicular n = 6 C6i Inversion in a point Center 1 Ci ÛÛÛ TABLE 2 The Thirty-Two Symmetry Classes Class namea Primitive Central Planal Axial Plane- Inversion Inversion- axial primitive planal Crystal and its symbol — International (Int) and Schoenflies (Sch) symbol Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch Triclinic 1 C11Ci Monoclinic m Cs2C22/m C2h Ortho- mm2 C2v222 D2mmm D2h rhombic Trigonal 3 C33C3i3m C3v32 D33m C3d Tetragonal 4 C44/m C4h4mm C4v422 D44/mmm D4h4S442m D2d Hexagonal 6 C66/m C6h6mm C6v622 D66/mmm D6h6C3h6m2 D3h Cubic 23 T m3 Th43m Td432 O m3m Oh aPer Fedorov Institute of Crystallography, USSR Academy of Sciences, nomenclature.Parallel translation Translation vector a, b, c Reflection in a Glide– a, b, c, n, d plane and transla- plane tion parallel to the plane Rotation about an Screw n m axis and transla- axis (m = 1, 2, .., n – 1) tion parallel to the axis Rotation about an Rotatory- ñ Sn axis and reflection reflection ñ = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 in a plane perpen- axis dicular to the axis~~~~~ © 2000 CRC Press LLC TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCSYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 4 The Five Possible Regular Polyhedrons Number ofa Symmetry (Schoenflies) Faces Edges Vertices Polyhedron Class Elements Form of faces (F) (E) (V) Tetrahedron T 4C 33C2 Equilateral 4 6 4 triangle Cube (hexahedron) O 3C44C36C2 Square 6 12 8 Octahedron O 3C 44C36C2 Equilateral 8 12 6 triangle Pentagonal J 6C510C315C2 Regular 12 30 20 dodecahedron pentagon Icosahedron J 6C 510C315C2 Equilateral 20 30 12 triangle aPer formula by Leonhard Euler: F + V – E = 2 TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals Standard ASTM Strukturbericht Structure Symmetry group Pearson E157-82a symbol name International Schoenflies symbolasymbolb 12 3 4 5 6 A1 Cu Fm3m O4h cF4 F A2 W Im3m O9h cI2 B A3 Mg P63/mmc D46h hP2 H A4 C Fd3m O7h cF8 F A5 Sn If1/amd D194h tI4 U A6 In I4/mmm D174h tI2 U A7 As R3m D53d hR2 R A8 Se P3121 or P3221 D43 (D63) hP3 H A10 Hg R3m D53d hR1 R A11 Ga Cmca D182h oC8 Q A12 α-Mn I43m T3d cI58 B A13 β-Mn P4132 O7cP20 C A15 OW3 Pm3n O3h cP8 C A20 α-U Cmcm D172h oC4 Q B1 ClNa Fm3m O5h cF8 F B2 ClCs Pm3m O1h cP2 C B3 SZn F43m T2d cF8 F B4 SZn P6 3mc C46v hP4 H B81 AsNi P63/mmc D46h hP4 H B82 InNi2 P63/mmc D46h hP6 H B9 HgS P3 121 or P3221 D43 or D63 hP6 H B10 OPb P4/nmm D74h tP4 T B11 γ-CuTi P4/nmm D74h tP4 T B13 NiS R3m D53d hR6 R B16 GeS Pnma D162h oP8 O B17 PtS P42/mmc D94h tP4 T B18 CuS P6 3/mmc D46h hP12 H B19 AuCd Pmma D52h oP4 O B20 FeSi P213T4cP8 C B27 BFe Pnma D162h oP8 O B31 MnP Pnma D162h oP8 O B32 NaTl Fd3m O7h cF16 F B34 Pds P4 2/m C24h tP16 T © 2000 CRC Press LLCSYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued) Standard ASTM Strukturbericht Structure Symmetry group Pearson E157-82a symbol name International Schoenflies symbola symbolb 12 3 4 5 6 B35 CoSn P6/mmm D16h hP6 H B37 SeTl I4/mcm D184h tI16 U Be CdSb Pbca D152h oP16 O Bf (B33) ξ-BCr Cmcm D172h oC8 Q Bg BMo I41/amd D194h tI4 U Bh CW P6m2 D13h hP2 H Bi γ′-CMo P63/mmc D46h hP8 H (AsTi) C1 CaF 2 Fm3m O5h cF12 F C1b AgAsMg F43m T2d cF12 F C2 FeS 2 Pa3 T6h cP12 C C3 Cu 2O Pn3m O4h cP6 C C4 O2Ti P42/mnm D144h tP6 T C6 CdI2 P3m1 D33d hP3 H C7 MoS2 P63/mmc D46h hP6 H C11a C2Ca I4/mmm D174h tI6 U C11b MoSi2 I4/mmm D174h tI6 U C12 CaSi2 R3m D53d hR6 R C14 MgZn2 P63/mmc D46h hP12 H C15 Cu2Mg Fd3m O7h cF24 F C15b AuBe5 F43m or F23 T2d or T2 cF24 F C16 Al2Cu I4/mcm D184h tI12 U C18 FeS2 Pnnm D122h oP6 O C19 CdCl2 R3m D53d hR3 R C22 Fe2P P26m D13h hP9 H C23 Cl2Pb Pnma D162h oP12 O C32 AlB2 P6/mmm D16h hP3 H C33 Bi2STe2 R3m D53d hR5 R C34 AuTe2 C2/m (P2/m) C32h (C12h) mC6 N C36 MgNi2 P63/mmc D46h hP24 H C38 Cu2Sb P4/nmm D74h tP6 T C40 CrSi2 P6222 D46 hP9 H C42 SiS2 Ibam D262h oI12 P C44 GeS2 Fdd2 C192v oF72 S C46 AuTe2 Pma2 C42v oP24 O C49 Si2Zr Cmcm D172h oC12 Q C54 Si2Ti Fddd D242h oF24 S Cc Si2Th I41/amd D194h tI12 U Ce CoGe2 Aba2 C172v oC23 Q DO2 As3Co Im3 T5h cI32 B DO3 BiF3 Fm3m O5h cF16 F DO9 O3Re Pm3m O1h cP4 C DO11 CFe3 Pnma D162h oP16 O DO18 AsNa3 P63/mmc D46h hP8 H DO19 Ni3Sn P63/mmc D46h hP8 H DO20 Al3Ni Pnma D162h oP16 O DO21 Cu3P P3c1 D43d hP24 H DO22 Cu3P I4/mmm D174h tI8 U DO23 Al3Zr I4/mmm D174h tI16 U DO24 Ni3Ti P63/mmc D46h hP16 H DOc SiU3 I4/mcm D184h tI16 U DOe Ni3PI 4 S24 tI32 U D13 Al4Ba I4/mmm D174h tI10 U D1a MoNi4 I4/m C54h tI10 U TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCTABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued) Standard ASTM Strukturbericht Structure Symmetry group Pearson E157-82a symbol name International Schoenflies symbola symbolb 12 3 4 5 6SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) D1b Al4U Imma D282h oI20 P D1c PtSn4 Aba2 C172v oC20 Q D1e B4Th P4/mbm D54h tP20 T D1f BMn4 Fddd D242h oF40 S D21 B6Ca Pm3m O1h cP7 C D23 NaZn13 Fm3m O5h cF112 F D2b Mn12Th I4/mmm D174h tI26 U D2c MnU6 I4/mcm D184h tI28 U D2d CaCu5 P6/mmm D16h hP6 H D2f B12U Fm3m O5h cF52 F D2h Al6Mn Cmcm D172h oC28 Q D51 α-Al2O3 R3c D63d hR10 R D52 La2O3 P3m1 D33d hP5 H D53 Mn2O3 Ia3 T7h cI80 B D58 S3Sb2 Pnma D162h oP20 O D59 P2Zn3 P42/mmc D94h tP40 T D510 C2C3 Pnma D162h oP20 O D513 Al3Ni2 P3m1 D33d hP5 H D5a Si2U3 P4/mbm D54h tP10 T D5c C3Pu2 I43d T6d cI40 B D71 Al4C3 R3m D53d hR7 R D73 P4Th3 I43d T6d cI28 B D7b B4Ta3 Immm D252h oI14 P D81 Fe3Zn10 Im3m O9h cI52 B D82 Cu5Zn8 I43m T3d cI52 B D83 Al4Cu9 P43m T1d cP52 C D84 C6Cr23 Fm3m O5h cF116 F D85 Fe7W6 R3m D53d hR13 R D86 Cu15Si4 I43m T3d cI76 B D88 Mn5Si3 P63/mcm D36h hP16 H D89 Co9S8 Fm3m O5h cF68 F D810 Al8Cr5 R3m C53v hR26 R D811 Al5Co2 P63/mcm D36h hP28 H D8a Mn23Th6 Fm3m O5h cF116 F D8b σ-phase of p42/mnm D144h tP30 T Cr-Fe D8e (Al,Zn)49Mg32 Im3 T5h cI162 B D8f Ge7Ir3 Im3m O9h cI40 B D8h B5W2 P63/mmc D46h hP14 H D8i B5Mo2 R3m D53d hR7 R D8l B3Cr5 I4/mcm D184h tI32 U D8m Si3W5 I4/mcm D184h tI32 U D101 C3Cr7 P31c C43v hP80 H D102 Fe3Th7 P63mc C46v hP20 H E01 ClFPb P4/nmm D74h tP6 T E11 CuFeS2 I42d D122d tI16 U E21 CaO3Ti Pm3m O1h cP5 C E24 S3Sn2 Pnma D162h oP20 O E3 Al 2CdS4 I4 S24 tI14 U E93 SiFe3W3 Fd3m O7h cF112 F E9a Al7Cu2Fe P4/mnc D64h tP40 T E9b AlLi3N2 Ia3 T7h cI96 B F01 NiSSb P2 13T4cP12 C F51 CrNaS2 R3m or R32 D53d or D73 hR4 R F56 CuS2Sb Pnma D162h oP16 O © 2000 CRC Press LLCTABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued) Standard ASTM Strukturbericht Structure Symmetry group Pearson E157-82a symbol name International Schoenflies symbola symbolb 12 3 4 5 6 H11 Al2MgO4 Fd3m O7h cF56 F H24 Cu3S4V P43m T1d cP8 C H25 AsCu3S4 Pmn21 C72v oP16 O L10 AuCu P4/mmm D14h tP4 T L12 AlCu3 Pm3m O1h cP4 C L21 AlCu2Mn Fm3m O5h cF16 F L22 Sb2Tl7 Im3m O9h cI54 B L′2b H2Th I4/mmm D174h tI6 U L′3F e 2NP 63/mmc D46h hP3 H L60 CuTi3 P4/mmm D14h tP4 T aThe first letter denotes the crystal system: triclinic (a), monoclinic (m), orthorhombic (o), tetragonal (t), hexagonal (h) and cubic (c). Trigonal (rhombohedral) system is presented by combination hR. The second letter of Pearson’s symbol denotes lattice type: primitive (P) , edge- (base-) centered (C), body-centered (I) or face-centered (F). The following number denotes amount of atoms in the crystal unit cell. bStandard ASTM E157-82a has the Bravais lattices designations as following: C — primitive cubic; B — body-centered cubic; F — fa ce-centered cubic; T — primitive tetragonal; U — body-centered tetragonal; R — rhombohedral; H — hexagonal; O — primitive orthorhombic; P — body- centered orthorhombic; Q — base-centered orthorhombic; S — face-centered orthorhombic; M — primitive monoclinic; N — centered monoclinic; A — triclinic.SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) REFERENCES 1. A. Schoenflies, Kristallsysteme und Kristallstructur , Leipzig, 1891. 2. E. S. Fedorow, Zusammenstellung der kristallographischen Resultate, Zs. Krist., 20, 1892. 3. P. Groth, Elemente der physikalischen und chemischen Krystallographie , R. Oldenbourg, München/Berlin, 1921. 4. N. V. Belov, Class Method of Deriving Space Groups of Symmetry , Trudy Instituta Kristallodraffi imeni Fedorova (Transactions of the Fedorov Inst. of Crystallography), 5, 25, 1951, in Russian. 5. W. B. Pearson, Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals and Alloys , Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 1958; Vol. 2, 1967. 6. Ch. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics , John Wiley & Sons, 1956. 7. G. S. Zhdanov, Fizika Tverdogo Tela (Solid State Physics) , Moscow University Press, 1962, in Russian. 8. M. J. Buerger, Elementary Crystallography , John Wiley & Sons, 1963. 9. F. D. Bloss, Crystallography & Crystal Chemistry , Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. 10. T. Janssen, Crystallographic Groups , North-Holland/American Elsevier, 1973. 11. M. P. Shaskolskaya, Kristallografiya (Crystallography) , Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 1976, in Russian. 12. T. Hahn, Ed., Internat. Tables for Crystallography , Vol. A, D. Reidel Publishing, Boston, 1983. 13. Crystal Data. Determinative Tables, Volumes 1—6, 1966—1983, JCPDS-Intern Centre for Diffraction Data and U.S. Dept. of Comme rce. 14. R. W. G. Wyckoff, Crystal Structures, 2nd ed., Volumes 1–6, Interscience, New York, 1963. 15. C.J. Bradley and A.P. Cracknell, The Mathematical Theory of Symmetry in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972. 16. International Tables for Crystallography. Volume A, Space–Group Symmetry, T. Hahn, Ed., 1989; Volume B, Reciprocal Space, U. Schmueli, Ed.; Volume C, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables, A. J. C. Wilson, Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989. 17. G. R. Desiraju, Crystal Engineering: The Design of Organic Solids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. 18. M. Senechal, Crystalline Symmetries: An Informal Mathematical Introduction, Adam Hilger Publ., Bristol, 1990. 19. C. Hammond, Introduction to Crystallography, Oxford University Press, 1990. 20. N.W. Alcock, Bonding and Structure: Structural Principles in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Ellis Norwood Publ., 1990. 21. T. C. W. Mak and G. D. Zhou. Crystallography in Modern Chemistry: A Resource Book of Crystal Structures, Wiley–Interscience, New York, 1992. 22. S. C. Abrahams, K. Mirsky, and R. M. Nielson, Acta Cryst, B52, 806 (1996); B52, 1057 (1996). 23. C. Marcos, A. Panalague, D. B. Morciras, S. Garcia–Granda and M. R. Dias. Acta Cryst, B52, 899 (1996). Crystallographic Computing 24. A. C. Larson, Crystallographic Computing, Manksgaard, Copenhagen, 1970. 25. G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXS86. Crystallographic Computing 3, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986; SHELXL93. Program for the Refinement of Crystal Structures, University of Göttingen Press, 1993. 26. Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, CD–ROM. Sci. Inf. Service. E-mail: [email protected]. TeamLRN12-14IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS Ionic radii are a useful tool for predicting and visualizing crystal structures. This table lists a set of ionic radii Ri in Å units for the most common coordination numbers CN of positive and negative ions. The values are based on experimental crystal structure determinations, supplemented by empirical relationships, and theoretical calculations. The notation sq after the coordination number indicates a square config uration, while py indicates pyramidal. The advice of Howard T. Evans and Marvin J. Weber in preparing this table is appreciated. REFERENCES 1. Shannon, R. D., Acta Crystallogr . A32, 751, 1976. 2. Jia, Y.Q., J. Solid State Chem . 95, 184, 1991. Ion CN R i/Å Anions F-1 6 1.33 Cl-1 6 1.81 Br-l 6 1.96 I-l 6 2.20 OH-1 4 1.35 6 1.37 O-22 1.21 6 1.408 1.42 S -26 1.84 Se-2 6 1.98 Te-26 2.21 Cations Ac+36 1.12 Ag+14 1.00 6 1.158 1.28 Ag +24sq 0.79 6 0.94 Al+34 0.39 5 0.48 6 0.54 Am+36 0.98 8 1.09 Am+4 6 0.858 0.95 As +36 0.58 As+5 4 0.346 0.46 Au +16 1.37 Au+3 4sq 0.646 0.85 Ba +26 1.35 8 1.42 12 1.61 Be+24 0.27 6 0.45 Bi+35 0.96 6 1.03 8 1.17 Bi+56 0.76 Bk+36 0.96 Bk+4 6 0.83 8 0.93 Br+53py 0.31 Br+74 0.256 0.39Ion CN R i/Å Ion CN Ri/Å C+4 4 0.15 6 0.16 Ca+2 6 1.00 8 1.12 10 1.2312 1.34 Cd +24 0.78 6 0.958 1.10 12 1.31 Ce +3 6 1.018 1.14 10 1.25 12 1.34 Ce +46 0.87 8 0.97 10 1.0712 1.14 Cf +36 0.95 Cf+4 6 0.828 0.92 Cl +53py 0.12 Cl+7 4 0.08 Cm+36 0.97 Cm+46 0.85 8 0.95 Co+24 0.56 6 0.65 8 0.90 Co+36 0.55 Cr+26 0.73 Cr+3 6 0.62 Cr+44 0.41 6 0.55 Cr+6 4 0.266 0.44 Cs +16 1.67 8 1.74 10 1.81 12 1.88 Cu+1 2 0.464 0.60 6 0.77 Cu +2 4sq 0.576 0.73 Dy +26 1.07 8 1.19 Dy+3 6 0.91 8 1.03Er+3 6 0.89 8 1.00 Eu+2 6 1.17 8 1.25 10 1.35 Eu+3 6 0.95 8 1.07 F+7 6 0.08 Fe+24 0.63 6 0.61 8 0.92 Fe+34 0.49 6 0.55 8 0.78 Fr+16 1.80 Ga+34 0.47 6 0.62 Gd+36 0.94 8 1.05 Ge+2 6 0.73 Ge+44 0.39 6 0.53 Hf+4 4 0.586 0.71 8 0.83 Hg +1 6 1.19 Hg+22 0.69 4 0.96 6 1.028 1.14 I +53py 0.44 6 0.95 I+74 0.42 6 0.53 In+3 4 0.626 0.80 Ir +36 0.68 Ir+4 6 0.63 Ir+56 0.57 K+14 1.37 6 1.388 1.51 12 1.64 La +3 6 1.038 1.16 10 1.27 12 1.36 Li +1 4 0.59 6 0.76 12-15IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS (continued) Ion CN Ri/Å Ion CN Ri/Å Ion CN Ri/Å 8 0.92 Lu+3 6 0.86 8 0.97 Mg+2 4 0.57 6 0.72 8 0.89 Mn+2 4 0.66 6 0.83 8 0.96 Mn+3 6 0.58 Mn+4 4 0.39 6 0.53 Mn+5 4 0.33 Mn+6 4 0.26 Mn+7 4 0.25 Mo+3 6 0.69 Mo+4 6 0.65 Mo+5 4 0.46 6 0.61 Mo+64 0.41 6 0.597 0.73 N +36 0.16 N+5 6 0.13 Na+14 0.99 6 1.02 8 1.189 1.24 12 1.39 Nb +3 6 0.728 0.79 Nb +46 0.68 Nb+5 4 0.486 0.64 8 0.74 Nd +3 6 0.988 1.12 9 1.16 12 1.27 Ni +24sq 0.49 6 0.69 Ni+3 6 0.56 Np+36 1.01 Np+46 0.87 Np+5 6 0.75 Np+66 0.72 Os+46 0.63 Os+5 6 0.58 Os+66 0.55 Os+84 0.39 P+5 4 0.176 0.38 Pa +36 1.04 Pa+4 6 0.90 Pa+56 0.78 Pb+26 1.19 8 1.29 10 1.40 12 1.49 Pb+44 0.656 0.78 8 0.94 Pd+2 4sq 0.646 0.86 Pd +3 6 0.76 Pd+4 6 0.62 Pm+3 6 0.97 8 1.09 Po+4 6 0.97 Pr+3 6 0.99 8 1.13 Pr+4 6 0.858 0.96 Pt +2 4sq 0.60 6 0.80 Pt+4 6 0.63 Pu+3 6 1.00 Pu+4 6 0.86 Pu+56 0.74 Pu+66 0.71 Ra+2 8 1.48 12 1.70 Rb+16 1.52 8 1.61 10 1.66 12 1.72 Re+4 6 0.63 Re+56 0.58 Re+66 0.55 Re+7 4 0.386 0.53 Rh +36 0.67 Rh+4 6 0.60 Rh+56 0.55 Ru+36 0.68 Ru+4 6 0.62 Ru+56 0.57 Ru+74 0.38 Ru+8 4 0.36 S+46 0.37 S+64 0.12 6 0.29 Sb+34py 0.76 6 0.76 Sb+5 6 0.60 Sc+36 0.75 8 0.87 Se+4 6 0.50 Se+64 0.28 6 0.42 Si+4 4 0.266 0.40 Sm +26 1.19 8 1.27 Sm+36 0.96 8 1.08 12 1.24 Sn+4 4 0.55 6 0.69 8 0.81Sr+2 6 1.18 8 1.26 10 1.3612 1.44 Ta +3 6 0.72 Ta+4 6 0.68 Ta+5 6 0.64 Tb+3 6 0.92 8 1.04 Tb+4 6 0.76 8 0.88 Tc+4 6 0.65 Te+4 4 0.66 6 0.97 Te+6 4 0.436 0.56 Th +4 6 0.94 8 1.05 10 1.13 12 1.21 Ti+2 6 0.86 Ti+36 0.67 Ti+44 0.42 6 0.618 0.74 Tl +16 1.50 8 1.59 12 1.70 Tl+34 0.75 6 0.898 0.98 Tm +26 1.01 7 1.09 Tm+36 0.88 8 0.99 U+3 6 1.03 U+46 0.89 8 1.00 12 1.17 U+56 0.76 U+62 0.45 4 0.526 0.73 8 0.86 V +2 6 0.79 V+36 0.64 V+45 0.53 6 0.588 0.72 V +54 0.36 5 0.466 0.54 W +46 0.66 W+5 6 0.62 W+64 0.42 5 0.51 6 0.60 Y+3 6 0.90 8 1.02 9 1.08 TeamLRN12-16IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS (continued) Ion CN Ri/Å Ion CN Ri/Å Ion CN Ri/Å Yb+2 6 1.02 8 1.14 Yb+3 8 0.999 1.04Zn +2 4 0.60 6 0.74 8 0.90 Zr+4 4 0.596 0.72 8 0.84 9 0.89 12-17POLARIZABILITIES OF ATOMS AND IONS IN SOLIDS H. P. R. Frederikse The polarization of a solid dielectric medium, P, is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume averaged over the volume of a crystal cell. A component of P can be expanded as a function of the electric field E: For relatively small electric fields in isotropic substances P = χeE, where χe is the electric susceptibility. If the medium is made up of N atoms (or ions) per unit volume, the polarization is P = N pm where pm is the average dipole moment per atom. The polarizability α can be defined as pm = αE0 , where E0 is the local field at the position of the atom. Using the Lorentz method to calculate the local field one finds: Together with the definition of the dielectric constant (relative permittivity) , ε = 1+ 4πχe, this leads to: This expression is known as the Clausius-Mossotti equation. The total polarization associated with atoms, ions, or molecules is due to three different sources: 1. Electronic polarization arises because the center of the local electronic charge cloud around the nucleus is displaced under the action of the field: Pe = NαeE0 where αe is the electronic polarizability. 2. Ionic polarization occurs in ionic materials because the electric field displaces cations and anions in opposite directions: Pi = NαiE0, where αi is the ionic polarizability . 3. Orientational polarization can occur in substances composed of molecules that have permanent electric dipoles. The alignment of these dipoles depends on temperature and leads to an orientational polarizability per molecule: αor = p2/3kT, where p is the permanent dipole moment per molecule, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Because of the different nature of these three polarization processes the response of a dielectric solid to an applied electric field will strongly depend on the frequency of the field. The resonance of the electronic excitation in insulators (dielectrics) takes place in the ultrav iolet part of the spectrum; the characteristic frequency of the lattice vibrations is located in the infrared, while the orientation of dipoles requires fi elds of much lower frequencies (below 1010 Hz). This response to electric fields of different frequencies is shown in Figure 1. Values of the electronic polarizabilities for selected atoms and ions are given in Table 1. REFERENCES 1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics , Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1971. 2. Lerner, R.G., and Trigg, G.L., Editors, Encyclopedia of Physics , Second Edition , VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. 3. Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., An Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976.απε ε=+  3 41 2N±PE P E=e Nαπ χ+() =4Pa Eb E Eijjjjkjkjk=+ΣΣ TeamLRN12-18POLARIZABILITIES OF ATOMS AND IONS IN SOLIDS (continued) Figure 1. Schematic graph of the frequency dependence of the different contributions to polarizability. TABLE 1 Electronic Polarizabilities in Units of 10–24 cm3 He 0.201 Li+Be2+B3+C4+O2–F–Ne 0.029 0.008 0.003 0.0013 3.88 1.04 0.39 Na+Mg2+Al3+Si4+S2–Cl–Ar 0.179 0.094 0.052 0.0165 10.2 3.66 1.62 K+Ca2+Sc3+Ti4+Se2–Br–Kr 0.83 0.47 0.286 0.185 10.5 4.77 2.46 Rb+Sr2+Y3+Zr4+Te2–I–Xe 1.40 0.86 0.55 0.37 14.0 7.1 3.99 Cs+Ba2+La3+Ce4+ 2.42 1.55 1.04 0.73 Data from Pauling, L., Proc. R. Soc. London , A114, 181, 1927. See also Jaswal, S.S. and Sharma, T.P., J. Phys. Chem. Solids , 34, 509, 1973. Values are appropriate for cgs units. To convert to SI, use the relation α(SI)/C m2V-1 = 1.11265.10-16 α(cgs)/cm3Real part of polarizability Orientation Ionic Electronic Frequency 1MHz 1GHz 1THz 1PHz CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND LATTICE PARAMETERS OF ALLOTROPES OF THE ELEMENTS HW. King. TherytstructuresofthealloeapicformsoftheelementsnepresentediaemsofthePearsonsyinbo.theStrukturbericht digoand ‘heprowtype ofthestructure. The temperaturs ofthephase tosisfordtions arehstedindegreesCelsiusanthepressuresareinGPa,comsisent ‘nomenclature isused. whereby alallotropesarelabeledbyGrecheters.Thefacparamtersoftheunitcesanegivenanamocers (an)a “Thiscompilsion istestitetochangesin etystructurethatoecasasulofachangeinemperatuccoxpressureLOW-temperainesutures swinludkfothdatonican atase.hihianyimiaritwithespeoahemctalilemeats: Theclementeitthank ‘Caavepolymorphic sactresaseaoncientnoevularcoafgurtns. Theystadtgivenfrheselenientetertotheaossablesrutire atwon temperate ‘ReprintwthhepermissionofASMInxemationalfromTB.Masaki. BinaryAtoyPhaseDiagrams.ASMIntemational, MtsPak, ‘Obio, 1986: certain data onrareearth elements were provided fyK.AGael ‘Temper Steuktur- ‘Comment,‘lure,Pressure, PearsonSpace bericht Proto.-—Lattice parameters, nm—cJacr lementCGPa”symbolgroupdesignation pee°.cob ae25m ~OcEA Fim aL ce OSSte 2atmFeEmm Ps Cefans =“a 2tm eeFim a Ge(e488Bal 2%oS MtPomme, AD Mg0 043916381 oe a hee Pomme AS ols 4581 Mier 2st@21cam ais ttm "Bde i Ca484Bam >i0t4 aa iim ae we 2 he >i ce Gmem kat 2) 030805068 05169car <tbhas aim Fim aL Gessie‘tae Stged mB imme A Me03760, esta 1593oar 3atmARbm a aksai319 ossae MRE ate tm Since Pitted) 0362" 10850448in kim Pim a caGaon 1cy 2%MmARIS“Ripe eBton gear Ba 3 me ink a Ww Osdze7 fe Me Daan octseT8 rn ae] * i . " "abe 2tmAPDPomme AD Ma02259 o3s8es 15081 pipe 2 eet tm en a wo oRsIs see B83 728 re a eo at wasar4s0 PeraBai BB nceCam y BBSears”ogi?ostoeB=0aa B330 om gas O42)oesB=wba or BOS : > Be wm S88 3 >ca LB 390 ttm a2 Wwoec0 a TB im Be Posimme AS ata 0346 1106921620, i Dose mae Rae a Ge asstbr “i258 Gmce Cees edigre) 2atin APRPymme ABCigraphita) 024612 osm 27288CiSianond) ae) aim M4Eéinmond 038668Ciba Fs HPBMP Cinbase. omg ot Bom Rad A Ge Osta a :ice > im Int Re weaKo eae ” FGa SB ttm RPEPomme AS teonsets ossi9s 1.862ocr <1 tm FkEnd aL Ceass,ice 2%atmAPPlnme AS cisO3est0 esr hatee Stim eeRd a cesito ° ve ome im Incl ae Wo ale = Ce cap Back mem ABD eu Ooi se ostiscr 2am AMPlmme A cle039 NiO 1.68por 2590 tmEeBam at ce *a. %tim 8Sc CT eeota %tim RPLymca cls03496 nish aera Gm pat aim GRA Bn a ce an in 2 kim AER Plime A Ng 250m cvosss 16228co pak tse Rnee a Chase?scr 2%wim dkTan a Wo3eassee rs we Him weoR8ee 02s 1.002ace a ee at WwOstetBee as sage re Fmd a co aes, Bes Bk Fad a Gi 08800 ton 3tm FeEnd a Coons Sy ene? mak Crem eDy 93505" ostst 05678 sy 25 im APR Pmme A Mg 0.551 sso 15792 1219 TeamLRN12-22(+/ 0D;E F D0E J E;D J (I+R 0D;EF D(I+R 0EJ  E(I+R ;DJ D0 VV E; VV LATTICE ENERGIES H. D. B. Jenkins and H. K. Roobottom THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE AND CALCULATED VALUES Table 1 contains calculated values of the lattice energies (tot al lattice potential energies), UPOT, of crystalline salts, MaXb,. UPOT is expressed in units of kilojoules per mole, kJ mol-1. M and X can be either simple or complex ions. Substances ar e arranged by chemical class. Also listed in the table is the lattice energy, UPOTBFHC, obtained from the application of the Born - Fajans - Haber cy cle (BHFC) described below, using the “Standard Thermochemical Properties of Chemical Substances” tab le in Section 5 of this Handbook , References 1 through 4, and certain other data which are given in Table 3 below. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is given by the cycle: where (ss) is the standard state of the element concerned. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is obtained using the equation: ∆HL = a∆fHo(Mb+, g) + b∆fHo(Xa-, g) - ∆fHo(MaXb, c) and is futher related to the total lattice potential energy, UPOT, by the relationship: ∆HU anbnRTL POTMX=+ −  +−    2222 where nM and nX equal 3 for monatomic ions, 5 for linear polyatomic ions and 6 for polyatomic non-linear ions. METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF VALUES NOT TABULATED In cases where the lattice energy is not tabulated and we want to furnish an estimate, then the Kapustinskii equation5 can be used to obtain a value (in kJ mol-1): Uzzv r+ r r+ rPOTab ab ab=()−()  121 410 0345 . . where za and zb are the moduli of the charges on the v ions in hte lattice and ra and rb (in nm) are the thermochemical radii given in Table 2. The ra for metal ions is taken to be the Goldschmidt6 radius. To cite an example, if we wish to estimate the lattice energy o f the salt [NH4+][HF2-] using the above procedure, we see that Table 2 gives the thermochemical radius ( ra ) for NH4+ to be 0.136 nm and that for HF2- (rb ) to be 0.172 nm. The lattice potential energy is then estimat ed to be 700 kJ mol-1 compared with the calculated value of 705 kJ mol-1and the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle value of 658 kJ mol-1. REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Ha low, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref . Data , Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., Mc Donald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemis- try, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 4. Jenkins, H. D. B., and Pratt, K. F., Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem ., 22, 1, 1978. 5. Kapustinskii, A. F., Quart. Rev ., 10, 283-294., 1956. 6. Goldschmidt, V. M., Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad . Oslo, I, Mat.-Naturn. Kl, 1926. See also Dasent, W. E., Inorganic Energetics , 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1982. 7. Jenkins, H. D. B., Roobottom, H. K., Passmore, J., and Glasse r, L., J. Chem. Education, in press. 12-23Substance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFC Acetates Li(CH 3COO) - 843 Na(CH3COO) 828 807 K(CH3COO) 749 726 Rb(CH 3COO) 715 - Cs(CH3COO) 682 - Acetylides CaC2 2911 2902 SrC2 2788 2782 BaC2 2647 2652 Azides LiN3 861 875 NaN3 770 784 KN 3 697 - RbN3 674 691 CsN3 665 674 AgN3 854 910 TlN3 689 742 Ca(N3)2 2186 2316 Sr(N3)2 2056 2187 Ba(N3)2 2021 - Mn(N3)2 2408 2348 Cu(N3)2 2730 2738 Zn(N3)2 2840 2970 Cd(N3)2 2446 2576 Pb(N3)2 - 2300 Bihalide SaltsLiHF 2 821 847 NaHF2 755 748 KHF2 657 660 RbHF2 627 631 CsHF2 607 - NH4HF2 705 658 CsHCl2 601 - Me4NHCl2 427 - Et4NHCl2 346 - Bu4NHCl2 290 - Bicarbonates NaHCO3 820 656 KHCO3 741 573 RbHCO 3 707 522 CsHCO3 678 520 NH4HCO3 - 577 Borides CaB6 5146 - SrB6 5104 - BaB 6 5021 - YB6 7447 - LaB6 7406 - CeB 6 10083 - PrB6 7447 — NdB6 7447 - PmB 6 7406 - SmB6 7447 - EuB6 5104 - GdB6 7489 -LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) Substance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFC TbB6 7489 - DyB6 7489 - HoB 6 7489 - ErB6 7489 - TmB6 7489 - YbB 6 5146 - LuB6 7489 - ThB6 10167 - Borohydrides LiBH4 778 - NaBH4 703 694 KBH 4 655 638 RbBH4 648 - CsBH4 628 - Borohalides LiBF4 699 749 NaBF4 657 674 KBF4 611 616 RbBF4 577 590 CsBF4 556 565 NH4BF4 582 - KBCl4 506 497 RbBCl4 489 486 CsBCl4 473 - CarbonatesLi 2CO3 2523 2254 Na2CO3 2301 2016 K2CO3 2084 1846 Rb2CO3 2000 1783 Cs2CO3 1920 1722 MgCO3 3138 3122 CaCO3 2804 2811 SrCO3 2720 2688 BaCO3 2615 2554 MnCO3 3046 3092 FeCO3 3121 3169 CoCO3 3443 3235 CuCO3 3494 - ZnCO3 3121 3273 CdCO3 2929 3052 SnCO3 2904 - PbCO 3 2728 2750 CyanatesLiNCO 849 - NaNCO 807 816 KNCO 726 734RbNCO 692 - CsNCO 661 - NH 4NCO 724 - Cyanides LiCN 874 NaCN 766 759KCN 692 686 RbCN 638 - CsCN 601 -Ca(CN) 2 2268 2240 TeamLRN12-24Sr(CN) 2 2138 - Ba(CN)2 2001 2009 NH4CN 617 691 AgCN (741) 935 Zn(CN)2 2809 2817 Cd(CN)2 2583 2591 Formates Li(HCO2) 865 - Na(HCO2) 791 804 K(HCO 2) 713 722 Rb(HCO2) 685 - Cs(HCO2) 651 - NH 4(HCO2) 715 - Germanates Mg2GeO4 7991 - Ca2GeO4 7301 7306 Sr2GeO4 6987 - Ba2GeO4 6653 6643 Halates LiBrO3 883 880 NaBrO3 803 791 KBrO3 740 722 RbBrO3 720 705 CsBrO3 694 681 NaClO3 770 785 KClO3 711 721 RbClO3 690 703 CsClO3 - 679 LiIO3 975 974 NaIO3 883 876 KIO3 820 780 RbIO3 791 - CsIO3 761 - Halides LiF 1030 1049LiCl 834 864 LiBr 788 820 LiI 730 764NaF 910 930 NaCl 769 790 NaBr 732 754NaI 682 705 KF 808 829 KCl 701 720KBr 671 691 KI 632 650 RbF 774 795RbCl 680 695 RbBr 651 668 RbI 617 632CsF 744 759 CsCl 657 670 CsBr 632 647CsI 600 613 FrF 715 - FrCl 632 -LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFCSubstance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFC FrBr 611 - FrI 582 - CuCl 992 996CuBr 969 978 CuI 948 966 AgF 953 974AgCl 910 918 AgBr 897 905 AgI 881 892AuCl 1013 1066 AuBr 1029 1059 AuI 1027 1070InCl - 764 InBr - 767 InI - 733TlF - 850 TlCl 738 751 TlBr 720 734TlI 692 710 Me 4NCl 566 - Me4NBr 553 - Me4NI 544 - PH4Br 616 - PH4I 590 - BeF2 3464 3526 BeCl2 3004 3033 BeBr2 2950 2914 BeI2 2780 2813 MgF2 2926 2978 MgCl2 2477 2540 MgBr2 2406 2451 MgI2 2293 2340 CaF2 2640 2651 CaCl2 2268 2271 CaBr2 2132 - CaI2 1971 2087 SrF2 2476 2513 SrCl2 2142 2170 SrI2 1984 1976 BaF2 2347 2373 BaCl 2 2046 2069 BaBr2 1971 1995 BaI2 1862 1890 RaF 2 2284 - RaCl2 2004 - RaBr2 1929 - RaI 2 1803 - ScCl2 2380 - ScBr2 2291 - ScI 2 2201 - TiF2 2724 - TiCl2 2439 2514 TiBr 2 2360 2430 TiI2 2259 2342 VCl2 2607 2593 VBr2 - 2534 12-25VI2 - 2470 CrF2 2778 2939 CrCl 2 2540 2601 CrBr2 2377 2536 CrI2 2269 2440 MoCl 2 2737 2746 MoBr2 2742 2753 MoI2 2630 - MnF 2 2644 - MnCl2 2510 2551 MnBr2 2448 2482 MnI 2 2212 - FeF2 2849 2967 FeCl2 2569 2641 FeBr2 2515 2577 FeI2 2439 2491 CoF2 3004 3042 CoCl2 2707 2706 CoBr2 2640 2643 CoI2 2569 2561 NiF2 3098 3089 NiCl2 2753 2786 NiBr2 2729 2721 NiI2 2607 2637 PdCl2 2778 2818 PdBr2 2741 2751 PdI2 2748 2760 CuF2 3046 3102 CuCl2 2774 2824 CuBr2 2715 2774 CuI2 2640 - AgF2 2942 2967 ZnF2 3021 3053 ZnCl2 2703 2748 ZnBr2 2648 2689 ZnI2 2581 2619 CdF2 2809 2830 CdCl2 2552 2565 CdBr2 2507 2517 CdI2 2441 2455 HgF2 2757 - HgCl 2 2657 2664 HgBr2 2628 2639 HgI2 2628 2624 SnF 2 2551 - SnCl2 2297 2310 SnBr2 2251 2256 SnI 2 2193 2206 PbF2 2535 2543 PbCl2 2270 2282 PbBr 2 2219 2230 PbI2 2163 2177 ScF3 5492 5540 ScCl3 4874 4901 ScBr3 4729 4761 ScI3 4640 -YF3 4983 - YCl3 4506 4524 YI3 4240 4258 TiF3 5644 - TiCl3 5134 5153 TiBr 3 5012 5023 TiI3 4845 - ZrCl3 - 4791 ZrBr 3 - 4758 ZrI3 - 4591 VF3 5895 - VCl 3 5322 5329 VBr3 5214 5224 VI3 5121 5136 NbCl3 5062 - NbBr3 4980 - NbI3 4860 - CrF3 6033 6065 CrCl3 5518 5529 CrBr3 5355 - CrI3 5275 5294 MoF3 6459 - MoCl3 5246 5253 MoBr3 5156 - MoI3 5073 - MnF3 6017 - MnCl3 5544 - MnBr3 5448 - MnI3 5330 - TcCl3 5270 - TcBr3 5215 - TcI3 5188 - FeF3 5870 - FeCl3 5364 5436 FeBr3 5333 5347 FeI3 5117 - RuCl3 5245 5257 RuBr3 5223 5232 RuI3 5222 5235 CoF3 5991 - RhCl3 5641 5665 IrF3 (6112) - IrBr3 (4794) - NiF3 (6111) - AuF 3 (5777) - AuCl3 (4605) - ZnCl3 5832 - ZnBr 3 5732 - ZnI3 5636 - AlF3 5924 6252 AlCl 3 5376 5513 AlBr3 5247 5360 AlI3 5070 5227 GaF3 5829 6238 GaCl3 5217 5665 GaBr3 4966 5569LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFCSubstance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFC TeamLRN12-26GaI3 4611 5496 InCl3 4736 5183 InBr 3 4535 5117 InI3 4234 5001 TlF3 5493 - TlCl 3 5258 5278 TlBr3 5171 - TlI3 5088 - AsBr 3 5497 5365 AsI3 4824 5295 SbF3 5295 5324 SbCl 3 5032 4857 SbBr3 4954 4776 SbI3 4867 4692 BiCl3 4689 4707 BiI3 3774 - LaF3 4682 - LaCl3 4263 4242 LaBr3 4209 - LaI3 3916 3986 CeCl3 4394 4348 CeI3 - 4061 PrCl3 4322 4387 PrI3 - 4101 NdCl3 4343 4415 SmCl3 4376 4450 EuCl3 4393 4490 GdCl3 4406 4495 DyCl3 4481 4529 HoCl3 4501 4572 ErCl3 4527 4591 TmCl3 4548 4608 TmI3 - 4340 YbCl3 - 4651 AcCl3 4096 - UCl3 4243 - NpCl3 4268 - PuCl3 4289 - PuBr3 (3959) - AmCl3 4293 - TiF4 10012 9908 TiCl 4 9431 - TiBr4 9288 9059 TiI4 9108 8918 ZrF 4 8853 8971 ZrCl4 8021 8144 ZrBr4 7661 7984 ZrI4 7155 7801 MoF4 8795 - MoCl4 8556 9603 MoBr 4 8510 9500 MoI4 8427 - SnCl4 8355 8930 SnBr4 7970 8852 PbF4 9519 - CrF2Cl 5795 -CrF2Br 5753 - CrF 2I 5669 - CrCl2Br 5448 - CrCl2I 5381 5429 CrBr 2I 5330 5370 CuFCl 2891 -CuFBr 2853 - CuFI 2803 - CuClBr 2753 -CuClI 2694 - CuBrI 2669 - FeF 2Cl 5711 - FeF2Br 5653 - FeF 2I 5569 - FeCl2Br 5339 - FeCl2I 5272 - FeBr2I 5209 - LiIO2F2 845 - NaIO2F2 766 756 KIO2F2 699 689 RbIO2F2 674 - CsIO2F2 636 - NH4IO2F2 678 - AgIO2F2 736 685 Hydrides LiH 916 918 NaH 807 807KH 711 713 RbH 686 684 CsH 648 653VH 1184 (1344) NbH 1163 (1633) PdH 979 1368CuH 828 1254 TiH 996 1407 ZrH 916 1590HfH 904 - LaH 828 - TaH 1021 - CrH 1050 - NiH 929 - PtH 937 -AgH 941 - AuH 1033 1108 TlH 745 -GeH 950 - PbH 778 - BeH 2 3205 3306 MgH2 2791 2718 CaH 2 2410 2406 SrH2 2250 2265 BaH2 2121 2133 ScH 2 2711 2744 YH2 (2598) 2733 LaH2 2380 2522 CeH2 2414 2509LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFCSubstance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFC 12-27PrH2 2448 2405 NdH2 2464 2394 PmH 2 2519 - SmH2 2510 2389 GdH2 2494 2651 AcH 2 2372 - ThH2 2711 2738 PuH2 2519 - AmH 2 2544 - TiH2 2866 2864 ZrH2 2711 2999 CuH 2 2941 - ZnH2 2870 - HgH2 2707 - AlH3 5924 5969 FeH3 5724 - ScH3 5439 - YH3 5063 4910 LaH3 4895 4493 FeH3 5724 - GaH3 5690 - InH3 5092 - TlH3 5092 - Hydroselenides NaHSe 703 732KHSe 644 712 RbHSe 623 689 CsHse 598 669Hydrosulphides LiHS 768 862 NaHS 723 771RbHS 655 682 CsHS 628 657 NH 4HS 661 718 Ca(HS)2 2184 (2171) Sr(HS)2 2063 - Ba(HS)2 1979 (1956) Hydroxides LiOH 1021 1028 NaOH 887 892KOH 789 796 RbOH 766 765 CsOH 721 732Be(OH) 2 3477 3620 Mg(OH) 2 2870 2998 Ca(OH)2 2506 2637 Sr(OH)2 2330 2474 Ba(OH) 2 2142 2330 Ti(OH)2 - 2953 Mn(OH)2 2909 3008 Fe(OH) 2 2653 3044 Co(OH)2 2786 3109 Ni(OH)2 2832 3186 Pd(OH)2 - 3189 Cu(OH)2 2870 3229 CuOH 1006 -AgOH 918 845 AuOH 1033 - TlOH 705 874 Zn(OH)2 2795 3151 Cd(OH)2 2607 2909 Hg(OH) 2 2669 - Sn(OH)2 2489 2721 Pb(OH)2 2376 - Sc(OH) 3 5063 5602 Y(OH)3 4707 - La(OH)3 4443 - Cr(OH) 3 5556 6299 Mn(OH)3 6213 - Al(OH)3 5627 - Ga(OH)3 5732 6368 In(OH)3 5280 - Tl(OH)3 5314 - Ti(OH)4 9456 - Zr(OH)4 8619 - Mn(OH)4 10933 - Sn(OH)4 9188 9879 ImidesCaNH 3293 - SrNH 3146 - BaNH 2975 -Metavanadates Li 3VO4 3945 - Na3VO4 3766 - K3VO4 3376 - Rb3VO4 3243 - Cs3VO4 3137 - Nitrates LiNO3 848 854 NaNO3 755 763 KNO3 685 694 RbNO3 662 671 CsNO3 648 650 AgNO3 820 832 TlNO3 690 707 Mg(NO3)2 2481 2521 Ca(NO3)2 2268 2247 Sr(NO 3)2 2176 2151 Ba(NO3)2 2062 2035 Mn(NO3)2 2318 2478 Fe(NO 3)2 - (2580) Co(NO3)2 2560 2647 Ni(NO3)2 - 2729 Cu(NO 3)2 - 2739 Zn(NO3)2 2376 2649 Cd(NO3)2 2238 2462 Sn(NO 3)2 2155 2254 Pb(NO3)2 2067 2208 Nitrides ScN 7547 7506 LaN 6876 6793TiN 8130 8033LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFCSubstance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFC TeamLRN12-28ZrN 7633 7723 VN 8283 8233 NbN 7939 8022 CrN 8269 8358Nitrites NaNO 2 774 772 KNO2 699 687 RbNO2 724 765 CsNO 2 690 - OxidesLi 2O 2799 2814 Na2O 2481 2478 K2O 2238 2232 Rb2O 2163 2161 Cs2O 2131 2063 Cu2O 3273 3189 Ag2O 3002 2910 Tl2O 2659 2575 LiO2 (878) (872) NaO2 799 821 KO2 741 751 RbO2 706 721 CsO2 679 696 Li2O2 2592 2557 Na2O2 2309 22717 K2O2 2114 2064 Rb2O2 2025 1994 Cs2O2 1948 1512 MgO2 3356 3526 CaO2 3144 3132 SrO2 3037 2977 KO3 697 707 BeO 4514 4443 MgO 3795 3791CaO 3414 3401 SrO 3217 3223 BaO 3029 3054TiO 3832 3811 VO 3932 3863 MnO 3724 3745FeO 3795 3865 CoO 3837 3910 NiO 3908 4010PdO 3736 - CuO 4135 4050 ZnO 4142 3971CdO 3806 - HgO 3907 - GeO 3919 -SnO 3652 - PbO 3520 - Sc 2O3 13557 13708 Y2O3 12705 - La2O3 12452 - Ce2O3 12661 - Pr2O3 12703 -Nd2O3 12736 - Pm2O3 12811 - Sm 2O3 12878 - Eu2O3 12945 - Gd2O3 12996 - Tb2O3 13071 - Dy2O3 13138 - Ho2O3 13180 - Er2O3 13263 - Tm2O3 13322 - Yb2O3 13380 - Lu2O3 13665 - Ac2O3 12573 - Ti2O3 - 14149 V2O3 15096 14520 Cr2O3 15276 14957 Mn2O3 15146 15035 Fe2O3 14309 14774 Al2O3 15916 - Ga2O3 15590 15220 In2O3 13928 - Pb2O3 (14841) - CeO2 9627 - ThO2 10397 - PaO2 10573 - VO2(g) 10644 - NpO2 10707 - PuO2 10786 - AmO2 10799 - CmO2 10832 - TiO2 12150 - ZrO2 11188 - MoO2 11648 - MnO2 12970 - SiO2 13125 - GeO2 12828 - SnO2 11807 - PbO2 11217 - Perchlorates LiClO4 709 715 NaClO4 643 641 KClO 4 599 595 RbClO4 564 576 CsClO4 636 550 NH 4ClO4 583 580 Ca(ClO4)2 1958 1971 Sr(ClO4)2 1862 1862 Ba(ClO 4)2 1795 1769 PermanganatesNaMnO 4 661 - KMnO 4 607 - RbMnO4 586 - CsMnO4 565 - Ca(MnO4)2 1937 - Sr(MnO4)2 1845 - Ba(MnO4)2 1778 -LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFCSubstance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFC 12-29Phosphates Mg3(PO4)2 11632 11407 Ca3(PO 4)2 10602 10479 Sr3(PO4)2 10125 10075 Ba3(PO4)2 9652 9654 MnPO 4 7397 - FePO4 7251 7300 BPO4 8201 - AlPO 4 7427 7507 GaPO4 7381 - Selenides Li2Se 2364 - Na2Se 2130 - K2Se 1933 - Rb2Se 1837 - Cs2Se 1745 - Ag2Se 2686 - Tl2Se 2209 - BeSe 3431 -MgSe 3071 - CaSe 2858 2862 SrSe 2736 -BaSe 2611 - MnSe 3176 - SelenitesLi 2SeO3 2171 - Na2SeO3 1950 1916 K2SeO3 1774 1749 Rb2SeO3 1715 1675 Cs2SeO3 1640 - Tl2SeO3 1879 - Ag2SeO3 2113 2148 BeSeO3 3322 - MgSeO3 3012 2998 CaSeO3 2732 - SrSeO3 2586 2588 BaSeO3 2460 2451 Selenates Li2SeO4 2054 - Na2SeO4 1879 - K2SeO4 1732 - Rb2SeO4 1686 - Cs2SeO4 1615 - Cu2SeO4 2201 - Ag2SeO4 2033 - Tl2SeO4 1766 - Hg2SeO4 2163 - BeSeO 4 3448 - MgSeO4 2895 - CaSeO4 2632 - SrSeO 4 2489 - SulphidesLi 2S 2464 2472 Na2S 2192 2203 K2S 1979 (2052)Rb2S 1929 1949 Cs2S 1892 1850 (NH 4)2S 2008 (2026) Cu2S 2786 2865 Ag2S 2606 2677 Au2S 2908 - Tl2S 2298 2258 Sulphates Li2SO4 2229 2142 Na2SO4 1827 1938 K2SO4 1700 1796 Rb2SO4 1636 1748 Cs2SO4 1596 1658 (NH4)2SO4 1766 1777 Cu2SO4 2276 2166 Ag2SO4 2104 1989 Tl2SO4 1828 1722 Hg2SO4 - 2127 CaSO4 2489 2480 SrSO4 2577 2484 BaSO4 2469 2374 MnSO4 2920 2825 Ternary Salts Cs2CuCl4 1393 - Rb2ZnCl4 1529 - Cs2ZnCl4 1492 - Rb2ZnBr4 1498 - Cs2ZnBr4 1454 - Cs2ZnI4 1386 - CsGaCl4 494 - NaAlCl4 556 - CsAlCl4 486 - NaFeCl4 492 - Rb2CoCl4 1447 - Cs2CoCl4 1391 - K2PtCl4 1574 1550 Cs2GeF6 1573 - (NH4)2GeF6 1657 - Cs2GeCl6 1404 1419 K2HfCl6 1345 1461 K2IrCl6 1442 1440 Na2MoCl6 1526 1504 K2MoCl6 1418 1412 Rb2MoCl6 1399 1399 Cs2MoCl6 1347 1347 K2NbCl6 1375 1398 Rb2NbCl6 1371 1385 Cs2NbCl6 1381 1344 K2OsCl6 1447 1447 Cs2OsCl6 1409 - K2OsBr6 1396 - K2PdCl6 1481 1493 Rb2PdCl6 1449 - Cs2PdCl 6 1426 - Rb2PbCl6 1343 1343LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFCSubstance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFC TeamLRN12-30Cs2PbCl6 1344 - (NH4)2PbCl6 1355 - K2PtCl 6 1468 1471 Rb2PtCl6 1464 - Cs2PtCl6 1444 - (NH 4)2PtCl 6 1468 - Tl2PtCl6 1546 - Ag2PtCl6 1773 1881 BaPtCl 6 2047 2070 K2PtBr6 1423 1392 Ag2PtBr6 1791 2276 K2PtI6 1421 - K2ReCl6 1416 1442 Rb2ReCl6 1414 - Cs2ReCl6 1398 - K2ReBr6 1375 1375 K2SiF6 1670 1765 Rb2SiF6 1639 1673 Cs2SiF6 1604 1498 Tl2SiF6 1675 - K2SnCl6 1363 1390 Rb2SnCl6 1361 1363 Cs2SnCl6 1358 - Tl2SnCl6 1437 - (NH4)2SnCl6 1370 1344 Rb2SnBr6 1309 - Cs2SnBr6 1306 - Rb2SnI6 1226 - Cs2SnBr6 1243 - K2TeCl6 1318 1320 Rb2TeCl6 1321 - Cs2TeCl6 1323 - Tl2TeCl6 1392 - (NH4)2TeCl6 1318 - K2RuCl6 1451 - Rb2CoF6 1688 - Cs2CoF6 1632 - K2NiF6 1721 - Rb2NiF6 1688 - Rb2SbCl6 1357 - Rb2SeCl6 1409 - Cs2SeCl6 1397 - (NH4)2SeCl6 1420 - (NH4)2PoCl6 1338 - Cs2PoBr6 1286 - Cs2CrF6 1603 - Rb2MnF6 1688 - Cs2MnF6 1620 - K2MnCl6 1462 - Rb2MnCl6 1451 - (NH 4)2MnCl6 1464 - Cs2TeBr6 1306 - Cs2TeI6 1246 - K2TiCl 6 1412 1447Rb2TiCl6 1415 1416 Cs2TiCl6 1402 1384 Tl2TiCl 6 1560 1553 K2TiBr6 1379 1379 Rb2TiBr6 1341 1331 Cs2TiBr 6 1339 1306 Na2UBr6 1504 - K2UBr6 1484 - Rb2UBr 6 1473 - Cs2UBr6 1459 - K2WCl6 1398 1423 Rb2WCl6 1397 1434 Cs2WCl6 1392 1366 K2WBr6 1408 1408 Rb2WBr6 1361 1391 Cs2WBr6 1362 1332 K2ZrCl6 1339 1371 Rb2ZrCl6 1341 - Cs2ZrCl6 1339 1307 Tellurides Li2Te 2212 - Na2Te 1997 2095 K2Te 1830 - Rb2Te 1837 - Cs2Te 1745 - Cu2Te 2706 2683 Ag2Te 2607 2600 Tl2Te 2084 2172 BeTe 3319 - MgTe 2878 3081 CaTe 2721 -Thiocyanates LiCNS 764 (765) NaCNS 682 682KCNS 623 616 RbCNS 623 619 CsCNS 623 568NH 4CNS 605 611 Ca(CNS)2 2184 2118 Sr(CNS)2 2063 1957 Ba(CNS)2 1979 1852 Mn(CNS) 2 2280 2351 Zn(CNS)2 2335 2560 Cd(CNS)2 2201 2374 Hg(CNS) 2 2146 2492 Sn(CNS)2 2117 2142 Pb(CNS)2 2058 - Vanadates LiVO3 810 - NaVO3 761 - KVO 3 686 - RbVO3 657 - CsVO3 628 -LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFCSubstance Calc. UPOT UPOTBHFC 12-31LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) Ion Radius Singly Charged Anions AgF4- 0.231 ± 0.019 AlBr4- 0.321 ± 0.023 AlCl 4-0.317 ± 0.019 AlF4- 0.214 ± 0.023 AlH4- 0.226 ± 0.019 AlI 4-0.374 ± 0.019 AsF6- 0.243 ± 0.019 AsO2- 0.211 ± 0.019 Au(CN) 2-0.266 ± 0.019 AuCl4- 0.288 ± 0.019 AuF4- 0.240 ± 0.019 AuF 6-0.235 ± 0.038 B(OH)4- 0.229 ± 0.019 BF4- 0.205 ± 0.019 BH4-0.205 ± 0.019 Br- 0.190 ± 0.019 BrF4- 0.231 ± 0.019 BrO3-0.214 ± 0.019 CF3SO3- 0.230 ± 0.049 CH3CO2- 0.194 ± 0.019 Cl- 0.168 ± 0.019 ClO2- 0.195 ± 0.019 ClO3- 0.208 ± 0.019 ClO4-0.225 ± 0.019 ClS2O6- 0.260 ± 0.049 CN-0.187 ± 0.023 Cr3O8-0.276 ± 0.019 CuBr4- 0.315 ± 0.019 F-0.126 ± 0.019 FeCl4-0.317 ± 0.019 GaCl4- 0.328 ± 0.019 H-0.148 ± 0.019 H2AsO4-0.227 ± 0.019 H2PO4- 0.213 ± 0.019 HCO2- 0.200 ± 0.019 HCO3-0.207 ± 0.019 HF2- 0.172 ± 0.019 HSO4- 0.221 ± 0.019 I- 0.211 ± 0.019 I2Br-0.261 ± 0.019 I3- 0.272 ± 0.019 I4-0.300 ± 0.019 IBr2- 0.251 ± 0.019 ICl2- 0.235 ± 0.019 ICl4-0.307 ± 0.019 IO2F2- 0.233 ± 0.019 IO3- 0.218 ± 0.019 IO4-0.231 ± 0.019 IrF6- 0.242 ± 0.019 MnO4- 0.220 ± 0.019 MoF 6-0.241 ± 0.019 MoOF5- 0.241 ± 0.019 N3- 0.180 ± 0.019 NCO-0.193 ± 0.019 NbCl6- 0.338 ± 0.049NbF6- 0.254 ± 0.019 Nb2F11-0.311 ± 0.038 NbO3- 0.194 ± 0.019 NH2- 0.168 ± 0.019 NH 2CH 2COO- 0.252 ± 0.019 NO2- 0.187 ± 0.019 NO3- 0.200 ± 0.019 O2-0.165 ± 0.019 O3- 0.199 ± 0.034 OH- 0.152 ± 0.019 OsF 6-0.252 ± 0.020 PaF6- 0.249 ± 0.019 PdF6- 0.252 ± 0.019 PF6-0.242 ± 0.019 PO3- 0.204 ± 0.019 PtF6- 0.247 ± 0.019 PuF5-0.239 ± 0.019 ReF6- 0.240 ± 0.019 ReO4- 0.227 ± 0.019 RuF6-0.242 ± 0.019 S6- 0.305 ± 0.019 SCN-0.209 ± 0.019 SbCl6-0.320 ± 0.019 SbF6- 0.252 ± 0.019 Sb2F11- 0.312 ± 0.038 Sb3F14-0.374 ± 0.038 SeCl5- 0.258 ± 0.038 SeCN-0.230 ± 0.019 SeH- 0.195 ± 0.019 SH- 0.191 ± 0.019 SO3F-0.214 ± 0.019 S3N3-0.231 ± 0.038 S3N3O4- 0.252 ± 0.038 TaCl6- 0.352 ± 0.019 TaF6-0.250 ± 0.019 TaO3- 0.192 ± 0.019 UF6- 0.301 ± 0.019 VF6-0.235 ± 0.019 VO3- 0.201 ± 0.019 WCl6- 0.337 ± 0.019 WF 6-0.246 ± 0.019 WOF5- 0.241 ± 0.019 Doubly Charged Anions AmF 62-0.255 ± 0.019 Bi2Br82- 0.392 ± 0.055 Bi6Cl202- 0.501 ± 0.073 CdCl 42-0.307 ± 0.019 CeCl62- 0.352 ± 0.019 CeF62- 0.249 ± 0.019 CO 32-0.189 ± 0.019 CoCl42- 0.306 ± 0.019 CoF42- 0.209 ± 0.019 CoF 62-0.256 ± 0.019 Cr2O72- 0.292 ± 0.019 CrF62- 0.253 ± 0.019 CrO42-0.229 ± 0.019Ion Radius TeamLRN12-32CuCl42- 0.304 ± 0.019 CuF 42-0.213 ± 0.019 GeCl62- 0.335 ± 0.019 GeF62- 0.244 ± 0.019 HfF 62-0.248 ± 0.019 HgI42- 0.377 ± 0.019 IrCl62- 0.332 ± 0.019 MnCl 62-0.314 ± 0.031 MnF42- 0.219 ± 0.019 MnF62- 0.241 ± 0.019 MoBr 62-0.364 ± 0.019 MoCl62- 0.338 ± 0.019 MoF62- 0.274 ± 0.019 MoO 42-0.231 ± 0.019 NbCl62- 0.343 ± 0.019 NH2-0.128 ± 0.019 Ni(CN)42-0.322 ± 0.019 NiF42- 0.211 ± 0.019 NiF62- 0.249 ± 0.019 O2- 0.141 ± 0.019 O22- 0.167 ± 0.019 OsBr62- 0.365 ± 0.019 OsCl62-0.336 ± 0.019 OsF62- 0.276 ± 0.019 PbCl42- 0.279 ± 0.019 PbCl62-0.347 ± 0.019 PbF62- 0.268 ± 0.019 PdBr62- 0.354 ± 0.019 PdCl42-0.313 ± 0.019 PdCl62- 0.333 ± 0.019 PdF62- 0.252 ± 0.019 PoBr62-0.380 ± 0.019 PoI62- 0.428 ± 0.019 Pt(NO2)3Cl32- 0.364 ± 0.019 Pt(NO2)4Cl22-0.383 ± 0.019 Pt(OH)22- 0.333 ± 0.019 Pt(SCN)62- 0.451 ± 0.019 PtBr42-0.324 ± 0.019 PtBr62- 0.363 ± 0.019 PtCl42- 0.307 ± 0.019 PtCl 62-0.333 ± 0.019 PtF62- 0.245 ± 0.019 PuCl62- 0.349 ± 0.019 ReBr 62-0.371 ± 0.019 ReCl62- 0.337 ± 0.019 ReF62- 0.256 ± 0.019 ReF 82-0.276 ± 0.019 ReH92- 0.257 ± 0.019 ReI62- 0.421 ± 0.026 RhF 62-0.240 ± 0.019 RuCl62- 0.336 ± 0.019 RuF62- 0.248 ± 0.019 S2-0.189 ± 0.019 S2O32- 0.251 ± 0.019 S2O42- 0.262 ± 0.019 S2O52-0.270 ± 0.019S2O62- 0.283 ± 0.019 S2O72-0.275 ± 0.019 S2O82- 0.291 ± 0.019 S3O62- 0.302 ± 0.019 S4O62-0.325 ± 0.019 S6O62- 0.382 ± 0.019 ScF62- 0.276 ± 0.019 Se2- 0.181 ± 0.019 SeBr62- 0.363 ± 0.019 SeCl62- 0.336 ± 0.019 SeO 42-0.229 ± 0.019 SiF62- 0.248 ± 0.019 SiO32- 0.195 ± 0.019 SmF 42-0.218 ± 0.019 Sn(OH)62- 0.279 ± 0.020 SnBr62- 0.374 ± 0.019 SnCl62-0.345 ± 0.019 SnF62- 0.265 ± 0.019 SnI62- 0.427 ± 0.019 SO32-0.204 ± 0.019 SO42- 0.218 ± 0.019 TcBr62- 0.363 ± 0.019 TcCl62-0.337 ± 0.019 TcF62- 0.244 ± 0.019 TcH92- 0.260 ± 0.019 TcI62-0.419 ± 0.019 Te2- 0.220 ± 0.019 TeBr62- 0.383 ± 0.019 TeCl62-0.353 ± 0.019 TeI62- 0.430 ± 0.019 TeO42- 0.238 ± 0.019 Th(NO3)62-0.424 ± 0.019 ThCl62- 0.360 ± 0.019 ThF62- 0.263 ± 0.019 TiBr62-0.356 ± 0.019 TiCl62- 0.335 ± 0.019 TiF62- 0.252 ± 0.019 UCl62-0.354 ± 0.019 UF62- 0.256 ± 0.019 VO32- 0.204 ± 0.019 WBr 62-0.363 ± 0.019 WCl62- 0.339 ± 0.019 WO42- 0.237 ± 0.019 WOCl 52-0.334 ± 0.019 ZnBr42- 0.335 ± 0.019 ZnCl42- 0.306 ± 0.019 ZnF 42-0.219 ± 0.019 ZnI42- 0.384 ± 0.019 ZrBr42- 0.334 ± 0.019 ZrCl 42-0.306 ± 0.019 ZrCl62- 0.348 ± 0.019 ZrF62- 0.258 ± 0.019 Multi-Charged Anions AlH63- 0.256 ± 0.042 AsO43- 0.237 ± 0.042 CdBr64-0.374 ± 0.038LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion Radius Ion Radius 12-33CdCl64- 0.352 ± 0.038 CeF 63-0.278 ± 0.038 CeF73- 0.282 ± 0.038 Co(CN)63- 0.349 ± 0.038 Co(NO 2)63-0.343 ± 0.038 CoCl53- 0.320 ± 0.038 CoF63- 0.258 ± 0.042 Cr(CN) 63-0.351 ± 0.038 CrF63- 0.254 ± 0.042 Cu(CN)43- 0.312 ± 0.038 Fe(CN) 63-0.347 ± 0.038 FeF63- 0.298 ± 0.042 HfF73- 0.277 ± 0.042 InF 63-0.268 ± 0.038 Ir(CN)63- 0.347 ± 0.038 Ir(NO2)63- 0.338 ± 0.038 Mn(CN)63-0.350 ± 0.038 Mn(CN)65- 0.401 ± 0.042 MnCl64- 0.349 ± 0.038 N3- 0.180 ± 0.042 Ni(NO2)63- 0.342 ± 0.038 Ni(NO2)64- 0.383 ± 0.038 NiF63-0.250 ± 0.042 O3- 0.288 ± 0.038 P3-0.224 ± 0.042 PaF83-0.299 ± 0.042 PO43- 0.230 ± 0.042 PrF63- 0.281 ± 0.038 Rh(NO2)63-0.345 ± 0.038 Rh(SCN)63- 0.428 ± 0.042 TaF83- 0.284 ± 0.042 TbF73-0.290 ± 0.038 Tc(CN)65- 0.410 ± 0.042 ThF73- 0.282 ± 0.042 TiBr63-0.315 ± 0.038 TlF63- 0.271 ± 0.038 UF73- 0.285 ± 0.042 YF63-0.275 ± 0.038 ZrF73- 0.273 ± 0.038 Singly Charged Cations N(CH3)4+0.234 ± 0.019 N2H5+ 0.158 ± 0.019 N2H62+ 0.158 ± 0.029 NH(C 2H5)3+0.274 ± 0.019 NH3C2H5+ 0.193 ± 0.019 NH3C3H7+ 0.225 ± 0.019 NH 3CH3+0.177 ± 0.019 NH3OH+0.147 ± 0.019 NH4+ 0.136 ± 0.019 NH 3C2H4OH+ 0.203 ± 0.019 As3S4+ 0.244 ± 0.027 As3Se4+ 0.253 ± 0.027 AsCl 4+0.221 ± 0.027 Br2+ 0.155 ± 0.027 Br3+ 0.204 ± 0.027 Br3-0.238 ± 0.027Br5+ 0.229 ± 0.027 BrClCNH 2+0.175 ± 0.027 BrF2+ 0.183 ± 0.027 BrF4+ 0.172 ± 0.027 C10F8+0.265 ± 0.027 C6F6+ 0.228 ± 0.027 Cl(SNSCN)2+ 0.347 ± 0.027 Cl2C=NH 2+0.173 ± 0.027 Cl2F+ 0.165 ± 0.027 Cl3+ 0.182 ± 0.027 ClF 2+0.147 ± 0.027 ClO2+ 0.118 ± 0.027 GaBr4- 0.317 ± 0.038 I2+0.185 ± 0.027 I3+ 0.225 ± 0.027 I5+ 0.263 ± 0.027 IBr2+0.196 ± 0.027 ICl2+ 0.175 ± 0.036 IF6+ 0.209 ± 0.027 N(S3N2)2+0.258 ± 0.027 N(SCl)2+ 0.186 ± 0.027 N(SeCl)2+ 0.246 ± 0.027 N(SF2)2+0.214 ± 0.027 N2F+ 0.156 ± 0.027 NO+0.145 ± 0.027 NO2+0.153 ± 0.027 O2+ 0.140 ± 0.027 O2(SCCF3Cl)2+ 0.275 ± 0.027 ONCH3CF3+0.200 ± 0.027 OsOF5- 0.246 ± 0.038 P(CH3)3Cl+0.197 ± 0.027 P(CH3)3D+ 0.196 ± 0.027 PCl4+ 0.235 ± 0.027 ReOF5- 0.245 ± 0.038 S(CH3)2Cl+ 0.207 ± 0.027 S(N(C2H5)3)3+ 0.439 ± 0.027 S2(CH3)2Cl+0.265 ± 0.027 S2(CH3)2CN+ 0.223 ± 0.027 S2(CH3)3+ 0.233 ± 0.027 S2Br5+ 0.267 ± 0.027 S2N+ 0.159 ± 0.034 S2N2C2H3+ 0.211 ± 0.027 S2NC2(PhCH3)2+ 0.310 ± 0.027 S2NC3H4+0.218 ± 0.027 S2NC4H8+ 0.225 ± 0.027 S3(CH3)3+ 0.239 ± 0.027 S3Br3+0.245 ± 0.027 S3C3H7+ 0.199 ± 0.027 S3C4F6+ 0.261 ± 0.027 S3CF3CN+ 0.263 ± 0.027 S3Cl3+ 0.233 ± 0.027 S3N2+ 0.201 ± 0.027 S3N2Cl+0.232 ± 0.027 S4N3+ 0.231 ± 0.027 S4N3(Ph)2+ 0.316 ± 0.027 S4N4H+0.178 ± 0.027LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion Radius Ion Radius TeamLRN12-34S5N5+ 0.257 ± 0.027 S7I+ 0.262 ± 0.027 Sb(NPPh3)4+ 0.518 ± 0.027 SBr3+ 0.220 ± 0.027 SCH 3O2+0.183 ± 0.027 SCH3P(CH3)3+ 0.248 ± 0.027 SCH3PCH3Cl2+ 0.205 ± 0.027 SCl(C 2H5)2+0.207 ± 0.027 SCl2CF3+ 0.207 ± 0.027 SCl2CH3+ 0.204 ± 0.027 SCl 3+0.185 ± 0.027 Se3Br3+ 0.253 ± 0.027 Se3Cl3+ 0.245 ± 0.027 Se3N2+0.288 ± 0.042 Se3NCl2+ 0.163 ± 0.027 Se6I+0.260 ± 0.027 SeBr3+0.182 ± 0.027 SeCl3+ 0.192 ± 0.027 SeF3+ 0.179 ± 0.027 SeI3+0.238 ± 0.027 SeN2Cl+ 0.196 ± 0.027 SeNCl2+ 0.157 ± 0.027 (SeNMe3)3+0.406 ± 0.027 SeS2N2+ 0.282 ± 0.042 SF(C6F5)2+ 0.294 ± 0.027 SF2CF3+0.198 ± 0.027 SF2N(CH3)2+ 0.210 ± 0.027 SF3+ 0.172 ± 0.027 SFS(C(CF3)2)2+0.275 ± 0.027 SH2C3H7+ 0.210 ± 0.027 SN+0.158 ± 0.027 SNCl5(CH3CN)- 0.290 ± 0.038 (SNPMe3)3+ 0.308 ± 0.027 SNSC(CH3)N+0.225 ± 0.027 SNSC(CN)CH+ 0.209 ± 0.027 SNSC(Ph)N+ 0.251 ± 0.027 SNSC(Ph)NS3N2+ 0.327 ± 0.027 SNSC(PhCH3)N+ 0.264 ± 0.027 (Te(N(SiMe3)2)2+ 0.371 ± 0.027 Te(N3)3+ 0.226 ± 0.027 Te4Nb3OTe2I6+0.407 ± 0.027 TeBr3+ 0.235 ± 0.027 TeCl3+ 0.216 ± 0.027 TeCl 3(15-crown-5)+ 0.282 ± 0.027 TeI3+ 0.243 ± 0.027 Xe2F11+ 0.266 ± 0.027 Xe2F3+0.221 ± 0.027XeF+ 0.174 ± 0.027 XeF 3+0.183 ± 0.027 XeF5+ 0.186 ± 0.027 XeOF3+ 0.186 ± 0.027 Doubly Charged Cations Co2S2(CO)62+ 0.263 ± 0.035 FeW(Se)2(CO)2+ 0.260 ± 0.035 I42+0.207 ± 0.035 Mo(Te3)(CO)42+ 0.234 ± 0.035 S192+ 0.292 ± 0.035 S2(S(CH 3)2)22+0.230 ± 0.035 S2I42+ 0.231 ± 0.035 S3N22+ 0.184 ± 0.035 S3NCCNS32+0.220 ± 0.035 S3Se2+ 0.326 ± 0.035 S4N42+ 0.186 ± 0.035 S6N42+0.232 ± 0.035 S82+ 0.182 ± 0.035 Se102+ 0.253 ± 0.035 Se172+0.236 ± 0.035 Se192+ 0.296 ± 0.035 Se2I42+ 0.218 ± 0.035 Se3N22+0.182 ± 0.035 Se42+ 0.152 ± 0.035 Se4S2N42+ 0.224 ± 0.035 Se82+0.186 ± 0.035 SeN2S22+ 0.182 ± 0.035 (SNP(C2H5)3)22+ 0.312 ± 0.035 TaBr6-0.351 ± 0.049 Te(trtu)42+ 0.328 ± 0.035 Te(tu)42+ 0.296 ± 0.035 Te2(esu)4Br22+0.356 ± 0.035 Te2(esu)4Cl22+ 0.361 ± 0.035 Te2(esu)4I22+ 0.342 ± 0.035 Te2Se22+0.192 ± 0.035 Te2Se42+ 0.222 ± 0.035 Te2Se82+ 0.252 ± 0.035 Te3S32+0.217 ± 0.035 Te3Se2+ 0.193 ± 0.035 Te42+ 0.169 ± 0.035 Te82+0.187 ± 0.035 W(CO)4(h3-Te)2+0.234 ± 0.035 W2(CO)10Se42+ 0.290 ± 0.035 Multi-Charged Cations I153+ 0.442 ± 0.051 Te2(su)64+ 0.453 ± 0.034LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion Radius Ion Radius Ligand abbreviations: su = selenourea; esu = ethyleneselenourea ; tu = thiourea; ph = phenyl. 12-35Table 3 ANCILLARY THERMOCHEMICAL DATA (kJ mol-1) Species State ∆fHo AsO 43-g (289) BrO3- g -145 ClO4- g -344 CN- g6 6 CO32- g -321 Fe(NO3)2 c (-448) HF2-g -774 HfCl62- g -1640 IO2F2- g -693 IO3-g -208 IrCl62- g -785 LiCH3O2 c (-745) NbCl 62-g -1224 NH2CH2CO2- g -564 O22- g 553 PdCl62-g -749 PO43- g 291 PtCl62- g -774 ReBr62-g -689 ReCl62- g -919 Ti(OH)2 c -778LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) TeamLRN12-34THE MADELUNG CONSTANT AND CRYSTAL LATTICE ENERGY If U is the crystal lattice energy and M is the Madelung constant, thena Substance Ion type Crystal formb M Sodium chloride, NaCl M+, X– FCC 1.74756 Cesium chloride, CsCl M+, X– BCC 1.76267 Calcium chloride, CaCl2 M++, 2X– Cubic 2.365 Calcium fluoride (fluorite), CaF 2 M++, 2X– Cubic 2.51939 Cadmium chloride, CdCl 2 M++, 2X– Hexagonal 2.244c Cadmium iodide ( α), CdI2 M++, 2X– Hexagonal 2.355c Magnesium fluoride, MgF2 M++, 2X– Tetragonal 2.381c Cuprous oxide (cuprite), Cu2O2 M+, X– – Cubic 2.22124 Zinc oxide, ZnO M++, X– – Hexagonal 1.4985c Sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS M++, X– – FCC 1.63806 Wurtzite, ZnS M++, X– – Hexagonal 1.64132c Titanium dioxide (anatase), TiO2 M4+, 2X– – Tetragonal 2.400c Titanium dioxide (rutile), TiO2 M4+, 2X– –Tetragonal 2.408c β-Quartz, SiO2 M4+, 2X– – Hexagonal 2.2197c Corundum, Al2O3 2M3+, 3X– –Rhombohedral 4.1719 aN is Avogadro’s number, zi and zj are the integral charges on the ions(in units of e), and e is the charge on the electron in electrostatic units ( e = 4.803 × 10–10 esu). r is the shortest distance between cation- anion pairs in centimeters. Then U is in ergs (1 erg = 10–7 J). bFCC = face centered cubic; BCC = body centered cubic. cFor tetragonal and hexagonal crystals the value of M depends on the details of the lattice parameters. The Born Exponent, n is: Ion type n He, Li+5 Ne, Na+, F–7 Ar, K+, Cu+, Cl– 9 Kr, Rb+, Ag+, Br–10 Xe, Cs+, Au+, I–12 For a crystal with a mixed-ion type, an average of the values of n in this table is to be used (6 for LiF, for example).UN M z z e rnij = ()2 11±/ 12-35ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse This table gives selected values of elastic constants for single crystals. The values believed most reliable were selected from the original literature. The substances are arranged by crystal system and, within each system, alphabetically by name. A reference to the original lite rature is given for each value; a useful compilation of published values from many sources may be found in Reference 1 below. Data are given for the single-crystal density and for the elastic constants cij, in units of 1011 N/m2, which is equivalent to 1012 dyn/cm2. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Simmons, G., and Wang, H., Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties: A Handbook, Second Edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. CUBIC CRYSTALS Name Formula ρ/g cm–3 T/K Ref. C11 C12 C44 Aluminum Al 2.6970 298 1 1.0675 0.6041 0.2834 Aluminum antimonide AlSb 4.3600 300 2 0.8939 0.4427 0.4155 Ammonium bromide NH4Br 2.4314 300 3 0.3414 0.0782 0.0722 Ammonium chloride NH4Cl 1.5279 290 4 0.3814 0.0866 0.0903 Argon Ar 1.7710 4.2 5 0.0529 0.0135 0.0159Barium fluoride BaF 2 4.8860 298 6 0.9199 0.4157 0.2568 Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2 3.2560 293 7 0.2925 0.2065 0.1277 Calcium fluoride CaF2 3.810 298 8 1.6420 0.4398 0.8406 Calcium telluride CaTe 5.8544 298 9 0.5351 0.3681 0.1994 Cesium Cs 1.9800 78 10 0.0247 0.0206 0.0148 Cesium bromide CsBr 4.4560 298 11 0.3063 0.0807 0.0750Cesium chloride CsCl 3.9880 298 11 0.3644 0.0882 0.0804 Cesium iodide CsI 4.5250 298 11 0.2446 0.0661 0.0629 Chromite FeCr 2O4 4.4500 RT 12 3.2250 1.4370 1.1670 Chromium Cr 7.20 298 13 3.398 0.586 0.990 Cobalt oxide CoO 6.44 298 14 2.6123 1.4699 0.8300 Cobalt zinc ferrite CoZnFeO2 5.43 303 12 2.660 1.530 0.780 Copper Cu 8.932 298 15 1.683 1.221 0.757 Gallium antimonide GaSb 5.6137 298 16 0.8839 0.4033 0.4316 Gallium arsenide GaAs 5.3169 298 17 1.1877 0.5372 0.5944Gallium phosphide GaP 4.1297 300 18 1.4120 0.6253 0.7047 Garnet (yttrium-iron) Y 3Fe2(FeO4)3 5.17 298 19 2.680 1.106 0.766 Germanium Ge 5.313 298 20 1.2835 0.4823 0.6666Gold Au 19.283 296.5 21 1.9244 1.6298 0.4200 Indium antimonide InSb 5.7890 298 22 0.6720 0.3670 0.3020 Indium arsenide InAs 5.6720 293 23 0.8329 0.4526 0.3959Indium phosphide InP 4.78 RT 24 1.0220 0.5760 0.4600 Iridium Ir 22.52 300 25 5.80 2.42 2.56 Iron Fe 7.8672 298 26 2.26 1.40 1.16Lead Pb 11.34 296 27 0.4966 0.4231 0.1498 Lead fluoride PbF 2 7.79 300 28 0.8880 0.4720 0.2454 Lead nitrate Pb(NO 3)2 4.547 293 29 0.3729 0.2765 0.1347 Lead telluride PbTe 8.2379 303.2 30 1.0795 0.0764 0.1343 Lithium Li 0.5326 298 31 0.1350 0.1144 0.0878 Lithium bromide LiBr 3.47 RT 32 0.3940 0.1880 0.1910Lithium chloride LiCl 2.068 295 33 0.4927 0.2310 0.2495 Lithium fluoride LiF 2.638 RT 34 1.1397 0.4767 0.6364 Lithium iodide LiI 4.061 RT 32 0.2850 0.1400 0.1350Magnesium oxide MgO 3.579 298 20 2.9708 0.9536 1.5613 Magnetite Fe 3O4 5.18 RT 32 2.730 1.060 0.971 Manganese oxide MnO 5.39 298 35 2.23 1.20 0.79 Mercury telluride HgTe 8.079 290 36 0.548 0.381 0.204 Molybdenum Mo 10.2284 273 37 4.637 1.578 1.092 TeamLRN12-36ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) CUBIC CRYSTALS (continued) Name Formula ρ/g cm–3 T/K Ref. C11 C12 C44 Nickel Ni 8.91 298 15 2.481 1.549 1.242 Niobium Nb 8.578 300 38 2.4650 1.3450 0.2873Palladium Pd 12.038 300 39 2.2710 1.7604 0.7173 Platinum Pt 21.50 300 40 3.4670 2.5070 0.7650 Potassium K 0.851 295 41 0.0370 0.0314 0.0188Potassium bromide KBr 2.740 298 11 0.3468 0.0580 0.0507 Potassium chloride KCl 1.984 298 11 0.4069 0.0711 0.0631 Potassium cyanide KCN 1.553 RT 32 0.1940 0.1180 0.0150Potassium fluoride KF 2.480 295 33 0.6490 0.1520 0.1232 Potassium iodide KI 3.128 300 42 0.2710 0.0450 0.0364 Pyrite FeS 2 5.016 RT 43 3.818 0.310 1.094 Rubidium Rb 1.58 170 44 0.0296 0.0250 0.0171 Rubidium bromide RbBr 3.350 300 45 0.3152 0.0500 0.0380 Rubidium chloride RbCl 2.797 300 45 0.3624 0.0612 0.0468Rubidium iodide RbI 3.551 300 45 0.2556 0.0382 0.0278 Silicon Si 2.331 298 46 1.6578 0.6394 0.7962 Silver Ag 10.50 300 47 1.2399 0.9367 0.4612Silver bromide AgBr 5.585 300 48 0.5920 0.3640 0.0616 Sodium Na 0.971 299 49 0.0739 0.0622 0.0419 Sodium bromate NaBrO 3 3.339 RT 32 0.5450 0.1910 0.1500 Sodium bromide NaBr 3.202 300 33 0.3970 0.1001 0.0998 Sodium chlorate NaClO3 2.485 RT 50 0.4920 0.1420 0.1160 Sodium chloride NaCl 2.163 298 11 0.4947 0.1288 0.1287Sodium fluoride NaF 2.804 300 51 0.9700 0.2380 0.2822 Sodium iodide NaI 3.6689 300 52 0.3007 0.0912 0.0733 Spinel MgAl 2O4 3.6193 298 53 2.9857 1.5372 1.5758 Strontium fluoride SrF2 4.277 300 54 1.2350 0.4305 0.3128 Strontium nitrate Sr(NO3)2 2.989 293 29 0.4255 0.2921 0.1590 Strontium oxide SrO 4.99 300 55 1.601 0.435 0.590Strontium titanate SrTiO 3 5.123 RT 56 3.4817 1.0064 4.5455 Tantalum Ta 16.626 298 57 2.6023 1.5446 0.8255 Tantalum carbide TaC 14.65 RT 58 5.05 0.73 0.79Thallium bromide TlBr 7.4529 298 59 0.3760 0.1458 0.0757 Thorium Th 11.694 300 60 0.7530 0.4890 0.4780 Thorium oxide ThO 2 9.991 298 61 3.670 1.060 0.797 Tin telluride SnTe 6.445 300 62 1.1250 0.0750 0.1172 Titanium carbide TiC 4.940 RT 107 5.00 1.13 1.75 Tungsten W 19.257 297 64 5.2239 2.0437 1.6083Uranium carbide UC 13.63 300 65 3.200 0.850 0.647 Uranium dioxide UO 2 10.97 298 66 3.960 1.210 0.641 Vanadium V 6.022 300 67 2.287 1.190 0.432Zinc selenide ZnSe 5.262 298 68 0.8096 0.4881 0.4405 Zinc sulfide ZnS 4.088 298 68 1.0462 0.6534 0.4613 Zinc telluride ZnTe 5.636 298 68 0.7134 0.4078 0.3115Zirconium carbide ZrC 6.606 298 63 4.720 0.987 1.593 12-37ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued)TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS Name Formula ρ/g cm–3T/K Ref. C11 C12 C13 C16 C33 C44 C66 Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) NH4H2AsO42.3110 298 69 0.6747 -0.106 0.1652 0.3022 0.0685 0.0639 Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) NH 4H2PO4 1.8030 293 69 0.6200 -0.050 0.1400 0.3000 0.0910 0.0610 Barium titanate BaTiO 3 5.9988 298 70 2.7512 1.7897 1.5156 1.6486 0.5435 1.1312 Calcium molybdate CaMoO 4 4.255 298 79 1.447 0.664 0.466 0.134 1.265 0.369 0.451 Indium In 7.300 RT 71 0.4450 0.3950 0.4050 0.4440 0.0655 0.1220 Magnesium fluoride MgF 2 3.177 RT 72 1.237 0.732 0.536 1.770 0.552 0.978 Nickel sulfate hexahydrate NiSO 4·6H2O 2.070 RT 73 0.3209 0.2315 0.0209 0.2931 0.1156 0.1779 Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) KH 2AsO4 2.867 RT 12 0.530 -0.060 -0.020 0.370 0.120 0.070 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) KH 2PO4 2.388 RT 71 0.7140 -0.049 0.1290 0.5620 0.1270 0.0628 Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) RbH 2PO4 2.800 298 74 0.5562 -0.064 0.0279 0.4398 0.1142 0.0350 Rutile TiO2 4.260 298 75 2.7143 1.7796 1.4957 4.8395 1.2443 1.9477 Tellurium oxide TeO 2 5.99 RT 76 0.5320 0.4860 0.2120 1.0850 0.2440 0.5520 Tin (white) Sn 7.29 288 77 0.7529 0.6156 0.4400 0.9552 0.2193 0.2336Zircon ZrSiO 4 4.70 RT 78 2.585 1.791 1.542 3.805 0.733 1.113 TeamLRN12-38ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued)ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS Name Formula ρ/g cm–3T/K Ref. C11 C12 C13 C22 C23 C33 C44 C55 C66 Acenaphthene C12H10 1.220 293 80 0.1380 0.0210 0.0410 0.1262 0.0460 0.1117 0.0265 0.0290 0.0185 Ammonium sulfate (NH 4)2SO4 1.774 293 81 0.3607 0.1651 0.1580 0.2981 0.1456 0.3534 0.1025 0.0717 0.0974 Aragonite CaCO 3 2.93 RT 82 1.5958 0.3663 0.0197 0.8697 0.1597 0.8503 0.4132 0.2564 0.4274 Barite BaSO4 4.40 RT 82 0.8941 0.4614 0.2691 0.7842 0.2676 1.0548 0.1190 0.2874 0.2778 Benzene C 6H6 1.061 250 83 0.0614 0.0352 0.0401 0.0656 0.0390 0.0583 0.0197 0.0378 0.0153 Benzophenone (C 6H5)2CO 1.219 RT 32 0.1070 0.0550 0.0169 0.1000 0.0321 0.0710 0.0203 0.0155 0.0353 Bronzite (MgFe)SiO3 3.38 RT 78 1.876 0.686 0.605 1.578 0.561 2.085 0.700 0.592 0.544 Calcium sulfate CaSO 4 2.962 RT 84 0.9382 0.1650 0.1520 1.845 0.3173 1.1180 0.3247 0.2653 0.0926 Celestite SrSO 3 3.96 RT 12 1.044 0.773 0.605 1.061 0.619 1.286 0.135 0.279 0.266 Cesium sulfate Cs2SO4 4.243 293 81 0.4490 0.1958 0.1815 0.4283 0.1800 0.3785 0.1326 0.1319 0.1323 Fosterite Mg 2SiO4 3.224 298 85 3.2848 0.6390 0.6880 1.9980 0.7380 2.3530 0.6515 0.8120 0.8088 Iodic acid HIO 3 4.630 RT 73 0.3030 0.1194 0.1169 0.5448 0.0548 0.4359 0.1835 0.2193 0.1736 Lithium ammonium tartrate LiNH 4C4H4O6·4H2O 1.71 RT 12 0.3864 0.1655 0.0875 0.5393 0.2007 0.3624 0.1190 0.0667 0.2326 Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate MgSO 4·7H2O 1.68 RT 86 0.325 0.174 0.182 0.288 0.182 0.315 0.078 0.156 0.090 Natrolite (Na,Al)SiO3 2.25 RT 78 0.716 0.261 0.297 0.632 0.297 1.378 0.196 0.248 0.423 Nickel sulfate heptahydrate NiSO 4·7H2O 1.948 RT 86 0.353 0.198 0.201 0.311 0.201 0.335 0.091 0.172 0.099 Olivine (MgFe)SiO4 3.324 RT 87 3.240 0.590 0.790 1.980 0.780 2.490 0.667 0.810 0.793 Potassium pentaborate KB 5O8·4H2O 1.74 RT 71 0.582 0.229 0.174 0.359 0.231 0.255 0.164 0.046 0.057 Potassium sulfate K2SO4 2.665 293 81 0.5357 0.1999 0.2095 0.5653 0.1990 0.5523 0.195 0.1879 0.1424 Rochelle salt NaK(C 4H4O6)·4H2O 1.79 RT 71 0.255 0.141 0.116 0.381 0.146 0.371 0.134 0.032 0.098 Rubidium sulfate Rb2SO4 3.621 293 81 0.5029 0.1965 0.1999 0.5098 0.1925 0.4761 0.1626 0.1589 0.1407 Sodium ammonium tartrate NaNH 4C4H4O6·4H2O 1.587 RT 12 0.3685 0.2725 0.3083 0.5092 0.3472 0.5541 0.1058 0.0303 0.0870 Sodium tartrate Na2C4H4O6·2H2O 1.794 RT 12 0.461 0.286 0.320 0.547 0.352 0.665 0.124 0.031 0.098 Strontium formate dihydrate Sr(CHO2)2·2H2O 2.25 RT 12 0.4391 0.1037 -0.149 0.3484 -0.014 0.3746 0.1538 0.1075 0.1724 Sulfur S 2.07 RT 12 0.240 0.133 0.171 0.205 0.159 0.483 0.043 0.087 0.076 Thallium sulfate TlSO4 6.776 293 81 0.4106 0.2573 0.2288 0.3885 0.2174 0.4268 0.1125 0.1068 0.0751 Topaz Al 2SiO3(OH,F)2 3.52 RT 82 2.8136 1.2582 0.8464 3.8495 0.8815 2.9452 1.0811 1.3298 1.3089 Uranium (alpha) U 19.0453 293 88 2.1486 0.4622 0.2176 1.9983 1.0764 2.6763 1.2479 0.7379 0.7454 Zinc sulfate heptahydrate ZnSO 4·7H2O 1.970 RT 86 0.3320 0.1720 0.2000 0.2930 0.1980 0.3200 0.0780 0.1530 0.0830 12-39ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS Name Formula ρ/g cm–3T/K Ref. C11 C12 C13 C15 C22 Aegirine (NaFe)Si2O6 3.50 RT 89 1.858 0.685 0.707 0.098 1.813 Anthracene C 14H10 1.258 RT 90 0.0852 0.0672 0.0590 -0.0192 0.1170 Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate CoSO 4·7H2O 1.948 RT 86 0.335 0.205 0.158 0.016 0.378 Diopside (CaMg)Si 2O6 3.31 RT 91 2.040 0.884 0.0883 -0.193 1.750 Dipotassium tartrate KHC 4H4O6 1.97 RT 12 0.4294 0.1399 0.3129 -0.0105 0.3460 Feldspar (microceine) KAlSi 3O8 2.56 RT 92 0.664 0.438 0.259 -0.033 1.710 Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate FeSO 4·7H2O 1.898 RT 86 0.349 0.208 0.174 -0.020 0.376 Lithium sulfate monohydrate Li 2SO4·H2O 2.221 RT 32 0.5250 0.1715 0.1730 -0.0196 0.5060 Naphthalene C 10H8 1.127 RT 93 0.0780 0.0445 0.0340 -0.006 0.0990 Potassium tartrate K 2C4H4O6 1.987 RT 32 0.3110 0.1720 0.1690 0.0287 0.3900 Sodium thiosulfate Na 2S2O3 1.7499 RT 12 0.3323 0.1814 0.1875 0.0225 0.2953 Stilbene (C6H5CH)2 1.60 RT 94 0.0930 0.0570 0.0670 -0.003 0.0920 Triglycine (NH2CH2COOH)3· sulfate (TGS) H2SO4 1.68 RT 32 0.4550 0.1720 0.1980 -0.030 0.3210 Name C23 C25 C33 C35 C44 C46 C55 C66 Aegirine 0.626 0.094 2.344 0.214 0.692 0.077 0.510 0.474 Anthracene 0.0375 -0.0170 0.1522 -0.0187 0.0272 0.0138 0.0242 0.0399Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate 0.158 -0.018 0.371 -0.047 0.060 0.016 0.058 0.101 Diopside 0.482 -0.196 2.380 -0.336 0.675 -0.113 0.588 0.705Dipotassium tartrate 0.1173 0.0176 0.6816 0.0294 0.0961 -0.0044 0.1270 0.0841 Feldspar (microceine) 0.192 -0.148 1.215 -0.131 0.143 -0.015 0.238 0.361 Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate 0.172 -0.019 0.360 -0.014 0.064 0.001 0.056 0.096Lithium sulfate monohydrate 0.0368 0.0571 0.5400 -0.0254 0.1400 -0.0054 0.1565 0.2770 Naphthalene 0.0230 -0.0270 0.1190 0.0290 0.0330 -0.0050 0.0210 0.0415Potassium tartrate 0.1330 0.0182 0.5540 0.0710 0.0870 0.0072 0.1040 0.0826 Sodium thiosulfate 0.1713 0.0983 0.4590 -0.0678 0.0569 -0.0268 0.1070 0.0598 Stilbene 0.0485 -0.005 0.0790 -0.005 0.0325 0.0050 0.0640 0.0245 Triglycine sulfate (TGS) 0.2080 -0.0036 0.2630 -0.0500 0.0950 -0.0026 0.1110 0.0620 TeamLRN12-40ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS Name Formula ρ/g cm–3T/K Ref. C11 C12 C13 C33 C55 Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) 3.218 RT 12 1.667 0.131 0.655 1.396 0.663 Beryl Be3Al2Si6O18 2.68 RT 12 2.800 0.990 0.670 2.480 0.658 Beryllium Be 1.8477 300 95 2.923 0.267 0.140 3.364 1.625 Beryllium oxide BeO 3.01 RT 96 4.70 1.68 1.19 4.94 1.53 Cadmium Cd 8.652 300 97 1.1450 0.3950 0.3990 0.5085 0.1985 Cadmium selenide CdSe 5.655 298 68 0.7046 0.4516 0.3930 0.8355 0.1317 Cadmium sulfide CdS 4.824 298 98 0.8431 0.5208 0.4567 0.9183 0.1458Cobalt Co 8.836 298 99 3.071 1.650 1.027 3.581 0.755 Dysprosium Dy 8.560 298 100 0.7466 0.2616 0.2233 0.7871 0.2427 Erbium Er 9.064 298 100 0.8634 0.3050 0.2270 0.8554 0.2809Gadolinium Gd 7.888 298 101 0.6667 0.2499 0.2132 0.7191 0.2089 Hafnium Hf 12.727 298 102 1.881 0.772 0.661 1.969 0.557 Ice H 2O(solid) 0.920 250 103 0.1410 0.0660 0.0624 0.1515 0.0288 Indium In 7.2788 300 104 0.4535 0.4006 0.4151 0.4515 0.0651 Magnesium Mg 1.7364 298 105 0.5950 0.2612 0.2180 0.6155 0.1635 Rhenium Re 21.024 298 100 6.1820 2.7530 2.0780 6.8350 1.6060Ruthenium Ru 12.3615 298 100 5.6260 1.8780 1.6820 6.2420 1.8060 Thallium Tl 11.560 300 106 0.4080 0.3540 0.2900 0.5280 0.0726 Titanium Ti 4.5063 298 102 1.6240 0.9200 0.6900 1.8070 0.4670Titanium diboride TiB 2 4.95 RT 107 6.90 4.10 3.20 4.40 2.50 Yttrium Y 4.472 300 108 0.7790 0.2850 0.2100 0.7690 0.2431Zinc Zn 7.134 295 109 1.6368 0.3640 0.5300 0.6347 0.3879 Zinc oxide ZnO 5.6760 298 110 2.0970 1.2110 1.0510 2.1090 0.4247 Zinc sulfide ZnS 4.089 298 96 1.2420 0.6015 0.4554 1.4000 0.2864Zirconium Zr 6.505 298 102 1.434 0.728 0.653 1.648 0.320 TRIGONAL CRYSTALS Name Formula ρ/g cm –3T/K Ref. C11 C12 C13 C14 C33 C44 Aluminum oxide Al2O33.986 300 111 4.9735 1.6397 1.1220 -0.2358 4.9911 1.4739 Aluminum phosphate AlPO42.556 RT 73 1.0503 0.2934 0.6927 -0.1271 1.3353 0.2314 Antimony Sb 6.70 295 112 1.0130 0.3450 0.2920 0.2090 0.4500 0.3930 Bismuth Bi 9.80 295 112 0.6370 0.2490 0.2470 0.0717 0.3820 0.1123 Calcite CaCO32.712 300 113 1.4806 0.5578 0.5464 -0.2058 0.8557 0.3269 Hematite Fe2O35.240 RT 82 2.4243 0.5464 0.1542 -0.1247 2.2734 0.8569 Lithium niobate LiNbO 34.70 RT 114 2.030 0.530 0.750 0.090 2.450 0.600 Lithium tantalate LiTaO 37.45 RT 114 2.330 0.470 0.800 -0.110 2.750 0.940 Quartz SiO 22.6485 298 115 0.8680 0.0704 0.1191 -0.1804 1.0575 0.5820 Selenium Se 4.838 300 116 0.1870 0.0710 0.2620 0.0620 0.7410 0.1490Sodium nitrate NaNO 32.27 RT 12 0.8670 0.1630 0.1600 0.0820 0.3740 0.2130 Tourmaline 3.05 RT 82 2.7066 0.6927 0.0872 -0.0774 1.6070 0.6682 REFERENCES 1. Thomas, J. F., Phys. Rev. , 175, 955-962, 1968. 2. Bolef, D. I. and M. Menes, J. Appl. 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Thus the low-temperature values refer to samples of specified purity and treatment. The references should be consulted for further information on this point, as well as for values at additional temper atures. The second part of the table gives resistivity values in the neighborhood of room temperature for other metallic elements that have not been studied over an extended temperature range. REFERENCES 1. C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 12, 183—322, 1983; 13, 1069—1096, 1984; 13, 1097—1130, 1984, 13, 1131—1172, 1984. 2. R. A. Matula, J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data , 8, 1147—1298, 1979. 3. T. C. Chi, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 8, 339—438, 1979; 8, 439—498, 1979. 4. K. H. Hellwege, Ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology , Group III, Vol. 15, Subvolume a, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 5. L. A. Hall, Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the Temperature Range 0 to 273 K , NBS Technical Note 365, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, 1968. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IN 10 –8 Ω m T/K Aluminum Barium Beryllium Calcium Cesium Chromium Copper 1 0.000100 0.081 0.0332 0.045 0.0026 0.00200 10 0.000193 0.189 0.0332 0.047 0.243 0.0020220 0.000755 0.94 0.0336 0.060 0.86 0.00280 40 0.0181 2.91 0.0367 0.175 1.99 0.0239 60 0.0959 4.86 0.067 0.40 3.07 0.097180 0.245 6.83 0.075 0.65 4.16 0.215 100 0.442 8.85 0.133 0.91 5.28 1.6 0.348 150 1.006 14.3 0.510 1.56 8.43 4.5 0.699200 1.587 20.2 1.29 2.19 12.2 7.7 1.046 273 2.417 30.2 3.02 3.11 18.7 11.8 1.543 293 2.650 33.2 3.56 3.36 20.5 12.5 1.678298 2.709 34.0 3.70 3.42 20.8 12.6 1.712 300 2.733 34.3 3.76 3.45 21.0 12.7 1.725 400 3.87 51.4 6.76 4.7 15.8 2.402500 4.99 72.4 9.9 6.0 20.1 3.090 600 6.13 98.2 13.2 7.3 24.7 3.792 700 7.35 130 16.5 8.7 29.5 4.514800 8.70 168 20.0 10.0 34.6 5.262 900 10.18 216 23.7 11.4 39.9 6.041 T/K Gold Hafnium Iron Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese 1 0.0220 1.00 0.0225 0.007 0.0062 7.02 10 0.0226 1.00 0.0238 0.008 0.0069 18.920 0.035 1.11 0.0287 0.012 0.0123 54 40 0.141 2.52 0.0758 0.074 0.074 116 60 0.308 4.53 0.271 0.345 0.261 13180 0.481 6.75 0.693 4.9 1.00 0.557 132 100 0.650 9.12 1.28 6.4 1.73 0.91 132 150 1.061 15.0 3.15 9.9 3.72 1.84 136200 1.462 21.0 5.20 13.6 5.71 2.75 139 273 2.051 30.4 8.57 19.2 8.53 4.05 143 293 2.214 33.1 9.61 20.8 9.28 4.39 144298 2.255 33.7 9.87 21.1 9.47 4.48 144 300 2.271 34.0 9.98 21.3 9.55 4.51 144 400 3.107 48.1 16.1 29.6 13.4 6.19 147500 3.97 63.1 23.7 38.3 7.86 149 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNT/K Gold Hafnium Iron Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese 600 4.87 78.5 32.9 9.52 151 700 5.82 44.0 11.2 152 800 6.81 57.1 12.8900 7.86 14.4 T/K Molybdenum Nickel Palladium Platinum Potassium Rubidium Silver 1 0.00070 0.0032 0.0200 0.002 0.0008 0.0131 0.00100 10 0.00089 0.0057 0.0242 0.0154 0.0160 0.109 0.00115 20 0.00261 0.0140 0.0563 0.0484 0.117 0.444 0.004240 0.0457 0.068 0.334 0.409 0.480 1.21 0.0539 60 0.206 0.242 0.938 1.107 0.90 1.94 0.162 80 0.482 0.545 1.75 1.922 1.34 2.65 0.289 100 0.858 0.96 2.62 2.755 1.79 3.36 0.418 150 1.99 2.21 4.80 4.76 2.99 5.27 0.726 200 3.13 3.67 6.88 6.77 4.26 7.49 1.029273 4.85 6.16 9.78 9.6 6.49 11.5 1.467 293 5.34 6.93 10.54 10.5 7.20 12.8 1.587 298 5.47 7.12 10.73 10.7 7.39 13.1 1.617300 5.52 7.20 10.80 10.8 7.47 13.3 1.629 400 8.02 11.8 14.48 14.6 2.241 500 10.6 17.7 17.94 18.3 2.87600 13.1 25.5 21.2 21.9 3.53 700 15.8 32.1 24.2 25.4 4.21 800 18.4 35.5 27.1 28.7 4.91900 21.2 38.6 29.4 32.0 5.64 T/K Sodium Strontium Tantalum Tungsten Vanadium Zinc Zirconium 1 0.0009 0.80 0.10 0.000016 0.0100 0.250 10 0.0015 0.80 0.102 0.000137 0.0145 0.0112 0.253 20 0.016 0.92 0.146 0.00196 0.039 0.0387 0.35740 0.172 1.70 0.751 0.0544 0.304 0.306 1.44 60 0.447 2.68 1.65 0.266 1.11 0.715 3.75 80 0.80 3.64 2.62 0.606 2.41 1.15 6.64 100 1.16 4.58 3.64 1.02 4.01 1.60 9.79 150 2.03 6.84 6.19 2.09 8.2 2.71 17.8 200 2.89 9.04 8.66 3.18 12.4 3.83 26.3273 4.33 12.3 12.2 4.82 18.1 5.46 38.8 293 4.77 13.2 13.1 5.28 19.7 5.90 42.1 298 4.88 13.4 13.4 5.39 20.1 6.01 42.9300 4.93 13.5 13.5 5.44 20.2 6.06 43.3 400 17.8 18.2 7.83 28.0 8.37 60.3 500 22.2 22.9 10.3 34.8 10.82 76.5600 26.7 27.4 13.0 41.1 13.49 91.5 700 31.2 31.8 15.7 47.2 104.2 800 35.6 35.9 18.6 53.1 114.9900 40.1 21.5 58.7 123.1ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS (continued) © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC Electrical resistivity Element T/K 10–8 Ω m Antimony 273 39 Bismuth 273 107 Cadmium 273 6.8 Cerium (β, hex) 290—300 82.8 Cerium (γ, cub) 298 74.4 Cobalt 273 5.6 Dysprosium 290—300 92.6Erbium 290—300 86.0 Europium 290—300 90.0 Gadolinium 290—300 131Gallium 273 13.6 Holmium 290—300 81.4 Indium 273 8.0Iridium 273 4.7 Lanthanum 290—300 61.5 Lutetium 290—300 58.2Mercury 298 96.1 Neodymium 290—300 64.3 Niobium 273 15.2Osmium 273 8.1 Polonium 273 40 Praseodymium 290—300 70.0Promethium 290—300 75 est. Protactinium 273 17.7 Rhenium 273 17.2Rhodium 273 4.3 Ruthenium 273 7.1 Samarium 290—300 94.0Scandium 290—300 56.2 Terbium 290—300 115 Thallium 273 15Thorium 273 14.7 Thulium 290—300 67.6 Tin 273 11.5Titanium 273 39 Uranium 273 28 Ytterbium 290—300 25.0 Yttrium 290—300 59.6ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS (continued) © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS These values were obtained by fitting all available measurements to a theoretical formulation describing the temperature and composition dependence of the electrical resistivity of metals. Some of the values listed here fall in regions oftemperature and composition where no actual measurements exist. Details of the procedure may be found in the reference. Values of the resistivity are given in units of 10 -8 Ω m. General comments in the preceding table for pure metals also apply here. REFERENCE C.Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 12, 183-322, 1983 . Aluminum-Copper 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Al 99a0.531 2.51 2.74 2.82 3.38 3.95 95a 0.895 2.88 3.10 3.18 3.75 4.33 90b 1.38 3.36 3.59 3.67 4.25 4.86 85b1.88 3.87 4.10 4.19 4.79 5.42 80b 2.34 4.33 4.58 4.67 5.31 5.99 70b3.02 5.03 5.31 5.41 6.16 6.94 60b 3.49 5.56 5.88 5.99 6.77 7.63 50b 4.00 6.22 6.55 6.67 7.55 8.52 40c7.57 7.96 8.10 9.12 10.2 30c 11.2 11.8 12.0 13.5 15.2 25f 16.3 17.2 17.6 19.8 22.2 15h12.3 10g 8.71 10.8 11.0 11.1 11.7 12.3 5c 7.92 9.43 9.61 9.68 10.2 10.7 1b3.22 4.46 4.60 4.65 5.00 5.37 Aluminum-Magnesium 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Al 99c 0.958 2.96 3.18 3.26 3.82 4.39 95c3.01 5.05 5.28 5.36 5.93 6.51 90c 5.42 7.52 7.76 7.85 8.43 9.02 10b 14.0 17.1 17.4 17.6 18.4 19.2 5b9.93 13.1 13.4 13.5 14.3 15.2 1a 2.78 5.92 6.25 6.37 7.20 8.03 Copper-Gold 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Cu 99c0.520 1.73 1.86 1.91 2.24 2.58 95c1.21 2.41 2.54 2.59 2.92 3.26 90c2.11 3.29 4.42 3.46 3.79 4.12 85c3.01 4.20 4.33 4.38 4.71 5.05 80c3.95 5.15 5.28 5.32 5.65 5.99 70c5.91 7.12 7.25 7.30 7.64 7.99 60c8.04 9.18 9.13 9.36 9.70 10.05 50c9.88 11.07 11.20 11.25 11.60 11.94 40c11.44 12.70 12.85 12.90 13.27 13.65 30c12.43 13.77 13.93 13.99 14.38 14.78 25c12.59 13.93 14.09 14.14 14.54 14.94 15c11.38 12.75 12.91 12.96 13.36 13.77 10c 9.33 10.70 10.86 10.91 11.31 11.72 5c5.91 7.25 7.41 7.46 7.87 8.28 1c2.00 3.40 3.57 3.62 4.03 4.45 © 2000 CRC Press LLCCopper-Nickel 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Cu 99c 1.45 2.71 2.85 2.91 3.27 3.62 95c 6.19 7.60 7.71 7.82 8.22 8.62 90c12.08 13.69 13.89 13.96 14.40 14.81 85c 18.01 19.63 19.83 19.90 20.32 20.70 80c 23.89 25.46 25.66 25.72 26.12 26.44 70i35.73 36.67 36.72 36.76 36.85 36.89 60i 45.76 45.43 45.38 43.35 45.20 45.01 50i 50.22 50.19 50.05 50.01 49.73 49.50 40c36.77 47.42 47.73 47.82 48.28 48.49 30i 26.73 40.19 41.79 42.34 44.51 45.40 25c 22.22 33.46 35.11 35.69 39.67 42.81 15c13.49 22.00 23.35 23.85 27.60 31.38 10c 9.28 16.65 17.82 18.26 21.51 25.19 5c 5.20 11.49 12.50 12.90 15.69 18.78 1c1.81 7.23 8.08 8.37 10.63 13.18 Copper-Palladium 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Cu99 c 0.91 2.10 2.23 2.27 2.59 2.92 95c2.99 4.21 4.35 4.40 4.74 5.08 90c 5.69 6.89 7.03 7.08 7.41 7.74 85c 8.30 9.48 9.61 9.66 10.01 10.36 80c10.74 11.99 12.12 12.16 12.51 12.87 70c 15.67 16.87 17.01 17.06 17.41 17.78 60c 20.45 21.73 21.87 21.92 22.30 22.69 50c26.07 27.62 27.79 27.86 28.25 28.64 40c 33.53 35.31 35.51 35.57 36.03 36.47 30c 45.03 46.50 46.66 46.71 47.11 47.47 25c44.12 46.25 46.45 46.52 46.99 47.43 15c 31.79 36.52 36.99 37.16 38.28 39.35 10c 23.00 28.90 29.51 29.73 31.19 32.56 5c13.09 20.00 20.75 21.02 22.84 24.54 1c 8.97 11.90 12.67 12.93 14.82 16.68 Copper-Zinc 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Cu 99b 0.671 1.84 1.97 2.02 2.36 2.71 95b1.54 2.78 2.92 2.97 3.33 3.69 90b2.33 3.66 3.81 3.86 4.25 4.63 85b2.93 4.37 4.54 4.60 5.02 5.44 80b3.44 5.01 5.19 5.26 5.71 6.17 70b4.08 5.87 6.08 6.15 6.67 7.19 Gold-Palladium 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Au 99c1.31 2.69 2.86 2.91 3.32 3.73 95c3.88 5.21 5.35 5.41 5.79 6.17 90i6.70 8.01 8.17 8.22 8.56 8.93 85b9.14 10.50 10.66 10.72 11.10 11.48 80b11.23 12.75 12.93 12.99 13.45 13.93 70c 16.44 18.23 18.46 18.54 19.10 19.67 60b24.64 26.70 26.94 27.02 27.63 28.23ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLC50a 23.09 27.23 27.63 27.76 28.64 29.42 40a19.40 24.65 25.23 25.42 26.74 27.95 30b 14.94 20.82 21.49 21.72 23.35 24.92 25b 12.72 18.86 19.53 19.77 21.51 23.19 15a8.54 15.08 15.77 16.01 17.80 19.61 10a 6.54 13.25 13.95 14.20 16.00 17.81 5a 4.58 11.49 12.21 12.46 14.26 16.07 1a3.01 10.07 10.85 11.12 12.99 14.80 Gold-Silver 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Au99 b1.20 2.58 2.75 2.80 3.22 3.63 95a 3.16 4.58 4.74 4.79 5.19 5.59 90j 5.16 6.57 6.73 6.78 7.19 7.58 85j 6.75 8.14 8.30 8.36 8.75 9.15 80j7.96 9.34 9.50 9.55 9.94 10.33 70j 9.36 10.70 10.86 10.91 11.29 11.68 60j 9.61 10.92 11.07 11.12 11.50 11.87 50j8.96 10.23 10.37 10.42 10.78 11.14 40j 7.69 8.92 9.06 9.11 9.46 9.81 30a 6.15 7.34 7.47 7.52 7.85 8.19 25a5.29 6.46 6.59 6.63 6.96 7.30 15a 3.42 4.55 4.67 4.72 5.03 5.34 10a 2.44 3.54 3.66 3.71 4.00 4.31 5i1.44 2.52 2.64 2.68 2.96 3.25 1b 0.627 1.69 1.80 1.84 2.12 2.42 Iron-Nickel 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 400 K Wt % Fe 99a 3.32 10.9 12.0 12.4 18.7 95c 10.0 18.7 19.9 20.2 26.8 90c14.5 24.2 25.5 25.9 33.2 85c 17.5 27.8 29.2 29.7 37.3 80c 19.3 30.1 31.6 32.2 40.0 70b20.9 32.3 33.9 34.4 42.4 60c 28.6 53.8 57.1 58.2 73.9 50d 12.3 28.4 30.6 31.4 43.7 40d7.73 19.6 21.6 22.5 34.0 30c5.97 15.3 17.1 17.7 27.4 25b5.62 14.3 15.9 16.4 25.1 15c4.97 12.6 13.8 14.2 21.1 10c4.20 11.4 12.5 12.9 18.9 5c3.34 9.66 10.6 10.9 16.1 1b1.66 7.17 7.94 8.12 12.8 Silver-Palladium 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Ag 99b0.839 1.891 2.007 2.049 2.35 2.66 95b2.528 3.58 3.70 3.74 4.04 4.34 90b 4.72 5.82 5.94 5.98 6.28 6.59 85k6.82 7.92 8.04 8.08 8.38 8.68 80k8.91 10.01 10.13 10.17 10.47 10.78ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Gold-Palladium (continued) 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Au © 2000 CRC Press LLC70k13.43 14.53 14.65 14.69 14.99 15.30 60i 19.4 20.9 21.1 21.2 21.6 22.0 50k 29.3 31.2 31.4 31.5 32.0 32.4 40m40.8 42.2 42.2 42.2 42.3 42.3 30b 37.1 40.4 40.6 40.7 41.3 41.7 25k 32.4 36.67 37.06 37.19 38.1 38.8 15i21.0 27.08 26.68 27.89 29.3 30.6 10i 14.95 21.69 22.39 22.63 24.3 25.9 5b 8.91 15.98 16.72 16.98 18.8 20.5 1a3.97 11.06 11.82 12.08 13.92 15.70 aUncertainty in resistivity is ± 2%. bUncertainty in resistivity is ± 3%. cUncertainty in resistivity is ± 5%. dUncertainty in resistivity is ± 7% below 300 K and ± 5% at 300 and 400 K. eUncertainty in resistivity is ± 7%. fUncertainty in resistivity is ± 8%. gUncertainty in resistivity is ± 10%. hUncertainty in resistivity is ± 12%. iUncertainty in resistivity is ± 4%. jUncertainty in resistivity is ± 1%. kUncertainty in resistivity is ± 3% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. mUncertainty in resistivity is ± 2% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K.ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Silver-Palladium (continued) 100 K 273 K 293 K 300 K 350 K 400 K Wt % Ag PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF INORGANIC SOLIDS H.P.R.Frederikse ‘Thistabletintsthepermitivtye, frequentlycalledthedielectricconstant,of«numberofinorganicsolids.Whenthematerialinotisotropic, theindividual components ofthepermitivity aregiven. Asuperscript $indicates ameasurement made under constant strain (“clampeddielectricconstant).Iftheconstraintisremoved,themeasurement yields«,the“‘unclamped" ofteedielectricconstant.“Thetemperatureofthemeasurement isgivenwhenavailabe;thesymbolF.indicatesavaleatnominalromtemperature, Thefrequency‘ofthemeasurement isgiveninthelastcolumn(i.r.indicates ameasurement intheinfrared). Substances arelisted inalphabetical orderbychemicalformula REFERENCE ‘Young,K.F.andFrederkse, H.P.RJ.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data,2,313,1973. Formula Name on ™ vii ABAsS,, ‘Silverthioarsenate (Proustite) dh,=65,6, =145 et 2x10G2 200.6=180et2x10 AgBrSilverbromide 2.90 cay AgCN Silvercyanide 36 tti AgclSilverchloride nts a ‘AgNO,Silvernitrate 90 2955x10! ‘ABNANO,),Silversodiumnite 45205 ft94x10 AZOSilveroxide 88 tt ansio,‘Avuminutn woes (topaz) 4)=6.62 7 7x10 en 638 2 7x10 = 695 2 7x1?AO, Aluminumoxie(alumina) ee=934 298 18x108°oats 298108x10° APO,Aluminumphosphate =605 etw AisAluminumantimonide nat 300in. AE,‘Anenictnfloonde 37 nt BNBoronnite a te is. Bxco,Bariumcarbonate a 212x0 ‘Ba(COOH),Barium formate eu 79 rs wo e359 nt 1° ents nt w Bach, Bariumchloe sist a Ba,-24,0 Bariumcblordedihydrate 9.00 a0 Ba,Bariumfluoride 732 2 3x1010" BuO, Barinitrate 49s 222x10 Ba;NaNd,0,5, Bariumsodiumniobate(“Bananas”) =222,q,=235 296 10°aWdh=a7—296 d=Meh=st236 BO. Bariumoxide(bara) Mest 248,33 x B0,Bariumperoxide 107 et 2x10 BisBariumsulfide 1923 a 728x10 BaSO,Bariumsulfate na 2880 Ban, Bariumsannate 8 2825x10 BaTiO, Bariumtitanate =3600 28 10i,=2300 28 25x108=150 298 10=80 29825x10 BATNYOy Bariumtitaniumniobate oy=190 28 =20 28 Bawo, Bariumtungstate tise 85202 TS 16x10 6,=312£02 ws 16x10 BaZio,Barium zirconate 3 nt 12-48 PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OFINORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) Formula Name « ™ wits BeyAl,SiOve Beryllium aluminum silicate(Beryl) ey=5.95 wm 7x10on=ee=6.8627x10 Beco,Berylliumcarbonate 9 21 2x0 BeBerylliumoxide(bea) 738202 232x0 BIFeO,Bismuthironoxide 423 30094x10 BiGeOnBismuthgermanite 38 rh BiGe0),Bismuthgermanate 16 283 Bi,0,Bismuthsesquionide 182 re 2x10 BiTIO,‘Bismuth titanate m2 rhe 1 c Diamond Type $87=0.19 300 wTypeHla 5.66=0.04 500w CHO,Tartare acid eee 43 298 ons 298 4=038 298 CHAN,O,Ethylene diamine tartrate (EDT) = 5.0 cy a3 3 = 60 233 507 233 CH,,0,NaBrDextrose sodium bromide = 40 nt 0 (CH.NH,)AKSO)), -2H,0 ‘Methylammonium alum(MASD) v 7(Ca,B,0,, -SHO Colemanite =O 293 0e223 233ra aco, Calciumcarbonate «=867 m 9.4x10"a= 86 nt 9.4x10" e831ne 94x10” caceo,CCalciomcerate 21 ne ar, CalciumMooride oat 300$x10610" CaMo0, Calciummolybdate Git@=40r02 7S <10«=200£02 ws<10 Ca(NO,),Calciumnitrate 6.54 wm 2x10 CaNb.0, Calciumniobate ees 19 ne (5—300)«10° €a88,0,Calciompyroniobate ~45 rasx coCalciumoxide 18203 2832x10 cas Calciumsulfide 6.099 et 728x10 CaSO, 24,0 Calcium sulfate dinydrate ey=$0 et 5m ne 6=10.0 ne caro,CCaciomtitanate 16s nt cawo, (Calciotungstate GtG@aNIs0l Bs 19x10 6)=95202 BIS 19x10 Cayks,Cadmiumarsenide Gy18S ‘ Cab,Cadmiumbromide a6 2933x0 car,Cadmiumfuonde 8.33+0.08 3001010" cas Cadmiumsulfide ten 87 300 ie.=925 300 ie6. =837 8 ix 6,=900 8 in = 848 n 1 <= 948 ” 10 = 902.6,=93528810 =953.6,=1033298 10 CdSe Cadmium selenide hy=9.53,,=9.70 298 ow =102.6,=1065298 10 cate Cadmiumtelluride 4==10.60£0.18297 in y=705=0.05 2 ie C4Nb,0,‘Cadmiumpyroniobate $0080 23w C20,(Cerium oxide 70 et 2x10 12-49 PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OFINORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) Formula Name w ™mvite CoN,0, Cobaltniobate ey=184£06 rt (5-500)x10°qa asl nt (S—500)x10° 6=330207 rt (S—500)x10° CooCobaltoxide n9 29810—10" C40, ‘Chromicsesquionide GG=BS 298.5 0=9 298.5 08 315) 6x10" (CSAN(SO),*12H,0 (Cesiumalum 50 eh20-20x10° CsBrCesiumbromide 638 2816x10° 3,00,Cesiumcarbonate 633 212x10 ocCesiumchloride 12 298 CuHhAsO,‘Cesiumdinydrogenarsenate(CDA)48 cay95x10 CH,PO, (Cesiumdinydrogen phosphate(CDP) 6.15 2s 93x10 CHHYSeO),Cesium trihydrogen selenite 4= 23 10 a8 m 10 Paar mm 10 caCesiumiodide oat 2981.6x10° CsNO, (Cesiumnitrate 6en94 tt 5x10 =83 tt 5x10 caPtc,‘Cesiumleadchloride 14.37 30010-10 CuBr‘Cuprousbromide 80 2933x10 ‘cl‘Cuprous chloride 98 £05 Ht 100 (Cupricoxide 18. et 2x0) CCuprousoxide(Cuprite) 1.0=0.06 rt 10CuSO,+SHO CCupricsulfatepentahydrate 60 et EuF,EuropiumMuoride 17202 298(1300)x10" Eu(Mo0),Europiummolybdate 9s 298 BusEuropiumsulfide 13.10=0.08 %5x1010" FeoFerousoxide 42 ee2x10 FeO;Ferricsesquioxide 4s me110" FeO-aFerricsesquioxide(hematite) ry 6x10" FeO,Ferosofericoxide(magnetite) 20 eh110° GaAs Galliumarsenide Bas 3001290 4in, GP Galliumphosphide na nt 10.75=0.1 16 i, Gas Galliumantimonie 15.69 ft. 137 4 ie G4,(M00.),Gadolinium molybdate «= 10 298 en9S 29810 Ge Germanium 160+03 4 92x10 158£02 rt. 500-3x10” G0,Germanium dioxide a. Gs 744 et. i, HO, lode acid ae 7S et 1 = 4 et ro 6=81 rt 10 HNHACICH,COO),Hydrogenammoniumdichloroacette jay=5.9 et, 10 HOIce 1(P=0kbar) 3 23 IeIH(P=3kbar) 7 23 IkeV(P =5kbar) Ty 268 IkeVI(P=8kbar) 193 268 HclMercurouschloride(Calumel) oy==140 t102 Hc, Mercuriechloride 6s nt 10? Hs‘Mercurous sulfide(Cinnabar) 6=Gy=180 a ie 6=325 nh ir. HigSe Mercurousselenide 236 rt 1010 LIodine ans tH 5x10107Ga tt 5x 10107 = 40 nt 3x 1010" 12-50 PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OFINORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) Formula Name «™vite InAsIndium arsenide 1435 =03, an i isis ‘ ir oPIndiumphosphide 1261 omy in tas Indiumantimoaide 17.88 ‘iz KANSO),*128.0 Pouasiumalum 6s et 20-20x10° KerPotassium bromide 438 300 433 42 KBrO,‘Potassiumbromate. 13 2x10 KENPotassiumcyanide eas te 2x10 Ko,Potassium carbonate 496 21 2x10 KiGH.O,- HO Dipotassim trate (OKT) eu=6a tt n= 5.80 ta = 649 tt es=0.005 nt kal Potassumchlonde 46=0.02 on 5x10450 42 KcI0,Posassumchlorate si a 2x10 KCI,Pocasiumperchlorate 59 nt 2x10 Kc,Potassium chromate 73 me 6x10 KCHSO),-12H,0 Potschromean 63 100-240175x10 KD,As0,Poassiim diesterium anenate (KDA) ¢,,=70 28 pee 2 KD,PO, Potassium dideutenum phosphate 22 aw wo «KDDP) krPotassiumMuoride 608 2x0 KHAO, Potassiumditydrogenarsenate(KDA) ¢,,=60 28 onm 2 Kio,Potassium dydrogen phosphate (KDP) 46 8 w are et =21 tt K.HPO,Dipotassium monohydrogen orthophos- 9.05. Ht. 2x 108 hae «IPotassiumiodide 5.00 a9.4x10" Kio, Poassumedt 170 285 100 23 10fen =40,70 n 0 teas me 2x10 (K.DAYSIO),Mica(muscovite) 34 238103x10° (KHOMBALSION, Mica(Canadian) fen 69 298 110"G73 2810 KNO,Potassiumnitrite 3 30s KNO,Poassumnirate 407 232x10 KNDO, Poassiumaisbate 700 m K,P0,Potassiumonhophosphate 238 fe2x10 KSCNPotassiumthioyanate 19 nt 2x0 Ks0,Potassium state 64 et 2x 10KS Potassiumithionate 37 23 18x10KSO Potassiumteteathionate 33 2 18x10KS,0.-10 Potassiumpenathionate 78 2 18x10KS, Potassiumhexathionte 78 2s 18x10°KO, Potassiumseleate nso mm 10 an a 0 KSrNDO,Poxassi soot sibate y= Gy 1200 28 =800 28 KTaRo, Potasiomtnaniobate(KTN) 34,000 2 106.000 2310 Kn0,Pocassietanalte 242 2982x10 LaseO, Lanchanamseandate x0 nH Beidiombromide 21 tt2x10 ,c0, hiacarbonate “9 ai 2x0 12-51 PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OFINORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) Formula ‘Name a ™vit ici Lithiumchloride 11.05 nt 2x10 uDLithiumdeweride 140+05 rt i LiF Lithiumftuoride 9.00 298 1107 9. 353 110° LiG20,Lithium metagallate G.=70,6 =60 rt aos tA Gh=68,=58rt ListLithium-6 hydride B2 +05 ft. Lk Lithium-7 hydride 129 +05 et,LiHySe0,), Lithiumtinydrogenselenite co) 298 10"4.=130 e, f= 129 f, =46 Pn LiLithiumiodide 11.03 cs2x10 Lil0, ‘Lithiumiodate fuen= 298.5 10= 554 298 LINH,C.H,O, +H.0 Lithium ammonium tartrate (LAT) Ghar2 298 &=80 298 = 69 298 LiNa/CrO, -64,0 Lithium trisodium chromate 80 Ps 10LINa)MoO, +64,0 Lithiumtrisodiummolybdate ey=67 ft ry 6253 rt 10 LINDO, Lithiumniobate ey=a=82 298 10=30 298 0 LiSO,-H,0 Lithium sulfate monohydrate ey=5.6 298 2=103 298 6=65 298 «5=007 298 Litao,Lithium tanalte nr) nH 10 &=46 tA 10 haga nh 8 cs n= 5st tA Gass ft. LITICAH.O, -#,0 Lithium halt tartrate (LTT) «= 20 0MgsB,0,C1 ‘Magnesium boratemonochloride creeray ft, 5x10 (orate) MgCo,“Magnesiumcarbonate 81 212x10 MgNb.0,‘Magnesium niobate a,=164 05 et (—500) x10° ea=209 £05 cs (S—500) x10° gy=324£05 rt (5—500)x10° ‘MgO“Magnesiumoxide(Periclase) 9.65 2981010" (Mg0),A1,0,Spine! 86 Ht MgSO.“Magnesium sulfate 82 on ‘MgSO, +7H,0 “Magnesium sulfate septa hydrate 5.46 aMgTiO, “Magnesium tianate BS tAMgWo, “Magnesium tungstate ey=10ST HA (5-500)x10° = 10ST tA (—500)x10° MaNt,0,Manganese niobate qn ila22 nt (S—S00) x10° ea 161 £05 nt (S—500) x10° 230721 nt (S—500)x10° MnOManganeseoxide(Pyrolusie) 28 tA6x10" Mn0,Manganesedioxide ~10 298 10" M0,0,Manganesesesquioxide 8 rt 6x10° MaWO, Manganese tungstate ey=193£13 rt (S—500)x10° @=143£05 et (—500)x10° 2165#1 tt (—500)x10° N(CH)AHgBr, ‘Tetramethylammonium tibromomercur- ~10 233373ste(TTM) 12-52 PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OFINORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) Formula Name @ ™ vii:N(CH).Hel, ‘Tetramethylammonium tiiodomercurate— ~10 233373 (TT) NACH.Hexamethylene tetramine(HMTA) 26202 tA 110" (ND),BER,Deuteroammonium fluoberyiate 410 tA and nh ond Ht (ND),S0,Deuteroammonium sulfate and th 10 nh od nt(NH,*CH,COOH), -H,50, Trighcinesulfate(TOS) aed mm 10G20 2 10 6=65 mm 10 (NH,-CH,COOH), H,SeO,Triglycineselenate(TOSe) 200 293 1.6x10 (NH, +CH, COOH), +H,BeF, —Triglycine fuorberylate (TGFB) qn 23 10 NH,AWSO),-12H,0 Ammoniumalum 6 et.108 (NH),BeF, ‘Ammonium fuorberylate ete 78 123 10eqaTt 123 10GyG88 293 10&=92 29310 NH,Br‘Ammoniumbromide mm rt Tx NHI‘Ammoniumiodide 98 nh CHD.CHO,‘Ammoniam tartrate ey=645 rH 0 G68 tt ro =60 tt 0 (NH),C44S00‘Ammoniumcadmiumsulfate 10.0 cs 10 NHC.‘Ammoniumchloride 69 et 7x19 NHACICH,COO)‘Ammonium monochloroacetate s rt 2x 10 NH.C(SO,)*12H,0Ammoniumchromealum 6s et175x10 NHLHSO, Ammoniumbisulfate 165 23$x10 NHLHASO, ‘Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate(ADA)5.1 265 95x10eres 298 rc? e-2 298 NHLH,PO, ‘Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate(ADP)¢,=én=S7.10.6294.5 1935x10°=40203 2041036x10° ND.D,PO, ‘Ammonium didewerium phosphate GG he=M0 (ab?) NH.NO,Ammoniumnitrate 107 32(S—50)«10° (NH),S0, ‘Ammonium sulfate fue=80 123 10&=63 13 0fu==100 293 106293 29310 (NH),U0JC,00, ‘Ammoniumuranyloxalate 3.03 tA 103.3x10° (NH),UO\C,0),°34,0Ammoniumuranyloralatewihyérate 6.06 tA 1033x10° NaBrSodiumbromide 644 29816x10° NaBrO, Sodiumbromate =5.70 298 10 NaNSodiumeyanide 135 293 0 NaCo, Sodiumcarbonate 8.75 291 2x10 'NaCO,«10H,0 Sodiumcarbonatedecahydrate 53 nA6x10 NaCl Sodiumchloride 39 298 1010"5.45, 42 Nacio, Sodiumchlorate =5.16 301 ry 528 nt 10 Nacio,Sodiumperchlorate 5.76 nt10 NaFSodiumfluoride 5.08+0.02 tt $x10 NaHySe0)),‘Sodiumtriydrogenselenite e275 m2x10 NaDsSe0}),Sodiumtrdevteriumselenite =220 232x10 Nal‘Sodium iodide 728 =0.03 tt NaK(C.H,D.0) +40,0 ‘Sodium potassium tarratetetradeutrate —«,,=70 m3 10‘GoubledeuteratedRochellesalt) 89 Ea) 0 12-53 PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OFINORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) Formula Name on ™ wit: NaK(CH.O) *44,0 Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate —€,,=170 mm 10 (Rochelle salt) ea od 2 10 NaNHJCH.O) *44,0 Sodium ammonium tartrate nea 298 (Ammonium Rochelle salt) 92 298 =95 298 NaNbo,Sodium niobate 6)=60 +13 tA 1G:=1622 cs NaNo,‘Sodium nitite etd rt 5x 10 55 rt 3x 10 =50 rt 3x10 Nano, Sodiumnitrate 6385 292 2x10 NaS, Sodium sulfate 190 tA NaSO, »10H,0 Sodium sulfate decahydrate 50 tA Na$,0, -SHO Sodium sulfate pentahydrate 1 250-290 300—10" Na,UOXC.0.), Sodiumuranyloxalate 5.18 tANdalo, [Neodymium aluminate ms nANdScO, [Neodymium scandate 7 nhNiB,O,1 Nickeliodineboracite ats 260NiNb,O, Nickelniobate 4=160+05 re (S—500)x10°fn=38+ 18 Ht (500)x10° 6)=313225 rt (S—500)x10° Nio Nickeloxide 19 298 10 NiSO, -64,0 Nickel sulfate hexahydrate ey=62 et =68 et Niwo,Nickel tungstate es 114 24 rt (S—500) x10 G2 136 10 rt (S—500)x10° 4G=19.7£06 nt. (—500)x10° P Phosphorous (red) 41 tt 10 Phosphorous (yellow) 36 rt. 10 (PCH AHgBr, ‘Tetramethylphosphonium tribromo ~10 23373, ‘mercurate(TTM) PoBr,Leadbromide >30 293@5S—3)x10 POCO,Leadcarbonate 18.6 288108 PO(CH,O2):Leadacetate 26 290-295 10 POCl,Leadchloride 33.5 23 (@5—3)x10 Pb,CoWO,,‘Leadcobalttungstate ~250 Ht POF,Leadfluoride 263 et, PoHTO, Leadhafate 390 300 10 185 400 Pol;Leadiodide 208 293@5—3)x10 PhMgNb,O, Leadmagnesiumniobate 10,000 27 PbMoO, Leadmolybdate ey=340#04 2915 16x106)=40.6=02 2915 16x10 PND),‘Leadnitrate 168 r0.S—3)x10° POND,O,Leadniobate &=180 298 PbO,Leadoxide 259 nh 2x10 Ps Leadsulfide(Galena) 190 n i 200+35, tA i bso,Leadsulfate 43 290295 10 bseLeadselenide 280 tAie PLTa,0,Lead metatantalate 4=Ga=300 tA 10 6=150 t 10 Pore Leadtelluride 450 na it40 n 1015x10430 421015x10° Poti,Leadtitanate ~200 tA10 PbwO, Leadtungstate Gi=G=36203 2975 159x10°& =310 £04 215 139x10 Po(ZyaNbs3)0,Leadzineniobate 1 30010%,300x10 Puzr0, Leadzirconate 200 400 12-54 PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OFINORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) ‘Formula ‘Name w Tk viz RbAUSO,),* 12,0 Rubidium aun sa tt 10° RB Rubidium bromide an 300Rb:CO, Rubidiumcarbonate 487=0.02 m 5x10RbCl Robidiumchloride 491=0.02 me 3x10RbCHSO,), *12H,0 Robidium chrome alum 30 rt 10? ROF Rubidium fuoride 391 nm 2x 10ROHSO, Rubidiumbisulate ae? me 10 &=8 mt 10° o=10 tt wo ROHAS0,Rubidiumdihydrogenarsenate(RDA)3.90 um95x10 RUH,PO, Rubidiumditydeogenphosphate(RDP)6.15 28593x10 ROLRubidiumiodide 494=0.02 asx? RoInSO,Rubigiumindiumsulfate as oe RONO, Robigiumnitrate 20-300 348830 4853810 s Sulfur ey=375 28 1-10«= 3.95 298 10 pee) 2381810 sublimed3.09 28110 SCINH,, Thiowrea eten3 7-0 1038 30010 $0.0,Antimonous sesquioxide a8 3-2 x10 Sb, ‘Antimonous sulfide (stibite) 2G =15 tt ir 6=180 tt ra S02, Atimonous selenide “10 tt (1016.5) x 10 ost Antimonous slideiodide 2000 ms 10eu ean te 1o—10° eSx102351010 se Selenium eqn 300 wx10(monocrystal)=21 30wx10 (amorphous)60 28 1010" siSilicon 1241 42wi sicSilicon carbidecubic on me ion fn==9.6 a in6)=1003 re in S701 18 in SiN, Silicon nitride 42(61m) nt 10 io Silicon monoxide 38 nm 0Sid, Silicondioxide ey=482 nm 9.4x108ena4a an 9.4x108 =400 tt 9.4x10° Sm400), Samariummolybdate n 298$10, Stannicdioxide fueqele? tt 1108o,=9005 nt1108 sasTinantimonide 137 re 10 sae Tintelluride 1710 =300 a in, (COOH), 24,0 Strontium formate dihydrate 61 me 0S100, Suontumcarbonate sas 28 2x10scl, Strontiumchloride 9.19 ttSxCl, 68,0 Stontium chloride hexahydrate as ttSiF, SontvmMoride 650 300 5x10-10"S:Mo0, Sontiummolybdate GeGasT202MS 159K10 eu=47 £02 BIS 159 x10SN}, Suontvmiteate 333 22 2x10SiNb,0; ‘Strontiumniobate en5 a 10 6 te 0 Osa one ir 12-55 PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OFINORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) Formula Name on17vile s0 Swontiumoxide 3=03 ms 2x10 8Suoatiumsulfide ua an 728x10" 8180,Stontiamsulfate us te s0, Swontiamtana m2 28 02080 *10 seWO,Swontiue tungstate Gna 87202 MS 16x10 y=M1=02 ws 16K m0,‘Tantalum pentoxide (anal) @phase G&G = n 1” en 6 n 10 Bphase “ 22 10 ToMo0,),,‘Terbium molybdate u 28 res 100-200 9.4 x107 or8 100—200 9.4x10" Te Tellanam Pere nt ons te polyerystlinens et i ‘monocrystalline280 tt in ‘TRO, ‘Thorium dioxide 18.9204 rt 3x10TO, ‘Titanium dioxide(rutile) 4 = 300 101086=10 300116 To,Titaniumsesquionide 30 n6x10" TbrThalliumbromide x0 2s10) ne.Thallouschlonse 322=02 2931910 TL ‘Trallousiodide(onborhombic) 207=02 293 lot m3 193 ry ‘TINO,Thallousnite 163 23sx TISO,‘Thalloussulfate 233 ca)sxe vo,Uraniumdioxide Py ft3x10! wo,‘Tungstentioxide 300 M20,Yesnummargarate 20 tt2xWw Yo,Yewiomsesquioxide 10 te w ‘YoMn0, Yoerbiammanganate 20 et2x0 0,0,Yuerbiumssquionide 5.0(fim) et 1° 200ine monorise = 833 et = 8.86 nh = 9.26 cc hao tt = 9.26 mu = 82 nt ais nt i 208Zine sulfide eh,=8.08 =2% n io=832228 28 0Gi=816 =2% n 0 =837=2%280 ZaSeZineselenide Gada9i2s2% 281 ‘ZaTe Zinetelluride nd=101022%rt Zawo, Zinetungstate t=161205 rh. (S500)x10° 20,Zirconium doxise (2econia) ns m 2x10" 12-56 ©2000 CRC Press LLCCURIE TEMPERATURE OF SELECTED FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse The following table lists the major ferroelectric crystals and their Curie temperatures , TC. REFERENCE Young, K. F. and Frederikse, H. P. R. , J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Dat a, 2, 313, 1973. Name or acronym Formula TC/K Potassium dihydrogen phosphate group KDP KH2PO4 123 KDA KH2AsO4 97 KDDP KD 2 PO4 213 KDDA KD 2AsO 4 162 RDP RbH2PO4 146 RDA RbH2AsO4 111 RDDP RbD2PO4 218 RDDA RbD2AsO4 178 CDP CsH2PO4 159 CDA CsH2AsO4 143 CDDA CsD2AsO4 212 Rochelle salt group Rochelle salt NaKC 4H4O6⋅4H2O 255-297 Deuterated Rochelle salt NaKC4H2D2O6⋅4H2O 251-308 Ammonium Rochelle salt NaNH4C4H4O6⋅4H2O 109 LAT LiNH4C4H4O6⋅H2O 106 Triglycine sulfate group TGS (NH 2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SO4 322 TGSe (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SeO4 295 TGFB (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2BeF4 346 AFB (NH4)2BeF4 176 HADA HNH4(ClCH2COO)2 128 Perovskites and related compounds Barium titanate BaTiO 3 406, 278, 193 Lead titanate PbTiO 3 765 Potassium niobate KNbO 3 712 Potassium tantalate niobate KTa 2/3Nb1/3O3 241, 220, 170 Lithium niobate LiNBO 3 1483 Lithium tantalate LiTaO 3 891 Barium titanium niobate Ba6Ti2Nb8O30 521 Ba-Na niobate (ÒBananasÓ) Ba2NaNb5O15 833 Potassium iodate KIO 3 485, 343, 257-263, 83 Lithium iodate LiIO 3 529 Potassium nitrate KNO 3 397 Sodium nitrate NaNO 3 548 Rubidium nitrate RbNO 3 437-487 TeamLRN©2000 CRC Press LLCMiscellaneous compounds Cesium trihydrogen selenite CsH 3(SeO 3)2 143 Lithium trihydrogen selenite LiH 3(SeO 3)2 TC > Tmp Potassium selenate K2SeO 4 93 Methyl ammonium alum (MASD) CH 3NH 3Al(SO 4)2⋅12H 2O 177 Ammonium cadmium sulfate (NH4)2Cd2(SO 4)3 95 Ammonium bisulfate (NH4)HSO4 271 Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 224 Ammonium nitrate NH4NO 3 398, 357, 305, 255 Colemanite CaB 3O4(OH) 3⋅H2O 266 Cadmium pyroniobite Cd2Nb2O7 185 Gadolinium molybdate Gd2(MoO 4)3 432CURIE TEMPERATURE OF SELECTED FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS (continued) Name or acronym Formula TC/K ©2000 CRC Press LLCPROPERTIES OF ANTIFERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse Some important antiferroelectric crystals are listed here with their Curie Temperatures TC. The last column gives the constan t T0 which appears in the Curie-Weiss law describing the dielectric constant of these materials above the Curie Temperature: ε = const./(T - T0) Name or acronym Formula TC/K T0/K ADP NH4H2PO4 148 ADA NH4H2AsO4 216 ADDP NH4D2PO4 242, 245 ADDA NH4D2AsO4 299 AdDDP ND4D2PO4 243 AdDDA ND4D2AsO4 304 Sodium niobate NaNbO 3 911, 793 Lead hafnate PbHfO3 476 378 Lead zirconate PbZrO 3 503 475 Lead metaniobate PbNb2O6 843 530 Lead metatantalate PbTa2O6 543 533 Tungsten trioxide WO3 1010 Potassium strontium niobate KSr2Nb5O15 427 413 Sodium nitrite NaNO2 437 437 Sodium trihydrogen selenite NaH3(SeO3)2 193 192 Sodium trideuterium selenite NaD3(SeO3)2 271 245 Ammonium trihydrogen periodate (NH4)2H3IO6 245 TeamLRN12-59DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF GLASSES Dielectric constant at 100 MHz Volume resistivity Type (20 °C) (350 °C megohm-cm) Loss factora Corning 0010 6.32 10 0.015Corning 0080 6.75 0.13 0.058Corning 0120 6.65 100 0.012 Pyrex 1710 6.00 2,500 0.025 Pyrex 3320 4.71 — 0.019Pyrex 7040 4.65 80 0.013 Pyrex 7050 4.77 16 0.017 Pyrex 7052 5.07 25 0.019Pyrex 7060 4.70 13 0.018 Pyrex 7070 4.00 1,300 0.0048 Vycor 7230 3.83 — 0.0061Pyrex 7720 4.50 16 0.014 Pyrex 7740 5.00 4 0.040 Pyrex 7750 4.28 50 0.011Pyrex 7760 4.50 50 0.0081 Vycor 7900 3.9 130 0.0023 Vycor 7910 3.8 1,600 0.00091Vycor 7911 3.8 4,000 0.00072 Corning 8870 9.5 5,000 0.0085 G. E. Clear (silica glass) 3.81 4,000—30,000 0.00038Quartz (fused) 3.75 4.1 (1 MHz) — 0.0002 (1 MHz) aPower factor × dielectric constant equals loss factor. PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS L. I. Berger and B. W. Roberts The following tables include superconductive properties of selected elements, compounds, and alloys. Individual tables are given for thin films, elements at high pressures, superconductors with high critical magnetic fields, and high critical temperature superconductors. The historically first observed and most distinctive property of a superconductive body is the near total loss of resistance at a critical temperature (Tc) that is characteristic of each material. Figure 1(a) below illustrates schematically two types of possible transitions. The sharp vertical discontinuity in resistance is indicative of that found for a single crystal of a very pure element or one of a few well annealed alloy compositions. The broad transition, illustrated by broken lines, suggests the transition shape seen for materials that are not homogeneous and contain unusual strain distributions. Carefultesting of the resistivity limit for superconductors shows that it is less than 4 × 10 –23 ohm cm, while the lowest resistivity observed in metals is of the order of 10–13 ohm cm. If one compares the resistivity of a superconductive body to that of copper at room temperature, the superconductive body is at least 1017 times less resistive. FIGURE 1. Physical properties of superconductors. (a) Resistivity vs. temperature for a pure and perfect lattice (solid line); impure and/or imperfect lattice (broken line). (b) Magnetic-field temperature dependence for Type-I or “soft” superconductors. (c) Schematic magnetization curve for “hard” or Type-II superconductors. The temperature interval ∆Tc, over which the transition between the normal and superconductive states takes place, may be of the order of as little as 2 × 10–5 K or several K in width, depending on the material state. The narrow transition width was attained in 99.9999% pure gallium single crystals. A Type-I superconductor below Tc, as exemplified by a pure metal, exhibits perfect diamagnetism and excludes a magnetic field up to some critical field Hc, whereupon it reverts to the normal state as shown in the H-T diagram of Figure 1(b). The magnetization of a typical high-field superconductor is shown in Figure 1(c). The discovery of the large current-carrying capability of Nb3Sn and other similar alloys has led to an extensive study of the physical properties of these alloys. In brief, a high-field superconductor, or Type-II superconductor, passes from the perfect diamagnetic state at low magnetic fields to a mixed state and finally to a sheathed state before attaining the normal resistive state of the metal. The magnetic field values separating the four stages are given as Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. The superconductive state below Hc1 is perfectly diamagnetic, identical to the state of most pure metals of the “soft” or Type-I superconductor. Between Hc1 and Hc2 a “mixed superconductive state” is found in which fluxons (a minimal unit of magnetic flux) create lines of normal flux in a superconductive matrix. The volume of the normal state is proportional to –4 πM in the “mixed state” region. Thus at Hc2 the fluxon density has become so great as to drive the interior volume of the superconductive body completely normal. Between Hc2 and Hc3 the superconductor has a sheath of current-carrying superconductive material at the body surface, and above Hc3 the normal state exists. With several types of careful measurement, it is possible to determine Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. Table 6 contains some of the available data on high-field superconductive materials. High-field superconductive phenomena are also related to specimen dimension and configuration. For example, the Type-I superconductor, Hg, has entirely different magnetization behavior in high magnetic fields when contained in the very fine sets of filamentary tunnels found in an unprocessed Vycor glass. The great majority of superconductive materials are Type-II. The elements in very pure form and a very few precisely stoichiometric andwell annealed compounds are Type I with the possible exceptions of vanadium and niobium. Metallurgical Aspects . The sensitivity of superconductive properties to the material state is most pronounced and has been used in a reverse sense to study and specify the detailed state of alloys. The mechanical state, the homogeneity, and the presence of impurity atoms and other electron-scattering centers are all capable of controlling the critical temperature and the current-carrying capabilities in high-magnetic fields. Well annealed specimens tend to show sharper transitions than those that are strained or inhomogeneous. This sensitivity to mechanical state underlines a general problem in the tabulation of properties for superconductive materials. The occasional divergent values of the critical temperature and of the critical fields quoted for a Type-II superconductor may lie in the variation in sample preparation. Critical temperatures of materials studied early in the history of superconductivity must be evaluated in light of the probable metallurgical state of the material, as well as the availability of less pure starting elements.It has been noted that recent work has given extended consideration to the metallurgical aspects of sample preparation. Symbols in tables: T c: Critical temperature; Ho: Critical magnetic field in the T = 0 limit; θD: Debye temperature; and γ: Electronic specific heat.ρ 0 0SuperconductingNormal (a) (b)Mixed state (c)0 HclHcHc2Hc3–4πM HcHo Tc Tc © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 1 Selective Properties of Superconductive Elements Element Tc(K) Ho(oersted) θD(K) γ(mJ mol–1K–1) Al 1.175 ± 0.002 104.9 ± 0.3 420 1.35 Am* (α,?) 0.6 Am* (β,?) 1.0 Be 0.026 0.21 Cd 0.517 ± 0.002 28 ± 1 209 0.69 Ga 1.083 ± 0.001 58.3 ± 0.2 325 0.60 Ga (β) 5.9, 6.2 560 Ga (γ) 7 950, HFa Ga (∆) 7.85 815, HF Hf 0.128 12.7 2.21 Hg (α) 4.154 ± 0.001 411 ± 2 87, 71.9 1.81 Hg (β) 3.949 339 93 1.37 In 3.408 ± 0.001 281.5 ± 2 109 1.672 Ir 0.1125 ± 0.001 16 ± 0.05 425 3.19 La (α) 4.88 ± 0.02 800 ± 10 151 9.8 La (β) 6.00 ± 0.1 1096, 1600 139 11.3 Lu 0.1 ± 0.03 350 ± 50 Mo 0.915 ± 0.005 96 ± 3 460 1.83 Nb 9.25 ± 0.02 2060 ± 50, HF 276 7.80 Os 0.66 ± 0.03 70 500 2.35 Pa 1.4Pb 7.196 ± 0.006 803 ± 1 96 3.1 Re 1.697 ± 0.006 200 ± 5 4.5 2.35 Ru 0.49 ± 0.015 69 ± 2 580 2.8 Sn 3.722 ± 0.001 305 ± 2 195 1.78 Ta 4.47 ± 0.04 829 ± 6 258 6.15 Tc 7.8 ± 0.1 1410, HF 411 6.28 Th 1.38 ± 0.02 1.60 ± 3 165 4.32 Ti 0.40 ± 0.04 56 415 3.3 Tl 2.38 ± 0.02 178 ± 2 78.5 1.47 U 0.2 V 5.40 ± 0.05 1408 383 9.82 W 0.0154 ± 0.0005 1.15 ± 0.03 383 0.90 Zn 0.85 ± 0.01 54 ± 0.3 310 0.66 Zr 0.61 ± 0.15 47 290 2.77 Zr (ω) 0.65, 0.95 TABLE 2 Range of Critical Temperatures Observed for Superconductive Elements in Thin Films Condensed Usually at Low Temperatures Element Tc Range (K) Comments Element Tc Range (K) Comments Al 1.15—5.7 HFaNb 2.0—10.1 Be 5—9.75 HF Pb 1.8—7.5 Bi 6.17—6.6 Re 1.7—7Cd Sn 3.5—6 (Disordered) 0.79—0.91 Ta <1.7—4.51 HF a (Ordered) 0.53—0.59 Tc 4.6—7.7 Ga 2.5—8.5 HF Ti 1.3 Max Hg 3.87—4.5 Tl 2.33—2.96 In 2.2—5.6 HF V 1.8—6.02La 3.55—6.74 W <1.0—4.1 Mo 3.3—8.0 Zn 0.77—1.9 aHF denotes high magnetic field superconductive properties. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 3 Elements Exhibiting Superconductivity Under or After Application of High Pressure Tc Range Pressure Tc Range Pressure Element (K) (kbar) Element (K) (kbar) Al 1.98—0.075 0—62 Pb II 3.55 160 As 0.31—0.5 220—140 Re II 2.3 Max. “Plastic” 0.2—0.25 140—100 compression Ba II 1—1.8 55—85 Sb (prepared 120 2.6—2.7 III 1.8—5 85—144 kbar, held below IV 4.5—5.4 144—190 77K) Bi II 3.9 25—27 Sb II 3.55—3.40 85—150 III 6.55—7.25 28—38 Se II 6.75, 6.95 130 IV 7.0, 8.7—6.0 43, 43—62 Si 6.7—7.1 120—130 V 6.7, 8.3 48—80 Sn II 5.2—4.85 125—160 VI 8.55 90, 92—101 III 5.30 113 VII(?) 8.2 30 Te II 2.4—5.1 38—55 Ce (α) 0.020—0.045 20—35 4.1—4.2 53—62 Ce (α′) 1.9—1.3 45—125 IV 4.72—4 63—80 Cs V 1.5 >125 ( ) 3.3—2.8 100—260 Ga II 6.38 ≥35 Tl (cubic form) 1.45 35 II′ 7.5 ≥35 then P (hexagonal form) 1.95 35 removed U 2.4—0.4 10—85 Ge 5.35 115 Y 1.7—2.5 110—160 La 5.5—12.9 0—210 Zr (omega form, 1—1.7 60—130Lu 0.022—1.0 45—190 metastable) P 5.8 170 TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys All compositions are denoted on an atomic basis, i.e., AB, AB2, or AB3 for compounds, unless noted. Solid solutions or odd compositions may be denoted as AzB1–z or AzB. A series of three or more alloys is indicated as AxB1–x or by actual indication of the atomic fraction range, such as A0— 0.6B1—0.4. The critical temperature of such a series of alloys is denoted by a range of values or possibly the maximum value. The selection of the critical temperature from a transition in the effective permeability, or the change in resistance, or possibly the incremental changes in frequency observed by certain techniques is not often obvious from the literature. Most authors choose the mid-point of such curves as theprobable critical temperature of the idealized material, while others will choose the highest temperature at which a deviation from the normal state property is observed. In view of the previous discussion concerning the variability of the superconductive properties as a function of purity and other metallurgical aspects, it is recommended that appropriate literature be checked to determine the most probable critical temperature or critical field ofa given alloy. A very limited amount of data on critical fields, H O, is available for these compounds and alloys; these values are given at the end of the table. A. SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH Tc< 10 K Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type Ag3.3Al 0.34 A12-cI58 (Mn) AgxAlyZn1-x-y 0.15 Cubic AgBi2 2.87—3.0 Ag7F0.25N0.75O10.25 0.85—0.90 Ag2F 0.0.066 Ag7FO8 0.3 Cubic Ag0.8—0.3Ga0.2—0.7 6.5—8 Ag4Ge 0.85 Hex., c.p. Ag0.438Hg0.562 0.64 D82 AgIn2 ~2.4 C16 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type Ag0.1In0.9Te (n = 1.4 × 1022)* 1.2—1.89 B1 Ag0.2In0.8Te (n = 1.07 × 1022) 0.77—1.00 B1 AgLa 0.94 B2-cP2 (CsCl)AgLa (9.5 kbar) 1.2 B2 AgLu 0.33 B2-cP2 AgMo 4S5 9.1 hR15 (Mo 6PbS8) Ag1.2Mo6Se8 5.9 Same Ag7NO11 1.04 Cubic AgxPb1-x 7.2 max. Ag4Sn 0.1 h** AgxSn1-x 1.5—3.7 AgxSn1–x (film) 2.0—3.8 AgTe3 2.6 Cubic AgTh 2.2 C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) AgTh2 2.26 C16 Ag0.03Tl0.97 2.67 Ag0.94Tl0.06 2.32 AgY 0.33 B2-cP2 (CsCl)Ag xZn1-x 0.5—0.845 AlAu4 0.4—0.7 Like A13 Al2Au 0.1 C1-cF12 (CaF2) Al2CMo3 9.8—10.2 A13+trace 2nd. phase) Al2CaSi 5.8 Al0.131Cr0.088V0.781 1.46 Cubic AlGe2 1.75 Al2Ge2U 1.6 LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) AlLa3 5.57 DO19 Al2La 3.23 C15 Al2Lu 1.02 C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) Al3Mg2 0.84 F.C.C. AlMo3 0.58 A15 AlMo6Pd 2.1 AlN 1.55 B4Al 2NNb3 1.3 A13 Al3Nb 0.64 tI8 (Al3Ti) AlOs 0.39 B2 Al3Os 5.90 AlPb (film) 1.2—7 Al2Pt 0.48—0.55 C1 Al5Re24 3.35 A12 AlSb 2.8 B4-tI4 (Sn) Al2Sc 1.02 C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) Al2Si2U 1.34 LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) AlTh2 0.1 C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) Al3Th 0.75 DO19 AlxTiyV1-x-y 2.05—3.62 Cubic Al0.108V0.892 1.82 Cubic Al2Y 0.35 C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) Al3Yb 0.94 LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) AlxZn1-x 0.5—0.845 AlZr3 0.73 LI 2 AsBiPb 9.0 AsBiPbSb 9.0 AsHfOs 3.2 C22-hP9 (Fe 2P) AsHfRu 4.9 same © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type As0.33InTe0.67 (n = 1.24 ×1022) 0.85—1.15 B1 As0.5InTe0.5 (n = 0.97 × 1022) 0.44—0.62 B1 As4La3 0.6 cI28 (Th 3P4) AsNb3 0.3 L12-tP32 As0.50Ni0.06Pd0.44 1.39 C2 AsNi0.25Pd0.75 1.6 B8 1-hP4 (NiAs) AsOsZr 8.0 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) AsPb 8.4 AsPd2 (low-temp. phase) 0.60 Hexagonal AsPd2 (high-temp. phase) 1.70 C22 AsPd5 0.46 Complex As3Pd5 1.9 AsRh 0.58 B31 AsRh1.4—1.6 < 0.03—0.56 Hexagonal AsSn 4.10AsSn (n = 2.14 × 10 22) 3.41—3.65 B1 As~2Sn~3 3.5—3.6; 1.21—1.17 As3Sn4 (n = 0.56 × 1022) 1.16—1.19 Rhombohedral AsV3 0.20 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Au5Ba 0.4—0.7 D2d AuBe 2.64 B20 Au2Bi 1.80 C15 Au5Ca 0.34—0.38 C15b AuGa2 1.6 C1-cF12 (CaF2) AuGa 1.2 B31 Au0.40—0.92Ge0.60—0.08 <0.32—1.63 Complex AuIn2 0.2 C1-cF12 AuIn 0.4—0.6 Complex AuLu <0.35 B2 AuNb3 1.2 A2 AuPb2 3.15 AuPb2 (film) 4.3 AuPb3 4.40 AuPb3 (film) 4.25 Au2Pb 1.18; 6—7 C15 AuSb2 0.58 C2 AuSn 1.25 B81 AuxSn1-x (film) 2.0—3.8 Au5Sn 0.7—1.1 A3 AuTa4.3 0.55 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Au3Te5 1.62 Cubic AuTh2 3.08 C16 AuTl 1.92 AuV3 0.74 A15 AuxZn1-x 0.50—0.845 AuZn3 1.21 Cubic AuxZry 1.7—2.8 A3 AuZr3 0.92 A15 B2Ba0.67Pt3 5.60 hP12 (B2BaPt3) BCMo 2 5.4 Orthorhombic BCMo2 5.3—7.0 Same B2Ca0.67Pt3 1.57 hP12 B4ErIr4 2.1 tP18 (B 4CeCo4) B4ErRh4 4.3 oC108 (B 4LuRh4) B4ErRh4 8.7 tP18 (B4CeCo4) © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNSubstance Tc, K Crystal structure typeTABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued)PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) BHf 3.1 Cubic B4HoIr4 2.0 tP18 B4HoRh4 1.4 oC108 B2Ir3La 1.65 hP6 (CaCu5) B2Ir3Th 2.09 Same B4Ir4Tm 1.6 tP18 B6La 5.7 B2LaRh3 2.82 hP6 B12Lu 0.48 B2LuOs 2.66 oP16 (B2LuRu) B2LuOs3 4.62 hP6 B4LuRh4 6.2 oC108 B2LuRu 9.86 oP16 B4LuRu4 2.0 tI72 (B4LuRu4) BMo 0.5 (extrapol.)BMo 2 4.74 C16 BNb 8.25 Bf B4NdRh4 5.3 tP18 B2OsSc 1.34 oP16 B2OsY 2.22 oP16 B2Pt3Sr0.67 2.78 hP12 (B2BaPt3) BRe2 2.80; 4.6 B4Rh3.4Ru0.6 8.38 tI72 B4Rh4Sm 2.7 tP18 B4Rh4Th 4.3 Same B4Rh4Tm 9.8 Same B4Rh4Tm 5.4 oC108 B0.3Ru0.7 2.58 D102 B4Ru4Sc 7.2 tI72 B2Ru3Th 1.79 hP6 B2Ru3Y 2.85 Same B2Ru Y 7.80 oP16 B4Ru4Y 1.4 tI72 B12Sc 0.39 BTa 4.0 Bf BTa2 3.12 C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) B6Th 0.74 BW2 3.1 C16 B6Y 6.5—7.1 B12Y 4.7 BZr 3.4 Cubic B12Zr 5.82 BaBi3 5.69 Tetragonal Ba2Mo15Se19 2.75 hP15 (Mo6PbS8) BaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 4.2 ×1019) <0.1—0.55 Ba0.13O3W 1.9 Tetragonal Ba0.14O3W <1.25—2.2 Hexagonal BaRh2 6.0 C15 Be22Mo 2.51 Cubic (Be22Re) Be8Nb5Zr2 5.2 Be0.98—0.92Re0.02—0.08 (quenched) 9.5—9.75 Cubic Be0.957Re0.043 9.62 Cubic (Be 22Re) BeTc 5.21 CubicBe 22W 4.12 Cubic (Be22Re) © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type Be13W 4.1 Tetragonal Bi3Ca 2.0 Bi0.5Cd0.13Pb0.25Sn0.12 (weight fractions) 8.2 BiCo 0.42—0.49 Bi2Cs 4.75 C15 BixCu1-x (electrodeposited) 2.2 BiCu 1.33—1.40 Bi3Fe 1.0 m** Bi0.019In0.981 3.86 Bi0.05In0.95 4.65 α-phase Bi0.10In0.90 5.05 Same Bi0.15—0.30In0.85—0.70 5.3—5.4 α- and β-phases Bi0.34—0.48In0.66—0.52 4.0—4.1 Bi3In5 4.1 BiIn2 5.65 β-phase Bi2Ir 1.7—2.3 Bi2Ir (quenched) 3.0—3.96 BiK 3.6 Bi2K 3.58 C15 BiLi 2.47 L1o, α-phase Bi4—9Mg 0.7—~1.0 Bi3Mo 3—3.7 BiNa 2.25 L1o BiNb3 4.5 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) BiNb3 (high pressure and temperature) 3.05 A15BiNi 4.25 B8 1 Bi3Ni 4.06 Orthorhombic BiNi0.5Rh0.5 3.0 B81-hP4 (AsNi) Bi0.5NiSb0.5 2.0 Same Bi1-0Pb0-1 7.26—9.14 Bi1-0Pb0-1 (film) 7.25—8.67 Bi0.05—0.40Pb0.95—0.60 7.35—8.4 H.C.P. to ε-phase Bi2Pb 4.25 t** BiPbSb 8.9 Bi0.5Pb0.31Sn0.19 (weight fractions) 8.5 Bi0.5Pb0.25Sn0.25 8.5 BiPd2 4.0 Bi0.4Pd0.6 3.7—4 Hexagonal, ordered BiPd 3.7 OrthorhombicBi 2Pd 1.70 Monoclinic, α-phase Bi2Pd 4.25 Tetragonal, β-phase BiPd0.45Pt0.55 3.7 B81-hP4 (NiAs) BiPdSe 1.0 C2 BiPdTe 1.2 C2 BiPt 1.21 B8 1 Bi0.1PtSb0.9 2.05; 1.5 B81-hP4 (NiAs) BiPtSe 1.45 C2 BiPtTe 1.15 C2Bi 2Pt 0.155 Hexagonal Bi2Rb 4.25 C15 BiRe2 1.9—2.2 BiRh 2.06 B81 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNSubstance Tc, K Crystal structure typePROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Bi3Rh 3.2 Orthorhombic (NiB 3) Bi4Rh 2.7 Hexagonal BiRu 5.7 m** Bi3Sn 3.6—3.8 BiSn 3.8 BixSny 3.85—4.18 Bi3Sr 5.62 L1 2 Bi3Te 0.75—1.0 Bi5Tl3 6.4 Bi0.26Tl0.74 4.4 Cubic, disordered Bi0.26Tl0.74 4.15 L12, ordered (?) Bi2Y3 2.25 Bi3Zn 0.8—0.9 Bi0.3Zr0.7 1.51 BiZr3 2.4—2.8 BrMo6Se7 7.1 hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Br3Mo6Se5 7.1 Same CCsx 0.020—0.135 Hexagonal CFe3 1.30 DO11-oP16 (Fe3C) CGaMo2 3.7—4.1 Hexagonal CHf0.5Mo0.5 3.4 B1 CHf0.3Mo0.7 5.5 B1 CHf0.25Mo0.75 6.6 B1 CHf0.7Nb0.3 6.1 B1 CHf0.6Nb0.4 4.5 B1 CHf0.5Nb0.5 4.8 B1 CHf0.4Nb0.6 5.6 B1 CHf0.25Nb0.75 7.0 B1 CHf0.2Nb0.8 7.8 B1 CHf0.9—0.1Ta0.1—0.9 5.0—9.0 B1 CK (excess K) 0.55 HexagonalC 8K 0.39 Hexagonal C2La 1.66 tI6 (CaC2) C2Lu 3.33 Same C0.40—0.44Mo0.60—0.56 9—13 C3MoRe 3.8 B1-cF8 C0.6Mo4.8Si3 7.6 D88 CMo0.2Ta0.8 7.5 B1 CMo0.5Ta0.5 7.7 B1 CMo0.75Ta0.25 8.5 B1 CMo0.8Ta0.2 8.7 B1 CMo0.85Ta0.15 8.9 B1 CMoxV1-x 2.9—9.3 B1 CMoxZr1-x 9.8 B1 C0.984Nb 9.8 B1 CNb2 9.1 CNbxTi1-x <4.2—8.8 B1 CNb0.1—0.9Zr0.9—0.1 4.2—8.4 B1 CRbx (Au) 0.023—0.151 Hexagonal CRe0.06W 5.0 CRu 2.00 hP2 (CW) C0.987Ta 9.7 C0.848—0.987 2.04—9.7 CTa (film) 5.09 B1 CTa2 3.26 L ′3 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type CTa0.4Ti0.6 4.8 B1 Cta1—0.4W0—0.6 8.5—10.5 B1 CTa0.2—0.9Zr0.8—0.1 4.6—8.3 B1 CTc (excess C) 3.85 Cubic CTi0.5—0.7W0.5—0.3 6.7—2.1 B1 CW 1.0CW 2 2.74 L ′3 CW2 5.2 F.C.C. C2Y 3.88 tI6 (CaC 2) Ca3Co4Sn13 5.9 cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) Ca3Ge13Rh4 2.1 Same CaHg 1.6 B2-cP2 (CsCl)CaHg 3 1.6 hP8 (Ni3Sn) CaIr2 6.15 C15 Ca3Ir4Sn13 7.1 cP40 CaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 3.7—11 × 1019) < 0.1—0.55 Ca0.1O3W 1.4—3.4 Hexagonal CaPb 7.0CaRh 2 6.40 C15 CaRh1.2Sn4.5 8.7 cP40 CaTl3 2.0 B2-cP2 Cd0.3—0.5Hg0.7—0.5 1.70—1.92 CdHg 1.77; 2.15 Tetragonal Cd0.0075—0.05 In0.9925—0.95 3.24—3.36 Tetragonal Cd0.97Pb0.03 4.2 CdSn 3.65 Cd0.17Tl0.83 2.3 Cd0.18Tl0.82 2.54 CeCo2 0.84 C15 CeCo1.67Ni0.33 0.46 C15 CeCo1.67Rh0.33 0.47 C15 CexGd1-xRu2 3.2—5.2 C15 CeIr3 3.34 CeIr5 1.82 Ce0.005La0.995 4.6 CexLa1-x 1.3—6.3 CexPr1-xRu2 1.4—5.3 C15 CexPt1-x 0.7—1.55 CeRu2 6.0 C15 Ce3Mo6Se5 5.7 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Ce2Mo6Te6 1.7 Same CoxFe1-xSi2 1.4 (max.) C1 CoHf2 0.56 E93 CoLa3 4.28 Co4La3Sn13 2.8 cP40 CoLu3 ~0.35 CoxLuSny 1.5 cP40 Co0—0.01Mo0.8Re0.2 2—10 Co0.02—0.10Nb3Rh0.98—0.90 2.28—1.90 A15 CoxNi1-xSi2 1.4 (max.) C1 Co0.5Rh0.5Si2 2.5 CoxRh1-xSi2 3.65 (max.) Co~0.3So~0.7 ~0.35 Co4Sc5Si10 5.0 tP38 (Co 4Sc5Si10) CoSi2 1.40; 1.22 C1 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNSubstance Tc, K Crystal structure typePROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) CoxSnyYb 2.5 cP40 Co3Th7 1.83 D102 CoxTi1-x 2.8 (max.) Co in α-Ti CoxTi1-x 3.8 (max.) Co in β-Ti CoTi2 3.44 E93 CoTi 0.71 A2 CoU 1.7 B2, distorted CoU6 2.29 D2c Co0.28Y0.72 0.34 CoY3 <0.34 CoZr2 6.3 C16 Co0.1Zr0.9 3.9 A3 Cr0.6Ir0.4 0.4 H.C.P. Cr0.65Ir0.35 0.59 H.C.P. Cr0.7Ir0.3 0.76 H.C.P. Cr0.72Ir0.28 0.83 Cr3Ir 0.45 A15 Cr0—0.1Nb1—0.9 4.6—9.2 A2 Cr0.80Os0.20 2.5 Cubic Cr3Os 4.68 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) CrxRe1-x 1.2—5.2 Cr0.4Re0.6 2.15 D8b Cr0.8—0.6Rh0.2—0.4 0.5—1.10 A3 Cr3Rh 0.3 A15-cP8 Cr3Ru (annealed) 3.3 A15 Cr2Ru 2.02 D8b Cr3Ru2 2.10 D8b-tP30 (CrFe) Cr0.1—0.5Ru0.9—0.5 0.34—1.65 A3 CrxTi1-x 3.6 (max.) Cr in α-Ti CrxTi1-x 4.2 (max.) Cr in β-Ti Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 5.6 Cr0.0175U0.9825 0.75 β-phase Cs0.32O3W 1.12 Hexagonal Cu0.15In0.85 (film) 3.75 Cu0.04—0.08In0.94—0.92 4.4 CuLa 5.85 Cu2Mo6O2S6 9 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Cu2Mo6Se8 5.9 Same CuxPb1-x 5.7—7.7 CuS 1.62 B18 CuS2 1.48—1.53 C18 CuSSe 1.5—2.0 C18CuSe 2 2.3—2.43 C18 CuSeTe 1.6—2.0 C18 CuxSn1-x 3.2—3.7 CuxSn1-x (film, made at 10K) 3.6—7 CuxSn1-x (film, made at 300K) 2.8—3.7 CuTe2 <1.25—1.3 C18 CuTh2 3.49 C16 Cu0—0.027V 3.9—5.3 A2 CuY 0.33 B2-cP2 (CsCl)Cu xZn1-x 0.5—0.845 DyMo6S8 2.1 hR15 ErxLa1-x 1.4—6.3 ErMo6S8 2.2 hR15 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) ErMo6Se8 6.2 hR15 Fe3Lu2Si5 6.1 tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5) Fe0—0.04Mo0.8Re0.2 1—10 Fe0.05Ni0.05Zr0.90 ∼3.9 Fe3Re2 6.55 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) Fe3Sc2Si5 4.52 tP40 Fe3Si5Tm 1.3 Same Fe3Si5Y2 2.4 Same Fe3Th7 1.86 D10 FexTi1-x 3.2 (max.) Fe in α-Ti FexTi1-x 3.7 (max.) Fe in β-Ti FexTi0.6V1-x 6.8 (max.) FeU6 3.86 D2 c Fe0.1Zr0.9 1.0 A3 Ga0.5Ge0.5Nb3 7.3 A15 Ga2Ge2U 0.87 B2-cP2 GaHf2 0.21 C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) GaLa3 5.84 Ga3Lu 2.3 B2-cP2 Ga2Mo 9.5 GaMo3 0.76 A15 GaN (black) 5.85 B4Ga 0.7Pt0.3 2.9 C1 GaPt 1.74 B20 GaSb (120kbar, 77K, annealed) 4.24 A5GaSb (unannealed) ~5.9 Ga 0—1Sn1—0 (quenched) 3.47—4.18 Ga0—1Sn1—0 (annealed) 2.6—3.85 GaTe 0.17 mC24 (GaTe) Ga5V2 3.55 Tetragonal (Mn2Hg5) GaV4.5 9.15 Ga3Zr 1.38 Ga3Zr5 3.8 D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) GdxLa1-x < 1.0—5.5 GdMo6S8 3.5 hR15 GdMo6Se8 5.6 hR15 GdxOs2Y1-x 1.4—4.7 GdxRu2Th1-x 3.6 (max.) C15 Ge10As4Y5 9.06 tP38 (C04Sc5Si10) GeIr 4.7 B31GeIrLa 1.64 tI12 (LaPtSi) Ge 10Ir4Lu5 2.60 tP38 Ge10Ir4Y5 2.62 tP38 Ge2La 1.49; 2.2 Orthorhombic, distorted (Mn2Hg5) GeLaPt 3.53 tI12Ge 13Lu3Os4 3.6 cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) Ge10Lu5Rh4 2.79 tP38 Ge13Lu3Ru4 2.3 cP40 GeMo3 1.43 A15 GeNb2 1.9 Ge0.29Nb0.71 6 A15 GePt 0.40 B31 Ge3Rh5 2.12 Orthorhombic, related to InNi2Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type GeRh 0.96 B31-oP8 (MnP) Ge13Rh4Sc3 1.9 c P40 Ge10Rh4Y5 1.35 tP38 Ge13Ru4Y3 1.7 cP40 Ge2So 1.3 GeTa3 8.0 A15-cP8 (Cr 3Si) Ge3Te4 (n = 1.06 × 1022) 1.55—1.80 Rhombohedral GexTe1-x (n = 8.5—64 × 1020) 0.07—0.41 R1 GeV3 6.01 A15 Ge2Y 3.80 Cc Ge1.62Y 2.4 Ge2Zr 0.30 oC12 (ZrSi 2) GeZr3 0.4 L12-tP32 (Ti3P) H0.33Nb0.67 7.28 B.C.C. H0.1Nb0.9 7.38 Same H0.05Nb0.95 7.83 Same H0.12Ta0.88 2.81 B.C.C. H0.08Ta0.92 3.26 Same H0.04Ta0.96 3.62 Same HfIrSi 3.50 C37-cP12 (Co2Si) HfMo2 0.05 hP24 (Ni2Mn) HfN0.989 6.6 B1 Hf0—0.5Nb1—0.5 8.3—9.5 A2 Hf0.75Nb0.25 > 4.2 HfOs2 2.69 C14 HfOsP 6.1 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) HfPRu 9.9 SameHfRe 2 4.80 C14 Hf0.14Re0.86 5.86 A12 Hf0.99—0.96Rh0.01—0.04 0.85—1.51 Hf0—0.55Ta1—0.45 4.4—6.5 A2 HfV2 8.9—9.6 C15 HgxIn1-x 3.14—4.55 HgIn 3.81 Hg2K 1.20 Orthorhombic Hg3K 3.18 Hg4K 3.27 Hg8K 3.42 Hg3Li 1.7 Hexagonal HgMg3 0.17 hP8 (Na3As) Hg2Mg 4.0 tI6 (MoSi2) Hg3Mg5 0.48 D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) Hg2Na 1.62 Hexagonal Hg4Na 3.05 HgxPb1-x 4.14—7.26 HgSn 4.2 HgxTl1-x 2.30—4.19 Hg5Tl2 3.86 HoxLa1-x 1.3—6.3 Ho1.2Mo6Se8 6.1 D10 2-hR12 (Be 3Nb) In1—0.86Mg0—0.14 3.395—3.363 In2Mo6Te6 2.6 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) InNb3 (high pressure and temp.) 4—8; 9.2 A15 In0.5Nb3Zr0.5 6.4 In0.11O3W < 1.25—2.8 Hexagonal © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) In0.95—0.85Pb0.05—0.15 3.6—5.05 In0.98—0.91Pb0.02—0.09 3.45—4.2 InPb 6.65 InPd 0.7 B2 InSb (quenched from 170 kbar into liquid N 2) 4.8 Like A5 InSb 2.1 B4 (InSb)0.95—0.10Sn0.05—0.90 (various heat treatments) 3.8—5.1 (InSb)0—0.07Sn1—0.93 3.67—3.74 In3Sn ~5.5 InxSn1-x 3.4—7.3 In0.82—1Te (n = 0.83—1.71 × 1022) 1.02—3.45 B1 In1.000Te1.002 3.5—3.7 B1 In3Te4 (n = 4.7 × 1021) 1.15—1.25 Rhombohedral InxTl1-x 2.7—3.374 In0.8Tl0.2 3.223 In0.62Tl0.38 2.760 In0.78—0.69Tl0.22—0.31 3.18—3.32 Tetragonal In0.69—0.62Tl0.31—0.38 2.98—3.3 F.C.C. Ir2La 0.48 C15 Ir3La 2.32 D102 Ir3La7 2.24 D102 Ir5La 2.13 IrLaSi2 2.03 oC16 (CeNiSi2) IrLaSi3 2.7 tI10 (BaNiSn3) Ir2Lu 2.47 C15 Ir3Lu 2.89 C15 Ir4Lu5Si10 3.9 tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) IrMo < 1.0 A3 IrMo3 9.6 A15 IrMo3 6.8 D8b IrNb3 1.9 A15 Ir0.4Nb0.6 9.8 D8b Ir0.37Nb0.63 2.32 D8b IrNb 7.9 D8b Ir1.15Nb0.85 4.6 oP12 (IrTa) Ir0.02Nb3Rh0.98 2.43 A15 Ir0.05Nb3Rh0.95 2.38 A15 Ir0.287O0.14Ti0.573 5.5 E93 Ir0.265O0.035Ti0.65 2.30 E93 IrxOs1-x 0.3—0.98 Ir1.5Os0.5 2.4 C14 IrOsY 2.6 C15IrSiY 2.70 C37-oP12 (Co 2Si) IrSiZr 2.04 Same Ir2Sc 2.07 C15 Ir2.5Sc 2.46 C15 Ir4Sc5Si10 8.46 tP38 Ir2Si2Th 2.14 tI10 IrSi3Th 1.75 tI10 IrSiTh 6.50 tI12 (LaPtSi) Ir2Si2Y 2.60 tI10 (Al4Ba) Ir4Si10Y5 3.10 tP38 Ir3Si5Y2 2.83 oI40Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type IrSn2 0.65—0.78 C1 Ir2Sr 5.70 C15 Ir7Ta13 1.2 D8 b-tP30 (FeCr) Ir0.5Te0.5 ~3 IrTe3 1.18 C2 IrTh < 0.37 B f Ir2Th 6.50 C15 Ir3Th 4.71 Ir3Th7 1.52 D10 2 Ir5Th 3.93 D2d IrTi3 5.40 A15 IrV2 1.39 A15 IrW3 3.82 Ir0.28W0.72 4.49 Ir2Y 2.18; 1.38 C15 Ir0.69Y0.31 1.98; 1.44 C15 Ir0.70Y0.30 2.16 C15 Ir2Y3 1.61 Ir3Y 3.50 D102-hR13 (Be3Nb) IrxY1-x 0.3—3.7 Ir2Zr 4.10 C15 Ir0.1Zr0.9 5.5 A3 K2Mo15S19 3.32 hR15 K0.27—0.31O3W 0.50 Hexagonal K0.40—0.57O3W 1.5 Tetragonal La0.55Lu0.45 2.2 Hexagonal, La type La0.8Lu0.2 3.4 Same LaMg2 1.05 C15 LaMo6S8 7.1 hR15 LaN 1.35LaOs 2 6.5 C15 LaPt2 0.46 C15 La0.28Pt0.72 0.54 C15 LaPtSi 3.48 tI12 LaRh3 2.60 LaRh5 1.62 La7Rh3 2.58 D102 LaRhSi2 3.42 oC16 (CeNiSi2) La2Rh3Si5 4.45 oI40 (Co3Si5U2) LaRhSi3 2.7 tl10 (BaNiSn3) LaRh2Si2 3.90 tl10 (Al4Ba) LaRu2 1.63 C15 La3S4 6.5 D73 La3Se4 8.6 D73 LaSi2 2.3 Cc LaxY1-x 1.7—5.4 LaZn 1.04 B2 Li2Mo6S8 4.2 hR15 LiPb 7.2 LuOs2 3.49 C14 Lu0.275Rh0.725 1.27 C15 LuRh5 0.49 Lu5Rh4Si10 3.95 tP38 (Co 4So5Si10) LuRu2 0.86 C14 Mg1.14Mo6.6S8 3.5 hR15 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Mg2Nb 5.6 Mg~0.47Tl~0.53 2.75 B2 MgZn 0.9 A3-oP4 (AuCd)Mn xTi1-x 2.3 (max.) Mn in -Ti MnxTi1-x 1.1—3.0 Mn in -Ti MnU6 2.32 D2 c Mo2N 5.0 F.C.C. Mo6Na2S8 8.6 hR15 MoxNb1-x 0.016—9.2 Mo5.25Nb0.75Se8 6.2 hR15 Mo6NdSa8 8.2 hR15 Mo3Os 7.2 A15 Mo0.62Cs0.38 5.65 D8b Mo3P 5.31 DOe Mo6Pb1.2Se8 6.75 hR15 Mo0.5Pd0.5 3.52 A3 Mo6PrSe8 9.2 hR15 MoRe 7.8 D8b-tP30 MoRe3 9.25; 9.89 A12 MoxRe1-x 1.2—12.2 Mo0.42Re0.58 6.35 D8b MoRh 1.97 A3 MoxRh1-x 1.5—8.2 B.C.C. MoRu 9.5—10.5 A3Mo 0.61Ru0.39 7.18 D8b Mo0.2Ru0.8 1.66 A3 Mo3Ru2 7.0 D8b-tP30 Mo4Ru2Te8 1.7 hR15 Mo6S8 1.85 hR15 Mo6S8Sc 3.6 hR15 Mo6S8Sm1.2 2.9 hR15 Mo6S8Tb 2.0 hR15 Mo6S8Tl 8.7 hR15 Mo6S8Tm1.2 2.1 hR15 Mo6S8Y1.2 3.0 hR15 Mo6S8Yb 9.2 hR15 Mo6.6S8Zn11 3.6 hR15 Mo3Sb4 2.1 Mo6Se8 6.3 hR15 Mo6Se8Sm1.2 6.8 hR15 Mo6Se8Sn1.2 6.8 hR15 Mo6Se8Tb 5.7 hR15 Mo3Se3Tl 4.0 hP14 Mo6Se8Tm1.2 6.3 hR15 Mo6Se8Yb 6.2 hR15 Mo3Si 1.30 A15 MoSi0.7 1.34 MoxSiV3-x 4.54—16.0 A15 Mo5.25Ta0.75Te8 1.7 hR15 Mo6Te8 1.7 hR15 Mo0.16Ti0.84 4.18; 4.25 Mo0.913Ti0.087 2.95 Mo0.04Ti0.96 2.0 Cubic Mo0.025Ti0.975 1.8 MoxU1-x 0.7—2.1Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type MoxV1-x 0—~5.3 Mo2Zr 4.25—4.75 C15 NNb (film) 6—9 B1N xOyTiz 2.9—5.6 Cubic NxOyVz 5.8—8.2 Cubic N0.34Re 4—5 F.C.C. NTa (film) 4.84 B1 N0.6—0.987Ti < 1.17—5.8 B1 N0.82—0.99V 2.9—7.9 B1 NZr 9.8 B1 N0.906—0.984 Zr 3.0—9.5 B1 Na0.28—0.35O3W 0.56 Tetragonal Na0.28Pb0.72 7.2 NbO 1.25 NbOs2 2.52 A12 Nb3Os 1.05 A15 Nb0.6Os0.4 1.89; 1.78 D8b Nb3Os0.02—0.10Rh0.98—0.90 2.42—2.30 A15 Nb3P 1.8 L12tP32 (Ti3P) NbPRh 4.08 C37-oP12 (Co2Si) Nb0.6Pd0.4 1.60 D8f plus cubic Nb3Pd0.02—0.10Rh0.92—0.90 2.49—2.55 A15 Nb0.62Pt0.38 4.21 D8b Nb5Pt3 3.73 D8b Nb3Pt0.02—0.98Rh0.98—0.02 2.52—9.6 A15 NbRe3 5.27 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) Nb0.38—0.18Re0.62—0.82 2.43—9.70 A15 NbRe 3.8 D8b-tP30 NbReSi 5.1 oI36 (FeTiSi) Nb3Rh 2.64 A15 Nb0.6Rh0.40 4.21 D8b plus other Nb0.9Rh1.1 3.07 A3-oP4 (AuCd) Nb3Rh0.98—0.90Ru0.02—0.10 2.42—2.44 A15 NbxRu1-x 1.2—4.8 NbRuSi 2.65 oI36 NbS2 6.1—6.3 Hexagonal, NbSe2 type NbS2 5.0—5.5 Hexagonal, three-layer type Nb3Sb 0.2 L12-tP32 (Ti3P) Nb3Sb0—0.7Sn1—0.3 6.8—18 A15 NbSe2 5.15—5.62 Hexagonal Nb1—1.05Se2 2.2—7.0 Same Nb3Se4 2.0 hP14 Nb3Si 1.5 L12 Nb3SiSnV3 4.0 NbSn2 2.60 Orthorhombic Nb6Sn5 2.8 oI44 (Sn5Ti6) NbSnTaV 6.2 A15 NbSnV 2 5.5 A15 Nb2SnV 9.8 A15 NbxTa1-x 4.4—9.2 A2 Nb3Te4 1.8 hP14 NbxTi1-x 0.6—9.8 Nb0.6Ti0.4 9.8 NbxU1-x 1.95 (max.) Nb0.88V0.12 5.7 A2 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued)PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type Nb0.5V1.5Zr 4.3 C15-hP12 (MgZn2) Ni0.3Th0.7 1.98 D102 NiZr2 1.52 Ni0.1Zr0.9 1.5 A3 O3Rb0.27—0.29W 1.98 Hexagonal OSn 3.81 tP4 (PbO)O 3SrTi (n = 1.7—12.0 × 1019) 0.12—0.37 O3SrTi (n = 1018—1021) 0.05—0.47 O3SrTi (n = 1020) 0.47 O3Sr0.08W 2—4 Hexagonal OTi 0.58 O3Tl0.30W 2.0—2.14 Hexagonal OV3Zr3 7.5 E93 OW3 (film) 3.35; 1.1 A15 OsPti 1.2 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) OsPZr 7.4 Same OsReY 2.0 C14 Os2Sc 4.6 C14 OsTa 1.95 A12 Os3Th7 1.51 D102 OsxW1-x 0.9—4.1 OsW3 ~3 Os2Y 4.7 C14 Os2Zr 3.0 C14 OsxZr1-x 1.5—5.6 PPb 7.8 OsW2 3.81 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) PPd3.0—3.2 <0.35—0.7 DO11 P3Pd7 (high temperature) 1.0 Rhombohedral P3Pd7 (low temperature) 0.70 Complex PRh 1.22 PRh2 1.3 C1 P4Rh5 1.22 oP28 (CaFe2O4) PRhTa 4.41 C37-oP12 (Co2Si) PRhZr 1.55 Same PRuTi 1.3 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) PRuZr 3.46 C37-oP12 PW3 2.26 DOe Pb2Pd 2.95 C16 Pb4Pt 2.80 Related to C16 Pb2Rh 2.66 C16 PbSb 6.6PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Pb) 5.19 PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Te) 5.24—5.27 PbTl 0.27 6.43 PbTl0.17 6.73 PbTl0.12 6.88 PbTl0.075 6.98 PbTl0.04 7.06 Pb1—0.26Tl0—0.74 7.20—3.68 PbTl2 3.75—4.1 Pb3Zr5 4.60 D88 PbZr3 0.76 A15 Pd0.9Pt0.1Te2 1.65 C6 Pd0.05Ru0.05Zr0.9 ~9 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structure type Pd2.2S (quenched) 1.63 Cubic PdSb2 1.25 C2 PdSb 1.5 B8 1 PdSbSe 1.0 C2 PdSbTe 1.2 C2 Pd4Se 0.42 Tetragonal Pd6–7Se 0.66 Like Pd 4Te Pd2.8Se 2.3 PdxSe1-x 2.5 (max.) PdSi 0.93 B31 PdSn 0.41 B31 PdSn2 3.34 Pd2Sn 0.41 C37 Pd3Sn 0.47—0.64 B82 Pd2SnTm 1.77 DO3-cF16 (BiF3) Pd2SnY 4.92 Same Pd2SnYb 1.79 Same PdTe 2.3; 3.85 B81 PdTe1.02—1.08 2.56—1.88 B81 PdTe2 1.69 C6 PdTe2.1 1.89 C6 PdTe2.3 1.85 C6 Pd1.1Te 4.07 B81 Pd3Te 0.76 cI2 (W) PdTh2 0.85 C16 Pd0.1Zr0.9 7.5 A3 PtSb 2.1 B81 PtSi 0.88 B31 PtSn 0.37 B81 PtSn4 2.38 C16-oC20 (PdSn4) Pt3Ta7 1.5 D8b-tP30 PtTa3 0.4 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) PtTe 0.59 Orthorhombic PtTh 0.44 Bf Pt3Th7 0.98 D102 Pt5Th 3.13 PtTi3 0.58 A15 Pt0.02U0.98 0.87 β-phase PtV2.5 1.36 A15 PtV3 2.87—3.20 A15 PtV3.5 1.26 A15 Pt0.5W0.5 1.45 A1 PtxW1-x 0.4—2.7 Pt2Y3 0.90 Pt2Y 1.57; 1.70 C15 Pt3Y7 0.82 D102 PtZr 3.0 A3 Re2Sc 4.2 C15-hP12 (MgZn2) Re24Sc5 2.2 A12-cI58 (Mg) ReSiTa 4.4 oI36 (FeTiSi) Re3Si5Y2 1.76 tP40 (Fe 3Sc2Si5) Re3Ta2 1.4 D8 b-tP30 (FeCr) Re0.64Ta0.36 1.46 A12 Re3Ta 6.78 A12-cI58 (Mn) Re24Ti5 6.60 A12 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structue type RexTi1-x 6.6 (max.) Re0.76V0.24 4.52 D8 b Re3V 6.26 D8b-tP30 Re0.92V0.08 6.8 A3 Re0.6W0.4 6.0 Re0.5W0.5 5.12 D8b Re13W12 5.2 D8b-tP30 Re3W 9.0 A12-cI58 Re2Y 1.83 C14 Re2Zr 5.9 C14 Re3Zr 7.40 A12-cI58 Re6Zr 7.40 Same Rh17S15 5.8 Cubic Rh~0.24Sc~0.76 0.88; 0.92 Rh4Sc5Si10 8.54 tP38 Rh4Sc3Sn13 4.5 cP40 RhxSe1-x 6.0 (max.) RhSi3Th 1.76 tI10 Rh0.86Sc1.04Th 6.45 tI12 Rh2Si2Y 3.11 tI10 Rh3Si5Y2 2.70 oI40 Rh4Sn13Sr3 4.3 cP40 RhxSnyTh 1.9 cI2 (W) RhxSnyTm 2.3 cP40 Rh4Sn13Y3 3.2 cP40 Rh2Sr 6.2 C15 Rh0.4Ta0.6 2.35 D8b RhTe2 1.51 C2 Rh0.67Te0.33 0.49 RhxTe1-x 1.51 (max.) RhTh 0.36 Bf Rh3Th7 2.15 D102 Rh5Th 1.07 RhxTi1-x 2.25—3.95 Rh0.02U0.98 0.96 RhV3 0.38 A15 RhW ~3.4 A3 RhY3 0.65 Rh2Y3 1.48 Rh3Y 1.07 C15 Rh5Y 0.56 Rh3Y7 0.32 hP20 (Fe3Th7) Rh0.005Zr (annealed) 5.8 Rh0—0.45Zr1—0.55 2.1—10.8 Rh0.1Zr0.9 9.0 H.C.P. Ru2Sc 1.67 C14 RuSiTa 3.15 oI36Ru 3Si2Th 3.98 hP12 Ru3Si2Y 3.51 hP12 Ru1.1Sn3.1Y 1.3 cP40 Ru2Th 3.56 C15 RuTi 1.07 B2 Ru0.05Ti0.95 2.5 Ru0.1Ti0.9 3.5 RuxTi0.6Vy 6.6 (max.) © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Crystal structue type Ru3U 0.15 L12-cP4 Ru0.45V0.55 4.0 B2 RuW 7.5 A3Ru 2Y 1.52 C14 Ru2Zr 1.84 C14 Ru0.1Zr0.9 5.7 A3 STh 0.5 B1-cF8 (NaCl) SbSn 1.30—1.42 B1 or distorted SbTa3 0.72 A15-cP8 (Cr 3Si) SbTi3 5.8 Same Sb2Ti7 5.2 Sb0.01—0.03V0.99—0.97 3.76—2.63 A2 SbV3 0.80 A15 SeTh 1.7 B1-cF8 SiMo3 1.4 A15-cP8 Si2Th 3.2 Cc, α-phase Si2Th 2.4 C32, β-phase SiV2.7Ru0.3 2.9 A15 Si2W3 2.8; 2.84 SiZr3 0.5 L12-tP32 (Ti3P) Sn0.174—0.104 Ta0.826—0.896 6.5—< 4.2 A15 SnTa3 8.35 A15, highly ordered SnTa3 6.2 A15, partially ordered SnTaV2 2.8 A15 SnTa2V 3.7 A15 SnxTe1-x (n = 10.5—20 × 1020) 0.07—0.22 B1 Sn3Th 3.33 L12-cP4 SnTi3 5.80 A15-cP8 SnxTl1-x 2.37—5.2 SnV3 3.8 A15 Sn0.02—0.057V0.98—0.943 2.87—~1.6 A2 SnZr3 0.92 A15-cP8 Ta0.025Ti0.975 1.3 Hexagonal Ta0.05Ti0.95 2.9 Hexagonal Ta0.05—0.75V0.95—0.25 4.30—2.65 A2 Ta0.8—1W0.2—0 1.2—4.4 A2 Tc0.1—0.4W0.9—0.6 1.25—7.18 Cubic Tc0.50W0.50 7.52 α plus Tc0.60W0.40 7.88 plus α Tc6Zr 9.7 A12 TeY 1.02 B1-cF8 ThTl3 0.87 L12-cP4 Th0—0.55Y1—0.45 1.2—1.8 Ti0.70V0.30 6.14 Cubic TixV1-x 0.2—7.5 Ti0.5Zr0.5 (annealed) 1.23 Ti0.5Zr0.5 (quenched) 2.0 Tl3Y 1.52 L12-cP4 V2Zr 8.80 C15 V0.26Zr0.74 5.9 W2Zr 2.16 C15 YZn 0.33 B2-cP2 (CsCl) * n denotes current carriers concentration in cm–3. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) B. SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH Tc > 10Κ Substance Tc,K Crystal structure type Al2CMo310.0 A13 Al0.5Ge0.5Nb 12.6 A15 Al~0.8Ge~0.2Nb320.7 A15 AlNb318.0 A15 (Cr3Si) AlNb312.0 (FeCr) A1xNb1–x<4.2—13.5 D8b A1xNb1–x12—17.5 A15 A10.27Nb0.73—0.48V0—0.2514.5—17.5 A15 A1 NbxV1–x4.4—13.5 A10.1Si0.9V314.05 A1V311.8 A15 (Cr3Si) AuNb311.5 A15 Au0—0.3Nb1—0.71.1—11.0 Au0.02—0.98Nb3Rh0.98—0.022.53—10.9 A15 AuNb3(1–x)V3x1.5—11.0 A15 B0.03C0.51Mo0.4712.5 B4LuRh411.7 (B4CeCo4) B2LuRu 10 B4Rh4Y 11.3 (B4CeCo4) B0.1Si0.9V315.8 A15 BaBi0.2O3Pb0.813.2 Ba2CaCu2O8T12120 Ba2Cu3LaO680 Ba2Cu3O7Tm 101 Ba2Cu3O7Y9 0 (Ba,La)2CuO436 A15 (K2NiF4) Bi2CaCu2O8Sr2110 Br2Mo6S613.8 (Mo6PbS8) C3La 11.0 (C3Pu2) CMo 14.3 B1 (NaC1)CMo 212.2 o** C0.5MoxNb1–x10.8—12.5 B1 CMoxTi1–x10.2(max) B1 CMo0.83Ti0.1710.2 B1 C0—0.38N1—0.62Ta 10.0—11.3 CNb (whiskers) 7.5—10.5CNb 11.5 B1 C 0.7—1.0Nb0.3—06—11 B1 CNbxTa1–x8.2—13.9 CNb0.6—0.9W0.4—0.112.5—11.6 B1 C0.1Si0.9V316.4 A15 CTa 10.3 B1CTa 1—0.4W0—0.68.5—10.5 B1 C0.66Th0.13Y0.2117 (C3Pu2) C3Y211.5 (C3Pu2) CW 10 B1 (Ca,La)2CuO418 (K2NiF4) Cu(La,Sr)2O439 Cu1.8Mo6S810.8 (Mo6PbS8) Cr0.3SiV2.711.3 A15 GaNb314.5 A15 (Cr3Si) GaxNb3Sn1–x14—18.37 A15PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc,K Crystal structure type GaV316.8 A15 GaV2.1—3.56.3—14.45 A15 GeNb323.2 A15 GeNb3 (quenched) 6—17 A15 GexNb3Sn1–x17.6—18.0 A15 Ge0.5Nb3Sn0.511.3 Ge0.1Si0.9V314.0 A15 GeV311 A15 InLa39.83; 10.4 LI2(AuCu3) InLa3 (0—35 kbar) 9.75—10.55 In0—0.3Nb3Sn1—0.718.0—18.19 A15 InV313.9 A15 Ir0.4Nb0.610 (FeCr) LaMo6Se811.4 (Mo6PbS8) LiO4Ti213.7 (A12MgO4) MoN 12; 14.8 h* Mo3Os 12.7 A15 Mo6Pb0.9S7.515.2 (Mo6PbS8) Mo3Re 10.0; 15 A15 MoxRe1–x1.2—12.2 Mo0.52Re0.4811.1 Mo0.57Re0.4314.0 Mo~0.60Re0.39510.6 MoRu 9.5—10.5 A3 Mo3Ru 10.6 A15 Mo6Se8T1 12.2 (Mo6PbS8) Mo0.3SiV2.711.7 A15 Mn3Si 12.5 A15 Mo3Tc 15 A15 Mo0.3Tc0.712.0 A15 MoxTc1–x10.8—15.8 MoTc315.8 NNb (whiskers) 10—14.5 NNb (diffusion wires) 16.10 N0.988Nb 14.9; 17.3 B1 N0.824—0.988Nb 14.4—15.3 B1 N0.7—0.795Nb 11.3—12.9 NNbxOy13.5—17.0 B1 NNbxOy6.0—11 N100—42w/oNb0—58w/oTi 15—16.8 N100—75w/oNb0—25w/oZr 12.5—16.35 NNbxZr1–x9.8—13.8 B1 N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.1513.8 B1 NTa 12—14 B1NZr 10.7 B1 Nb 3Pt 10.9 A15 Nb0.18Re0.8210 (Mn) Nb3Si 19 A15 Nb0.3SiV2.712.8 A15 Nb3Sn 18.05 A15 Nb0.8Sn0.218.18; 18.5 A15 NbxSn1–x (film) 2.6—18.5 o* Nb3Sn216.6 t* NbSnTa210.8 A15 Nb2SnTa 16.4 A15 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc,K Crystal structure type Nb2.5SnTa0.517.6 A15 Nb2.75SnTa0.2517.8 A15 Nb3xSnTa3(1–x)6.0—18.0 Nb2SnTa0.5V0.512.2 A15 NbTc310.5 A12 Nb0.75Zr0.2510.8 Nb0.66Zr0.3310.8 PbTa317 A15 RhTa310 A15 RhZr210.8; 11.3 C16 (A12Cu) Rh0—0.45Zr1—0.552.1—10.8 SiTi0.3V2.710.9 A15 SiV317.1 A15 SiV2.7Zr0.313.2 A15 TABLE 5 Critical Field Data HoHo Substance oersteds Substance oersteds Ag2F 2.5 InSb 1100 Ag7NO1157 InxTl1-x252—284 Al2CMo31700 In0.8Tl0.2252 BaBi3740 Mg0.47Tl0.53220 Bi2Pt 10 Mo0.16Ti0.84<985 Bi3Sr 530 NbSn2620 Bi5Tl3>400 PbTl0.27756 CdSn >266 PbTl0.17796 CoSi2105 PbTl0.12849 Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.61360 PbTl0.075880 In1-0.86Mg0-0.14272.4—259.2 PbTl0.04864 TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys Substance Tc, K Hc1, kOe Hc2, kOe Hc3, kOe Tobs, Ka Al2CMo39.8—10.2 0.091 156 1.2 AlNb30.375 BaxO3Sr1-xTi <0.1—0.55 0.0039 max. Bi0.5Cd0.1Pb0.27Sn0.13>24 3.06 BixPb1-x7.35—8.4 0.122 max. 30 max. 4.2 Bi0.56Pb0.448.8 15 4.2 Bi7.5w/oPb92.5w/ob2.32 Bi0.099Pb0.9010.29 2.8 Bi0.02Pb0.980.46 0.73 Bi0.53Pb0.32Sn0.16>25 3.06 Bi1-0.93Sn0-0.070—0.032 3.7 Bi5Tl36.4 >5.6 3.35 C8K (excess K) 0.55 0.160 (H ⊥c) 0.32 0.730 (Hc) 0.32 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Hc1, kOe Hc2, kOe Hc3, kOe Tobs, Ka C8K 0.39 0.025 (H ⊥c) 0.32 0.250 (Hc) 0.32 C0.44Mo0.5612.5—13.5 0.087 98.5 1.2 CNb 8—10 0.12 16.9 4.2CNb 0.4Ta0.610—13.6 0.19 14.1 1.2 CTa 9—11.4 0.22 4.6 1.2 CaxO3Sr1-xTi <0.1—0.55 0.002—0.004 Cd0.1Hg0.90.23 0.34 2.04 (by weight) Cd0.05Hg0.950.28 0.31 2.16 Cr0.10Ti0.30V0.605.6 0.071 84.4 0 GaN 5.85 0.725 4.2 GaxNb1-x>28 4.2 GaSb (annealed) 4.24 2.64 3.5 GaV1.955.3 73e GaV2.1-3.56.3—14.45 230—300d0 GaV30.4 350e0 500d GaV4.59.15 121c0 HfxNby>52—>102 1.2 HfxTay>28—>86 1.2 Hg0.05Pb0.950.235 2.3 Hg0.101Pb0.8990.23 4.3 4.2 Hg0.15Pb0.856.75 >13 2.93 In0.98Pb0.023.45 0.1 0.12 2.76 In0.96Pb0.043.68 0.1 0.12 0.25 2.94 In0.94Pb0.063.90 0.095 0.18 0.35 3.12 In0.913Pb0.0874.2 ∼l0.17 0.55 2.65 In0.316Pb0.6840.155 3.7 4.2 In0.17Pb0.832.8 5.5 4.2 In1.000Te1.0023.5—3.7 1.2c0 In0.95Tl0.050.263 0.263 3.3 In0.90Tl0.100.257 0.257 3.25 In0.83Tl0.170.242 0.39 3.21 In0.75Tl0.250.216 0.50 3.16 LaN 1.35 0.45 0.76 La3S46.5 ≈0.15 >25 1.3 La3Se48.6 ≈0.2 >25 1.25 Mo0.52Re0.4811.1 14—21 22—33 4.2 18—28 37—43 1.3 Mo0.6Re0.39510.6 14—20 20—37 4.2 19—26 26—37 1.3 Mo0.5Ti0.575c0 Mo0.16Ti0.844.18 0.028 98.7c0 36—38 3.0 Mo0.913Ti0.0872.95 0.060 15 4.2 Mo0.1-0.3U0.9-0.71.85—2.06 >25 Mo0.17Zr0.8330 N(12.8 w/o)Nb 15.2 >9.5 13.2 NNb (wires) 16.1 153c0 132 4.295 8 53 12 NNb xO1-x13.5—17.0 38 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 1PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Substance Tc, K Hc1, kOe Hc2, kOe Hc3, kOe Tobs, KaTABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) NNbxZr1-x9.8—13.8 4- >130 4.2 N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.1513.8 >130 4.2 Na0.086Pb0.9140.19 6.0 Na0.016Pb0.9840.28 2.05 Nb 9.15 2.020 1.4 1.710 4.2 Nb 0.4—1.1 3—5.5 4.2Nb (unstrained) 1.1—1.8 3.40 6—9.1 4.2 Nb (strained) 1.25—1.92 3.44 6.0—8.7 4.2 Nb (cold-drawn wire) 2.48 4.10 ≈10 4.2 Nb (film) >25 4.2 NbSc >30 Nb 3Sn 0.170 221 4.2 70 14.15 54 15 34 1617 17 Nb 0.1Ta0.90.084 0.154 4.195 Nb0.2Ta0.810 4.2 Nb0.65-0.73Ta0.02-0.10Zr0.25>70—>90 4.2 NbxTi1-x148 max. 1.2 120 max. 4.2 Nb0.222U0.7781.98 23 1.2 NbxZr1-x127 max. 1.2 94 max. 4.2 O3SrTi 0.43 0.0049c0.504c0 O3SrTi 0.33 0.00195c0.420c0 PbSb1 w/o(quenched) >1.5 4.2 PbSb1 w/o(annealed) >0.7 4.2 PbSb2.8 w/o(quenched) >2.3 4.2 PbSb2.8 w/o(annealed) >0.7 4.2 Pb0.871Sn0.1290.45 1.1 Pb0.965Sn0.0350.53 0.56 Pb1-0.26Tl0-0.747.20—3.68 2—6.9c0 PbTl0.176.73 4.5c0 Re0.26W0.74>30 Sb0.93Sn0.070.12 3.7 SiV317.0 0.55 156e SnxTe1–x0.00043—0.00236 0.005—0.0775 0.012—0.079 Ta (99.95%) 0.425 1.850 1.3 0.325 1.425 2.27 0.275 1.175 2.66 0.090 0.375 3.72 Ta0.5Nb0.53.55 4.2 Ta0.65-0Ti0.35-14.4—7.8 >14—138 1.2 Ta0.5Ti0.5138 1.2 Te 3.3 0.25c0 TcxW1-x5.75—7.88 8—44 4.2 Ti 2.7 4.2 Ti0.75V0.255.3 0.029c199c0 Ti0.775V0.2254.7 0.024c172c0 Ti0.615V0.3857.07 0.050 34 4.2 Ti0.516V0.4847.20 0.062 28 4.2 Ti0.415V0.5857.49 0.078 25 4.2 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Tc, K Hc1, kOe Hc2, kOe Hc3, kOe Tobs, Ka Ti0.12V0.8817.3 28.1 4.2 Ti0.09V0.9114.3 16.4 4.2 Ti0.06V0.948.2 12.7 4.2 Ti0.03V0.973.8 6.8 4.2 TixV1-x108 max. 1.2 V 5.31 0.8 3.4 1.79 0.75 3.15 20.45 2.2 3 0.30 1.2 4 V 0.26Zr0.74≈5.9 0.238 1.05 0.227 1.78 0.185 3.04 0.165 3.5 W (film) 1.7—4.1 >34 1 aTemperature of critical field measurement. bw/o denotes weight percent. cExtrapolated. dLinear extrapolation. eParabolic extrapolation. 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Phillips, Physics of High-Tc Superconductors , Academic Press, 1989, p. 336. 63. Shui Wai Lin and L. I. Berger, Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 60, 507, 1989. 64. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1975. 65. O. Fischer and M.B. Maple, Eds., Topics in Current Physics, Volume 32: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I; Volume 34: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II, Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 1982. 66. K. J. Dunn and F. P. Bundy, Phys. Rev., B25, 194, 1982. 67. A. Barone and G. Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect, Wiley, New York, 1982. 68. D. H. Douglass, Ed., Superconductivity in d- and f-band Metals, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. 69. D. M. Ginsberg, Ed., Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, (Volume II, 1990; Volume III, 1992; Volume V, 1996), World Scientific, Singapore. 70. T. Ishiguro and K. Yamji, Organic Superconductors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 71. Sh. Okada, K. Shimizu, T. C. Kobayashi, K. Amaya, and Sh. Endo., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 65, 1924, 1996. 72. A. Bourdillon and N. X. Tan Bourdillon, High Temperature Superconductors: Processing and Science, Academic Press, 1994. 73. J. M. Williams, J. R. Ferraro, R. J. Thorn, K. Carlson, U. Geiser, H. H. Wang, A. M. Kini, and M.-H. Whangbo, Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes): Synthesis, structure, Properties, and Theory, Prentice–Hall, 1992.PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRN12-87HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS C. N. R. Rao and A. K. Raychaudhuri The following tables give properties of a number of high temperature superconductors. Table 1 lists the crystal structure (spac e group and lattice constants) and the critical transition temperature Tc for the more important high temperature superconductors so far studied. Table 2 gives energy gap, critical current density, and penetration depth in the superconducting state. Table 3 gives electrical and thermal properties of some of these materials in the normal state. The tables were prepared in November 1992 and updated in November 1994. REFERENCES 1. Ginsburg, D.M., Ed., Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors , Vols. I—III, World Scientific, Singapore, 1989—1992. 2. Rao, C.N.R., Ed., Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors , World Scientific, Singapore, 1991. 3. Shackelford, J.F., The CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook , CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, 98—99 and 122—123. 4. Kaldis, E., Ed., Materials and Crystallographic Aspects of HT c-Superconductivity , Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992. 5. Malik, S.K. and Shah, S.S., Ed., Physical and Material Properties of High Temperature Superconductors , Nova Science Publ., Commack, N.Y., 1994. 6. Chmaissem, O. et. al., Physica, C230, 231—238, 1994. 7. Antipov, E.V. et. al., Physica, C215, 1—10, 1993. Table 1 Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors Material Structure Tc/K (maximum value) La2CuO4+δ Bmab; a = 5.355, b = 5.401, c = 13.15 Å 39 La2-xSrx(Bax)CuO4 I4/mmm; a = 3.779, c = 13.23 Å 35 La2Ca1-xSrxCu2O6 I4/mmm; a = 3.825, c = 19.42 Å 60 YBa2Cu3O7 Pmmm; a = 3.821, b = 3.885, c = 11.676 Å 93 YBa2Cu4O8 Ammm; a = 3.84, b = 3.87, c = 27.24 Å 80 Y2Ba4Cu7O15 Ammm; a = 3.851, b = 3.869, c = 50.29 Å 93 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Amaa; a = 5.362, b = 5.374, c = 24.622 Å 10 Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 A2aa; a = 5.409, b = 5.420, c = 30.93 Å 92 Bi2Ca2Sr2Cu3O10 A2aa; a = 5.39, b = 5.40, c = 37 Å 110 Bi2Sr2(Ln1-xCex)2Cu2O10 P4/mmm; a = 3.888, c = 17.28 Å 25 Tl2Ba2CuO6 A2aa; a = 5.468, b = 5.472, c = 23.238 Å; I4/mmm; a = 3.866, c = 23.239 Å 92 Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 I4/mmm; a = 3.855, c = 29.318 Å 119 Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10 I4/mmm; a = 3.85, c = 35.9 Å 128 Tl(BaLa)CuO5 P4/mmm; a = 3.83, c = 9.55 Å 40 Tl(SrLa)CuO5 P4/mmm; a = 3.7, c = 9 Å 40 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2CuO5 P4/mmm; a = 3.738, c = 9.01 Å 40 TlCaBa2Cu2O7 P4/mmm; a = 3.856, c = 12.754 Å 103 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)CaSr2Cu2O7 P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.05 Å 90 TlSr2Y0.5Ca0.5Cu2O7 P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.10 Å 90 TlCa2Ba2Cu3O8 P4/mmm; a = 3.853, c = 15.913 Å 110 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9 P4/mmm; a = 3.81, c = 15.23 Å 120 TlBa2(La1-xCex)2Cu2O9 I4/mmm; a = 3.8, c = 29.5 Å 40 Pb2Sr2La0.5Ca0.5Cu3O8 Cmmm; a = 5.435, b = 5.463, c = 15.817 Å 70 Pb2(Sr,La)2Cu2O6 P2212; a = 5.333, b = 5.421, c = 12.609 Å 32 (Pb,Cu)Sr2(La,Ca)Cu2O7 P4/mmm; a = 3.820, c = 11.826 Å 50 (Pb,Cu)(Sr,Eu)(Eu,Ce)Cu 2Ox I4/mmm; a = 3.837, c = 29.01 Å 25 Nd2-xCexCuO4 I4/mmm; a = 3.95, c = 12.07 Å 30 Ca1-xSrxCuO2 P4/mmm; a = 3.902, c = 3.35 Å 110 Sr1-xNdxCuO2 P4/mmm; a = 3.942, c = 3.393 Å 40 Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 Pm3m; a = 4.287 Å 31 Rb2CsC60 a = 14.493 Å 31 NdBa2Cu3O7 Pmmm; a = 3.878, b = 3.913, c = 11.753 58 12-88HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Table 1 Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors (continued) Material Structure Tc/K (maximum value) SmBaSrCu3O7 I4/mmm; a = 3.854, c = 11.62 84 EuBaSrCu 3O7 I4/mmm; a = 3.845, c = 11.59 88 GdBaSrCu 3O7 I4/mmm; a = 3.849, c = 11.53 86 DyBaSrCu3O7 Pmmm; a = 3.802, b = 3.850, c = 11.56 90 HoBaSrCu 3O7 Pmmm; a = 3.794, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 87 ErBaSrCu 3O7 (multiphase) Pmmm; a = 3.787, b = 3.846, c = 11.54 82 TmBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) Pmmm; a = 3.784, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 88 YBaSrCu 3O7 Pmmm; a = 3.803, b = 3.842, c = 11.54 84 HgBa2CuO4 I4/mmm; a = 3.878, c = 9.507 94 HgBa2CaCu2O6 (annealed in O2) I4/mmm; a = 3.862, c = 12.705 127 HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 Pmmm; a = 3.85, c = 15.85 133 HgBa2Ca3Cu4O10 Pmmm; a = 3.854, c = 19.008 126 Table 2 Superconducting Properties Jc (0): Critical current density extrapolated to 0 K λab: Penetration depth in a-b plane kB: Boltzmann constant Energy gap ( Δ) Material Form 2 Δpp/kBTc*2 Δƒit/kBTc†10–6 × Jc (0)/A cm–2λab/Å Y Ba2Cu3O7 Single Crystal 5–6 4–5 30 (film) 1400 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Single Crystal 8–9 5.5–6.5 2 2700 Tl2Ba3CaCu2O8 Ceramic 6–7 4–6 10 (film, 80 K) 2000 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.15 Ceramic 7–9 4–6 Nd2-xCexCuO4 Ceramic 8 4–5 0.2 (film) *Obtained from peak to peak value. †Obtained from fit to BCS-type relation. TeamLRN12-89Table 3 Normal State Properties ρab: Resistivity in the a-b plane ρc: Resistivity along the c axis +ve: ρc has positive temperature coefficient of resistivity –ve: ρc has negative temperature coefficient of resistivity nH: Hall density k: Thermal conductivity in plane: Along a-b plane out of plane: Perpendicular to a-b plane ρab/µΩ cm ρc/mΩ cm 10–21 × nH/cm–3k/(mW/cm K) at 300 K Material Form 300 K 100 K 300 K d ρc/dT 300 K 100 K in plane out of plane YBa2Cu3O7 Single Crystal 110 35 5 +ve 11–16 4–6 120 3 film 200–300 60–100 5–9 2–3 YBa2Cu4O8 Single Crystal 75 20 10 –ve 14 film 100–200 20–50 22 17 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Single Crystal 300 150 5000 –ve 6 5 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Single Crystal 150 50 >1000 –ve 4 3 60 8 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Single Crystal 300–400 50–75 200–300 +ve 3.1 2.5 Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 Ceramic ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ≈ 2* La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.12 Single Crystal 900 350 200 +ve for T >225 K 2.5 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.20 Single Crystal 400 200 80 +ve for T >150 K 10 50 (for x = 0.04) 20 film 400 160 8.4 6.3 Nd2–xCexCuO4, x = 0.17 Single Crystal 500 275 53 17 x = 0.15 film 140–180 35 32 11 250 (for x = 0.15) * At 200 K **ρ ~0.4 mΩ cm at 120 K ***ρ ~1.5 mΩ cm at 300 K ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS H.P.R. Frederikse Although the vast majority of organic compounds are insulators, a small number of organic solids show considerable electrical conductivity. Some of these materials appear to be superconductors. The superconducting organics fall primarily into two groups: those containing fulvalenes (pentagonal rings containing sulfur or selenium) and those based on fullerenes, involving the nearly spherical cluster C 60. The transition temperatures Tc of the fulvalene derivatives are shown in Table 1. The abbreviations of the various molecular groups are listed in Table 2 and their chemical structures are depicted in Figure 1. Most of the Tc’s are between 1 and 12 K. Several of the compounds only show superconductivity under pressure. The fullerenes are A3C60 compounds, where A represents a single or a combination of alkali atoms. The C60 cluster is shown in Figure 2a, while Figure 2b illustrates how the alkali atoms fit into the A 3C60 molecule to form the A15 crystallographic structure. Their superconducting transition temperatures range from 8 to 31.3 K (see Table 3). REFERENCES 1. Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors , Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 2. Williams, Jack M. et al., Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes) , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992. 3.The Fullerenes , Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. 4. Schluter, M. et al., in The Fullerenes (Ref. 3), p. 303. Table 1 Critical Pressure and Maximum Critical Temperature of Organic Superconductors aConverted form ε-type to β-type by thermal treatment. bFor 7 kbar. From Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors , Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. With permission.Material Pc/kbar Tc/K (TMTSF)2PF6 6.5 1.2 (TMTSF)2AsF6 9 1.3 (TMTSF)2SbF6 11 0.4 (TMTSF)2TaF6 12 1.4 (TMTSF)2ClO4 0 1.4 (TMTSF)2ReO4 9.5 1.3 (TMTSF)2FSO3 53 (ET)4(ReO4)2 4.5 2 βL-(ET)2I3 0 1.4 βH-(ET)2I3 0 8.1 γ-(ET)3I2.5 0 2.5 ε-(ET)2I3(I8)0.5 0 2.5 α-(ET)2I3I2-doped 0 3.3 αt-(ET)2I3 08 ε→β -(ET)2I3a06 θ-(ET)2I3 0 3.6 κ-(ET)2I3 0 3.6β-(ET) 2IBr2 0 2.8 β-(ET)2AuI2 0 4.8 (ET)4Hg2.89Cl8 0 4.2 (ET)4Hg2.89Br8 12 1.8 (ET)3Cl2(H2O)2 16 2 κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 0 10.4 κ-(d-ET)2Cu(NCS)2 0 11.4 (DMET)2Au(CN)2 1.5 0.9 (DMET)2AuI2 5 0.6 (DMET)2AuBr2 0 1.9 (DMET)2AuCl2 0 0.9 (DMET)2I3 0 0.6 (DMET)2lBr2 0 0.7 (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 0 3.5 TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 2 1.6b TTF[Pd(dmit)2]2 20 6.5 (CH3)4N[Ni(dmit)2]2 75Material Pc/kbar Tc/K Table 2 List of Symbols and Abbreviations TTF tetrathiafulvalene TMTSF tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene BEDT-TTF or “ET” bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvaleneMDT-TTF methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene DMET [dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene] dmit 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2-thioneT c transition temperature to superconducting state Pc minimum pressure required for superconducting transition © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene Tetrathiafulvalene Dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene Methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene Ligand is 4,5-dimercapto-1.3-dithiole-2-thione FIGURE 1. Structures of various donor molecules and acceptor species. a b FIGURE 2. (a) C 60 cluster placed in a fcc lattice. Each crystal axis crosses a double bond shared by two hexagons. (b) A hypothetical A3C60 with the A15 structure. The structure can be seen to be an ordered defect structure of A6C60.Se SeSe SeCH3 CH3H3C H3C TMTSF Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvaleneS TTFSS S DMETMe SS SS SeSe Me S C MSS S SC CSSC CSSCSn– M=Ni, Pd, Pt M(dmit)2– 2 (010)(001) (100)BEDT − TTF or ETSS SSH H H HH H H HSS SS SS S SS S MDT − TTF © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Table 3 Unit Cell and Tc for FCC-A 3 C60 Lattice parameter(s) (Å) Tc/K Na2Rb0.5Cs0.5C60 14.148(3) 8.0 Na2CsC60 No. 1a 14.132(2) 10.5 Na2CsC 60 No. 2a 14.176(9) 14.0 K3C60 14.253(3) 19.3 K2RbC60 14.299(2) 21.8 Rb2KC 60 No. 1a 14.336(1) 24.4 Rb2KC60 No. 2a 14.364(5) 26.4 Rb3C60 14.436(2) 29.4 Rb2CsC 60 14.493(2) 31.3 aSamples labeled No. 1 and No. 2 have the same nominal composition. From Schluter, M et. al., The Fullerenes , Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993.With permission. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS LL Berger and B,R.Pamplin Sinn cep ps 80py pt ontap pre ol Spcans wos soe es aeagle TableI PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS (LISTED BY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE) tear Termapvetate sorts Direenoncnc Molecuise atomic parameter(A.DytyMalinpointNiamh. Specileest,temp.(107K"!—ImWieK since “oe Simi as RM NTS Sexe) beta PART A. ADAMANTINE SEMICONDUCTORS At, Diamond Strctre Elements (Strukturberict symbat AS,Space Group Fd3m-0) ‘§A2,Sphalerite (ZincBlende)Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbolB3SpaceGroupF33m-T)) wr ke an as v0 on Prarie rr arrme nan Me as red To ets Seem San a “ _ Agl matae 6502 sora 2m) DB be 2s 42 bese ert eeterire aie.aon jas ae taeSst aets = ar teiw care cancay tags “ =“ ” “ ese yestyr owns tm aan mo os » ©2009 CRC Pres LLC TableI PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS (LISTED BYCRYSTAL STRUCTURE) (continued) stoner thew Themaveretate stcahrtone, Deineapneacnc aac "Nomi paramsth,DeityMaingpt“NinBESpeeat,tem,TR)neh sooune nan tos“amany Wee a Mews) Ree) IR) Geom ae osm sata mas i= owte wieSosSota soo mas we cr tom 38 ast = rr ndoon Mea Sais tanbe ms i teeRhti seo mow Se Other sphalerite setae compound” “ “ he BoesSm pac rs re 5A3, Wortite (Zincit) Structure Compounds (Struktrbericht symbol B4,Space Group Pé.me-Ck) au wo ws nae amicar woetntmbie rere st thw nw ie Fa “ 250 Cr rc 0 bg baSmthwoe i ‘aaie weeoabbw ts ‘nw am ww Ase sa Gv Sn eto Simeit Ps ‘Otterwestetestroctusecompounds -wns Te8seeteas32mse ete Soktare oseonlimeateaise, wosS8173a0s 280 $A4, Chalcopyrite Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E1,,Space Group 192d-Dj2) Coarte, BsnHO45%om$5050 cme, ineBorsauaraone, fonGmbese owe ©2000 CRC Press LLC TableI PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS (LISTED BY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE) (continued) lowae Theevergeatice crobardnes Debyeexpamioncondcity Mattar “omic parutes(A.DeastyMllagplatWinhpSpecieet,emp.0-*K—mWiemk Sutstunceteen roma)Wem)1K)MokaSea)JEG(300K)1K)(000K)OKT cuss,wtMass$65Me NAB:grSmSt10sHe ‘aise,manoeSabo Seam ‘atte:Sooo kamasGist cassMinwahS08log7 ‘gase,Rss) 8A $s sek encates fam100?6501198 60s rr Ey ©anit Bee717SiktsSoH a fase: Smol S515 6102 ha S818, tse »neste mma62 aos oooMie aSomS660WN48)Zasity ssauesaayfos)yo ‘in‘acer ovedoseSaasaa8 100 we‘esas nemss ‘00casi: gnS61sowantustem so 2cach, BeneGioSonTSdas10 60 uecasi: Bio Some so wes uoBasan Seo@ssSalim amt 0‘aes dmfasSeisFR 0 x» 10casas, momRMSmsaM 4s sCase yoo3525goseerNS72 ws Py AS. Other Ternary Semiconductors with Tetrahedral Coordination FeVVsComponnds Cussunty 2846 AL RM G00 Sam a asi Ty So 9156 36 costes rok woe 595 seGest) RSMBTS tsone a0 soas monCofaess1) Sm7s2is 48 Gacy suse om She Sais S57 mmo a a vs eoncscete, SOsOFSomSs 0 the cass Bit90)hae sawio me “0 ais oe)Sibase, asstoe$689 seww! si0 swtae oSCases aust aa7? ote a i anascese, ssa)br3esas, sorsseaeTe, ountiaAesates naussVgConponetscops wosonre6sCoase wom2ehblean 32302Cosses S132Sswossat 0 ar)cases toeSoeSoesmaCashses amADS441M60 am eeeEINEVsGmpoundscasi nsesas525(ces mies28srs omomets0 eo someneers BsStas ais a9 546. “Defect Chalcopyrite” Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol £3,Space Group 14S) Zaasse sie21755031959arzanitea fear96SooIRs385Borsa) Bim S730Babess) singese$49510m321zacnTes”) snomsen 580Zainses SoenaSmiesaZaire M2S006DMsaIS aah Bee bo $s oR 18uate fee S90ossaseccaantey oonmaeGonnNSw ©2000 CRC Press LLC Table1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS (LISTED BY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE) (continued) decor “mae” parameterscKOnelyMengpitNinnSouet,Sep.WtPairk subane man “nam "Touniemps (yous ice Maarscak) pie) RI Ok)" sais miner Sam fossa ess fs tayo 307183) Sa tions ‘omar SelimGhow Munsters wah WN ams 278k £A7. Other Adamantine Compounds Messe, nosyuiar ea PART B,OCTAHEDRAL SEMICONDUCTORS §B1. HALITE STRUCTURE SEMICONDUCTORS (Strukturbericht symbol BI,Space Group Fas3n-Of) Selected other binary halites PART C. OTHER SEMICONDUCTORS SCI. Antiuorite Structure Compounds (mim -Of) es Pe eee era hs Mee aun sem ee ‘s . §€2.Tetradymite StructureCompounds (RimD3) $C3. Shutteruite Structure Compounds (1m3- Tf) §C4, Selected Multinary Compounds ASE;kr munmu? fom Tae mous‘enststoo AeBiTexH 1) snes ne! iss ceciss fn wm Same wom ©2000 CRE Press LLC TableI PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS (LISTED BY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE) (continued) coecnt “fear Themavinetat creer bieeincy cue “NESE pent Dy tinge “Ni Stes, oe erat Taenk souee MOR Same gah MS sn eevee "ony “on SCS. Some Elemental Semicondvctors Sewn geeteEsnae xoans aoores —acvasa TableII BASIC THERMODYNAMIC, ELECTRICAL, AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS (LISTED BY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE) ia byamformation Volume Static maga temperatore =Tent spat atnce enapaiy ntl ener ont sane ‘hom “tummy ant Scat) nen” ns es tn Re PART A, APAMANTINE SEMICONDUCTORS GAL. Diamond Strctore Elements (Struhtrbereh symbol Af, Space Group F3m-0%) & Boh at sevcerum 08" op A2,Sphalerite (Zine Blende) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B3Space Group F43m-T3) zo sons ore ct ma is i Mm G ce sea cn a a 250 mee 2 » ete we a corel mut) om tonae oe i= Sas " n io mS ©2000 CRE Press LLC Table I BASIC THERMODYNAMIC, ELECTRICAL, AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS (LISTED BY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE) (continued) eaeof store —meee <a ‘de coment care semgiy Unit “corgi optssoame root“Goraraomar“Moccasantana” EkiHeeler esc or 23000 iweresien) woe “he re)ows eon 543, Wurtate Zine) Steucture Compounds (Stroktarbereht symbol BA, Space Group P6ame-C3) a a . sna sean te MYConsens tse sere a) §A4. Chalcopyrite Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol El,, Space Group 142d-Di3) 1 vecoqoet cae Cie ey seals Neate: os we: ase ia ©2000 CRC Press LLC TableI BASIC THERMODYNAMIC, ELECTRICAL, AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS (LISTED BYCRYSTAL STRUCTURE) (continued) Poke » a " Neste uo bom cusses en ows on = §A6. “Defect Chaleopyrite™ Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E3,Space Group14-S}) Table I BASIC THERMODYNAMIC, ELECTRICAL, AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS (LISTED BY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE) (continued) 447. Other Adamantine Compounds PART B.OCTAHEDRAL SEMICONDUCTORS 6B1, HALITE STRUCTURE SEMICONDUCTORS (Srokturberihtsynba Bt, Space Group Faxim-O%) bse Selectedotherbinaryhalites PART C, OTHER SEMICONDUCTORS SC1. Anttuoite Structure Compounds (Fr03m-9 §C2. Tetradymite Structure Compounds (R3m —Di.) £C2. Shotterudite Structure Compounds 3-79) cay 1 shy is 1300 $CSelectedMaltinaryCompounds C5. Some Elemental Semiconductors ©2000 RC Prew LLC TableII SEMICONDUCTING PROPERTIES OF SELECTED MATERIALS situne HomertinHe tn Temeatne thriesTempra Nee ah Ty os ay in TableIV BAND PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS PART A.DATA ON VALENCE BANDS OFSEMICONDUCTORS (ROOM TEMPERATURES) Gh ox an nm an i ©200 CRE Prew LLC TableIV BAND PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) are ae mu = Mier ate beths om cs ral TableV RESISTIVITY OF SEMICONDUCTING MINERALS ©2009 CRC Pres LLC TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCREFERENCES 1. Beer, A. C., Galvanomagnetic Effects in Semiconductors , Academic Press, 1963. 2. Goryunova, N. A., The Chemistry of Diamond-Like Semiconductors , The MIT Press, 1965. 3. Abrikosov, N. Kh., Bankina, V. F., Poretskaya, L. E., Shelimova, L. E., and Skudnova, E. V., Semiconducting II-VI, IV-VI, and V-VI Compounds , Plenum Press, 1969. 4. Berger, L. I. and Prochukhan, V. D., Ternary Diamond-Like Semiconductors , Cons. Bureau/Plenum Press, 1969. 5. Shay, J. L. and Wernick, J. H., Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors: Growth, Electronic Properties, and Applications , Pergamon Press, 1975. 6. Bergman, R., Thermal Conductivity in Solids , Clarendon, Oxford, 1976. 7. Handbook of Semiconductors, Vol. 1, Moss, T. S. and Paul, W., Eds., Band Theory and Transport Properties ; Vol. 2, Moss, T. S. and Balkanski, M., Eds., Optical Properties of Solids ; Vol. 3, Moss, T. S. and Keller, S. P., Eds., Materials Properties and Preparation , North Holland Publ. Co., 1980. 8. Böer, K. W., Survey of Semiconductor Physics , Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990. 9. Rowe, D. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 10. Berger, L. I., Semiconductor Materials , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997. 11. Glazov, V. M., Chizhevskaya, S. N., and Glagoleva, N. N., Liquid Semiconductors , Plenum Press, New York, 1969. 12. Phillips, J. C., Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors , Academic Press, New York, 1973. 13. Harrison, W. A., Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids , Freeman Publ. House, San Francisco, 1980. 14. Balkanski, M., Ed., Optical Properties of Solids , North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980. 15.Landolt-Börnstein. Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group III: Crystal and So lid State Physics, Hellwege, K.-H., and Madelung, O., Eds., Volumes 17 and 22, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984 (and further). 16. Shklovskii, B. L., and Efros, A. L., Electronic Processes in Doped Semiconductors , Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 17. Cohen, M. L., and Chelikowsky, J. R., Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Semiconductors , Springer Verlag, New York, 1988. 18. Glass, J. T., Messier, R. F., and Fujimori, N., Eds., Diamond, Silicon Carbide, and Related Wide Bandgap Semiconductors , MRS Symposia Proc. 1652, Mater. Res. Soc., Pittsburgh, 1990. 19. Palik, E., Ed., Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II , Academic Press, New York, 1991. 20. Reed, M., Ed., Semiconductors and Semimetals , Volume 35, Academic Press, Boston, 1992. 21. Haug, H., and Koch, S. W., Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors , 2nd Edition, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993. 22. Lockwood, D. J., Ed., Proc. 22nd Intl. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors, Vancouver, 1994 , World Scientific, Singapore, 1994. 23. Morelli, D. T., Caillat, T., Fleurial, J.-P., Borschchevsky, A., Vandersande, J., Chen, B., and Uher, C., Phys. Rev., B51, 9622, 1995. 24. Caillat, T., Borshchevsky, A., and Fleurial, J.-P., J. Appl. Phys., 80, 4442, 1996. 25. Fleurial, J.-P., Caillat, T., and Borshchevsky, A., Proc. XVI Intl. Conf. Thermoelectrics, Dresden, Germany, August 26–29, 1997 (in print). 26. Borshchevsky A. et al., U.S. Patents 5,610,366 (March 1997) and 5,831,286 (March 1998). © 2000 CRC Press LLCDIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS B. L. Sharma The diffusion coefficient D in many semiconductors may be expressed by an Arrhenius-type relation D = Do exp(–Q/kT) where Do is a frequency factor, Q is the activation energy for diffusion, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. This table lists Do and Q for various diffusants in common semiconductors. Abbreviations used in the table are AES — Auger Electron Spectroscopy DLTS — Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy SEM — Scanning Electron Microscopy SIMS — Secondary Ion Mass SpectrometryD(c) — Concentration Dependent Diffusion Coefficient D max — Maximum Diffusion Coefficient(f) — Fast Diffusion Component (i) — Interstitial Diffusion Component (s) — Slow Diffusion Component(\) — Parallel to c Direction (⊥) — Perpendicular to c Direction Frequency Activation Temperature factor, Do energy, Q range Method Semiconductor Diffusant (cm2/s) (eV) ( °C) of measurement Ref. Si H 6 × 10–1 1.03 120—1207 Electrical and SIMS 1 Li 2.5 × 10–30.65 25—1350 Electrical 2 Na 1.65 × 10–30.72 530—800 Electrical and flame photometry 3 K 1.1 × 10–30.76 740—800 Electrical and flame photometry 3 Cu 4 × 10–2 1.0 800—1100 Radioactive 4 4.7 × 10–30.43 (i) 300—700 Radioactive 5 Ag 2 × 10–31.6 1100—1350 Radioactive 6 Au 2.4 × 10–4 0.39 (i) 700—1300 Radioactive 7 2.75 × 10–32.05 (s) Be ( D ∼ 10–7) — 1050 Electrical 8 Ca ( D ~ 6 × 10–14) — 1100 Electrical and SIMS 1 Zn 1 × 10–11.4 980—1270 Electrical 9 B 2.46 3.59 1100—1250 Electrical 10 2.4 × 101 3.87 840—1250 Electrical 11 Al 1.38 3.41 1119—1390 Electrical 12 1.8 3.2 1025—1175 Electrical 13 Ga 3.74 × 10–1 3.39 1143—1393 Electrical 12 6 × 1013.89 900—1050 Radioactive 14 In 7.85 × 10–13.63 1180—1389 Electrical 12 1.94 × 101 3.86 1150—1242 Radioactive 15 Tl 1.37 3.7 1244—1338 Electrical 12 1.65 × 1013.9 1105—1360 Electrical 16 Sc 8 × 10–2 3.2 1100—1250 Radioactive 1 Ce ( D ~ 3.9 × 10–13) — 1050 SIMS 1 Pr 2.5 × 10–71.74 1100—1280 Electrical 1 Pm 7.5 × 10–9 1.2 (s) 730—1270 Radioactive 1 4.2 × 10–120.13 (f) Er 2 × 10–32.9 1100—1250 Radioactive 1 Tm 8 × 10–3 3.0 1100—1280 Radioactive 1 Yb 2.8 × 10–50.95 947—1097 Neutron activation 1 Ti 1.45 × 10–21.79 950—1200 DLTS 17 C 3.3 × 10–1 2.92 1070—1400 Radioactive 18 Si (self) 1.54 × 1024.65 855—1175 SIMS 19 1.6 × 1034.77 1200—1400 Radioactive 20 Ge 3.5 × 10–1 3.92 855—1000 Radioactive 21 2.5 × 103 4.97 1030—1302 Radioactive 21 7.55 × 1035.08 1100—1300 SIMS 22 Sn 3.2 × 1014.25 1050—1294 Neutron activation 23 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCDIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) Frequency Activation Temperature factor, Do energy, Q range Method Semiconductor Diffusant (cm2/s) (eV) ( °C) of measurement Ref. N 2.7 × 10–3 2.8 800—1200 Out Diffusion; SIMS 1 P 2.02 × 101 3.87 1100—1250 Electrical 10 1.1 3.4 900—1200 Radioactive 247.4 × 10 –2 3.3 1130—1405 Electrical 25 As 6.0 × 101 4.2 950—1350 Radioactive 26 6.55 × 10–2 3.44 1167—1394 Electrical 27 2.29 × 101 4.1 900—1250 Electrical 28 Sb 1.29 × 101 3.98 1190—1398 Radioactive 29 2.14 × 10–1 3.65 1190—1405 Electrical 27 Bi 1.03 × 103 4.64 1220—1380 Electrical 16 1.08 3.85 1190—1394 Electrical 27 Cr 1 × 10–2 1 1100—1250 Radioactive 30 Mo ( D ~ 2 × 10–10) — 1000 DLTS 1 W( D ~ 10–12) — 1100 DLTS 1 O7 × 10–2 2.44 700—1250 SIMS 31 1.4 × 10–12.53 700—1160 SIMS 32 S 5.95 × 10–31.83 975—1200 Radioactive 33 Se 9.5 × 10–1 2.6 1050—1250 Electrical 34 Te 5 × 10–13.34 900—1250 SIMS 1 Mn 6.9 × 10–40.63 900—1200 Radioactive 35 Fe 1.3 × 10–3 0.68 30—1250 Radioactive 36 Co 2 × 10–30.69 700—1300 Radioactive 37 Ni 2 × 10–30.47 800—1300 Radioactive 38 Ru ( D ∼ 5 × 10–7 — 1000—1280 Electrical 1 — 5 × 10–6) Rh ( D ∼ 10–6—10–4) — 1000—1200 Electrical 39 Pd 2.95 × 10–4 0.22 (i) 702—1320 Nuclear Activation 1 Pt 1.5 × 1022.22 800—1000 Electrical 1 Os ( D ∼ 2 × 10–6) — 1280 Electrical 40 Ir 4.2 × 10–2 1.3 950—1250 Electrical 41 Ge Li 1.3 × 10–30.46 350—800 Electrical 42 9.1 × 10–30.57 800—500 Electrical 43 Na 3.95 × 10–1 2.03 700—850 Radioactive 44 Cu 1.9 × 10–40.18 (i) 750—900 Radioactive 45 4 × 10–20.99 (s) 600—700 4 × 10–3 0.33 (i) 350—750 Radioactive 5 Ag 4.4 × 10–21.0 (i) 700—900 Radioactive 46, 47 4 × 10–22.23 (s) 800—900 Radioactive 48 Au 2.25 × 102 2.5 600—900 Radioactive 49 Be 5 × 10–12.5 720—900 Electrical 50 Mg ( D ~ 8 × 10–9) — 900 Electrical 1 Zn 5 2.7 600—900 Radioactive and electrical 51 Cd 1.75 × 1094.4 760—915 Radioactive 52 B 1.8 × 109 4.55 600—900 Electrical 51 Al 1.0 × 1033.45 554—905 SIMS 53 ∼1.6 × 102∼3.24 750—850 Electrical 54 Ga 1.4 × 102 3.35 554—916 SIMS 55 3.4 × 1013.1 600—900 Electrical 51 In 1.8 × 1043.67 554—919 SIMS 56 3.3 × 101 3.02 700—855 Radioactive 57 Tl 1.7 × 1033.4 800—930 Radioactive 58 Si 2.4 × 10–12.9 650—900 ( γ) resonance 59 Ge (self) 2.48 × 101 3.14 549—891 Radioactive 60 7.8 2.95 766—928 Radioactive 61 Sn 1.7 × 10–21.9 — Radioactive 45 P 3.3 2.5 600—900 Electrical 51 © 2000 CRC Press LLCDIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) Frequency Activation Temperature factor, Do energy, Q range Method Semiconductor Diffusant (cm2/s) (eV) ( °C) of measurement Ref. As 2.1 2.39 700—900 Electrical 62 Sb 3.2 2.41 700—855 Radioactive 57 1.0 × 101 2.5 600—900 Radioactive and electrical 51 Bi 3.3 2.57 650—850 — 63 O4 × 10–1 2.08 — Optical 64 S( D ∼ 10–9) — 920 — 65 Se ( D ∼ 10–10) — 920 — 65 Te 5.6 2.43 750—900 Radioactive 66Fe 1.3 × 10 –1 1.08 750—900 Radioactive 67 Co 1.6 × 10–1 1.12 750—850 Radioactive 47 Ni 8 × 10–1 0.9 670—900 Electrical 68 GaAs Li 5.3 × 10–1 1.0 250—500 Electrical and chemical 69 Cu 3 × 10–2 0.53 100—500 Radioactive 69 6 × 10–20.98 450—750 Ultrasonic 69 1.5 × 10–30.6 800—1000 Radioactive 69 Ag 4 × 10–4 0.8 500—1150 Radioactive 69 Au 1 × 10–31.0 740—1025 Radioactive 69 Be 7.3 × 10–61.2 800—990 Electrical 69 Mg 4 × 10–5 1.22 800—1200 Electrical 69 Zn 1.5 × 1012.49 600—980 Radioactive 69 2.5 × 10–13.0 750—1000 Radioactive 69 Cd 1.3 × 10–3 2.2 800—1100 Radioactive 69 5 × 10–22.43 868—1149 Radioactive 69 Hg ( D ∼ 5 × 10–14) — 1100 Radioactive 69 Al ( D ∼ 4 × 10–18— 10–14) 4.3 850—1100 AES 70 Ga (self) 4 × 10–52.6 1025—1100 Radioactive 69 1 × 107 5.6 1125—1230 Radioactive 69 In ( D ∼ 7 × 10–11) — 1000 Radioactive 69 C( D ∼ 1.04 × 10–16) — 825 SIMS 69 Si 1.1 × 10–1 2.5 850—1050 SIMS 69 Ge 1.6 × 10–52.06 650—850 SIMS 69 Sn 6 × 10–42.5 1060—1200 Radioactive 69 1 × 10–5 2 800—1000 Radioactive 69 P( D ∼ 10–12—10–10) 2.9 800—1150 Reflectance measurements 69 As (self) 7 × 10–1 3.2 — Radioactive 69 Cr 2.04 × 10–60.83 (f) 750—1000 SIMS 69 1.7 (s) 700—900 7.9 × 10–3 2.2 800—1100 Chemical analysis 69 O2 × 10–31.1 700—900 Mass spectroscopy 69 S 1.85 × 10–22.6 1000—1300 Radioactive 69 1.1 × 101 2.95 750—900 Electrical 69 Se 3 × 1034.16 1025—1200 Radioactive 69 Te 1.5 × 10–13.5 1000—1150 Radioactive 69 Mn 6.5 × 10–1 2.49 850—1100 Radioactive 69 Fe 4.2 × 10–21.8 850—1150 Radioactive 69 2.2 × 10–32.32 750—1050 Radioactive 69 Co 5 × 102 2.5 800—1000 Radioactive 69 1.2 × 10–12.64 750—1050 Radioactive 69 Tm 2.3 × 10–161.0 800—1000 Radioactive 69 GaSb Li 2.3 × 10–4 1.9 (s) 527—657 Electrical and flame photometry 69 1.2 × 10–10.7 (f) 277—657 Cu 4.7 × 10–30.9 470—650 Radioactive 69 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCDIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) Frequency Activation Temperature factor, Do energy, Q range Method Semiconductor Diffusant (cm2/s) (eV) ( °C) of measurement Ref. Zn ( D ∼ 2 × 10–13— 1 × 10–11) 2 510—600 Radioactive 69 Cd 1.5 × 10–6 0.72 640—800 Electrical 69 Ga (self) 3.2 × 103 3.15 658—700 Radioactive 69 In 1.2 × 10–7 0.53 320—650 Radioactive 69 Sn 2.4 × 10–5 0.8 320—650 Radioactive 69 1.3 × 10–5 1.1 500—650 Radioactive 69 Sb (self) 3.4 × 104 3.45 658—700 Radioactive 69 Se ( D ∼ 2.4 × 10–13— 1.37 × 10–11) — 400—500 Radioactive 69 Te 3.8 × 10–4 1.20 320—650 Radioactive 69 Fe 5 × 10–2 1.9 (I) 500—650 Radioactive 69 5 × 102 2.3 (II) 500—650 GaP Ag — — 1000—1300 Radioactive 69 Au 8 2.5 (I) 1050—1250 Radioactive 69 20 2.4 (II) 1100—1250 Diffusion (I) A face and (II) B face Be ( Dmax ∼ 2.4 × 10–9— — 900—1000 Atomic absorption 8.5 × 10–8) analysis 69 Mg 5 × 10–51.4 700—1050 Electrical 69 Zn 1.0 2.1 700—1300 Radioactive 69Ge — — 900—1000 Radioactive 69 Cr 6.2 × 10 –41.2 900—1130 Radioactive; ESR 69 S 3.2 × 103 4.7 1120—1305 Radioactive 69 Mn 2.1 × 1094.7 T < 950 Radioactive; ESR 69 1.1 × 10–60.9 950—1130 Fe 1.6 × 10–1 2.3 980—1180 Radioactive 69 Co 2.8 × 10–32.9 850—1100 Radioactive 69 InP Cu 3.8 × 10–30.69 600—900 Radioactive 69 Ag 3.6 × 10–4 0.59 500—900 Radioactive 69 Au 1.32 × 10–50.48 600—820 Radioactive 69 1.37 × 10–40.73 600—900 Radioactive 69 Zn 1.6 × 10–8 0.3 750—900 Electrical 69 (D ∼ 2 × 10–9— 4 × 10–8) — 700—900 Radioactive 69 Cd 1.8 1.9 700—900 Radioactive 69 1.1 × 10–70.72 700—900 Electrical 69 (D ∼ 7 × 10–13— 2 × 10–10) — 450—650 Electrical 69 In (self) 1 × 1053.85 830—990 Radioactive 69 Sn ( D ∼ 3 × 10–8) — 550 Etching and cathodo- luminescence 69 P (self) 7 × 10105.65 900—1000 Radioactive 69 Cr — — 600—900 Radioactive 69 S 3.6 × 10-4 1.94 585—708 Electrical 69 Se ( D ∼ 2 × 10–8) — 550 Cathodoluminescence 69 Mn — 2.9 650—750 SIMS 69 Fe 3 2 600—950 Radioactive 69 6.8 × 1053.4 600—700 SIMS 69 Co 9 × 10–11.8 600—950 Radioactive 69 InAs Cu 3.6 × 10–3 0.52 342—875 Radioactive 69 2.2 × 10–20.54 525—890 Radioactive 69 Ag 7.3 × 10–40.26 450—900 Radioactive 69 Au 5.8 × 10–3 0.65 600—900 Radioactive 69 Mg 1.98 × 10–6 1.17 600—900 Electrical 69 Zn 4.2 × 10–30.96 600—900 Radioactive 69 3.11 × 10–31.17 600—900 Electrical 69 © 2000 CRC Press LLCDIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) Frequency Activation Temperature factor, Do energy, Q range Method Semiconductor Diffusant (cm2/s) (eV) ( °C) of measurement Ref. Cd 7.4 × 10–4 1.15 650—900 Radioactive 69 Hg 1.45 × 10–5 1.32 650—850 Radioactive 69 In (self) 6 × 105 4.0 740—900 Radioactive 69 Ge 3.74 × 10–6 1.17 600—900 Electrical 69 Sn 1.49 × 10–6 1.17 600—900 Electrical 69 As (self) 3 × 107 4.45 740—900 Radioactive 69 S 6.78 2.2 600—900 Electrical 69 Se 12.6 2.2 600—900 Electrical 69 Te 3.43 × 10–5 1.28 600—900 Electrical 69 InSb Li 7 × 10–4 0.28 0—210 Electrical 69 Cu 9 × 10–4 1.08 200—500 Radioactive 69 3 × 10–5 0.37 230—490 Radioactive 69 Ag 1 × 10–7 0.25 440—510 Radioactive 69 Au 7 × 10–4 0.32 140—510 Radioactive 69 Zn 5 × 10–1 1.35 362—508 Radioactive 69 — 1.5 355—455 SIMS 69 Cd 1 × 10–51.1 250—500 Radioactive 69 1.3 × 10–4 1.2 360—500 Electrical 69 Hg 4 × 10–61.17 425—500 Radioactive 69 In (self) 6 × 10–71.45 400—500 Radioactive 69 1.8 × 1013 4.3 475—517 Radioactive 69 Sn 5.5 × 10–80.75 390—512 Radioactive 69 Pb ( D ∼ 2.7 × 10–15) — 500 Radioactive 71 Sb (self) 5.35 × 10–4 1.91 400—500 Radioactive 69 3.1 × 10134.3 475—517 Radioactive 69 S9 × 10–21.4 360—500 Electrical 69 Se 1.6 1.87 380—500 Electrical 69Te 1.7 × 10 –70.57 300—500 Radioactive 69 Fe 1 × 10–70.25 440—510 Radioactive 69 Co 2.7 × 10–11 0.39 420—500 Radioactive 69 AlAs Ga ( D ∼ 2 × 10–18— 10–15) 3.6 850—1100 AES 70 Zn ( D ∼ 9 × 10–11) — 557 SEM 69 AlSb Cu 3.5 × 10–30.36 150—500 Radioactive 69 Zn 3.3 × 10–11.93 660—860 Radioactive 69 Cd D(c) ∼ 4 × 10–12— 3 × 10–10— 900 Radioactive 69 Al (self) 2 1.88 570—620 X-ray 69 Sb (self) 1 1.7 570—620 X-ray 69 ZnS Cu 2.6 × 10–30.79 470—750 Radioactive 69 4.3 × 10–40.64 250—1200 Electroluminescence 69 9.75 × 10–3 1.04 400—800 Luminescence 69 Au 1.75 × 10–41.16 500—800 Radioactive 69 Zn (self) 3 × 10–41.5 925 <T<940 Radioactive 69 1.5 × 104 3.26 940 <T<1030 1 × 10166.5 1030 <T<1075 Cd ( D ∼ 10–10) — 1100 Luminescence 72 Al 5.69 × 10–4 1.28 800—1000 Luminescence 69 In 3 × 1012.2 750—1000 Radioactive 69 S (self) 2.16 × 1043.15 600—800 Radioactive 69 8 × 10–5 2.2 740—1100 Radioactive 69 Se ( D ∼ 5 × 10–13) — 1070 X-ray microprobe 69 Mn 2.3 × 1032.46 500—800 Radioactive 69 ZnSe Li 2.66 × 10–6 0.49 950—980 Electrical 69 Cu 1 × 10–4 0.66 400—800 Luminescence 69 1.7 × 10–50.56 200—570 Radioactive 69 Ag 2.2 × 10–21.18 400—800 Luminescence 69 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCDIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) Frequency Activation Temperature factor, Do energy, Q range Method Semiconductor Diffusant (cm2/s) (eV) ( °C) of measurement Ref. Zn (self) 9.8 3.0 760—1150 Radioactive 69 Cd 6.39 × 10–4 1.87 700—950 Photoluminescence 69 Al 2.3 × 10–2 1.8 800—1100 Luminescence 69 Ga 1.81 × 102 3.0 900—1100 Luminescence 69 — 1.3 700—850 Electron probe 69 In ( D ∼ 2 × 10–12) — 940 — 69 S( D ∼ 8 × 10–12) — 1060 X-ray microprobe 69 Se (self) 1.3 × 101 2.5 860—1020 Radioactive 69 2.3 × 10–1 2.7 1000—1050 Radioactive 69 Ni ( D ∼ 1.5 × 10–8— 1.7 × 10–7) — 740—910 Luminescence 69 ZnTe Li 2.9 × 10–2 1.22 (s) 400—700 Nuclear and chemical analysis 69 1.7 × 10–4 0.78 (f) Zn (self) 2.34 2.56 760—860 Radioactive 69 1.4 × 1012.69 667—1077 Radioactive 69 Al — 2.0 700—1000 Electrical and optical 69 In 4 1.96 1100—1300 Radioactive 69Te (self) 2 × 10 43.8 727—977 Radioactive 69 CdS Li 3 × 10–60.68 610—960 Microhardness 69 Na ( D ∼ 3 × 10–7) — 800 Radioactive 69 Cu 1.5 × 10–30.76 400—700 Radioactive 69 1.2 × 10–21.05 300—700 Ultrasonic 69 8 × 10–5 0.72 20—200 Electrical 69 Ag 2.5 × 1011.2 (s) 300—500 Radioactive 69 2.4 × 10–10.8 (f) Au 2 × 102 1.8 500—800 Radioactive 69 Zn 1.27 × 10–90.86 (s) 720—1000 Radioactive 69 1.22 × 10–80.66 (f) Cd (self) 3.4 2.0 700—1100 Radioactive 69Ga — — 667—967 Optical and microprobe 69 In 6 × 10 12.3 (\) 650—930 Radioactive, optical and microprobe 69 1 × 1012.03 (⊥) P 6.5 × 10–41.6 800—1100 Radioactive 69 S (self) 1.6 × 10–2 2.05 800—900 Radioactive 69 — 2.4 750—1050 Radioactive 69 Se ( D ∼ 1.2 × 10–9) — 900 Radioactive 69 Te 1.3 × 10–7 10.4 700—1000 Radioactive 69 Cl ( D ∼ 3 × 10–10) — 800 Electrical 69 I( D ∼ 5 × 10–12) — 1000 Radioactive 69 Ni 6.75 × 10–3 10.9 570—900 Luminescence 69 Yb ( D ∼ 1.3 × 10–9) — 960 Photoluminescence 69 CdSe Ag 2 × 10–40.53 22—400 Ultrasonic 69 Cd (self) 1.6 × 10–3 1.5 700—1000 Radioactive 69 6.3 × 10–21.25 (I) 600—900 Radioactive; 69 4.12 × 10–22.18 (II) 600—900 (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Se pressure P( D ∼ 5.3 × 10 –12— 6 × 10–11) — 900—1000 Radioactive 69 Se (self) 2.6 × 1031.55 700—1000 Radioactive; saturated Se pressure 69 CdTe Li ( D ∼ 1.5 × 10–10) — 300 Ion microprobe 69 Cu 3.7 × 10–4 0.67 97—300 Radioactive 69 8.2 × 10–80.64 290—350 Ion backscattering 69 Ag — — 700—800 Electrical and photo- © 2000 CRC Press LLCDIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) Frequency Activation Temperature factor, Do energy, Q range Method Semiconductor Diffusant (cm2/s) (eV) ( °C) of measurement Ref. luminescence 69 Au 6.7 × 101 2.0 600—1000 Radioactive 69 Cd (self) 1.26 2.07 700—1000 Radioactive 69 3.26 × 102 2.67 (I) 650—900 Radioactive; 69 1.58 × 101 2.44 (II) (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure In 8 × 10–2 1.61 650—1000 Radioactive 69 1.17 × 2 2.21 (I) 500—850 Radioactive; (I) saturated 6.48 × 10–4 1.15 (II) Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure 69 Sn 8.3 × 10–2 2.2 700—925 Radioactive 69 P( D ∼ 1.2 × 10–10) — 900 Radioactive 69 As — — 850 — 69 O 5.6 × 10–9 1.22 200—650 Mass spectrometry 69 6.0 × 10–10 0.29 650—900 Se 1.7 × 10–41.35 700—1000 Radioactive 69 Te (self) 8.54 × 10–71.42 (I) 600—900 Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure 69 1.66 × 10 –4 1.38 (II) 500—800 Cl 7.1 × 10–21.6 520—800 Radioactive 69 Fe ( D ∼ 4 × 10–8) 0.77 900 Radioactive 69 HgSe Sb 6.3 × 10–5 0.85 540—630 Radioactive 69 Se (self) — — 200—400 Radioactive 69 HgTe Ag 6 × 10–40.8 250—350 Radioactive 69 Zn 5 × 10–8 0.6 250—350 Radioactive 69 Cd 3.1 × 10–40.66 250—350 Radioactive 69 Hg (self) 2 × 10–80.6 200—350 Radioactive 69 In 6 × 10–6 0.9 200—300 Radioactive 69 Sn 1.72 × 10–60.66 (s) 200—300 Radioactive 69 1.8 × 10–30.80 (f) Te (self) 10–6 1.4 200—400 Radioactive 69 Mn 1.5 × 10–41.3 250—350 Radioactive 69 PbS Cu 4.6 × 10–40.36 150—450 Electrical 69 5 × 10–3 0.31 100—400 Electrical 69 Pb (self) 8.6 × 10–51.52 500—800 Radioactive 69 S (self) 6.8 × 10–51.38 500—750 Radioactive 69 Ni 1.78 × 101 0.95 200—500 Electrical 69 PbSe Na 1.5 × 1011.74 (s) 400—850 Radioactive 69 5.6 × 10–60.4 (f) Cu 2 × 10–5 0.31 93—520 Radioactive 69 Ag 7.4 × 10–40.35 400—850 Radioactive 69 Pb (self) 4.98 × 10–60.83 400—800 Radioactive 69 Sb 3.4 × 10–1 2.0 650—850 Radioactive 69 Se (self) 2.1 × 10–51.2 650—850 Radioactive 69 Cl 1.6 × 10–80.45 400—850 Radioactive 69 Ni ( D ∼ 1 × 10–10) — 700 Radioactive 69 PbTe Na 1.7 × 10–11.91 600—850 Radioactive 69 Sn 3.1 × 10–21.56 500—800 Radioactive 69 Pb (self) 2.9 × 10–5 0.6 250—500 Radioactive 69 Sb 4.9 × 10–21.54 500—800 Radioactive 69 Te 2.7 × 10–60.75 500—800 Radioactive 69 Cl ( D > 2.3 × 10–10) — 700 Radioactive 69 Ni ( D > 1 × 10–6) — 700 Radioactive 69 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCDIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) REFERENCES 1. N. A. Stolwijk and H. Bracht, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and Non-Metallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 2-1. 2. E. M. Pell, Phys. Rev., 119, 1960; 119, 1014, 1960. 3. L. Svob, Solid State Electron, 10, 991, 1967. 4. B. I. Boltaks and I. I. Sosinov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 28, 3, 1958. 5. R. N. Hall and J. N. Racette, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 379, 1964. 6. B. I. Boltaks and Hsueh Shih-Yin, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 2, 2383, 1961. 7. W. R. Wilcox and T. J. LaChapelle, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 240, 1964. 8. E. A. Taft and R. O. Carlson, J. Electrochem. Soc., 117, 711, 1970. 9. R. Sh. Malkovich and N. A. Alimbarashvili, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1725, 1963. 10. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Solid State Electron, 15, 1113, 1972. 11. C. Hill, Semiconductor Silicon 1981, H. R. Huff, R. J. Kreiger, and Y. Takeishi, Eds., p. 988, Electrochem. Soc., 1981. 12. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 2507, 1971. 13. W. Rosnowski, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 957, 1978. 14. J. S. Makris and B. J. Masters, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3750, 1971. 15. M. F. Millea, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 315, 1965 (refer Reference 2). 16. C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, J. Appl. Phys., 27, 544, 1956. 17. S. Hocine and D. Mathiot, Appl. Phys. Lett., 53, 1269, 1988. 18. R. C. Newman and J. Wakefield, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 19, 230, 1961. 19. L. Kalinowski and R. Seguin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 35, 211, 1979; Appl. Phys. Lett., 36, 171, 1980. 20. R. F. Peart, Phys. Stat. Sol., 15, K 119, 1966. 21. G. Hettich, H. Mehrer and K. Maler, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 46, 500, 1979. 22. M. Ogina, Y. Oana and M. Watanabe, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), 72, 535, 1982. 23. T. H. Yeh, S. M. Hu, and R. H. Kastl, Appl. Phys., 39, 4266, 1968. 24. I. Franz and W. Langheinrich, Solid State Electron, 14, 835, 1971. 25. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Hys. Rev. B, 3, 389, 1971. 26. B. J. Masters and J. M. Fairfield, J. Appl. Phys., 40, 2390, 1969. 27. R. N. Goshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 397, 1971. 28. R. S. Fair and J. C. C. Tsai, J. Electrochem. Soc., 122, 1689, 1975. 29. J. J. Rohan, N. E. Pickering and J. Kennedy, J. Electrochem. Soc., 106, 705, 1969. 30. W. Wuerker, K. Roy, and J. Hesse, Matsr. Res. Bull., 9, 971, 1974. 31. J. C. Mikkelsen, Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett., 40, 336, 1982. 32. S. Tang Lee and D. Nicols, Appl. Phys. Lett., 47, 1001, 1985. 33. P. L. Gruzin, S. V. Zemskii, A. D. Bullkin, and N. M. Makarov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 7, 1241, 1974. 34. N. S. Zhdanovich and Yu. I. Kozlov, Svoistva Legir, Poluprovodn., V. S. Zemskov, Ed., Nauka, Moscow, 1977, 115-120; Fiz Tekh. Poluprovod., 9, 1594, 1975. 35. D. Gilles, W. Bergholze, and W. Schroeter, J. Appl. Phys., 59, 3590, 1986. 36. E. R. Weber, Appl. Phys. A, 30, 1, 1983. 37. E. R. Weber, Properties of Silicon, EMIS Datareviews Ser. No. 4, INSPEC Publications, 1988, 409-451. 38. M. K. Bakhadyrkhanov, S. Zainabidinov, and A. Khamidov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 14, 243, 1980. 39. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, F. K. Khatamkulov, and G. Nasyrov, Poluprovod., N. Kh. Abrikosov and V. S. Zemskov, Eds., Nauka, Moscow, 1975, 21-23. 40. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, G. Nurkuziev, and F. R. Karimov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 12, 981, 1978. 41. S. A. Azimov, B. V. Umarov, and M. S. Yunusov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 10, 842, 1976. 42. C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, Phys. Rev., 91, 193, 1953. 43. B. Pratt and F. Friedman, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 1893, 1966. 44. M. Stojic, V. Spiric, and D. Kostoski, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 31, 304, 1976. 45. B. I. Boltaks, Diffusion in Semiconductors, Inforsearch, London, 1963, 162. 46. A. A. Bugai, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miselyuk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 67, 1957. 47. L. Y. Wei, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 18, 162, 1961. 48. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 42, 1962. 49. W. C. Dunlap, Jr., Phys. Rev., 97, 614, 1955 50. Yu. I. Belyaev and V. A. Zhidkov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 3, 133, 1961. 51. W. C. Dunlap, Jr. Phys. Rev., 94, 1531, 1954. 52. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 1, 1481, 1960. 53. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Acta Metall., 30, 941, 1982. 54. W. Meer and D. Pommerrening, Z. Agnew. Phys., 23, 369, 1967. 55. U. Sodervall, H. Odelius, A. Lodding, U. Roll, B. Predel, W. Gust, and P. Dorner, Phil. Mag. A, 54, 539, 1986. 56. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Z. Metalkd., 73, 325, 1982. © 2000 CRC Press LLCDIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) 57. P. V. Pavlov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 8, 2377, 1967. 58. V. I. Tagirov and A. A. Kuliev, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 196, 1962. 59. J. Raisanen, J. Hirvonen, and A. Anttila, Solid State Electron., 24, 333, 1981. 60. C. Vogel, G. Hettich, and H. Mehrer, J. Phys. C., 16, 6197, 1983. 61. H. Letaw, Jr., W. M. Portnoy, and L. Slifkin, Phys. Rev., 102, 363, 1956. 62. W. Bosenberg, Z. Naturforsch., 10a, 285, 1955. 63. V. M. Glazov and V. S. Zemskov, Physicochemical Principles of Semiconductor Doping, Israel Program for Scientific Translatio n, Jerusalem, 1968. 64. J. W. Corbett, R. S. McDonald, and G. D. Watkins, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 25, 873, 1964. 65. W. W. Tyler, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 59, 1959. 66. V. D. Ignatkov and V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1193, 1962. 67. A. A. Bugal, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miseluk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 210, 1957. 68. F. van der Maesen and J. A. Brenkman, Phillips Res. Rep., 9, 255, 1954. 69. M. B. Dutt and B. L. Sharma, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and Non-Metallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 3-1. 70. L. L. Chang and A. Koma, Appl. Physics Lett., 29, 138, 1976. 71. D. L. Kendall, Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 4, R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds., Academic, 1968, 255. 72. H. J. Biter and F. Williams, J. Luminescence, 3, 395, 1971. TeamLRNPROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS H. P. R. Frederikse Glossary of Symbols Units Quantity Symbol SI emu Magnetic field H A m-1 Oe (oersted) Magnetic induction B T (tesla) G (gauss) Magnetization M A m-1 emu cm-3 Spontaneous magnetization Ms A m-1 emu cm-3 Saturation magnetization M0 A m-1 emu cm-3 Magnetic flux Φ Wb (weber) maxwell Magnetic moment m, µ A m2 erg/G Coercive field Hc A m-1 Oe Remanence Br TG Saturation magnetic polarization Js TG Magnetic susceptibility χ Magnetic permeability µ H m-1 (henry/meter) Magnetic permeability of free space µ0 H m-1 Saturation magnetostriction λ (∆l/l) Curie temperature TC KK Néel temperature TN KK Magnetic moment µ = γhJ = g µB J where γ = gyromagnetic ratio; J = angular momentum; g = spectroscopic splitting factor (~2) µΒ = bohr magneton = 9.2741 ⋅10-24 J/T = 9.2741 ⋅10-21 erg/G Earth’s magnetic field H = 56 A m-1 = 0.7 Oe For iron: M0 = 1.7 ⋅106 A m-1; Br = 0.8 ⋅106 A m-1 1 Oe = (1000/4 π) A m-1; 1 G = 10-4 T; 1 emu cm-3 = 103 A m-1 1 maxwell = 10-8 Wb µ0 = 4π⋅10-7 H m-1 Figure 1. Typical curve representing the dependence of magneti c induction B on magnetic field H for a ferromagnetic material. When H is first applied, B follows curve a as the favorably oriented magnetic domains grow. This curve flattens as saturation is approached. When H is then reduced, B follows curve b, but retains a finite value (the remanence Br) at H = 0. In order to demagnetize the material, a negative field -Hc (where Hc is called the coercive field or coercivity) must be applied. As H is further decreased and then increased to complete the cycle (curve c), a hysteresis loop is obtained. The area within this loop is a measure of the energy loss per cycle for a unit volume of the material.Relation Between Magnetic Induction and Magnetic Field 12-117(a)(b) (c) (c)+Hc -Hc -Br+Br (a) (b) (c)= = =Domain growth Field removal Hysteric curve on fieldHB 12-118Magnetic Susceptibility of the ElementsFigure 2. Schematic curve illustrating the B vs. H dependence for hard and soft magnetic materials. Hard materials have a larger remanence and coercive field, and a correspondingly large hysteresis loss. REFERENCE Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976, p. 577, 582. With permission.Relation Between Magnetic Induction and Magnetic Field (continu ed) Figure 3. Molar susceptibility of the elements at room tempera ture (cgs units of 10-6 cm3/mol). Values are not available for Z=9, 61, and 84–89; Fe, Co, and Ni ( Z = 26–28) are ferromagnetic. Data taken from the table “Magneti c Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds” in Se ction 4. REFERENCE Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition , McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-224. With permission.PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Hard HB Soft TeamLRN12-119Ground State of Ions with Partly Filled d or f Shells Z Element nSL J Gr. state pcalca pcalcb pmeas 22 Ti3+ 1 1/2 2 3/22D3/2 1.73 1.55 1.8 23 V4+ 1 1/2 2 3/22D3/2 1.73 1.55 1.8 23 V3+ 21 3 23F2 2.83 1.63 2.8 23 V2+ 3 3/2 3 3/24F3/2 3.87 0.77 3.8 24 Cr3+ 3 3/2 3 3/24F3/2 3.87 0.77 3.7 25 Mn4+ 3 3/2 3 3/24F3/2 3.87 0.77 4.0 24 Cr2+ 42 2 05D0 4.90 0 4.9 25 Mn3+ 42 2 05D0 4.90 0 5.0 25 Mn2+ 5 5/2 0 5/26S5/2 5.92 5.92 5.9 26 Fe3+ 5 5/2 0 5/26S5/2 5.92 5.92 5.9 26 Fe2+ 62 2 45D4 4.90 6.70 5.4 27 Co2+ 7 3/2 3 9/24F9/2 3.87 6.54 4.8 28 Ni2+ 81 3 43F4 2.83 5.59 3.2 29 Cu2+ 9 1/2 2 5/22D5/2 1.73 3.55 1.9 pcalcc 58 Ce3+1 1/2 3 5/22F5/2 2.54 2.4 59 Pr3+ 21 5 43H4 3.58 3.5 60 Nd3+ 3 3/2 6 9/24I9/2 3.62 3.5 61 Pm3+42 6 45I4 2.68 62 Sm3+ 5 5/2 5 5/26H5/2 0.84 1.5 63 Eu3+ 63 3 07F0 0.0 3.4 64 Gd3+7 7/2 0 7/28S7/2 7.94 8.0 65 Tb3+ 83 3 67F6 9.72 9.5 66 Dy3+ 9 5/2 5 15/26H15/2 10.63 10.6 67 Ho3+10 2 6 85I8 10.60 10.4 68 Er3+ 11 3/2 6 15/24I15/2 9.59 9.5 69 Tm3+ 12 1 5 63H6 7.57 7.3 70 Yb3+13 1/2 3 7/22F7/2 4.54 4.5 a pcalc = 2[ S(S + 1)]1/2 b pcalc = 2[ J(J + 1)]1/2 c pcalc = g[J(J + 1)]1/2 REFERENCES 1. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials , Chapman & Hall, London, 1991, p. 243. 2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition , J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, pp. 405—406. 3. Ashcroft, N.W. and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 652. Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Elements M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 0 K nB is the number of Bohr magnetons per atom TC is the Curie temperature TN is the Néel temperature M0/gauss nB TC/K TN/K Comments Fe 22020 2.22 1043 Co 18170 1.72 1388 Ni 6410 0.62 627 Cr 311Mn 100 Ce 12.5 c-Axis antiferromagnetic Nd 19.2 Basal plane modulation on hexagonal sitesPROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) 12-120Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Elements (continued) M0/gauss nB TC/K TN/K Comments 7.8 Cubic sites order (periodicity different from high-T phase) Sm 106 Ordering on hexagonal sites 13.8 Cubic site order Eu 90.5 Spiral along cube axisGd 24880 7 293 Tb 9 220 Basal plane ferromagnet 230.2 Basal plane spiral Dy 10 87 Basal plane ferromagnet 176 Basal plane spiral Ho 10 20 Bunched cone structure 133 Basal plane spiral Er 9 32 c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure 80 c-Axis modulated structure Tm 7 32 c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure 56 c-Axis modulated structure REFERENCES 1. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p.652. 2. Gschneidner, K.A., and Eyring, L., Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths , North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1978. Selected Ferromagnetic Compounds M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 293 K TC is the Curie temperature Compound M0/gauss TC/K Crystal system MnB 152 578 orthorh(FeB) MnAs 670 318 hex(FeB) MnBi 620 630 hex(FeB) MnSb 710 587 hex(FeB)Mn 4N 183 743 MnSi 34 cub(FeSi) CrTe 247 339 hex(NiAs)CrBr 3 270 37 hex(BiI3) CrI3 68 hex(BiI 3) CrO2 515 386 tetr(TiO2) EuO 1910* 77 cub EuS 1184* 16.5 cub GdCl3 550* 2.2 orthorh FeB 598 orthorh Fe2B 1043 tetr (CuAl2) FeBe5 75 cub(MgCu2) Fe3C 483 orthorh FeP 215 orthorh (MnP) * At T = 0 K REFERENCES 1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition , J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 2. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics , Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976.PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) TeamLRN12-121Magnetic Properties of High-Permeability Metals and Alloys (Sof t) µi is the initial permeability µm is the maximum permeability Hc is the coercive force Js is the saturation polarization WH is the hysteresis loss per cycle TC is the Curie temperature Composition Material (mass %) µi/µ0 µm/µ0 Hc/A m–1 Js/T WH/J m–3 TC/K Iron Commercial 99Fe 200 6000 70 2.16 500 1043 Iron Pure 99.9Fe 25000 350000 0.8 2.16 60 1043 Silicon-iron 96Fe-4Si 500 7000 40 1.95 50-150 1008 Silicon-iron (110) [001] 97Fe-3Si 9000 40000 12 2.01 35-140 1015Silicon-iron {100} <100> 97Fe-3Si 100000 6 2.01 1015 Mild steel Fe-0.1C-0.1Si-0.4Mn 800 1100 200 Hypernik 50Fe-50Ni 4000 70000 4 1.60 22 753Deltamax {100} <100> 50Fe-50Ni 500 200000 16 1.55 773 Isoperm {100} <100> 50Fe-50Ni 90 100 480 1.60 78 Permalloy 78Ni-22Fe 4000 100000 4 1.05 50 651Supermalloy 79Ni-16Fe-5Mo 100000 1000000 0.15 0.79 2 673 Mumetal 77Ni-16Fe-5Cu-2Cr 20000 100000 4 0.75 20 673 Hyperco 64Fe-35Co-0.5Cr 650 10000 80 2.42 300 1243Permendur 50Fe-50Co 500 6000 160 2.46 1200 1253 2V-Permendur 49Fe-49Co-2V 800 4000 160 2.45 600 1253 Supermendur 49Fe-49Co-2V 60000 16 2.40 1150 125325Perminvar 45Ni-30Fe-25Co 400 2000 100 1.55 7Perminvar 70Ni-23Fe-7Co 850 4000 50 1.25 Perminvar (magnet. annealed) 43Ni-34Fe-23Co 400000 2.4 1.50Alfenol (or Alperm) 84Fe-16Al 3000 55000 3.2 0.8 723 Alfer 87Fe-13Al 700 3700 53 1.20 673 Aluminum-Iron 96.5Fe-3.5Al 500 19000 24 1.90Sendust 85Fe-10Si-5Al 36000 120000 1.6 0.89 753 REFERENCES 1. McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials , Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 42. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition , McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-224. Applications of High-Permeability Materials Applications Requirements POWER APPLICATIONS Distribution and power transformers Low core losses, high permea bility, high saturation magnetic polarization High-quality motors and generators, stators and armatures, switched-modepower supplies INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS Audiofrequency transformers Low core losses, high permeability, high magnetic polarization Pulse transformers High permeabilityPROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) 12-122Applications of High-Permeability Materials (continued) Applications Requirements CORES FOR INDUCTOR COILS Audiofrequency Low hysteresis, high permeability Carrier frequency Very low hysteresis and eddy current lossRadiofrequency High permeability at low fields MISCELLANEOUS Relays, switches High permeability, low remanence, low coercivit y Earth leakage circuitMagnetic shielding Low core loss for AC applications Magnetic recording heads High initial permeability, low or zero remanence Magnetic amplifiersSaturable reactors Rectangular hysteresis loops, low hysteresis loss Saturable transformers Transformer cores Magnetic shunts for temperature compensation Low Curie temperatu re, appropriate decrease in permeability with in magnetic circuits increase in temperature Electromagnets in indicating instruments, High permeability, hig h saturation magnetic polarization fire detection, quartz watches, electromechanical devices Magnetic yokes in permanent magnet devices, High permeability, h igh saturation magnetic polarization such as lifting and holding magnets, loudspeakers REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials , Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission. Saturation Magnetostriction of Selected Materials The tabulated parameter λs is related to the fractional change in length ∆l/l by ∆l/l = (3/2) λs(cos2θ–1/3), where θ is the angle of rotation. Material λs × 106 Iron -7 Fe - 3.2% Si +9 Nickel -33 Cobalt -6245 Permalloy, 45% Ni - 55% Fe +27 Permalloy, 82% Ni - 18% Fe 0 Permendur, 49% Co - 49% Fe - 2% V +70 Alfer, 87% Fe - 13% Al +30 Magnetite, Fe 3O4 +40 Cobalt ferrite, CoFe2O4 -110 SmFe2 -1560 TbFe 2 +1753 Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.93 (Terfenol D) +2000 Fe66Co18B15Si (amorphous) +35 Co72Fe3B6Al3 (amorphous) 0 REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials , Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 91; additional data provided by A.E. Clark, Adelphi, MD.} }PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) TeamLRN12-123Properties of Various Permanent Magnetic Materials (Hard) Br is the remanence BHc is the flux coercivity iHc is the intrinsic coercivity (BH)max is the maximum energy product TC is the Curie temperature Tmax is the maximum operating temperature BHc/103iHc/103 (BH)max/ Composition Br/T A m–1 A m–1 kJ m–3 TC/°C Tmax/°C Alnico1 20Ni;12Al;5Co 0.72 35 25 Alnico2 17Ni;10Al;12.5Co;6Cu 0.72 40-50 13-14 Alnico3 24-30Ni;12-14Al;0-3Cu 0.5-0.6 40-54 10 Alnico4 21-28Ni;11-13Al;3-5Co;2-4Cu 0.55-0.75 36-56 11-12Alnico5 14Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu 1.25 53 54 40 850 520 Alnico6 16Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu;2Ti 1.05 75 52 Alnico8 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti 0.83 1.6 160 45Alnico9 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti 1.10 1.45 1.45 75 850 520 Alnico12 13.5Ni;8Al;24.5Co;2Nb 1.20 64 76.8 BaFe 12O19 (Ferroxdur) 0.4 1.6 192 29 450 400 SrFe12O19 0.4 2.95 3.3 30 450 400 LaCo5 0.91 164 567 CeCo5 0.77 117 380 PrCo5 1.20 286 620 NdCo5 1.22 295 637 SmCo5 1.00 7.9 696 196 700 250 Sm(Co0.76Fe0.10Cu0.14)6.8 1.04 4.8 5 212 800 300 Sm(Co0.65Fe0.28Cu0.05Zr0.02)7.7 1.2 10 16 264 800 300 Nd2Fe14B sintered 1.22 8.4 1120 280 300 100 Fe;52Co;14V (Vicalloy II) 1.0 42 28 700 500 Fe;24Cr;15Co;3Mo (anisotropic) 1.54 67 76 630 500 Fe;28Cr;10.5Co (Chromindur II) 0.98 32 16 630 500Fe;23Cr;15Co;3V;2Ti 1.35 4 44 630 500 Cu;20Ni;20Fe (Cunife) 0.55 4 12 410 350 Cu;21Ni;29Fe (Cunico) 0.34 0.5 8Pt;23Co 0.64 4 76 480 350 Mn;29.5Al;0.5C (anisotropic) 0.61 2.16 2.4 56 300 120 REFERENCES 1. McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials , Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 204. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition , McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-165. 3. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991. Selected Ferrites Js is the saturation magnetic polarization TC is the Curie temperature ∆H is the line width ∆H/ Material Js/T TC/°C kA m–1Applications Spinels γ-Fe2O3 0.52 575 Fe3O4 0.60 585 NiFe2O4 0.34 575 350 Microwave devices MgFe 2O4 0.14 440 70 NiZnFe2O4 0.50 375 120 Transformer cores MnFe2O4 0.50 300 50 Microwave devicesPROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) 12-124Selected Ferrites (continued) ∆H/ Material Js/T TC/°C kA m–1 Applications NiCoFe 2O4 0.31 590 140 Microwave devices NiCoAlFe2O4 0.15 450 330 Microwave devices NiAl0.35Fe1.65O4 0.12 430 67 Microwave devices NiAlFe 2O4 0.05 1860 32 Microwave devices Mg0.9Mn0.1Fe2O4 0.25 290 56 Microwave devices Ni0.5Zn0.5Al0.8Fe1.2O4 0.14 17 Microwave devices CuFe 2O4 0.17 455 Electromechanical transducers CoFe2O4 0.53 520 LiFe5O8 0.39 670 Microwave devices Garnets Y3Fe5O12 0.178 280 55 Microwave devices Y3Fe5O12 (single crys.) 0.178 292 0.5 Microwave devices (Y,Al) 3Fe5O12 0.12 250 80 Microwave devices (Y,Gd)3Fe5O12 0.06 250 150 Microwave devices Sm3Fe5O12 0.170 305 Microwave devices Eu3Fe5O12 0.116 293 Microwave devices GdFe5O12 0.017 291 Microwave devices Hexagonal crystals BaFe 12O19 0.45 430 1.5 Permanent magnets Ba3Co2Fe24O41 0.34 470 12 Microwave devices Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 0.28 130 25 Microwave devices Ba3Co1.35Zn0.65Fe24O41 390 16 Microwave devices Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 0.16 500 8 Microwave devices SrFe12O19 0.4 450 Permanent magnets REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials , Academic Press, London, 1994. Spinel Structure (AB2O4) Figure 4. Arrangement of metal ions in the two octants A and B, showing tetrahedrally (A) and octahedrally (B)coordinated sites. (Reprinted from McCurrie, R.A., Ferro- magnetic Materials , Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.)PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) AB A B O2- TeamLRN12-125Selected Antiferromagnetic Solids TN is the Néel temperature Material Structure TN/K Binary oxides MnO cub(fcc) 122 FeO cub(fcc) 198CoO cub(fcc) 291 NiO cub(fcc) 525 α-Mn 2O3 cub 90 CuO monocl 230 UO 2 cub 30.8 Er2O3 cub 3.4 Gd2O3 cub 1.6 Perovskites LaCrO3 orth 282 LaMnO3 orth 100 LaFeO 3 orth 750 NdCrO3 orth 224 NdFeO3 orth 760 YbCrO3 orth 118 CaMnO3 cub 110 EuTiO3 cub 5.3 YCrO3 orth 141 BiFeO3 cub* 673 KCoF3 cub 125 KMnF3 cub* 88.3 KFeF3 cub 115 KNiF3 cub 275 NaMnF3 cub* 60 NaNiF3 orth 149 RbMnF3 cub 82 Spinels Co3O4 cub 40 NiCr2O4 tetr 65 ZnCr2O4 cub 15 ZnFe2O4 cub 9 GeFe2O4 cub 10 MgV2O4 cub 45 MnGa2O4 cub 33Material Structure TN/K NiAs and related structures CrAs orth 300 CrSb hex 705-723 CrSe hex 300MnTe hex 320-323 NiS hex 263 CrS monocl 460 Rutile and related structures CoF 2 tetr 38 CrF2 monocl 53 FeF2 tetr 79 MnF 2 tetr 67 NiF2 tetr 83 CrCl2 orth 20 MnO2 tetr 84 FeOF tetr 315 Corundum and related structures Cr2O3 rhomb 318 α-Fe2O3 rhomb 948 FeTiO3 rhomb 68 MnTiO3 rhomb 41 CoTiO3 rhomb 38 VF3 and related structures CoF3 rhomb 460 CrF3 rhomb 80 FeF3 rhomb 394 MnF3 monocl 43 MoF3 rhomb 185 Miscellaneous K2NiF 4 tetr 97 MnI2 hex 3.4 CoUO4 orth 12 CaMn2O4 orth 225 CrN cub* 273CeC 2 tetr 33 FeSn hex 373 Mn2P hex 103 * Distorted. REFERENCES 1. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition , McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-168 to 183. 2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition , J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 3. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics , Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 697.PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) ORGANIC MAGNETS J.S. Miller Magnetic ordering, e.g ., ferromagnetism, like superconductivity, is a property of a solid, not of an individual molecule or ion, and very rarely occurs for organic compounds. In contrast to superconductivity, where all electron spins pair to form a perfect diamagnetic material, magnetic ordering requires unpaired electron spins; hence, superconductivity and ferromagnetism are mutually exclusive. The vast majority of organic compounds are diamagnetic (i.e ., all electron spins are paired), and a relative few possess unpaired electrons (designated by an arrow, ↑) and are paramagnetic (PM), i.e., they are oriented in random directions. A few organic solids, however, exhibit strong magnetic behavior and magnetically order as ferromagnets (FO) with all spins aligned in the same direction. In some cases the spins align in the opposite direction and compensate to form an antiferromagnet (AF). In some cases these spins are not opposed to each other and do notcompensate and lead to a canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF). If the number of spins that align in one direction differs from the number of spins that align in the opposite direction, the spins cannot compensate and a ferrimagnet (FI) results. Metamagnets (MM) are antiferromagnets in which all the spins become aligned like a ferromagnet in an applied magnetic field. Above the ordering or critical tempera-ture, T c, all magnets are paramagnets (PM). Organic magnets all possess electron spins in p-orbitals, but these may be in conjunction with metal ion-based spins. Paramagnet (PM) (random) arrangement of spins Ferromagnetic (FO) ordering of spins Antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering of spins Ferrimagnetic (FI) ordering of spins Canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF) ordering of spins Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the different types of magnetic behavior. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNList of Symbols and Abbreviations MsSaturation magnetization at 2 K Hcr Coercive Field Tc Critical Temperature MrRemanent magnetization at 2 K TCNE Tetracyanoethylene TCNQ 7,7,8,8-Tetracyano- p-quinodimethane hfac HexafluoroacetonateNIT Nitronyl nitroxide FO Ferromagnet FI FerrimagnetMM Metamagnet WF Weak ferromagnetORGANIC MAGNETS (continued) Summary of the Critical Temperature, Tc, Saturation Magnetization, Ms, Coercive Field, Hcr, and Remanent Magnetiza- tion, Mr, for Selected Organic-Based Magnets Magnet Type Tc/K Ms/A m-1Hcr/T Mr/A m-1 α-1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantane- N,N’-doxyl FO 1.48 48,300 <0.00001 — β-2-(4'-Nitrophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5- dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl-3- N-oxide FO 0.6 22,300 0.00008 <200 {FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] FO 4.8 37,600 0.10 2,300 {MnIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] FO 8.8 58,200 0.12 3,700 {CrIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] FO 3.65 46,300 — — α-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] MM 2.55 34,200 — — β-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] FO 3.0 21,600 — — Tanol subarate MM 0.38 20,700 — — NCC6F4CN2S2 WF 35.5 45 0.00009 — MnII(hfac)2NITC2H5 FI 7.8 39,400 0.03 27,600 MnII(hfac)2NIT(i-C3H8) FI 7.6 42,400 <0.0005 <420 [Mn(hfac) 2]3[{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2} FI 46 24,400 — — [MnTPP][TCNE] .2C6H5CH3 FI 13 18,400 2.4 10,300 V[TCNE] x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) FI ~400 28,200 0.0015 - 0.006 1,650 Mn[TCNE] x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) FI 75 52,000 0.002 270 Fe[TCNE] x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) FI 97 46,300 0.23 3 Co[TCNE] x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) FI 44 22,000 0.65 — 1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantane-N,N’-doxyl 2-(4’-Nitrophyenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H- imidazol-1-oxyl-3- N-oxide © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC M[C5(CH3)5]2(M = Cr, Mn, Fe) TCNE TCNQ Mn(hfac)2 Tanol subarate NITR (R = C2H5, i-C3H8, n-C3H8) {ON[C6H3(t-C(CH 3)3]2NO]2}ORGANIC MAGNETS (continued) © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNORGANIC MAGNETS (continued) MnTPP NCC6F4CN2S2 REFERENCES 1. Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed. , 33, 385, 1994. 2. Chiarelli, R., Rassat, A., Dromzee, Y., Jeannin, Y., Novak, M. A., and Tholence, J. L., Phys. Scrip. , T49, 706, 1993. 3. Kinoshita, M., Jap. J. Appl. Phys ., 33, 5718, 1994. 4. Gatteschi, D., Adv. Mat. , 6, 635, 1994. 5. Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun ., 1319, 1998. 6. Broderick, W. E., Eichorn, D. M., Lu, X., Toscano, P. J., Owens, S. M. and Hoffman, B. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 117, 3641, 1995. 7. Banister, A. J., Bricklebank, N., Lavander, I., Rawson, J., Gregory, C. I., Tanner, B. K., Clegg, W. J., Elsegood, M. R., and Palacio, F., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed. , 35, 2533, 1996. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 12-124ELECTRON WORK FUNCTION OF THE ELEMENTS The electron work function Φ is a measure of the minimum energy required to extract an electron from the surface of a solid. It is defined more precisely as the energy difference between the state in which an electron has been removed to a distance from the surface of a single crystal face that is large enough that the image force is negligible but small compared to the distance to any other face (typically about 10-4 cm) and the state in which the electron is in the bulk solid. In general, Φ differs for each face of a monocrystalline sample. Since Φ is dependent on the cleanliness of the surface, measurements reported in the literature often cover a considerable range. This table contains selected values for the electron work function of the elements which may be regarded as typical values for a reasonably clean s urface. The method of measurement is indicated for each value. The following abbreviations appear: TE — Thermionic emission PE — Photoelectric effect FE — Field emission CPD — Contact potential differencepolycr — Polycrystalline sample amorp — Amorphous sample Values in parentheses are only approximate. REFERENCES 1. Hölzl, J., and Schulte, F. K., Work Functions of Metals, in Solid Surface Physics , Höhler, G., Editor, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 2. Riviere, J. C., Work Function: Measurements and Results, in Solid State Surface Science , Vol.1, Green, M., Editor, Decker, New York, 1969. 3. Michaelson, H. B., J. Appl. Phys ., 48, 4729, 1977. Element Plane Φ/eV Method Ag 100 4.64 PE 110 4.52 PE111 4.74 PE Al 100 4.20 PE 110 4.06 PE111 4.26 PE As polycr (3.75) PE Au 100 5.47 PE 110 5.37 PE 111 5.31 PE B polycr (4.45) THBa polycr 2.52 TH Be polycr 4.98 PE Bi polycr 4.34 PEC polycr (5.0) CPD Ca polycr 2.87 PE Cd polycr 4.08 CPDCe polycr 2.9 PE Co polycr 5.0 PE Cr polycr 4.5 PE Cs polycr 1.95 PE Cu 100 5.10 FE 110 4.48 PE111 4.94 PE 112 4.53 PE Eu polycr 2.5 PEFe 100 4.67 PE 111 4.81 PE Ga polycr 4.32 PEGd polycr 2.90 CPD Ge polycr 5.0 CPD Hf polycr 3.9 PEHg liquid 4.475 PE In polycr 4.09 PE Ir 100 5.67 PE 110 5.42 PE 111 5.76 PE210 5.00 PE K polycr 2.29 PE La polycr 3.5 PE Li polycr 2.93 FELu polycr (3.3) CPD Mg polycr 3.66 PE Mn polycr 4.1 PEMo 100 4.53 PE 110 4.95 PE 111 4.55 PE112 4.36 PE 114 4.50 PE 332 4.55 PE Na polycr 2.36 PE Nb 001 4.02 TH 110 4.87 TH111 4.36 TH 112 4.63 TH 113 4.29 TH116 3.95 TH 310 4.18 TH Nd polycr 3.2 PENi 100 5.22 PE 110 5.04 PE 111 5.35 PE Os polycr 5.93 PE Pb polycr 4.25 PE Pd polycr 5.22 PE 111 5.6 PE Pt polycr 5.64 PE 110 5.84 FE111 5.93 FE 320 5.22 FE 331 5.12 FE Rb polycr 2.261 PE Re polycr 4.72 TE Rh polycr 4.98 PERu polycr 4.71 PE Sb amorp 4.55 100 4.7 Sc polycr 3.5 PESe polycr 5.9 PE Si n 4.85 CPD p 100 (4.91) CPDp 111 4.60 PE Sm polycr 2.7 PE Sn polycr 4.42 CPDSr polycr (2.59) TH Ta polycr 4.25 TH 100 4.15 TH110 4.80 TH 111 4.00 TH Tb polycr 3.0 PETe polycr 4.95 PE Th polycr 3.4 TH Ti polycr 4.33 PETl polycr (3.84) CPD U polycr 3.63 PE 100 3.73 PE110 3.90 PE 113 3.67 PE V polycr 4.3 PEW polycr 4.55 CPD 100 4.63 FE 110 5.22 FE111 4.45 FE 113 4.46 FE 116 4.32 TH Y polycr 3.1 PE Zn polycr 3.63 PE polycr (4.9) CPD Zr polycr 4.05 PEElement Plane Φ/eV Method Element Plane Φ/eV Method TeamLRN12-125SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION The secondary emission yield, or secondary emission ratio, δ, is the average number of secondary electrons emitted from a bombarded material for every incident primary electron. It is a function of the primary electron energy Ep. The maximum yield δmax corresponds to a primary electron energy Epmax (see figure). The two primary electron energies corresponding to a yield of unity are denoted the first and second crossovers (EI and EII). An insulating target, or a conducting target that is electrically floating, will charge positively or negatively depending on the primary electron energy. For EI < Ep < EII, δ > 1 and the surface charges positively provided there is a collector present that is positive with respect to the target. For Ep < EI or Ep > EII, δ < 1, and the surface charges negatively with respect to the potential of the source of primary electrons. Li 0.5 85 None None Mg 0.95 300 None None Mo 1.25 375 150 1200Na 0.82 300 None None Nb 1.2 375 150 1050 Ni 1.3 550 150 >1500 Pb 1.1 500 250 1000 Pd >1.3 >250 120 None Pt 1.8 700 350 3000Rb 0.9 350 None None Sb 1.3 600 250 2000 Si 1.1 250 125 500Sn 1.35 500 None None Ta 1.3 600 250 >2000 Th 1.1 800 None NoneTi 0.9 280 None None Tl 1.7 650 70 >1500 W 1.4 650 250 >1500 Zr 1.1 350 None NoneE pmax EI EII Element δmax (eV) (eV) (eV) Ag 1.5 800 200 >2000 Al 1.0 300 300 300 Au 1.4 800 150 >2000 B 1.2 150 50 600 Ba 0.8 400 None None Bi 1.2 550 None NoneBe 0.5 200 None None C (diamond) 2.8 750 None >5000 C (graphite) 1.0 300 300 300C (soot) 0.45 500 None None Cd 1.1 450 300 700 Co 1.2 600 200 NoneCs 0.7 400 None None Cu 1.3 600 200 1500 Fe 1.3 400 120 1400Ga 1.55 500 75 None Ge 1.15 500 150 900 Hg 1.3 600 350 >1200 K 0.7 200 None NoneE pmax EI EII Element δmax (eV) (eV) (eV) Epmax Compound δmax (eV) Alkali halides CsCl 6.5 KBr (crystal) 14 1800 KCl (crystal) 12 1600 KCl (layer) 7.5 1200 KI (crystal) 10 1600 KI (layer) 5.6 LiF (crystal) 8.5 LiF (layer) 5.6 700 NaBr (crystal) 24 1800 NaBr (layer) 6.3 NaCl (crystal) 14 1200 NaCl (layer) 6.8 600 NaF (crystal) 14 1200 NaF (layer) 5.7 NaI (crystal) 19 1300 NaI (layer) 5.5 RbCl (layer) 5.8 Oxides Ag 2O 1.0 Al2O3 (layer) 2—9 BaO (layer) 2.3—4.8 400 BeO 3.4 2000 CaO 2.2 500E pmax Compound δmax (eV)1.5 1.00.5δ Primary Electron Energy (Ep)E IEIIEpmaxδmax 12-126SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION (continued) Epmax Compound δmax (eV)Epmax Compound δmax (eV) Cu2O 1.2 400 MgO (crystal) 20—25 1500 MgO (layer) 3—15 400—1500 MoO 2 1.2 SiO2 (quartz) 2.1—4 400 SnO2 3.2 640 Sulfides MoS2 1.1 PbS 1.2 500 WS 2 1.0 ZnS 1.8 350Others BaF2 (layer) 4.5 CaF2 (layer) 3.2 BiCs3 6 1000 BiCs 1.9 1000 GeCs 7 700 Rb 3Sb 7.1 450 SbCs 3 6 700 Mica 2.4 350 Glasses 2—3 300—450 TeamLRN12-133OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS J. H. Weaver and H. P. R. Frederikse These tables list the index of refraction n, the extinction coefficient k, and the normal incidence reflection R (φ = 0) as a function of photon energy E, which is expressed in electron volts (eV). To convert the energy in eV to wavelength in µm, use λ = 1.2398/ E. To compute the dielectric function ε = ε1 + iε2 from the complex index of refraction N = n + ik, use ε1 = n2 – k2 and ε2 = 2nk. The optical constants in these tables are abridged from three more extensive tabulations: •Optical Properties of Metals (OPM), Volumes I and II, Physics Data, Nr. 18-1 and 18-2, J. H. Weaver, C. Krafka, D. W. Lynch, and E. E. Koch, Fachinformationzentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany. •Handbook of Optical Constants (HOC), Vol. I, 1985, and Vol. II, 1991. Edited by E. D. Palik, published by Academic Press, Inc. •American Institute of Physics Handbook (AIPH), 3rd Edition, Coord. Editor D. E. Gray, published by McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1972. The first two of these major sources provide detailed comparisons of all optical data available in the literature at the time o f the compilation. For critical applications the reader should refer to the original work. References for individual metals and semiconductors are lis ted at the end of the tables. Generally, tabulated values for the optical properties are accurate to better than 10%. Data in parentheses are extrapolated or interpolated values. For most elements the spectral range covered is from the far infrared (0.010 or 0.10 eV) to the far ultraviolet (10, 30 or 300 eV). The intervals between successive energies in the tables are chosen in such a way that the major spectral features are preserved. Very small values of k are expressed in exponential notation, e.g., 1.23E-5 means 1.23 × 10-5. The following table is convenient for identifying the energy entries in these tables with the corresponding wavelengths: λλλλλ E/eV λλλλλ E/eV 1 mm 0.00124 6000 Å 2.066 500 µm 0.00248 5000 Å 2.480 100 µm 0.01240 4000 Å 3.100 50 µm 0.02480 3000 Å 4.133 10 µm 0.12398 2000 Å 6.199 5 µm 0.24797 1000 Å 12.398 1 µm 1.240 400 Å 30.996 Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Aluminium1 0.040 98.595 203.701 0.9923 0.050 74.997 172.199 0.99150.060 62.852 150.799 0.99060.070 53.790 135.500 0.98990.080 45.784 123.734 0.98950.090 39.651 114.102 0.98920.100 34.464 105.600 0.98890.125 24.965 89.250 0.98840.150 18.572 76.960 0.98820.175 14.274 66.930 0.98790.200 11.733 59.370 0.98730.250 8.586 48.235 0.98580.300 6.759 40.960 0.98440.350 5.438 35.599 0.9834 0.400 4.454 31.485 0.98260.500 3.072 25.581 0.98170.600 2.273 21.403 0.98060.700 1.770 18.328 0.97940.800 1.444 15.955 0.97780.900 1.264 14.021 0.97491.000 1.212 12.464 0.96971.100 1.201 11.181 0.96301.200 1.260 10.010 0.95211.300 1.468 8.949 0.93181.400 2.237 8.212 0.88521.500 2.745 8.309 0.86781.600 2.625 8.597 0.87941.700 2.143 8.573 0.8972 1.800 1.741 8.205 0.90691.900 1.488 7.821 0.91162.000 1.304 7.479 0.91482.200 1.018 6.846 0.9200 2.400 0.826 6.283 0.92282.600 0.695 5.800 0.92382.800 0.598 5.385 0.92423.000 0.523 5.024 0.92413.200 0.460 4.708 0.92433.400 0.407 4.426 0.92453.600 0.363 4.174 0.92463.800 0.326 3.946 0.92474.000 0.294 3.740 0.92484.200 0.267 3.552 0.92484.400 0.244 3.380 0.92494.600 0.223 3.222 0.92494.800 0.205 3.076 0.92495.000 0.190 2.942 0.9244 6.000 0.130 2.391 0.92576.500 0.110 2.173 0.92607.000 0.095 1.983 0.92627.500 0.082 1.814 0.92658.000 0.072 1.663 0.92698.500 0.063 1.527 0.92729.000 0.056 1.402 0.92779.500 0.049 1.286 0.9282 10.000 0.044 1.178 0.928610.500 0.040 1.076 0.929311.000 0.036 0.979 0.929811.500 0.033 0.883 0.928312.000 0.033 0.791 0.922412.500 0.034 0.700 0.9118 13.000 0.038 0.609 0.896013.500 0.041 0.517 0.878914.000 0.048 0.417 0.848614.200 0.053 0.373 0.8312 14.400 0.058 0.327 0.810214.600 0.067 0.273 0.780214.800 0.086 0.211 0.720215.000 0.125 0.153 0.611915.200 0.178 0.108 0.490315.400 0.234 0.184 0.388115.600 0.280 0.073 0.318215.800 0.318 0.065 0.269416.000 0.351 0.060 0.232616.200 0.380 0.055 0.203116.400 0.407 0.050 0.178916.750 0.448 0.045 0.146017.000 0.474 0.042 0.127817.250 0.498 0.040 0.1129 17.500 0.520 0.038 0.100517.750 0.540 0.036 0.089918.000 0.558 0.035 0.080918.500 0.591 0.032 0.066419.000 0.620 0.030 0.055419.500 0.646 0.028 0.046720.000 0.668 0.027 0.039820.500 0.689 0.025 0.034221.000 0.707 0.024 0.029621.500 0.724 0.023 0.025822.000 0.739 0.022 0.022622.500 0.753 0.021 0.019923.000 0.766 0.021 0.017723.500 0.778 0.020 0.0157 24.000 0.789 0.019 0.014024.500 0.799 0.018 0.012625.000 0.809 0.018 0.0113 ˜ ˜ Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) 12-134OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 25.500 0.817 0.017 0.0102 26.000 0.826 0.016 0.009227.000 0.840 0.015 0.007628.000 0.854 0.014 0.006329.000 0.865 0.014 0.005330.000 0.876 0.013 0.004435.000 0.915 0.010 0.002040.000 0.940 0.008 0.001045.000 0.957 0.007 0.000550.000 0.969 0.006 0.000355.000 0.979 0.005 0.000160.000 0.987 0.004 0.000065.000 0.995 0.004 0.000070.000 1.006 0.004 0.000072.500 1.025 0.004 0.000275.000 1.011 0.024 0.000277.500 1.008 0.025 0.000280.000 1.007 0.024 0.000285.000 1.007 0.028 0.000290.000 1.005 0.031 0.0002 95.000 0.999 0.036 0.0003 100.000 0.991 0.030 0.0002110.000 0.994 0.025 0.0002120.000 0.991 0.024 0.0002130.000 0.987 0.021 0.0001140.000 0.989 0.016 0.0001150.000 0.990 0.015 0.0001160.000 0.989 0.014 0.0001170.000 0.989 0.011 0.0001180.000 0.990 0.010 0.0000190.000 0.990 0.009 0.0000200.000 0.991 0.007 0.0000220.000 0.992 0.006 0.0000240.000 0.993 0.005 0.0000260.000 0.993 0.004 0.0000280.000 0.994 0.003 0.0000300.000 0.995 0.002 0.0000 Carbon (diamond) 2 0.06199 2.3741 0.166 0.06888 2.3741 0.1660.07749 2.3745 0.1660.08856 2.3750 0.1660.1033 2.3757 0.1660.1240 2.3765 0.1660.1550 2.3772 0.1660.1907 3.1 E-050.2066 2.3779 5.7 E-05 0.166 0.22 1.21E-040.23 2.36E-040.24 3.82E-040.25 5.21E-040.26 2.96E-040.27 4.39E-040.28 2.75E-040.29 7.82E-050.30 1.32E-040.31 2.3787 1.30E-04 0.1670.32 1.11E-040.33 2.99E-050.34 1.89E-050.35 2.11E-05 0.36 2.47E-050.37 2.80E-050.38 3.11E-050.39 3.67E-05 0.40 3.58E-050.41 3.25E-050.4133 2.3795 0.1670.42 2.94E-050.43 2.87E-050.44 3.14E-050.45 3.62E-050.46 3.22E-050.47 1.57E-050.48 6.17E-060.4959 2.3801 0.1670.6199 2.3813 0.1670.8266 2.3837 0.1671.240 2.3905 0.1681.378 2.3934 0.1691.459 2.3953 0.1691.550 2.3975 0.1691.653 2.4003 0.1701.771 2.4036 0.170 1.889 2.4073 0.1711.926 2.4084 0.1712.066 2.4133 0.1712.105 2.4147 0.1722.271 2.4210 0.1732.480 2.4299 0.1742.650 2.4380 0.1752.845 3.82E-073.100 2.4627 0.1783.434 2.4849 0.1823.576 2.4955 0.1833.961 8.97E-074.160 2.5465 0.1904.511 1.29E-064.8187 2.6205 1.47E-06 0.2005.00 2.6383 0.2035.30 2.98E-065.35 6.45E-065.40 1.04E-055.50 3.41E-055.55 5.48E-045.60 2.740 1.48E-03 0.2165.80 2.780 5.02E-03 0.2226.00 2.826 7.99E-03 0.2286.10 2.852 8.62E-03 0.2316.20 2.879 9.30E-03 0.2356.30 2.910 9.74E-03 0.2396.40 2.944 9.87E-03 0.243 6.50 2.985 1.10E-02 0.2486.60 3.031 1.47E-02 0.2546.70 3.085 2.20E-02 0.2616.80 3.146 3.44E-02 0.2686.90 3.220 5.24E-02 0.2777.00 3.322 9.35E-02 0.2897.10 3.444 0.210 0.3047.15 3.464 0.307 0.3087.20 3.437 0.388 0.3077.30 3.376 0.473 0.3037.40 3.335 0.515 0.3007.50 3.321 0.533 0.2997.60 3.306 0.592 0.3007.80 3.276 0.659 0.300 8.00 3.251 0.712 0.3008.25 3.232 0.765 0.3018.50 3.228 0.806 0.3038.75 3.247 0.855 0.308 9.00 3.272 0.910 0.3149.25 3.308 0.978 0.3229.50 3.348 1.055 0.3319.75 3.398 1.147 0.342 10.00 3.453 1.258 0.35510.25 3.514 1.403 0.37110.50 3.565 1.581 0.38910.75 3.600 1.813 0.41111.00 3.582 2.078 0.43411.25 3.507 2.380 0.46011.50 3.346 2.693 0.48811.75 3.090 2.986 0.51812.00 2.736 3.228 0.55112.20 2.383 3.354 0.58012.40 1.983 3.382 0.61012.60 1.532 3.265 0.64112.80 1.312 2.953 0.62713.00 1.223 2.722 0.60413.50 1.129 2.379 0.557 14.00 1.070 2.178 0.52614.50 1.018 2.034 0.50415.00 0.972 1.929 0.48915.50 0.917 1.845 0.48216.00 0.861 1.767 0.47716.50 0.805 1.692 0.47417.00 0.753 1.619 0.47117.50 0.707 1.546 0.46718.00 0.665 1.476 0.46318.50 0.626 1.408 0.45919.00 0.589 1.341 0.45519.50 0.557 1.273 0.44920.00 0.527 1.203 0.44221.00 0.487 1.052 0.41322.00 0.518 0.888 0.33023.00 0.597 0.850 0.27024.00 0.586 0.829 0.26825.00 0.562 0.787 0.26526.00 0.538 0.736 0.26027.00 0.516 0.679 0.25228.00 0.501 0.616 0.23929.00 0.494 0.552 0.22130.00 0.493 0.490 0.201 Cesium (evaporated) 3 2.145 0.264 1.123 0.631 2.271 0.278 0.950 0.5612.845 0.425 0.438 0.235 3.064 0.540 0.320 0.1273.397 0.671 0.233 0.0573.966 0.827 0.174 0.0184.889 0.916 0.143 0.007 Chromium 4 0.06 21.19 42.00 0.962 0.10 11.81 29.76 0.9550.14 15.31 26.36 0.9360.18 8.73 25.37 0.530.22 5.30 20.62 0.9540.26 3.91 17.12 0.9510.30 3.15 14.28 0.9430.42 3.47 8.97 0.862 0.54 3.92 7.06 0.7880.66 3.96 5.95 0.7360.78 4.13 5.03 0.680Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) TeamLRN12-135OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 0.90 4.43 4.60 0.650 1.00 4.47 4.43 0.6391.12 4.53 4.31 0.6311.24 4.50 4.28 0.6291.36 4.42 4.30 0.6311.46 4.31 4.32 0.6321.77 3.84 4.37 0.6392.00 3.48 4.36 0.6442.20 3.18 4.41 0.6562.40 2.75 4.46 0.6772.60 2.22 4.36 0.6982.80 1.80 4.06 0.7033.00 1.54 3.71 0.6953.20 1.44 3.40 0.6703.40 1.39 3.24 0.6573.60 1.26 3.12 0.6613.80 1.12 2.95 0.6604.00 1.02 2.76 0.6514.20 0.94 2.58 0.6394.40 0.90 2.42 0.620 4.50 0.89 2.35 0.6074.60 0.88 2.28 0.5984.70 0.86 2.21 0.5864.80 0.86 2.13 0.5724.90 0.86 2.07 0.5575.00 0.85 2.01 0.5425.10 0.86 1.94 0.5235.20 0.87 1.87 0.5035.40 0.93 1.80 0.4665.60 0.95 1.74 0.4435.80 0.97 1.74 0.4376.00 0.94 1.73 0.4446.20 0.89 1.69 0.4466.40 0.85 1.66 0.4476.60 0.80 1.59 0.4446.80 0.75 1.51 0.4397.00 0.74 1.45 0.4257.20 0.71 1.39 0.4147.40 0.69 1.33 0.4047.60 0.66 1.23 0.3787.80 0.67 1.15 0.3478.00 0.68 1.07 0.3158.20 0.71 1.00 0.2788.50 0.74 0.92 0.2359.0 0.83 0.81 0.1709.50 0.92 0.74 0.132 10.00 0.98 0.73 0.12010.50 1.01 0.72 0.112 11.00 1.05 0.69 0.10311.50 1.09 0.69 0.10012.00 1.13 0.70 0.10112.50 1.15 0.73 0.10813.00 1.15 0.77 0.11913.50 1.12 0.80 0.12814.00 1.09 0.82 0.13514.50 1.03 0.82 0.14215.00 1.00 0.82 0.14315.50 0.96 0.80 0.14116.00 0.92 0.77 0.13916.50 0.31 0.75 0.13417.00 0.90 0.73 0.13217.50 0.88 0.72 0.130 18.00 0.87 0.70 0.12918.50 0.84 0.69 0.13019.00 0.82 0.68 0.13120.00 0.77 0.64 0.130 20.5 0.76 0.63 0.12921.0 0.74 0.58 0.12121.5 0.72 0.55 0.11622.0 0.71 0.52 0.11222.5 0.70 0.50 0.10923.0 0.69 0.48 0.10523.5 0.68 0.45 0.10124.0 0.68 0.43 0.09624.5 0.67 0.39 0.08925.0 0.68 0.36 0.08025.5 0.68 0.33 0.07226.0 0.70 0.31 0.06326.5 0.71 0.28 0.05527.0 0.72 0.26 0.04827.5 0.73 0.25 0.04328.0 0.75 0.23 0.03729.0 0.77 0.22 0.03230.0 0.78 0.21 0.030 Cobalt, single crystal, E /H14067 ˆc 5 0.10 6.71 37.87 0.982 0.15 4.66 25.47 0.9730.20 3.55 18.78 0.9620.25 3.98 14.59 0.9330.30 4.04 12.16 0.9070.40 4.24 9.13 0.8470.50 4.41 7.19 0.7820.60 4.91 6.13 0.7290.70 5.24 5.85 0.7130.80 5.17 5.89 0.7160.90 4.94 5.95 0.7201.00 4.46 5.86 0.7221.10 4.07 5.61 0.7151.20 3.81 5.36 0.7061.30 3.60 5.20 0.7011.40 3.37 5.09 0.7011.50 3.10 4.96 0.7011.60 2.84 4.77 0.6971.70 2.66 4.57 0.6901.80 2.45 4.41 0.6871.90 2.31 4.18 0.6752.00 2.21 4.00 0.6642.10 2.13 3.85 0.6542.20 2.07 3.70 0.6422.30 2.01 3.59 0.6342.40 1.95 3.49 0.6272.50 1.88 3.40 0.622 2.60 1.81 3.32 0.6182.70 1.73 3.24 0.6152.80 1.66 3.13 0.6072.90 1.61 3.05 0.6003.00 1.55 2.96 0.5943.20 1.46 2.80 0.5793.40 1.38 2.64 0.5633.60 1.31 2.48 0.5443.80 1.28 2.33 0.5194.00 1.26 2.20 0.4954.20 1.25 2.10 0.4714.40 1.24 2.01 0.4524.60 1.24 1.94 0.4354.80 1.23 1.88 0.423 5.00 1.22 1.83 0.4115.20 1.21 1.79 0.4035.40 1.19 1.77 0.3995.60 1.16 1.75 0.400 5.80 1.10 1.73 0.4066.00 1.03 1.68 0.4076.20 0.97 1.62 0.4016.40 0.94 1.53 0.3866.60 0.91 1.46 0.3686.80 0.91 1.38 0.3457.00 0.91 1.32 0.3267.00 0.91 1.26 0.3057.40 0.92 1.21 0.2867.60 0.93 1.17 0.2697.80 0.94 1.13 0.2538.00 0.95 1.09 0.239 Cobalt, single crystal, E ⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ ˆc 5 0.10 5.83 32.36 0.979 0.15 4.24 21.37 0.9650.20 3.87 15.53 0.0420.30 4.34 10.01 0.8650.40 4.66 7.39 0.785 0.50 5.17 5.75 0.7090.60 5.77 5.17 0.6820.70 6.15 5.20 0.6850.80 6.08 5.61 0.7020.90 5.57 5.93 0.7151.00 4.83 5.94 0.7211.10 4.31 5.60 0.7111.20 4.02 5.34 0.7011.30 3.78 5.16 0.6941.40 3.55 5.05 0.6921.50 3.26 4.93 0.6921.60 3.03 4.74 0.6871.70 2.83 4.60 0.6841.80 2.61 4.45 0.6831.90 2.41 4.27 0.6772.00 2.25 4.09 0.6702.10 2.13 3.89 0.6592.20 2.04 3.72 0.6462.30 1.99 3.56 0.6322.40 1.95 3.44 0.6202.50 1.90 3.34 0.6112.60 1.86 3.26 0.6052.70 1.79 3.19 0.6022.80 1.72 3.11 0.5962.90 1.66 3.03 0.5913.00 1.60 2.94 0.5863.20 1.50 2.78 0.5713.40 1.42 2.62 0.553 3.60 1.36 2.47 0.5333.80 1.33 2.33 0.5114.00 1.31 2.21 0.4884.20 1.28 2.12 0.4714.40 1.27 2.03 0.4524.60 1.26 1.95 0.4354.80 1.25 1.90 0.4235.00 1.24 1.84 0.4115.20 1.22 1.80 0.4035.40 1.21 1.78 0.3995.60 1.17 1.76 0.4005.80 1.11 1.74 0.4066.00 1.04 1.69 0.4076.20 0.98 1.62 0.401 6.40 0.94 1.54 0.3866.60 0.92 1.46 0.3686.80 0.91 1.38 0.345Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) →→ 12-136OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 7.00 0.91 1.32 0.326 7.20 0.91 1.26 0.3057.40 0.92 1.21 0.2857.60 0.93 1.17 0.2697.80 0.94 1.13 0.253 Copper 6 0.10 29.69 71.57 0.980 0.50 1.71 17.63 0.9791.00 0.44 8.48 0.9761.50 0.26 5.26 0.9651.70 0.22 4.43 0.9581.75 0.21 4.25 0.9561.80 0.21 4.04 0.9521.85 0.22 3.85 0.9471.90 0.21 3.67 0.9432.00 0.27 3.24 0.9102.10 0.47 2.81 0.8142.20 0.83 2.60 0.6732.30 1.04 2.59 0.618 2.40 1.12 2.60 0.6022.60 1.15 2.50 0.5772.80 1.17 2.36 0.5453.00 1.18 2.21 0.5093.20 1.23 2.07 0.4683.40 1.27 1.95 0.4343.60 1.31 1.87 0.4073.80 1.34 1.81 0.3874.00 1.34 1.72 0.3644.20 1.42 1.64 0.3364.40 1.49 1.64 0.3294.60 1.52 1.67 0.3344.80 1.53 1.71 0.3455.00 1.47 1.78 0.3665.20 1.38 1.80 0.3805.40 1.28 1.78 0.3895.60 1.18 1.74 0.3915.80 1.10 1.67 0.3896.00 1.04 1.59 0.3806.50 0.96 1.37 0.3297.00 0.97 1.20 0.2717.50 1.00 1.09 0.2308.00 1.03 1.03 0.2068.50 1.03 0.98 0.1899.00 1.03 0.92 0.1719.50 1.03 0.87 0.154 10.00 1.04 0.82 0.13911.00 1.07 0.75 0.118 12.00 1.09 0.73 0.11113.00 1.08 0.72 0.10914.00 1.06 0.72 0.11114.50 1.03 0.72 0.11115.00 1.01 0.71 0.11115.50 0.98 0.69 0.10916.00 0.95 0.67 0.10617.00 0.91 0.62 0.09718.00 0.89 0.56 0.08419.00 0.88 0.51 0.07120.00 0.88 0.45 0.05921.00 0.90 0.41 0.04822.00 0.92 0.38 0.04023.00 0.94 0.37 0.035 24.00 0.96 0.37 0.03525.00 0.96 0.40 0.04026.00 0.92 0.40 0.04427.00 0.88 0.38 0.043 28.00 0.86 0.35 0.03929.00 0.85 0.30 0.03230.00 0.86 0.26 0.02531.00 0.88 0.24 0.02032.00 0.89 0.22 0.01733.00 0.90 0.21 0.01534.00 0.91 0.20 0.01435.00 0.92 0.20 0.01336.00 0.92 0.19 0.01237.00 0.92 0.19 0.01138.00 0.93 0.18 0.01039.00 0.93 0.17 0.00940.00 0.93 0.17 0.00941.00 0.94 0.16 0.00842.00 0.94 0.16 0.00743.00 0.94 0.15 0.00744.00 0.95 0.15 0.00745.00 0.95 0.15 0.00646.00 0.95 0.15 0.006 47.00 0.95 0.14 0.00648.00 0.95 0.14 0.00649.00 0.95 0.14 0.00550.00 0.95 0.13 0.00551.00 0.95 0.13 0.00552.00 0.95 0.13 0.00553.00 0.96 0.12 0.00454.00 0.96 0.12 0.00455.00 0.96 0.12 0.00456.00 0.96 0.11 0.00457.00 0.96 0.11 0.00458.00 0.96 0.11 0.00459.00 0.97 0.11 0.00360.00 0.97 0.11 0.00361.00 0.97 0.11 0.00362.00 0.97 0.11 0.00363.00 0.96 0.10 0.00364.00 0.96 0.10 0.00365.00 0.97 0.10 0.00366.00 0.97 0.10 0.00367.00 0.97 0.09 0.00368.00 0.97 0.09 0.00269.00 0.97 0.09 0.00270.00 0.97 0.09 0.00275.00 0.98 0.09 0.00280.00 0.98 0.09 0.00285.00 0.97 0.09 0.00290.00 0.96 0.08 0.002 Gallium (liquid) 7 1.425 2.40 9.20 0.900 1.550 2.09 8.50 0.8981.771 1.65 7.60 0.8982.066 1.25 6.60 0.8972.480 0.89 5.60 0.8983.100 0.59 4.50 0.896 Germanium, single crystal 8 0.01240 (4.0065) 3.00E-03 0.361 0.01364 4.0063 2.40E-03 0.3610.01488 (4.0060) 1.70E-03 0.3610.01612 (4.0060) 1.55E-03 0.361 0.01736 (4.0060) 1.50E-03 0.3610.01860 1.50E-030.01984 1.60E-030.02108 1.60E-03 0.02232 1.55E-030.02356 1.53E-030.02480 1.50E-030.02604 1.25E-030.02728 8.50E-040.02852 6.50E-040.02976 7.00E-040.03100 3.9827 8.50E-04 0.3580.03224 1.55E-030.03348 2.75E-030.03472 3.55E-030.03596 (3.9900) 3.05E-03 0.3590.03720 2.75E-030.03844 2.70E-030.03968 (3.9930) 2.90E-03 0.3590.04092 2.95E-030.04215 3.20E-030.04339 6.30E-030.04463 3.40E-03 0.04587 (3.9955) 2.50E-03 0.3600.04711 2.10E-030.04835 2.00E-030.04959 8.00E-040.05083 1.40E-030.05207 1.35E-030.05331 1.10E-030.05455 8.00E-040.05579 6.00E-040.05703 9.0 E-040.05827 6.5 E-040.05951 4.6 E-040.06075 4.0 E-040.06199 3.9992 3.98E-04 0.3600.06323 4.0 E-040.06447 4.3 E-040.06571 4.4 E-040.06695 (4.0000) 4.3 E-04 0.3600.06819 3.1 E-040.06943 3.3 E-040.07067 3.8 E-040.07191 3.3 E-040.07315 2.5 E-040.07439 1.9 E-040.07514 1.58E-040.07749 4.0009 9.55E-05 0.3600.07999 4.0011 1.71E-04 0.3600.08266 4.0013 9.78E-05 0.360 0.08551 4.0015 5.77E-05 0.3600.08920 3.98E-050.09460 4.59E-050.09840 3.51E-050.1 4.0063 3.70E-05 0.3610.2 4.0108 0.3610.3 4.0246 0.3620.4 4.0429 0.3640.5 (4.074) 0.3670.6 (4.104) 6.58E-07 0.3700.7 4.180 1.27E-04 0.3770.8 4.275 5.67E-03 0.3850.9 4.285 7.45E-02 0.3861.0 4.325 8.09E-02 0.390 1.1 4.385 0.103 0.3951.2 4.420 0.123 0.3981.3 4.495 0.167 0.405Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) TeamLRN12-137OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 1.4 4.560 0.190 0.411 1.5 4.635 0.298 0.4181.6 4.763 0.345 0.4281.7 4.897 0.401 0.4391.8 5.067 0.500 0.4531.9 5.380 0.540 0.4752.0 5.588 0.933 0.4952.1 5.748 1.634 0.5232.2 5.283 2.049 0.5162.3 5.062 2.318 0.5192.4 4.610 2.455 0.5082.5 4.340 2.384 0.4922.6 4.180 2.309 0.4802.7 4.082 2.240 0.4712.8 4.035 2.181 0.4642.9 4.037 2.140 0.4613.0 4.082 2.145 0.4633.1 4.141 2.215 0.4713.2 4.157 2.340 0.4823.3 4.128 2.469 0.490 3.4 4.070 2.579 0.4973.5 4.020 2.667 0.5023.6 3.985 2.759 0.5093.7 3.958 2.863 0.5173.8 3.936 2.986 0.5273.9 3.920 3.137 0.5394.0 3.905 3.336 0.5564.1 3.869 3.614 0.5794.2 3.745 4.009 0.6124.3 3.338 4.507 0.6594.4 2.516 4.669 0.7054.5 1.953 4.297 0.7134.6 1.720 3.960 0.7024.7 1.586 3.709 0.6904.8 1.498 3.509 0.6774.9 1.435 3.342 0.6645.0 1.394 3.197 0.6505.1 1.370 3.073 0.6365.2 1.364 2.973 0.6225.3 1.371 2.897 0.6095.4 1.383 2.854 0.6005.5 1.380 2.842 0.5985.6 1.360 2.846 0.6025.7 1.293 2.163 0.4795.8 1.209 2.873 0.6325.9 1.108 2.813 0.6416.0 1.30 2.34 0.5176.5 1.10 2.05 0.489 7.0 1.00 1.80 0.4487.5 1.608.0 0.92 1.40 0.3488.5 0.92 1.20 0.2829.0 0.92 1.14 0.2629.5 1.00 10.0 0.93 0.86 0.16720.0 0.23722.0 0.17924.0 0.14426.0 0.11028.0 0.074730.0 0.102032.0 0.0999 34.0 0.085636.0 0.074038.0 0.065140.0 0.0604 Gold, electropolished, Au (110) 9 0.10 8.17 82.83 0.995 0.20 2.13 41.73 0.9950.30 0.99 27.82 0.9950.40 0.59 20.83 0.9950.50 0.39 16.61 0.9940.60 0.28 13.78 0.9940.70 0.22 11.75 0.9940.80 0.18 10.21 0.9930.90 0.15 9.01 0.9931.00 0.13 8.03 0.9921.20 0.10 6.54 0.9911.40 0.08 5.44 0.9891.60 0.08 4.56 0.9861.80 0.09 3.82 0.9792.00 0.13 3.16 0.9532.10 0.18 2.84 0.9252.20 0.24 2.54 0.880 2.40 0.50 1.86 0.6472.50 0.82 1.59 0.4382.60 1.24 1.54 0.3312.70 1.43 1.72 0.3562.80 1.46 1.77 0.3682.90 1.50 1.79 0.3683.00 1.54 1.80 0.3693.10 1.54 1.81 0.3713.20 1.54 1.80 0.3683.30 1.55 1.78 0.3623.40 1.56 1.76 0.3563.50 1.58 1.73 0.3493.60 1.62 1.73 0.3463.70 1.64 1.75 0.3513.80 1.63 1.79 0.3603.90 1.59 1.81 0.3664.00 1.55 1.81 0.3694.10 1.51 1.79 0.3684.20 1.48 1.78 0.3674.30 1.45 1.77 0.3684.40 1.41 1.76 0.3704.50 1.35 1.74 0.3704.60 1.30 1.69 0.3644.70 1.27 1.64 0.3544.80 1.25 1.59 0.3444.90 1.23 1.54 0.3325.00 1.22 1.49 0.3195.20 1.21 1.40 0.295 5.40 1.21 1.33 0.2755.60 1.21 1.27 0.2565.80 1.21 1.20 0.2366.00 1.22 1.14 0.2186.20 1.24 1.09 0.2036.40 1.25 1.05 0.1906.60 1.27 1.01 0.1776.80 1.30 0.97 0.1677.00 1.34 0.95 0.1627.20 1.36 0.95 0.1617.40 1.38 0.96 0.1647.60 1.38 0.98 0.1697.80 1.35 0.99 0.1718.00 1.31 0.96 0.165 8.20 1.30 0.92 0.1558.40 1.30 0.89 0.1478.60 1.31 0.88 0.1448.80 1.31 0.86 0.140 9.00 1.30 0.83 0.1339.20 1.31 0.81 0.1269.40 1.33 0.78 0.1229.60 1.36 0.78 0.1219.80 1.37 0.79 0.124 10.00 1.37 0.80 0.12610.20 1.36 0.80 0.12710.40 1.35 0.80 0.12510.60 1.34 0.79 0.12310.80 1.34 0.77 0.12011.00 1.34 0.76 0.11611.20 1.34 0.74 0.11311.40 1.35 0.73 0.11111.60 1.36 0.72 0.10911.80 1.38 0.71 0.10812.00 1.39 0.71 0.10912.40 1.44 0.73 0.11512.80 1.45 0.79 0.12713.20 1.42 0.84 0.137 13.60 1.37 0.86 0.14014.00 1.33 0.86 0.14014.40 1.29 0.86 0.13914.80 1.26 0.84 0.13515.20 1.24 0.83 0.13215.60 1.22 0.81 0.12716.00 1.21 0.79 0.12316.40 1.20 0.78 0.11916.80 1.19 0.76 0.11617.20 1.19 0.75 0.11417.60 1.19 0.74 0.11118.00 1.19 0.74 0.10918.40 1.19 0.73 0.10918.80 1.20 0.74 0.11019.20 1.21 0.76 0.11619.60 1.21 0.80 0.12520.00 1.18 0.83 0.13320.40 1.14 0.85 0.14120.80 1.10 0.87 0.14921.20 1.05 0.88 0.15621.60 1.00 0.88 0.16222.00 0.94 0.86 0.16422.40 0.89 0.83 0.16322.80 0.85 0.79 0.15723.20 0.82 0.75 0.14923.60 0.80 0.70 0.13824.00 0.80 0.66 0.12524.40 0.80 0.62 0.113 24.80 0.80 0.58 0.10125.20 0.82 0.56 0.09025.60 0.83 0.54 0.08426.00 0.84 0.52 0.07926.40 0.85 0.51 0.07426.80 0.85 0.50 0.07127.20 0.86 0.49 0.06827.60 0.86 0.49 0.06528.00 0.87 0.48 0.06328.40 0.88 0.48 0.06228.80 0.88 0.48 0.06229.20 0.88 0.48 0.06229.60 0.87 0.48 0.06430.00 0.86 0.48 0.064 Hafnium, single crystal, E /H14067 ˆc 10 0.52 1.48 4.11 0.747Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) → 12-138OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 0.56 1.84 3.29 0.615 0.60 2.34 2.62 0.4860.66 3.21 2.13 0.4280.70 3.70 2.03 0.4410.76 4.31 2.10 0.4760.80 4.61 2.31 0.5040.86 4.71 2.70 0.5330.90 4.64 2.85 0.5410.95 4.54 2.96 0.5451.00 4.45 3.00 0.5451.10 4.28 3.08 0.5471.20 4.08 3.10 0.5441.30 3.87 3.04 0.5361.40 3.72 2.95 0.5251.50 3.60 2.85 0.5141.60 3.52 2.73 0.5001.70 3.52 2.61 0.4881.80 3.57 2.56 0.4851.90 3.63 2.59 0.4892.00 3.65 2.67 0.498 2.10 3.64 2.81 0.5112.20 3.53 2.99 0.5262.30 3.34 3.09 0.5342.40 3.15 3.11 0.5372.50 2.99 3.13 0.5402.60 2.83 3.12 0.5422.70 2.68 3.10 0.5422.80 2.54 3.08 0.5432.90 2.40 3.04 0.5443.00 2.27 3.00 0.5443.10 2.14 2.95 0.5443.20 2.00 2.89 0.5443.30 1.87 2.79 0.5383.40 1.78 2.68 0.5283.50 1.71 2.58 0.5173.60 1.66 2.48 0.5033.70 1.63 2.40 0.4913.80 1.60 2.33 0.4813.90 1.56 2.27 0.4734.00 1.52 2.21 0.4664.10 1.48 2.14 0.4554.20 1.45 2.07 0.4424.30 1.43 2.01 0.4314.40 1.41 1.95 0.4204.50 1.39 1.89 0.4074.60 1.39 1.83 0.3944.70 1.39 1.79 0.3824.80 1.38 1.75 0.373 4.90 1.38 1.71 0.3645.00 1.37 1.68 0.3565.20 1.36 1.61 0.3415.40 1.35 1.55 0.3245.60 1.35 1.51 0.3145.80 1.32 1.48 0.3086.00 1.28 1.41 0.2956.20 1.26 1.35 0.2786.40 1.26 1.28 0.2586.60 1.27 1.22 0.2406.80 1.28 1.16 0.2247.00 1.31 1.13 0.2127.20 1.33 1.10 0.2047.40 1.34 1.07 0.197 7.60 1.36 1.05 0.1917.80 1.37 1.02 0.1838.00 1.40 1.01 0.1798.20 1.43 1.01 0.178 8.40 1.45 1.01 0.1808.60 1.47 1.02 0.1838.80 1.48 1.04 0.1869.00 1.49 1.07 0.1939.20 1.50 1.10 0.2019.40 1.48 1.14 0.2119.60 1.46 1.18 0.2229.80 1.41 1.21 0.230 10.00 1.36 1.22 0.23510.20 1.32 1.22 0.23810.40 1.28 1.22 0.24010.60 1.24 1.21 0.24110.80 1.20 1.20 0.24211.00 1.16 1.19 0.24211.20 1.13 1.17 0.24111.40 1.10 1.16 0.24111.60 1.07 1.14 0.23911.80 1.04 1.12 0.23812.00 1.02 1.10 0.236 12.40 0.96 1.06 0.23212.80 0.92 1.01 0.22513.20 0.88 0.96 0.21813.60 0.84 0.90 0.20514.00 0.83 0.83 0.18614.40 0.83 0.80 0.17214.80 0.81 0.76 0.16715.20 0.79 0.70 0.15315.60 0.79 0.64 0.13216.00 0.83 0.60 0.11116.40 0.81 0.60 0.11416.80 0.79 0.55 0.10517.20 0.79 0.50 0.08917.60 0.80 0.46 0.07718.00 0.81 0.42 0.06418.40 0.84 0.38 0.05118.80 0.87 0.34 0.04019.00 0.89 0.33 0.03619.60 0.93 0.32 0.03020.00 0.94 0.31 0.02720.60 0.97 0.30 0.02321.00 0.99 0.29 0.02221.60 1.01 0.28 0.02022.00 1.03 0.28 0.02022.60 1.06 0.28 0.02023.00 1.07 0.28 0.02123.60 1.09 0.29 0.02224.00 1.09 0.30 0.023 24.60 1.10 0.31 0.024 Hafnium, single crystal, E ⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ ˆc 10 0.52 2.25 4.65 0.723 0.56 2.34 3.66 0.6230.60 2.84 2.89 0.5120.66 3.71 2.35 0.4690.70 4.26 2.21 0.4820.76 4.97 2.33 0.5210.80 5.41 2.62 0.5540.86 5.46 3.36 0.5930.90 5.22 3.62 0.6010.95 4.95 3.72 0.6021.00 4.76 3.76 0.602 1.10 4.43 3.80 0.6011.20 4.07 3.74 0.5941.30 3.79 3.55 0.5781.40 3.61 3.36 0.561 1.50 3.55 3.13 0.5401.60 3.58 3.01 0.5291.70 3.63 2.98 0.5261.80 3.66 3.02 0.5301.90 3.63 3.14 0.5412.00 3.51 3.26 0.5512.10 3.35 3.33 0.5582.20 3.18 3.36 0.5632.30 2.99 3.39 0.5682.40 2.78 3.35 0.5692.50 2.65 3.26 0.5622.60 2.54 3.22 0.5602.70 2.42 3.17 0.5592.80 2.31 3.13 0.5582.90 2.20 3.08 0.5583.00 2.08 3.05 0.5613.10 1.94 2.98 0.5603.20 1.83 2.88 0.5553.30 1.74 2.78 0.547 3.40 1.68 2.69 0.5383.50 1.62 2.61 0.5293.60 1.57 2.52 0.5193.70 1.53 2.45 0.5103.80 1.49 2.38 0.5013.90 1.45 2.32 0.4934.00 1.41 2.25 0.4844.10 1.38 2.18 0.4744.20 1.35 2.11 0.4624.30 1.33 2.05 0.4514.40 1.31 1.99 0.4384.50 1.30 1.93 0.4274.60 1.29 1.88 0.4154.70 1.28 1.82 0.4024.80 1.28 1.77 0.3894.90 1.27 1.73 0.3795.00 1.27 1.69 0.3675.20 1.27 1.62 0.3495.40 1.27 1.57 0.3355.60 1.26 1.52 0.3225.80 1.24 1.48 0.3136.00 1.21 1.42 0.3026.20 1.19 1.36 0.2856.40 1.18 1.29 0.2656.60 1.19 1.22 0.2446.80 1.21 1.18 0.2307.00 1.22 1.14 0.2177.20 1.23 1.10 0.206 7.40 1.26 1.06 0.1947.60 1.28 1.04 0.1877.80 1.30 1.02 0.1808.00 1.33 1.00 0.1748.20 1.35 0.99 0.1738.40 1.38 0.99 0.1738.60 1.40 1.00 0.1748.80 1.42 1.02 0.1789.00 1.43 1.04 0.1849.20 1.45 1.08 0.1939.40 1.43 1.12 0.2049.60 1.40 1.16 0.2149.80 1.37 1.19 0.223 10.00 1.32 1.21 0.230 10.20 1.27 1.21 0.23410.40 1.23 1.20 0.23510.60 1.19 1.20 0.237Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) → TeamLRN12-139OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 10.80 1.15 1.19 0.237 11.00 1.12 1.17 0.23711.20 1.08 1.16 0.23711.40 1.05 1.14 0.23611.60 1.03 1.12 0.23511.80 1.00 1.10 0.23312.00 0.97 1.08 0.23112.40 0.92 1.04 0.22612.80 0.88 0.99 0.21913.20 0.83 0.94 0.21113.60 0.80 0.88 0.19614.00 0.79 0.81 0.17714.40 0.80 0.77 0.16014.80 0.77 0.73 0.15415.20 0.76 0.68 0.14015.60 0.76 0.61 0.11916.00 0.81 0.58 0.09916.40 0.78 0.57 0.10216.80 0.77 0.53 0.09217.20 0.77 0.48 0.077 17.60 0.79 0.44 0.06518.00 0.80 0.39 0.05318.40 0.82 0.36 0.04118.80 0.86 0.33 0.03219.00 0.88 0.32 0.03019.60 0.91 0.31 0.02520.00 0.93 0.30 0.02320.60 0.96 0.29 0.02121.00 0.97 0.29 0.02021.60 1.00 0.28 0.01922.00 1.01 0.28 0.01922.60 1.03 0.27 0.01823.00 1.05 0.28 0.01923.60 1.06 0.28 0.02024.00 1.07 0.29 0.02124.60 1.09 0.30 0.022 Iridium 11 0.10 28.49 60.62 0.975 0.15 15.32 45.15 0.9730.20 9.69 35.34 0.9720.25 6.86 28.84 0.9690.30 5.16 24.25 0.9670.35 4.11 20.79 0.9640.40 3.42 18.06 0.9600.45 3.05 15.82 0.9540.50 2.98 14.06 0.9440.60 2.79 11.58 0.925 0.70 2.93 9.78 0.8950.80 3.14 8.61 0.8620.90 3.19 7.88 0.8401.00 3.15 7.31 0.8221.10 3.04 6.84 0.8081.20 2.96 6.41 0.7911.30 2.85 6.07 0.7791.40 2.72 5.74 0.7671.50 2.65 5.39 0.7501.60 2.68 5.08 0.7281.70 2.69 4.92 0.7161.80 2.64 4.81 0.7101.90 2.57 4.68 0.7042.00 2.50 4.57 0.699 2.10 2.40 4.48 0.6972.20 2.29 4.38 0.6952.30 2.18 4.26 0.6922.40 2.07 4.14 0.689 2.50 1.98 4.00 0.6822.60 1.91 3.86 0.6732.70 1.85 3.73 0.6652.80 1.81 3.61 0.6552.90 1.77 3.51 0.6463.00 1.73 3.43 0.6403.20 1.62 3.26 0.6293.40 1.53 3.05 0.6103.60 1.52 2.81 0.5733.80 1.61 2.69 0.5414.00 1.64 2.68 0.5354.20 1.58 2.71 0.5494.40 1.45 2.68 0.5614.60 1.31 2.60 0.5674.80 1.18 2.49 0.5705.00 1.10 2.35 0.5595.20 1.04 2.22 0.5435.40 1.00 2.09 0.5225.60 0.98 1.98 0.499 5.80 0.96 1.86 0.4746.00 0.95 1.78 0.4546.20 0.94 1.68 0.4276.40 0.94 1.59 0.4016.60 0.94 1.50 0.3756.80 0.95 1.42 0.3457.00 0.97 1.34 0.3187.20 0.99 1.27 0.2907.40 1.02 1.20 0.2627.60 1.03 1.14 0.2417.80 1.08 1.06 0.2088.00 1.13 1.03 0.1918.20 1.18 1.00 0.1798.40 1.22 0.98 0.1718.60 1.26 0.96 0.1648.80 1.29 0.95 0.1609.00 1.33 0.94 0.1579.20 1.36 0.95 0.1599.40 1.39 0.95 0.1619.60 1.42 0.97 0.1639.80 1.44 0.99 0.169 10.00 1.45 1.01 0.17510.20 1.45 1.04 0.18210.40 1.44 1.07 0.18710.60 1.43 1.09 0.19310.80 1.41 1.12 0.20011.00 1.38 1.13 0.20611.20 1.34 1.14 0.208 11.40 1.31 1.13 0.20811.60 1.28 1.12 0.20611.80 1.25 1.10 0.20312.00 1.24 1.08 0.19912.40 1.21 1.05 0.19112.80 1.19 1.01 0.18113.20 1.18 0.98 0.17313.60 1.17 0.95 0.16514.00 1.16 0.91 0.15514.40 1.17 0.88 0.14714.80 1.18 0.87 0.14215.20 1.19 0.84 0.13615.60 1.20 0.83 0.13316.00 1.21 0.83 0.131 16.40 1.23 0.82 0.12916.80 1.25 0.82 0.12717.20 1.28 0.83 0.13117.60 1.30 0.87 0.140 18.00 1.30 0.93 0.15418.40 1.27 0.97 0.16618.80 1.24 1.00 0.17619.20 1.20 1.03 0.18719.60 1.15 1.05 0.19720.00 1.10 1.06 0.20520.50 1.04 1.05 0.21021.00 0.99 1.04 0.21521.50 0.94 1.02 0.22022.00 0.89 1.00 0.22222.50 0.84 0.99 0.22823.00 0.79 0.96 0.23223.50 0.76 0.92 0.22824.00 0.73 0.87 0.22324.50 0.70 0.83 0.21825.00 0.69 0.79 0.20925.50 0.68 0.76 0.20026.00 0.67 0.72 0.19226.50 0.67 0.69 0.181 27.00 0.66 0.66 0.17427.50 0.66 0.63 0.16628.00 0.66 0.61 0.15828.50 0.66 0.59 0.15129.00 0.65 0.57 0.14829.50 0.64 0.55 0.14530.00 0.64 0.53 0.14032.00 0.62 0.44 0.11934.00 0.64 0.35 0.09136.00 0.69 0.27 0.05938.00 0.73 0.24 0.04440.00 0.76 0.22 0.034 Iron 5 0.10 6.41 33.07 0.978 0.15 6.26 22.82 0.9560.20 3.68 18.23 0.9580.26 4.98 13.68 0.9110.30 4.87 12.05 0.8920.36 4.68 10.44 0.8670.40 4.42 9.75 0.8580.50 4.14 8.02 0.8170.60 3.93 6.95 0.7830.70 3.78 6.17 0.7520.80 3.65 5.60 0.7250.90 3.52 5.16 0.7001.00 3.43 4.79 0.6781.10 3.33 4.52 0.660 1.20 3.24 4.26 0.6411.30 3.16 4.07 0.6261.40 3.12 3.87 0.6091.50 3.05 3.77 0.6011.60 3.00 3.60 0.5851.70 2.98 3.52 0.5771.80 2.92 3.46 0.5731.90 2.89 3.37 0.5632.00 2.85 3.36 0.5632.10 2.80 3.34 0.5622.20 2.74 3.33 0.5632.30 2.65 3.34 0.5672.40 2.56 3.31 0.5672.50 2.46 3.31 0.570 2.60 2.34 3.30 0.5762.70 2.23 3.25 0.5752.80 2.12 3.23 0.580Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) 12-140OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 2.90 2.01 3.17 0.580 3.00 1.88 3.12 0.5833.10 1.78 3.04 0.5803.20 1.70 2.96 0.5763.30 1.62 2.87 0.5723.40 1.55 2.79 0.5653.50 1.50 2.70 0.5563.60 1.47 2.63 0.5483.70 1.43 2.56 0.5423.83 1.38 2.49 0.5344.00 1.30 2.39 0.5274.17 1.26 2.27 0.5104.33 1.23 2.18 0.4944.50 1.20 2.10 0.4824.67 1.16 2.02 0.4704.83 1.14 1.93 0.4515.00 1.14 1.87 0.4355.17 1.12 1.81 0.4255.33 1.11 1.75 0.4085.50 1.09 1.17 0.401 5.67 1.09 1.65 0.3835.83 1.10 1.61 0.3736.00 1.09 1.59 0.3666.17 1.08 1.57 0.3656.33 1.04 1.55 0.3656.50 1.02 1.51 0.3586.67 1.00 1.47 0.3516.83 0.97 1.43 0.3467.00 0.96 1.39 0.3337.17 0.94 1.35 0.3277.33 0.94 1.30 0.3117.50 0.94 1.26 0.2987.67 0.94 1.23 0.2887.83 0.94 1.21 0.2798.00 0.94 1.18 0.2728.17 0.94 1.16 0.2658.33 0.94 1.14 0.2588.50 0.94 1.12 0.2518.67 0.94 1.10 0.2468.83 0.92 1.08 0.2409.00 0.93 1.07 0.2369.17 0.92 1.06 0.2339.33 0.91 1.04 0.2319.50 0.90 1.02 0.2269.67 0.90 1.00 0.2219.83 0.89 0.99 0.218 10.00 0.88 0.97 0.21310.17 0.87 0.94 0.203 10.33 0.87 0.91 0.19610.50 0.87 0.89 0.18910.67 0.88 0.87 0.17910.83 0.89 0.85 0.17011.00 0.91 0.83 0.16211.17 0.92 0.83 0.15911.33 0.93 0.84 0.15911.50 0.93 0.84 0.16011.67 0.93 0.84 0.16211.83 0.92 0.84 0.16312.00 0.91 0.84 0.16312.17 0.90 0.84 0.16512.33 0.89 0.83 0.16412.50 0.98 0.83 0.165 12.67 0.87 0.82 0.16612.83 0.86 0.81 0.16613.00 0.85 0.80 0.16213.17 0.84 0.79 0.161 13.33 0.84 0.78 0.16013.50 0.83 0.77 0.15913.67 0.82 0.76 0.15713.83 0.81 0.75 0.15414.00 0.81 0.73 0.15114.17 0.80 0.72 0.14914.33 0.80 0.71 0.14614.50 0.79 0.79 0.14414.67 0.79 0.69 0.14114.83 0.78 0.67 0.13815.00 0.78 0.66 0.13515.17 0.78 0.65 0.13115.33 0.78 0.64 0.23815.50 0.77 0.63 0.12615.67 0.77 0.62 0.12315.83 0.77 0.61 0.11916.00 0.77 0.60 0.11616.17 0.78 0.58 0.11216.33 0.78 0.58 0.110 16.50 0.78 0.57 0.10716.67 0.77 0.56 0.10616.83 0.78 0.55 0.10317.00 0.78 0.55 0.10217.17 0.78 0.54 0.10017.33 0.78 0.54 0.09817.50 0.77 0.53 0.09717.67 0.77 0.52 0.09517.83 0.78 0.51 0.09218.00 0.78 0.51 0.09118.17 0.78 0.51 0.09018.33 0.78 0.50 0.08918.50 0.77 0.50 0.08918.67 0.77 0.50 0.08818.83 0.77 0.49 0.08719.00 0.77 0.49 0.08719.17 0.76 0.49 0.08819.33 0.76 0.48 0.08719.50 0.75 0.47 0.08619.67 0.75 0.47 0.08519.83 0.75 0.46 0.08420.00 0.74 0.45 0.08320.17 0.74 0.44 0.08120.33 0.74 0.44 0.08120.50 0.74 0.42 0.08020.67 0.73 0.43 0.07920.83 0.73 0.42 0.07821.00 0.73 0.41 0.077 21.17 0.72 0.40 0.07621.33 0.72 0.39 0.07421.50 0.72 0.38 0.07321.67 0.72 0.38 0.07121.83 0.72 0.37 0.07022.00 0.72 0.36 0.06822.17 0.71 0.35 0.06722.33 0.72 0.34 0.06422.50 0.72 0.34 0.06322.67 0.72 0.33 0.06222.83 0.72 0.32 0.05923.00 0.72 0.31 0.05823.17 0.72 0.30 0.05623.33 0.72 0.29 0.054 23.50 0.73 0.28 0.05023.67 0.73 0.28 0.04923.83 0.74 0.27 0.04724.00 0.74 0.27 0.045 24.17 0.74 0.26 0.04424.33 0.74 0.26 0.04324.50 0.74 0.25 0.04224.67 0.75 0.25 0.04024.83 0.75 0.24 0.03925.00 0.75 0.24 0.03826.00 0.76 0.21 0.03127.00 0.78 0.18 0.02628.00 0.79 0.16 0.02129.00 0.81 0.14 0.01730.00 0.82 0.13 0.014 Lithium 12 0.14 0.659 38.0 0.998 0.54 0.661 12.6 0.9840.75 0.561 7.68 0.9631.05 0.448 5.58 0.9461.35 0.338 4.36 0.9351.65 0.265 3.55 0.925 1.95 0.221 2.94 0.9132.25 0.206 2.48 0.8922.55 0.217 2.11 0.8542.85 0.247 1.82 0.7973.15 0.304 1.60 0.7153.45 0.334 1.45 0.6563.75 0.345 1.32 0.6114.05 0.346 1.21 0.5784.35 0.333 1.11 0.5574.65 0.317 1.01 0.5404.95 0.302 0.906 0.5205.25 0.299 0.795 0.4845.55 0.310 0.688 0.4345.85 0.342 0.594 0.3656.15 0.376 0.522 0.3066.45 0.408 0.460 0.2566.75 0.440 0.407 0.2147.05 0.466 0.364 0.1837.35 0.492 0.320 0.1557.65 0.517 0.282 0.1317.95 0.545 0.246 0.1098.25 0.572 0.214 0.0918.55 0.601 0.189 0.0758.85 0.624 0.163 0.0639.15 0.657 0.144 0.0509.45 0.680 0.130 0.0429.75 0.708 0.119 0.034 10.1 0.726 0.108 0.029 10.4 0.743 0.102 0.02510.6 0.753 0.080 0.022 Magnesium (evaporated) 13 2.145 0.48 3.71 0.880 2.270 0.57 3.47 0.8432.522 0.53 2.92 0.8052.845 0.52 2.65 0.7773.064 0.52 2.05 0.6815.167 0.10 1.60 0.8945.636 0.15 1.50 0.8326.200 0.20 1.40 0.7656.889 0.25 1.30 0.6937.750 0.20 1.20 0.722 8.857 0.15 0.95 0.730 10.335 0.25 0.40 0.419Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) TeamLRN12-141OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Manganese14 0.64 3.89 5.95 0.738 0.77 3.78 5.41 0.7100.89 3.65 5.02 0.6881.02 3.48 4.74 0.6731.14 3.30 4.53 0.6621.26 3.10 4.35 0.6531.39 2.97 4.18 0.6431.51 2.83 4.03 0.6341.64 2.70 3.91 0.6271.76 2.62 3.78 0.6171.88 2.56 3.65 0.6062.01 2.51 3.54 0.5962.13 2.47 3.43 0.5852.26 2.39 3.33 0.5772.38 2.32 3.23 0.5672.50 2.25 3.14 0.5592.63 2.19 3.06 0.5522.75 2.11 2.98 0.5452.88 2.06 2.90 0.536 3.00 2.00 2.82 0.5283.12 1.96 2.74 0.5183.25 1.92 2.67 0.5093.37 1.89 2.59 0.4983.50 1.89 2.51 0.4843.62 1.87 2.45 0.4753.74 1.86 2.38 0.4633.87 1.86 2.32 0.4513.99 1.86 2.25 0.4384.12 1.86 2.19 0.4274.24 1.85 2.14 0.4174.36 1.85 2.08 0.4064.49 1.86 2.03 0.3954.61 1.85 1.99 0.3884.74 1.84 1.94 0.3784.86 1.83 1.91 0.3724.98 1.82 1.86 0.3625.11 1.82 1.82 0.3545.23 1.81 1.79 0.3485.36 1.78 1.76 0.3425.48 1.74 1.73 0.3375.60 1.73 1.70 0.3315.73 1.72 1.67 0.3255.85 1.70 1.64 0.3195.98 1.67 1.61 0.3136.10 1.63 1.58 0.3076.22 1.62 1.55 0.3016.35 1.59 1.52 0.295 6.47 1.55 1.50 0.2926.60 1.48 1.47 0.288 Mercury (liquid) 15 0.2 13.99 14.27 0.869 0.3 11.37 11.95 0.8460.4 9.741 10.65 0.8300.5 8.528 9.805 0.8180.6 7.574 9.195 0.8080.8 6.086 8.312 0.7961.0 4.962 7.643 0.7891.2 4.050 7.082 0.7861.4 3.324 6.558 0.7851.6 2.746 6.054 0.783 1.8 2.284 5.582 0.7822.0 1.910 5.150 0.7822.2 1.620 4.751 0.7802.4 1.384 4.407 0.779 2.6 1.186 4.090 0.7792.8 1.027 3.802 0.7793.0 0.898 3.538 0.7773.2 0.798 3.294 0.7733.4 0.713 3.074 0.7703.6 0.644 2.860 0.7633.8 0.589 2.665 0.7554.0 0.542 2.502 0.7494.2 0.507 2.341 0.7384.4 0.477 2.195 0.7274.6 0.452 2.058 0.7154.8 0.431 1.929 0.7015.0 0.414 1.806 0.6855.2 0.401 1.687 0.6665.4 0.394 1.569 0.6425.6 0.386 1.454 0.6175.7 0.386 1.396 0.6015.8 0.386 1.341 0.5855.9 0.385 1.287 0.569 6.0 0.386 1.232 0.5516.1 0.388 1.176 0.5316.2 0.390 1.118 0.5106.3 0.399 1.058 0.4816.4 0.412 1.002 0.4506.5 0.428 0.949 0.4186.6 0.436 0.898 0.3926.7 0.438 0.836 0.3676.8 0.459 0.756 0.3206.9 0.510 0.676 0.2557.0 0.585 0.617 0.1917.1 0.663 0.589 0.1487.2 0.717 0.584 0.1287.3 0.769 0.575 0.1117.4 0.817 0.574 0.1007.5 0.860 0.580 0.0947.6 0.893 0.597 0.0937.8 0.929 0.623 0.0968.0 0.946 0.639 0.0988.2 0.952 0.645 0.0998.4 0.953 0.638 0.0978.6 0.956 0.624 0.0938.8 0.965 0.607 0.0879.0 0.975 0.588 0.0829.2 0.988 0.568 0.0769.4 1.009 0.548 0.0699.6 1.044 0.541 0.0669.8 1.061 0.557 0.069 10.0 1.062 0.567 0.07110.2 1.054 0.569 0.07210.4 1.045 0.561 0.07010.6 1.041 0.550 0.06810.8 1.039 0.537 0.06511.0 1.039 0.523 0.06211.5 1.050 0.491 0.05512.0 1.064 0.467 0.05012.5 1.078 0.445 0.04513.0 1.092 0.430 0.04213.5 1.104 0.416 0.04014.0 1.115 0.404 0.03814.5 1.125 0.394 0.03715.0 1.135 0.383 0.035 15.5 1.146 0.374 0.03416.0 1.159 0.368 0.03416.5 1.170 0.367 0.03417.0 1.177 0.367 0.034 17.5 1.184 0.366 0.03418.0 1.191 0.367 0.03518.5 1.195 0.367 0.03519.0 1.200 0.366 0.03519.5 1.208 0.364 0.035 Molybdenum 16 0.10 18.53 68.51 0.985 0.15 8.78 47.54 0.9850.20 5.10 35.99 0.9850.25 3.36 28.75 0.9840.30 2.44 23.80 0.9830.34 2.00 20.84 0.9820.38 1.70 18.44 0.9800.42 1.57 16.50 0.9780.46 1.46 14.91 0.9750.50 1.37 13.55 0.9710.54 1.35 12.36 0.9660.58 1.34 11.34 0.960 0.62 1.38 10.44 0.9520.66 1.43 9.67 0.9420.70 1.48 8.99 0.9320.74 1.51 8.38 0.9210.78 1.60 7.83 0.9060.82 1.64 7.35 0.8920.86 1.70 6.89 0.8769.90 1.74 6.48 0.8591.00 1.94 5.58 0.8051.10 2.15 4.85 0.7431.20 2.44 4.22 0.6711.30 2.77 3.74 0.6081.40 3.15 3.40 0.5621.50 3.53 3.30 0.5501.60 3.77 3.41 0.5621.70 3.84 3.51 0.5701.80 3.81 3.58 0.5761.90 3.74 3.58 0.5762.00 3.68 3.52 0.5712.10 3.68 3.45 0.5652.20 3.76 3.41 0.5622.30 3.79 3.61 0.5782.40 3.59 3.78 0.5942.50 3.36 3.73 0.5912.60 3.22 3.61 0.5822.70 3.13 3.51 0.5732.80 3.08 3.42 0.5652.90 3.05 3.33 0.566 3.00 3.04 3.27 0.5503.10 3.03 3.21 0.5443.20 3.05 3.18 0.5403.30 3.06 3.18 0.5403.40 3.06 3.19 0.5413.50 3.06 3.21 0.5433.60 3.05 3.23 0.5463.70 3.04 3.27 0.5503.80 3.04 3.31 0.5543.90 3.04 3.40 0.5644.00 3.01 3.51 0.5764.20 2.77 3.77 0.6104.40 2.39 3.88 0.6404.60 2.06 3.84 0.658 4.80 1.75 3.76 0.6785.00 1.46 3.62 0.6955.20 1.22 3.42 0.706Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) 12-142OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 5.40 1.07 3.20 0.706 5.60 0.96 2.99 0.7005.80 0.89 2.80 0.6886.00 0.85 2.64 0.6746.20 0.81 2.50 0.6606.40 0.79 2.36 0.6416.60 0.78 2.24 0.6196.80 0.78 2.13 0.5927.00 0.80 2.04 0.5687.20 0.81 1.98 0.5487.40 0.81 1.95 0.5427.60 0.75 1.90 0.5527.80 0.71 1.81 0.5428.00 0.69 1.73 0.5308.20 0.67 1.65 0.5128.40 0.66 1.57 0.4958.60 0.65 1.49 0.4758.80 0.65 1.41 0.4509.00 0.65 1.33 0.4209.20 0.67 1.25 0.385 9.40 0.69 1.19 0.3559.60 0.71 1.12 0.3209.80 0.74 1.05 0.285 10.00 0.77 0.99 0.25010.20 0.81 0.93 0.21710.40 0.86 0.88 0.18810.60 0.91 0.83 0.16210.80 0.98 0.79 0.13811.00 1.05 0.77 0.12511.20 1.12 0.78 0.12311.40 1.18 0.80 0.12511.60 1.23 0.85 0.13511.80 1.25 0.89 0.14512.00 1.26 0.92 0.15412.40 1.25 0.98 0.16812.80 1.23 1.00 0.17813.20 1.20 1.02 0.18513.60 1.17 1.02 0.18714.00 1.15 1.01 0.18514.40 1.13 1.00 0.18214.80 1.13 0.99 0.17915.00 1.14 0.99 0.17915.60 1.15 1.01 0.18416.00 1.14 1.04 0.19416.60 1.10 1.10 0.21617.00 1.04 1.12 0.23317.60 0.94 1.14 0.25718.00 0.87 1.12 0.270 18.60 0.77 1.08 0.28319.00 0.71 1.02 0.28419.60 0.66 0.94 0.27520.00 0.64 0.89 0.26420.60 0.62 0.81 0.24521.00 0.61 0.77 0.23421.60 0.61 0.71 0.21522.00 0.60 0.69 0.20722.60 0.59 0.63 0.19523.00 0.58 0.60 0.18523.60 0.58 0.53 0.16624.00 0.58 0.49 0.15124.60 0.60 0.43 0.12425.00 0.62 0.39 0.106 25.60 0.66 0.35 0.08526.00 0.68 0.33 0.07226.50 0.71 0.31 0.06027.00 0.73 0.29 0.050 27.50 0.76 0.28 0.04128.00 0.79 0.27 0.03628.50 0.81 0.26 0.03129.00 0.83 0.26 0.02829.50 0.86 0.26 0.02530.00 0.88 0.26 0.02331.00 0.92 0.29 0.02432.00 0.92 0.32 0.03033.00 0.90 0.33 0.03234.00 0.91 0.34 0.03435.00 0.87 0.37 0.04336.00 0.82 0.34 0.04337.00 0.81 0.30 0.03838.00 0.81 0.27 0.03339.00 0.82 0.25 0.02940.00 0.83 0.23 0.025 Nickel 17 0.10 9.54 45.82 0.983 0.15 5.45 30.56 0.9780.20 4.12 22.48 0.9690.25 4.25 17.68 0.9500.30 4.19 15.05 0.9340.35 4.03 13.05 0.9180.40 3.84 11.43 0.9000.50 4.03 9.64 0.8640.60 3.84 8.35 0.8350.70 3.59 7.48 0.8130.80 3.38 6.82 0.7940.90 3.18 6.23 0.7741.00 3.06 5.74 0.7531.10 2.97 5.38 0.7341.20 2.85 5.10 0.7211.30 2.74 4.85 0.7081.40 2.65 4.63 0.6951.50 2.53 4.47 0.6881.60 2.43 4.31 0.6791.70 2.28 4.18 0.6771.80 2.14 4.01 0.6701.90 2.02 3.82 0.6592.00 1.92 3.65 0.6492.10 1.85 3.48 0.6342.20 1.80 3.33 0.6202.30 1.75 3.19 0.6052.40 1.71 3.06 0.5902.50 1.67 2.93 0.5752.60 1.65 2.81 0.557 2.70 1.64 2.71 0.5422.80 1.63 2.61 0.5252.90 1.62 2.52 0.5093.00 1.61 2.44 0.4953.10 1.61 2.36 0.4803.20 1.61 2.30 0.4673.30 1.61 2.23 0.4543.40 1.62 2.17 0.4413.50 1.63 2.11 0.4283.60 1.64 2.07 0.4163.70 1.66 2.02 0.4053.80 1.69 1.99 0.3973.90 1.72 1.98 0.3934.00 1.73 1.98 0.392 4.20 1.74 2.01 0.3964.40 1.71 2.06 0.4094.60 1.63 2.09 0.4214.80 1.53 2.11 0.435 5.00 1.40 2.10 0.4495.20 1.27 2.04 0.4545.40 1.16 1.94 0.4495.60 1.09 1.83 0.4355.80 1.04 1.73 0.4176.20 1.00 1.54 0.3716.40 1.01 1.46 0.3456.60 1.01 1.40 0.3256.80 1.02 1.35 0.3087.00 1.03 1.30 0.2917.20 1.03 1.27 0.2827.40 1.03 1.24 0.2737.60 1.02 1.22 0.2657.80 1.01 1.18 0.2568.00 1.01 1.15 0.2488.20 1.00 1.13 0.2428.40 0.99 1.11 0.2358.60 0.98 1.08 0.2288.80 0.97 1.05 0.220 9.00 0.97 1.01 0.2119.20 0.96 0.99 0.2039.40 0.95 0.96 0.1949.60 0.95 0.93 0.1859.80 0.95 0.89 0.175 10.00 0.95 0.87 0.16610.20 0.95 0.83 0.15510.40 0.95 0.80 0.14510.60 0.97 0.76 0.12910.80 0.99 0.75 0.12311.00 1.01 0.73 0.11511.25 1.04 0.72 0.11111.50 1.05 0.71 0.10911.75 1.07 0.71 0.10812.00 1.07 0.71 0.10812.25 1.07 0.71 0.10712.50 1.08 0.71 0.10612.75 1.08 0.71 0.10613.00 1.08 0.71 0.10513.25 1.08 0.71 0.10513.50 1.07 0.70 0.10513.75 1.07 0.70 0.10514.00 1.07 0.71 0.10614.25 1.06 0.70 0.10614.50 1.05 0.70 0.10614.75 1.04 0.70 0.10715.00 1.03 0.70 0.10715.25 1.02 0.69 0.106 15.50 1.01 0.69 0.10515.75 1.00 0.68 0.10416.00 0.99 0.67 0.10316.50 0.98 0.66 0.10117.00 0.96 0.64 0.09817.50 0.94 0.63 0.09618.00 0.92 0.61 0.09218.50 0.91 0.58 0.08719.00 0.90 0.56 0.08219.50 0.90 0.54 0.07720.00 0.89 0.51 0.07120.50 0.89 0.49 0.06621.00 0.90 0.47 0.06121.50 0.91 0.46 0.057 22.00 0.91 0.45 0.05522.50 0.91 0.44 0.05323.00 0.92 0.44 0.051Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) TeamLRN12-143OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 23.50 0.91 0.44 0.052 24.00 0.90 0.43 0.05124.50 0.90 0.43 0.05125.00 0.89 0.42 0.05026.00 0.88 0.39 0.04627.00 0.87 0.37 0.04228.00 0.87 0.35 0.04029.00 0.86 0.34 0.03730.00 0.86 0.32 0.03435.00 0.86 0.24 0.02240.00 0.87 0.18 0.01445.00 0.88 0.13 0.00850.00 0.92 0.10 0.00460.00 0.96 0.08 0.00265.00 0.98 0.09 0.00268.00 0.96 0.12 0.00470.00 0.94 0.11 0.00475.00 0.94 0.09 0.00380.00 0.94 0.07 0.00290.00 0.94 0.06 0.002 Niobium 18 0.12 15.99 53.20 0.979 0.20 7.25 34.14 0.9760.24 5.47 28.88 0.9750.28 4.26 24.95 0.9740.35 3.11 20.03 0.9700.45 2.28 15.58 0.9640.55 1.83 12.67 0.9560.65 1.57 10.59 0.9470.75 1.41 9.00 0.9350.85 1.35 7.74 0.9180.95 1.35 6.70 0.8931.05 1.44 5.86 0.8571.15 1.55 5.18 0.8141.25 1.65 4.63 0.7681.35 1.76 4.13 0.7151.45 1.95 3.68 0.6501.55 2.15 3.37 0.5951.65 2.36 3.13 0.5521.75 2.54 2.99 0.5271.85 2.69 2.89 0.5101.95 2.82 2.86 0.5052.05 2.89 2.87 0.5052.15 2.92 2.87 0.5052.25 2.93 2.87 0.5052.35 2.92 2.88 0.5062.45 2.89 2.90 0.509 2.55 2.83 2.92 0.5122.65 2.74 2.90 0.5112.75 2.66 2.86 0.5072.85 2.58 2.80 0.5003.00 2.51 2.68 0.4853.10 2.48 2.60 0.4753.20 2.45 2.53 0.4653.30 2.44 2.45 0.4533.40 2.46 2.38 0.4423.50 2.48 2.33 0.4353.60 2.52 2.29 0.4283.70 2.56 2.27 0.4263.80 2.59 2.28 0.4273.90 2.62 2.29 0.429 4.00 2.64 2.33 0.4344.20 2.64 2.42 0.4474.40 2.53 2.56 0.4674.60 2.39 2.56 0.470 4.80 2.32 2.52 0.4655.00 2.26 2.57 0.4755.20 2.16 2.62 0.4875.40 2.00 2.68 0.5055.60 1.81 2.67 0.5185.80 1.63 2.60 0.5226.00 1.49 2.49 0.5206.20 1.38 2.38 0.5126.40 1.31 2.25 0.4966.60 1.26 2.14 0.4806.80 1.24 2.04 0.4607.00 1.23 1.96 0.4417.20 1.22 1.91 0.4307.40 1.20 1.88 0.4277.60 1.14 1.85 0.4307.80 1.07 1.78 0.4288.00 1.02 1.69 0.4128.20 1.00 1.60 0.3908.40 0.99 1.51 0.365 8.60 0.99 1.43 0.3408.70 0.99 1.39 0.3288.80 1.00 1.36 0.3159.00 1.01 1.29 0.2909.20 1.04 1.22 0.2659.40 1.07 1.18 0.2459.60 1.10 1.13 0.2279.80 1.13 1.09 0.209 10.00 1.18 1.05 0.19410.20 1.23 1.04 0.18710.40 1.27 1.04 0.18510.60 1.30 1.06 0.19010.80 1.32 1.08 0.19511.00 1.32 1.10 0.20011.20 1.31 1.12 0.20411.40 1.30 1.13 0.20711.60 1.28 1.13 0.20911.80 1.27 1.13 0.21012.00 1.25 1.12 0.20912.40 1.24 1.10 0.20412.80 1.24 1.09 0.20013.20 1.24 1.09 0.20113.60 1.23 1.12 0.20814.00 1.20 1.13 0.21614.40 1.16 1.15 0.22514.80 1.11 1.16 0.23415.00 1.08 1.16 0.23815.60 0.99 1.14 0.247 16.00 0.92 1.11 0.25016.60 0.85 1.04 0.24517.00 0.80 0.99 0.24017.20 0.79 0.96 0.23617.40 0.77 0.93 0.23017.80 0.75 0.87 0.21718.00 0.74 0.85 0.20918.60 0.73 0.77 0.18519.00 0.72 0.72 0.17019.60 0.72 0.66 0.15020.00 0.72 0.62 0.13720.60 0.71 0.55 0.11921.00 0.72 0.50 0.10021.60 0.75 0.43 0.075 22.00 0.78 0.40 0.06322.60 0.82 0.35 0.04523.00 0.85 0.33 0.03823.60 0.88 0.30 0.029 24.00 0.91 0.29 0.02524.60 0.94 0.28 0.02225.00 0.96 0.27 0.02025.60 0.99 0.26 0.01826.00 1.00 0.26 0.01726.60 1.03 0.25 0.01627.00 1.04 0.25 0.01527.60 1.06 0.25 0.01528.00 1.08 0.24 0.01528.60 1.11 0.24 0.01629.00 1.13 0.25 0.01729.60 1.16 0.26 0.02030.00 1.18 0.28 0.02331.00 1.18 0.31 0.02632.00 1.20 0.34 0.03133.00 1.21 0.38 0.03834.00 1.20 0.42 0.04435.20 1.17 0.47 0.05136.00 1.15 0.50 0.056 37.50 1.07 0.53 0.06439.50 0.95 0.50 0.06340.50 0.92 0.47 0.059 Osmium (Polycrystalline) 9 0.10 4.08 50.23 0.994 0.15 2.90 33.60 0.9900.20 2.44 25.11 0.9850.25 2.35 19.99 0.9770.30 2.23 16.54 0.9690.35 2.33 14.06 0.9550.40 2.45 12.32 0.9400.45 2.43 11.02 0.9270.50 2.41 9.97 0.9130.55 2.33 9.12 0.9010.60 2.21 8.37 0.8900.65 2.11 7.68 0.8770.70 2.02 7.04 0.8620.75 2.00 6.46 0.8420.80 2.00 5.95 0.8200.85 2.01 5.51 0.7960.90 2.03 5.10 0.7690.95 2.05 4.74 0.7421.00 2.09 4.41 0.7121.10 2.15 3.84 0.6511.20 2.16 3.35 0.5921.30 2.25 2.77 0.5061.40 2.49 2.23 0.419 1.50 2.84 1.80 0.3691.60 3.36 1.62 0.3791.70 3.70 1.75 0.4111.80 3.78 1.83 0.4231.90 3.81 1.75 0.4182.00 3.98 1.60 0.4182.10 4.26 1.54 0.4322.20 4.58 1.62 0.4572.30 4.84 1.76 0.4792.40 5.10 2.01 0.5062.50 5.28 2.38 0.5322.60 5.36 2.82 0.5572.70 5.30 3.29 0.5802.80 5.07 3.78 0.603 2.90 4.65 4.18 0.6243.00 4.05 4.40 0.6393.20 3.29 3.96 0.614Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) 12-144OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 3.40 2.93 3.79 0.607 3.60 2.75 3.45 0.5773.80 2.73 3.32 0.5624.00 2.71 3.34 0.5654.20 2.53 3.44 0.5844.40 2.24 3.44 0.5994.60 2.01 3.31 0.5984.80 1.88 3.19 0.5925.00 1.74 3.12 0.5965.20 1.58 3.00 0.5975.40 1.46 2.88 0.5935.60 1.36 2.77 0.5895.80 1.27 2.65 0.5826.00 1.20 2.54 0.5756.20 1.13 2.44 0.5716.40 1.06 2.33 0.5626.60 1.01 2.21 0.5486.80 0.97 2.11 0.5327.00 0.95 2.00 0.5147.20 0.92 1.91 0.497 7.40 0.91 1.81 0.4767.60 0.90 1.72 0.4517.80 0.90 1.63 0.4268.00 0.91 1.55 0.4008.20 0.91 1.48 0.3758.40 0.94 1.40 0.3448.60 0.96 1.34 0.3198.80 0.98 1.29 0.2969.00 1.01 1.24 0.2749.20 1.04 1.19 0.2559.40 1.08 1.16 0.2389.60 1.10 1.14 0.2299.80 1.13 1.11 0.217 10.00 1.16 1.10 0.20910.20 1.19 1.08 0.20310.30 1.20 1.08 0.20110.40 1.22 1.08 0.20010.50 1.23 1.09 0.20110.60 1.24 1.10 0.20310.80 1.25 1.11 0.20611.00 1.24 1.13 0.21311.20 1.23 1.14 0.21711.40 1.19 1.15 0.22311.60 1.17 1.12 0.21611.80 1.16 1.10 0.21112.00 1.15 1.08 0.20512.40 1.14 1.03 0.19112.80 1.15 1.01 0.183 13.20 1.16 0.98 0.17413.60 1.17 0.97 0.17014.00 1.17 0.96 0.16914.40 1.16 0.94 0.16514.80 1.16 0.91 0.15615.20 1.17 0.89 0.14815.60 1.20 0.86 0.14016.00 1.25 0.87 0.14016.40 1.28 0.90 0.14716.80 1.28 0.94 0.15717.20 1.27 0.97 0.16717.60 1.26 1.01 0.17818.00 1.23 1.04 0.18918.40 1.19 1.08 0.200 18.80 1.14 1.10 0.21019.20 1.10 1.10 0.21919.60 1.05 1.11 0.22720.00 0.96 1.10 0.239 20.40 0.93 1.09 0.24020.80 0.89 1.05 0.24021.20 0.86 1.02 0.23721.60 0.83 0.99 0.23522.00 0.80 0.96 0.23022.40 0.78 0.93 0.22622.80 0.77 0.90 0.22023.20 0.75 0.88 0.21723.60 0.75 0.86 0.21124.00 0.73 0.84 0.20924.40 0.72 0.82 0.20724.80 0.70 0.80 0.20525.20 0.69 0.77 0.20225.60 0.67 0.75 0.19926.00 0.66 0.72 0.19526.40 0.65 0.69 0.18926.80 0.63 0.66 0.18327.20 0.65 0.62 0.16528.00 0.64 0.59 0.156 28.40 0.64 0.57 0.14828.80 0.65 0.55 0.14029.20 0.65 0.53 0.13429.60 0.65 0.51 0.12830.00 0.65 0.49 0.12131.00 0.65 0.45 0.11132.00 0.66 0.41 0.09533.00 0.68 0.37 0.07934.00 0.70 0.34 0.06835.00 0.72 0.31 0.05736.00 0.74 0.29 0.04837.00 0.77 0.27 0.04038.00 0.79 0.26 0.03539.00 0.81 0.26 0.03140.00 0.84 0.26 0.026 Palladium 19 0.10 4.13 54.15 0.994 0.15 3.13 35.82 0.9900.20 3.07 26.59 0.9830.26 3.11 20.15 0.9710.30 3.56 17.27 0.9550.36 3.98 14.41 0.9320.40 4.27 13.27 0.9160.46 4.27 12.11 0.9020.50 4.10 11.44 0.8960.56 3.92 10.49 0.8830.60 3.80 9.96 0.876 0.72 3.51 8.70 0.8540.80 3.35 8.06 0.8401.00 2.99 6.89 0.8111.10 2.81 6.46 0.8001.20 2.65 6.10 0.7901.30 2.50 5.78 0.7811.40 2.34 5.50 0.7741.50 2.17 5.22 0.7671.60 2.08 4.95 0.7551.70 2.00 4.72 0.7451.80 1.92 4.54 0.7371.90 1.82 4.35 0.7292.00 1.75 4.18 0.7212.10 1.67 4.03 0.714 2.20 1.60 3.88 0.7072.30 1.53 3.75 0.7002.40 1.47 3.61 0.6932.50 1.41 3.48 0.685 2.60 1.37 3.36 0.6762.70 1.32 3.25 0.6682.80 1.29 3.13 0.6582.90 1.26 3.03 0.6483.00 1.23 2.94 0.6393.10 1.20 2.85 0.6303.20 1.17 2.77 0.6223.30 1.14 2.68 0.6133.40 1.12 2.60 0.6023.50 1.10 2.52 0.5913.60 1.08 2.45 0.5813.70 1.07 2.38 0.5703.80 1.06 2.31 0.5583.90 1.05 2.25 0.5474.00 1.03 2.19 0.5374.20 1.04 2.09 0.5104.40 1.03 2.01 0.4934.60 1.03 1.94 0.4764.80 1.01 1.90 0.470 5.00 0.96 1.86 0.4725.20 0.90 1.79 0.4745.40 0.85 1.70 0.4635.60 0.81 1.62 0.4495.80 0.78 1.54 0.4376.00 0.76 1.45 0.4186.20 0.74 1.37 0.3976.40 0.73 1.29 0.3756.60 0.72 1.21 0.3506.80 0.73 1.13 0.3167.00 0.73 1.05 0.2877.20 0.75 0.98 0.2557.40 0.77 0.91 0.2237.60 0.79 0.85 0.1957.80 0.83 0.78 0.1638.00 0.88 0.73 0.1338.20 0.94 0.70 0.1178.40 0.96 0.70 0.1148.60 1.00 0.65 0.0978.80 1.04 0.65 0.0949.00 1.07 0.64 0.0909.50 1.12 0.65 0.089 10.00 1.14 0.65 0.08810.50 1.16 0.65 0.08711.00 1.18 0.64 0.08611.50 1.19 0.65 0.08712.00 1.20 0.66 0.08912.50 1.19 0.67 0.091 13.00 1.18 0.67 0.09113.50 1.18 0.67 0.09214.00 1.17 0.67 0.09314.50 1.15 0.68 0.09515.00 1.13 0.69 0.09815.50 1.10 0.68 0.09616.00 1.08 0.66 0.09216.50 1.06 0.63 0.08617.00 1.07 0.61 0.08117.50 1.06 0.61 0.08018.00 1.07 0.59 0.07718.50 1.07 0.59 0.07719.00 1.08 0.59 0.07719.50 1.08 0.61 0.080 20.00 1.07 0.65 0.09020.50 1.03 0.67 0.09821.00 0.99 0.67 0.103Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) TeamLRN12-145OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 21.50 0.95 0.66 0.103 22.00 0.91 0.64 0.10322.50 0.88 0.62 0.10123.00 0.86 0.59 0.09723.50 0.85 0.56 0.09124.00 0.84 0.54 0.08625.00 0.81 0.51 0.08426.40 0.80 0.43 0.06627.80 0.81 0.38 0.05229.20 0.82 0.35 0.046 Platinum 20 0.10 13.21 44.72 0.976 0.15 8.18 31.16 0.9690.20 5.90 23.95 0.9620.25 4.70 19.40 0.9540.30 3.92 16.16 0.9450.35 3.28 13.66 0.9360.40 2.81 11.38 0.9220.45 3.03 9.31 0.882 0.50 3.91 7.71 0.8130.55 4.58 7.14 0.7770.60 5.13 6.75 0.7530.65 5.52 6.66 0.7460.70 5.71 6.83 0.7510.75 5.57 7.02 0.7590.80 5.31 7.04 0.7620.85 5.05 6.98 0.7630.90 4.77 6.91 0.7650.95 4.50 6.77 0.7631.00 4.25 6.62 0.7621.10 3.86 6.24 0.7531.20 3.55 5.92 0.7461.30 3.29 5.61 0.7361.40 3.10 5.32 0.7251.50 2.92 5.07 0.7161.60 2.76 4.84 0.7061.70 2.63 4.64 0.6971.80 2.51 4.43 0.6861.90 2.38 4.26 0.6782.00 2.30 4.07 0.6642.10 2.23 3.92 0.6542.20 2.17 3.77 0.6422.30 2.10 3.67 0.6362.40 2.03 3.54 0.6262.50 1.96 3.42 0.6162.60 1.91 3.30 0.6052.70 1.87 3.20 0.595 2.80 1.83 3.10 0.5852.90 1.79 3.01 0.5753.00 1.75 2.92 0.5653.20 1.68 2.76 0.5463.40 1.63 2.62 0.5273.60 1.58 2.48 0.5073.80 1.53 2.37 0.4914.00 1.49 2.25 0.4724.20 1.45 2.14 0.4524.40 1.43 2.04 0.4324.60 1.39 1.95 0.4154.80 1.38 1.85 0.3925.00 1.36 1.76 0.3725.20 1.36 1.67 0.350 5.40 1.36 1.61 0.3325.60 1.36 1.54 0.3155.80 1.36 1.47 0.2956.00 1.38 1.40 0.276 6.20 1.39 1.35 0.2616.40 1.42 1.29 0.2466.60 1.45 1.26 0.2366.80 1.48 1.24 0.2317.00 1.50 1.24 0.2307.20 1.50 1.25 0.2317.40 1.49 1.23 0.2287.60 1.48 1.22 0.2257.80 1.48 1.20 0.2218.00 1.47 1.18 0.2168.20 1.47 1.17 0.2128.40 1.47 1.15 0.2098.60 1.47 1.14 0.2058.80 1.47 1.13 0.2029.00 1.48 1.12 0.2009.20 1.49 1.11 0.1989.40 1.49 1.12 0.2009.60 1.49 1.13 0.2039.80 1.48 1.15 0.207 10.00 1.46 1.15 0.20910.20 1.43 1.16 0.21110.40 1.40 1.15 0.21010.60 1.37 1.14 0.20710.80 1.35 1.12 0.20311.00 1.33 1.10 0.19911.20 1.31 1.08 0.19411.40 1.30 1.06 0.18811.60 1.29 1.04 0.18311.80 1.29 1.01 0.17712.00 1.29 1.00 0.17312.40 1.29 0.97 0.16512.80 1.29 0.94 0.15813.20 1.31 0.93 0.15513.60 1.31 0.93 0.15514.00 1.31 0.93 0.15514.40 1.30 0.93 0.15614.80 1.27 0.93 0.15715.20 1.27 0.93 0.15515.60 1.25 0.92 0.15116.00 1.24 0.89 0.14616.50 1.24 0.87 0.14217.00 1.25 0.86 0.13817.50 1.27 0.85 0.13518.00 1.31 0.88 0.14218.50 1.30 0.94 0.15719.00 1.28 0.99 0.17119.50 1.23 1.03 0.184 20.00 1.18 1.06 0.19720.50 1.11 1.09 0.21221.00 1.03 1.10 0.22621.50 0.94 1.08 0.23822.00 0.87 1.04 0.24022.50 0.81 0.98 0.23523.00 0.77 0.92 0.22623.50 0.75 0.87 0.21324.00 0.74 0.82 0.20124.50 0.73 0.77 0.18725.00 0.73 0.73 0.17425.50 0.73 0.70 0.16226.00 0.74 0.67 0.15026.50 0.74 0.65 0.142 27.00 0.74 0.63 0.13627.50 0.74 0.62 0.13028.00 0.75 0.60 0.12528.50 0.75 0.59 0.121 29.00 0.75 0.58 0.11829.50 0.74 0.58 0.12030.00 0.73 0.58 0.124 Potassium 21 0.55 0.139 7.10 0.989 0.58 0.119 6.72 0.9900.63 0.106 6.32 0.9900.67 0.091 5.79 0.9900.73 0.079 5.30 0.9890.81 0.066 4.75 0.9890.92 0.056 4.19 0.9881.05 0.044 3.58 0.9871.23 0.040 3.04 0.9851.44 0.040 2.56 0.9791.65 0.044 2.19 0.9701.87 0.050 1.84 0.9552.07 0.053 1.62 0.9432.27 0.049 1.43 0.938 2.45 0.046 1.28 0.9332.64 0.043 1.14 0.9282.82 0.043 1.02 0.9192.95 0.041 0.898 0.9133.06 0.041 0.799 0.9053.40 0.052 0.549 0.8523.71 0.089 0.288 0.7193.97 0.287 0.091 0.3104.00 0.34 0.08 0.2454.065 0.38 0.07 0.2044.133 0.41 0.07 0.1774.203 0.45 0.06 0.1454.275 0.48 0.06 0.1254.350 0.52 0.05 0.1014.428 0.55 0.05 0.0854.509 0.58 0.05 0.0724.592 0.61 0.05 0.0604.679 0.64 0.04 0.0494.769 0.66 0.04 0.0434.862 0.68 0.04 0.0374.959 0.70 0.04 0.0325.061 0.72 0.04 0.0275.166 0.74 0.04 0.0235.276 0.76 0.04 0.0195.391 0.78 0.04 0.0165.510 0.79 0.05 0.0155.637 0.81 0.05 0.0125.767 0.83 0.05 0.009 6.048 0.85 0.05 0.0076.199 0.87 0.05 0.0066.358 0.88 0.05 0.0056.526 0.90 0.06 0.0046.702 0.91 0.06 0.0036.888 0.92 0.06 0.0037.085 0.92 0.06 0.0037.293 0.93 0.06 0.0027.514 0.93 0.06 0.0027.749 0.94 0.06 0.0027.999 0.94 0.06 0.0028.260 0.94 0.06 0.0028.551 0.94 0.06 0.0028.856 0.94 0.05 0.002 9.184 0.94 0.05 0.0029.537 0.94 0.04 0.0019.919 0.94 0.04 0.001Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) 12-146 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 10.33 0.94 0.03 0.001 11.0 0.0312.0 0.028 Rhenium, single crystal, E /H14067 ˆc 9 0.10 6.06 51.03 0.991 0.15 4.66 33.96 0.9840.20 4.16 25.36 0.9750.25 4.03 20.10 0.9620.30 4.37 16.69 0.9430.35 4.50 14.53 0.9250.40 4.53 12.96 0.9090.45 4.53 11.78 0.8930.50 4.53 10.88 0.8780.55 4.50 10.26 0.8670.60 4.29 9.75 0.8610.65 4.07 9.35 0.8560.70 3.80 8.94 0.8530.75 3.48 8.55 0.8500.80 3.21 8.10 0.846 0.85 2.96 7.68 0.8410.90 2.73 7.24 0.8350.95 2.56 6.79 0.8261.00 2.45 6.36 0.8131.10 2.38 5.61 0.7781.20 2.35 5.02 0.7421.30 2.39 4.54 0.7021.40 2.44 4.13 0.6621.50 2.50 3.79 0.6241.60 2.59 3.49 0.5871.70 2.70 3.27 0.5571.80 2.82 3.10 0.5351.90 2.90 3.00 0.5202.00 2.97 2.91 0.5102.10 3.03 2.86 0.5042.20 3.06 2.84 0.5012.30 3.07 2.82 0.4992.40 3.06 2.81 0.4982.50 3.02 2.80 0.4972.60 2.96 2.77 0.4932.70 2.89 2.68 0.4822.80 2.89 2.57 0.4682.90 2.99 2.47 0.4573.00 3.11 2.57 0.4703.20 2.90 2.68 0.4823.40 2.83 2.50 0.4593.60 2.93 2.48 0.4573.80 2.86 2.56 0.467 4.00 2.81 2.51 0.4604.20 2.86 2.55 0.4664.40 2.81 2.74 0.4894.60 2.56 2.83 0.5044.80 2.41 2.71 0.4935.00 2.39 2.68 0.4885.20 2.34 2.75 0.5005.40 2.20 2.81 0.5155.60 2.02 2.84 0.5305.80 1.83 2.80 0.5386.00 1.65 2.71 0.5416.20 1.54 2.59 0.5326.40 1.45 2.50 0.5266.80 1.32 2.31 0.508 7.00 1.26 2.23 0.5007.20 1.20 2.15 0.4937.40 1.16 2.06 0.4807.60 1.12 1.99 0.470 7.80 1.08 1.89 0.4548.00 1.05 1.80 0.4358.20 1.05 1.71 0.4118.40 1.05 1.62 0.3868.60 1.06 1.55 0.3608.80 1.09 1.48 0.3369.00 1.11 1.43 0.3179.20 1.13 1.39 0.3019.40 1.16 1.34 0.2819.60 1.18 1.32 0.2749.80 1.20 1.29 0.264 10.00 1.23 1.26 0.25210.20 1.25 1.25 0.24610.40 1.28 1.25 0.24210.60 1.29 1.25 0.24210.80 1.30 1.26 0.24411.00 1.30 1.27 0.24711.20 1.29 1.28 0.24911.40 1.28 1.28 0.252 11.60 1.26 1.28 0.25211.80 1.24 1.26 0.24912.00 1.23 1.24 0.24412.40 1.22 1.21 0.23712.80 1.21 1.18 0.23013.20 1.22 1.16 0.22213.60 1.22 1.13 0.21514.00 1.24 1.12 0.20914.40 1.27 1.11 0.20414.80 1.29 1.15 0.21315.20 1.29 1.19 0.22515.60 1.26 1.22 0.23616.00 1.23 1.25 0.24816.40 1.19 1.27 0.25916.80 1.14 1.29 0.26917.00 1.12 1.30 0.27517.40 1.07 1.30 0.28618.00 0.99 1.30 0.30018.40 0.93 1.29 0.31118.80 0.87 1.28 0.32119.20 0.81 1.25 0.33019.60 0.77 1.21 0.33220.00 0.73 1.18 0.33320.40 0.70 1.14 0.33220.80 0.67 1.11 0.33221.20 0.64 1.08 0.33421.60 0.61 1.04 0.33522.00 0.58 1.01 0.340 22.40 0.55 0.97 0.34122.80 0.53 0.93 0.33823.20 0.51 0.89 0.33423.60 0.50 0.85 0.32924.00 0.48 0.80 0.31924.40 0.48 0.76 0.20724.80 0.47 0.72 0.29625.20 0.47 0.68 0.28225.60 0.47 0.65 0.27026.00 0.47 0.61 0.25526.40 0.48 0.57 0.24026.80 0.48 0.54 0.22527.20 0.49 0.51 0.20827.60 0.50 0.48 0.193 28.00 0.51 0.45 0.17629.00 0.54 0.39 0.14530.00 0.57 0.33 0.11431.00 0.62 0.29 0.086 32.00 0.66 0.26 0.06533.00 0.68 0.24 0.05434.00 0.72 0.21 0.04135.00 0.76 0.20 0.03136.00 0.79 0.20 0.02537.00 0.82 0.19 0.02138.00 0.85 0.20 0.01839.00 0.89 0.21 0.01640.00 0.88 0.26 0.02242.00 0.88 0.26 0.02244.00 0.89 0.29 0.02646.00 0.85 0.32 0.03548.00 0.82 0.30 0.03650.00 0.80 0.30 0.03852.00 0.78 0.30 0.04454.00 0.72 0.30 0.05556.00 0.66 0.24 0.06158.00 0.65 0.16 0.055 Rhenium, single crystal, E ⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ ˆc 9 0.10 4.25 42.83 0.991 0.15 3.28 28.08 0.9840.20 3.28 20.66 0.9710.25 3.47 16.27 0.9510.30 3.73 13.44 0.9260.35 3.93 11.54 0.9000.40 3.99 10.15 0.8750.45 4.17 9.03 0.8460.50 4.34 8.26 0.8210.55 4.45 7.73 0.8010.60 4.53 7.40 0.7880.65 4.44 7.26 0.7840.70 4.13 7.09 0.7840.75 3.77 6.75 0.7790.80 3.55 6.32 0.7660.85 3.39 5.95 0.7520.90 3.26 5.61 0.7370.95 3.17 5.27 0.7191.00 3.09 4.96 0.7011.10 3.05 4.39 0.6581.20 3.08 3.89 0.6131.30 3.20 3.56 0.5781.40 3.23 3.38 0.5591.50 3.23 3.12 0.5321.60 3.29 2.88 0.5071.70 3.38 2.72 0.4911.80 3.47 2.59 0.480 1.90 3.54 2.50 0.4732.00 3.63 2.43 0.4692.10 3.74 2.40 0.4702.20 3.83 2.38 0.4722.30 3.93 2.44 0.4812.40 4.00 2.55 0.4922.50 4.01 2.70 0.5052.60 3.90 2.84 0.5142.70 3.74 2.92 0.5172.80 3.57 2.88 0.5112.90 3.49 2.75 0.4973.00 3.53 2.71 0.4933.20 3.55 2.84 0.5063.40 3.34 2.88 0.508 3.60 3.25 2.83 0.5013.80 3.24 2.84 0.5024.00 3.19 2.94 0.513Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) → → TeamLRN12-147OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 4.20 3.05 3.06 0.526 4.40 2.88 3.15 0.5394.60 2.67 3.18 0.5484.80 2.44 3.17 0.5545.00 2.25 3.12 0.5565.20 2.10 3.04 0.5555.40 1.96 2.96 0.5535.60 1.84 2.88 0.5515.80 1.73 2.81 0.5496.00 1.61 2.74 0.5496.20 1.51 2.64 0.5456.40 1.42 2.56 0.5416.80 1.28 2.37 0.5267.00 1.22 2.28 0.5177.20 1.16 2.19 0.5087.40 1.12 2.08 0.4937.60 1.12 1.98 0.4687.80 1.08 1.93 0.4638.00 1.05 1.83 0.4438.20 1.05 1.74 0.418 8.40 1.05 1.66 0.3978.60 1.06 1.58 0.3728.80 1.07 1.52 0.3519.00 1.09 1.46 0.3279.20 1.11 1.41 0.3099.40 1.14 1.36 0.2909.60 1.17 1.31 0.2739.80 1.20 1.27 0.258 10.00 1.24 1.24 0.24410.20 1.29 1.22 0.23410.40 1.33 1.23 0.23310.60 1.36 1.25 0.23810.80 1.38 1.28 0.24511.00 1.37 1.31 0.25311.20 1.36 1.33 0.25911.40 1.33 1.34 0.26411.60 1.31 1.34 0.26611.80 1.28 1.33 0.26612.00 1.26 1.32 0.26412.40 1.23 1.29 0.25712.80 1.22 1.26 0.25113.20 1.20 1.23 0.24513.60 1.19 1.20 0.23614.00 1.20 1.16 0.22514.40 1.22 1.13 0.21414.80 1.27 1.12 0.20715.20 1.31 1.17 0.21815.60 1.31 1.23 0.234 16.00 1.28 1.28 0.25116.40 1.24 1.33 0.27016.80 1.17 1.37 0.28817.00 1.14 1.38 0.29717.40 1.06 1.39 0.31418.00 0.95 1.38 0.33418.40 0.88 1.36 0.34618.80 0.82 1.33 0.35519.20 0.76 1.29 0.36019.60 0.72 1.25 0.36320.00 0.67 1.21 0.36920.40 0.64 1.15 0.36420.80 0.61 1.10 0.35721.20 0.60 1.06 0.349 21.60 0.58 1.02 0.34222.00 0.57 0.98 0.33622.40 0.56 0.95 0.32822.80 0.55 0.92 0.325 23.20 0.53 0.89 0.32223.60 0.52 0.85 0.31724.00 0.50 0.82 0.31424.40 0.49 0.79 0.30924.80 0.48 0.75 0.30325.20 0.47 0.72 0.29525.60 0.47 0.68 0.28626.00 0.46 0.64 0.27626.40 0.46 0.61 0.26326.80 0.46 0.57 0.24927.20 0.47 0.53 0.23127.60 0.48 0.50 0.21628.00 0.49 0.47 0.19829.00 0.51 0.41 0.16430.00 0.55 0.34 0.12931.00 0.59 0.29 0.09732.00 0.64 0.26 0.07233.00 0.67 0.24 0.06034.00 0.70 0.22 0.047 35.00 0.74 0.20 0.03636.00 0.77 0.19 0.02937.00 0.80 0.19 0.02338.00 0.84 0.19 0.01839.00 0.88 0.21 0.01640.00 0.87 0.25 0.02342.00 0.87 0.25 0.02344.00 0.88 0.28 0.02646.00 0.84 0.31 0.03548.00 0.82 0.30 0.03650.00 0.80 0.30 0.03952.00 0.77 0.30 0.04454.00 0.71 0.29 0.05556.00 0.66 0.23 0.06158.00 0.64 0.16 0.055 Rhodium 11 0.10 18.48 69.43 0.986 0.20 8.66 37.46 0.9770.30 5.85 25.94 0.9670.40 4.74 19.80 0.9550.50 4.20 16.07 0.9410.60 3.87 13.51 0.9250.70 3.67 11.72 0.9080.80 3.63 10.34 0.8870.90 3.62 9.36 0.8671.00 3.71 8.67 0.8481.10 3.67 8.26 0.837 1.20 3.51 7.94 0.8321.30 3.26 7.63 0.8291.40 3.01 7.31 0.8271.50 2.78 6.97 0.8231.60 2.60 6.64 0.8181.70 2.42 6.33 0.8131.80 2.30 6.02 0.8051.90 2.20 5.76 0.7982.00 2.12 5.51 0.7892.10 2.05 5.30 0.7802.20 2.00 5.11 0.7722.30 1.94 4.94 0.7652.40 1.90 4.78 0.7562.50 1.88 4.65 0.748 2.60 1.85 4.55 0.7432.70 1.80 4.49 0.7422.90 1.63 4.36 0.7483.00 1.53 4.29 0.753 3.10 1.41 4.20 0.7603.20 1.30 4.09 0.7643.30 1.20 3.97 0.7673.40 1.11 3.84 0.7693.50 1.04 3.71 0.7683.60 0.99 3.58 0.7643.70 0.95 3.45 0.7593.80 0.91 3.34 0.7533.90 0.88 3.23 0.7474.00 0.86 3.12 0.7394.20 0.83 2.94 0.7224.40 0.80 2.76 0.7064.60 0.78 2.60 0.6844.80 0.79 2.46 0.6595.00 0.79 2.34 0.6355.20 0.79 2.23 0.6135.40 0.80 2.14 0.5915.60 0.80 2.06 0.5735.80 0.79 2.00 0.561 6.00 0.76 1.93 0.5566.20 0.73 1.85 0.5446.40 0.70 1.77 0.5346.60 0.68 1.69 0.5186.80 0.67 1.60 0.4987.00 0.66 1.52 0.4767.20 0.66 1.43 0.4527.40 0.66 1.35 0.4237.60 0.67 1.27 0.3947.80 0.68 1.20 0.3638.00 0.69 1.12 0.3298.20 0.71 1.04 0.2888.40 0.74 0.97 0.2528.60 0.78 0.89 0.2128.80 0.83 0.83 0.1799.00 0.88 0.77 0.1489.20 0.95 0.73 0.1259.40 1.01 0.71 0.1109.60 1.07 0.69 0.1029.80 1.12 0.69 0.098 10.00 1.17 0.69 0.09810.60 1.26 0.73 0.10611.00 1.29 0.76 0.11311.60 1.32 0.80 0.12412.00 1.32 0.82 0.12712.60 1.32 0.82 0.12913.00 1.32 0.83 0.13113.60 1.32 0.85 0.134 14.00 1.32 0.86 0.13814.60 1.30 0.89 0.14415.00 1.28 0.90 0.14715.60 1.25 0.90 0.14716.00 1.24 0.89 0.14716.50 1.23 0.88 0.14517.00 1.22 0.88 0.14417.50 1.22 0.87 0.14318.00 1.23 0.88 0.14518.50 1.25 0.92 0.15519.00 1.24 0.98 0.17219.50 1.18 1.05 0.19320.00 1.10 1.09 0.21320.50 1.00 1.09 0.230 21.00 0.91 1.05 0.23421.50 0.86 1.00 0.22822.00 0.83 0.95 0.219Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) 12-148OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 22.50 0.81 0.92 0.214 23.00 0.79 0.90 0.21323.50 0.75 0.87 0.21424.00 0.73 0.84 0.21024.50 0.70 0.81 0.20825.00 0.69 0.77 0.20225.50 0.67 0.74 0.19526.00 0.66 0.70 0.18826.50 0.65 0.66 0.17627.00 0.65 0.64 0.16827.50 0.65 0.61 0.15928.00 0.65 0.59 0.15229.00 0.65 0.54 0.13730.00 0.66 0.51 0.12731.00 0.64 0.49 0.12732.00 0.61 0.44 0.12633.00 0.60 0.37 0.11034.00 0.65 0.30 0.07435.00 0.69 0.28 0.05836.00 0.73 0.27 0.049 37.00 0.74 0.28 0.04738.00 0.74 0.27 0.04539.00 0.75 0.25 0.041 Ruthenium, single crystal, E /H14067 ˆc 9 0.10 11.50 51.38 0.984 0.20 5.93 27.14 0.9700.30 4.33 18.50 0.9530.40 3.60 13.97 0.9330.50 3.18 11.04 0.9090.60 3.28 8.89 0.8650.70 3.62 7.73 0.8220.80 3.42 7.02 0.8010.90 3.25 6.12 0.7661.00 3.39 5.33 0.7151.10 3.66 4.83 0.6751.20 3.84 4.57 0.6541.30 3.94 4.38 0.6381.40 4.02 4.19 0.6241.50 4.16 4.07 0.6141.60 4.33 4.08 0.6151.70 4.42 4.21 0.6241.80 4.40 4.38 0.6361.90 4.29 4.61 0.6512.00 4.04 4.81 0.6672.10 3.69 4.90 0.6792.20 3.35 4.82 0.6832.30 3.09 4.70 0.681 2.40 2.89 4.55 0.6772.50 2.74 4.40 0.6712.60 2.64 4.25 0.6632.70 2.58 4.14 0.6562.80 2.54 4.05 0.6502.90 2.48 4.03 0.6503.00 2.38 4.03 0.6563.10 2.26 4.00 0.6613.20 2.13 3.96 0.6663.30 2.00 3.91 0.6713.40 1.87 3.83 0.6733.50 1.76 3.74 0.6743.60 1.66 3.65 0.6753.70 1.57 3.55 0.673 3.80 1.49 3.45 0.6723.90 1.42 3.35 0.6684.00 1.37 3.24 0.6614.20 1.29 3.08 0.649 4.40 1.22 2.93 0.6394.60 1.16 2.79 0.6284.80 1.11 2.67 0.6175.00 1.06 2.56 0.6075.20 1.01 2.46 0.6005.40 0.95 2.35 0.5935.60 0.92 2.23 0.5765.80 0.90 2.14 0.5596.00 0.88 2.05 0.5456.20 0.87 1.98 0.5316.40 0.84 1.91 0.5216.60 0.82 1.84 0.5106.80 0.79 1.77 0.5007.00 0.76 1.69 0.4897.20 0.75 1.61 0.4727.40 0.73 1.54 0.4557.60 0.73 1.46 0.4337.80 0.73 1.39 0.4118.00 0.72 1.33 0.391 8.20 0.72 1.26 0.3668.40 0.73 1.20 0.3428.60 0.74 1.14 0.3188.80 0.74 1.08 0.2959.00 0.75 1.02 0.2679.20 0.77 0.97 0.2439.40 0.79 0.91 0.2179.60 0.82 0.86 0.1909.80 0.85 0.81 0.167 10.00 0.88 0.76 0.14410.20 0.92 0.72 0.12510.40 0.96 0.69 0.11010.60 1.01 0.67 0.10010.80 1.05 0.66 0.09411.00 1.09 0.65 0.09011.20 1.12 0.65 0.08811.40 1.15 0.65 0.08711.60 1.18 0.65 0.08811.80 1.21 0.66 0.09012.00 1.23 0.67 0.09212.40 1.26 0.69 0.09812.80 1.27 0.72 0.10413.20 1.28 0.74 0.10813.60 1.28 0.75 0.11114.00 1.28 0.76 0.11414.40 1.27 0.76 0.11414.80 1.27 0.76 0.11415.00 1.27 0.76 0.114 15.60 1.28 0.77 0.11516.00 1.30 0.78 0.11816.50 1.32 0.80 0.12317.00 1.34 0.85 0.13617.50 1.32 0.93 0.15518.00 1.26 0.99 0.17318.50 1.18 1.02 0.18519.00 1.11 1.02 0.19219.50 1.05 1.02 0.19920.00 0.99 1.02 0.20820.50 0.92 0.99 0.21221.00 0.86 0.94 0.20921.50 0.83 0.90 0.20322.00 0.81 0.86 0.193 23.00 0.77 0.79 0.18224.00 0.74 0.74 0.17125.00 0.71 0.69 0.16326.00 0.68 0.63 0.154 27.00 0.67 0.57 0.14028.00 0.66 0.51 0.12429.00 0.67 0.46 0.10730.00 0.67 0.43 0.09731.00 0.67 0.37 0.08432.00 0.69 0.33 0.07033.00 0.71 0.30 0.05834.00 0.73 0.27 0.04835.00 0.75 0.25 0.03936.00 0.77 0.24 0.03537.00 0.79 0.23 0.03938.00 0.80 0.22 0.02739.00 0.82 0.22 0.02440.00 0.83 0.22 0.022 Ruthenium, single crystal, E ⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ ˆc 5 0.10 11.85 50.81 0.983 0.20 6.68 27.18 0.9660.30 4.94 18.92 0.950 0.40 3.90 14.51 0.9330.50 3.27 11.63 0.9150.60 2.98 9.54 0.8880.70 2.82 7.99 0.8560.80 2.73 6.71 0.8150.90 2.82 5.54 0.7511.00 3.17 4.59 0.6701.10 3.69 3.91 0.6041.20 4.28 3.66 0.5851.30 4.66 3.72 0.5931.40 4.86 3.79 0.6011.50 4.99 3.89 0.6091.60 5.08 4.03 0.6181.70 5.12 4.22 0.6291.80 5.10 4.45 0.6421.90 4.96 4.78 0.6602.00 4.61 5.06 0.6772.10 4.21 5.09 0.6822.20 3.94 5.00 0.6812.30 3.69 4.97 0.6842.40 3.44 4.88 0.6842.50 3.27 4.77 0.6812.60 3.14 4.66 0.6772.70 3.06 4.59 0.6742.80 2.99 4.59 0.6762.90 2.87 4.64 0.6863.00 2.64 4.69 0.7013.10 2.40 4.64 0.710 3.20 2.18 4.55 0.7173.30 2.00 4.43 0.7213.40 1.84 4.30 0.7233.50 1.71 4.16 0.7233.60 1.60 4.03 0.7223.70 1.50 3.90 0.7213.80 1.41 3.77 0.7183.90 1.35 3.64 0.7134.00 1.29 3.53 0.7074.20 1.21 3.31 0.6944.40 1.16 3.13 0.6794.60 1.13 2.97 0.6624.80 1.09 2.86 0.6525.00 1.03 2.75 0.648 5.20 0.97 2.64 0.6435.40 0.91 2.52 0.6355.60 0.88 2.40 0.622Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) →→ TeamLRN12-149OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 5.80 0.86 2.29 0.605 6.00 0.84 2.20 0.5916.20 0.82 2.11 0.5766.40 0.81 2.04 0.5646.60 0.78 1.97 0.5566.80 0.76 1.89 0.5457.00 0.73 1.82 0.5387.20 0.70 1.75 0.5277.40 0.68 1.67 0.5137.60 0.67 1.59 0.4967.80 0.66 1.51 0.4768.00 0.66 1.44 0.4548.20 0.65 1.36 0.4308.40 0.66 1.29 0.4038.60 0.66 1.22 0.3788.80 0.68 1.15 0.3469.00 0.69 1.09 0.3179.20 0.70 1.02 0.2869.40 0.73 0.95 0.2519.60 0.77 0.89 0.216 9.80 0.82 0.84 0.185 10.00 0.86 0.81 0.16310.20 0.90 0.77 0.14310.40 0.94 0.74 0.12710.60 0.99 0.72 0.11510.80 1.04 0.71 0.10811.00 1.08 0.70 0.10411.20 1.11 0.70 0.10211.40 1.14 0.70 0.10111.60 1.17 0.71 0.10211.80 1.20 0.72 0.10412.00 1.22 0.73 0.10712.40 1.25 0.76 0.11312.80 1.26 0.78 0.11813.20 1.27 0.81 0.12413.60 1.27 0.83 0.12914.00 1.26 0.84 0.13214.40 1.25 0.84 0.13214.80 1.25 0.84 0.13315.00 1.25 0.84 0.13315.60 1.25 0.85 0.13416.00 1.27 0.85 0.13416.50 1.28 0.89 0.14517.00 1.28 0.94 0.15817.50 1.25 1.00 0.17518.00 1.19 1.04 0.19018.50 1.12 1.05 0.20019.00 1.07 1.05 0.205 19.50 1.02 1.04 0.21220.00 0.97 1.04 0.21920.50 0.91 1.03 0.22821.00 0.85 1.01 0.23421.50 0.80 0.97 0.23422.00 0.77 0.94 0.23323.00 0.71 0.87 0.22924.00 0.67 0.79 0.21825.00 0.64 0.73 0.20526.00 0.61 0.66 0.19427.00 0.60 0.59 0.17728.00 0.60 0.53 0.15529.00 0.61 0.48 0.13430.00 0.62 0.45 0.123 31.00 0.61 0.40 0.11432.00 0.63 0.34 0.09333.00 0.65 0.31 0.07734.00 0.67 0.28 0.065 35.00 0.70 0.26 0.05436.00 0.72 0.25 0.04737.00 0.73 0.23 0.04138.00 0.75 0.22 0.03539.00 0.77 0.22 0.03140.00 0.79 0.22 0.028 Selenium, single crystal, E /H14067 ˆc22 0.01364 2.914 0.248 0.242 0.01488 3.175 9.95E-02 0.2720.01612 3.263 2.13E-03 0.2820.01736 3.306 3.81E-02 0.2870.01860 3.330 7.04E-03 0.2900.01984 3.346 4.23E-02 0.2910.02108 3.358 3.40E-03 0.2930.02232 3.366 5.31E-02 0.2940.02356 3.372 1.96E-03 0.2940.02480 3.377 2.39E-02 0.2950.02604 3.380 0.295 0.02728 1.16E-020.02976 7.96E-030.03224 8.57E-030.03472 2.70E-020.03720 3.397 1.72E-02 0.2970.04463 1.13E-020.04959 3.403 2.79E-03 0.2980.05703 1.56E-030.06199 3.405 1.35E-03 0.2980.06819 5.79E-040.07439 3.407 4.44E-04 0.2980.08059 4.41E-040.08679 3.408 4.32E-04 0.2980.09299 2.44E-040.09919 3.409 3.23E-04 0.2990.1116 3.409 2.87E-04 0.2990.1240 3.410 2.71E-04 0.2990.2480 3.417 2.67E-04 0.2990.3720 3.427 1.90E-04 0.3010.4959 3.442 1.41E-04 0.3020.6199 3.462 1.12E-04 0.3040.7439 3.486 9.42E-05 0.3070.8679 3.516 8.07E-05 0.3100.9919 3.551 7.11E-05 0.3141.116 3.592 6.37E-05 0.3191.240 3.640 5.81E-05 0.3241.50 1.33E-041.60 1.59E-04 1.70 6.27E-041.80 4.46 2.20E-02 0.4022.0 4.79 0.76 0.4382.2 4.49 1.19 0.4312.4 4.28 1.21 0.4172.6 4.40 1.32 0.4302.8 4.59 1.70 0.4623.0 4.44 2.29 0.4903.2 3.92 2.59 0.4933.4 3.69 2.76 0.5023.6 3.39 3.01 0.5213.8 (3.00)4.0 (2.65)4.2 (2.30) 4.5 1.92 2.78 0.5285.0 1.50 2.31 0.4826.0 1.57 1.49 0.2887.0 1.84 1.45 0.276 8.0 1.35 1.68 0.3539.0 1.35 1.64 0.342 10.0 0.92 1.07 0.23812.0 1.00 1.10 0.23214.0 0.81 0.91 0.21116.0 0.65 0.61 0.16018.0 0.65 0.48 0.12020.0 0.69 0.36 0.07622.0 0.81 0.25 0.03024.0 0.91 0.18 0.01126.0 0.86 0.15 0.01228.0 0.85 0.13 0.01130.0 0.87 0.11 0.008 Selenium, single crystal, E ⊥ ⊥ ⊥ ⊥ ⊥ ˆc 22 0.01364 2.854 0.0239 0.231 0.01488 2.932 0.0325 0.2410.01612 3.140 0.1750 0.2690.01736 2.959 1.3300 0.321 0.01860 2.111 0.2550 0.1330.01984 2.356 0.0746 0.1640.02108 2.462 0.0276 0.1780.02232 2.502 0.0442 0.1840.02356 2.543 0.0097 0.1900.02480 2.550 0.0239 0.1910.02604 2.582 0.1950.02728 2.600 0.0101 0.1980.02976 2.576 9.95E-03 0.1940.03224 2.598 1.16E-02 0.1970.03472 2.607 1.68E-02 0.1990.03720 2.613 1.54E-02 0.1990.04463 1.17E-020.04959 2.627 3.58E-03 0.2010.05703 8.65E-040.06199 2.632 2.07E-03 0.2020.06819 2.89E-040.07439 2.635 1.59E-04 0.2020.08059 1.35E-040.08679 2.636 1.42E-04 0.2020.09299 1.04E-040.09919 2.637 8.95E-05 0.2030.1116 2.638 8.84E-05 0.2030.1240 2.639 8.51E-05 0.2030.2480 2.645 5.97E-05 0.2040.3720 2.652 5.44E-05 0.2050.4959 2.654 4.58E-05 0.2050.6199 2.675 3.82E-05 0.208 0.7439 2.692 3.32E-05 0.2100.8679 2.713 2.96E-05 0.2130.9919 2.739 2.69E-05 0.2161.116 2.772 2.48E-05 0.2211.240 2.816 2.31E-05 0.2261.50 7.37E-051.60 8.63E-051.70 3.60E-041.80 3.32 0.11 0.2892.00 3.38 0.65 0.3102.20 3.07 0.73 0.2822.40 2.93 0.61 0.2592.60 3.00 0.53 0.2632.80 3.12 0.58 0.279 3.00 3.30 0.70 0.3053.20 3.35 1.01 0.3283.40 3.22 1.24 0.334Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) → → 12-150OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 3.60 3.06 1.47 0.344 3.80 2.84 1.66 0.3514.00 2.51 1.81 0.3564.20 2.18 1.83 0.3524.50 1.75 1.94 0.3825.00 1.25 1.50 0.3166.00 1.32 0.73 0.1077.00 1.62 0.61 0.1058.00 1.81 0.69 0.1359.00 1.66 1.02 0.182 10.00 1.72 0.95 0.17112.00 1.25 1.02 0.18114.00 0.98 0.92 0.17816.00 0.68 0.96 0.27418.00 0.61 0.65 0.19120.00 0.73 0.48 0.09422.00 0.78 0.39 0.06024.00 0.78 0.32 0.04626.00 0.78 0.26 0.03628.00 0.80 0.19 0.023 30.00 0.79 0.14 0.020 Silicon, single crystal 23 0.01240 3.4185 2.90E-04 0.300 0.01488 3.4190 2.30E-04 0.3000.01736 3.4192 1.90E-04 0.3000.01984 3.4195 1.70E-04 0.3000.02480 3.4197 0.3000.03100 3.4199 0.3000.04092 3.4200 0.3000.04463 1.08E-040.04959 3.4201 9.15E-05 0.3000.05703 1.56E-040.06199 3.4204 2.86E-04 0.3000.06943 3.84E-040.07439 7.16E-040.08059 (3.4207) 1.52E-04 0.3000.08679 1.02E-040.09299 2.59E-040.09919 1.77E-040.1054 1.53E-040.1116 2.02E-040.1178 1.22E-040.1240 3.4215 6.76E-05 0.3000.1364 5.49E-050.1488 2.41E-050.1612 2.49E-050.1736 (3.4230) 1.68E-05 0.300 0.1798 2.45E-050.1860 2.66E-060.1922 1.74E-060.1984 8.46E-070.2046 5.64E-070.2108 (3.4244) 4.17E-07 0.3000.2170 4.05E-070.2232 3.94E-070.2294 3.26E-070.2356 2.97E-070.2418 2.82E-070.2480 3.4261 1.99E-07 0.3000.3100 3.4294 0.3010.3626 3.4327 0.301 0.4568 3.4393 2.50E-09 0.3020.6199 3.4490 0.3030.8093 3.4784 0.3061.033 3.5193 0.311 1.1 (3.5341) 1.30E-05 0.3121.2 1.80E-041.3 2.26E-031.4 7.75E-031.5 3.673 5.00E-03 0.3271.6 3.714 8.00E-03 0.3311.7 3.752 1.00E-02 0.3351.8 3.796 0.013 0.3401.9 3.847 0.016 0.3452.0 3.906 0.022 0.3512.1 3.969 0.030 0.3572.2 4.042 0.032 0.3642.3 4.123 0.048 0.3722.4 4.215 0.060 0.3802.5 4.320 0.073 0.3902.6 4.442 0.090 0.4002.7 4.583 0.130 0.4122.8 4.753 0.163 0.4262.9 4.961 0.203 0.442 3.0 5.222 0.269 0.4613.1 5.570 0.387 0.4863.2 6.062 0.630 0.5183.3 6.709 1.321 0.5613.4 6.522 2.705 0.5923.5 5.610 3.014 0.5753.6 5.296 2.987 0.5643.7 5.156 3.058 0.5633.8 5.065 3.182 0.5683.9 5.016 3.346 0.5774.0 5.010 3.587 0.5914.1 5.020 3.979 0.6144.2 4.888 4.639 0.6524.3 4.086 5.395 0.7034.4 3.120 5.344 0.7264.5 2.451 5.082 0.7404.6 1.988 4.678 0.7424.7 1.764 4.278 0.7284.8 1.658 3.979 0.7104.9 1.597 3.749 0.6935.0 1.570 3.565 0.6755.1 1.571 3.429 0.6585.2 1.589 3.354 0.6465.3 1.579 3.353 0.6475.4 1.471 3.366 0.6635.5 1.340 3.302 0.6735.6 1.247 3.206 0.6755.7 1.180 3.112 0.673 5.8 1.133 3.045 0.6725.9 1.083 2.982 0.6736.0 1.010 2.909 0.6776.5 0.847 2.73 0.6887.0 0.682 2.45 0.6917.5 0.563 2.21 0.6938.0 0.478 2.00 0.6918.5 0.414 1.82 0.6889.0 0.367 1.66 0.6839.5 0.332 1.51 0.672 10.0 0.306 1.38 0.66112.0 0.257 0.963 0.59014.0 0.275 0.641 0.46016.0 0.345 0.394 0.297 18.0 0.455 0.219 0.15920.0 0.567 0.0835 0.07922.14 0.675 0.0405 0.03824.31 0.752 0.0243 0.020 26.38 0.803 0.0178 0.01228.18 0.834 0.0152 0.00830.24 0.860 0.0138 0.00631.79 0.877 0.0132 0.00434.44 0.899 0.0121 0.00336.47 0.913 0.0113 0.00238.75 0.925 0.0104 0.00240.00 0.930 0.0100 0.001 Silver 6 0.10 9.91 90.27 0.995 0.20 2.84 45.70 0.9950.30 1.41 30.51 0.9940.40 0.91 22.89 0.9930.50 0.67 18.32 0.9921.00 0.28 9.03 0.9871.50 0.27 5.79 0.9692.00 0.27 4.18 0.9442.50 0.24 3.09 0.914 3.00 0.23 2.27 0.8643.25 0.23 1.86 0.8163.50 0.21 1.42 0.7563.60 0.23 1.13 0.6713.70 0.30 0.77 0.4753.77 0.53 0.40 0.1543.80 0.73 0.30 0.0533.90 1.30 0.36 0.0404.00 1.61 0.60 0.1034.10 1.73 0.85 0.1534.20 1.75 1.06 0.1944.30 1.73 1.13 0.2084.50 1.69 1.28 0.2384.75 1.61 1.34 0.2525.00 1.55 1.36 0.2575.50 1.45 1.34 0.2576.00 1.34 1.28 0.2466.50 1.25 1.18 0.2257.00 1.18 1.06 0.1967.50 1.14 0.91 0.1578.00 1.16 0.75 0.1149.00 1.33 0.56 0.074 10.00 1.46 0.56 0.08211.00 1.52 0.56 0.08812.00 1.61 0.59 0.10013.00 1.66 0.64 0.11214.00 1.72 0.78 0.14114.50 1.64 0.88 0.152 15.00 1.56 0.92 0.15616.00 1.42 0.91 0.15117.00 1.33 0.86 0.13918.00 1.28 0.80 0.12419.00 1.27 0.75 0.11120.00 1.29 0.71 0.10321.00 1.35 0.75 0.11221.50 1.37 0.80 0.12422.00 1.34 0.87 0.14122.50 1.26 0.93 0.15723.00 1.17 0.94 0.16323.50 1.10 0.93 0.16524.00 1.04 0.90 0.16524.50 0.99 0.87 0.160 25.00 0.95 0.83 0.15425.50 0.91 0.78 0.14426.00 0.90 0.74 0.133Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) TeamLRN12-151OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 26.50 0.89 0.69 0.121 27.00 0.89 0.65 0.10927.50 0.89 0.62 0.09928.00 0.90 0.59 0.09028.50 0.91 0.57 0.08429.00 0.92 0.56 0.07930.00 0.93 0.54 0.07431.00 0.93 0.53 0.07232.00 0.92 0.53 0.07233.00 0.90 0.51 0.07134.00 0.88 0.49 0.06735.00 0.86 0.45 0.06136.00 0.89 0.44 0.05538.00 0.89 0.39 0.04340.00 0.90 0.37 0.03942.00 0.90 0.35 0.03644.00 0.90 0.33 0.03346.00 0.90 0.32 0.03148.00 0.89 0.31 0.03050.00 0.88 0.29 0.027 52.00 0.89 0.28 0.02454.00 0.88 0.17 0.02456.00 0.87 0.26 0.02458.00 0.87 0.24 0.02160.00 0.87 0.22 0.01862.00 0.88 0.21 0.01664.00 0.88 0.21 0.01666.00 0.88 0.21 0.01668.00 0.87 0.21 0.01770.00 0.83 0.20 0.02172.00 0.85 0.18 0.01674.00 0.85 0.17 0.01476.00 0.85 0.16 0.01378.00 0.85 0.15 0.01380.00 0.85 0.14 0.01285.00 0.85 0.11 0.01190.00 0.85 0.08 0.00995.00 0.86 0.06 0.007 100.00 0.87 0.04 0.005 Sodium 24 0.55 0.262 9.97 0.990 0.58 0.241 9.45 0.9890.63 0.207 8.80 0.9900.67 0.175 8.09 0.9900.73 0.147 7.42 0.9900.81 0.123 6.67 0.9890.92 0.099 5.82 0.989 1.05 0.078 5.11 0.9891.23 0.064 4.35 0.9871.44 0.053 3.72 0.9861.65 0.050 3.22 0.9831.87 0.049 2.76 0.9782.07 0.053 2.48 0.9712.27 0.059 2.23 0.9612.45 0.063 2.07 0.9532.64 0.066 1.88 0.9432.82 0.068 1.76 0.9362.95 0.068 1.63 0.9283.06 0.069 1.54 0.9213.20 0.065 1.47 0.9213.40 0.061 1.33 0.916 3.71 0.055 1.13 0.9083.97 0.049 1.01 0.9086.199 0.390 0.1936.358 0.454 0.141 6.526 0.485 0.1206.702 0.533 0.0936.888 0.574 0.0737.130 0.616 0.0567.328 0.641 0.0487.583 0.674 0.0387.847 0.700 0.0318.015 0.710 0.0298.634 0.762 0.0189.143 0.800 0.0129.709 0.819 0.010 10.20 0.843 0.00711.08 0.870 0.00511.83 0.887 0.00412.73 0.907 0.00213.05 0.913 0.00213.42 0.914 0.00213.73 0.917 0.00214.07 0.922 0.002 14.83 0.934 0.00115.05 0.936 0.00115.46 0.942 0.00116.21 0.948 0.00118.10 0.964 0.00021.12 0.979 0.00025.51 0.993 0.00026.95 1.00 0.00027.68 1.01 0.00028.37 1.01 0.00029.52 1.02 0.000 Tantalum 16 0.10 10.14 66.39 0.984 0.15 9.45 46.41 0.98340.20 5.77 35.46 0.9820.26 3.67 27.53 0.9810.30 2.87 23.90 0.9800.38 2.03 18.87 0.9780.50 1.37 14.26 0.9740.58 1.15 12.19 0.9700.70 0.96 9.92 0.9620.78 0.89 8.77 0.9560.90 0.84 7.38 0.9421.00 0.89 6.47 0.9921.10 0.93 5.75 0.8991.20 0.98 5.14 0.8721.30 1.00 4.62 0.842 1.40 1.04 4.15 0.8051.50 1.09 3.73 0.7621.60 1.15 3.33 0.7071.70 1.24 2.95 0.6401.80 1.35 2.60 0.5601.90 1.57 2.24 0.4602.00 1.83 1.99 0.3882.10 2.10 1.84 0.3542.20 2.36 1.81 0.3512.30 2.56 1.86 0.3652.40 2.68 1.92 0.3782.50 2.75 1.98 0.3882.60 2.80 2.02 0.3952.70 2.84 2.08 0.405 2.80 2.85 2.14 0.4122.90 2.84 2.20 0.4203.00 2.81 2.24 0.4253.20 2.73 2.31 0.432 3.40 2.61 2.33 0.4353.60 2.49 2.30 0.4303.80 2.40 2.22 0.4184.00 2.36 2.14 0.4064.20 2.35 2.06 0.3924.40 2.39 2.01 0.3844.60 2.45 2.00 0.3844.80 2.53 2.06 0.3945.00 2.58 2.20 0.4165.20 2.52 2.44 0.4505.40 2.31 2.61 0.4805.60 2.06 2.67 0.5015.80 1.83 2.63 0.5106.00 1.63 2.56 0.5156.20 1.48 2.45 0.5126.40 1.37 2.33 0.5046.60 1.29 2.22 0.4926.80 1.23 2.11 0.4787.00 1.18 2.01 0.462 7.20 1.15 1.91 0.4457.40 1.13 1.82 0.4257.60 1.12 1.75 0.4067.80 1.11 1.68 0.3908.00 1.11 1.61 0.3708.20 1.12 1.55 0.3508.40 1.13 1.50 0.3328.60 1.14 1.45 0.3178.80 1.17 1.41 0.3019.00 1.19 1.40 0.2949.20 1.21 1.38 0.2899.40 1.21 1.38 0.2879.60 1.21 1.38 0.2859.80 1.21 1.37 0.285 10.00 1.20 1.37 0.28610.20 1.19 1.37 0.28610.40 1.18 1.37 0.28710.60 1.16 1.36 0.28810.80 1.15 1.36 0.28911.00 1.13 1.35 0.29011.20 1.11 1.35 0.29211.40 1.09 1.34 0.29311.60 1.07 1.33 0.29411.80 1.05 1.32 0.29512.00 1.02 1.31 0.29612.20 1.00 1.29 0.29512.40 0.98 1.28 0.29412.60 0.96 1.26 0.292 12.80 0.94 1.24 0.28913.00 0.93 1.22 0.28613.60 0.91 1.16 0.27214.00 0.90 1.15 0.27214.60 0.85 1.15 0.28515.00 0.80 1.13 0.29315.60 0.72 1.08 0.30116.00 0.68 1.04 0.30416.60 0.63 0.97 0.30117.00 0.60 0.92 0.29617.60 0.60 0.92 0.29618.00 0.55 0.79 0.27418.60 0.53 0.71 0.25419.00 0.53 0.65 0.236 19.60 0.53 0.57 0.20720.00 0.54 0.52 0.18520.60 0.55 0.44 0.153Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) 12-152OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 21.00 0.57 0.39 0.127 21.60 0.64 0.34 0.08922.00 0.64 0.32 0.08122.60 0.69 0.27 0.05823.00 0.73 0.24 0.04323.60 0.80 0.26 0.03324.00 0.80 0.26 0.03424.60 0.82 0.25 0.02925.00 0.83 0.25 0.02625.60 0.86 0.24 0.02226.00 0.88 0.25 0.02226.60 0.87 0.26 0.02327.00 0.87 0.25 0.02227.60 0.89 0.23 0.01928.00 0.90 0.23 0.01728.60 0.91 0.22 0.01529.00 0.92 0.22 0.01429.60 0.94 0.22 0.01430.00 0.95 0.22 0.01431.00 0.97 0.23 0.014 32.00 0.98 0.24 0.01533.00 0.98 0.25 0.01534.00 0.99 0.25 0.01635.00 0.99 0.26 0.01736.00 0.99 0.27 0.01837.00 0.99 0.28 0.01938.00 0.98 0.28 0.02139.00 0.97 0.29 0.02240.00 0.95 0.29 0.023 Tellurium, E /H14067 ˆc 25 0.01364 4.82 0.118 0.431 0.01488 5.26 0.0505 0.4630.01612 5.47 0.0278 0.4770.01736 5.59 0.0174 0.4850.01860 0.07960.01984 0.06960.02108 0.07490.02232 0.19000.02356 0.22200.02480 0.07160.02604 0.06820.02728 0.08320.02976 0.01490.03224 2.14E-030.03472 1.71E-020.03720 5.94 3.71E-03 0.5070.03968 2.44E-03 0.04339 5.96 1.59E-03 0.5080.04711 7.85E-040.05083 7.38E-040.05579 3.89E-040.06199 5.98 3.09E-04 0.5090.07439 2.52E-040.08679 2.96E-040.09919 3.68E-040.12400 6.246 3.34E-04 0.5240.15500 6.253 0.5250.20660 6.286 0.5260.24800 6.316 7.48E-05 0.5280.31 6.372 1.18E-05 0.5310.35 4.93E-04 0.41 6.74E-030.5 6.53 2.30E-02 0.5390.6 6.71 7.50E-02 0.5490.7 7.00 0.24 0.563 0.8 7.23 0.48 0.5740.9 7.48 0.94 0.5891.0 7.70 1.56 0.6061.2 6.99 2.22 0.5931.4 7.11 2.46 0.6041.6 6.75 2.91 0.6061.8 6.89 3.70 0.6372.0 4.67 4.67 0.6542.2 4.94 5.16 0.6812.4 3.94 5.08 0.6862.6 3.25 4.77 0.6812.8 2.73 4.42 0.6743.0 2.30 4.16 0.6743.5 1.69 3.44 0.6464.0 1.33 2.64 0.5714.5 1.32 1.96 0.4285.0 1.63 1.60 0.3125.5 1.72 1.57 0.3026.0 1.73 1.45 0.276 6.5 1.78 1.36 0.2577.0 1.83 1.36 0.2577.5 1.72 1.51 0.2898.0 1.54 1.37 0.2608.5 1.55 1.23 0.2269.0 0.99 0.93 0.1799.5 1.47 1.25 0.233 10.0 0.86 0.86 0.18111.0 0.80 0.77 0.16512.0 0.79 0.76 0.16414.0 0.67 0.59 0.14616.0 0.59 0.49 0.14718.0 0.48 0.31 0.16020.0 0.74 0.20 0.03522.0 0.83 0.18 0.01824.0 0.85 0.15 0.01326.0 0.87 0.12 0.00928.0 0.89 0.090 0.00630.0 0.90 0.045 0.003 Tellurium, E ⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ ˆc 25 0.01364 2.61 0.2980 0.204 0.01488 3.65 0.0894 0.3250.01612 4.10 0.0535 0.3700.01736 4.63 0.4990 0.4200.01860 0.11700.01984 0.03430.02108 (4.42) 0.0421 0.398 0.02232 0.10600.02356 0.08800.02480 0.04580.02604 0.09280.02728 0.08860.02976 0.02320.03224 3.06E-030.03472 1.25E-020.03720 4.71 2.65E-03 0.4220.03968 1.89E-030.04339 4.74 1.41E-03 0.4250.04711 8.38E-040.05083 6.79E-040.05579 1.59E-04 0.06199 4.77 1.16E-04 0.4270.07439 7.23E-050.08679 5.34E-050.09919 4.28E-05 0.1240 4.796 3.18E-05 0.4290.1550 4.809 0.4300.2066 4.838 0.4320.2480 4.864 2.19E-05 0.4340.31 4.929 3.18E-05 0.4390.35 7.89E-020.41 0.1490.5 4.90 0.4370.6 4.93 0.4390.7 4.95 0.11 0.4410.8 5.10 0.13 0.4520.9 5.22 0.22 0.4611.0 5.35 0.45 0.4721.2 5.17 0.63 0.4621.4 5.56 0.63 0.4881.6 5.88 1.15 0.5171.8 6.10 1.80 0.5452.0 5.94 2.69 0.5712.2 5.10 3.61 0.594 2.4 4.24 3.77 0.5932.6 3.57 3.75 0.5912.8 3.03 3.63 0.5883.0 2.51 3.39 0.5783.5 1.72 2.70 0.5324.0 1.32 2.01 0.4404.5 1.28 1.28 0.2515.0 1.47 0.82 0.1325.5 1.74 0.51 0.1046.0 1.94 0.39 0.1186.5 2.19 0.32 0.1487.0 2.48 0.40 0.1927.5 2.60 0.69 0.2268.0 2.59 0.91 0.2458.5 2.39 1.00 0.2359.0 1.11 1.24 0.2599.5 2.08 1.11 0.224 10.0 0.99 1.04 0.21511.0 0.84 1.01 0.23712.0 0.87 0.87 0.18214.0 0.59 0.87 0.28216.0 0.64 0.55 0.14418.0 0.52 0.41 0.16120.0 0.50 0.38 0.16522.0 0.56 0.29 0.11024.0 0.54 0.25 0.11326.0 0.50 0.20 0.12728.0 0.48 0.17 0.135 30.0 0.46 0.088 0.140 Titanium (Polycrystalline) 14 0.10 5.03 23.38 0.965 0.15 3.00 15.72 0.9540.20 2.12 11.34 0.9390.25 2.05 8.10 0.8900.30 6.39 9.94 0.8330.35 2.74 6.21 0.7920.40 2.49 4.68 0.7080.45 3.35 3.25 0.5450.50 4.43 3.22 0.5550.60 4.71 3.77 0.5970.70 4.38 3.89 0.603 0.80 4.04 3.82 0.5960.90 3.80 3.65 0.5821.00 3.62 3.52 0.570Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) → → TeamLRN12-1531.10 3.47 3.40 0.560 1.20 3.35 3.30 0.5501.30 3.28 3.25 0.5461.40 3.17 3.28 0.5491.50 2.98 3.32 0.5571.60 2.74 3.30 0.5591.70 2.54 3.23 0.5571.80 2.36 3.11 0.5501.90 2.22 2.99 0.5402.00 2.11 2.88 0.5302.10 2.01 2.77 0.5202.20 1.92 2.67 0.5092.30 1.86 2.56 0.4952.40 1.81 2.47 0.4832.50 1.78 2.39 0.4712.60 1.75 2.34 0.4622.70 1.71 2.29 0.4562.80 1.68 2.25 0.4512.90 1.63 2.21 0.4473.00 1.59 2.17 0.444 3.10 1.55 2.15 0.4423.20 1.50 2.12 0.4423.30 1.44 2.09 0.4423.40 1.37 2.06 0.4433.50 1.30 2.01 0.4433.60 1.24 1.96 0.4413.70 1.17 1.90 0.4363.80 1.11 1.83 0.4303.85 1.08 1.78 0.4233.90 1.06 1.73 0.4134.00 1.04 1.62 0.3894.20 1.05 1.45 0.3334.40 1.13 1.33 0.2844.60 1.17 1.29 0.2654.80 1.21 1.23 0.2445.00 1.24 1.21 0.2365.20 1.27 1.20 0.2285.40 1.17 1.16 0.2285.60 1.24 1.21 0.2345.80 1.21 1.22 0.2416.00 1.15 1.21 0.2446.20 1.11 1.18 0.2406.40 1.08 1.14 0.2326.60 1.04 1.06 0.2126.80 1.05 1.02 0.1987.00 1.06 0.97 0.1827.20 1.07 0.95 0.1757.40 1.11 0.94 0.167 7.60 1.09 0.92 0.1657.80 1.11 0.93 0.1658.00 1.10 0.94 0.1698.20 1.10 0.95 0.1718.40 1.08 0.95 0.1758.60 1.04 0.96 0.1818.80 1.02 0.95 0.1819.00 1.00 0.94 0.1829.20 0.97 0.93 0.1829.40 0.95 0.91 0.1819.60 0.94 0.90 0.1799.80 0.91 0.88 0.179 10.00 0.89 0.88 0.18010.20 0.86 0.85 0.178 10.40 0.85 0.83 0.17510.60 0.81 0.79 0.16710.80 0.80 0.76 0.16211.00 0.79 0.72 0.152 11.20 0.81 0.69 0.13911.40 0.81 0.69 0.13911.60 0.79 0.68 0.13911.80 0.78 0.67 0.13712.00 0.77 0.65 0.13212.80 0.76 0.55 0.10613.20 0.76 0.52 0.09713.60 0.76 0.48 0.08714.00 0.77 0.45 0.07714.40 0.77 0.42 0.06914.80 0.79 0.38 0.05815.20 0.79 0.36 0.05215.60 0.79 0.32 0.04516.00 0.83 0.31 0.03716.40 0.84 0.28 0.03016.80 0.87 0.27 0.02517.20 0.90 0.25 0.02017.60 0.93 0.25 0.01718.00 0.94 0.24 0.165 18.40 0.94 0.23 0.01718.80 0.95 0.24 0.01619.20 0.96 0.25 0.01619.60 0.97 0.25 0.01720.00 0.98 0.27 0.01820.40 0.98 0.27 0.01920.60 1.00 0.29 0.02021.20 0.99 0.31 0.02321.60 0.99 0.31 0.02422.00 0.98 0.32 0.02522.40 0.98 0.33 0.02722.80 0.97 0.33 0.02823.20 0.96 0.34 0.03023.60 0.95 0.35 0.03124.00 0.92 0.35 0.03324.5 0.91 0.34 0.03225.0 0.91 0.33 0.03225.5 0.89 0.33 0.03226.0 0.89 0.33 0.03226.5 0.88 0.32 0.03227.0 0.86 0.31 0.03227.5 0.85 0.30 0.03328.0 0.84 0.29 0.03328.5 0.82 0.26 0.02929.0 0.83 0.25 0.02730.0 0.84 0.22 0.022 Tungsten 27 0.10 14.06 54.71 0.983 0.20 3.87 28.30 0.9810.25 2.56 22.44 0.9800.30 1.83 18.32 0.9790.34 1.71 15.71 0.9730.38 1.86 13.88 0.9630.42 1.92 12.63 0.9540.46 1.69 11.59 0.9520.50 1.40 10.52 0.9520.54 1.23 9.45 0.9480.58 1.17 8.44 0.9380.62 1.28 7.52 0.9170.66 1.45 6.78 0.8880.70 1.59 6.13 0.856 0.74 1.83 5.52 0.8100.78 2.12 5.00 0.7590.82 2.36 4.61 0.7100.86 2.92 4.37 0.661 0.90 3.11 4.44 0.6600.94 3.15 4.43 0.6580.98 3.15 4.36 0.6531.00 3.14 4.32 0.6491.10 3.05 4.04 0.6271.20 3.00 3.64 0.5901.30 3.12 3.24 0.5451.40 3.29 2.96 0.5151.50 3.48 2.79 0.5001.60 3.67 2.68 0.4941.70 3.84 2.79 0.5071.80 3.82 2.91 0.5181.90 3.70 2.94 0.5182.00 3.60 2.89 0.5122.10 3.54 2.84 0.5062.20 3.49 2.76 0.4972.30 3.49 2.72 0.4942.40 3.45 2.72 0.4932.50 3.38 2.68 0.487 2.60 3.34 2.62 0.4802.70 3.31 2.55 0.4722.80 3.31 2.49 0.4662.90 3.32 2.45 0.4613.00 3.35 2.42 0.4593.10 3.39 2.41 0.4603.20 3.43 2.45 0.4653.30 3.45 2.55 0.4763.40 3.39 2.66 0.4853.50 3.24 2.70 0.4883.60 3.13 2.67 0.4823.70 3.05 2.62 0.4763.80 2.99 2.56 0.4683.90 2.96 2.50 0.4604.00 2.95 2.43 0.4514.20 3.02 2.33 0.4404.40 3.13 2.32 0.4424.60 3.24 2.41 0.4554.80 3.33 2.57 0.4755.00 3.40 2.85 0.5055.20 3.27 3.27 0.5485.40 2.92 3.58 0.5865.60 2.43 3.70 0.6185.80 2.00 3.61 0.6376.00 1.70 3.42 0.6436.20 1.47 3.24 0.6466.40 1.32 3.04 0.6406.60 1.21 2.87 0.631 6.80 1.12 2.70 0.6197.00 1.06 2.56 0.6077.20 1.01 2.43 0.5937.40 0.98 2.30 0.5737.60 0.95 2.18 0.5567.80 0.93 2.06 0.5338.00 0.94 1.95 0.5058.20 0.94 1.86 0.4818.40 0.96 1.76 0.4498.60 0.99 1.70 0.4228.80 1.01 1.65 0.4019.00 1.01 1.60 0.3889.20 1.02 1.55 0.3699.40 1.03 1.50 0.352 9.60 1.05 1.44 0.3299.80 1.09 1.38 0.307 10.00 1.13 1.34 0.287OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) 12-15410.20 1.19 1.33 0.274 10.40 1.24 1.34 0.27010.60 1.27 1.36 0.27410.80 1.29 1.39 0.28211.00 1.28 1.42 0.29011.20 1.27 1.44 0.29711.40 1.25 1.46 0.30511.60 1.22 1.48 0.31311.80 1.20 1.48 0.31812.00 1.16 1.48 0.32312.40 1.10 1.47 0.32912.80 1.04 1.44 0.33313.20 0.98 1.40 0.33213.60 0.94 1.35 0.32514.00 0.91 1.28 0.31214.40 0.90 1.23 0.29614.80 0.90 1.17 0.27615.20 0.93 1.13 0.25515.60 0.97 1.12 0.24616.00 0.98 1.14 0.249 16.40 0.97 1.17 0.26016.80 0.94 1.19 0.27317.20 0.90 1.21 0.28917.60 0.85 1.21 0.30418.00 0.80 1.20 0.31718.40 0.74 1.18 0.33018.80 0.69 1.15 0.34019.20 0.64 1.11 0.34719.60 0.60 1.07 0.35320.00 0.56 1.02 0.35420.40 0.54 0.97 0.35020.80 0.52 0.92 0.34221.20 0.50 0.87 0.33121.60 0.50 0.82 0.31822.00 0.49 0.77 0.30322.40 0.49 0.73 0.28722.80 0.49 0.69 0.27223.20 0.49 0.66 0.26323.60 0.48 0.62 0.25224.00 0.49 0.57 0.23424.40 0.50 0.53 0.21324.80 0.51 0.49 0.19125.20 0.53 0.46 0.17125.60 0.55 0.43 0.15026.00 0.57 0.40 0.13226.40 0.59 0.38 0.11726.80 0.61 0.37 0.10527.00 0.62 0.36 0.099 27.50 0.64 0.34 0.08528.00 0.67 0.32 0.07328.50 0.69 0.31 0.06529.00 0.71 0.30 0.05729.50 0.73 0.30 0.05230.00 0.75 0.29 0.04731.00 0.78 0.29 0.04232.00 0.79 0.29 0.04033.00 0.82 0.28 0.03334.00 0.84 0.29 0.03235.00 0.85 0.31 0.03336.00 0.85 0.32 0.03637.00 0.84 0.33 0.03938.00 0.83 0.33 0.040 39.00 0.81 0.33 0.04240.00 0.80 0.33 0.045OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Vanadium9 0.10 12.83 45.89 0.978 0.20 3.90 24.30 0.9750.28 2.13 17.35 0.9730.36 1.54 13.32 0.9660.44 1.28 10.74 0.9570.52 1.16 8.93 0.9450.60 1.10 7.59 0.9290.68 1.07 6.54 0.9090.76 1.08 5.67 0.8820.80 1.10 5.30 0.8640.90 1.18 4.50 0.8111.00 1.34 3.80 0.7301.10 1.60 3.26 0.6321.20 1.93 2.88 0.5431.30 2.25 2.71 0.4981.40 2.48 2.72 0.4911.50 2.57 2.79 0.4991.60 2.57 2.84 0.5071.70 2.52 2.88 0.512 1.80 2.45 2.88 0.5151.90 2.36 2.85 0.5142.00 2.34 2.81 0.5092.10 2.31 2.78 0.5062.20 2.28 2.80 0.5102.30 2.23 2.83 0.5162.40 2.15 2.88 0.5282.50 2.02 2.91 0.5402.60 1.89 2.92 0.5522.70 1.74 2.89 0.5612.80 1.61 2.85 0.5692.90 1.48 2.80 0.5773.00 1.36 2.73 0.5823.20 1.16 2.55 0.5853.40 0.99 2.37 0.5863.60 0.87 2.17 0.5753.80 0.80 1.96 0.5474.00 0.78 1.76 0.5034.20 0.80 1.60 0.4494.40 0.83 1.47 0.4004.60 0.87 1.38 0.3554.80 0.90 1.31 0.3265.00 0.91 1.26 0.3045.25 0.93 1.18 0.2715.50 0.94 1.14 0.2585.75 0.96 1.09 0.2356.00 0.98 1.06 0.2236.25 0.97 1.02 0.212 6.50 0.97 0.98 0.1996.75 0.97 0.94 0.1857.00 0.98 0.91 0.1757.33 0.97 0.89 0.1707.66 0.98 0.87 0.1628.00 0.98 0.85 0.1558.33 0.98 0.81 0.1468.66 0.98 0.81 0.1459.00 0.96 0.79 0.1429.50 0.94 0.77 0.136 10.00 0.91 0.74 0.13310.50 0.89 0.71 0.12611.00 0.87 0.65 0.11211.50 0.88 0.58 0.091 12.00 0.90 0.58 0.08912.50 0.89 0.57 0.08613.00 0.88 0.55 0.08213.50 0.87 0.53 0.079 14.00 0.86 0.51 0.07514.50 0.86 0.49 0.07015.00 0.86 0.47 0.06515.50 0.86 0.46 0.06216.00 0.85 0.45 0.06116.50 0.84 0.43 0.05917.00 0.84 0.41 0.05617.50 0.83 0.40 0.05418.00 0.82 0.38 0.05118.50 0.82 0.37 0.04819.00 0.82 0.35 0.04519.50 0.82 0.34 0.04320.00 0.81 0.32 0.04120.50 0.81 0.31 0.03821.00 0.81 0.29 0.03621.50 0.81 0.28 0.03322.00 0.81 0.27 0.03222.50 0.81 0.25 0.02923.00 0.82 0.24 0.027 23.50 0.82 0.23 0.02524.00 0.82 0.22 0.02424.50 0.83 0.21 0.02225.00 0.83 0.20 0.02025.50 0.83 0.19 0.01926.00 0.83 0.18 0.01826.50 0.84 0.17 0.01627.00 0.84 0.16 0.01527.50 0.85 0.16 0.01428.00 0.85 0.15 0.01328.50 0.86 0.14 0.01229.00 0.86 0.14 0.01129.50 0.86 0.13 0.01030.00 0.87 0.13 0.00931.00 0.88 0.12 0.00832.00 0.90 0.11 0.00733.00 0.90 0.10 0.00534.00 0.91 0.10 0.00535.00 0.92 0.09 0.00436.00 0.94 0.10 0.00437.00 0.94 0.10 0.00438.00 0.95 0.11 0.00439.00 0.95 0.12 0.00440.00 0.95 0.13 0.005 Zinc, E /H14067 ˆc 28 0.7514 1.9241 7.5619 0.883 0.827 1.7921 6.9973 0.874 0.866 1.5571 6.7753 0.8810.952 1.4824 6.2296 0.8680.992 1.5762 5.8843 0.8471.033 1.5407 5.3192 0.8231.078 1.5853 4.9013 0.7931.127 1.7768 4.5307 0.7481.181 1.9808 4.2004 0.7011.240 2.8821 3.4766 0.5751.305 3.2039 3.0042 0.5201.377 2.9459 3.5761 0.5841.459 3.2523 4.2447 0.6401.550 3.8086 4.6212 0.6571.653 3.7577 4.6239 0.6591.722 3.5908 4.4614 0.650 1.823 3.4234 4.3232 0.6421.937 3.0132 3.9974 0.6241.984 1.8562 3.9706 0.690Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) → TeamLRN12-155OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) 2.066 1.4856 4.0555 0.737 2.094 1.2525 3.9961 0.7622.119 1.0017 3.8683 0.7892.275 0.7737 3.9129 0.8322.445 0.6395 3.4013 0.8212.666 0.4430 3.1379 0.8512.917 0.3589 2.8140 0.8533.220 0.3069 2.5088 0.8473.594 0.2737 2.1737 0.8284.065 0.2510 1.8528 0.7994.678 0.2354 1.6357 0.776 Zinc, E ⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ ˆc 28 0.751 1.4469 7.4158 0.905 0.827 1.4744 6.9688 0.8920.866 1.3628 6.6886 0.8920.952 1.3165 6.2212 0.8810.992 1.3835 5.8910 0.8631.033 1.2889 5.4001 0.8501.078 1.3095 4.9025 0.822 1.127 1.6897 4.4062 0.7461.181 1.9701 4.0176 0.6841.240 2.8717 3.2873 0.5551.305 3.3991 2.7684 0.4971.377 3.1807 3.4709 0.5691.459 3.5064 4.1994 0.6301.550 4.1241 4.7768 0.6641.653 4.0269 4.8027 0.6671.722 3.9369 4.6356 0.6571.823 3.7549 4.3042 0.6351.937 3.4512 4.1942 0.6311.984 3.2515 4.2980 0.6442.066 2.0802 4.7231 0.7382.094 1.7084 4.7923 0.7742.119 1.3329 4.4751 0.7912.275 0.9725 4.2879 0.8252.455 0.7568 3.7627 0.8242.666 0.5470 3.4277 0.8452.917 0.4774 3.0476 0.8343.220 0.3911 2.7463 0.8353.594 0.3147 2.3041 0.8214.065 0.3013 2.0077 0.7894.678 0.2806 1.7997 0.770 Zirconium (Polycrystalline) 28 0.10 6.18 1.76 0.300 0.15 3.37 1.30 0.1230.20 2.34 1.08 0.058 0.26 2.24 1.06 0.0520.30 2.59 1.14 0.0730.36 3.17 1.26 0.1100.40 3.09 1.24 0.1050.46 3.36 1.30 0.1230.50 4.13 1.44 0.1750.56 5.01 1.58 0.2310.60 5.18 1.61 0.2420.70 4.54 1.51 0.2029.20 1.63 0.90 0.025 9.40 1.60 0.89 0.0249.60 1.57 0.89 0.0239.80 1.52 0.87 0.021 10.00 1.47 0.86 0.02010.20 1.42 0.84 0.01810.40 1.35 0.82 0.01610.50 1.32 0.81 0.01610.60 1.28 0.80 0.01510.80 1.23 0.78 0.01411.00 1.19 0.77 0.01411.20 1.16 0.76 0.01311.40 1.13 0.75 0.01311.60 1.11 0.74 0.01311.80 1.09 0.74 0.01312.00 1.08 0.73 0.01312.40 1.05 0.72 0.01212.80 1.01 0.71 0.01213.20 0.98 0.70 0.01213.60 0.95 0.69 0.013 14.00 0.92 0.68 0.01314.40 0.89 0.67 0.01314.80 0.90 0.67 0.01315.20 0.92 0.68 0.01315.60 0.95 0.69 0.01316.00 0.98 0.70 0.01216.40 1.01 0.71 0.01216.80 1.04 0.72 0.01217.20 1.09 0.74 0.01317.60 1.13 0.75 0.01318.00 1.17 0.76 0.01418.40 1.21 0.78 0.01418.80 1.24 0.79 0.01419.20 1.27 0.80 0.01519.60 1.29 0.80 0.01520.00 1.30 0.81 0.01520.60 1.29 0.80 0.01521.00 1.27 0.80 0.01521.60 1.23 0.78 0.01422.00 1.20 0.77 0.01422.60 1.15 0.76 0.01323.00 1.12 0.75 0.01323.60 1.08 0.73 0.01324.00 1.05 0.73 0.01324.60 1.02 0.71 0.01225.00 1.00 0.71 0.01225.60 0.97 0.69 0.01226.00 0.95 0.69 0.013 26.60 0.91 0.67 0.01327.00 0.88 0.66 0.01327.60 0.84 0.65 0.01428.00 0.83 0.64 0.01428.60 0.82 0.64 0.01429.00 0.81 0.64 0.01429.60 0.82 0.64 0.01430.00 0.82 0.64 0.0140.80 4.03 1.42 0.168 0.90 3.74 1.37 0.1490.96 3.69 1.36 0.1451.00 3.66 1.35 0.1431.10 3.65 1.35 0.1421.20 3.53 1.33 0.1341.30 3.25 1.27 0.1161.40 3.10 1.25 0.1061.50 3.02 1.23 0.1001.60 2.88 1.20 0.0911.70 2.68 1.16 0.0781.80 2.49 1.12 0.0672.00 2.14 1.03 0.0472.10 1.99 1.00 0.0402.20 1.87 0.97 0.0342.30 1.78 0.94 0.0302.40 1.71 0.92 0.0272.50 1.62 0.90 0.0242.60 1.54 0.88 0.0222.70 1.46 0.86 0.019 2.80 1.40 0.84 0.0182.90 1.34 0.82 0.0163.00 0.30 0.81 0.0163.10 1.26 0.80 0.0153.30 1.19 0.77 0.0143.40 1.16 0.76 0.0133.50 1.13 0.75 0.0133.60 1.10 0.74 0.0133.70 1.07 0.73 0.0133.80 1.04 0.72 0.0123.90 1.01 0.71 0.0124.00 0.98 0.70 0.0124.20 0.94 0.68 0.0134.40 0.89 0.67 0.0134.60 0.85 0.65 0.0144.80 0.81 0.64 0.0145.00 0.78 0.63 0.0155.20 0.77 0.62 0.0165.40 0.77 0.62 0.0165.60 0.80 0.63 0.0145.80 0.87 0.66 0.0136.00 1.00 0.71 0.0126.20 1.11 0.75 0.0136.40 1.23 0.78 0.0146.60 1.33 0.81 0.0166.80 1.42 0.84 0.0187.00 1.49 0.86 0.0207.20 1.54 0.88 0.022 7.40 1.58 0.89 0.0237.60 1.61 0.90 0.0247.80 1.63 0.90 0.0258.00 1.66 0.91 0.0268.20 0.67 0.91 0.0268.40 1.68 0.92 0.0268.60 1.68 0.92 0.0268.80 1.66 0.91 0.0269.00 1.65 0.91 0.025 Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) Energy (eV) nk R (φφφφφ = 0) → 12-156OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) REFERENCES 1. Shiles, E., Sasaki, T., Inokuti, M., and Smith, D. Y., Phys. Rev. Sect. B , 22, 1612, 1980. 2. Edwards, D. F., and Philipp, H. R., in HOC-I , p.665. 3. Ives, H. E., and Briggs, N. B., J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 27, 395, 1937. 4. Bos, L. W., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B , 2, 4567, 1970. 5. Weaver, J. H., Colavita, E., Lynch, D. W., and Rosei, R., Phys. Rev. Sect. B , 19, 3850, 1979. 6. Hagemann, H. J., Gudat, W., and Kunz, C., J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 65, 742, 1975. 7. Schulz, L. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 47, 64, 1957. 8. Potter, R. F., in HOC-I , p.465. 9. Olson, C. G., Lynch, D. W., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. 10. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished.11. Weaver, J. H., Olson, C. G., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B , 15, 4115, 1977. 12. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II , p.345. 13. Priol, M. A., Daudé, A., and Robin, S., Compt. Rend. , 264, 935, 1967. 14. Johnson, P. B., and Christy, R. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B , 9, 5056, 1974. 15. Arakawn, E. T., and Inagaki, T., in HOC-II , p.461. 16. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, D. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B , 10, 501, 1973. 17. Lynch, D. W., Rosei, R., and Weaver, J. H., Solid State Commun. , 9, 2195, 1971. 18. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B , 7, 4311, 1973. 19. Weaver, J. H., and Benbow, R. L., Phys. Rev. Sect. B , 12, 3509, 1975. 20. Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev.,Sect. B , 11, 1416, 1975. 21. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II , p.364. 22. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II , p. 691. 23. Edwards, D. F., in HOC-I , p. 547. 24. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II , p.354. 25. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II , p. 709. 26. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev. Sect. B , 11, 3671, 1975. 27. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B , 12, 1293, 1975. 28. Lanham, A. P., and Terherne, D. M., Proc. Phys. Soc. , 83, 1059, 1964. TeamLRN 12 -157 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS L. I. Berger Optical properties of materials are closely related to their dielectric properties. The complex dielectric function (relative p ermittivity) of a material is equal to where ε′ ( ω ) and ε″ ( ω ) are its real and imaginary parts, respectively, and ω is the angular frequency of the applied electric field. For a non- absorbing medium, the index of refraction is n = ( εµ ) 1/2 , where µ is the relative magnetic permeability of the medium (material); in the majority of dielectrics, µ ≅ 1. For many applications, the most important optical properties of materials are the index of refraction, the extinction coefficien t, k , and the reflectivity, R . The common index of refraction of a material is equal to the ratio of the phase velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency in vacuum to that in the material. Hence, n /H11084 1. The optical properties of highly conductive materials like metals and semiconductors (at photon energy range above the energy gap) differ from those of optically transparent media. Free electrons a bsorb the incident electromagnetic wave in a thin surface layer (a few hundred nanometers thick) and then release the absorbed energy in the form of secondary waves reflected from the surface. Thus, the light reflection becomes very strong; for example, highly conductive sodium reflects 9 9.8% of the incident wave (at 589 nm). Introduction of the effective index of refraction, n eff = ( ε′ ) 1/2 = n – j k , where ε′ = ε – j δ / ω ε o , δ is the electrical conductivity of the material in S/m, and ε o = 8.8542·10 -12 F/m is the permittivity of vacuum, allows one to apply the expressions of the optics of transparent media to the conductive materials. It is clear that the effective index of refraction may be smaller than 1. For ex ample, n = 0.05 for pure sodium and n = 0.18 for pure silver (at 589.3 nm). At very high photon energies, the quantum effects, such as the internal photoeffect, sta rt playing a greater role, and the optical properties of these materials become similar to those of insulators (low reflectance, ex istence of Brewster’s angle, etc.). The extinction coefficient characterizes absorption of the electromagnetic wave energy in the process of propagation of a wave t hrough a material. The wave intensity, I , after it passes a distance x in an isotropic medium is equal to where I 0 is the intensity at x = 0 and α is called the absorption coefficient. For many applications, the extinction coefficient, k , which is equal to where λ is the wavelength of the wave in the medium, is more commonly used for characterization of the electromagnetic losses in mater ials. Reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the interface between two media depends on the media indices of refraction and on the angle of incidence. It is characterized by the reflectivity, which is equal to the ratio of the intensity of the wave reflected back into the first medium to the intensity of the wave approaching the interface. For polarized light and two non-absorbing media, where N 1 = n 1 /cos θ 1 and N 2 = n 2 /cos θ 2 for the wave polarized in the plane of incidence, and N 1 = n 1 cos θ 1 and N 2 = n 2 cos θ 2 for the wave polarized normal to the plane of incidence; θ 1 and θ 2 are the angles between the normal to the interface in the point of incidence and the directions of the beams in the first and second medium, respectively. The reflectivity at normal incidence in this case is For any two opaque (absorbing) media, the normal incidence reflectivity is In the majority of experiments, the first medium is air ( n ≈ 1), and hence, The data on n and k in the following table are abridged from the sources listed in the references. The reflectivity at normal incidence, R , has been calculated from the last equation. For convenience, the energy E , wavenumber , and wavelength λ are given for the incidence radiation.εω() ε ′ ω () jε″ ω(),–= II 0αx–(), exp= kαλ 4π------,= RN1N2–()2 N1N2+()2------------------------- -, = Rn1n2–() n1n2+()⁄ []2= Rn1n2–()2k22+ n1n2+()2k22+---------------------------------- . = R1n–()2k2+ 1n+()2k2+------------------------------ . = ν 12 -158 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E /eV /cm – 1 λλλλ / µµµµ m nn a n c kk a k c RR a R c Crystalline Arsenic Selenide (As 2 Se 3 ) [Ref. 1]* 2.194 17700 0.565 0.30 2.168 17480 0.572 0.252.141 17270 0.579 0.202.123 17120 0.584 0.172.098 16920 0.591 0.132.094 16890 0.592 0.262.091 16860 0.593 0.262.073 16720 0.598 0.10 0.232.060 16610 0.602 0.202.049 16530 0.605 0.079 0.172.036 16420 0.609 0.152.023 16310 0.613 0.122.013 16230 0.616 0.0502.009 16210 0.617 0.0972.000 16130 0.620 0.0821.987 16030 0.624 0.0631.977 15940 0.627 0.0311.974 15920 0.628 0.0511.962 15820 0.632 0.0381.953 15750 0.635 0.0301.949 15720 0.636 0.0201.937 15630 0.640 0.0221.925 15530 0.644 0.0171.922 15500 0.645 0.0121.905 15360 0.651 8.6·10 –3 1.893 15270 0.655 6.41.881 15170 0.659 5.21.859 14990 0.667 3.11.848 14900 0.671 1.7·10 –3 1.845 14880 0.672 2.01.842 14860 0.673 1.2·10 –3 1.831 14770 0.677 1.3·10 –3 9.0·10 –4 1.826 14730 0.679 6.41.821 14680 0.681 4.71.818 14660 0.682 8.6·10 –4 1.815 14640 0.683 3.41.807 14580 0.686 5.51.802 14530 0.688 4.10.06199 500.0 20.0 3.2 2.9 1.7·10 –3 1.8·10 –3 0.27 0.24 0.05904 476.2 21.0 3.1 2.9 2.1·10 –3 2.2·10 –3 0.26 0.24 0.05636 454.5 22.0 3.1 2.9 2.5·10 –3 2.6·10 –3 0.26 0.24 0.05391 434.8 23.0 3.1 2.9 3.0·10 –3 3.1·10 –3 0.04592 370.4 27.0 3.0 2.8 6.3·10 –3 6.4·10 –3 0.25 0.22 0.04428 357.1 28.0 3.0 2.8 7.6·10 –3 7.7·10 –3 0.25 0.22 0.04275 344.8 29.0 3.0 2.8 0.0092 0.0093 0.25 0.220.04133 333.3 30.0 3.0 2.7 0.011 0.011 0.25 0.210.03542 285.7 35.0 2.7 2.5 0.037 0.034 0.21 0.180.03100 250.0 40.0 1.9 1.7 0.38 1.0 0.19 0.180.03061 247.0 40.5 2.0 2.6 0.33 0.95 0.12 0.250.03024 244.0 41.0 1.7 2.4 0.41 0.46 0.088 0.180.02883 232.6 43.0 1.2 1.3 2.2 0.94 0.50 0.160.02850 229.9 43.5 1.6 1.2 2.8 1.4 0.56 0.290.02818 227.3 44.0 2.3 1.2 3.3 2.0 0.58 0.480.02755 222.2 45.0 4.2 2.0 2.5 3.3 0.50 0.600.02480 200.0 50.0 6.5 4.0 3.6 0.26 0.62 0.360.02254 181.8 55.0 4.5 3.5 0.17 0.10 0.40 0.31νννν TeamLRN 12 -159 0.02066 166.7 60.0 4.0 3.2 0.089 0.10 0.36 0.27 0.01907 153.8 65.0 3.8 3.1 0.097 0.16 0.34 0.260.01771 142.9 70.0 3.6 3.0 0.19 0.30 0.32 0.250.01653 133.3 75.0 3.7 3.0 0.41 0.44 0.34 0.260.01550 125.0 80.0 3.8 3.1 0.29 0.40 0.34 0.270.01459 117.6 85.0 3.6 2.9 0.20 0.34 0.32 0.240.01378 111.1 90.0 3.2 2.6 0.43 0.49 0.28 0.210.01305 105.3 95.0 4.7 3.0 1.5 1.5 0.46 0.340.01240 100.0 100.0 4.4 2.7 0.22 0.81 0.40 0.250.01181 95.24 105.0 4.2 3.0 0.094 3.9 0.38 0.620.01127 90.91 110.0 4.1 5.3 0.059 0.70 0.37 0.470.01033 83.33 120.0 3.9 4.2 0.034 0.13 0.35 0.380.009537 76.92 130.0 3.9 4.0 0.024 0.069 0.35 0.360.008856 71.43 140.0 3.9 3.8 0.019 0.048 0.35 0.340.007749 63.50 160.0 3.8 3.7 0.014 0.032 0.34 0.330.006888 55.55 180.0 3.8 3.7 0.011 0.024 0.34 0.330.006199 50.0 200.0 3.8 3.6 0.0091 0.019 0.34 0.32 *Indices a and c relate to the radiation electric field paral lel to the a and c axes of the crystal, respectively. Vitreous Arsenic Selenide (As 2 Se 3 ) [Ref. 1] 2.056 16580 0.603 0.12 2.026 16340 0.612 0.112.006 16180 0.618 0.0991.990 16050 0.623 9.01.925 15530 0.644 5.61.826 14730 0.679 1.41.810 14600 0.685 0.0121.794 14470 0.691 0.00891.771 14290 0.700 6.21.715 13830 0.723 2.61.701 13720 0.729 0.00221.647 13280 0.753 0.000461.629 13140 0.761 3.07 4.0 0.621.596 12870 0.777 3.06 2.7 0.491.579 12740 0.785 3.05 1.9 0.391.562 12590 0.794 3.05 0.00013 0.261.544 12450 0.803 3.04 0.000094 0.251.529 12330 0.811 3.03 6.3 0.781.512 12200 0.820 3.03 4.2 0.641.494 12050 0.830 3.02 2.8 0.501.476 11910 0.840 3.01 1.8 0.381.378 11110 0.90 2.981.240 10000 1.00 2.931.127 9091 1.10 2.901.051 8475 1.18 2.891.033 8333 1.20 2.880.2555 1980 5.05 1.6·10 –7 0.2380 1919 5.21 9.9·10 –8 0.2344 1890 5.29 1.1·10 –7 0.1345 1085 9.22 4.40.1339 1080 9.26 3.70.1333 1075 9.30 4.40.1308 1055 9.48 4.50.1215 980 10.20 8.90.1203 970 10.31 9.9·10 –7 0.1196 965 10.36 1.0·10 –6 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E /eV /cm – 1 λλλλ / µµµµ m nn a n c kk a k c RR a R c νννν 12 -160 0.1178 950 10.53 1.1 0.1116 900 11.11 1.80.1004 810 12.35 4.90.09919 800 12.50 7.0·10 –6 0.09795 790 12.66 1.0·10 –5 0.09671 780 12.82 1.50.09299 750 13.33 3.70.08555 690 14.49 6.90.08431 680 14.71 5.90.08059 650 15.38 6.10.07811 630 15.87 6.30.07687 620 16.13 7.70.07563 610 16.39 7.80.07439 600 16.67 9.3·10 –5 0.07315 590 16.95 2.8 1.2·10 –4 0.22 0.07191 580 17.24 2.8 1.4 0.320.07067 570 17.54 2.8 1.8 0.370.06943 560 17.86 2.8 2.8 0.500.06633 535 18.69 2.8 5.2 0.730.06571 530 18.87 2.8 7.2·10 –4 0.22 0.06509 525 19.05 2.8 1.2·10 –3 0.22 0.06447 520 19.23 2.8 1.7 0.350.06075 490 20.41 2.7 4.9 0.710.06024 485.9 20.58 2.7 5.2 0.730.05331 430 23.26 2.7 1.4 0.310.05269 425 23.53 2.7 1.1·10 –3 0.21 0.05207 420 23.81 2.7 8.5·10 –4 0.21 0.05145 415 24.10 2.7 7.3 0.840.05083 410 24.39 2.7 8.3 0.870.05021 405 24.69 2.7 9.4·10 –4 0.21 0.04959 400 25.0 2.7 1.2·10 –3 0.21 0.04862 392.2 25.5 2.6 1.6 0.330.04679 377.4 26.5 2.6 5.0 0.730.04592 370.4 27.0 2.6 8.0·10 –3 0.20 0.04509 363.6 27.5 2.6 1.2·10 –2 0.20 0.04428 357.1 28.0 2.6 1.7 0.340.03875 312.5 32.0 2.5 8.2 0.870.03815 307.7 32.5 2.5 9.3·10 –3 0.18 0.03757 303.0 33.0 2.4 0.11 0.170.02988 241.0 41.5 2.2 0.89 0.200.02952 238.1 42.0 2.2 1.0 0.220.02725 219.8 45.5 3.2 1.8 0.390.02362 190.5 52.5 3.6 0.30 0.320.01937 156.2 64.0 3.2 0.10 0.270.01922 155.0 64.5 3.2 9.6·10 –2 0.27 0.01907 153.8 65.0 3.2 9.4 0.880.01734 139.9 71.5 3.1 8.7 0.870.01653 133.3 75.0 3.1 9.4 0.880.01642 132.5 75.5 3.1 0.096 0.260.01494 120.5 83.0 3.0 0.15 0.250.01246 100.5 99.5 3.2 0.60 0.260.007606 61.35 163.0 3.3 0.12 0.290.006199 50.00 200.0 3.20.004592 37.04 270.0 3.1 0.072 0.260.002799 22.57 443.0 3.0 4.5 0.670.001826 14.73 679.0 3.0 2.8 0.500.001273 10.27 974.0 3.0 2.1 0.410.0006491 5.236 1910.0 3.0 1.1·10 –2 0.25 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E /eV /cm – 1 λλλλ / µµµµ m nn a n c kk a k c RR a R c νννν TeamLRN12-1610.0004376 3.530 2833.0 3.0 7.5·10–3 0.25 0.0002903 2.341 4271.0 3.0 5.0 0.710.0001716 1.384 7224.0 3.0 3.1 0.530.00009047 0.7297 13704 3.0 1.6·10 –3 0.25 0.00005621 0.4534 22056 3.0 9.9·10–4 0.25 0.00002774 0.2237 44699 3.0 5.2 0.720.00001439 0.1161 86153 3.0 2.6 0.47 Vitreous Arsenic Sulfide (As2S3) - [Ref. 2] 4.959 40000 0.2500 2.48 1.21 0.273.100 25000 0.40 3.09 0.34 0.272.48 20000 0.4999 2.83 0.013 0.231.879 15150 0.66 2.59 1.7·10 –6 0.20 1.240 10000 1.0 2.48 2.4·10–7 0.18 0.6199 5000 2.0 2.43 0.170.3100 2500 4.0 2.41 0.170.2480 2000 5.0 2.41 0.170.1736 1400 7.143 2.40 7.4·10 –7 0.17 0.1240 1000 10.00 2.38 1.3·10–4 0.17 0.09299 750 13.33 2.35 3.0·10–3 0.16 0.07439 600 16.67 2.31 4.6·10–4 0.16 0.04959 400.0 25.0 1.79 0.2 0.0850.03757 303.0 33.0 3.59 1.4 0.380.03100 250.0 40.0 2.98 0.15 0.250.02480 200.0 50 2.66 0.11 0.210.02066 166.7 60 2.64 0.57 0.220.01771 142.9 70 2.99 0.17 0.250.01550 125.0 80 2.89 0.14 0.240.01378 111.1 90 2.84 0.12 0.230.01240 100 100 2.81 0.10 0.230.008183 66 152 2.76 0.072 0.220.004029 32.5 308 2.74 0.044 0.220.002418 19.5 513 2.74 0.031 0.220.001984 16 625 2.74 0.025 0.220.001048 8.45 1180 2.73 8.8·10 –3 0.22 0.0001033 0.833 12000 2.73 1.3·10–3 0.22 4.129·10–123.33·10–83·10–112.73 0.22 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) - [Ref. 3] 4.9 39520 0.2530 2.48 2.04 0.394.1 33070 0.3024 2.33 1.59 0.323.9 31460 0.3179 2.57 1.90 0.373.5 28230 0.3542 2.89 1.52 0.343.1 25000 0.4000 3.43 1.02 0.343.0 24200 0.4133 3.37 0.861 0.322.755 22220 0.45 3.080 0.485 0.272.75 22180 0.4509 3.23 0.636 0.292.610 21050 0.475 3.0452.5 20160 0.4959 3.14 0.525 0.282.25 18150 0.5510 3.05 0.411 0.261.771 14290 0.70 2.861 0.210 0.231.512 12200 0.82 2.880 0.040 0.231.50 12100 0.8266 2.98 0.319 0.251.475 11900 0.840 2.905 0.00134 0.241.47 11860 0.8434 0.0006711.465 11820 0.8463 3.37OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν 12-1621.46 11780 0.8492 1.89 1.459 11760 0.850 2.948 0.241.455 11740 0.8521 1.08·10 –4 1.45 11690 0.8551 2.9565 5.10·10–50.24 1.445 11650 0.8580 2.731.442 11630 0.860 2.952 0.241.44 11610 0.8610 2.9479 1.37 0.321.43 11530 0.8670 2.9402 0.241.30 10490 0.9537 2.8720 0.231.24 10000 1.0 2.840 0.231.20 9679 1.033 2.8353 0.231.10 8872 1.127 2.8050 0.231.00 8065 1.240 2.7793 0.220.90 7259 1.378 2.7537 0.220.80 6452 1.550 2.7384 0.220.70 5646 1.771 2.7223 0.210.60 4839 2.066 2.7086 0.210.50 4033 2.480 2.6972 0.210.40 3226 3.100 2.6878 0.210.30 2420 4.133 2.6800 0.210.20 1613 6.199 2.6722 0.210.10 806.5 12.40 2.6535 0.200.09 725.9 13.78 2.6482 0.200.06819 550 18.18 2.623 0.200.0573 462 21.6 3.8·10 –6 0.05 403.3 24.80 2.5801 0.190.0469 378 26.5 8.0·10 –5 0.04592 370.3 27 9.88·10–5 0.04133 333.3 30 2.55916 2.86·10–40.19 0.04092 330 30.30 2.531 3.34 0.570.03720 300 33.33 2.494 4.97 0.730.03647 294.1 34.00 8.930.03596 290 34.48 2.478 5.77·10 –30.18 0.03493 281.7 35.5 7.910.03472 280 35.71 2.459 6.76 0.830.03100 250 40 2.378 1.18·10 –20.17 0.02917 235.3 42.5 6.930.02852 230 43.48 2.289 1.87 0.360.02728 220 45.45 2.224 2.47·10 –20.14 0.02604 210 47.62 2.137 3.4·10–20.13 0.02480 200 50.00 2.013 4.97·10–20.11 0.02384 192.3 52.0 6.210.01798 145 68.97 1.8 5.2 0.790.01736 140 71.43 6.778 4.50 0.660.01550 125 80.0 4.598 0.294 0.410.01364 110 90.91 3.868 9.47·10 –20.35 0.01240 100 100 3.649 5.68·10–20.32 0.009919 80 125 3.415 0.0262 0.300.008679 70 142.9 3.348 0.0189 0.290.007439 60 166.7 3.299 1.39 0.350.006199 50 200 3.263 1.03 0.320.004959 40 250 3.236 7.52·10 –30.28 0.003720 30 333.3 3.217 0.280.023015 18.563 538.71 3.2096 0.280.001550 12.50 800 6.18OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν TeamLRN12-163Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) - [Ref. 4] 155 0.007999 0.0181 145 0.008551 0.0203130 0.009537 0.0224110 0.01127 0.027890 0.01378 0.032370 0.01771 0.037640 0.03100 0.042623 0.05391 1.037 0.2287.0 0.1771 1.063 1.8386.0 48390 0.2066 1.264 2.472 0.615.00 40330 0.2480 2.273 4.084 0.674.00 32260 0.3100 3.601 1.920 0.423.00 24200 0.4133 4.509 1.948 0.472.50 20160 0.4959 4.333 0.441 0.392.00 16130 0.6199 3.878 0.211 0.351.80 14520 0.8888 3.785 0.151 0.341.60 12900 0.7749 3.700 0.091 0.331.50 12100 0.8266 3.666 0.080 0.331.40 11290 0.8856 3.6140 1.69·10 –30.32 1.20 9679 1.033 3.4920 0.311.00 8065 1.240 3.4232 0.300.80 6452 1.550 3.3737 0.290.50 4033 2.480 3.3240 0.290.25 2016 4.959 3.2978 0.290.15 1210 8.266 3.2831 0.280.100 806.5 12.40 3.2597 4.93·10 –60.28 0.090 725.9 13.78 3.2493 1.64·10–50.28 0.070 564.6 17.71 3.2081 2.32·10–40.28 0.060 483.9 20.66 3.1609 3.45·10–30.27 0.0495 399.2 25.05 3.058 2.07·10–30.26 0.03968 320 31.25 2.495 2.43·10–20.18 0.03496 282 35.46 0.307 294·10–2 0.02976 240 41.67 4.57 4.26·10–20.41 0.02066 166.7 60 3.77 3.89·10–30.34 0.01550 125 80 3.681 1.84·10–30.33 0.008266 66.67 150 3.62 2.14·10–30.32 0.002480 20 500 3.607 1.3·10–30.32 0.001240 10 1000 3.606 0.32 Gallium Phosphide (GaP) - [Ref. 5] 154.0 0.00805 1.7·10–2 110.0 0.0113 2.15·10–2 100.0 0.0124 215·10–2 80.0 0.0155 3.0·10–2 50.0 0.0248 4.7·10–2 27.0 0.0459 9.3·10–2 25.0 0.0496 0.12220.0 0.0620 0.18015.0 0.0826 0.748 0.6285.5 44360 0.2254 1.543 3.556 0.684.68 37750 0.2649 4.181 2.634 0.503.50 28230 0.3542 5.050 0.819 0.463.00 24200 0.4133 4.081 0.224 0.372.78 22420 0.4460 3.904 0.103 0.35OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν 12-1642.621 21140 0.473 3.73 6.37·10–30.33 2.480 20000 0.500 3.590 2.47·10–30.32 2.18 17580 0.5687 3.411 2.8·10–70.30 2.000 16130 0.62 3.3254 0.291.6 12900 0.7749 3.209 0.281.240 10000 1.0 3.1192 0.260.6888 5556 1.8 3.0439 0.260.4769 3846 2.6 3.0271 0.250.1907 1538 6.5 2.995 4.29·10 –40.25 0.1550 1250 8.0 2.984 0.250.1240 1000 10 2.964 0.250.06199 500 20 2.615 7.16·10 –30.20 0.03100 250 40 3.594 1.81·10–20.32 0.02480 200 50 3.461 5.77·10–30.30 0.01727 139.27 71.80 3.3922 4.34·10–30.30 0.01168 94.21 106.1 3.3621 4.26·10–30.29 0.006199 50.00 200 3.3447 1.3·10–40.29 0.004133 33.33 300 3.3413 0.290.001240 10.00 1000 3.3319 0.29 Indium Antimonide (InSb) - [Ref. 6] 155 0.007999 4.77·10–3 60 0.02066 7.30·10–2 25 0.04959 1.15 .01524 0.05166 1.15 0.1815 0.08266 0.97 0.23010 0.1240 0.74 0.885.00 40330 0.2480 1.307 2.441 0.534.50 36290 0.2755 1.443 2.894 0.604.00 32260 0.3100 2.632 3.694 0.613.34 26940 0.3712 3.528 2.280 0.452.84 22910 0.4366 3.340 2.021 0.451.80 14520 0.6888 4.909 1.396 0.471.50 12100 0.8266 4.418 0.643 0.410.6 4839 2.066 4.03 0.360.2480 2000 5.0 4.14 9.1·10 –20.37 0.1907 1538 6.5 4.30 6.3·10–20.39 0.1653 1333 7.5 4.18 2.7·10–20.38 0.06199 500 20.00 3.869 2.0·10–30.35 0.03100 250 40.00 2.98 2.6·10–30.25 0.02480 200 50.00 2.22 0.165 0.140.02244 181 55.25 3.05 7.59 0.840.02207 178 56.18 9.61 4.20 0.700.02033 164 60.98 4.94 0.140 0.440.01054 85 117.6 2.12 0.423 0.140.005579 45 222.2 1.02 5.59 0.880.001860 15 666.7 6.03 17.9 0.930.001240 10 1000 10.7 24.0 0.94 Indium Arsenide (InAs) - [Ref. 7] 25 0.04959 1.139 0.16820 0.06199 1.125 0.22515 0.08266 0.894 0.33610 0.1240 0.835 1.0716 48390 0.2066 1.434 2.112 0.455.0 40330 0.2480 1.524 2.871 0.58OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν TeamLRN12-1654.0 32260 0.3100 3.313 1.799 0.39 3.5 28230 0.3542 3.008 1.754 0.373.0 24200 0.4133 3.197 2.034 0.412.5 20160 0.4959 4.364 1.786 0.452.44 19680 0.5081 4.489 1.446 0.441.86 15000 0.6666 3.889 0.554 0.361.8 14520 0.6888 3.851 0.530 0.351.7 13710 0.7293 3.798 0.493 0.351.6 12900 0.7749 3.755 0.463 0.341.5 12100 0.8266 3.714 0.432 0.341.2 9679 1.033 3.613 0.321.0 8065 1.240 3.548 0.310.6 4839 2.066 0.1610.35 2823 3.542 3.608 9.58·10 –30.32 0.32 2581 3.875 3.512 1.23·10–40.31 0.20 1613 6.199 3.427 0.300.1240 1000 10.00 3.402 0.300.06199 500 20.00 3.334 0.290.04959 400 25.00 3.264 0.280.04339 350 28.57 3.182 5.46·10 –30.27 0.03720 300 33.33 2.988 0.250.03100 250 40.00 1.970 6.37·10 –20.11 0.02765 222 44.84 5.90 6.53 0.740.02480 200 50.00 6.91 0.30 0.560.01984 160 62.50 5.27 0.41 0.470.01860 150 66.67 5.27 0.51 0.470.01736 140 71.43 3.99 1.1·10 –20.36 0.01488 120 83.33 3.91 6.6·10–30.35 0.01240 100 100.0 3.85 4.3·10–30.35 0.009919 80 125.0 3.817 0.340.007439 60 166.7 3.793 0.340.004959 40 250.0 3.778 0.340.002480 20 500 3.769 0.370.001240 10 1000 3.766 0.34 Indium Phosphide (InP) - [Ref. 8] 20 0.06199 0.793 0.49415 0.08266 0.695 0.57410 0.1240 0.806 1.1545.5 44360 0.2254 1.426 2.562 0.795.0 40330 0.2480 2.131 3.495 0.614.0 32260 0.3100 3.141 1.730 0.383.0 24200 0.4133 4.395 1.247 0.432.0 16130 0.6199 3.549 0.317 0.321.5 12100 0.8266 3.456 0.203 0.311.25 10085 0.9915 3.324 0.291.00 8068 1.239 3.220 0.280.50 4034 2.479 3.114 0.260.30 2420 4.131 3.089 0.260.10 806.8 12.39 3.012 0.250.075 605.1 16.53 2.932 0.240.060 484.1 20.66 2.780 1.46·10 –20.22 0.050 403.4 24.79 2.429 3.35·10–20.17 0.03992 322 31.06 0.307 3.570.03496 282 35.46 3.89 0.282 0.350.03100 250 40.00 4.27 3.0·10 –20.39 0.02728 220 45.45 3.93 1.3·10–20.35OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν 12-1660.02480 200 50.0 3.81 8.7·10–30.34 0.02418 195 51.28 3.19 0.270.02232 180 55.56 3.19 0.270.01860 150 66.67 3.65 0.320.01240 100 100 3.57 0.320.009919 80 125.0 3.551 0.310.007439 60 166.7 3.538 0.310.004959 40 250.0 3.529 0.310.002480 20 500 3.523 0.310.001240 10 1000.0 3.522 0.31 Lead Selenide (PbSe) - [Ref. 9] 14.5 0.08551 0.72 0.2010 0.1240 0.68 0.505 40330 0.2480 0.54 1.22.0 16130 0.6199 3.65 2.9 0.511.65 13310 0.7514 4.51 1.73 0.461.5 12100 0.8266 4.64 2.64 0.521.0 8065 1.240 4.65 1.1 0.440.75 6049 1.653 0.2690.62 5001 2.000 4.59 0.770 0.420.48 3871 2.583 4.90 0.440.40 3226 3.100 4.91 0.440.32 2581 3.875 4.98 0.173 0.440.20 1613 6.199 4.82 0.430.1190 960 10.42 4.74 1.20·10 –30.42 0.09919 800 12.50 4.72 2.09·10–30.42 0.07935 640 15.63 4.68 4.12·10–30.42 0.05951 480 20.83 4.59 1.00·10–20.41 0.04959 400 25.00 4.49 1.77·10–20.40 0.03968 320 31.25 4.31 3.62·10–20.39 0.02976 240 41.67 3.89 9.61·10–20.24 0.01984 160 62.50 2.34 0.56 0.180.009919 80 125.0 1.73 7.38 0.880.007935 64 156.3 2.91 10.1 0.900.004959 40 250.0 11.2 14.6 0.880.002480 20 500.0 12.6 12.20.001736 14 714.3 14.1 16.60.001240 10 1000 17.4 21.1 Lead Sulfide (PbS) - [Ref. 10] 150 0.008266 3.86·10–3 125 0.009919 5.59·10–3 100 0.01240 1.54·10–2 80 0.01550 2.88·10–2 60 0.02066 6.17·10–2 25 0.04959 0.845 0.17118.0 0.06888 0.846 0.29414.0 0.08856 0.651 0.66510.0 0.1240 0.879 1.0504.95 39920 0.2505 1.52 2.10 0.434.0 32260 0.3100 1.73 2.83 0.553.00 24200 0.4133 3.88 3.00 0.532.90 23390 0.4275 4.12 2.70 0.512.75 22180 0.4509 4.25 2.33 0.482.55 20570 0.4862 4.35 2.00 0.47OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν TeamLRN12-1672.00 16130 0.6199 4.29 1.48 0.43 1.60 12910 0.7749 4.62 0.94 0.431.24 10000 1.00 4.43 0.597 0.411.03 8333 1.2 4.30 0.458 0.390.650 5263 1.9 4.24 0.318 0.390.496 4000 2.5 4.30 0.235 0.390.400 3226 3.1 4.30 2.27·10 –20.39 0.3100 2500 4.0 4.16 6.38·10–40.38 0.2480 2000 5 4.115 9.25·10–40.37 0.1240 1000 10 4.01 6.32·10–30.36 0.1033 833.3 12 3.90 1.14·10–20.35 0.08059 650 15.38 3.90 0.350.06819 550 18.18 3.81 0.340.04959 400 25.00 3.53 0.310.03720 300 33.33 2.99 0.250.02480 200.0 50 0.514 1.590.01378 111.1 90 1.175 8.48 0.940.01240 100.0 100 1.79 10.51 0.940.008856 71.43 140 17.41 17.94 0.890.006199 50.0 200 16.27 2.20 0.790.003100 25.00 400 12.96 0.495 0.730.001653 13.33 750 12.44 0.228 0.720.001240 10.00 1000 12.35 0.167 0.720.0006199 5.000 2000 12.27 0.0815 0.72 Lead Telluride (PbTe) - [Ref. 11] 150 0.008266 2.37·10–3 125 0.009919 9.71·10–3 100 0.01240 4.39·10–2 75 0.01653 6.43·10–2 50 0.02480 6.87·10–2 30 0.04133 7.77·10–2 15 0.08266 0.72 0.1710 0.1240 0.66 0.607.5 0.1653 0.8 0.925.0 40330 0.2480 0.72 1.03.0 24200 0.4133 1.0 2.22.5 20160 0.4959 1.35 2.86 0.611.5 12100 0.8266 3.8 3.1 0.531.0 8065 1.240 4.55 2.2 0.490.80 6452 1.550 6.25 0.71 0.530.60 4839 2.066 6.10 0.521 0.520.40 3226 3.100 6.075 0.331 0.520.30 2420 4.133 5.95 3.55·10 –20.51 0.20 1613 6.199 5.77 0.500.15 1210 8.266 5.76 0.500.1017 820 12.20 5.47 9.16·10 –30.48 0.08927 720 13.89 5.38 1.37·10–20.47 0.06943 560 17.86 5.13 3.06·10–20.45 0.04959 400 25.00 4.50 9.6·10–20.40 0.03968 320 31.25 3.58 0.23 0.320.02976 240 41.67 1.01 1.90.009919 80 125.0 2.95 16.6 0.960.007439 60 166.7 4.9 22.5 0.960.006199 50 200.0 6.9 27.2 0.970.004959 40 250.0 11.6 34.8 0.970.003720 30 333.3 27.7 35.7 0.95OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν 12-1680.002480 20 500.0 27.6 39.1 0.95 0.001240 10 1000 45.1 57.8 0.97 Lithium Fluoride (LiF) - [Ref. 12] 2000 6.199·10–40.9999347 4.33·10–6 1496 8.287·10–40.999883 1.28·10–5 1016 1.220·10–30.999757 5.18·10–5 725 1.710·10–30.999643 1.62·10–4 504 2.460·10–30.999162 4.96·10–5 303 4.092·10–30.99752 3.12·10–4 250 4.959·10–30.99632 6.17·10–5 200 6.199·10–32.12·10–3 150 8.265·10–30.9899 3.54·10–3 100 1.240·10–20.9801 1.32·10–2 75 1.653·10–22.63·10–2 50 2.480·10–27.89·10–2 25 4.959·10–20.558 0.521 20 6.199·10–21.20 0.58 0.10 15.1 8.211·10–21.08 0.68 0.10 13 9.537·10–21.04 1.64 12.0 0.1033 2.28 0.11 0.1511.0 0.1127 1.77 8.07·10 –70.08 10.00 0.12398 1.606 7.70·10–70.05 9 0.1375 1.53 0.047 0.1771 1.464.959 40000 0.250 1.4189 0.034.000 32260 0.31 1.4073 0.032.952 23810 0.42 1.3978 0.032.000 16130 0.62 1.3915 0.030.9919 8000 1.25 1.38510.7999 6452 1.55 1.3858 0.030.4959 4000 2.5 1.3731 0.020.4000 3226 3.1 1.36500.3100 2500 4.0 1.34930.2480 2000 5.0 1.3266 1.8·10 –60.02 0.2000 1613 6.2 1.29120.1698 1370 7.3 1.24990.1494 1205 8.3 1.20360.1240 1000 10.0 1.1005 2.6·10 –3 0.1127 909.1 11.0 1.0208 8.0·10–3 0.1033 833.3 12.0 1.9·10–2 0.09537 769.2 13.0 3.7·10–2 0.08679 700 14.29 0.508 7.74·10–2 0.07439 600 16.67 0.124 0.8040.06199 500 20.00 0.306 1.47 0.680.05579 450 22.22 0.191 1.88 0.850.04959 400 25.00 0.208 2.71 0.910.03720 300 33.33 8.76 3.91 0.680.03100 250 40.00 4.64 0.287 0.420.02480 200 50.00 3.69 0.102 0.330.01240 100.0 100 3.067 0.106 0.260.06199 50.0 200 3.067 4.0·10 –20.26 0.04959 40.00 250 3.067 2.2·10–20.26 0.02480 20.00 500 3.067 6.3·10–3 0.01378 11.11 900 3.1·10–3 4.798·10–43.870 2584 3.023 1.19·10–3 0.25 1.464·10–41.181 8469 3.023 6.20·10–4 0.25OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν TeamLRN12-1694.053·10–50.3269 30590 3.023 2.63·10–4 0.25 1.861·10–71.501·10–36.662·1063.018 1.6·10–5 3.718·10–82.999·10–43.335·1073.018 1.6·10–5 Potassium Chloride (KCl) - [Ref. 13] 2860.3 4.3347·10–43.93·10–6 2855.3 4.3423·10–43.39·10–6 2849.3 4.3514·10–44.61·10–6 2835.8 4.3721·10–45.85·10–6 2832.3 4.3775·10–45.85·10–6 2829.8 4.3814·10–41.57·10–6 2828.3 4.3837·10–44.19·10–7 219 5.661·10–31.82·10–3 215 5.767·10–31.84·10–3 212.5 5.834·10–32.19·10–3 211 5.876·10–31.82·10–3 185.1 6.7·10–30.99874 1.01·10–3 109.7 1.13·10–20.99578 4.22·10–3 43 0.02883 0.96 3.0·10–2 40 0.03179 0.925 1.8·10–2 29.9 0.04147 0.756 0.14520.1 0.06168 0.910 0.49515.1 0.08211 0.965 0.34410.0 0.1240 1.16 0.38 0.0359.0 0.1378 1.99 0.50 0.138.0 0.1550 1.15 0.46 0.0487.0 0.1771 2.0 8.46·10 –70.11 6.199 50000 0.20 1.71739 0.0704.959 40000 0.25 1.589723.999 32260 0.31 1.540052.952 23810 0.42 1.507012.695 21740 0.46 1.50115 0.0402.616 21100 0.474 7.6·10 –11 2.384 19230 0.52 1.495012.066 16670 0.60 1.48969 0.0391.550 12500 0.80 1.48291 0.0381.033 8333 1.2 1.47813 0.0370.5166 4167 2.4 1.47464 0.0370.2480 2000 5.0 1.47048 0.0360.2000 1.613 6.2 1.46796 0.0360.1512 1220 8.2 1.46260 0.0350.09999 806.5 12.4 1.44611 0.0330.07560 609.8 16.4 1.42295 0.0300.04959 400.0 25.0 1.34059 6.57·10 –40.021 0.03999 322.6 31.0 1.2431 0.0120.02976 240 41.67 0.85 0.160.02728 220 45.45 0.53 0.350.02232 180 55.56 0.31 1.050.01860 150 66.67 0.44 4.00.01612 130 76.92 4.1 0.32 0.370.01240 100 100.0 2.7 0.11 0.210.008679 70 142.9 2.4 9.2·10 –20.17 0.006199 50 200.0 2.2 0.140.001240 10.00 1000 9.0·10 –3 0.0006199 5.000 2000 3.7·10–3 0.0004133 3.333 3000 2.0·10–3OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν 12-170Silicon Dioxide (Glass) - [Ref. 14] 2000 6.199·10–40.99993 1.503·10–5 1860 6.665·10–40.99991 1.936·10–5 1609 7.705·10–40.99989 9.941·10–6 1496 8.287·10–40.99987 1.308·10–5 1204 1.030·10–30.99980 2.916·10–5 1093 1.134·10–30.99975 4.155·10–5 1016 1.220·10–30.99971 5.423·10–5 798 1.554·10–30.99954 1.289·10–4 597 2.077·10–30.99917 3.560·10–4 396 3.131·10–30.99812 4.04·10–4 303 4.092·10–30.99678 9.91·10–4 201 6.168·10–30.99269 3.63·10–3 151.2 8.2·10–30.9871 7.3·10–3 99.99 1.24·10–20.9813 7.0·10–3 49.59 2.50·10–20.9164 6.5·10–2 40.00 3.10·10–20.907 9.2·10–2 31.00 4.00·10–20.851 0.156 25.00 0.04959 0.733 0.32520.00 0.06199 0.859 0.58515.00 0.08266 1.168 0.711 0.1013.00 0.09537 1.368 0.747 0.1111.00 0.1127 1.739 0.569 0.1110.00 0.1240 2.330 0.323 0.179.00 0.1378 1.904 1.89·10 –20.097 7.00 0.1771 1.600 0.0536.00 48390 0.2066 1.543 0.0464.9939 40278.4 0.248272 1.50841 0.0414.1034 33096.1 0.302150 1.48719 0.0383.0640 24712.3 0.404656 1.46961 0.0362.5504 20570.5 0.486133 1.46313 0.0352.4379 19662.5 0.508582 1.46187 0.0352.2705 18312.5 0.546074 1.46008 0.0352.1489 17332.3 0.576959 1.45885 0.0352.1411 17269.2 0.579065 1.45877 0.0352.1102 17019.5 0.587561 1.45847 0.0352.1041 16970.4 0.589262 1.45841 0.0351.9257 15531.6 0.643847 1.45671 0.0351.8892 15237.6 0.656272 1.45637 0.0351.8566 14974.2 0.667815 1.45608 0.0341.7549 14153.9 0.706519 1.45515 0.0341.4550 11735.6 0.852111 1.45248 0.0341.0985 8860.06 1.12866 1.44888 0.0340.60243 4858.9 2.0581 1.43722 0.0320.35354 2851.4 3.5070 1.40568 0.0280.2976 2400 4.176 1.383 1.07·10 –40.026 0.2728 2200 4.545 1.365 2.56·10–40.024 0.2480 2000 5.000 1.342 3.98·10–30.021 0.2232 1800 5.556 1.306 5.63·10–3 0.1984 1600 6.250 1.239 6.52·10–3 0.1736 1400 7.143 1.053 1.06·10–2 0.1674 1350 7.407 0.9488 1.48·10–2 0.1612 1300 7.692 0.7719 3.72·10–2 0.1500 1210 8.265 0.4530 0.704 0.300.1401 1130 8.850 0.3563 1.53 0.660.1302 1050 9.524 2.760 1.65 0.350.1209 975 10.26 2.448 0.231 0.18OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν TeamLRN12-1710.1091 880 11.36 1.784 7.75·10–20.079 0.09919 800 12.50 1.753 0.343 0.0890.08989 725 13.79 1.698 0.175 0.0710.06943 560 17.86 1.337 0.298 0.0360.06199 500 20.00 0.6616 0.8820.04959 400 25.0 2.739 0.397 0.230.03720 300 33.33 2.210 6.7·10 –20.14 0.01240 100 100.0 1.967 1.59·10–20.11 0.007439 60 166.7 1.959 8.62·10–30.11 0.002480 20 500.0 1.955 7.96·10–30.10 Silicon Monoxide (Noncrystalline) - [Ref. 15] 25 0.04959 0.8690 0.271720 0.06199 0.8853 0.491917.5 0.07085 0.9825 0.596115 0.08266 1.132 0.6651 0.09212.5 0.09919 1.283 0.6523 0.09010 0.1240 1.378 0.6843 0.107.5 0.1653 1.593 0.7473 0.125 40330 0.2480 2.001 0.6052 0.154 32260 0.3100 2.141 0.4006 0.153 24200 0.4133 2.116 0.1211 0.132.8 22580 0.4428 2.085 0.08374 0.122.6 20970 0.4769 2.053 0.05544 0.122.4 19360 0.5166 2.021 0.03533 0.112.2 17740 0.5636 1.994 0.02153 0.112 16130 0.6199 1.969 0.01175 0.111.8 14520 0.6888 1.948 0.00523 0.101.6 12900 0.7749 1.929 0.00151 0.101.240 10000 1.000 1.87 0.0920.6199 5000 2.000 1.84 0.0870.3100 2500 4.000 1.80 0.0820.2480 2000 5.000 1.75 0.0740.2066 1667 6.000 1.70 0.0670.1771 1492 7.000 1.60 0.0530.1653 1333 7.500 1.420.1459 1176 8.500 0.90 0.180.1305 1053 9.500 1.20 1.20 0.0240.1240 1000 10.00 2.00 1.38 0.270.1181 952.4 10.50 2.85 0.90 0.270.1153 930.2 10.75 2.86 0.58 0.250.1127 909.1 11.00 2.82 0.40 0.240.1078 869.6 11.50 2.50 0.20 0.190.1033 833.3 12.00 2.13 0.14 0.130.09537 769.2 13.00 2.04 0.20 0.120.08856 714.3 14.00 2.01 0.30 0.12 Noncrystalline Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) - [Ref. 16] 24 0.05166 0.655 0.420 0.2823 0.05391 0.625 0.481 0.2222 0.05636 0.611 0.560 0.1621 0.05904 0.617 0.647 0.1920 0.06199 0.635 0.743 0.2119 0.06526 0.676 0.841 0.2318 0.06888 0.735 0.936 0.2617 0.07293 0.810 1.03 0.25OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν 12-17216 0.07749 0.902 1.11 0.26 15 0.08266 1.001 1.18 0.2614 0.08856 1.111 1.26 0.2613 0.09537 1.247 1.35 0.2712 96790 0.1033 1.417 1.43 0.2811 88720 0.1127 1.657 1.52 0.2910.5 84690 0.1181 1.827 1.53 0.2910 80650 0.1240 2.000 1.49 0.299.5 76620 0.1305 2.162 1.44 0.289 72590 0.1378 2.326 1.32 0.278 64520 0.1550 2.651 0.962 0.267 56460 0.1771 2.752 0.493 0.236 48390 0.2066 2.541 0.102 0.195 40330 0.2480 2.278 4.9·10 –30.15 4.75 38310 0.2610 2.234 1.2·10–30.15 4.5 36290 0.2755 2.198 2.2·10–40.14 4 32260 0.3100 2.141 0.133.5 28230 0.3542 2.099 0.133 24200 0.4133 2.066 0.122.5 20160 0.4959 2.041 0.122 16130 0.6199 2.022 0.111.5 12100 0.8266 2.008 0.111 8065 1.240 1.998 0.11 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - [Ref. 17] 209.5 5.918·10–32.54·10–3 206 6.019·10–32.62·10–3 203 6.107·10–32.08·10–3 200 6.199·10–31.92·10–3 26.0 0.04769 0.83 0.15 0.01525.0 0.04959 0.83 0.18 0.01822.0 0.05636 0.83 0.31 0.05720.0 0.06199 0.88 0.34 0.03618.0 0.06888 0.89 0.33 0.03316.1 0.07700 0.74 0.45 0.08414.0 0.08856 0.98 0.89 0.1712.0 0.1033 1.22 0.79 0.1210.0 0.1240 1.55 0.71 0.128.00 0.1550 1.38 1.10 0.206.00 48390 0.2066 1.75 0.0745.00 40330 0.2480 1.65 0.0602.952 23810 0.42 1.56324 0.0482.480 20000 0.50 1.55157 0.0472.214 17860 0.56 1.54613 0.0462.000 16130 0.62 1.54228 0.0451.771 14290 0.70 1.53865 0.0451.675 13510 0.74 1.53728 0.0451.550 12500 0.80 1.53560 0.0451.240 10000 1.00 1.53200 0.0441.033 8333 1.2 1.53000 0.0440.6888 5556 1.8 1.52712 0.0430.4959 4000 2.5 1.52531 0.0430.4000 3226 3.1 1.52395 0.0430.3263 2632 3.8 1.52226 (1.8±0.2) ·10 –90.043 0.2952 2381 4.2 1.52121 0.0430.2755 2222 4.5 1.52036 0.0430.2480 2000 5.0 1.51883 0.042OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν TeamLRN12-1730.1240 1000 10.0 1.49473 0.039 0.1033 833.3 12.0 1.48000 0.0370.08856 714.3 14.0 1.46188 0.0350.07749 625.0 16.0 1.4399 0.0330.06888 555.5 18.0 1.41364 0.0290.06199 500.0 20.0 1.3822 0.0260.04959 400 25.0 1.27 3.5·10 –30.014 0.04215 340 29.41 1.12 1.7·10–20.0032 0.03720 300 33.33 0.85 0.85 0.180.03410 275 36.36 0.59 0.22 0.0840.03286 265 37.74 0.42 0.50 0.260.03224 260 38.46 0.45 0.45 0.220.02480 200 50.00 0.14 1.99 0.890.02108 170 58.82 1.35 6.03 0.870.01984 160 62.50 6.92 2.14 0.590.01922 155 64.52 5.50 0.87 0.490.01860 150 66.67 4.52 0.380 0.410.01736 140 71.43 3.72 0.219 0.330.01612 130 76.92 3.31 0.135 0.290.01488 120 83.33 3.02 0.110 0.250.01240 100 100.0 2.74 0.087 0.220.009919 80 125.0 2.57 0.077 0.190.07439 60 166.7 2.48 0.055 0.180.04959 40 250.00 2.44 0.041 0.180.002480 20 500.0 2.43 0.024 0.170.001240 10 1000 2.43 0.006 0.170.001033 8.333 1200 8.8·10 –3 0.0006888 5.556 1800 5.4·10–3 0.0006199 5.000 2000 2.43 0.170.0004959 4.000 2500 4.4·10 –3 0.0004797 3.869 2584 2.43 2.1·10–30.17 0.0003875 3.125 3200 3.3·10–3 0.0001464 1.181 8469 2.43 5.8·10–40.17 0.00004053 0.3269 30590 2.43 2.5·10–4 Cubic Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) - [Ref. 18] 2000 6.199·10–40.999904 1.76·10–5 1204 1.030·10–30.999777 1.00·10–4 1016 1.220·10–30.999838 3.61·10–5 901 1.376·10–30.999647 5.42·10–5 798 1.554·10–30.999520 8.28·10–5 707 1.754·10–30.999372 1.25·10–4 597 2.077·10–30.999160 2.19·10–4 377 9.50·10–30.99789 9.50·10–4 201 6.168·10–30.99553 4.82·10–3 100 1.240·10–20.99061 1.17·10–2 61.99 2.000·10–20.964 3.32·10–2 6.2·10–4 41.33 3.000·10–20.941 5.10·10–2 31.00 4.000·10–20.847 9.95·10–2 24.80 5.000·10–20.796 0.171 2.2·10–2 17.71 7.000·10–20.747 0.431 7.7·10–2 13.78 9.000·10–20.758 0.824 0.20 12.40 0.1000 0.862 0.876 0.199.919 0.125 1.02 1.36 0.318.266 0.150 1.41 1.47 0.296.199 0.200 2.32 1.62 0.326.00 48390 0.2066 2.24 1.65 0.59OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν 12-1744.00 32260 0.3100 2.70 0.44 0.22 3.00 24200 0.4133 2.54 4·10–20.19 2.50 20160 0.4959 2.42 3·10–20.17 2.30 18550 0.5391 2.3950 0.172.00 16130 0.6199 2.3576 0.161.75 14110 0.7085 2.3319 0.161.55 12500 0.7999 2.3146 3.50·10 –60.16 1.40 11290 0.8856 2.3033 0.161.240 10000 1.000 2.2907 3.02·10 –60.15 1.00 8065 1.240 2.2795 0.150.80 6452 1.550 2.2706 0.150.6199 5000 2.000 2.2631 6.2·10 –60.15 0.45 3629 2.755 2.2587 0.150.30 2420 4.133 2.2529 0.150.20 1613 6.199 2.2443 0.150.1550 1250 8.0 2.2213 4.5·10 –60.14 0.1240 1000 10.00 2.1986 8.8·10–60.14 0.100 806.5 12.4 2.1969 0.140.09 725.9 13.78 2.1793 0.140.07999 645.2 15.5 2.1518 3.82·10 –30.14 0.07 564.6 17.71 2.1040 0.130.06075 490 20.41 2.03 8.0·10 –30.12 0.05 403.3 24.80 1.6866 0.0650.03546 286 34.97 3.29 8.3·10 –20.28 0.03472 280 35.71 9.54 5.2·10–20.66 0.02480 200 50.00 3.48 3.1·10–20.31 0.01240 100 100.0 3.06 5.8·10–30.26 0.004955 40 250.0 2.903 6.2·10–30.24 0.004339 35 285.7 2.899 7.0·10–30.24 0.003720 30 333.3 2.896 0.240.003100 25 400.0 2.894 0.240.002480 20 500.0 2.892 0.240.001860 15 666.7 2.890 0.24 Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) - [Ref. 19] 4.960 40000 0.250 0.970 4.769 38462 0.260 0.972 4.593 37037 0.270 0.975 4.426 35714 0.280 0.978 4.276 34483 0.290 0.980 4.133 33333 0.300 0.983 4.000 32258 0.310 0.986 3.875 31250 0.320 0.988 3.758 30303 0.330 0.990 3.647 29412 0.340 0.991 3.543 28571 0.350 0.992 3.444 27778 0.360 0.992 3.351 27027 0.370 0.993 2.255 18182 0.550 0.993 2.067 16667 0.600 0.992 1.378 11111 0.900 0.992 1.305 10526 0.950 0.991 1.078 8696 1.150 0.991 1.033 8333 1.200 0.990 0.9920 8000 1.250 0.990 0.9538 7692 1.300 0.989 0.9185 7407 1.350 0.988OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν TeamLRN12-175REFERENCES 1. Arsenic Selenide D. J. Treacy in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, Editor, Academic Press, 1985, p. 623. (Hereafter abbreviated as HOCS.) R. Zallen, R. E. Drews, R. L. Emerald, and M. L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971) R. Zallen, M. L. Slade, and A. T. Ward, Phys. Rev. B 3, 4257 (1971). U. Strom and P. C. Taylor, Phys. Rev . B 16, 5512 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). C. T. Moynihan, P. B. Macedo, M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, and R. E. Howard, J. Non-Cryst. Solids , 17, 369 (1975). Y. Ohmachi, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 630 (1973). 2. Arsenic Sulfide D. J. Treacy in HOCS, 1985, p. 641. P. A. Young, J. Phys. C 4, 93 (1971). W. S. Rodny, I. H. Malitson, and T. A. King, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 633 (1958). R. Zallen, R.E. Drew, R. L. Emerald, and M.L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971). M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, R. E. Howard, P. B. Macedo, and C. T. Moynihan, Solid State Commun. 15, 855 (1974). P. B. Klein, P. C. Taylor, and D. J. Treacy, Phys. Rev. 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Semicond. 12, 622 (1978). 0.8857 7143 1.400 0.988 0.8552 6897 1.450 0.989 0.8267 6667 1.500 0.989 0.8000 6452 1.550 0.988 0.7750 6250 1.600 0.988 0.7515 6061 1.650 0.987 0.7294 5882 1.700 0.986 0.7086 5714 1.750 0.986 0.6889 5556 1.800 0.985 0.6703 5405 1.850 0.980 0.6526 5263 1.900 0.978 0.6359 51282 1.950 0.978 0.6200 5000 2.000 0.970 0.6049 4878 2.050 0.959 0.5905 4762 2.100 0.951 0.5767 4651 2.150 0.946 0.5636 4545 2.200 0.966 0.5511 44444 2.250 0.965 0.5487 44247 2.260 0.964 0.5439 4386 2.280 0.963 0.5415 4367 2.290 0.961 0.5368 4329 2.310 0.959 0.5345 4310 2.320 0.957 0.5322 4292 2.330 0.956 0.5299 4274 2.340 0.954 0.5277 4255 2.350 0.951 0.5232 4219 2.370 0.950 0.5188 4184 2.390 0.949 0.5167 4167 2.400 0.947 0.5061 4082 2.450 0.946 0.4960 4000 2.500 0.945OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV /cm–1λλλλ/µµµµm nna nc kka kc RRa Rc νννν 12-176L. S. Ladd, Infrared Phys. 6, 145 (1966). J. E. Harvey and W. L. Wolfe, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1267 (1975). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, H. Oshinaga, Y. Ueda, and H. Sei, Technol. Rep. Osaka Univ. Jpn. 17, 263 (1967). J. R. Birch and D. K. Murrey, Infrared Phys. 18, 283 (1978). 4. Gallium Arsenide E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 429. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, in Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, and R. P. H. Chang, J. Appl. Phys. 49, 6097 (1978). H. C. Casey, D. D. Sell, and K. W. Wecht, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 250 (1975). A. H. Kachare, W. G. Spitzer, F. K. Euler, and A. Kahan, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 2938 (1974). R. T. Holm, J. W. Gibson, and E. D. Palik, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 212 (1977). W. Cochran, S. J. Fray, F. A. Johnson, J. E. Quarrington, and N. Williams, J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 32, 2102 (1961). C. P. 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B 27, 985 (1983). G. D. Pettit and W. J. Turner, J. Appl. Phys . 36, 2081 (1965). R. Newman, Phys. Rev. 111, 1518 (1958). W. N. Reynolds, M. T. Lilburne, and R. M. Dell, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 71, 416 (1958). H. Jamshidi and T. J. Parker, Int. Meet. Infrared Mm. Waves, 7th., Marseilles, 1983. 9. Lead Selenide G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 517. M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). T. S. Moss, Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Butterworth, 1959, p. 189. J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids , 8, 423 (1959). K. V. Vyatkin and A. P. Shotov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 14, 785 (1980); Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 14, 1331 (1980). 10.Lead Sulfide G. Guizzetti and A. Borghesi in HOCS, 1985, p. 525. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev . B 1, 2605 (1970). TeamLRN12-177M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). M. Cardona, C. M. Penchina, E. E. Koch, and P. Y. Yu, Phys. Status Solidi B 53, 327 (1972). P. R. Wessel, Phys. Rev. 153, 836 (1967). C. E. Rossi and W. Paul, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1803 (1967). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). 11.Lead Telluride G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 535. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970). M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. 133, A1685 (1964). D. M. Korn and R. Braunstein, Phys. Rev. B 5, 4837 (1972). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8, 423 (1959). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. 140, A330 (1965). 12.Lithium Fluoride E. D. Palik and W. R. Hunter in HOCS, 1985, p. 675. B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 168 (1964); 16, 310 (1964). F. C. Brown, C. Gahwiller, A. B. Kunz, and N. O. Lipari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 927 (1970). A. Milgram and M. P. Givens, Phys. Rev. 125, 1506 (1962). T. Tomiki and T. Miyata, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27, 658 (1969). A. Kachare, G. Andermann, and L. R. Brantley, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 33, 467 (1972). 13.Potassium Chloride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 703. O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spectrosc. 16, 168 (1964); Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 310 (1964). T. Tomika, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 22, 463 (1967). M. Antinori, A. Balzarotti, and M. Piacentini, Phys. Rev. B 7, 1541 (1973). H. H. Li, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5, 329 (1976). S. D. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). K. W. Johnson and E. E. Bell, Phys. Rev. 139A, 1295 (1965). 14.Silicon Dioxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 749. J. Rife and J. Osantowski, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 1513 (1980). B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. H. R. Philipp, Solid State Commun. 4, 73 (1966); J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). P. L. Lamy, Appl. Opt. 16, 2212 (1977). H. R. Philipp, J. Appl. Phys. 50 1053 (1979). D. G. Drummond, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 153, 328 (1935). 15.Silicon Monoxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 765. H. R. Philipp, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). G. Hass and C. D. Salzberg, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 181 (1954). E. Cremer, T. Kraus, and E. Ritter, Zs. Electrochem. 62, 939 (1958). A. P. Bradford, G. Hass, M. McFarland, and E. Ritter, Appl. Opt. 4, 971 (1965). 16.Silicon Nitride H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 771. H. R. Philipp, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120, 295 (1973). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, F. Simondet, M. Errman, and P. C. Mürau, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 6788 (1981). J. Bauer, Phys. Status Solidi, A 39, 411 (1977). 17.Sodium Chloride J. E. Eldridge and E. D. Palik in HOCS, p. 775. J. A. Harrington, C. J. Duthler, F. W. Patten, and M. Hass, Solid State Commun. 18, 1043 (1976). T. Miyata and T. Tomiki, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 24, 1286 (1968); ibid., 22, 209 (1967). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 279 (1968). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, Phys. Rev . 166, 599 (1968). S. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). 18.Zinc Sulfide E. D. Palik and A. Addamiano in HOCS, 1985, p. 597. 12-178B. L. Henke, P. L. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. F. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. M. Cardona and G. Harbeke, Phys. Rev. 137, A1467 (1965). Eastman Kodak, Publ. No. U-72, Rochester, New York (1981). C. A. Klein and R. N. Donadio, J. Appl. Phys. 51, 797 (1980). T. Deutsch, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 6th Exeter 1962, p. 505. The Inst. of Physics and the Physical Soc., London, 1962. A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). W. W. Piper, D. T. F. Marple, and P. D. Johnson, Phys. Rev . 110, 323 (1958). 19.Polytetrafluoroethylene J. W. L. Thomas (NIST), Private communication. NIST Certificate, STM 2044. P. Y. Barnes, E. A. Early, and A. C. Parr, NIST Special Publ. 250-48, NIST Measurement Services: Spectral Reflectance. Diffuse Reflectance Coatings and Materials Sections, Labsphere Catalog, 1996. A. Arecchi and C. Ryder (Labsphere, North Sutten, NJ), private communication. TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS When a crystal is subjected to a stress field, an electric field, or a magnetic field, the resulting optical effects are in gen eral dependent on the orientation of these fields with respect to the crystal axes. It is useful, therefore, to express the optical properties in ter ms of the refractive index ellipsoid (or indicatrix): orwhere ε is the dielectric constant or permeability; the quantity B ij has the name impermeability. A crystal exposed to a stress S will show a change of its impermeability. The photo-elastic (or elasto-optic) constants, Pijkl, are defined by where n is the refractive index and Skl are the strain tensor elements; the Pijkl are the elements of a 4th rank tensor. When a crystal is subjected to an electric field E two possible changes of the refractive index may occur depending on the symmetry of the crystal. 1. All materials, including isotropic solids and polar liquids, show an electro-optic birefringence (Kerr effect) which is propo rtional to the square of the electric field, E: where Ek and El are the components of the electric field and Pk and Pl the electric polarizations. The coefficients, Kijkl, are the quadratic electro- optic coefficients, while the constants gijkl are known as the Kerr constants. 2. The other electro-optic effect only occurs in the 20 piezo-electric crystal classes (no center of symmetry). This effect is k nown as the Pockels effect. The optical impermeability changes linearly with the static field The coefficients rij,k have the name (linear) electro-optic coefficients. The values of the electro-optic coefficients depend on the boundary conditions. If the superscripts T and S denote respectively the conditions of zero stress (free) and zero strain (clamped) one finds: where ejk = (∂Tk/∂Ej)S and djk = (∂Sk/∂Ej)T are the appropriate piezo-electric coefficients. The interaction between a magnetic field and a light wave propagating in a solid or in a liquid gives rise to a rotation of the plane of polarization. This effect is known as Faraday rotation . It results from a difference in propagation velocity for left and right circular polarized light. The Faraday rotation, θF, is linearly proportional to the magnetic field H: where l is the light path length and V is the Verdet constant (minutes/oersted ⋅cm). For ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials the magnetic field in the above expression is replaced by the magnetization M and the magneto-optic coefficient in this case is known as the Kund constant K: Specific Faraday rotation F = KM In the tables below the Faraday rotation is listed at the saturation magnetization per unit length, together with the absorption coefficient α, the temperature T, the critical temperature TC (or TN), and the wavelength of the measurement.B nij ij ij=  =  11 2ε ΔΔ11 2ε  =  =∑ ij ijijkl klklnPS 1 2 123 123 nKE E gP P ijk,l , ,ijkl k l k,l , ,ijkl k l  == ==∑∑ Δ1 2nrE ijij,k k k  =∑ rr q er P dij ij ik jk ij ik jkTS E SE=+ =+ θF=VlHx ny nz nxyz2 22 22 21 ++= Bxy i , j ,,ij i j ij==∑ 11 2 3() © 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) In the tables which follow, the properties are presented in groups: •Elasto-optic coefficients (photoelastic constants) •Linear electro-optic coefficients (Pockels constants) •Quadratic electro-optic coefficients (Kerr constants) •Magneto-optic coefficients: •Verdet constants •Faraday rotation parameters Within each group, materials are classified by crystal system or physical state. References are given at the end of each group of tables. ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) Name Cubic (43m, 432, m3m) Formula λ/µm p11 p12 p44 p11-p12 Ref. Sodium fluoride NaF 0.633 0.08 0.20 -0.03 -0.12 1 Sodium chloride NaCl 0.589 0.115 0.159 -0.011 -0.042 2 Sodium bromide NaBr 0.589 0.148 0.184 -0.0036 -0.035 1Sodium iodide NaI 0.589 — — 0.0048 -0.0141 3 Potassium fluoride KF 0.546 0.26 0.20 -0.029 0.06 1 Potassium chloride KCl 0.633 0.22 0.16 -0.025 0.06 4Potassium bromide KBr 0.589 0.212 0.165 -0.022 0.047 5 Potassium iodide KI 0.590 0.212 0.171 — 0.041 6 Rubidium chloride RbCl 0.589 0.288 0.172 -0.041 0.116 7,8Rubidium bromide RbBr 0.589 0.293 0.185 -0.034 0.108 7,8 Rubidium iodide RbI 0.589 0.262 0.167 -0.023 0.095 7,8 Lithium fluoride LiF 0.589 0.02 0.13 -0.045 -0.11 5Lithium chloride LiCl 0.589 — — -0.0177 -0.0407 3 Ammonium chloride NH 4Cl 0.589 0.142 0.245 0.042 -0.103 9 Cadmium telluride CdTe 1.06 -0.152 -0.017 -0.057 -0.135 10Calcium fluoride CaF 20.55-0.65 0.038 0.226 0.0254 -0.183 11 Copper chloride CuCl 0.633 0.120 0.250 -0.082 -0.130 12 Copper bromide CuBr 0.633 0.072 0.195 -0.083 -0.123 12Copper iodide CuI 0.633 0.032 0.151 -0.068 -0.119 12 Diamond C 0.540-0.589 -0.278 0.123 -0.161 -0.385 13 Germanium Ge 3.39 -0.151 -0.128 -0.072 -0.023 14Gallium arsenide GaAs 1.15 -0.165 -0.140 -0.072 -0.025 15 Gallium phosphide GaP 0.633 -0.151 -0.082 -0.074 -0.069 15 Strontium fluoride SrF 2 0.633 0.080 0.269 0.0185 -0.189 16 Strontium titanate SrTiO3 0.633 0.15 0.095 0.072 — 17 KRS-5 Tl(Br,I) 0.633 -0.140 0.149 -0.0725 -0.289 18,20 KRS-6 Tl(Br,Cl) 0.633 -0.451 -0.337 -0.164 -0.114 19,20Zinc sulfide Zn 0.633 0.091 -0.01 0.075 0.101 15 Rare Gases Formula λ/µm p 11 p12 p44 p11-p12 Ref. Neon (T = 24.3 K) Ne 0.488 0.157 0.168 0.004 -0.011 21 Argon (T = 82.3 K) Ar 0.488 0.256 0.302 0.015 -0.046 22Krypton (T = 115.6 K) Kr 0.488 0.34 0.34 0.037 0 21 Xenon (T = 160.5 K) Xe 0.488 0.284 0.370 0.029 -0.086 22 Garnets Formula λ/µm p 11 p12 p44 p11-p12 Ref. GGG Gd3Ga5O120.514 -0.086 -0.027 -0.078 -0.059 23 YIG Y3Fe5O12 1.15 0.025 0.073 0.041 — 15 YGG Y3Ga5O12 0.633 0.091 0.019 0.079 — 17 YAG Y 3Al5O12 0.633 -0.029 0.0091 -0.0615 -0.038 15 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) continued) Name Cubic (23, m3) Formula λ/µm p11 p12 p44 p13 Ref. Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2 0.589 — p11-p22 = 0.992 -0.0205 p11-p13 = 0.713 13 Lead nitrate Pb(NO3)20.589 0.162 0.24 -0.0198 0.20 24,25 Sodium bromate NaBrO3 0.589 0.185 0.218 -0.0139 0.213 26 Sodium chlorate NaClO 3 0.589 0.162 0.24 -0.0198 0.20 26 Strontium nitrate Sr(NO3)2 0.41 0.178 0.362 -0.014 0.316 27 Hexagonal Formula λ/µm p11 p12 p13 p31 p33 p44 Ref. (mmc,6mm) Beryl Be3Al2Si6O18 0.589 0.0099 0.175 0.191 0.313 0.023 -0.152 28 Cadmium sulfide CdS 0.633 -0.142 -0.066 -0.057 -0.041 -0.20 -0.099 15,2Zinc oxide ZnO 0.633 ±0.222 ±0.099 -0.111 ±0.088 -0.235 0.0585 30 Zinc sulfide ZnS 0.633 -0.115 0.017 0.025 0.0271 -0.13 -0.0627 31 Trigonal (3m,32,3m) Formula λ/µm p 11 p12 p13 p14 p31 Sapphire Al2O3 0.644 -0.23 -0.03 0.02 0.00 -0.04 Calcite CaCO3 0.514 0.062 0.147 0.186 -0.011 0.241 Lithium niobate LiNbO3 0.633 ±0.034 ±0.072 ±0.139 ±0.066 ±0.178 Lithium tantalate LiTaO3 0.633 -0.081 0.081 0.093 -0.026 0.089 Cinnabar HgS 0.633 ±0.445 Quartz SiO2 0.589 0.16 0.27 0.27 -0.030 0.29 Proustite Ag3AsS30.633 ±0.10 ±0.19 ±0.22 ±0.24 Sodium nitrite NaNO3 0.633 ±0.21 ±0.215 ±0.027 ±0.25 Tellurium Te 10.6 0.155 0.130 — — — Trigonal (3m,32,3m) p33 p41 p44 Ref. (continued) Sapphire -0.20 0.01 -0.10 15,32 Calcite 0.139 -0.036 -0.058 33 Lithium niobate +-0.060 ±0.154 ±0.300 15,34 Lithium tantalate -0.044 -0.085 0.028 15,35 Cinnabar +-0.115 — — 36 Quartz 0.10 -0.047 -0.079 37Proustite +-0.20 — — 38 Sodium nitrite 0.055 -0.06 39 Tellurium — — 15 Tetragonal (4/mmm,42m,422) Formula λ/µm p 11 p12 p13 p31 Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate ADP 0.589 0.319 0.277 0.169 0.197 Barium titanate BaTiO 3 0.633 0.425 — — — Cesium dihydrogen arsenate CDA 0.633 0.267 0.225 0.200 0.195Magnesium fluoride MgF 2 0.546 — — — — Calomel Hg 2Cl2 0.633 ±0.551 ±0.440 ±0.256 ±0.137 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KDP 0.589 0.287 0.282 0.174 0.241Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate RDA 0.633 0.227 0.239 0.200 0.205 Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate RDP 0.633 0.273 0.240 0.218 0.210 Strontium barium niobate Sr 0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 0.633 0.16 0.10 0.08 0.11 Strontium barium niobate Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 0.633 0.06 0.08 0.17 0.09 Tellurium oxide TeO 2 0.633 0.0074 0.187 0.340 0.090 Rutile TiO2 0.633 0.017 0.143 -0.139 -0.080 © 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) Name Tetragonal (4/mmm,42m,422) p33 p44 p66 Ref. (continued) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 0.167 -0.058 -0.091 40 Barium titanate — — — 41Cesium dihydrogen arsenate 0.227 — — 42 Magnesium fluoride — ±0.0776 ±0.0488 43 Calomel ±0.010 — ±0.047 44 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.122 -0.019 -0.064 45 Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate 0.182 — — 41 Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate 0.208 — — 41Strontium barium niobate 0.47 — — 46 Strontium barium niobate 0.23 — — 46 Tellurium oxide 0.240 -0.17 -0.046 47Rutile -0.057 -0.009 -0.060 48 Tetragonal (4,4,4/m) Formula λ/µm p 11 p12 p13 p16 p31 Cadmium molybdate CdMoO 4 0.633 0.12 0.10 0.13 — 0.11 Lead molybdate PbMoO4 0.633 0.24 0.24 0.255 0.017 0.175 Sodium bismuth molybdate NaBi(MoO4)2 0.633 0.243 0.205 0.25 — 0.21 Tetragonal (4,4,4/m) p33 p44 p45 p61 p66 Ref. (continued) Cadmium molybdate 0.18 — — — — 49 Lead molybdate 0.300 0.067 -0.01 0.013 0.05 52 Sodium bismuth molybdate 0.29 — — — — — Orthorhombic Formula λ/µm p11 p12 p13 p21 p22 p23 (222,m22,mmm) Ammonium chlorate NH4ClO4 0.633 — 0.24 0.18 0.23 — 0.20 Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 0.633 0.26 0.19 ±0.260 ±0.230 ±0.27 ±0.254 Rochelle salt NaKC4H4O6 0.589 0.35 0.41 0.42 0.37 0.28 0.34 Iodic acid ( α) HIO3 0.633 0.302 0.496 0.339 0.263 0.412 0.304 Sulfur (α) S 0.633 0.324 0.307 0.268 0.272 0.301 0.310 Barite BaSO4 0.589 0.21 0.25 0.16 0.34 0.24 0.19 Topaz Al2SiO4(OH,F)2— -0.085 0.069 0.052 0.095 -0.120 0.065 Orthorhombic p31 p32 p33 p44 p55 p66 Ref. (222,m22,mmm) (continued) Ammonium chlorate 0.19 0.18 ±0.02 < ±0.02 — ±0.04 51 Ammonium sulfate 0.20 ±0.26 0.26 0.015 ±0.0015 0.012 52 Rochelle salt 0.36 0.35 0.36 -0.030 0.0046 -0.025 53Iodic Acid ( α) 0.251 0.345 0.336 0.084 -0.030 0.098 54 Sulfur (α) 0.203 0.232 0.270 0.143 0.019 0.118 54 Barite 0.28 0.22 0.31 0.002 -0.012 0.037 55Topaz 0.095 0.085 -0.083 -0.095 -0.031 0.098 28 Monoclinic (2,m,2/m) Formula λ/µm Taurine C 2H7NO3S 0.589 p11 = 0.313 p25 = -0.0025 p51 = -0.014 p12 = 0.251 p31 = 0.362 p52 = 0.006 p13 = 0.270 p32 = 0.275 p53 = 0.0048 p15 = -0.10 p33 = 0.308 p55 = 0.047 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Monoclinic (2,m,2/m) Formula λ/µmELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) Name p21 = 0.281 p35 = -0.003 p64 = 0.0024 p22 = 0.252 p44 = 0.0025 p66 = 0.0028 p23 = 0.272 p46 = -0.0056 Isotropic Formula λ/µm p11 p12 p44 Ref. Fused silica SiO2 0.633 0.121 0.270 -0.075 15 Water H 2O 0.633 ±0.31 ±0.31 15 Polystyrene 0.633 ±0.30 ±0.31 25 Lucite 0.633 ±0.30 0.28 25 Orpiment As2S3-glass 1.15 0.308 0.299 0.0045 15 Tellurium oxide TeO2-glass 0.633 0.257 0.241 0.0079 56 Laser glasses LGS-247-2 0.488 ±0.168 ±0.230 57 LGS-250-3 ±0.135 ±0.198 LGS-1 ±0.214 ±0.250 KGSS-1621 ±0.205 ±0.239 Dense flint glasses LaSF 0.633 0.088 0.147 -0.030 58 (examples) SF4 0.215 0.243 -0.014 U10502 0.172 0.179 -0.004 TaFd7 0.099 0.138 -0.020Taurine (continued) REFERENCES A. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals , Plenum Press, New York, 1981; pp. 290-293. B. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology , Volume IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986; pp. 324-331. 1. Petterson, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 63, 1243, 1973. 2. Burstein, E. and Smith, P. L., Phys. Rev. , 74, 229, 1948. 3. Pakhnev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.) , 18, 1662, 1975. 4. 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I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 2006, 1975. 44. Silvestrova, I. M., et al., Sov. Phys. Cryst. (transl.) , 20, 649, 1975. 45. Veerabhadra Rao, K. and Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Mater. Sci. , 10, 1019, 1975. 46. Venturini, E. L., et al., J. Appl. Phys. , 40, 1622, 1969. 47. Vehida, N. and Ohmachi, Y., J. Appl. Phys. , 40, 4692, 1969. 48. Grimsditch, M. H. and Ramdus, A. K., Phys. Rev. B , 22, 4094, 1980. 49. Schinke, D. P. and Viehman,W., unpublished Data. 50. Coquin, G. A., et al., J. Appl. Phys. , 42, 2162, 1971. 51. Vasquez, F., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Solids , 37, 451, 1976. 52. Luspin, Y. and Hauret, G., C.R.Ac. Sci. Paris , B274, 995 1972. 53. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Phys. Rev. , 186, 945, 1969. 54. Haussühl, S. and Weber, H. J., Z. Kristall. , 132, 266, 1970. 55. Vedam, K., Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. , A34, 161, 1951. 56. Yano, T., Fukumoto, A., and Watanabe, A., J. Appl. Phys. , 42, 3674, 1971. 57. Manenkov, A. A. and Ritus, A. I., Sov. J. Quant. Electr. , 8, 78, 1978. 58. Eschler, H. and Weidinger, F., J. Appl. Phys. , 46, 65, 1975. LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Name r41 Cubic (43m) Formula λ/µm pm/V Cuprous bromide CuBr 0.525 0.85 Cuprous chloride CuCl 0.633 3.6 Cuprous iodide CuI 0.55 -5.0Eulytite (BSO) Bi 4Si3O12 0.63 0.54 Germanium eulytite (BGO) Bi4Ge3O12 0.63 1.0 Gallium arsenide GaAs 10.6 1.6Gallium phosphide GaP 0.56 -1.07 Hexamethylenetetramine C 6H12N4 0.633 0.78 Sphalerite ZnS 0.65 2.1Zinc selenide ZnSe 0.546 2.0 Zinc telluride ZnTe 3.41 4.2 Cadmium telluride CdTe 3.39 6.8 r 41 Cubic (23) Formula λ/µm pm/V Ammonium chloride (77 K) NH4Cl — 1.5 Ammonium cadmium langbeinite (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 0.546 0.70 Ammonium manganese langbeinite (NH4)2Mn2(SO4)3 0.546 0.53 Thallium cadmium langbeinite Tl 2Cd2(SO4)3 0.546 0.37 Potassium magnesium langbeinite K2Mg2(SO4)3 0.546 0.40 Bismuth monogermanate Bi12GeO20 — 3.3 Bismuth monosilicate Bi 12SiO20 — 3.3 Sodium chlorate NaClO3 0.589 0.4 Sodium uranyl acetate NaUO2(CH3COO)3 0.546 0.87 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Name r41 Cubic (23) Formula λ/µm pm/V Trenhydrobromide N(CH 2CH2NH2)3 3HBr — 1.5 Trenhydrochloride N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HCl — 1.7 Ttran r41 r63 Tetragonal (42m) Formula K pm/V pm/V Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) NH4H2PO4 148 24.5 -8.5 Ammonium dideuterium phosphate (AD*P) NH4D2PO4 242 — 11.9 Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) NH4H2AsO4 — — 9.2 Cesium dihydrogen arsenate (CsDA) CsH 2AsO4 143 — 18.6 Cesium dideuterium arsenate (CsD*A) CsD2AsO4 212 — 36.6 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) KH2PO4 123 8.6 -10.5 Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KD*P) KD 2PO4 222 8.8 23.8 Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) KH2AsO4 97 12.5 10.9 Potassium dideuterium arsenate (KD*A) KD2AsO4 162 — 18.2 Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) RbH2PO4 147 — 15.5 Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate (RDA) RbH2AsO4 110 — 13.0 Rubidium dideuterium arsenate (RD*A) RbD2AsO4 178 — 21.4 Ttran r13 r33 r51 Tetragonal (4mm) Formula K pm/V pm/V pm/VBarium titanate BaTiO 3 406 8 28 — Potassium lithium niobate K3Li2Nb5O15 693 8.9 5.9 — Lead titanate PbTiO3 765 13.8 5.9 — Strontium barium niobate (SBN75) Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 330 6.7 1340 42 Strontium barium niobate (SBN46) Sr0.46Ba0.54Nb2O6 602 ~180 35 — r13 r33 r42 r51 Hexagonal (6mm) Formula pm/V pm/V pm/V pm/VGreenockite CdS 3.1 2.9 2.0 3.7 Greenockite (const. strain) CdS 1.1 2.4 — — Wurzite ZnS 0.9 1.8 — — Zincite ZnO -1.4 +2.6 — — r 13 r33 r42 r51 Hexagonal (6) Formula pm/V pm/V pm/V pm/V Lithium iodate LiIO3 4.1 6.4 1.4 3.3 Lithium potassium sulfate LiKSO4 r13-r33 = 1.6 — — — Ttran r13 r22 r33 r42 Trigonal (3m) Formula K pm/V pm/V pm/V pm/VCesium nitrate CsNO 3 425 — 0.43 — — Lithium niobate LiNbO3 1483 8.6 7.0 30.8 28 Lithium tantalate LiTaO3 890 8.4 — 30.5 — Lithium sodium sulfate LiNaSO 4 — — <0.02 — — Tourmaline — — — 0.3 — — Ttran r11 r41 Trigonal (32) Formula K pm/V pm/V Cesium tartrate Cs 2C4H4O6 — 1.0 — Cinnabar HgS 659 3.1 1.5 © 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Name Ttran r11 r41 Trigonal (32) Formula K pm/V pm/V Potassium dithionate K 2S2O6 — 0.26 — Strontium dithionate SrS2O6⋅4H2O — 0.1 — Quartz SiO2 1140 -0.47 0.2 Selenium Se 398 2.5 Ttran r41 r52 r63 Orthorhombic (222) Formula K pm/V pm/V pm/VAmmonium oxalate (NH 4)2C2O4⋅4H2O — 230 330 250 Rochelle salt KNaC 4H4O6⋅4H2O Tu = 297 -2.0 -1.7 +0.32 Tl = 255 Ttrans r13 r23 r33 r42 r51 Orthorhombic (mm2) Formula K pm/V pm/V pm/V pm/V pm/V Barium sodium niobate (BSN) Ba 2NaNbO 15 833 15 13 48 92 90 Potassium niobate KNbO3 476 28 1.3 64 380 105 Ttrans r22 r32 Monoclinic (2) Formula K pm/V pm/VCalcium pyroniobate Ca 2Nb2O7 — 0.33 13.7 Triglycine sulfate (TGS) (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SO4 322 7.2 13.6 REFERENCES 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals , Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 405-407. 2. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology , Vol. IV, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986, pp. 258-278. QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Kerr Constants of Ferroelectric Crystals1,2 Ttran λ g11 g12 g11-g12 g44 Name Formula K µm1 010 esu 1010 esu 1010 esu 1010 esu Barium titanate BaTiO3 406 0.633 1.33 -0.11 1.44 Strontium titanate SrTiO3 — 0.633 — — 1.56 — Potassium tantalate niobate KTa 0.65Nb0.35O3 330 0.633 1.50 -0.42 1.92 1.63 Potassium tantalate KTaO 3 13 0.633 — — 1.77 1.33 Lithium niobate LiNbO3 1483 — 0.94 0.25 0.7 0.6 Lithium tantalate LiTaO3 938 — 1.0 0.17 0.8 0.7 Barium sodium niobate (BSN) Ba0.8Na0.4Nb2O6 833 — 1.55 0.44 1.11 Kerr Constants of Selected Liquids2 K is the Kerr constant at a wavelength of 589 nm and at room temperature; ε is the static dielectric constant; Tm is the melting point; and Tb is the normal boiling point Molecular K ε Tm Tb Name formula 10–7 esu °C °C Carbon disulfide CS2 +3.23 2.63 -111.5 +46.3 Acetone C3H6O +16.3 21.0 -94.8 +56.1 Methyl ethyl ketone C 4H8O +13.6 18.56 -86.67 +79.6 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS Verdet Constants of Non-Magnetic Crystals1 V is the Verdet constant; n is the refractive index; and λ is the wavelength T λ nV Material K nm min/Oe cm Al2O3 300 546.1 1.771 0.0240 300 589.3 1.768 0.0210 BaTaO3 403 427 0.95403 496 0.38 403 620 0.18 403 826 0.072 Bi 4Ge3O12 300 442 2.077 0.289 300 632.8 2.048 0.099 300 1064 2.031 0.026 C (diamond) 300 589.3 2.417 0.0233 CaCO3 300 589.3 1.658 0.019 CaF2 300 589.3 1.434 0.0088 Cd0.55Mn0.45Te 300 632.8 6.87Kerr Constants of Selected Liquids (continued)2 Molecular K ε Tm Tb Name formula 10–7 esu °C °C Pyridine C5H5N +20.4 13.26 -42 +115.23 Ethyl cyanoacetate C5H7NO2 +38.8 31.6 -22.5 205 o-Dichlorobenzene C 6H4Cl2 +42.6 10.12 -16.7 180 Benzenesulfonyl chloride C6H5ClO2S +89.9 28.90 +14.5 247 Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 +326 35.6 +5.7 210.8 Ethyl 3-aminocrotonate C 6H11NO2 +31.0 — +33.9 210 Paraldehyde C6H12O3 -23.0 14.7 +12.6 124 12.0a Benzaldehyde C7H6O +80.8 17.85 -26 179.05 14.1a p-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl +23.0 6.25 +7.5 162.4 o-Nitrotoluene C 7H7NO2 +174 26.26 -10 222.3 m-Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 +177 24.95 +15.5 232 p-Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 +222 22.2 +51.6 238.3 Benzyl alcohol C7H8O -15.4 11.92 -15.3 205.8 10.8a m-Cresol C7H8O +21.2 12.44 +11.8 202.27 5.0a m-Chloroacetophenone C8H7ClO +69.1 Acetophenone C8H8O +66.6 17.44 +19.7 202.3 15.8a Quinoline C9H7N +15.0 9.16 -14.78 237.16 Ethyl salicylate C9H10O3 +19.6 8.48 +1.3 231.5 Carvone C10H14O +23.6 11.2 <0 230 Ethyl benzoylacetate C11H12O3 +16.0 13.50 <0 270 Water H2O +4.0 80.10 0.00 100.0 a Dielectric constant at radiofrequencies (108-109 Hz). REFERENCES 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals , Plenum Press, New York, 1981, p. 408. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., AIP Handbook of Physics , McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6-241. © 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Non-Magnetic Crystals (continued)1 T λ nV Material K nm min/Oe cm CuCl 300 546.1 1.93 0.20 GaSe 298 632.8 0.80KAl(SO 4)2⋅12H2O 300 589.3 1.456 0.0124 KBr 300 546.1 1.564 0.0500 300 589.3 1.560 0.0425 KCl 300 589.3 1.490 0.0275 KI 300 546.1 1.673 0.083 300 589.3 1.666 0.070 KTaO3 296 352 0.44 296 413 0.19 296 496 0.096296 620 0.051 296 826 0.022 LaF 3 300 325 1.639 0.054 (H\c) 300 442 1.615 0.028 300 632.8 1.601 0.012 300 1064 1.592 0.006 MgAl2O4 300 589.3 1.718 0.021 NH4AlSO4⋅12H2O 300 589.3 1.459 0.0128 NH4Br 300 589.3 1.711 0.0504 NH4Cl 300 546.1 0.0410 300 589.3 1.643 0.0362 NaBr 300 546.1 0.0621NaCl 300 546.1 0.0410 300 589.3 1.544 0.0345 NaClO 3 300 546.1 0.0105300 589.3 1.515 0.0081 NiSO 4⋅6H2O 297 546.1 0.0256 297 589.3 1.511 0.0221 SiO2 300 546.1 1.546 0.0195 300 589.3 1.544 0.0166 SrTiO3 298 413 2.627 0.78298 496 0.31 298 620 0.14 298 826 0.066 ZnS 300 546.1 0.287 300 589.3 2.368 0.226 ZnSe 300 476 2.826 1.50 300 496 2.759 1.04 300 514 2.721 0.839 300 587 2.627 0.529300 632.8 2.592 0.406 Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Aluminum Garnets at Various Wavelengths1 The absorption coefficient α for these materials ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 cm–1 at 300 K V in min/Oe cm Material T/K λ = 405 nm 450 nm 480 nm 520 nm 546 nm 578 nm 635 nm 670 nm Tb2Al5O12 300 -2.266 -1.565 -1.290 -1.039 -0.912 -0.787 -0.620 -0.542 77 -102.16 -83.45 -3.425 -3.051 -2.603 -2.008 -1.815 4.2 -64.80 -58.35 -53.77 48.39 -45.15 1.45 -200.95 -172.52 -139.28 -125.07 -111.27 97.47 -93.42 Dy3Al5O12 300 -1.241 -0.942 -0.803 -0.667 -0.592 -0.518 -0.411 -0.359 Ho3Al5O12 300 -0.709 -0.320 -0.260 -0.335 -0.304 -0.299 -0.206 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants for KDP-Type Crystals1 Measurements refer to T = 298 K and λ = 632.8 nm, with k \ [001] V Material min/Oe cm KH2PO4 (KDP) 0.0124 KH0.3D1.7PO4 (KD*P) 0.145 NH4H2PO4 (ADP) 0.138 KH2AsO4 (KDA) 0.238 KH0.1D1.9AsO4 (KD*A) 0.245 NH4H2AsO4 (ADH) 0.244Verdet Constants of Gases2 Values refer to T = 0°C and P = 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg); nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm 106 × V Gas ( nD – 1) × 103 min/Oe cm He 0.036 +0.40 Ar 2.81 +9.36 H2 +6.29 N2 0.297 +6.46 O2 0.272 +5.69 Air 0.293 +6.27 Cl2 0.773 +31.9 HCl 0.447 +21.5 H2S 0.63 +41.5 NH3 0.376 +19.0 CO 0.34 +11.0 CO2 0.45 +9.39 NO 0.297 -58CH4 0.444 +17.4 n-C4H10 +44.0 Verdet Constants of Liquids2 nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm and a temperature of 20 °C, unless otherwise indicated. V is the Verdet constant 102 × V Liquid λ/nm T/°C min/Oe cm nD P 589 33 +13.3 S 589 114 +8.1 1.929 (110 °C) H2O 589 20 +1.309 1.3328 D2O 589 19.7 +1.257 1.3384 H3PO4 578 97.4 +1.35 CS2 589 20 +4.255 1.6255 CCl4 578-589 25.1 +1.60 1.463 (15 °C) SbCl5 578 18 +7.45 1.601 (14 °C) TiCl4 578 17 -1.65 1.61 TiBr4 578 46 -5.3 Methanol 589 18.7 +0.958 1.3289 Acetone 578-589 20.0 +1.116 1.3585Toluene 578-589 15.0 +2.71 1.4950 Benzene 578-589 15.0 +3.00 1.5005 Chlorobenzene 589 15 +2.92 1.5246Nitrobenzene 589 15 +2.17 1.5523 Bromoform 589 17.9 +3.13 1.5960Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Aluminum Garnets at Various Wavelengths (continued)1 V in min/Oe cm Material T/K λ = 405 nm 450 nm 480 nm 520 nm 546 nm 578 nm 635 nm 670 nm Er3Al5O12 300 -0.189 -0.240 -0.154 -0.162 -0.157 -0.145 -0.105 -0.089 Tm3Al5O12 300 +0.151 +0.103 +0.093 0.076 0.069 +0.059 +0.048 Yb3Al5O12 298 0.287 0.215 0.186 0.140 0.133 0.116 0.094 77 0.718 0.540 0.481 0.393 0.342 0.302 0.239 © 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Rare Earth Paramagnetic Crystals1 n is the refractive index, and V is the Verdet constant at the wavelength and temperature indicated Rare V Earth Host T/K λ/nm n min/Oe cm Ce3+(30%) CaF 2 300 325 1.516 -0.956 300 442 1.502 -0.297300 633 1.494 -0.111 300 1064 1.489 -0.035 Ce 3+ CeF3 300 442 1.613 -1.05300 633 1.598 -0.406 77 633 -1.418 300 1064 1.589 -0.113 Pr 3+(5%) CaF2 300 266 1.471 -0.172 300 325 1.461 -0.0818 300 442 1.451 -0.0089300 633 1.445 -0.0168 300 1064 1.441 -0.0045 Nd 3+(2.9%) CaF2 4.2 426 -0.19 Nd3+ NdF3 300 442 1.60 -0.553 290 633 1.59 -0.209 77 633 -0.755 300 1064 1.58 -0.097 Eu3+(3%) CaF2 4.2 430 29 4.2 440 22 Eu2+ EuF2 300 450 -4.5 300 500 -2.6 300 550 -1.6300 600 -1.1 300 650 -0.8 300 1064 -0.19 Tb 3+ KTb3F10 300 325 1.531 -2.174 300 442 1.518 -0.933 300 633 1.510 -0.386 77 633 -1.94 300 1064 1.505 -0.114 Tb3+LiTbF4 300 325 1.493 -1.9300 442 1.481 -0.98 300 633 1.473 -0.44 300 1064 1.469 -0.13 Tb 3+ Tb3Ga5O12 300 500 1.989 -0.749 300 570 1.981 -0.581 300 633 1.976 -0.461300 830 1.967 -0.21 300 1060 1.954 -0.12 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLC MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Paramagnetic Glasses1 The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated Rare earth phosphate glasses of composition R2O3⋅xP2O5, where x is given in the second column Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm λ = 405 λ = 436 λ = 480 λ = 500 λ = 520 λ= 546 λ= 578 λ= 600 λ= 635 λ= 670 R x nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm La 0.037 0.030 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.015 -0.014 0.013 — Ce 2.67 -0.672 0.510 -0.366 -0.326 -0.287 -0.253 -0.217 -0.197 -0.173 -0.150Pr 3.09 -0.447 -0.332 -0.283 -0.261 -0.236 -0.208 -0.182 -0.170 -0.150 -0.132 Nd 2.92 -0.250 -0.209 -0.167 -0.155 -0.136 -0.134 -0.094 -0.080 -0.080 -0.071 Sm 2.87 0.026 0.024 0.020 0.020 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.010Eu 2.93 -0.025 -0.017 -0.010 -0.006 -0.006 -0.005 -0.004 -0.003 -0.002 -0.002 Gd 3.01 0.018 0.015 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.009 Tb 2.94 -0.560 -0.458 -0.357 -0.323 -0.295 -0.261 -0.226 -0.206 -0.190 -0.164 Dy 2.51 -0.540 -0.453 -0.359 -0.331 -0.301 0.268 -0.237 -0.217 -0.197 -0.173 Ho 2.94 -0.299 -0.313 -0.156 -0.153 -0.138 -0.138 -0.119 -0.110 -0.098 -0.084 Er 3.01 -0.139 -0.121 -0.100 -0.111 -0.095 -0.062 -0.060 -0.057 -0.051 -0.044Tm 2.79 0.019 0.013 0.012 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.007 Yb 3.01 0.087 0.072 0.056 0.050 0.045 0.041 0.036 0.032 0.029 0.024 The following are rare earth borate glasses with composition: for La and Pr: R 2O3⋅xP2O5; for Tb-Pr and Dy-Pr: R2O3⋅xB2O3; and for other elements: R2O3⋅0.85La3O3⋅xB2O3. La 3.04 0.043 0.036 0.029 0.026 0.023 0.022 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.014 Pr-La 5.44 -0.380 -0.307 -0.230 -0.220 -0.201 -0.178 -0.153 -0.146 -0.128 -0.110 Nd-La 5.41 -0.180 -0.147 -0.120 -0.111 -0.096 -0.094 -0.100 -0.059 -0.056 -0.046Sm-La 4.97 0.032 0.030 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.017 0.016 0.014 0.012 Eu-La 4.69 -0.081 -0.060 -0.038 -0.033 -0.029 -0.024 0.019 -0.016 0.014 -0.012 Gd-La 4.71 0.032 0.026 0.024 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.015 0.013Tb-La 4.73 -0.512 -0.419 -0.319 -0.288 -0.262 -0.234 -0.205 -0.186 -0.167 -0.142 Dy-La 4.88 -0.436 -0.361 -0.299 -0.273 -0.246 -0.220 -0.193 -0.177 -0.159 -0.138 Ho-La 4.36 -0.269 -0.252 -0.123 -0.131 -0.112 -0.128 -0.104 -0.096 — -0.074Er-La 4.50 -0.093 -0.078 -0.068 -0.082 — -0.045 -0.042 -0.040 -0.035 -0.034 Tm-La 4.75 0.060 0.046 0.039 0.034 0.031 0.026 0.023 0.021 0.018 0.016 Yb-La 8.58 0.115 0.094 0.073 0.066 0.060 0.054 0.046 0.043 0.037 0.033Tb-Pr 4.99 -0.940 -0.786 -0.560 -0.536 -0.489 -0.436 -0.380 -0.348 -0.306 -0.265 Dy-Pr 4.63 -0.850 — — -0.497 -0.465 -0.413 -0.358 -0.332 -0.290 -0.252 Pr 2.56 -0.843 -0.646 -0.471 -0.480 -0.432 -0.390 -0.334 -0.317 -0.271 -0.243 © 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Diamagnetic Glasses1 The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm Glass type Composition (wt. %) λ = 325 nm λ = 442 nm λ = 633 nm λ = 1064 nm SiO2 100% SiO2 0.013 B2O3 100% B2O3 0.010 CdO 47.5% CdO, 52.5% P2O5 0.079 0.033 0.022 ZnO 36.4% ZnO, 63.6% P2O5 0.072 0.044 0.020 TeO2 88.9% TeO2, 11.1% P2O5 0.196 0.076 0.022 ZrF4 63.1% ZrF4, 14.9% BaF2, 0.011 7.2% LaF3, 1.9% AlF3, 9.1% PbF 2, 3.8% LiF λ = 700 nm λ = 853 nm λ = 1060 nm Bi2O3 95% Bi2O3, 5% B2O3 0.086 0.051 0.033 PbO 95% PbO, 5% B2O3 0.093 0.061 0.031 82% PbO, 18% SiO2 0.077 0.045 0.027 50% PbO, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 0.032 0.020 0.011 Tl2O 95% Tl2O, 5% B2O3 0.092 0.061 0.032 82% Tl2O, 18% SiO 2 0.100 0.067 0.043 50% Tl2O, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 0.036 0.022 0.012 SnO 76% SnO, 13% B2O3, 11% SiO2 0.071 0.046 0.026 TeO3 75% TeO 2, 25% Sb 2O3 0.076 0.052 0.032 80% TeO2, 20% ZnCl2 0.073 0.046 0.025 84% TeO2, 16% BaO 0.056 0.041 0.029 70% TeO2, 30% WO 3 0.052 0.035 0.022 20% TeO2, 80% PbO 0.128 0.075 0.048 Sb2O3 25% Sb2O3, 75% TeO2 0.076 0.050 0.032 75% Sb2O3, 75% Cs 2O, 5% Al 2O3 0.074 0.044 0.025 75% Sb2O3, 10% Cs2O, 10% Rb2O, 5% Al2O3 0.078 0.052 0.030 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Commercial Glasses1 This table gives the density, ρ, refractive index at 589 nm, nD, and Verdet constant, V, for the wavelengths indicated; the data refer to room temperature V in min/Oe cm Glass ρ type g/cm3 nD λ = 365.0 nm λ = 404.7 nm λ = 435.8 nm λ = 546.1 nm λ = 578.0 nm BSC 2.49 1.5096 0.0499 0.0392 0.0333 0.02034 0.01798 HC 2.53 1.5189 0.0561 0.0440 0.0372 0.0225 0.01995LBC 2.87 1.5406 0.0609 0.0477 0.0403 0.0245 0.0216 LF 3.23 1.5785 0.1143 0.0850 0.0693 0.0394 0.0344 BLF 3.48 1.6047 0.1112 0.0832 0.0685 0.0393 0.0344DBC 3.56 1.6122 0.0662 0.0517 0.0435 0.0261 0.0231 DF 3.63 1.6203 0.1473 0.1076 0.0872 0.0485 0.0423 EDF 3.9 1.6533 0.1725 0.1248 0.1007 0.0556 0.0483 The composition of the glasses in weight percent is: Glass type SiO2 B2O3K2O CaO Al2O3 As2O3Na2O BaO ZnO PbO BSC 69.6 6.7 20.5 2.9 0.3 0.1 — — — — HC 72.0 — 10.1 11.4 0.3 0.2 6.1 — — —LBC 57.1 1.8 13.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 — 26.9 — — LF 52.5 — 9.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 — — — 37.6 BLF 45.2 — 7.8 — — 0.4 — 16.0 8.3 22.2DBC 36.2 7.7 0.2 0.2 3.5 0.7 — 44.6 6.7 — DF 46.3 — 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 5.0 — — 47.0 EDF 40.6 — 7.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 — — 51.5 REFERENCES 1. Weber, M. J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology , Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, p. 299-310. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook , Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6-230. FARADAY ROTATION Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids Tc 4 π Ms F α T λ Material K gauss deg/cm cm–1 2 F/α Kn m Fe 1043 21,800 4.4 × 1056.5 × 1051.4 300 500 6.5 × 1055.0 × 1052.6 300 1000 7 × 105 4.2 × 105 3.3 300 1500 7 × 1053.5 × 1054.0 300 2000 Co 1390 18,200 2.9 × 105— — 300 500 5.5 × 105 6.1 × 105 1.8 300 1000 5.5 × 1054.5 × 1052.4 300 1500 5.5 × 1053.6 × 1052.7 300 2000 Ni 633 6,400 0.8 × 105 — — 300 500 2.6 × 1055.8 × 1050.9 300 1000 1.5 × 1054.8 × 1050.6 300 1500 1 × 105 4.1 × 105 0.25 300 2000 Permalloy 803 10,700 1.2 × 1056 × 1050.4 300 500 (Ni/Fe = 82/18) © 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) FARADAY ROTATION (continued) Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids (continued) Tc 4 π Ms F α T λ Material K gauss deg/cm cm–1 2 F/α Kn m Ni/Fe = 100/0 6,000 1.2 × 105 7.05 × 105 0.34 300 632.8 Ni/Fe = 80/20 10,800 2.2 × 105 7.10 × 105 0.62 300 632.8 Ni/Fe = 60/40 14,900 2.9 × 105 7.54 × 105 0.77 300 632.8 Ni/Fe = 40/60 14,400 2.2 × 105 8.17 × 105 0.54 300 632.8 Ni/Fe = 20/80 19,400 3.3 × 105 8.10 × 105 0.81 300 632.8 Ni/Fe = 0/100 639 21,600 3.5 × 105 8.13 × 105 0.86 300 632.8 MnBi 7,700 4.2 × 105 6.1 × 105 1.4 300 450 7.5 × 105 4.2 × 105 3.6 300 900 MnAs 313 — 0.44 × 105 5.0 × 105 0.174 300 500 0.62 × 105 4.4 × 105 0.28 300 900 CrTe 334 1015 0.5 × 105 2.0 × 105 0.5 300 550 0.4 × 105 1.2 × 105 0.7 300 900 FeRh 333 — 0.9 × 105 3.3 × 105 0.56 348 700 Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) 560 2500 2400 1500 3.2 300 555 1250 1400 1.8 300 625 750 450 3.3 300 770 175 <0.06 >3 × 103 300 5000 to 1500 Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG) Tn = 564 7300 -2000 6000 0.6 300 500 T = 286 -1050 900 2.3 300 600 -300 100 6.0 300 800 -80 70 2.3 300 1000 NiFe2O4 858 3350 2.0 × 104 5.9 × 104 0.7 300 286 -1.0 × 104 10 × 104 0.2 300 500 -120 38 6 300 1500 +75 15 10 300 3000+110 32 7 300 5000 CoFe 2O4 793 4930 2.75 × 10412 × 1040.5 300 286 3.6 × 104 17 × 104 0.4 300 400 -2.5 × 104 6 × 104 0.8 300 660 MgFe2O4 593-713e1450e-60 100 1 300 2500 0 12 0 300 4000+35 6 11 300 6000 Li 0.5Fe2.5O4 863-953e3240e-440 150 6 300 1500 to 3900 +10 85 0.2 300 3000 +110 44 5 300 5000 +135 80 3 300 7000 BaFe12O19 723 — -50 -38 3 300 2000 +75 20 7.5 300 3000 +150 20 15 300 5000 +165 22 15 300 7000 Ba2Zn2Fe12O19 — — 90 120 1.5 300 5000 75 65 2.0 300 7000 RbNiF3 220 1250 360 35 20 77 450a 70 10 14 77 600a 310 70 9 77 800a 75 25 6 77 1000a RbNi0.75Co0.25F3 109 — 180 9 40 77 600b RbFeF3 102 — 3400 7 900 82 300c 1600 3 1100 82 400c 620 1.5 830 82 600c 300 2.5 240 82 800c FeF3 365 40 670 14 95 300 349d at 300 K 180 4.4 82 300 522.5d CrCl3 16.8 3880 2000 200 20 1.5 410 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) FARADAY ROTATION (continued) Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids (continued) -500 300 3 1.5 450 -1000 70 30 1.5 590 CrBr3 32.5 3390 3 × 105 3 × 103 200 1.5 478 1.6 × 105 1.4 × 104 23 1.5 500 CrI3 68 2690 1.1 × 105 6.3 × 103 35 1.5 970 0.8 × 105 3 × 103 53 1.5 1000 FeBO3 348 115 3200 140 45 300 500 at 300 K 450 38 24 300 700 EuO 69 23700 -1.0 × 105 0.5 × 104 40 5 1100 5 × 105 9.7 × 104 10 5 700 0.5 × 105 7.8 × 104 1.3 5 500 3 × 104 >0.5 ∼105 20 2500 660 >1.0 1300 20 10600 EuS 16.3 — -1.6 × 105 0 — 6 825 -9.6 × 105 3.3 × 104 58 6 690 +5.5 × 105 1.2 × 105 9.2 6 563 EuSe 7.0 13,200 1.45 × 10580 3600 4.2 750 0.95 × 105 60 3170 4.2 800 a Measured along the C-axis (magnetic hard axis). b Measured along the C-axis (magnetic easy axis). c Measured along the C-axis ([100]-direction at room temperature). d Strong natural birefringence interferes with the Faraday effect. e Depends on heat treatment. REFERENCE 1. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, pp. 288-296.Tc 4 π Ms F α T λ Material K gauss deg/cm cm–1 2 F/α Kn m 12-168NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS H. P. R. Frederikse The relation between the polarization density P of a dielectric medium and the electric field E is linear when E is small, but becomes nonlinear as E acquires values comparable with interatomic electric fields (105 to 108 V/cm). Under these conditions the relation between P and E can be expanded in a Taylor’s series (1) where εo is the permittivity of free space, while χ(1) is the linear and χ(2), χ(3) etc. the nonlinear optical susceptibilities. If we consider two optical fields, the first Ejω1 (along the j-direction at frequency ω1) and the second Ekω2 (along the k-direction at frequency ω2) one can write the second term of the Taylor’s series as follows When ω1 ≠ ω2 the (parametric) mixing of the two fields gives rise to two new polarizations at the frequencies ω3 = ω1 + ω2 and ω3′ = ω1 – ω2. When the two frequencies are equal, ω1 = ω2 = ω, the result is Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) χijk(2ω, ω, ω), while equal and opposite frequencies, ω1 = ω and ω2 = –ω leads to Optical Rectification (OR): χijk(0,ω,–ω). In the SHG case the following convention is adopted: the second order nonlinear coefficient d is equal to one half of the second order nonlinear susceptibility Because of the symmetry of the indices j and k one can replace these two by a single index (subscript) m. Consequently the notation for the SHG nonlinear coefficient in reduced form is dim where m takes the values 1 to 6. Only noncentrosymmetric crystals can possess a nonvanishing dijk tensor (third rank). The unit of the SHG coefficients is m/V (in the MKSQ/SI system). In centrosymmetric media the dominant nonlinearity is of the third order. This effect is represented by the third term in the T aylor’s series (Equation 1); it is the result of the interaction of a number of optical fields (one to three) producing a new frequency ω4 = ω1 + ω2 + ω3. The third order polarization is given by Third Harmonic Generation (THG) is achieved when ω1 = ω2 = ω3 = ω. In this case the constant g4 = 1/4. The third order nonlinear coefficient C is related to the third order susceptibility as follows This coefficient is a fourth rank tensor. In the THG case the matrices must be invariant under permutation of the indices k, l, and m; as a result the notation for the third order nonlinear coefficient can be simplified to Cjn. The unit of Cjn is m2·V–2 (in the MKSQ/SI system). Applications of second order nonlinear optical materials include the generation of higher (up to sixth) optical harmonics, the mixing of monochromatic waves to generate sum or difference frequencies (frequency conversion), the use of two monochromatic waves to amp lify a third wave (parametric amplification) and the addition of feedback to such an amplifier to create an oscillation (parametric oscillation). Third order nonlinear optical materials are used for THG, self-focusing, four wave mixing, optical amplification, and optical c onjugation. Many of these effects — as well as the variation and modulation of optical propagation caused by mechanical, electric, and magnetic fields (see the preceeding table on “Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants”) are used in the areas of optical communication, optical co mputing, and optical imaging.dijk=()122/χ Pg E E Ej jklm kl m ωωω χωω ω 123 412 3 ()= Cjklm jklm=14/χ REFERENCES (NONLINEAR OPTICS) 1.Handbook of Laser Science and Technology , Vol. 111, Part 1; Ed.: Marvin J. Weber, Publ.: CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1986. 2. Dmitriev, V.G., Gurzadyan, G.G., and Nikogosyan, D., Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals , Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991. 3. Shen, Y.R., The Principles of Nonlinear Optics , John Wiley, New York, 1984. 4. Yariv, A., Quantum Electronics , 3rd edition, John Wiley, New York, 1988. 5. Bloembergen, N., Nonlinear Optics, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1965. 6. Zernike F. and Midwinter, J.E., Applied Nonlinear Optics , John Wiley, New York, 1973. 7. Hopf, F.A. and Stegeman, G.I., Applied Classical Electrodynamics , Volume 2: Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1986. 8.Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Eds.: D.S. Chemla and J. Zyss, Publ.: Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1987. 9.Optical Phase Conjugation , Ed.: R.A. Fisher, Publ.: Academic Press, New York, 1983. 10. Zyss, J., Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Devices and Physics , Academic Press, Boston, 1994. 11. Nonlinear Optics, 5 articles in Physics Today, (Am. Inst. of Phys.) , Vol. 47, No. 5, May, 1994.PE Ei ijk jkωω χωωω ωω 122312 2()==±1PE EE=+++() () ()εχ χ χ012 2 3324 L TeamLRN12-169NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected SHG Coefficients of NLO Crystals* Symmetry dim × 1012 λ Material class m/V µm GaAs 43 m d14 = 134.1 ± 42 10.6 GaP 43 m d14 = 71.8 ± 12.3 1.058 InAs 43 m d14 = 364 ± 47 1.058 d14 = 210 10.6 ZnSe 43 m d14 = 78.4 ± 29.3 10.6 d36 = 26.6 ± 1.7 1.058 β-ZnS 43 m d14 = 30.6 ± 8.4 10.6 d36 = 20.7 ± 1.3 1.058 ZnTe 43 m d14 = 92.2 ± 33.5 10.6 d14 = 83.2 ± 8.4 1.058 d36 = 89.6 ± 5.7 1.058 CdTe 43 m d14 = 167.6 ± 63 10.6 Bi4GeO12 43 m d14 = 1.28 1.064 N4(CH2)6 (hexamine) 43 m d14 = 4.1 1.06 LiIO3 6 d33 = –7.02 1.06 d31 = –5.53 ± 0.3 1.064 ZnO 6 mm d33 = –5.86 ± 0.16 1.058 d31= 1.76 ± 0.16 1.058 d15 = 1.93 ± 0.16 1.058 α-ZnS 6 mm d33 = 11.37 ± 0.07 1.058 d33 = 37.3 ± 12.6 10.6 d31 = –18.9 ± 6.3 10.6 d15 = 21.37 ± 8.4 10.6 CdS 6 mm d33 = 25.8 ± 1.6 1.058 d31 = –13.1 ± 0.8 1.058 d15 = 14.4 ± 0.8 1.058 CdSe 6 mm d33 = 54.5 ± 12.6 10.6 d31 = –26.8 ± 2.7 10.6 BaTiO3 4 mm d33 = 6.8 ± 1.0 1.064 d31 = 15.7 ± 1.8 1.064 d15 = 17.0 ± 1.8 1.064 PbTiO3 4 mm d33 = 7.5 ± 1.2 1.064 d31 = 37.6 ± 5.6 1.064 d15 = 33.3 ± 5 1.064 K3Li2Nb5O15 4 mm d33 = 11.2 ± 1.6 1.064 d31 = 6.18 ± 1.28 1.064 d15 = 5.45 ± 0.54 1.064 K0.8Na0.2Ba2Nb5O15 4 mm d31 = 13.6 ± 1.6 1.064 SrBaNb5O15 4 mm d33 = 11.3 ± 3.3 1.064 d31 = 4.31 ± 1.32 1.064 d15 = 5.98 ± 2 1.064 NH4H2PO4 (ADP) 42 m d36 = 0.53 1.064 d36 = 0.85 0.694 KH2PO4 (KDP) 42 m d36 = 0.44 1.064 d36 = 0.47 ± 0.07 0.694 KD2PO4 (KD*P) 42 m d36 = 0.38 ± 0.016 1.058 d36 = 0.34 ± 0.06 0.694 d14 = 0.37 1.058 KH2AsO4 (KDA) 42 m d36 = 0.43 ± 0.025 1.06 d36 = 0.39 ± 0.4 0.694 CdGeAs 2 42 m d36 = 351 ± 105 10.6 AgGaS 2 42 m d36 = 18 ± 2.7 10.6 AgGaSe2 42 m d36 = 37.4 ± 6.0 10.6 (NH2)2CO (urea) 42 m d36 = 1.3 1.06 AlPO4 32 d11 = 0.35 ± 0.03 1.058 Se 32 d11 = 97 ± 25 10.6 12-170NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Te 32 d11 = 650 ± 30 10.6 SiO2 (quartz) 32 d11 = 0.335 1.064 HgS 32 d11 = 50.3 ± 17 10.6 (C6H5CO)2 [benzil] 32 d11 = 3.6 ± 0.5 1.064 β-BaB2O4 [BBO] 3 m d22 = 2.22 ± 0.09 1.06 d31 = 0.16 ± 0.08 1.06 LiNbO 3 3 m d33 = 34.4 1.06 d31 = –5.95 1.06 d22 = 2.76 1.06 LiTaO 3 3 m d33 = –16.4 ± 2 1.058 d31 = –1.07 ± 0.2 1.058 d22 = +1.76 ± 0.2 1.058 Ag3AsS3 [proustite] 3 m d31 = 11.3 ± 2.5 10.6 d22 = 18.0 ± 2.5 10.6 Ag3SbS3 [pyrargerite] 3m d31 = 12.6 ± 4 10.6 d22 = 13.4 ± 4 10.6 α-HIO3 222 d36 = 5.15 ± 0.16 1.064 NO2 · CH3NOC5H4 · (POM) 222 d36 = 6.4 ± 1.0 1.064 Ba2NaNb5O15 [Banana] mm 2 d33 = –17.6 ± 1.28 1.064 d31 = –12.8 ± 1.28 1.064 C6H4(NO2)2 [MDB] mm 2 d33 = 0.74 1.064 d32 = 2.7 1.064 d31 = 1.78 1.064 Gd2(MoO4)3 mm 2 d33 = –0.044 ± 0.008 1.064 d32 = +2.42 ± 0.36 1.064 d31 = –2.49 ± 0.37 1.064 KNbO3 mm 2 d33 = –19.58 ± 1.03 1.064 d32 = +11.34 ± 1.03 1.064 d31 = –12.88 ± 1.03 1.064 KTiOPO4 [KTP] mm 2 d33 = 13.7 1.06 d32 = ± 5.0 1.06 d31 = ± 6.5 1.06 NO2C6H4 · NH2 [mNA] mm 2 d33 = 13.12 ± 1.28 1.064 d32 = 1.02 ± 0.22 1.064 d31 = 12.48 ± 1.28 1.064 C10H12N3O6 [MAP] 2 d23 = 10.67 ± 1.3 1.064 d22 = 11.7 ± 1.3 1.064 d21 = 2.35 ± 0.5 1.064 d25 = –0.35 ± 0.3 1.064 (NH2CH2COOH)3H2SO4 [TGS] 2 d23 = 0.32 0.694 * These data are taken from References 1 and 2.Selected SHG Coefficients of NLO Crystals (continued)* Symmetry dim × 1012 λ Material class m/V µm TeamLRN12-171NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected THG Coefficients of Some NLO Materials* Cjn × 1020 λ Material NLO process m2/V–2 µm NH4H2PO4 [ADP] (–3 ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 = 0.0104 1.06 C18 = 0.0098 1.06 C6H6 [benzene] (–3 ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 = 0.0184 ± 0.0042 1.89 CdGeAs 2 (–3ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 = 182 ± 84 10.6 p-type: 5 × 1016 cm–3 C16 = 175 10.6 C18 = –35 10.6 C40H56 [β-carotene] (–3 ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 0.263 ± 0.08 1.89 GaAs (–3 ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 62 ± 31 1.06 high-resistivity Ge (–3 ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 23.5 ± 12 1.06 LiIO3 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C12 = 0.2285 1.06 C35 = 6.66 ± 1 1.06 KBr (–3 ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0392 1.06 C18/C11 = 0.3667 1.06 KCl (–3 ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0168 1.06 C18/C11 = 0.28 1.06 KH2PO4 [KDP] (–3 ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11–3C18 = 0.04 1.06 Si (–3 ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 82.8 ± 25 1.06 p-type: 1014 cm–3 NaCl (–3, ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0168 1.06 C18/C11 = 0.4133 1.06 NaF (–3 ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0035 1.06 * These data are taken from Reference 1. PHASE DIAGRAMS H. P. R. Frederikse A phase is a structurally homogeneous portion of matter. Regardless of the number of chemical constituents of a gas, there is o nly one vapor phase. This is true also for the liquid form of a pure substance, although a mixture of several liquid substances may exist as one or several phases, depending on the interactions among the substances. On the other hand a pure solid may exist in several phases at different temperatures and pressures because of differences in crystal structure (Reference 1). At the phase transition temperature, Ttr, the chemical composition of the solid remains the same, but often a change in the physical properties will take place. Such changes are found in ferroelectric crystals (example BaTiO 3) which develop a spontaneous polarization below Ttr, in superconductors (example Pb) which loose all electrical resistance below the transition point, and in many other classes of solids. In quite a few cases it is difficult to bring about the phase transition, and the high- (or low-) temperature phase persists in its metastable form. Many liquids remain in the liquid state for shorter or longer periods of time when cooled below the melting point (supercooling). Ho wever, often the slightest disturbance will cause solidification. Persistence of the high temperature phase in solid-solid transitions is usually of much longer duration. An example of this behavior is found in white tin; although gray tin is the thermodynamically stable form below Ttr (286.4 K), the metal remains in its undercooled, white tin state all the way to T = 0 K, and crystals of gray tin are very difficult to produce. A phase diagram is a map which indicates the areas of stability of the various phases as a function of external conditions (temperature and pr essure). Pure materials, such as mercury, helium, water, and methyl alcohol are considered one-component systems and they have unary phase diagrams. The equilibrium phases in two-component systems are presented in binary phase diagrams. Because many important materials consist of three, four, and more components, many attempts have been made to deduce their multicomponent phase diagrams. However, the vast majority of syst ems with three or more components are very complex, and no overall maps of the phase relationships have been worked out. It has been shown during the last 20 to 25 years that very useful partial phase diagrams of complex systems can be obtained by means of thermodynamic modeling (References 2, 3). Especially for complicated, multicomponent alloy systems the CALPHAD method has prove d to be a successful approach for producing valuable portions of very intricate phase diagrams (Reference 4). With this method thermodyna mic descriptions of the free energy functions of various phases are obtained which are consistent with existing (binary) phase diagram informati on and other thermodynamic data. Extrapolation methods are then used to extend the thermodynamic functions into a ternary system. Comparison of the results of this procedure with available experimental data is then used to fine-tune the phase diagram and add ternary interaction func tions if necessary. In principle this approximation strategy can be extended to four, five, and more component systems. The nearly two dozen phase diagrams shown below present the reader with examples of some important types of single and multicom ponent systems, especially for ceramics and metal alloys. This makes it possible to draw attention to certain features like the kineti c aspects of phase transitions (see Figure 22, which presents a time-temperature-transformation, or TTT, diagram for the precipitation of α-phase particles from the β-phase in a Ti-Mo alloy; Reference 1, pp.358-360). The general references listed below and the references to individual figures contain pha se diagrams for many additional systems. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering , Chapters 16 and 17, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. 2. Kaufman, L., and Bernstein, H., Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams , Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Kattner, U.R., Boettinger, W.J.B., and Coriell, S.R., Z. Metallkd ., 87, 9, 1996. 4. Dinsdale , A.T., Editor , CALPHAD , Vol. 1–20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977–1996 and continuing. 5. Baker, H., Editor, ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams , ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1992. 6. Massalski, T.B., Editor, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition , ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990. 7. Roth. R.S., Editor , Phase Diagrams for Ceramists , Vol. I (1964) to Volume XI (1995), American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH. REFERENCES TO INDIVIDUAL PHASE DIAGRAMS Figure 1. Carbon: Reference 7 , Vol. X (1994), Figure 8930. Reprinted with permission. Figure 2. Si-Ge : Ref.5 , p. 2.231. Reprinted with permission. Figure 3. H2O (ice): See figure. Figure 4. SiO 2: Reference 7 , Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9174. Reprinted with permission. Figure 5. Fe-O: Darken, L.S., and Gurry, R.W., J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 68, 798, 1946. Reprinted with permission. Figure 6. Ti-O: Reference 5 , p. 2.324. Reprinted with permission. Figure 7. BaO-TiO 2: Reference 7 , Vol. III (1975), Figure 4302. Reprinted with permission. Figure 8. MgO-Al 2O3: Reference 7 , Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9239. Reprinted with permission. Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9348. Reprinted with permission. Figure 10. Si-N-Al-O (Sialon): Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8759. Reprinted with permission. Figure 11. PbO-ZrO 2-TiO2 (PZT): Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4587. Reprinted with permission. Figure 12. Al-Si-Ca-O: Reference 7 (1964), Vol. I, Figure 630. Reprinted with permission. Figure 13. Y-Ba-Cu-O: Whitler, J.D., and Roth, R.S., Phase Diagrams for High T c Superconductors , Figure S-082, American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH, 1990. Reprinted with permission. Figure 14. Al-Cu: Reference 5, p. 2.44. Reprinted with permission. Figure 15. Fe-C: Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering , Figure 16.13 , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. Reprinted with permission. Figure 16. Fe-Cr: Reference 5 , p. 2.152. Reprinted with permission. 12-200 TeamLRNFigure 17. Cu-Sn: Reference 5, p. 2.178. Reprinted with permission. Figure 18. Cu-Ni: Reference 5, p. 2.173. Reprinted with permission. Figure 19. Pb-Sn (solder): Reference 5, p. 2.335. Reprinted with permission.Figure 20. Cu-Zn (brass): Subramanian, P.R., Chakrabarti, D.J., and Laughlin, D.E., Editors, Phase Diagrams of Binary Copper Alloys , p. 487, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1994. Reprinted with permission. Figure 21. Co-Sm: Reference 5, p. 2.148. Reprinted with permission.Figure 22. Ti-Mo: Reference 5, p. 2.296; Reference 1, p. 359. Reprinted with permission. Figure 23: Fe-Cr-Ni: Reference 5, Figure 48. Reprinted with permission. Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % Si symbol group (Ge,Si) 0 to 100 cF8 Fd3–m High-pressure phases GeII — tI4 I4 1/amd SiII — tI4 I41/amdFigure 1 Figure 1. Phase diagram of carbon. (A) Martensitic transition: hex graphite → hex diamond. (B) Fast graphite-to-diamond transition. (C) Fast diamond-to-graphite transition. Figure 2 Figure 2. Si-Ge system.PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) 12-201200 150100 50 00Diamond 2000 4000 6000Liquid A B C Graphite T/KP/GPa 12-202PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) FIGURE 3 Figure 3. Diagram of the principal phases of ice. Solid lines are measured boundaries between stable phases; dotted lines are extrapolated. Ice IV is a metastable phase which exists in the region of ice V. Ice IX exists in the region below -100 °C and pressures in the range 200–400 MPa. Ice X exists at pressures above 44 GPa. See Table 1 for the coordinates of the triple points, where liquid water is in equilibrium with two adjacent solidphases. Table 1. Crystal Structure, Density, and Transition Temperatures for the Phases of Ice Crystal Phase system Cell parameters Z n ρρρρρ/g cm-3Triple ponts Ih Hexagonal a = 4.513; c = 7352 4 4 0.93 I-III: -21.99 °C, 209.9 MPa Ic Cubic a = 6.35 8 4 0.94 II Rhombohedral a = 7.78; α = 113.1 ° 12 4 1.18 III Tetragonal a = 6.73; c = 6.83 12 4 1.15 III-V: -16.99 °C, 350.1 MPa IV Rhombohedral a = 7.60; α = 70.1 ° 16 4 1.27 V Monoclinic a = 9.22; b = 7.54, 28 4 1.24 V-VI: 0.16 °C, 632.4 MPa c = 10.35; β = 109.2 ° VI Tetragonal a = 6.27; c = 5.79 10 4 1.31 VI-VII: 82 °C, 2216 MPa VII Cubic a = 3.41 2 8 1.56 VIII Tetragonal a = 4.80; c = 6.99 8 8 1.56 IX Tetragonal a = 6.73; c = 6.83 12 4 1.16 X Cubic a = 2.83 2 8 2.51 REFERENCES 1. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 23, 515, 1994. 2. Lerner, R.G. and Trigg, G.L., Editors, Encyclopedia of Physics, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. 3. Donnay, J.D.H. and Ondik, H.M, Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 4. Hobbs, P.V., Ice Physics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974.200 150100 50 0 -50 -100-150Liquid t/°C VIVII VIII V III III P/GPa0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 TeamLRN12-203PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 4 Figure 4. SiO2 system. Crist = cristobalite; Trid = tridymite. Figure 5Calculated2000 15001000 500 00Coesite 20 40 60 80 100 120 P/kbart/°C StishoviteCristLiq. αQuartzβQuartz1300 ° 34 kbarsM Trid1190 ° 1.43 kbars 01600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 Mass % Oxygen°F50 .2 .4 22 24 26 28 30 QL3000 2600 2200 1800 1400 100052 54 56 58 60Atom % Oxygen Magnetite + hematiteWustite + magnetiteMagnetite + oxygenLiquid oxide + oxygen Liquid oxide + magnetiteLiquid oxide Wustite α-Iron + magnetiteNJIH SR YZV R´ GCA B Fe3O3 Z´Fe3O4 FeOα-Iron + wustiteγ-Iron + wustiteγ-Iron + liq. oxideδ-Iron + liq. oxideLiq. iron + Liq. oxideLiq. ironLiq. iron Hematite + oxygenMagnetite t/°C.. .. .. .. Figure 5. Fe-O system. 12-204PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 5 (continued) Point t/°C% O pCO2/pCO Point t/°C% O pCO2/pCO pO2/atm A 1539 Q 560 23.26 1.05 B 1528 0.16 0.209 R 1583 28.30 1 C 1528 22.60 0.209 R′ 1583 28.07 1 G 1400a 22.84 0.263 S 1424 27.64 16.2 H 1424 25.60 16.2 V 1597 27.64 0.0575 I 1424 25.31 16.2 Y 1457 28.36 1 J 1371 23.16 0.282 Z 1457 30.04 1 L 911a 23.10 0.447 Z′ 30.6 N 1371 22.91 0.282 a Values for pure iron. Figure 6 Figure 6. Ti-O system.2200 200018001600140012001000 800600400 70 Atomic Percent OxygenTi2Ot/°C 60 50 40 30 20 10 0~1885 °CMass Percent Oxygen Ti40 30 20 10 0 L (αTi)(βTi) βTiOγTiO1670 °C1720 °C1842 °C1870 °C ~1250 °C 940°C 882°C Ti3O Ti3O2 αTiOβTi1-xO αTi1-xOβTi2O3TiO2 (rutile) higher Magneli phasesTinO2n-1 Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % O symbol group (βTi) 0 to 3 cI2 Im3–m (αTi) 0 to 13.5 hP2 P63/mmc Ti3O ∼8 to ∼13 hP∼16 P3–c Ti2O ∼10 to 14.4 hP3 P3–m1 γTiO 15.2 to 29.4 cF8 Fm3–m Ti3O2 ∼18 hP∼5 P6/mmm βTiO ∼24 to ∼29.4 c** — αTiO ∼25.0 mC16 A2/m or B*/* βTi1–xO ∼29.5 oI12 I222 αTi1–xO ∼29.5 tI18 I4/m βTi2O3 33.2 to 33.6 hR30 R3–c αTi2O3 33.2 to 33.6 hR30 R3–c βTi3O5 35.8 m** — αTi3O5 35.8 mC32 C2/m α′Ti3O5 35.8 mC32 Cc TeamLRN12-205PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 6 (continued) Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % O symbol group γTi4O7 36.9 aP44 P1– βTi4O7 36.9 aP44 P1– αTi4O 7 36.9 aP44 P1– γTi5O9 37.6 aP28 P1– βTi6O11 38.0 aC68 A1– Ti7O13 38.3 aP40 P1– Ti8O15 38.5 aC92 A1– Ti9O17 38.7 aP52 P1– Rutile TiO 2 40.1 tP6 P42/mnm Metastable phases Anatase — tI12 I41/amd Brookite — oP24 Pbca High-pressure phases TiO 2-II — oP12 Pbcn TiO 2-III — hP∼48 — FIGURE 7 1600 1500 1400 1300 120060 70 80 90 100 Mol %BaO TiO 2t/°CLiquid 1428 ° ~1300 °~1320 °~1330 °~1357 °TiO2 + Liq. TiO2 + BaTi4O9 TiO2 + Ba2Ti9O20Ba2Ti9O20BaTi4O9Ba4Ti13O30Ba6Ti17O40 BaTiO3 + Ba6Ti17O40BaTiO3 + Liq. Figure 7. BaO-TiO2 system. 12-206PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 8 Figure 9Figure 8. MgO-Al 2O3 system.2800 26002400220020001800 16001400 70Spinel s s + Liquid Mol % Al 2O3t/°C 60 50 40 30 20 10 0Periclase s s + Liquid 1995 ° Periclase s s + Spinel ss ~1500 ° Periclase + Spinel2105 ° Spinel s sPericlase s s MgO t/°C2800 2400200016001200 800400 020 40 60 80 100 ZrO 20 Y2O3 Mol %6:1ssYssHssLiquid CssYss + Hss Css + Yss Tetss + Css Tetss Monss Monss + Css4:3 + 1:6ss1700 °C 1375 °Css + Liq. 1325 °±25°(28%)1650 °±50° Css + 6:1 (55%) Css + 4:3 (95.5%) 490°Zr3Y4O12 Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2 system. Css = cubic ZrO 2 ss (fluorite-type ss); Y ss = cubic Y 2O3 ss; Tet ss = tetragonal ZrO 2 ss; Mon ss = monoclinic ZrO2 ss; Hss = hexagonal Y2O3 ss; 3:4 = Zr 3Y4O12; 1:6 = ZrY 6O11 ss. TeamLRN12-207PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 10 Figure 10. 3(SiO 2)-Si3N4-4(AlN)-2(Al2O3) sys- tem. “Behavior” diagram at 1700 °C. The labels 8H, 15R, 12H, 21R, 27R, 2Hδ indicate defect AlN polytypes. β′ = 3-sialon (Si6–xAlxOxN8–x); O′ = sialon of Si2ON 2 type; X = SiAlO 2N (“nitrogen mullite”). ALON ss = aluminum oxynitride ss extending from approximately Al7O9N to Al3O3N. Figure 11 Figure 11. PbO-ZrO2-TiO2 (PZT) system, subsolidus at 1100 °C. P = PbO; T = TiO 2; Z = ZrO 2.Mol %60 40 20 0 Si3N480 100 4(AIN)100 80 60 40 20 0Si 2ON2O´Mol %Liquid X 1700 °CALON ss β´8H 15R 12H 21R 27R 2Hδ3(SiO2)2 ( A l2O3) Al6Si4O13 ss 40 60 80 TiO2(86%) (8%) ZrO2 TiZrO4 Mol %PbO 1100 °C (PZ-PT)ss(orth) PbZrO3PbTiO3(PT-PZ)ss(tet)(PT-PZ)ss(rhom)Liq. + (PT-PZ)ss Zss + (PT-PZ)ss Zss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss Tss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ssZT + (PT -PZ)ss Tss + (PT-PZ)ss 12-208PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 12 Figure 12. CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system (temperatures in °C). Crystalline Phases Notation Oxide formula Cristobalite SiO 2 Tridymite Pseudowollastonite CaO ⋅SiO 2 Rankinite 3CaO ⋅2SiO2 Lime CaO Corundum Al 2O3 Mullite 3Al2O3⋅2SiO2 Anorthite CaO ⋅Al2O3⋅2SiO2 Gehlenite 2CaO ⋅Al2O3⋅SiO 2 Temperatures up to approximately 1550 °C are on the Geophysical Laboratory Scale; those above 1550 °C are on the 1948 International Scale.} TeamLRN12-209PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 13 BaO(BaCO3) 1:2:12:1:3~4:1:2 ~5:1:3 20 40 60 80 100 CuO0 1/2(Y2O3)b1 Mol %Y2Cu2O3a2 a1Ba4Y2O7c1 Ba2Y2O5 Ba3Y4O9 BaY2O4BaCuO2Ba2CuO3 b2P ss c2 Figure 14Figure 13. BaO-Y 2O3-CuO system. 2:1:3 = Ba2YCu3O7–x; 1:2:1 = BaY2CuO 5; 4:1:2 = Ba 4YCu 2O7.5+x; and 5:1:3 = Ba5YCu3O9.5 + x. The superconducting 2:1:3 phase was prepared using barium peroxide. t/°C1100 1000 900800700600500400300100 0 1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0 Mass Percent Copper Al Cu100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 01 0Atomic Percent Copper (Cu)L 660.452 °C 548.2 °C567°C (Al) θη2ζ1 ζ2γ1ε1γ0β0 β ε2 η1δ α21084.87 ° Figure 14. Al-Cu system. 12-210PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 14 (continued) Composition, Pearson Space Phase wt % Cu symbol group (Al) 0 to 5.65 cF4 Fm3–m θ 52.5 to 53.7 tI12 I4/mcm η1 70.0 to 72.2 oP16 or oC16 Pban or Cmmm η2 70.0 to 72.1 mC20 C2/m ζ1 74.4 to 77.8 hP42 P6/mmm ζ2 74.4 to 75.2 (a) — ε1 77.5 to 79.4 (b) — ε2 72.2 to 78.7 hP4 P63/mmc δ 77.4 to 78.3 (c) R3–m γ0 77.8 to 84 (d) — γ1 79.7 to 84 cP52 P4–3m β0 83.1 to 84.7 (d) — β 85.0 to 91.5 cI2 Im3–m α2 88.5 to 89 (e) — (Cu) 90.6 to 100 cF4 Fm3–m Metastable phases θ′ — tP6— β′ — cF16 Fm3–m Al 3Cu2 61 to 70 hp5 P3–m1 (a) Monoclinic? (b) Cubic? (c) Rhombohedral. (d) Unknown. (e) D022-type long-period superlattice. Figure 15 Figure 15. Fe-C system. Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % C symbol group (δFe) 0 to 0.09 cI2 Im3–m (γFe) 0 to 2.1 cF4 Fm3–m (αFe) 0 to 0.021 cI2 Im3–m (C) 100 hP4 P63/mmc Metastable/high-pressure phases (εFe) 0 hP2 P6 3/mmc Martensite < 2.1 tI4 I4/mmm2000 15001000 500 004.2Atomic Percent Carbon 20 t/°C (αFe), ferrite 2468 1 0 1 210 03 0 L L + C(graphite) Mass Percent Carbon(γFe), austenite 2.1 0.65740°C1153 °C(δFe) 1394 °C 912°C TeamLRN12-211PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 15 (continued) Fe 4C 5.1 cP5 P4–3m Fe 3C (θ) 6.7 oP16 Pnma Fe 5C2 (χ) 7.9 mC28 C2/c Fe 7C3 8.4 hP20 P63mc Fe7C3 8.4 oP40 Pnma Fe 2C (η) 9.7 oP6 Pnnm Fe 2C (ε) 9.7 hP* P6322 Fe2C 9.7 hP* P3–m1 (C) 100 cF8 Fd3–mComposition, Pearson Space Phase mass % C symbol group Figure 16 Figure 16. Fe-Cr system.1900 170015001300 1100 9007005003000 Atomic Percent Chromium t/°C Mass Percent Chromium10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 01 02 0 3 04 05 06 0 7 08 09 0 1 0 0L (Cr) Fe Cr13.41513 °C 19.8 830°C σ 47.2TC1394 °C1538 °C 912°C11.2 6.5846°C(αFe,δFe)(γFe) 451863 °C 770°C Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % Cr symbol group (aFe, Cr) 0 to 100 cI2 Im3–m (γFe) 0 to 11.2 cF4 Fm3–m σ 42.7 to 48.2 tP30 P42/mnm 12-212PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 17 Figure 17. Cu-Sn system.t/°C1200 1100 1000 900800700600500400300200100100 01 02 0 3 04 05 06 07 08 09 0 Mass Percent Tin Cu SnAtomic Percent Tin 100 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 07 08 0 9 0 L 58.6 640°C676°C755°C 25.6 30.6796°C 13.5 (Cu) 582°C 59 415°C 189°C 60.360.9 227 °C 186°C92.4 99.3231.9681 °Cηεγ ζ δβ22 586°C 24.6 520°C 15.8 27.0 ~350 °C 32.55 11 1.3 η´ (Sn)1084.87 °C Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % Sn symbol group α 0 to 15.8 cF4 Fm3–m β 22.0 to 27.0 cI2 Im3–m γ 25.5 to 41.5 cF16 Fm3–m δ 32 to 33 cF416 F4–3m ζ 32.2 to 35.2 hP26 P63 ε 27.7 to 39.5 oC80 Cmcm η 59.0 to 60.9 hP4 P63/mmc η′ 44.8 to 60.9 (a) — (βSn) ∼100 tI4 I41/amd (αSn) 100 cF8 Fd3–m (a) Hexagonal; superlattice based on NiAs-type structure. TeamLRN12-213PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 18 Figure 18. Cu-Ni system. Figure 19 Figure 19. Pb-Sn system.Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % Ni symbol group (Cu, Ni) (above 354.5 °C) 0 to 100 cF4 Fm3–m 350 300250 200150100 50 00Atomic Percent Tin t/°C Mass Percent Tin10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100L 61.9 97.8183°C 18.3(Pb)327.502 °C0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 231.9681 °C (βSn) Pb Sn 12-214PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 19 (continued) Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % Sn symbol group (Pb) 0 to 18.3 cF4 Fm3–m (βSn) 97.8 to 100 tI4 I41/amd (αSn) 100 cF8 Fd3–m High-pressure phases ε(a) 52 to 74 hP1 P6/mmm ε′(b) 52 hP2 P6 3/mmc (a) From phase diagram calculated at 2500 MPa. (b) This phase was claimed for alloys at 350 °C and 5500 MPa. Figure 20 Figure 20. Cu-Zn system.t/°C1100 1000 900800700600500400300200100100 0 1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0 Atomic Percent Zinc Cu Zn100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 01 0Mass Percent Zinc L D 36.8A 36.1 C 55.8 G31.9 B902 38.27 E454°C 44.8 FX468 48.2 Y57β γ εα or (Cu) β´H 834°C 59.1 69.2 L700°CN 79.8 Q 87.9 98.25 419.58 °C425°C η or (Zn)560°C70 R73.5 T 88 U97.17 VW598°C 787876 P SM 72.45 δ O1064.62 °C Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % Zn symbol group α or (Cu) 0 to 38.95 cF4 Fm3–m β 36.8 to 56.5 cI2 Im3–m β′ 45.5 to 50.7 cP2 Pm3–m γ 57.7 to 70.6 cI52 I4–3m δ 73.02 to 76.5 hP3 P6– ε 78.5 to 88.3 hP2 P63/mmc η or (Zn) 97.25 to 100 hP2 P63/mmc TeamLRN12-215PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 21 Figure 21. Co-Sm system.t/°C1600 140012001000 800600400 200 001 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0 Mass Percent SamariumCo100 SmAtomic Percent Samarium 100 01 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 L 1074 °C 922°C 734°C 595°C695°C 605 ~93~82575°C(γSm) (βSm) (αSm)Co4Sm9 CoSm3Co3Sm1074 °C1200 °C1240 °C1260 °CCo3Sm1100 °C1325 °C (αCo) (εCo) Co5-xSmαCo17Sm2 αCo7Sm2βCo17Sm2 βCo7Sm2α→β Co19Sm5Co5+xSm1495 °C Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % Sm symbol group (αCo) 0 to ~3.7 cF4 Fm3–m (εCo) ∼0 hP2 P63/mmc βCo17Sm 2 ∼23.0 hP38 P63/mmc αCo17Sm2 ∼23.0 hR19 R3–m hP8 P6/mmm Co5 + xSm ∼33 to 34 — — Co5 - xSm ∼34 to 35 — — Co19Sm5 ∼40.1 hR24 R3–m hP48 P63/mmc αCo7Sm2 ∼42.1 hR18 R3–m βCo7Sm2 ∼42.1 hP36 P63/mmc Co3Sm 46 hR12 R3–m Co2Sm 56.0 hR4 R3–m cF24 Fd3–m Co4Sm9 ∼85.1 o** — CoSm 3 88 oP16 Pnma (γSm) ∼100 cI2 Im3–m (βSm) ∼100 hP2 P63/mmc (αSm) ∼100 hR3 R3–m Other reported phases Co 5Sm ∼33.8 hP6 P6/mmm Co 2Sm5 ∼86.4 mC28 C2/c 12-216PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 22 Composition, Pearson Space Phase mass % Mo symbol group (βTi, Mo) 0 to 100 cI2 Im3–m (αTi) 0 to 0.8 hP2 P63/mmc α′ (a) hP2 P63/mmc α″ (a) oC4 Cmcm ω (a) hP3 P6/mmm (a) Metastable. Experimental time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram for Ti-Mo. The start and finish times of theisothermal precipitation reaction vary with tempera- ture as a result of the temperature dependence of the nucleation and growth processes. Precipitation iscomplete, at any temperature, when the equilibrium fraction of α is established in accordance with the lever rule. The solid horizontal line represents theathermal (or nonthermally activated) martensitic trans- formation that occurs when the β phase is quenched.2600 24002200200018001600140012001000 8006004000 Atomic Percent Molybdenum t/°C Mass Percent Molybdenum10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 01 02 0 3 04 05 06 0 7 08 09 0 1 0 0L (βTi,Mo) Ti Mo~695 °C~650 °C882°C1670 °C (αTi)~212623 ° Start Finish800 700 6005004000.1t/°C 1.0 10 100 1000 Time in Minutesβ + α´MSβ + α´βto (β + α)eqmFigure 22. Ti-Mo system. TeamLRN12-217PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 23 Figure 23. The isothermal section at 900°C (1652 °F) of the iron-chromium- nickel ternary phase diagram, showing the nominal composition of 18-8 stain-less steel. 10 Mass Percent Nickel20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90908070605040302010 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10Mass Percent Chrom ium Mass Percent Iron(Cr) + ( γFe,Ni) (γFe,Ni)σ + (γFe,Ni) (Cr) + (γFe,Ni)(Cr) σ(Cr) + σ Fe NiCr 18-8 Stainless steel 12-190HEAT CAPACITY OF SELECTED SOLIDS This table gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of representative metals, semiconductors, and other crystalline s olids as a function of temperature in the range 200 to 600 K. REFERENCES 1. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V. B., and White, H. J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere Press, New York, 1987. 3. DIPPR Database of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Chemical Eng ineers, New York, 1987. Cp in J/mol K Name 200 K 250 K 300 K 350 K 400 K 500 K 600 K Aluminum 21.33 23.08 24.25 25.11 25.78 26.84 27.89 Aluminum oxide 51.12 67.05 79.45 88.91 96.14 106.17 112.55 Anthracene 138.6 173.9 210.7 248.8 288.4 Benzoic acid 102.7 123.5 147.4 172.0Beryllium 9.98 13.58 16.46 18.53 19.95 21.94 23.34 Biphenyl 131.0 162.5 197.2 Boron 5.99 8.82 11.40 13.65 15.69 18.72 20.78Calcium 24.54 25.41 25.94 26.32 26.87 28.49 30.38 Calcium carbonate 66.50 75.66 83.82 91.51 96.97 104.52 109.86 Calcium oxide 33.64 38.59 42.18 45.07 46.98 49.33 50.72Cesium chloride 50.13 51.34 52.48 53.58 54.68 56.90 59.10 Chromium 19.86 22.30 23.47 24.39 25.23 26.63 27.72 Cobalt 22.23 23.98 24.83 25.68 26.53 28.20 29.66Copper 22.63 23.77 24.48 24.95 25.33 25.91 26.48 Copper oxide 34.80 42.41 44.95 46.78 49.19 50.83 Copper sulfate 77.01 89.25 99.25 107.65 114.93 127.19 136.31Germanium 23.25 23.85 24.31 24.96 25.45 Gold 25.41 25.37 25.51 26.06 26.65 Graphite 5.01 6.82 8.58 10.24 11.81 14.62 16.84Hexachlorobenzene 162.7 183.6 202.4 Iodine 51.57 53.24 54.51 58.60 Iron 21.59 23.74 25.15 26.28 27.39 29.70 32.05Lead 25.87 26.36 26.85 27.30 27.72 28.55 29.40 Lithium 21.57 23.42 24.64 25.96 27.60 29.28 Lithium chloride 43.35 46.08 48.10 49.66 50.97 53.34 55.59Magnesium 22.72 24.02 24.90 25.57 26.14 27.17 28.18 Magnesium oxide 37.38 40.59 42.77 45.56 47.30 Manganese 23.05 24.95 26.35 27.52 28.53 30.29 31.90Naphthalene 105.8 134.1 167.8 204.1 Potassium 27.00 28.01 29.60 Potassium chloride 48.44 50.10 51.37 52.31 53.08 54.71 56.35Silicon 15.64 18.22 20.04 21.28 22.14 23.33 24.15 Silicon dioxide 32.64 39.21 44.77 49.47 53.43 59.64 64.42 Silver 25.36 25.55 25.79 26.36 26.99Sodium 22.45 27.01 28.20 30.14 Sodium chloride 46.89 48.85 50.21 51.25 52.14 53.96 55.81 Tantalum 24.08 24.86 25.31 25.60 25.84 26.35 26.84Titanium 22.37 24.07 25.28 26.17 26.86 27.88 28.60 Tungsten 22.49 23.69 24.30 24.65 24.92 25.36 25.79 Vanadium 21.88 23.70 24.93 25.68 26.23 26.94 27.49Zinc 24.05 25.02 25.45 25.88 26.35 27.39 28.59 Zirconium 23.87 24.69 25.22 25.61 25.93 26.56 27.28 TeamLRN12-219THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE METALS This table gives the following properties for the metallic elem ents: tm: Melting point in °C tb: Normal boiling point in °C, at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 Torr) ∆fus H: Enthalpy of fusion at the melting point in J/g ρ25: Density at 25 °C in g/cm3 α: Coefficient of linear expansion at 25 °C in K-1 (the quantity listed is 106 × α) cp: Specific heat capacity at constant pressure at 25 °C in J/g K λ: Thermal conductivity at 27 °C in W/cm K REFERENCES 1. Dinsdale, A. T., CALPHAD , 15, 317, 1991 (melting points, enthalpy of fusion). 2. Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter , Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1975 (coeff icient of expansion, density). 3. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 3, Suppl. 1, 1974 (thermal conductivity). 4. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989 (heat capacity). 5. Glushko, V. P., Ed., Thermal Constants of Substances , VINITI, Moscow, (enthalpy of fusion, heat capacity). 6. Wagman, D. D., et. al., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. C hem. Ref. Data , 11, Suppl. 2, 1982 (heat capacity). 7. Chase, M. W., et. al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables , 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985 (heat c apacity, enthalpy of fusion). 8. Gschneidner, K. A., Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams , 11, 216 —224, 1990 (various properties of the rare earth metals). 9. Hellwege, K. H., Ed., Landolt B örnstein, Numerical Values and Functions in Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geophysics, and Technol- ogy, Vol. 2, Part 1, Mechanical-Thermal Properties of State, 1971 (density). 10. Physical Encyclopedic Dictionary, Vol. 1–5, Encyclopedy Publishing House, Moscow, 1960–66. Metal Atomic tm tb ∆fus H ρ25 α × 106 cp λ (symbol) weight °C °C J/g g/cm3K-1J/g K W/cm K Actinium (Ac) 1051 3198 10 0.12 Aluminum (Al) 26.98 660.32 2519 399.9 2.70 23.1 0.904 2.37 Antimony (Sb) 121.76 630.63 1587 162.5 6.68 11.0 0.207 0.243Barium (Ba) 137.33 727 1897 51.8 3.62 20.6 0.205 0.184 Beryllium (Be) 9.01 1287 2471 876.0 1.85 11.3 1.82 2.00 Bismuth (Bi) 208.98 271.40 1564 53.3 9.79 13.4 0.122 0.0787Cadmium (Cd) 112.41 321.07 767 55.2 8.69 30.8 0.231 0.968 Calcium (Ca) 40.08 842 1484 213.1 1.54 22.3 0.646 2.00 Cerium (Ce) 140.11 798 3443 39.0 6.77 6.3 0.192 0.113Cesium (Cs) 132.91 28.44 671 15.7 1.93 97 0.242 0.359 Chromium (Cr) 52.00 1907 2671 404 7.15 4.9 0.450 0.937 Cobalt (Co) 58.93 1495 2927 272.5 8.86 13.0 0.421 1.00Copper (Cu) 63.55 1084.62 2562 203.5 8.96 16.5 0.384 4.01 Dysprosium (Dy) 162.50 1412 2567 68.1 8.55 9.9 0.170 0.107 Erbium (Er) 167.26 1529 2868 119 9.07 12.2 0.168 0.145Europium (Eu) 151.96 822 1529 60.6 5.24 35.0 0.182 0.139 a Gadolinium (Gd) 157.25 1313 3273 63.6 7.90 9.4b0.235 0.105 Gallium (Ga) 69.72 29.767 2204 80.0 5.91 18 0.374 0.406Gold (Au) 196.97 1064.18 2856 64.6 19.3 14.2 0.129 3.17 Hafnium (Hf) 178.49 2233 4603 152.4 13.3 5.9 0.144 0.230 Holmium (Ho) 164.93 1474 2700 103 a8.80 11.2 0.165 0.162 Indium (In) 114.82 156.60 2072 28.6 7.31 32.1 0.233 0.816 Iridium (Ir) 192.22 2446 4428 213.9 22.5 6.4 0.131 1.47 Iron (Fe) 55.85 1538 2861 247.3 7.87 11.8 0.449 0.802Lanthanum (La) 138.91 918 3464 44.6 6.15 12.1 0.195 0.134 Lead (Pb) 207.20 327.46 1749 23.1 11.3 28.9 0.127 0.353 Lithium (Li) 6.94 180.5 1342 432 0.534 46 3.57 0.847Lutetium (Lu) 174.97 1663 3402 126 a9.84 9.9 0.154 0.164 Magnesium (Mg) 24.30 650 1090 348.9 1.74 24.8 1.024 1.56 12-220THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE METALS (continued) Metal Atomic tm tb ∆fus H ρ25 α × 106 cp λ (symbol) weight °C °C J/g g/cm3 K-1 J/g K W/cm K Manganese (Mn) 54.94 1246 2061 235.0 7.3 21.7 0.479 0.0782 Mercury (Hg) 200.59 -38.83 356.62 11.4 13.5336 60.4 0.139 0.0834 Molybdenum (Mo) 95.94 2622 4639 390.7 10.2 4.8 0.251 1.38 Neodymium (Nd) 144.24 1021 3074 49.5 7.01 9.6 0.191 0.165Neptunium (Np) 644 13.5 20.2 0.063 Nickel (Ni) 58.69 1455 2913 290.3 8.90 13.4 0.445 0.907 Niobium (Nb) 92.91 2477 4744 323 8.57 7.3 0.265 0.537Osmium (Os) 190.23 3033 5012 304.1 22.59 5.1 0.130 0.876 Palladium (Pd) 106.42 1554.8 2963 157.3 12.0 11.8 0.244 0.718 Platinum (Pt) 195.08 1768.2 3825 113.6 21.5 8.8 0.133 0.716Plutonium (Pu) 640 3228 11.6 19.7 46.7 0.0674 Polonium (Po) 254 962 9.20 23.5 0.20 Potassium (K) 39.10 63.38 759 59.6 0.89 83.3 0.757 1.024Praseodymium (Pr) 140.91 931 3520 48.9 6.77 6.7 0.193 0.125 Promethium (Pm) 1042 3000 a 7.26 11a 0.19a 0.15a Protactinium (Pa) 231.04 1572 53.4 15.4 Radium (Ra) 700 5 Rhenium (Re) 186.21 3186 5596 324.5 20.8 6.2 0.137 0.479 Rhodium (Rh) 102.91 1963 3695 258.4 12.4 8.2 0.243 1.50Rubidium (Rb) 85.47 39.30 688 25.6 1.53 0.364 0.582 Ruthenium (Ru) 101.07 2333 4150 381.8 12.1 6.4 0.238 1.17 Samarium (Sm) 150.36 1074 1794 57.3 7.52 12.7 0.196 0.133Scandium (Sc) 44.96 1541 2836 314 2.99 10.2 0.567 0.158 Silver (Ag) 107.87 961.78 2162 104.6 10.5 18.9 0.235 4.29 Sodium (Na) 22.99 97.79 882.94 113.1 0.97 71 1.225 1.41Strontium (Sr) 87.62 777 1382 84.8 2.64 22.5 0.306 0.353 Tantalum (Ta) 180.95 3007 5458 202.1 16.4 6.3 0.140 0.575 Technetium (Tc) 2157 4265 339.7 11 0.506Terbium (Tb) 158.93 1356 3230 67.9 8.23 10.3 0.182 0.111 Thallium (Tl) 204.38 304 1473 20.3 11.8 29.9 0.129 0.461 Thorium (Th) 232.04 1750 4788 59.5 11.7 11.0 0.118 0.540Thulium (Tm) 168.93 1545 1950 99.7 9.32 13.3 0.160 0.169 Tin (Sn) 118.71 231.93 2602 60.4 7.26 22.0 0.227 0.666 Titanium (Ti) 47.88 1670 3287 295.6 4.51 8.6 0.522 0.219Tungsten (W ) 183.84 3414 5555 284.5 19.3 4.5 0.132 1.74 Uranium (U) 238.03 1135 4131 38.4 19.1 13.9 0.116 0.276 Vanadium (V) 50.94 1910 3407 422 6.0 8.4 0.489 0.307Ytterbium (Yb) 173.04 819 1196 44.3 6.90 26.3 0.154 0.385 Yttrium (Y) 88.91 1522 3345 128 4.47 10.6 0.298 0.172 Zinc (Zn) 65.39 419.53 907 108.1 7.14 30.2 0.388 1.16Zirconium (Zr) 91.22 1854 4409 230.2 6.52 5.7 0.278 0.227 a Estimated. b At 100 °C. TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table gives the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of several metals and of carbon, germanium, and silicon . For graphite, separate entries are given for the thermal conductivity parallel ( \) and perpendicular ( ⊥) to the layer planes. The thermal conductivity of all these materials is very sensitive to impurities at low temperatures, especially below 100 K. Therefore, the values given here should be regarded as typical values for a highly purified specimen; the thermal conductivity of different specimens can vary by more than an order of magnit ude in the low- temperature range. See Reference 2 for details. REFERENCES 1. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 1, 279, 1972. 2. White, G. K., and Minges, M. L., Thermophysical Properties of Some Key Solids , CODATA Bulletin No. 59, 1985. Thermal Conductivity in W/cm K Carbon (C) Pyrolytic Diamond (type) graphite T/K Ag Al Au I IIa IIb | ⊥ Cr Cu 1 39.4 41.1 5.46 0.402* 42.2 2 78.3 81.8 10.9 0.0138* 0.033* 0.0200* 0.803 84.03 115 121 16.1 0.0461 0.111 0.0676 1.20 1254 147 157 20.9 0.108 0.261 0.160 1.60 1625 172 188 25.2 0.206 0.494 0.307 2.00 1956 187 213 28.5 0.344 0.820 0.510 2.39 2227 193 229 30.9 0.523 1.24 0.778 2.27 2398 190 237 32.3 0.762 1.77 1.12 3.14 2489 181 239 32.7 1.05 2.41 1.53 3.50 249 10 168 235 32.4 1.40 3.17 2.03 0.811 0.0116 3.85 24315 96.0 176 24.6 3.96 8.65 5.66 5.24 17120 51.0 117 15.8 7.87 16.8 11.2 4.20 0.0397 5.93 10830 19.3 49.5 7.55 18.8 38.9 26.5 9.86 0.0786 5.49 44.540 10.5 24.0 5.15 29.4 65.9 44.0 16.4 0.120 4.25 21.750 7.0 13.5 4.21 35.3 92.1 59.1 23.1 0.152 3.17 12.560 5.5 8.5 3.74 37.4 112 67.5 29.8 0.173 2.48 8.2970 4.97 5.85 3.48 36.9 119 69.1 36.6 0.181 2.07 6.4780 4.71 4.32 3.32 35.1 117 65.7 42.8 0.181 1.84 5.5790 4.60 3.42 3.28 32.7 109 60.0 47.5 0.176 1.69 5.08 100 4.50 3.02 3.27 30.0 100 54.2 49.7 0.168 1.59 4.82150 4.32 2.48 3.25 19.5 60.2 32.5 45.1 0.125 1.29 4.29200 4.30 2.37 3.23 14.1 40.3 22.6 32.3 0.0923 1.11 4.13250 4.29 2.35 3.21 11.0 29.7 17.0 24.4 0.0711 1.00 4.06300 4.29 2.37 3.17 8.95 23.0 13.5 19.5 0.0570 0.937 4.01350 4.27 2.40 3.14 7.55* 18.5* 11.1* 16.2 0.0477 0.929 3.96400 4.25 2.40 3.11 6.5* 15.4* 9.32* 13.9 0.0409 0.909 3.93500 4.19 2.36 3.04 10.8 0.0322 0.860 3.86600 4.12 2.31 2.98 8.92 0.0268 0.807 3.79 800 3.96 2.18 2.84 6.67 0.0201 0.713 3.66 1000 3.79 2.70 5.34 0.0160 0.654 3.521200 3.61* 2.55 4.48 0.0134 0.619 3.391400 3.84 0.0116 0.588 1600 3.33 0.0100 0.556 1800 2.93 0.00895 0.526* 2000 2.62 0.00807 0.494* © 2000 CRC Press LLCTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) T/K Fe GeaMg Ni Pb Pt SiaSn Ti W 1 1.71 0.274 9.86 2.17 27.9 2.31 0.0693* 183 0.0144* 14.4 2 3.42 2.06 19.6 4.34 44.6 4.60 0.454 323 0.0288* 28.73 5.11 5.35 29.0 6.49 35.8 6.79 1.38 297 0.0432 42.84 6.77 8.77 37.6 8.59 22.2 8.8 2.97 181 0.0575 56.35 8.39 11.6 45.0 10.6 13.8 10.5 5.27 117 0.0719 68.76 9.93 13.9 50.8 12.5 8.10 11.8 8.23 76 0.0863 79.57 11.4 15.5 54.7 14.2 4.86 12.6 11.7 52 0.101 88.08 12.7 16.6 56.7 15.8 3.20 12.9 15.5 36 0.115 93.89 13.9 17.3 57.0 17.1 2.30 12.8 19.5 26 0.129 96.8 10 14.8 17.7 55.8 18.1 1.78 12.3 23.3 19.3 0.143 97.115 17.0 17.3 41.1 19.5 0.845 8.41 41.6 6.3 0.212 72.020 15.4 14.9 27.2 16.5 0.591 4.95 49.8 3.2 0.275 40.530 10.0 10.8 12.9 9.56 0.477 2.15 48.1 1.79 0.365 14.440 6.23 7.98 7.19 5.82 0.451 1.39 35.3 1.33 0.390 6.9250 4.05 6.15 4.65 4.00 0.436 1.09 26.8 1.15 0.374 4.2760 2.85 4.87 3.27 3.08 0.425 0.947 21.1 1.04 0.355 3.1470 2.16 3.93 2.49 2.50 0.416 0.862 16.8 0.96 0.340 2.5880 1.75 3.25 2.02 2.10 0.409 0.815 13.4 0.915 0.326 2.29 90 1.50 2.70 1.78 1.83 0.403 0.789 10.8 0.880 0.315 2.17 100 1.34 2.32 1.69 1.64 0.397 0.775 8.84 0.853 0.305 2.08150 1.04 1.32 1.61 1.22 0.379 0.740 4.09 0.779 0.270 1.92200 0.94 0.968 1.59 1.07 0.367 0.726 2.64 0.733 0.245 1.85250 0.865 0.749 1.57 0.975 0.360 0.718 1.91 0.696 0.229 1.80300 0.802 0.599 1.56 0.907 0.353 0.716 1.48 0.666 0.219 1.74350 0.744 0.495 1.55 0.850 0.347 0.717 1.19 0.642 0.210 1.67400 0.695 0.432 1.53 0.802 0.340 0.718 0.989 0.622 0.204 1.59500 0.613 0.338 1.51 0.722 0.328 0.723 0.762 0.596 0.197 1.46600 0.547 0.273 1.49 0.656 0.314 0.732 0.619 0.194 1.37800 0.433 0.198 1.46* 0.676 0.756 0.422 0.197 1.25 1000 0.323 0.174 0.718 0.787 0.312 0.207 1.181200 0.283 0.174 0.762 0.826 0.257 0.220 1.121400 0.312 0.804 0.871 0.235 0.236 1.081600 0.330 0.919 0.221 0.253 1.041800 0.345* 0.961 0.270* 1.012000 0.994* 0.98 aValues below 300 K are typical values. * Extrapolated. TeamLRN12-195THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ALLOYS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table lists the thermal conductivity of selected alloys at various temperatures. The indicated compositions refer to weigh t percent. Since the thermal conductivity is sensitive to exact composition and processing history, especially at low temperatures, these values sho uld be considered approximate. REFERENCES 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition , Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Ho, C. Y., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 7, 959, 1978. Thermal conductivity in W/m K Alloy 4 K 20 K 77 K 194 K 273 K 373 K 573 K 973 K Aluminum: 1100 50 240 270 220 220 2024 3.2 17 56 95 1303003 11 58 140 150 160 5052 4.8 25 77 120 140 5083, 5086 3 17 55 95 120 Duralumin 5.5 30 91 140 160 180 Bismuth: Rose metal 5.5 8.3 14 16 Wood’s metal 4 17 23 Copper: electrolytic tough pitch 330 1300 550 400 390 380 370 350 free cutting, leaded 200 800 460 380 380 phosphorus, deoxidized 7.5 42 120 190 220brass, leaded 2.3 12 39 70 120 bronze, 68% Cu; 32% Zn 2.3 16 48 92 110 beryllium 2 17 36 70 90 113 172german silver 0.75 7.5 17 20 23 25 30 40 silicon bronze A 3.4 11 23 30 manganin 0.48 3.2 14 17 22constantan 0.9 8.6 17 19 22 Ferrous: commercial pure iron 15 72 106 82 76 66 54 34 plain carbon steel(AISI 1020) 13 20 58 65 65plain carbon steel(AISI 1095) 8.5 31 41 45 3% Ni; 0.7% Cr; 0.6% Mo 6 22 33 35 36 30 4% Si 20 24 28 26 stainless steel 0.3 2 8 13 14 16 19 25 27% Ni; 15% Cr 1.7 55 11 12 16 21 Gold: colbalt thermocouple 1.2 8.6 20 65% Au; 35% Ag 12 24 61 89 Indium: 85.5% In; 14.5% Pb 1.9 7.8 24 41 Lead: 60% Pb; 40% Sn (soft solder) 28 44 64.35% Pb; 35.65% In 0.8 3.26 9.1 20.2 Nickel: 80% Ni; 20% Cr 12 14 17 23 contracid 0.2 2 7.3 9.5 13inconel 0.5 4.2 12.5 13 15 16 19 26 monel 0.9 7.1 15 20 21 24 30 43 Platinum: 90% Pt; 10% Ir 31 31.4 90% Pt; 10% Rh 30.1 30.5 Silver: silver solder 12 34 58 normal Ag thermocouple 48 230 310 Tin: 60% Sn; 40% Pb 16 55 51 Titanium: 5.5% Al; 2.5% Sn;0.2% Fe 1.8 4.3 6.4 7.8 8.4 10.8 4.7% Mn; 3.99% Al; 0.14% C 1.7 4.5 6.5 8.5 12-196THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALLINE DIELECTRICS This table lists the thermal conductivity of a number of crystalline dielectrics, including some which find use as optical mate rials. Values are given at temperatures for which data are available. REFERENCE Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition , Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. Ther. cond. Material T/K W/m K AgCl 223 1.3 273 1.2323 1.1 373 1.1 Al,B silicate (tourmaline) 398 2.9 || to c axis 540 3.2 723 3.5 Al,Be silicate (beryl) 315 6.4 Al,F silicate (topaz) 315 17.7 || to c axis 358 15.6 417 13.3 Al,Fe silicate (garnet) 315 35.8 358 35.4 377 35.6 Al 2O3 (sapphire): 36° to c axis 4.2 110 20 350035 6000 77 1100 ⊥ to c axis 373 2.6 523 3.9 773 5.8 Al 2O3 (sintered) 4.2 0.5 20 23 77 150 194 48273 35 373 26 973 8 Ar 8 6.0 10 3.7 20 1.477 0.31 As 2S3 (glass) 283 0.16 323 0.21373 0.27 BN 1047 36.2 1475 22.71928 21.9 2111 18.5 BaF 2 225 20260 13.4 305 10.9 370 10.5 BaTiO 3 5 4.2 30 24.0 40 25.0 100 12.0 250 4.8 300 6.2BeO 4.2 0.3 20 16 77 270 373 210573 120 1273 29 Bi 2Te3 80 6.4 204 2.8 303 3.6 370 4.6 C (diamond) 4.2 13 type I 20 800 77 3550 194 1450 273 1000 CaCO3 || to c axis 83 25 273 5.5 ⊥ to c axis 83 17 194 6.5 273 4.6 373 3.6 CaF2 83 39 223 18 273 10323 9.2 373 9 CaWO 4 (scheelite) 422 11.3 CdTe 160 7.0 297 3.6 422 2.9 CsBr 223 1.2 273 0.94 323 0.81373 0.77 CsI 223 1.4 273 1.2323 1 373 0.95 Cu 2O (cuprite) 102 3.74 163 7.76 299 5.58 360 4.86 Fe3O4 (magnetite) 4.5 27.4 20.5 293.0 126.5 7.4 304 7.0 Glass: phoenix 4.2 0.095 20 0.13 77 0.37Ther. cond. Material T/K W/m K TeamLRN12-197THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALLINE DIELECTRICS (continued) Ther. cond. Material T/K W/m KTher. cond. Material T/K W/m K plastic perspex 4.2 0.058 20 0.074 pyrex 77 0.44 194 0.88 273 1 H2 (para + 0.5% ortho) 2.5 100 3 150 4 200 63 0 10 3 H2O (ice) 173 3.5 223 2.8273 2.2 He 3 (high pressure) 0.6 25 12 1.5 0.57 2 0.21 He4 (high pressure) 0.5 42 0.8 120 12 4 2 0.18 I2 300 0.45 325 0.42 350 0.4 KBr 2 150 4.2 360 100 12273 5 323 4.8 373 4.8 KCl 4.2 500 25 140 80 35 194 10 273 7.0 323 6.5373 6.3 KI 4.2 700 80 13 194 4.6 273 3.1 Kr 4.2 0.48 10 1.7 20 1.2 77 0.36 LaF 3 78 7.8 197 5.0 274 5.4 LiF 4.2 620 20 1800 77 150 MgO⋅Al2O3 (spinel) 373 13 773 8.5 MnO 4.2 0.25 40 55 120 8 573 3.5NaCl 4.2 440 20 300 77 30 273 6.4 323 5.6 373 5.4 NaF 5 1100 50 250 100 90 Ne 2 3.0 3 4.6 4.2 4.2 10 0.8 20 0.3 NH4Cl 77 17 194 23 230 38 273 27 NH4H2PO4 || to optic axis 315 0.71 339 0.71 ⊥ to optic axis 313 1.26 342 1.34 NiO 4.2 5.9 40 400 194 82 SiO2 (quartz) || to c axis 20 720 194 20 273 12 ⊥ to c axis 20 370 194 10 273 6.8 SiO2 (fused silica) 4.2 0.25 20 0.7 77 0.8 194 1.2 273 1.4 373 1.6673 1.8 SrTiO 3 5 2.4 30 21.040 19.2 100 18.5 250 12.5300 11.2 TlBr 316 0.59 TlCl 311 0.75TiO 2 (rutile) || to optic axis 4.2 200 20 1000 273 13 ⊥ to optic axis 4.2 160 20 690 273 9 12-226THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS AND OTHER INSULATING MATERIALS Thermal conductivity values for ceramics, refractory oxides, and miscellaneous insulating materials are given here. The thermal conductivity refers to samples with density indicated in the second column. Since most of these materials are highly variable, the values should on ly be considered as a rough guide. REFERENCES 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition , Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Perry, R. H., and Green, D., Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Edition , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984. Dens. t Ther. cond. Material g/cm3 ∞C W/m K Alumina (Al 2O3) 3.8 100 30 400 13 1300 6 1800 7.4 3.5 100 17 800 7.6 Al2O3 + MgO 100 15 400 10 1000 5.6 Asbestos 0.4 -100 0.07 0 0.09 100 0.10 Asbestos + 85% MgO 0.3 30 0.08 Asphalt 2.1 20 0.06Beryllia (BeO) 2.8 100 210 400 90 1000 201800 15 1.85 50 64 200 40600 23 Brick, dry 1.54 0 0.04 Brick, refractory: alosite 1000 1.3 aluminous 1.99 400 1.2 1000 1.3 diatomaceous 0.77 100 0.2 500 0.24 0.4 100 0.08 500 0.1 fireclay 2 400 1 1000 1.2 silicon carbide 2 200 2 600 2.4 vermiculite 0.77 200 0.26 600 0.31 Calcium oxide 100 16 400 9 1000 7.5 Cement mortar 2 90 0.55 Charcoal 0.2 20 0.055Coal 1.35 20 0.26 Concrete 1.6 0 0.8 Cork 0.05 0 0.03 100 0.04 0.35 0 0.06 100 0.08 Cotton wool 0.08 30 0.04Diatomite 0.2 0 0.05 400 0.09 0.5 0 0.09 400 0.16 Ebonite 1.2 0 0.16Felt, flax 0.2 30 0.05 0.3 30 0.04 Fuller’s earth 0.53 30 0.1 Glass wool 0.2 -200 to 20 0.005 50 0.04 100 0.05300 0.08 Graphite 100 mesh 0.48 40 0.1820-40 mesh 0.7 40 1.29 Linoleum cork 0.54 20 0.08 Magnesia (MgO) 100 36 400 18 1200 5.8 1700 9.2 MgO + SiO 2 100 5.3 400 3.5 1500 2.3 Mica: muscovite 100 0.72 300 0.65600 0.69 phlogopite 100 0.66 Canadian 300 0.19 600 0.2 Micanite 30 0.3 Mineral wool 0.15 30 0.04Perlite, expanded 0.1 -200 to 20 0.002 Plastics: bakelite 1.3 20 1.4celluloid 1.4 30 0.02 polystyrene foam 0.05 -200 to 20 0.033 mylar foil 0.05 -200 to 20 0.0001nylon -253 0.10 -193 0.23 25 0.30 polytetrafluoroethylene -253 0.13 -193 0.16 25 0.26 230 2.5 urethane foam 0.07 20 0.06 Porcelain 90 1Dens. t Ther. cond. Material g/cm 3 ∞C W/m K TeamLRN12-227THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS AND OTHER INSULATING MATERIALS (continued) Dens. t Ther. cond. Material g/cm3 ∞C W/m KDens. t Ther. cond. Material g/cm3 ∞C W/m K Rock: basalt 20 2chalk 20 0.92 granite 2.8 20 2.2 limestone 2 20 1sandstone 2.2 20 1.3 slate, ^ 95 1.4 slate, || 95 2.5 Rubber: sponge 0.2 20 0.05 92 percent 25 0.16 Sand, dry 1.5 20 0.33 Sawdust 0.2 30 0.06 Shellac 20 0.23Silica aerogel 0.1 -200 to 20 0.003 Snow 0.25 0 0.16 Steel wool 0.1 55 0.09Thoria (ThO 2) 100 10 400 5.8 1500 2.4 Titanium dioxide 100 6.5 400 3.8 1200 3.3Uranium dioxide 100 9.8 400 5.5 1000 3.4 Wood: balsa, ^ 0.11 30 0.04 fir, ^ 0.54 20 0.14 fir, || 0.54 20 0.35 oak 20 0.16plywood 20 0.11 pine, ^ 0.45 60 0.11 pine, || 0.45 60 0.26walnut, ^ 0.65 20 0.14 Wool 0.09 30 0.04 Zinc oxide 200 17 800 5.3 Zirconia (ZrO 2) 100 2 400 2 1500 2.5 Zirconia + silica 200 5.6 600 4.6 1500 3.7 12-200THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES This table gives the composition of various types of glasses and the thermal conductivity k as a function of temperature. Because of the variability of glasses, the data should be regarded as only approximate. Composition SiO2 Other oxides tk Type of glass (wt%) (wt%) °C W/m K Vitreous silica 100 –150 0.85 –100 1.05 –50 1.20 0 1.30 50 1.40 100 1.50 Vycor glass 96 B 2O3 3 –100 1.00 0 1.25 100 1.40 Pyrex type chemically- resistant borosilicate glasses 80–81 B2O3 12–13 –100 0.90 Na2O 4 0 1.10 Al 2 100 1.25 Borosilicate crown glasses 60–65 B2O3 15–20 –100 0.65–0.75 0 0.90–0.95 100 1.00–1.05 65–70 B2O3 10–15 –100 0.75–0.80 0 0.95–1.00 100 1.05–1.15 70–75 B3O3 5–10 –100 0.80–0.85 0 1.05–1.10 100 1.15–1.20 Zinc crown glasses (i) 55–65 ZnO 5–15 –100 0.88–0.92 Remainder: 0 1.10–1.15B 2O3, Al2O3 100 1.15–1.25 ZnO 5–15 –100 0.60–0.70 Remainder: 0 0.70–0.90 Na2O, K2O 100 0.85–0.95 ZnO 15–25 –100 0.88–0.92 Remainder: 0 1.10–1.15 B2O3, Al2O3 100 1.15–1.20 ZnO 15–25 –100 0.65–0.80 Remainder: 0 0.85–0.95Na 2O, K2O 100 0.90–1.05 Zinc crown glasses (ii) 65–75 ZnO 5–15 –100 0.88–0.92 Remainder: 0 1.15–1.15 B2O3, Al2O3 100 1.20–1.30 ZnO 5–15 –100 0.70–0.85 Remainder: 0 0.90–1.05 Na2O, K2O 100 1.00–1.15 TeamLRN12-201THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition SiO2 Other oxides tk Type of glass (wt%) (wt%) °C W/m K ZnO 15–25 –100 0.90–0.95 Remainder: 0 1.15–1.15 B2O3, Al2O3 100 1.20–1.25 ZnO 15–25 –100 0.65–0.85 Remainder: 0 0.85–1.00Na 2O, K2O 100 1.05–1.20 Barium crown glasses 31 B2O3 12 –100 0.55 Al2O3 8 0 0.70 BaO 48 100 0.80 41 B2O3 6 –100 0.60 Al2O3 2 0 0.75 ZnO 8 100 0.85 BaO 43 47 B 2O3 4 –100 0.65 Na2O 1 0 0.75 K2O 7 100 0.90 ZnO 8BaO 32 65 B 2O3 2 –100 0.70 Na2O 5 0 0.90 K2O 15 100 1.00 ZnO 2BaO 10 Borate glasses Borate flint glass 9 B 2O3 36 –100 0.55 Na2O 1 0 0.65 K2O 2 100 0.80 PbO 36 Al2O3 10 ZnO 6 Borate flint glass 0 B2O3 56 –100 0.50 Al2O3 12 0 0.65 PbO 32 100 0.85 Borate flint glass 0 B2O3 43 –100 0.40 Al2O3 5 0 0.55 PbO 52 100 0.70 Borate glass 4 B2O3 55 –100 0.65 Al2O3 14 0 0.80 PbO 11 100 0.90K 2O4 ZnO 12 Borate crown glass 0 B2O3 64 –100 0.50 Na2O 8 0 0.65 K2O 3 100 0.85 BaO 4 PbO 3 Al2O3 18 12-202THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition SiO2 Other oxides tk Type of glass (wt%) (wt%) °C W/m K Light borate crown glass 0 B2O3 69 –100 0.55 Na2O 8 0 0.70 BaO 5 100 0.90Al 2O3 18 Zinc borate glass 0 B2O3 40 –100 0.65 ZnO 60 0 0.75 100 0.85 Phosphate crown glasses Potash phosphate glass 0 P 2O5 70 0 0.75 B2O3 3 100 0.85 K2O1 2 Al2O3 10 MgO 4 Baryta phosphate glass 0 P 2O5 60 45 0.75 B2O3 3 Al2O3 8 BaO 28 Soda-lime glasses 75 Na2O 17 –100 0.75 CaO 8 0 0.95 100 1.10 75 Na2O 12 –100 0.90 CaO 13 0 1.10 100 1.15 72 Na2O 15 –100 0.80 CaO 11 0 1.00 Al2O3 2 100 1.15 65 Na2O 25 –100 0.65 CaO 10 0 0.85 100 0.95 65 Na2O 15 –100 0.85 CaO 20 0 1.00 100 1.10 60 Na2O 20 –100 0.75 CaO 20 0 0.90 100 1.00 Other crown glasses Crown glass 75 Na 2O 9 –100 0.80 K2O 11 0 1.00 CaO 5 100 1.10 High dispersion crown glass 68 Na 2O 16 –100 0.65 ZnO 3 0 0.85 PbO 13 100 1.00 TeamLRN12-203THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition SiO2 Other oxides tk Type of glass (wt%) (wt%) °C W/m K Miscellaneous flint glasses (i) Silicate flint glasses Light flint glasses 65 PbO 25 –100 0.65–0.70 Others 10 0 0.88–0.92 100 1.00–1.05 55 PbO 35 –100 0.60–0.65 Others 10 0 0.75–0.85 100 0.88–0.92 Ordinary flint glass 45 PbO 45 –100 0.50–0.60 Others 10 0 0.65–0.75 100 0.80–0.85 Heavy flint glass 35 PbO 60 –100 0.45–0.50 Others 5 0 0.60–0.65 100 0.70–0.75 Very heavy flint glasses 25 PbO 73 –100 0.40–0.45 Others 2 0 0.55–0.60 100 0.63–0.67 20 PbO 80 –100 0.40 0 0.50 100 0.60 (ii) Borosilicate flint glass 33 B 2O3 31 –100 0.65 PbO 25 0 0.85 Al2O3 7 100 0.95 K2O3 Na2O1 (iii) Barium flint glass 50 BaO 24 –100 0.60 PbO 6 0 0.70 K2O 8 100 0.85 Na2O3 ZnO 8 Sb2O3 1 Other glasses Potassium glass 59 K2O 33 50 0.88–0.92 CaO 8 Iron glasses 63 Fe2O3 10 –100 0.80 Na2O 17 0 0.95 MgO 4 100 1.05 CaO 3 Al2O3 2 67 Fe2O3 15 0 0.88—0.92 Na2O3 18 100 1.00—1.05 62 Fe2O3 20 0 0.85—0.90 Na2O 18 100 0.95—1.00 Rock glasses Obsidian 0 1.35 Artificial diabase 100 1.25 12- 232 FERMI ENERGY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF METALS Lev. I. Berger In the classical Drude theory of metals, the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution of electrons is used. It states that the n umber of electrons per unit volume with velocities in the range of d about any magnitude at temperature T is where n is the total number of conduction electrons in a unit volume of a metal, m is the free electron mass, and k B is the Boltzmann constant. In an attempt to explain a substantial discrepancy between the experimental data on the speci fic heat of metals and the values calculated on the basis of the Drude model, Sommerfeld suggested a model of the metal in which the Pauli exclusion principle is applied to free electrons. In this case, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is replaced by the Fermi-Dirac distribution: Here h is the Planck constant and T 0 is a characteristic temperature which is determined by the normalization condition The magnitude of T 0 is quite high; usually, T 0 > 10 4 K. So, at common temperatures ( T < 10 3 K), the free electron density of a metal is much smaller than in the case of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. This allows us to explain why the experimental data on speci fic heat for metals are close to those for insulators. The maximum kinetic energy the electrons of a metal may possess at T = 0 K is called the Fermi energy, e.g., where k F is the Fermi momentum or the Fermi wave vector k F = (3 p 2 n ) 1/3 e is the electron charge, and r B is the Bohr radius r B = /H6036 2 / me 2 = 0.529 ◊ 10 –10 m Another, more common expression for the Fermi energy is where v F = /H6036 k F / m is the Fermi velocity which can be expressed using the concept of the electron radius, r s . It is equal to radius of a sphere occupied by one free electron. If the total volume of a metal sample is V and the number of conduction electrons in this volume is N , then the volume per electron is equal to and The following table contains information pertinent to the Sommerfeld model for some metals. The magnitudes of T 0 are calculated using the expressionrvrv fvv nm kTmv kTvB BBd2drr r() =Ê ËÁˆ ¯˜ -Ê ËÁˆ ¯˜pexp2 2 fv vm hvmvkT kTrr r() =Ê Ëˆ ¯-Ê ËÁˆ ¯˜È Î͢ ˚˙+Ï ÌÔ ÓÔ¸ ˝Ô ˛Ô- ddB0 B 221321 exp nv f v=◊() Údrr Ek me kkrFF BFB ==Ê ËÁˆ ¯˜()h22 22 22 Em vFF=122 V Nnr ==14 33pS rnS=Ê Ëˆ ¯3 413 p/ TE k rr0F B SBK ==◊ ()58 2 104 2. / TeamLRN 12- 233 FERMI ENERGY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF METALS (continued) References 1. Drude, P., Ann. Physik , 1, 566, 1900; ibid ., 3, 369, 1900. 2. Sommerfeld, A. and Bethe, H., Handbuch der Physik , Chapter 3, Springer, 1933. 3. Wyckoff, R.W.G., Crystal Structures , 2nd. ed., Interscience, 1963. 4. Ashcroft, N.W. and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics , Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976. Ground State Properties of the Electron Gas in Some Metals Metal Valency n /10 28 m –3 r S /pm r S / r B E F /eV T O /10 4 K k F /10 10 m –1 v F /10 6 m/s Li a 1 4.70 172 3.25 4.74 5.51 1.12 1.29 Na b 1 2.65 208 3.93 3.24 3.77 0.92 1.07 K b 1 1.40 257 4.86 2.12 2.46 0.75 0.86 Rb b 1 1.15 275 5.20 1.85 2.15 0.70 0.81 Cs b 1 0.91 298 5.62 1.59 1.84 0.65 0.75 Cu 1 8.47 141 2.67 7.00 8.16 1.36 1.57 Ag 1 5.86 160 3.02 5.49 6.38 1.20 1.39Au 1 5.90 159 3.01 5.53 6.42 1.21 1.40 Be 2 24.7 99 1.87 14.3 16.6 1.94 2.25 Mg 2 8.61 141 2.66 7.08 8.23 1.36 1.58 Ca 2 4.61 173 3.27 4.69 5.44 1.11 1.28 Sr 2 3.55 189 3.57 3.93 4.57 1.02 1.18 Ba 2 3.15 196 3.71 3.64 4.23 0.98 1.13 Nb 1 5.56 163 3.07 5.32 6.18 1.18 1.37 Fe 2 17.0 112 2.12 11.1 13.0 1.71 1.98 Mn c 2 16.5 113 2.14 10.9 12.7 1.70 1.96 Zn 2 13.2 122 2.30 9.47 11.0 1.58 1.83 Cd 2 9.27 137 2.59 7.47 8.68 1.40 1.62 Hg a 2 8.65 140 2.65 7.13 8.29 1.37 1.58 Al 3 18.1 110 2.07 11.7 13.6 1.75 2.03 Ga 3 15.4 116 2.19 10.4 12.1 1.66 1.92 In 3 11.5 127 2.41 8.63 10.0 1.51 1.74Tl 3 10.5 131 2.48 8.15 9.46 1.46 1.69 Sn 4 14.8 117 2.22 10.2 11.8 1.64 1.90Pb 4 13.2 122 2.30 9.47 11.0 1.58 1.83 Bi 5 14.1 119 2.25 9.90 11.5 1.61 1.87 Sb 5 16.5 113 2.14 10.9 12.7 1.70 1.96 a At 78 K. b At 5 K. c a -phase. The data in the table are for atmospheric pressure and room temperature unless other wise noted. 12-204COMMERCIAL METALS AND ALLOYS This table gives typical values of mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of several common commercial metals and alloy s. Values refer to ambient temperature (0 to 25 °C). All values should be regarded as typical, since these properties are dependent on the particular type of alloy, heat treatment, and other factors. Values for individual specimens can vary widely. REFERENCES 1.ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition , American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983. 2. Lynch, C. T., CRC Practical Handbook of Materials Science , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Shackelford, J. F., and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991. Coeff. Approx. Thermal of linear Electrical Modulus Tensile melting conductivity Density expansion resistivity of elasticity strength point Common name W/cm K g/cm3 10-6/°C µΩ cm GPa MPa °C Ingot iron 0.7 7.86 11.7 9.7 205 - 1540 Plain carbon steel 0.52 7.86 11.7 18 205 450 1515 AISI-SAE 1020 Stainless steel type 304 0.15 7.9 17.3 72 195 550 1425Cast gray iron 0.47 7.2 10.5 67 90 180 1175 Malleable iron 7.3 12 30 170 345 1230Hastelloy C 0.12 8.94 11.3 125 200 780 1350Inconel 0.15 8.25 11.5 103 200 800 1370Aluminum alloy 3003,rolled 1.9 2.73 23.2 3.7 70 110 650Aluminum alloy 2014,annealed 1.9 2.8 23.0 3.4 70 185 650Aluminum alloy 360 1.5 2.64 21.0 7.5 70 325 565Copper, electrolytic (ETP) 3.9 8.94 16.5 1.7 120 300 1080Yellow brass (high brass) 1.2 8.47 20.3 6.4 100 300-800 930Aluminum bronze 0.7 7.8 16.4 12 120 400-600 1050Beryllium copper 25 0.8 8.23 17.8 7 130 500-1400 925Cupronickel 30% 0.3 8.94 16.2 150 400-600 1200Red brass, 85% 1.6 8.75 18.7 11 90 300-700 1000Chemical lead 0.35 11.34 29.3 21 13 17 327Antimonial lead (hard lead) 0.3 10.9 26.5 23 20 47 290Solder 50-50 0.5 8.89 23.4 15 - 42 215Magnesium alloy AZ31B 1.0 1.77 26 9 45 260 620Monel 0.3 8.84 14.0 58 180 545 1330Nickel (commercial) 0.9 8.89 13.3 10 200 460 1440Cupronickel 55-45 (constantan) 0.2 8.9 18.8 49 160 - 1260Titanium (commercial) 1.8 4.5 8.5 43 110 330-500 1670Zinc (commercial) 1.1 7.14 32.5 6 - 130 419Zirconium (commercial) 0.2 6.5 5.85 41 95 450 1855 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCHARDNESS OF MINERALS AND CERAMICS There are several hardness scales for describing the resistance of a material to indentation or scratching. This table lists a number of common materials in order of increasing hardness. Values are given, when available, on three different hardness scales: the original M ohs Scale (range 1 to 10); the modified Mohs Scale (range 1 to 15), and the Knoop Hardness Scale. In the last case, a load of 100 g is assumed. REFERENCE Shackelford, J. F. and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991. Modified Material Formula Mohs mohs Knoop Graphite C 0.5 Talc 3MgO ⋅4SiO2⋅H2O11 Alabaster CaSO 4⋅2H2O 1.7 Gypsum CaSO4⋅2H2O2 2 3 2 Halite (rock salt) NaCl 2 Stibnite (antimonite) Sb 2S3 2.0 Galena PbS 2.5 Mica 2.8 Calcite CaCO 3 3 3 135 Barite BaSO4 3.3 Marble 3.5 Aragonite CaCO3 3.5 Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 3.5 Fluorite CaF2 4 4 163 Magnesia MgO 5 370Apatite CaF 2⋅3Ca3(PO4)2 5 5 430 Opal 5 Feldspar (orthoclase) K2O⋅Al2O⋅6SiO2 6 6 560 Augite 6 Hematite Fe2O3 6 750 Magnetite Fe3O4 6 Rutile TiO2 6.2 Pyrite FeS2 6.3 Agate SiO2 6.5 Uranium dioxide UO2 6.7 600 Silica (fused) SiO2 7 Quartz SiO2 7 8 820 Flint 7 Silicon Si 7 Andalusite Al2OSiO4 7.5 Zircon ZrSiO4 7.5 Zirconia ZrO2 1200 Aluminum nitride AlN 1225 Beryl Be3Al2Si6O18 7.8 Beryllia BeO 1300 Topaz Al 2SiO4(OH,F)2 8 9 1340 Garnet Al2O3⋅3FeO⋅3SiO2 10 1360 Emery Al 2O3 (impure) 8 Zirconium nitride ZrN 8+ 1510Zirconium boride ZrB 2 1560 Titanium nitride TiN 9 1770 Zirconia (fused) ZrO 2 11 Tantalum carbide TaC 1800 Tungsten carbide WC 1880 Corundum (alumina) Al 2O3 9 2025 Zirconium carbide ZrC 2150 Alumina (fused) Al 2O3 12 Beryllium carbide Be2C 2400 © 2000 CRC Press LLCHARDNESS OF MINERALS AND CERAMICS (continued) Modified Material Formula Mohs mohs Knoop Titanium carbide TiC 2470 Carborundum (silicon carbide) SiC 9.3 13 2500 Aluminum boride AlB 2500Tantalum boride TaB 2 2600 Boron carbide B 4C 14 2800 Boron B 9.5Titanium boride TiB 2 2850 Diamond C 10 15 7000 TeamLRNSection 13: Polymer Properties Nomenclature for Organic Polymers Solvents for Common Polymers Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions 13-1NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS Robert B. Fox and Edward S. Wilks Organic polymers have traditionall y been named on the basis of th e monomer used, a hypothetical monomer, or a semi-systematic s tructure. Alternatively, they may be named in the same way as organic compounds, i.e., on the basis of a structure as drawn. The former m ethod, often called “source-based nomenclature” or “monomer-based nomenclature”, sometimes re sults in ambiguity and multip le names for a single mat erial. The latter method, termed “structure-b ased nomenclature”, generates a sometimes cumbersome unique name for a given polymer, indepen dent of its source. Within their limitations , both types of names are acceptable and well-documented.1 The use of stereochemical descriptors with both types of polymer nomenclature has been published.2 Traditional Polymer Names Monomer-Based Names “Polystyrene” is the name of a homopolymer made from the single monomer styrene. When the name of a monomer comprises two or mo re words, the name should be enclosed in pare ntheses, as in “poly(methyl methacrylate)” or “poly(4-bromostyrene)” to identify the monomer more clearly. This method can result in several names for a given poly mer: thus, “poly(ethylene glycol)”, “poly(ethylene oxide)”, an d “poly(oxirane)” describe the same polymer. Sometimes, the name of a hypothetical monomer is used, as in “poly(vinyl alcohol)”. Even though a na me like “poly - ethylene” covers a multitude of materials, th e system does provide understandable name s when a single monomer is involved in th e synthesis of a single polymer. When one monomer can yield mo re than one polymer, e.g. 1,3-butadiene or acrolein, some sort of structural notat ion must be used to identify the product, and one is not far from a formal structure-based name. Copolymers, Block Polymers, and Graft Polymers. When more than one monomer is involved, monomer-based names are more complex. Some common polymers have been given names based on an apparent structure, as with “poly(ethylene terephthalate)”. A better sys tem has been approved by the IUPAC.1 With this method, the arrangem ent of the monomeric units is introduced through use of an italicized connective placed between the names of the monomers. For monome r names represented by A, B, and C, the various types of arrangements are shown in Table 1. Table 2 contains examples of common or semi -systematic names of copolymers. The systema tic names of comonomers may also be used ; thus, the polyacrylonitrile- block-polybutadiene- block-polystyrene polymer in Table 2 may also be named poly(prop-2-enenitrile)- block-polybuta- 1,3-diene- block-poly(ethenylbenzene). IUPAC does not require alphabetized na mes of comonomers within a poly mer name; many names are thus possible for some copolymers. These connectives may be used in combina tion and with small, non-repeating (i.e. no n-polymeric) junction units; see, for exampl e, Table 2, line 8. A long dash may be used in place of the connective - block-; thus, in Table 2, the polymers of lines 7 and 8 may also be written as shown on lines 9 and 10. IUPAC also recommends an alternative scheme for naming copolymers that comprises use of “copoly” as a prefix followed by the na mes of the comonomers, a solidus (an oblique stroke) to separate comono mer names, and addition before “copoly” of any applicable conne ctives listed in Table 2 except - co-. Table 3 gives the same examples shown in Table 2 but with the alternative format. Comonomer na mes need not be parenthesized.Table 1. IUPAC Source-Based Copolymer Classification No. Copolymer Type Connective Example 1 Unspecified or unknown -co- poly(A- co-B) 2 Random (obeys Bernoullian distribution) -ran- poly(A- ran-B) 3 Statistical (obeys known statistical laws) -stat- poly(A- stat-B) 4 Alternating (for two monomeric units) -alt- poly(A- alt-B) 5 Periodic (ordered sequence for 2 or more monomeric units) -per- poly(A- per-B-per-C) 6 Block (linear block arrangement) -block- polyA- block -polyB 7 Graft (side chains connected to main chains) -graft- polyA- graft-polyB Table 2. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature No. Copolymer name 1 poly(propene- co-methacrylonitrile) 2 poly[(acrylic acid)- ran-(ethyl acrylate)] 3 poly(butene- stat-ethylene- stat-styrene) 4 poly[(sebacic acid)- alt-butanediol] 5 poly[(ethylene oxide)- per-(ethylene oxide)- per-tetrahydrofuran] 6 polyisoprene- graft-poly(methacrylic acid) 7 polyacrylonitrile- block -polybutadiene- block -polystyrene 8 polystyrene- block -dimethylsilylene- block -polybutadiene 9 polyacrylonitrile—polybutadiene—polystyrene 10 polystyrene—dimethylsilylene—polybutadiene TeamLRN13-2NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) Non-linear polymers are named by using the italicized connective as a prefix to the source-based name of the polymer component or compo - nents to which the prefix applies; some examples are listed in Table 5. Macromolecular assemblies held together by forces other than cova lent bonds are named by inserti ng the appropriate italicized c onnective between names of individual components; Table 6 gives examples.Table 3. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature (Alternative Format) No. Polymer name 1 copoly(propene/methacrylonitrile) 2 -copoly(acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate) 3 -copoly(butene/ethylene/styrene) 4 -copoly(sebacic acid/butanediol) 5 -copoly(acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) 6 -copoly(ethylene oxide/ethylene oxide/tetrahydrofuran) 7 -copoly(isoprene/methacrylic acid) Table 4. Connectives for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies No. Type Connective 1 Branched (type unspecified) branch 2 Branched with branch point of functionality f f-branch 3 Comb comb 4 Cross-link ι (Greek iota) 5 Cyclic cyclo 6 Interpenetrating polymer network ipn 7 Long-chain branched l-branch 8 Network net 9 Polymer blend blend 10 Polymer-polymer complex compl 11 Semi-interpenetrating polymer network sipn 12 Short-chain branched sh-branch 13 Star star 14 Star with f arms f-star Table 5. Non-Linear Macromolecules No. Polymer Name Polymer Structural Features 1 poly(methacrylic acid)- comb -polyacrylonitrile Comb polymer with a poly(methacrylic acid) backbone and polyacrylonitrile side chains 2 comb -poly[ethylene- stat-(vinyl chloride)] Comb polymer with unspecified backbone composition and statistical ethylene/vinyl chloride copolymer side chains 3 polybutadiene- comb -(polyethylene; polypropene) Comb polymer with butadiene backbone and side chains of polyethylene and polypropene 4 star-(polyA; polyB; polyC; polyD; polyE) Star polymer with arms derived from m onomers A, B, C, D, and E, respectively 5 star-(polyA- block -polyB- block -polyC) Star polymer with every arm comprising a tri-bloc k segment derived from comonomers A, B, and C 6 star-poly(propylene oxide) A star polymer prepared from propylene oxide 7 5-star-poly(propylene oxide) A 5-arm star polymer prepared from propylene oxide 8 star-(polyacrylonitrile; polypropylene) (Mr 10000: 25000)A star polymer containing polyacrylonitrile arms of MW 10000 and polypropylene arms of MW 25000 Table 6. Examples of Polymer Blends and Nets No. Polymer Name 1 polyethylene- blend -polypropene 2 poly(methacrylic acid)- blend -poly(ethyl acrylate) 3 net-poly(4-methylstyrene- ι-divinylbenzene) 4 net-poly[styrene- alt-(maleic anhydride)]- ι-(polyethylene glycol; polypropylene glycol) 5 net-poly(ethyl methacrylate)- sipn-polyethylene 6 [net-poly(butadiene- stat-styrene)]- ipn-[net-poly(4-methylstyrene- ι-divinylbenzene)] 13-3Structure-Based Polymer Nomenclature Regular Single-Strand Polymers Structure-based nomenclature has been approved by the IUPAC4 and is currently being updated; it is used by Chemical Abstracts .5 Monomer names are not used. To the extent that a polymer chain can be de scribed by a repeating unit in the chain, it can be named “poly (repeating unit)”. For regular single-strand polymers, “repeating unit” is a bivalent gr oup; for regular double-strand (ladder and spiro) polymers, “r epeating unit” is usu - ally a tetravalent group.9 Since there are usually many possible repeating units in a given chain, it is necessary to sele ct one, called the “constitution al repeating unit” (CRU) to provide a unique and unambiguous na me, “poly(CRU)”, where “CRU” is a recitation of the names of successive units as on e proceeds through the CRU from left to right. For th is purpose, a portion of the main chain st ructure that includes at least two repeatin g sequences is written out. These sequences will typically be comp osed of bivalent subunits such as -CH2-, -O-, and groups from ring sy stems, each of which can be named by the usual nomenclature rules.6,7 Where a chain is simply one long sequence comprising repetition of a single subunit, that subunit is itself the CRU, as in “pol y(methylene)” or “poly(1,4-phenylene)”. In chains having more than one kind of subunit, a seniority system is used to determine the beginning of the CRU and the direction in which to move along the ma in chain atoms (following the sh ortest path in rings) to complete the CRU. Determina tion of the first, most senior, subunit, is based on a descending order of senior ity: (1) heterocyclic rings, (2) hetero atoms, (3) carbocyclic ri ngs, and, lowest, (4) acyclic carbon chains. Within each of these classes, there is a further order of seniority that follows the usual rules of nomenclature. Heterocycles : A nitrogen-containing ring system is senior to a ring system not containing nitrogen.4,9 Further descending order of seniority is determined by: (i) the highest number of rings in the ring system (ii) the largest individual ring in the ring system (iii) the largest number of hetero atoms (iv) the greatest variety of hetero atoms Hetero atoms : The senior bivalent subunit is the one ne arest the top, right-hand corner of the Peri odic Table; the order of seniority is: O , S, Se, Te, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, B, Hg. Carbocycles : Seniority4 is determined by: (i) the highest number of rings in the ring system (ii) the largest individual ring in the ring system (iii) degree of ring saturation; an unsaturated ring is senior to a saturated ring of the same size Carbon chains : Descending order of seniority is determined by: (i) chain length (longer is senior to shorter) (ii) highest degree of unsaturation (iii) number of substituents (higher number is senior to lower number) (iv) ascending order of locants (v) alphabetical order of names of substituent groups Among equivalent ring systems, preference is given to the one ha ving lowest locants for the free valences in the subunit, and a mong other - wise identical ring systems, the one having least hydrogenation is seni or. Lowest locants in unsatu rated chains are also given preference. Lowest locants for substituents are the final determinant of seniority. Direction within the repea ting unit depends upon the shortest path, which is de termined by counting main chain atoms, both cycl ic and acy - clic, from the most senior subunit to another subunit of the same kind or to a subunit next lower in seniority. When identifica tion and orientation of the CRU have been accomplished, the CRU is named by writing, in sequence, the names of the largest possible subunits within the CRU from left to right. For example, the main chain of the polymer traditionally named “poly(ethylen e terephthalate)” has the structure shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Structure-based name: poly(oxyet hyleneoxyterephthaloyl); traditional name: poly(ethylene terephthalate)... ...O C OCO O CH2CH2C OCO O CH2CH2 O C OCO O CH2CH2 O * TeamLRN13-4NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) The CRU in Figure 1 is enclosed in brackets and read from left to right. It is selected because (1) eith er backbone oxygen atom qualifies as the “most senior subunit”, (2) the shortest path length from either -O- to the other -O- is via the ethylene subunit. Orientati on of the CRU is thus defined by (1) beginning at the -O- marked with an asterisk, and (2) r eading in the direction of the arrow. The structure-based name of this polymer is therefore “poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthal oyl)”, not much longer than the traditional name and much more adaptable to the comp lexities of sub - stitution. As organic nomenclature evolves, more systematic name s may be used for subunits, e.g. “ethane-1,2-diyl” instead of “ ethylene”. IUPAC still prefers “ethylene” for the -CH2-CH2- unit, however, but also accepts “ethane-1,2-diyl”. Structure-based nomenclature can also be us ed when the CRU backbone has no carbon atom s. An example is th e polymer traditionall y named “poly(dimethylsiloxane)”, which on th e basis of structure would be named “poly( oxydimethylsilylene)” or “poly(oxydimethyl silanediyl)”. This nomenclature method has also been applied to inorganic and coordination polymers8 and to double-strand (ladder and spiro) organic poly - mers.9 Irregular Single-Strand Polymers Polymers that cannot be described by the repetition of a single CRU or comprise units not all connected identically in a direct ional sense can also be named on a structure basis.10 These include copolymers, block and graft polymers, an d star polymers. They are given names of the type “poly(A/B/C...)”, where A, B, C, etc. are the names of the component c onstitutional units, the number of which are minimized. T he constitutional units may include regular or irregular blocks as well as atoms or atomic groupings, and each is named by the method described a bove or by the rules of organic nomenclature. The solidus denotes an unspeci fied arrangement of the un its within the main chain.10 For example, a statistical copolymer derived from sty - rene and vinyl chloride with the monomeric units joined head-to-tail is named “poly(l-chloroethylene/l-phenylethylene)”. A poly mer obtained by 1,4- polymerization and both head-to-head and head-to-tail 1,2- polymerization of 1,3-butadiene would be named “poly(but-1-ene- l,4-diyl/l-vinyl - ethylene/2-vinylethylene)”.12 In graphic representations of these polymers, shown in Fi gure 2, the hyphens or dashes at each end of each CRU depiction are shown completely within the enclosing parentheses; this indi cates that they are not necessarily the terminal bonds of the macromole - cule. Figure 2. Graphic Representations of Copolymers A long hyphen is used to separate components in names of block polymers, as in “poly(A)—poly(B)—poly(C)”, or “poly(A)—X—poly(B) ” in which X is a non-polymeric junc tion unit, e.g. dimethylsilylene. In graphic representations of th ese polymers, the blocks are show n connected when the bonding is known (Figure 3, for example); when the bonding between the blocks is unknown, the bl ocks are separated by solidi and are shown completely within the outer set of enclosing parentheses (Figure 4, for example).10,13 Figure 3. polystyrene—polyethylene—polystyrene Figure 4. poly[poly(methyl methacrylate)—polystyrene—poly(methyl acrylate)] Graft polymers are named in the same way as a substituted polymer but without the ending “yl” for the grafted chain; the name of a regular polymer, comprising Z units in which some have grafts of “poly( A)”, is “poly[Z/poly(A)Z]”. Star polymers are treated as a centr al unit with sub - stituent blocks, as in “tetrakis(polymethylene)silane”.10,13 13-5NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) Other Nomenclature Articles and Publications In addition to the Chemical Abstracts and IUPAC documents cited above and listed below, other articles on polymer nomenclature are avail - able. A 1999 article lists significant docu ments on polymer nomenclature published during the last 50 years in books, encyclope dias, and journals by Chemical Abstracts , IUPAC, and individual authors.14 A comprehensive review of source-based and structure-based nomenclature for all of the major classes of polymers,15 and a short tutorial on the correct id entification, orientation, and naming of most commonly encountered constitu - tional repeating units were both published in 2000.16 References and Notes 1. International Union of Pu re and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. 2. International Union of Pure an d Applied Chemistry, Stereochemi cal Definitions and Notations Re lating to Polymers (Recommendat ions 1980), Pure Appl. Chem., 53, 733-752 (1981). 3. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Source-B ased Nomenclature for Copolyme rs (Recommendations 1985), Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 1427-1440 (1985). 4. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Single -Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 19 75), Pure Appl. Chem., 48, 373-385 (1976). 5. Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing of Chem ical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1999 Index Guide. 6. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (1993), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 7. International Union of Pu re and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. 8. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Double -Strand and Quasi-Single-Strand Inorganic an d Coor- dination Polymers (Recommendations 1984), Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 149-168 (1985). 9. International Union of Pure and Applied Ch emistry, Nomenclature of Regular Double-S trand (Ladder and Spiro) Organic Polymers (Rec- ommendations 1993), Pure Appl. Chem., 65, 1561-1580 (1993). 10. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Structure- Based Nomenclature for Irregular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recom- mendations 1994), Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 873-889 (1994). 11. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, “Source-Ba sed Nomenclature for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecul ar Assemblies (Recommendations 1997).” Pure Appl. Chem., 69, 2511-2521 (1997). 12. Poly(1,3-butadiene) obtained by polymerizat ion of 1,3-butadiene in the so-called 1,4- mode is frequently drawn incorrectly i n publica - tions as -(CH2-CH=CH-CH2)n-; the double bond should be assigned th e lowest locant possible, i.e. the structure should be drawn as –(CH=CH-CH2-CH2)n-. 13. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, “Graphic Representations (Chemical Formulae ) of Macromolecules (Recommend a- tions 1994).” Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 2469-2482 (1994). 14. Wilks, E. S. Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 17: “Whither Nomenclature?” Polym. Prepr. 40(2), 6-11 (1999); also available at www.chem.umr.edu/~poly/nomenclature.html. 15. Wilks, E. S. “Polymer Nomenclature: The Controversy Between Source-Based and Structure-Based Representations (A Personal Per spec- tive).” Prog. Polym. Sci. 25, 9-100 (2000). 16. Wilks, E. S. Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 18: “SRUs: Using the Rules.” Polym. Prepr. 41(1), 6a-11a (2000); also available at www.chem.umr.edu/~poly/nomenclature.html; a .pdf format version is also available. TeamLRN13-6 13-3SOLVENTS FOR COMMON POLYMERS Abbreviations: HC: hydrocarbons; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone; THF: tetrahydrofuran; DMF: dimethylformamide; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxid e Polyethylene (HDPE) HC and halogenated HC Polypropylene (atactic) HC and halogenated HC Polybutadiene HC, THF, ketones Polystyrene ethylbenzene, CHCl3, CCl4, THF, MEK Polyacrylates aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, ketones Polymethacrylates aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, MEK Polyacrylamide waterPoly(vinyl ethers) halogenated HC, MEK, butanol Poly(vinyl alcohol) glycols (hot), DMF Poly(vinyl acetate) aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, DMFPoly(vinyl chloride) THF, DMF, DMSO Poly(vinylidene chloride) THF (hot), dioxane, DMF Poly(vinyl fluoride) DMF, DMSO (hot)Polyacrylonitrile DMF, DMSO Poly(oxyethylene) aromatic HC, CHCl 3, alcohols, esters, DMF Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) aromatic HC, halogenated HC Poly(ethylene terephthalate) phenol, DMSO (hot) Polyurethanes (linear) aromatic HC, THF, DMF Polyureas phenol, formic acidPolysiloxanes HC, THF, DMF Poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-phosphazene] THF, ketones, ethyl acetate TeamLRN13-4GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS Robert B. Fox Polymer names are based on the IUPAC structure-based nomenclature system described in the table “Naming Organic Polymers”. With in each category, names are listed in alphabetical order. Source-based and trivial names are also given (in italics) for the most commo n polymers. The table does not include polymers for which Tg is not clearly defined because of variability of structure or because of reactions taking place near the glass transition. All values of Tg cited in this table have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) except those values indicated by: (D) dynamic method (Dil) dilatometry (M) mechanical method Glass transition Polymer name temperature ( Tg/K) ACYCLIC CARBON CHAINS Polyalkadienes Poly(alkenylene) Polyalkadiene –[CH=CHCH2CH2]– Poly(cis-1-butenylene) 171 cis-1,3-polybutadiene [PBD] Poly(trans-1-butenylene) 215 trans-1,3-polybutadiene [PBD] Poly(1-chloro- cis-1-butenylene) 253 cis-1,3-polychloroprene Poly(1-chloro- trans-1-butenylene) 233 trans-1,3-polychloroprene Poly(1-methyl- cis-1-butenylene) 200 cis-1,3-polyisoprene Poly(1-methyl- trans-1-butenylene) 207 trans-1,3-polyisoprene Poly(1,4,4-trifluoro-1-butenylene) 238 Polyalkenes Poly(alkylethylene) Poly(alkylethylene) -[RCHCH2]- Poly(1-benzylethylene) 333 Poly(1-butylethylene) 223 Poly(1-cyclohexylethylene) (atactic) 393 Poly(1-cyclohexylethylene) (isotactic) 406 (D) Poly(1,1-dimethylethylene) 200 Polyisobutylene [PIB] Poly(ethylene) 148 Poly(methylene) 155 Poly(1-phenethylethylene) 283 Poly(propylene) (isotactic) 272 Poly(propylene) (syndiotactic) ca. 265 Poly[1-(2-pyridyl)ethylene] 377 Poly[1-(4-pyridyl)ethylene] 415 Poly(1-vinylethylene) 273 Polyacrylics Poly[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)ethylene) Poly(alkyl acrylate) –[(ROCO)CHCH 2]– Poly[1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] 279 Poly[1-(butoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 219 (M) Poly(butyl acrylate) [PBA] 13-5GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition Polymer name temperature ( Tg/K) Poly[1-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 251 Poly[1-(butoxycarbonyl)-1-cyanoethylene] 358 Poly[1-(butylcarbamoyl)ethylene] 319 (M) Poly(1-carbamoylethylene) 438 Polyacrylamide [PAM] Poly(1-carboxyethylene) 379 Poly(acrylic acid) [PAA] Poly[1-(2-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 326 Poly[1-(4-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 331 Poly[1-(4-cyanobenzyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] 317 Poly[1-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 277 Poly[1-(cyanomethoxycarbonyl)ethylene)] 433 Dil Poly[1-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 363 Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] 292 Poly[1-(2,4-dichlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 333Poly[1-(dimethylcarbamoyl)ethylene] 362 Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 249 Poly(ethyl acrylate) [PEA] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-fluoroethylene] 316 Poly[1-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 303 Poly[1-(3-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 297Poly[1-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 310 Poly[1-(2-ethoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 223 Poly[1-(3-ethoxypropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 218 Poly[1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 267-270 Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 283 Poly(methyl acrylate) [PMA] Poly[1-(2-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 319 Poly[1-(3-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 311 Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 340Poly[1-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 223 Poly[1-(4-methoxyphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 324 Poly[1-(3-methoxypropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 198 Poly[1-(2-naphthyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] 358 Poly[1-(pentachlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 420 Poly[1-(phenethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 270 Poly[1-(phenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 330 Poly[1-(m-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] 298 Poly[1-(o-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] 325 Poly[1-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] 316 Poly[1-(2,2,2-trifluorethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 263 Polymethacrylics Poly[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly(alkyl methacrylate) –[(ROCO)(Me)CCH 2]– Poly[1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] 327 Poly[1-(2-bromoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] 325 Poly[(1-(butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] 293 Poly(butyl methacrylate) [PBMA] Poly[1-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] 333 Poly[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] 391 Poly[1-(2-chloroethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] ca 315 Poly[1-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] 364 Poly[1-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] 428Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) 356 Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (isotactic) 324 TeamLRN13-6GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition Polymer name temperature ( Tg/K) Poly[1-(dimethylaminoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] 292 Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-ethylethylene] 300 Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) [PEMA] 338 Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (isotactic) 285 Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (syndiotactic) 339 Poly[1-(hexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] 268 Poly[1-(isobutoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] 326 Poly[1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] 354 Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] 378 Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (isotactic) 311 Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (syndiotactic) 378 Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxy)-1-methylethylene] 379Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-phenylethylene)] (atactic) 391 Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-phenylethylene)] (isotactic) 397 Poly[1-methyl-1-(phenethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 299Poly[1-methyl-1-(phenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] 383 Polyvinyl ethers, alcohols, and ketones Poly(1-alkoxyethylene) Poly(alkyl vinyl ether) –[ROCHCH 2]– Poly(1-hydroxyethylene) Poly(vinyl alcohol) –[HOCHCH2]– Poly(1-alkanoylethylene) Poly(alkyl vinyl ketone) –[RCOCHCH2]– Poly(1-butoxyethylene) 218 Poly(1-sec-butoxyethylene) 253 Poly(1-tert-butoxyethylene) 361 Poly[1-(butylthio)ethylene] 253 Poly(1-ethoxyethylene) 230 Poly[1-(4-ethylbenzoyl)ethylene] 325 Poly(1-hydroxyethylene) 358 (D) Poly(vinyl alcohol) [PVA] Poly(hydroxymethylene) 407 Poly(1-isopropoxyethylene) 270 Poly[1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)ethylene] 319 (M) Poly(1-methoxyethylene) 242 Poly(methyl vinyl ether) [PMVE] Poly[1-(methylthio)ethylene] 272 Poly(1-propoxyethylene) 224 Poly[1-(trifluoromethoxy)trifluoroethylene] 268 Polyvinyl halides and nitriles Poly(1-haloethylene) Poly(vinyl halide) –[XCHCH2]– Poly(1-cyanoethylene) Poly(acrylonitrile) –[NCCHCH 2]– Poly(1-chloroethylene) 354 Poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC] Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) 373 Poly(1-cyanoethylene) 370 Polyacrylonitrile [PAN] Poly(1-cyano-1-methylethylene) 393 Polymethacrylonitrile Poly(1,1-dichloroethylene) 255 Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) ca 233 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(1-fluoroethylene) 314 (M) Poly(vinyl fluoride) 13-7GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition Polymer name temperature ( Tg/K) Poly(1-hexafluoropropylene) 425 Poly[1-(2-iodoethyl)ethylene] 343 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (160) Poly[1-(trifluoromethyl)ethylene] 300 Polyvinyl esters Poly[1-(alkanoyloxy)ethylene] Poly(vinyl alkanoate) –[RCOOCHCH2]– Poly(1-acetoxyethylene) 305 Poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] Poly[1-(benzoyloxy)ethylene] 344 Poly[1-(4-bromobenzoyloxy)ethylene] 365 Poly[1-(2-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] 335 Poly[1-(3-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] 338 Poly[1-(4-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] 357 Poly[1-(cyclohexanoyloxy)ethylene] 349 (M) Poly[1-(4-ethoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] 343 Poly[1-(4-ethylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] 326 Poly[1-(4-isopropylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] 342 Poly[1-(2-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] 338 Poly[1-(3-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] ca 317 Poly[1-(4-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] 360 Poly[1-(4-methylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] 343 Poly[1-(4-nitrobenzoyloxy)ethylene] 395 Poly[1-(propionoyloxy)ethylene] 283 (M) Polystyrenes Poly(1-phenylethylene) Polystyrene –[C6H5CHCH2]– Poly[1-(4-acetylphenyl)ethylene] 389 (M) Poly[1-(4-benzoylphenyl)ethylene] 371 (M) Poly[1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylene] 391 Poly[1-(4-butoxyphenyl)ethylene] ca 320 (M) Poly[1-(4-butoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] 349 (M) Pol[(1-(4-butylphenyl)ethylene] 279 Poly[1-(4-carboxyphenyl)ethylene] 386 (M) Poly[1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylene] 392 Poly[1-(3-chlorophenyl)ethylene] 363 Poly[1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene] 383 Poly[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] 406 Poly[1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] 379 Poly[1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] 440 Poly[1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] 401 Poly[1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethylene] 385 Poly[1-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)ethylene] 398 (M) Poly[1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethylene] ca 359 (M) Poly[1-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] 367 (M) Poly[1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylene] 368 Poly[1-(4-iodophenyl)ethylene] 429 Poly[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylene] 386 Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] 386 (M) Poly(1-methyl-1-phenylethylene) 373 Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly[1-(2-(methylamino)phenyl)ethylene] 462 (M) Poly(1-phenylethylene) 373 Polystyrene [PS] TeamLRN13-8Poly[1-(4-propoxyphenyl)ethylene] 343 (M) Poly[1-(4-propoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] 365 (M) Poly(1-o-tolylethylene) 409 CHAINS WITH CARBOCYCLIC UNITS Poly(arylenealkylene) –[–Ar–(CH2)n]– Poly[1-(2-bromo-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] 353 (M) Poly[1-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] 343 (M) Poly[1-(2-cyano-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] 363 (M) Poly[1-(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] 373 (M) Poly[1-(2-ethyl-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] 298 (M) Poly[1-(1,4-naphthylene)ethylene] 433 (M) Poly[1-(1,4-phenylene)ethylene] ca 353 (M) CHAINS WITH HETEROATOM UNITS Main chain oxide units Poly(oxyalkylene) Poly(alkylene oxide) –[O(CH 2)n]– Poly[oxy(1,1-bis(chloromethyl)trimethylene)] 265 Poly[oxy(1-(bromomethyl)ethylene)] 259 Poly[oxy(1-(butoxymethyl)ethylene)] 194 Poly[oxy(1-butylethylene)] 203 Poly[oxy(1- tert-butylethylene)] 308 Poly[oxy(1-(chloromethyl)ethylene)] 251 Poly(epichlorohydrin) Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene)] 440 Poly[oxy(1,1-dimethylethylene)] 264 Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] 482 Poly[oxy(2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene)] 493 Poly[oxy(1-ethylethylene)] 203 Poly(oxyethylidene) 243 Polyacetaldehyde Poly[oxy(1-(methoxymethyl)ethylene)] 211 Poly[oxy(2-methyl-6-phenyl-1,4-phenylene)] 428 Poly[oxy(1-methyltrimethylene)] 223 (D) Poly[oxy(2-methyltrimethylene)] 218 Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylene) 358 Poly(phenylene oxide) [PPO] Poly[oxy(1-phenylethylene)] 313 Poly(oxytetramethylene) 189 Poly(tetrahydrofuran) [PTMO] Poly(oxytrimethylene) 195 Main-chain ester or anhydride units Poly(oxyalkyleneoxyalkanedioyl) Poly(alkylene alkanedioate) -–[O(CH2)mOCO(CH2)nCO]– Poly(oxyadipoyloxydecamethylene) 217 Poly(oxyadipoyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) 341 Poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylene-isopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) 422 Bisphenol A polycarbonate Poly(oxycarbonylpentamethylene) 213 Poly(oxycarbonyl-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) 395 Poly(oxycarbonyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) 333GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition Polymer name temperature ( Tg/K) 13-9GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition Polymer name temperature ( Tg/K) Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)oxysebacoyl] 318 Poly(oxyethylenecarbonyl-1,4-cyclohexylenecarbonyl) (trans) 291 Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-1,4-naphthylenecarbonyl) 337Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-1,5-naphthylenecarbonyl) 344 Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-2,6-naphthylenecarbonyl) 386 Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-2,7-naphthylenecarbonyl) 392Poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) 342 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] Poly(oxyisophthaloyl) 403 (D) Poly(oxy(1-oxo-2,2-dimethyltrimethylene)) 263 Poly(pivalolactone) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenyleneoxysebacoyl) 280Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene) [PEEK] 416 Poly(oxypropyleneoxyterephthaloyl) 341 Poly[oxyterephthaloyloxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-(D)phenylene)] 498Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxyoctamethylene) 318 (D) Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) 478 Poly(bisphenol A terephthalate) Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) 323 Poly(butylene terephthalate) [PBT] Main-chain amide units Poly(iminoalkyleneiminoalkanedioyl) Poly(alkylene alkanediamide) –[NH(CH 2)mNHCO(CH2)nCO]– Poly(iminoadipoyliminodecamethylene) 313 Nylon 10,6 Poly(iminoadipoyliminohexamethylene) ca 323 Nylon 6,6 Poly(iminoadipoyliminooctamethylene) 318 Nylon 8,6 Poly[iminoadipoyliminotrimethylene(methylimino)trimethylene] 278 Poly(iminocarbonyl-1,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) 466 Poly[iminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)iminohexamethylene] 377Poly(iminoethylene-1,4-phenyleneethyleneiminosebacoyl) 378 (D) Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminoazelaoyl) 331 Nylon 6,9 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminododecanedioyl) 319 Nylon 6, 12 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminopimeloyl) 331 Nylon 6,7 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosebacoyl) 323 Nylon 6,10 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosuberoyl) 330 Nylon 6,8 Poly(iminoisophthaloylimino-4,4 ′-biphenylylene) 558 Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminohexamethylene) 390 Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene-1,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) 481 Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene-1,3-phenylenemethylene) 438 (M)Poly[iminomethylene(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)methyleneiminosuberoyl] 351 Poly(imino-1,5-naphthyleneiminoisophthaloyl) 598 Poly(imino-1,5-naphthyleneiminoterephthaloyl) 578Poly(iminooctamethyleneiminodecanedioyl) 333 Nylon 8,10 Poly(iminooxalyliminohexamethylene) 430 Nylon 6,2 Poly[imino(1-oxohexamethylene)] 326 Nylon 6 TeamLRN13-10Poly[imino(1-oxodecamethylene)] 315 Nylon 10 Poly[imino(1-oxoheptamethylene)] 325 Nylon 7 Poly[imino(1-oxo-3-methyltrimethylene] 369 Poly[imino(1-oxononamethylene)] 319 Nylon 9 Poly[imino(1-oxooctamethylene)] 323 Nylon 8 Poly[imino(1-oxotrimethylene)] 384 Nylon 3 Poly(iminopentamethyleneiminoadipoyl) 318 Nylon 5,6 Poly[iminopentamethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] 376 Poly(imino-1,3-phenyleneiminoisophthaloyl) 553 (M) Poly(imino-1,4-phenyleneiminoterephthaloyl) 618 Poly(iminopimeloyliminoheptamethylene) 328 Nylon 7,7 Poly(iminoterephthaloylimino-4,4 ′-biphenylylene) 613 Poly(iminotetramethyleneiminoadipoyl) 316 Nylon 4,6 Poly[iminotetramethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] 357 Poly(iminotrimethyleneiminoadipoyliminotrimethylene) 307 Poly[iminotrimethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] 382Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneiminoterephthaloyl-imino-1,4-phenylene) 613 Poly(sulfonylimino-1,4-phenyleneiminoadipoylimino-1,4-phenylene) 467 Main-chain urethane units Poly(oxyalkyleneoxycarbonyliminoalkyleneiminocarbonyl)–[O(CH 2)mOCONH(CH2)nNHCO]– Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) 329 Poly[oxyethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] 325 Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) 412Poly(oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) 332 Poly[oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] 305 Poly(oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) 364Poly(oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) 331 Poly[oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] 337 Poly(oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) 352Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) 332 Poly[oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] 315 Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) 382 Main-chain siloxanes Poly[oxy(dialkylsilylene)] Poly(dialkylsiloxane) –[O(R 2Si)]– Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)] 148 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) [PDMS] Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)oxy-1,4-phenylene] 363 (M) Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene] 318 (M) Poly[oxy(diphenylsilylene)] 238 Poly(diphenylsiloxane) Poly[oxy(diphenylsilylene)-1,3-phenylene] ca 331 Poly[oxy((methyl)phenylsilylene)] 187 Poly[oxy((methyl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropylsilylene] <193Glass transition Polymer name temperature ( Tg/K)GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) 13-11GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition Polymer name temperature ( Tg/K) Main-chain sulfur-containing units Poly(dithioethylene) 223 Poly(dithiomethylene-1,4-phenylenemethylene) 296Poly(oxy-4,4 ′-biphenylylene-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) 503 (M) Poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene) ca 383 Poly(oxyethylenedithioethylene) 220 (M) Poly[oxy(2-hydroxytrimethylene)oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene] 428 Poly(oxymethyleneoxyethylenedithioethylene) 214 Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfinyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) 478 (M)Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfinyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) 438 (M) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) 487 Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-4,4 ′-biphenylylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) 533 Poly[oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)isopropylidene (3,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] 508 (M) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) 478 (M)Poly[oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylene(hexafluoroisopropylidene)1,4-phenylene] 478 (M) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) 449 Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1.4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) 453 (M)Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1.4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene) 448 (M) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxyterephthaloyl) 522 Poly(oxytetramethylenedithiotetramethylene) 197 Poly(sulfonyl-1,2-cyclohexylene) 401 Poly(sulfonyl-1,3-cyclohexylene) 381 Poly(sulfonyl-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) 497Poly(thio-1,3-cyclohexylene) 221 Poly[thio(difluoromethylene)] 155 Poly(thioethylene) 223 Poly[thio(1-ethylethylene] 218 Poly[thio(1-methyl-3-oxotrimethylene)] 285 Poly[thio(1-methyltrimethylene)] 214 Pol[(thio(1-oxohexamethylene)] 292 Poly(thio-1,4-phenylene) 370 Poly(thiopropylene) 226 Main-chain heterocyclic units Poly(1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylenemethylene) 378 Poly(vinyl formal) Poly[(2,6-dioxopiperidine-1,4-diyl)trimethylene] 363 Poly[(2-methyl-1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylene)methylene] 355 Poly(vinyl acetal) Poly(1,4-piperazinediylcarbonyloxyethyleneoxycarbonyl) 333 Poly(1,4-piperazinediylisophthaloyl) 465 (M) Poly[(2-propyl-1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylene)methylene] 322 Poly(vinyl butyral) Poly(3,6-pyridazinediyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenyleneoxy) 453 (M)Poly(2,5-pyridinediylcarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) 322 TeamLRN13-15DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF SELECTED POLYMERS This table lists typical values of the dielectric constant (more properly called relative permittivity) of some important polym ers. Values are given for frequencies of 1 kHz, 1 MHz, and 1 GHz; in most cases the dielectric constant at frequencies below 1 kHz does not differ si gnificantly from the value at 1 kHz. Since the dielectric constant of a polymeric material can vary with density, degree of crystallinity, and other details of a particular sample, the values given here should be regarded only as typical or average values. REFERENCES 1. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition , p. 5-132, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Anderson, H.L., Editor, A Physicist’s Desk Reference , American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989. 3. Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E.H., Polymer Handbook, Third Edition , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. Name t/°C 1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz Polyacrylonitrile 25 5.5 4.2 Polyamides (nylons) 25 3.50 3.14 2.8 84 11 4.4 2.8 Polybutadiene 25 2.5Polycarbonate 23 2.92 2.8 Polychloroprene (neoprene) 25 6.6 6.3 4.2 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 23 2.65 2.46 2.39Polyethylene 23 2.3 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Mylar) 23 3.25 3.0 2.8 Polyisoprene (natural rubber) 27 2.6 2.5 2.4Poly(methyl methacrylate) 27 3.12 2.76 2.6 80 3.80 2.7 2.6 Polyoxymethylene (polyformaldehyde) 25 3.8Poly(phenylene oxide) 23 2.59 2.59 Polypropylene 25 2.3 2.3 2.3 Polystyrene 25 2.6 2.6 2.6Polysulfones 25 3.13 2.10 Polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon) 25 2.1 2.1 2.1 Poly(vinyl acetate) 50 3.5 150 8.3 Poly(vinyl chloride) 25 3.39 2.9 2.8 100 5.3 3.3 2.7 Poly(vinylidene chloride) 23 4.6 3.2 2.7 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 23 12.2 8.9 4.7 13-16PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS Christian Wohlfarth Numerous theoretical equations of state for polymer liquids have been developed. These, at the minimum, have to provide accurat e fitting functions to experimental data. However, for the purpose of this table, the empirical Tait equation along with a polynomial expression fo r the zero pressure isobar is used. This equation is able to represent the experimental data for the melt state within the limits of experimental errors, i.e., the maximum deviations between measured and calculated specific volumes are about 0.001-0.002 cm3/g. The general form of the Tait equation is: V(P,T) = V(0,T){1 - C ln[1 + P/B(T)]} (1) where the coefficient C is usually taken to be a universal constant equal to 0.0894. T is the absolute temperature in K and P the pressure in MPa. The volume V is the specific volume in cm3/g. The Tait parameter B(T) has the very simple meaning that it is inversely proportional to the compressibility κ at constant temperature and zero pressure: κ(0,T) = -[1/ V(0,T)](dV/dP) = C/B(T) (2) The B(T) function is usually given by: B(T) = B0 exp[- B1(T-273.15)] (3) but, sometimes a polynomial expression is used: B(T) = b0 + b1(T-273.15) + b2(T-273.15)2 (4) The zero-pressure isobar V(0,T) is usually given by: V(0,T) = A0 + A1(T-273.15) + A2(T-273.15)2 (5) where A0, A1, A2 are specific constants for a given polymer (the expression T-273.15 is used because fitting to the zero-pressure isobar is usually done in terms of Celsius temperature). Other forms for V(0,T) are also found in the literature, such as V(0,T) = A3 exp[ A4(T-273.15)] (6) or V(0,T) = A5 exp(A6T1.5) (7) where A3 and A4 or A5 and A6 are again specific constants for a given polymer. The Tait equation is particularly useful to calculate derivative quantities, such as the isothermal compressibility and the the rmal expansivity coefficients. The isothermal compressibility κ(P,T) is derived from equation (1) as: κ(P,T) = -(1/ V)(dV/dP) = 1/{[ P + B(T)][1/C - ln(1 + P/B(T))]} (8) and the thermal expansivity α(P,T) as: α(P,T) = (1/ V)(dV/dT) = α(0,T) - PB1κ(P,T) (9) where α(0,T) represents the thermal expansivity at zero (atmospheric) pressure and is calculated from any suitable fit for the zero-pressu re volume, such as equations (5) through (7) above. Because polymer melt PVT-behavior depends only slightly on polymer molar mass above the oligomeric region, usually no informati on is given in the original literature for the average molar mass of the polymers. Table 1 summarizes the polymers or copolymers considered here and the experimental ranges of pressure and temperature over whic h data are available. In Table 2 the Tait-equation functions, with parameters obtained from the fit, are given for 90 polymer or copolymer melts. REFERENCES 1. Zoller, P., J. Appl. Polym. Sci . 23, 1051-1056, 1979. 2. Starkweather, H. W., Jones, G. A., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys . 26, 257-266,1988. 3. Fakhreddine, Y. A., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys . 29, 1141-1146, 1991. 4. Rodgers, P. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci . 48, 1061-1080, 1993. 5. Rodgers, P. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci . 48, 2075-2083, 1993. 6. Yi, Y. X., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys . 31, 779-788, 1993. 7. Callaghan, T. A., and Paul, D. R., Macromolecules 26, 2439–2450, 1993. 8. Wang, Y. Z., Hsieh, K. H., Chen, L. W.,and Tseng, H. C., J. Appl. Polym. Sci . 53, 1191-1201, 1994. 9. Privalko, V. P., Arbuzova, A. P., Korskanov, V. V., and Zagdanskaya, N. E., Polym. Intern . 35, 161-169, 1994. 10. Sachdev, V. K., Yashi, U., and Jain, R. K., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys . 36, 841-850, 1998. 11. Sato, Y., Takikawa, T., Sorakubo, A., Takishima, S., Masuoka, H., and Imaizumi, M., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 4813-4819, 2000. 12. Wohlfarth, C., CRC Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Copolymer Solutions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 2001. 13. Mekhilef, N., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 80, 230-241, 2001. TeamLRN13-17Table 1 Names of the Polymers, Abbreviation Used, and Range of Experimental Data Applied in the Determination of the Equation Constants Polymer Symbol T/K P/MPa Ref. Butylene succinate/butylene adipate copolymer 20 mol% adipate BSBA20 394-493 0.1-100 11 Ethylene/propylene copolymer (50 wt%) EP50 413-523 0.1-63 4Ethylene/styrene copolymer 1.7 mol%styrene ES2 403-473 0.1-170 12 3.5 mol% styrene ES4 403-473 0.1-200 126.0 mol% styrene ES6 403-473 0.1-200 12 13.8 mol% styrene ES14 403-473 0.1-200 12 21.5 mol% styrene ES22 353-473 0.1-200 1229.4 mol% styrene ES29 343-473 0.1-200 12 Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer 18 wt% vinyl acetate EVA18 385-491 0.1-177 425 wt% vinyl acetate EVA25 367-506 0.1-177 4 28 wt% vinyl acetate EVA28 367-508 0.1-177 4 40 wt% vinyl acetate EVA40 348-508 0.1-177 4 Polyamide-6 PA6 509-569 0.1-196 4 Polyamide-11 PA11 478-542 0.1-200 5 Polyamide-66 PA66 519-571 0.1-196 4cis-1,4-Polybutadiene cPBD 277-328 0.1-284 4 Polybutadiene, 8% 1,2-content PBD-8 298-473 0.1-200 6 Polybutadiene, 24% 1,2-content PBD-24 298-473 0.1-200 6Polybutadiene, 40% 1,2-content PBD-40 298-473 0.1-200 6 Polybutadiene, 50% 1,2-content PBD-50 298-473 0.1-200 6 Polybutadiene, 87% 1,2-content PBD-87 298-473 0.1-200 6Poly(1-butene), isotactic iPB 406-519 0.1-196 4Poly(butyl methacrylate) PnBMA 307-473 0.1-200 4 Poly(butylene succinate) PBS 413-493 0.1-100 11 Poly(butylene terephthalate) PBT 508-576 0.1-200 3Poly(ε-caprolactone) PCL 373-421 0.1-200 4 Polycarbonate-bisphenol-A PC 424-613 0.1-177 4 Polycarbonate-bisphenol-chloral BCPC 428-557 0.1-200 4Polycarbonate-hexafluorobisphenol-A HFPC 432-553 0.1-200 4 Polycarbonate-tetramethylbisphenol-A TMPC 491-563 0.1-160 4 Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) PcHMA 396-471 0.1-200 4Poly(2,5-dimethylphenylene oxide) PPO 473-593 0.1-177 4 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) PDMS 298-343 0.1-100 4 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) M n = 1000 PDMS-10 304-420 0.1-250 10 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 4000 PDMS-40 298-418 0.1-250 10 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 6000 PDMS-60 291-423 0.1-250 10 Poly(epichlorohydrin) PECH 333-413 0.1-200 4Poly(ether ether ketone) PEEK 619-671 0.1-200 4 Poly(ethyl acrylate) PEA 310-490 0.1-196 4 Poly(ethyl methacrylate) PEMA 386-434 0.1-196 4Polyethylene, high density HDPE 413-476 0.1-196 4 Polyethylene, linear LPE 415-473 0.1-200 4 Polyethylene, linear, high MW HMLPE 410-473 0.1-200 4Polyethylene, branched BPE 398-471 0.1-200 4 Polyethylene, low density LDPE 394-448 0.1-196 4 Polyethylene, low density, type A LDPE-A 385-498 0.1-196 1Polyethylene, low density, type B LDPE-B 385-498 0.1-196 1 Polyethylene, low density, type C LDPE-C 385-498 0.1-196 1 Poly(ethylene oxide) PEO 361-497 0.1- 68 4Poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET 547-615 0.1-196 4 Poly(4-hexylstyrene) P4HS 303-403 30-100 4 Polyisobutylene PIB 326-383 0.1-100 4PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) 13-18Polyisoprene, 8% 3,4-content PI-8 298-473 0.1-200 6 Polyisoprene, 14% 3,4-content PI-14 298-473 0.1-200 6 Polyisoprene, 41% 3,4-content PI-41 298-473 0.1-200 6 Polyisoprene, 56% 3,4-content PI-56 298-473 0.1-200 6Poly(methyl acrylate) PMA 310-493 0.1-196 4 Poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA 387-432 0.1-200 4 Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) P4MP 514-592 0.1-196 4Poly(α-methylstyrene) P αMS 473-533 0.1-170 7 Poly( o-methylstyrene) PoMS 412-471 0.1-180 4 Polyoxymethylene POM 463-493 0.1-196 2Phenoxy aPH 341-573 0.1-177 4 Polysulfoneb PSF 475-644 0.1-196 4 Polyarylatec PAr 450-583 0.1-177 4 Polypropylene, atactic aPP 353-393 0.1-100 4 Polypropylene, isotactic iPP 443-570 0.1-196 4 Polystyrene PS 388-469 0.1-200 4Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) PTFE 603-645 0.1- 39 4 Poly(tetrahydrofuran) PTHF 335-439 0.1- 78 4 Poly(vinyl acetate) PVAc 308-373 0.1- 80 4Poly(vinyl chloride) PVC 373-423 0.1-200 4 Poly(vinyl methyl ether) PVME 303-471 0.1-200 4 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVdF 451-521 0.1-200 5Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer 2.7 wt% acrylonitrile SAN3 378-539 0.1-200 4 5.7 wt% acrylonitrile SAN6 370-540 0.1-200 415.3 wt% acrylonitrile SAN15 405-531 0.1-200 4 18.0 wt% acrylonitrile SAN18 377-528 0.1-200 4 40 wt% acrylonitrile SAN40 373-543 0.1-200 470 wt% acrylonitrile SAN70 373-544 0.1-200 4 Styrene/butadiene copolymer 10 wt% styrene SBR10 393-533 0.1-196 823.5 wt% styrene SBR23 393-533 0.1-196 8 60 wt% styrene SBR60 393-533 0.1-196 8 85 wt% styrene SBR85 393-533 0.1-196 8 Styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer 20 wt% methyl methacrylate SMMA20 383-543 0.1-200 4 60 wt% methyl methacrylate SMMA60 383-543 0.1-200 4 N-Vinylcarbazole/4-ethylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% ethylstyrene VCES50 393-443 30-100 9 N-Vinylcarbazole/4-hexylstyrene copolymer 80 mol% hexylstyrene VCHS80 313-423 30-100 9 67 mol% hexylstyrene VCHS67 333-423 30-100 9 60 mol% hexylstyrene VCHS60 383-453 30-100 950 mol% hexylstyrene VCHS50 373-443 30-100 9 40 mol% hexylstyrene VCHS40 423-493 30-100 9 33 mol% hexylstyrene VCHS33 463-523 30-100 920 mol% hexylstyrene VCHS20 473-523 30-100 9 N-Vinylcarbazole/4-octylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% octylstyrene VCOS50 403-453 30-100 9 N-Vinylcarbazole/4-pentylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% pentylstyrene VCPS50 383-443 30-100 9 Vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer 3.1 mol% hexafluoropropylene VdFHFP3 433-493 0.1-120 13 10.5 mol% hexafluoropropylene VdFHFP11 433-493 0.1-120 13 aPhenoxy = Poly(oxy-2-hydroxytrimethyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) bPolysulfone = Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) cPolyarylate = Poly(oxyterephthaloyl/isophthaloyl T/I=50/50)oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylenePRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 1 Names of the Polymers, Abbreviation Used, and Range of Experimental Data Applied in the Determination of the Equation Constants Polymer Symbol T/K P/MPa Ref. TeamLRN13-19Table 2 Tait Equation Parameter Functions for Polymer Melts Polymer V(0,T)/cm3g-1 B(T)/MPa BSBA20 0.6775 exp(7.110 10-4T) 903.5 exp(-4.441 10-3T) EP50 1.2291 + 5.799·10-5(T-273.15) + 1.964·10-6(T-273.15)2487.0 exp[-8.103·10-3(T-273.15)] ES2 1.17640 – 6.3389 10-4T + 1.7815 10-6T 2 278.02 exp[-6.449 10-3(T-273.15)] ES4 1.36913 – 1.5928 10-3T + 2.8859 10-6T 2281.50 exp[-6.694 10-3(T-273.15)] ES6 1.00930 + 4.2123 10-5T + 8.8038 10-7T 2258.51 exp[-5.502 10-3(T-273.15)] ES14 0.98570 – 5.9468 10-5T + 9.8460 10-7T 2 240.72 exp[-5.059 10-3(T-273.15)] ES22 0.93220 + 6.4243 10-5T + 7.7144 10-7T 2241.50 exp[-4.732 10-3(T-273.15)] ES29 0.96947 – 1.8184 10-4T + 1.0626 10-6T 2250.23 exp[-4.948 10-3(T-273.15)] EVA18 1.02391 exp(2.173·10-5T1.5) 188.2 exp[-4.537·10-3(T-273.15)] EVA25 1.00416 exp(2.244·10-5T1.5) 184.4 exp[-4.734·10-3(T-273.15)] EVA28 1.00832 exp(2.241·10-5T1.5) 183.5 exp[-4.457·10-3(T-273.15)] EVA40 1.06332 exp(2.288·10-5T1.5) 205.1 exp[-4.989·10-3(T-273.15)] PA6 0.7597 exp[4.701·10-4(T-273.15)] 376.7 exp[-4.660·10-3(T-273.15)] PA11 0.9581 exp[6.664·10-4(T-273.15)] 254.7 exp[-4.178·10-3(T-273.15)] PA66 0.7657 exp[6.600·10-4(T-273.15)] 316.4 exp[-5.040·10-3(T-273.15)] cPBD 1.0970 exp[6.600·10-4(T-273.15)] 177.7 exp[-3.593·10-3(T-273.15)] PBD-8 1.1004 + 6.718·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.584·10-7(T-273.15)2 200.0 exp[-4.606·10-3(T-273.15)] PBD-24 1.1049 + 6.489·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.099·10-7(T-273.15)2193.0 exp[-4.519·10-3(T-273.15)] PBD-40 1.1013 + 6.593·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.776·10-7(T-273.15)2 188.0 exp[-4.437·10-3(T-273.15)] PBD-50 1.1037 + 5.955·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.789·10-7(T-273.15)2 183.0 exp[-4.425·10-3(T-273.15)] PBD-87 1.1094 + 6.729·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.470·10-7(T-273.15)2175.0 exp[-4.538·10-3(T-273.15)] iPB 1.1417 exp[6.751·10-4(T-273.15)] 167.5 exp[-4.533·10-3(T-273.15)] PnBMA 0.9341 + 5.5254·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.5803·10-6(T-273.15)2 + 1.5691·10-10(T-273.15)3 226.7 exp[-5.344·10-3(T-273.15)] PBS 0.6821 exp(6.728 10-4T) 729.1 exp(-4.232 10-3T) PBT 0.9640 - 1.017·10-3(T-273.15) + 3.065·10-6(T-273.15)2 263.0 exp[-3.444·10-3(T-273.15)] PCL 0.9049 exp[6.392·10-4(T-273.15)] 189.0 exp[-3.931·10-3(T-273.15)] PC 0.73565 exp(1.859·10-5T1.5) 310.0 exp[-4.078·10-3(T-273.15)] BCPC 0.6737 + 3.634·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.370·10-7(T-273.15)2 363.4 exp[-4.921·10-3(T-273.15)] HFPC 0.6111 + 4.898·10-4(T-273.15) + 1.730·10-7(T-273.15)2 236.6 exp[-5.156·10-3(T-273.15)] TMPC 0.8497 + 5.073·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.832·10-7(T-273.15)2231.4 exp[-4.242·10-3(T-273.15)] PcHMA 0.8793 + 4.0504·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.774·10-7(T-273.15)2 - 7.7534·10-10(T-273.15)3 295.2 exp[-5.220·10-3(T-273.15)] PPO 0.78075 exp(2.151·10-5T1.5) 227.8 exp[-4.290·10-3(T-273.15)] PDMS 1.0079 exp[9.121·10-4(T-273.15)] 89.4 exp[-5.701·10-3(T-273.15)] PDMS-10 0.8343 + 5.991·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.734·10-7(T-273.15)2 542.63 exp[-6.69·10-3(T-273.15)] PDMS-40 0.8018 + 7.072·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.635·10-7(T-273.15)2 482.73 exp[-6.09·10-3(T-273.15)] PDMS-60 0.8146 + 5.578·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.774·10-7(T-273.15)2482.73 exp[-6.09·10-3(T-273.15)] PECH 0.7216 exp[5.825·10-4(T-273.15)] 238.3 exp[-4.171·10-3(T-273.15)] PEEK 0.7158 exp[6.690·10-4(T-273.15)] 388.0 exp[-4.124·10-3(T-273.15)] PEA 0.8756 exp[7.241·10-4(T-273.15)] 193.2 exp[-4.839·10-3(T-273.15)] PEMA 0.8614 exp[7.468·10-4(T-273.15)] 260.9 exp[-5.356·10-3(T-273.15)] HDPE 1.1595 + 8.0394·10-4(T-273.15) 179.9 exp[-4.739·10-3(T-273.15)] LPE 0.9172 exp[7.806·10-4(T-273.15)] 176.7 exp[-4.661·10-3(T-273.15)] HMLPE 0.8992 exp[8.502·10-4(T-273.15)] 168.3 exp[-4.292·10-3(T-273.15)] BPE 0.9399 exp[7.341·10-4(T-273.15)] 177.1 exp[-4.699·10-3(T-273.15)] LDPE 1.1944 + 2.841·10-4(T-273.15) + 1.872·10-6(T-273.15)2202.2 exp[-5.243·10-3(T-273.15)] LDPE-A 1.1484 exp[6.950·10-4(T-273.15)] 192.9 exp[-4.701·10-3(T-273.15)] LDPE-B 1.1524 exp[6.700·10-4(T-273.15)] 196.6 exp[-4.601·10-3(T-273.15)] LDPE-C 1.1516 exp[6.730·10-4(T-273.15)] 186.7 exp[-4.391·10-3(T-273.15)] PEO 0.8766 exp[7.087·10-4(T-273.15)] 207.7 exp[-3.947·10-3(T-273.15)] PET 0.6883 + 5.90·10-4(T-273.15) 369.7 exp[-4.150·10-3(T-273.15)] P4HS 0.8251 + 6.77·10-4T 103.1 exp[-2.417·10-3(T-273.15)] PIB 1.0750 exp[5.651·10-4(T-273.15)] 200.3 exp[-4.329·10-3(T-273.15)] PI-8 1.1030 + 6.488·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.125·10-7(T-273.15)2188.0 exp[-4.541·10-3(T-273.15)] PI-14 1.0943 + 6.293·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.231·10-7(T-273.15)2 202.0 exp[-4.653·10-3(T-273.15)] PI-41 1.0951 + 6.188·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.629·10-7(T-273.15)2199.0 exp[-4.622·10-3(T-273.15)] PI-56 1.0957 + 6.655·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.661·10-7(T-273.15)2200.0 exp[-4.644·10-3(T-273.15)] PMA 0.8365 exp[6.795·10-4(T-273.15)] 235.8 exp[-4.493·10-3(T-273.15)]PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) 13-20PMMA 0.8254 + 2.8383·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.792·10-7(T-273.15)2 287.5 exp[-4.146·10-3(T-273.15)] P4MP 1.4075 - 9.095·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.497·10-6(T-273.15)2 37.67 + 0.2134( T-273.15)] - 7.0445·10-4(T-273.15)2 PαMS 0.89365 + 3.4864·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.0184·10-7(T-273.15)2 297.7 exp[-4.074·10-3(T-273.15)] PoMS 0.9396 exp[5.306·10-4(T-273.15)] 261.9 exp[-4.114·10-3(T-273.15)] POM 0.7484 exp[6.770·10-4(T-273.15)] 305.6 exp[-4.326·10-3(T-273.15)] PH 0.76644 exp(1.921·10-5T1.5) 359.9 exp[-4.378·10-3(T-273.15)] PSF 0.7644 + 3.419·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.126·10-7(T-273.15)2 365.9 exp[-3.757·10-3(T-273.15)] PAr 0.73381 exp(1.626·10-5T1.5) 296.9 exp[-3.375·10-3(T-273.15)] aPP 1.1841 - 1.091·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.286·10-6(T-273.15)2 162.1 exp[-6.604·10-3(T-273.15)] iPP 1.1606 exp[6.700·10-4(T-273.15)] 149.1 exp[-4.177·10-3(T-273.15)] PS 0.9287 exp[5.131·10-4(T-273.15)] 216.9 exp[-3.319·10-3(T-273.15)] PTFE 0.3200 + 9.5862·10-4(T-273.15) 425.2 exp[-9.380·10-3(T-273.15)] PTHF 1.0043 exp[6.691·10-4(T-273.15)] 178.6 exp[-4.223·10-3(T-273.15)] PVAc 0.82496 + 5.820·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.940·10-7(T-273.15)2 204.9 exp[-4.346·10-3(T-273.15)] PVC 0.7196 + 5.581·10-5(T-273.15) + 1.468·10-6(T-273.15)2294.2 exp[-5.321·10-3(T-273.15)] PVME 0.9585 exp[6.653·10-4(T-273.15)] 215.8 exp[-4.588·10-3(T-273.15)] PVdF 0.5790 exp[8.051·10-4(T-273.15)] 244.0 exp[-5.210·10-3(T-273.15)] SAN3 0.9233 + 3.936·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.685·10-7(T-273.15)2239.8 exp[-4.376·10-3(T-273.15)] SAN6 0.9211 + 4.370·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.846·10-7(T-273.15)2 226.9 exp[-4.286·10-3(T-273.15)] SAN15 0.9044 + 4.207·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.077·10-7(T-273.15)2 238.4 exp[-3.943·10-3(T-273.15)] SAN18 0.9016 + 4.036·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.206·10-7(T-273.15)2240.4 exp[-3.858·10-3(T -273.15)] SAN40 0.8871 + 3.406·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.938·10-7(T-273.15)2 289.3 exp[-4.431·10-3(T-273.15)] SAN70 0.8528 + 3.616·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.634·10-7(T-273.15)2 335.4 exp[-3.923·10-3(T-273.15)] SBR10 0.9053 exp(2.437·10-5T1.5) 530.3 exp[-3.99·10-3(T-273.15)] SBR23 0.8986 exp(2.317·10-5T1.5) 551.6 exp[-4.17·10-3(T-273.15)] SBR60 0.8812 exp(2.031·10-5T1.5) 486.0 exp[-4.34·10-3(T-273.15)] SBR85 0.8704 exp(1.846·10-5T1.5) 356.7 exp[-4.24·10-3(T-273.15)] SMMA20 0.9063 + 3.570·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.532·10-7(T-273.15)2 232.0 exp[-4.143·10-3(T-273.15)] SMMA60 0.8610 + 3.350·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.980·10-7(T-273.15)2 261.0 exp[-4.611·10-3(T-273.15)] VCES50 0.6676 + 6.63·10-4T 5281.7 exp[-9.264·10-3(T-273.15)] VCHS80 0.7753 + 6.17·10-4T 247.6 exp[-2.604·10-3(T-273.15)] VCHS67 0.8028 + 6.50·10-4T 581.7 exp[-4.553·10-3(T-273.15)] VCHS60 0.8213 + 6.23·10-4T 229.1 exp[-2.133·10-3(T-273.15)] VCHS50 0.7827 + 5.05·10-4T 136.0 exp[-1.083·10-3(T-273.15)] VCHS40 0.7805 + 4.92·10-4T 155.0 exp[-1.605·10-3(T-273.15)] VCHS33 0.7710 + 4.86·10-4T 460.4 exp[-3.453·10-3(T-273.15)] VCHS20 0.6416 + 5.42·10-4T 489.8 exp[-3.193·10-3(T-273.15)] VCOS50 0.7081 + 7.40·10-4T 666.5 exp[-4.503·10-3(T-273.15)] VCPS50 0.7814 + 4.36·10-4T 880.1 exp[-4.393·10-3(T-273.15)] VdFHFP3 0.587 +4.138 10-4(T-273.15) 157.7 exp[-2.83 10-3(T-273.15)] VdFHFP11 0.577 + 4.543 10-4(T-273.15) 207.1 exp[-4.15 10-3(T-273.15)]PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 2 Tait Equation Parameter Functions for Polymer Melts Polymer V(0,T)/cm3g-1 B(T)/MPa TeamLRN 13- 21 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS Christian Wohlfarth Liquid-liquid demixing in solutions of polymers in low molar mass solvents is not a rare phenomenon. Demixing depends on concen tration, tem- perature, pressure, molar mass and molar mass distribution function of the polymer, chain branching and end groups of the polym er, the chemical nature of the solvent, isotope substitution in solvents or polymers, chemical composition of copolymers and its distributions, and other variables. Phase diagrams of polymer solutions can therefore show a quite complicated behavior when they have to be considered in detail ( see Ref. 1a). Polymer solutions can undergo demixing when cooling a homogeneous solution as well as when heating such a solution. The corresp onding cloud- point curves show a maximum (UCST behavior) or a minimum (LCST behavior). For common polymer solutions, the LCST region is at h igher tem- peratures (in many cases near the critical temperature of the solvent) than the UCST region. The temperature range between both extrema provides the essential information where the one-phase region of a polymer solution can be found. In the case of monodisperse polymers t he extrema are equal to the critical points. However, in the case of polydisperse polymers with distribution functions, these extrema are thre shold temperatures whereas the critical point shifts to higher concentrations on the shoulder of the cloud-point curve. Usually, the critical conc entration is much more strongly influenced than the critical temperature. Thus, the table below does not distinguish between threshold and critical tem peratures. UCST and LCST values depend somewhat on pressure. LCST values in the table are usually given at the vapor pressure of the solve nt at this temperature. UCST values are measured in most cases at normal pressure; data at higher pressures are neglected here. The intere sted reader can find such information, for example, in Refs. 76, 84, 104, 157, 165, 177, 185-187, or 192. However, UCST and LCST values of a given polymer/solvent pair depend strongly on the molar mass of the polymer. In the case of monodis- perse polymers, this dependency can be described in good approximation by the so-called Shultz-Flory plot (see Refs. 6 and 8): (1) where r denotes the number of segments of a polymer (being proportional to the degree of polymerization or to the molar mass or molar volume of the polymer). Extrapolation to r → ∞ , i.e., to infinite molar mass, leads to the value of the θ -temperature. This θ -temperature is the highest temper- ature for UCST behavior or the lowest temperature for LCST behavior and a given polymer/solvent pair. In the case of polydisper se polymers, the segment number in equation (1) is to be replaced by its weight average, r w (related to M w ). The constant in equation (1) reflects further thermody- namic properties of the given polymer/solvent pair, but should not depend on molar mass. A detailed discussion can be found in Ref. 1b. The printed table in the Handbook provides only one data line for a given polymer/solvent pair and does not show the molar mass dependence of UCST or LCST data. The entire table with all data at different molar masses for many of the systems is given in the electronic version, however. Nevertheless, the necessary molar mass information for a system is always provided in the table by the corresponding number ave rage, M n , mass average, M w , or viscosity average, M η , values of the polymer as given in the original sources. Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref Acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer (18% Acrylonitrile) 840000 Ethyl acetate 427 220 (26% Acrylonitrile) 1000000 Ethyl acetate 412 220Butadiene/ α -methylstyrene copolymer (10% α -Methylstyrene) 100000 Ethyl acetate 387 393 220 Carbon monoxide/ethylene copolymer (1:1, alternating) 1000000 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2- propanol453 159 Cellulose diacetate 120000 Benzyl alcohol 372 86 59900 75500 2-Butanone 279.7 471.5 11159300 2-Propanone 216.2 438.2 42 Cellulose diacetate/styrene graft copolymer (77.4 wt% grafted polystyrene) 750000 N,N -Dimethylformamide 262 399 106 750000 Tetrahydrofuran 363 106 Cellulose nitrate (13.3 wt% N) unknown 2-Propanone 328 182 148 Cellulose triacetate 20000 Benzyl alcohol 322 86 100500 2-Propanone 290.0 472.0 42 Cellulose tricaprylate infinite N,N -Dimethylformamide 413 5 infinite 3-Phenyl-1-propanol 321 511111 2 Tconst r rcrit=+ −       θ. 13- 22 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Decamethyltetrasiloxane 310.69 Tetradecafluorohexane 332.59 195 N,N -Dimethylacrylamide/2-butoxyethyl acrylate copolymer (50 wt% 2-butoxyethyl acrylate) Water <273.2 164 N,N -Dimethylacrylamide/butyl acrylate copolymer (15 wt% Butyl acrylate) Water 346.2 164(20 wt% Butyl acrylate) Water 323.2 164(30 wt% Butyl acrylate) Water 294.2 164(35 wt% Butyl acrylate) Water 281.2 164 N,N -Dimethylacrylamide/2-ethoxyethyl acrylate copolymer (50 wt% 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate) Water 319.2 164(75 wt% 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate) Water 285.2 164 N,N -Dimethylacrylamide/ethyl acrylate copolymer (25 wt% Ethyl acrylate) Water 347.2 164(30 wt% Ethyl acrylate) Water 334.2 164(50 wt% Ethyl acrylate) Water 287.2 164(55 wt% Ethyl acrylate) Water <273.2 164 N,N -Dimethylacrylamide/2-methoxyethyl acrylate copolymer (38 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) Water 353 184(45 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) Water 333 184 (55 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) Water 315 184 (68 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) Water 305 184(82 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) Water 288 184(92 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) Water 283 184 N,N -Dimethylacrylamide/methyl acrylate copolymer (30 wt% Methyl acrylate) Water 371.2 164(40 wt% Methyl acrylate) Water 338.2 164(50 wt% Methyl acrylate) Water 314.2 164(55 wt% Methyl acrylate) Water 294.2 164(60 wt% Methyl acrylate) Water 279.2 164(70 wt% Methyl acrylate) Water <273.2 164 N,N -Dimethylacrylamide/propyl acrylate copolymer (20 wt% Propyl acrylate) Water 353.2 164(30 wt% Propyl acrylate) Water 337.2 164(40 wt% Propyl acrylate) Water 294.2 164(50 wt% Propyl acrylate) Water 281.2 164Dimethylsiloxane/methylphenylsiloxane copolymer (15 wt% methylphenylsiloxane) 9100 41200 Anisole 291.45 1989100 41200 2-Propanone 282.45 198 Ethylene/propylene copolymer (33 mol% ethylene) 145000 Cyclohexane 534 101145000 Cyclopentane 490 101145000 2,2-Dimethylbutane 428 101145000 2,3-Dimethylbutane 452 101145000 3,4-Dimethylhexane 541 101 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref TeamLRN 13- 23 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) 145000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 472 101 145000 2,3-Dimethylpentane 500 101145000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 464 101145000 3-Ethylpentane 511 101145000 Heptane 502 101145000 Hexane 455 101145000 2-Methylbutane 396 101145000 Methylcyclohexane 558 101145000 Methylcyclopentane 512 101145000 2-Methylhexane 486 101145000 Nonane 558 101145000 Octane 528 101145000 Pentane 409 101145000 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 539 101145000 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 500 101145000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 503 101 Ethylene/propylene copolymer (43 mol% ethylene) 70000 140000 Hexane 436 12770000 140000 2-Methylpentane 474 12770000 140000 Pentane 441 127 Ethylene/propylene copolymer (53 mol% ethylene) 154000 2,2-Dimethylbutane 407 101154000 2,3-Dimethylbutane 437 101154000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 453 101 154000 2,3-Dimethylpentane 488 101 154000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 445 101154000 3-Ethylpentane 500 101154000 Heptane 493 101154000 Hexane 443 101154000 Pentane 395 101154000 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 488 101154000 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 565 101154000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 484 101 Ethylene/propylene copolymer (63 mol% ethylene) 236000 Cyclohexane 526 101236000 Cyclopentane 481 101236000 2,3-Dimethylbutane 429 101236000 3,4-Dimethylhexane 530 101236000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 444 101236000 2,3-Dimethylpentane 482 101236000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 434 101236000 3-Ethylpentane 492 101236000 Heptane 485 101236000 Hexane 436 101236000 2-Methylbutane 348 101236000 Methylcyclopentane 498 101236000 Nonane 547 101236000 Octane 512 101236000 Pentane 387 101236000 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 528 101236000 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 479 101236000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 479 101 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref 13- 24 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Ethylene/propylene copolymer (75 mol% ethylene) 109000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 431 101109000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 425 101109000 Heptane 475 101109000 Hexane 427 101109000 Nonane 542 101109000 Octane 509 101109000 Pentane 378 101109000 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 523 101109000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 469 101 Ethylene/propylene copolymer (81 mol% ethylene) 195000 Cyclohexane 522 101195000 Cyclopentane 474 101195000 2,2-Dimethylbutane 381 101195000 2,3-Dimethylbutane 413 101195000 2,4-Dimethylhexane 478 101195000 2,5-Dimethylhexane 466 101195000 3,4-Dimethylhexane 522 101195000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 425 101195000 2,3-Dimethylpentane 471 101195000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 420 101195000 3-Ethylpentane 478 101195000 Heptane 468 101195000 Hexane 425 101 195000 2-Methylbutane 327 101 195000 Methylcyclohexane 541 101195000 Methylcyclopentane 493 101195000 2-Methylhexane 453 101195000 3-Methylhexane 459 101195000 Nonane 540 101195000 Octane 506 101195000 Pentane 370 101195000 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 519 101195000 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 461 101195000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 460 101 Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer ( 2.3 wt% Vinyl acetate) 52000 465000 Diphenyl ether 404.2 143( 4.0 wt% Vinyl acetate) 47000 280000 Diphenyl ether 392.5 143( 7.1 wt% Vinyl acetate) 34000 460000 Diphenyl ether 378.2 143( 9.5 wt% Vinyl acetate) 53000 350000 Diphenyl ether 367.3 143( 9.7 wt% Vinyl acetate) 55000 490000 Diphenyl ether 370.8 143(12.1 wt% Vinyl acetate) 66000 300000 Diphenyl ether 360.4 143(42.6 mol% Vinyl acetate) 14800 41500 Methyl acetate 307.0 130Ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer (87.2 mol% Vinyl alcohol) infinite Water 463.55 285.65 44(88.9 mol% Vinyl alcohol) infinite Water 449.15 290.75 44(91.0 mol% Vinyl alcohol) infinite Water 428.45 302.95 44(94.1 mol% Vinyl alcohol) infinite Water 389.25 324.45 44Ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer (20.0 mol% Ethylene oxide) 3400 Water 303 211(27.0 mol% Ethylene oxide) 3000 Water 309 210(30.0 mol% Ethylene oxide) 5400 Water 313 211 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref TeamLRN 13- 25 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) (38.5 mol% Ethylene oxide) 5000 Water 309 210 (50.0 mol% Ethylene oxide) 3900 Water 323 211(58.8 mol% Ethylene oxide) 3000 Water 326.65 210(72.4 mol% Ethylene oxide) 36000 Water 333 153(79.5 mol% Ethylene oxide) 30800 Water 345 153(86.6 mol% Ethylene oxide) 30100 Water 355.5 153Gutta Percha 194000 Propyl acetate 318.95 7 Hydroxypropylcellulose 75000 Water 318.45 43300000 Water 331.25 43 N- Isopropylacrylamide/acrylamide copolymer (15 mol% Acrylamide) 3100000 Water 315.15 172(30 mol% Acrylamide) 4500000 Water 326.15 172(45 mol% Acrylamide) 3900000 Water 347.15 172 N- Isopropylacrylamide/1-deoxy-1- methacrylamido- D- glucitol (12.9 mol% Glucitol) 78000 170000 Water 311.3 218(13.7 mol% Glucitol) 51600 110000 Water 314.9 218(14.0 mol% Glucitol) 145000 432000 Water 307.5 218 N- Isopropylacrylamide/ N- isopropylmethacrylamide copolymer (10.56 mol% N- Isopropylmethacrylamide) 55300 177000 Water 307.15 212 (30.00 mol% N- Isopropylmethacrylamide) 28800 92000 Water 309.75 212 (39.99 mol% N- Isopropylmethacrylamide) 23100 74000 Water 311.05 212 (59.89 mol% N- Isopropylmethacrylamide) 23100 74000 Water 314.65 212 (79.81 mol% N- Isopropylmethacrylamide) 16600 53000 Water 317.35 212 (89.99 mol% N- Isopropylmethacrylamide) 14700 47000 Water 318.75 212 Methylcellulose (about 30 mol% methyl subsitution) 70000 Water 324.75 47 Methylcellulose/hydroxypropylcellulose copolymer (25 mol% methyl, 8 mol% hydroxypropyl subsitution)80000 Water 340.15 63 Natural rubber 300000 Pentane 403 10 74500 2-Pentanone 274.45 7 Phenol-formaldehyde resin (acetylated) 2-Ethoxyethanol 378.2 200Poly(acrylic acid) 120000 Tetrahydrofuran 268.3 189Poly[bis(2,3-dimethoxypropanoxy) phosphazene] 1070000 1500000 Water 317.15 183 Poly[bis(2-(2’-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy) phosphazene] 667000 1000000 Water 338.15 183 Poly[bis(2,3-bis(2-methoxyethoxy) propanoxy)phosphazene] 714000 1000000 Water 311.15 183 Poly[bis(2,3-bis(2-(2’-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy)propanoxy)phosphazene] 1420000 1700000 Water 322.65 183 Poly[bis(2,3-bis(2-(2’-(2’’-dimethoxyethoxy) ethoxy)ethoxy)propanoxy)phosphazene] 857000 1200000 Water 334.65 183 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref 13- 26 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Poly(1-butene) (atactic) infinite Anisole 359.4 11infinite Toluene 356.2 28 Poly(1-butene) (isotactic) infinite Anisole 362.3 11 530000 Cyclopentane 498 102530000 2,2-Dimethylbutane 444 102530000 2,5-Dimethylhexane 519 102530000 3,4-Dimethylhexane 559 102530000 2,3-Dimethylpentane 517 102530000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 480 102530000 3-Ethylpentane 523 102530000 Heptane 509 102 infinite Hexane 464 102 530000 2-Methylbutane 416 102 infinite Nonane 564 102 530000 Octane 540 102 infinite Pentane 421 102 530000 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 507 102 Poly(butyl methacrylate) 278000 470000 1-Butanol 287.15 132278000 470000 Decane 357.25 132278000 470000 Ethanol 315.25 132278000 470000 Heptane 342.55 132278000 470000 Octane 345.80 132278000 470000 1-Pentanol 286.30 132 278000 470000 2-Propanol 294.90 132 278000 470000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 347.50 132 Poly(2-chlorostyrene) infinite Benzene 298 40 Poly(4-chlorostyrene) infinite Benzene 274.0 22infinite 2-(Butoxyethoxy)ethanol 323.25 46infinite Butyl acetate 502.4 22infinite tert- Butyl acetate 338.55 46 infinite Chlorobenzene 128.8 22infinite 2-(ethoxyethoxy)ethanol 300.95 46infinite Ethyl acetate 613.2 22infinite Ethylbenzene 283.2 22infinite Ethylbenzene 258.45 46infinite Ethyl chloroacetate 271.35 46infinite Isopropyl acetate 348.65 46infinite Isopropylbenzene 332.15 46infinite Isopropyl chloroacetate 264.95 46infinite Methyl chloroacetate 337.75 46infinite Propyl acetate 908.7 22infinite Tetrachloroethene 317.55 46infinite Tetrachloromethane 323.85 46infinite Toluene 236.8 22 Poly(decyl methacrylate) 390000 468000 1-Butanol 304.85 113390000 468000 1-Pentanol 278.40 113220000 252000 2-Propanol 346.85 132 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref TeamLRN 13- 27 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polydimethylsiloxane (cyclic) 9810 10300 2,2-Dimethylpropane 433 1339810 10300 Tetramethylsilane 448 133, 171 Polydimethylsiloxane 626000 Butane 392.95 53 infinite Decane 603 3014750 16370 2,2-Dimethylpropane 428 133infinite Dodecane 643 30 626000 Ethane 259.65 53100000 Ethoxybenzene 341.99 108 infinite Heptane 528 30infinite Hexadecane 708 30infinite Hexane 493 30infinite Octane 553 30infinite Pentane 453 30 203000 Propane 340.15 53 14750 16370 Tetramethylsilane 443 133, 171 Poly(ethyl acrylate) 48000 1-Butanol 310.05 2748000 Ethanol 301.15 27380000 Methanol 287.25 2748000 1-Propanol 305.15 27 Polyethylene (branched) 8400 32000 Diphenyl ether 384.7 95, 9824000 123000 Diphenyl ether 396.7 95, 9865000 425000 Diphenyl ether 415.3 95, 98 Polyethylene (linear) 20000 Anisole 368.15 2420000 Benzyl acetate 459.65 2420000 Benzyl phenyl ether 437.15 2420000 Benzyl propionate 436.15 2450900 Biphenyl 383.55 2561100 Butyl acetate 448 497 7020000 4- tert- Butylphenol 466.15 24 134000 Cyclohexane 518 10120000 Cyclohexanone 389.65 24134000 Cyclopentane 472 101 36700 49300 Decane 563.75 91 20000 1-Decanol 400.15 2420000 Dibenzyl ether 448.65 24134000 3,4-Dimethylhexane 515 101134000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 399 101134000 2,3-Dimethylpentane 463 101134000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 395 101 12000 150000 Diphenyl ether 416.2 95, 98 97200 Diphenylmethane 400.25 25 60400 82600 Dodecane 610.85 91 218000 1-Dodecanol 405.15 141 134000 3-Ethylpentane 471 101 36700 49300 Heptane 464.70 91 20000 1-Heptanol 440.15 24 36700 49300 Hexane 414.65 917900 92000 1-Hexanol 458.15 154 20000 2-Methoxynaphthalene 427.65 24 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref 13- 28 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) 20000 3-Methylbutyl acetate 407.15 24 134000 Methylcyclohexane 537 101134000 Methylcyclopentane 488 101 60400 82600 Nonane 531.90 91 20000 1-Nonanol 431.15 2420000 4-Nonylphenol 410.15 24 36700 49300 Octane 502.40 917900 92000 1-Octanol 426.65 154 20000 4-Octylphenol 424.65 24134000 Pentane 353 10120000 1-Pentanol 445.15 24175000 Pentyl acetate 421 528 7020000 4- tert- Pentylphenol 443.65 24 20000 Phenetole 366.65 24134000 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 513 101 60400 82600 Tridecane 639.30 91 134000 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 444 101134000 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 545 101134000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 495 101 97700 135900 Undecane 583.95 91 Poly(ethylene glycol) 8000 tert- Butyl acetate 321.2 464.2 83 21200 tert- Butyl acetate 353.2 431.2 83 6100 6200 Water 404.79 18510457 11615 Water 394.33 20540800 151000 Water 378.25 205 Poly(ethylene oxide)-b- poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)-phosphazene] block copolymer (about 67 mol% Ethylene oxide) 22000 31500 Water 338 222 Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide) -b-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (about 30 mol% Ethylene oxide) 4400 Water 286.65 209 Polyethylethylene 48000 52000 Diphenyl ether 411.2 95, 98 Poly( p- hexylstyrene) infinite 2-Butanone 302.6 135 Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) 77400 1-Butanol 337.25 35233600 2-Butanol 287 35233600 2-Metyl-1-propanol 342 3577400 1,2,3-Propanetriol 345 3577400 1-Propanol 311 35 Polyisobutylene infinite Anisole 377 3 72000 Benzene 540.5 39703000 Butane 264.75 53 infinite Cycloheptane 572 34 1500000 Cyclohexane 412 10 infinite Cyclooctane 637 34 1500000 Cyclopentane 344 10 infinite Decane 535 34 1500000 2,2-Dimethylbutane 376 10 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref TeamLRN 13- 29 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) 1500000 2,3-Dimethylbutane 404 10 infinite 2,2-Dimethylhexane 454 34infinite 2,4-Dimethylhexane 458 34infinite 2,5-Dimethylhexane 446 34infinite 3,4-Dimethylhexane 497 34infinite 2,2-Dimethylpentane 404 34infinite 2,3-Dimethylpentane 451 34infinite 2,4-Dimethylpentane 403 34infinite 3,3-Dimethylpentane 451 34infinite Diphenyl ether 306 3infinite Decane 585 30infinite Dodecane 582 34infinite Ethylbenzene 249 3infinite Ethylcyclopentane 524 34infinite Ethyl heptanoate 306 3infinite Ethyl hexanoate 330 3infinite 3-Ethylpentane 458 34infinite Heptane 442 34 72000 Hexane 428.5 396030 2-Methylbutane 357.85 53 infinite Methylcyclohexane 526 34infinite Methylcyclopentane 478 34infinite 2-Methylheptane 466 34infinite 3-Methylheptane 478 34infinite 2-Methylhexane 426 34infinite 3-Methylhexane 446 34 infinite 2-Methylpentane 376 34 infinite 3-Methylpentane 405 34 470 2-Methylpropane 387 1072000 Octane 506.0 396030 Pentane 403.55 5372000 Pentane 373.5 39 infinite Phenetole 357 3 470 Propane 358 10 infinite Propylcyclopentane 547 34infinite Toluene 260 3infinite 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 445 34infinite 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 435 34 1,4- cis- Polyisoprene 780000 2,5-Dimethylhexane 474.15 140780000 3,4-Dimethylhexane 520.15 140780000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 445.15 140780000 2,3-Dimethylpentane 484.15 140780000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 442.15 140780000 3-Methylpentane 483.15 140780000 Heptane 488.15 140780000 Hexane 434.15 140780000 Nonane 541.15 140780000 Octane 509.15 140780000 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 518.15 140780000 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 548.15 140780000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 471.15 140 1,4- trans- Polyisoprene 180000 2,5-Dimethylhexane 451.15 140 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref 13- 30 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) 180000 3,4-Dimethylhexane 521.15 140 180000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 405.15 140180000 2,3-Dimethylpentane 460.15 140180000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 404.15 140180000 3-Methylpentane 473.15 140180000 Heptane 467.15 140180000 Hexane 407.15 140180000 Nonane 540.15 140180000 Octane 503.15 140180000 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 519.15 140180000 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 548.15 140 Poly( N- isopropylacrylamide) 5400 14000 Water 307.45 146146000 530000 Water 305.85 146 Poly( N- isopropylacrylamide)-poly[( N- acetylimino)ethylene] block copolymer (80 wt% N- Isopropylacrylamide) 5500 Water 306.2 223 Poly( N- isopropylacrylamide)-poly[( N- acetylimino)ethylene] graft copolymer (75 wt% N- Isopropylacrylamide) 6030 Water 306.2 223 Poly( N- isopropylmethacrylamide) 6250 20000 Water 319.95 212 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 127000 Acetonitrile 267.15 16 970000 Acetonitrile 303.15 16 50000 1-Butanol 353.25 2 infinite 2-Butanone 482 80infinite 1-Chlorobutane 320 463 80 970000 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 301.55 16127000 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 280.15 16 200000 264000 2-Ethoxyethanol 312.15 196 77000 Ethyl acetate 290 533 190 127000 2-Ethylbutanal 264.65 16 infinite 3-Heptanone 307.7 126 970000 4-Heptanone 299.95 16 infinite 3-Hexanone 522 80infinite Methyl acetate 451 80 50000 1-Methyl-4- isopropylbenzene400.15 2 1400000 2-Octanone 321.15 16 572400 595300 3-Octanone 329.88 166infinite 3-Pentanone 506 80 50000 1-Propanol 349.95 2 infinite 2-Propanone 439 80200000 264000 Tetra(ethylene glycol) 390.15 196 400000 Toluene 225.35 250000 Trichloromethane 231.15 2 200000 264000 Tri(ethylene glycol) 407.15 196 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (isotactic) infinite Acetonitrile 301 461 80infinite 2-Butanone 464 80infinite 1-Chlorobutane 309 454 80infinite 4-Heptanone 319 522 80 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref TeamLRN 13- 31 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) infinite 3-Hexanone 279 511 80 infinite Methyl acetate 441 80infinite 3-Pentanone 497 80infinite 2-Propanone 428 80 Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (isotactic) 152000 Butane 388 102152000 Cyclopentane 505 102152000 2,2-Dimethylbutane 462 102152000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 499 102152000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 499 102 infinite Diphenyl 467.8 62infinite Diphenyl ether 483.2 62infinite Diphenylmethane 449.8 62 152000 3-Ethylpentane 532 102152000 Heptane 522 102152000 Hexane 487 102152000 2-Methylbutane 431 102152000 Nonane 579 102152000 Octane 553 102152000 Pentane 441 102152000 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 521 102 Poly( α -methylstyrene) 58500 61400 Butyl acetate 262.05 457.15 18199100 113000 Cyclohexane 293.55 15226000 31200 Cyclopentane 276.7 435.95 181 289000 trans- Decahydronaphthalene273 181 69500 76500 Hexyl acetate 285.05 508.15 181 72000 75600 Methylcyclohexane 328.9 20358500 61400 Pentyl acetate 287.1 484.6 181 Poly(2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine) 600000 Butyl acetate 287.95 20263000 Ethyl butyrate 319.05 20335000 Ethyl propionate 293.55 20275000 3-Methylbutyl acetate 314.75 20335000 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 299.95 20170000 2-Methylpropyl acetate 312.35 20165000 Pentyl acetate 316.95 20284000 Propionitrile 262.35 20152000 Propyl acetate 282.65 20181000 Propyl propionate 312.15 20233000 Tetrahydronaphthalene 316.95 20 Poly(1-pentene) (isotactic) 4500000 Cyclopentane 502 1024500000 2,2-Dimethylbutane 457 1024500000 3,4-Dimethylhexane >569 1024500000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 502 1024500000 2,3-Dimethylpentane 529 1024500000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 493 1024500000 3-Ethylpentane 537 1024500000 Heptane 522 1024500000 Hexane 482 1024500000 2-Methylbutane 422 1024500000 Octane 556 102 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref 13- 32 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) 4500000 Pentane 433 102 4500000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 527 102 Polypropylene (atactic) infinite Diphenyl ether 426.5 9infinite Diethyl ether 383 68 242000 Heptane 511 101 infinite Hexane 441 68 242000 2-Methylbutane 413 101242000 Methylcyclohexane 564 101 infinite Pentane 397 68 Polypropylene (isotactic) 28000 Benzyl phenyl ether 429.2 3128000 Benzyl propionate 405.2 3128000 1-Butanol 395.2 3128000 4- tert- Butylphenol 413.2 31 242000 Cyclohexane 540 101242000 Cyclopentane 495 10128000 Dibenzyl ether 433.2 31242000 2,2-Dimethylbutane 441 101242000 2,3-Dimethylbutane 465 101242000 3,4-Dimethylhexane 553 101242000 2,2-Dimethylpentane 489 101242000 2,3-Dimethylpentane 513 101242000 2,4-Dimethylpentane 481 10128000 Diphenyl 388.2 3128000 Diphenyl ether 395.2 31 28000 Diphenylmethane 389.7 31 242000 3-Ethylpentane 520 10128000 4-Ethylphenol 457.2 31242000 Heptane 511 101242000 Hexane 470 101242000 2-Methylbutane 413 10128000 3-Methylbutyl benzyl ether 384.2 31242000 Methylcyclohexane 564 101242000 Methylcyclopentane 518 10128000 4-Methylphenol 479.2 3128000 2-Methyl-1-propanol 395.2 31242000 Nonane 571 101242000 Octane 542 10128000 4-Octylphenol 379.2 3128000 4-Isooctylphenol 383.2 31242000 Pentane 422 101242000 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 548 101242000 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 511 101242000 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 585 101242000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 510 101 Poly(propylene glycol) 1000 Hexane 288.15 88575 Water 318.2 65 Polystyrene 34900 37000 Benzene 538.7 61 62600 Butanedioic acid dimethyl ester335.15 2 3700 4000 1-Butanol 383.45 154 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol M ηηηη /g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref TeamLRN 13- 33 UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) 91700 97200 2-Butanone 448.8 61 545500 600000 Butyl acetate 489 181104000 110000 tert- Butyl acetate 250.0 417.9 74 62600 Butyl stearate 387.15 2 18400 19200 1-Chlorododecane 274.65 15418400 19200 1-Chlorohexadecane 337.05 15418400 19200 1-Chlorooctadecane 365.55 15418400 19200 1-Chlorotetradecane 309.35 15446400 51000 Cyclodecane 278.9 12846400 51000 Cycloheptane 276.2 12834900 37000 Cyclohexane 285.6 510.9 60 236000 Cyclohexanol 353.5 8 46400 51000 Cyclooctane 275.2 12891700 97200 Cyclopentane 275.2 445.5 6191500 97000 trans- Decahydronaphthalene281.95 81 4800 Decane 360.95 154 3700 4000 1-Decanol 375.15 154 570000 Decyl acetate 650 64 18700 19800 Diethyl ether 235.6 314.5 51187000 200000 Diethyl malonate 285.8 589.6 7447200 50000 Diethyl oxalate 280.05 131151000 160000 Dimethoxymethane 401.2 51 240000 1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 387 482 116 62600 Dimethyl malonate 409.15 262600 Dimethyl oxalate 453.15 2 116000 123000 Dodecadeuterocyclohexane 298.10 224 25000 Dodecadeuteromethylcyclo pentane310.07 180 4800 Dodecane 368.65 154 3700 4000 1-Dodecanol 379.75 154infinite Dodecyl acetate 285.2 206104000 110000 Ethyl acetate 213.9 435.4 72104000 110000 Ethyl butanoate 490.8 74221000 239000 Ethylcyclohexane 330.52 189440 10000 Ethyl formate 272 451 74 900000 bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate 283.05 136 4530 4800 Heptane 359 477 1123700 4000 1-Dexadecanol 386.25 1545500 5770 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexadeutero-2- propanone270 436 157 1920 2030 Hexane 318 470 112 62600 Hexanoic acid 448.15 2 3700 4000 1-Hexanol 372.15 154 62600 3-Hexanol 396.65 290000 Hexyl acetate 578 64 104000 110000 Methyl acetate 284.2 415.7 72104000 110000 3-Methyl-1-butyl acetate 210.1 510.1 7291700 97200 Methylcyclohexane 321.8 505.9 6010750 11500 Methylcyclopentane 295 480 157104000 110000 2-Methyl-1-propyl acetate 210.4 468.5 72 48000 Nitroethane 303.1 1514800 Octadecane 403.55 154 3700 4000 1-Octadecanol 390.55 1544530 4800 Octane 353 527 112 Polymer M n /g/mol M w /g/mol Mηηηη/g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref 13-34UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) 3700 4000 1-Octanol 372.35 154 62600 1-Octene 355.15 2 4800 Pentadecane 385.25 1541100 Pentane 292 137 3700 4000 1-Pentanol 375.05 154219800 233000 Pentyl acetate 519 181 100000 1-Phenyldecane 283.60 105 5500 5770 2-Propanone 251 452 15712750 13500 Propionitrile 312 187104000 110000 Propyl acetate 183.7 469.0 72104000 110000 2-Propyl acetate 220.9 414.2 723700 4000 1-Tetradecanol 383.25 15434900 37000 Toluene 567.2 60 62600 Vinyl acetate 384.15 2 Polystyrene (three-arm star) 230000 Cyclohexane 297.1 496.8 93 Polystyrene (four-arm star) 155000 Cyclohexane 294.13 199 Poly(trimethylene oxide) infinite Cyclohexane 300 79 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 40000 Water 514 45 Poly( N-vinyl caprolactam) 150000 Water 306.45 217 Poly(vinyl chloride) 55000 Dibutyl phthalate 353 114 55000 Tricresyl phosphate 383 114 85000 Dimethyl phthalate 355 219 Poly( N-vinylisobutyramide) 66000 105600 Water 313.25 208 Poly(vinyl methyl ether) 46500 98600 Deuterium oxide 307.2 17383000 155000 Water 306.95 146 Poly( N-vinyl- N-propylacetamide) 30000 Water 313.5 176 Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer (21.1 wt% acrylonitrile) infinite Toluene 325.4 52(23.2 wt% Acrylonitrile) infinite Toluene 355.1 52(25.0 wt% Acrylonitrile) 90000 147000 Toluene 313.15 198(51.0 wt% Acrylonitrile) 347000 Ethyl acetate 344.15 107Styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer (52.0 mol% Styrene) infinite Cyclohexanol 334.65 38 Styrene/ α-methylstyrene copolymer (20.0 mol% Styrene) 100000 114000 Butyl acetate 288.85 453.05 181100000 114000 Cyclohexane 285.85 484.85 181100000 114000 Cyclopentane 290.95 421.05 181100000 114000 trans- Decahydronaphthalene264.15 181 100000 114000 Hexyl acetate 288.55 514.15 181 100000 114000 Pentyl acetate 303.15 480.65 181Polymer M n/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mηηηη/g/mol Solvent UCST/K LCST/K Ref TeamLRN13-35UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) REFERENCES 1a. 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Chem. Phys. , 204, 1027, 2003. Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics Astronomical Constants Properties of the Solar System Satellites of the Planets Interstellar Molecules Mass, Dimensions, and other Parameters of the Earth Geological Time Scale Acceleration Due to Gravity Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude Properties of Seawater Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea Solar Spectral Irradiance U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) Geographical and Seasonal Variation in Solar Radiation Infrared Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958-2000 Mean Temperatures in the United States, 1900-1992 Global Temperature Trend, 1856-2000 Atmospheric Electricity Speed of Sound in Various Media Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency Speed of Sound in Dry Air Musical Scales Characteristics of Human Hearing TeamLRN14-1ASTRONOMICAL CONSTANTS Victor Abalakin The constants in this table are based primarilarly on the set of constants adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU ) in 1976. Updates have been made when new data were available. All values are given in SI Units; thus masses are expressed in kilograms and dista nces in meters. The astronomical unit of time is a time interval of one day (1 d) equal to 86400 s. An interval of 36525 d is one Julian centur y (1 cy). REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1990. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars , Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. Defining constants Gaussian gravitational constant k = 0.01720209895 m3 kg-1 s-2 Speed of light c = 299792458 m s-1 Primary constants Light-time for unit distance (1 AU) τA = 499.004782 s Equatorial radius of earth ae = 6378140 m Equatorial radius of earth (IUGG value) ae = 6378136 m Dynamical form-factor for earth J2 = 0.001082626 Geocentric gravitational constant GE = 3.986005 × 1014 m3s-2 Constant of gravitation G = 6.672 × 10-11 m3kg-1s-2 Ratio of mass of moon to that of earth µ = 0.01230002 1/µ = 81.300587 General precession in longitude, per Julian century, at standard epoch J2000 ρ = 5029″.0966 Obliquity of the ecliptic at standard epoch J2000 ε = 23°26′21″.448 Derived constants Constant of nutation at standard epoch J2000 N = 9″.2025 Unit distance (AU = cτA) AU = 1.49597870 × 1011 m Solar parallax ( π0 = arcsin(ae/AU)) π0 = 8″.794148 Constant of aberration for standard epoch J2000 κ = 20″.49552 Flattening factor for the earth f = 1/298.257 = 0.00335281 Heliocentric gravitational constant ( GS = A3k2/D2) GS = 1.32712438 × 1020 m3 s-2 Ratio of mass of sun to that of the earth ( S/E) = (GS)/(GE)) S/E = 332946.0 Ratio of mass of sun to that of earth + moon ( S/E)/(1 + µ) = 328900.5 Mass of the sun ( S = (GS)/G) S = 1.9891 × 1030 kg Ratios of mass of sun to masses of the planets Mercury 6023600 Venus 408523.5 Earth + moon 328900.5Mars 3098710 Jupiter 1047.355 Saturn 3498.5Uranus 22869 Neptune 19314 Pluto 3000000 14-2PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM The following tables give various properties of the planets and characteristics of their orbits in the solar system. Certain p roperties of the sun and of the earth’s moon are also included. Explanations of the column headings: •Den.: mean density in g/cm3 •Radius: radius at the equator in km •Flattening : degree of oblateness, defined as ( re-rp )/re , where re and rp are the equatorial and polar radii, respectively •Potential coefficients : coefficients in the spherical harmonic representation of the gravitational potential U by the equation U(r,φ) = (GM/r) [1 – Σ Jn(a/r)n Pn(sin φ)] where G is the gravitational constant, r the distance from the center of the planet, a the radius of the planet, M the mass, φ the latitude, and Pn the Legendre polynomial of degree n. •Gravity: acceleration due to gravity at the surface •Escape velocity : velocity needed at the surface of the planet to escape the gravitational pull •Dist. to sun : semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit (1 AU = 1.496 × 108 km) •ε: eccentricity of the orbit •Ecliptic angle : angle between the planetary orbit and the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun •Inclin.: angle between the equatorial plane and the plane of the planetary orbit •Rot. period : period of rotation of the planet measured in earth days •Albedo: ratio of the light reflected from the planet to the light incident on it •Tsur: mean temperature at the surface •Psur: pressure of the atmosphere at the surface The following general information on the solar system is of interest: Mass of the earth = Me = 5.9742 × 1024 kg Total mass of planetary system = 2.669 × 1027 kg = 447 Me Total angular momentum of planetary system = 3.148 × 1043 kg m2/s Total kinetic energy of the planets = 1.99 × 1035 J Total rotational energy of planets = 0.7 × 1035 J Properties of the sun: Mass = 1.9891 × 1030 kg = 332946.0 Me Radius = 6.9599 × 108 m Surface area = 6.087 × 1018 m2 Volume = 1.412 × 1027 m3 Mean density = 1.409 g/cm3 Gravity at surface = 27398 cm/s2 Escape velocity at surface = 6.177 × 105 m/s Effective temperature = 5780 KTotal radiant power emitted (luminosity) = 3.86 × 10 26 W Surface flux of radiant energy = 6.340 × 107 W/m2 Flux of radiant energy at the earth (Solar Constant) = 1373 W/m2 REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars , Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Allen, C. W., Astrophysical Quantities, Third Edition , Athlone Press, London, 1977. TeamLRN14-3PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM (continued) Mass Den. Radius Potential coeffients Gravity Escape vel. Planet 1024 kg g/cm3 km Flattening 103 J2 106 J3 106 J4cm/s2 km/s Mercury 0.33022 5.43 2439.7 0 370 4.25 Venus 4.8690 5.24 6051.9 0 0.027 887 10.4Earth 5.9742 5.515 6378.140 0.00335364 1.08263 -2.54 -1.61 980 11.2(Moon) 0.073483 3.34 1738 0 0.2027 162 2.37Mars 0.64191 3.94 3397 0.00647630 1.964 36 371 5.02Jupiter 1898.8 1.33 71492 0.0648744 14.75 -580 2312 59.6Saturn 568.50 0.70 60268 0.0979624 16.45 -1000 896 35.5Uranus 86.625 1.30 25559 0.0229273 12 777 21.3Neptune 102.78 1.76 24764 0.0171 4 1100 23.3Pluto 0.015 1.1 1151 0 72 1.1 Dist. to sun Ecliptic Rot. period No. of Planet AU ε angle Inclin. d Albedo satellites Mercury 0.38710 0.2056 7.00 ° 0° 58.6462 0.106 0 Venus 0.72333 0.0068 3.39 ° 177.3° -243.01 0.65 0 Earth 1.00000 0.0167 23.45 ° 0.99726968 0.367 1 (Moon) 6.68 ° 27.321661 0.12 Mars 1.52369 0.0933 1.85 ° 25.19° 1.02595675 0.150 2 Jupiter 5.20283 0.048 1.31 ° 3.12° 0.41354 0.52 16 Saturn 9.53876 0.056 2.49 ° 26.73° 0.4375 0.47 18 Uranus 19.19139 0.046 0.77 ° 97.86° -0.65 0.51 15 Neptune 30.06107 0.010 1.77 ° 29.56° 0.768 0.41 8 Pluto 39.52940 0.248 17.15 ° 118° -6.3867 0.3 1 T sur Psur Atmospheric composition Planet K bar CO 2 N2 O2 H2OH 2 He Ar Ne CO Mercury 440 2 × 10-152% 98% Venus 730 90 96.4% 3.4% 69 ppm 0.1% 4 ppm 20 ppmEarth 288 1 0.03% 78.08% 20.95% 0 to 3% 0.93% 18 ppm 1 ppmMars 218 0.007 95.32% 2.7% 0.13% 0.03% 1.6% 3 ppm 0.07%Jupiter 129 86.1% 13.8% Saturn 97 92.4% 7.4% Uranus 58 89% 11% Neptune 56 89% 11% Pluto 50 1 × 10 -5 14-4SATELLITES OF THE PLANETS This table gives characteristics of the known satellites of the planets. The parameters covered are: •Orbital period in units of earth days. An R following the value indicates a retrograde motion. •Distance from the planet, as measured by the semi-major axis of the orbit. •Eccentricity of the orbit. •Inclination of the satellite orbit with respect to the equator of the planet. •Mass of the satellite relative to the planet. •Radius of the satellite in km. •Mean density of the satellite. •Geometric albedo, which is a measure of the fraction of incident sunlight reflected by the satellite. REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars , Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Burns, J. A., and Matthews, M. S., Eds., Satellites, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1986. Orb. Period Distance Rel. Radius Den. Planet Satellite d 103 km Eccentricity Inclination mass km g/cm3 Albedo Earth Moon 27.321661 384.400 0.054900489 18.28-28.58 ° 0.01230002 1738 3.34 0.12 Mars I Phobos 0.31891023 9.378 0.015 1.0 ° 1.5 × 10-8 13.5 × 10.8 × 9.4 <2 0.06 II Deimos 1.2624407 23.459 0.0005 0.9-2.7 ° 3 × 10-9 7.5 × 6.1 × 5.5 <2 0.07 Jupiter I Io 1.769137786 422 0.004 0.04 ° 4.68 × 10-51815 3.55 0.61 II Europa 3.551181041 671 0.009 0.47 ° 2.52 × 10-51569 3.04 0.64 III Ganymede 7.15455296 1070 0.002 0.21 ° 7.80 × 10-52631 1.93 0.42 IV Callisto 16.6890184 1883 0.007 0.51 ° 5.66 × 10-52400 1.83 0.20 V Amalthea 0.49817905 181 0.003 0.40 ° 3.8 × 10-9135 × 83 × 75 0.05 VI Himalia 250.5662 11480 0.15798 27.63 ° 5.0 × 10-993 0.03 VII Elara 259.6528 11737 0.20719 24.77 ° 4 × 10-1038 0.03 VIII Pasiphae 735 R 23500 0.378 145 ° 1 × 10-1025 IX Sinope 758 R 23700 0.275 153 ° 0.4 × 10-1018 X Lysithea 259.22 11720 0.107 29.02 ° 0.4 × 10-1018 XI Carme 692 R 22600 0.20678 164 ° 0.5 × 10-1020 XII Ananke 631 R 21200 0.16870 147 ° 0.2 × 10-1015 XIII Leda 238.72 11094 0.14762 26.07 ° 0.03 × 10-108 XIV Thebe 0.6745 222 0.015 0.8 ° 4 × 10-1055 × 45 0.05 XV Adrastea 0.29826 129 0.1 × 10-1012.5 × 10 × 7.5 0.05 XVI Metis 0.294780 128 0.5 × 10-1020 0.05 Saturn I Mimas 0.942421813 185.52 0.0202 1.53 ° 8.0 × 10-8196 1.44 0.5 II Enceladus 1.370217855 238.02 0.00452 1.86 ° 1.3 × 10-7250 1.13 1.0 III Tethys 1.887802160 294.66 0.00000 1.86 ° 1.3 × 10-6530 1.20 0.9 IV Dione 2.736914742 377.40 0.002230 0.02 ° 1.85 × 10-6560 1.41 0.7 V Rhea 4.517500436 527.04 0.00100 0.35 ° 4.4 × 10-6765 1.33 0.7 VI Titan 15.94542068 1221.83 0.029192 0.33 ° 2.38 × 10-42575 1.88 0.21 VII Hyperion 21.2766088 1481.1 0.104 0.43 ° 3 × 10-8205 × 130 × 110 0.3 VIII Iapetus 79.3301825 3561.3 0.02828 14.72 ° 3.3 × 10-6730 1.15 0.2 IX Phoebe 550.48 R 12952 0.16326 177 ° 7 × 10-10110 0.06 TeamLRN 14-5SATELLITES OF THE PLANETS (continued) Orb. Period Distance Rel. Radius Den. Planet Satellite d 103 km Eccentricity Inclination mass km g/cm3 Albedo X Janus 0.6945 151.472 0.007 0.14 ° 110 × 100 × 80 0.8 XI Epimetheus 0.6942 151.422 0.009 0.34 ° 70 × 60 × 50 0.8 XII Helene 2.7369 377.40 0.005 0.0 ° 18 × 16 × 15 0.7 XIII Telesto 1.8878 294.66 17 × 14 × 13 0.5 XIV Calypso 1.8878 294.66 17 × 11 × 11 0.6 XV Atlas 0.6019 137.670 0.000 0.3 ° 20 × 10 0.9 XVI Prometheus 0.6130 139.353 0.003 0.0 ° 70 × 50 × 40 0.6 XVII Pandora 0.6285 141.700 0.004 0.0 ° 55 × 45 × 35 0.9 XVIII Pan 0.5750 133.583 10 0.5 Uranus I Ariel 2.52037935 191.02 0.0034 0.3 ° 1.56 × 10-5579 1.55 0.34 II Umbriel 4.1441772 266.30 0.0050 0.36 ° 1.35 × 10-5586 1.58 0.18 III Titania 8.7058717 435.91 0.0022 0.14 ° 4.06 × 10-5790 1.69 0.27 IV Oberon 13.4632389 583.52 0.0008 0.10 ° 3.47 × 10-5762 1.64 0.24 V Miranda 1.41347925 129.39 0.0027 4.2 ° 0.08 × 10-5240 1.25 0.27 VI Cordelia 0.335033 49.77 <0.001 0.1 ° 13 0.07 VII Ophelia 0.376409 53.79 0.010 0.1 ° 15 0.07 VIII Bianca 0.434577 59.17 <0.001 0.2 ° 21 0.07 IX Cressida 0.463570 61.78 <0.001 0.0 ° 31 0.07 X Desdemona 0.473651 62.68 <0.001 0.2 ° 27 0.07 XI Juliet 0.493066 64.35 <0.001 0.1 ° 42 0.07 XII Portia 0.513196 66.09 <0.001 0.1 ° 54 0.07 XIII Rosalind 0.558459 69.94 <0.001 0.3 ° 27 0.07 XIV Belinda 0.623525 75.26 <0.001 0.0 ° 33 0.07 XV Puck 0.761832 86.01 <0.001 0.31 ° 77 0.07 Neptune I Triton 5.8768541 R 354.76 0.000016 157.345 ° 2.09 × 10-41353 2.05 0.7 II Nereid 360.13619 5513.4 0.7512 27.6 ° 2 × 10-7170 0.4 III Naiad 0.294396 117.6 <0.001 4.74 ° 29 0.06 IV Thalassa 0.311485 73.6 <0.001 0.21 ° 40 0.06 V Despina 0.334655 52.6 <0.001 0.07 ° 74 0.06 VI Galatea 0.428745 62.0 <0.001 0.05 ° 79 0.06 VII Larissa 0.554654 50.0 <0.0014 0.20 ° 104 × 89 0.06 VIII Proteus 1.122315 48.2 <0.001 0.55 ° 218 × 208 × 201 0.06 Pluto I Charon 6.38725 19.6 <0.001 99 ° 0.22 593 0.5 14-6Molecular Isotopic formula Name species AlCl Aluminum monochloride AlCla Al37Cla AlF Aluminum monofluoride AlFa CAlN Aluminum isocyanide AlNCa CH Methylidyne CH CH+ Methyliumylidene CH+ CHN Hydrogen cyanide HCN H13CN HC15N DCN CHN Hydrogen isocyanide HNC H15NC HN13C DNC D15NC CHNO Isocyanic acid HNCO DNCO CHNS Isothiocyanic acid HNCSCHO Oxomethyl HCO CHO + Oxomethylium HCO+ H13CO+ HC17O+ HC18O+ DCO+ D13CO+ CHO+ Hydroxymethylidyne HOC+ CHO2+ Hydroxyoxomethylium HOCO+ CHS+Thiooxomethylium HCS+ CH2 Methylene CH2 CH2N+Iminomethylium HCNH+ CH2N Methylene amidogen CH2N CH 2N2 Cyanamide NH2CN CH2O Formaldehyde H2CO H213CO H2C18O HDCOD 2CO CH 2O2 Formic acid HCOOH H13COOH HCOOD DCOOH CH2S Thioformaldehyde H2CS H213CSINTERSTELLAR MOLECULES Frank J. Lovas and Lewis E. Snyder A number of molecules have been detected in the interstellar medium, in circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars, and comae and tails of comets through observation of their microwave, infrared, or optical spectra. The following list gives the molecules and the particular isotopic species that have been reported thus far. Molecules are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. All species not footnoted otherwise are ob served in interstellar clouds, while some are also found in comets and circumstellar clouds. The list was last updated in November 2002. REFERENCES 1. Lovas, F. J., “Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecule Microwave Transitions - 1991 Revision”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 21, 181-272, 1992. 2. Snyder, L. E., “Cometary Molecules”, Internat. Astron. Union Symposium No. 150, Astrochemistry of Cosmic Phenomena , ed. P.D. Singh, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 427-434 (1992). H2C34S HDCS CH3 Methyl CH3 a CH3N Methanimine CH2NH 13CH2NH CH3NO Formamide NH2CHO NH213CHO CH3O+ Hydroxy methylium ion H2COH+ CH4 Methane CH4 CH4O Methanol CH3OH 13CH3OH CH318OH CH2DOH CH3OD CHD2OH CH4S Methanethiol CH3SH CH5N Methylamine CH3NH2 CMgN Magnesium cyanide MgCNa CMgN Magnesium isocyanide24MgNCa 25MgNCa 26MgNCa CN Cyanide radical CN 13CN C15N CN+Cyanide radical ion CN+ b CNNa Sodium cyanide NaCNa CNSi Silicon cyanide SiCNa CN2 Cyanoimidogen NCNb CO Carbon monoxide CO 13CO C17O C18O 13C18O CO+Carbon monoxide ion CO+ COS Carbon oxysulfide OCS OC34S O13CS 18OCS CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2 CO2+ Carbon dioxide ion CO2+ b CP Carbon phosphide CPa CS Carbon monosulfide CS C33SMolecular Isotopic formula Name species TeamLRN14-7C34S C36S 13CS 13C34S CSi Silicon carbide SiCa C2 Dicarbon C2 C2H Ethynyl C 2H 13CCH C13CH C2D C2HN Cyanomethylene HCCN C2H2 Acetylene HCCH C2H2N Cyanomethyl CH 2CN C2H2O Ketene H2CCO C2H3N Acetonitrile CH3CN 13CH3CN CH313CN CH3C15N CH2DCN C2H3N Isocyanomethane CH3NC C2H4 Ethylene H2CCH2 C2H4O Acetaldehyde CH3CHO C2H4O Ethylene oxide c-C2H4O c C2H4OE thenol CH2CHOH C2H4O2 Methyl formate CH3OCHO C2H4O2 Acetic acid CH3COOH C2H4O2 Glycolaldehyde CH2OHCHO C2H6 Ethane CH3CH3b C2H6O trans -Ethanol t-CH3CH2OH C2H6O gauche -Ethanol g-CH3CH2OH C2H6O Dimethyl ether CH3OCH3 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol HOCH2CH2OH C2O Oxoethenylidene CCO C2S Thioxoethenylidene CCS CC34S C2Si Silicon dicarbide c-SiC2 c-29SiC2 c-30SiC2 c-Si13CC C3 Tricarbon C3 C3H Cyclopropenylidyne c-C3H c C3H Propenylidyne l-C3H d C3HN Cyanoacetylene HCCCN H13CCCN HC13CCN HCC13CN HCCC15N DCCCN C3HN Isocyanoacetylene HCCNC C3HN 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-imino HNCCC C3H2 Cyclopropenylidene c-C3H2 c c-H13CCCH c-HC13CCH c-C3HD C3H2 Propadienylidene l-H2CCC C3H2N+Protonated cyanoacetylene HCCCNH+ C3H2O 2-Propynal HCCCHO C3H3N Acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide) CH 2CHCNC3H4 Propyne CH 3CCH CH3C13CH 13CH3CCH CH 2DCCH C3H5N Propanenitrile (ethyl cyanide) CH3CH2CN C3H6O Acetone (CH3)2CO C3N Cyanoethynyl CCCN C3O 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-oxo CCCO C3S 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-thioxo CCCS C3Si Silicon tricarbon SiC 3 C4H 1,3-Butadiynyl radical HCCCC H13CCCC HC13CCC HCC13CC HCCC13C DCCCC C4H2 Butatrienylidene H2CCCC C4H2 1,3-Butadiyne HCCCCH a C4H3N 2-Butynenitrile CH3CCCN C4Si Silicon tetracarbide SiC4a C5 Pentacarbon C5a C5H 2,4-Pentadiynylidyne HCCCCC C5HN 2,4-Pentadiynenitrile HCCCCCN H13CCCCCN HC13CCCCN HCC13CCCN HCCC13CCN HCCCC13CN DCCCCCN C5H4 1,3-Pentadiyne CH3C4H C5N 1,3-Butadiynylium, 4-cyano C5N C6H 1,3,5-Hexatriynyl HCCCCCC C6H2 1,3,5-Hexatriyne HCCCCCCHa C6H2 1,2,3,4,5-Hexapentaenylidene H2CCCCCC C6H6 Benzene C6H6 C7H 2,4,6-Heptatriynylidyne HCCCCCCC C7HN 2,4,6-Heptatriynenitrile HC7N C8H 1,3,5,7-Octatetraynyl HC8 C9HN 2,4,6,8-Nonatetraynenitrile HC9N C11HN 2,4,6,8,10-Undecapentaynenitrile HC11N ClH Hydrogen chloride H35Cl H37Cl ClK Potassium chloride K35Cla K37Cl ClNa Sodium chloride Na35Cla Na37Cla FH Hydrogen fluoride HFFeO Iron monoxide FeOHLi Lithium hydride 7LiH HN Imidogen HN HNO Nitrosyl hydride HNOHN 2+ Hydrodinotrogen(1+) N2H+ 15NNH+ N15NH+ N2D+ HO Hydroxyl OH 17OH 18OHINTERSTELLAR MOLECULES (continued) Molecular Isotopic formula Name speciesMolecular Isotopic formula Name species 14-8HO+ Oxoniumylidene HO+ b HS Mercapto SH H2 Hydrogen H2 H2N Amidogen NH 2 H2O Water H2O H218O HDO H2O+ Oxoniumyl H2O+b H2S Hydrogen sulfide H2S H234S HDS H3+ Trihydrogen ion H3+ H2D+ H3N Ammonia NH3 15NH3 NH2D NHD2 ND3 H3O+ Oxonium hydride H3O+ H4Si Silane SiH4a NO Nitric oxide NO NP Phosphorus nitride NPINTERSTELLAR MOLECULES (continued) Molecular Isotopic formula Name speciesMolecular Isotopic formula Name species l- before the isotopic species indicates a linear configuration, while c- indicates a cyclic molecule. a Reported only in circumstellar clouds. b Reported only in comets.NS Nitrogen sulfide NS N34S NSi Silicon nitride SiNa N2+Nitrogen ion N 2+ b N2O Nitrous oxide N2O OS Sulfur monoxide SO 34SO 33SO S18O OS+ Sulfur monoxide ion SO+ OSi Silicon monoxide SiO 29SiO 30SIO O2S Sulfur dioxide SO2 33SO2 34SO2 OS18O SSi Silicon monosulfide SiS Si33S Si34S 29SiS 30SiS S2 Disulfur S2b TeamLRN14-6MASS, DIMENSIONS, AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH This table is a collection of data on various properties of the Earth. Most of the values are given in SI units. Note that 1 AU (astronomical unit) = 149,597,870 km. REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars , Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. Quantity Symbol Value Unit Mass M 5.9742·1027 g Major orbital semi-axis aorb 1.000000 AU 1.4959787·108 km Distance from sun at perihelion rπ 0.9833 AU Distance from sun at aphelion rα 1.0167 AU Moment of perihelion passage Tπ Jan. 2, 4 h 52 min Moment of aphelion passage Tα July 4, 5 h 05 min Siderial rotation period around sun Porb 31.5581·106 s 365.25636 d Mean rotational velocity Uorb 29.78 km/s Mean equatorial radius a 6378.140 km Mean polar compression (flattening factor) α 1/298.257 Difference in equatorial and polar semi-axes a – c 21.385 km Compression of meridian of major equatorial axis αa 1/295.2 Compression of meridian of minor equatorial axis αb 1/298.0 Equatorial compression ε 1/30 000 Difference in equatorial semi-axes a – b 213 m Difference in polar semi-axes cN – cS ∼70 m Polar asymmetry η ~1.10–5 Mean acceleration of gravity at equator ge 9.78036 m/s2 Mean acceleration of gravity at poles gp 9.83208 m/s2 Difference in acceleration of gravity at pole and at equator gp – ge 5.172 cm/s2 Mean acceleration of gravity for entire surface of terrestrial ellipsoid g 9.7978 m/s2 Mean radius R 6371.0 km Area of surface S 5.10·108km2 Volume V 1.0832·1012 km3 Mean density ρ 5.515 g/cm3 Siderial rotational period P 86,164.09 s Rotational angular velocity ω 7.292116·10–5 rad/s Mean equatorial rotational velocity v 0.46512 km/s Rotational angular momentum L 5.861·1033J s Rotational energy E 2.137·1029 J Ratio of centrifugal force to force of gravity at equator qc 0.0034677 = 1/288 Moment of inertia I 8.070·1037 kg m2 Relative braking of earth’s rotation due to tidal friction Δωe/ω –4.2·10–8century–1 Relative secular acceleration of earth’s rotation Δωi/ω +1.4·10–8century–1 Not secular braking of earth’s rotation Δω/ω –2.8·10–8century–1 Probable value of total energy of tectonic deformation of earth Et ∼1·1023J/century Secular loss of heat of earth through radiation into space Δ′Ek 1·1023 J/century Portion of earth’s kinetic energy transformed into heat as a result of lunar and solar tides in the hydrosphere Δ″Ek 1.3·1023J/century 14-7MASS, DIMENSIONS, AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH (continued) Quantity Symbol Value Unit Differences in duration of days in March and August ΔP 0.0025 (March-August) s Corresponding relative annual variation in earth’s rotational velocity Δ*ω/ω 2.9·10–8 (Aug.-March) Presumed variation in earth’s radius between August and March Δ*R –9.2 (Aug.-March) cm Annual variation in level of world ocean Δho ∼10 (Sept.-March) cm Area of continents SC 1.49·108 km2 29.2 % of surface Area of world ocean So 3.61·108 km2 70.8 % of surface Mean height of continents above sea level hC 875 m Mean depth of world ocean ho 3794 m Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the continents hc.l. 35 km Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the ocean h o.l. 4.7 km Mean rate of thickening of continental lithosphere Δh/Δt 10 - 40 m/106 y Mean rate of horizontal extension of continental lithosphere Δl/Δt 0.75 - 20 km/106 y Mass of crust ml 2.36·1022 kg Mass of mantle 4.05·1024kg Amount of water released from the mantle and core in the course of geological time 3.40·1021 kg Total reserve of water in the mantle 2·1023kg Present content of free and bound water in the earth’s lithosphere 2.4·1021 kg Mass of hydrosphere mh 1.664·1021kg Amount of oxygen bound in the earth’s crust 1.300·1021kg Amount of free oxygen 1.5·1018 kg Mass of atmosphere ma 5.136·1018kg Mass of biosphere mb 1.148·1016kg Mass of living matter in the biosphere 3.6·1014 kg Density of living matter on dry land 0.1 g/cm2 Density of living matter in ocean 15·10–8g/cm3 Age of the earth 4.55·109 y Age of oldest rocks 4.0·109y Age of most ancient fossils 3.4·109y TeamLRN14-8GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE Period or Beginning and end, Epoch in 106 years Key events Cenozoic era Quaternian Contemporary 0–10,000 y ± 2,000 y Pleistocene 10,000–1,000,000 y ± 50,000 y Homo Erectus breakout Tertiary Pliocene 1.8–5.3 Ape man fossils Miocene 5–25 Origin of grassOligocene 25–37 Rise of cats, dogs, pigs Eocene 37–55 Debut of hoofed mammals Paleocene 55–67 Earliest primates Mesozoic era Cretaceous 67–138 Demise of dinosaurs Jurassic 138–208 First birds Triassic 208–245 Appearance of dinosaurs Paleozoic era Permian 245–290 Flowers, insect pollination Carboniferous 290–360 First conifers Devonian 360–410 First vertebrates ashoreSilurian 410–435 Spore-bearing plants Ordovician 435–520 First animals ashore Cambrian 520–570 Vertebrates appear Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian III (Proterozoic) 570–2500 First plants, jellyfish Pre-Cambrian II (Archean) 2500–3800 Photosynthetic bacteria Pre-Cambrian I (Hadean) 3800–4450 Earth formed 4600 million years ago Reference: Calder, N., Timescale - An Atlas of the Fourth Dimension, Viking Press, New York, 1983. 14-9ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY The acceleration due to gravity is tabulated here as a function of latitude and height above the earth’s surface. Values were calculated from the expression g/(m/s2) = 9.780356 (1 + 0.0052885 sin2 φ –0.0000059 sin2 2 φ) –0.003086 H where φ is the latitude and H is the height in kilometers. REFERENCE Jursa, A. S., Ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environ- ment, 4th ed., Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985, p. 14-17. φH = 0 H = 1 km H = 5 km H = 10 km 0 9.78036 9.77727 9.76493 9.74950 5 9.78075 9.77766 9.76532 9.74989 10 9.78191 9.77882 9.76648 9.75105 15 9.78381 9.78072 9.76838 9.7529520 9.78638 9.78330 9.77095 9.75552 25 9.78956 9.78647 9.77413 9.75870 30 9.79324 9.79016 9.77781 9.7623835 9.79732 9.79424 9.78189 9.76646 40 9.80167 9.79858 9.78624 9.77081 45 9.80616 9.80307 9.79073 9.7753050 9.81065 9.80757 9.79522 9.77979 55 9.81501 9.81193 9.79958 9.78415 60 9.81911 9.81602 9.80368 9.7882565 9.82281 9.81972 9.80738 9.79195 70 9.82601 9.82292 9.81058 9.79515 75 9.82860 9.82551 9.81317 9.7977480 9.83051 9.82743 9.81508 9.79965 85 9.83168 9.82860 9.81625 9.80082 90 9.83208 9.82899 9.81665 9.80122 TeamLRN14-10DENSITY, PRESSURE, AND GRAVITY AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH WITHIN THE EARTH This table gives the density ρ, pressure p, and acceleration due to gravity g as a function of depth below the earth‘s surface, as calculated from the model of the structure of the earth in Reference 1. The model assumes a radius of 6371 km for the earth. The boundary between t he crust and mantle (the Mohorovicic discontinuity) is taken as 21 km, while in reality it varies considerable with location. REFERENCES 1. Anderson, D. L., and Hart, R. S., J. Geophys. Res. , 81, 1461, 1976. 2. Carmichael, R. S., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals , p.467, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Depth ρ pg km g/cm3 kbar cm/s2 Crust 0 1.02 0 981 3 1.02 3 982 3 2.80 3 982 21 2.80 5 983 Mantle (solid) 21 3.49 5 983 41 3.51 12 983 61 3.52 19 98481 3.48 26 984 101 3.44 33 984 121 3.40 39 985171 3.37 56 987 221 3.34 73 989 271 3.37 89 991321 3.47 106 993 371 3.59 124 994 571 3.95 199 999871 4.54 328 997 1171 4.67 466 992 1471 4.81 607 9911771 4.96 752 994 2071 5.12 903 10022371 5.31 1061 1017 2671 5.45 1227 1042 2886 5.53 1352 1069 Outer core (liquid) 2886 9.96 1352 1069 2971 10.09 1442 1050 3371 10.63 1858 9533671 11.00 2154 874 4071 11.36 2520 760 4471 11.69 2844 6414871 11.99 3116 517 5156 12.12 3281 427 Inner core (solid) 5156 12.30 3281 427 5371 12.48 3385 355 5771 12.52 3529 218 6071 12.53 3592 1226371 12.58 3617 0Depth ρ pg km g/cm 3 kbar cm/s2 14-11OCEAN PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH AND LATITUDE The following table is based upon an ocean model which takes into account the equation of state of standard seawater and the de pendence on latitude of the acceleration of gravity. The tabulated pressure value is the excess pressure over the ambient atmospheric pressure at th e surface. REFERENCES 1.International Oceanographic Tables, Volume 4 , Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 40, Unesco, Paris, 1987. 2. Saunders, P.M., and Fofonoff, N.P., Deep-Sea Res . 23, 109-111, 1976. Pressure in MPa at the Specified Latitude Depth (meters) 0 ° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 500 5.0338 5.0355 5.0404 5.0471 5.0537 5.0586 5.0605 1000 10.0796 10.0832 10.0930 10.1064 10.1198 10.1296 10.1333 1500 15.1376 15.1431 15.1577 15.1778 15.1980 15.2127 15.21822000 20.2076 20.2148 20.2344 20.2613 20.2882 20.3080 20.3153 2500 25.2895 25.2985 25.3231 25.3568 25.3905 25.4153 25.4244 3000 30.3831 30.3940 30.4236 30.4641 30.5047 30.5345 30.5453 3500 35.4886 35.5012 35.5358 35.5832 35.6307 35.6654 35.6782 4000 40.6056 40.6201 40.6598 40.7140 40.7683 40.8082 40.8229 4500 45.7342 45.7505 45.7952 45.8564 45.9176 45.9626 45.97915000 50.8742 50.8924 50.9421 51.0102 51.0785 51.1285 51.1469 5500 56.0255 56.0456 56.1004 56.1755 56.2508 56.3059 56.3262 6000 61.1882 61.2100 61.2700 61.3521 61.4344 61.4947 61.51686500 66.3619 66.3857 66.4508 66.5399 66.6292 66.6947 66.7187 7000 71.5467 71.5724 71.6427 71.7388 71.8352 71.9059 71.9318 7500 76.7426 76.7701 76.8456 76.9488 77.0523 77.1282 77.15608000 81.9493 81.9788 82.0594 82.1697 82.2804 82.3614 82.3911 8500 87.1669 87.1983 87.2841 87.4016 87.5193 87.6057 87.6373 9000 92.3950 92.4284 92.5194 92.6440 92.7689 92.8606 92.89419500 97.6346 97.6698 97.7661 97.8978 98.0300 98.1269 98.1624 10000 102.8800 102.9170 103.0185 103.1572 103.2961 103.3981 103.4355 TeamLRN14-15PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER In addition to the dependence on temperature and pressure, the physical properties of seawater vary with the concentration of t he dissolved constituents. A convenient parameter for describing the composition is the salinity, S, which is defined in terms of the electrical conductivity of the seawater sample. The defining equation for the practical salinity is: S = a0 + a1K1/2 + a2K + a3K3/2 + a4K2 + a5K5/2 , where K is the ratio of the conductivity of the seawater sample at 15 °C and atmospheric pressure to the conductivity of a potassium chloride solution in which the mass fraction of KCl is 0.0324356, at the same temperature and pressure. The values of the coefficients are: a0 = 0.0080 a3 = 14.0941 a1 = -0.1692 a4 = -7.0261 a2 = 25.3851 a5 = 2.7081 Σ ai = 35.0000 Thus when K = 1, S = 35 exactly ( S is normally quoted in units of ‰, i.e., parts per thousand). The value of S can be roughly equated with the mass of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salinity values in the open oceans at mid latitudes typically fall bet ween 34 and 36. It is customary in oceanography to define the pressure at a given point as the pressure due to the column of water between that point and the surface. Thus by convention P = 0 at the sea surface. To a good approximation the pressure in decibars (dbar) can be equated to the depth in meters. Thus at 45° latitude the pressure is 5000 dbar at 4902 m, 10000 dbar at 9700 m. The freezing point of seawater varies with salinity and pressure as follows (freezing point in °C): P/dbar S = 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 0.000 -0.274 -0.542 -0.812 -1.083 -1.358 -1.638 -1.922 -2.212 50 -0.038 -0.311 -0.580 -0.849 -1.121 -1.396 -1.676 -1.960 -2.250 100 -0.075 -0.349 -0.618 -0.887 -1.159 -1.434 -1.713 -1.998 -2.287 500 -0.377 -0.650 -0.919 -1.188 -1.460 -1.735 -2.014 -2.299 -2.589 The first table below gives several properties of seawater as a function of temperature for a salinity of 35. The second and th ird give density and electrical conductivity as a function of salinity at several temperatures, and the last lists typical concentrations of the mai n constituents of seawater as a function of salinity. REFERENCES 1.The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 , Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 36, Unesco, Paris, 1981; sections No. 37, 38, 39, and 40 in this series give background papers and detailed tables. 2. Kennish, M. J., CRC Practical Handbook of Marine Science , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Poisson, A. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng . OE-5, 50, 1981. 4. Webster, F., in AIP Physics Desk Reference , E. R. Cohen, D. R. Lide and G. L. Trigg, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002. Properties of Seawater as a Function of Temperature at Salinity S = 35 and Normal Atmospheric Pressure ρ = density in g/cm3 β = (1/ ρ) (dρ/dS) = fractional change in density per unit change in salinity α = (1/ ρ) (dρ/dt) = fractional change in density per unit change in temperature ( °C-1) κ = electrical conductivity in S/cm η = viscosity in mPa s (equal to cP) cp = specific heat in J/kg °C v = speed of sound in m/s t/°C ρ/g cm-3107β 107 α/°C-1κ/S cm-1η/mPa s cp/J kg-1 °C-1v/m s-1 0 1.028106 7854 526 0.029048 1.892 3986.5 1449.1 5 1.027675 7717 1136 0.033468 1.610 10 1.026952 7606 1668 0.038103 1.388 3986.3 1489.8 15 1.025973 7516 2141 0.042933 1.22120 1.024763 7444 2572 0.047934 1.085 3993.9 1521.5 25 1.023343 7385 2970 0.053088 0.966 30 1.021729 7338 3341 0.058373 0.871 4000.7 1545.635 1.019934 7300 3687 40 7270 4004 4003.5 1563.2 14-16Density of Surface Seawater in g/cm3 as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C S = 0 S = 5 S = 10 S = 15 S = 20 S = 25 S = 30 S = 35 S = 40 0 0.999843 1.003913 1.007955 1.011986 1.016014 1.020041 1.024072 1.028106 1.032147 5 0.999967 1.003949 1.007907 1.011858 1.015807 1.019758 1.023714 1.027675 1.031645 10 0.999702 1.003612 1.007501 1.011385 1.015269 1.019157 1.023051 1.026952 1.03086215 0.999102 1.002952 1.006784 1.010613 1.014443 1.018279 1.022122 1.025973 1.029834 20 0.998206 1.002008 1.005793 1.009576 1.013362 1.017154 1.020954 1.024763 1.028583 25 0.997048 1.000809 1.004556 1.008301 1.012050 1.015806 1.019569 1.023343 1.02712830 0.995651 0.999380 1.003095 1.006809 1.010527 1.014252 1.017985 1.021729 1.025483 35 0.994036 0.997740 1.001429 1.005118 1.008810 1.012509 1.016217 1.019934 1.023662 40 0.992220 0.995906 0.999575 1.003244 1.006915 1.010593 1.014278 1.017973 1.021679PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER (continued) Electrical Conductivity of Seawater in S/cm as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C S = 5 S = 10 S = 15 S = 20 S = 25 S = 30 S = 35 S = 40 0 0.004808 0.009171 0.013357 0.017421 0.021385 0.025257 0.029048 0.032775 5 0.005570 0.010616 0.015441 0.020118 0.024674 0.029120 0.033468 0.037734 10 0.006370 0.012131 0.017627 0.022947 0.028123 0.033171 0.038103 0.042935 15 0.007204 0.013709 0.019905 0.025894 0.031716 0.037391 0.042933 0.04835520 0.008068 0.015346 0.022267 0.028948 0.035438 0.041762 0.047934 0.053968 25 0.008960 0.017035 0.024703 0.032097 0.039276 0.046267 0.053088 0.059751 30 0.009877 0.018771 0.027204 0.035330 0.043213 0.050888 0.058373 0.065683 Composition of Seawater and Ionic Strength at Various Salinities (Ref. 2) Expressed as molality As grams per kilogram of seawater Constituent S = 30 S = 35 S = 40 S = 30 S = 35 S = 40 Cl-0.482 0.562 0.650 16.58 19.33 22.36 Br- 0.00074 0.00087 0.00100 0.057 0.067 0.078 F- 0.00007 0.001 SO42-0.0104 0.0114 0.0122 0.97 1.06 1.14 HCO3-0.00131 0.00143 0.00100 0.078 0.085 0.059 NaSO4-0.0085 0.0108 0.0139 0.98 1.25 1.60 KSO4-0.00010 0.00012 0.00015 0.013 0.016 0.020 Na+ 0.405 0.472 0.544 9.03 10.53 12.13 K+ 0.00892 0.01039 0.01200 0.338 0.394 0.455 Mg2+0.0413 0.0483 0.0561 0.974 1.139 1.323 Ca2+ 0.00131 0.00143 0.00154 0.051 0.056 0.060 Sr2+ 0.00008 0.00009 0.00011 0.007 0.008 0.009 MgHCO 3+0.00028 0.00036 0.00045 0.023 0.030 0.037 MgSO4 0.00498 0.00561 0.00614 0.582 0.655 0.717 CaSO 4 0.00102 0.00115 0.00126 0.135 0.152 0.166 NaHCO 3 0.00015 0.00020 0.00024 0.012 0.016 0.020 H3BO3 0.00032 0.00037 0.00042 0.019 0.022 0.025 Ionic strength 0.5736 0.6675 0.7701 TeamLRN14-14ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST AND IN THE SEA This table gives the estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (in mg/kg, equivalent to parts per million by mass) and in seawater near the surface (in mg/L). Values represent the median of reported measurements. The concentrations of the less abundant eleme nts may vary with location by several orders of magnitude. REFERENCES 1. Carmichael, R. S., Ed., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Bodek,I., et al., Environmental Inorganic Chemistry , Pergamon Press, New York, 1988. 3. Ronov, A. B., and Yaroshevsky, A. A.,“Earth’s Crust Geochemistry”, in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Fairbridge, R. W.,Ed., Van Nostrand, New York, 1969. N 1.9 × 101 5 × 10-1 Na 2.36 × 104 1.08 × 104 Nb 2.0 × 101 1 × 10-5 Nd 4.15 × 101 2.8 × 10-6 Ne 5 × 10-31.2 × 10-4 Ni 8.4 × 101 5.6 × 10-4 O 4.61 × 1058.57 × 105 Os 1.5 × 10-3 P 1.05 × 103 6 × 10-2 Pa 1.4 × 10-65 × 10-11 Pb 1.4 × 1013 × 10-5 Pd 1.5 × 10-2 Po 2 × 10-101.5 × 10-14 Pr 9.2 6.4 × 10-7 Pt 5 × 10-3 Ra 9 × 10-78.9 × 10-11 Rb 9.0 × 1011.2 × 10-1 Re 7 × 10-4 4 × 10-6 Rh 1 × 10-3 Rn 4 × 10-136 × 10-16 Ru 1 × 10-3 7 × 10-7 S 3.50 × 1029.05 × 102 Sb 2 × 10-12.4 × 10-4 Sc 2.2 × 101 6 × 10-7 Se 5 × 10-22 × 10-4 Si 2.82 × 1052.2 Sm 7.05 4.5 × 10-7 Sn 2.3 4 × 10-6 Sr 3.70 × 1027.9 Ta 2.0 2 × 10-6 Tb 1.2 1.4 × 10-7 Te 1 × 10-3 Th 9.6 1 × 10-6 Ti 5.65 × 1031 × 10-3 Tl 8.5 × 10-11.9 × 10-5 Tm 5.2 × 10-1 1.7 × 10-7 U 2.7 3.2 × 10-3 V 1.20 × 1022.5 × 10-3 W 1.25 1 × 10-4 Xe 3 × 10-55 × 10-5 Y 3.3 × 1011.3 × 10-5 Yb 3.2 8.2 × 10-7 Zn 7.0 × 101 4.9 × 10-3 Zr 1.65 × 1023 × 10-5Abundance Crust Sea Element mg/kg mg/LAbundance Crust Sea Element mg/kg mg/L Ac 5.5 × 10-10 Ag 7.5 × 10-2 4 × 10-5 Al 8.23 × 104 2 × 10-3 Ar 3.5 4.5 × 10-1 As 1.8 3.7 × 10-3 Au 4 × 10-34 × 10-6 B 1.0 × 1014.44 Ba 4.25 × 102 1.3 × 10-2 Be 2.8 5.6 × 10-6 Bi 8.5 × 10-32 × 10-5 Br 2.4 6.73 × 101 C 2.00 × 1022.8 × 101 Ca 4.15 × 1044.12 × 102 Cd 1.5 × 10-1 1.1 × 10-4 Ce 6.65 × 1011.2 × 10-6 Cl 1.45 × 1021.94 × 104 Co 2.5 × 101 2 × 10-5 Cr 1.02 × 1023 × 10-4 Cs 3 3 × 10-4 Cu 6.0 × 101 2.5 × 10-4 Dy 5.2 9.1 × 10-7 Er 3.5 8.7 × 10-7 Eu 2.0 1.3 × 10-7 F 5.85 × 1021.3 Fe 5.63 × 1042 × 10-3 Ga 1.9 × 101 3 × 10-5 Gd 6.2 7 × 10-7 Ge 1.5 5 × 10-5 H 1.40 × 103 1.08 × 105 He 8 × 10-37 × 10-6 Hf 3.0 7 × 10-6 Hg 8.5 × 10-2 3 × 10-5 Ho 1.3 2.2 × 10-7 I 4.5 × 10-16 × 10-2 In 2.5 × 10-1 2 × 10-2 Ir 1 × 10-3 K 2.09 × 1043.99 × 102 Kr 1 × 10-4 2.1 × 10-4 La 3.9 × 1013.4 × 10-6 Li 2.0 × 1011.8 × 10-1 Lu 8 × 10-1 1.5 × 10-7 Mg 2.33 × 1041.29 × 103 Mn 9.50 × 1022 × 10-4 Mo 1.2 1 × 10-2 14-15SOLAR SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE The solar luminosity (total radiant power emitted) is 3.86 ⋅1026 W, of which 1373 W/m2 reaches the top of the earth’s atmosphere. To a zeroth approximation the sun can be considered a black body with an effective temperature of 5780 K, which implies a peak in the radia tion at around 0.520 µm (5200 Å). The actual solar spectral emission is more complex, especially at ultraviolet and shorter wavelengths. The graph be low, which was taken from Reference 1, summarizes the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere in the range 0.3 to 10 µm. REFERENCES 1. Jursa, A.S., ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment , Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985. 2. Pierce, A.K., and Allen, R.G., “The Solar Spectrum between 0.3 and 10 µm”, in The Solar Output and its Variation , White, O.R., Ed., Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, CO, 1977. 3. Lang, K.R., Astrophysical Data. Planets and Stars , Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 2000 18001600 140012001000 800600400200 00.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10X10 Wavelength in µmIrradiance in W m-2 µm-1 TeamLRN14-19U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) A Standard Atmosphere is a hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density which is roughl y representative of year-round, midlatitude conditions. Typical uses are to serve as a basis for pressure altimeter calibrations, aircraft performa nce calculations, aircraft and rocket design, ballistic tables, meteorological diagrams, and various types of atmospheric modeling. The air is assumed to be d ry and to obey the perfect gas law and the hydrostatic equation which, taken together, relate temperature, pressure, and density with vertical position. T he atmosphere is considered to rotate with the earth and to be an average over the diurnal cycle, the semiannual variation, and the range from active to qu iet geomagnetic and sunspot conditions. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 is an idealized, steady-state representation of mean annual conditions of the earth’s atmosp here from the surface to 1000 km at latitude 45 °N, as it is assumed to exist during a period with moderate solar activity. The defining meteorological elements are sea-level temperature and pressure and a temperature-height profile to 1000 km. The 1976 Standard Atmosphere uses the following sea-level values which have been standard for many decades: Temperature — 288.15 K (15 °C) Pressure — 101325 Pa (1013.25 mbar, 760 mm of Hg, or 29.92 in. of Hg) Density — 1225 g/m3 (1.225 g/L) Mean molar mass — 28.964 g/mol The parameters included in this condensed version of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere are: Z — Height (geometric) above mean sea level in meters T — Temperature in kelvins P — Pressure in pascals (1 Pa = 0.01 millibars) ρ — Density in kilograms per cubic meter (1 kg/m3 = 1 g/L) n — Number density in molecules per cubic meter ν — Mean collision frequency in collisions per second l — Mean free path in meters η — Absolute viscosity in pascal seconds (1 Pa s = 1000 cP) k — Thermal conductivity in joules per meter second kilogram (W/m K) vs — Speed of sound in meters per second g — Acceleration of gravity in meters per second square The sea-level composition (percent by volume) is taken to be: N2 — 78.084% He — 0.000524 O2 — 20.9476 Kr — 0.000114 Ar — 0.934 Xe — 0.0000087 CO2 — 0.0314 CH4 — 0.0002 Ne — 0.001818 H2 — 0.00005 The T and P columns for the troposphere and lower stratosphere were generated from the following formulas: T/K P/Pa H ≤ 11000 m 288.15 - 0.0065 H 101325(288.15/ T)-5.25577 11000 m < H ≤ 20000 m 216.65 22632 e-0.00015768832( H-11000) 20000 m < H ≤ 32000 m 216.65 + 0.0010( H-20000) 5474.87(216.65/ T)34.16319 where H = rZ/(r + Z) is the geopotential height in meters and r is the mean earth radius at 45 ° N latitude, taken as 6356766 m. For altitudes up to 32 km, ρ = 0.003483677( P/T) in the units used here. Formulas for the other quantities may be found in the references. REFERENCES 1. COESA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976. 2. Jursa, A.S., ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment , Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985. 14-20Z/m T/K P/Pa ρ/kg m-3 n/m-3 ν/s-1 l/m η/Pa s k/J m-1s-1K-1 vs/m s-1 g/m s-2 -5000 320.68 1.778E+05 1.931 4.015E+25 1.151E+10 4.208E-08 1.942E-05 0.02788 359.0 9.822 -4500 317.42 1.685E+05 1.849 3.845E+25 1.096E+10 4.395E-08 1.927E-05 0.02763 357.2 9.830 -4000 314.17 1.596E+05 1.770 3.680E+25 1.044E+10 4.592E-08 1.912E-05 0.02738 355.3 9.819 -3500 310.91 1.511E+05 1.693 3.520E+25 9.933E+09 4.800E-08 1.897E-05 0.02713 353.5 9.818-3000 307.66 1.430E+05 1.619 3.366E+25 9.448E+09 5.019E-08 1.882E-05 0.02688 351.6 9.816 -2500 304.41 1.352E+05 1.547 3.217E+25 8.982E+09 5.252E-08 1.867E-05 0.02663 349.8 9.814 -2000 301.15 1.278E+05 1.478 3.102E+25 8.623E+09 5.447E-08 1.852E-05 0.02638 347.9 9.813-1500 297.90 1.207E+05 1.411 2.935E+25 8.106E+09 5.757E-08 1.836E-05 0.02613 346.0 9.811 -1000 294.65 1.139E+05 1.347 2.801E+25 7.693E+09 6.032E-08 1.821E-05 0.02587 344.1 9.810 -500 291.40 1.075E+05 1.285 2.672E+25 7.298E+09 6.324E-08 1.805E-05 0.02562 342.2 9.808 0 288.15 1.013E+05 1.225 2.547E+25 6.919E+09 6.633E-08 1.789E-05 0.02533 340.3 9.807 500 284.90 9.546E+04 1.167 2.427E+25 6.556E+09 6.961E-08 1.774E-05 0.02511 338.4 9.805 1000 281.65 8.988E+04 1.112 2.311E+25 6.208E+09 7.310E-08 1.758E-05 0.02485 336.4 9.8041500 278.40 8.456E+04 1.058 2.200E+25 5.874E+09 7.680E-08 1.742E-05 0.02459 334.5 9.802 2000 275.15 7.950E+04 1.007 2.093E+25 5.555E+09 8.073E-08 1.726E-05 0.02433 332.5 9.801 2500 271.91 7.469E+04 0.957 1.990E+25 5.250E+09 8.491E-08 1.710E-05 0.02407 330.6 9.7993000 268.66 7.012E+04 0.909 1.891E+25 4.959E+09 8.937E-08 1.694E-05 0.02381 328.6 9.797 3500 265.41 6.579E+04 0.863 1.795E+25 4.680E+09 9.411E-08 1.678E-05 0.02355 326.6 9.796 4000 262.17 6.166E+04 0.819 1.704E+25 4.414E+09 9.917E-08 1.661E-05 0.02329 324.6 9.7944500 258.92 5.775E+04 0.777 1.616E+25 4.160E+09 1.046E-07 1.645E-05 0.02303 322.6 9.793 5000 255.68 5.405E+04 0.736 1.531E+25 3.918E+09 1.103E-07 1.628E-05 0.02277 320.6 9.791 5500 252.43 5.054E+04 0.697 1.450E+25 3.687E+09 1.165E-07 1.612E-05 0.02250 318.5 9.7906000 249.19 4.722E+04 0.660 1.373E+25 3.467E+09 1.231E-07 1.595E-05 0.02224 316.5 9.788 6500 245.94 4.408E+04 0.664 1.299E+25 3.258E+09 1.302E-07 1.578E-05 0.02197 314.4 9.787 7000 242.70 4.111E+04 0.590 1.227E+25 3.058E+09 1.377E-07 1.561E-05 0.02170 312.3 9.7857500 239.46 3.830E+04 0.557 1.159E+25 2.869E+09 1.458E-07 1.544E-05 0.02144 310.2 9.784 8000 236.22 3.565E+04 0.526 1.093E+25 2.689E+09 1.545E-07 1.527E-05 0.02117 308.1 9.782 8500 232.97 3.315E+04 0.496 1.031E+25 2.518E+09 1.639E-07 1.510E-05 0.02090 306.0 9.7819000 229.73 3.080E+04 0.467 9.711E+24 2.356E+09 1.740E-07 1.493E-05 0.02063 303.9 9.779 9500 226.49 2.858E+04 0.440 9.141E+24 2.202E+09 1.848E-07 1.475E-05 0.02036 301.7 9.777 10000 223.25 2.650E+04 0.414 8.598E+24 2.056E+09 1.965E-07 1.458E-05 0.02009 299.5 9.77610500 220.01 2.454E+04 0.389 8.079E+24 1.918E+09 2.091E-07 1.440E-05 0.01982 297.4 9.774 11000 216.77 2.270E+04 0.365 7.585E+24 1.787E+09 2.227E-07 1.422E-05 0.01954 295.2 9.773 11500 216.65 2.098E+04 0.337 7.016E+24 1.653E+09 2.408E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.77112000 216.65 1.940E+04 0.312 6.486E+24 1.528E+09 2.605E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.770 12500 216.65 1.793E+04 0.288 5.996E+24 1.412E+09 2.818E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.768 13000 216.65 1.658E+04 0.267 5.543E+24 1.306E+09 3.048E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.76713500 216.65 1.533E+04 0.246 5.124E+24 1.207E+09 3.297E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.765 14000 216.65 1.417E+04 0.228 4.738E+24 1.116E+09 3.566E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.764 14500 216.65 1.310E+04 0.211 4.380E+24 1.032E+09 3.857E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.76215000 216.65 1.211E+04 0.195 4.049E+24 9.538E+08 4.172E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.761 16000 216.65 1.035E+04 0.166 3.461E+24 8.153E+08 4.881E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.758 17000 216.65 8.850E+03 0.142 2.959E+24 6.969E+08 5.710E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.75418000 216.65 7.565E+03 0.122 2.529E+24 5.958E+08 6.680E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.751 19000 216.65 6.467E+03 0.104 2.162E+24 5.093E+08 7.814E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.748U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued) TeamLRN14-21Z/m T/K P/Pa ρ/kg m-3 n/m-3 ν/s-1 l/m η/Pa s k/J m-1s-1K-1 vs/m s-1 g/m s-2 20000 216.65 5.529E+03 8.891E-02 1.849E+24 4.354E+08 9.139E-07 1.422E-05 0.01953 295.1 9.745 21000 217.58 4.729E+03 7.572E-02 1.574E+24 3.716E+08 1.073E-06 1.427E-05 0.01961 295.1 9.742 22000 218.57 4.048E+03 6.451E-02 1.341E+24 3.173E+08 1.260E-06 1.432E-05 0.01970 296.4 9.73923000 219.57 3.467E+03 5.501E-02 1.144E+24 2.712E+08 1.477E-06 1.438E-05 0.01978 297.1 9.736 24000 220.56 2.972E+03 4.694E-02 9.759E+23 2.319E+08 1.731E-06 1.443E-05 0.01986 297.7 9.733 25000 221.55 2.549E+03 4.008E-02 8.334E+23 1.985E+08 2.027E-06 1.448E-05 0.01995 298.4 9.730 26000 222.54 2.188E+03 3.426E-02 7.123E+23 1.700E+08 2.372E-06 1.454E-05 0.02003 299.1 9.727 27000 223.54 1.880E+03 2.930E-02 6.092E+23 1.458E+08 2.773E-06 1.459E-05 0.02011 299.7 9.724 28000 224.53 1.610E+03 2.508E-02 5.214E+23 1.250E+08 3.240E-06 1.465E-05 0.02020 300.4 9.72129000 225.52 1.390E+03 2.148E-02 4.466E+23 1.073E+08 3.783E-06 1.470E-05 0.02028 301.1 9.718 30000 226.51 1.197E+03 1.841E-02 3.828E+23 9.219E+07 4.414E-06 1.475E-05 0.02036 301.7 9.715 31000 227.50 1.031E+03 1.579E-02 3.283E+23 7.925E+07 5.146E-06 1.481E-05 0.02044 302.4 9.71232000 228.49 8.891E+02 1.356E-02 2.813E+23 6.818E+07 5.995E-06 1.486E-05 0.02053 303.0 9.709 33000 230.97 7.673E+02 1.157E-02 2.406E+23 5.852E+07 7.021E-06 1.499E-05 0.02073 304.7 9.706 34000 233.74 6.634E+02 9.887E-03 2.056E+23 5.030E+07 8.218E-06 1.514E-05 0.02096 306.5 9.70335000 236.51 5.746E+02 8.463E-03 1.760E+23 4.331E+07 9.601E-06 1.529E-05 0.02119 308.3 9.700 36000 239.28 4.985E+02 7.258E-03 1.509E+23 3.736E+07 1.120E-05 1.543E-05 0.02142 310.1 9.697 38000 244.82 3.771E+02 5.367E-03 1.116E+23 2.794E+07 1.514E-05 1.572E-05 0.02188 313.7 9.69040000 250.35 2.871E+02 3.996E-03 8.308E+22 2.104E+07 2.034E-05 1.601E-05 0.02233 317.2 9.684 42000 255.88 2.200E+02 2.995E-03 6.227E+22 1.594E+07 2.713E-05 1.629E-05 0.02278 320.7 9.678 44000 261.40 1.695E+02 2.259E-03 4.697E+22 1.215E+07 3.597E-05 1.657E-05 0.02323 324.1 9.67246000 266.93 1.313E+02 1.714E-03 3.564E+22 9.318E+06 4.740E-05 1.685E-05 0.02376 327.5 9.666 48000 270.65 1.023E+02 1.317E-03 2.738E+22 7.208E+06 6.171E-05 1.704E-05 0.02397 329.8 9.660 50000 270.65 7.978E+01 1.027E-03 2.135E+22 5.620E+06 7.913E-05 1.703E-05 0.02397 329.8 9.65452000 269.03 6.221E+01 8.056E-04 1.675E+22 4.397E+06 1.009E-04 1.696E-05 0.02384 328.8 9.648 54000 263.52 4.834E+01 6.390E-04 1.329E+22 3.452E+06 1.272E-04 1.660E-05 0.02340 325.4 9.642 56000 258.02 3.736E+01 5.045E-04 1.049E+22 2.696E+06 1.611E-04 1.640E-05 0.02296 322.0 9.63658000 252.52 2.872E+01 3.963E-04 8.239E+21 2.095E+06 2.051E-04 1.612E-05 0.02251 318.6 9.632 60000 247.02 2.196E+01 3.097E-04 6.439E+21 1.620E+06 2.624E-04 1.584E-05 0.02206 315.1 9.624 65000 233.29 1.093E+01 1.632E-04 3.393E+21 8.294E+05 4.979E-04 1.512E-05 0.02093 306.2 9.60970000 219.59 5.221 8.283E-05 1.722E+21 4.084E+05 9.810E-04 1.438E-05 0.01978 297.1 9.594 75000 208.40 2.388 3.992E-05 8.300E+20 1.918E+05 2.035E-03 1.376E-05 0.01883 289.4 9.579 80000 198.64 1.052 1.846E-05 3.838E+20 8.656E+04 4.402E-03 1.321E-05 0.01800 282.5 9.56485000 188.89 4.457E-01 8.220E-06 1.709E+20 3.766E+04 9.886E-03 1.265E-05 0.01716 275.5 9.550 90000 186.87 1.836E-01 3.416E-06 7.116E+19 1.560E+04 2.370E-02 9.535 95000 188.42 7.597E-02 1.393E-06 2.920E+19 6.440E+03 5.790E-02 9.520 100000 195.08 3.201E-02 5.604E-07 1.189E+19 2.680E+03 1.420E-01 9.505 110000 240.00 7.104E-03 9.708E-08 2.144E+18 5.480E+02 7.880E-01 9.476 120000 360.00 2.538E-03 2.222E-08 5.107E+17 1.630E+02 3.310 9.447130000 469.27 1.251E-03 8.152E-09 1.930E+17 7.100E+01 8.800 9.418 140000 559.63 7.203E-04 3.831E-09 9.322E+16 3.800E+01 1.800E+01 9.389 150000 634.39 4.542E-04 2.076E-09 5.186E+16 2.300E+01 3.300E+01 9.360160000 696.29 3.040E-04 1.233E-09 3.162E+16 1.500E+01 5.300E+01 9.331 170000 747.57 2.121E-04 7.815E-10 2.055E+16 1.000E+01 8.200E+01 9.302 180000 790.07 1.527E-04 5.194E-10 1.400E+16 7.200 1.200E+02 9.274U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued) 14-22Z/m T/K P/Pa ρ/kg m-3 n/m-3 ν/s-1 l/m η/Pa s k/J m-1s-1K-1 vs/m s-1 g/m s-2 190000 825.16 1.127E-04 3.581E-10 9.887E+15 5.200 1.700E+02 9.246 200000 854.56 8.474E-05 2.541E-10 7.182E+15 3.900 2.400E+02 9.218 220000 899.01 5.015E-05 1.367E-10 4.040E+15 2.300 4.200E+02 9.162240000 929.73 3.106E-05 7.858E-11 2.420E+15 1.400 7.000E+02 9.106 260000 950.99 1.989E-05 4.742E-11 1.515E+15 9.300E-01 1.100E+03 9.051 280000 965.75 1.308E-05 2.971E-11 9.807E+14 6.100E-01 1.700E+03 8.997 300000 976.01 8.770E-06 1.916E-11 6.509E+14 4.200E-01 2.600E+03 8.943 320000 983.16 5.980E-06 1.264E-11 4.405E+14 2.900E-01 3.800E+03 8.889 340000 988.15 4.132E-06 8.503E-12 3.029E+14 2.000E-01 5.600E+03 8.836360000 991.65 2.888E-06 5.805E-12 2.109E+14 1.400E-01 8.000E+03 8.784 380000 994.10 2.038E-06 4.013E-12 1.485E+14 1.000E-01 1.100E+04 8.732 400000 995.83 1.452E-06 2.803E-12 1.056E+14 7.200E-02 1.600E+04 8.680450000 998.22 6.447E-07 1.184E-12 4.678E+13 3.300E-02 3.600E+04 8.553 500000 999.24 3.024E-07 5.215E-13 2.192E+13 1.600E-02 7.700E+04 8.429 550000 999.67 1.514E-07 2.384E-13 1.097E+13 8.400E-03 1.500E+05 8.307600000 999.85 8.213E-08 1.137E-13 5.950E+12 4.800E-03 2.800E+05 8.188 650000 999.93 4.887E-08 5.712E-14 3.540E+12 3.100E-03 4.800E+05 8.072 700000 999.97 3.191E-08 3.070E-14 2.311E+12 2.200E-03 7.300E+05 7.958750000 999.98 2.260E-08 1.788E-14 1.637E+12 1.700E-03 1.000E+06 7.846 800000 999.99 1.704E-08 1.136E-14 1.234E+12 1.400E-03 1.400E+06 7.737 850000 1000.00 1.342E-08 7.824E-15 9.717E+11 1.200E-03 1.700E+06 7.630900000 1000.00 1.087E-08 5.759E-15 7.876E+11 1.000E-03 2.100E+06 7.525 950000 1000.00 8.982E-09 4.453E-15 6.505E+11 8.700E-04 2.600E+06 7.422 1000000 1000.00 7.514E-09 3.561E-15 5.442E+11 7.500E-04 3.100E+06 7.322U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued) TeamLRN 14-20 FIGURE 3. Mean molecular weight as a function of geometric altitude. 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 01026O1 O2 N2 Ar H1 He TOTAL NUMBER DENSITY, m-3 GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km 10241022102010181016101410121010108 FIGURE 4. Number density of individual species and total number density as a function of geometric altitude. FIGURE 1. Temperature-height profile for U.S. Standard Atmosphere. FIGURE 2. Total pressure and mass density as a function of geometric altitude. 14-21FIGURE 5. Collision frequency as a function of geometric altitude. FIGURE 6. Mean free path as a function of geometric altitude.FIGURE 8. Dynamic viscosity as a function of geometric altitude. FIGURE 7. Mean air-particle speed as a function of geometric altitude. TeamLRN 14-22FIGURE 9. Coefficient of thermal conductivity as a function of geomet- ric altitude. FIGURE 10. Speed of sound as a function of geometric altitude.FIGURE 11. Molecular-diffusion and eddy-diffusion coefficients as a function of geometric altitude. FIGURE 12. Acceleration of gravity as a function of geometric altitude.90 80 70605040302010 0 .017 COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, W/(m ⋅ K)GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km .018 .019 .020 .021 .022 .023 .024 .025 .026 14-23GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN SOLAR RADIATION This table gives the amount of solar radiation reaching a unit area at the top of the earth’s atmosphere per day as a function of latitude and approximate date. It is based upon a solar constant (total energy per unit area at the earth’s average orbital distance) of 137 3 W/m2. Absorption of radiation by the atmosphere is not taken into consideration. REFERENCE List, R.J., Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, Seventh Edition , Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1962. Daily Solar Radiation in MJ/m2 Lat. Mar. 21 Apr. 13 May 6 May 29 Jun. 2 Jul. 15 Aug. 8 Aug. 31 90° 18.0 32.8 42.4 45.7 42.2 32.5 17.7 80 6.6 18.0 32.3 41.8 45.0 41.6 32.0 17.7 70 13.0 22.3 31.8 39.9 43.0 39.7 31.5 22.0 60 19.0 27.0 34.4 39.7 41.6 39.4 34.0 26.750 24.4 31.1 36.8 40.7 42.0 40.5 36.5 30.8 40 29.1 34.3 38.6 41.3 42.1 41.1 38.3 33.9 30 32.9 36.7 39.4 41.1 41.4 40.8 39.1 36.320 35.7 38.0 39.2 39.7 39.7 39.5 38.9 37.5 10 37.4 38.1 37.9 37.4 37.1 37.2 37.6 37.7 0 38.0 37.1 35.5 34.1 33.5 34.0 35.2 36.6 –10 37.4 35.0 32.3 30.0 29.2 29.9 32.0 34.6 –20 35.7 31.8 28.0 25.2 24.1 25.1 27.8 31.5 –30 32.9 27.8 23.1 19.7 18.5 19.7 22.8 27.4–40 29.1 22.8 17.5 14.0 12.6 13.9 17.4 22.6 –50 24.4 17.3 11.7 8.2 7.0 8.2 11.6 17.2 –60 19.0 11.4 5.9 2.9 2.0 2.9 5.9 11.3–70 13.0 5.4 1.0 1.0 5.3 –80 6.6 0.3 0.3 –90 Lat. Sep. 23 Oct. 16 Nov. 8 Nov. 30 Dec. 22 Jan. 13 Feb. 4 Feb. 26 90° 80 6.5 0.3 0.3 70 12.9 5.5 1.0 1.0 5.660 18.8 11.6 6.2 3.1 2.1 3.1 6.2 11.7 50 24.1 17.6 12.1 8.7 7.5 8.7 12.3 17.8 40 28.7 23.1 18.2 14.8 13.5 14.9 18.4 23.530 32.5 28.2 23.9 20.9 19.8 21.0 24.1 28.4 20 35.3 32.3 29.1 26.6 25.7 26.7 29.3 32.7 10 37.0 35.5 33.5 31.8 31.1 31.9 33.8 35.9 0 37.6 37.6 36.9 36.1 35.8 36.3 37.3 38.0 –10 37.0 38.6 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.7 39.1 –20 35.3 38.5 40.7 42.0 42.4 42.2 41.1 39.0–30 32.5 37.2 40.9 43.3 44.2 43.5 41.3 37.7 –40 28.7 34.8 40.1 43.6 45.0 43.8 40.5 35.2 –50 24.1 31.5 38.3 43.1 44.8 43.2 38.6 31.9–60 18.8 27.3 35.7 41.9 44.4 42.1 36.0 27.7 –70 12.9 22.6 33.0 42.2 45.9 42.4 33.3 22.9 –80 6.5 18.2 33.5 44.2 48.1 44.4 33.8 18.4–90 18.2 34.0 44.8 48.8 45.1 34.4 18.4 INFRARED ABSORPTION BYTHE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE Thisgraphsummarizes theabsorption byvariousatmospheric constituents inthewavelength rangefrom1to13jum(wavenumber range10,00010710cnrTheverasalenwire)wlanoeoaintoscentheweenaonoethtarbackgroundation‘teineddeterespns,Thstheincaseofcestode avnlgualsigns, ep cee tpmetnelaePg? ae? %att ih;; fe ig ttt. , ifuf EDA i N,,mW a Uh PLN A,(| wy |hte le All 4 Y ane J) Uo kp ————S=a — " : ' 'Dt Alay ta+] 4 2i porthMn boa LA A Fe, SS — Ua) i iSx ae) nhYY mys { at : iHg Woyty‘ yTowa ©YS ;ra ; 14-24 14-28ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 1958-2000 The data in this table were taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii and represent averages adjusted to the 15th of each mo nth. The last column gives the average over the year. The concentration of CO2 is given in parts per million by volume. Data from other measurement sites may be found in Reference 1. The first graph illustrates the seasonal variation of CO2 concentration and the steady increase over the last 40 years. The second graph summarizes the growth in the emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere as a result of burning of fossil fuels (Reference 2). REFERENCES 1. Keeling, C.D., and Whorf, T.P., Atmospheric CO 2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2001 . Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN; <cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/maunaloa-co2/>. 2. Marland, G., Boden, T. A., and Andres, R. J., Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2001 . Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN; <cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_glob.htm> CO2 Concentration in ppm at Mauna Loa Year Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual 1958 315.71 317.45 317.50 315.85 314.93 313.19 313.34 314.67 1959 315.58 316.47 316.65 317.72 318.29 318.16 316.55 314.80 313.84 313.34 314.82 315.59 315.981960 316.43 316.97 317.58 319.03 320.03 319.59 318.18 315.91 314.16 313.84 315.00 316.19 316.91 1961 316.89 317.70 318.54 319.48 320.58 319.77 318.58 316.79 314.99 315.31 316.10 317.01 317.65 1962 317.94 318.56 319.69 320.58 321.01 320.61 319.61 317.40 316.26 315.42 316.69 317.69 318.451963 318.74 319.08 319.86 321.39 322.24 321.47 319.74 317.77 316.21 315.99 317.06 318.36 318.99 1964 319.57 322.24 321.89 320.44 318.70 316.70 316.87 317.68 318.71 1965 319.44 320.44 320.89 322.13 322.16 321.87 321.21 318.87 317.81 317.30 318.87 319.42 320.031966 320.62 321.59 322.39 323.70 324.07 323.75 322.41 320.37 318.64 318.10 319.79 321.03 321.37 1967 322.33 322.50 323.04 324.42 325.00 324.09 322.55 320.92 319.26 319.39 320.72 321.96 322.18 1968 322.57 323.15 323.89 325.03 325.57 325.36 324.14 322.11 320.33 320.25 321.33 322.90 323.051969 324.00 324.42 325.64 326.66 327.38 326.70 325.89 323.67 322.38 321.78 322.85 324.12 324.62 1970 325.06 325.98 326.93 328.14 328.07 327.66 326.35 324.69 323.10 323.07 324.01 325.13 325.68 1971 326.17 326.68 327.18 327.78 328.92 328.57 327.37 325.43 323.36 323.57 324.80 326.01 326.321972 326.77 327.63 327.75 329.72 330.07 329.09 328.05 326.32 324.84 325.20 326.50 327.55 327.46 1973 328.54 329.56 330.30 331.50 332.48 332.07 330.87 329.31 327.51 327.18 328.16 328.64 329.68 1974 329.35 330.71 331.48 332.65 333.08 332.25 331.18 329.40 327.44 327.37 328.46 329.58 330.251975 330.40 331.41 332.04 333.31 333.96 333.59 331.91 330.06 328.56 328.34 329.49 330.76 331.15 1976 331.74 332.56 333.50 334.58 334.87 334.34 333.05 330.94 329.30 328.94 330.31 331.68 332.15 1977 332.92 333.41 334.70 336.07 336.74 336.27 334.93 332.75 331.58 331.16 332.40 333.85 333.901978 334.97 335.39 336.64 337.76 338.01 337.89 336.54 334.68 332.76 332.54 333.92 334.95 335.50 1979 336.23 336.76 337.96 338.89 339.47 339.29 337.73 336.09 333.91 333.86 335.29 336.73 336.85 1980 338.01 338.36 340.08 340.77 341.46 341.17 339.56 337.60 335.88 336.02 337.10 338.21 338.691981 339.23 340.47 341.38 342.51 342.91 342.25 340.49 338.43 336.69 336.85 338.36 339.61 339.93 1982 340.75 341.61 342.70 343.57 344.13 343.35 342.06 339.82 337.97 337.86 339.26 340.49 341.13 1983 341.37 342.52 343.10 344.94 345.75 345.32 343.99 342.39 339.86 339.99 341.16 342.99 342.781984 343.70 344.50 345.29 347.08 347.43 346.79 345.40 343.28 341.07 341.35 342.98 344.22 344.42 1985 344.97 346.00 347.43 348.35 348.93 348.25 346.56 344.69 343.09 342.80 344.24 345.56 345.91 1986 346.29 346.96 347.86 349.55 350.21 349.54 347.94 345.91 344.86 344.17 345.66 346.90 347.151987 348.02 348.47 349.42 350.99 351.84 351.25 349.52 348.11 346.44 346.36 347.81 348.96 348.93 1988 350.43 351.72 352.22 353.59 354.22 353.79 352.39 350.44 348.72 348.88 350.07 351.34 351.48 1989 352.76 353.07 353.68 355.42 355.67 355.13 353.90 351.67 349.80 349.99 351.30 352.53 352.911990 353.66 354.70 355.39 356.20 357.16 356.22 354.82 352.91 350.96 351.18 352.83 354.21 354.19 1991 354.72 355.75 357.16 358.60 359.33 358.24 356.18 354.03 352.16 352.21 353.75 354.99 355.59 1992 355.98 356.72 357.81 359.15 359.66 359.25 357.03 355.00 353.01 353.31 354.16 355.40 356.371993 356.70 357.16 358.38 359.46 360.28 359.59 357.58 355.52 353.70 353.98 355.33 356.80 357.04 1994 358.36 358.91 359.97 361.27 361.68 360.94 359.55 357.49 355.84 355.99 357.58 359.04 358.89 1995 359.96 361.00 361.64 363.45 363.79 363.26 361.90 359.46 358.06 357.75 359.56 360.70 360.881996 362.05 363.25 364.02 364.72 365.41 364.97 363.65 361.49 359.46 359.60 360.76 362.33 362.64 1997 363.18 364.00 364.56 366.36 366.80 365.62 364.47 362.51 360.19 360.77 362.43 364.28 363.76 1998 365.32 366.15 367.31 368.61 369.30 368.87 367.64 365.77 363.90 364.23 365.46 366.97 366.631999 368.15 368.86 369.58 371.12 370.97 370.32 369.25 366.91 364.60 365.09 366.63 367.96 368.29 2000 369.08 369.40 370.45 371.59 371.75 371.62 370.04 368.04 366.53 366.63 368.20 369.43 369.40 TeamLRN14-29ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 1958-2000 (continued) CO 2 Concentration at Mauna Loa CO2 Emissions from Burning of Fossil FuelsMillion 14-27MEAN TEMPERATURES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900-1992 Historical records of atmospheric temperatures have been analyzed to obtain mean temperatures in °C for 23 climatically distinct regions of the United States. The table below gives the average over these 23 regions, which cover completely the contiguous 48 states. Data f or the individual regions and for other parts of the world may be found in the references. The data are presented as temperature anomalies, i.e., as deviations (in °C) from the average temperature at each individual recording station over a 1961-1990 reference period. The trend in the temperature anomaly thus gives an indication of the long-term variation in avera ge temperatures. CY Mean: Calendar year mean (January-December) Winter: December-FebruarySpring: March-May Summer: June-August Fall: September-November REFERENCES 1. Karl, T. R., Easterling, D. R., Knight, R. W., and Hughes, P. Y., in Trends ’93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change , p. 686, Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J., and Stoss, F. W., Editors, ORNL/CDIAC-65, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 199 4. 2. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, WWW site <http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends93>. Year CY Mean Winter Spring Summer Fall 1900 0.46 0.21 0.27 0.85 1901 -0.21 0.07 -0.46 0.48 -0.281902 -0.14 -0.69 0.48 -0.58 0.12 1903 -0.77 -0.84 0.10 -0.83 -1.02 1904 -0.72 -1.86 -0.39 -0.92 -0.211905 -0.45 -1.86 0.67 -0.32 -0.25 1906 -0.04 0.23 -0.69 -0.42 -0.10 1907 -0.23 1.09 -0.61 -0.85 -0.391908 -0.11 0.73 0.36 -0.64 -0.59 1909 -0.36 0.82 -1.06 0.06 0.01 1910 -0.14 -2.08 0.95 -0.55 0.131911 0.02 0.52 0.20 -0.19 -0.62 1912 -0.88 -1.50 -0.75 -0.76 -0.51 1913 -0.23 -0.74 -0.65 -0.07 0.221914 -0.05 0.48 0.04 0.14 0.32 1915 -0.11 -0.37 -0.18 -1.16 0.31 1916 -0.77 -0.29 -0.36 -0.30 -1.231917 -1.34 -1.93 -1.75 -0.73 -1.04 1918 -0.14 -2.02 0.30 0.03 -0.09 1919 -0.16 0.69 0.00 0.12 -0.131920 -0.37 -0.83 -0.96 -0.67 0.02 1921 0.87 1.56 0.83 0.52 0.32 1922 0.01 -0.44 0.15 0.16 0.411923 -0.10 0.23 -1.02 -0.07 -0.09 1924 -1.01 0.13 -1.27 -0.64 -0.53 1925 0.20 -0.44 0.57 0.05 -0.411926 -0.01 0.97 -0.58 -0.27 0.02 1927 0.20 1.11 0.41 -0.83 0.83 1928 -0.08 -0.40 -0.28 -0.43 -0.081929 -0.68 -1.94 0.30 -0.39 -0.78 1930 -0.12 0.07 0.09 -0.07 -0.25 1931 0.81 1.16 -0.71 0.51 1.411932 -0.14 1.75 -0.58 0.26 -0.78 1933 0.35 -0.60 -0.08 0.45 0.54 1934 0.86 1.45 0.77 0.86 0.821935 0.12 0.84 0.12 0.31 -0.47 1936 -0.10 -2.23 0.48 1.00 -0.32 1937 -0.13 -0.65 -0.24 0.66 -0.03 1938 0.71 1.31 0.98 0.39 0.08 1939 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.18 0.15 1940 0.06 0.03 -0.10 0.18 0.12 TeamLRN14-281941 0.79 1.56 0.44 0.28 0.85 1942 0.01 0.35 0.22 0.08 0.06 1943 -0.17 0.20 -0.46 0.54 -0.79 1944 0.04 0.61 -0.38 -0.20 0.431945 -0.02 0.30 0.25 -0.47 0.08 1946 0.53 -0.26 1.21 -0.21 0.18 1947 0.10 0.47 -0.42 0.03 0.851948 -0.22 -0.67 -0.01 0.02 -0.15 1949 0.05 -0.77 0.39 0.33 0.23 1950 -0.37 0.39 -1.02 -0.86 0.131951 -0.45 0.05 -0.69 -0.30 -0.70 1952 0.03 0.68 -0.40 0.49 -1.22 1953 0.61 1.91 0.03 0.31 0.311954 0.57 1.47 -0.22 0.36 0.70 1955 -0.25 -0.33 0.12 0.19 -0.60 1956 -0.05 -0.16 -0.42 0.01 -0.371957 0.45 1.02 0.44 0.25 -0.13 1958 0.14 0.93 0.06 0.11 0.45 1959 0.12 -0.60 0.16 0.50 -0.521960 -0.27 0.43 -0.98 0.01 0.56 1961 -0.01 -0.02 -0.17 0.18 -0.29 1962 -0.04 -0.52 -0.09 -0.41 0.651963 -0.06 -1.35 0.61 0.12 1.38 1964 -0.27 -1.30 -0.24 -0.08 -0.40 1965 -0.03 -0.07 -0.56 -0.42 0.281966 -0.34 -0.31 -0.25 -0.07 -0.13 1967 -0.13 0.23 -0.05 -0.37 -0.32 1968 -0.28 -0.31 -0.16 -0.12 0.011969 -0.06 -0.36 -0.54 0.12 -0.16 1970 -0.12 -0.17 -0.44 0.32 -0.07 1971 -0.04 -0.08 -0.99 0.01 0.561972 -0.13 0.20 0.26 -0.19 0.05 1973 0.48 -0.23 0.47 0.22 0.90 1974 0.16 0.52 0.74 -0.32 -0.391975 -0.09 0.63 -0.79 0.03 -0.20 1976 -0.62 0.88 -0.09 -0.54 -1.72 1977 0.32 -1.95 1.07 0.60 0.681978 -0.37 -1.31 0.23 0.09 0.21 1979 -0.53 -2.92 0.09 -0.21 -0.07 1980 0.18 0.72 -0.25 0.43 -0.041981 0.64 0.90 0.80 0.57 0.36 1982 -0.08 -0.86 0.03 -0.11 0.06 1983 0.40 2.33 -0.36 0.58 0.941984 0.21 -0.78 -0.30 0.31 0.07 1985 -0.26 -0.78 1.24 -0.23 0.05 1986 0.93 0.22 1.22 0.45 0.491987 0.67 1.52 0.97 0.33 -0.17 1988 -0.07 -0.26 -0.06 0.57 0.04 1989 -0.30 -0.28 0.36 0.12 -0.271990 0.72 0.41 0.72 0.41 0.66 1991 0.77 0.32 1.36 0.56 -0.31 1992 2.48 0.82 -0.70Year CY Mean Winter Spring Summer Fall MEAN TEMPERATURES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1901-1992 (continued) 14-32GLOBAL TEMPERATURE TREND, 1856-2000 This table and graph summarize the trend in annual mean global surface temperature from 1856 to 2000. The values were calculate d from mean temperature anomalies by assuming an absolute global mean of 14.00 °C, which is the best estimate for the 1961–1990 period. The 95% confidence interval for the annual mean temperature values since 1951 is ± 0.12 °C; prior to 1900 this interval is ± 0.18 °C. REFERENCE Jones, P. D., Parker, D. E., Osborn, T. J., and Briffa, K. R., Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies—land and marine ins trumental records. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2001 . Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN; <cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/temp/jonescru/jones.html>. Year t/°C Year t/°C Year t/°C Year t/°C Year t/°C 1856 13.63 1887 13.63 1918 13.62 1949 13.88 1980 14.11 1857 13.54 1888 13.69 1919 13.71 1950 13.79 1981 14.13 1858 13.58 1889 13.83 1920 13.77 1951 13.92 1982 14.061859 13.77 1890 13.62 1921 13.78 1952 14.01 1983 14.25 1860 13.61 1891 13.67 1922 13.69 1953 14.07 1984 14.03 1861 13.59 1892 13.58 1923 13.72 1954 13.82 1985 14.011862 13.47 1893 13.55 1924 13.66 1955 13.81 1986 14.10 1863 13.75 1894 13.62 1925 13.76 1956 13.74 1987 14.25 1864 13.55 1895 13.64 1926 13.90 1957 14.04 1988 14.251865 13.76 1896 13.84 1927 13.80 1958 14.10 1989 14.19 1866 13.79 1897 13.85 1928 13.77 1959 14.03 1990 14.34 1867 13.70 1898 13.66 1929 13.62 1960 13.99 1991 14.291868 13.79 1899 13.77 1930 13.84 1961 14.04 1992 14.14 1869 13.71 1900 13.86 1931 13.92 1962 14.02 1993 14.19 1870 13.68 1901 13.76 1932 13.88 1963 14.05 1994 14.261871 13.64 1902 13.63 1933 13.75 1964 13.77 1995 14.38 1872 13.79 1903 13.56 1934 13.87 1965 13.84 1996 14.22 1873 13.71 1904 13.51 1935 13.83 1966 13.93 1997 14.431874 13.61 1905 13.63 1936 13.87 1967 13.92 1998 14.59 1875 13.58 1906 13.69 1937 13.96 1968 13.90 1999 14.33 1876 13.59 1907 13.50 1938 14.06 1969 14.03 2000 14.291877 13.87 1908 13.48 1939 13.98 1970 13.97 1878 14.00 1909 13.50 1940 13.97 1971 13.81 1879 13.71 1910 13.54 1941 14.06 1972 13.961880 13.72 1911 13.52 1942 14.04 1973 14.09 1881 13.75 1912 13.59 1943 14.04 1974 13.82 1882 13.77 1913 13.59 1944 14.19 1975 13.881883 13.69 1914 13.75 1945 14.06 1976 13.78 1884 13.64 1915 13.85 1946 13.88 1977 14.06 1885 13.67 1916 13.63 1947 13.89 1978 13.971886 13.74 1917 13.51 1948 13.89 1979 14.07 Annual Mean Global Temperature in °C ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY HansDolezalek, HannesTammet,JohnLatham,andMartinA.Uman 1.SURVEY ANDGLOBALCIRCUITHansDolezlek Thescienceofatmosphericelectricityoriginatedin1752byanexperimentalproofofrelatedearlierhypothesis(halighningisanelectrical ‘vent.nspiteofaareeffon,npartbysucheminentphysicistsasCoulomb,LordKelvin,andmanyothers,anoverall,proventheoryabletogenerate ‘modelswithsufficientelutionsotyetavailable.Generallyacceptedandencompassing txtbooksarenowmorethan20yearsold.Thevoluminousproceedingsofhe,sfa,ninentemationalatmosphericelectricityconferences(195411992)givemuchvaluabledetailanddemonstrateimpressive ‘Progressasdoanumberoflesscomprehensive textbookspublishedinthelst20yeas,buageneraltheoryaindicatedaboveisnotyetcreated. (Onlynow,certainrelatedmeasuringtechniquesandmathematical possibilitiesareemerging. ‘Applicationstopracticalpurposesdoexistintheldoflightningresearch(includingtheelectromagneticradiationemanatingfromlightning) bytheestablishment oflighning-Iocation networksandbythenowdevelopingpossibilitytodetectelectrifiedcloudswhichposehazardstosrcraApplication ofatmospheric electricitytootherparsofmeteerlogy seemstobepromisingbutsofarhasseldombeeninstituted.Becausesomeatmospheric eletrisignalspropagatearoundtheearthandbecauseoftheexistenceofaglobalcircuit,applications forthemonitoringofglobalchangeprocessesandconditionsaenowbeingproposed.Significantsecularchangesintheglobalcircuitwouldindicateachangeintheglobalclimate:theAvailabiltyofmanyolddata(aboutaspanof100years)couldhepdetecalongtermtend. ‘Theconceptofthe“globalcircuit”isbasedonthetheoryoftheglobalsphericalcapacitor:both,thesolid(andliquid)earthasoneelectrode,and thehighatmospheric layers(abouttheionosphere)astheotheraebyordersofmagnitudemoreelectricallyconductivethantheatmospherebetweenthem.Accordingtothe“lassicalpictureofatmosphericelectricitythiscapacitorscontinuously chargedbythecommonactionofalthunderstormstoade,voltagedifferenceofseveralhundredkilovols,theearthbeingnegative.Themuchsmallerbusiexistingconductivity ofthetmoxphereallowsacurrentflowingfromtbeionospheretothegroundintegratedforallsnkreasofthewholearthoftheorderof1.5KA.Inthisway,globalcircuitiscreatedwithmanygeneratorsandsink-areasbothinterspaced anddistributedoverthewholeglobe,allconnectedtotwonodes:ionosphereandground,Withinthescopeoftheglobalcircuitfreachlocatonthecurrentdensity(orderofseveralpA/m)isdeterminedbythevoltagedifferencebetweenionosphereandground(whichithesameforalllocationsbutvaryingintime)andthecolumnarresistancereachingfromthegrounduptotheionosphereintheorderof10"£m?) [Naturalprocesses,especiallymeteorologicalprocessesandsomehumanactivity.whichproduceormoveelecriccharges(“spacecharges”)ot affecttheondistribution, constitutelocalgeneratorsandthereby“localcircuits”horiontalyand/oriparalleloantiparalleltthelocalpartoftheslobalcircit. Inmanycasesthelocalcuretsaremachstrongerthantheglobalones,makingthemeasurement oftheplobalcuentagivenlocatonandlorduringaperiodoftimeverydifficuktor,often,impossible. Thestrongestlocalcircuitsusuallyoccurwihcertainweatherconditions(precipitation, foghighwind,blowa-updusorsow,heavycloudiness) whichmakemeasurement oftheglobalcircuitimpossibleeverywhere; but«venintheirabsencelocalgeneratorsexisinvaryingmagnitudesandofdifferentcharacters.Theseparationofthelocalandgloblsharesinthemeasuredvaluesofcurrentdensityisacentralproblemofthescenceofatmosphericelectricity.Aerologicalmeasurement areofhighvalveinthisregard.‘Theabovedescriptioniswithinthe“classicalpicture”ofatmospheric electricity.agroupofhypothesestoexplaintheelectricifution oftheatmosphere tisprobablyfundamentally correctbutcertainlynotcomplete;ithasnotyetbeenconfirmedbysystemsofmeasurements resultinginnoinnercontradictions. Inparticular,extraterrestrial influencesmustbepermitted;theirgeneralsignificance iillunderdebate.‘Withinthis“classicalpicture”akindofelectricstandardatmosphere maybeconstructedasshowninTable1.Valueswithasar,*,areroughaveragevaluesfrommeasurement. Astarinparentheses, (*),points10atypicalvaluefromoneorafew‘measurements. Alloervalueshavebeencalculatedfromstarredvalves,undertheassumptionthatat2km$0%andat12m90%ofthecolumnarresistanceireached.Voltagedropalongoneofthepaialcolumnscanbecalculatedbysubtractingthevalueforthelowercolumnfromthaoftheupperone.Columnarresistances, conductances, andcapacitances arevalidforthatparticularpartofthecolumnwhichisindicatedatthelftCCapacitances arecalculatedwiththeformulaforplatecapacitors.andthisfactmustbeconsideredalsoforthetimeconstantsforcolumns.‘According tomeasurements, U,thepotentialdifferencebetweenOmand65kmmayvarybyafactorofapproximately 2.Thetotalcolumnarresistance, R,isestimated1ovaryuptoafactorof3,thevariationbeingdve1oeitherreductionofconductivity intheexchangelayer(aboutlowestkmofthistable)ortothepresenceofhighmountains;nbothcasethevariationicausedinthetroposphere. Smallervariationsinthestratosphere andmesosphere rebeingdiscussedbecauseofaerosolsthere.Thea-earthcurrentdensityinfurweathervaiesbyafactorof306accordinglyConductivitynearthegroundvariesbyafactorofabout3buonlydecreasing:increaseofconductivityduetoextraordinary radioactivityisingular ‘event.Thefieldstrengthnearthegroundvariesasaconsequence ofvariationsofai-eathcurrentdensityandconductivity fromabout13toabout{0timesofthevalvequotedintheable,Conductivity nerthegroundshowsadiumalandanannualvariationwhichdependsstroaglyonthelocalityair-earthcurentdensityshowsadiumalandannualvariationbecausetheearh-ionosphere potentialdifferenceundergoessuchvariations,andalsobecausethecolumnarresistanceissupposediohaveadiumalandprobablyanannualvariation.‘Conductvities andareacurrentdensitiesonhighmountainsaegreaterthanatsealevelbyfactorsofupto10.Conductivity decreaseswhenatmospheric humidityincreases,Valuesforspacechargesarenotquotedbecausemeasurements aretofewtoallowcalculationofaveragevals.‘Values ofparameters over theoceans aestil rather uncertain,‘Theoretically, infai-weather conditions,Ohm'slawmustbefufiledfortheelectricfield,theconductioncutentdensity,andtheelectrical conductivity ofthe atmosphere, Deviationspintoshortcomingsintheappliedmeasuringtechoiqes.Datawhicharerepresentativefralargearea {intheextreme,“globallyrepresentativedatai.dataontheglobaliru)canonthegroundbeobtinedonlybystationsonanopenplaneand ‘alyifloalgeneratorsareethersmallorconstantorareindependently measured.Cerinmeasurements withinstrumented aircraftprovidegloballyrepresentative informationvalidforthepriooftheactualmeasurement. 1430 TABLE1 Electrical ParametersoftheClear(Fair-Weather) Atmosphere, Pertinent totheClassical Picture ofAtm.Electricity (Electric Standard Atmosphere) Condens,a Fartofatmaphere Resistant 12ctemmacom capacanesCa furwetevaleore otcerences etunnare ‘uctanosGe cmanape‘slatedcements curreniaA:UrnVfstrength tancesRelaDt ewaac. tancesColaFon? Srintredoodentandreiemt,ElaVingUna Setrast scienpiasedeapecitvite,e, Timeconstants omerie) vee am = are Tasonde Votesentattepores faax10% feta10 foeti0? w=25x108 sent9c10% genniLoweooi?rsscft Avaperenieeekmgh feacaoe ote faxbxi08 Gage1210" Candee erectVolumesemenstotimbeihct fa3x108 fy66x00 pra2210% na4sx10™ etext genteConecanof?scom7 topperenim fasx108 Oyehis0 hats108 Gaesx10" Catto RyetaxtJFVotanemerstotStaten feaxi08 rena patio mee72 108 faatoxie® get! Upperouof2crotonfn0 tapernt, Simbipnface ONsc0 aS108 Gu025%10" Canter eer Whatclanofa?‘coecioote ‘topesnt perafaax108 Paver eta? oak«108Coe3610geL6bx0! “Tealpeccapcorwee3x10 beso uensx00" nerd on42x10? cnanei0? rest ow:AaendelindepoeabceceoclgeenaeinceValeecovationduoaaaifthepoitevinseeeeaaywihpect‘inteoftancesmeteoroplannagafornlmanmaehangsormaspanet ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY (continued) IL.AIRIONS HannesTammet ‘Theermstionssigsllarbomepanicleswhicharethecatersoftheelectricalcuretintheairandhaverifvelocitieseteminedby theelectricfieldTheprobabilityofelectricaldissociationofmoleculesintheatmosphericatunderthemmodyaamic equilibriumisneartoero.Theaverage‘onizationatthegroundeveovertheoceanis210*ionpairsmThisionirationxproducedmainlybycosmicaysOverthecontinenttheinizing :adiationfomsoilandfromradioactivesubstancesinheaiteachadabout4108s".Thetoaaveragefaizationrateof1°moisequivalent 1017URwhichiacastomaryexpressionofthebackgroundlevelofheionizingradiations.Thefnizatiorateoverthegroundvariesinspacede totheradioactivity ofsoil,andintimedependingontheexchangeofairbetweentheatmosphereaadradon-containing so.Radioactivepolationincreasestheionizationrate.Atemporaryincreaseofabout10timeswasregisteredinSwedenafertheChernobylaccidentin1986.Theemission‘ofKefromnuclearpowerplanscannoticeablyincreasetheglobalionizationrateinthenextcentury.Thetnizatioratedecreaseswithatitude‘earthegroundandincreasesathigheraltitudesupto15km,whereithasamaximumabout$10?ms"SolaX-ayandextremeUVradiationcause‘newincreaseataitudesover60km.Localsourcesofiriosarepontdischargesinstrongelecels,uidizatonofchargedopsfromwaves,‘Theenhancedchemicalactivityofanoresultsinacainofion-molecule rectionswiththecolidngnewtralsnd,nthefistmicrosecond of‘elfofanaron,achargedmolecularlastecalledtheclusterionformed.Accordingtotheoreticalcalculationsinheafreefromexoticrace‘gasesthefollowingclusterionsshouldbedominant: NO}-(HNO,}H,0, NO}"(H0), NO}H,0,O5-(H0,O5-H,0,HyO"CO),NH\"(H:Oy,NHQ'4H,0),HyO™,0),NHNH, ‘Ameasurableparameterofsrionsistheelectricalmobilitycharactrirng therifvelocityintheunitelectricfield.Themobilityisinverselyproportional tothedensityofas,andtheresultsofmeasurement areaarulereducedtonomalconditions.Accordingtomobilitytheariasare«alle:fastorsmallorlightonswthmobility>$108mV's.intermediate ionsandsloworlargorheavyionswithmobility<10mV"5.TheBoundarybetweenintermediateandsowinsisconventional ‘Clusterionsarefastions.Themassesofclusterionsmaybemeasuredwithmassspecometers,bottheposibleion-moleculereactionsduring thepassageofthenrthroughnozlesothevacuumchambercomplicatethemeasurement.Massandmobilityofclusteronsarighlycomelated ‘Theexperimental resus?canbeexpressedbytheempiricalformula 8500 no_—_e__, paeetormvey wherewistheunifiedatomicmasswnt.“Thevaleofthetransportcross-section ofasterionineededtocalculateitsmobilityaccordingtothekinetictheoryofChapmanandEnskog.“Thetheoreticalestimationoftransporterossectionsisroughadcannotbeusedwoidentifythechemicalstructuresofclusterions.Massspectrometryisthemaintechniqueofidentification ofcasterions? “irkandCastleman(1986)presentedanoverviewofover1000publicationsontheexperimentalstudiesofcasterions.Mostofthempresent information aboutionsofmilisecondagerange.Thelowconcentration makesitdificulttogedetailedinformationaboumassesandmobilesof ‘thenaturalatmospheric nsatgroundlevel.TheresultsofaI-yearontinoousmeasurement aeasfollows: ++ons fons unit ‘Averagemobility 136156104mvs! ‘Trecomespondingmass 190130 0 “Thecomespondingdiameter 069061om “Theaverageconcentration 400360 10m? “Thecomespondingcondoctvity87908 “ThedistributionoftroposphericclusteronsaccordingothemobilityandestimatedmassisdepictedinFigure1. ‘Theproblemsandresultsofdirectmassspectrometry ofnatralcuser ionsaranalysedbyEisele(1986)forgroundevelandyMeyer,ReaganJoiner(1980)forstatospheric measuremens. Airfonsinhehighatmospherearasubjectofionosphericphysics.Duringitsifetimeabout1mia)clusteronatroundlevelcolieswithnearly10molecules.Thustheclusteronsaeablwoconcentrate tracegaesofverylowconceatraton theyhaveaextrahighelectronorprotonaffinity.Forexample,Eisele(1986)demonstrated thtaconsiderablefractionofpostiveatmosphere clusteronsintheunpolhtedatmosphereatgroundlevelprobablyconsistofameleculederivedfrompyridine,Theconcentration oftheseconstituentsisestimatedtobeabout10".Therefore,aiionmassandmobilityspectrometry isconsideredasapromisingtechniqueforraceanalysisithea.Massandmobilityspectrometry ofmilsecond-age aittonshasbeendevelopedaatechniqueofchemicalanalysisknownas“plasmachromatography’(Car,1984).Theseaivityofthedetectiongrowswiththeageoftheclusterionsmeasured. ‘Themechanismsofannihilationofclustertonsarefnvionrecombination(ontheaverage3%)andsedimentationonaerosolparticles(onthe average97%ofclusterionatgroundlevel.Theresultofthecombinationofclusterinandneuralparceichargedparticlecalledanaerosol ‘onIncontitions ofetaledtermextyeamicequiitum theprobabilitythatasphericalpanicleofdiameterdcarieselementarychargesiscalulated{romtheBoltzmanndutbation: PA) =nal!exp-gdd)14-32 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY (continued) Mts:ama MASS:amuFgAvgeoynaseeofaop m m ‘weremeasuredinaruralsiteeverySminover1yearTonmasspeepee reroreapeeret at 10- 5+10-5-107-il LdLIECL!I sce18m(10Tespss teedvanssneeealorpian‘do.Onthebasisofnumerical calculations byHoppe!andFrick(1990)thefollowing chargeprobabilities canbederived: ‘ + em mm mw relateetenseayaprcaningetenenncheThebans veoetyee seine pttmetemgaherbmee bieevenei okonn ero maeceoeralarctica onto rmmannehatinresedercctie ceitomeoreangeeeirenin, Themedreser ueinne ney niefeoriai.arseteeniemot omenrstpantotechnotelence,Themen saoaggUAMETER ume Meyeatpfmee Teint wf 9 seeomeerycdonteedondetente Terenure 10" all9 ‘every5minduring4months. ot ifn nereneNces 1car7-W,,lameComatgapy eumPesNowYrsndLnX259p04 14-33 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY (continued) 3.Hoppe,W,A.andFick,G.M.TheNonequilibrium CharacteroftheAerosolChargeDistributions ProducedbyNeutralizers, AerosolScTechnol,vol.12,0.3,p.471-496,1950. ‘4.Mark,T-D.,andCastleman,A.W.,Experimental StadiesonClusterfons,inAdvancesinAtomicandMolecularPhysics,ol.20,pp.65.-172,‘AcademicPress,1985. 'S.Meyerot,RE.Reagan.J-B.,and Joiner,R.G..TheMobilityandConcentration oflosandthefonicConductivityintheLowerStratosphere,J.Geophys.Res.vol85,0.A3,pp.1273-1278,1980. 6.Salm,1,Tammet.Her.H.andHorak,U.,Atmospheric ElectricalMeasurements inTahkuse,Estonia(inRussian)inVoprosy‘Aimosfernogo Elektrchestva, pp.168-175,Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad,1950. Ill,THUNDERSTORM ELECTRICITYJobinLatham “Thedevelopment ofimprovedradartechniquesandinstruments fori<loudelectricalandphysicalmeasurements, coupledwithamachclearerrecognition bytheresearchcommunitythatestablishment ofthemechanismormechanisms responsible forelectricfielddevelopment in‘thunderclouds, culminatinginighmingisinextricably linkedtotheconcomitant dynamicalandmicrophysical evolutionoftheclouds,hased10significantprogressoverthepastdecade. Fieldstoiesindicatethatinmostthunderclouds theelectricaldevelopmentis associatedwiththeprocessofglaciation,whichcanoccurinavariety ‘ofincompletely understoodways.Intheabsenceofice.fieldgrowthisslow.individualhydrometeor chargesarelow,andlightningisproducedonlyrarely.Precipitation —inthesolidform,asgraupel—alsoappearstobeanecessaryingredientforsignificantelctiiation, asdoessignificantconvective activityandmixingbetweenthecloudsandtheirenvironments, viaentrainment.Increasingly, theviewisbeingaceptedthatchargetransferleadingtofeld-growth islargelyaconsequence ofreboundingcollisionsbetweenrape!pelletsandsmallervapor-grown icecrystal,followedbytheseparationundergravityofthesetwotypesofhydrometeor. Thesecollisions‘occurpredominantly withinthetemperaturerange-510-30°C,andforsignificantchargetransferneedtooccurinthepresenceofsupercooled clouddroplets.‘Thefieldevidenceisinconsistent withaninductivemechanism, andextensivelaboratorystudiesindicatethattheprincipalchargingmechanism {isnon-indutive andassociated—inwaysyetobeidentified—withdiferencesinsurfacecharacteristics oftheinteractinghydrometeors.Laboratorystudiesindicatethathetwomostfavoredsitesforcoronaemissionleadingtothelightningdischargearetheipsofephemeralliquid‘laments,producedduringtheglancingcollisionofsupercooledraindrops,andprotuberances onlargeiecrystalsorgraupelpellets.Therelativeimportance ofthesealternativeswillepeadontheydrometeor characteristics adthetemperatureintheregionsofstrongestfields:thesefeaturesarethemselvesdependentonat-masscharacteristics andclimatological considerations.‘Arecentlyidentifiedbutunresolvedquestioniswhy,incontinentalNorthernHemispherethundercloudatlas,thesignofthechargebrought togroundbylightningispredominantly negativeinsummerbutmoreevenlyBalancedinwinter. 1V. LIGHTNING MartinA.Uman Frombothground-basedweatherstationdataadsatellitemeasurements,ithasbenestimatedthattherareabout100lightningdischarges,both cloudandgroundflashes,ovrthewholeeartheachsecond:representing anaveragegloballightningflashdensityofabout6kyr.Mosofthislighmingoccursovertheearth'slandmasses.Forexample,incentralFlorida,wherethunderstorms occurabout90daysyt.theMashdensityfor<ischargestoearthisabout15kyr.Sometropicalareasoftheearthhavethunderstorms upto300days/.Lightningcanbedefinedastransienthigh-curret electricdischargewhosepathlengthsmeasuredinkilometersadwhosemostcommon sourceistheelectricchargeseparatedintheordinarythunderstorm orcumulonimbus cloud,Welloverhafofallightningdischargesoccurtotallywithin individualthunderstormcloudsandarereferredtoasintraclouddischarges.Clod-to-groundlighting,however,hasbeenstudiedmoreextensively ‘thananyotherlightningformbecauseofitsvisibilityandismorepracticalinterest.Cloed+o-loud andcloud-o-tirdischargesarelesscommonthanimracloudorcloudto-groundlightning.Lightningbetweenthecloudandeancanbecategorizeintermsofthedirectionofmotionupwardordownwardandthesignofthecharg,positiveornegativeofthedevelopingdischarge(calledaleader)whichinitiatestheoverallevent.Over90%oftheworldwidecloud-o-ground‘discharges isinitiatedinthethundercloud bydownward-moving negatively-charged leadersandsubsequently resultsintheloweringofnegative‘chargetoeart,Cloud-t-groundlighminganalsobeinitiatedbydownward-moving positiveleaders,lessthan10%oftheworldwideclowd-10-ground lightingbeingofthistypealthoughtheexactpercentageisfunctionofseasonandlatitude.Lightningbetweencloudandgroundcanasobeinitiated byleaderswhichdevelopupwardfromtheearth.Theseupward-initiated dischargesareelatvelyrare.maybeofeitherpolarity,andgenerallyoccurfrommountaintopsandtllman-madestructures. ‘Wediscussnextthemostcommontypeofclowd-o-groundlghining.Anegativecloudto-grounddischargeorlashhasanoverallurationof sometenthsofasecondandismadeupofvariouscomponents,amongwhichaetypicallythreorfourhigh-currentpulsescallestrokerEachstroke lastsaboutamillisecond, theSeparationtimebetweenstokesbeingtypicallyseveralensofmilliseconds. Suchlightningoftenappearsto“flicker”‘becausethehumaneyecanjustresolvetheindividuallightpalsassociatedwitheachstoke.Adrawingofthecomponentsofanegativecloud-o-roundflashisfoundinFigure3.SomevaluesforsalientparametersarfoundinTable1,Thenegatvely-chargedsteppedleaderinitiatesthefis strokeinaflashbypropagatingfromcloudtogroundthroughvirginairinaseriesofdiscretesteps.Photographically observedleaderstepsinclear 14:34 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY (continued) etcame fetes era 120 1.00ms 140me 115m 12018 f sy,Process +,‘Stroke oe 4 19.00ms 20.00ms 20.10ms. 20.15ms 20.20ms [srettn fFie ; <PScant +4] + f+Stroke 40.00ms 60.00 ms 61.00ms. 62.00ms 62.05ms Fig. Saeco epceageigi scarey |jsindrone fmeknnhwithin teenseoftSOlvlsteppedadeowes guarmenlountsotapane cochcarpnicapostmossgalmcocs winmcunptiomocnsedetmorteioaeesc eeateAryeTwentenecurne nialLXsteedheeoresaecece ee eeeMinoan iotatenesarsenalielasIkedaoe aeFealetaeyiaene yeMeanie coonieeulernre LanneimUCerSrNORTForet ene vosein erecenr hratcn elemnetniaan Onno hatorina tenia teFlosgeeaecreacemeteaerate oralemenipurrs tanrSecuip (oan lnd ona etompo titans tom haope totgenng acameo pres Aononnsdag stoaprieeeahationpeotoutoaenacamaego! teortolgnigprestonafpoanoachchermaeatecohignergceFaiauperaepireirnraieeenlt oysairenis cow-Sripeu-fenttenest bowleryToned SemcanweWometteopeetonatna Sucrose powers tpgedoreeaoanbethtSormadnrng epeereysonsenoneshoretepndendereoanelymenepepeeTescpatnelyharelearshame!bencagedWocavepoundpeloeareoaeiteneste,popesceietiyetentespoaTnepren estorennisearfepndnnplayreretinteecafigh sularapetoer cee eee en eats Lk cat ne taneeaatseeeatCone meaarporary miesnceneademetcomeernment ayDetriconefetcaractey davenltneanieatondeas Tarlangenangcorearntnomnessonnargeareastoetquroneccrnentsrateaneytee teecho emprnte ar MUU Ktdcoast pp camel whch cpt ps that eerSeamlytrantanistatordenedTinenserreieny ovenepadackapeginty oyomstonsteeae 14-35 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY (continued) Jeaderchannelandadditionallyinittestheloweringoftherchargewhichmaybeavailabletothetopofitschannel.Firstreturn-strokeelectricilds exhibitamicrosecond scaleriseopeakwittypicalpeakvalueof5Vim,normalizedtoadistanceof100kmbyaniversedistancerelationship. Roughlyhafofthefedrisetopeak,theso-called“asttransition,takespaceinentsofamicrosecond, anobservationthatcanonybemadeif tefed propagation isover ahighly conducting surface such ssaltwae.‘Afterthefrstretur-srokecurenthasceasedtoflow,thelashincludingchargemotionhecloud,mayend.Thelightningthencalledasingle- strokeflash.Ontheotherhand,ifaditionalchargeismadeavailabetothetopofthechannel,continuousordartleadermaypropagatedownthe‘esidalfirs-trokechannelatatypicalspedofabout110?mis.ThedatleaderlowersachargoftheorderoflCbyviteofacurrentofabout11KA.Thedartleaderthenintsthesecondoranysubsequen)retumstokeSubsequentretum-stroke currentsgenerallyhavefasterzero-o-peak risetimesthandofrst-strokecurrents,butsimilarmaximumrtsofchange,aboutIODA‘.Someleadersbepinakdarleaders,buttowardtheendoftheirtiptowardgroundbecomesteppedleaders.Theseleadersareknownasdar-steppedleadersndmayhavedifferentgroundterminationpoints (andseparateupwardleader)fomthefiststroke.Mostofenthedart-steppdleadersareassociatedwiththeSecondstokeoftheflash,Nearybal ofallflashesexhibitmorethanoneterminationpontongroundwitthedistancebetweenseparateterminations benguptoseveralKilometers.Subsequentrerumstokeradiatedelectricandmagneticfieldsaresimilar,butusuallyafacoroftwoorssmallerthanfistreturn-stokefel. ‘Aboutonethirofallmulple-swoke asheshasaeastonesubsequentstrokewhichlargethanthefiststroke.Cloudo-groundlashesthatlowepositivecharg,thoughnotcommon,arofconsiderablepracticalinterestbecausetherpeakcurrentsandtot chargetransfercanbemuchlargerthanforthemorecommonnegativegroundash,Thelargestrecordedpeakcurrentsthoseinhe200-10300-KA, rangeareetothereturnstokesofpostivelighmingSuchpositiveflahestogroundareinitiateddownward-moving leaderswhichdonotexhibit tedistinctstepsoftheirnegativecounterpans. Rathertheyshowaluminositywhichsmoreorlescotinoousbutmodulatedinintensity.Positive Aashes aregenerally composed ofasinglestrokefollowedbyaperiodofcontinuingcunent.Positiveashesareprobablyinatedfromtheupper postivechargeithethundercloudchargedipolewhenthatcloudchargeishorizonallyseparatedfromthenegativechargebeneathttesourceof theusual negative cloud-o-ground lighting. Positive ashes arerelatively common inwinter thunderstorms (an0w storms), which produce few fashes overall, andarerelatively uncommon insummer thunderstorms. Thefraction ofpostive lighting insummer thunderstorms apparentlyincreaseswitincreasinglatitudeandwithinereasingheightofthegroundabovesealve.Distant ightningturstrokefieldsareoftenreferedtoasses(called“atmosphercs”in theolerteratue).Thepeakintheseriesfrequency spectrumisnear$kHzduetothebipolarorringingnatureofthedistantretum-strokecleeromagnetc signalandotheeffectsofpropagation.“Thunder,theacousticradiationassociatedwihlighting,issometimesdividedintotheeategores“audible,soundsthatonecanhear,and“%infrasonc” belowfewtensofertafrequencyrangethatsinaudible.Thisdivisionsadebecausetisthoughthatthemechanismsthatproduceaudibleandinfasonicthunderardiferent.Audiblethundersthoughttobedueotheexpansionofaapalyheatedretumstroke chanel,asnotedcarlie,whereasinfrasonicthunderisthoughttobeassociatedwiththeconversion1soundoftheenergystoredintheelectrostatic eldofthethundercloud when lightning rapidly reduces thatcloud fed.‘Thetechnologyofatfiiallyinitiatinglightningbyfiringupwardsmalrockettrailinggroundedwireofafewhundredmeterslengthhsbeenwelldevelopedduringthepastdecade.Such“riggered”flashesaresimilartonaturalupwart-itiated dischargesfromtllstuctre.Theyoftencontainsubsequentstrokeswhich,whentheyoccu,aresimilartothesubsequentstrokesinnaturalighnin.Thesetriggeredsubsequentstrokeshave‘been thesubject ofconsiderable recent research, Alsointhepast10yearsors0sophisticated lghninglocatingequipmenthasbeninstalledhroughoutheworld.Forexample,algroundlashes intheUS.arenowcentrallymonitoredforresearch,frbeteroverallwetherprediction,andfrhazardwarningforaviation,elecutesand terighaningsensitivefilesInformationonlightningphysicscanbefoundinM,A.Uman,heLighmingDischarge,AcademicPress,SanDiego,1987;onlightingdeath andinjuryinMedicalAspectsofLighmingInjury,editorsC.Andrews,M.A.Cooper,M.DarvenizaandD.Mackeras,CRCPress,192,Ground fash ation information forthe U.S, areal timeorarchivedisavailablefromGeometDataServiceofTucson,AZwhichisalsoasourceofthe amesofprovidersofthosedatainotercounties.Table?hasataforcloud-to-groun lightningdischargesbringingnegativechargeioearth.Thevalueslistedareintendedconveyaroughelingforthevariousphysicalparametersoflightning.Noreataccuracyiclaimedsincetheresulsofdifferentinvestigators areoftennotingoodagreement.‘Thesevaluesmay,infect,dependontheparticularenvironment inwhichthelghmingdischargeisgenerated.Thechoiceofsomeoftheentriesinthetabi arbitrary. 14.36 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY (continued) TABLE2 Data forCloud-to-Ground Lightning Discharges Representative MinimumvaluesMaximum ‘SteppedleaderLengthofstep,m 3 so 200‘Timeintervalbetweensep,ps 30 x0 BsAveragespeedofpropagationof steppedleader,m/s 10x10! 20x10! 30x10 ‘Chargeddepoitedonsteppedcleader channel,covlombs 3 s 2» DartleaderSpeedofpropagation, mis? 10x10 Lox10? 2a?‘Chargeddepositedondart-eaderchanel, coulomb 02 1 6Remstroke®‘Speedofpropagation, m/s 20x10” Lox 20x10%‘Maximumcurentateofincrease,KA/S <t 100 400‘Timetopeakcurrent,ys <i 2 0Peakcurent.KA 2 x» 200Timetohalfofpeakuments 10 x0 250‘Chargetransferred excluding continuing current,couloms 002 3 FdCChanne!length 2 5 1sLightning flash‘Numberofstokespeash 1 ‘ %‘Timeintervalbetweenstokesinabsenceofcontinuingerent.me 3 © 100‘Timedurationofash,+ 10? os 2(Chargetransferredincludingcontinuingcoment,coulomb 3 30 200 +Thewordsmaximamandminimumarewsedinthesensethamostmeasuredvaluesfalbetweentheselimi,>Specdsofropagatinaregenerallydeterminedfromphotographic dataandare“two-dimensionl” Sincemanylghningashesre ‘notvical,valuesstatedaeprobablyslightunderestimates ofstlvaes. «Frretumstrokeshavelongetimestocurrentpeakandgenerallylargerchargetransferthandosubsequentretumstrokes. ‘AdaptedfromUman,MA.Lighming,DoverPapesbook,NewYork,1986,andUman,M.A.,TheLighningDischarge,Academicress, ‘SanDiego1987, 1437 TeamLRN14-41SPEED OF SOUND IN VARIOUS MEDIA The speed of sound in various solids, liquids, and gases is given in these tables. While only a single parameter v is needed for liquids and gases, sound propagation in isotropic solids is characterized by three velocity parameters. For a solid of infinite extent (or of fini te extent if all dimensions are much larger than a wavelength, there are two relevant quantities, v1: velocity of longitudinal waves vs: velocity of shear waves. For a cylindrical rod with diameter much smaller than a wavelength, vext: velocity of extensional waves along the rod. (Torsional waves in the rod are propagated at the same speed as sheer waves in a n infinite solid.) Table 1 lists values for a variety of solid materials. Table 2 covers gases liquids and gases; values for cryogenic liquids are given at the normal boiling point. Table 3 gives the speed of sound in pure water and in seawater of salinity S = 3.5% as a function of temperature. All values are in meters per second and are given for normal atmospheric pressure. REFERENCES 1. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition , McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Anderson, H.L., Ed., A Physicist’s Desk Reference , American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989. 3. Younglove, B.A., Thermophysical Proeprties of Fluids. Part I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 4. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 16, 577, 1987. 5. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. 6. Mason, W.P., Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids , D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, N.J., 1958. 7.Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/5, Molecular Acoustics , Springer- Verlag, Heidelberg, 1967. TABLE 1 Speed of Sound in Solids at Room Temperature Name v1/m s–1 vs/m s–1 vext/m s–1 Metals Aluminum, rolled 6420 3040 5000Beryllium 12890 8880 12870 Brass (70 Cu, 30 Zn) 4700 2110 3480 Constantan 5177 2625 4270Copper, annealed 4760 2325 3810 Copper, rolled 5010 2270 3750 Duralumin 17S 6320 3130 5150Gold, hard-drawn 3240 1200 2030 Iron, cast 4994 2809 4480 Iron, electrolytic 5950 3240 5120Iron, Armco 5960 3240 5200 Lead, annealed 2160 700 1190 Lead, rolled 1960 690 1210Magnesium, annealed 5770 3050 4940 Molybdenum 6250 3350 5400 Monel metal 5350 2720 4400Nickel 6040 3000 4900 Platinum 3260 1730 2800 Silver 3650 1610 2680Steel (1% C) 5940 3220 5180Name v 1/m s–1 vs/m s–1 vext/m s–1 Steel, 347 Stainless 5790 3100 5000 Steel, K9 5940 3250 5250 Tin, rolled 3320 1670 2730 Titanium 6070 3125 5090Tungsten, annealed 5220 2890 4620 Tungsten, drawn 5410 2640 4320 Zinc, rolled 4210 2440 3850 Other materials Fused silica 5968 3764 5760Glass, heavy silicate flint 3980 2380 3720 Glass, light borate crown 5100 2840 4540 Glass, pyrex 5640 3280 5170 Lucite 2680 1100 1840 Nylon 6-6 2620 1070 1800 Polyethylene 1950 540 920Polystyrene 2350 1120 1840 Rubber, butyl 1830 Rubber, gum 1550Rubber, neoprene 1600 Tungsten carbide 6655 3980 6220 14-42SPEED OF SOUND IN VARIOUS MEDIA (continued) TABLE 2 Speed of Sound in Liquids and Gases Name t/°C v/m s–1 Pentane 20 1008 Propane -42.1 1158 1-Propanol 20 1223 Tetrachloromethane 25 930Trichloromethane 25 987 1-Undecene 20 1275 Water 25 1497Water (sea, S = 3.5%) 25 1535 Gases at 1 atm Air, dry 25 346 Ammonia 0 415 Argon 27 323Carbon monoxide 0 338 Carbon dioxide 0 259 Chlorine 0 206Deuterium 0 890 Ethane 27 312 Ethylene 27 331Helium 0 965 Hydrogen 27 1310 Hydrogen bromide 0 200Hydrogen chloride 0 296 Hydrogen iodide 0 157 Hydrogen sulfide 0 289Methane 27 450 Neon 0 435 Nitric oxide 10 325Nitrogen 27 353 Nitrous oxide 0 263 Oxygen 27 330Sulfur dioxide 0 213 Water (steam) 100 473Name t/ °C v/m s–1 Liquids Acetone 20 1203 Argon -185.9 813 Benzene 25 1310Bromobenzene 20 1169 Butane -0.5 1034 1-Butanol 20 1258Carbon disulphide 25 1140 Chlorobenzene 20 1311 Cyclohexane 19 12801-Decene 20 1250 Diethyl ether 25 976 Ethane -88.6 1326Ethanol 20 1162 Ethylene -103.8 1309 Ethylene glycol 25 1658Fluorobenzene 20 1183 Glycerol 25 1904 Helium -268.9 180Heptane 20 1162 1-Heptene 20 1128 Hexane 20 1083Hydrogen -252.9 1101 Iodobenzene 20 1114 Mercury 25 1450Methane -161.5 1337 Methanol 20 1121 Nitrobenzene 25 1463Nitrogen -195.8 939 1-Nonene 20 1218 Octane 20 11971-Octene 20 1184 Oxygen -183.0 906 1-Pentadecene 20 1351 TABLE 3 Speed of Sound in Water and Seawater (S = 3.5%) at Different Temperatures v/m s–1 t/°C Water Seawater 0 1401.0 1449.4 10 1447.8 1490.4 20 1483.2 1522.225 1497.4 1535.1 30 1509.5 1546.2 40 1528.450 1541.4 60 1549.5 70 1553.280 1552.8 TeamLRN14-40 ATTENUATION AND SPEED OF SOUND IN AIR AS A FUNCTION OF HUMIDITY AND FREQUENCY This table gives the attenuation and speed of sound as a function of frequency at various values of relative humidity. All valu es refer to still air at 20°C. REFERENCES 1. Tables of Absorption and Velocity of Sound in Still Air at 68 °F (20°C), AD-738576, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. 2. Evans, L. B., Bass, H. E., and Sutherland, L. C., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 51, 1565, 1972. Frequency Attenuation Speed (Hz) (dB/km) (m/s) Relative humidity 0% 20 0.51 343.477 40 1.07 343.514 50 1.26 343.525 63 1.43 343.536 100 1.67 343.550 200 1.84 343.559 400 1.96 343.561630 2.11 343.562 800 2.27 343.562 1250 2.82 343.5622000 4.14 343.562 4000 8.84 343.564 6300 14.89 343.565 10000 26.28 343.566 12500 35.81 343.566 16000 52.15 343.56720000 75.37 343.567 40000 267.01 343.567 63000 644.66 343.56780000 1032.14 343.567 Relative humidity 30% 20 0.03 343.807 40 0.11 343.80850 0.17 343.810 63 0.25 343.810 100 0.50 343.814200 1.01 343.821 400 1.59 343.826 630 2.24 343.827800 2.85 343.828 1250 5.09 343.828 2000 10.93 343.8294000 38.89 343.831 6300 90.61 343.836 10000 204.98 343.84612500 294.08 343.854 16000 422.51 343.865 20000 563.66 343.87740000 1110.97 343.911 63000 1639.47 343.924 80000 2083.08 343.929Relative humidity 60% 20 0.02 344.182 40 0.06 344.183 50 0.09 344.18363 0.15 344.184 100 0.34 344.185 200 0.99 344.190 400 1.94 344.197 630 2.57 344.200 800 2.94 344.201 1250 4.01 344.202 2000 6.55 344.203 4000 18.73 344.2046300 42.51 344.204 10000 101.84 344.206 12500 155.67 344.20816000 247.78 344.211 20000 373.78 344.215 40000 1195.37 344.23863000 2220.64 344.262 80000 2951.71 344.274 Relative humidity 100% 20 0.01 344.685 40 0.04 344.685 50 0.06 344.685 63 0.09 344.685 100 0.22 344.686 200 0.77 344.689 400 2.02 344.695630 3.05 344.699 800 3.57 344.701 1250 4.59 344.7042000 6.29 344.705 4000 13.58 344.706 6300 27.72 344.706 10000 63.49 344.706 12500 96.63 344.707 16000 154.90 344.70820000 237.93 344.709 40000 884.28 344.718 63000 1973.62 344.73180000 2913.01 344.742Frequency Attenuation Speed (Hz) (dB/km) (m/s) 14-41SPEED OF SOUND IN DRY AIR The values in this table were calculated from the equation of state for dry air (average molecular weight 28.96) treated as a r eal gas. Values refer to standard atmospheric pressure. The speed of sound varies only slightly with pressure; at two atmospheres and -100 °C the value decreases by 0.13%, while at two atmospheres and 80 °C the speed increases by 0.04%. REFERENCE Sytchev, V.V., Vasserman, A.A., Kozlov, A.D., Spiridonov, G.A., and Tsymarny, V.A., Thermodynamic Properties of Air , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1987. t/°C vs/m s–1 -100 263.5 -95 267.3 -90 271.1 -85 274.8-80 278.5 -75 282.1 -70 285.7-65 289.2 -60 292.7 -55 296.1-50 299.5 -45 302.9 -40 306.2-35 309.5 -30 312.7 -25 315.9-20 319.1 -15 322.3 -10 325.4 -5 328.4 0 331.5 5 334.5 10 337.5 15 340.4 20 343.425 346.330 349.1 35 352.0 40 354.845 357.6 50 360.4 55 363.260 365.9 65 368.6 70 371.375 374.0 80 376.7t/ °C vs/m s–1 t/°C vs/m s–1 TeamLRNMUSICAL SCALES EQUAL TEMPERED CHROMATIC SCALE A4 = 440 Hz American Standard pitch. Adopted by the American Standards Association in 1936 Note Frequency Note Frequency Note Frequency Note Frequency C0 16.35 C2 65.41 C4 261.63 C6 1046.50 C#0 17.32 C#2 69.30 C#4 277.18 C#6 1108.73 D0 18.35 D2 73.42 D4 293.66 D6 1174.66 D#0 19.45 D#2 77.78 D#4 311.13 D#6 1244.51 E0 20.60 E2 82.41 E4 329.63 E6 1318.51 F0 21.83 F2 87.31 F4 349.23 F6 1396.91 F#0 23.12 F#2 92.50 F#4 369.99 F#6 1479.98 G0 24.50 G2 98.00 G4 392.00 G6 1567.98 G#0 25.96 G#2 103.83 G#4 415.30 G#6 1661.22 A0 27.50 A2 110.00 A4 440.00 A6 1760.00 A#0 29.14 A#2 116.54 A#4 466.16 A#6 1864.66 B0 30.87 B2 123.47 B4 493.88 B6 1975.53 C1 32.70 C3 130.81 C5 523.25 C7 2093.00 C#1 34.65 C#3 138.59 C#5 554.37 C#7 2217.46 D1 36.71 D3 146.83 D5 587.33 D7 2349.32 D#1 38.89 D#3 155.56 D#5 622.25 D#7 2489.02 E1 41.20 E3 164.81 E5 659.26 E7 2637.02 F1 43.65 F3 174.61 F5 698.46 F7 2793.83 F#1 46.25 F#3 185.00 F#5 739.99 F#7 2959.96 G1 49.00 G3 196.00 G5 783.99 G7 3135.96 G#1 51.91 G#3 207.65 G#5 830.61 G#7 3322.44 A1 55.00 A3 220.00 A5 880.00 A7 3520.00 A#1 58.27 A#3 233.08 A#5 932.33 A#7 3729.31 B1 61.74 B3 246.94 B5 987.77 B7 3951.07 C8 4186.01 EQUAL TEMPERED CHROMATIC SCALE A4 = 435 Hz International Pitch, adopted 1891 Note Frequency Note Frequency Note Frequency Note Frequency C0 16.17 C2 64.66 C4 258.65 C6 1034.61 C#0 17.13 C#2 68.51 C#4 274.03 C#6 1096.13 D0 18.15 D2 72.58 D4 290.33 D6 1161.31 D#0 19.22 D#2 76.90 D#4 307.59 D#6 1230.37 E0 20.37 E2 81.47 E4 325.88 E6 1303.53 F0 21.58 F2 86.31 F4 345.26 F6 1381.04 F#0 22.86 F#2 91.45 F#4 365.79 F#6 1463.16 G0 24.22 G2 96.89 G4 387.54 G6 1550.16 G#0 25.66 G#2 102.65 G#4 410.59 G#6 1642.34 A0 27.19 A2 108.75 A4 435.00 A6 1740.00 A#0 28.80 A#2 115.22 A#4 460.87 A#6 1843.47 B0 30.52 B2 122.07 B4 488.27 B6 1953.08 C1 32.33 C3 129.33 C5 517.31 C7 2069.22 C#1 34.25 C#3 137.02 C#5 548.07 C#7 2192.26 D1 36.29 D3 145.16 D5 580.66 D7 2322.62 D#1 38.45 D#3 153.80 D#5 615.18 D#7 2460.73 E1 40.74 E3 162.94 E5 651.76 E7 2607.05 F1 43.16 F3 172.63 F5 690.52 F7 2762.08 F#1 45.72 F#3 182.89 F#5 731.58 F#7 2926.32 G1 48.44 G3 193.77 G5 775.08 G7 3100.33 G#1 51.32 G#3 205.29 G#5 821.17 G#7 3284.68 A1 54.38 A3 217.50 A5 870.00 A7 3480.00 A#1 57.61 A#3 230.43 A#5 921.73 A#7 3686.93 B1 61.03 B3 244.14 B5 976.54 B7 3906.17 C8 4138.44 SCIENTIFIC OR JUST SCALE C4 = 256 Hz Note Frequency Note Frequency Note Frequency Note Frequency C0 16 C2 64 C4 256 C6 1024 D0 18 D2 72 D4 288 D6 1152 E0 20 E2 80 E4 320 E6 1280 F0 21.33 F2 85.33 F4 341.33 F6 1365.33 G0 24 G2 96 G4 384 G6 1536 A0 26.67 A2 106.67 A4 426.67 A6 1706.67 B0 30 B2 120 B4 480 B6 1920 C1 32 C3 128 C5 512 C7 2048 D1 36 D3 144 D5 576 D7 2304 E1 40 E3 160 E5 640 E7 2560 F1 42.67 F3 170.67 F5 682.67 F7 2730.67 G1 48 G3 192 G5 768 G7 3072 A1 53.33 A3 213.33 A5 853.33 A7 3413.33 B1 60 B3 240 B5 960 B7 3840 C8 4096 TeamLRN14-47CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN HEARING The human ear is sensitive to sound waves with frequencies in the range from a few hertz to almost 20 kHz. Auditory response is usually expressed in terms of the loudness level of a sound, which is a measure of the sound pressure. The reference level, which is given in the unit phon, is a pure tone of frequency 1000 Hz with sound pressure of 20 mPa (in cgs units, 2 ·10-4 dyn/cm2 ); loudness level is usually expressed in decibels (dB) relative to this reference level. If a normal observer perceives an arbitrary sound to be equally loud as this reference sound, the sound i s said to have the loudness level of the reference. The sensitivity of the typical human ear ranges from about 0 dB, the threshold loudness level, to about 140 dB, the level at which pain sets in. The minimum detectable level thus represents a sound wave of pressure 20 mPa and intensity (power density) 10-16 W/cm2. The following figure illustrates the frequency dependence of the threshold for an average young adult. The relation between loudness level and frequency for a typical person is expressed by the following table: Sound pressure level Frequency in Hz in dB relative to 20 mPa 125 500 1000 4000 8000 10000 10 10 18 20 16 20 28 1130 4 27 30 37 21 17 40 17 39 40 45 30 26 50 34 52 50 54 38 3560 52 65 60 64 47 44 70 70 76 70 73 56 54 80 86 86 80 83 66 6490 98 96 90 94 77 74 100 108 105 100 106 88 86 Thus, a 10,000 Hz tone at a pressure level of 50 dB seems equally loud as a 1000 Hz tone at a pressure of 35 dB. The term noise refers to any unwanted sound, either a pure tone or a mixture of frequencies. Since the sensitivity of the ear is frequency de pendent, as illustrated by the above table, noise level is expressed in a frequency-weighted scale, known as A-weighting. Decibel readin gs on this scale are designated as dBa. Typical noise levels from various sources are illustrated in this table: Frequency in Hz 14-48Source Noise level in dBa Rocket engine 200 Jet aircraft engine 160 Light aircraft, cruising 140 Tractor, 150 hp 115Electric motor, 100 hp at 2600 rpm 105 Pneumatic drill 100 Subway train 90Vacuum cleaner 85 Heavy automobile traffic 75 Conversational speech 65Whispered speech 40 Background noise, recording studio 25-30 Recommended noise thresholds in the workplace have been established by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygenis ts. Some examples of the maximum safe levels for different daily exposure times are given below. Duration of exposure Max. level in dBa 24 h 80 8 h 854 h 88 1 h 94 30 min 9715 min 100 2 min 109 28 s 1150.11 s 139 No exposure greater than 140 dBa is permitted. Further details may be found in Reference 3. REFERENCES 1. Anderson, H. L., Editor, A Physicist’s Desk Reference , American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989, chap. 2. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition , McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, chap. 3. 3.Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents; Biological Exposure Indices, 1999 Edition, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN HEARING (continued) TeamLRNSection 15: Practical Laboratory Data Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables Secondary Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale Laboratory Solvents and other Liquid Reagents Miscibility of Organic Solvents Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Correction of Barometer Readings to 0°C Temperature Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures Constant Humidity Solutions Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration Low Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature Wire Tables Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids Density of Various Solids Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials Coefficient of Friction Flame Temperatures Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum STANDARD ITS -90 THERMOCOUPLE TABLES The Instrument Society of America (ISA) has assigned standard letter designations to a number of thermocouple types having specified emf -temperature relations. These designations and the approximate metal compositions which meet the required relations, as well as the useful temperature ranges, are given below: Type B (Pt + 30% Rh) vs. (Pt + 6% Rh) 0 to 1820 °C Type E (Ni + 10% Cr) v s. (Cu + 43% Ni) -270 to 1000 °C Type J Fe vs. (Cu + 43% Ni) -210 to 1200 °C Type K (Ni + 10% Cr) vs. (Ni + 2% Al + 2% Mn + 1% Si) -270 to 1372 °C Type N (Ni + 14% Cr + 1.5% Si) vs. (Ni + 4.5% Si + 0. 1% Mg) -270 to 1300 °C Type R (Pt + 13% Rh) vs. Pt -50 to 1768 °C Type S (Pt + 10% Rh) vs. Pt -50 to 1768 °C Type T Cu vs. (Cu + 43% Ni) -270 to 400 °C The compositions are given in weight percent, and the positive leg is listed first. It should be emphasized that the standard letter designations do not imply a precise composition but rather that the specified emf -temperature relation is satisfied. The first set of tables below lists, for each thermocouple type, the emf as a function of temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS -90). The coefficients in the equation used to generate the table are also given. The second set of tables gives the inverse relationships, i.e., the coefficients in the polynomial equation which expresses the temperature as a function of thermocouple emf. The accuracy of these equations is also stated. Further details and tables at closer intervals may be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Burns, G. W., Seroger, M. G., Strouse, G. F., Croarkin, M. C., and Guthrie, W.F., Temperature -Electromotive Force Reference Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS -90, Nat. Inst. Stand. Tech. (U.S.) Monogr. 175, 1993. 2. Schooley, J. F., Thermometry , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986. TeamLRNType B thermocouples : emf-temperature ( °C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0 °C t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0.000 -0.002 -0.003 -0.002 -0.000 0.002 0.006 0.011 0.017 0.025 0.033 100 0.033 0.043 0.053 0.065 0.078 0.092 0.107 0.123 0.141 0.159 0.178 200 0.178 0.199 0.220 0.243 0.267 0.291 0.317 0.344 0.372 0.401 0.431 300 0.431 0.462 0.494 0.527 0.561 0.596 0.632 0.669 0.707 0.746 0.787 400 0.787 0.828 0.870 0.913 0.957 1.002 1.048 1.095 1.143 1.192 1.242 500 1.242 1.293 1.344 1.397 1.451 1.505 1.561 1.617 1.675 1.733 1.792 600 1.792 1.852 1.913 1.975 2.037 2.101 2.165 2.230 2.296 2.363 2.431 700 2.431 2.499 2.569 2.639 2.710 2.782 2.854 2.928 3.002 3.078 3.154 800 3.154 3.230 3.308 3.386 3.466 3.546 3.626 3.708 3.790 3.873 3.957 900 3.957 4.041 4.127 4.213 4.299 4.387 4.475 4.564 4.653 4.743 4.834 1000 4.834 4.926 5.018 5.111 5.205 5.299 5.394 5.489 5.585 5.682 5.780 1100 5.780 5.878 5.976 6.075 6.175 6.276 6.377 6.478 6.580 6.683 6.786 1200 6.786 6.890 6.995 7.100 7.205 7.311 7.417 7.524 7.632 7.740 7.848 1300 7.848 7.957 8.066 8.176 8.286 8.397 8.508 8.620 8.731 8.844 8.956 1400 8.956 9.069 9.182 9.296 9.410 9.524 9.639 9.753 9.868 9.984 10.099 1500 10.099 10.215 10.331 10.447 10.563 10.679 10.796 10.913 11.029 11.146 11.263 1600 11.263 11.380 11.497 11.614 11.731 11.848 11.965 12.082 12.199 12.316 12.433 1700 12.433 12.549 12.666 12.782 12.898 13.014 13.130 13.246 13.361 13.476 13.591 1800 13.591 13.706 13.820 Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form : E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients . These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. 0°C 630.615 °C to to 630.615 °C 1820°C c0= 0.000 000 000 0 -3.893 816 862 1 c1=-2.465 081 834 6 × 10-4 2.857 174 747 0 × 10-2 c2= 5.904 042 117 1 × 10-6-8.488 510 478 5 × 10-5 c3=-1.325 793 163 6 × 10-9 1.578 528 016 4 × 10-7 c4= 1.566 829 190 1 × 10-12-1.683 534 486 4 × 10-10 c5=-1.694 452 924 0 × 10-15 1.110 979 401 3 × 10-13 c6= 6.299 034 709 4 × 10-19-4.451 543 103 3 × 10-17 c7= . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.897 564 082 1 × 10-21 c8= . . . . . . . . . . . . -9.379 133 028 9 × 10-25 Type E thermocouples : emf-temperature ( °C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0 °C t/°C 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -200 -8.825 -9.063 -9.274 -9.455 -9.604 -9.718 -9.797 -9.835 -100 -5.237 -5.681 -6.107 -6.516 -6.907 -7.279 -7.632 -7.963 -8.273 -8.561 -8.825 00.000 -0.582 -1.152 -1.709 -2.255 -2.787 -3.306 -3.811 -4.302 -4.777 -5.237 t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0.000 0.591 1.192 1.801 2.420 3.048 3.685 4.330 4.985 5.648 6.319 100 6.319 6.998 7.685 8.379 9.081 9.789 10.503 11.224 11.951 12.684 13.421 200 13.421 14.164 14.912 15.664 16.420 17.181 17.945 18.713 19.484 20.259 21.036 300 21.036 21.817 22.600 23.386 24.174 24.964 25.757 26.552 27.348 28.146 28.946 400 28.946 29.747 30.550 31.354 32.159 32.965 33.772 34.579 35.387 36.196 37.005 500 37.005 37.815 38.624 39.434 40.243 41.053 41.862 42.671 43.479 44.286 45.093 600 45.093 45.900 46.705 47.509 48.313 49.116 49.917 50.718 51.517 52.315 53.112 700 53.112 53.908 54.703 55.497 56.289 57.080 57.870 58.659 59.446 60.232 61.017 800 61.017 61.801 62.583 63.364 64.144 64.922 65.698 66.473 67.246 68.017 68.787 900 68.787 69.554 70.319 71.082 71.844 72.603 73.360 74.115 74.869 75.621 76.373 1000 76.373 Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form : E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C 0°C to to 0°C 1000°C c0= 0.000 000 000 0 0.000 000 000 0 c1= 5.866 550 870 8 × 10-2 5.866 550 871 0 × 10-2 c2= 4.541 097 712 4 × 10-54.503 227 558 2 × 10-5 c3=-7.799 804 868 6 × 10-72.890 840 721 2 × 10-8 c4=-2.580 016 084 3 × 10-8-3.305 689 665 2 × 10-10 c5=-5.945 258 305 7 × 10-106.502 440 327 0 × 10-13 c6=-9.321 405 866 7 × 10-12-1.919 749 550 4 × 10-16 c7=-1.028 760 553 4 × 10-13-1.253 660 049 7 × 10-18 c8=-8.037 012 362 1 × 10-162.148 921 756 9 × 10-21 c9=-4.397 949 739 1 × 10-18-1.438 804 178 2 × 10-24 c10=-1.641 477 635 5 × 10-203.596 089 9 48 1 × 10-28 c11=-3.967 361 951 6 × 10-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . c12=-5.582 732 872 1 × 10-26. . . . . . . . . . . . c13=-3.465 784 201 3 × 10-29. . . . . . . . . . . . TeamLRNType J thermocouples : emf-temperature ( °C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0 °C t/°C 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -200 -7.890 -8.095 -100 -4.633 -5.037 -5.426 -5.801 -6.159 -6.500 -6.821 -7.123 -7.403 -7.659 -7.890 0 0.000 -0.501 -0.995 -1.482 -1.961 -2.431 -2.893 -3.344 -3.786 -4.215 -4.633 t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0.000 0.507 1.019 1.537 2.059 2.585 3.116 3.650 4.187 4.726 5.269 100 5.269 5.814 6.360 6.909 7.459 8.010 8.562 9.115 9.669 10.224 10.779 200 10.779 11.334 11.889 12.445 13.000 13.555 14.110 14.665 15.219 15.773 16.327 300 16.327 16.881 17.434 17.986 18.538 19.090 19.642 20.194 20.745 21.297 21.848 400 21.848 22.400 22.952 23.504 24.057 24.610 25.164 25.720 26.276 26.834 27.393 500 27.393 27.953 28.516 29.080 29.647 30.216 30.788 31.362 31.939 32.519 33.102 600 33.102 33.689 34.279 34.873 35.470 36.071 36.675 37.284 37.896 38.512 39.132 700 39.132 39.755 40.382 41.012 41.645 42.281 42.919 43.559 44.203 44.848 45.494 800 45.494 46.141 46.786 47.431 48.074 48.715 49.353 49.989 50.622 51.251 51.877 900 51.877 52.500 53.119 53.735 54.347 54.956 55.561 56.164 56.763 57.360 57.953 1000 57.953 58.545 59.134 59.721 60.307 60.890 61.473 62.054 62.634 63.214 63.792 1100 63.792 64.370 64.948 65.525 66.102 66.679 67.255 67.831 68.406 68.980 69.553 1200 69.553 Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Comp ute the Above Table The equations are of the form : E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -210°C 760°C to to 760°C 1200°C c0= 0.000 000 000 0 2.964 562 568 1 × 102 c1= 5.038 118 781 5 × 10-2-1.497 612 778 6 c2= 3.047 583 693 0 × 10-53.178 710 392 4 × 10-3 c3=-8.568 106 572 0 × 10-8-3.184 768 670 1 × 10-6 c4= 1.322 819 529 5 × 10-101.572 081 900 4 × 10-9 c5=-1.705 295 833 7 × 10-13-3.069 136 905 6 × 10-13 c6= 2.094 809 069 7 × 10-16. . . . . . . . . . . . c7=-1.253 839 533 6 × 10-19. . . . . . . . . . . . c8= 1.563 172 569 7 × 10-23. . . . . . . . . . . . Type K thermocouples : emf-temperature ( °C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0 °C t/°C 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -200 -5.891 -6.035 -6.158 -6.262 -6.344 -6.404 -6.441 -6.458 -100 -3.554 -3.852 -4.138 -4.411 -4.669 -4.913 -5.141 -5.354 -5.550 -5.730 -5.891 0 0.000 -0.392 -0.778 -1.156 -1.527 -1.889 -2.243 -2.587 -2.920 -3.243 -3.554 t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0.000 0.397 0.798 1.203 1.612 2.023 2.436 2.851 3.267 3.682 4.096 100 4.096 4.509 4.920 5.328 5.735 6.138 6.540 6.941 7.340 7.739 8.138 200 8.138 8.539 8.940 9.343 9.747 10.153 10.561 10.971 11.382 11.795 12.209 300 12.209 12.624 13.040 13.457 13.874 14.293 14.713 15.133 15.554 15.975 16.397 400 16.397 16.820 17.243 17.667 18.091 18.516 18.941 19.366 19.792 20.218 20.644 500 20.644 21.071 21.497 21.924 22.350 22.776 23.203 23.629 24.055 24.480 24.905 600 24.905 25.330 25.755 26.179 26.602 27.025 27.447 27.869 28.289 28.710 29.129 700 29.129 29.548 29.965 30.382 30.798 31.213 31.628 32.041 32.453 32.865 33.275 800 33.275 33.685 34.093 34.501 34.908 35.313 35.718 36.121 36.524 36.925 37.326 900 37.326 37.725 38.124 38.522 38.918 39.314 39.708 40.101 40.494 40.885 41.276 1000 41.276 41.665 42.053 42.440 42.826 43.211 43.595 43.978 44.359 44.740 45.119 1100 45.119 45.497 45.873 46.249 46.623 46.995 47.367 47.737 48.105 48.473 48.838 1200 48.838 49.202 49.565 49.926 50.286 50.644 51.000 51.355 51.708 52.060 52.410 1300 52.410 52.759 53.106 53.451 53.795 54.138 54.479 54.819 TeamLRNTemperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. In the 0 °C to 1372°C range there is also an exponential term that must be evaluated and added to the equation. The exponential term is of the form: c0exp[c1(t-126.9686)2] , where t is the temperature in °C and c0 and c1 are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C 0°C 0°C to to to 0°C 1372°C 1372°C (exponential term) c0= 0.000 000 000 0 -1.760 041 368 6 × 10-21.185 976 × 10-1 c1= 3.945 012 802 5 × 10-2 3.892 120 497 5 × 10-2-1.183 432 × 10-4 c2= 2.362 237 359 8 × 10-5 1.855 877 003 2 × 10-5. . . . . . . c3= -3.285 890 678 4 × 10-7-9.945 759 287 4 ×10-8. . . . . . . c4= -4.990 482 877 7 × 10-9 3.184 094 571 9 × 10-10. . . . . . . c5= -6.750 905 917 3 × 10-11-5.607 284 488 9 × 10-13. . . . . . . c6= -5.741 032 742 8 × 10-13 5.607 505 905 9 × 10-16. . . . . . . c7= -3.108 887 289 4 × 10-15-3.202 072 000 3 × 10-19. . . . . . . c8= -1.045 160 936 5 × 10-17 9.715 114 715 2 × 10-23. . . . . . . c9= -1.988 926 687 8 × 10-20-1.210 472 127 5 × 10-26. . . . . . . c10= -1.632 269 748 6 × 10-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type N thermocouples : emf-temperature ( °C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0 °C t/°C 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -200 -3.990 -4.083 -4.162 -4.226 -4.277 -4.313 -4.336 -4.345 -100 -2.407 -2.612 -2.808 -2.994 -3.171 -3.336 -3.491 -3.634 -3.766 -3.884 -3.990 0 0.000 -0.260 -0.518 -0.772 -1.023 -1.269 -1.509 -1.744 -1.972 -2.193 -2.407 t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0.000 0.261 0.525 0.793 1.065 1.340 1.619 1.902 2.189 2.480 2.774 100 2.774 3.072 3.374 3.680 3.989 4.302 4.618 4.937 5.259 5.585 5.913 200 5.913 6.245 6.579 6.916 7.255 7.597 7.941 8.288 8.637 8.988 9.341 300 9.341 9.696 10.054 10.413 10.774 11.136 11.501 11.867 12.234 12.603 12.974 400 12.974 13.346 13.719 14.094 14.469 14.846 15.225 15.604 15.984 16.366 16.748 500 16.748 17.131 17.515 17.900 18.286 18.672 19.059 19.447 19.835 20.224 20.613 600 20.613 21.003 21.393 21.784 22.175 22.566 22.958 23.350 23.742 24.134 24.527 700 24.527 24.919 25.312 25.705 26.098 26.491 26.883 27.276 27.669 28.062 28.455 800 28.455 28.847 29.239 29.632 30.024 30.416 30.807 31.199 31.590 31.981 32.371 900 32.371 32.761 33.151 33.541 33.930 34.319 34.707 35.095 35.482 35.869 36.256 1000 36.256 36.641 37.027 37.411 37.795 38.179 38.562 38.944 39.326 39.706 40.087 1100 40.087 40.466 40.845 41.223 41.600 41.976 42.352 42.727 43.101 43.474 43.846 1200 43.846 44.218 44.588 44.958 45.326 45.694 46.060 46.425 46.789 47.152 47.513 1300 47.513 Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form : E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C 0°C to to 0°C 1300°C c0= 0.000 000 000 0 0.000 000 000 0 c1= 2.615 910 596 2 × 10-22.592 939 460 1 × 10-2 c2= 1.095 748 422 8 × 10-51.571 014 188 0 × 10-5 c3=-9.384 111 155 4 × 10-84.382 562 723 7 × 10-8 c4=-4.641 203 975 9 × 10-11-2.526 116 979 4 × 10-10 c5=-2.630 335 771 6 × 10-126.431 181 933 9 × 10-13 c6=-2.265 343 800 3 × 10-14-1.006 347 151 9 × 10-15 c7=-7.608 930 079 1 × 10-179.974 533 899 2 × 10-19 c8=-9.341 966 783 5 × 10-20-6.086 324 560 7 × 10-22 c9= . . . . . . . . . . 2.084 922 933 9 × 10-25 c10= . . . . . . . . . . -3.068 219 615 1 × 10-29 TeamLRN Type R thermocouples : emf-temperature ( °C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0 °C t/°C 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 0 0.000 -0.051 -0.100 -0.145 -0.188 -0.226 t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0.000 0.054 0.111 0.171 0.232 0.296 0.363 0.431 0.501 0.573 0.647 100 0.647 0.723 0.800 0.879 0.959 1.041 1.124 1.208 1.294 1.381 1.469 200 1.469 1.558 1.648 1.739 1.831 1.923 2.017 2.112 2.207 2.304 2.401 300 2.401 2.498 2.597 2.696 2.796 2.896 2.997 3.099 3.201 3.304 3.408 400 3.408 3.512 3.616 3.721 3.827 3.933 4.040 4.147 4.255 4.363 4.471 500 4.471 4.580 4.690 4.800 4.910 5.021 5.133 5.245 5.357 5.470 5.583 600 5.583 5.697 5.812 5.926 6.041 6.157 6.273 6.390 6.507 6.625 6.743 700 6.743 6.861 6.980 7.100 7.220 7.340 7.461 7.583 7.705 7.827 7.950 800 7.950 8.073 8.197 8.321 8.446 8.571 8.697 8.823 8.950 9.077 9.205 900 9.205 9.333 9.461 9.590 9.720 9.850 9.980 10.111 10.242 10.374 10.506 1000 10.506 10.638 10.771 10.905 11.039 11.173 11.307 11.442 11.578 11.714 11.850 1100 11.850 11.986 12.123 12.260 12.397 12.535 12.673 12.812 12.950 13.089 13.228 1200 13.228 13.367 13.507 13.646 13.786 13.926 14.066 14.207 14.347 14.488 14.629 1300 14.629 14.770 14.911 15.052 15.193 15.334 15.475 15.616 15.758 15.899 16.040 1400 16.040 16.181 16.323 16.464 16.605 16.746 16.887 17.028 17.169 17.310 17.451 1500 17.451 17.591 17.732 17.872 18.012 18.152 18.292 18.431 18.571 18.710 18.849 1600 18.849 18.988 19.126 19.264 19.402 19.540 19.677 19.814 19.951 20.087 20.222 1700 20.222 20.356 20.488 20.620 20.749 20.877 21.003 Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form : E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -50°C 1064.18 °C 1664.5°C to to to 1064.18 °C 1664.5°C 1768.1°C c0= 0.000 000 000 00. 2.951 579 253 16 1.522 321 182 09 × 102 c1= 5.289 617 297 65 × 10-3-2.520 612 513 32 × 10-3-2.688 198 885 45 × 10-1 c2= 1.391 665 897 82 × 10-5 1.595 645 018 65 × 10-5 1.712 802 804 71 × 10-4 c3=-2.388 556 930 17 × 10-8-7.640 859 475 76 × 10-9-3.458 957 064 53 × 10-8 c4= 3.569 160 010 63 × 10-11 2.053 052 910 24 × 10-12-9.346 339 710 46 × 10-15 c5=-4.623 476 662 98 × 10-14-2.933 596 681 73 × 10-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . c6= 5.007 774 410 34 × 10-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c7=-3.731 058 861 91 × 10-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c8= 1.577 164 823 67 × 10-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c9=-2.810 386 252 51 × 10-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type S thermocouples: emf-temperature ( °C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0 °C t/°C 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 0 0.000 -0.053 -0.103 -0.150 -0.194 -0.236 t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0.000 0.055 0.113 0.173 0.235 0.299 0.365 0.433 0.502 0.573 0.646 100 0.646 0.720 0.795 0.872 0.950 1.029 1.110 1.191 1.273 1.357 1.441 200 1.441 1.526 1.612 1.698 1.786 1.874 1.962 2.052 2.141 2.232 2.323 300 2.323 2.415 2.507 2.599 2.692 2.786 2.880 2.974 3.069 3.164 3.259 400 3.259 3.355 3.451 3.548 3.645 3.742 3.840 3.938 4.036 4.134 4.233 500 4.233 4.332 4.432 4.532 4.632 4.732 4.833 4.934 5.035 5.137 5.239 600 5.239 5.341 5.443 5.546 5.649 5.753 5.857 5.961 6.065 6.170 6.275 700 6.275 6.381 6.486 6.593 6.699 6.806 6.913 7.020 7.128 7.236 7.345 800 7.345 7.454 7.563 7.673 7.783 7.893 8.003 8.114 8.226 8.337 8.449 900 8.449 8.562 8.674 8.787 8.900 9.014 9.128 9.242 9.357 9.472 9.587 1000 9.587 9.703 9.819 9.935 10.051 10.168 10.285 10.403 10.520 10.638 10.757 1100 10.757 10.875 10.994 11.113 11.232 11.351 11.471 11.590 11.710 11.830 11.951 1200 11.951 12.071 12.191 12.312 12.433 12.554 12.675 12.796 12.917 13.038 13.159 1300 13.159 13.280 13.402 13.523 13.644 13.766 13.887 14.009 14.130 14.251 14.373 1400 14.373 14.494 14.615 14.736 14.857 14.978 15.099 15.220 15.341 15.461 15.582 1500 15.582 15.702 15.822 15.942 16.062 16.182 16.301 16.420 16.539 16.658 16.777 1600 16.777 16.895 17.013 17.131 17.249 17.366 17.483 17.600 17.717 17.832 17.947 1700 17.947 18.061 18.174 18.285 18.395 18.503 18.609 TeamLRNTemperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -50°C 1064.18 °C 1664.5°C to to to 1064.18 °C 1664.5°C 1768.1°C c0= 0.000 000 000 00 1.329 004 440 85 1.466 282 326 36 × 102 c1= 5.403 133 086 31 × 10-3 3.345 093 113 44 × 10-3-2.584 305 167 52 × 10-1 c2= 1.259 342 897 40 × 10-5 6.548 051 928 18 × 10-6 1.636 935 746 41 × 10-4 c3=-2.324 779 686 89 × 10-8-1.648 562 592 09 × 10-9-3.304 390 469 87 × 10-8 c4= 3.220 288 230 36 × 10-11 1.299 896 051 74 × 10-14-9.432 236 906 12 × 10-15 c5=-3.314 651 963 89 × 10-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c6= 2.557 442 517 86 × 10-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c7=-1.250 688 713 93 × 10-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c8= 2.714 431 761 45 × 10-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type T thermocouples: emf-temperature ( °C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0 °C t/°C 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -200 -5.603 -5.753 -5.888 -6.007 -6.105 -6.180 -6.232 -6.258 -100 -3.379 -3.657 -3.923 -4.177 -4.419 -4.648 -4.865 -5.070 -5.261 -5.439 -5.603 0 0.000 -0.383 -0.757 -1.121 -1.475 -1.819 -2.153 -2.476 -2.788 -3.089 -3.379 t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0.000 0.391 0.790 1.196 1.612 2.036 2.468 2.909 3.358 3.814 4.279 100 4.279 4.750 5.228 5.714 6.206 6.704 7.209 7.720 8.237 8.759 9.288 200 9.288 9.822 10.362 10.907 11.458 12.013 12.574 13.139 13.709 14.283 14.862 300 14.862 15.445 16.032 16.624 17.219 17.819 18.422 19.030 19.641 20.255 20.872 400 20.872 Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C 0°C to to 0°C 400°C c0= 0.000 000 000 0 0.000 000 000 0 c1= 3.874 810 636 4 × 10-23.874 810 636 4 × 10-2 c2= 4.419 443 434 7 × 10-53.329 222 788 0 × 10-5 c3= 1.184 432 310 5 × 10-72.061 824 340 4 × 10-7 c4= 2.003 297 355 4 × 10-8-2.188 225 684 6 × 10-9 c5= 9.013 801 955 9 × 10-101.099 688 092 8 × 10-11 c6= 2.265 115 659 3 × 10-11-3.081 575 877 2 × 10-14 c7= 3.607 115 420 5 × 10-134.547 913 529 0 × 10-17 c8= 3.849 393 988 3 × 10-15-2.751 290 167 3 × 10-20 c9= 2.821 352 192 5 × 10-17. . . . . . . . . . . . c10= 1.425 159 477 9 × 10-19. . . . . . . . . . . . c11= 4.876 866 228 6 × 10-22. . . . . . . . . . . . c12= 1.079 553 927 0 × 10-24. . . . . . . . . . . . c13= 1.394 502 706 2 × 10-27. . . . . . . . . . . . c14= 7.979 515 392 7 × 10-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . TeamLRNType B thermocouples: coefficients (c i) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges Temperature 250°C 700°C Range: to to 700°C 1820°C emf 0.291 mV 2.431 mV Range: to to 2.431 mV 13.820 mV c0 = 9.842 332 1 × 101 2.131 507 1 × 102 c1 = 6.997 150 0 × 1022.851 050 4 × 102 c2 = -8.476 530 4 × 102-5.274 288 7 × 101 c3 = 1.005 264 4 × 1039.916 080 4 c4 = -8.334 595 2 × 102-1.296 530 3 c5 = 4.550 854 2 × 1021.119 587 0 × 10-1 c6 = -1.552 303 7 × 102-6.062 519 9 × 10-3 c7 = 2.988 675 0 × 1011.866 169 6 × 10-4 c8 = -2.474 286 0 -2.487 858 5 × 10-6 Type E thermocouples: coefficients (c i) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges Temperature -200°C 0°C Range: to to 0°C 1000°C emf -8.825 mV 0.0 mV Range: to to 0.0 mV 76.373 mV c0 = 0.000 000 0 0.000 000 0 c1 = 1.697 728 8 × 1011.705 703 5 × 101 c2 = -4.351 497 0 × 10-1-2.330 175 9 × 10-1 c3 = -1.585 969 7 × 10-16.543 558 5 × 10-3 c4 = -9.250 287 1 × 10-2-7.356 274 9 × 10-5 c5 = -2.608 431 4 × 10-2-1.789 600 1 × 10-6 c6 = -4.136 019 9 × 10-38.403 616 5 × 10-8 c7 = -3.403 403 0 × 10-4-1.373 587 9 × 10-9 c8 = -1.156 489 0 × 10-51.062 982 3 × 10-11 c9 = . . . . . . . -3.244 708 7 × 10-14 Type J thermocouples: coefficients (c i) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges Temperature -210°C 0°C 760°C Range: to to to 0°C 760°C 1200°C emf -8.095 mV 0.0 mV 42.919 mV Range: to to to 0.0 mV 42.919 mV 69.553 mV c0 = 0.000 000 0 0.000 000 -3.113 581 87 × 103 c1 = 1.952 826 8 ×1011.978 425 × 1013.005 436 84 × 102 c2 = -1.228 618 5 -2.001 204 × 10-1-9.947 732 30 c3 = -1.075 217 8 1.036 969 × 10-21.702 766 30 × 10-1 c4 = -5.908 693 3 × 10-1-2.549 687 × 10-4 -1.430 334 68 × 10-3 c5 = -1.725 671 3 × 10-13.585 153 × 10-64.738 860 84 × 10-6 c6 = -2.813 151 3 × 10-2-5.344 285 × 10-8. . . . . . . c7 = -2.396 337 0 × 10-35.099 890 × 10-10 . . . . . . . c8 = -8.382 332 1 × 10-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type K thermocouples: coefficients (c i) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges Temperature -200°C 0°C 500°C Range: to to to 0°C 500°C 1372°C emf -5.891 mV 0.0 mV 20.644 mV Range: to to to 0.0 mV 20.644 mV 54.886 mV c0 = 0.000 000 0 0.000 000 0 -1.318 058 × 102 c1 = 2.517 346 2 × 1012.508 355 × 1014.830 222 × 101 c2 = -1.166 287 8 7.860 106 × 10-2-1.646 031 c3 = -1.083 363 8 -2.503 131 × 10-15.464 731 × 10-2 c4 = -8.977 354 0 × 10-18.315 270 × 10-2-9.650 715 × 10-4 c5 = -3.734 237 7 × 10-1-1.228 034 × 10-28.802 193 × 10-6 c6 = -8.663 264 3 × 10-29.804 036 × 10-4-3.110 810 × 10-8 c7 = -1.045 059 8 × 10-2 -4.413 030 × 10-5 . . . . . . . c8 = -5.192 057 7 × 10-41.057 734 × 10-6 . . . . . . . c9 = . . . . . . . -1.052 755 × 10-8. . . . . . . TeamLRNType N thermocouples: coefficients (c i) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges Temperature -200°C 0°C 600°C Range: to to to 0°C 600°C 1300°C emf -3.990 mV 0.0 mV 20.613 mV Range: to to to 0.0 mV 20.613 mV 47.513 mV c0 = 0.000 000 0 0.000 00 1.972 485 × 101 c1 = 3.843 684 7 × 101 3.868 96 × 1013.300 943 × 101 c2 = 1.101 048 5 -1.082 67 -3.915 159 × 10-1 c3 = 5.222 931 2 4.702 05 × 10-2 9.855 391 × 10-3 c4 = 7.206 052 5 -2.121 69 × 10-6-1.274 371 × 10-4 c5 = 5.848 858 6 -1.172 72 × 10-4 7.767 022 × 10-7 c6 = 2.775 491 6 5.392 80 × 10-6. . . . . . . . . c7 = 7.707 516 6 × 10-1-7.981 56 × 10-8 . . . . . . . . . c8 = 1.158 266 5 × 10-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c9 = 7.313 886 8 × 10-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type R thermocouples: coefficients (c i) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges Temperature -50°C 250°C 1064°C 1664.5°C Range: to to to to 250°C 1200°C 1664.5°C 1768.1°C emf -0.226 mV 1.923 mV 11.361 mV 19.739 mV Range: to to to to 1.923 mV 13.228 mV 19.739 mV 21.103 mV c0 = 0.000 000 0 1.334 584 505 × 101 -8.199 599 416 × 101 3.406 177 836 × 104 c1 = 1.889 138 0 × 1021.472 644 573 × 1021.553 962 042 × 102-7.023 729 171 × 103 c2 =-9.383 529 0 × 101-1.844 024 844 × 101-8.342 197 663 5.582 903 813 × 102 c3 = 1.306 861 9 × 1024.031 129 726 4.279 433 549 × 10-1 -1.952 394 635 × 101 c4 =-2.270 358 0 × 102-6.249 428 360 × 10-1-1.191 577 910 × 10-22.560 740 231 × 10-1 c5 = 3.514 565 9 × 1026.468 412 046 × 10-21.492 290 091 × 10-4. . . . . . . . . . c6 =-3.895 390 0 × 102-4.458 750 426 × 10-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c7 = 2.823 947 1 × 1021.994 710 149 × 10-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c8 =-1.260 728 1 × 102 -5.313 401 790 × 10-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c9 = 3.135 361 1 × 1016.481 976 217 × 10-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c10 =-3.318 776 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type S thermocouples: coefficients (c i) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges Temperature -50°C 250°C 1064°C 1664.5°C Range: to to to to 250°C 1200°C 1664.5°C 1768.1°C emf -0.235 mV 1.874 mV 10.332 mV 17.536 mV Range: to to to to 1.874 mV 11.950 mV 17.536 mV 18.693 mV c0 = 0.000 000 00 1.291 507 177 × 101-8.087 801 117 × 1015.333 875 126 × 104 c1 = 1.849 494 60 × 1021.466 298 863 × 1021.621 573 104 × 102-1.235 892 298 × 104 c2 =-8.005 040 62 × 101-1.534 713 402 × 101-8.536 869 453 1.092 657 613 × 103 c3 = 1.022 374 30 × 1023.145 945 973 4.719 686 976 × 10-1-4.265 693 686 × 101 c4 =-1.522 485 92 × 102-4.163 257 839 × 10-1-1.441 693 666 × 10-26.247 205 420 × 10-1 c5 = 1.888 213 43 × 1023.187 963 77 1 × 10-22.081 618 890 × 10-4. . . . . . . . . . c6 =-1.590 859 41 × 102-1.291 637 500 × 10-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c7 = 8.230 278 80 × 1012.183 475 087 × 10-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c8 =-2.341 819 44 × 101-1.447 379 511 × 10-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c9 = 2.797 862 60 8.211 272 125 × 10-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type T thermocouples: coefficients (c i) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges Temperature -200°C 0°C Range: to to 0°C 400°C emf -5.603 mV 0.0 mV Range: to to 0.0 mV 20.872 mV c0 = 0.000 000 0 0.000 000 c1 = 2.594 919 2 × 1012.592 800 × 101 c2 = -2.131 696 7 × 10-1 -7.602 961 × 10-1 c3 = 7.901 869 2 × 10-14.637 791 × 10-2 c4 = 4.252 777 7 × 10-1-2.165 394 × 10-3 c5 = 1.330 447 3 × 10-16.048 144 × 10-5 c6 = 2.024 144 6 × 10-2-7.293 422 × 10-7 c7 = 1.266 817 1 × 10-3. . . . . . . . . . TeamLRN 15- 14 SECONDARY REFERENCE POINTS ON THE ITS-90 TEMPERATURE SCALE The International Temperature Scale of 1990 is described tin Section 1 of this Handbook , where the de fining fixed points are listed. The Consul- tative Committee on Thermometry (CCT) of the International Committee on Weights and Measures (CIPM), which oversees the tempera ture scale, has recommended a number of secondary reference points whose values have been accurately determined with respect to the primary fixed points. The most accurate of these, referred to as “ first quality points”, satisfy several criteria involving purity of the material, reproducibility, and docu- mentation of the measurements. The CCT also lists “second quality points” that do not yet satisfy all the criteria but are stil l useful. Taken together, these secondary reference points, help fill in the gaps between the primary fixed points. The table below describes these secondary reference points. The best values resulting from the CCT evaluation are listed on bot h the Kelvin and Celsius scales, along with an estimate of uncertainty. Full details are given in the reference. The entries within each quality group are listed in order of increasing temperature. REFERENCE Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., Metrologia 33, 133, 1996. Substance Type of Transition T 90 /K t 90 /°C Uncert. First quality points Zinc Superconductive transition 0.8500 -272.300 0.0030 Aluminum Superconductive transition 1.1810 -271.9690 0.0025Helium ( 4 He) Super fluid transition 2.1768 -270.9732 0.0001 Indium Superconductive transition 3.4145 -269.7355 0.0025Lead Superconductive transition 7.1997 -265.9503 0.0025Niobium Superconductive transition 9.2880 -263.8620 0.0025Deuterium ( 2 H 2 )T riple point (equilibrium D 2 )18.689 -254.461 0.001 Deuterium ( 2 H 2 )T riple point (normal D 2 ) 18.724 -254.426 0.001 Neon ( 20 Ne) Triple point 24.541 -248.609 0.001 Neon Boiling point 27.097 -246.053 0.001Nitrogen Triple point 63.151 -209.999 0.001Nitrogen Boiling point 77.352 -195.798 0.002Argon Boiling point 87.303 -185.847 0.001Oxygen Condensation point 90.197 -182.953 0.001 Methane Triple point 90.694 -182.456 0.001 Xenon Triple point 161.405 -111.745 0.001Carbon dioxide Triple point 216.592 -56.558 0.001Mercury Freezing point 234.3210 -38.8290 0.0005Water Ice point 273.15 0 Gallium Triple point 302.9166 29.7666 0.0001Water Boiling point 373.124 99.974 0.001 Indium Triple point 429.7436 156.5936 0.0002Bismuth Freezing point 544.552 271.402 0.001Cadmium Freezing point 594.219 321.069 0.001Lead Freezing point 600.612 327.462 0.001Antimony Freezing point 903.778 630.628 0.001Copper/71.9% silver Eutectic melting point 1052.78 779.63 0.05Palladium Freezing point 1828.0 1554.8 0.1 Platinum Freezing point 2041.3 1768.2 0.4Rhodium Freezing point 2236 1963 3Iridium Freezing point 2719 2446 6Molybdenum Melting point 2895 2622 4Tungsten Melting point 3687 3414 7 15- 15 SECONDARY REFERENCE POINTS ON THE ITS-90 TEMPERATURE SCALE (continued) Second quality points Hydrogen Triple point (normal H 2 ) 13.952 -259.198 0.002 Hydrogen Boiling point (normal H 2 ) 20.388 -252.762 0.002 Oxygen /H9251 - /H9252 transition 23.868 -249.282 0.005 Nitrogen /H9251 - /H9252 transition 35.614 -237.536 0.006 Oxygen /H9252 - /H9253 transition 43.796 -229.354 0.001 Krypton Triple point 115.775 -157.375 0.001Carbon dioxide Sublimation point 194.686 -78.464 0.003Sulfur hexa fluoride Triple point 223.554 -49.596 0.005 Gallium/20% indium Eutectic melting point 288.800 15.650 0.001Gallium/8% tin Eutectic melting point 293.626 20.476 0.002Diphenyl ether Triple point 300.014 26.864 0.001Ethylene carbonate Triple point 309.465 36.315 0.001Succinonitrile Triple point 331.215 58.065 0.002Sodium Freezing point 370.944 97.794 0.005Benzoic acid Triple point 395.486 122.336 0.002Benzoic acid Freezing point 395.502 122.352 0.007Mercury Boiling point 629.769 356.619 0.004Sulfur Boiling point 717.764 444.614 0.002Copper/66.9% aluminum Eutectic melting point 840.957 567.807 0.010Silver/30% aluminum Eutectic melting point 840.957 567.807 0.002Sodium chloride Freezing point 1075.168 802.018 0.011Sodium Boiling point 1156.090 882.940 0.005Nickel Freezing point 1728 1455 1Cobalt Freezing point 1768 1495 3Iron Freezing point 1811 1538 3 Titanium Melting point 1943 1670 2 Zirconium Melting point 2127 1854 8Aluminum oxide Melting point 2326 2053 2Ruthenium Melting point 2606 2333 10 Substance Type of Transition T 90 /K t 90 /°C Uncert. TeamLRN 15- 16 LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS This table summarizes the properties of 575 liquids that are commonly used in the laboratory as solvents or chemical reagents. The properties tabulated are: Data on the temperature dependence of viscosity, dielectric constant, and vapor pressure can be found in the pertinent tables i n this Handbook . REFERENCES 1. Lide, D. R., Handbook of Organic Solvents , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V ., Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 3. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 4. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 11th Edition , National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1994. 5. Urben, P. G., Ed., Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition , Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995 M r : Molecular weight t m : Melting point in ˚C t b : Normal boiling point in ˚C ρ : Density in g/mL at the temperature in ˚C indicated by the superscript η :V iscosity in mPa s (1 mPa s = 1 centipoise) ε : Dielectric constant µ: Dipole moment in D c p : Speci fic heat capacity of the liquid at constant pressure at 25 ˚C in J/g K vp: Vapor pressure at 25 ˚C in kPa (1 kPa = 7.50 mmHg) FP: Flash point in ˚C Fl.Lim: Flammable (explosive) limit in air in percent by volumeIT Autoignition temperature in ˚C TLV Threshold limit for allowable airborne concentration in parts per million by volume at 25˚C and atmospheric pressure NameMol. Form. M r t m /°C t b /°C /H9267 / g mL –1 /H9257 / mPa s /H9280/H9262 /D c p / J g –1 K –1 vp/ kPaFP/ °C Fl. Lim.IT/ °CTLV/ ppm Acetaldehyde C 2 H 4 O 44.052 -123.37 20.1 0.7834 18 21.0 2.750 2.020 120 -39 4-60% 175 Acetic acid C 2 H 4 O 2 60.052 16.64 117.9 1.0446 25 1.056 6.20 1.70 2.053 2.07 39 4-20% 463 10 Acetic anhydride C 4 H 6 O 3 102.089 -74.1 139.5 1.082 20 0.843 22.45 ≈ 2.8 1.648 0.680 49 2.7-10.3% 316 5 Acetone C 3 H 6 O 58.079 -94.7 56.05 0.7845 25 0.306 21.01 2.88 2.175 30.8 -20 3-13% 465 500 Acetone cyanohydrin C 4 H 7 NO 85.105 -19 95 0.932 19 74 2.2-12% 688 Acetonitrile C 2 H 3 N 41.052 -43.82 81.65 0.7857 20 0.369 36.64 3.92 2.229 11.9 6 3-16% 524 40 Acetophenone C 8 H 8 O 120.149 20.5 202 1.0281 20 1.681 17.44 3.02 1.703 0.049 77 570 10 Acetyl bromide C 2 H 3 BrO 122.948 -96 76 1.6625 16 16.2 Acetyl chloride C 2 H 3 ClO 78.497 -112.8 50.7 1.1051 20 0.368 15.8 2.72 1.491 38.4 4 390 Acrolein C 3 H 4 O 56.063 -87.7 52.6 0.840 20 3.1 36.2 -26 2.8-31% 220 Acrylic acid C 3 H 4 O 2 72.063 12.5 141 1.0511 20 2.022 50 2.4-8% 438 2 Acrylonitrile C 3 H 3 N 53.063 -83.48 77.3 0.8007 25 33.0 3.87 2.05 14.1 0 3-17% 481 2 Allyl alcohol C 3 H 6 O 58.079 -129 97.0 0.8540 20 1.218 19.7 1.60 2.392 3.14 21 3-18% 378 0.5 Allylamine C 3 H 7 N 57.095 -88.2 53.3 0.758 20 1.2 33.1 -29 2-22% 374 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol C 4 H 11 NO 89.136 25.5 165.5 0.934 20 67 3-Amino-1-propanol C 3 H 9 NO 75.109 12.4 187.5 0.9824 26 80 Aniline C 6 H 7 N 93.127 -6.02 184.17 1.0217 20 3.85 7.06 1.13 2.061 0.090 70 1.3-11% 615 2 Anisole C 7 H 8 O 108.138 -37.13 153.7 0.9940 20 1.056 4.30 1.38 1.840 0.472 52 475 Antimony(V) chloride Cl 5 Sb 299.024 4 140 dec 2.34 3.222 Antimony(V) fluoride F 5 Sb 216.752 8.3 141 3.10 Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl 3 181.280 -16 130 2.150 1.59 Benzaldehyde C 7 H 6 O 106.122 -57.1 178.8 1.0401 25 17.85 3.0 1.621 0.169 63 192 Benzene C 6 H 6 78.112 5.49 80.09 0.8765 20 0.604 2.2825 0 1.741 12.7 -11 1-8% 498 0.5 Benzeneacetonitrile C 8 H 7 N 117.149 -23.8 233.5 1.0205 15 17.87 3.5 113 Benzeneethanamine C 8 H 11 N 121.180 <0 195 0.9640 25 Benzeneethanol C 8 H 10 O 122.164 -27 218.2 1.0202 20 12.31 2.068 96 Benzenemethanethiol C 7 H 8 S 124.204 -30 194.5 1.058 20 4.705 Benzenesulfonyl chloride C 6 H 5 ClO 2 S 176.621 14.5 251 dec 1.3470 15 28.90 Benzenethiol C 6 H 6 S 110.177 -14.93 169.1 1.0775 20 4.26 1.23 1.572 0.5 Benzonitrile C 7 H 5 N 103.122 -13.99 191.1 1.0093 15 1.267 25.9 4.18 1.602 0.11 Benzoyl chloride C 7 H 5 ClO 140.567 -0.4 197.2 1.2120 20 23.0 0.084 72 15- 17 LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued) Benzyl acetate C 9 H 10 O 2 150.174 -51.3 213 1.0550 20 5.34 1.22 0.989 90 460 10 Benzyl alcohol C 7 H 8 O 108.138 -15.4 205.31 1.0419 24 5.47 11.916 1.71 2.015 0.015 93 436 Benzylamine C 7 H 9 N 107.153 185 0.9813 20 1.624 5.18 0.096 2,2’-Bioxirane C 4 H 6 O 2 86.090 2.0 144 1.113 20 Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine C 4 H 13 N 3 103.166 -39 207 0.9569 20 12.62 1.9 2.462 0.03 98 2-7% 358 1 N,N’ -Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2- ethanediamineC 6 H 18 N 4 146.234 12 266.5 10.76 Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether C 4 H 8 Cl 2 O 143.012 -51.9 178.5 1.22 20 21.20 2.6 1.545 0.143 55 3%- 369 5 Bis(chloromethyl) ether C 2 H 4 Cl 2 O 114.958 -41.5 106 1.323 15 3.51 0.001 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate C 24 H 38 O 4 390.557 -55 384 0.981 25 5.3 2.84 1.804 218 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sul fide C 4 H 10 O 2 S 122.186 -10.2 282 1.1793 25 28.61 160 298 Boron tribromide BBr 3 250.523 -45 91 2.6 0 Boron trichloride BCl 3 117.169 -107 12.65 0 0.911 Bromine Br 2 159.808 -7.2 58.8 3.1028 0.944 3.1484 0 0.474 0.1 Bromobenzene C 6 H 5 Br 157.008 -30.72 156.06 1.4950 20 1.074 5.45 1.70 0.983 0.556 51 565 1-Bromobutane C 4 H 9 Br 137.018 -112.6 101.6 1.2758 20 0.606 7.315 2.08 0.798 5.26 18 2.6-6.6% 265 2-Bromobutane, (±)- C 4 H 9 Br 137.018 -112.65 91.3 1.2585 20 8.64 2.23 9.32 21 Bromochloromethane CH 2 BrCl 129.384 -87.9 68.0 1.9344 20 1.7 0.41 19.5 200 Bromodichloromethane CHBrCl 2 163.829 -57 90 1.980 20 Bromoethane C 2 H 5 Br 108.965 -118.6 38.5 1.4604 20 0.374 9.01 2.03 0.925 62.5 7-8% 511 5 Bromoethene C 2 H 3 Br 106.949 -139.54 15.8 1.4933 20 5.63 1.42 1.007 141 9-15% 530 0.5 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane C 4 H 9 Br 137.018 -16.2 73.3 1.4278 20 10.98 2.17 1.102 17.7 1-Bromopentane C 5 H 11 Br 151.045 -88.0 129.8 1.2182 20 6.31 2.20 0.875 1.68 32 1-Bromopropane C 3 H 7 Br 122.992 -110.3 71.1 1.3537 20 0.489 8.09 2.18 0.702 18.6 490 2-Bromopropane C 3 H 7 Br 122.992 -89.0 59.5 1.3140 20 0.458 9.46 2.21 1.075 28.9 3-Bromopropene C 3 H 5 Br 120.976 -119 70.1 1.398 20 0.471 7.0 ≈ 1.9 18.6 -1 4.4-7.3% 295 2-Bromotoluene C 7 H 7 Br 171.035 -27.8 181.7 1.4232 20 4.641 79 Bromotrichloromethane CBrCl 3 198.274 -5.65 105 2.012 25 2.405 5.35 Butanal C 4 H 8 O 72.106 -96.86 74.8 0.8016 20 13.45 2.72 2.270 15.7 -22 2-12.5% 218 1,3-Butanediol C 4 H 10 O 2 90.121 -77 207.5 1.0053 20 28.8 2.521 0.008 121 395 1,4-Butanediol C 4 H 10 O 2 90.121 20.4 235 1.0171 20 31.9 2.58 2.220 121 2,3-Butanediol C 4 H 10 O2 90.121 7.6 182.5 1.003320 2.363 402 2,3-Butanedione C4H6O2 86.090 -1.2 88 0.980818 4.04 7.45 27 Butanenitrile C4H7N 69.106 -111.9 117.6 0.793620 0.553 24.83 3.9 2.301 2.55 24 >1.6% 501 1-Butanethiol C4H10S 90.187 -115.7 98.5 0.841620 5.204 1.53 1.898 6.07 2 0.5 2-Butanethiol C4H10S 90.187 -165 85.0 0.829520 5.645 10.8 -23 Butanoic acid C4H8O2 88.106 -5.1 163.75 0.952825 1.426 2.98 1.65 2.027 0.221 72 2-10% 443 Butanoic anhydride C8H14O3 158.195 -75 200 0.966820 12.8 1.793 54 0.9-5.8% 279 1-Butanol C4H10O 74.121 -88.6 117.73 0.809520 2.54 17.84 1.66 2.391 0.86 37 1-11% 343 50 2-Butanol C4H10O 74.121 -88.5 99.51 0.806320 3.10 17.26 1.8 2.656 2.32 24 2-10% 405 100 2-Butanone C4H8O 72.106 -86.64 79.59 0.7999250.405 18.56 2.78 2.201 12.6 -9 1-11% 404 200 trans -2-Butenal C4H6O 70.090 -76 102.2 0.8516203.67 1.361 4.92 13 2.1-15.5% 232 cis-2-Butenoic acid C4H6O2 86.090 15 169 1.026720 2-Butoxyethanol C6H14O2 118.174 -74.8 168.4 0.9015209.30 2.1 2.378 0.15 69 4-13% 238 20 Butyl acetate C6H12O2 116.158 -78 126.1 0.882520 0.685 5.07 1.9 1.961 1.66 22 2-8% 425 150 sec-Butyl acetate C6H12O2 116.158 -98.9 112 0.874820 5.135 1.87 31 1.7-9.8% 200 Butyl acrylate C7H12O2 128.169 -64.6 145 0.889820 5.25 1.958 0.731 29 1.7-9.9% 292 2 Butylamine C4H11N 73.137 -49.1 77.00 0.7414200.574 4.71 1.0 2.450 12.2 -12 2-10% 312 5 sec-Butylamine C4H11N 73.137 <-72 62.73 0.7246201.28 -9 tert-Butylamine C4H11N 73.137 -66.94 44.04 0.69582058.5 1.3 2.627 48.4 -9 2-9% 380 Butylbenzene C10H14 134.218 -87.85 183.31 0.8601200.950 2.359 ≈ 0 1.813 0.150 71 0.8-5.8% 410 tert-Butylbenzene C10H14 134.218 -57.8 169.1 0.8665202.359 ≈0.83 1.773 0.280 60 0.7-5.7% 450 Butyl benzoate C11H14O2 178.228 -22.4 250.3 1.000205.52 107 tert-Butyl ethyl ether C6H14O 102.174 -94 72.6 0.736252.13 16.5 5 tert-Butyl hydroperoxide C4H10O2 90.121 6 89 dec 0.89602027 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene C11H16 148.245 -52 190 0.861220≈0 0.09 68 1 Butyl vinyl ether C6H12O 100.158 -92 94 0.7888201.25 2.316 6.65 -9 255 /H9253-Butyrolactone C4H6O2 86.090 -43.61 204 1.12962039.0 4.27 1.642 0.43 98 Carbon disul fide CS2 76.141 -112.1 46 1.263220 0.352 2.6320 0 1.003 48.2 -30 1-50% 90 10 Chloroacetaldehyde C2H3ClO 78.497 -16.3 85.5 1.19 Chloroacetone C3H5ClO 92.524 -44.5 119 1.1520 Chloroacetyl chloride C2H2Cl2O 112.942 -22 106 1.420220 2.23 3.33 0.05 2-Chloroaniline C6H6ClN 127.572 -1.9 208.8 3.32 13.40 1.77 0.034 3-Chloroaniline C6H6ClN 127.572 -10.28 230.5 1.216120 13.3 1.558 705 Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 112.557 -45.31 131.72 1.105820 0.753 5.6895 1.69 1.334 1.6 28 1-10% 593 10 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene C4H5Cl 88.536 -130 59.4 0.95620 4.914 29.5 -20 4-20% 10NameMol. Form. Mr tm/°C tb/°C/H9267/ g mL–1/H9257/ mPa s /H9280/H9262 /Dcp/ J g–1K–1vp/ kPaFP/ °C Fl. Lim.IT/ °CTLV/ ppm TeamLRN15-18LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued) 1-Chlorobutane C4H9Cl 92.567 -123.1 78.4 0.885720 0.422 7.276 2.05 1.891 13.7 -12 2-10% 240 2-Chlorobutane C4H9Cl 92.567 -131.3 68.2 0.873220 8.564 2.04 21.0 -10 Chlorocyclohexane C6H11Cl 118.604 -43.81 142 1.00020 7.9505 2.1 32 Chlorodibromomethane CHBr2Cl 208.280 -20 120 2.45120 Chloroethane C2H5Cl 64.514 -138.4 12.3 0.92390 9.45 2.05 1.617 160 -50 4-15% 519 100 2-Chloroethanol C2H5ClO 80.513 -67.5 128.6 1.201920 25.80 1.78 60 5-16% 425 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether C4H7ClO 106.551 -70 108 1.049520 27 (Chloromethyl)benzene C7H7Cl 126.584 -45 179 1.100420 6.854 1.8 1.44 0.164 67 1%- 585 1 Chloromethyl methyl ether C2H5ClO 80.513 -103.5 59.5 1.06310 24.9 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane C4H9Cl 92.567 -130.3 68.5 0.877320 7.027 2.00 1.713 19.9 -6 2-8.7% 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane C4H9Cl 92.567 -25.60 50.9 0.842020 9.663 2.13 1.867 42.7 0 1-Chloronaphthalene C10H7Cl 162.616 -2.5 259 1.188025 5.04 1.57 1.307 121 >558 1-Chlorooctane C8H17Cl 148.674 -57.8 183.5 0.873420 5.05 2.00 1.335 70 1-Chloropentane C5H11Cl 106.594 -99.0 108.4 0.882020 6.654 2.16 4.36 13 1.6-8.6% 260 2-Chlorophenol C6H5ClO 128.556 9.4 174.9 1.263420 3.59 7.40 1.468 0.308 64 1-Chloropropane C3H7Cl 78.541 -122.9 46.5 0.8899200.334 8.588 2.05 1.683 45.8 <-18 2.6-11% 520 2-Chloropropane C3H7Cl 78.541 -117.18 35.7 0.8617200.303 2.17 68.9 -32 2.8-11% 593 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol C3H7ClO2 110.540 213 dec 1.3251831.0 3-Chloropropanenitrile C3H4ClN 89.524 -51 175.5 1.15732076 2-Chloropropene C3H5Cl 76.525 -137.4 22.6 0.9017208.92 1.647 110 -37 4.5-16% 3-Chloropropene C3H5Cl 76.525 -134.5 45.1 0.9376200.314 8.2 1.94 1.635 48.9 -32 2.9-11% 485 1 Chlorosulfonic acid ClHO3S 116.525 -80 152 1.75 2-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl 126.584 -35.8 159.0 1.0825200.964 4.721 1.56 1.318 0.482 50 4-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl 126.584 7.5 162.4 1.0697200.837 6.25 2.21 Chromyl chloride Cl2CrO2 154.900 -96.5 117 1.91 0.025 trans -Cinnamaldehyde C9H8O 132.159 -7.5 246 1.04972017.72 o-Cresol C7H8O 108.138 31.03 191.04 1.0327356.76 1.45 2.160 0.041 81 >1.4% 599 5 m-Cresol C7H8O 108.138 12.24 202.27 1.03392012.91 12.44 1.48 2.080 0.019 86 >1.1% 558 5 p-Cresol C7H8O 108.138 34.77 201.98 1.01854013.05 1.48 2.044 0.017 86 >1.1% 558 5 Cyanogen chloride CClN 61.471 -6.5 13 1.186202.8331 Cyclobutane C4H8 56.107 -90.7 12.6 0.703800 157 <10 >1.8% Cyclohexane C6H12 84.159 6.59 80.73 0.7739250.894 2.0243 ≈0 1.841 13.0 -20 1-8% 245 300 Cyclohexanol C6H12O 100.158 25.93 160.84 0.96242057.5 16.40 2.079 0.10 68 1-9% 300 50 Cyclohexanone C6H10O 98.142 -27.9 155.43 0.9478202.02 16.1 2.87 1.856 0.53 44 1-9% 420 25 Cyclohexene C6H10 82.143 -103.5 82.98 0.8110200.625 2.2176 0.33 1.805 11.8 -12 >1.2% 310 300 Cyclohexylamine C6H13N 99.174 -17.8 134 0.8191201.944 4.547 1.3 1.20 31 1-9% 293 10 1,3-Cyclopentadiene C5H6 66.102 -85 41 0.8021200.419 58.5 75 Cyclopentane C5H10 70.133 -93.4 49.3 0.7457200.413 1.9687 ≈0 1.837 42.3 -25 2%- 361 600 Cyclopentanol C5H10O 86.132 -17.5 140.42 0.94882018.5 2.119 0.294 51 Cyclopentanone C5H8O 84.117 -51.90 130.57 0.94872013.58 3.3 1.84 1.55 26 cis-Decahydronaphthalene C10H18 138.250 -42.9 195.8 0.8965203.04 2.219 ≈0 1.678 0.10 trans -Decahydronaphthalene C10H18 138.250 -30.4 187.3 0.8659251.948 2.184 ≈0 1.653 0.164 54 1-5% 255 Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane C10H30O5Si5 370.770 -38 210 0.9593202.50 Decanal C10H20O 156.265 -4.0 208.5 0.83015 Decane C10H22 142.282 -29.6 174.15 0.7266250.838 1.9853 ≈ 0 2.210 0.170 51 0.8-5.4% 210 Decanoic acid C10H20O2 172.265 31.4 268.7 0.8858402.761 1-Decanol C10H22O 158.281 6.9 231.1 0.829720 10.91 7.93 2.341 0.009 82 288 1-Decene C10H20 140.266 -66.3 170.5 0.740820 0.756 2.136 ≈ 0 2.144 0.210 <55 235 Diacetone alcohol C6H12O2 116.158 -44 167.9 0.938720 2.80 18.2 3.2 1.905 0.224 58 2-7% 643 50 Dibenzyl ether C14H14O 198.260 1.8 298 1.042820 3.821 135 Dibromodi fluoromethane CBr2F2 209.816 -110.1 22.76 0.66 110 100 1,2-Dibromoethane C2H4Br2 187.861 9.84 131.6 2.168325 1.595 4.9612 1.2 0.724 1.55 Dibromomethane CH2Br2 173.835 -52.5 97 2.496920 0.980 7.77 1.43 0.61 6.12 1,2-Dibromotetra fluoroethane C2Br2F4 259.823 -110.32 47.35 2.14925 2.34 0.69 43.4 Dibutylamine C8H19N 129.244 -62 159.6 0.767020 0.918 2.765 1.0 2.266 0.34 47 1-6% Dibutyl ether C8H18O 130.228 -95.2 140.28 0.768420 0.637 3.0830 1.17 2.136 0.898 25 1.5-7.6% 194 Di-tert-butyl peroxide C8H18O2 146.228 -40 111 0.70420 3.43 18 Dibutyl phthalate C16H22O4 278.344 -35 340 1.046520 16.63 6.58 2.82 1.789 157 >0.5% 402 Dibutyl sebacate C18H34O4 314.461 -10 344.5 0.940515 4.54 2.48 1.968 178 >0.4% 365 Dibutyl sul fide C8H18S 146.294 -79.7 185 0.838620 4.29 1.61 1.943 76 Dichloroacetic acid C2H2Cl2O2 128.942 10 194 1.563420 8.33 o-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 147.002 -17.0 180 1.305920 1.324 10.12 2.50 1.105 0.18 66 2-9% 648 25 m-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 147.002 -24.8 173 1.288420 1.044 5.02 1.72 1.163 0.252 72 trans -1,4-Dichloro-2-butene C4H6Cl2 124.997 1.0 155.4 1.18325 0.005 Dichlorodimethylsilane C2H6Cl2Si 129.061 -16 70.3 1.06425 18.9 <21 3.4-9.5% 1,1-Dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 98.959 -96.9 57.3 1.175720 0.464 10.10 2.06 1.276 30.5 -17 5-11% 458 100NameMol. Form. Mr tm/°C tb/°C/H9267/ g mL–1/H9257/ mPa s /H9280/H9262 /Dcp/ J g–1K–1vp/ kPaFP/ °C Fl. Lim.IT/ °CTLV/ ppm 15-19LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued) 1,2-Dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 98.959 -35.7 83.5 1.245425 0.779 10.42 1.8 1.298 10.6 13 6-16% 413 10 1,1-Dichloroethene C2H2Cl2 96.943 -122.56 31.6 1.21320 4.60 1.34 1.148 80.0 -28 7-16% 570 5 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene C2H2Cl2 96.943 -80.0 60.1 1.283720 0.445 9.20 1.90 1.201 26.8 6 3-15% 460 200 trans -1,2-Dichloroethene C2H2Cl2 96.943 -49.8 48.7 1.256520 0.317 2.14 0 1.205 44.2 2 6-13% 460 200 Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 84.933 -97.2 40 1.326620 0.413 8.93 1.60 1.192 58.2 13-23% 556 50 (Dichloromethyl)benzene C7H6Cl2 161.029 -17 205 1.2625 6.9 2.1 0.06 1,1-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 112.986 88.1 1.132120 9.09 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)- C3H6Cl2 112.986 -100.53 96.4 1.156020 8.37 1.8 1.320 6.62 21 3-15% 557 75 1,3-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 112.986 -99.5 120.9 1.178525 10.27 2.08 2,3-Dichloropropene C3H4Cl2 110.970 10 94 1.21120 15 2.6-7.8% 2,4-Dichlorotoluene C7H6Cl2 161.029 -13.5 201 1.247620 5.68 1.70 0.055 Dicyclohexylamine C12H23N 181.318 -0.1 256 dec 0.912320 >99 Diethanolamine C4H11NO2 105.136 28 268.8 1.096620 25.75 2.8 2.22 <0.01 172 2-13% 662 0.46 1,1-Diethoxyethane C6H14O2 118.174 -100 102.25 0.825420 3.80 1.4 2.01 3.68 -21 2-10% 230 1,2-Diethoxyethane C6H14O2 118.174 -74.0 121.2 0.835125 3.90 2.195 4.33 27 205 Diethylamine C4H11N 73.137 -49.8 55.5 0.7056200.319 3.680 0.92 2.313 30.1 -23 2-10% 312 5 N,N-Diethylaniline C10H15N 149.233 -38.8 216.3 0.9307205.15 85 630 o-Diethylbenzene C10H14 134.218 -31.2 184 0.8800202.594 57 395 m-Diethylbenzene C10H14 134.218 -83.9 181.1 0.8602202.369 56 450 p-Diethylbenzene C10H14 134.218 -42.83 183.7 0.8620202.259 55 0.7-6% 430 Diethyl carbonate C5H10O3 118.131 -43 126 0.9692252.820 1.10 1.80 1.63 25 Diethylene glycol C4H10O3 106.120 -10.4 245.8 1.11971530.2 31.82 2.3 2.307 0.001 124 2-17% 224 Diethylene glycol diethyl ether C8H18O3 162.227 -45 188 0.9063205.70 2.104 82 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether C6H14O3 134.173 -68 162 0.9434200.989 7.23 2.0 2.043 0.315 67 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether C8H18O3 162.227 -68 231 0.9553202.188 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether C6H14O3 134.173 196 0.9885201.6 2.243 0.017 96 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetateC8H16O4 176.211 -25 218.5 1.0096201.8 0.029 110 425 Diethylene glycol monomethyl etherC5H12O3 120.147 193 1.03520 1.6 2.256 0.024 96 1-23% 240 Diethyl ether C4H10O 74.121 -116.2 34.5 0.7138200.224 4.2666 1.15 2.369 71.7 -45 2-36% 180 400 Diethyl maleate C8H12O4 172.179 -8.8 223 1.0662207.560 121 350 Diethyl malonate C7H12O4 160.168 -50 200 1.0551207.550 2.54 1.779 93 Diethyl oxalate C6H10O4 146.141 -40.6 185.7 1.0785208.266 2.49 1.784 0.030 76 Diethyl phthalate C12H14O4 222.237 -40.5 295 1.232147.86 1.647 161 >0.7% 457 Diethyl succinate C8H14O4 174.195 -21 217.7 1.0402206.098 90 Diethyl sulfate C4H10O4S 154.185 -24 208 1.1722529.2 104 436 Diethyl sul fide C4H10S 90.187 -103.91 92.1 0.8362200.422 5.723 1.54 1.900 7.78 Diiodomethane CH2I2 267.836 6.1 182 3.3211205.32 1.08 0.500 0.172 Diiodosilane H2I2Si 283.911 -1 150 Diisobutylamine C8H19N 129.244 -73.5 139.6 0.723 0.972 29 Diisopentyl ether C10H22O 158.281 172.5 0.7777202.817 1.23 2.394 0.210 Diisopropylamine C6H15N 101.190 -61 83.9 0.7153200.393 1.15 10.7 -1 1.1-7.1% 316 5 Diisopropyl ether C6H14O 102.174 -85.4 68.4 0.7192250.379 3.805 1.13 2.122 19.9 -28 1-8% 443 250 1,2-Dimethoxyethane C4H10O2 90.121 -69.20 84.5 0.863725 0.455 7.30 2.145 9.93 -2 202 Dimethoxymethane C3H8O2 76.095 -105.1 42 0.859320 2.644 0.7 2.129 53.1 -32 2-14% 237 1000 Dimethylacetal C4H10O2 90.121 -113.2 64.5 0.850120 22.9 N,N-Dimethylacetamide C4H9NO 87.120 -18.59 165 0.9372250.927 38.85 3.7 2.016 0.075 70 2-12% 490 10 2,3-Dimethylaniline C8H11N 121.180 <-15 221.5 0.993120 97 >1% 0.5 2,6-Dimethylaniline C8H11N 121.180 11.2 215 0.984220 1.63 1.971 96 0.5 N,N-Dimethylaniline C8H11N 121.180 2.42 194.15 0.955720 1.300 4.90 1.68 1.771 63 371 5 2,2-Dimethylbutane C6H14 86.175 -98.8 49.73 0.644425 0.351 1.869 ≈ 0 2.227 42.5 -48 1.2-7% 405 500 2,3-Dimethylbutane C6H14 86.175 -128.10 57.93 0.661620 0.361 1.889 ≈ 0 2.201 31.3 -29 1.2-7% 405 500 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone C6H12O 100.158 -52.5 106.1 0.722925 12.73 4.27 Dimethylcarbamic chloride C3H6ClNO 107.539 -33 167 1.16825 Dimethyl disul fide C2H6S2 94.199 -84.67 109.74 1.062520 9.6 1.8 1.551 3.82 24 N,N-Dimethylethanolamine C4H11NO 89.136 -59 134 0.886620 N,N-Dimethylformamide C3H7NO 73.094 -60.48 153 0.944525 0.794 38.25 3.82 2.060 0.439 58 2-15% 445 10 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone C9H18O 142.238 -41.5 169.4 0.806220 9.91 2.7 2.090 0.23 49 1-7% 396 25 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine C2H8N2 60.098 -57.20 63.9 0.79122 2.731 -15 2-95% 249 0.01 Dimethyl phthalate C10H10O4 194.184 5.5 283.7 1.190520 14.36 8.66 1.561 146 >0.9% 490 2,6-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 107.153 -6.1 144.01 0.922620 7.33 1.7 1.728 0.746 Dimethyl sulfate C2H6O4S 126.132 -31.7 188 dec 1.332220 55.0 83 188 0.1 Dimethyl sul fide C2H6S 62.134 -98.24 37.33 0.848320 0.284 6.70 1.554 1.901 64.4 -37 2.2-20% 206 Dimethyl sulfoxide C2H6OS 78.133 17.89 189 1.101025 1.987 47.24 3.96 1.958 0.084 95 3-42% 215 1,4-Dioxane C4H8O2 88.106 11.85 101.5 1.033720 1.177 2.2189 0 1.726 4.95 12 2-22% 180 20NameMol. Form. Mr tm/°C tb/°C/H9267/ g mL–1/H9257/ mPa s /H9280/H9262 /Dcp/ J g–1K–1vp/ kPaFP/ °C Fl. Lim.IT/ °CTLV/ ppm TeamLRN15-20LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued) 1,3-Dioxolane C3H6O2 74.079 -97.22 78 1.06020 1.19 1.593 14.6 2 Dipentyl ether C10H22O 158.281 -69 190 0.783320 2.798 1.20 1.579 57 170 Dipropylamine C6H15N 101.190 -63 109.3 0.740020 0.517 2.923 1.03 2.500 3.21 17 299 Dipropylene glycol monomethyl etherC7H16O3 148.200 -80 188.3 0.95 100 Dipropyl ether C6H14O 102.174 -114.8 90.08 0.746620 0.396 3.38 1.21 2.169 8.35 21 1.3-7% 188 Dodecane C12H26 170.334 -9.57 216.32 0.749520 1.383 2.0120 ≈ 0 2.206 0.016 74 >0.6% 203 1-Dodecanol C12H26O 186.333 23.9 260 0.830924 5.82 2.351 127 275 1-Dodecene C12H24 168.319 -35.2 213.8 0.758420 1.20 2.152 ≈ 0 2.143 0.019 79 Epichlorohydrin C3H5ClO 92.524 -26 118 1.181220 1.073 22.6 1.8 1.422 2.2 31 4-21% 411 0.5 1,2-Epoxybutane C4H8O 72.106 -150 63.4 0.829720 1.891 2.039 31.7 -22 1.7-19% 439 1,2-Epoxy-4- (epoxyethyl)cyclohexaneC8H12O2 140.180 <-55 227 1.096620 0.1 1,2-Ethanediamine C2H8N2 60.098 11.14 117 0.897920 13.82 1.99 2.872 1.62 40 3-12% 385 10 1,2-Ethanediol C2H6O2 62.068 -12.69 197.3 1.113520 16.06 41.4 2.28 2.394 0.01 111 3-22% 398 35 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate C6H10O4 146.141 -31 190 1.1043207.7 2.34 2.121 0.030 88 1.6-8.4% 482 1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate C2H4N2O6 152.062 -22.3 198.5 1.49182028.26 0.009 0.05 1,2-Ethanedithiol C2H6S2 94.199 -41.2 146.1 1.234207.26 2.03 Ethanethiol C2H6S 62.134 -147.88 35.0 0.8315250.287 6.667 1.60 1.898 70.3 -17 2.8-18% 300 0.5 Ethanol C2H6O 46.068 -114.14 78.29 0.7893201.074 25.3 1.69 2.438 7.87 13 3-19% 363 1000 Ethanolamine C2H7NO 61.083 10.5 171 1.01802021.1 31.94 2.3 3.201 0.05 86 3-24% 410 3 4-Ethoxyaniline C8H11NO 137.179 4.6 254 1.0652167.43 116 Ethoxybenzene C8H10O 122.164 -29.43 169.81 0.9651201.197 4.216 1.45 1.870 0.204 63 2-Ethoxyethanol C4H10O2 90.121 -70 135 0.92532513.38 2.1 2.339 0.71 43 3-18% 235 5 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate C6H12O3 132.157 -61.7 156.4 0.9740207.567 2.2 2.845 0.24 56 2-8% 379 5 Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 88.106 -83.8 77.11 0.9003200.423 6.0814 1.78 1.937 12.6 -4 2-12% 426 400 Ethyl acetoacetate C6H10O3 130.141 -45 180.8 1.03681014.0 1.906 0.095 57 1-10% 295 Ethyl acrylate C5H8O2 100.117 -71.2 99.4 0.9234206.05 1.96 5.14 10 1.4-14% 372 5 Ethylamine C2H7N 45.084 -80.5 16.5 0.689158.7 1.22 2.884 141 -16 4-14% 385 5 N-Ethylaniline C8H11N 121.180 -63.5 203.0 0.9625202.05 5.87 85 Ethylbenzene C8H10 106.165 -94.96 136.19 0.8626250.631 2.4463 0.59 1.726 1.28 21 1-7% 432 100 Ethyl benzoate C9H10O2 150.174 -34 212 1.0415256.20 2.00 1.638 88 490 Ethyl butanoate C6H12O2 116.158 -98 121.3 0.8735250.639 5.18 1.74 1.963 2.01 24 463 2-Ethyl-1-butanol C6H14O 102.174 <-15 147 0.8326206.19 0.206 57 Ethyl chloroacetate C4H7ClO2 122.551 -21 144.3 1.1585200.640 64 Ethyl chloroformate C3H5ClO2 108.524 -80.6 95 1.1352209.736 16 500 Ethyl cyanoacetate C5H7NO2 113.116 -22.5 205 1.06542031.62 2.17 1.947 110 Ethyleneimine C2H5N 43.068 -77.9 56 0.8322518.3 1.90 28.9 -11 3.3-55% 320 0.5 Ethyl formate C3H6O2 74.079 -79.6 54.4 0.9208200.380 8.57 1.9 2.015 32.3 -20 3-16% 455 100 2-Ethylhexanal C8H16O 128.212 <-100 163 0.85402044 0.9-7.2% 190 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol C8H18O2 146.228 -40 244 0.93252218.73 127 360 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol C8H18O 130.228 -70 184.6 0.8319256.27 7.58 1.74 2.438 0.019 73 0.8-9.7% 231 2-Ethylhexyl acetate C10H20O2 172.265 -80 199 0.8718201.8 71 1-8% 268 Ethyl lactate C5H10O3 118.131 -26 154.5 1.03282015.4 2.4 2.150 46 >1.5% 400 Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate C7H14O2 130.185 -99.3 135.0 0.865620 4.71 1.07 Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate C6H12O2 116.158 -88.2 110.1 0.86820 3.25 13 Ethyl nitrite C2H5NO2 75.067 18 0.89915 -35 4-50% 90 Ethyl propanoate C5H10O2 102.132 -73.9 99.1 0.8843250.501 5.76 1.74 1.920 4.97 12 1.9-11% 440 Ethyl silicate C8H20O4Si 208.329 -82.5 168.8 0.932020 2.50 1.749 1.17 52 10 Eucalyptol C10H18O 154.249 0.8 176.4 0.926720 4.57 0.260 48 Fluorobenzene C6H5F 96.102 -42.18 84.73 1.022520 0.550 5.465 1.60 1.523 10.4 -15 Fluorosulfonic acid FHO3S 100.070 -89 163 1.726 Formamide CH3NO 45.041 2.49 220 1.133420 3.34 111.0 3.73 2.389 154 10 Formic acid CH2O2 46.026 8.3 101 1.22020 1.607 51.1 1.425 2.151 5.75 50 18-57% 434 5 Furan C4H4O 68.074 -85.61 31.5 0.951420 0.361 2.94 0.66 1.686 80.0 -36 2-14% Furfural C5H4O2 96.085 -38.1 161.7 1.159420 1.587 42.1 3.5 1.698 0.29 60 2-19% 316 2 Furfuryl alcohol C5H6O2 98.101 -14.6 171 1.129620 16.85 1.9 2.079 0.097 75 2-16% 491 10 Germanium(IV) chloride Cl4Ge 214.42 -51.50 86.55 1.88 0 Glycerol C3H8O3 92.094 18.1 290 1.261320 934 46.53 2.6 2.377 <0.01 199 3-19% 370 Glycerol triacetate C9H14O6 218.203 -78 259 1.158320 7.11 1.763 <0.01 138 1%- 433 Glycerol trioleate C57H104O6 885.432 -4 0.91515 3.109 Heptanal C7H14O 114.185 -43.4 152.8 0.813225 9.07 2.015 Heptane C7H16 100.202 -90.55 98.4 0.679525 0.387 1.9209 ≈0 2.242 6.09 -4 1-7% 204 400 Heptanoic acid C7H14O2 130.185 -7.17 222.2 0.912425 3.84 3.04 2.039 275 1-Heptanol C7H16O 116.201 -33.2 176.45 0.821920 5.81 11.75 2.342 2-Heptanone C7H14O 114.185 -35 151.05 0.811120 0.714 11.95 2.6 2.037 0.49 39 1-8% 393 50NameMol. Form. Mr tm/°C tb/°C/H9267/ g mL–1/H9257/ mPa s /H9280/H9262 /Dcp/ J g–1K–1vp/ kPaFP/ °C Fl. Lim.IT/ °CTLV/ ppm 15-21LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued) 3-Heptanone C7H14O 114.185 -39 147 0.818320 12.7 2.78 46 50 4-Heptanone C7H14O 114.185 -33 144 0.817420 12.60 0.164 49 50 1-Heptene C7H14 98.186 -118.9 93.64 0.697020 0.340 2.092 ≈ 0 2.157 7.52 -1 260 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene C4Cl6 260.761 -21 215 1.55625 2.55 610 0.02 Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene C5Cl6 272.772 -9 239 1.701925 0.01 Hexa fluorobenzene C6F6 186.054 5.03 80.26 1.618420 2.79 2.029 0 1.191 11.3 Hexamethyldisiloxane C6H18OSi2 162.377 -66 99 0.763820 2.179 1.918 Hexamethylphosphoric triamide C6H18N3OP 179.200 7.2 232.5 1.0320 31.3 5.5 1.791 Hexanal C6H12O 100.158 -56 131 0.833520 2.101 1.48 32 Hexane C6H14 86.175 -95.35 68.73 0.660625 0.300 1.8865 ≈0 2.270 20.2 -22 1-8% 225 50 Hexanedinitrile C6H8N2 108.141 1 295 0.967620 1.190 <0.01 93 2-5% 550 2 Hexanoic acid C6H12O2 116.158 -3 205.2 0.921225 2.600 1.13 1.937 0.005 102 380 1-Hexanol C6H14O 102.174 -47.4 157.6 0.813620 4.58 13.03 2.353 0.11 63 290 2-Hexanone C6H12O 100.158 -55.5 127.6 0.811320 0.583 14.56 2.7 2.130 1.54 25 1-8% 423 5 1-Hexene C6H12 84.159 -139.76 63.48 0.668525 0.252 2.077 ≈ 0 2.178 24.8 -26 1.2-6.9% 253 30 Hexyl acetate C8H16O2 144.212 -80.9 171.5 0.8779154.42 1.961 0.185 45 Hydrazine H4N2 32.045 1.4 113.55 1.0036 0.876 51.7 1.75 3.086 38 5-100% 0.01 Hydrazoic acid HN3 43.028 -80 35.7 1.70 Hydrogen cyanide CHN 27.026 -13.29 26 0.6876200.183 114.9 2.985 2.612 98.8 -18 6-40% 538 Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 34.015 -0.43 150.2 1.44 74.6 1.573 2.619 1 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile C3H5NO 71.078 -46 221 1.0404253.2 0.010 129 Indan C9H10 118.175 -51.38 177.97 0.9639201.357 1.609 Indene C9H8 116.160 -1.5 182 0.9960251.609 0.220 10 Iodine bromide BrI 206.808 40 116 dec 4.3 0.726Iodine chloride ClI 162.357 27.39 100 dec 3.24 1.24Iodobenzene C 6H5I 204.008 -31.3 188.4 1.8308201.554 4.59 1.70 0.778 0.133 1-Iodobutane C4H9I 184.018 -103 130.5 1.6154206.27 1.93 1.85 Iodoethane C2H5I 155.965 -111.1 72.3 1.9357200.556 7.82 1.976 0.738 18.2 Iodomethane CH3I 141.939 -66.4 42.43 2.2789200.469 6.97 1.62 0.888 53.9 2 1-Iodopropane C3H7I 169.992 -101.3 102.5 1.7489200.703 7.07 2.04 0.746 5.75 2-Iodopropane C3H7I 169.992 -90 89.5 1.7042200.653 8.19 1.95 0.535 9.36 Iron pentacarbonyl C5FeO5 195.896 -20 103 1.5202.602 1.228 0.1 Isobutanal C4H8O 72.106 -65.9 64.5 0.7891202.75 23.0 -18 1.6-10.6% 196 Isobutyl acetate C6H12O2 116.158 -98.8 116.5 0.8712200.676 5.068 1.9 2.013 2.39 18 1-11% 421 150 Isobutyl acrylate C7H12O2 128.169 -61 132 0.88962030 427 Isobutylamine C4H11N 73.137 -86.7 67.75 0.724250.571 4.43 1.3 2.505 19.0 -9 2-12% 378 Isobutylbenzene C10H14 134.218 -51.4 172.79 0.8532202.318 ≈ 0 1.793 0.257 55 0.8-6% 427 Isobutyl formate C5H10O2 102.132 -95.8 98.2 0.8776206.41 1.88 5.34 5 2-9% 320 Isobutyl isobutanoate C8H16O2 144.212 -80.7 148.6 0.8542201.9 0.552 38 1-8% 432 Isopentane C5H12 72.149 -159.77 27.88 0.6201200.214 1.845 0.13 2.284 91.7 -51 1.4-7.6% 420 600 Isopentyl acetate C7H14O2 130.185 -78.5 142.5 0.876154.72 1.9 1.909 0.728 25 1-8% 360 50 Isophorone C9H14O 138.206 -8.1 215.2 0.9255202.33 1.834 0.06 84 1-4% 460 5 Isopropenyl acetate C5H8O2 100.117 -92.9 94 0.9090206.02 26 432 Isopropenylbenzene C9H10 118.175 -23.2 165.4 0.9106202.28 1.711 54 1.9-6.1% 574 50 Isopropyl acetate C5H10O2 102.132 -73.4 88.6 0.8718201.952 7.88 2 2-8% 460 250 Isopropylamine C3H9N 59.110 -95.13 31.76 0.6891200.325 5.6268 1.19 2.771 78.0 -37 402 5 Isopropylbenzene C9H12 120.191 -96.02 152.41 0.864025 0.737 2.381 0.79 1.753 0.61 36 1-7% 424 50 Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide C9H12O2 152.190 153 1.0320 0.004 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene C10H14 134.218 -71.5 178.1 0.876620 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene C10H14 134.218 -63.7 175.1 0.861020 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene C10H14 134.218 -67.94 177.1 0.857320 2.2322 ≈0 1.761 0.19 47 1-6% 436 Isoquinoline C9H7N 129.159 26.47 243.22 1.091030 11.0 2.73 1.519 d-Limonene C10H16 136.234 -74.0 178 0.841120 1.47 2.3746 1.828 0.277 45 0.7-6.1% 237 l-Limonene C10H16 136.234 178 0.84320 2.3738 0.254 Mesityl oxide C6H10O 98.142 -59 130 0.865320 0.602 15.6 2.8 2.165 1.47 31 1-7% 344 15 Methacrylic acid C4H6O2 86.090 16 162.5 1.015320 1.65 1.871 77 1.6-8.8% 68 20 Methanol CH4O 32.042 -97.53 64.6 0.791420 0.544 33.0 1.70 2.531 16.9 11 6-36% 464 200 2-Methoxyaniline C7H9NO 123.152 6.2 224 1.092320 5.230 118 0.1 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde C8H8O2 136.149 0 248 1.11915 22.0 2-Methoxyethanol C3H8O2 76.095 -85.1 124.1 0.964720 17.2 2.36 2.249 1.31 39 2-14% 285 5 2-Methoxyethyl acetate C5H10O3 118.131 -70 143 1.007419 8.25 2.1 2.624 0.67 49 2-12% 392 5 Methyl acetate C3H6O2 74.079 -98.25 56.87 0.934220 0.364 7.07 1.72 1.916 28.8 -10 3-16% 454 200 Methyl acrylate C4H6O2 86.090 <-75 80.7 0.953520 7.03 1.77 1.845 11.0 -3 2.8-25% 468 2 2-Methylacrylonitrile C4H5N 67.090 -35.8 90.3 0.800120 3.69 1.883 8.26 1 2-6.8% 1 2-Methylaniline C7H9N 107.153 -14.41 200.3 0.998420 3.82 6.138 1.6 1.96 0.043 85 482 2 3-Methylaniline C7H9N 107.153 -31.3 203.3 0.988920 3.31 5.816 1.45 2.118 0.036 2NameMol. Form. Mr tm/°C tb/°C/H9267/ g mL–1/H9257/ mPa s /H9280/H9262 /Dcp/ J g–1K–1vp/ kPaFP/ °C Fl. Lim.IT/ °CTLV/ ppm TeamLRN15-22LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued) N-Methylaniline C7H9N 107.153 -57 196.2 0.989120 2.04 5.96 1.933 0.5 Methyl benzoate C8H8O2 136.149 -12.4 199 1.083725 1.857 6.642 1.9 1.625 0.052 83 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene C5H8 68.118 -145.9 34.0 0.67920 2.098 0.25 2.240 73.4 -54 1.5-8.9% 395 Methyl butanoate C5H10O2 102.132 -85.8 102.8 0.898420 0.541 5.48 1.941 4.30 14 3-Methylbutanoic acid C5H10O2 102.132 -29.3 176.5 0.93120 0.63 1.930 0.067 416 3-Methyl-1-butanol C5H12O 88.148 -117.2 131.1 0.810420 3.69 15.63 2.382 0.315 43 1.2-9% 350 100 2-Methyl-2-butanol C5H12O 88.148 -9.1 102.4 0.809620 3.55 5.78 1.82 2.803 2.19 19 1.2-9% 437 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)- C5H12O 88.148 112.9 0.818020 12.1 1.20 38 3-Methyl-2-butanone C5H10O 86.132 -93.1 94.33 0.805120 10.37 2.089 6.99 200 2-Methyl-1-butene C5H10 70.133 -137.53 31.2 0.650420 2.180 2.241 81.4 -20 2-Methyl-2-butene C5H10 70.133 -133.72 38.56 0.662320 0.203 1.979 2.179 62.1 -20 Methyl tert-butyl ether C5H12O 88.148 -108.6 55.0 0.735325 2.127 33.6 40 Methyl chloroacetate C3H5ClO2 108.524 -32.1 129.5 1.23620 12.0 57 7.5-18.5% Methylcyclohexane C7H14 98.186 -126.6 100.93 0.769420 0.679 2.024 ≈0 1.882 6.18 -4 1-7% 250 400 Methylcyclopentane C6H12 84.159 -142.42 71.8 0.748620 0.479 1.9853 ≈ 0 1.886 18.3 -29 1-8% 258 N-Methylformamide C2H5NO 59.067 -3.8 199.51 1.011191.678 189.0 3.83 2.096 Methyl formate C2H4O2 60.052 -99 31.7 0.9713200.325 9.20 1.77 1.983 78.1 -19 5-23% 449 100 5-Methyl-2-hexanone C7H14O 114.185 144 0.8882013.53 0.691 36 1-8% 191 50 Methylhydrazine CH6N2 46.072 -52.36 87.5 2.928 6.61 -8 2.5-92% 194 0.01 Methyl isocyanate C2H3NO 57.051 -45 39.5 0.92302721.75 ≈2.8 57.7 -7 5.3-26% 534 0.02 Methyl lactate, (±)- C4H8O3 104.105 144.8 1.09282049 >2.2% 385 Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 100.117 -47.55 100.5 0.9377256.32 1.67 1.910 5.10 10 1.7-8.2% 100 1-Methylnaphthalene C11H10 142.197 -30.43 244.7 1.0202202.915 ≈ 0 1.578 0.009 529 Methyloxirane C3H6O 58.079 -111.9 35 0.85902.01 2.073 71.7 -37 3.1-27.5% 449 20 2-Methylpentane C6H14 86.175 -153.6 60.26 0.650250.286 1.886 ≈0 2.248 28.2 <-29 1-7% 264 500 3-Methylpentane C6H14 86.175 -162.90 63.27 0.6598250.306 1.886 ≈ 0 2.213 25.3 -7 1.2-7% 278 500 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol C6H14O2 118.174 -50 197.1 0.9231523.4 2.9 2.843 <0.01 102 1-9% 306 25 2-Methyl-1-pentanol C6H14O 102.174 149 0.8263202.427 0.236 54 1.1-9.65% 310 4-Methyl-2-pentanol C6H14O 102.174 -90 131.6 0.8075204.07 2.672 0.698 41 1-6% 25 4-Methyl-2-pentanone C6H12O 100.158 -84 116.5 0.7965250.545 13.11 2.130 2.64 18 1-8% 448 50 2-Methylpropanenitrile C4H7N 69.106 -71.5 103.9 0.77042024.42 4.29 8 482 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol C4H10S 90.187 -0.5 64.2 0.7943255.475 1.66 24.2 <-29 Methyl propanoate C4H8O2 88.106 -87.5 79.8 0.9150200.431 6.200 1.943 11.5 -2 2.5-13% 469 2-Methylpropanoic acid C4H8O2 88.106 -46 154.45 0.9681201.226 2.58 1.08 1.964 56 2-9.2% 481 2-Methyl-1-propanol C4H10O 74.121 -101.9 107.89 0.8018203.33 17.93 1.64 2.449 1.39 28 2-11% 415 50 2-Methyl-2-propanol C4H10O 74.121 25.69 82.4 0.7887204.31 12.47 1.7 2.949 5.52 11 2-8% 478 100 2-Methylpyridine C6H7N 93.127 -66.68 129.38 0.94432010.18 1.85 1.703 1.5 39 538 3-Methylpyridine C6H7N 93.127 -18.14 144.14 0.95662011.10 2.40 1.704 0.795 4-Methylpyridine C6H7N 93.127 3.67 145.36 0.95482012.2 2.70 1.707 0.759 57 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone C5H9NO 99.131 -23.09 202 1.02302532.55 4.1 3.105 0.04 96 1-10% 346 Methyl salicylate C8H8O3 152.148 -8 222.9 1.181258.80 2.47 1.637 0.015 96 454 4-Methylstyrene C9H10 118.175 -34.1 172.8 0.9173250.245 53 0.8-11% 538 50 Morpholine C4H9NO 87.120 -4.8 128 1.0005202.02 7.42 1.55 1.892 1.34 37 1-11% 290 20 /H9252-Myrcene C10H16 136.234 167 0.8013152.3 0.280 Nickel carbonyl C4NiO4 170.734 -19.3 43 (exp 60) 1.31251.198 0.05 L-Nicotine C10H14N2 162.231 -79 247 1.0097208.937 Nitric acid HNO3 63.013 -41.6 83 1.55 2.17 1.744 2 2-Nitroanisole C7H7NO3 153.136 10.5 272 1.254020 45.75 5.0 Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 123.110 5.7 210.8 1.203720 1.863 35.6 4.22 1.509 0.03 88 2-9% 482 1 Nitroethane C2H5NO2 75.067 -89.5 114.0 1.044825 0.688 29.11 3.23 1.790 2.79 28 3-17% 414 100 Nitromethane CH3NO2 61.041 -28.38 101.19 1.137120 0.630 37.27 3.46 1.746 4.79 35 7-22% 418 20 1-Nitropropane C3H7NO2 89.094 -108 131.1 0.996125 0.798 24.70 3.66 1.97 1.36 36 2%- 421 25 2-Nitropropane C3H7NO2 89.094 -91.3 120.2 0.982125 26.74 3.73 1.911 2.3 24 3-11% 428 10 N-Nitrosodiethylamine C4H10N2O 102.134 176.9 0.942220 N-Nitrosodimethylamine C2H6N2O 74.081 152 1.004820 2-Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 137.137 -10.4 222 1.161119 26.26 1.474 106 2 3-Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 137.137 15.5 232 1.158120 24.95 1.474 106 2 Nonane C9H20 128.255 -53.46 150.82 0.719220 0.665 1.9722 ≈ 0 2.217 0.570 31 0.8-2.9% 205 200 Nonanoic acid C9H18O2 158.238 12.4 254.5 0.905220 7.01 2.475 0.79 2.290 1-Nonanol C9H20O 144.254 -5 213.37 0.828020 9.12 8.83 2.470 260 1-Nonene C9H18 126.239 -81.3 146.9 0.725325 0.586 2.180 ≈ 0 2.142 0.714 26 4-Nonylphenol C15H24O 220.351 42 ≈295 0.95020 cis,cis -9,12-Octadecadienoic acid C18H32O2 280.446 -7 0.902220 2.754 cis-9-Octadecenoic acid C18H34O2 282.462 13.4 360 0.893520 2.336 1.18 2.043 189 363 Octane C8H18 114.229 -56.82 125.67 0.698625 0.508 1.948 ≈0 2.229 1.86 13 1-7% 206 300 Octanoic acid C8H16O2 144.212 16.5 239 0.907325 5.02 2.85 1.15 2.066NameMol. Form. Mr tm/°C tb/°C/H9267/ g mL–1/H9257/ mPa s /H9280/H9262 /Dcp/ J g–1K–1vp/ kPaFP/ °C Fl. Lim.IT/ °CTLV/ ppm 15-23LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued) 1-Octanol C8H18O 130.228 -14.8 195.16 0.826225 7.29 10.30 1.8 2.344 0.01 81 270 2-Octanol C8H18O 130.228 -31.6 179.3 0.819320 6.49 8.13 1.71 2.535 88 265 2-Octanone C8H16O 128.212 -16 172.5 0.82020 9.51 2.7 2.132 52 1-Octene C8H16 112.213 -101.7 121.29 0.714920 0.447 2.113 ≈ 0 2.148 2.30 21 230 Oxetane C3H6O 58.079 -97 47.6 0.893025 1.94 2-Oxetanone C3H4O2 72.063 -33.4 162 1.146020 4.18 1.694 74 >2.9% 0.5 Oxirane C2H4O 44.052 -112.5 10.6 0.882110 12.42 1.89 1.998 -20 3-100% 429 1 Oxiranemethanol, (±)- C3H6O2 74.079 -45 167 dec 1.114325 2 Paraldehyde C6H12O3 132.157 12.6 124.3 0.994320 1.079 1.43 36 >1.3% 238 Parathion C10H14NO5PS 291.261 6.1 375 1.268120 Pentachloroethane C2HCl5 202.294 -28.78 162.0 1.679620 2.25 3.716 0.92 0.859 0.478 cis-1,3-Pentadiene C5H8 68.118 -140.8 44.1 0.691020 2.319 0.500 trans -1,3-Pentadiene C5H8 68.118 -87.4 42 0.671025 0.585 Pentanal C5H10O 86.132 -91.5 103 0.809520 10.00 4.58 12 222 50 Pentane C5H12 72.149 -129.67 36.06 0.626220 0.224 1.8371 ≈0 2.317 68.3 -40 2-8% 260 600 Pentanedial C5H8O2 100.117 -14 188 dec 1,5-Pentanediol C5H12O2 104.148 -18 239 0.99142026.2 2.5 3.08 129 335 2,4-Pentanedione C5H8O2 100.117 -23 138 0.97212526.524 2.8 2.08 1.02 34 340 1-Pentanethiol C5H12S 104.214 -75.65 126.6 0.850204.847 18 Pentanoic acid C5H10O2 102.132 -33.6 186.1 0.9339252.661 1.61 2.059 0.024 96 400 1-Pentanol C5H12O 88.148 -77.6 137.98 0.8144203.62 15.13 1.7 2.361 0.259 33 1-10% 300 2-Pentanol C5H12O 88.148 -73 119.3 0.8094203.47 13.71 1.66 2.716 0.804 34 1.2-9% 343 3-Pentanol C5H12O 88.148 -69 116.25 0.8203204.15 13.35 1.64 2.719 1.10 41 1.2-9% 435 2-Pentanone C5H10O 86.132 -76.8 102.26 0.809200.470 15.45 2.7 2.137 4.97 7 2-8% 452 200 3-Pentanone C5H10O 86.132 -39 101.7 0.8098250.444 17.00 2.82 2.216 4.72 13 >1.6% 450 200 1-Pentene C5H10 70.133 -165.12 29.96 0.6405200.195 2.011 ≈0.5 2.196 85.0 -18 1.5-8.7% 275 cis-2-Pentene C5H10 70.133 -151.36 36.93 0.655620≈ 0 2.163 66.0 <-20 trans -2-Pentene C5H10 70.133 -140.21 36.34 0.643125≈ 0 2.239 67.4 <-20 Pentyl acetate C7H14O2 130.185 -70.8 149.2 0.8756204.79 1.75 2.005 0.60 16 1-8% 360 50 Pentylamine C5H13N 87.164 -55 104.3 0.7544200.702 4.27 2.501 4.00 -1 2.2-22% Perchloric acid ClHO4 100.459 -112 ≈90 dec 1.77 Peroxyacetic acid C2H4O3 76.051 -0.2 110 1.226151.93 41 Phenol C6H6O 94.111 40.89 181.87 1.05454512.40 1.224 2.123 0.055 79 1.8-8.6% 715 5 2-Phenoxyethanol C8H10O2 138.164 14 245 1.10222121 Phenylhydrazine C6H8N2 108.141 20.6 243.5 1.09862013.03 7.15 2.007 88 0.1 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (±)- C9H13N 135.206 203 0.930625<100 Phosphinic acid H3O2P 65.997 26.5 130 1.49 Phosphoric acid H3O4P 97.995 42.4 407 1.480 Phosphoric trichloride Cl3OP 153.331 1.18 105.5 1.645 14.1 2.54 0.905 0.1 Phosphorothioc trichloride Cl3PS 169.398 -36.2 125 1.635 4.94 Phosphorus(III) bromide Br3P 270.686 -41.5 173.2 2.8 Phosphorus(III) chloride Cl3P 137.332 -93.6 76.1 1.574 0.529 3.498 0.56 0.2 /H9251-Pinene C10H16 136.234 -64 156.2 0.8539252.1787 0.64 33 255 /H9252-Pinene C10H16 136.234 -61.5 166 0.860252.4970 0.61 38 275 Piperidine C5H11N 85.148 -11.02 106.22 0.8606201.573 4.33 1.2 2.113 4.28 16 1-10% Propanal C3H6O 58.079 -80 48 0.8657250.321 18.5 2.72 2.362 42.2 -30 2.6-17% 207 1,2-Propanediol C3H8O2 76.095 -60 187.6 1.036120 40.4 27.5 2.2 2.507 0.02 99 3-13% 371 1,3-Propanediol C3H8O2 76.095 -27.7 214.4 1.053820 35.1 2.5 400 Propanenitrile C3H5N 55.079 -92.78 97.14 0.781820 0.294 29.7 4.05 2.166 6.14 2 3-14% 512 Propanoic acid C3H6O2 74.079 -20.5 141.15 0.988225 1.030 3.44 1.75 2.063 0.553 52 2.9-12.1% 465 10 Propanoic anhydride C6H10O3 130.141 -45 170 1.011020 18.30 1.806 63 1.3-9.5% 285 1-Propanol C3H8O 60.095 -124.39 97.2 0.799725 1.945 20.8 1.55 2.395 2.76 23 2-14% 412 200 2-Propanol C3H8O 60.095 -87.9 82.3 0.780925 2.04 20.18 1.56 2.604 6.02 12 2-13% 399 400 Propargyl alcohol C3H4O 56.063 -51.8 113.6 0.947820 20.8 1.13 36 1 Propyl acetate C5H10O2 102.132 -93 101.54 0.887820 0.544 5.62 1.8 1.921 4.49 13 2-8% 450 200 Propylamine C3H9N 59.110 -84.75 47.22 0.717320 0.376 5.08 1.17 2.776 42.1 -37 2-10% 318 Propylbenzene C9H12 120.191 -99.6 159.24 0.859325 2.370 ≈0 1.786 30 1-6% 450 Propyl butanoate C7H14O2 130.185 -95.2 143.0 0.873020 4.3 0.618 37 Propylene carbonate C4H6O3 102.089 -48.8 242 1.204720 66.14 4.9 2.141 135 Propyl formate C4H8O2 88.106 -92.9 80.9 0.907320 0.485 6.92 1.89 1.945 10.9 -3 455 Propyl propanoate C6H12O2 116.158 -75.9 122.5 0.880920 5.249 1.88 79 Pyridine C5H5N 79.101 -41.70 115.23 0.981920 0.879 13.260 2.21 1.678 2.76 20 2-12% 482 5 Pyrrole C4H5N 67.090 -23.39 129.79 0.969820 1.225 8.00 1.74 1.903 1.10 39 Pyrrolidine C4H9N 71.121 -57.79 86.56 0.858620 0.704 8.30 1.6 2.202 8.40 3 2-Pyrrolidone C4H7NO 85.105 25 251 1.12020 28.18 3.5 1.99 129 Quinoline C9H7N 129.159 -14.78 237.16 1.097715 3.34 9.16 2.29 1.51 480NameMol. Form. Mr tm/°C tb/°C/H9267/ g mL–1/H9257/ mPa s /H9280/H9262 /Dcp/ J g–1K–1vp/ kPaFP/ °C Fl. Lim.IT/ °CTLV/ ppm TeamLRN15-24LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued) Safrole C10H10O2 162.185 11.2 234.5 1.100020 100 Salicylaldehyde C7H6O2 122.122 -7 197 1.167420 18.35 2.86 1.818 78 Selenium chloride Cl2Se2 228.83 -85 130 dec 2.774 Selenium oxychloride Cl2OSe 165.86 8.5 177 2.44 46.2 Selenium oxy fluoride F2OSe 132.96 15 125 2.8 Styrene C8H8 104.150 -30.65 145 0.901625 0.695 2.4737 0.123 1.747 0.81 31 1-7% 490 20 Sulfolane C4H8O2S 120.171 27.6 287.3 1.272318 43.26 4.8 1.498 <0.01 177 Sulfur chloride Cl2S2 135.037 -77 137 1.69 4.79 Sulfur dichloride Cl2S 102.971 -122 59.6 1.62 2.915 0.36 Sulfuric acid H2O4S 98.080 10.31 337 1.8 1.416 Sulfuryl chloride Cl2O2S 134.970 -51 69.4 1.680 9.1 1.81 0.993 /H9251-Terpinene C10H16 136.234 174 0.837519 2.4526 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane C2H2Br4 345.653 0 243.5 2.965520 6.72 1.38 0.479 0.003 335 1 Tetrabromosilane Br4Si 347.702 5.39 154 2.8 0 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2- difluoroethaneC2Cl4F2 203.830 24.8 92.8 1.595150 2.52 0.852 7.51 500 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane C2H2Cl4 167.849 -70.2 130.2 1.5406201.437 0.92 1.6 47 5-12% 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane C2H2Cl4 167.849 -42.4 145.2 1.5953208.50 1.32 0.967 0.622 62 20-54% 1 Tetrachloroethene C2Cl4 165.833 -22.3 121.3 1.6230200.844 2.268 0 0.865 2.42 45 25 Tetrachloromethane CCl4 153.823 -22.62 76.8 1.594020 0.908 2.2379 0 0.850 15.2 5 Tetrachlorosilane Cl4Si 169.897 -68.74 57.65 1.5 99.4 0 0.855 Tetradecane C14H30 198.388 5.82 253.58 0.759620 2.13 2.0343 ≈ 0 0.002 112 >0.5% 200 Tetraethylene glycol C8H18O5 194.226 -6.2 328 1.128515 20.44 2.208 182 Tetrafluoroboric acid BF4H 87.813 130 dec ≈1.8 Tetrahydrofuran C4H8O 72.106 -108.44 65 0.883325 0.456 7.52 1.75 1.720 21.6 -14 2-12% 321 200 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol C5H10O2 102.132 <-80 178 1.052420 13.48 2.1 1.774 0.100 75 1.5-9.7% 282 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene C10H12 132.202 -35.7 207.6 0.964525 2.14 2.771 ≈0 1.645 0.05 71 1-5% 385 Tetrahydropyran C5H10O 86.132 -49.1 88 0.881420 5.66 1.74 1.82 9.54 -20 Tetrahydrothiophene C4H8S 88.172 -96.2 121.1 0.998720 0.973 1.90 2.45 Tetramethylsilane C4H12Si 88.224 -99.06 26.6 0.64819 1.921 0 2.313 94.2 Tetramethylurea C5H12N2O 116.161 -0.6 176.5 0.968720 23.10 3.5 0.138 77 Tetranitromethane CN4O8 196.033 13.8 126.1 1.638020 2.317 0 0.005 Thionyl bromide Br2OS 207.873 -50 140 9.06 Thionyl chloride Cl2OS 118.970 -101 75.6 1.631 8.675 1.45 1.017 Thiophene C4H4S 84.140 -38.21 84.0 1.064920 2.739 0.55 1.471 10.6 -1 Tin(IV) chloride Cl4Sn 260.521 -34.07 114.15 2.234 0 0.634 Titanium(IV) chloride Cl4Ti 189.678 -24.12 136.45 1.73 0.766 Toluene C7H8 92.139 -94.95 110.63 0.866820 0.560 2.379 0.37 1.707 3.79 4 1-7% 480 50 Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate C9H6N2O2 174.156 20.5 251 1.224420 8.433 1.653 127 0.9-9.5% 0.005 Tribromomethane CHBr3 252.731 8.69 149.1 2.878825 1.857 4.404 0.99 0.517 0.726 83 0.5 Tributylamine C12H27N 185.349 -70 216.5 0.7770202.340 0.8 0.01 63 1-5% Tributyl borate C12H27BO3 230.151 <-70 234 0.8567202.23 0.77 93 Tributyrin C15H26O6 302.363 -75 307.5 1.0350205.72 1.837 180 >0.5% 407 Trichloroacetaldehyde C2HCl3O 147.387 -57.5 97.8 1.512206.8 1.025 6.66 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene C6H3Cl3 181.447 16.92 213.5 1.45925 0.057 105 2.5-6.6% 571 1,1,1-Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 133.404 -30.01 74.09 1.339020 0.793 7.243 1.76 1.082 16.5 -1 8-13% 500 350 1,1,2-Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 133.404 -36.3 113.8 1.439720 7.1937 1.4 1.131 3.1 32 6-28% 460 10 Trichloroethene C2HCl3 131.388 -84.7 87.21 1.4642200.545 3.390 0.8 0.947 9.91 32 8-11% 420 50 Trichloroethylsilane C2H5Cl3Si 163.506 -105.6 100.5 1.2373202.04 6.29 22 Trichloro fluoromethane CCl3F 137.368 -110.44 23.7 1.4879200.421 3.00 0.46 0.885 106 1000 Trichloromethane CHCl3 119.378 -63.41 61.17 1.4788250.537 4.8069 1.04 0.957 26.2 10 (Trichloromethyl)benzene C7H5Cl3 195.474 -4.42 221 1.3723206.9 2.03 127 211 Trichloromethylsilane CH3Cl3Si 149.480 -90 65.6 1.273201.91 1.091 22.5 -9 7.6->20% >404 Trichloronitromethane CCl3NO2 164.376 -64 112 1.6558207.319 3.18 0.1 1,2,3-Trichloropropane C3H5Cl3 147.431 -14.7 157 1.3889207.5 1.245 0.492 71 3.2-12.6% 10 Trichlorosilane Cl3HSi 135.452 -128.2 33 1.331 0.326 0.86 -50 104 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2- trifluoroethaneC2Cl3F3 187.375 -36.22 47.7 1.5635250.656 2.41 0.908 44.8 1000 Tri-o-cresyl phosphate C21H21O4P 368.363 11 410 1.195520 6.7 2.87 1.57 225 385 Tridecane C13H28 184.361 -5.4 235.47 0.756420 1.724 2.0213 ≈ 0 2.206 0.005 79 1-Tridecene C13H26 182.345 -13 232.8 0.765820 1.50 2.139 ≈ 0 2.149 79 Triethanolamine C6H15NO3 149.188 20.5 335.4 1.124220 609 29.36 3.6 2.61 <0.01 179 1-10% 0.5 Triethylamine C6H15N 101.190 -114.7 89 0.727520 0.347 2.418 0.66 2.173 7.70 -7 1-8% 249 1 Triethylene glycol C6H14O4 150.173 -7 285 1.127415 23.69 2.18 177 1-9% 371 Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether C8H18O4 178.227 -45 216 0.98620 7.62 111 Triethyl phosphate C6H15O4P 182.154 -56.4 215.5 1.069520 13.20 3.1 115 454NameMol. Form. Mr tm/°C tb/°C/H9267/ g mL–1/H9257/ mPa s /H9280/H9262 /Dcp/ J g–1K–1vp/ kPaFP/ °C Fl. Lim.IT/ °CTLV/ ppm 15-25LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued) Trifluoroacetic acid C2HF3O2 114.023 -15.2 73 1.535125 0.808 8.42 2.28 15.1 (Trifluoromethyl)benzene C7H5F3 146.110 -28.95 102.1 1.188420 9.22 2.86 1.289 5.14 12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene C9H12 120.191 -25.4 176.12 0.894420 2.656 ≈ 0 1.800 44 0.8-6.6% 470 25 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene C9H12 120.191 -43.77 169.38 0.875820 2.377 ≈0 1.789 0.30 44 1-6% 500 25 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene C9H12 120.191 -44.72 164.74 0.861525 2.279 0 1.741 0.33 50 1-5% 559 25 Trimethyl borate C3H9BO3 103.912 -29.3 67.5 0.91525 2.2762 1.828 17.2 -8 Trimethylchlorosilane C3H9ClSi 108.642 -40 60 0.85625 30.7 -28 395 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane C8H18 114.229 -107.3 99.22 0.687825 1.943 ≈ 0 2.093 6.50 -12 418 300 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane C8H18 114.229 -100.9 114.8 0.726220 1.9780 ≈ 0 2.150 3.60 <21 425 300 Trimethyl phosphate C3H9O4P 140.074 -46 197.2 1.214420 20.6 3.2 0.11 107 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine C8H11N 121.180 -46 170.6 0.916622 7.807 2.05 Trinitroglycerol C3H5N3O9 227.087 13.5 exp 218 1.593120 19.25 270 0.05 Undecane C11H24 156.309 -25.5 195.9 0.740220 1.098 1.9972 ≈ 0 2.207 69 Vanadium(IV) chloride Cl4V 192.753 -25.7 148 1.816 3.05 Vanadyl trichloride Cl3OV 173.299 -79 127 1.829 3.4 Vinyl acetate C4H6O2 86.090 -93.2 72.8 0.9256251.79 1.969 15.4 -8 2.6-13.4% 402 10 4-Vinylcyclohexene C8H12 108.181 -108.9 128 0.8299201.87 16 269 0.1 Water H2O 18.015 0.00 100.0 0.9970 0.890 80.100 1.8546 4.180 o-Xylene C8H10 106.165 -25.2 144.5 0.8802100.760 2.562 0.64 1.753 0.88 32 1-7% 463 100 m-Xylene C8H10 106.165 -47.8 139.12 0.8596250.581 2.359 ≈0 1.724 1.13 27 1-7% 527 100 p-Xylene C8H10 106.165 13.25 138.37 0.8566250.603 2.2735 0 1.710 1.19 27 1-7% 528 100 2,4-Xylenol C8H10O 122.164 24.5 210.98 0.9650205.060 1.4 0.022NameMol. Form. Mr tm/°C tb/°C/H9267/ g mL–1/H9257/ mPa s /H9280/H9262 /Dcp/ J g–1K–1vp/ kPaFP/ °C Fl. Lim.IT/ °CTLV/ ppm TeamLRN 15- 26 MISCIBILITY OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS The chart below gives qualitative information on the miscibility of pairs of organic liquids. Two liquids are considered miscib le (indicated by M in the chart) if mixing equal volumes produces a single liquid phase. If two phases separate, they are considered immiscible ( I ). An entry of P indi- cates two phases whose volumes differ appreciably, suggesting a partial miscibility of the components. The symbol R indicates a reaction between the components. All data refer to room temperature. The codes for the columns are: REFERENCES 1. Drury, J. S., Ind. Eng. Chem . 44, 2744, 1959. 2. Jackson, W. M., and Drury, J. S., Ind. Eng. Chem . 51, 1491, 1959. A Acetone J Diethyl ether S Methyl isopropyl ketone B Benzaldehyde K N,N -Dimethylaniline T Nitromethane C Benzene L Dipentylamine U 1-Octanol D Butyl acetate M Ethyl alcohol V 1,3-Propanediol E Butyl alcohol N Ethylene glycol W Pyridine F Carbon tetrachloride O Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether X Triethylenetetramine G 2-Chloroethanol P Formamide Y Triethyl phosphate H Chloroform Q Furfuryl alcohol I o -Cresol R Glycerol ABCDEFGHI JKLM NOPQRSTUVW XY Acetone - MMMMMMM MMMMMMMM I MMMMMMM Adiponitrile M M M I I M M I M M I M M2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol M MMMMM MM MM MMM MMMM p -Anisaldehyde M I M I I M Benzaldehyde M - M M M M M M M P M M P M M M MBenzene M M - M M M M M M M M MIMIMIMIMIM M M Benzonitrile M M M M M M M I I M I I MBenzothiazole M M M M M M M M I M I M MBenzyl alcohol M MMMMM MM MM MMM MMMM Benzyl mercaptan M M M M M M M I I M I I M 2-Bromoethyl acetate M P M R M M R1,3-Butanediol M I M M P M M M M M2,3-Butanediol M P M M M M M M M MButyl acetate M M M - M M M M M P I M I M M P MButyl alcohol M M M M - M M M M M M M M M M M MCarbon tetrachloride MMMMM - MM M I I M I MM I M 2-Chloroethanol M M - M M M M M M MChloroform M M M - M M M P M I M M M M3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol M I M M M R M M M RCinnamaldehyde M M M M M M I M I M I R M o -Cresol M - M M M M M Diacetone alcohol M M P M M P M M M M M M I MMMM Dibenzyl ether M M M M M I M I M M MDibutylamine R M M P MDibutyl carbonate M M M M M M IDibutyl ether M M M M M M M M M I I M I IMIM Diethanolamine M I I I M I I P M M M M M I M M MDiethylacetic acid M M M M R M M M I M M R MDiethylene glycol dibutyl ether M M M M M R M M MDiethylene glycol diethyl ether M M M M M M M M M MDiethylene glycol monobutyl ether M M M M M M M M M MDiethylene glycol monoethyl ether M M M M M M M M M MDiethylene glycol monomethyl ether M M M M M M M M M 15- 27 MISCIBILITY OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Diethylenetriamine M M R M I M M M M R M M Diethyl ether M M M M M M M M - M M MIMIMIM M MIM M M Diethylformamide M M M M R M M M M M M R MDihexyl ether M M M M M M I M I M I IDiisobutyl ketone M M M M M M I M I M I M MDiisopropylamine M M R M M M M M M M M M M N,N -Dimethylaniline M M M M M M M - M I I M I M M I M Dipentylamine M M M M - M P M P M M I M N,N -Dipropylaniline M M M M M M M M M MIMIMIM IM M M Dipropylene glycol M M M M M M M M M MEthyl alcohol M M M M M M M M M M - M M M M M MMMMMMM Ethyl benzoate M M M M M M M M M M M I IMIM M MPM M Ethyl chloroacetate M M M M M M I M I M I R MEthyl cinnamate M M M M M I M I M I M MEthylene glycol M P I P M I P M I I P M - M M M I I M M M MEthylene glycol monobutyl ether M M M M M M M M M MEthylene glycol monoethyl ether M M M M M M M - M M MEthylene glycol monomethyl ether M M M M M M M M2-Ethyl-1-hexanol M MMMMM MM MM I M I I MMM Ethyl phenylacetate M M M M M I M I M I M MEthyl thiocyanate M M M M M M M I I M I I MFormamide M M I I M I I I M M - M M M I M M Furfuryl alcohol M M M M M M M M M M M - M M M M MGlycerol I P I I M I I M I I P M M M M -III M M M 1-Heptadecanol M M M M M M M3-Heptanol M M M M M M M M I M M M Heptyl acetate M M M M M I M I M I R M Hexanenitrile M M M M M M I M I M I M MIsobutyl mercaptan M M M M M M M I I M I R MIsopentyl acetate M M M M M M I M I M I M MIsopentyl alcohol M M M M M M M M M M M M I M M M MIsopentyl sul fide M M M M MM M I III I M Methyl disul fide M M M M M M MI IMI R M Methyl isobutyl ketone M MMMMM MM M I P M I MM I M Methyl isopropyl ketone M M M M M M M I M I - M R M4-Methylpentanoic acid M M M M M M M I M M R MNitromethane M M I M M M M M M I M M I - P I M1-Octanol M M M M M M M M M M I M I P - M M o -Phenetidine M M M M M M M M M M M 1,2-Propanediol M I M M P M M M M M1,3-Propanediol M M I P M I M M I I M M M M M M MIM-M M Pyridine M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M - MTetradecanol M M M M M M I M I M P M M Tributyl phosphate M M M M M M P M I M M M M Triethylene glycol M P M M I P M M M M Triethylenetetramine M M M M M I M M M M R M - M Triethyl phosphate M M M M M M M M M M - 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanone M M M M M M I M I M I I M ABCDEFGHI JKLM NOPQRSTUVW XY TeamLRN 15- 28 DENSITY OF SOLVENTS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE The table below lists the density of several common solvents in the temperature range from 0 ° C to 100 ° C. The values have been calculated from the Rackett Equation using parameters in the reference. Density values refer to the liquid at its saturation vapor pressure; th us entries for tempera- tures above the normal boiling point are for pressures greater than atmospheric. REFERENCE Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V ., Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Density in g/mL Solvent 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C 60°C 70°C 80°C 90°C 100°C Acetic acid 1.051 1.038 1.025 1.012 0.9993 0.9861 0.9728 0.9592 0.9454 Acetone 0.8129 0.8016 0.7902 0.7785 0.7666 0.7545 0.7421 0.7293 0.7163 0.7029 0.6890Acetonitrile 0.7825 0.7707 0.7591 0.7473 0.7353 0.7231 0.7106 0.6980 0.6851Aniline 1.041 1.033 1.025 1.016 1.008 1.000 0.9909 0.9823 0.9735 0.9646 0.9557Benzene 0.8884 0.8786 0.8686 0.8584 0.8481 0.8376 0.8269 0.8160 0.8049 0.79351-Butanol 0.8293 0.8200 0.8105 0.8009 0.7912 0.7812 0.7712 0.7609 0.7504 0.7398 0.7289Butylamine 0.7606 0.7512 0.7417 0.7320 0.7221 0.7120 0.7017 0.6911 0.6803 0.6693 0.6579Carbon disul fide 1.290 1.277 1.263 1.248 1.234 Chlorobenzene 1.127 1.116 1.106 1.096 1.085 1.074 1.064 1.053 1.042 1.030 1.019Cyclohexane 0.7872 0.7784 0.7694 0.7602 0.7509 0.7414 0.7317 0.7218 0.7117 0.7013Decane 0.7447 0.7374 0.7301 0.7226 0.7151 0.7074 0.6997 0.6919 0.6839 0.6758 0.66761-Decanol 0.8294 0.8229 0.8162 0.8093 0.8024 0.7955 0.7884 0.7813 0.7740Dichloromethane 1.362 1.344 1.326 1.307 1.289 1.269 1.250 1.229 1.208 1.187 1.165Diethyl ether 0.7368 0.7254 0.7137 0.7018 0.6896 0.6770 0.6639 0.6505 0.6366 0.6220 0.6068 N , N -Dimethylaniline 0.9638 0.9562 0.9483 0.9401 0.9318 0.9234 0.9150 0.9064 0.8978 0.8890 Ethanol 0.8121 0.8014 0.7905 0.7793 0.7680 0.7564 0.7446 0.7324 0.7200 0.7073 0.6942Ethyl acetate 0.9245 0.9126 0.9006 0.8884 0.8759 0.8632 0.8503 0.8370 0.8234 0.8095 0.7952Ethylbenzene 0.8836 0.8753 0.8668 0.8582 0.8495 0.8407 0.8318 0.8228 0.8136 0.8043 0.7948Ethyl formate 0.9472 0.9346 0.9218 0.9087 0.8954 0.8818 0.8678 0.8535 0.8389 0.8238 0.8082Ethyl propanoate 0.9113 0.9005 0.8895 0.8784 0.8671 0.8556 0.8439 0.8319 0.8197 0.8072 0.7944Heptane 0.7004 0.6921 0.6837 0.6751 0.6664 0.6575 0.6485 0.6393 0.6298 0.6202 0.6102Hexane 0.6774 0.6685 0.6594 0.6502 0.6407 0.6311 0.6212 0.6111 0.6006 0.5899 0.57891-Hexanol 0.8359 0.8278 0.8195 0.8111 0.8027 0.7941 0.7854 0.7766 0.7676 0.7585 0.7492Isopropylbenzene 0.8769 0.8696 0.8615 0.8533 0.8450 0.8366 0.8280 0.8194 0.8106 0.8017 0.7927Methanol 0.8157 0.8042 0.7925 0.7807 0.7685 0.7562 0.7435 0.7306 0.7174 0.7038 0.6898Methyl acetate 0.9606 0.9478 0.9346 0.9211 0.9074 0.8933 0.8790 0.8643 0.8491 0.8336 0.8176 N -Methylaniline 1.0010 0.9933 0.9859 0.9785 0.9709 0.9633 0.9556 0.9478 0.9399 0.9319 0.9239 Methylcyclohexane 0.7858 0.7776 0.7693 0.7608 0.7522 0.7435 0.7346 0.7255 0.7163 0.7069 0.6973Methyl formate 1.003 0.9887 0.9739 0.9588 0.9433 0.9275 0.9112 0.8945 0.8772 0.8594 0.8409Methyl propanoate 0.9383 0.9268 0.9150 0.9030 0.8907 0.8783 0.8656 0.8526 0.8393 0.8257 0.8117Nitromethane 1.139 1.125 1.111 1.097 1.083 1.069 1.055 1.040 1.026 Nonane 0.7327 0.7252 0.7176 0.7099 0.7021 0.6941 0.6861 0.6779 0.6696 0.6611 0.6525 Octane 0.7185 0.7106 0.7027 0.6945 0.6863 0.6779 0.6694 0.6608 0.6520 0.6430 0.6338Pentanoic acid 0.9563 0.9476 0.9389 0.9301 0.9211 0.9121 0.9029 0.8937 0.8843 0.8748 0.86521-Propanol 0.8252 0.8151 0.8048 0.7943 0.7837 0.7729 0.7619 0.7506 0.7391 0.7273 0.71522-Propanol 0.8092 0.7982 0.7869 0.7755 0.7638 0.7519 0.7397 0.7272 0.7143 0.7011 0.6876Propyl acetate 0.9101 0.8994 0.8885 0.8775 0.8662 0.8548 0.8432 0.8313 0.8192 0.8069 0.7942Propylbenzene 0.8779 0.8700 0.8619 0.8538 0.8456 0.8373 0.8289 0.8204 0.8117 0.8030 0.7943Propyl formate 0.9275 0.9166 0.9053 0.8938 0.8821 0.8702 0.8581 0.8457 0.8330 0.8201 0.8068Tetrachloromethane 1.629 1.611 1.593 1.575 1.557 1.538 1.518 1.499 1.479 1.458 1.437 Toluene 0.8846 0.8757 0.8667 0.8576 0.8483 0.8389 0.8294 0.8197 0.8098 0.7998 0.7896 Trichloromethane 1.524 1.507 1.489 1.471 1.452 1.433 1.414 1.394 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0.6921 0.6836 0.6750 0.6663 0.6574 0.6484 0.6391 0.6296 0.6199 o -Xylene 0.8801 0.8717 0.8633 0.8547 0.8460 0.8372 0.8282 0.8191 0.8099 m -Xylene 0.8813 0.8729 0.8644 0.8558 0.8470 0.8382 0.8292 0.8201 0.8109 0.8015 0.7920 p -Xylene 0.8609 0.8523 0.8436 0.8347 0.8258 0.8167 0.8075 0.7981 0.7886 15-19DEPENDENCE OF BOILING POINT ON PRESSURE The normal boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches standard atmospheric pre ssure, 101.325 kPa. The change in boiling point with pressure may be calculated from the representation of the vapor pressure by the Antoine Equati on, ln p = A1 – A2/(T + A3) where p is the vapor pressure, T the absolute temperature, and A1, A2, and A3 are constants. This table, which has been calculated using the Antoine constants in Reference 1, gives values of Δt/Δp for a number of liquids, in units of both °C/kPa and °C/mmHg. The correction to the boiling point is generally accurate to 0.1 to 0.2 °C as long as the pressure is within 10% of standard atmospheric pressure. A slightly less accurate estimate of Δt/Δp may be obtained from the Claussius-Clapeyron equation, with the assumption that the change in volume upon vaporization equals the ideal-gas volume of the vapor. This leads to the equation Δt/Δp = RTb2 /p0 ΔvapH(Tb) where R is the molar gas constant, p0 is 101.325 kPa, Tb is the normal boiling point temperature (absolute), and ΔvapH(Tb) is the molar enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point. Values of the last quantity may be obtained from the table “Enthalpy of Vaporization” in Section 6. REFERENCE 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, pp. 49- 59. tb Δt/Δp Compound °C °C/kPa °C/mmHg Acetaldehyde 20.1 0.261 0.0348 Acetic acid 117.9 0.324 0.0432Acetone 56.0 0.289 0.0385 Acetonitrile 81.6 0.316 0.0421 Ammonia -33.33 0.198 0.0264Aniline 184.1 0.378 0.0504 Anisole 153.7 0.367 0.0489 Benzaldehyde 179.0 0.392 0.0523Benzene 80.0 0.321 0.0428 Bromine 58.8 0.300 0.0400 Butane -0.5 0.267 0.03561-Butanol 117.7 0.278 0.0371 Carbon disulfide 46.2 0.304 0.0405 Chlorine -34.04 0.224 0.0299Chlorobenzene 131.7 0.365 0.0487 1-Chlorobutane 78.6 0.321 0.0428 Chloroethane 12.3 0.262 0.0349Chloroethylene -13.3 0.241 0.0321 Cyclohexane 80.7 0.328 0.0437 Cyclohexanol 160.8 0.344 0.0459Cyclohexanone 155.4 0.382 0.0509 Decane 174.1 0.388 0.0517 Dibutyl ether 140.2 0.363 0.0484Dichloromethane 39.6 0.276 0.0368 Diethyl ether 34.5 0.278 0.0371 Dimethyl sulfoxide 189.0 0.379 0.05051,4-Dioxane 101.5 0.321 0.0428 Dipropyl ether 90.0 0.326 0.0435 Ethanol 78.2 0.249 0.0332Ethyl acetate 77.1 0.300 0.0400 Ethylene glycol 197.3 0.331 0.0441 Heptane 98.5 0.336 0.0448Hexafluorobenzene 80.2 0.305 0.0407 Hexane 68.7 0.314 0.04191-Hexanol 157.6 0.318 0.0424 Hydrogen fluoride 20.1 0.276 0.0368 Iodomethane 42.5 0.291 0.0388 Isobutane -11.7 0.254 0.0339Methanol 64.6 0.251 0.0335 Methyl acetate 56.8 0.282 0.0376 Methyl formate 31.7 0.582 0.0776N-Methylaniline 196.2 0.396 0.0528 N-Methylformamide 199.5 0.371 0.0495 Nitrobenzene 210.8 0.418 0.0557Nitromethane 101.1 0.320 0.0427 1-Octanol 195.1 0.360 0.0480 Pentane 36.0 0.289 0.03851-Pentanol 137.9 0.296 0.0395 Phenol 181.8 0.349 0.0465 Propane -42.1 0.224 0.02991-Propanol 97.2 0.261 0.0348 2-Propanol 82.3 0.247 0.0329 Pyridine 115.2 0.340 0.0453Pyrrole 129.7 0.330 0.0440 Pyrrolidine 86.5 0.309 0.0412 Styrene 145.1 0.369 0.0492Sulfur dioxide -10.05 0.221 0.0295 Tetrachloroethylene 121.3 0.354 0.0472 Tetrachloromethane 76.8 0.325 0.0433Toluene 110.6 0.353 0.0471 Trichloroethylene 87.2 0.330 0.0440 Trichloromethane 61.1 0.302 0.0403Trimethylamine 2.8 0.248 0.0331 Water 100.0 0.276 0.0368 o-Xylene 144.5 0.373 0.0497 m-Xylene 139.1 0.368 0.0491 p-Xylene 138.3 0.369 0.0492tb Δt/Δp Compound °C °C/kPa °C/mmHg TeamLRN15-20EBULLIOSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR CALCULATION OF BOILING POINT ELEVATION The boiling point Tb of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, non-dissociating solute is elevated relative to that of the pure solvent. If the solut ion is ideal (i.e., follows Raoult’s Law), the amount of elevation depends only on the number of particles of solute present. Hence th e change in boiling point ΔTb can be expressed as ΔTb = Eb m2 where m2 is the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and Eb is the Ebullioscopic Constant, a characteristic property of the solvent. The Ebullioscopic Constant may be calculated from the relation Eb = R Tb2 M/ΔvapH where R is the molar gas constant, Tb is the normal boiling point temperature (absolute) of the solvent, M the molar mass of the solvent, and ΔvapH the molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of the solvent at its normal boiling point. This table lists Eb values for some common solvents, as calculated from data in the table “Enthalpy of Vaporization” in Section 6. Compound Eb/K kg mol–1 Acetic acid 3.22 Acetone 1.80Acetonitrile 1.44 Aniline 3.82 Anisole 4.20Benzaldehyde 4.24 Benzene 2.64 1-Butanol 2.17Carbon disulfide 2.42 Chlorobenzene 4.36 1-Chlorobutane 3.13Cyclohexane 2.92 Cyclohexanol 3.5 Decane 6.10Dichloromethane 2.42 Diethyl ether 2.20 Dimethyl sulfoxide 3.221,4-Dioxane 3.01 Ethanol 1.23 Ethyl acetate 2.82Ethylene glycol 2.26 Heptane 3.62Hexane 2.90 Iodomethane 4.31 Methanol 0.86 Methyl acetate 2.21 N-Methylaniline 4.3 N-Methylformamide 2.2 Nitrobenzene 5.2 Nitromethane 2.09 1-Octanol 5.06Phenol 3.54 1-Propanol 1.66 2-Propanol 1.58Pyridine 2.83 Pyrrole 2.33 Pyrrolidine 2.32Tetrachloroethylene 6.18 Tetrachloromethane 5.26 Toluene 3.40Trichloroethylene 4.52 Trichloromethane 3.80 Water 0.513o-Xylene 4.25Compound E b/K kg mol–1 15-21CRYOSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR CALCULATION OF FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION The freezing point Tf of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, non-dissociating solute is depressed relative to that of the pure solvent. If the solut ion is ideal (i.e., follows Raoult’s Law), this lowering is a function only of the number of particles of solute present. Thus the absolute value of the lowering of freezing point ΔTf can be expressed as ΔTf = Ef m2 where m2 is the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and Ef is the Cryoscopic Constant, a characteristic property of the solvent. The Cryoscopic Constant may be calculated from the relation Ef = R Tf2 M/ΔfusH where R is the molar gas constant, Tb is the freezing point temperature (absolute) of the solvent, M the molar mass of the solvent, and ΔfusH the molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion of the solvent. This table lists cryscopic constants for selected substances, as calculated from data in the table “Enthalpy of Fusion” in Sect ion 6. Compound Ef/K kg mol–1 Acetamide 3.92 Acetic acid 3.63 Acetophenone 5.16 Aniline 5.23Benzene 5.07 Benzonitrile 5.35 Benzophenone 8.58(+)-Camphor 37.8 1-Chloronaphthalene 7.68 o-Cresol 5.92 m-Cresol 7.76 p-Cresol 7.20 Cyclohexane 20.8Cyclohexanol 42.2 cis-Decahydronaphthalene 6.42 trans-Decahydronaphthalene 4.70 Dibenzyl ether 6.17 p-Dichlorobenzene 7.57 Diethanolamine 3.16Dimethyl sulfoxide 3.851,4-Dioxane 4.63 Diphenylamine 8.38 Ethylene glycol 3.11Formamide 4.25 Formic acid 2.38 Glycerol 3.56Methylcyclohexane 2.60 Naphthalene 7.45 Nitrobenzene 6.87Phenol 6.84 Pyridine 4.26 Quinoline 6.73Succinonitrile 19.3 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 21.4 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 41.0Toluene 3.55 p-Toluidine 4.91 Tribromomethane 15.0Water 1.86 p-Xylene 4.31Compound E f/K kg mol–1 TeamLRN 1-22FREEZING POINT LOWERING BY ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION REFERENCE Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition , Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1956. Lowering of freezing point of water (in °C) as function of molality (mol/kg) Compound 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 CaCl2 0.25 0.49 1.27 2.66 4.28 6.35 10.78 15.27 20.42 28.08 CuSO40.13 0.23 0.47 0.96 HCl 0.18 0.36 0.90 1.86 2.90 4.02 6.63 9.94 HNO30.18 0.35 0.88 1.80 2.78 3.80 5.98 8.34 10.95 13.92 H2SO40.20 0.39 0.96 1.95 3.04 4.28 7.35 11.35 16.32 KBr 0.18 0.36 0.92 1.78 KCl 0.17 0.35 0.86 1.68 2.49 3.29 4.88 6.50 8.14 9.77 KNO30.17 0.33 0.78 1.47 2.11 2.66 K2SO40.23 0.43 1.01 1.87 LiCl 0.18 0.35 0.88 1.80 2.78 MgSO 40.13 0.24 0.55 1.01 1.50 2.08 3.41 NH4Cl 0.17 0.34 0.85 1.70 2.55 NaCl 0.18 0.35 0.85 1.68 2.60 NaNO30.18 0.36 0.80 1.62 2.63 3.10 15-23CORRECTION OF BAROMETER READINGS TO 0 °C TEMPERATURE The following corrections are used to reduce the reading of a mercury barometer with a brass scale to 0 °C. The number in the table should be subtracted from the observed height of the mercury column to give the true pressure in mmHg (1mmHg = 133.322 Pa). The table is calculated from the formula ∆h = -0.0001634 ht/(1+0.0001818 t), where h is the observed column height in mm and t the Celsius temperature. This relation is based on thermal expansion coefficients of 181.8·10-6 °C-1 for mercury and 18.4·10-6 °C-1 for brass. Observed Height in mm t/°C 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 00.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 20.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 30.30 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39 40.40 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.52 50.51 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.65 60.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 70.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 80.81 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 90.91 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 10 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.30 11 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.35 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.44 12 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.35 1.37 1.39 1.41 1.43 1.45 1.47 1.49 1.51 1.53 1.55 1.57 13 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.53 1.55 1.57 1.59 1.61 1.63 1.65 1.67 1.70 14 1.41 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.51 1.53 1.55 1.57 1.60 1.62 1.64 1.67 1.69 1.71 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.80 1.83 15 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.59 1.61 1.64 1.66 1.69 1.71 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.81 1.83 1.86 1.88 1.91 1.93 1.96 16 1.62 1.64 1.67 1.69 1.72 1.75 1.77 1.80 1.82 1.85 1.88 1.90 1.93 1.96 1.98 2.01 2.03 2.06 2.09 17 1.72 1.74 1.77 1.80 1.83 1.86 1.88 1.91 1.94 1.97 1.99 2.02 2.05 2.08 2.10 2.13 2.16 2.19 2.22 18 1.82 1.85 1.88 1.91 1.93 1.96 1.99 2.02 2.05 2.08 2.11 2.14 2.17 2.20 2.23 2.26 2.29 2.32 2.35 19 1.92 1.95 1.98 2.01 2.04 2.07 2.10 2.13 2.17 2.20 2.23 2.26 2.29 2.32 2.35 2.38 2.41 2.44 2.48 20 2.02 2.05 2.08 2.12 2.15 2.18 2.21 2.25 2.28 2.31 2.34 2.38 2.41 2.44 2.47 2.51 2.54 2.57 2.60 21 2.12 2.15 2.19 2.22 2.26 2.29 2.32 2.36 2.39 2.43 2.46 2.50 2.53 2.56 2.60 2.63 2.67 2.70 2.73 22 2.22 2.26 2.29 2.33 2.36 2.40 2.43 2.47 2.51 2.54 2.58 2.61 2.65 2.69 2.72 2.76 2.79 2.83 2.86 23 2.32 2.36 2.40 2.43 2.47 2.51 2.54 2.58 2.62 2.66 2.69 2.73 2.77 2.81 2.84 2.88 2.92 2.96 2.99 24 2.42 2.46 2.50 2.54 2.58 2.62 2.66 2.69 2.73 2.77 2.81 2.85 2.89 2.93 2.97 3.01 3.05 3.08 3.12 25 2.52 2.56 2.60 2.64 2.68 2.72 2.77 2.81 2.85 2.89 2.93 2.97 3.01 3.05 3.09 3.13 3.17 3.21 3.25 26 2.62 2.66 2.71 2.75 2.79 2.83 2.88 2.92 2.96 3.00 3.04 3.09 3.13 3.17 3.21 3.26 3.30 3.34 3.38 27 2.72 2.77 2.81 2.85 2.90 2.94 2.99 3.03 3.07 3.12 3.16 3.20 3.25 3.29 3.34 3.38 3.42 3.47 3.51 28 2.82 2.87 2.91 2.96 3.00 3.05 3.10 3.14 3.19 3.23 3.28 3.32 3.37 3.41 3.46 3.51 3.55 3.60 3.64 29 2.92 2.97 3.02 3.06 3.11 3.16 3.21 3.25 3.30 3.35 3.39 3.44 3.49 3.54 3.58 3.63 3.68 3.72 3.77 30 3.02 3.07 3.12 3.17 3.22 3.27 3.32 3.36 3.41 3.46 3.51 3.56 3.61 3.66 3.71 3.75 3.80 3.85 3.90 31 3.12 3.17 3.22 3.27 3.32 3.37 3.43 3.48 3.53 3.58 3.63 3.68 3.73 3.78 3.83 3.88 3.93 3.98 4.03 32 3.22 3.28 3.33 3.38 3.43 3.48 3.54 3.59 3.64 3.69 3.74 3.79 3.85 3.90 3.95 4.00 4.05 4.11 4.16 33 3.32 3.38 3.43 3.48 3.54 3.59 3.64 3.70 3.75 3.81 3.86 3.91 3.97 4.02 4.07 4.13 4.18 4.23 4.29 34 3.42 3.48 3.53 3.59 3.64 3.70 3.75 3.81 3.87 3.92 3.98 4.03 4.09 4.14 4.20 4.25 4.31 4.36 4.42 35 3.52 3.58 3.64 3.69 3.75 3.81 3.86 3.92 3.98 4.03 4.09 4.15 4.21 4.26 4.32 4.38 4.43 4.49 4.55 36 3.62 3.68 3.74 3.80 3.86 3.92 3.97 4.03 4.09 4.15 4.21 4.27 4.32 4.38 4.44 4.50 4.56 4.62 4.68 37 3.72 3.78 3.84 3.90 3.96 4.02 4.08 4.14 4.20 4.26 4.32 4.38 4.44 4.50 4.56 4.62 4.68 4.74 4.80 38 3.82 3.88 3.95 4.01 4.07 4.13 4.19 4.25 4.32 4.38 4.44 4.50 4.56 4.62 4.69 4.75 4.81 4.87 4.93 39 3.92 3.99 4.05 4.11 4.18 4.24 4.30 4.37 4.43 4.49 4.56 4.62 4.68 4.75 4.81 4.87 4.94 5.00 5.06 40 4.02 4.09 4.15 4.22 4.28 4.35 4.41 4.48 4.54 4.61 4.67 4.74 4.80 4.87 4.93 5.00 5.06 5.13 5.19 TeamLRN15-23DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FROM DEW POINT The relative humidity of a water vapor-air mixture is defined as 100 times the partial pressure of water divided by the saturat ion vapor pressure of water at the same temperature. The relative humidity may be determined from the dew point tdew, which is the temperature at which liquid water first condenses when the mixture is cooled from an initial temperature t. This table gives relative humidity as a function of the dew point depression t - tdew for several values of the dew point. Values are calculated from the vapor pressure table in Section 6. tdew/°C t - tdew -10 0 10 20 30 0.0 100 100 100 100 100 0.2 99 99 99 99 990.4 97 97 97 98 98 0.6 95 96 96 96 97 0.9 94 94 95 95 961.0 92 93 94 94 94 1.2 91 92 92 93 93 1.4 90 90 91 92 921.6 88 89 90 91 91 1.8 87 88 89 90 90 2.0 86 87 88 88 89 2.2 84 85 86 87 89 2.4 83 84 85 86 87 2.6 82 83 84 85 862.8 80 82 83 84 85 3.0 79 81 82 83 84 3.2 78 80 81 82 833.4 77 79 80 81 82 3.6 76 77 79 80 82 3.8 75 76 78 79 814.0 73 75 77 78 80 4.2 72 74 76 77 79 4.4 71 73 75 77 784.6 70 72 74 76 77 4.8 69 71 73 75 76 5.0 69 70 72 74 755.2 67 69 71 73 75 5.4 66 68 70 72 74 5.6 65 67 69 71 735.9 64 66 69 70 72 6.0 63 66 68 70 71 6.2 62 65 67 69 716.4 61 64 66 68 70 6.6 60 63 65 67 69 6.8 60 62 64 66 687.0 59 61 63 66 68 7.2 58 60 63 65 67 7.4 57 60 62 64 667.6 56 59 61 63 65 7.8 55 58 60 63 65 8.0 54 57 60 62 64t dew/°C t - tdew -10 0 10 20 30 8.2 54 56 59 61 63 8.4 53 56 58 60 63 8.6 52 55 57 60 628.8 51 54 57 59 61 9.0 51 53 56 58 61 9.2 50 53 55 58 609.4 49 52 55 57 59 9.6 48 51 54 56 59 9.8 48 51 53 56 58 10.0 47 50 53 55 57 10.5 45 48 51 54 56 11.0 44 47 49 52 5511.5 42 45 48 51 53 12.0 41 44 47 49 52 12.5 39 42 45 48 5013.0 38 41 44 46 49 13.5 37 40 43 45 48 14.0 35 38 41 44 4714.5 34 37 40 43 45 15.0 33 36 39 42 44 15.5 32 35 38 4016.0 31 34 37 39 16.5 30 33 36 38 17.0 29 32 35 3717.5 28 31 34 36 18.0 27 30 33 35 18.5 26 29 32 3419.0 25 28 31 33 19.5 24 27 30 33 20.0 24 26 29 3221.0 22 25 27 30 22.0 21 23 26 29 23.0 19 22 24 2724.0 18 21 23 26 25.0 17 19 22 24 26.0 16 18 21 2327.0 15 17 20 22 28.0 14 16 19 21 29.0 13 15 18 2030.0 12 14 17 19 15-24DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FROM WET AND DRY BULB TEMPERATURES Relative humidity may be determined by comparing temperature readings of wet and dry bulb thermometers. The following table, ex tracted from more extensive U.S. National Weather Service tables, gives the relative humidity as a function of air temperature td (dry bulb) and the difference td - tw between dry and wet bulb temperatures. The data assume a pressure near normal atmospheric pressure and an instrumental configu ration with forced ventilation. (td - tw)/°C td/°C 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 -10 83 67 51 35 19 -8 86 71 57 43 29 15-6 88 74 61 49 37 25 8 -4 89 77 66 55 44 33 23 12 -2 90 79 69 60 50 40 31 22 12 09 18 17 26 45 54 63 82 92 11 3 5 29 18 47 66 86 05 24 43 72 92 21 4 7 49 28 57 87 16 35 74 94 33 62 92 21 669 38 67 97 36 66 05 44 84 13 52 92 4 89 38 78 17 56 96 35 75 14 64 03 52 9 10 94 88 82 77 71 66 60 55 50 44 39 34 12 94 89 83 78 73 68 63 58 53 48 43 39 14 95 90 85 79 75 70 65 60 56 51 47 42 16 95 90 85 81 76 71 67 63 58 54 50 4618 95 91 86 82 77 73 69 65 61 57 53 49 20 96 91 87 83 78 74 70 66 63 59 55 51 22 96 92 87 83 80 76 72 68 64 61 57 5424 96 92 88 84 80 77 73 69 66 62 59 56 26 96 92 88 85 81 78 74 71 67 64 61 58 28 96 93 89 85 82 78 75 72 69 65 62 5930 96 93 89 86 83 79 76 73 70 67 64 61 35 97 94 90 87 84 81 78 75 72 69 67 64 40 97 94 91 88 85 82 80 77 74 72 69 67 (t d - tw)/°C td/°C 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 4 9 61 71 1 5 82 41 91 4 8 10 29 24 20 15 10 612 34 29 25 21 16 12 5 14 38 34 30 26 22 18 10 16 42 38 34 30 26 23 15 818 45 41 38 34 30 27 20 14 7 20 48 44 41 37 34 31 24 18 12 6 22 50 47 44 40 37 34 28 22 17 11 624 53 49 46 43 40 37 31 26 20 15 10 5 26 54 51 49 46 43 40 34 29 24 19 14 10 28 56 53 51 48 45 42 37 32 27 22 18 1330 58 55 52 50 47 44 39 35 30 25 21 17 32 60 57 54 51 49 46 41 37 32 28 24 20 34 61 58 56 53 51 48 43 39 35 30 26 2336 62 59 57 54 52 50 45 41 37 33 29 25 38 63 61 58 56 54 51 47 43 39 35 31 27 40 64 62 59 57 54 53 48 44 40 36 33 29 TeamLRN15-25CONSTANT HUMIDITY SOLUTIONS Anthony Wexler An excess of a water soluble salt in contact with its saturated solution and contained within an enclosed space produces a cons tant relative humidity and water vapor pressure according to RH = A exp(B/T) where RH is the percent relative humidity (generally accurate to ±2 %), T is the temperature in kelvin, and the constants A and B and the range of valid temperatures are given in the table below. The vapor pressure, p, can be calculated from p = (RH/100) × p0 where p0 is the vapor pressure of pure water at temperature T as given in the table in Section 6 titled “Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C”. REFERENCES 1. Wexler, A. S. and Seinfeld, J. H., Atmospheric Environment , 25A, 2731, 1991. 2. Greenspan, L., J. Res. National Bureau of Standards , 81A, 89, 1977. 3. Broul, et al., Solubility of Inorganic Two-Component Systems , Elsevier, New York, 1981. 4. Wagman, D. D. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. Compound Temperature RH A B range (°C) 25 °C NaOH ⋅ H2O 15—60 6 5.48 27 LiBr ⋅ 2H2O 10—30 6 0.23 996 ZnBr2 ⋅ 2H2O 5—30 8 1.69 455 KOH ⋅ 2H2O 5—30 9 0.014 1924 LiCl ⋅ H2O 20—65 11 14.53 –75 CaBr2 ⋅ 6H2O 11—22 16 0.17 1360 LiI ⋅ 3H2O 15—65 18 0.15 1424 CaCl2⋅ 6H2O 15—25 29 0.11 1653 MgCl2⋅ 6H2O 5—45 33 29.26 34 NaI⋅ 2H2O 5—45 38 3.62 702 Ca(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O 10—30 51 1.89 981 Mg(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O 5—35 53 25.28 220 NaBr ⋅ 2H2O 0—35 58 20.49 308 NH4NO3 10—40 62 3.54 853 KI 5—30 69 29.35 254SrCl 2 ⋅ 6H2O 5—30 71 31.58 241 NaNO3 10—40 74 26.94 302 NaCl 10—40 75 69.20 25NH 4Cl 10—40 79 35.67 235 KBr 5—25 81 40.98 203 (NH4)2SO4 10—40 81 62.06 79 KCl 5—25 84 49.38 159 Sr(NO 3)2 ⋅ 4H2O 5—25 85 28.34 328 BaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O 5—25 90 69.99 75 CsI 5—25 91 70.77 75 KNO3 0—50 92 43.22 225 K2SO4 10—50 97 86.75 34 © 2000 CRC Press LLCSTANDARD SALT SOLUTIONS FOR HUMIDITY CALIBRATION Saturated aqueous solutions of inorganic salts are convenient secondary standards for calibration of instruments for measuremen t of relative humidity. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has recommended salt solutions for calibrations in the range o f 10% to 90% relative humidity, and the American Society for Testing and Materials has published similar standards. The data in this table are taken from the IUPAC recommendations, except for K2CO3 and K2SO4, which are ASTM recommendations. Details on the preparation and use of these standards may be found in References 1 and 2. Data for other salts are given in Re ference 3. REFERENCES 1. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties , Blackwell Scientific Publica- tions, Oxford, 1987, pp.157-162. 2.Standard Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Solutions , ASTM Standard E 104-85, Reapproved 1991. 3. Greenspan, L., J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. , 81A, 89, 1977. Relative Humidity in % t/°C LiCl MgCl2K2CO3Mg(NO3)2NaCl KCl K2SO4 0 33.66 ±0.33 43.1 ±0.7 60.35 ±0.55 75.51 ±0.34 88.61 ±0.53 98.8 ±2.1 5 33.60 ±0.28 43.1 ±0.5 58.86 ±0.43 75.65 ±0.27 87.67 ±0.45 98.5 ±0.9 10 33.47 ±0.24 43.1 ±0.4 57.36 ±0.33 75.67 ±0.22 86.77 ±0.39 98.2 ±0.8 15 33.30 ±0.21 43.2 ±0.3 55.87 ±0.27 75.61 ±0.18 85.92 ±0.33 97.9 ±0.6 20 11.31 ±0.31 33.07 ±0.18 43.2 ±0.3 54.38 ±0.23 75.47 ±0.14 85.11 ±0.29 97.6 ±0.5 25 11.30 ±0.27 32.78 ±0.16 43.2 ±0.4 52.89 ±0.22 75.29 ±0.12 84.34 ±0.26 97.3 ±0.5 30 11.28 ±0.24 32.44 ±0.14 43.2 ±0.5 51.40 ±0.24 75.09 ±0.11 83.62 ±0.25 97.0 ±0.4 35 11.25 ±0.22 32.05 ±0.13 49.91 ±0.29 74.87 ±0.12 82.95 ±0.25 96.7 ±0.4 40 11.21 ±0.21 31.60 ±0.13 48.42 ±0.37 82.32 ±0.25 96.4 ±0.4 45 11.16 ±0.21 31.10 ±0.13 46.93 ±0.47 81.74 ±0.28 96.1 ±0.4 50 11.10 ±0.22 30.54 ±0.14 45.44 ±0.60 81.20 ±0.31 95.8 ±0.5 55 11.03 ±0.23 29.93 ±0.16 80.70 ±0.35 60 10.95 ±0.26 29.26 ±0.18 80.25 ±0.41 65 10.86 ±0.29 28.54 ±0.21 79.85 ±0.48 70 10.75 ±0.33 27.77 ±0.25 79.49 ±0.57 75 10.64 ±0.38 26.94 ±0.29 79.17 ±0.66 80 10.51 ±0.44 26.05 ±0.34 78.90 ±0.77 TeamLRN© 2000 CRC Press LLCLOW TEMPERATURE BATHS FOR MAINTAINING CONSTANT TEMPERATURE A liquid-solid slurry is a convenient means of maintaining a constant temperature environment below room temperature. The follo wing is a list of readily available organic liquids suitable for this purpose, arranged in order of their melting (freezing) points tm. The normal boiling points tb are also given. Compound tm/°C tb/°C Isopentane (2-Methylbutane) -159.9 27.8 Methylcyclopentane -142.5 71.83-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride) -134.5 45.1 Pentane -129.7 36.0 Allyl alcohol -129 97.0Ethanol -114.1 78.2 Carbon disulfide -111.5 46 Isobutyl alcohol -108 107.8Toluene -94.9 110.6 Acetone -94.8 56.0 Ethyl acetate -83.6 77.1Dry ice + acetone -78 p-Cymene -68.9 177.1 Trichloromethane (Chloroform) -63.6 61.1 N-Methylaniline -57 196.2 Chlorobenzene -45.2 131.7 Anisole -37.5 153.7Bromobenzene -30.6 156.0 Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride) -23 76.8 Benzonitrile -12.7 191.1 15-28Melting Metal or Composition, %* Temperature Alloy System Weight Atomic °C Comments Ref. Hg 100 100 -38.84 Cs-K 77.0-23.0 50.0-50.0 -37.5 Eutectic (?) 1 Cs-Na 94.5-5.5 75.0-25.0 -30.0 Eutectic 2K-Na 76.7-23.3 65.9-34.1 -12.65 Eutectic 3 Na-Rb 8.0-92.0 24.4-75.6 -5 Eutectic 4 Ga-In-Sn 62.5-21.5-16.0 73.6-15.3-11.1 11 Eutectic 5Ga-Sn-Zn 82.0-12.0-6.0 86.0-7.3-6.7 17 Eutectic 5 Cs 100 100 28.44 Ga 100 100 29.77K-Rb 32.0-68.0 50-50 33 Eutectic 4 Bi-Cd-In-Pb-Sn 44.7-5.3-19.1-22.6-8.3 35.1-8.2-27.3-17.9-11.5 46.7 Eutectic 6 Bi-In-Pb-Sn 49.5-21.3-17.6-11.6 39.2-30.7-14.0-16.2 58.2 Eutectic 6Bi-In-Sn 32.5-51.0-16.5 21.1-60.1-18.8 60.5 Eutectic 7 K 100 100 63.38 Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn 50.0-12.5-25.0-12.5 41.5-19.3-21.0-18.2 70 Wood’s alloy 6Bi-In 33.0-67.0 21.3-78.7 72 Eutectic 8 Bi-Cd-Pb 51.6-8.2-40.2 48.1-14.2-37.7 91.5 Eutectic 6 Bi-Pb-Sn 52.5-32.0-15.5 46.8-28.7-24.5 95 Eutectic 6Na 100 100 97.8 Bi-Cd-Sn 54.0-20.0-26.0 39.4-27.2-33.4 102.5 Eutectic 6 In-Sn 51.8-48.2 52.6-47.4 119 Eutectic 9Cd-In 25.3-74.7 25.7-74.3 120 Eutectic 10 Bi-Pb 55.5-44.5 55.3-44.7 124 Eutectic 11 Bi-Sn-Zn 56.0-40.0-4.0 40.2-50.6-9.2 130 Eutectic 6, 7Bi-Sn 70-30 57.0-43.0 138.5 Eutectic 6, 12Bi-Cd 60.3-39.7 45.0-55.0 145.5 Eutectic 13, 14 In 100 100 156.6 Li 100 100 180.5Pb-Sn 38.1-61.9 26.1-73.9 183 Eutectic 6,15 Bi-Tl 48.0-52.0 47.5-52.5 185 Eutectic 13 Sn-Zn 91.0-9.0 85.0-15.0 198 Eutectic 14Sb-Sn 8.0-92.0 7.8-92.2 199 White Metal 16 Au-Pb 14.6-85.4 15.2-84.8 212 Eutectic 17 Ag-Sn 3.5-96.5 3.8-96.2 221 Eutectic 13,18Bi-Pb-Sb-Sn 48.0-28.5-9.0-14.5 40.8-24.5-13.1-21.6 226 Matrix Alloy 6 Cu-Sn 0.75-99.25 1.3-98.7 227 Eutectic 13, 19 Sn 100 100 231.9 *The useful expression for correlations between the atomic and weight concentrations of an alloy components are: fAfA MfA MfAMf A Mf Aik Nkk ki i iN kkk ii iNaw w and wa a,, , ,, , ,, ,, () =() ()() =⋅() ⋅()=() = =∑ ∑ 1 11KK where f(a, Ai) and f(w, Ai) are the atomic and weight concentrations of component Ai, respectively, and Mi is the atomic weight of this component.METALS AND ALLOYS WITH LOW MELTING TEMPERATURE L. I. Berger TeamLRN15-29REFERENCES 1. Zintle, E. and Hauke, W., Z. Electrochem., 44, 104, 1938. 2. Rinck, E., Compt. Rend., 199, 1217, 1934. 3. Krier, C. A., Craign, R. S., and Wallace, W. E., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 522, 1957. 4. Goria, C., Gazz. Chim. Ital., 65, 865, 1935. 5. Baker, H., Ed., ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Intl., Materials Park, OH, 1992. 6. Sedlacek, V., Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys, Elsevier, 1986. 7. Villars, P., Prince, A., Okamoto, H., Eds., Handbook of Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Intl., 1994. 8. Palatnik, L. S., Kosevich, V. M., and Tyrina, L. V., Phys. Metals Metallog. (USSR), 11, 75, 1961. 9. Neumann, T. and Alpout, O., J. Less-Common Metals, 6, 108, 1964. 10. Neumann, T. and Predel, B., Z. Metallk., 50, 309, 1959. 11. Roy, P., Orr, R. L., and Hultgren, R., J. Phys. Chem., 64, 1034, 1960. 12. Dobovicek, B. and Smajic, N., Rudarsko-Met. Zbornik, 4, 353, 1962. 13. Massalski, T. B., Okamoto, H., Subramanian, P. R., and Kacprzak, L., Eds., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM Intl., 1990. 14. Dobovicek, B. and Straus, B., Rudarsko-Met. Zbornik, 3, 273, 1960. 15. Schurmann, E. and Gilhaus, F. J., Arch. Eisenhuettenw., 32, 867, 1961. 16. Rosenblatt, G. M. and Birchenall, C. E., Trans. AIME, 224, 481, 1962. 17. Evans, D. S. and Prince, A., in Alloy Phase Diagrams, MRS Simposia Proc., Vol. 19, North-Holland, 1983, p. 383. 18. Umanskiy, M. M., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 14, 846, 1940. 19. Homer, C. E. and Plummer, H., J. Inst. Met., 64, 169, 1939. 15-27WIRE TABLES The resistance per unit length of wires of various metals is tabulated here. Values were calculated from resistivity values in the tables “Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals” and “Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys”, which appear in Section 12. In practice, resistanc e may vary because of differing heat treatments and metal composition. The values in the table refer to 20 °C, but values at other temperatures may be calculated from the following resistivity data: Resistivity in 10–8 Ω m at temperature Metal 0 °C2 0 °C2 5 °C 100 °C Aluminum 2.417 2.650 2.709 3.56 Brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) 5.87 6.08 6.13 6.91 Constantan (60% Cu, 40% Ni) 45.43 45.38 45.35 45.11Copper 1.543 1.678 1.712 2.22 Nichrome (79% Ni, 21% Cr) 107.3 107.5 107.6 108.3 Platinum 9.6 10.5 10.7 13.6Silver 1.467 1.587 1.617 2.07 Tungsten 4.82 5.28 5.39 7.18 Resistance per unit length at 20 °C in Ω/m B & S Diameter Gauge (mm) Aluminum Brass Constantan Copper Nichrome Platinum Silver Tungsten 0 8.252 0.000495 0.00114 0.00848 0.000314 0.0201 0.00196 0.000297 0.00099 2 6.543 0.000788 0.00181 0.0135 0.000499 0.0320 0.00312 0.000472 0.00157 4 5.189 0.00125 0.00287 0.0214 0.000793 0.0508 0.00496 0.000750 0.00250 6 4.115 0.00199 0.00457 0.0341 0.00126 0.0808 0.00789 0.00119 0.003978 3.264 0.00317 0.00727 0.0542 0.00200 0.128 0.0125 0.00190 0.00631 10 2.588 0.00504 0.0115 0.0863 0.00319 0.204 0.0200 0.00302 0.0100 12 2.053 0.00800 0.0184 0.137 0.00507 0.325 0.0317 0.00479 0.015914 1.628 0.0127 0.0292 0.218 0.00806 0.516 0.0504 0.00762 0.0254 16 1.291 0.0202 0.0464 0.347 0.0128 0.821 0.0802 0.0121 0.0403 18 1.024 0.0322 0.0738 0.551 0.0204 1.30 0.127 0.0193 0.064120 0.8118 0.0512 0.117 0.877 0.0324 2.08 0.203 0.0307 0.102 22 0.6439 0.0814 0.187 1.39 0.0515 3.30 0.322 0.0487 0.162 24 0.5105 0.129 0.297 2.22 0.0820 5.25 0.513 0.0775 0.25826 0.4049 0.206 0.472 3.52 0.130 8.35 0.815 0.123 0.410 28 0.3211 0.327 0.751 5.60 0.207 13.3 1.30 0.196 0.652 30 0.2548 0.520 1.19 8.90 0.329 21.1 2.06 0.311 1.0332 0.2019 0.828 1.90 14.2 0.524 33.6 3.28 0.496 1.65 34 0.1601 1.32 3.02 22.5 0.833 53.4 5.22 0.788 2.62 36 0.1270 2.09 4.80 35.8 1.32 84.9 8.29 1.25 4.1738 0.1007 3.33 7.63 57.0 2.11 135 13.2 1.99 6.63 40 0.07988 5.29 12.1 90.5 3.35 214 20.9 3.17 10.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES AND PARTICLE DISPERSOIDS creer wm em aa cae ATTeeIh [ssa ear ==fyfo [ofS GnSintrt| SS= aa = ae Leer bp erent——=tationOresea, eeesome =archaeaee eee Secomme et ™todamen panin Freie cxnecape*-ieee = = Feesmenepre =—thybance | en mnafen——=~ Chambers pee ee opmEee[eeetsyrheetbehsieiaben ealessotaelo| (SE)[ge[mmofepurrerrlev turboswatbosslotetothwhafswt[ew|[waeiilriteehbitiradtysdeessbed [2BateattariawiaitititesPadsPaesPoelalePld [ElanselesaleeieeeMitesaloeseseyeWada Sea ee 15-29Material ρ/ g cm-3 Agate 2.5-2.7 Alabaster, carbonate 2.69-2.78 sulfate 2.26-2.32 Albite 2.62-2.65Amber 1.06-1.11 Amphiboles 2.9-3.2 Anorthite 2.74-2.76Asbestos 2.0-2.8 Asbestos slate 1.8 Asphalt 1.1-1.5Basalt 2.4-3.1 Beeswax 0.96-0.97 Beryl 2.69-2.70Biotite 2.7-3.1 Bone 1.7-2.0 Brasses 8.44-8.75Brick 1.4-2.2 Bronzes 8.74-8.89 Butter 0.86-0.87Calamine 4.1-4.5Calcspar 2.6-2.8 Camphor 0.99 Cardboard 0.69Celluloid 1.4 Cement, set 2.7-3.0 Chalk 1.9-2.8Charcoal, oak 0.57 pine 0.28-0.44 Cinnabar 8.12 Clay 1.8-2.6 Coal, anthracite 1.4-1.8 bituminous 1.2-1.5 Coke 1.0-1.7Copal 1.04-1.14 Cork 0.22-0.26 Corundum 3.9-4.0Diamond 3.51 Dolomite 2.84 Ebonite 1.15Emery 4.0 Epidote 3.25-3.50 Feldspar 2.55-2.75Flint 2.63 Fluorite 3.18 Galena 7.3-7.6 Garnet 3.15-4.3 Gelatin 1.27 Glass, common 2.4-2.8 lead 3-4DENSITY OF VARIOUS SOLIDS This table gives the range of density for miscellaneous solid materials whose characteristics depend on the source or method of preparation. REFERENCES 1. Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition , Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1956. 2. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, Longman, London, 1995. 3. Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E. H., Polymer Handbook, Third Edition , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. Pyrex 2.23 Granite 2.64-2.76 Graphite 2.30-2.72Gum arabic 1.3-1.4 Gypsum 2.31-2.33 Hematite 4.9-5.3Hornblende 3.0 Ice 0.917 Iron, cast 7.0-7.4Ivory 1.83-1.92 Kaolin 2.6 Leather, dry 0.86Lime, slaked 1.3-1.4 Limestone 2.68-2.76 Linoleum 1.18Magnetite 4.9-5.2 Malachite 3.7-4.1 Marble 2.6-2.84Meerschaum 0.99-1.28 Mica 2.6-3.2 Muscovite 2.76-3.00Ochre 3.5Opal 2.2 Paper 0.7-1.15 Paraffin 0.87-0.91Peat blocks 0.84 Pitch 1.07 Polyamides 1.15-1.25Polyethylene 0.92-0.97 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 1.19 Polypropylene 0.91-0.94Polystyrene 1.06-1.12 Polytetrafluoroethylene 2.28-2.30 Poly(vinyl acetate) 1.19Poly(vinyl chloride) 1.39-1.42 Porcelain 2.3-2.5 Porphyry 2.6-2.9Pyrite 4.95-5.10 Quartz 2.65 Resin 1.07Rock salt 2.18 Rubber, hard 1.19soft 1.1 pure gum 0.91-0.93 Neoprene 1.23-1.25 Sandstone 2.14-2.36 Serpentine 2.50-2.65 Silica, fused, 2.21Silicon carbide 3.16 Slag 2.0-3.9 Slate 2.6-3.3Soapstone 2.6-2.8 Solder 8.7-9.4 Starch 1.53Steel, stainless 7.8 Sugar 1.59 Talc 2.7-2.8Tallow, beef 0.94 Tar 1.02 Topaz 3.5-3.6Tourmaline 3.0-3.2 Tungsten carbide 14.0-15.0 Wax, sealing 1.8Wood (seasoned) alder 0.42-0.68 apple 0.66-0.84ash 0.65-0.85 balsa 0.11-0.14 bamboo 0.31-0.40basswood 0.32-0.59 beech 0.70-0.90 birch 0.51-0.77blue gum 1.00 box 0.95-1.16 butternut 0.38cedar 0.49-0.57 cherry 0.70-0.90 dogwood 0.76ebony 1.11-1.33 elm 0.54-0.60 hickory 0.60-0.93holly 0.76 juniper 0.56 larch 0.50-0.56locust 0.67-0.71 logwood 0.91 mahogany 0.66-0.85maple 0.62-0.75 oak 0.60-0.90 pear 0.61-0.73pine, pitch 0.83-0.85 white 0.35-0.50 yellow 0.37-0.60 plum 0.66-0.78 poplar 0.35-0.50 satinwood 0.95spruce 0.48-0.70 sycamore 0.40-0.60 teak, Indian 0.66-0.98 walnut 0.64-0.70 water gum 1.00 willow 0.40-0.60 Wood’s metal 9.70Material ρ/ g cm -3 Material ρ/ g cm-3 TeamLRN15-33DENSITY OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURES This table gives the density of mixtures of ethanol and water as a function of composition and temperature. The composition is specified in weight percent of ethanol, i.e., mass of ethanol per 100 g of solution. Values from the reference have been converted to true densitie s. REFERENCE Washburn, E. W., Ed., International Critical Tables of Numerical Data of Physics, Chemistry, and Technology , Vol. 3, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1926-1932. Weight % Density in g/cm3 Ethanol 10 ∞C 15 ∞C 20 ∞C 25 ∞C 30 ∞C 35 ∞C 40 ∞C 0 0.99970 0.99910 0.99820 0.99705 0.99565 0.99403 0.99222 5 0.99095 0.99029 0.98935 0.98814 0.98667 0.98498 0.98308 10 0.98390 0.98301 0.98184 0.98040 0.97872 0.97682 0.97472 15 0.97797 0.97666 0.97511 0.97331 0.97130 0.96908 0.96667 20 0.97249 0.97065 0.96861 0.96636 0.96392 0.96131 0.9585325 0.96662 0.96421 0.96165 0.95892 0.95604 0.95303 0.94988 30 0.95974 0.95683 0.95379 0.95064 0.94738 0.94400 0.94052 35 0.95159 0.94829 0.94491 0.94143 0.93787 0.93422 0.9304840 0.94235 0.93879 0.93515 0.93145 0.92767 0.92382 0.91989 45 0.93223 0.92849 0.92469 0.92082 0.91689 0.91288 0.90881 50 0.92159 0.91773 0.91381 0.90982 0.90577 0.90165 0.8974755 0.91052 0.90656 0.90255 0.89847 0.89434 0.89013 0.88586 60 0.89924 0.89520 0.89110 0.88696 0.88275 0.87848 0.87414 65 0.88771 0.88361 0.87945 0.87524 0.87097 0.86664 0.8622470 0.87599 0.87184 0.86763 0.86337 0.85905 0.85467 0.85022 75 0.86405 0.85985 0.85561 0.85131 0.84695 0.84254 0.83806 80 0.85194 0.84769 0.84341 0.83908 0.83470 0.83027 0.8257685 0.83948 0.83522 0.83093 0.82658 0.82218 0.81772 0.81320 90 0.82652 0.82225 0.81795 0.81360 0.80920 0.80476 0.80026 95 0.81276 0.80850 0.80422 0.79989 0.79553 0.79112 0.78668 100 0.79782 0.79358 0.78932 0.78504 0.78073 0.77639 0.77201 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF INSULATING MATERIALS L. I. Berger The loss of the dielectric properties by a sample of a gaseous, liquid, or solid insulator as a result of application to the sample of an electric field* greater than a certain critical magnitude is called dielectric breakdown. The critical magnitude of electric field at which the breakdown of a material takes place is called the dielectric strength of the material (or breakdown voltage ). The dielectric strength of a material depends on the specimen thickness (as a rule, thin films have greater dielectric strength than that of thicker samples of a material), the electrode shape**, the rate of the applied voltage increase, the shape of the voltage vs. time curve, and the medium surrounding the sample, e.g., air or other gas (or a liquid — for solid materialsonly). Breakdown in Gases The current carriers in gases are free electrons and ions generated by external radiation. The equilibrium concentration of these particles at normal pressure is about 10 3 cm-3, and hence the electrical conductivity is very small, of the order of 10-16 - 10-15 S/cm. But in a strong electric field, these particles acquire kinetic energy along their free pass, large enough to ionize the gas molecules. The new charged particles ionize more molecules; this avalanche-like process leads to formation between the electrodes of channels of conducting plasma (streamers), and the electrical resistance of the spacebetween the electrodes decreases virtually to zero. Because the dielectric strength (breakdown voltage) of gases strongly depends on the electrode geometry and surface condition and the gas pressure, it is generally accepted to present the data for a particular gas as a fraction of the dielectric strength of either nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride measuredat the same conditions. In Table 1, the data are presented in comparison with the dielectric strength of nitrogen, which is considered equal to 1.00. For convenience to the reader, a few average magnitudes of the dielectric strength of some gases are expressed in kilovolts per millimeter. The data in the table relate to the standard conditions, unless indicated otherwise. Breakdown in Liquids If a liquid is pure, the breakdown mechanism in it is similar to that in gases. If a liquid contains liquid impurities in the form of small drops with greater dielectric constant than that of the main liquid, the breakdown is the result of formation of ellipsoids from these drops by the electric field. Ina strong enough electric field, these ellipsoids merge and form a high-conductivity channel between the electrodes. The current increases the temperature in the channel, liquid boils, and the current along the steam canal leads to breakdown. Formation of a conductive channel (bridge) between the electrodes is observed also in liquids with solid impurities. If a liquid contains gas impurities in the form of small bubbles, breakdown is the resultof heating of the liquid in strong electric fields. In the locations with the highest current density, the liquid boils, the size of the gas bubbles increases, they merge and form gaseous channels between the electrodes, and the breakdown medium is again the gas plasma. Breakdown in Solids It is known that the current in solid insulators does not obey Ohm’s law in strong electric fields. The current density increases almost exponentially with the electric field, and at a certain field magnitude it jumps to very high magnitudes at which a specimen of a material is destroyed. The two known kinds of electric breakdown are thermal and electrical breakdowns. The former is the result of material heating by the electric current. Destruction ofa sample of a material happens when, at a certain voltage, the amount of heat produced by the current exceeds the heat release through the sample surface; the breakdown voltage in this case is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the material. The electrical breakdown results from the tunneling of the charge carriers from electrodes or from the valence band or from the impurity levels intothe conduction band, or by the impact ionization. The tunnel effect breakdown happens mainly in thin layers, e.g., in thin p-n junctions. Otherwise, the impact ionization mechanism dominates. For this mechanism, the dielectric strength of an insulator can be estimated using Boltzmann’s kinetic equation for electrons in a crystal. In the following tables, the dielectric strength values are for room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, unless indicated otherwise. * The unit of electric field in the SI system is newton per coulomb or volt per meter. ** For example, the U.S. standard ASTM D149 is based on use of symmetrical electrodes, while per U.K. standard BS2918 one electrode is a plane and the other is a rod with the axis normal to the plane. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNTable 1 Dielectric Strength of Gases Trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F 3.50 1 4.53 2 Trichloromethane, CHCl3 4.2 1 4.39 2 Methylamine, CH 3NH2 0.81 1 Difluoromethane, CH2F2 0.79 2 Trifluoromethane, CHF 3 0.71 2 Bromochlorodifluoromethane, CF 2ClBr 3.84 2 Chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2 1.40 1 1.11 2 Dichlorofluoromethane, CHCl 2F 1.33 1 2.61 2 Chlorofluoromethane, CH 2ClF 1.03 1 Hexafluoroethane, C2F6 1.82 12.55 2 Ethyne (Acetylene), C 2H2 1.10 1 1.11 2 Chloropentafluoroethane, C2ClF5 2.3 1 3.0 6 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, C2Cl2F4 2.52 1 Chlorotrifluoroethylene, C2ClF3 1.82 2 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 6.55 2 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 6.05 2Chloroethane, C 2H5Cl 1.00 1 1,1-Dichloroethane 2.66 2 Trifluoroacetonitrile, CF3CN 3.5 1 Acetonitrile, CH3CN 2.11 2 Dimethylamine, (CH3)2NH 1.04 1 Ethylamine, C2H5NH2 1.01 1 Ethylene oxide (oxirane), CH3CHO 1.01 1 Perfluoropropene, C3F6 2.55 2 Octafluoropropane, C3F8 2.19 12.47 2 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propene, CH 2CHCF3 2.11 2 Pentafluoroisocyanoethane, C2F5NC 4.5 1 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne, CF3CCCF35.84 2 Octafluorocyclobutane, C4F8 3.34 2 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-Octafluoro-2-butene 2.8 1Decafluorobutane, C 4F10 3.08 1 Perfluorobutanenitrile, C 3F7CN 5.5 1 Perfluoro-2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, C 5F8 5.5 1 Hexafluorobenzene, C 6F6 2.11 2 Perfluorocyclohexane, C 6F12, (saturated vapor) 6.18 2Dielectric* Material Strength Ref. Nitrogen, N 2 1.00 Hydrogen, H 2 0.50 1,2 Helium, He 0.15 1 Oxygen, O 2 0.92 2 Air 0.97 6Air (flat electrodes), kV/mm 3.0 3 Air, kV/mm 0.4-0.7 4 Air, kV/mm 1.40 5Neon, Ne 0.25 1 0.16 2 Argon, Ar 0.18 2Chlorine, Cl 2 1.55 1 Carbon monoxide, CO 1.02 1 1.05 2 Carbon dioxide, CO2 0.88 1 0.82 2 0.84 6 Nitrous oxide, N2O 1.24 2 Sulfur dioxide, SO2 2.63 2 2.68 6 Sulfur monochloride, S2Cl2 1.02 1 (at 12.5 Torr) Thionyl fluoride, SOF2 2.50 1 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6 2.50 1 2.63 2 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, kV/mm 8.50 7 9.8 8 Perchloryl fluoride, ClO3F 2.73 1 Tetrachloromethane, CCl4 6.33 16.21 2 Tetrafluoromethane, CF 4 1.01 1 Methane, CH4 1.00 11.13 2 Bromotrifluoromethane, CF 3Br 1.35 1 1.97 2 Bromomethane, CH3Br 0.71 2 Chloromethane, CH3Cl 1.29 2 Iodomethane, CH 3I 3.02 2 Iodomethane, CH 3I, at 370 Torr 2.20 7 Dichloromethane, CH 2Cl2 1.92 2 Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl 2F2 2.42 12.63 2,6 Chlorotrifluoromethane, CClF 3 1.43 1 1.53 2Dielectric* Material Strength Ref. *Relative to nitrogen, unless units of kV/mm are indicated. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC Table 2 Dielectric Strength of Liquids Dielectric strength Material kV/mm Ref. Helium, He, liquid, 4.2 K 10 9 Static 10 11 Dynamic 5 11 23 12 Nitrogen, N2, liquid, 77K Coaxial cylinder electrodes 20 10 Sphere to plane electrodes 60 10 Water, H2O, distilled 65-70 13 Carbon tetrachloride, CCl 4 5.5 14 16.0 15 Hexane, C6H14 42.0 16 Two 2.54 cm diameter spherical electrodes, 50.8 µm space 156 17,18 Cyclohexane, C6H12 42-48 16 2-Methylpentane, C6H14 149 17,18 2,2-Dimethylbutane, C6H14 133 17,18 2,3-Dimethylbutane, C6H14 138 17,18 Benzene, C6H6 163 17,18 Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl 7.1 14 18.8 15 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, C8H18 140 17,18 Phenylxylylethane 23.6 19Heptane, C 7H16 166 17,18 2,4-Dimethylpentane, C7H16 133 17,18 Toluene, C6H5CH3 199 17,18 46 16 12.0 14 20.4 15 Octane, C8H18 16.6 1420.4 15 179 17,18 Ethylbenzene, C8H10 226 17,18 Propylbenzene, C 9H12 250 17,18 Isopropylbenzene, C 9H12 238 17,18 Decane, C10H22 192 17,18 Synthetic Paraffin Mixture Synfluid 2cSt PAO 29.5 37 Butylbenzene, C10H14 275 17,18 Isobutylbenzene, C 10H14 222 17,18 Silicone oils—polydimethylsiloxanes, (CH3)3Si-O-[Si(CH3)2]x-O-Si(CH3)3 Polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid 15.4 20Dimethyl silicone 24.0 21,22Phenylmethyl silicone 23.2 22 Silicone oil, Basilone M50 10-15 23 Mineral insulating oils 11.8 6Polybutene oil for capacitors 13.8 6 Transformer dielectric liquid 28-30 6 Isopropylbiphenyl capacitor oil 23.6 6Transformer oil 110.7 24 Transformer oil Agip ITE 360 9-12.6 23 Perfluorinated hydrocarbons Fluorinert FC 6001 8.0 23 Fluorinert FC 77 10.7 23 Perfluorinated polyethers Galden XAD (Mol. wt. 800) 10.5 23 Galden D40 (Mol. wt. 2000) 10.2 23 Castor oil 65 25Dielectric strength Material kV/mm Ref. Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids Dielectric strength Material kV/mm Ref Sodium chloride, NaCl, crystalline 150 26 Potassium bromide, KBr, crystalline 80 26 Ceramics Alumina (99.9% Al2O3) 13.4 6,27a Aluminum silicate, Al 2SiO5 5.9 6 Berillia (99% BeO) 13.8 6,27b Boron nitride, BN 37.4 6Cordierite, Mg 2Al4Si5O18 7.9 6,27c Forsterite, Mg 2SiO4 9.8 28 Porcelain 35-160 26Steatite, Mg 3Si4O11•H2O 9.1-15.4 6 Titanates of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb 20-120 3 Barium titanate, glass bonded >30 36 Zirconia, ZrO 2 11.4 29 Glasses Fused silica, SiO 2 470-670 26 Alkali-silicate glass 200 26 Standard window glass 9.8-13.8 28 Micas Muscovite, ruby, natural 118 6Phlogopite, amber, natural 118 6 Fluorophlogopite, synthetic 118 6 Glass-bonded mica 14.0-15.7 6 Thermoplastic Polymers Polypropylene 23.6 6 Amide polymer nylon 6/6, dry 23.6 6 Polyamide-imide copolymer 22.8 6Modified polyphenylene oxide 21.7 6 Polystyrene 19.7 6 Polymethyl methacrylate 19.7 6Polyetherimide 18.9 6 Amide polymer nylon 11(dry) 16.7 6 Polysulfone 16.7 6 Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer 16.7 6 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 16.7 6 Polyethersulfone 15.7 6Polybutylene terephthalate 15.7 6 Polystyrene-butadiene copolymer 15.7 6 Acetal homopolymer 15.0 6Acetal copolymer 15.0 6Dielectric strength Material kV/mm Ref © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRNPolyphenylene sulfide 15.0 6 Polycarbonate 15.0 6Acetal homopolymer resin (molding resin) 15.0 6 Acetal copolymer resin 15.0 6 Thermosetting Molding Compounds Glass-filled allyl 15.7 6 (Type GDI-30 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled epoxy, electrical grade 15.4 6Glass-filled phenolic 15.0 6 (Type GPI-100 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled alkyd/polyester 14.8 6 (Type MAI-60 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled melamine 13.4 6 (Type MMI-30 per MIL-M-14G) Extrusion Compounds for High-Temperature Insulation Polytetrafluoroethylene 19.7 6 Perfluoroalkoxy polymer 21.7 6Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer 19.7 6 Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer 15.7 6 Polyvinylidene fluoride 10.2 6Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 19.3 6 copolymer Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 19.7 6 Extrusion Compounds for Low-Temperature Insulation Polyvinyl chloride Flexible 11.8-15.7 30Rigid 13.8-19.7 30 Polyethylene 18.9 28 Polyethylene, low-density 21.7 6 300 31 Polyethylene, high-density 19.7 6 Polypropylene/polyethylene copolymer 23.6 6 Embedding Compounds Basic epoxy resin: 19.7 6 bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin polycondensate Cycloaliphatic epoxy: alicyclic 19.7 6 diepoxy carboxylate Polyetherketone 18.9 30Polyurethanes Two-component, polyol-cured 25.4 6 Two-part solventless, 24.0 6 polybutylene-based Silicones Clear two-part heat curing eletrical 21.7 6 grade silicone embedding resin Red insulating enamel (MIL-E-22118) Dry 47.2 6 Wet 11.8 6 Enamels Red enamel, fast cure Standard conditions 78.7 6 Immersion conditions 47.2 6 Black enamel Standard conditions 70.9 6 Immersion conditions 47.2 6Varnishes Vacuum-pressure impregnated baking type solventless polyester varnish Rigid, two-part 70.9 6 Semiflexible high-bond thixotropic 78.7 6Rigid high-bond high-flash 68.9 6 freon-resistant Baking type epoxy varnish Solventless, rigid, low viscosity, 90.6 6 one-part Solventless, semiflexible, one-part 82.7 6Solventless, semirigid, chemical 106.3 6 resistant, low dielectric constant Solvable, for hermetic electric motors 181.1 6 Polyurethane coating Clear conformal, fast cure Standard conditions 78.7 6Immersion conditions 47.2 6 Insulating Films and Tapes Low-density polyethylene film 300 31 (40 µm thick) Poly-p-xylylene film 410-590 32 Aromatic polymer films Kapton H (Du Pont) 389-430 33 Ultem (GE Plastic and Roem AG) 437-565 33 Hostaphan (Hoechst AG) 338-447 33Amorphous Stabar K2000 404-422 33 (ICI film) Stabar S100 (ICI film) 353-452 33 Polyetherimide film (26 µm) 486 34 Parylene N/D (poly- p-xylylene/poly- dichloro-p-xylylene) 25 µm film 275 6 Cellulose acetate film 157 6Cellulose triacetate film 157 6 Polytetrafluoroethylene film 87-173 6 Perfluoroalkoxy film 157-197 6 Fluorinated ethylene-propylene 197 6 copolymer film Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene film 197 6Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 197 6 copolymer film Polychlorotrifluoroethylene film 118-153.5 6High-voltage rubber insulating tape 28 6 Composites Isophthalic polyester (vinyl toluene monomer) filled with Calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 15.0 38 Gypsum, CaSO 4 14.4 38 Alumina trihydrate 15.4 38 Clay 14.4 38 BPA fumarate polyester (vinyl toluene monomer) filled with Calcium carbonate 6.1 38 Gypsum 5.9 38Alumina trihydrate 11.8 38 Clay 12.6 38Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids (continued) Dielectric strength Material kV/mm Ref.Dielectric strength Material kV/mm Ref. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC REFERENCES 1. Vijh, A. K. IEEE Trans., EI-12, 313, 1997. 2. Brand, K. P., IEEE Trans., EI-17, 451, 1982. 3.Encyclopedic Dictionary in Physics, Vedensky, B. A. and Vul, B. M., Eds., Vol. 4, Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing House, Moscow, 1965. 4. Kubuki, M., Yoshimoto, R., Yoshizumi, K., Tsuru, S., and Hara, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 92, 1997. 5. Al-Arainy, A. A. Malik, N. H., and Cureshi, M. I., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 305, 1994. 6. Shugg, W. T., Handbook of Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986. 7. Devins, J. C., IEEE Trans., EI-15, 81, 1980. 8. Xu, X., Jayaram, S., and Boggs, S. A., IEEE Trans., DEI-3, 836, 1996. 9. Okubo, H., Wakita, M., Chigusa, S., Nayakawa, N., and Hikita, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 120, 1997. 10.Hayakawa, H., Sakakibara, H., Goshima, H., Hikita, M., and Okubo, H., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 127, 1997. 11.Okubo, H., Wakita, M., Chigusa, S., Hayakawa, N., and Hikita, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 220, 1997. 12.Von Hippel, A. R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1954. 13.Jones, H. M. and Kunhards, E. E., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 1016, 1994. 14.Nitta, Y. and Ayhara, Y., IEEE Trans., EI-11, 91, 1976. 15.Gallagher, T. J., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 249, 1977. 16.Wong, P. P. and Forster, E. O., in Dielectric Materials. Measurements and Applications, IEE Conf. Publ. 177, 1, 1979. 17.Kao, K. C. IEEE Trans., EI-11, 121, 1976. 18.Sharbaugh, A. H., Crowe, R. W., and Cox, E. B., J. Appl. Phys., 27, 806, 1956. 19.Miller, R. L., Mandelcorn, L., and Mercier, G. E., in Proc. Intl. Conf. on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Xian, China, June 24-28, 1985; cited in Ref. 6, p. 492. 20.Hakim, R. M., Oliver, R. G., and St-Onge, H., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 360, 1977. 21.Hosticka, C., IEEE Trans., 389, 1977. 22.Yasufuku, S., Umemura, T., and Ishioka, Y., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 402, 1977. 23.Forster, E. O., Yamashita, H., Mazzetti, C., Pompini, M., Caroli, L., and Patrissi, S., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 440, 1994. 24.Bell, W. R., IEEE Trans., 281, 1977. 25.Ramu, T. C. and Narayana Rao, Y., in Dielectric Materials. Measurements and Applications, IEE Conf. Publ. 177, 37. 26.Skanavi, G. I., Fizika Dielektrikov; Oblast Silnykh Polei (Physics of Dielectrics; Strong Fields). Gos. Izd. Fiz. Mat. Nauk (State Publ. House for Phys. and Math. Scis.), Moscow, 1958. 27.Kleiner, R. N., in Practical Handbook of Materials Science, Lynch, C. T., Ed., CRC Press, 1989; 27a: p. 304; 27b: p.300; 27c: p. 316. 28.Materials Selector Guide. Materials and Methods, Reinhold Publ., New York, 1973. 29.Flinn, R. A. and Trojan, P. K., Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin, 1981, p. 614. 30.Lynch, C. T., Ed., Practical Handbook of Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 31.Suzuki, H., Mukai, S., Ohki, Y., Nakamichi, Y., and Ajiki, K., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 238, 1997. 32.Mori, T., Matsuoka, T., and Muzitani, T., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 71, 1994. 33.Bjellheim, P. and Helgee, B., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 89, 1994. 34.Zheng, J. P., Cygan, P. J., and Jow, T. R., IEEE Trans., DEI-3, 144, 1996. 35.Danukas, M. G., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 1196, 1994. 36.Burn, I. and Smithe, D. H., J. Mater. Sci., 7, 339, 1972. 37.Hope, K.D., Chevron Chemical, Private Communication.Polysulfone resin—30% glass fiber 16.5-18.7 38 Polyamid resin (Nylon 66)— 30% carbon fiber 13.0 38 Polyimide thermoset resin, glass reinforced 12.0 39 Polyester resin (thermoplastic)— 40% glass fiber 20.0 38 Epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A), glass reinforced 16.0 40 Various Insulators Rubber, natural 100-215 26Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids (continued) Dielectric strength Material kV/mm Ref.Dielectric strength Material kV/mm Ref. Butyl rubber 23.6 6 Neoprene 15.7-27.6 6Silicone rubber 26-36 6 Room-temperature vulcanized 9.2-10.9 35 silicone rubber Ureas (from carbamide 11.8-15.7 28 to tetraphenylurea) Dielectric papers Aramid paper, calendered 28.7 6 Aramid paper, uncalendered 12.2 6 Aramid with Mica 39.4 6 © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC TeamLRN38.Engineering Materials Handbook , vol. 1, Composites, C.A. Dostal, Ed., ASM Intl., 1987. 39.1985 Materials Selector, Mater. Eng. , (12) 1984. 40.Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill, v. 62 (No. 10A) 1985–1986. Review Literature on the Subject R1.Kuffel, E. and Zaengl, W. S., HV Engineering Fundamentals, Pergamon, 1989. R2.Kok, J. A., Electrical Breakdown of Insulating Liquids, Phillips Tech. Library, Cleaver-Hum, Longon, 1961. R3.Gallagher, T. J., Simple Dielectric Liquids, Clarendon, Oxford, 1975. R4.Meek, J. M. and Craggs, J. D., Eds., Electric Breakdown in Gases , John Wiley & Sons, 1976. R5.Von Hippel, A. R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1954. © 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 15- 50 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION The coef ficient of friction between two surfaces is the ratio of the force required to move one over the other to the force pressing the two together. Thus if F is the minimum force needed to move one surface over the other, and W is the force pressing the surfaces together, the coef ficient of fric- tion µ is given by µ = F / W . A greater force is generally needed to initiate movement from rest that to continue the motion once sliding has started. Thus the static coef ficient of friction µ (static) is usually larger that the sliding or kinetic coef ficient µ (sliding). This table gives characteristic values of both the static and sliding coef ficients of friction for a number of material combinations. In each case Material 1 is moving over the surface of Material 2. The type of lubrication or any other special condition is indicated in the third column. All val- ues refer to room temperature unless otherwise indicated. It should be emphasized that the coef ficient of friction is very sensitive to the condition of the surface, so that these values represent only a rough guide. REFERENCES 1. Minshall, H., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 73rd Edition , Lide, D. R., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 2. Fuller, D. D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition , Gray, D. E., ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. Material 1 Material 2 Conditions µµµµ (static) µµµµ (sliding) Metals Hard steel Hard steel Dry 0.78 0.42 Castor oil 0.15 0.081Steric acid 0.005 0.029Lard 0.11 0.084Light mineral oil 0.23Graphite 0.058 Hard steel Graphite Dry 0.21Mild steel Mild steel Dry 0.74 0.57 Oleic acid 0.09 Mild steel Phosphor bronze Dry 0.34Mild steel Cast iron Dry 0.23Mild steel Lead Dry 0.95 0.95 Mineral oil 0.5 0.3 Mild steel Brass Dry 0.35 Cast iron Cast iron Dry 1.10 0.15 Aluminum Aluminum Dry 1.05 1.4Aluminum Mild steel Dry 0.61 0.47Brass Mild steel Dry 0.51 0.44 Castor oil 0.11 Brass Cast iron Dry 0.30Bronze Cast iron Dry 0.22Cadmium Mild steel Dry 0.46Copper Copper Dry 1.6Copper Mild steel Dry 0.53 0.36 Oleic acid 0.18 Copper Cast iron Dry 1.05 0.29Copper Glass Dry 0.68 0.53Lead Cast iron Dry 0.43Magnesium Magnesium Dry 0.6Magnesium Mild steel Dry 0.42Magnesium Cast iron Dry 0.25Nickel Nickel Dry 1.10 0.53Nickel Mild steel Dry 0.64Tin Cast iron Dry 0.32 Zinc Cast iron Dry 0.85 0.21 Nonmetals Diamond Diamond Dry 0.1 Diamond Metals Dry 0.12 TeamLRN 15- 51 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (continued) Garnet Mild steel Dry 0.39 Glass Glass Dry 0.94 0.4Glass Nickel Dry 0.78 0.56Graphite Graphite Dry 0.1Mica Mica Freshly cleaved 1.0Nylon Nylon Dry 0.2Nylon Steel Dry 0.40Polyethylene Polyethylene Dry 0.2Polyethylene Steel Dry 0.2Polystyrene Polystyrene Dry 0.5Polystyrene Steel Dry 0.3Sapphire Sapphire Dry 0.2Teflon Te flon Dry 0.04 0.04 Teflon Steel Dry 0.04 0.04 Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbide Dry, room temp. 0.17 Dry, 1000°C 0.45Dry, 1600°C 1.8Oleic acid 0.12 Tungsten carbide Graphite Dry 0.15 Tungsten carbide Steel Dry 0.5 Oleic acid 0.08 Miscellaneous materials Cotton Cotton Threads 0.3 Leather Cast iron Dry 0.6 0.56Leather Oak Parallel to grain 0.61 0.52Oak Oak Parallel to grain 0.62 0.48 Perpendicular to grain 0.54 0.32 Silk Silk Clean 0.25Wood Wood Dry 0.35 Wet 0.2 Wood Brick Dry 0.6 Wood Leather Dry 0.35 Various materials on ice and snow Ice Ice Clean, 0°C 0.1 0.02 Clean, -12°C 0.3 0.035Clean, -80°C 0.5 0.09 Aluminum Snow Wet, 0°C 0.4 Dry, 0°C 0.35 Brass Ice Clean, 0°C 0.02 Clean, -80°C 0.15 Nylon Snow Wet, 0°C 0.4 Dry, -10°C 0.3 Teflon Snow Wet, 0°C 0.05 Dry, 0°C 0.02 Wax, ski Snow Wet, 0°C 0.1 Dry, 0°C 0.04Dry, -10°C 0.2 Material 1 Material 2 Conditions µµµµ (static) µµµµ (sliding) 15-40FLAME TEMPERATURES This table gives the adiabatic flame temperature for stoichemetric mixtures of various fuels and oxidizers. The temperatures ar e calculated from thermodynamic and transport properties under ideal adiabatic conditions, using methods described in the reference. REFERENCE Fristrom, R. M., Flame Structures and Processes , Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. Adiabatic Flame Temperature in K for Various Fuel-Oxidizer Combinations Oxidizer Fuel Air O2 F2 Cl2 N2ON O Organic liquids and gases Acetaldehyde 2288Acetone 2253 Acetylene 2607 Benzene 2363 Butane 2248 Carbon disulfide 2257 Cyanogen 2596 4855Cyclohexane 2250 Cyclopropane 2370 Decane 2286Ethane 2244 Ethanol 2238 Ethylene 2375Hexane 2238 Methane 2236 Methanol 2222Oxirane 2177 Pentane 2250 Propane 2250Toluene 2344 Solids Aluminum 4005Lithium 2711 Phosphorus (white) 3242 Zirconium 4278 Other Ammonia 2845 Carbon monoxide 1388Diborane 3350 Hydrazine 3037 Hydrogen 2169 3000 4006 2493 2965 3127Hydrogen sulfide 2091 3414 Phosphine 3139 Silane 3043 TeamLRN15-36Frequency range Allocation 9 - 19.95 kHz Maritime communication, navigation 19.95 - 20.05 kHz Standard frequency and time signal (also at 60 kHz and 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 MHz)20.05 - 535 kHz Maritime and aeronautical communication, navigation 535 - 1605 kHz AM radio broadcasting 1605 - 3500 kHz Mobile communication and navigation, amateur radio (1800-1900 kHz)3.5 - 4.0 MHz Amateur radio 4.0 - 5.95 MHz Mobile communication 5.95 - 13.36 MHz Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting13.36 - 13.41 MHz Radioastronomy 13.41 - 25.55 MHz Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting 25.55 - 25.67 MHz Radioastronomy25.67 - 37.5 MHz Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting 37.5 -38.25 MHz Radioastronomy 38.25 - 50.0 MHz Mobile communication50.0 - 54.0 MHz Amateur 54.0 - 72.0 MHz TV channels 2-4 72.0 - 73.0 MHz Mobile communication73.0 - 74.6 MHz Radioastronomy 74.6 - 76.0 MHz Mobile communication 76.0 - 88.0 MHz TV channels 5-688.0 - 108.0 MHz FM radio broadcasting 108.0 - 118.0 MHz Aeronautical navigation 118.0 - 174.0 MHz Mobile communication, space research, meteorological satellites174.0 - 216.0 MHz TV channels 7-13 216.0 - 400.05 MHz Mobile communication 400.05 - 400.15 MHz Standard frequency and time satellite (also 20 and 25 GHz)400.15 - 406.1 MHz Meteorological aids (radiosonde) 406.1 - 410.0 MHz Radioastronomy 410.0 - 470.0 MHz Mobile communication, amateur 470.0 - 512.0 MHz TV channels 14-20 512.0 - 608.0 MHz TV channels 21-36 608.0 - 614.0 MHz Radioastronomy614.0 - 806.0 MHz TV channels 38-69 806 -1400 MHz Mobile communication, navigation 1400 - 1427 MHz Radioastronomy, space research1427 - 1660 MHz Various navigation and satellite applications 1660 - 1710 MHz Radioastronomy, space research, meteorology 1710 - 2655 MHz Various navigation and satellite applications2655 - 2700 MHz Radioastronomy, space research 2.7 - 4.99 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications 4.99 - 5.0 GHz Radioastronomy, space research5.0 - 10.6 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications 10.6 - 10.7 GHz Radioastronomy, space research 10.7 - 15.35 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications15.35 - 15.4 GHz Radioastronomy, space research 15.4 - 22.21 GHz Various navigation and satellite applicationsALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE RADIO SPECTRUM In the United States the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) has responsibility for assigning eac h portion of the radio spectrum (9 kHz to 300 GHz) for different uses. These assignments must be compatible with the rules of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), to which the United States is bound by treaty. The current assignments are given in a wall chart (Reference 1) and may also be found on the NTIA web site (Reference 2). The list below summarizes the broad features of the spectrum allocation, with particular at tention to those sections of scientific interest. The references should be consulted for details of the allocations in the frequency bands listed here, w hich in some cases are quite complex. REFERENCES 1.United States Frequency Allocations , 1996 Spectrum Wall Chart, Stock No. 003-000-00652-2, U. S. Government Printing Office, P. O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. 2. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html 15-3722.21 - 22.5 GHz Radioastronomy, space research 22.25 - 23.6 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications 23.6 - 24.0 GHz Radioastronomy, space research24.0 - 31.3 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications 31.3 - 31.8 GHz Radioastronomy, space research 31.8 - 42.5 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications42.5 - 43.5 GHz Radioastronomy 43.5 - 51.4 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications 51.4 - 54.25 GHz Radioastronomy, space research54.25 - 58.2 GHz Space research 58.2 - 59.0 GHz Radioastronomy, space research 59.0 - 64.0 GHz Satellite applications64.0 - 65.0 GHz Radioastronomy, space research 65.0 - 72.77 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications 72.77 - 72.91 GHz Radioastronomy, space research72.91 - 86.0 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications 86.0 - 92.0 GHz Radioastronomy, space research 92.0 - 105.0 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications105.0 - 116.0 GHz Radioastronomy, space research 116.0 - 164.0 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications 164.0 - 168.0 GHz Radioastronomy, space research168.0 - 182.0 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications 182.0 - 185.0 GHz Radioastronomy, space research 185.0 - 217.0 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications217.0 - 231.0 GHz Radioastronomy, space research 231.0 - 265.0 GHz Various navigation and satellite applications 265.0 - 275.0 GHz Radioastronomy275.0 - 300.0 GHz Mobile communicationsALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE RADIO SPECTRUM (continued) Frequency range Allocation TeamLRNSection 16: Health and Safety Information Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories Flammability of Chemical Substances Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients Protection Against Ionizing Radiation Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides Chemical Carcinogens HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS INLABORATORIES RobertJoyceandBlaineC.McKusick ‘ThefollowingmaterialhasbeenextractedfromtwobookspreparedundertheauspicesoftheCommitice onHazardousSubstancesintheLaboratory oftheNationalAcademyofSciences—NationalResearchCouncil.Readersarereferredtothesebooksforfulldetails: PrudentPracticesforHandlingHazardousChemicalsinLaboratories, NationalAcademyPress,Washington, 1981‘PrudentPracticesforDisposalofChemicalsfromLaboratories, NationalAcademyPress,Washington, 1983. ‘ThepermissionoftheNationalAcademyPrestousetheseextractsigratefullyacknowledged. INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS ‘Theterm“incompatible chemicals”referstochemicalsthatcanreactwitheachother +Violently+Withevolutionofsubstantialheat +Toproduceflammableproducts +Toproducetoxicproducts ‘Goodlaboratorysafetypracticerequiresthatincompatiblechemicalbestored,transported,anddisposedofinwaysthatwillpreventtheircoming. togetherintheeventofanaccident.Tables1and2givesomebasicguidelinesforthesafehandlingofacids,bases,reactivemetals,andotherchemicals. [Neitherofthesetablesiexhaustive,andadditionalinformation onincompatible chemicalscanbefoundinthefollowingreferences. 1.L.Bretherck, HandbookofReactiveChemicalHazards,3ded.,Butterworths, London-Boston, 1985.2.L.Bretherick, 4,HazardsintheChemicalLaboratory 3ded,RoyalSocietyofChemistry.London,1981.3.ManualofHazardous ChemicalReactions, ACompilation ofChemicalReactionsReportedtobePotentiallyHazardous,NationalFire Protection Association, NFPA491M,1975,NFPA,470AtlanticAvenue,Boston,MA02210. TABLE1 General Classes ofIncompatible Chemicals A B Acids Bases,reactivemetals Oxidizing agents Reducingagents'‘Chiorates ‘Ammonia, anhydrousandaqueous‘Chromates CarbonChromium trioxide MetalsDichromates MealhydridesHalogens NitritesHialogenating agents ‘OrganiccompoundsHydrogenperoxide PhosphorusNitricacid SiliconNitrates SulfurPerchlorates Peroxides Permanganates Persulfates +Theexamplesofoxidizingandreducingagentsaeillustrativeofcommonlaboratory‘chemicals; theyaenotintendedtobeexhaustive. 16-1 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLE 2 Examples ofIncompatible Chemicals Chemical 1sincompatiblewith Aceticacid (Chromicacidticacid,hydroxylcompounds,ethyleneglycol, perchloricaid.peroxides,permanaganates AcetyleneChlorinebromine,copper,orn,siver,mercury ‘AcetoneConcentratednitricandsulfuriccidmixtures ‘Akalandalkalineearthetal ‘Water,cabonevachiondeoroerchornatedhy (suchaspowderedaluminum ‘rocartons,carbondioxide,halogens ‘ormagnesium,calcim,th-jm,sodiom,passim)‘Ammonia(anhyrous) Mercury(inmanometer, orexample,chlorine,calciumhypochlorite, iodine,bromine,hydoftvoric acid(anhydrous) Ammonium sivate Acids,powderedmetals,ammablliquids,clortes,nites,sulfur,elydividedorganicorcombus~ tidematrals AnilineNitic acid, hydrogen peroxide “Anenial materials Any reducing agent‘Asides AcidsBromine SeeChlorine(Calcium oxide WaterCarbon(activated) (Calciumhypochlorite,alloxidizingagents ‘Carbon tetrachloride SodiumChloates “Ammoniumsats,aids,powderedmetassulfur,finelydivideorganicorcombustiblematerials Chromicacidandchromium ‘Aceticaidnaphthalene,camphor,glycerol,alcohol, wroixide‘amenableliquidsingeneral ChlorineAmmonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (oraxer petroleum gases) hyrogen, Sodium carbide, benzene, finely divided metals, turpentine Chorin dioxide Ammonia, methane phosphine hydrogen sulfide Copper ‘Aceiylene,hydrogenperoxideCamene hydroperoxide ‘Acids (organic orinorganic)Cyanides AcidsFlammableliquids “Ammonium nitrate,chromicacid,hydrogenperoxide, nitricacid,sodiumperoxide,halogens FineEverything Hydrocarbons(suchabutane, Florine,chlorine,brominechromicacid,sodium propane, benzene) peroxide ydrocyanic acid Nic acid,salHydroluoi aidanhydrous) “Ammonia(aqueousoranhydrous)Hydrogenperoxide Copper,chromium,iron,mostmetalortheirsls,alcobols acetone, organic materials, ain nitro methane,combustiblematerals Hydrogensulfide Fumingmicaid,owinggasesHypoctlortes ‘Acids,activatedcarbonIodine ‘Acetylene,ammonia(aqueousoranhydrous)hydrogen Mercury‘Aczylene,lincacid,ammonia NitratesSalfric acidNiteacid(concerted) Actiaid,aniline,chromicacid,hydrocyani acid,hydrogen sulfide, fammable guid, flammable 8c,copper,bass,anyheavymetals NiiesAcids NitroparaffinsInorganic bases, amines Onalie acid Silver, mercury 16.2 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLE 2 Examples ofIncompatible Chemicals (continued) Chemical Isincompatiblewith Oxygen ls,grease,hydrogen,flammableliquids,solids, frgases Perchloric acid ‘Aceticanhydride,bismuthanditsalloys,alcobol, ‘paper,wood,greaseils Peroxides, organic ‘Acids(organicormineral),avoidfriction,storecold Phosphorus(white) Air,oxygen,alkalis,reducingagents Pocasium‘Carbontetrachloride,carbondioxide,water Potassium chlorate Sulfuricandotheracids Potassium perchlorate(see Sulfuricandotheracids alsochlorates)Potassiumpermanganate ‘Gtycerol,ethyleneglycol,benzaldehyde, surfuricacidSelenides ReducingagentsSilver ‘Acetylene, oxalicacid,tananicacid,ammoniumcom ‘pounds,fulminicacid SodiumCarbontetrachloride,carbondioxide,water ‘Sodiumnitrite “Ammoniumnitrateandotherammoniumsalts Sodium peroxide Ethyl ormethyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural SulfidesAcids Sulfuricacid Potassiumchlorate,potassiumperchlorate, potassium‘permanganate (silarcompounds oflightmetals, suchassodium,lithium) TelluridesReducing agents EXPLOSION HAZARDS “Table3listssomecommonclasesoflaboratorychemicalsthathavepotentialforproducingviolentexplosion whensubjectedoshockofriction.‘Thesechemicalsshouldneverbedisposedofassuch,butshouldbehandledbyproceduresgiveninPrudentPracticesforDisposalofChemicalsfromLaboratories, NationalAcademyPres,1983,chapters6and7,Additionalinformation onthese,swellasonsomelesscommonclassesofexplosives,canbefoundinL.Bretherick, HandbookofReactiveChemicalHazards,eded.,Butterworths, London-Boston, 1985,‘Table4istssomeillustrativecombinations ofcommonlaboratoryreagentsthatcanproduceexplosionswhentheyarebroughttogetherorthat{formreactionproductsthatcanexplodewithoutanyapparentextemalinitiatingaction.Thislistisnoexhaustive,andadditionalinformation on‘Potentially explosivereagentcombinations canbefoundinManualofHazardousChemicalReactions,ACompilation ofChemicalReactionsReportedtobePotentiallyHazardous, NationalFireProtectionAssocation, NFPA491M,1975,NFPA,470AdanticAvenue,Boston,MA02210. WATER-REACTIVE CHEMICALS “Table5listssomecommonlaboratorychemicalthatreactviolentlywithwaterandthatshouldalwaysbestoredandhandledsothatheydonot‘comeintocontactwithliquidwaterorwatervapor.Proceduresfordecomposing laboratoryquantitiesaregiveninPrudentPracticesforDisposalof ‘ChemicalsfromLaboratories, chapter6;thepertinentsectionofthatchapterisgiveninparentheses. PYROPHORIC CHEMICALS Manymembersoftheclassesofreadilyoxidized,commonlaboratorychemicallistedinTable6ignitespontaneously inair.Amoreextensivelistcanbefoundin .Bretherick, HandBookofReactiveChemicalHazards,3rded.,Butterworths, London-Boston, 1985.Pyrophoricchemicalsshould‘bestoredintightlyclosedcontainersunderanneratmosphere(orfosome,annerliquid)andallransersandmanipulations ofthemmustbecartied‘ouunderaninertatmosphereorliquid.Suggestedproceduresfordecomposing themaregiveninPragentPracticesforDisposalofChemicalsfrom.Laboratories, chapter6;thepertinentsectionofthatchapterigiveninparentheses. 16-3 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLE3 ‘Shock-Sensitive Compounds [Aceiyleniccompounds,especiallypolyaetyenes,halouctylenes andheavymetalslsofaceylenes(copper.ivr,andmercurysaltsareparticularlysensitive)AcylnitratesAlkyl nitrates, particularly polyol nates suchas nitrocellulose andioglycerine ‘AlkylandweynitiesAlkylperchlorates:“Ammioemetl oaks:metalcompoundswithcoordinatedammonia,hydrazine,orsimilarnitrogenousdonorsanionicperchlorate, mitt,petrmanganateotoeroxidizinggroup Azide,inclodingmetal,nonmetal,adorganiariesCChiortslsofmeas,suchasAGCIO,andHg(Ci0,), Diazocompounds uchasCHN,Diazoniumslats,whenry Fulminates(iverfulminate,AgCNO,canforminthereactionmixtureromtheToles”etforaldehydesiitiallowedtostandforsome time;thiscanbepreventedbyaddingdilateniticaidwotheestmixtureas3000theesthasbeencompleted)Hydrogenperoxidebecomesincreasingly treacherousathconcentration riesabove30%formingexplosivemixtureswithorganic.materials2nddecomporng violentlyinthepresenceofracesoftransitionmetalsN-Halogencompoundssuchasdifluoroamine compoundsandhalogenazides [N-NiocompoundssuchasV-ntromethyamine,nitroures,ntroguanidine, andnitricamide Onoslsofnitrogenousbases:perchlorates,dicromes,nitrates,dates,chores,chlorts,andpermanganatesofammonia,amines, hydroxylamine,guanidine,ete. Perchlorate lt.Mostmetal,nonmetal,andamineperchloratescanbedetonatedandmayundergoviolentreactionincontactwith‘combustible materialsPeroxideandhydroperoides, organic(eeChaper6,SectionILP)Peroxides(soi)thatcrystallizefomoarletfomevaporationofproxidizabe solvents(seChapter6andAppend1) Peroxides,transition-metal ats Pierates,especiallysaltsoftransitionandheavymetals,suchaNi,Pb,Hg,Co,andZa:pcrcaidsexplosivebutsesssestvewoshockor fictionthanitsmetalslsandisrelatveysafeasawater-wetpaste(seeChapter7)Polynit! compoundswohalevanitomethone anddintroscetonitniePolynitoaromatic compounds,speciallypolymitrohydrocarbons, phenols,andamines TABLE4 Potentially Explosive Combinations ofSomeCommon Reagents ‘Acetone+chloroforminthepresenceofbse‘Acetylene copper.silver,mercury,ortheisls‘Ammonia(nchdingaqueouswoluions)+Cl,BroF Carbondisulfide+sodiumaide(Chlorine+analcohol(Chloroform ocarbontetrachloride +powderedAlorMgDecolecisingcarbon+anoxiiingagent Diethy! ether+chlorine (including achlorineatmosphere)‘Dimethylsulfoxide+anacylhalide,SOC,ofPOC,Dimethyl sulfoxide+CO, EthancalciumbypochocteEthanol+silverirateNitricaid+seteanhydnieoraceticacid Picricacid+aheavy-metalsalt,suchasofPb,Hg.orAg Silveroxide+ammonia+ethanol‘Sodium +9cholrinated hydrocarbon Sodium hypochlorite +anamine 16-4 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLES Water-Reactive Chemicals ‘Alkalimetals(ILD)‘Alkalimetalhydrides(IILC-2)‘Alkalimetalamides(HLC-7) ‘Metalalkyl,suchaslithiumatkylsandaluminumalkyl(V.A)Grignardreagents (1V.A)Halidesofnonmetal,suchasBCI,BR,,PCI,PCI,SiCl,,$,C1,(LF) Inorganicacidhalides.suchasPOCL,SOC,$O,Cl,(IILF)Anhydrousmetalhalides,suchasAICI,,TiC],ZCI,SoC,(MILE) Phosphoruspentonide(ILI) ‘Calciumcarbide(IV.E) Organicacidhalidesandanhydridesoflowmolecularweight(TLD) TABLE6ClassesofPyrophoric Chemicals Grignardreagents,RMgX(IV.A)‘Metalalkylsandaryls,suchasRLi,RNa,R,AL,R,Za(IV.A)‘Metalcarbonyls,suchasNi(CO),Fe(CO),,Co(CO),(V.B) ‘AlkalimetalssuchasNa,K(ILD.1) ‘Metalpowders,suchasAl,Co,Fe,Mg,Ma,Pd,PtTi,Sa,Zn,Zr(HILD.2) “Metalhydrides,suchasNaH,LiAlH,(IV.C.2)[Nonmetalhydrides,suchasB,H,andotherboranes,PH,,ASH,(IG)Nonmetalalkys, suchasR,B,RP.R,AS(1V.C) ‘Phosphorus (white)(LH) HAZARDS FROMPEROXIDE FORMATION ‘Manycommonlaboratorychemicalscanformperoxideswhenallowedaccesstoairoveraperiodof time.Asingleopeningofacontanertoremove‘someofthecontentscanintroduceenougharforperoxideformationtooccur.Sometypesofcompoundsformperoxidesthataretreacherously andviolentlyexplosiveinconcentrated solutionorasolids.Accordingly, peroxide-containing liquidsshouldneverbeevaporatedneartoortodryness.Peroxideformationcanalsooccurinmanypolymerizable unsaturated compounds, andtheseperoxidescaninitiatearunaway.sometimesexplosive,pplymerization reaction.ProceduresfrtestingforperoxidesandforremovingsmallamountsfromlaboratorychemicalsaregivennPrudentPracticesfoeDisposalofChemicalsfromLaboratories, chapter6,SectionILP.‘Table7providesalistofstructuralcharacteristics inorganiccompoundsthatcanperoxidze.Thesestructuresarlistedinapproximateorderof ecreasinghazard.Reportofseriousincidentsinvolvingthelastfivestracturaltypesareextremelyrare,butthesestructuresarelistedbecause laboratoryworkersshouldbeawarethattheycanformperoxidesthatcaninfluencethecourseofexperimentsinwhichtheyareused. Table8givesexamplesofcommonlaboratorychemicalsthatarepronewoformperoxidesonexposuretoai.Thelistarenotexhaustive,and analogousorganiccompoundsthathaveanyofthestructuralfeaturesgiveninTable7shouldbetestedforperoxidesbeforebeingusedassolvents ‘oFreagents,ofbeforebeingdistilled.Therecommended retentiontimesbeginwiththedateofsynthesisorofopeningtheoriginalcontainer. DISPOSALOFTOXICCHEMICALS Itsoftendesirabletoprecipitatetoxiccationsorhazardousanionsfromsolutiontofacilitaterecoveryordisposal.Table9listsprecipitansfor ‘manycommoncations,andTable10givesprecipitant forsomehazardousanions.Manycationscanbeprecipitated assulfidesbyaddingsodium‘sulfidesolutionpreferabletothehighlytoxichydrogensulfide)toaneutralsolutionofthecation(Table11).ControlofpHisimportantbecausesomesulfideswillredissolveinexcessulfidefon.AMterprecipitation,excesssulfidecanbedestroyedbyadditionofhypochlorite. ‘Mostmetalcationsareprecipitated ahydroxidesoroxidesathighpl.Sincemanyoftheseprecipitateswilredissolveinexcessbase,itisoften‘necessarytocontrolpH.Table12showstherecommendedpHrangeforprecipitatingmanycationsintheirmostcommonoxidationstate.Thenotation “LNTintheright-handcolumnindicatesthattheprecipitatewillntdissolvein|Nsodiumhydroxide(pH14).‘Thedistinctions betweenighandlowtoxicityorhazardarebasedontoxicological andotherdata,andaerelative.Thereisnoimplication ofa‘harpdistinctionbetweenhighandlow,orthatanycationsoranionsaretuallywithouthazard. 16-5 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLET ‘TypesofChemicalsThatArePronetoFormPeroxides A.Orgsrcapronrerofecrensingard)nN, Erandelithypei ’ " 2 Scab -l% erwinabyopenstems ere x . Nt lefins luoroolefins :cto an ae Z 4 chacK ‘Vinylhalides,esters,andethers VL 3 Newbabec” diem / \ iN in wi atoms 6 ‘cmemt Vinylacetylenes withahydrogen 7 * \Nicer Aranwihydogentoms / * 8 Stow Alkylarneshatcontineiayhydrogenatoms / ° ton ‘Alkaneandcylotanetacontineiayhydrogenwoms I Nt0Semb-co scanini " Ni rfLoy Secondls ’ it” aHt Keesatcoinahydoentoms \ itre tty“ Usaidessdcamattvehynom—_ ‘onacarbonatomattachedtonitrogen 16-6 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLE7 ‘TypesofChemicals ThatArePronetoFormPeroxides (continued) B.Inorganicsubstances [Alkalimetas,especiallypotassium,rabidiom,andcesium(seeChapter6,SectionILD) ‘2.Metalamides(seeChapter6,SectionIILC.7) *Organometallic compoundswithametalatombondedtocarbon(seeChapter6,SectionIV) 4.Metal alkoxides TABLE 8 ‘Common Peroxide-Forming Chemicals List A Severe Peroxide HazardonStoragewithExposuretoAit Discardwithin3months *Diisopropyl ether(sopropy/ether) ‘Sodiumamide(sodamide)‘Divinylacetylene (DVA" +Vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloro- ‘Potassium metal ethylene)? ‘Potassium amide ust Peroxide Hazard onConcentration; DoNotDisil oFEvaporate Without First Testing forthePresenceofPeroxides Discardortestforperoxidesafter6months ‘*Acetaldehyde diethylacetal(acetal) *Dioxane‘*Cumene(isopropylbeazene) Bihylene glycol dimethyl eterCyclohexene (lyme)‘Cyclopentene Esthyleneglycoletheracetates ‘Decalin (decahydronaphihalene) Ethylene glycol monoethers (ello‘*Diacetylene solves)‘*Dicyclopentadiene Funan‘Diethylether(ether) ‘Methylacetylene‘Diethylene glycoldimethylether ‘*Methyleyclopentane(ighyme) ‘Methylisobutylketone‘Tetrahydrofuran (THF) ‘Terrain tetrahySronaphihalene) Vinyl ethers usre Hazard ofRupid Polymerization Initiated byIntemally Formed Peroxides*‘a.NormalLiguids;Discardortestforperaxidesafter6months* ‘*Chloroprene(2-chloro-13-buta- Vinylacetate iene*Vinylpyridine sSeyrene ,NormalGases:Discardafter12months! ‘Butadiene’ ‘*Vinylacerylene(MVAP‘Tewafluoroethylene (TFEY Vinyl chloride +Polymerizable monomersshouldbestoredwithapolymerization inhibitorfromwhichthemonomercanbeseparatedbydistilaionjustbeforeuse. >Althoughcommonacrylicmonomerssuchasacrylonitrile, acrylicacid,ethylacrylate,andmethyl‘methacrylate canformperoxidestheyhavenotbeenreported1develophazardouslevelsinnormaluseand storage.<Thehazardfromperoxidesinthesecompoundsissubstantially greaterwhentheyaestoredithelquid‘phase,andifsostoredwithoutaninhibitortheyshouldbeconsideredasinLISTA. 16-7 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLES ‘Common Peroxide-Forming Chemicals (continued) +Althoughairwillnotenteragascylinderinwhichgasesarestoredunderpressure,thesegasesaresometimestransferred fromtheoriginalcylindertoanotherinthelaboratory.anditisdifficulttobesurethatthereis20‘residualairinthereceivingcylinder,Aninhibitorshouldbeputintoanysuchsecondarycylinderbeforeoneof thesegasesitransferredintoit;thesuppliercansuggestinhibitorstobeused.Thehazardposedbythesegases ‘ismuchgreaterifthereisaliquidphaseinsuchasecondarycontainer,andeveninhibitedgasesthahavebeen‘utintoasecondarycontainerunderconditionsthatcretealiquidphaseshouldbediscardedwithin12months. ‘Note:Laboratoryworkersshouldlabelallcontainersofperoxidizabe solventsorreagentswithoneofthefollowing: [Uist A Peroxidizable compound Received Opened Date Discard3monthsafteropening [LISTS BAND} Peroxidizable compound Received Opened Date— — Discard ortestforperoxides 6months after opening TABLE9 RelativeToxicityofCations Hightoxichazard Precipitant® Lowtoxichazard Precipitant® ‘Antimony on,s* Aluminum on‘Ansenic s Bismuth OF,s*Baum $80,>,€0,* Calcium 80,*,C0,*Berylium on Cerium OnCadenium oF.s* Cesive(Cheomiuen(DY on Copper of,s*Cobaka? On.s* Gold ons*Gallium on Iron on,s*Germanium OHs* Lanthanides onHafniam on LithiveIndium On.s* Magnesium owIridium OF,s* Molybdenum (VI)Lead On,s* ‘Niobium(V) onManganese (II? on.s* Palladiven on,s*Mercury on.s* PotassiumNickel ont,s* RubidiumOsemiumcvs ons* Scandium owPatinum(ID On.s* SourRhenium(VII s Strontium $0,*,€0,*Rhodium(iD OF,S* ‘Tantalum, onRuthenium(IP OFFS* Tin On,s*Selenium s& Titanium onSilver Cr.OF.S* Yerium OnTellurium s Zine ons‘Thallium Ons* Zisconium on‘Tungsten (VDVanadium of,s* 16-8 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLES Relative Toxicity ofCations (continued) +Precipitantsarlistedinodeofpreference:(Off=base(sodiumhydroxideorsodiumcarbonate)S*= wilde Cr=chloride 80 =sulfate CO)» carbonateTheprecipitantisfortheindicatedvalencesate,Maximum tolerancelevelshavebeensetfortheselow-toxicity ionsbytheU.S.PublicHeathService,andlargeamountsshouldnotbeputitopublicsewersystems.Thesmallamountstypicallyusedinlaboratorieswillnotrormallyaffectwatesupplies. 4+Theseonsarebestprecipitatedascalciummolybdateorcalciumtungstate *CAUTION:O10,avolatile,extremelypoisonoussubstance,iformedfromalmostanyosmiumcompoundunderacidconditionsinthepresenceofa TABLE 10 RelativeHazardofAnions High-hazard anions rr ton type Precipitant Low-hazard anions ‘Aluminum hyde, AIM, F - Bisifie, HSO,- ‘Amide, NH; Re = Borate, BO, B,0,* “Arsene, A205, As0,* t Cu Fe Bromide, Br‘Arsenite,AsO,AsO, T Po Carbonate, CO»‘Aside, > ET - Chloride,Cr Borohyéride, BH, F = Cyanate, OCN Bromate, BO; OE = Hydroxide, OH Chior, C10 OE = Iodide, ‘Chromate,Cr0,*, C10," ro ‘ Oxide, O> ‘Cyanide, CX T - Phosphate, PO.>Ferieyanide, Fe(CN),* T Fe Sulfite,S02Ferrcyanide, Fe(CN),* T Fe Sulfite,80,Fluoride, F T ce ‘Thioeyanate, SCN- yi, H F = Hydroperoxide, O,H OF = Hydrosutige, SH” T = Hypochiorte, OC ° = Iodate,10; OF = Nitrate, NO ° = Nitrite, NO; 0 = Perchlocate, C10, OF = Permanganate, MnO, 0 ‘ Peroxide, 0." OF - Persulfte, 8,0," ° = Selenate, Se" T Po Selenide, Se» r cue Sulfide, T . *Toxie,T:oxidant0;ammable,F; explosive,E Metalamidesrealyformexplosiveperoxidesonexposureoat ReduceandprecipitateasCri);seeTable9. +ReduceandprecipitateasMoieeTable9 +SeeTable11. 16.9 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLE11Precipitation ofSulfides Not Forms Precipitatedprecipitated solublecomplex atpit7 towpit athighpit ae a x av x Be ce co x com oFe= xGe* xHg" x i xie xMa xMo™ xNe x or re HlPe xRem Rr Rutso xse xSe xTer xTH x =za x “Higheroxidationstatesofhisionarereducedbysulfideonandprecipitatedasthieslide. TABLE12 pHRangeforPrecipitation ofMetalHydroxides andOxides 1203 4$6789w ae"— IN ae —‘AsNotprecipitated(precipassulfide) ‘AsNotprecipitated(precipitateasslfie) Aue iBe —BP ————> INca ———— incom SNce ——— inou — 1N 16-10 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLE12 pHRange forPrecipitation ofMetal Hydroxides and Oxides (continued) 12 3 4 $ 6 7 8 9 w cu | ———+ nFe iNFe ———on —Ge aHe a He — Hg” ——— > IN iw eer) ie — Mgt —— IN Ma —> 1n Mn > 1NMotNotprecipitated(precipitateasCesalt)Ne, Ne 1———> 1Noe —Po —Po —Pa —Pe —Re ———Re™ Notprecipitated precipitate assulfide) Ri — Ro ————> 16 sb = sb a se > nSe"Notprecip(precipitate assulfide) Se" Nok precipitated (precipitate assulfide) sa a a) ‘Te Notprecipitated (precipitate assulfide)‘TeNotpreciptiated(precipitateassulfide)™ > 1n 1 ——S in Ti > is m1 > IN ve — We Notprecipitated (precipitate asCesalt)za —a" — REFERENCES L.Erdey, Gravimetric Analysis, Par I,Pergamon Press, New York, 1965.DT.Bums,A.TowsendandA.H.Carter,norgancReactionChemistry.Vol.2,EllisHorwood, NewYork.1981, 16-11 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) FIRE HAZARDS Flammablesolventsareacommonsourceoflaboratoryfires.Therelativeeasewithwhichsomecommonlaboratorysolventscanbeignitedisindicated bythefollowing properties.FlashPint—Thelowesttemperature asdeterminedbystandardtests, atwhichaliquidemitsvaporin sufficientconcentrationtoformanignitable smixturewitharnearthesurfaceoftheliquidinatestvessel.Notethalmanyofthesecommonchemicalshaveflashpointsbelowroomtemperature. Ignition Temperature —Theminimum temperature required toinitiate self-sustained combustion regardless oftheheat source. Flammable Limits—Thelowerflammablelimitstheminimumconcentration (percentbyvolume)ofavaporinairbelowwhichaameisnot propagatedwhenanignitionsourceispresent.Belowtisconcentration themixtureistooleantobur.Theupperflamamableimiisthemaximumconcentration (percentbyvolume)ofthevaporinairabovewhichaflameisnotpropagatedAbovethisconcentration themixtureistorichtoburn.‘Theflammablerangecomprisesallconcentrations betweenthesetwolimits.Thisrangebecomeswiderwthincreasingtemperatureandinoxyen-rich _aumospheres, Table 13list these properties fora few common laboratory chemicals GLOVE MATERIALS tisgoodsafetypractice(andmandatedinsomelaboratories)towearubbergloveswhilehandlingchemicalthatcancauseinjurywhenncontact with,orabsorbedthroughtheskin.Thevariouscommonrubbersarenotequallyresistantalchemical.Table4providesguidlinesforselecting thebest,andavoidingthepoorest.glovematerialfrhandingagivenchemical RESPIRATORS Inthe event oflaboratory accidentorspillitwillbenecessaryforsomeonetoenterthecontaminated areaforcleanup.Ifsignificantquantities ofachemicalare spied.orevenminorquantitiesofaknowntoxicmateria,itisessetial towearthecorectkindofrespiratorequipmentwhenentering,thearea.itisnotknownwhetherthecontamination isofachemical“Immediatelydangerousoliforhealth”,theprudentcourseistoassumethat itis, andtousethecorresponding typeof respirator. Guidelines arepresented inTable 1S. TABLE 13 Flash Points, Boiling Points, Ignition Temperatures, andFlammable Limits of Some Common Laboratory Chemicals Flammableiit FlashBoiting Inition (percentbyvolume pointpointtemp. inair) Chemicalco eo co) Tower Upper Acetaldehyde 8 aia 1750 40 00‘Acetone 199 560 538.0 26 RsBenzene =U 801 3600 14 80Carbondisulfide -300 458 90.0 10 449Cyclohexane “180 807 2600 13 80Diethylether “450 344 160.0 ts 480Ethanol 120 783 363.0 33 190n-Heptane 339 984 2040 10 67n-Hexane 217 687 2230 12 13Isopropy/alcohol "7 822 3989 20 120Methanol 1 643 3850 60 365Methylethylketone “61 796 3156 19 110Pentane 400 36.1 2600 14 18Styrene 31.0 1450 4900 ut 6Toluene 44 1106 $300 13 70p-Xylene 250 1324 5290 1 19 Note: Foramore extensive listing, seethetable “Properties ofCommon Solvents” inSection 1S. 16-12 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) ‘TABLE 14 Resistance toChemicals ofCommon Glove Materials (E=Excellent, G=Good,F=Fair,P=Poor) Natural (Chemicalrubber Neoprene Nitrile Vinyl ‘Acetaldehyde o 6 E o‘Acetic acid g E E E ‘Acetone G a c FAcrylonitrile Pp o = F‘Ammonium hydroxide (sat) G E E EAiling F G E GBenzaldenyde F F E ryBenzene Pe F G F‘Benzyl chloride F ° G PpBromine G o - aButane P E - PButyraldehyde P G = JCalciumhypochlorite Pp G G aCartondisufide Pp P G FCarbontetrachloride Pp F G FChlorine G G = oChloroacetone F eg - PChloroform" Pp F G PChromicacid Pp F Fe ECyctohexane F g - PeDibenzyl ether F o - Pe Dibutyt phthalate F G - PeDiethanolamine F Eg - EgDiethylether F o zg PDimethyl sulfoxide - - = -Ethylacetate F G ry FEthylenedichloride? Pp F oEthylene glyco! c o E EEthylenetrichlovider Pe Pp - PFluorine o o - GFormaldehyde G E E EFormic acid o E E E Glycerol G G E EHexane Pe E = PHydrobromic acid (40%) c E - EHydrochloric ac(conc) G G 0 EgHydrofluorie cid (30%) G G o E Hydrogen peroxide G G o Efodine G G = cMethylamine G G E EMethyl celosolve F & - P ‘Methyl chloride! P E - Pp Meth! ety ketone F G o Pp Methylene chloride F F 6 F‘Monoethanolamine F E - EBMorpholine F E - E[Naphthalene G c E GNitric acid (cone) P P P G Perchloric acid F G F E Phenot c E - BPhosphoric acid o E - 5 Potassium hydroxide (st) G c o E 16-13 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLE14 ResistancetoChemicalsofCommonGloveMaterials (E=Excellent, G=Good,F=Fair,P=Poor)(continued) Natural Chemicalrubber Neoprene Nitrile Vinyl Propylenedichloride? Pr F - PSodiumhydroxide G G G ESodiumhypochlorite G P F GSulfuricacid(cone) G c F 6Toluene? P F G F“Trichloroethylenet P F G F‘Tricresylphosphate P F = F‘riethanolamine F E 5 E‘Trinivotoluene P E - P +Aromaticandhalogenated hydrocarbons willatackaltypesofnaturalandsyntheticglovema-terials.Shouldswellingoccu.theusershouldchangetofreshglovesadallowtheswollenglovestodeyandreturstonormal Nodaaontheresistancetodimethylsulfoxideofnaturalrubber,neopreneitilrubber,ovinyl‘materialsareavailable:themanufacturer ofthesubstancerecommends theuseofbutylrubberBloves. TABLE15 GuideforSelection ofRespirators ‘Typeofhazard ‘Typeofrespirator Oxygendeficiency Self-contained breathingapparatusisemaskwithblower‘Combination ofair-linerespiratorandauxiliaryself-containedairsupplyorair-storagereceiver withalarm Gasandvaporcontaminants ‘Self-contained breathingapparatusImmediately dangerous Hosemaskwithblowerlifeorhealth ‘Ait-purifying fullfacepice respiratorwithchem‘calcanister(gasmask) Self-escue mouthpiecerespirator(forescapeonly)Combination ofaic-linerespiratorandauxiliaryself-containedaesupplyorair-storagereceiver swithalarm Notimmediately dangerous Airlierespiratortolifeorealib Hosemaskwithblower‘A-puifyinghalf-maskormouthpiecerespirator withchemicalcantidge Paniculate Contaminants Self-contained breathingapparatusImmediately dangerousto Howemaskwithblowerlifeohealth -Ait-purifyingfull-facepiecerespiratorwith appropriatefierSelf-rescue mouthpiecerespirator(forescapeonly)‘Combination ofai-linerespiratorandauxiliaryself-containedsirsupplyoair-soragereceiver withalarm 16-14 HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OFCHEMICALS INLABORATORIES (continued) TABLE 15 Guide forSelection ofRespirators (continued) ‘Typeofhazard ‘Typeofrespirator Notimmediately dangerous -Air-puifying half-maskormouthpiecerespirator toifeorhealth withfilterpadorcartridgeAitine respirator Air-line abrasive-blasting respirator Hose mask with blower Combinationofgs,vapor,and Self-containedbeatingapparatus particulate contaminants HosemaskwithblowerImmediately dangerousto -Air-purifyingfull-facepiecerespiratorwithchem= lifeorhealth icalcanisterandappropriateiter(gasmask with iter) Self-escue mouthpiece respirator (forescape only)‘Combination ofai-tine espraor andauxiliary self-contained airsupply orair-storage receiver with alarm [Notimmediately dangerous Air-tin respiratortolifeorheath Hosemaskwithoutblower-Air-punfyng half-mask ofmouthpiece respirator with chemical cartndge andappropriate filter Source: ANSI Standard 288.2 (1969). 16-15 TeamLRNFLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES This table gives properties related to the flammability of about 900 chemical substances. The properties listed are: tB : Normal boiling point in °C ( at 101.325 kPa pressure). FP: Flash point, which is the minimum temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is sufficient to form an ignitable mi xture with air near the surface of the liquid. Flash point is not an intrinsic physical property but depends on the conditions of measurement (see Refe rence 1). Fl. Limits: Flammable limits (often called explosive limits), which specify the range of concentration of the vapor in air (in percent by volume) for which a flame can propagate. Below the lower flammable limit, the gas mixture is too lean to burn; above the upper flammable li mit, the mixture is too rich. Values refer to ambient temperature and pressure and are dependent on the precise test conditions. A ? indicates that one of the limits is not known. IT: Ignition temperature (sometimes called autoignition temperature), which is the minimum temperature required for self-sustai ned combustion in the absence of an external ignition source. As in the case of flash point, the value depends on specified test conditions. Even in cases where very careful measurements of flash point have been replicated in several laboratories, observed values can differ by 3 to 6 °C (Reference 4). For more typical measurements, larger uncertainties should be assumed in both flash points and autoignition temp eratures. The absence of a flash point entry in this table does not mean that the substance is nonflammable, but only that no reliable value is avail able. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. Substances not containing carbon are listed first, fol lowed by those that contain carbon. To locate an organic compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. REFERENCES 1.Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 11th Edition , National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1994. 2. Urben, P.G., Editor, Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards , 5th Edition , Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995. 3. Daubert, T.E., Danner, R.P., Sibul, H.M., and Stebbins, C.C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation , extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 4.Report of Investigation: Flash Point Reference Materials , National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Materials Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995. Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C Compounds not containing carbon B2H6 Diborane -92.4 -90 1-98% ≈40 B5H9 Pentaborane(9) 60 30 0.4-? 35 BrH3Si Bromosilane 1.9 <0 ≈20 Br3HSi Tribromosilane 109 ≈20 Cl2H2Si Dichlorosilane 8.3 4.1-99% 36 Cl3HSi Trichlorosilane 33 -50 104 GeH4 Germane -88.1 ≈20 Ge2H6 Digermane 29 ≈50 H2 Hydrogen -252.8 4-74% H2S Hydrogen sulfide -59.55 4-44% 260 H2S2 Hydrogen disulfide 70.7 <22 H2Te Hydrogen telluride -2 -50 H3N Ammonia -33.33 16-25% H3P Phosphine -87.75 1.8-? H4N2 Hydrazine 113.55 38 5-100% H4P2 Diphosphine 63.5 ≈20 H4Si Silane -111.9 -112 1.4-? ≈20 H6Si2 Disilane -14.3 -14 ≈20 H8Si3 Trisilane 52.9 <0 ≈20 P Phosphorus (white) 280.5 38 Compounds containing carbon CHN Hydrogen cyanide 26 -18 6-40% 538 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 40 13-23% 556 CH 2N2 Cyanamide 141 16-16 CH2O Formaldehyde -19.1 85 7.0-73% 424 (CH 2O)x Paraformaldehyde 70 7.0-73% 300 CH2O2 Formic acid 101 50 18-57% 434 CH 3Br Bromomethane 3.5 10-16% 537 CH 3Cl Chloromethane -24.0 8.1-17.4% 632 CH3Cl3Si Methyltrichlorosilane 65.6 -9 7.6->20% >404 CH 3NO Formamide 220 154 CH 3NO 2 Nitromethane 101.1 35 7.3-? 418 CH4 Methane -161.5 5.0-15.0% 537 CH 4Cl2Si Dichloromethylsilane 41 -9 6.0-55% 316 CH 4O Methanol 64.6 11 6.0-36% 464 CH4S Methanethiol 5.9 -18 3.9-21.8% CH 5N Methylamine -6.3 0 4.9-20.7% 430 CH 6N2 Methylhydrazine 87.5 -8 2.5-92% 194 CO Carbon monoxide -191.5 12.5-74% 609 COS Carbon oxysulfide -50 12-29% CS2 Carbon disulfide 46 -30 1.3-50.0% 90 C2ClF3 Chlorotrifluoroethylene -27.8 8.4-16.0% C2F4 Tetrafluoroethylene -75.9 10.0-50.0% 200 C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 87.2 8-10.5% 420 C2HCl3O Dichloroacetyl chloride 108 66 C2H2 Acetylene -84.7 2.5-100% 305 C2H2Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethylene 31.6 -28 6.5-15.5% 570 C2H2Cl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 60.1 6 3-15% 460 C2H2Cl2 trans -1,2-Dichloroethylene 48.7 2 6-13% 460 C2H2F2 1,1-Difluoroethylene -85.7 5.5-21.3% C2H3Br Bromoethylene 15.8 9-15% 530 C2H3Cl Chloroethylene -13.3 -78 3.6-33.0% 472 C2H3ClF2 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane -9.7 6-18% 632 C2H3ClO Acetyl chloride 50.7 4 390 C2H3Cl2NO2 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 123.5 76 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 74.0 8-10.5% 500 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 113.8 32 6-28% 460 C2H3Cl3Si Trichlorovinylsilane 91.5 21 C2H3F Fluoroethylene -72 2.6-21.7% C2H3N Acetonitrile 81.6 6 3.0-16.0% 524 C2H3NO Methyl isocyanate 39.5 -7 5.3-26% 534 C2H4 Ethylene -103.7 2.7-36% 450 C2H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane 124.5 56 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 57.4 -17 5.4-11.4% 458 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 83.5 13 6.2-16% 413 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 20.1 -39 4.0-60% 175 C2H4O Ethylene oxide 10.6 -20 3.0-100% 429 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 117.9 39 4.0-19.9% 463 C2H4O2 Methyl formate 31.7 -19 4.5-23% 449 C2H4O3 Ethaneperoxoic acid 110 41 C2H5Br Bromoethane 38.5 6.8-8.0% 511 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 12.3 -50 3.8-15.4% 519 C2H5ClO Ethylene chlorohydrin 128.6 60 4.9-15.9% 425 C2H5Cl3Si Trichloroethylsilane 100.5 22 C2H5N Ethyleneimine 56 -11 3.3-54.8% 320 C2H5NO2 Nitroethane 114.0 28 3.4-17% 414 C2H5NO2 Ethyl nitrite 18 -35 4.0-50% 90 C2H5NO3 Ethyl nitrate 87.2 10 4-? C2H6 Ethane -88.6 3.0-12.5% 472 C2H6Cl2Si Dichlorodimethylsilane 70.3 <21 3.4-9.5% C2H6O Ethanol 78.2 13 3.3-19% 363 C2H6O Dimethyl ether -24.8 -41 3.4-27.0% 350 C2H6OS 2-Mercaptoethanol 158 74 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide 189 95 2.6-42% 215 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol 197.3 111 3.2-22% 398FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C 16-17 TeamLRN16-18FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C2H6O4S Dimethyl sulfate 83 188 C2H6S Ethanethiol 35.1 -17 2.8-18.0% 300 C2H6S Dimethyl sulfide 37.3 -37 2.2-19.7% 206 C2H6S2 Dimethyl disulfide 109.8 24 C2H7N Ethylamine 16.5 -16 3.5-14% 385 C2H7N Dimethylamine 6.8 20 2.8-14.4% 400 C2H7NO Ethanolamine 171 86 3.0-23.5% 410 C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine 117 40 2.5-12.0% 385 C2H8N2 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 63.9 -15 2-95% 249 C2N2 Cyanogen -21.1 6.6-32% C3H3Br 3-Bromo-1-propyne 89 10 3.0-? 324 C3H3N 2-Propenenitrile 77.3 0 3.0-17.0% 481 C3H4 Propyne -23.2 2.1-12.5% C3H4ClN 3-Chloropropanenitrile 175.5 76 C3H4Cl2 2,3-Dichloropropene 94 15 2.6-7.8% C3H4O Propargyl alcohol 113.6 36 C3H4O Acrolein 52.6 -26 2.8-31% 220 C3H4O2 Propenoic acid 141 50 2.4-8.0% 438 C3H4O2 2-Oxetanone 162 74 2.9-? C3H4O3 Ethylene carbonate 248 143 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene 70.1 -1 4.4-7.3% 295 C3H5Cl 2-Chloropropene 22.6 -37 4.5-16% C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropene 45.1 -32 2.9-11.1% 485 C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin 118 31 3.8-21.0% 411 C3H5ClO Propanoyl chloride 80 12 C3H5ClO2 2-Chloropropanoic acid 185 107 500 C3H5ClO2 Ethyl chloroformate 95 16 500 C3H5ClO2 Methyl chloroacetate 129.5 57 7.5-18.5% C3H5Cl2NO2 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane 145 66 C3H5Cl3 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 157 71 3.2-12.6% C3H5Cl3Si Trichloro-2-propenylsilane 117.5 35 C3H5N Propanenitrile 97.1 2 3.1-14% 512 C3H5NO 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile 221 129 C3H5N3O9 Trinitroglycerol 270 C3H6 Propene -47.6 2.0-11.1% 455 C3H6 Cyclopropane -32.8 2.4-10.4% 498 C3H6ClNO2 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 142 62 C3H6ClNO2 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane 57 C3H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloropropane 96.4 21 3.4-14.5% 557 C3H6Cl2O 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 176 74 C3H6N2 Dimethylcyanamide 163.5 71 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 97.0 21 2.5-18.0% 378 C3H6O Methyl vinyl ether 5.5 287 C3H6O Propanal 48 -30 2.6-17% 207 C3H6O Acetone 56.0 -20 2.5-12.8% 465 C3H6O Methyloxirane 35 -37 3.1-27.5% 449 C3H6O2 Propanoic acid 141.1 52 2.9-12.1% 465 C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 54.4 -20 2.8-16.0% 455 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 56.8 -10 3.1-16% 454 C3H6O2 1,3-Dioxolane 78 2 C3H6O3 Dimethyl carbonate 90.5 19 C3H6O3 1,3,5-Trioxane 114.5 45 3.6-29% 414 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 71.1 490 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 46.5 <-18 2.6-11.1% 520 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane 35.7 -32 2.8-10.7% 593 C3H7ClO 2-Chloro-1-propanol 133.5 52 C3H7ClO 1-Chloro-2-propanol 127 52 C3H7Cl3Si Trichloropropylsilane 123.5 37 C3H7N Allylamine 53.3 -29 2.2-22% 374 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide 153 58 2.2-15.2% 445 C3H7NO 2 1-Nitropropane 131.1 36 2.2-? 421 16-19FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C3H7NO2 2-Nitropropane 120.2 24 2.6-11.0% 428 C3H7NO 3 Propyl nitrate 110 20 2-100% 175 C3H8 Propane -42.1 -104 2.1-9.5% 450 C3H8O 1-Propanol 97.2 23 2.2-13.7% 412 C3H8O 2-Propanol 82.3 12 2.0-12.7% 399 C3H8O Ethyl methyl ether 7.4 -37 2.0-10.1% 190 C3H8O2 1,2-Propylene glycol 187.6 99 2.6-12.5% 371 C3H8O2 1,3-Propylene glycol 214.4 400 C3H8O2 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 124.1 39 1.8-14% 285 C3H8O2 Dimethoxymethane 42 -32 2.2-13.8% 237 C3H8O3 Glycerol 290 199 3-19% 370 C3H9BO3 Trimethyl borate 67.5 -8 C3H9ClSi Trimethylchlorosilane 60 -28 395 C3H9N Propylamine 47.2 -37 2.0-10.4% 318 C3H9N Isopropylamine 31.7 -37 402 C3H9N Trimethylamine 2.8 -5 2.0-11.6% 190 C3H9NO 3-Amino-1-propanol 187.5 80 C3H9NO 1-Amino-2-propanol 159.4 77 374 C3H9NO N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine 158 74 C3H9O3P Trimethyl phosphite 111.5 54 C3H9O4P Trimethyl phosphate 197.2 107 C3H10N2 1,3-Propanediamine 139.8 24 C4Cl6 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 215 610 C4H2O3 Maleic anhydride 202 102 1.4-7.1% 477 C4H4 1-Buten-3-yne 5.1 21-100% C4H4N2 Succinonitrile 266 132 C4H4O Furan 31.5 -36 2.3-14.3% C4H4O2 Diketene 126.1 34 C4H4S Thiophene 84.0 -1 C4H5Cl 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 59.4 -20 4.0-20.0% C4H5N 2-Butenenitrile 120.5 16 C4H5N Methylacrylonitrile 90.3 1 2-6.8% C4H5N Pyrrole 129.7 39 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene -4.4 2.0-12.0% 420 C4H6 2-Butyne 26.9 -31 1.4-? C4H6O Divinyl ether 28.3 <-30 1.7-27% 360 C4H6O Ethoxyacetylene 50 <-7 C4H6O trans -2-Butenal 102.2 13 2.1-15.5% 232 C4H6O 3-Buten-2-one 81.4 -7 2.1-15.6% 491 C4H6O Vinyloxirane 68 <-50 C4H6O2 Methacrylic acid 162.5 77 1.6-8.8% 68 C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate 72.5 -8 2.6-13.4% 402 C4H6O2 Methyl acrylate 80.7 -3 2.8-25% 468 C4H6O2 2,3-Butanedione 88 27 C4H6O2 gamma-Butyrolactone 204 98 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride 139.5 49 2.7-10.3% 316 C4H6O3 Propylene carbonate 242 135 C4H6O6 L-Tartaric acid 210 425 C4H7Br 1-Bromo-2-butene 104.5 4.6-12.0% C4H7BrO2 Ethyl bromoacetate 168.5 48 C4H7Cl 2-Chloro-1-butene 58.5 -19 2.3-9.3% C4H7Cl 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 71.5 -12 3.2-8.1% C4H7ClO 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 108 27 C4H7ClO2 Ethyl chloroacetate 144.3 64 C4H7N Butanenitrile 117.6 24 1.6-? 501 C4H7N 2-Methylpropanenitrile 103.9 8 482 C4H7NO Acetone cyanohydrin 74 2.2-12.0% 688 C4H7NO 2-Pyrrolidone 251 129 C4H8 1-Butene -6.2 1.6-10.0% 385 C4H8 cis-2-Butene 3.7 1.7-9.0% 325 C4H8 trans -2-Butene 0.8 1.8-9.7% 324 TeamLRN16-20FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C4H8 Isobutene -6.9 1.8-9.6% 465 C4H8 Cyclobutane 12.6 <10 1.8-? C4H8Cl2 1,2-Dichlorobutane 124.1 275 C4H8Cl2 1,4-Dichlorobutane 161 52 C4H8Cl2O Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 178.5 55 2.7-? 369 C4H8O 2-Buten-1-ol 121.5 27 4.2-35.3% 349 C4H8O 2-Methyl-2-propenol 114.5 33 C4H8O Ethyl vinyl ether 35.5 <-46 1.7-28% 202 C4H8O 1,2-Epoxybutane 63.4 -22 1.7-19% 439 C4H8O Butanal 74.8 -22 1.9-12.5% 218 C4H8O Isobutanal 64.5 -18 1.6-10.6% 196 C4H8O 2-Butanone 79.5 -9 1.4-11.4% 404 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 65 -14 2-11.8% 321 C4H8OS 1,4-Oxathiane 147 42 C4H8O2 Butanoic acid 163.7 72 2.0-10.0% 443 C4H8O2 2-Methylpropanoic acid 154.4 56 2.0-9.2% 481 C4H8O2 Propyl formate 80.9 -3 455 C4H8O2 Isopropyl formate 68.2 -6 485 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 77.1 -4 2.0-11.5% 426 C4H8O2 Methyl propanoate 79.8 -2 2.5-13% 469 C4H8O2 3-Hydroxybutanal 66 250 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 101.5 12 2.0-22% 180 C4H8O2S Sulfolane 287.3 177 C4H8O3 Methyl lactate 144.8 49 2.2-? 385 C4H8O3 Ethylene glycol monoacetate 188 102 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 101.6 18 2.6-6.6% 265 C4H9Br 2-Bromobutane 91.2 21 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 78.6 -12 1.9-10.1% 240 C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane 68.2 -10 C4H9Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 68.5 -6 2.0-8.7% C4H9Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 50.9 0 C4H9Cl3Si Butyltrichlorosilane 148.5 54 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 86.5 3 C4H9NO N-Ethylacetamide 205 110 C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide 165 70 1.8-11.5% 490 C4H9NO Butanal oxime 154 58 C4H9NO 2-Butanone oxime 152.5 ≈70 C4H9NO Morpholine 128 37 1.4-11.2% 290 C4H9NO2 N-Acetylethanolamine 179 460 C4H9NO3 Butyl nitrate 133 36 C4H10 Butane -0.5 -60 1.9-8.5% 287 C4H10 Isobutane -11.7 -87 1.8-8.4% 460 C4H10N2 Piperazine 146 81 C4H10O 1-Butanol 117.7 37 1.4-11.2% 343 C4H10O 2-Butanol 99.5 24 1.7-9.8% 405 C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 107.8 28 1.7-10.6% 415 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 82.4 11 2.4-8.0% 478 C4H10O Diethyl ether 34.5 -45 1.9-36.0% 180 C4H10O Methyl propyl ether 39.1 -20 2.0-14.8% C4H10O2 1,2-Butanediol 190.5 40 C4H10O2 1,3-Butanediol 207.5 121 395 C4H10O2 1,4-Butanediol 235 121 C4H10O2 2,3-Butanediol 182.5 402 C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 135 43 3-18% 235 C4H10O2 Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 85 -2 202 C4H10O2 tert-Butyl hydroperoxide 27 C4H10O2S 2,2 ′-Thiodiethanol 282 160 298 C4H10O3 Diethylene glycol 245.8 124 2-17% 224 C4H10O4S Diethyl sulfate 208 104 436 C4H10S 1-Butanethiol 98.5 2 C4H10S 2-Butanethiol 85 -23 16-21FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C4H10S 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 88.5 2 C4H10S 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 64.3 <-29 C4H10Se Diethyl selenide 108 2.5-? C4H11N Butylamine 77.0 -12 1.7-9.8% 312 C4H11N sec-Butylamine 63.5 -9 C4H11N tert-Butylamine 44.0 -9 1.7-8.9% 380 C4H11N Isobutylamine 67.7 -9 2-12% 378 C4H11N Diethylamine 55.5 -23 1.8-10.1% 312 C4H11NO 2-Amino-1-butanol 178 74 C4H11NO 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 165.5 67 C4H11NO 2 Diethanolamine 268.8 172 2-13% 662 C4H12Sn Tetramethylstannane 78 -12 1.9-? C4H13N3 Diethylenetriamine 207 98 2-6.7% 358 C5H4O2 Furfural 161.7 60 2.1-19.3% 316 C5H5N Pyridine 115.2 20 1.8-12.4% 482 C5H6 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 32 <-7 C5H6N2 2-Methylpyrazine 137 50 C5H6O 3-Methylfuran 66 -30 C5H6O2 Furfuryl alcohol 171 75 1.8-16.3% 491 C5H7N 1-Methylpyrrole 115 16 C5H7NO 2-Furanmethanamine 145.5 37 C5H7NO2 Ethyl cyanoacetate 205 110 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 34.0 -54 1.5-8.9% 395 C5H8 1-Pentyne 40.1 <-20 C5H8 Cyclopentene 44.2 -29 395 C5H8O 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one 98 1.8-9.0% C5H8O Cyclopentanone 130.5 26 C5H8O 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 86 -18 C5H8O2 Allyl acetate 103.5 22 374 C5H8O2 Isopropenyl acetate 94 26 432 C5H8O2 Vinyl propanoate 91.2 1 C5H8O2 Ethyl acrylate 99.4 10 1.4-14% 372 C5H8O2 Methyl methacrylate 100.5 10 1.7-8.2% C5H8O2 2,4-Pentanedione 138 34 340 C5H8O3 Methyl acetoacetate 171.7 77 280 C5H9NO N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 202 96 1-10% 346 C5H10 1-Pentene 29.9 -18 1.5-8.7% 275 C5H10 cis-2-Pentene 36.9 <-20 C5H10 trans -2-Pentene 36.3 <-20 C5H10 2-Methyl-1-butene 31.2 -20 C5H10 3-Methyl-1-butene 20.1 -7 1.5-9.1% 365 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-butene 38.5 -20 C5H10 Cyclopentane 49.3 -25 1.5-? 361 C5H10Cl2 1,5-Dichloropentane 179 >27 C5H10N2 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile 173 65 C5H10O Cyclopentanol 140.4 51 C5H10O Pentanal 103 12 222 C5H10O 2-Pentanone 102.2 7 1.5-8.2% 452 C5H10O 3-Pentanone 101.9 13 1.6-? 450 C5H10O Tetrahydropyran 88 -20 C5H10O 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 78 -11 C5H10O2 Pentanoic acid 186.1 96 400 C5H10O2 3-Methylbutanoic acid 176.5 416 C5H10O2 Butyl formate 106.1 18 1.7-8.2% 322 C5H10O2 Isobutyl formate 98.2 5 2-9% 320 C5H10O2 Propyl acetate 101.5 13 1.7-8% 450 C5H10O2 Isopropyl acetate 88.6 2 1.8-8% 460 C5H10O2 Ethyl propanoate 99.1 12 1.9-11% 440 C5H10O2 Methyl butanoate 102.8 14 C5H10O2 3-Ethoxypropanal 135.2 38 C5H10O2 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 178 75 1.5-9.7% 282 TeamLRN16-22FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C5H10O3 Diethyl carbonate 126 25 C5H10O3 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 143 49 1.5-12.3% 392 C5H10O3 Ethyl lactate 154.5 46 1.5-? 400 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane 129.8 32 C5H11Cl 1-Chloropentane 107.8 13 1.6-8.6% 260 C5H11Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 85.6 1.5-7.4% 345 C5H11Cl 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 98.9 <21 1.5-7.4% C5H11Cl3Si Trichloropentylsilane 172 63 C5H11N Piperidine 106.2 16 C5H11N N-Methylpyrrolidine 81 -14 C5H11NO 4-Methylmorpholine 116 24 C5H11NO2 Isopentyl nitrite 99.2 210 C5H12 Pentane 36.0 -40 1.4-8.0% 260 C5H12 Isopentane 27.8 -51 1.4-7.6% 420 C5H12 Neopentane 9.4 -65 1.4-7.5% 450 C5H12N2 1-Methylpiperazine 138 42 C5H12N2O Tetramethylurea 176.5 77 C5H12O 1-Pentanol 137.9 33 1.2-10.0% 300 C5H12O 2-Pentanol 119.3 34 1.2-9.0% 343 C5H12O 3-Pentanol 116.2 41 1.2-9.0% 435 C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-butanol 128 50 385 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol 131.1 43 1.2-9.0% 350 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol 102.4 19 1.2-9.0% 437 C5H12O 3-Methyl-2-butanol 112.9 38 C5H12O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol 113.5 37 C5H12O Ethyl propyl ether 63.2 <-20 1.7-9.0% C5H12O2 1,5-Pentanediol 239 129 335 C5H12O2 2-Isopropoxyethanol 145 33 C5H12O2 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol 208 129 399 C5H12O3 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 193 96 1.38-22.7% 240 C5H12S 1-Pentanethiol 126.6 18 C5H12S 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol 3 C5H13N Pentylamine 104.3 -1 2.2-22% C5H13N Butylmethylamine 91 13 C6H2Cl4 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 244.5 155 C6H3ClN2O4 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 315 194 2.0-22% C6H3Cl3 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 213.5 105 2.5-6.6% 571 C6H4ClNO2 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 242 127 C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene 180 66 2.2-9.2% 648 C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene 173 72 C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene 174 66 C6H4Cl2O 2,4-Dichlorophenol 210 114 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 156.0 51 565 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 131.7 28 1.3-9.6% 593 C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol 174.9 64 C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol 220 121 C6H5Cl2N 3,4-Dichloroaniline 272 166 C6H5Cl3Si Trichlorophenylsilane 201 91 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 84.7 -15 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 210.8 88 1.8-? 482 C6H5N3O4 2,4-Dinitroaniline 224 C6H6 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne 85 <-20 1.5-? C6H6 Benzene 80.0 -11 1.2-7.8% 498 C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline 332 199 C6H6O Phenol 181.8 79 1.8-8.6% 715 C6H6O2 1,2-Benzenediol 245 127 C6H6O2 Resorcinol 127 1.4-? 608 C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone 287 165 516 C6H7N Aniline 184.1 70 1.3-11% 615 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 129.3 39 538 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 145.3 57 16-23FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C6H8ClN Aniline, hydrochloride 193 C6H8Cl2O2 Hexanedioyl dichloride 72 C6H8N2 Adiponitrile 295 93 1.0-? 550 C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine 257 156 1.5-? C6H8N2 Phenylhydrazine 243.5 88 C6H8N2 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 155 64 C6H8O 2,5-Dimethylfuran 93.5 7 C6H8O4 Dimethyl maleate 202 113 C6H10 1,4-Hexadiene 65 -21 2.0-6.1% C6H10 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 75.8 -12 C6H10 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 76.5 -34 C6H10 2-Hexyne 84.5 -10 C6H10 Cyclohexene 82.9 -12 1.2-? 310 C6H10O Diallyl ether 94 -7 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 155.4 44 1.1-9.4% 420 C6H10O Mesityl oxide 130 31 1.4-7.2% 344 C6H10O2 Vinyl butanoate 116.7 20 1.4-8.8% C6H10O2 Ethyl 2-butenoate 136.5 2 C6H10O2 Ethyl methacrylate 117 20 C6H10O2 2,5-Hexanedione 194 79 499 C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate 180.8 57 1.4-9.5% 295 C6H10O3 Propanoic anhydride 170 63 1.3-9.5% 285 C6H10O4 Adipic acid 337.5 196 420 C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate 185.7 76 C6H10O4 Ethylene glycol diacetate 190 88 1.6-8.4% 482 C6H11Cl Chlorocyclohexane 142 32 C6H11NO Caprolactam 270 125 C6H11NO2 Nitrocyclohexane 205 88 C6H11NO2 4-Acetylmorpholine 113 C6H12 1-Hexene 63.4 -26 1.2-6.9% 253 C6H12 cis-2-Hexene 68.8 -21 C6H12 2-Methyl-1-pentene 62.1 -28 300 C6H12 4-Methyl-1-pentene 53.9 -7 300 C6H12 4-Methyl- cis-2-pentene 56.3 -32 C6H12 4-Methyl- trans -2-pentene 58.6 -29 C6H12 2-Ethyl-1-butene 64.7 <-20 315 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 55.6 <-20 360 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene 73.3 <-20 401 C6H12 Cyclohexane 80.7 -20 1.3-8% 245 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 71.8 -29 1.0-8.35% 258 C6H12 Ethylcyclobutane 70.8 -15 1.2-7.7% 210 C6H12 2-Methyl-2-pentene 67.3 <-7 C6H12Cl2O2 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane 232 121 C6H12O cis-3-Hexen-1-ol 156.5 54 C6H12O Butyl vinyl ether 94 -9 255 C6H12O Isobutyl vinyl ether 83 -9 C6H12O Hexanal 131 32 C6H12O 2-Ethylbutanal 21 1.2-7.7% C6H12O 2-Methylpentanal 117 17 199 C6H12O 2-Hexanone 127.6 25 1-8% 423 C6H12O 3-Hexanone 123.5 35 1-8% C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 116.5 18 1.2-8.0% 448 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 160.8 68 1-9% 300 C6H12O2 Hexanoic acid 205.2 102 380 C6H12O2 2-Methylpentanoic acid 195.6 107 378 C6H12O2 Diethylacetic acid 194 99 400 C6H12O2 Pentyl formate 130.4 26 C6H12O2 Butyl acetate 126.1 22 1.7-7.6% 425 C6H12O2 sec-Butyl acetate 112 31 1.7-9.8% C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate 116.5 18 1.3-10.5% 421 C6H12O2 Propyl propanoate 122.5 79 TeamLRN16-24FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C6H12O2 Ethyl butanoate 121.5 24 463 C6H12O2 Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate 110.1 13 C6H12O2 Diacetone alcohol 167.9 58 1.8-6.9% 643 C6H12O3 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 156.4 56 2-8% 379 C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 124.3 36 1.3-? 238 C6H12S Cyclohexanethiol 158.9 43 C6H13Cl 1-Chlorohexane 135 35 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine 134 31 1.9-9.4% 293 C6H13NO N-Butylacetamide 229 116 C6H13NO 2,6-Dimethylmorpholine 146.6 44 C6H13NO N-Ethylmorpholine 138.5 32 C6H13NO2 4-Morpholineethanol 227 99 C6H14 Hexane 68.7 -22 1.1-7.5% 225 C6H14 2-Methylpentane 60.2 <-29 1.0-7.0% 264 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 63.2 -7 1.2-7.0% 278 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane 49.7 -48 1.2-7.0% 405 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane 57.9 -29 1.2-7.0% 405 C6H14N2O 1-Piperazineethanol 246 124 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 157.6 63 C6H14O 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 149 54 1.1-9.65% 310 C6H14O 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 131.6 41 1.0-5.5% C6H14O 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 147 57 C6H14O Dipropyl ether 90.0 21 1.3-7.0% 188 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 68.5 -28 1.4-7.9% 443 C6H14O Butyl ethyl ether 92.3 4 C6H14O2 2,5-Hexanediol 218 110 C6H14O2 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 197.1 102 1-9% 306 C6H14O2 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 168.4 69 4-13% 238 C6H14O2 1,1-Diethoxyethane 102.2 -21 1.6-10.4% 230 C6H14O2 Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 119.4 27 205 C6H14O3 1,2,6-Hexanetriol 191 C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether 196 96 C6H14O3 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether 162 67 C6H14O3 Trimethylolpropane 149 C6H14O4 Triethylene glycol 285 177 0.9-9.2% 371 C6H15N Hexylamine 132.8 29 C6H15N Butylethylamine 107.5 18 C6H15N Dipropylamine 109.3 17 299 C6H15N Diisopropylamine 83.9 -1 1.1-7.1% 316 C6H15N Triethylamine 89 -7 1.2-8.0% 249 C6H15NO2 Diisopropanolamine 250 127 374 C6H15NO3 Triethanolamine 335.4 179 1-10% C6H15N3 1-Piperazineethanamine 220 93 C6H15O4P Triethyl phosphate 215.5 115 454 C6H16N2 N,N-Diethylethylenediamine 144 46 C7H3ClF3NO2 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 232 135 C7H4ClF3 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 152.2 59 C7H4F3NO2 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 202.8 103 C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride 197.2 72 C7H5ClO 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde 213.5 88 C7H5Cl3 (Trichloromethyl)benzene 221 127 211 C7H5F3 (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 102.1 12 C7H6N2O4 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene 207 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 179.0 63 192 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 249.2 121 570 C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde 197 78 C7H6O3 Salicylic acid 157 1.1-? 540 C7H7Br o-Bromotoluene 181.7 79 C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 184.3 85 C7H7Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene 179 67 1.1-? 585 C7H7NO 2 o-Nitrotoluene 222 106 16-25FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C7H7NO2 m-Nitrotoluene 232 106 C7H7NO 2 p-Nitrotoluene 238.3 106 C7H8 Toluene 110.6 4 1.1-7.1% 480 C7H8 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene 89.5 -21 C7H8O o-Cresol 191.0 81 1.4-? 599 C7H8O m-Cresol 202.2 86 1.1-? 558 C7H8O p-Cresol 201.9 86 1.1-? 558 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 205.3 93 436 C7H8O Anisole 153.7 52 475 C7H8O2 4-Methoxyphenol 243 132 421 C7H8O3S p-Toluenesulfonic acid 184 C7H9N o-Methylaniline 200.3 85 482 C7H9N p-Methylaniline 200.4 87 482 C7H9NO o-Anisidine 224 118 C7H10O 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde 105 57 C7H10O4 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene 180 82 C7H12 4-Methylcyclohexene 102.7 -1 C7H12O2 Butyl acrylate 145 29 1.7-9.9% 292 C7H12O2 Isobutyl acrylate 132 30 427 C7H12O2 Cyclohexyl formate 162 51 C7H12O4 Diethyl malonate 200 93 C7H14 1-Heptene 93.6 -1 260 C7H14 trans -2-Heptene 98 <0 C7H14 Cycloheptane 118.4 <21 1.1-6.7% C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 100.9 -4 1.2-6.7% 250 C7H14 Ethylcyclopentane 103.5 <21 1.1-6.7% 260 C7H14O 2-Heptanone 151.0 39 1.1-7.9% 393 C7H14O 3-Heptanone 147 46 C7H14O 4-Heptanone 144 49 C7H14O 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 144 36 1.0-8.2% 191 C7H14O cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol 165 65 296 C7H14O trans -2-Methylcyclohexanol 167.5 65 296 C7H14O cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol 174.5 70 295 C7H14O trans -3-Methylcyclohexanol 174.5 70 295 C7H14O cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol 173 70 295 C7H14O trans -4-Methylcyclohexanol 174 70 295 C7H14O2 Pentyl acetate 149.2 16 1.1-7.5% 360 C7H14O2 Isopentyl acetate 142.5 25 1.0-7.5% 360 C7H14O2 sec-Pentyl acetate 130.5 32 C7H14O2 Butyl propanoate 146.8 32 426 C7H14O2 Propyl butanoate 143.0 37 C7H15NO2 Ethyl N-butylcarbamate 202 92 C7H16 Heptane 98.5 -4 1.05-6.7% 204 C7H16 2-Methylhexane 90.0 -1 1.0-6.0% 280 C7H16 3-Methylhexane 92 -4 280 C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane 89.7 -56 1.1-6.7% 335 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane 80.4 -12 C7H16 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 80.8 <0 412 C7H16N2O 4-Morpholinepropanamine 220 104 C7H16O 2-Heptanol 159 71 C7H16O 3-Heptanol 157 60 C7H16O 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 138.7 49 C7H16O 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol 131 <0 375 C7H17N Heptylamine 156 54 C7H18N2 N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine 168.5 59 C8H4O3 Phthalic anhydride 295 152 1.7-10.5% 570 C8H6O4 Phthalic acid 168 C8H6O4 Terephthalic acid 260 496 C8H7ClO α-Chloroacetophenone 247 118 C8H7N Benzeneacetonitrile 233.5 113 C8H8 Styrene 145 31 0.9-6.8% 490 TeamLRN16-26FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C8H8O Phenyloxirane 194.1 74 498 C8H8O Benzeneacetaldehyde 195 71 C8H8O Acetophenone 202 77 570 C8H8O2 Benzeneacetic acid 265.5 >100 C8H8O2 Phenyl acetate 196 80 C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate 199 83 C8H8O2 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde 243.5 118 C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate 222.9 96 454 C8H9Cl 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 184.4 64 C8H9NO Acetanilide 304 169 530 C8H9NO 2 Methyl 2-aminobenzoate 256 >100 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 136.1 21 0.8-6.7% 432 C8H10 o-Xylene 144.5 32 0.9-6.7% 463 C8H10 m-Xylene 139.1 27 1.1-7.0% 527 C8H10 p-Xylene 138.3 27 1.1-7.0% 528 C8H10O p-Ethylphenol 217.9 104 C8H10O Benzeneethanol 218.2 96 C8H10O α-Methylbenzyl alcohol 205 93 C8H10O Phenetole 169.8 63 C8H10O Benzyl methyl ether 170 135 C8H10O 4-Methylanisole 175.5 60 C8H10O2 2-Phenoxyethanol 245 121 C8H11N N-Ethylaniline 203.0 85 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 194.1 63 371 C8H11N 2,3-Xylidine 221.5 97 1.0-? C8H11N 2,6-Xylidine 215 96 C8H11N α-Methylbenzylamine 187 79 C8H11N 5-Ethyl-2-picoline 178.3 68 1.1-6.6% C8H11NO N-Phenylethanolamine 279.5 152 C8H11NO o-Phenetidine 232.5 115 C8H11NO p-Phenetidine 254 116 C8H12 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 150.8 35 C8H12 4-Vinylcyclohexene 128 16 269 C8H12O4 Diethyl maleate 223 121 350 C8H12O4 Diethyl fumarate 214 104 C8H14O2 Cyclohexyl acetate 173 58 335 C8H14O2 Butyl methacrylate 160 52 C8H14O3 Butanoic anhydride 200 54 0.9-5.8% 279 C8H14O3 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride 183 59 1.0-6.2% 329 C8H14O3 Butyl acetoacetate 85 C8H14O4 Ethyl succinate 217.7 90 C8H14O5 Diethylene glycol diacetate 200 135 C8H14O6 Diethyl tartrate 281 93 C8H15ClO Octanoyl chloride 195.6 82 C8H16 1-Octene 121.2 21 230 C8H16 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 101.4 -5 0.8-4.8% 391 C8H16 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 104.9 2 305 C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane 131.9 35 0.9-6.6% 238 C8H16 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 129.8 16 304 C8H16 trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 123.5 11 304 C8H16 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 124.4 16 C8H16 Propylcyclopentane 131 269 C8H16O Octanal 171 52 C8H16O 2-Ethylhexanal 163 44 0.85-7.2% 190 C8H16O 2-Octanone 172.5 52 C8H16O2 Hexyl acetate 171.5 45 C8H16O2 sec-Hexyl acetate 147.5 45 C8H16O2 2-Ethylbutyl acetate 162.5 54 C8H16O2 Pentyl propanoate 168.6 41 378 C8H16O2 Butyl butanoate 166 53 16-27FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C8H16O2 Isobutyl butanoate 156.9 50 C8H16O2 Isobutyl isobutanoate 148.6 38 0.96-7.59% 432 C8H16O2 Ethyl hexanoate 167 49 C8H16O2 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol 283 167 316 C8H16O3 Pentyl lactate 79 C8H16O4 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 218.5 110 425 C8H17Cl 1-Chlorooctane 181.5 70 C8H17Cl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane 172 60 C8H18 Octane 125.6 13 1.0-6.5% 206 C8H18 2,3-Dimethylhexane 115.6 7 438 C8H18 2,4-Dimethylhexane 109.5 10 C8H18 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 115.6 <21 460 C8H18 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 110 <21 346 C8H18 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 99.2 -12 418 C8H18 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 114.8 <21 425 C8H18O 1-Octanol 195.1 81 C8H18O 2-Octanol 180 88 C8H18O 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 184.6 73 0.88-9.7% 231 C8H18O Dibutyl ether 140.2 25 1.5-7.6% 194 C8H18O2 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 244 127 360 C8H18O2 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol 235 113 346 C8H18O2 Di-tert-butyl peroxide 111 18 C8H18O3 Diethylene glycol diethyl ether 188 82 C8H18O4 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane 216 111 C8H18O5 Tetraethylene glycol 328 182 C8H18S 1-Octanethiol 199.1 69 C8H18S Dibutyl sulfide 185 76 C8H19N Octylamine 179.6 60 C8H19N Dibutylamine 159.6 47 1.1-6% C8H19N Diisobutylamine 139.6 29 C8H19N 2-Ethylhexylamine 169.2 60 C8H20O4Si Ethyl silicate 168.8 52 C8H23N5 Tetraethylenepentamine 341.5 163 321 C9H6N2O2 Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 251 127 0.9-9.5% C9H7N Quinoline 237.1 480 C9H10 o-Methylstyrene 169.8 53 0.8-11.0% 538 C9H10 m-Methylstyrene 164 53 0.8-11.0% 538 C9H10 p-Methylstyrene 172.8 53 0.8-11.0% 538 C9H10 Isopropenylbenzene 165.4 54 1.9-6.1% 574 C9H10O 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 217.5 99 C9H10O 4-Methylacetophenone 226 96 C9H10O2 Ethyl benzoate 212 88 490 C9H10O2 Benzyl acetate 213 90 460 C9H10O2 Methyl 2-phenylacetate 216.5 91 C9H11NO 4-Methylacetanilide 307 168 C9H12 Propylbenzene 159.2 30 0.8-6.0% 450 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene 152.4 36 0.9-6.5% 424 C9H12 o-Ethyltoluene 165.2 440 C9H12 m-Ethyltoluene 161.3 480 C9H12 p-Ethyltoluene 162 475 C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 176.1 44 0.8-6.6% 470 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 169.3 44 0.9-6.4% 500 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 164.7 50 1-5% 559 C9H12O α−Ethylbenzyl alcohol 219 100 C9H12O2 Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether 256 129 352 C9H12O3S Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate 158 C9H13N Amphetamine 203 <100 C9H14O Phorone 197.5 85 C9H14O Isophorone 215.2 84 0.8-3.8% 460 C9H14O6 Triacetin 259 138 1.0-? 433 C9H16 Octahydroindene 167 296 TeamLRN16-28FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C9H16O2 Allyl hexanoate 186 66 C9H18 1-Nonene 146.9 26 C9H18 Propylcyclohexane 156.7 248 C9H18 Isopropylcyclohexane 154.8 283 C9H18 Butylcyclopentane 156.6 250 C9H18O 2-Nonanone 195.3 60 0.9-5.9% 360 C9H18O Diisobutyl ketone 169.4 49 0.8-7.1% 396 C9H18O2 Pentyl butanoate 186.4 57 C9H18O2 Isopentyl butanoate 179 59 C9H18O2 Butyl 3-methylbutanoate 53 C9H20 Nonane 150.8 31 0.8-2.9% 205 C9H20 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 140 24 C9H20 4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane 133.8 <21 0.7-? 280 C9H20 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 124.0 13 C9H20 3,3-Diethylpentane 146.3 0.7-5.7% 290 C9H20 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 136.7 390 C9H20 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 140.2 <21 0.8-4.9% 430 C9H20 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 133.0 <21 C9H21BO3 Triisopropyl borate 140 28 C9H21N Tripropylamine 156 41 C9H21NO3 Triisopropanolamine 160 320 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene 259 121 >558 C10H8 Naphthalene 217.9 79 0.9-5.9% 526 C10H8O 2-Naphthol 285 153 C10H9N 1-Naphthalenamine 300.8 157 C10H10O2 Safrole 234.5 100 C10H10O4 Dimethyl phthalate 283.7 146 0.9-? 490 C10H10O4 Dimethyl isophthalate 282 138 C10H10O4 Dimethyl terephthalate 288 153 518 C10H11NO2 Acetoacetanilide 185 C10H12 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 207.6 71 0.8-5.0% 385 C10H12O2 Isopropyl benzoate 216 99 C10H12O2 Ethyl phenylacetate 227 99 C10H14 Butylbenzene 183.3 71 0.8-5.8% 410 C10H14 sec-Butylbenzene 173.3 52 0.8-6.9% 418 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene 169.1 60 0.7-5.7% 450 C10H14 Isobutylbenzene 172.7 55 0.8-6.0% 427 C10H14 p-Cymene 177.1 47 0.7-5.6% 436 C10H14 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 205 74 427 C10H14 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 198 71 427 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 196.8 54 C10H14 o-Diethylbenzene 184 57 395 C10H14 m-Diethylbenzene 181.1 56 450 C10H14 p-Diethylbenzene 183.7 55 0.7-6.0% 430 C10H14O Butyl phenyl ether 210 82 C10H14O2 4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol 285 130 C10H15N N-Butylaniline 243.5 107 C10H15N N,N-Diethylaniline 216.3 85 630 C10H15NO2 N-Phenyl- N,N-diethanolamine 196 0.7-? 387 C10H16 Dipentene 178 45 237 C10H16 d-Limonene 178 45 0.7-6.1% 237 C10H16 α-Pinene 156.2 33 255 C10H16 β-Pinene 166 38 275 C10H16 β-Phellandrene 171.5 49 C10H16O Camphor 207.4 66 0.6-3.5% 466 C10H18 trans -Decahydronaphthalene 187.3 54 0.7-5.4% 255 C10H18O Borneol 66 C10H18O Linalol 198 71 C10H18O α-Terpineol 220 90 C10H18O Cineole 176.4 48 16-29FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C10H18O trans -Geraniol 230 >100 C10H18O4 Dibutyl oxalate 241 104 C10H19NO2 N-tert -Butylaminoethyl methacrylate 96 C10H20 1-Decene 170.5 <55 235 C10H20 Butylcyclohexane 180.9 246 C10H20 Isobutylcyclohexane 171.3 274 C10H20 tert-Butylcyclohexane 171.5 342 C10H20O Citronellol 224 96 C10H20O2 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 199 71 0.76-8.14% 268 C10H20O2 Ethyl octanoate 208.5 79 C10H21N N-Butylcyclohexanamine 93 C10H22 Decane 174.1 51 0.8-5.4% 210 C10H22 2-Methylnonane 167.1 210 C10H22 3-Ethyloctane 166.5 230 C10H22 4-Ethyloctane 163.7 229 C10H22O 1-Decanol 231.1 82 288 C10H22O Dipentyl ether 190 57 170 C10H22O2 Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether 203.3 85 C10H22O5 Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether 275.3 141 C10H22S Dipentyl sulfide 85 C10H23N Decylamine 220.5 99 C10H23N Dipentylamine 202.5 51 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 244.7 529 C11H12O3 Ethyl benzoylacetate 141 C11H14O2 Butyl benzoate 250.3 107 C11H16 p-tert -Butyltoluene 190 68 C11H16 Pentylbenzene 205.4 66 C11H16 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene 205 455 C11H16 Pentamethylbenzene 232 93 427 C11H16O4 - tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol 237 118 C11H17N p-tert -Pentylaniline 260.5 102 C11H20O2 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate 82 252 C11H22 Pentylcyclohexane 203.7 239 C11H22O 2-Undecanone 231.5 89 C11H22O2 Nonyl acetate 210 68 C11H24 Undecane 195.9 69 C11H24 2-Methyldecane 189.3 225 C11H24O 2-Undecanol 228 113 C12H9Br 4-Bromo-1,1'-Biphenyl 310 144 C12H10 Biphenyl 256.1 113 0.6-5.8% 540 C12H10Cl2Si Dichlorodiphenylsilane 305 142 C12H10O o-Phenylphenol 286 124 530 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 258.0 112 0.8-1.5% 618 C12H11N 2-Aminobiphenyl 299 450 C12H11N Diphenylamine 302 153 634 C12H12 1-Ethylnaphthalene 258.6 480 C12H14O4 Diethyl phthalate 295 161 0.7-? 457 C12H14O4 Diethyl terephthalate 302 117 C12H16 Cyclohexylbenzene 240.1 99 C12H16O3 Pentyl salicylate 270 132 C12H17NO N-Butyl- N-phenylacetamide 281 141 C12H18 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene 240 71 C12H20O4 Dibutyl maleate 280 141 C12H22O4 Dimethyl sebacate 145 C12H22O6 Dibutyl tartrate 320 91 284 C12H23N Dicyclohexylamine >99 C12H24 1-Dodecene 213.8 79 C12H24O2 Ethyl decanoate 241.5 >100 C12H25Br 1-Bromododecane 276 144 C12H26 Dodecane 216.3 74 0.6-? 203 C12H26O 1-Dodecanol 259 127 275 TeamLRN16-30FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C12H26O 2-Butyl-1-octanol 246.5 110 C12H26O3 Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 256 118 310 C12H26S 1-Dodecanethiol 277 128 C12H27BO3 Tributyl borate 234 93 C12H27N Tributylamine 216.5 63 C12H27O4P Tributyl phosphate 289 146 C13H12 2-Methylbiphenyl 255.5 137 502 C13H12 Diphenylmethane 265.0 130 485 C13H14N2 p,p′-Diaminodiphenylmethane 398 220 C13H26 1-Tridecene 232.8 79 C13H26O 2-Tridecanone 263 107 C13H28 Tridecane 235.4 79 C13H28O 1-Tridecanol 121 C14H8O2 9,10-Anthracenedione 377 185 C14H10 Anthracene 339.9 121 0.6-? 540 C14H10 Phenanthrene 340 171 C14H12O2 Benzyl benzoate 323.5 148 480 C14H12O3 Benzyl salicylate 320 >100 C14H14 1,1-Diphenylethane 272.6 >100 440 C14H14O Dibenzyl ether 298 135 C14H16 1-Butylnaphthalene 289.3 360 C14H16N2O2 o-Dianisidine 206 C14H23N N,N-Dibutylaniline 274.8 110 C14H28 1-Tetradecene 233 110 235 C14H30 Tetradecane 253.5 112 0.5-? 200 C14H30O 1-Tetradecanol 289 141 C15H18 1-Pentylnaphthalene 307 124 C15H24 Nonylbenzene 280.5 99 C15H24O 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 265 127 C15H26O6 Tributyrin 307.5 180 0.5-? 407 C15H33N Tripentylamine 242.5 102 C16H14O 1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one 342.5 177 C16H18 2-Butyl-1,1'-biphenyl >100 430 C16H22O4 Dibutyl phthalate 340 157 0.5-? 402 C16H26 Decylbenzene 298 107 C16H34 Hexadecane 286.8 136 202 C16H34O Dioctyl ether 283 >100 205 C16H35N Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine 132 C17H20N2O N,N′-Diethylcarbanilide 150 C17H34O 2-Heptadecanone 320 120 C17H36O 1-Heptadecanol 333 154 C18H14 o-Terphenyl 332 163 C18H14 m-Terphenyl 363 191 C18H15O3P Triphenyl phosphite 360 218 C18H15O4P Triphenyl phosphate 220 C18H15P Triphenylphosphine 180 C18H30 Dodecylbenzene 328 140 C18H32O7 Butyl citrate 157 368 C18H34O2 Oleic acid 360 189 363 C18H34O4 Dibutyl sebacate 344.5 178 0.4-? 365 C18H36O2 Stearic acid 196 395 C18H37Cl3Si Trichlorooctadecylsilane 89 C18H38 Octadecane 316.3 >100 227 C18H38O 1-Octadecanol 450 C19H16 Triphenylmethane 359 >100 C19H38O 2-Nonadecanone 124 C19H38O2 Methyl stearate 443 153 C19H40 Nonadecane 329.9 >100 230 C20H14O4 Diphenyl phthalate 224 C20H28 1-Decylnaphthalene 379 177 C20H42 Eicosane 343 >100 232 16-31FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. Name tB/°C FP/ °C Fl. Limits IT/ °C C21H21O4P Tri- o-cresyl phosphate 410 225 385 C21H26O3 4-Octylphenyl salicylate 216 416 C21H32O2 Methyl abietate 180 C22H42O2 Butyl oleate 180 C22H42O4 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate 206 0.4-? 377 C22H44O2 Butyl stearate 343 160 355 C23H46O2 Pentyl stearate 185 C24H20Sn Tetraphenylstannane 420 232 C24H38O4 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 384 218 C25H48O4 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate 227 0.3-? 374 TeamLRN16-32THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS Several organizations recommend limits of exposure to airborne contaminants in the workplace. These include the Occupational Sa fety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the non-governmental organization , American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The threshold limit value (TLV) for a substance is defined as the con centration level under which the majority of workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effects. The TLV recommendations are given in two forms: • Time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for a normal 8-h workday and 40-h workweek. • Short-term exposure limit (STEL), which should not be exceeded for more than 15 min. Both kinds of limits are specified for some substances. The following table gives threshold limit values for a number of substances that may be encountered in the atmosphere of a chem ical laboratory or industrial facility. All values refer to the concentration in air at 25 °C and normal atmospheric pressure. Data for gases are given both in parts per million by volume (ppm) and in mass concentration (mg/m3). Values for liquids refer to mists or aerosols, and those for solids to dusts or fumes; both are stated in mg/m3. A “C” following a value indicates a ceiling limit which should not be exceeded even for very brief periods because of acute t oxic effects of the substance. Substances are listed by systematic name, which is followed by molecular formula in the Hill format and Chemical Abstracts Serv ice Registry Number. Common synonyms are given in brackets [ ] for some compounds. REFERENCES 1.2000 TLV’s and BEI’s, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240- 1634, 2000. 2.NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994. 3.Chemical Information Manual , U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC, 1991. Time-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 Abate [Temephos] C16H20O6P2S3 3383-96-8 10 Acetaldehyde C2H4O 75-07-0 25 C 45 C Acetic acid C2H4O2 64-19-7 10 25 15 37 Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 108-24-7 5 21 Acetone C3H6O 67-64-1 500 1188 750 1780 Acetone cyanohydrin C4H7NO 75-86-5 4.7 C 5 C Acetonitrile C2H3N 75-05-8 40 67 60 101 Acetophenone C8H8O 98-86-2 10 49 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid [Aspirin] C9H8O4 50-78-2 5 Acrolein [2-Propenal] C3H4O 107-02-8 0.1 C 0.23 C Acrylamide C3H5NO 79-06-1 0.03 Acrylic acid [2-Propenoic acid] C3H4O2 79-10-7 2 5.9 Acrylonitrile [Propenenitrile] C3H3N 107-13-1 2 4.3 Adipic acid C6H10O4 124-04-9 5 Adiponitrile C6H8N2 111-69-3 2 9 Aldrin C 12H8Cl6 309-00-2 0.25 Allyl alcohol [2-Propen-1-ol] C 3H6O 107-18-6 0.5 1.2 Allyl glycidyl ether C 6H10O2 106-92-3 1 5 Allyl propyl disulfide C 6H12S2 2179-59-1 2 12 3 18 Aluminum (metal dust) Al 7429-90-5 10Aluminum oxide Al 2O3 1344-28-1 10 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridinecarboxlic acid [Picloram] C 6H3Cl3N2O2 1918-02-1 10 Ammonia H 3N 7664-41-7 25 17 35 24 Ammonium chloride ClH 4N 12125-02-9 10 20 Ammonium perfluorooctanoate C 8H4F15NO2 3825-26-1 0.01 Ammonium sulfamate H 6N2O3S 7773-06-0 10 Aniline C 6H7N 62-53-3 2 7.6 Antimony Sb 7440-36-0 0.5Arsenic As 7440-38-2 0.01 Arsine AsH 3 7784-42-1 0.05 0.16 16-33Atrazine C8H14ClN5 1912-24-9 5 Azinphos-methyl C 10H12N3O3PS2 86-50-0 0.2 Barium Ba 7440-39-3 0.5 Barium sulfate BaO 4S 7727-43-7 10 Benomyl C 14H18N4O3 17804-35-2 0.84 10 Benzene C 6H6 71-43-2 0.5 1.6 2.5 8 1,3-Benzenedimethanamine [m-Xylene diamine] C8H12N2 1477-55-0 0.1 C Benzenethiol [Phenyl mercaptan] C 6H6S 108-98-5 0.5 2.3 p-Benzoquinone [Quinone] C6H4O2 106-51-4 0.1 0.44 Benzoyl chloride C 7H5ClO 98-88-4 0.5 C 2.8 C Benzoyl peroxide C 14H10O4 94-36-0 5 Benzyl acetate C9H10O2 140-11-4 10 61 Beryllium Be 7440-41-7 0.002 0.01 Biphenyl C 12H10 92-52-4 0.2 1.3 Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane [4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)] C13H12Cl2N2 101-14-4 0.01 0.11 Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether [2,2'-Dichlorethyl ether] C4H8Cl2O 111-44-4 5 29 10 58 Bis(chloromethyl) ether C2H4Cl2O 542-88-1 0.001 0.0047 Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether [DMAEE] C8H20N20 3033-62-3 0.05 0.33 0.15 1.0 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [Di-sec-octyl phthalate] C24H38O4 117-81-7 5 10 Bismuth telluride Bi2Te3 1304-82-1 10 Boron oxide B2O3 1303-86-2 10 Boron tribromide BBr3 10294-33-4 1 C 10 C Boron trifluoride BF3 7637-07-2 1 C 2.8 C Bromacil C9H13BrN2O2 314-40-9 10 Bromine Br2 7726-95-6 0.1 0.66 0.2 1.3 Bromine pentafluoride BrF5 7789-30-2 0.1 0.72 Bromochloromethane [Halon 1011] CH2BrCl 74-97-5 200 1060 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane [Halothane] C2HBrClF3 151-67-7 50 404 Bromoethane [Ethyl bromide] C2H5Br 74-96-4 5 22 Bromoethene [Vinyl bromide] C2H3Br 593-60-2 0.5 2.2 Bromomethane [Methyl bromide] CH3Br 74-83-9 1 3.9 Bromotrifluoromethane CBrF3 75-63-8 1000 6090 1,3-Butadiene C4H6 106-99-0 2 4.4 Butane C4H10 106-97-8 800 1900 1-Butanethiol [Butyl mercaptan] C4H10S 109-79-5 0.5 1.8 1-Butanol C 4H10O 71-36-3 50 C 152 C 2-Butanol [ sec-Butyl alcohol] C4H10O 78-92-2 100 303 2-Butanone [Methyl ethyl ketone] C 4H8O 78-93-3 200 590 300 885 trans -2-Butenal [Crotonaldehyde] C 4H6O 4170-30-3 0.3 C 0.9 C 3-Buten-2-one C4H6O 78-94-4 0.2 C 0.6 C Butyl acetate C 6H12O2 123-86-4 150 713 200 950 sec-Butyl acetate C 6H12O2 105-46-4 200 950 tert-Butyl acetate C6H12O2 540-88-5 200 950 Butyl acrylate C 7H12O2 141-32-2 2 10 Butylamine C 4H11N 109-73-9 5 C 15 C tert-Butyl chromate C8H18CrO4 1189-85-1 0.1 C Butyl glycidyl ether C 7H14O2 2426-08-6 25 133 Butyl lactate C 7H14O3 138-22-7 5 30 o-sec-Butylphenol C10H14O 89-72-5 5 31 p-tert -Butyltoluene C 11H16 98-51-1 1 6.1 Cadmium Cd 7440-43-9 0.01Calcium carbonate CCaO 3 1317-65-3 10THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued) Time-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 TeamLRN16-34Calcium chromate CaCrO4 13765-19-0 0.003 Calcium cyanamide CCaN 2 156-62-7 0.5 Calcium hydroxide CaH 2O2 1305-62-0 5 Calcium metasilicate CaO3Si 1344-95-2 10 Calcium oxide CaO 1305-78-8 2 Calcium sulfate CaO 4S 7778-18-9 10 Camphor C10H16O 76-22-2 2 12 4 24 Caprolactam C 6H11NO 105-60-2 5 (gas) 1 (solid) 10 (gas) 3 (solid) Captafol C 10H9Cl4NO 2S 2425-06-1 0.1 Captan C9H8Cl3NO2S 133-06-2 5 Carbaryl C 12H11NO2 63-25-2 5 Carbofuran C 12H15NO 3 1563-66-2 0.1 Carbon black C 1333-86-4 3.5 Carbon dioxide CO 2 124-38-9 5000 9000 30,000 54,000 Carbon disulfide CS 2 75-15-0 10 31 Carbon monoxide CO 630-08-0 25 29 Carbonyl chloride [Phosgene] CCl2O 75-44-5 0.1 0.40 Carbonyl fluoride CF2O 353-50-4 2 5.4 5 13 Cesium hydroxide CsHO 21351-79-1 2 Chlordane C10H6Cl8 57-74-9 0.5 Chlorine Cl2 7782-50-5 0.5 1.5 1 2.9 Chlorine dioxide ClO2 10049-04-4 0.1 0.28 0.3 0.83 Chlorine trifluoride ClF3 7790-91-2 0.1 C 0.38 C Chloroacetaldehyde C2H3ClO 107-20-0 1 C 3.2 C Chloroacetone C3H5ClO 78-95-5 1 C 3.8 C α-Chloroacetophenone C8H7ClO 532-27-4 0.05 0.32 Chloroacetyl chloride C2H2Cl2O 79-04-9 0.05 0.23 0.15 0.69 Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 108-90-7 10 46 o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile C10H5ClN2 2698-41-1 0.05 C 0.39 C 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene [Chloroprene] C4H5Cl 126-99-8 10 36 Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF2 75-45-6 1000 3540 Chloroethane [Ethyl chloride] C2H5Cl 75-00-3 100 264 2-Chloroethanol [Ethylene chlorohydrin] C2H5ClO 107-07-3 1 C 3.3 C Chloroethene [Vinyl chloride] C2H3Cl 75-01-4 1 2.5 Chloromethane [Methyl chloride] CH3Cl 74-87-3 50 103 100 207 (Chloromethyl)benzene [Benzyl chloride] C7H7Cl 100-44-7 1 5.2 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene C6H4ClNO2 100-00-5 0.1 0.64 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane C3H6ClNO2 600-25-9 2 10 Chloropentafluoroethane C2ClF5 76-15-3 1000 6320 2-Chloropropanoic acid C3H5ClO2 598-78-7 0.1 0.44 3-Chloropropene [Allyl chloride] C 3H5Cl 107-05-1 1326 2-Chlorostyrene C 8H7Cl 2039-87-4 50 283 75 425 o-Chlorotoluene C 7H7Cl 95-49-8 50 259 Chlorpyrifos C 9H11Cl3NO3PS 2921-88-2 0.2 Chromium Cr 7440-47-3 0.5Chromyl chloride Cl 2CrO 2 14977-61-8 0.025 0.16 Clopidol C 7H7Cl2NO 2971-90-6 10 Cobalt Co 7440-48-4 0.02Cobalt carbonyl C 8Co2O8 10210-68-1 0.1 Cobalt hydrocarbonyl C 4HCoO4 16842-03-8 0.1 Copper Cu 7440-50-8 0.2Cresol (all isomers) C 7H8O 1319-77-3 5 22 Crufomate C 12H19ClNO3P 299-86-5 5 Cyanamide CH2N2 420-04-2 2 Cyanogen C2N2 460-19-5 10 21 Cyanogen chloride CClN 506-77-4 0.3 C 0.75 C Cyclohexane C 6H12 110-82-7 300 1030Time-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3ppm mg/m3THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued) 16-35Cyclohexanol C6H12O 108-93-0 50 206 Cyclohexanone C 6H10O 108-94-1 25 100 Cyclohexene C6H10 110-83-8 300 1010 Cyclohexylamine C 6H13N 108-91-8 10 41 Cyclonite [Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro- 1,3,5-triazine] C3H6N6O6 121-82-4 0.5 1,3-Cyclopentadiene C 5H6 542-92-7 75 203 Cyclopentane C 5H10 287-92-3 600 1720 Cyhexatin C18H34OSn 13121-70-5 5 Decaborane(14) B 10H14 17702-41-9 0.05 0.25 0.15 0.75 Diacetone alcohol C 6H12O2 123-42-2 50 238 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane [4,4-Methylene dianiline] C 13H14N2 101-77-9 0.1 0.81 Diazinon C 12H21N2O3PS 333-41-5 0.1 Diazomethane CH2N2 334-88-3 0.2 0.34 Diborane B2H6 19287-45-7 0.1 0.11 Dibromodifluoromethane CBr2F2 75-61-6 100 858 2-Dibutylaminoethanol C10H23NO 102-81-8 0.5 3.5 2,6-Di- tert-butyl-4-methylphenol C15H24O 128-37-0 10 Dibutylphenyl phosphate C14H23O4P 2528-36-1 0.3 3.5 Dibutyl phosphate C8H19O4P 107-66-4 1 8.6 2 17 Dibutyl phthalate C16H22O4 84-74-2 5 Dichloroacetylene C2Cl2 7572-29-4 0.1 C 0.39 C o-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 95-50-1 25 150 50 301 p-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 106-46-7 10 60 1,4-Dichloro-2-butene (unspecified isomer) C4H6Cl2 764-41-0 0.005 0.026 Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2 75-71-8 1000 4950 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin C5H6Cl2N2O2 118-52-5 0.2 0.4 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT] C14H9Cl5 50-29-3 1 1,1-Dichloroethane [Ethylidene dichloride] C2H4Cl2 75-34-3 100 405 1,2-Dichloroethane [Ethylene dichloride] C2H4Cl2 107-06-2 10 40 1,1-Dichloroethene [Vinylidene chloride] C2H2Cl2 75-35-4 5 20 1,2-Dichloroethylene (both isomers) C2H2Cl2 540-59-0 200 793 Dichlorofluoromethane CHCl2F 75-43-4 10 42 Dichloromethane [Methylene chloride] CH2Cl2 75-09-2 50 174 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane C2H3Cl2NO2 594-72-9 2 12 (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid C8H6Cl2O3 94-75-7 10 1,2-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 78-87-5 75 347 110 508 2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid C3H4Cl2O2 75-99-0 5 1,3-Dichloropropene (both isomers) C3H4Cl2 542-75-6 1 4.5 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane C 2Cl2F4 76-14-2 1000 7000 Dichlorvos C 4H7Cl2O4P 62-73-7 0.1 0.90 Dicrotophos C 8H16NO5P 141-66-2 0.25 m-Dicyanobenzene [ m-Phthalodinitrile] C 8H4N2 626-17-5 5 Dicyclopentadiene C 10H12 77-73-6 5 27 Dieldrin C 12H8Cl6O 60-57-1 0.25 Diethanolamine C 4H11NO2 111-42-2 0.46 2 Diethylamine C 4H11N 109-89-7 5 15 15 45 2-Diethylaminoethanol C 6H15NO 100-37-8 2 9.6 Diethylenetriamine [Bis(2-amimoethyl)amine] C 4H13N3 111-40-0 1 4.2 Diethyl ether C 4H10O 60-29-7 400 1210 500 1520 Diethyl phthalate C 12H14O4 84-66-2 5 1,1-Difluoroethene C 2H2F2 75-38-7 500 1310 Diglycidyl ether C6H10O3 2238-07-5 0.1 0.53 Diisopropylamine C 6H15N 108-18-9 5 21 Diisopropyl ether C6H14O 108-20-3 250 1040 310 1300 Dimethoxymethane [Methylal] C3H8O2 109-87-5 1000 3110Time-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued) TeamLRN16-36Dimethyl mercury C 2H6Hg 593-74-8 0.01 0.03 N,N-Dimethylacetamide C4H9NO 127-19-5 10 36 Dimethylamine C 2H7N 124-40-3 5 9.2 15 27.6 N,N-Dimethylaniline C 8H11N 121-69-7 5 25 10 50 2,2-Dimethylbutane C6H14 75-83-2 500 1760 1000 3500 2,3-Dimethylbutane C 6H14 79-29-8 500 1760 1000 3500 N,N-Dimethylformamide C 3H7NO 68-12-2 10 30 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone [Diisobutyl ketone] C9H18O 108-83-8 25 145 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine C 2H8N2 57-14-7 0.01 0.025 Dimethyl phthalate C 10H10O4 131-11-3 5 Dimethyl sulfate C2H6O4S 77-78-1 0.1 0.52 Dinitrobenzene (all isomers) C 6H4N2O4 25154-54-5 0.15 1.0 Dinitrotoluene (all isomers) C 7H6N2O4 25321-14-6 0.2 1,4-Dioxane C4H8O2 123-91-1 20 72 Dioxathion C12H26O6P2S4 78-34-2 0.2 Diphenylamine C12H11N 122-39-4 10 Diphenyl ether C12H10O 101-84-8 1721 4 4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate C15H10N2O2 101-68-8 0.005 0.051 Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether C7H16O3 34590-94-8 100 600 150 900 Diquat C12H12N2 231-36-7 0.5 Disulfiram C10H20N2S4 97-77-8 2 Disulfoton C8H19O2PS3 298-04-4 0.1 Diuron C9H10Cl2N2O 330-54-1 10 Divinyl benzene (all isomers) C10H10 1321-74-0 10 53 Endosulfan C9H6Cl6O3S 115-29-7 0.1 Endrin C12H8Cl6O 72-20-8 0.1 Enflurane C3H2ClF5O 13838-16-9 75 566 Epichlorohydrin [(Chloromethyl)oxirane] C3H5ClO 106-89-8 0.5 1.9 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane [Vinylcyclohexene dioxide] C8H12O2 106-87-6 0.1 0.57 1,2-Ethanediamine [Ethylenediamine] C2H8N2 107-15-3 10 25 Ethanethiol [Ethyl mercaptan] C2H6S 75-08-1 0.5 1.3 Ethanol C2H6O 64-17-5 1000 1880 Ethanolamine C2H7NO 141-43-5 3 7.5 6 15 Ethion C9H22O4P2S4 563-12-2 0.4 Ethoxydimethylsilane C4H12OSi 14857-34-2 0.5 2.1 1.5 6.4 Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 141-78-6 400 1440 Ethyl acrylate C5H8O2 140-88-5 5 20 15 61 Ethylamine C2H7N 75-04-7 5 9.2 15 27.6 Ethylbenzene C8H10 100-41-4 100 434 125 543 Ethyl tert-butyl ether [ETBE] C 6H14O 637-92-3 5 20 Ethylene glycol C 2H6O2 107-21-1 100 C Ethylene glycol dinitrate C 2H4N2O6 628-96-6 0.05 0.31 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether [2-Butoxyethanol] C 6H14O2 111-76-2 20 97 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether [2-Ethoxyethanol] C 4H10O2 110-80-5 5 18 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate [2-Ethoxyethyl acetate] C 6H12O3 111-15-9 5 27 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether [2-Methoxyethanol] C 3H8O2 109-86-4 5 16 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate [2-Methoxyethyl acetate] C 5H10O3 110-49-6 5 24 Ethyleneimine C 2H5N 151-56-4 0.5 0.88 Ethylene oxide [Oxirane] C2H4O 75-21-8 1 1.8 Ethyl formate C3H6O2 109-94-4 100 303 Ethylidene norbornene C 9H12 16219-75-3 5 C 25 CTime-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued) 16-37N-Ethylmorpholine C6H13NO 100-74-3 5 24 Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate [EPN] C 14H14NO 4PS 2104-64-5 0.1 Ethyl silicate C8H20O4Si 78-10-4 10 85 Fenamiphos C 13H22NO3PS 22224-92-6 0.1 Fensulfothion C 11H17O4PS2 115-90-2 0.1 Fenthion C10H15O3PS2 55-38-9 0.2 Ferbam C 9H18FeN3S6 14484-64-1 10 Ferrocene [Dicyclopentadienyl iron] C 10H10Fe 102-54-5 10 Fluorine F2 7782-41-4 1 1.6 2 3.1 Fluorine monoxide [Oxygen difluoride] F 2O 7783-41-7 0.05 C 0.11 C Fonofos C 10H15OPS 2 944-22-9 0.1 Formaldehyde CH2O 50-00-0 0.3 C 0.37 C Formamide CH 3NO 75-12-7 10 18 Formic acid CH 2O2 64-18-6 5 9.4 10 19 Furfural [2-Furaldehyde] C5H4O2 98-01-1 2 7.9 Furfuryl alcohol [2-Furanmethanol] C5H6O2 98-00-0 10 40 15 60 Germane [Germanium tetrahydride] GeH4 7782-65-2 0.2 0.63 Glycerol C3H8O3 56-81-5 10 Graphite C 7440-44-0 2 Hafnium Hf 7440-58-6 0.5Heptachlor C 10H5Cl7 76-44-8 0.05 Heptane C7H16 142-82-5 400 1640 500 2050 2-Heptanone [Methyl pentyl ketone] C7H14O 110-43-0 50 233 3-Heptanone [Ethyl butyl ketone] C7H14O 106-35-4 50 233 75 350 4-Heptanone [Dipropyl ketone] C7H14O 123-19-3 50 233 Hexachlorobenzene C6Cl6 118-74-1 0.002 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene C4Cl6 87-68-3 0.02 0.21 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane [Lindane] C6H6Cl6 58-89-9 0.5 Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene C5Cl6 77-47-4 0.01 0.11 Hexachloroethane [Perchloroethane] C2Cl6 67-72-1 1 9.7 Hexachloronaphthalene (all isomers) C10H2Cl6 1335-87-1 0.2 Hexamethylene diisocyanate C8H12N2O2 822-06-0 0.005 0.034 Hexane C6H14 110-54-3 50 176 1,6-Hexanediamine [Hexamethylenediamine] C6H16N2 124-09-4 0.5 2.3 2-Hexanone [Butyl methyl ketone] C6H12O 591-78-6 5 20 10 40 1-Hexene C6H12 592-41-6 30 103 sec-Hexyl acetate C8H16O2 108-84-9 50 295 Hydrazine H4N2 302-01-2 0.01 0.013 Hydrazoic acid HN3 7782-79-8 0.11 C 0.19 C Hydrogen bromide BrH 10035-10-6 3 C 9.9 C Hydrogen chloride ClH 7647-01-0 5 C 7.5 CHydrogen cyanide CHN 74-90-8 4.7 C 5 C Hydrogen fluoride FH 7664-39-3 3 C 2.3 C Hydrogen peroxide H 2O2 7722-84-1 1 1.4 Hydrogen selenide H 2Se 7783-07-5 0.05 0.16 Hydrogen sulfide H 2S 7783-06-4 10 14 15 21 p-Hydroquinone [1,4-Benzenediol] C 6H6O2 123-31-9 2 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate C 6H10O3 999-61-1 0.5 2.8 Indene C 9H8 95-13-6 10 48 Indium In 7440-74-6 0.1Iodine I 2 7553-56-2 0.1 C 1.0 C Iodomethane [Methyl iodide] CH 3I 74-88-4 2 12 Iron(III) oxide Fe2O3 1309-37-1 5 Iron pentacarbonyl C5FeO5 13463-40-6 0.1 0.23 0.2 0.45 Isobutyl acetate C 6H12O2 110-19-0 150 713 Isopentane C5H12 78-78-4 600 1770Time-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued) TeamLRN16-38Isopentyl acetate [Isoamyl acetate] C7H14O2 123-92-2 100 532 Isophorone C 9H14O 78-59-1 5 C 28 C Isophorone diisocyanate C 12H18N2O2 4098-71-9 0.005 0.045 Isopropenylbenzene [ α-Methyl styrene] C9H10 98-83-9 50 242 100 483 2-Isopropoxyethanol C 5H12O2 109-59-1 25 106 Isopropyl acetate C 5H10O2 108-21-4 250 1040 310 1290 Isopropylamine C3H9N 75-31-0 5 12 10 24 N-Isopropylaniline C 9H13N 768-52-5 2 11 Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] C 9H12 98-82-8 50 246 Isopropyl glycidyl ether C6H12O2 4016-14-2 50 238 75 356 Kaolin 1332-58-7 2 Ketene C 2H2O 463-51-4 0.5 0.86 1.5 2.6 Lead Pb 7439-92-1 0.05 Lead(II) arsenate As 2O8Pb3 7784-40-9 0.15 Lead(II) chromate CrO4Pb 7758-97-6 0.075 Lithium hydride HLi 7580-67-8 0.025 Magnesium carbonate [Magnesite] CMgO3 546-93-0 10 Magnesium oxide MgO 1309-48-4 10Malathion C 10H19O6PS2 121-75-5 10 Maleic anhydride C4H2O3 108-31-6 0.1 4 Manganese Mn 7439-96-5 0.2Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl C 8H5MnO3 12079-65-1 0.4 Mercury Hg 7439-97-6 0.025 Mesityl oxide C6H10O 141-79-7 15 60 25 100 Methacrylic acid [2-Methylpropenoic acid] C4H6O2 79-41-4 20 70 Methanethiol [Methyl mercaptan] CH4S 74-93-1 0.5 0.98 Methanol CH4O 67-56-1 200 262 250 328 Methomyl C5H10N2O2S 16752-77-5 2.5 o-Methoxyaniline [ o-Anisidine] C7H9NO 90-04-0 0.1 0.5 p-Methoxyaniline [ p-Anisidine] C7H9NO 104-94-9 0.1 0.5 Methoxychlor C16H15Cl3O2 72-43-5 10 4-Methoxyphenol C7H8O2 150-76-5 5 Methyl acetate C3H6O2 79-20-9 200 606 250 757 Methyl acrylate C4H6O2 96-33-3 2 7 2-Methylacrylonitrile C4H5N 126-98-7 1 2.7 Methylamine CH5N 74-89-5 5 6.4 15 19 o-Methylaniline [ o-Toluidine] C7H9N 95-53-4 2 8.8 m-Methylaniline [ m-Toluidine] C7H9N 108-44-1 2 8.8 p-Methylaniline [ p-Toluidine] C7H9N 106-49-0 2 8.8 N-Methylaniline C7H9N 100-61-8 0.5 2.2 3-Methyl-1-butanol [Isoamyl alcohol] C 5H12O 123-51-3 100 361 125 452 3-Methyl-2-butanone [Methyl isopropyl ketone] C 5H10O 563-80-4 200 705 Methyl tert-butyl ether [MTBE] C 5H12O 1634-04-4 40 144 Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate C 5H5NO2 137-05-3 0.2 0.9 Methylcyclohexane C 7H14 108-87-2 400 1610 Methylcyclohexanol (all isomers) C 7H14O 25639-42-3 50 234 2-Methylcyclohexanone C 7H12O 583-60-8 50 229 75 344 2-Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl C 9H7MnO 3 12108-13-3 0.8 Methyl demeton C 6H15O3PS2 8022-00-2 0.5 2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide [Dinitolmide] C 8H7N3O5 148-01-6 5 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol [Dinitro- o-cresol] C 7H6N2O5 534-52-1 0.2 Methylene bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate) C 15H22N2O2 5124-30-1 0.005 0.054 Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide C8H18O2 1338-23-4 0.2 C 1.5 C Methyl formate C2H4O2 107-31-3 100 246 150 368 6-Methyl-1-heptanol [Isooctyl alcohol] C 8H18O 26952-21-6 50 266 5-Methyl-3-heptanone C8H16O 541-85-5 25 131Time-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued) 16-395-Methyl-2-hexanone [Methyl isopentyl ketone] C7H14O 110-12-3 50 234 Methylhydrazine CH 6N2 60-34-4 0.01 0.019 Methyl isocyanate C 2H3NO 624-83-9 0.02 0.047 Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 80-62-6 50 205 100 410 Methyloxirane [1,2-Propylene oxide] C 3H6O 75-56-9 20 48 Methyl parathion C 8H10NO 5PS 298-00-0 0.2 2-Methylpentane C6H14 107-83-5 500 1760 1000 3500 3-Methylpentane C 6H14 96-14-0 500 1760 1000 3500 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol [Hexylene glycol] C 6H14O2 107-41-5 25 C 121 C 4-Methyl-2-pentanol [Methyl isobutyl carbinol] C6H14O 108-11-2 25 104 40 167 4-Methyl-2-pentanone [Isobutyl methyl ketone] C 6H12O 108-10-1 50 205 75 307 2-Methyl-1-propanol [Isobutyl alcohol] C 4H10O 78-83-1 50 152 2-Methyl-2-propanol [ tert-Butyl alcohol] C4H10O 75-65-0 100 303 Methylstyrene (all isomers) C 9H10 25013-15-4 50 242 100 483 N-Methyl- N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline [Tetryl] C7H5N5O8 479-45-8 1.5 Metribuzin C8H14N4OS 21087-64-9 5 Mevinphos C7H13O6P 7786-34-7 0.01 0.092 0.03 0.27 Mica 12001-26-2 3Molybdenum Mo 7439-98-7 10 Monocrotophos C 7H14NO5P 6923-22-4 0.25 Morpholine C4H9NO 110-91-8 20 71 Naled C4H7Br2Cl2O4P 300-76-5 3 Naphthalene C10H8 91-20-3 10 52 15 79 1-Naphthalenylthiourea [ANTU] C11H10N2S 86-88-4 0.3 Neopentane C5H12 463-82-1 600 1770 Nickel Ni 7440-02-0 1.5 Nickel carbonyl C4NiO4 13463-39-3 0.05 0.12 Nickel(III) sulfide Ni3S2 12035-72-2 0.14 Nicotine C10H14N2 54-11-5 0.5 Nitrapyrin C6H3Cl4N 1929-82-4 10 20 Nitric acid HNO3 7697-37-2 2 5.2 4 10 Nitric oxide NO 10102-43-9 25 31 p-Nitroaniline C6H6N2O2 100-01-6 3 Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 98-95-3 1 5 Nitroethane C2H5NO2 79-24-3 100 307 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 10102-44-0 3 5.6 5 9.4 Nitrogen trifluoride F3N 7783-54-2 10 29 Nitromethane CH3NO2 75-52-5 20 50 1-Nitropropane C3H7NO2 108-03-2 25 91 2-Nitropropane C3H7NO2 79-46-9 10 36 Nitrotoluene (all isomers) C 7H7NO2 1321-12-6 2 11 Nitrous oxide N 2O 10024-97-2 50 90 Nonane (all isomers) C 9H20 111-84-2 200 1050 Octachloronaphthalene C 10Cl8 2234-13-1 0.1 0.3 Octane (all isomers) C 8H18 111-65-9 300 1400 375 1750 Osmium(VIII) oxide [Osmium tetroxide] O 4Os 20816-12-0 0.0002 0.0016 0.0006 0.0047 Oxalic acid C 2H2O4 144-62-7 1 2 2-Oxetanone [ β-Propiolactone] C 3H4O2 57-57-8 0.5 1.5 Oxiranemethanol [Glycidol] C 3H6O2 556-52-5 2 6.1 Ozone O 3 10028-15-6 0.1 0.2 Paraquat C 12H14N2 4685-14-7 0.5 Parathion C 10H14NO 5PS 56-38-2 0.1 Pentaborane(9) B 5H9 19624-22-7 0.005 0.013 0.015 0.039 Pentachloronaphthalene (unspecified isomer) C10H3Cl5 1321-64-8 0.5 Pentachloronitrobenzene C6Cl5NO2 82-68-8 0.5 Pentachlorophenol C 6HCl 5O 87-86-5 0.5 Pentaerythritol C5H12O4 115-77-5 10Time-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued) TeamLRN16-40Pentanal [Valeraldehyde] C5H10O 110-62-3 50 176 Pentane C 5H12 109-66-0 600 1770 750 2210 Pentanedial [Glutaraldehyde] C 5H8O2 111-30-8 0.05 C 0.2 C 2-Pentanone [Methyl propyl ketone] C5H10O 107-87-9 200 705 250 881 3-Pentanone [Diethyl ketone] C 5H10O 96-22-0 200 700 300 1050 Pentyl acetate (all isomers) C 7H14O2 628-63-7 50 265 100 530 Perchloromethyl mercaptan CCl4S 594-42-3 0.1 0.76 Perchloryl fluoride ClFO 3 7616-94-6 3 13 6 25 Perfluoroacetone [Hexafluoroacetone] C 3F6O 684-16-2 0.1 0.68 Perfluoroisobutene C4F8 382-21-8 0.01 C 0.082 C Phenol C 6H6O 108-95-2 5 19 10H-Phenothiazine C 12H9NS 92-84-2 5 Phenylenediamine (all isomers) C6H8N2 25265-76-3 0.1 Phenyl glycidyl ether C 9H10O2 122-60-1 0.1 0.6 Phenylhydrazine C6H8N2 100-63-0 0.1 0.44 Phenylphosphine C6H7P 638-21-1 0.05 C 0.23 C Phorate C7H17O2PS3 298-02-2 0.05 0.2 Phosphine H3P 7803-51-2 0.3 0.42 1 1.4 Phosphoric acid H3O4P 7664-38-2 1 3 Phosphorus (white) P 7723-14-0 0.02 0.1 Phosphorus(III) chloride [Phosphorus trichloride] Cl3P 7719-12-2 0.2 1.1 0.5 2.8 Phosphorus(V) chloride [Phosphorus pentachloride] Cl5P 10026-13-8 0.1 0.85 Phosphorus(V) oxychloride [Phosphoryl chloride] Cl3OP 10025-87-3 0.1 0.63 Phosphorus(V) sulfide P2S5 1314-80-3 1 3 Phthalic anhydride C8H4O3 85-44-9 1 6.1 Piperazine dihydrochloride C4H12Cl2N2 142-64-3 5 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione [Pindone] C14H14O3 83-26-1 0.1 Platinum Pt 7440-06-4 1 Potassium hydroxide HKO 1310-58-3 2 C Propane C3H8 74-98-6 2500 4500 Propanoic acid C3H6O2 79-09-4 10 30 1-Propanol C3H8O 71-23-8 200 492 250 614 2-Propanol [Isopropyl alcohol] C3H8O 67-63-0 400 983 500 1230 Propargyl alcohol [2-Propyn-1-ol] C3H4O 107-19-7 1 2.3 Propoxur C11H15NO3 114-26-1 0.5 Propyl acetate C5H10O2 109-60-4 200 835 250 1040 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate C3H6N2O6 6423-43-4 0.05 0.34 Propylene glycol monomethyl ether C 4H10O2 107-98-2 100 369 150 553 Propyleneimine C 3H7N 75-55-8 2 4.7 Propyl nitrate C 3H7NO 3 627-13-4 25 107 40 172 Propyne [Methylacetylene] C 3H4 74-99-7 1000 1640 2-Pyridinamine [2-Aminopyridine] C 5H6N2 504-29-0 0.5 1.9 Pyridine C 5H5N 110-86-1 5 16 Pyrocatechol [Catechol] C 6H6O2 120-80-9 5 23 Resorcinol C 6H6O2 108-46-3 10 45 20 90 Rhodium Rh 7440-16-6 1 Ronnel C 8H8Cl3O3PS 299-84-3 10 Rotenone C 23H22O6 83-79-4 5 Selenium Se 7782-49-2 0.2 Selenium hexafluoride F 6Se 7783-79-1 0.12 0.95 Sesone C8H7Cl2NaO5S 136-78-7 10 Silane H4Si 7803-62-5 5 6.6 Silicon Si 7440-21-3 10 Silicon carbide CSi 409-21-2 10Time-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued) 16-41Silicon dioxide ( α-quartz) O 2Si 14808-60-7 0.05 Silicon dioxide (tridymite) O2Si 15468-32-3 0.05 Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) O 2Si 14464-46-1 0.05 Silicon dioxide (vitreous) O 2Si 60676-86-0 0.1 Silver Ag 7440-22-4 0.1 Sodium azide N3Na 26628-22-8 0.29 C Sodium fluoroacetate C 2H2FNaO 2 62-74-8 0.05 Sodium hydrogen sulfite HNaO3S 7631-90-5 5 Sodium hydroxide HNaO 1310-73-2 2 C Sodium metabisulfite Na 2O5S2 7681-57-4 5 Sodium pyrophosphate Na 4O7P2 7722-88-5 5 Sodium tetraborate decahydrate B 4H20Na2O17 1303-96-4 5 Stibine H 3Sb 7803-52-3 0.1 0.51 Strontium chromate CrO 4Sr 7789-06-2 0.002 Strychnine C21H22N2O2 57-24-9 0.15 Styrene C8H8 100-42-5 20 85 40 170 Sucrose C12H22O11 57-50-1 10 Sulfotep C8H20O5P2S2 3689-24-5 0.2 Sulfur chloride Cl2S2 10025-67-9 1 C 5.5 C Sulfur decafluoride F10S2 5714-22-7 0.01 C 0.10 C Sulfur dioxide O2S 7446-09-5 2 5.2 5 13 Sulfur hexafluoride F6S 2551-62-4 1000 6000 Sulfur tetrafluoride F4S 7783-60-0 0.1 C 0.44 C Sulfuric acid H2O4S 7664-93-9 1 3 Sulfuryl fluoride F2O2S 2699-79-8 5 21 10 42 Sulprofos C12H19O2PS3 35400-43-2 1 Talc 14807-96-6 2 Tantalum Ta 7440-25-7 5Tantalum(V) oxide O 5Ta2 1314-61-0 5 Tellurium Te 13494-80-9 0.1 Tellurium hexafluoride F6Te 7783-80-4 0.02 0.10 Terephthalic acid C8H6O4 100-21-0 10 Terphenyl (all isomers) C18H14 26140-60-3 0.53 C 5 C 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane [Acetylene tetrabromide] C2H2Br4 79-27-6 1 14 Tetrabromomethane [Carbon tetrabromide] CBr4 558-13-4 0.1 1.4 0.3 4.1 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane C2Cl4F2 76-11-9 500 4170 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane C2Cl4F2 76-12-0 500 4170 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane C2H2Cl4 79-34-5 1 6.9 Tetrachloroethene [Perchloroethylene] C2Cl4 127-18-4 25 170 100 685 Tetrachloromethane [Carbon tetrachloride] CCl 4 56-23-5 5 31 10 63 Tetrachloronaphthalene (all isomers) C 10H4Cl4 1335-88-2 2 Tetraethyl lead C 8H20Pb 78-00-2 0.1 Tetraethyl pyrophosphate [TEPP] C 8H20O7P2 107-49-3 0.05 Tetrahydrofuran [Oxolane] C 4H8O 109-99-9 200 590 250 737 Tetramethyl lead C 4H12Pb 75-74-1 0.15 Tetramethyl silicate C 4H12O4Si 681-84-5 1 6 Tetramethyl succinonitrile C 8H12N2 3333-52-6 0.5 2.8 Tetranitromethane CN 4O8 509-14-8 0.005 0.04 Thallium Tl 7440-28-0 0.1 4,4'-Thiobis(6- tert-butyl- m-cresol) C 22H30O2S 96-69-5 10 Thioglycolic acid C 2H4O2S 68-11-1 1 3.8 Thionyl chloride Cl 2OS 7719-09-7 1 C 4.9 C Thiram C 6H12N2S4 137-26-8 1 Tin Sn 7440-31-5 2Titanium(IV) oxide [Titanium dioxide] O 2Ti 13463-67-7 10 Toluene C 7H8 108-88-3 50 188Time-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued) TeamLRN16-42Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate C9H6N2O2 584-84-9 0.005 0.036 0.02 0.14 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine C 2H4N4 61-82-5 0.2 Tribromomethane [Bromoform] CHBr 3 75-25-2 0.5 5.2 Tributyl phosphate C12H27O4P 126-73-8 0.2 2.2 Trichloroacetic acid C 2HCl3O2 76-03-9 1 6.7 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene C 6H3Cl3 120-82-1 5 C 37 C 1,1,1-Trichloroethane [Methyl chloroform] C2H3Cl3 71-55-6 350 1910 450 2460 1,1,2-Trichloroethane C 2H3Cl3 79-00-5 10 55 Trichloroethene C 2HCl 3 79-01-6 50 269 100 537 Trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F 75-69-4 1000 C 5620 C Trichloromethane [Chloroform] CHCl 3 67-66-3 10 49 (Trichloromethyl)benzene [Benzotrichloride] C 7H5Cl3 98-07-7 0.01 C 0.08 C Trichloronaphthalene (all isomers) C10H5Cl3 1321-65-9 5 Trichloronitromethane [Chloropicrin] CCl 3NO2 76-06-2 0.1 0.67 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid C 8H5Cl3O3 93-76-5 10 1,2,3-Trichloropropane C3H5Cl3 96-18-4 10 60 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane C2Cl3F3 76-13-1 1000 7670 1250 9590 Tri-o-cresyl phosphate C21H21O4P 78-30-8 0.1 Triethanolamine C6H15NO3 102-71-6 5 Triethylamine C6H15N 121-44-8 1 4.1 3 12 Triiodomethane [Iodoform] CHI3 75-47-8 0.6 10 Trimellitic anhydride [1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic anhydride] C9H4O5 552-30-7 0.04 C Trimethylamine C3H9N 75-50-3 5 12 15 36 Trimethylbenzene (all isomers) C9H12 25551-13-7 25 123 Trimethyl phosphite C3H9O3P 121-45-9 2 10 Trinitroglycerol [Nitroglycerin] C3H5N3O9 55-63-0 0.05 0.46 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol [Picric acid] C6H3N3O7 88-89-1 0.1 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene [TNT] C7H5N3O6 118-96-7 0.1 Triphenylamine C18H15N 603-34-9 5 Triphenyl phosphate C18H15O4P 115-86-6 3 Tungsten W 7440-33-7 5 10 Uranium U 7440-61-1 0.2 0.6Vanadium(V) oxide O 5V2 1314-62-1 0.05 Vinyl acetate C4H6O2 108-05-4 10 35 15 53 4-Vinylcyclohexene C8H12 100-40-3 0.1 0.44 Warfarin C19H16O4 81-81-2 0.1 Xylene (all isomers) C8H10 1330-20-7 100 434 150 651 Xylidine (all isomers) C8H11N 1300-73-8 0.5 2.5 Yttrium Y 7440-65-5 1 Zinc chloride Cl2Zn 7646-85-7 1 2 Zinc chromate, basic CrH 2O4Zn 13530-65-9 0.045 Zinc oxide OZn 1314-13-2 5 10 Zirconium Zr 7440-67-7 5 10Time-Weighted Short-Term Molecular CAS Average Exposure Limit Substance Formula Reg. No. ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued) OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS The octanol-water partition coefficient, P, is a widely used parameter for correlating biological effects of organic substances. It is a property of the two-phase system in which water and 1-octanol are in equilibrium at a fixed temperature and the substance is distributed be tween the water-rich and octanol-rich phases. P is defined as the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of the substance in the octanol-rich phase to that in the water-rich phase, in the limit of zero concentration. In general, P tends to be large for compounds with extended non-polar structures (such as long chain or multi- ring hydrocarbons) and small for compounds with highly polar groups. Thus P (or, in its more common form of expression, log P) provides a measure of the lipophilic vs. hydrophilic nature of a compound, which is an important consideration in assessing the potential toxicity . A discussion of methods of measurement and accuracy considerations for log P may be found in Reference 1. This table gives selected values of log P for about 450 organic compounds, including many of environmental importance. All values refer to a nominal temperature of 25 °C. The source of each value is indicated in the last column. These references contain data on many more compounds than are included here. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. To locate a compound by name or CAS Registry Number wh en the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determi ne the molecular formula. REFERENCES 1. Sangster, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 18, 1111, 1989. 2. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., and Ma, K.C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals , Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 3. Shiu, W.Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 15, 911, 1986. 4. Pinsuwan, S., Li, L., and Yalkowsky, S.H., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 623, 1995. 5.Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20 , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 6.Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38 , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 7. Miller, M.M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S.P., Tewari, Y.B., and Martire, D.E., J. Chem. Eng . Data, 29, 184, 1984. Mol. Form. Name log PRef. CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane 2.16 2 CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane 2.53 2 CCl4 Tetrachloromethane 2.64 2 CHBr3 Tribromomethane 2.38 2 CHCl3 Trichloromethane 1.97 2 CH2BrCl Bromochloromethane 1.41 2 CH2Br2Dibromomethane 2.3 2 CH2Cl2Dichloromethane 1.25 2 CH2F2 Difluoromethane 0.20 1 CH2I2 Diiodomethane 2.5 2 CH2O Formaldehyde 0.35 1 CH2O2 Formic acid -0.54 1 CH3Br Bromomethane 1.19 2 CH3Cl Chloromethane 0.91 2 CH3F Fluoromethane 0.51 1 CH3I Iodomethane 1.5 2 CH3NO Formamide -1.51 1 CH3NO2Nitromethane -0.33 1 CH4O Methanol -0.74 1 CH5N Methylamine -0.57 1 C2Cl3F31,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 3.16 2 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene 2.88 2 C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane 4.00 4 C2HCl3Trichloroethylene 2.53 2 C2HCl5Pentachloroethane 2.89 2 C2H2Cl21,1-Dichloroethylene 2.13 2 C2H2Cl2cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1.86 2 C2H2Cl2trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1.93 2 C2H2Cl41,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 2.39 2 C2H3Cl Chloroethylene 1.38 2 C2H3Cl31,1,1-Trichloroethane 2.49 2 C2H3Cl31,1,2-Trichloroethane 2.38 2 C2H3N Acetonitrile -0.34 1 C2H4Cl21,1-Dichloroethane 1.79 2 C2H4Cl21,2-Dichloroethane 1.48 2C2H4O Acetaldehyde 0.45 1 C2H4O Ethylene oxide -0.30 1 C2H4O2Acetic acid -0.17 1 C2H5Br Bromoethane 1.6 2 C2H5Cl Chloroethane 1.43 2 C2H5I Iodoethane 2 2 C2H5NO Acetamide -1.26 1 C2H5NO2Nitroethane 0.18 1 C2H6O Ethanol -0.30 1 C2H6O Dimethyl ether 0.10 1 C2H6OS Dimethyl sulfoxide -1.35 1 C2H6O2S Dimethyl sulfone -1.41 1 C2H7N Ethylamine -0.13 1 C2H7N Dimethylamine -0.38 1 C3H3N 2-Propenenitrile 0.25 1 C3H4Cl2cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 2.03 2 C3H4O Propargyl alcohol -0.38 1 C3H4O Acrolein -0.01 1 C3H5Br 3-Bromopropene 1.79 1 C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin 0.30 2 C3H5Cl31,2,3-Trichloropropane 2.63 2 C3H5N Propanenitrile 0.16 1 C3H5NO Acrylamide -0.78 1 C3H6Cl21,2-Dichloropropane 2.0 2 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 0.17 1 C3H6O Propanal 0.59 1 C3H6O Acetone -0.24 1 C3H6O Methyloxirane 0.03 1 C3H6O2Propanoic acid 0.33 1 C3H6O2Methyl acetate 0.18 1 C3H7Br 1-Bromopropane 2.1 2 C3H7Br 2-Bromopropane 1.9 2 C3H7Cl 1-Chloropropane 2.04 1 C3H7Cl 2-Chloropropane 1.90 1 C3H7I 1-Iodopropane 2.5 2Mol. Form. Name log PRef. © 2000 CRC Press LLC TeamLRNC3H7N Allylamine 0.03 1 C3H7NO N,N-Dimethylformamide -1.01 1 C3H7NO N-Methylacetamide -1.05 1 C3H7NO21-Nitropropane 0.87 1 C3H8O 1-Propanol 0.25 1 C3H8O 2-Propanol 0.05 1 C3H8S 1-Propanethiol 1.81 1 C3H9N Propylamine 0.48 1 C3H9N Isopropylamine 0.26 1 C3H9N Ethylmethylamine 0.15 1 C3H9N Trimethylamine 0.16 1 C4H4O Furan 1.34 1 C4H4S Thiophene 1.81 1 C4H5N Pyrrole 0.75 1 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene 1.99 1 C4H6 2-Butyne 1.46 1 C4H6O 2,5-Dihydrofuran 0.46 1 C4H6O2Methacrylic acid 0.93 1 C4H6O2Vinyl acetate 0.73 1 C4H6O2Methyl acrylate 0.80 1 C4H7N Butanenitrile 0.60 1 C4H8 cis-2-Butene 2.33 1 C4H8 trans-2-Butene 2.31 1 C4H8 Isobutene 2.35 1 C4H8Cl2O Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 1.12 2 C4H8O Ethyl vinyl ether 1.04 1 C4H8O Butanal 0.88 1 C4H8O 2-Butanone 0.29 1 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 0.46 1 C4H8O2Butanoic acid 0.79 1 C4H8O2Propyl formate 0.83 1 C4H8O2Ethyl acetate 0.73 1 C4H9Br 1-Bromobutane 2.75 1 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 2.64 2 C4H9F 1-Fluorobutane 2.58 1 C4H9I 1-Iodobutane 3 2 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 0.46 1 C4H9NO Butanamide -0.21 1 C4H9NO N,N-Dimethylacetamide -0.77 1 C4H9NO21-Nitrobutane 1.47 1 C4H10 Isobutane 2.8 2 C4H10O 1-Butanol 0.84 1 C4H10O 2-Butanol 0.65 1 C4H10O 2-Methyl-1-propanol 0.76 1 C4H10O 2-Methyl-2-propanol 0.35 1 C4H10O Diethyl ether 0.89 1 C4H10S 1-Butanethiol 2.28 1 C4H10S Diethyl sulfide 1.95 1 C4H11N Butylamine 0.86 1 C4H11N tert-Butylamine 0.40 1 C4H11N Diethylamine 0.58 1 C5H5N Pyridine 0.65 1 C5H6O 2-Methylfuran 1.85 1 C5H7N 1-Methylpyrrole 1.21 1 C5H8 1,4-Pentadiene 2.48 1 C5H8 1-Pentyne 1.98 1 C5H8O2Methyl methacrylate 1.38 1 C5H8O2Ethyl acrylate 1.32 1 C5H9N Pentanenitrile 0.94 1 C5H10 1-Pentene 2.2 2C5H10 Cyclopentane 3.00 1 C5H10O 2-Pentanone 0.84 1 C5H10O 3-Pentanone 0.82 1 C5H10O 3-Methyl-2-butanone 0.56 1 C5H10O Tetrahydropyran 0.82 1 C5H10O 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 1.85 2 C5H10O2Pentanoic acid 1.39 1 C5H10O2Propyl acetate 1.24 1 C5H10O2Ethyl propanoate 1.21 1 C5H10O3Diethyl carbonate 1.21 1 C5H11Br 1-Bromopentane 3.37 1 C5H11F 1-Fluoropentane 2.33 1 C5H11N Piperidine 0.84 1 C5H11NO21-Nitropentane 2.01 1 C5H12 Pentane 3.45 1 C5H12 Neopentane 3.11 1 C5H12O 1-Pentanol 1.51 1 C5H12O 2-Pentanol 1.25 1 C5H12O 3-Pentanol 1.21 1 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-butanol 1.28 1 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-butanol 0.89 1 C5H12O 3-Methyl-2-butanol 1.28 1 C5H12O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol 1.31 1 C5H12O Methyl tert-butyl ether 0.94 1 C5H13N Pentylamine 1.49 1 C6Cl6 Hexachlorobenzene 5.47 5 C6HCl5Pentachlorobenzene 5.03 5 C6HCl5O Pentachlorophenol 5.07 4 C6H2Cl41,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 4.55 5 C6H2Cl41,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 4.65 5 C6H2Cl41,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 4.51 5 C6H3Cl31,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 4.04 5 C6H3Cl31,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 3.98 5 C6H3Cl31,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 4.02 5 C6H4Cl2o-Dichlorobenzene 3.38 5 C6H4Cl2m-Dichlorobenzene 3.48 5 C6H4Cl2p-Dichlorobenzene 3.38 5 C6H4Cl2O 2,4-Dichlorophenol 3.23 4 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 2.99 2 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 2.84 1 C6H5F Fluorobenzene 2.27 2 C6H5I Iodobenzene 3.28 2 C6H5NO2Nitrobenzene 1.85 1 C6H6 Benzene 2.13 1 C6H6O Phenol 1.48 4 C6H6S Benzenethiol 2.52 1 C6H7N Aniline 0.90 1 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 1.11 1 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine 1.20 1 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 1.22 1 C6H8 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 2.3 2 C6H8O 5-Hexyn-2-one 0.58 1 C6H8O 2-Cyclohexen-1-one 0.61 1 C6H8O 2-Ethylfuran 2.40 1 C6H10 1,5-Hexadiene 2.8 2 C6H10 1-Hexyne 2.73 2 C6H10 Cyclohexene 2.86 1 C6H10O 5-Hexen-2-one 1.02 1 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 0.81 1 C6H10O2Ethyl methacrylate 1.94 1Mol. Form. Name log PRef. Mol. Form. Name log PRef.OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) © 2000 CRC Press LLC OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form. Name log PRef. Mol. Form. Name log PRef. © 2000 CRC Press LLCC6H11Br Bromocyclohexane 3.20 1 C6H11N Hexanenitrile 1.66 1 C6H12 1-Hexene 3.40 1 C6H12 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2.5 2 C6H12 Cyclohexane 3.44 1 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 3.37 2 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 1.23 1 C6H12O Hexanal 1.78 1 C6H12O 2-Hexanone 1.38 1 C6H12O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 1.31 1 C6H12O2Hexanoic acid 1.92 1 C6H12O2Butyl acetate 1.82 1 C6H13Br 1-Bromohexane 3.80 1 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine 1.49 1 C6H14 Hexane 4.00 1 C6H14 3-Methylpentane 3.60 2 C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane 3.82 1 C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane 3.85 2 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 2.03 1 C6H14O 2-Hexanol 1.76 1 C6H14O 3-Hexanol 1.65 1 C6H14O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 1.48 1 C6H14O Dipropyl ether 2.03 1 C6H14O Diisopropyl ether 1.52 1 C6H15N Hexylamine 2.06 1 C6H15N Dipropylamine 1.67 1 C6H15N Triethylamine 1.45 1 C7H5BrO22-Bromobenzoic acid 2.20 4 C7H5BrO23-Bromobenzoic acid 2.87 4 C7H5BrO24-Bromobenzoic acid 2.86 4 C7H5N Benzonitrile 1.56 1 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 1.48 1 C7H6O2Benzoic acid 1.88 4 C7H6O2Phenyl formate 1.26 1 C7H6O3Salicylic acid 2.20 4 C7H7Br (Bromomethyl)benzene 2.92 1 C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene 3.42 1 C7H7Cl m-Chlorotoluene 3.28 1 C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene 3.33 1 C7H7Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene 2.30 1 C7H7NO2p-Nitrotoluene 2.42 1 C7H8 Toluene 2.73 1 C7H8 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene 2.63 2 C7H8O o-Cresol 1.98 1 C7H8O m-Cresol 1.98 1 C7H8O p-Cresol 1.97 1 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 1.05 1 C7H8O Anisole 2.11 1 C7H9N Benzylamine 1.09 1 C7H9N o-Methylaniline 1.32 1 C7H9N m-Methylaniline 1.40 1 C7H9N p-Methylaniline 1.39 1 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 1.66 1 C7H14 1-Heptene 3.99 1 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 3.88 1 C7H14O 2-Heptanone 1.98 1 C7H14O 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 1.88 1 C7H15Br 1-Bromoheptane 4.36 1 C7H15Cl 1-Chloroheptane 4.15 1 C7H15I 1-Iodoheptane 4.70 1C7H16 Heptane 4.50 1 C7H16O 1-Heptanol 2.62 1 C7H16O 2-Heptanol 2.31 1 C7H16O 3-Heptanol 2.24 1 C7H16O 4-Heptanol 2.22 1 C7H17N Heptylamine 2.57 1 C8H6 Phenylacetylene 2.40 1 C8H6O Benzofuran 2.67 1 C8H6S Benzo[b]thiophene 3.12 1 C8H7N Benzeneacetonitrile 1.56 1 C8H7N Indole 2.14 1 C8H8 Styrene 3.05 1 C8H8O Acetophenone 1.63 1 C8H8O 2-Methylbenzaldehyde 2.26 1 C8H8O Benzeneacetaldehyde 1.78 1 C8H8O 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran 2.14 1 C8H8O Phenyloxirane 1.61 1 C8H8O2o-Toluic acid 2.32 4 C8H8O2m-Toluic acid 2.37 1 C8H8O2p-Toluic acid 2.34 1 C8H8O2Benzeneacetic acid 1.41 1 C8H8O2Phenyl acetate 1.49 1 C8H8O2Methyl benzoate 2.20 1 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 3.15 1 C8H10 o-Xylene 3.12 1 C8H10 m-Xylene 3.20 1 C8H10 p-Xylene 3.15 1 C8H10O o-Ethylphenol 2.47 1 C8H10O m-Ethylphenol 2.50 1 C8H10O p-Ethylphenol 2.50 1 C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol 2.35 1 C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol 2.34 1 C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol 2.36 1 C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol 3.23 1 C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol 2.35 1 C8H10O Benzeneethanol 1.36 1 C8H10O α-Methylbenzyl alcohol 1.42 1 C8H10O 3-Methylbenzenemethanol 1.60 1 C8H10O 4-Methylbenzenemethanol 1.58 1 C8H10O Phenetole 2.51 1 C8H10O Benzyl methyl ether 1.35 1 C8H10O 2-Methylanisole 2.74 1 C8H10O 3-Methylanisole 2.66 1 C8H10O 4-Methylanisole 2.81 1 C8H11N p-Ethylaniline 1.96 1 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 2.31 1 C8H11N Benzeneethanamine 1.41 1 C8H14O2Butyl methacrylate 2.88 1 C8H15N Octanenitrile 2.75 1 C8H16 1-Octene 4.57 1 C8H16 Cyclooctane 4.45 2 C8H16O 2-Octanone 2.37 1 C8H16O2Octanoic acid 3.05 1 C8H17Br 1-Bromooctane 4.89 1 C8H18 Octane 5.15 1 C8H18O 1-Octanol 3.07 1 C8H18O 2-Octanol 2.90 1 C8H18O 4-Octanol 2.68 1 C8H18O Dibutyl ether 3.21 1 C9H7N Quinoline 2.03 1 TeamLRNOCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form. Name log PRef. Mol. Form. Name log PRef. © 2000 CRC Press LLCC9H7N Isoquinoline 2.08 1 C9H8 Indene 2.92 1 C9H8O2trans-Cinnamic acid 2.13 1 C9H9N Benzenepropanenitrile 1.72 1 C9H10 Indan 3.33 1 C9H10O 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 2.19 1 C9H10O 1-Phenyl-2-propanone 1.44 1 C9H10O 4-Methylacetophenone 2.19 1 C9H10O22-Phenylpropanoic acid 1.80 1 C9H10O2Benzyl acetate 1.96 1 C9H10O24-Methylphenyl acetate 2.11 1 C9H10O2Ethyl benzoate 2.64 1 C9H12 Propylbenzene 3.69 1 C9H12 Isopropylbenzene 3.66 1 C9H12 o-Ethyltoluene 3.53 1 C9H12 p-Ethyltoluene 3.63 2 C9H12 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 3.60 1 C9H12 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 3.63 1 C9H12 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 3.42 1 C9H12O 2-Propylphenol 2.93 1 C9H12O 4-Propylphenol 3.20 1 C9H12O 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol 2.67 1 C9H12O 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol 2.46 1 C9H12O Benzenepropanol 1.88 1 C9H13N N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine 1.98 1 C9H13N Amphetamine 1.76 1 C9H18 1-Nonene 5.15 1 C9H18O 2-Nonanone 3.16 1 C9H18O 5-Methyl-2-octanone 2.92 1 C9H20 Nonane 5.65 1 C9H20O 1-Nonanol 4.02 1 C9H21N Tripropylamine 2.79 1 C10H7Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene 3.90 1 C10H7Cl 2-Chloronaphthalene 3.98 1 C10H8 Naphthalene 3.34 4 C10H8 Azulene 3.22 1 C10H8O 1-Naphthol 2.84 1 C10H8O 2-Naphthol 2.70 1 C10H12O2Isopropyl benzoate 3.18 1 C10H14 Butylbenzene 4.26 1 C10H14 tert-Butylbenzene 4.11 1 C10H14 Isobutylbenzene 4.01 2 C10H14 p-Cymene 4.10 1 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 4.10 2 C10H14 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 4.00 1 C10H14 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 4.10 1 C10H14O 4-Butylphenol 3.65 1 C10H20O 2-Decanone 3.77 1 C10H20O2Decanoic acid 4.09 1 C10H22 Decane 6.25 1 C10H22O 1-Decanol 4.57 1 C11H9N 4-Phenylpyridine 2.59 1 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 3.87 1 C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 4.00 1 C11H16 Pentylbenzene 4.90 1 C11H16 Pentamethylbenzene 4.56 1 C11H22O 2-Undecanone 4.09 1 C11H22O2Methyl decanoate 4.41 1 C12Cl10 Decachlorobiphenyl 8.26 3 C12HCl92,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6,6′- Nonachlorobiphenyl 8.16 3C12H2Cl82,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′- Octachlorobiphenyl 7.10 3 C12H3Cl72,2′,3,3′,4,4′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 6.70 3 C12H4Cl62,2′,3,3′,4,4′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 7.00 3 C12H4Cl62,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 7.00 3 C12H4Cl62,2′,3,3′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 6.70 3 C12H5Cl52,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 6.30 3 C12H5Cl52,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 6.40 3 C12H6Cl42,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 5.72 3 C12H6Cl42,2′,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 5.73 7 C12H7Cl32,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 5.60 3 C12H7Cl32,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 5.47 3 C12H8Cl22,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 5.10 3 C12H8Cl22,6-Dichlorobiphenyl 5.00 3 C12H8O Dibenzofuran 4.12 1 C12H9Cl 2-Chlorobiphenyl 4.52 1 C12H9Cl 3-Chlorobiphenyl 4.58 1 C12H9Cl 4-Chlorobiphenyl 4.61 1 C12H9N Carbazole 3.72 1 C12H10 Acenaphthene 3.96 4 C12H10 Biphenyl 3.76 6 C12H10N2Azobenzene 3.82 1 C12H10O Diphenyl ether 4.21 1 C12H10S Diphenyl sulfide 4.45 1 C12H11N Diphenylamine 3.44 4 C12H12 1-Ethylnaphthalene 4.40 1 C12H12 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 4.31 1 C12H12 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 4.37 1 C12H14O 4-Phenylcyclohexanone 2.45 1 C12H18 Hexylbenzene 5.52 1 C12H18 Hexamethylbenzene 4.69 4 C12H22O Cyclododecanone 4.10 1 C12H24O2Dodecanoic acid 4.6 1 C12H26O 1-Dodecanol 5.13 1 C13H8O 9H-Fluoren-9-one 3.58 1 C13H9N Acridine 3.40 1 C13H10 9H-Fluorene 4.20 4 C13H10O Benzophenone 3.18 1 C13H10O2Phenyl benzoate 3.59 1 C13H11NON-Phenylbenzamide 2.62 1 C13H12 Diphenylmethane 4.14 1 C13H12 4-Methylbiphenyl 4.63 1 C13H12O Diphenylmethanol 2.67 1 C13H12O Benzyl phenyl ether 3.79 1 C14H10 Anthracene 4.56 4 C14H10 Phenanthrene 4.52 4 C14H12 trans-Stilbene 4.81 1 C14H12 1-Methylfluorene 4.97 1 C14H12O 2-Phenylacetophenone 3.18 1 C14H12O2Benzyl benzoate 3.97 1 C14H14 1,2-Diphenylethane 4.70 1 C14H14 4,4′-Dimethylbiphenyl 5.09 1 C14H22 Octylbenzene 6.30 1 C14H28O2Tetradecanoic acid 6.1 1 C15H12 2-Methylanthracene 5.15 2 C15H12 9-Methylanthracene 5.07 1 C15H12 1-Methylphenanthrene 5.14 2 C16H10 Fluoranthene 5.07 4 C16H10 Pyrene 5.08 4 C16H14 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 5.69 1 C16H32O2Hexadecanoic acid 7.17 1 OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form. Name log PRef. Mol. Form. Name log PRef. © 2000 CRC Press LLCC17H12 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 5.40 1 C17H12 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene 5.75 1 C18H12 Benz[a]anthracene 5.91 1 C18H12 Chrysene 5.73 4 C18H12 Naphthacene 5.76 1 C18H12 Triphenylene 5.49 4 C18H15N Triphenylamine 5.74 1 C18H30O2Linolenic acid 6.46 1 C18H32O2Linoleic acid 7.05 1 C18H34O2Oleic acid 7.64 1C18H36O2Stearic acid 8.23 1 C19H16O Triphenylmethanol 3.68 1 C20H12 Perylene 6.25 1 C20H12 Benzo[a]pyrene 6.20 4 C20H32O2Arachidonic acid 6.98 1 C20H40O2Arachidic acid 9.29 1 C21H16 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] aceanthrylene 6.75 1 C22H12 Benzo[ghi]perylene 6.90 1 C24H12 Coronene 6.05 4 TeamLRN16-47PROTECTION AGAINST IONIZING RADIATION The following data and rules of thumb are helpful in estimating the penetrating capability of and danger of exposure to various types of ionizing radiation. More precise data should be used for critical applications. Alpha Particles Alpha particles of at least 7.5 MeV are required to penetrate the epidermis, the protective layer of skin, 0.07 mm thick. Electrons Electrons of at least 70 keV are required to penetrate the epidermis, the protective layer of skin, 0.07 mm thick. The range of electrons in g/cm2 is approximately equal to the maximum energy ( E) in MeV divided by 2. The range of electrons in air is about 3.65 m per MeV; for example, a 3 MeV electron has a range of about 11 m in air. A chamber wall thickness of 30 mg/cm2 will transmit 70% of the initial fluence of 1 MeV electrons and 20% of that of 0.4 MeV electrons. When electrons of 1 to 2 MeV pass through light materials such as water, aluminum, or glass, less than 1% of their energy is di ssipated as bremsstrahlung. The bremsstrahlung from 1 Ci of 32P aqueous solution in a glass bottle is about 1 mR/h at 1 meter distance. When electrons from a 1 Ci source of 90Sr - 90Y are absorbed, the bremsstrahlung hazard is approximately equal to that presented by the gamma radiation from 12 mg of radium. The average energy of the bremsstrahlung is about 300 keV. Gamma Rays The air-scattered radiation (sky-shine) from a 100 Ci 60Co source placed 1 ft behind a 4 ft high shield is about 100 mrad/h at 6 ft from the outside of the shield. Within ±20% for point source gamma emitters with energies between 0.07 and 4 MeV, the exposure rate (R/h) at 1 ft is 6 C⋅E⋅n where C is the activity in curies, E is the energy in MeV, and n is the number of gammas per disintegration. Neutrons An approximate HVL (thickness of absorber for which the neutron flux falls to half its initial value) for 1 MeV neutrons is 3.2 cm of paraffin; that for 5 MeV neutrons is 6.9 cm of paraffin). Miscellaneous The activity of any radionuclide is reduced to less than 1% after 7 half-lives (i.e., 2-7 = 0.8%). For nuclides with a half-life greater than 6 days, the change in activity in 24 hours will be less than 10%. 10 HVL (half-value layers) attenuates approximately by 10-3. There is 0.64 mm3 of radon gas at STP in transient equilibrium with 1 Ci of radium. The natural background from all sources in most parts of the world leads to an equivalent dose rate of about 0.04 to 4 mSv per year for the average person. About 84% of this comes from terrestrial sources, the remainder from cosmic rays. The U. S. average is about 3.6 mSv/yr but can range up to 50 mSv/yr in some areas. A passenger in a plane flying at 12,000 meters receives 5 µSv/hr from cosmic rays (as compared to about 0.03 µSv/hr at sea level). The ICRP recommended exposure limit to man-made sources of ionizing radiation (Reference 2) is 20 mSv/yr averaged over 5 years, with the dose in any one year not to exceed 50 mSv. A whole-body dose of about 3 Gy over a short time interval will typically lead to 50% mortality in 30 days assuming no medical treatment. Units The gray (Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose; it is a measure of the mean energy imparted to a sample of irradiated matter, di vided by the mass of the sample. Gy is a special name for the SI unit J/kg. The sievert (Sv) is the SI unit of equivalent dose, which is defined as the absorbed dose multiplied by a weighting factor that expresses the long- term biological risk from low-level chronic exposure to a specified type of radiation. The Sv is another special name for J/kg. 1 curie (Ci) = 3.7 ⋅1010 becquerel (Bq); i.e., 3.7 ⋅1010 disintegrations per second. 1 roentgen (R) = 2.58 ⋅10-4 coulomb per kilogram (C/kg); a measure of the charge (positive or negative) liberated by x-ray or gamma radiation in air, divided by the mass of air. 1 rad = 0.01 Gy 1 rem = 0.01 Sv REFERENCES 1. Padikal, T.N., and Fivozinsky, S.P., Medical Physics Data Book , National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138 , U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1981. 2.1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60 , Annals of the ICRP, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 3.Radiation: Doses, Effects, Risks , United Nations Sales No. E.86.III.D.4, 1985. 4.Review of Particle Properties, Phys. Rev. D , 50, 1173, 1994 (p. 1268). ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES K. F. Eckerman The following table lists, for workers, the annual limits on oral and inhalation intakes (ALI) for selected radionuclides based on the occupational radiation protection guidance of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (References 1 and 2). An intake of one ALI corresponds to an annual whole body dose of 0.02 Sv (2 rem). The ALI is expressed in the SI unit of activity, the becquerel (Bq), and in the conventional unit, the microcurie ( µCi); 1 µCi = 3.7⋅104 Bq. The chemical form of inhaled radionuclides is, in most instances, stated in terms of the rate of absorption to blood from the lungs and the fractional absorption from the small intestine. Type F, M, and S denote chemical forms which are absorbed from the lungs at rates characterized as fa st, moderate, and slow, respectively. The time to absorb 90% of the deposited radionuclide, in the absence of radioactive decay, corresponds to about 1 0 minutes, 150 days, and 7000 days for Type F, M, and S compounds, respectively. Type F compounds can be considered to be more soluble than M or S, S being the most insoluble. Chemical form consideration for ingestion is specified by the fractional absorption from the small intestine, denote d as f1. The f1 values range from 10–5 to 1. Higher fractional absorption is associated with greater solubility of the compound. REFERENCES 1.1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP 21, (1 —3), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 2.Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 68, Annals of the ICRP , 24(4), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1995. Inhalation intakes Oral intakes Chemical Chemical Physical form ALI form ALI half-life Type/ f1 Bq µCi f1 Bq µCi 3H 12.3 y HT gas 1.1E+13 3.0E+08 1.000 1.1E+13 3.0E+08 HTO vapor 1.1E+09 3.0E+04 11C 0.340 h CO 1.7E+10 4.5E+05 1.000 8.3E+08 2.3E+04 CO2 9.1E+09 2.5E+05 Organic 6.2E+09 1.7E+05 compounds 14C 5730 y CO 2.5E+10 6.8E+05 1.000 3.4E+07 9.3E+02 CO2 3.1E+09 8.3E+04 Organic 3.4E+07 9.3E+02 compounds 18F 1.83 h F 1.000 3.7E+08 1.0E+04 1.000 4.1E+08 1.1E+04 M 1.000 2.2E+08 6.1E+03 S 1.000 2.2E+08 5.8E+03 22Na 2.60 y F 1.000 1.0E+07 2.7E+02 1.000 6.3E+06 1.7E+02 24Na 15.0 h F 1.000 3.8E+07 1.0E+03 1.000 4.7E+07 1.3E+03 32P 14.3 d F 0.800 1.8E+07 4.9E+02 0.800 8.3E+06 2.3E+02 M 0.800 6.9E+06 1.9E+02 35S 87.4 d Inorganic compoundsF 0.800 2.5E+08 6.8E+03 0.800 1.4E+08 3.9E+03 M 0.800 1.8E+07 4.9E+02 0.100 1.1E+08 2.8E+03 Vapor 1.7E+08 4.5E+03Organic 1.000 2.6E+07 7.0E+02 compounds 42K 12.4 h F 1.000 1.0E+08 2.7E+03 1.000 4.7E+07 1.3E+03 43K 22.6 h F 1.000 7.7E+07 2.1E+03 1.000 8.0E+07 2.2E+03 45Ca 163 d M 0.300 8.7E+06 2.4E+02 0.300 2.6E+07 7.1E+02 47Ca 4.53 d M 0.300 9.5E+06 2.6E+02 0.300 1.3E+07 3.4E+02 51Cr 27.7 d F 0.100 6.7E+08 1.8E+04 0.100 5.3E+08 1.4E+04 M 0.100 5.9E+08 1.6E+04 0.010 5.4E+08 1.5E+04 S 0.100 5.6E+08 1.5E+04 54Mn 312 d F 0.100 1.8E+07 4.9E+02 0.100 2.8E+07 7.6E+02 M 0.100 1.7E+07 4.5E+02 52Fe 8.28 h F 0.100 2.9E+07 7.8E+02 0.100 1.4E+07 3.9E+02 M 0.100 2.1E+07 5.7E+02 55Fe 2.70 y F 0.100 2.2E+07 5.9E+02 0.100 6.1E+07 1.6E+03 M 0.100 6.1E+07 1.6E+03 16-48 TeamLRN59Fe 44.5 d F 0.100 6.7E+06 1.8E+02 0.100 1.1E+07 3.0E+02 M 0.100 6.3E+06 1.7E+02 57Co 271 d M 0.100 5.1E+07 1.4E+03 0.100 9.5E+07 2.6E+03 S 0.050 3.3E+07 9.0E+02 0.050 1.1E+08 2.8E+03 58Co 70.8 d M 0.100 1.4E+07 3.9E+02 0.100 2.7E+07 7.3E+02 S 0.050 1.2E+07 3.2E+02 0.050 2.9E+07 7.7E+02 60Co 5.27 y M 0.100 2.8E+06 7.6E+01 0.100 5.9E+06 1.6E+02 S 0.050 1.2E+06 3.2E+01 0.050 8.0E+06 2.2E+02 64Cu 12.7 h F 0.500 2.9E+08 7.9E+03 0.500 1.7E+08 4.5E+03 M 0.500 1.3E+08 3.6E+03 S 0.500 1.3E+08 3.6E+03 59Ni 75000 y F 0.050 9.1E+07 2.5E+03 0.050 3.2E+08 8.6E+03 M 0.050 2.1E+08 5.8E+03 Vapor 2.4E+07 6.5E+02 63Ni 96.0 y F 0.050 3.8E+07 1.0E+03 0.050 1.3E+08 3.6E+03 M 0.050 6.5E+07 1.7E+03 Vapor 1.0E+07 2.7E+02 65Zn 244 d S 0.500 7.1E+06 1.9E+02 0.500 5.1E+06 1.4E+02 67Ga 3.26 d F 0.001 1.8E+08 4.9E+03 0.001 1.1E+08 2.8E+03 M 0.001 7.1E+07 1.9E+03 68Ga 1.13 h F 0.001 4.1E+08 1.1E+04 0.001 2.0E+08 5.4E+03 M 0.001 2.5E+08 6.7E+03 68Ge 288 d F 1.000 2.4E+07 6.5E+02 1.000 1.5E+07 4.2E+02 M 1.000 2.5E+06 6.8E+01 75Se 120 d F 0.800 1.4E+07 3.9E+02 0.800 7.7E+06 2.1E+02 M 0.800 1.2E+07 3.2E+02 0.050 4.9E+07 1.3E+03 79Se 65000 y F 0.800 1.3E+07 3.4E+02 0.800 6.9E+06 1.9E+02 M 0.800 6.5E+06 1.7E+02 0.050 5.1E+07 1.4E+03 86Rb 18.6 d F 1.000 1.5E+07 4.2E+02 1.000 7.1E+06 1.9E+02 85Sr 64.8 d F 0.300 3.6E+07 9.7E+02 0.300 3.6E+07 9.7E+02 S 0.010 3.1E+07 8.4E+02 0.010 6.1E+07 1.6E+03 87mSr 2.80 h F 0.300 9.1E+08 2.5E+04 0.300 6.7E+08 1.8E+04 S 0.010 5.7E+08 1.5E+04 0.010 6.1E+08 1.6E+04 89Sr 50.5 d F 0.300 1.4E+07 3.9E+02 0.300 7.7E+06 2.1E+02 S 0.010 3.6E+06 9.7E+01 0.010 8.7E+06 2.4E+02 90Sr 29.1 y F 0.300 6.7E+05 1.8E+01 0.300 7.1E+05 1.9E+01 S 0.010 2.6E+05 7.0E+00 0.010 7.4E+06 2.0E+02 99Mo 2.75 d F 0.800 5.6E+07 1.5E+03 0.800 2.7E+07 7.3E+02 S 0.050 1.8E+07 4.9E+02 0.050 1.7E+07 4.5E+02 99mTc 6.02 h F 0.800 1.0E+09 2.7E+04 0.800 9.1E+08 2.5E+04 M 0.800 6.9E+08 1.9E+04 99Tc 213000 y F 0.800 5.0E+07 1.4E+03 0.800 2.6E+07 6.9E+02 M 0.800 6.3E+06 1.7E+02 106Ru 1.01 y F 0.050 2.0E+06 5.5E+01 0.050 2.9E+06 7.7E+01 M 0.050 1.2E+06 3.2E+01S 0.050 5.7E+05 1.5E+01 111In 2.83 d F 0.020 9.1E+07 2.5E+03 0.020 6.9E+07 1.9E+03 M 0.020 6.5E+07 1.7E+03 113mIn 1.66 h F 0.020 1.1E+09 2.8E+04 0.020 7.1E+08 1.9E+04 M 0.020 6.3E+08 1.7E+04 113Sn 115 d F 0.020 2.5E+07 6.8E+02 0.020 2.7E+07 7.4E+02 M 0.020 1.1E+07 2.8E+02 123I 13.2 h F 1.000 1.8E+08 4.9E+03 1.000 9.5E+07 2.6E+03 Vapor 9.5E+07 2.6E+03 125I 60.1 d F 1.000 2.7E+06 7.4E+01 1.000 1.3E+06 3.6E+01 Vapor 1.4E+06 3.9E+01 129I 1.57 ⋅107 y F 1.000 3.9E+05 1.1E+01 1.000 1.8E+05 4.9E+00ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Oral intakes Chemical Chemical Physical form ALI form ALI half-life Type/ f1 Bq µCi f1 Bq µCi 16-49 16-50ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Oral intakes Chemical Chemical Physical form ALI form ALI half-life Type/ f1 Bq µCi f1 Bq µCi Vapor 2.1E+05 5.6E+00 131I 8.04 d F 1.000 1.8E+06 4.9E+01 1.000 9.1E+05 2.5E+01 Vapor 1.0E+06 2.7E+01 129Cs 1.34 d F 1.000 2.5E+08 6.7E+03 1.000 3.3E+08 9.0E+03 134Cs 2.06 y F 1.000 2.1E+06 5.6E+01 1.000 1.1E+06 2.8E+01 136Cs 13.1 d F 1.000 1.1E+07 2.8E+02 1.000 6.7E+06 1.8E+02 137Cs 30.0 y F 1.000 3.0E+06 8.1E+01 1.000 1.5E+06 4.2E+01 141Ce 32.5 d M 5.0E-04 7.4E+06 2.0E+02 5.0E-04 2.8E+07 7.6E+02 S 5.0E-04 6.5E+06 1.7E+02 144Ce 284 d M 5.0E-04 8.7E+05 2.4E+01 5.0E-04 3.8E+06 1.0E+02 S 5.0E-04 6.9E+05 1.9E+01 133Ba 10.7 y F 0.100 1.1E+07 3.0E+02 0.100 2.0E+07 5.4E+02 140Ba 12.7 d F 0.100 1.3E+07 3.4E+02 0.100 8.0E+06 2.2E+02 169Yb 32.0 d M 5.0E-04 9.5E+06 2.6E+02 5.0E-04 2.8E+07 7.6E+02 S 5.0E-04 8.3E+06 2.3E+02 198Au 2.69 d F 0.100 5.1E+07 1.4E+03 0.100 2.0E+07 5.4E+02 M 0.100 2.0E+07 5.5E+02 S 0.100 1.8E+07 4.9E+02 198mAu 2.30 d F 0.100 3.4E+07 9.2E+02 0.100 1.5E+07 4.2E+02 M 0.100 1.0E+07 2.7E+02 S 0.100 1.1E+07 2.8E+02 197Hg 2.67 d Inorganic compounds F 0.400 2.4E+08 6.4E+03 1.000 2.0E+08 5.5E+03 0.400 1.2E+08 3.2E+03 Vapor 4.5E+06 1.2E+02 Organic compounds F 0.020 2.0E+08 5.4E+03 0.020 8.7E+07 2.4E+03 M 0.020 7.1E+07 1.9E+03 203Hg 46.6 d Inorganic compounds F 0.400 2.7E+07 7.2E+02 1.000 1.1E+07 2.8E+02 0.400 1.8E+07 4.9E+02 Vapor 2.9E+06 7.7E+01 Organic compounds F 0.020 3.4E+07 9.2E+02 0.020 3.7E+07 1.0E+03 M 0.020 1.1E+07 2.8E+02 201Tl 3.04 d F 1.000 2.6E+08 7.1E+03 1.000 2.1E+08 5.7E+03 210Pb 22.3 y F 0.200 1.8E+04 4.9E-01 0.200 2.9E+04 7.9E-01 207Bi 38.0 y F 0.050 2.4E+07 6.4E+02 0.050 1.5E+07 4.2E+02 M 0.050 6.3E+06 1.7E+02 210Po 138 d F 0.100 2.8E+04 7.6E-01 0.100 8.3E+04 2.3E+00 M 0.100 9.1E+03 2.5E-01 224Ra 3.66 d M 0.200 8.3E+03 2.3E-01 0.200 3.1E+05 8.3E+00 226Ra 1600 y M 0.200 1.7E+03 4.5E-02 0.200 7.1E+04 1.9E+00 228Ra 5.75 y M 0.200 1.2E+04 3.2E-01 0.200 3.0E+04 8.1E-01 228Th 1.91 y M 5.0E-04 8.7E+02 2.4E-02 5.0E-04 2.9E+05 7.7E+00 S 2.0E-04 6.3E+02 1.7E-02 2.0E-04 5.7E+05 1.5E+01 230Th 77000 y M 5.0E-04 7.1E+02 1.9E-02 5.0E-04 9.5E+04 2.6E+00 S 2.0E-04 2.8E+03 7.5E-02 2.0E-04 2.3E+05 6.2E+00 232Th 1.40 ⋅1010 y M 5.0E-04 6.9E+02 1.9E-02 5.0E-04 9.1E+04 2.5E+00 S 2.0E-04 1.7E+03 4.5E-02 2.0E-04 2.2E+05 5.9E+00 234U 2.44 ⋅105 y F 0.020 3.1E+04 8.4E-01 0.020 4.1E+05 1.1E+01 M 0.020 9.5E+03 2.6E-01 0.002 2.4E+06 6.5E+01 S 0.002 2.9E+03 7.9E-02 TeamLRN16-51ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Oral intakes Chemical Chemical Physical form ALI form ALI half-life Type/ f1 Bq µCi f1 Bq µCi 235U 7.04 ⋅108 y F 0.020 3.3E+04 9.0E-01 0.020 4.3E+05 1.2E+01 M 0.020 1.1E+04 3.0E-01 0.002 2.4E+06 6.5E+01 S 0.002 3.3E+03 8.9E-02 238U 4.47 ⋅109 y F 0.020 3.4E+04 9.3E-01 0.020 4.5E+05 1.2E+01 M 0.020 1.3E+04 3.4E-01 0.002 2.6E+06 7.1E+01 S 0.002 3.5E+03 9.5E-02 237Np 2.14 ⋅106 y M 5.0E-04 1.3E+03 3.6E-02 5.0E-04 1.8E+05 4.9E+00 239Np 2.36 d M 5.0E-04 1.8E+07 4.9E+02 5.0E-04 2.5E+07 6.8E+02 238Pu 87.7 y M 5.0E-04 6.7E+02 1.8E-02 5.0E-04 8.7E+04 2.4E+00 S 1.0E-05 1.8E+03 4.9E-02 1.0E-05 2.3E+06 6.1E+01 1.0E-04 4.1E+05 1.1E+01 239Pu 24100 y M 5.0E-04 6.3E+02 1.7E-02 5.0E-04 8.0E+04 2.2E+00 S 1.0E-05 2.4E+03 6.5E-02 1.0E-05 2.2E+06 6.0E+01 1.0E-04 3.8E+05 1.0E+01 241Pu 14.4 y M 5.0E-04 3.4E+04 9.3E-01 5.0E-04 4.3E+06 1.2E+02 S 1.0E-05 2.4E+05 6.4E+00 1.0E-05 1.8E+08 4.9E+03 1.0E-04 2.1E+07 5.6E+02 241Am 432 y M 5.0E-04 7.4E+02 2.0E-02 5.0E-04 1.0E+05 2.7E+00 244Cm 18.1 y M 5.0E-04 1.2E+03 3.2E-02 5.0E-04 1.7E+05 4.5E+00 252Cf 2.64 y M 5.0E-04 1.5E+03 4.2E-02 5.0E-04 2.2E+05 6.0E+00 16-53CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS The following substances are listed in the 10th Report on Carcinogens , released in December 2002 by the National Institute of Enviro nmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) under the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Substances are grouped in two classes: - Known to be human carcinogens: There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates a ca usal relationship between exposure to the substance and human cancer. - Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens: There is li mited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates that causal interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations, such as chance, bias, or confounding factors, could not be adeq uately excluded; or there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in exper imental animals. The NTP report also lists many poorly defined materials such as soots, tars, mineral oils, coke oven emissions, etc. These mat erials are not included here. The table lists the name normally used in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , followed by additional names by which the substance is known. In many cases the primary name given here is different from tha t used in the NTP report; however, names used in the NTP report appear in the Other names column. The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS R N), given in the last column, is taken from the NTP report. Ex tensive details on each substance are given in the reference. REFERENCE Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 10th Report on Carcinogens , available on the Internet at http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/toc 10.html Substance Other names CAS RN Known to be Human Carcinogens Aflatoxins 1402-68-2 4-Aminobiphenyl p-Biphenylamine 92-67-1 Arsenic compounds, inorganic Asbestos 1332-21-4 Azathioprine 1H-Purine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)th io]- 446-86-6 Benzene 71-43-2 p-Benzidine [1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine 92-87-5 Beryllium and beryllium compounds 7440-41-7 Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Mustard gas 505-60-2 Bis(chloromethyl) ether 542-88-1 1,3-Butadiene 106-99-0 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate Myleran; Busulfan 55-98-1 Cadmium and cadmium compounds 7440-43-9 Chlorambucil 305-03-3 Chloroethene Vinyl chloride; Chloroethylene 75-01-4 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)- 1-nitrosourea MeCCNU 13909-09-6 Chloromethyl methyl ether 107-30-2 Chromium hexavalent compounds Cyclophosphamide 2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorin-2-amine, 50-18-0 N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-, 2-oxide Cyclosporin A Cyclosporine 59865-13-3 Diethylstilbestrol 56-53-1 Erionite 66733-21-9 Estrogens, steroidal Melphalan L-Phenylalanine, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]- 148-82-3 Methoxsalen (with UV therapy) PUVA; 9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]b enzopyran-7-one 298-81-7 2-Naphthylamine 2-Aminonaphthalene; β-Naphthylamine 91-59-8 Nickel compoundsOxirane Ethylene oxide 75-21-8 Radon 10043-92-2 Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Quartz; Silica 14808-60-7Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Cristobalite; Silica 14464-46-1 Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Tridymite; Silica 15468-32-3 Tamoxifen 10540-29-1 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin TCDD; Dioxin 1746-01-6 Thorium(IV) oxide Thorium dioxide 1314-20-1 Triethylenethiophosphoramide Thiotepa; Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphi ne, sulfide 52-24-4 TeamLRN16-54Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogens Acetaldehyde Ethanal 75-07-0 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene 53-96-3 Acrylamide 2-Propenamide 79-06-1 Acrylonitrile Propenenitrile 107-13-1 Adriamycin Doxorubicin 23214-92-82-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 2-Aminoanthraquinone 117-79-3 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquin one 82-28-0 2-Amino-3-methyl-3 H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline IQ 76180-96-6 Azacitidine 5-Azacytidine; 1,3,5-Triazine-2(1H)-one, 320-67-2 4-amino-1-beta- D-ribofuranosyl- Benz[a]anthracene 56-55-3 Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benz[e]acephenanthrylene 205-99-2 Benzo[j]fluoranthene 205-82-3 Benzo[k]fluoranthene 2,3,1',8'-Binaphthylene 207-08-9Benzo[a]pyrene 50-32-8 2,2'-Bioxirane Diepoxybutane 1464-53-5 Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane 4,4-Methylene-bis(2-chloranil ine); MBOCA 101-14-4 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol BBMP; Pentaerythritol dibro mide 3296-90-0 Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine hydrochloride Nitrogen mustard hyd rochloride 55-86-7 N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea BCNU; Carmustine 154-93-8 Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane Michler’s Base; 4,4-Methylen ebis( N,N-dimethylbenzenamine) 101-61-1 1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene Diglycidyl resorcinol ether 101- 90-6 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP; Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 117- 81-7 Bromodichloromethane 75-27-4 Bromoethene Vinyl bromide 593-60-2 tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole BHA; Butylated hydroxyanisole 25013-16-5 Chloramphenicol 56-75-7 Chlorendic acid 5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4,5,6,7,7- hexachloro- 115-28-6 Chlorinated paraffins (C 12, 60% Cl) 108171-26-2 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Chloro- o-phenylenediamine 95-83-0 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Chloroprene 126-99-8 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea CCNU; Lomustine; Be lustine 13010-47-4 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline p-Chloro- o-toluidine 95-69-2 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline hydrochloride p-Chloro- o-toluidine hydrochloride 3165-93-3 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Dimethylvinyl chloride 513-37-13-Chloro-2-methylpropene 563-47-3 Chlorozotocin D-Glucose, 2-[[[(2-chloroethyl)nitrosoamino]carbonyl]amino]-2-de oxy- 54749-90-5 C.I. Basic Red 9, monohydrochloride 569-61-9 Cupferron 135-20-6 Dacarbazine 1H-Imidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triaze nyl)- 4342-03-4 cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum Cisplatin 15663-27-1 2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate 1,3-Benzenediamine, 4-methoxy, sulfat e 39156-41-7 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline 101-80-4 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-Methylenedianiline 101-77-9Dibenz[a,h]acridine 226-36-8 Dibenz[a,j]acridine 224-42-0 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 53-70-3 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 194-59-2 Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene 192-65-4 Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene 189-64-0Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Benzo[rst]pentaphene 189-55-9 Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene 191-30-0 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 1,2-Dibromoethane Ethylene dibromide; EDB 106-93-4 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol DBP 96-13-9 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 126-72-7 p-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 3,3'-Dichloro- p-benzidine [1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine, 3,3'-dichloro- 91-94-1CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance Other names CAS RN 16-55CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) 3,3'-Dichloro- p-benzidine dihydrochloride 3,3'-Dichloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-di amine dihydrochloride 612-83-9 1,2-Dichloroethane Ethylene dichloride 107-06-2 Dichloromethane Methylene chloride 75-09-21,3-Dichloropropene (unspecified isomer) 542-75-6 Diethyl sulfate 64-67-5 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo- Propylthiouracil 51-52-5 4(1H)-pyrimidinone 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione Danthron; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthra quinone 117-10-2 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene Methyleugenol 93-15-23,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine Dianisidine 119-90-4 p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene 60-11-7 2',3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene o-Aminoazotoluene; 4- o-Tolylazo- o-toluidine 97-56-3 Dimethylcarbamic chloride Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride 79-44-7 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine UDMH 57-14-7 Dimethyl sulfate 77-78-1 1,6-Dinitropyrene 42397-64-8 1,8-Dinitropyrene 42397-65-9 1,4-Dioxane 123-91-1 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Hydrazobenzene 122-66-7 Disperse Blue No. 1 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4,5,8-tetraamino- 247 5-45-8 Epichlorohydrin (Chloromethyl)oxirane 106-89-81,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxid e 106-87-6 N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide Phenacetin 62-44-2 Ethyl carbamate Urethane 51-79-6Ethyl methanesulfonate 62-50-0 N-Ethyl- N-nitrosourea ENU; N-Nitroso- N-ethylurea 759-73-9 Fluoroethene Vinyl fluoride 75-02-5Formaldehyde 50-00-0 Furan 110-00-9 Hexachlorobenzene Perchlorobenzene 118-74-11,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, Lindane; γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane 58-89-9 (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, α-Hexachlorocyclohexane 319-84-6 (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, β-Hexachlorocyclohexane 319-85-7 (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β) Hexachlorocyclohexane (other isomers) 608-73-1 Hexachloroethane Perchloroethane 67-72-1 Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexamethylphosphoramide; Tris(dime thylamino)phosphine oxide 680-31-9 Hydrazine 302-01-2 Hydrazine sulfate 10034-93-2 2-Imidazolidinethione Ethylene thiourea 96-45-7 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 1,10-(1,2-Phenylene)pyrene 193-39-5 Kepone Chlordecone 143-50-0 Lead(II) acetate 301-04-2 Lead(II) phosphate 7446-27-7 o-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride o-Anisidine hydrochloride 134-29-2 2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline p-Cresidine; 5-Methyl- o-anisidine 120-71-8 o-Methylaniline o-Toluidine 95-53-4 o-Methylaniline hydrochloride o-Toluidine hydrochloride 636-21-5 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Isoprene 78-79-55-Methylchrysene 3697-24-3 4,4-Methylenedianiline dihydrochloride Benzenamine, 4,4'-methyle nedi-, dihydrochloride 13552-44-8 Methyl methanesulfonate 66-27-3 N-Methyl- N’-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine 70-25-7 N-Methyl- N-nitrosourea N-Nitroso- N-methylurea 684-93-5 Methyloxirane 1,2-Propylene oxide 75-56-9Metronidazole 2-Methyl-5-nitro-1 H-imidazole-1-ethanol 443-48-1Substance Other names CAS RN TeamLRN16-56Mirex 1,3,4-Metheno-1H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalene, 2385-85-5 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-dodecachlorooctahydro- Nickel (metallic) 7440-02-0 Nitrilotriacetic acid N,N-Bis(carboxymethyl)glycine 139-13-9 2-Nitroanisole 1-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene 91-23-6 6-Nitrochrysene 7496-02-8 Nitrofen Benzene, 2,4-dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)- 1836-75-5 2-Nitropropane 79-46-9 1-Nitropyrene 5522-43-0 4-Nitropyrene 57835-92-4 N-Nitrosodibutylamine 924-16-3 N-Nitrosodiethanolamine Ethanol, 2,2'-(nitrosoimino)- 1116-54-7 N-Nitrosodiethylamine DEN; Diethylnitrosamine 55-18-5 N-Nitrosodimethylamine DMN; Dimethylnitrosamine 62-75-9 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1- NNK; Ketone, 3-pyridyl-3-( N-methyl- N-nitrosamino)propyl 64091-91-4 (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N-Nitroso- N-methylvinylamine Ethenamine, N-methyl- N-nitroso- 4549-40-0 4-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosomorpholine 59-89-2 N-Nitrosonornicotine 16543-55-8 N-Nitrosopiperidine 1-Nitrosopiperidine 100-75-4 N-Nitroso- N-propyl-1-propanamine N-Nitrosodipropylamine 621-64-7 N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 930-55-2 N-Nitrososarcosine Glycine, N-methyl- N-nitroso- 13256-22-9 Norethisterone 19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 17-hydroxy-, (17 α)- 68-22-4 Ochratoxin A 303-47-9 2-Oxetanone β-Propiolactone 57-57-8 Oxiranemethanol Glycidol 556-52-5Oxymetholone Androstan-3-one, 17-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethylene)-17 -methyl- 434-07-1 Phenazopyridine hydrochloride 2,6-Pyridinediamine, 3-(phenylazo) -, monohydrochloride 136-40-3 Phenolphthalein 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3 H)-isobenzofuranone 77-09-8 Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride Benzenemethanamine, N-(2-chloroethyl)- N- (1-methyl-2-phenoxyethyl)-, hydrochloride 63-92-3 Phenyloxirane Styrene-7,8-oxide 96-09-3Phenytoin 5,5-Diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione 57-41-0 Polybrominated biphenyls PBBs Polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs 1336-36-3Procarbazine hydrochloride 366-70-1 Progesterone Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 57-83-0 1,3-Propane sultone 1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide 1120-71-4Propyleneimine 2-Methylaziridine 75-55-8 Reserpine 50-55-5 Safrole 5-(2-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole 94-59-7 Selenium sulfide 7446-34-6 Streptozotocin D-Glucopyranose, 2-deoxy-2-[[(methylnitrosoamino)carbonyl]amino] - 18883-66-4 Sulfallate N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamic acid, 2-chloroallyl ester 95-06-7 Tetrachloroethene Perchloroethylene 127-18-4 Tetrachloromethane Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoroethylene 116-14-3N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4'- Bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone; Michler’s Ke tone 90-94-8 diaminobenzophenone Tetranitromethane 509-14-8 Thioacetamide 62-55-5 Thiourea 62-56-6 o-Tolidine 3,3-Dimethylbenzidine 119-93-7 Toluene-2,4-diamine 2,4-Diaminotoluene 95-80-7 Toluene diisocyanate (unspecified isomer) 26471-62-5 Toxaphene Polychlorocamphene 8001-35-21H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Amitrole 61-82-5 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane DDT; Dichlorodiphe nyltrichloroethane 50-29-3Substance Other names CAS RN CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) 16-57Trichloroethene Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 Trichloromethane Chloroform 67-66-3 (Trichloromethyl)benzene Benzotrichloride 98-07-72,4,6-Trichlorophenol 88-06-2 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 96-18-4Substance Other names CAS RNCHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) TeamLRNAppendix A: Mathematical Tables Miscellaneous Mathematical Constants Decimal Equivalents of Common Fractions Quadratic Formula Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions and their Common Logarithms Natural Trigonometric Functions to Four Places Relation of Angular Functions in Terms of One Another Derivatives Integration Integrals Differential Equations Fourier Series Fourier Expansions for Basic Periodic Functions The Fourier Transforms Series Expansion Vector Analysis Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates Transformation of Integrals Moment of Inertial for Various Bodies of Mass Bessel Functions The Factorial Function The Gamma Function The Beta Function The Error Function Orthogonal Polynomials Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients Normal Probability Function Percentage Points, Student's t-Distribution Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution Percentage Points, F-Distribution MISCELLANEOUS MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS πCONSTANTS π=3 .14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37511 1/π=0 .31830 98861 83790 67153 77675 26745 02872 40689 19291 48091 π2=9 .86960 44010 89358 61883 44909 99876 15113 53136 99407 24079 logeπ=1 .14472 98858 49400 17414 34273 51353 05871 16472 94812 91531 log10π=0 .49714 98726 94133 85435 12682 88290 89887 36516 78324 38044 log10√ 2π=0 .39908 99341 79057 52478 25035 91507 69595 02099 34102 92128 CONSTANTS INVOLVING e e=2 .71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249 77572 47093 69996 1/e=0 .36787 94411 71442 32159 55237 70161 46086 74458 11131 03177 e2=7 .38905 60989 30650 22723 04274 60575 00781 31803 15570 55185 M= log10e=0.43429 44819 03251 82765 11289 18916 60508 22943 97005 80367 1/M = loge10 = 2 .30258 50929 94045 68401 79914 54684 36420 76011 01488 62877 log10M=9 .63778 43113 00536 78912 29674 98645 −10 πeANDeπCONSTANTS πe=2 2 .45915 77183 61045 47342 71522 eπ=2 3 .14069 26327 79269 00572 90864 e−π=0 .04321 39182 63772 24977 44177 e1/2π=4 .81047 73809 65351 65547 30357 ii=e−1/2π=0.20787 95763 50761 90854 69556 NUMERICAL CONSTANTS √ 2=1 .41421 35623 73095 04880 16887 24209 69807 85696 71875 37695 3√ 2=1 .25992 10498 94873 16476 72106 07278 22835 05702 51464 70151 loge2=0 .69314 71805 59945 30941 72321 21458 17656 80755 00134 36026 log102=0 .30102 99956 63981 19521 37388 94724 49302 67881 89881 46211 √ 3=1 .73205 08075 68877 29352 74463 41505 87236 69428 05253 81039 3√ 3=1 .44224 95703 07408 38232 16383 10780 10958 83918 69253 49935 loge3=1 .09861 22886 68109 69139 52452 36922 52570 46474 90557 82275 log103=0 .47712 12547 19662 43729 50279 03255 11530 92001 28864 19070 OTHER CONSTANTS Euler’s Constant γ=0 .57721 56649 01532 86061 logeγ=−0.54953 93129 81644 82234 Golden Ratio φ=1 .61803 39887 49894 84820 45868 34365 63811 77203 09180 A-1 TeamLRNDECIMAL EQUIV ALENTS OF COMMON FRACTIONS 1/64 0.015625 1/32 2/64 0.03125 3/64 0.046875 1/16 2/32 4/64 0.0625 5/64 0.078125 3/32 6/64 0.09375 7/64 0.109375 1/8 4/32 8/64 0.125 9/64 0.140625 5/32 10/64 0.15625 11/64 0.171875 3/16 6/32 12/64 0.1875 13/64 0.203125 7/32 14/64 0.21875 15/64 0.234375 1/4 8/32 16/64 0.25 17/64 0.265625 9/32 18/64 0.28125 19/64 0.296875 5/16 10/32 20/64 0.3125 21/64 0.328125 11/32 22/64 0.34375 23/64 0.359375 3/8 12/32 24/64 0.375 25/64 0.390625 13/32 26/64 0.40625 27/64 0.421875 7/16 14/32 28/64 0.4375 29/64 0.453125 15/32 30/64 0.46875 31/64 0.484375 1/2 16/32 32/64 0.533/64 0.515625 17/32 34/64 0.53125 35/64 0.546875 9/16 18/32 36/64 0.5625 37/64 0.578125 19/32 38/64 0.59375 39/64 0.609375 5/8 20/32 40/64 0.625 41/64 0.640625 21/32 42/64 0.65625 43/64 0.671875 11/16 22/32 44/64 0.6875 45/64 0.703125 23/32 46/64 0.71875 47/64 0.734375 3/4 24/32 48/64 0.75 49/64 0.765625 25/32 50/64 0.78125 51/64 0.796875 13/16 26/32 52/64 0.8125 53/64 0.828125 27/32 54/64 0.84375 55/64 0.859375 7/8 28/32 56/64 0.875 57/64 0.890625 29/32 58/64 0.90625 59/64 0.921875 15/16 30/32 60/64 0.9375 61/64 0.953125 31/32 62/64 0.96875 63/64 0.984375 1/1 32/32 64/64 1 A-2 QUADRATIC FORMULA The solution of the equation ax2+bx+c=0, wherea/negationslash=0,i sg i v e nb y x=−b±√ b2−4ac 2a. TeamLRNEXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS exsinhx cosh x e−xtanh x x Value log10 (value) Value log10 Value log10 (value) 0.00 1.0000 0.00000 1.00000 0.0000 - ∞ 1.0000 0.00000 0.00000 0.01 1.0101 .00434 0.99005 .0100 −2.00001 1.0001 .00002 .01000 0.02 1.0202 .00869 .98020 .0200 −2.30106 1.0002 .00009 .02000 0.03 1.0305 .01303 .97045 .0300 −2.47719 1.0005 .00020 .02999 0.04 1.0408 .01737 .96079 .0400 −2.60218 1.0008 .00035 .03998 0.05 1.0513 .02171 .95123 .0500 −2.69915 1.0013 .00054 .04996 0.06 1.0618 .02606 .94176 .0600 −2.77841 1.0018 .00078 .05993 0.07 1.0725 .03040 .93239 .0701 −2.84545 1.0025 .00106 .06989 0.08 1.0833 .03474 .92312 .0801 −2.90355 1.0032 .00139 .07983 0.09 1.0942 .03909 .91393 .0901 −2.95483 1.0041 .00176 .08976 0.10 1.1052 .04343 .90484 .1002 −1.00072 1.0050 .00217 .09967 0.11 1.1163 .04777 .89583 .1102 −1.04227 1.0061 .00262 .10956 0.12 1.1275 .05212 .88692 .1203 −1.08022 1.0072 .00312 .11943 0.13 1.1388 .05646 .87809 .1304 −1.11517 1.0085 .00366 .12927 0.14 1.1503 .06080 .86936 .1405 −1.14755 1.0098 .00424 .13909 0.15 1.1618 .06514 .86071 .1506 −1.17772 1.0113 .00487 .14889 0.16 1.1735 .06949 .85214 .1607 −1.20597 1.0128 .00554 .15865 0.17 1.1853 .07383 .84366 .1708 −1.23254 1.0145 .00625 .16838 0.18 1.1972 .07817 .83527 .1810 −1.25762 1.0162 .00700 .17808 0.19 1.2092 .08252 .82696 .1911 −1.28136 1.0181 .00779 .18775 0.20 1.2214 .08686 .81873 .2013 −1.30392 1.0201 .00863 .19738 0.21 1.2337 .09120 .81058 .2115 −1.32541 1.0221 .00951 .20697 0.22 1.2461 .09554 .80252 .2218 −1.34592 1.0243 .01043 .21652 0.23 1.2586 .09989 .79453 .2320 −1.36555 1.0266 .01139 .22603 0.24 1.2712 .10423 .78663 .2423 −1.38437 1.0289 .01239 .23550 0.25 1.2840 .10857 .77880 .2526 −1.40245 1.0314 .01343 .24492 0.26 1.2969 .11292 .77105 .2629 −1.41986 1.0340 .01452 .25430 0.27 1.3100 .11726 .76338 .2733 −1.43663 1.0367 .01564 .26362 0.28 1.3231 .12160 .75578 .2837 −1.45282 1.0395 .01681 .27291 0.29 1.3364 .12595 .74826 .2941 −1.46847 1.0423 .01801 .28213 0.30 1.3499 .13029 .74082 .3045 −1.48362 1.0453 .01926 .29131 0.31 1.3634 .13463 .73345 .3150 −1.49830 1.0484 .02054 .30044 0.32 1.3771 .13897 .72615 .3255 −1.51254 1.0516 .02187 .30951 0.33 1.3910 .14332 .71892 .3360 −1.52637 1.0549 .02323 .31852 0.34 1.4049 .14766 .71177 .3466 −1.53981 1.0584 .02463 .32748 0.35 1.4191 .15200 .70469 .3572 −1.55290 1.0619 .02607 .33638 0.36 1.4333 .15635 .69768 .3678 −1.56564 1.0655 .02755 .34521 0.37 1.4477 .16069 .69073 .3785 −1.57807 1.0692 .02907 .35399 0.38 1.4623 .16503 .68386 .3892 −1.59019 1.0731 .03063 .36271 0.39 1.4770 .16937 .67706 .4000 −1.60202 1.0770 .03222 .37136 0.40 1.4918 .17372 .67032 .4108 −1.61358 1.0811 .03385 .37995 0.41 1.5063 .17806 .66365 .4216 −1.62488 1.0852 .03552 .33847 0.42 1.5220 .18240 .65705 .4325 −1.63594 1.0895 .03723 .39693 0.43 1.5373 .18675 .65051 .4434 −1.64677 1.0939 .03897 .40532 0.44 1.5527 .19109 .64404 .4543 −1.65738 1.0984 .04075 .41364 0.45 1.5683 .19543 .63763 .4653 −1.66777 1.1030 .04256 .42190 0.46 1.5841 .19978 .63128 .4764 −1.67797 1.1077 .04441 .43008 0.47 1.6000 .20412 .62500 .4875 −1.68797 1.1125 .04630 .43820 0.48 1.6161 .20846 .61878 .4986 −1.69779 1.1174 .04822 .44624 0.49 1.6323 .21280 .61263 .5098 −1.70744 1.1225 .05018 .45422 0.50 1.6487 .21715 .60653 .5211 −1.71692 1.1276 .05217 .46212 0.51 1.6653 .22149 .60050 .5324 −1.72624 1.1329 .05419 .46995 0.52 1.6820 .22583 .59452 .5438 −1.73540 1.1383 .05625 .47770 0.53 1.6989 .23018 .58860 .5552 −1.74442 1.1438 .05834 .48538 0.54 1.7160 .23452 .58275 .5666 −1.75330 1.1494 .06046 .49299 0.55 1.7333 .23886 .57695 .5782 −1.76204 1.1551 .06262 .50052 0.56 1.7507 .24320 .57121 .5897 −1.77065 1.1609 .06481 .50798 0.57 1.7683 .24755 .56553 .6014 −1.77914 1.1669 .06703 .51536 0.58 1.7860 .25189 .55990 .6131 −1.78751 1.1730 .06929 .52267 0.59 1.8040 .25623 .55433 .6248 −1.79576 1.1792 .07157 .52990 0.60 1.8221 .26058 .54881 .6367 −1.80390 1.1855 .07389 .53705 0.61 1.8404 .26492 .54335 .6485 −1.81194 1.1919 .07624 .54413 0.62 1.8589 .26926 .53794 .6605 −1.81987 1.1984 .07861 .55113 0.63 1.8776 .27361 .53259 .6725 −1.82770 1.2051 .08102 .55805 0.64 1.8965 .27795 .52729 .6846 −1.83543 1.2119 .08346 .56490 0.65 1.9155 .28229 .52205 .6967 −1.84308 1.2188 .08593 .57167 0.66 1.9348 .28664 .51685 .7090 −1.85063 1.2258 .08843 .57836 0.67 1.9542 .29098 .51171 .7213 −1.85809 1.2330 .09095 .58498 0.68 1.9739 .29532 .50662 .7336 −1.86548 1.2402 .09351 .59152 0.69 1.9937 .29966 .50158 .7461 −1.87278 1.2476 .09609 .59798 0.70 2.0138 .30401 .49659 .7586 −1.88000 1.2552 .09870 .60437 0.71 2.0340 .30835 .49164 .7712 −1.88715 1.2628 .10134 .61068 A-3 EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS exsinhx cosh x e−xtanh x x Value log10 (value) Value log10 Value log10 (value) 0.72 2.0544 .31269 .48675 .7838 −1.89423 1.2706 .10401 .61691 0.73 2.0751 .31703 .48191 .7966 −1.90123 1.2785 .10670 .62307 0.74 2.0959 .32138 .47711 .8094 −1.90817 1.2865 .10942 .62915 0.75 2.1170 .32572 .47237 .8223 −1.91504 1.2947 .11216 .63515 0.76 2.1383 .33006 .46767 .8353 −1.92185 1.3030 .11493 .64108 0.77 2.1598 .33441 .46301 .8484 −1.92859 1.3114 .11773 .64693 0.78 2.1815 .33875 .45841 .8615 −1.93527 1.3199 .12055 .65721 0.79 2.2034 .34309 .45384 .8748 −1.94190 1.3286 .12340 .65841 0.80 2.2255 .34744 .44933 .8881 −1.94846 1.3374 .12627 .66404 0.81 2.2479 .35178 .44486 .9015 −1.95498 1.3464 .12917 .66959 0.82 2.2705 .35612 .44043 .9150 −1.96144 1.3555 .13209 .67507 0.83 2.2933 .36046 .43605 .9286 −1.96784 1.3647 .13503 .68048 0.84 2.3164 .36481 .43171 .9423 −1.97420 1.3740 .13800 .68581 0.85 2.3396 .36915 .42741 .9561 −1.98051 1.3835 .14099 .69107 0.86 2.3632 .37349 .42316 .9700 −1.98677 1.3932 .14400 .69626 0.87 2.3869 .37784 .41895 .9840 −1.99299 1.4029 .14704 .70137 0.88 2.4100 .38218 .41478 .9981 −1.99916 1.4128 .15009 .70642 0.89 2.4351 .38652 .41066 1.0122 0.00528 1.4229 .15317 .711390.90 2.4596 .39087 .40657 1.0265 .01137 1.4331 .15627 .216300.91 2.4843 .39521 .40242 1.0409 .01741 1.4434 .15939 .721130.92 2.5093 .39955 .39852 1.0554 .02341 1.4539 .16254 .725900.93 2.5345 .40389 .39455 1.0700 .02937 1.4645 .16570 .730590.94 2.5600 .40824 .39063 1.0847 .03530 1.4753 .16888 .735220.95 2.5857 .41258 .38674 1.0995 .04119 1.4862 .17208 .739780.96 2.6117 .41692 .38289 1.1144 .04704 1.4973 .17531 .744280.97 2.6379 .42127 .37908 1.1294 .05286 1.5085 .17855 .748700.98 2.6645 .42561 .37531 1.1446 .05864 1.5199 .18181 .753070.99 2.6912 .42995 .37158 1.1598 .06439 1.5314 .18509 .757361.00 2.7183 .43429 .36788 1.1752 .07011 1.5431 .18839 .761591.01 2.7456 .43864 .36422 1.1907 .07580 1.5549 .19171 .765761.02 2.7732 .44298 .36060 1.2063 .06146 1.5669 .19504 .769871.03 2.8011 .44732 .35701 1.2220 .08708 1.5790 .19839 .773911.04 2.8292 .45167 .35345 1.2379 .09268 1.5913 .20176 .777891.05 2.8577 .45601 .34994 1.2539 .09825 1.6038 .20515 .781811.06 2.8864 .46035 .34646 1.2700 .10379 1.6164 .20855 .785661.07 2.9154 .46470 .34301 1.2862 .10930 1.6292 .21197 .789461.08 2.9447 .46904 .33960 1.3025 .11479 1.6421 .21541 .793201.09 2.9743 .47338 .33622 1.3190 .12025 1.6552 .21886 .796881.10 3.0042 .47772 .33287 1.3356 .12569 1.6685 .22233 .800501.11 3.0344 .48207 .32956 1.3524 .13111 1.6820 .22582 .804061.12 3.0659 .48641 .32628 1.3693 .13649 1.6956 .22931 .807571.13 3.0957 .49075 .32303 1.3863 .14186 1.7083 .23283 .811021.14 3.1268 .49510 .31982 1.4035 .14720 1.7233 .23636 .814411.15 3.1582 .49944 .31644 1.4208 .15253 1.7374 .23990 .817751.16 3.1899 .50378 .31349 1.4382 .15783 1.7517 .24346 .821041.17 3.2220 .50812 .31037 1.4558 .16311 1.7662 .24703 .824271.18 3.2544 .51247 .30728 1.4735 .16836 1.7808 .25062 .827451.19 3.2871 .51681 .30422 1.4914 .17360 1.7957 .25422 .83058 1.20 3.3201 .52115 .30119 1.5095 .17882 1.8107 .25784 .833651.21 3.3535 .52550 .29820 1.5276 .18402 1.8258 .26146 .836681.22 3.3872 .52984 .29523 1.5460 .18920 1.8412 .26510 .839651.23 3.4212 .53418 .29229 1.5645 .19437 1.8568 .26876 .842581.24 3.4556 .53853 .28938 1.5831 .19951 1.8725 .27242 .835461.25 3.4903 .54287 .28650 1.6019 .20464 1.8884 .27610 .848281.26 3.5254 .54721 .28365 1.6209 .20975 1.9045 .27979 .851061.27 3.5609 .55155 .28083 1.6400 .21485 1.9208 .28349 .853801.28 3.5996 .55590 .27804 1.6593 .21993 1.9373 .28721 .856481.29 3.6328 .56024 .27527 1.6788 .22499 1.9540 .29093 .859131.30 3.6693 .56458 .27253 1.6984 .23004 1.9709 .29467 .861721.31 3.7062 .56893 .26982 1.7182 .23507 1.9880 .29842 .864281.32 3.7434 .57327 .26714 1.7381 .24009 2.0053 .30217 .866781.33 3.7810 .57761 .26448 1.7583 .24509 2.0228 .30594 .869251.34 3.8190 .58195 .26185 1.7786 .25008 2.0404 .30972 .871671.35 3.8574 .58630 .25924 1.7991 .25505 2.0583 .31352 .874051.36 3.8962 .59064 .25666 1.8198 .26002 2.0764 .31732 .876391.37 3.9354 .59498 .25411 1.8406 .26496 2.0947 .32113 .878691.38 3.9749 .59933 .25158 1.8617 .26990 2.1132 .32495 .880951.39 4.0149 .60367 .24908 1.8829 .27482 2.1320 .32878 .883171.40 4.0552 .60801 .24660 1.9043 .27974 2.1509 .33262 .885351.41 4.0960 .61236 .24414 1.9259 .28464 2.1700 .33647 .887491.42 4.1371 .61670 .24171 1.9477 .28952 2.1894 .34033 .889601.43 4.1787 .62104 .23931 1.9697 .29440 2.2090 .34420 .89167 A-4 TeamLRNEXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS exsinhx cosh x e−xtanh x x Value log10 (value) Value log10 Value log10 (value) 1.44 4.2207 .62538 .23693 1.9919 .29926 2.2288 .34807 .89370 1.45 4.2631 .62973 .23457 2.0143 .30412 2.2488 .35196 .895691.46 4.3060 .63407 .23224 2.0369 .30896 2.2691 .35585 .897651.47 4.3492 .63841 .22993 2.0597 .31379 2.2896 .35976 .899581.48 4.3929 .64276 .22764 2.0827 .31862 2.3103 .36367 .901471.49 4.4371 .64710 .22537 2.1059 .32343 2.3312 .36759 .903321.50 4.4817 .65144 .22313 2.1293 .32823 2.3524 .37151 .905151.51 4.5267 .65578 .22091 2.1529 .33303 2.3738 .37545 .906941.52 4.5722 .66013 .21871 2.1768 .33781 2.3955 .37939 .908701.53 4.6182 .66447 .21654 2.2008 .34258 2.4174 .38334 .910421.54 4.6646 .66881 .21438 2.2251 .34735 2.4395 .38730 .912121.55 4.7115 .67316 .21225 2.2496 .35211 2.4619 .39126 .913791.56 4.7588 .67750 .21014 2.2743 .35686 2.4845 .39524 .915421.57 4.8066 .68184 .20805 2.2993 .36160 2.5073 .39921 .917031.58 4.8550 .68619 .20598 2.3245 .36633 2.5305 .40320 .918601.59 4.9037 .69053 .20393 2.3499 .37105 2.5538 .40719 .92015 1.60 4.9530 .69487 .20190 2.3756 .37577 2.5775 .41119 .921671.61 5.0028 .69921 .19989 2.4015 .38048 2.6013 .41520 .923161.62 5.0531 .70356 .19790 2.4276 .38518 2.6255 .41921 .924621.63 5.1039 .70790 .19593 2.4540 .38987 2.6499 .42323 .926061.64 5.1552 .71224 .19398 2.4806 .39456 2.6746 .42725 .927471.65 5.2070 .71659 .19205 2.5075 .39923 2.6995 .43129 .928861.66 5.2593 .72093 .19014 2.5346 .40391 2.7247 .43532 .930221.67 5.3122 .72527 .18825 2.5620 .40857 2.7502 .43937 .931551.68 5.3656 .72961 .18637 2.5896 .41323 2.7760 .44341 .932861.69 5.4195 .73396 .18452 2.6175 .41788 2.8020 .44747 .934151.70 5.4739 .73830 .18268 2.6456 .42253 2.8283 .45153 .935411.71 5.5290 .74264 .18087 2.6740 .42717 2.8549 .45559 .936651.72 5.5845 .74699 .17907 2.7027 .43180 2.8818 .45966 .937861.73 5.6407 .75133 .17728 2.7317 .43643 2.9090 .46374 .939061.74 5.6973 .75567 .17552 2.7609 .44105 2.9364 .46782 .940231.75 5.7546 .76002 .17377 2.7904 .44567 2.9642 .47191 .941381.76 5.8124 .76436 .17204 2.8202 .45028 2.9922 .47600 .942501.77 5.8709 .76870 .17033 2.8503 .45488 3.0206 .48009 .943611.78 5.9299 .77304 .16864 2.8806 .45948 3.0492 .48419 .944701.79 5.9895 .77739 .16696 2.9112 .46408 3.0782 .48830 .945761.80 6.0496 .78173 .16530 2.9422 .46867 3.1075 .49241 .946811.81 6.1104 .78607 .16365 2.9734 .47325 3.1371 .49652 .947831.82 6.1719 .79042 .16203 3.0049 .47783 3.1669 .50064 .948841.83 6.2339 .79476 .16041 3.0367 .48241 3.1972 .50476 .949831.84 6.2965 .79910 .15882 3.0689 .48698 3.2277 .50889 .950801.85 6.3598 .80344 .15724 3.1013 .49154 3.2585 .51302 .951751.86 6.4237 .80779 .15567 3.1340 .49610 3.2897 .51716 .952681.87 6.4383 .81213 .15412 3.1671 .50066 3.3212 .52130 .953591.88 6.5535 .81647 .15259 3.2005 .50521 3.3530 .52544 .954491.89 6.6194 .82082 .15107 3.2341 .50976 3.3852 .52959 .955371.90 6.6859 .82516 .14957 3.2682 .51430 3.4177 .53374 .956241.91 6.7531 .82950 .14808 3.3025 .51884 3.4506 .53789 .95709 1.92 6.8210 .83385 .14661 3.3372 .52338 3.4838 .54205 .957921.93 6.8895 .83819 .14515 3.3722 .52791 3.5173 .54621 .958731.94 6.9588 .84253 .14370 3.4075 .53244 3.5512 .55038 .959531.95 7.0287 .84687 .14227 3.4432 .53696 3.5855 .55455 .960321.96 7.0993 .85122 .14086 3.4792 .54148 3.6201 .55872 .961091.97 7.1707 .85556 .13946 3.5156 .54600 3.6551 .56290 .961851.98 7.2427 .85990 .13807 3.5923 .55051 3.6904 .56707 .962591.99 7.3155 .86425 .13670 3.5894 .55502 3.7261 .57126 .963312.00 7.3891 .86859 .13534 3.6269 .55953 3.7622 .57544 .964032.01 7.4633 .87293 .13399 3.6647 .56403 3.7987 .57963 .964732.02 7.5383 .87727 .13266 3.7028 .56853 3.8335 .58382 .965412.03 7.6141 .88162 .13134 3.7414 .57303 3.8727 .58802 .966092.04 7.6906 .88596 .13003 3.7803 .57753 3.9103 .59221 .966752.05 7.7679 .89030 .12873 3.8196 .58202 3.9483 .59641 .967402.06 7.8460 .89465 .12745 3.8593 .58650 3.9867 .60061 .968032.07 7.9248 .89899 .12619 3.8993 .59099 4.0255 .60482 .968652.08 8.0045 .90333 .12493 3.9398 .59547 4.0647 .60903 .969262.09 8.0849 .90768 .12369 3.9806 .59995 4.1043 .61324 .969862.10 8.1662 .91202 .12246 4.0219 .60443 4.1443 .61745 .970452.11 8.2482 .91636 .12124 4.0635 .60890 4.1847 .62167 .971032.12 8.3311 .92070 .12003 4.1056 .61337 4.2256 .62589 .971592.13 8.4149 .92505 .11884 4.1480 .61784 4.2669 .63011 .972152.14 8.4994 .92939 .11765 4.1909 .62231 4.3085 .63433 .972692.15 8.5849 .93373 .11648 4.2342 .62677 4.3507 .63856 .97323 A-5 EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS exsinhx cosh x e−xtanh x x Value log10 (value) Value log10 Value log10 (value) 2.16 8.6711 .93808 .11533 4.2779 .63123 4.3932 .64278 .97375 2.17 8.7583 .94242 .11418 4.3221 .63569 4.4362 .64701 .974262.18 8.8463 .94676 .11304 4.3666 .64015 4.4797 .65125 .974772.19 8.9352 .95110 .11192 4.4116 .64460 4.5236 .65548 .975262.20 9.0250 .95545 .11080 4.4571 .64905 4.5679 .65972 .975742.21 9.1157 .95979 .10970 4.5030 .65350 4.6127 .66396 .976222.22 9.2073 .96413 .10861 4.5494 .65795 4.6580 .66820 .976682.23 9.2999 .96848 .10753 4.5962 .66240 4.7037 .67244 .977142.24 9.3933 .97282 .10646 4.6434 .66684 4.7499 .67668 .977592.25 9.4877 .97716 .10540 4.6912 .67128 4.7966 .68093 .978032.26 9.5831 .98151 .10435 4.7394 .67572 4.8437 .68518 .978462.27 9.6794 .98585 .10331 4.7880 .68016 4.8914 .68943 .978882.28 9.7767 .99019 .10228 4.8372 .68459 4.9395 .69368 .979292.29 9.8749 .99453 .10127 4.8868 .68903 4.9881 .69794 .979702.30 9.9742 .99888 .10026 4.9370 .69346 5.0372 .70219 .980102.31 10.074 1.00322 .09926 4.9876 .69789 5.0868 .70645 .98049 2.32 10.176 1.00756 .09827 5.0387 .70232 5.1370 .71071 .980872.33 10.278 1.01191 .09730 5.0903 .70675 5.1876 .71497 .981242.34 10.381 1.01625 .09633 5.1425 .71117 5.2388 .71923 .981612.35 10.486 1.02059 .09537 5.1951 .71559 5.2905 .72349 .981972.36 10.591 1.02493 .09442 5.2483 .72002 5.3427 .72776 .982332.37 10.697 1.02928 .09348 5.3020 .72444 5.3954 .73203 .982672.38 10.805 1.03362 .09255 5.3562 .72885 5.4487 .73630 .983012.39 10.913 1.03796 .09163 5.4109 .73327 5.5026 .74056 .983352.40 11.023 1.04231 .09072 5.4662 .73769 5.5569 .74484 .983672.41 11.134 1.04665 .08982 5.5221 .74210 5.6119 .74911 .984002.42 11.246 1.05099 .08892 5.5785 .74652 5.6674 .75338 .984312.43 11.359 1.05534 .08804 5.6354 .75093 5.7235 .75766 .984622.44 11.473 1.05968 .08716 5.6929 .75534 5.7801 .76194 .984922.45 11.588 1.06402 .08629 5.7510 .75975 5.8373 .76621 .985222.46 11.705 1.06836 .08543 5.8097 .76415 5.8951 .77049 .985512.47 11.822 1.07271 .08458 5.8689 .76856 5.9535 .77477 .985792.48 11.941 1.07705 .08374 5.9288 .77296 6.0125 .77906 .986072.49 12.061 1.08139 .08291 5.9892 .77737 6.0721 .78334 .986352.50 12.182 1.08574 .08208 6.0502 .78177 6.1323 .78762 .986612.51 12.305 1.09008 .08127 6.1118 .78617 6.1931 .79191 .986882.52 12.429 1.09442 .08046 6.1741 .79057 6.2545 .79619 .987142.53 12.554 1.09877 .07966 6.2369 .79497 6.3166 .80048 .987392.54 12.680 1.10311 .07887 6.3004 .79937 6.3793 .80477 .987642.55 12.807 1.10745 .07808 6.3645 .80377 6.4426 .80906 .987882.56 12.936 1.11179 .07730 6.4293 .80816 6.5066 .81335 .988122.57 13.066 1.11614 .07654 6.4946 .81256 6.5712 .81764 .988352.58 13.197 1.12048 .07577 6.5607 .81695 6.6365 .82194 .988582.59 13.330 1.12482 .07502 6.6274 .82134 6.7024 .82623 .988812.60 13.464 1.12917 .07427 6.6947 .82573 6.7690 .83052 .989032.61 13.599 1.13351 .07353 6.7628 .83012 6.8363 .83482 .989242.62 13.736 1.13785 .07280 6.8315 .83451 6.9043 .83912 .989462.63 13.874 1.14219 .07208 6.9008 .83890 6.9729 .84341 .98966 2.64 14.013 1.14654 .07136 6.9709 .84329 7.0423 .84771 .989872.65 14.154 1.15008 .07065 7.0417 .84768 7.1123 .85201 .990072.66 14.296 1.15522 .06995 7.1132 .85206 7.1831 .85631 .990262.67 14.440 1.15957 .06925 7.1854 .85645 7.2546 .86061 .990452.68 14.585 1.16391 .06856 7.2583 .86083 7.3268 .86492 .990642.69 14.732 1.16825 .06788 7.3319 .86522 7.3998 .86922 .990832.70 14.880 1.17260 .06721 7.4063 .86960 7.4735 .87352 .991012.71 15.029 1.17694 .06654 7.4814 .87398 7.5479 .87783 .991182.72 15.180 1.18128 .06587 7.5572 .87836 7.6231 .88213 .991362.73 15.333 1.18562 .06522 7.6338 .88274 7.6991 .89644 .991532.74 15.487 1.18997 .06457 7.7112 .88712 7.7758 .89074 .991702.75 15.643 1.19431 .06393 7.7894 .89150 7.8533 .89505 .991862.76 15.800 1.19865 .06329 7.8683 .89588 7.9316 .89936 .992022.77 15.959 1.20300 .06266 7.9480 .90026 8.0106 .90367 .992182.78 16.119 1.20734 .06204 8.0285 .90463 8.0905 .90798 .992332.79 16.281 1.21168 .06142 8.1098 .90901 8.1712 .91229 .992482.80 16.445 1.21602 .06081 8.1919 .91339 8.2527 .91660 .992632.81 16.610 1.22037 .06020 8.2749 .91776 8.3351 .92091 .992782.82 16.777 1.22471 .05961 8.3586 .92213 8.4182 .92522 .992922.83 16.945 1.22905 .05901 8.4432 .92651 8.5022 .92953 .993062.84 17.116 1.23340 .05843 8.5287 .93088 8.5871 .93385 .993202.85 17.288 1.23774 .05784 8.6150 .93525 8.6728 .93816 .993332.86 17.462 1.24208 .05727 8.7021 .93963 8.7594 .94247 .99346 A-6 TeamLRNEXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS exsinhx cosh x e−xtanh x x Value log10 (value) Value log10 Value log10 (value) 2.87 17.637 1.24643 .05670 8.7902 .94400 8.8469 .94679 .99359 2.88 17.814 1.25077 .05613 8.8791 .94837 8.9352 .95110 .993722.89 17.993 1.25511 .05558 8.9689 .95274 9.0244 .95542 .993842.90 18.174 1.25945 .05502 9.0596 .95711 9.1146 .95974 .993962.91 18.357 1.26380 .05448 9.1512 .96148 9.2056 .96405 .994082.92 18.541 1.26814 .05393 9.2437 .96584 9.2976 .96837 .994202.93 18.728 1.27248 .05340 9.3371 .97021 9.3905 .97269 .994312.94 18.916 1.27683 .05287 9.4315 .97458 9.4844 .97701 .994432.95 19.106 1.28117 .05234 9.5268 .97895 9.5791 .98133 .994542.96 19.298 1.28551 .05182 9.6231 .98331 9.6749 .98565 .994642.97 19.492 1.28985 .05130 9.7203 .98768 9.7716 .98997 .994752.98 19.688 1.29420 .05079 9.8185 .99205 9.8693 .99429 .994852.99 19.886 1.29854 .05029 9.9177 .99641 9.9680 .99861 .994963.00 20.086 1.30288 .04979 10.018 1.00078 10.068 1.00293 0.995053.05 21.115 1.32460 .04736 10.534 1.02259 10.581 1.02454 0.995523.10 22.198 1.34631 .04505 11.076 1.04440 11.122 1.04616 0.99595 3.15 23.336 1.36803 .04285 11.647 1.06620 11.690 1.06779 0.996333.20 24.533 1.38974 .04076 12.246 1.08799 12.287 1.08943 0.996683.25 25.790 1.41146 .03877 12.876 1.10977 12.915 1.11108 0.997003.30 27.113 1.43317 .03688 13.538 1.13155 13.575 1.13273 0.997283.35 28.503 1.45489 .03508 14.234 1.15332 14.269 1.15439 0.997543.40 29.964 1.47660 .03337 14.965 1.17509 14.999 1.17605 0.997773.45 31.500 1.49832 .03175 15.734 1.19685 15.766 1.19772 0.997993.50 33.115 1.52003 .03020 16.543 1.21860 16.573 1.21940 0.998183.55 34.813 1.54175 .02872 17.392 1.24036 17.421 1.24107 0.998353.60 36.598 1.56346 .02732 18.286 1.26211 18.313 1.26275 0.998513.65 38.475 1.58517 .02599 19.224 1.28385 19.250 1.28444 9.998653.70 40.447 1.60689 .02472 20.211 1.30559 20.236 1.30612 0.998783.75 42.521 1.62860 .02352 21.249 1.32733 21.272 1.32781 0.998893.80 44.701 1.65032 .02237 22.339 1.34907 22.362 1.34951 0.999003.85 46.993 1.67203 .02128 23.486 1.37081 23.507 1.37120 0.999093.90 49.402 1.69375 .02024 24.691 1.39254 24.711 1.39290 0.999183.95 51.935 1.71546 .01925 25.958 1.41427 25.977 1.41459 0.999264.00 54.598 1.73718 .01832 27.290 1.43600 27.308 1.43629 0.999334.10 60.340 1.78061 .01657 30.162 1.47946 30.178 1.47970 0.999454.20 66.686 1.82404 .01500 33.336 1.52291 33.351 1.52310 0.999554.30 73.700 1.86747 .01357 36.843 1.56636 36.857 1.56652 0.999634.40 81.451 1.91090 .01227 40.719 1.60980 40.732 1.60993 0.999704.50 90.017 1.95433 .01111 45.003 1.65324 45.014 1.65335 0.999754.60 99.484 1.99775 .01005 49.737 1.69668 49.747 1.69677 0.999804.70 109.95 2.04118 .00910 54.969 1.74012 54.978 1.74019 0.999834.80 121.51 2.08461 .00823 60.751 1.78355 60.759 1.78361 0.999864.90 134.29 2.12804 .00745 67.141 1.82699 67.149 1.82704 0.999895.00 148.41 2.17147 .00674 74.203 1.87042 74.210 1.87046 0.999915.10 164.02 2.21490 .00610 82.008 1.91389 82.014 1.91389 0.999935.20 181.27 2.25833 .00552 90.633 1.95729 90.639 1.95731 0.999945.30 200.34 2.30176 .00499 100.17 2.00074 100.17 2.00074 0.999955.40 221.41 2.34519 .00452 110.70 2.04415 110.71 2.04417 0.99996 5.50 244.69 2.38862 .00409 122.34 2.08758 122.35 2.08760 0.999975.60 270.43 2.43205 .00370 135.21 2.13101 135.22 2.13103 0.999975.70 298.87 2.47548 .00335 149.43 2.17444 149.44 2.17445 0.999985.80 330.30 2.51891 .00303 165.15 2.21787 165.15 2.21788 0.999985.90 365.04 2.56234 .00274 182.52 2.26130 182.52 2.26131 0.999986.00 403.43 2.60577 .00248 201.71 2.30473 201.72 2.30474 0.999996.25 518.01 2.71434 .00193 259.01 2.41331 259.01 2.41331 0.999996.50 665.14 2.82291 .00150 332.57 2.52188 332.57 2.52189 1.000006.75 854.06 2.93149 .00117 427.03 2.63046 427.03 2.63046 1.000007.00 1096.6 3.04006 .00091 548.32 2.73904 548.32 2.73903 1.000007.50 1808.0 3.25721 .00055 904.02 2.95618 904.02 2.95618 1.000008.00 2981.0 3.47436 .00034 1490.5 3.17333 1490.5 3.17333 1.000008.50 4914.8 3.69150 .00020 2457.4 3.39047 2457.4 3.39047 1.000009.00 8103.1 3.90865 .00012 4051.5 3.60762 4051.5 3.60762 1.000009.50 13360. 4.12580 .00007 6679.9 3.82477 6679.9 3.82477 1.0000010.00 22026. 4.34294 .00005 11013. 4.04191 11013. 4.04191 1.00000 A-7 NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES xx radians degrees sinx cosxtanx cotx secx cscx .0000 0◦00/prime.000 1.0000 .0000 – 1.000 – 90◦00/prime1.5708 .0029 10 .0029 1.0000 .0029 343.8 1.000 343.8 50 1.5679.0058 20 .0058 1.0000 .0058 171.9 1.000 171.9 40 1.5650.0087 30 .0087 1.0000 .0087 114.6 1.000 114.6 30 1.5621.0116 40 .0116 .9999 .0116 85.94 1.000 85.95 20 1.5592.0145 50 .0145 .9999 .0145 68.75 1.000 68.76 10 1.5563 .0175 1 ◦00/prime.0175 .9998 .0175 57.29 1.000 57.30 89◦00/prime1.5533 .0204 10 .0204 .9998 .0204 49.10 1.000 49.11 50 1.5504.0233 20 .0233 .9997 .0233 42.96 1.000 42.98 40 1.5475.0262 30 .0262 .9997 .0262 38.19 1.000 38.20 30 1.5446.0291 40 .0291 .9996 .0291 34.37 1.000 34.38 20 1.5417.0320 50 .0320 .9995 .0320 31.24 1.001 31.26 10 1.5388 .0349 2 ◦00/prime.0349 .9994 .0349 28.64 1.001 28.65 88◦00/prime1.5359 .0378 10 .0378 .9993 .0378 26.43 1.001 26.45 50 1.5330.0407 20 .0407 .9992 .0407 24.54 1.001 24.56 40 1.5301.0436 30 .0436 .9990 .0437 22.90 1.001 22.93 30 1.5272.0465 40 .0465 .9989 .0466 21.47 1.001 21.49 20 1.5243 .0495 50 .0494 .9988 .0495 20.21 1.001 20.23 10 1.5213 .0524 3 ◦00/prime.0523 .9986 .0524 19.08 1.001 19.11 87◦00/prime1.5184 .0553 10 .0552 .9985 .0553 18.07 1.002 18.10 50 1.5155.0582 20 .0581 .9983 .0582 17.17 1.002 17.20 40 1.5126.0611 30 .0610 .9981 .0612 16.35 1.002 16.38 30 1.5097.0640 40 .0640 .9980 .0641 15.60 1.002 15.64 20 1.5068.0669 50 .0669 .9978 .0670 14.92 1.002 14.96 10 1.5039 .0698 4 ◦00/prime.0698 .9976 .0699 14.30 1.002 14.34 86◦00/prime1.5010 .0727 10 .0727 .9974 .0729 13.73 1.003 13.76 50 1.4981.0756 20 .0756 .9971 .0758 13.20 1.003 13.23 40 1.4952.0785 30 .0785 .9969 .0787 12.71 1.003 12.75 30 1.4923.0814 40 .0814 .9967 .0816 12.25 1.003 12.29 20 1.4893.0844 50 .0843 .9964 .0846 11.83 1.004 11.87 10 1.4864 .0873 5 ◦00/prime.0872 .9962 .0875 11.43 1.004 11.47 85◦00/prime1.4835 .0902 10 .0901 .9959 .0904 11.06 1.004 11.10 50 1.4806.0931 20 .0929 .9957 .0934 10.71 1.004 10.76 40 1.4777.0960 30 .0958 .9954 .0963 10.39 1.005 10.43 30 1.4748.0989 40 .0987 .9951 .0992 10.08 1.005 10.13 20 1.4719.1018 50 .1016 .9948 .1022 9.788 1.005 9.839 10 1.4690 .1047 6 ◦00/prime.1045 .9945 .1051 9.514 1.006 9.597 84◦00/prime1.4661 .1076 10 .1074 .9942 .1080 9.255 1.006 9.309 50 1.4632.1105 20 .1103 .9939 .1110 9.010 1.006 9.065 40 1.4603.1134 30 .1132 .9936 .1139 8.777 1.006 8.834 30 1.4573.1164 40 .1161 .9932 .1169 8.556 1.007 8.614 20 1.4544.1193 50 .1190 .9929 .1198 8.345 1.007 8.405 10 1.4515 .1222 7 ◦00/prime.1219 .9925 .1228 8.144 1.008 8.206 83◦00/prime1.4486 .1251 10 .1248 .9922 .1257 7.953 1.008 8.016 50 1.4457.1280 20 .1276 .9918 .1284 7.770 1.008 7.834 40 1.4428.1309 30 .1305 .9914 .1317 7.596 1.009 7.661 30 1.4399.1338 40 .1334 .9911 .1346 7.429 1.009 7.496 20 1.4370.1367 50 .1363 .9907 .1376 7.269 1.009 7.337 10 1.4341 .1396 8 ◦00/prime.1392 .9903 .1405 7.115 1.010 7.185 82◦00/prime1.4312 .1425 10 .1421 .9899 .1435 6.968 1.010 7.040 50 1.4283.1454 20 .1449 .9894 .1465 6.827 1.011 6.900 40 1.4254.1484 30 .1478 .9890 .1495 6.691 1.011 6.765 30 1.4224.1513 40 .1507 .9886 .1524 6.561 1.012 6.636 20 1.4195.1542 50 .1536 .9881 .1554 6.435 1.012 6.512 10 1.4166 .1571 9 ◦00/prime.1564 .9877 .1584 6.314 1.012 6.392 81◦00/prime1.4137 .1600 10 .1593 .9872 .1614 6.197 1.013 6.277 50 1.4108.1629 20 .1622 .9868 .1644 6.084 1.013 6.166 40 1.4079.1658 30 .1650 .9863 .1673 5.976 1.014 6.059 30 1.4050.1687 40 .1679 .9858 .1703 5.871 1.014 5.955 20 1.4021.1716 50 .1708 .9853 .1733 5.769 1.015 5.855 10 1.3992 .1745 10 ◦00/prime.1736 .9848 .1763 5.671 1.015 5.759 80◦00/prime1.3963 .1774 10 .1765 .9843 .1793 5.576 1.016 5.665 50 1.3934.1804 20 .1794 .9838 .1823 5.485 1.016 5.575 40 1.3904.1833 30 .1822 .9833 .1853 5.396 1.017 5.487 30 1.3875.1862 40 .1851 .9827 .1883 5.309 1.018 5.403 20 1.3846.1891 50 .1880 .9822 .1914 5.226 1.018 5.320 10 1.3817 .1920 11 ◦00/prime.1908 .9816 .1944 5.145 1.019 5.241 79◦00/prime1.3788 .1949 10 .1937 .9811 .1974 5.066 1.019 5.164 50 1.3759.1978 20 .1965 .9805 .2004 4.989 1.020 5.089 40 1.3730.2007 30 .1994 .9799 .2035 4.915 1.020 5.016 30 1.3701 xx cosx sinx cotxtanx cscx secx degree radians A-8 TeamLRNNATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES xx radians degrees sinx cosxtanx cotx secx cscx .2036 40 .2022 .9793 .2065 3.843 1.021 4.945 20 1.3672 .2065 50 .2051 .9787 .2095 4.773 1.022 4.876 10 1.3643 .2094 12◦00/prime.2079 .9781 .2126 4.705 1.022 4.810 78◦00/prime1.3614 .2123 10 .2108 .9775 .2156 4.638 1.023 4.745 50 1.3584.2153 20 .2136 .9769 .2186 4.574 1.024 4.682 40 1.3555.2182 30 .2164 .9763 .2217 4.511 1.025 4.620 30 1.3526.2211 40 .2193 .9757 .2247 4.449 1.025 4.560 20 1.3497.2240 50 .2221 .9750 .2278 4.390 1.026 4.502 10 1.3468 .2269 13 ◦00/prime.2250 .9744 .2309 4.331 1.026 4.445 77◦00/prime1.3439 .2298 10 .2278 .9737 .2339 4.275 1.027 4.390 50 1.3410.2327 20 .2306 .9730 .2370 4.219 1.028 4.336 40 1.3381.2356 30 .2334 .9724 .2401 4.165 1.028 4.284 30 1.3352.2385 40 .2363 .9717 .2432 4.113 1.029 4.232 20 1.3323.2414 50 .2391 .9710 .2462 4.061 1.030 4.182 10 1.3294 .2443 14 ◦00/prime.2419 .9703 .2493 4.011 1.031 4.134 76◦00/prime1.3265 .2473 10 .2447 .9696 .2524 3.962 1.031 4.086 50 1.3235.2502 20 .2476 .9689 .2555 3.914 1.032 4.039 40 1.3206 .2531 30 .2404 .9681 .2586 3.867 1.033 3.994 30 1.3177.2560 40 .2532 .9674 .2617 3.821 1.034 3.950 20 1.3148.2589 50 .2560 .9667 .2648 3.776 1.034 3.906 10 1.3119 .2618 15 ◦00/prime.2588 .9659 .2679 3.732 1.035 3.864 75◦00/prime1.3090 .2647 10 .2616 .9652 .2711 3.689 1.036 3.822 50 1.3061.2676 20 .2644 .9644 .2732 3.647 1.037 3.782 40 1.3032.2705 30 .2672 .9636 .2773 3.606 1.038 3.742 30 1.3003.2734 40 .2700 .9628 .2805 3.566 1.039 3.703 20 1.2974.2763 50 .2728 .9621 .2836 3.526 1.039 3.665 10 1.2945 .2793 16 ◦00/prime.2756 .9613 .2867 3.487 1.040 3.628 74◦00/prime1.2915 .2822 10 .2784 .9605 .2899 3.450 1.041 3.592 50 1.2886.2851 20 .2812 .9596 .2931 3.412 1.042 3.556 40 1.2857.2880 30 .2840 .9588 .2962 3.376 1.043 3.521 30 1.2828.2909 40 .2868 .9580 .2994 3.340 1.044 3.487 20 1.2799.2938 50 .2896 .9572 .3026 3.305 1.045 3.453 10 1.2770 .2967 17 ◦00/prime.2924 .9563 .3057 3.271 1.046 3.420 73◦00/prime1.2741 .2996 10 .2952 .9555 .3089 3.237 1.047 3.388 50 1.2712.3025 20 .2979 .9546 .3121 3.204 1.048 3.356 40 1.2683.3054 30 .3007 .9537 .3153 3.172 1.049 3.326 30 1.2654.3083 40 .3035 .9528 .3185 3.140 1.049 3.295 20 1.2625.3113 50 .3062 .9520 .3217 3.108 1.050 3.265 10 1.2595 .3142 18 ◦00/prime.3090 .9511 .3249 3.078 1.051 3.236 72◦00/prime1.2566 .3171 10 .3118 .9502 .3281 3.047 1.052 3.207 50 1.2537.3200 20 .3145 .9492 .3314 3.018 1.053 3.179 40 1.2508.3229 30 .3173 .9483 .3346 2.989 1.054 3.152 30 1.2479.3258 40 .3201 .9474 .3378 2.960 1.056 3.124 20 1.2450.3287 50 .3228 .9465 .3411 2.932 1.057 3.098 10 1.2421 .3316 19 ◦00/prime.3256 .9455 .3443 2.904 1.058 3.072 71◦00/prime1.2392 .3345 10 .3283 .9446 .3476 2.877 1.059 3.046 50 1.2363.3374 20 .3311 .9436 .3508 2.850 1.060 3.021 40 1.2334.3403 30 .3338 .9426 .3541 2.824 1.061 2.996 30 1.2305.3432 40 .3365 .9417 .3574 2.798 1.062 2.971 20 1.2275 .3462 50 .3393 .9407 .3607 2.773 1.063 2.947 10 1.2246 .3491 20 ◦00/prime.3420 .9397 .3640 2.747 1.064 2.924 70◦00/prime1.2217 .3520 10 .3448 .9387 .3673 2.723 1.065 2.901 50 1.2188.3599 20 .3475 .9377 .3706 2.699 1.066 2.878 40 1.2159.3578 30 .3502 .9367 .3739 2.675 1.068 2.855 30 1.2130.3607 40 .3529 .9356 .3772 2.651 1.069 2.833 20 1.2101.3636 50 .3557 .9346 .3805 2.628 1.070 2.812 10 1.2072 .3665 21 ◦00/prime.3584 .9336 .3839 2.605 1.071 2.790 69◦00/prime1.2043 .3694 10 .3611 .9325 .3872 2.583 1.072 2.769 50 1.2014.3723 20 .3638 .9315 .3906 2.560 1.074 2.749 40 1.1985.3752 30 .3665 .9304 .3939 2.539 1.075 2.729 30 1.1956.3782 40 .3692 .9293 .3973 2.517 1.076 2.709 20 1.1926.3811 50 .3719 .9283 .4006 2.496 1.077 2.689 10 1.1897 .3840 22 ◦00/prime.3746 .9272 .4040 2.475 1.079 2.669 68◦00/prime1.1868 .3869 10 .3773 .9261 .4074 2.455 1.080 2.650 50 1.1839.3898 20 .3800 .9250 .4108 2.434 1.081 2.632 40 1.1810.3927 30 .3827 .9239 .4142 2.414 1.082 2.613 30 1.1781.3956 40 .3854 .9228 .4176 2.394 1.084 2.595 20 1.1752.3985 50 .3881 .9216 .4210 2.375 1.085 2.577 10 1.1723 .4014 23 ◦00/prime.3907 .9205 .4245 2.356 1.086 2.559 67◦00/prime1.1694 .4043 10 .3934 .9194 .4279 2.337 1.088 2.542 50 1.1665 xx cosx sinx cotxtanx cscx secx degree radians A-9 NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES xx radians degrees sinx cosxtanx cotx secx cscx .4072 20 .3961 .9182 .4314 2.318 1.089 2.525 40 1.1636 .4102 30 .3987 .9171 .4348 2.300 1.090 2.508 30 1.1606.4131 40 .4014 .9159 .4383 2.282 1.092 2.491 20 1.1577.4160 50 .4041 .9147 .4417 2.264 1.093 2.475 10 1.1548 .4189 24 ◦0/prime.4067 .9135 .4452 2.246 1.095 2.459 66◦00/prime1.1519 .4218 10 .4094 .9124 .4487 2.229 1.096 2.443 50 1.1490.4247 20 .4120 .9112 .4522 2.211 1.097 2.427 40 1.1461.4276 30 .4147 .9100 .4557 2.194 1.099 2.411 30 1.1432.4305 40 .4173 .9088 .4592 2.177 1.100 2.396 20 1.1403.4334 50 .4200 .9075 .4628 2.161 1.102 2.381 10 1.1374 .4363 25 ◦00/prime.4226 .9063 .4663 2.145 1.103 2.366 65◦00/prime1.1345 .4392 10 .4253 .9051 .4699 2.128 1.105 2.352 50 1.1316.4422 20 .4279 .9038 .4734 2.112 1.106 2.337 40 1.1286.4451 30 .4305 .9026 .4770 2.097 1.108 2.323 30 1.1257.4480 40 .4331 .9013 .4806 2.081 1.109 2.309 20 1.1228.4509 50 .4358 .9001 .4841 2.066 1.111 2.295 10 1.1199 .4538 26 ◦00/prime.4384 .8988 .4877 2.050 1.113 2.281 64◦00/prime1.1170 .4567 10 .4410 .8975 .4913 2.035 1.114 2.268 50 1.1141.4596 20 .4436 .8962 .4950 2.020 1.116 2.254 40 1.1112.4625 30 .4462 .8949 .4986 2.006 1.117 2.241 30 1.1083.4654 40 .4488 .8936 .5022 1.991 1.119 2.228 20 1.1054.4683 50 .4514 .8923 .5059 1.977 1.121 2.215 10 1.1025 .4712 27 ◦00/prime.4540 .8910 .5095 1.963 1.122 2.203 63◦00/prime1.0996 .4741 10 .4566 .8897 .5132 1.949 1.124 2.190 50 1.0966.4771 20 .4592 .8884 .5169 1.935 1.126 2.178 40 1.0937.4800 30 .4617 .8870 .5206 1.921 1.127 2.166 30 1.0908.4829 40 .4643 .8857 .5243 1.907 1.129 2.154 20 1.0879.4858 50 .4669 .8843 .5280 1.894 1.131 2.142 10 1.0850 .4887 28 ◦00/prime.4695 .8829 .5317 1.881 1.133 2.130 62◦00/prime1.0821 .4916 10 .4720 .8816 .5354 1.868 1.134 2.118 50 1.0792.4945 20 .4746 .8802 .5392 1.855 1.136 2.107 40 1.0763.4974 30 .4772 .8788 .5430 1.842 1.138 2.096 30 1.0734.5003 40 .4797 .8774 .5467 1.829 1.140 2.085 20 1.0705.5032 50 .4823 .8760 .5505 1.816 1.142 2.074 10 1.0676 .5061 29 ◦00/prime.4848 .8746 .5543 1.804 1.143 2.063 61◦00/prime1.0647 .5091 10 .4874 .8732 .5581 1.792 1.145 2.052 50 1.0617.5120 20 .4899 .8718 .5619 1.780 1.147 2.041 40 1.0588.5149 30 .4924 .8704 .5658 1.767 1.149 2.031 30 1.0559.5178 40 .4950 .8689 .5696 1.756 1.151 2.020 20 1.0530.5207 50 .4975 .8675 .5735 1.744 1.153 2.010 10 1.0501 .5236 30 ◦00/prime.5000 .8660 .5774 1.732 1.155 2.000 60◦00/prime1.0472 .5265 10 .5025 .8646 .5812 1.720 1.157 1.990 50 1.0443.5294 20 .5050 .8631 .5851 1.709 1.159 1.980 40 1.0414.5323 30 .5075 .8616 .5890 1.698 1.161 1.970 30 1.0385.5352 40 .5100 .8601 .5930 1.686 1.163 1.961 20 1.0356.5381 50 .5125 .8587 .5969 1.675 1.165 1.951 10 1.0327 .5411 31 ◦00/prime.5150 .8572 .6009 1.664 1.167 1.942 59◦00/prime1.0297 .5440 10 .5175 .8557 .6048 1.653 1.169 1.932 50 1.0268.5469 20 .5200 .8542 .6088 1.643 1.171 1.923 40 1.0239 .5498 30 .5225 .8526 .6128 1.632 1.173 1.914 30 1.0210.5527 40 .5250 .8511 .6168 1.621 1.175 1.905 20 1.0181.5556 50 .5275 .8496 .6208 1.611 1.177 1.896 10 1.0152 .5585 32 ◦00/prime.5299 .8480 .6249 1.600 1.179 1.887 58◦00/prime1.0123 .5614 10 .5324 .8465 .6289 1.590 1.181 1.878 50 1.0094.5643 20 .5348 .8450 .6330 1.580 1.184 1.870 40 1.0065.5672 30 .5373 .8434 .6371 1.570 1.186 1.861 30 1.0036.5701 40 .5398 .8418 .6412 1.560 1.188 1.853 20 1.0007.5730 50 .5422 .8403 .6453 1.550 1.190 1.844 10 .9977 .5760 33 ◦00/prime.5446 .8397 .6494 1.540 1.192 1.836 57◦00/prime.9948 .5789 10 .5471 .8371 .6536 1.530 1.195 1.828 50 .9919.5818 20 .5495 .8355 .6577 1.520 1.197 1.820 40 .9890.5847 30 .5519 .8339 .6619 1.511 1.199 1.812 30 .9861.5876 40 .5544 .8323 .6661 1.501 1.202 1.804 20 .9832.5905 50 .5568 .8307 .6703 1.492 1.204 1.796 10 .9803 .5934 34 ◦00/prime.5592 .8290 .6745 1.483 1.206 1.788 56◦00/prime.9774 .5963 10 .5616 .8274 .6787 1.473 1.209 1.781 50 .9745.5992 20 .5640 .8258 .6830 1.464 1.211 1.773 40 .9716.6021 30 .5664 .8241 .6873 1.455 1.213 1.766 30 .9687.6050 40 .5688 .8225 .6916 1.446 1.216 1.758 20 .9657.6080 50 .5712 .8208 .6959 1.437 1.218 1.751 10 .9628 xx cosx sinx cotxtanx cscx secx degree radians A-10 TeamLRNNATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES xx radians degrees sinx cosxtanx cotx secx cscx .6109 35◦00/prime.5736 .8192 .7002 1.428 1.221 1.743 55◦00/prime.9599 .6138 10 .5760 .8175 .7046 1.419 1.223 1.736 50 .9570.6167 20 .5783 .8158 .7089 1.411 1.226 1.729 40 .9541.6196 30 .5807 .8141 .7133 1.402 1.228 1.722 30 .9512.6225 40 .5831 .8124 .7177 1.393 1.231 1.715 20 .9483.6254 50 .5854 .8107 .7221 1.385 1.233 1.708 10 .9454 .6283 36 ◦00/prime.5878 .8090 .7265 1.376 1.236 1.701 54◦00/prime.9425 .6312 10 .5901 .8073 .7310 1.368 1.239 1.695 50 .9396.6341 20 .5925 .8056 .7355 1.360 1.241 1.688 40 .9367.6370 30 .5948 .8039 .7400 1.351 1.244 1.681 30 .9338.6400 40 .5972 .8021 .7445 1.343 1.247 1.675 20 .9308.6429 50 .5995 .8004 .7490 1.335 1.249 1.668 10 .9279 .6458 37 ◦00/prime.6018 .7986 .7536 1.327 1.252 1.662 53◦00/prime.9250 .6487 10 .6041 .7969 .7581 1.319 1.255 1.655 50 .9221.6516 20 .6065 .7951 .7627 1.311 1.258 1.649 40 .9192.6545 30 .6088 .7934 .7673 1.303 1.260 1.643 30 .9163.6574 40 .6111 .7916 .7720 1.295 1.263 1.636 20 .9134 .6603 50 .6134 .7898 .7766 1.288 1.266 1.630 10 .9105 .6632 38 ◦00/prime.6157 .7880 .7813 1.280 1.269 1.624 52◦00/prime.9076 .6661 10 .6180 .7862 .7860 1.272 1.272 1.618 50 .9047.6690 20 .6202 .7844 .7907 1.265 1.275 1.612 40 .9018.6720 30 .6225 .7826 .7954 1.257 1.278 1.606 30 .8988.6749 40 .6248 .7808 .8002 1.250 1.281 1.601 20 .8959.6778 50 .6271 .7790 .8050 1.242 1 284 1.595 10 .8930 .6807 39 ◦00/prime.6293 .7771 .8098 1.235 1.287 1.589 51◦00/prime.8901 .6836 10 .6316 .7753 .8146 1.228 1.290 1.583 50 .8872.6865 20 .6338 .7735 .8195 1.220 1.293 1.578 40 .8843.6894 30 .6361 .7716 .8243 1.213 1.296 1.572 30 .8814.6923 40 .6383 .7698 .8292 1.206 1.299 1.567 20 .8785.6952 50 .6406 .7679 .8342 1.199 1.302 1.561 10 .8756 .6981 40 ◦00/prime.6428 .7660 .8391 1.192 1.305 1.556 50◦00/prime.8727 .7010 10 .6450 .7642 .8441 1.185 1.309 1.550 50 .8698.7039 20 .6472 .7623 .8491 1.178 1.312 1.545 40 .8668.7069 30 .6494 .7604 .8541 1.171 1.315 1.540 30 .8639.7098 40 .6517 .7585 .8591 1.164 1.318 1.535 20 .8610.7127 50 .6539 .7566 .8642 1.157 1.322 1.529 10 .8581 .7156 41 ◦00/prime.6561 .7547 .8693 1.150 1.325 1.524 49◦00/prime.8552 .7185 10 .6583 .7528 .8744 1.144 1.328 1.519 50 .8523.7214 20 .6604 .7509 .8796 1.137 1.332 1.514 40 .8494.7243 30 .6626 .7490 .8847 1.130 1.335 1.509 30 .8465.7272 40 .6648 .7470 .8899 1.124 1.339 1.504 20 .8436.7301 50 .6670 .7451 .8952 1.117 1.342 1 499 10 .8407 .7330 42 ◦00/prime.6691 .7431 .9004 1.111 1.346 1.494 48◦00/prime.8378 .7359 10 .6713 .7412 .9057 1.104 1.349 1.490 50 .8348.7389 20 .6734 .7392 .9110 1.098 1.353 1.485 40 .8319.7418 30 .6756 .7373 .9163 1.091 1.356 1.480 30 .8290.7447 40 .6777 .7353 .9217 1.085 1.360 1.476 20 .8261.7476 50 .6799 .7333 .9271 1.079 1.364 1.471 10 .8232 .7505 43 ◦00/prime.6820 .7314 .9325 1.072 1.367 1.466 47◦00/prime.8203 .7534 10 .6841 .7294 .9380 1.066 1.371 1.462 50 .8174.7563 20 .6862 .7274 .9435 1.060 1.375 1.457 40 .8145.7592 30 .6884 .7254 .9490 1.054 1.379 1.453 30 .8116.7621 40 .6905 .7234 .9545 1.048 1.382 1.448 20 .8087.7650 50 .6926 .7214 .9601 1.042 1.386 1.444 10 .8058 .7679 44 ◦00/prime.6947 .7193 .9657 1.036 1.390 1.440 46◦00/prime.8029 .7709 10 .6967 .7173 .9713 1.030 1.394 1.435 50 .7999.7738 20 .6988 .7153 .9770 1.024 1.398 1.431 40 .7970.7767 30 .7009 .7133 .9827 1.018 1.402 1.427 30 .7941.7796 40 .7030 .7112 .9884 1.012 1 406 1.423 20 .7912.7825 50 .7050 .7092 .9942 1.006 1.410 1.418 10 .7883 .7854 45 ◦00/prime.7071 .7071 1.0000 1.0000 1.414 1.414 45◦00/prime.7854 xx cosx sinx cotxtanx cscx secx degree radians A-11 RELATION OF ANGULAR FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF ONE ANOTHER TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Function sinα cosα tanα cotα secα cscα sinα sinα ±√ 1−cos2αtanα ±√ 1 +tan2α1 ±√ 1 +cot2α±√ sec2α−1 secα1 cscα cosα ±√ 1−sin2α cosα1 ±√ 1 +tan2αcotα ±√ 1 +cot2α1 secα±√ csc2α−1 cscα tanαsinα ±√ 1−sin2α±√ 1−cos2α cosαtanα1 cotα±√ sec2α−11 ±√ csc2α−1 cotα±√ 1−sin2α sinαcosα ±√ 1−cos2α1 tanαcotα1 ±√ sec2α−1±√ csc2α−1 secα1 ±√ 1−sin2α1 cosα±√ 1+tan2α±√ 1+cot2α cotαsecαcscα ±√ csc2α−1 cscα1 sinα1 ±√ 1−cos2α±√ 1+tan2α tanα±√ 1+cot2αsecα ±√ sec2α−1cscα Note: The choice of sign depends upon the quadrant in which the angle terminates. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Function Sinh x coshx tanhx sinhx= Sinhx +/radicalbig cosh2x−1tanhx√ 1−tanh2x coshx=/radicalbig 1 + sinh2x coshx1√ 1−tanh2x tanhx=sinhx√ 1+sinh2x±√ cosh2x−1 coshxtanhx cosechx=1 sinhx±1√ cosh2x−1√ 1−tanh2x tanhx sechx=1√ 1+sinh2x1 coshx/radicalbig 1−tanh2x cothx=√ 1+sinh2x sinhx±coshx√ cosh2x−11 tanhx Function cosech x sechx cothx sinhx=1 cosechx±√ 1−sech2x sechx±1√ coth2x−1 coshx= ±√ cosech2x+1 cosechx1 sechx±cothx√ coth2x−1 tanhx=1√ cosech1x+1±/radicalbig 1 + sech2x1 cothx cosechx= cosechx ±sechx√ 1−sech1zsx±√ coth2x−1 1 sechx= ±cosecx√ cosech2x+1sechx ±√ coth2x−1 cothx cothx=/radicalbig cosech2x+1 ±1√ 1−sech2xcothx Whenever two signs are shown, choose + sign if xis positive, −sign ifxis negative. A-12 TeamLRNDERIV ATIVES In the following formulas u,v,wrepresent functions of x, whilea,c,nrepresent fixed real numbers. All arguments in the trigonometric functions are measured in radians, and all inverse trigonometricand hyperbolic functions represent principal values 1.d dx(a)=0 2.d dx(x)=1 3.d dx(au)=adu dx 4.d dx(u+v−w)=du dx+dv dx−dw dx 5.d dx(uv)=udv dx+vdu dx 6.d dx(uvw)=uvdw dx+vwdu dx+uwdv dx 7.d dx/parenleftBigu v/parenrightBig =vdu dx−udv dx v2=1 vdu dx−u v2dv dx 8.d dx(un)=nun−1du dx 9.d dx/parenleftbig√u/parenrightbig =1 2√udu dx 10.d dx/parenleftbigg1 u/parenrightbigg =−1 u2du dx 11.d dx/parenleftbigg1 un/parenrightbigg =−n un+1du dx 12.d dx/parenleftbiggun vm/parenrightbigg =un−1 vm+1/parenleftbigg nvdu dx−mudv dx/parenrightbigg 13.d dx(unvm)=un−1vm−1/parenleftbigg nvdu dx+mudv dx/parenrightbigg 14.d dx[f(u)] =d du[f(u)]·du dx *Lety=f(x)anddy dx=d[f(x)] dx=f/prime(x)define respectively a function and its derivative for any value xin their common domain. The differential for the function at such a value xis accordingly defined as dy=d[f(x)] =dy dxdx=d[f(x)] dxdx=f/prime(x)dx Each derivative formula has an associated differential formula. For example, formula 6 above has the differential formula d(uvw)=uv dw +vw du +uw dv A-13 DERIV ATIVES (Continued) 15.d2 dx2[f(u)] =df(u) du·d2u dx2+d2f(u) du2·/parenleftbiggdu dx/parenrightbigg2 16.dn dxn[uv]=/parenleftbiggn 0/parenrightbigg vdnu dxn+/parenleftbiggn 1/parenrightbiggdv dxdn−1u dxn−1+/parenleftbiggn 2/parenrightbiggd2v dx2dn−2u dxn−2 +···+/parenleftbiggn k/parenrightbiggdkv dxkdn−ku dxn−k+···+/parenleftbiggn n/parenrightbigg udnv dxn where/parenleftbign r/parenrightbig =n! r!(n−r)!is the binomial coef ficient,nnon-negative integer, and/parenleftbign 0/parenrightbig =1. 17.du dx=1 dx duifdx du/negationslash=0 18.d dx(logau) = (logae)1 udu dx 19.d dx(logeu)=1 udu dx 20.d dx(au)=au(logea)du dx 21.d dx(eu)=eudu dx 22.d dx(uv)=vuv−1du dx+ (logeu)uvdv dx 23.d dx(sinu)=du dx(cosu) 24.d dx(cosu)=−du dx(sinu) 25.d dx(tanu)=du dx(sec2u) 26.d dx(cotu)=−du dx(csc2u) 27.d dx(secu)=du dxsecu·tanu 28.d dx(cscu)=−du dxcscu·cotu 29.d dx(versu)=du dxsinu 30.d dx(arcsinu)=1√ 1−u2du dx,/parenleftBig −π 2≤arcsinu≤π 2/parenrightBig A-14 TeamLRNDERIV ATIVES (Continued) 31.d dx(arccosu)=−1√ 1−u2du dx,(0≤arccosu≤π) 32.d dx(arctanu)=1 1+u2du dx,/parenleftBig −π 2<arctanu<π 2/parenrightBig 33.d dx(arc cotu)=−1 1+u2du dx,(0≤arc cotu≤π) 34.d dx(arc secu)=1 u√ u2−1du dx,/parenleftBig 0≤arc secu<π 2,−π≤arc secu<−π 2/parenrightBig 35.d dx(arc cscu)=−1 u√ u2−1du dx,/parenleftBig 0<arc cscu≤π 2,−π<arc cscu≤−π 2/parenrightBig 36.d dx(arc vers u)=1√ 2u−u2du dx,(0≤arc versu≤π) 37.d dx(sinhu)=du dx(coshu) 38.d dx(coshu)=du dx(sinhu) 39.d dx(tanhu)=du dx(sech2u) 40.d dx(cothu)=−du dx(csch2u) 41.d dx(sechu)=−du dx(sechu·tanhu) 42.d dx(cschu)=−du dx(cschu·cothu) 43.d dx(sinh−1u)=d dx[log(u+/radicalbig u2+ 1)] =1√ u2+1du dx 44.d dx(cosh−1u)=d dx[log(u+/radicalbig u2−1)] =1√ u2−1du dx,(u>1,cosh−1u>0) 45.d dx(tanh−1u)=d dx/bracketleftbigg1 2log1+u 1−u/bracketrightbigg =1 1−u2du dx,(u2<1) 46.d dx(coth−1u)=d dx/bracketleftbigg1 2logu+1 u−1/bracketrightbigg =1 1−u2du dx,(u2>1) 47.d dx(sech−1u)=d dx/bracketleftBigg log1+√ 1−u2 u/bracketrightBigg =−1 u√ 1−u2du dx,(0<u< 1,sech−1u>0) 48.d dx(csch−1u)=d dx/bracketleftBigg log1+√ 1+u2 u/bracketrightBigg =−1 |u|√ 1+u2du dx 49.d dq/integraldisplayq pf(x)dx=f(q),[pconstant] 50.d dp/integraldisplayq pf(x)dx=−f(p),[qconstant] 51.d da/integraldisplayq pf(x,a)dx=/integraldisplayq p∂ ∂a[f(x,a)]dx+f(q,a)dq da−f(p,a)dp da A-15 INTEGRATION The following is a brief discussion of some integration techniques. A more complete discussion can be found in a number of good text books. However, the purpose of this introduction is simply to discuss a few ofthe important techniques which may be used, in conjunction with the integral table which follows, to integrateparticular functions. No matter how extensive the integral table, it is a fairly uncommon occurrence to find in the table the exact integral desired. Usually some form of transformation will have to be made. The simplest type oftransformation, and yet the most general, is substitution. Simple forms of substitution, such as y=ax, are employed almost unconsciously by experienced users of integral tables. Other substitutions may require morethought. In some sections of the tables, appropriate substitutions are suggested for integrals which are similarto, but not exactly like, integrals in the table. Finding the right substitution is largely a matter of intuition andexperience. Several precautions must be observed when using substitutions: 1. Be sure to make the substitution in the dxterm, as well as everywhere else in the integral. 2. Be sure that the function substituted is one-to-one and continuous. If this is not the case, the integral must be restricted in such a way as to make it true. See the example following. 3. With de finite integrals, the limits should also be expressed in terms of the new dependent variable. With indefinite integrals, it is necessary to perform the reverse substitution to obtain the answer in terms of the original independent variable. This may also be done for de finite integrals, but it is usually easier to change the limits. Example:/integraldisplayx 4 √ a2−x2dx Here we make the substitution x=|a|sinθ. Thendx=|a|cosθdθ, and √ a2−x2=/radicalbig a2−a2sin2θ=|a|/radicalbig 1−sin2θ=|acosθ| Notice the absolute value signs. It is very important to keep in mind that a square root radical always denotes the positive square root, and to assure the sign is always kept positive. Thus√ x2=|x|. Failure to observe this is a common cause of errors in integration. Notice also that the indicated substitution is not a one-to-one function, that is, it does not have a unique inverse. Thus we must restrict the range of θin such a way as to make the function one-to-one. Fortunately, this is easily done by solving for θ θ= sin−1x |a| and restricting the inverse sine to the principal values, −π 2≤θ≤π 2. Thus the integral becomes/integraldisplaya4sin4θ|a|cosθdθ |a||cosθ| Now, however, in the range of values chosen for θ,cosθis always positive. Thus we may remove the absolute value signs from cosθin the denominator. (This is one of the reasons that the principal values of the inverse trigonometric functions are de fined as they are.) Then the cosθterms cancel, and the integral becomes a4/integraldisplay sin4θdθ By application of integral formulas 299 and 296, we integrate this to −a4sin3θcosθ 4−3a4 8cosθsinθ+3a4 8θ+C A-16 TeamLRNINTEGRATION (Continued) We now must perform the inverse substitution to get the result in terms of x.W eh a v e θ= sin−1x |a| sinθ=x |a| Then cosθ=±/radicalbig 1−sin2θ=±/radicalbigg 1−x2 a2=±√ a2−x2 |a|. Because of the previously mentioned fact that cosθis positive, we may omit the ±sign. The reverse substitution then produces the final answer /integraldisplayx4 √ a2−x2dx=−1 4x3/radicalbig a2−x2−3 8a2x/radicalbig a2−x2+3 8a4sin−1x |a|+C. Any rational function of xmay be integrated, if the denominator is factored into linear and irre- ducible quadratic factors. The function may then be broken into partial fractions, and the individualpartial fractions integrated by use of the appropriate formula from the integral table. See the sectionon partial fractions for further information. Many integrals may be reduced to rational functions by proper substitutions. For example, z= tanx 2 will reduce any rational function of the six trigonometric functions of xto a rational function of z. (Frequently there are other substitutions which are simpler to use, but this one will always work. Seeintegral formula number 484.) Any rational function of xand√ ax+bmay be reduced to a rational function of zby making the substitution z=√ ax+b. Other likely substitutions will be suggested by looking at the form of the integrand. The other main method of transforming integrals is integration by parts. This involves applying formula number 5 or 6 in the accompanying integral table. The critical factor in this method is thechoice of the functions uandv. In order for the method to be successful, v=∫dvand∫vdu must be easier to integrate than the original integral. Again, this choice is largely a matter of intuition and experience. Example:/integraldisplay xsinxdx Two obvious choices are u=x,dv= sinxdx,o ru= sinx,dv=xdx. Since a preliminary mental calculation indicates that ∫vdu in the second choice would be more, rather than less, complicated than the original integral (it would contain x 2), we use the first choice. u=xd u =dx dv= sinxdx v =−cosx/integraldisplay xsinxdx=/integraldisplay udv=uv−/integraldisplay vdu=−xcosx+/integraldisplay cosxdx = sinx−xcosx Of course, this result could have been obtained directly from the integral table, but it provides a simple example of the method. In more complicated examples the choice of uandvmay not be so A-17 INTEGRATION (Continued) obvious, and several different choices may have to be tried. Of course, there is no guarantee that any of them will work. Integration by parts may be applied more than once, or combined with substitution. A fairly common case is illustrated by the following example. Example:/integraldisplay exsinxdx Let u=exThendu=exdx dv= sinxdx v =−cosx/integraldisplay exsinxdx=/integraldisplay udv=uv−/integraldisplay vdu=−excosx+/integraldisplay excosxdx In this latter integral, Letu=exThendu=exdx dv= cosxdx v = sinx /integraldisplay exsinxdx=−excosx+/integraldisplay excosxdx =−excosx+/integraldisplay udv =−excosx+uv−/integraldisplay vdu =−excosx+exsinx−/integraldisplay exsinxdx This looks as if a circular transformation has taken place, since we are back at the same integral we started from. However, the above equation can be solved algebraically for the required integral: /integraldisplay exsinxdx=1 2exsinx−excosx In the second integration by parts, if the parts had been chosen as u= cosx,dv=exdx, we would indeed have made a circular transformation, and returned to the starting place.In general, when doing repeated integration by parts, one should never choose the function uat any stage to be the same as the function vat the previous stage, or a constant times the previous v The following rule is called the extended rule for integration by parts. It is the result of n+1 successive applications of integration by parts. If g 1(x)=/integraldisplay g(x)dx, g 2(x)=/integraldisplay g1(x)dx, g3(x)=/integraldisplay g2(x)dx,... ,g m(x)=/integraldisplay gm−1(x)dx,... , then /integraldisplay f(x)·g(x)dx=f(x)·g1(x)−f/prime(x)·g2(x)+f/prime/prime(x)·g3(x)−+··· +(−1)nf(n)(x)gn+1(x)+(−1)n+1/integraldisplay f(n+1)(x)gn+1(x)dx. A-18 TeamLRNINTEGRATION (Continued) A useful special case of the above rule is when f(x)is a polynomial of degree n. Then f(n+1)(x)= 0, and /integraldisplay f(x)·g(x)dx=f(x)·g1(x)−f/prime(x)·g2(x)+f/prime/prime(x)·g3(x)−+···+(−1)nf(n)(x)gn+1(x)+C Example: Iff(x)=x2,g(x) = sinx /integraldisplay x2sinxdx=−x2cosx+2xsinx+ 2 cosx+C Another application of this formula occurs if f/prime/prime(x)=af(x) and g/prime/prime(x)=bg(x), whereaandbare unequal constants. In this case, by a process similar to that used in the above example for ∫exsinxdx, we get the formula /integraldisplay f(x)g(x)dx=f(x)·g/prime(x)−f/prime(x)·g(x) b−a+C This formula could have been used in the example mentioned. Here is another example. Example: Iff(x)=e2x,g(x) = sin 3 x, thena=4,b=−9, and /integraldisplay e2xsin 3xdx=3e2xcos 3x−2e2xsin 3x −9−4+C=e2x 13(2 sin 3x−3 cos 3x)+C The following additional points should be observed when using this table. 1. A constant of integration is to be supplied with the answers for inde finite integrals. 2. Logarithmic expressions are to base e=2.71828..., unless otherwise speci fied, and are to be evaluated for the absolute value of the arguments involved therein. 3. All angles are measured in radians, and inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions repre- sent principal values, unless otherwise indicated. 4. If the application of a formula produces either a zero denominator or the square root of a negative number in the result, there is usually available another form of the answer which avoids this dif ficulty. In many of the results, the excluded values are speci fied, but when such are omitted it is presumed that one can tell what these should be, especially when dif ficulties of the type herein mentioned are obtained. 5. When inverse trigonometric functions occur in the integrals, be sure that any replacements made for them are strictly in accordance with the rules for such functions. This causes littledifficulty when the argument of the inverse trigonometric function is positive, since then all angles involved are in the first quadrant. However, if the argument is negative, special care must be used. Thus if u>0, sin −1u= cos−1/radicalbig 1−u2= csc−11 u,etc. However, if u<0, sin−1u=−cos−1/radicalbig 1−u2=−π−csc−11 u,etc. See the section on inverse trigonometric functions for a full treatment of the allowable substi- tutions. A-19 INTEGRATION (Continued) 6. In integrals 340 –345 and some others, the right side includes expressions of the form Atan−1[B+Ctanf(x)]. In these formulas, the tan−1does not necessarily represent the principal value. Instead of always employing the principal branch of the inverse tangent function, one must instead usethat branch of the inverse tangent function upon which f(x)lies for any particular choice of x. Example: /integraldisplay 4π 0dx 2 + sinx=2√ 3tan−12 tan(x/2+1 )√ 3/bracketrightbigg4π 0 =2√ 3/bracketleftbigg tan−12 tan 2π+1√ 3−tan−12 tan 0 + 1√ 3/bracketrightbigg =2√ 3/bracketleftbigg13π 6−π 6/bracketrightbigg =4π√ 3=4√ 3π 3 Here tan−12 tan 2π+1√ 3= tan−11√ 3=13π 6, sincef(x)=2π; and tan−12 tan 0 + 1√ 3= tan−11√ 3=π 6, sincef(x)=0 . 7.BnandEnwhere used in Integrals represents the Bernoulli and Euler numbers as de fined in tables of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials contained in certain mathematics reference andhand-books. A-20 TeamLRNINTEGRALS ELEMENTARY FORMS 1./integraldisplay adx=ax 2./integraldisplay a·f(x)dx=a/integraldisplay f(x)dx 3./integraldisplay φ(y)dx=/integraldisplayφ(y) y/primedy,wherey/prime=dy dx 4/integraldisplay (u+v)dx=/integraldisplay udx+/integraldisplay vdx, whereuandvare any functions of x 5./integraldisplay udv=u/integraldisplay dv−/integraldisplay vdu=uv−/integraldisplay vdu 6./integraldisplay udv dxdx=uv−/integraldisplay vdu dxdx 7./integraldisplay xndx=xn+1 n+1, except n=−1 8./integraldisplayf/prime(x)dx f(x)= logf(x),(df(x)=f/prime(x)dx) 9./integraldisplaydx x= logx 10./integraldisplayf/prime(x)dx 2/radicalbig f(x)=/radicalbig f(x),(df(x)=f/prime(x)dx) 11./integraldisplay exdx=ex 12./integraldisplay eaxdx=eax/a 13./integraldisplay baxdx=bax alogb,(b>0) 14./integraldisplay logxdx=xlogx−x 15./integraldisplay axlogadx=ax,(a>0) 16./integraldisplaydx a2+x2=1 atan−1x a 17./integraldisplaydx a2−x2=  1 atanh−1x a or 1 2aloga+x a−x,(a2>x2) 18./integraldisplaydx x2−a2=  −1 acoth−1x a or 1 2alogx−a x+a,(x2>a2) 19./integraldisplaydx√ a2−x2=  sin −1x |a| or −cos−1x |a|,(a2>x2) 20./integraldisplaydx√ x2±a2= log(x+√ x2±a2) 21./integraldisplaydx x√ x2−a2=1 |a|sec−1x a 22./integraldisplaydx x√ a2±x2=−1 alog/parenleftbigga+√ a2±x2 x/parenrightbigg A-21 INTEGRALS (Continued) FORMS CONTAINING ( a+bx) For forms containing a+bx, but not listed in the table, the substitution u=a+bx xmay prove helpful. 23./integraldisplay (a+bx)ndx=(a+bx)n+1 (n+1 )b,(n/negationslash=−1) 24./integraldisplay x(a+bx)ndx=1 b2(n+2 )(a+bx)n+2−a b2(n+1 )(a+bx)n+1,(n/negationslash=−1,−2) 25./integraldisplay x2(a+bx)ndx=1 b3/bracketleftbigg(a+bx)n+3 n+3−2a(a+bx)n+2 n+2+a2(a+bx)n+1 n+1/bracketrightbigg 26./integraldisplay xm(a+bx)ndx=  xm+1(a+bx)n m+n+1+an m+n+1/integraldisplay xm(a+bx)n−1dx or 1 a(n+1)/bracketleftbigg −xm+1(a+bx)n+1+(m+n+2 )/integraldisplay xm(a+bx)n+1dx/bracketrightbigg or 1 b(m+n+1)/bracketleftbigg xm(a+bx)n+1−ma/integraldisplay xm−1(a+bx)ndx/bracketrightbigg 27./integraldisplaydx a+bx=1 blog (a+bx) 28./integraldisplaydx (a+bx)2=−1 b(a+bx) 29./integraldisplaydx (a+bx)3=−1 2b(a+bx)2 30./integraldisplayxdx a+bx=  1 b2[a+bx−alog(a+bx)] or x b−a b2log(a+bx) 31./integraldisplayxdx (a+bx)2=1 b2/bracketleftbigg log (a+bx)+a a+bx/bracketrightbigg 32./integraldisplayxdx (a+bx)n=1 b2/bracketleftbigg−1 (n−2)(a+bx)n−2+a (n−1)(a+bx)n−1/bracketrightbigg ,n/negationslash=1,2 33./integraldisplayx2dx a+bx=1 b3/bracketleftbigg1 2(a+bx)2−2a(a+bx)+a2log (a+bx)/bracketrightbigg 34./integraldisplayx2dx (a+bx)2=1 b3/bracketleftbigg a+bx−2alog (a+bx)−a2 a+bx/bracketrightbigg 35./integraldisplayx2dx (a+bx)3=1 b3/bracketleftbigg log (a+bx)+2a a+bx−a2 2(a+bx)2/bracketrightbigg 36./integraldisplayx2dx (a+bx)n=1 b3/bracketleftbigg−1 (n−3)(a+bx)n−3+2a (n−2)(a+bx)n−2 −a2 (n−1)(a+bx)n−1/bracketrightbigg ,n/negationslash=1,2,3 37./integraldisplaydx x(a+bx)=−1 aloga+bx x 38./integraldisplaydx x(a+bx)2=1 a(a+bx)−1 a2loga+bx x 39./integraldisplaydx x(a+bx)3=1 a3/bracketleftBigg 1 2/parenleftbigg2a+bx a+bx/parenrightbigg2 + logx a+bx/bracketrightBigg 40./integraldisplaydx x2(a+bx)=−1 ax+b a2loga+bx x 41./integraldisplaydx x3(a+bx)=2bx−a 2a2x2+b2 a3logx a+bx A-22 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 42./integraldisplaydx x2(a+bx)2=−a+2bx a2x(a+bx)+2b a3loga+bx x FORMS CONTAINING c2±x2orx2−c2 43./integraldisplaydx c2+x2=1 ctan−1x c 44./integraldisplaydx c2−x2=1 2clogc+x c−x,(c2>x2) 45./integraldisplaydx x2−c2=1 2clogx−c x+c,(x2>c2) 46./integraldisplayxdx c2±x2=±1 2log (c2±x2) 47./integraldisplayxdx (c2±x2)n+1=∓1 2n(c2±x2)n 48./integraldisplaydx (c2±x2)n=1 2c2(n−1)/bracketleftbiggx (c2±x2)n−1+( 2n−3)/integraldisplaydx (c2±x2)n−1/bracketrightbigg 49./integraldisplaydx (x2−c2)n=1 2c2(n−1)/bracketleftbigg −x (x2−c2)n−1−(2n−3)/integraldisplaydx (x2−c2)n−1/bracketrightbigg 50./integraldisplayxdx x2−c2=1 2log (x2−c2) 51./integraldisplayxdx (x2−c2)n+1=−1 2n(x2−c2)n FORMS CONTAINING a+bxAND c+dx, Ifk=0, thenv=c au 52./integraldisplaydx u·v=1 k·log/parenleftBigv u/parenrightBig 53./integraldisplayxdx u·v=1 k/bracketleftBiga blog(u)−c dlog(v)/bracketrightBig 54./integraldisplaydx u2·v=1 k/parenleftbigg1 u+d klogv u/parenrightbigg 55./integraldisplayxdx u2·v=−a bku−c k2logv u 56./integraldisplayx2dx u2·v=a2 b2ku+1 k2/bracketleftbiggc2 dlog(v)+a(k−bc) b2log(u)/bracketrightbigg 57./integraldisplaydx un·vm=1 k(m−1)/bracketleftbigg−1 un−1·vm−1−(m+n−2)b/integraldisplaydx un·vm−1/bracketrightbigg 58./integraldisplayu vdx=bx d+k d2log(v) 59./integraldisplayumdx vn=  −1 k(n−1)/bracketleftbigg um+1 vn−1+b(n−m−2)/integraldisplayum vn−1dx/bracketrightbigg or −1 d(n−m−1)/bracketleftbigg um vn−1+mk/integraldisplayum−1 vndx/bracketrightbigg or −1 d(n−1)/bracketleftbigg um vn−1−mb/integraldisplayum−1 vn−1dx/bracketrightbigg A-23 INTEGRALS (Continued) FORMS CONTAINING ( a+bxn) 60./integraldisplaydx a+bx2=1√ abtan−1x√ ab a,(ab >0) 61./integraldisplaydx a+bx2=  1 2√−abloga+x√−ab a−x√−ab,(ab <0) or 1√−abtanh−1x√−ab a,(ab <0) 62./integraldisplaydx a2+b2x2=1 abtan−1bx a 63./integraldisplayxdx a+bx2=1 2blog(a+bx2) 64./integraldisplayx2dx a+bx2=x b−a b/integraldisplaydx a+bx2 65./integraldisplaydx (a+bx2)2=x 2a(a+bx2)+1 2a/integraldisplaydx a+bx2 66./integraldisplaydx a2−b2x2=1 2abloga+bx a−bx 67./integraldisplaydx (a+bx2)m+1=  1 2max (a+bx2)m+2m−1 2ma/integraltextdx (a+bx2)m or (2m)! (m!)2/bracketleftBig x 2a/summationtextm r=1r!(r−1)! (4a)m−r(2r)!(a+bx2)r+1 (4a)m/integraltextdx a+bx2/bracketrightBig 68./integraldisplayxdx (a+bx2)m+1=−1 2bm(a+bx2)m 69./integraldisplayx2dx (a+bx2)m+1=−x 2mb(a+bx2)m+1 2mb/integraldisplaydx (a+bx2)m 70./integraldisplaydx x(a+bx2)=1 2alogx2 a+bx2 71./integraldisplaydx x2(a+bx2)=−1 ax−b a/integraldisplaydx a+bx2 72./integraldisplaydx x(a+bx2)m+1=  1 2am(a+bx2)m+1 a/integraltextdx x(a+bx2)m or 1 2am+1/bracketleftBig/summationtextm r=1ar r(a+bx2)r+ logx2 a+bx2/bracketrightBig 73./integraldisplaydx x2(a+bx2)m+1=1 a/integraldisplaydx x2(a+bx2)m−b a/integraldisplaydx (a+bx2)m+1 74./integraldisplaydx a+bx3=k 3a/bracketleftbigg1 2log(k+x)3 a+bx3+√ 3tan−12x−k k√ 3/bracketrightbigg ,/parenleftbigg k=3/radicalbigg a b/parenrightbigg 75./integraldisplayxdx a+bx3=1 3bk/bracketleftbigg1 2loga+bx3 (k+x)3+√ 3tan−12x−k k√ 3/bracketrightbigg ,/parenleftbigg k=3/radicalbigg a b/parenrightbigg 76./integraldisplayx2dx a+bx3=1 3blog(a+bx3) 77./integraldisplaydx a+bx4=k 2a/bracketleftbigg1 2logx2+2kx+2k2 x2−2kx+2k2+ tan−12kx 2k2−x2/bracketrightbigg ,/parenleftbigg ab >0,k=4/radicalbigg a 4b/parenrightbigg 78./integraldisplaydx a+bx4=k 2a/bracketleftbigg1 2logx+k x−k+ tan−1x k/bracketrightbigg ,/parenleftbigg ab <0,k=4/radicalbigg −a b/parenrightbigg 79./integraldisplayxdx a+bx4=1 2bktan−1x2 k,/parenleftbigg ab >0,k=/radicalbigg a b/parenrightbigg 80./integraldisplayxdx a+bx4=1 4bklogx2−k x2+k,/parenleftbigg ab <0,k=/radicalbigg −a b/parenrightbigg 81./integraldisplayx2dx a+bx4=1 4bk/bracketleftbigg1 2logx2−2kx+2k2 x2+2kx+2k2+ tan−12kx 2k2−x2/bracketrightbigg ,/parenleftbigg ab >0,k=4/radicalbigg a 4b/parenrightbigg 82./integraldisplayx2dx a+bx4=1 4bk/bracketleftbigg logx−k x+k+ 2tan−1x k/bracketrightbigg ,/parenleftbigg ab <0,k=4/radicalbigg −a b/parenrightbigg A-24 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 83./integraldisplayx3dx a+bx4=1 4blog(a+bx4) 84./integraldisplaydx x(a+bxn)=1 anlogxn a+bxn 85./integraldisplaydx (a+bxn)m+1=1 a/integraldisplaydx (a+bxn)m−b a/integraldisplayxndx (a+bxn)m+1 86./integraldisplayxmdx (a+bxn)p+1=1 b/integraldisplayxm−ndx (a+bxn)p−a b/integraldisplayxm−ndx (a+bxn)p+1 87./integraldisplaydx xm(a+bxn)p+1=1 a/integraldisplaydx xm(a+bxn)p−b a/integraldisplaydx xm−n(a+bxn)p+1 88./integraldisplay xm(a+bxn)pdx=  1 b(np+m+1)/bracketleftbig xm−n+1(a+bxn)p+1−a(m−n+1 )/integraltext xm−n(a+bxn)pdx/bracketrightbig or 1 np+m+1/bracketleftbig xm+1(a+bxn)p+anp/integraltext xm(a+bxn)p−1dx/bracketrightbig or 1 a(m+1)/bracketleftbig xm+1(a+bxn)p+1−(m+1+np+n)b/integraltext xm+n(a+bxn)pdx/bracketrightbig or 1 an(p+1)/bracketleftbig −xm+1(a+bxn)p+1+(m+1+np+n)/integraltext xm(a+bxn)p+1dx/bracketrightbig FORMS CONTAINING c3±x3 89./integraldisplaydx c3±x3=±1 6c2log(c±x)3 c3±x3+1 c2√ 3tan−12x∓c c√ 3 90./integraldisplaydx (c3±x3)2=x 3c3(c3±x3)+2 3c3/integraldisplaydx c3±x3 91./integraldisplaydx (c3±x3)n+1=1 3nc3/bracketleftbiggx (c3±x3)n+( 3n−1)/integraldisplaydx (c3±x3)n/bracketrightbigg 92./integraldisplayxdx c3±x3=1 6clogc3±x3 (c±x)3±1 c√ 3tan−12x∓c c√ 3 93./integraldisplayxdx (c3±x3)2=x2 3c3(c3±x3)+1 3c3/integraldisplayxdx c3±x3 94./integraldisplayxdx (c3±x3)n+1=1 3nc3/bracketleftbiggx2 (c3±x3)n+( 3n−2)/integraldisplayxdx (c3±x3)n/bracketrightbigg 95./integraldisplayx2dx c3±x3=±1 3log(c3±x3) 96./integraldisplayx2dx (c3±x3)n+1=∓1 3n(c3±x3)n 97./integraldisplaydx x(c3±x3)=1 3c3logx3 c3±x3 98./integraldisplaydx x(c3±x3)2=1 3c3(c3±x3)+1 3c6logx3 c3±x3 99./integraldisplaydx x(c3±x3)n+1=1 3nc3(c3±x3)n+1 c3/integraldisplaydx x(c3±x3)n 100./integraldisplaydx x2(c3±x3)=−1 c3x∓1 c3/integraldisplayxdx c3±x3 101./integraldisplaydx x2(c3±x3)n+1=1 c3/integraldisplaydx x2(c3±x3)n∓1 c3/integraldisplayxdx (c3±x3)n+1 FORMS CONTAINING c4±x4 A-25 INTEGRALS (Continued) 102./integraldisplaydx c4+x4=1 2c3√ 2/bracketleftbigg1 2logx2+cx√ 2+c2 x2−cx√ 2+c2+ tan−1cx√ 2 c2−x2/bracketrightbigg 103./integraldisplaydx c4−x4=1 2c3/bracketleftbigg1 2logc+x c−x+ tan−1x c/bracketrightbigg 104./integraldisplayxdx c4+x4=1 2c2tan−1x2 c2 105./integraldisplayxdx c4−x4=1 4c2logc2+x2 c2−x2 106./integraldisplayx2dx c4+x4=1 2c√ 2/bracketleftbigg1 2logx2−cx√ 2+c2 x2+cx√ 2+c2+ tan−1cx√ 2 c2−x2/bracketrightbigg 107./integraldisplayx2dx c4−x4=1 2c/bracketleftbigg1 2logc+x c−x−tan−1x c/bracketrightbigg 108./integraldisplayx3dx c4±x4=±1 4log (c4±x4) FORMS CONTAINING ( a+bx+cx2) X=a+bx+cx2andq=4ac−b2 Ifq=0, thenX=c/parenleftbig x+b 2c/parenrightbig2, and formulas starting with 23 should be used in place of these. 109./integraldisplaydx X=2√qtan−12cx+b√q,(q>0) 110./integraldisplaydx X=  −2√−qtanh−12cx+b√−q or 1√−qlog2cx+b−√−q 2cx+b+√−q,(q<0) 111./integraldisplaydx X2=2cx+b qX+2c q/integraldisplaydx X 112./integraldisplaydx X3=2cx+b q/parenleftbigg1 2X2+3c qX/parenrightbigg +6c2 q2/integraldisplaydx X 113./integraldisplaydx Xn+1=  2cx+b nqXn+2(2n−1)c qn/integraldisplaydx Xn or (2n)! (n!)2/parenleftbiggc q/parenrightbiggn/bracketleftBigg 2cx+b qn/summationdisplay r=1/parenleftBigq cX/parenrightBigr/parenleftbigg(r−1)!r! (2r)!/parenrightbigg +/integraldisplaydx X/bracketrightBigg 114./integraldisplayxdx X=1 2clogX−b 2c/integraldisplaydx X 115./integraldisplayxdx X2=bx+2a qX−b q/integraldisplaydx X 116./integraldisplayxdx Xn+1=−2a+bx nqXn−b(2n−1) nq/integraldisplaydx Xn 117./integraldisplayx2 Xdx=x c−b 2c2logX+b2−2ac 2c2/integraldisplaydx X 118./integraldisplayx2 X2dx=(b2−2ac)x+ab cqX+2a q/integraldisplaydx X 119./integraldisplayxmdx Xn+1=−xm−1 (2n−m+1 )cXn−n−m+1 2n−m+1·b c/integraldisplayxm−1dx Xn+1 +m−1 2n−m+1·a c/integraldisplayxm−2dx Xn+1 120./integraldisplaydx xX=1 2alogx2 X−b 2a/integraldisplaydx X A-26 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 121./integraldisplaydx x2X=b 2a2logX x2−1 ax+/parenleftbiggb2 2a2−c a/parenrightbigg/integraldisplaydx X 122./integraldisplaydx xXn=1 2a(n−1)Xn−1−b 2a/integraldisplaydx Xn+1 a/integraldisplaydx xXn−1 123./integraldisplaydx xmXn+1=−1 (m−1)axm−1Xn−n+m−1 m−1·b a/integraldisplaydx xm−1Xn+1 −2n+m−1 m−1·c a/integraldisplaydx xm−2Xn+1 FORMS CONTAINING√a+bx 124./integraldisplay√ a+bxdx =2 3b/radicalbig (a+bx)3 125./integraldisplay x√ a+bxdx =−2(2a−3bx)/radicalbig (a+bx)3 15b2 126./integraldisplay x2√ a+bxdx =2(8a2−12abx+1 5b2x2)/radicalbig (a+bx)3 105b3 127./integraldisplay xm√ a+bxdx =  2 b(2m+3)/bracketleftBig xm/radicalbig (a+bx)3−ma/integraltext xm−1√ a+bxdx/bracketrightBig or 2 bm+1√ a+bx/summationtextm r=0m!(−a)m−r r!(m−r)!(2r+3)(a+bx)r+1 128./integraldisplay√ a+bx xdx=2√ a+bx+a/integraldisplaydx x√ a+bx 129./integraldisplay√ a+bx x2dx=√ a+bx x+b 2/integraldisplaydx x√ a+bx 130./integraldisplay√ a+bx xmdx=−1 (m−1)a/bracketleftBigg/radicalbig (a+bx)3 xm−1+(2m−5)b 2/integraldisplay√ a+bx xm−1dx/bracketrightBigg 131./integraldisplaydx√ a+bx=2√ a+bx b 132./integraldisplayxdx√ a+bx=−2(2a−bx) 3b2√ a+bx 133./integraldisplayx2dx√ a+bx=2(8a2−4abx−3b2x2) 15b3√ a+bx 134./integraldisplayxmdx√ a+bx=  2 (2m+1)b/bracketleftbigg xm√ a+bx−ma/integraldisplayxm−1dx√ a+bx/bracketrightbigg or 2(−a)m√a+bx bm+1/summationtextm r=0(−1)rm!(a+bx)r (2r+1)r!(m−r)!ar 135./integraldisplaydx x√ a+bx=1√alog/parenleftbigg√ a+bx−√a√ a+bx+√a/parenrightbigg ,(a>0) 136./integraldisplaydx x√ a+bx=2√−atan−1/radicalbigg a+bx −a,(a<0) 137./integraldisplaydx x2√ a+bx=−√ a+bx ax−b 2a/integraldisplaydx x√ a+bx 138./integraldisplaydx xn√ a+bx=  − √a+bx (n−1)axn−1−(2n−3)b (2n−2)a/integraldisplaydx xn−1√ a+bx or (2n−2)! [(n−1)!]2/bracketleftBigg −√ a+bx an−1/summationdisplay r=1r!(r−1)! xr2(r)!/parenleftbigg −b 4a/parenrightbiggn−r−1 +/parenleftbigg −b 4a/parenrightbiggn−1/integraldisplaydx x√ a+bx/bracketrightBigg A-27 INTEGRALS (Continued) 139./integraldisplay (a+bx)±n 2dx=2(a+bx)2±n 2 b(2±n) 140./integraldisplay x(a+bx)±n 2dx=2 b2/bracketleftbigg(a+bx)4±n 2 4±n−a(a+bx)2±n 2 2±n/bracketrightbigg 141./integraldisplaydx x(a+bx)m 2=1 a/integraldisplaydx x(a+bx)m−2 2−b a/integraldisplaydx (a+bx)m 2 142./integraldisplay(a+bx)n/2dx x=b/integraldisplay (a+bx)(n−2)/2dx+a/integraldisplay(a+bx)(n−2)/2 xdx 143./integraldisplay f(x,√ a+bx)dx=2 b/integraldisplay f/parenleftbiggz2−a b,z/parenrightbigg zdz, (z=√ a+bx) FORMS CONTAINING√a+bxand√c+dx u=a+bx v =c+dx k =ad−bc Ifk=0, then,v=(c a)u, and formulas starting with 124 should be used in place of these. 144./integraldisplaydx√uv=  2√ bdtanh−1√ bduv bv,b d > 0,k < 0 or 2√ bdtanh−1√ bduv du,b d > 0,k > 0. or 1√ bdlog(bυ+√ bduv)2 υ,(bd >0) 145./integraldisplaydx√uv=  2√−bdtan−1√−bduv bv or −1√−bdsin−1/parenleftBig 2bdx+ad+bc |k|/parenrightBig ,(bd <0) 146./integraldisplay√uvdx =k+2bv 4bd√uv−k2 8bd/integraldisplaydx√uv 147./integraldisplaydx v√u=  1√ kdlogd√u−√ kd d√u+√ kd or 1√ kdlog(d√u−√ kd)2 υ,(kd>0) 148./integraldisplaydx v√u=2√ −kdtan−1d√u√ −kd,(kd<0) 149./integraldisplayxdx√uv=√uv bd−ad+bc 2bd/integraldisplaydx√uv 150./integraldisplaydx v√uv=−2√uv kv 151./integraldisplayυdx√uυ=√uυ b−k 2b/integraldisplaydx√uυ 152./integraldisplay/radicalbigg v udx=v |v|/integraldisplayvdx√uv 153./integraldisplay vm√udx=1 (2m+3 )d/parenleftbigg 2vm+1√u+k/integraldisplayvmdx√u/parenrightbigg 154./integraldisplaydx vm√u=−1 (m−1)k/parenleftbigg√u vm−1+/parenleftbigg m−3 2/parenrightbigg b/integraldisplaydx vm−1√u/parenrightbigg A-28 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 155./integraldisplayvmdx√u=  2 b(2m+1)/bracketleftBig vm√u−mk/integraltextvm−1 √udx/bracketrightBig or 2(m!)2√u b(2m+1)!/summationtextm r=0/parenleftbig −4k b/parenrightbigm−r(2r)! (r!)2vr FORMS CONTAINING√x2±a2 156./integraldisplay√ x2±a2dx=1 2/bracketleftBig x√ x2±a2±a2log (x+√ x2±a2)/bracketrightBig 157./integraldisplaydx√ x2±a2= log (x+√ x2±a2) 158./integraldisplaydx x√ x2−a2=1 |a|sec−1x a 159./integraldisplaydx x√ x2+a2=−1 alog/parenleftbigga+√ x2+a2 x/parenrightbigg 160./integraldisplay√ x2+a2 xdx=√ x2+a2−alog/parenleftbigga+√ x2+a2 x/parenrightbigg 161./integraldisplay√ x2−a2 xdx=√ x2−a2−|a|sec−1x a 162./integraldisplayxdx√ x2±a2=√ x2±a2 163./integraldisplay x√ x2±a2dx=1 3/radicalbig (x2±a2)3 164./integraldisplay/radicalbig (x2±a2)3dx=1 4/bracketleftbigg x/radicalbig (x2±a2)3±3a2x 2√ x2±a2+3a4 2log(x+√ x2±a2)/bracketrightbigg 165./integraldisplaydx/radicalbig (x2±a2)3=±x a2√ x2±a2 166./integraldisplayxdx/radicalbig (x2±a2)3=−1√ x2±a2 167./integraldisplay x/radicalbig (x2±a2)3dx=1 5/radicalbig (x2±a2)5 168./integraldisplay x2√ x2±a2dx=x 4/radicalbig (x2±a2)3∓a2 8x√ x2±a2−a4 8log (x+√ x2±a2) 169./integraldisplay x3√ x2+a2dx=(1 5x2−2 15a2)/radicalbig (a2+x2)3 170./integraldisplay x3√ x2−a2dx=1 5/radicalbig (x2−a2)5+a2 3/radicalbig (x2−a2)3 171./integraldisplayx2dx√ x2±a2=x 2√ x2±a2∓a2 2log (x+√ x2±a2) 172./integraldisplayx3dx√ x2±a2=1 3/radicalbig (x2±a2)3∓a2√ x2±a2 173./integraldisplaydx x2√ x2±a2=∓√ x2±a2 a2x 174./integraldisplaydx x3√ x2+a2=√ x2+a2 2a2x2+1 2a3loga+√ x2+a2 x 175./integraldisplaydx x3√ x2−a2=√ x2−a2 2a2x2+1 2|a3|sec−1x a 176./integraldisplay x2/radicalbig (x2±a2)3dx=x 6/radicalbig (x2±a2)5∓a2x 24/radicalbig (x2±a2)3−a4x 16√ x2±a2 ∓a6 16log (x+√ x2±a2) 177./integraldisplay x3/radicalbig (x2±a2)3dx=1 7/radicalbig (x2±a2)7∓a2 5/radicalbig (x2±a2)5 A-29 INTEGRALS (Continued) 178./integraldisplay√ x2±a2dx x2=−√ x2±a2 x+ log (x+√ x2±a2) 179./integraldisplay√ x2+a2 x3dx=−√ x2+a2 2x2−1 2aloga+√ x2+a2 x 180./integraldisplay√ x2−a2 x3dx=−√ x2−a2 2x2+1 2|a|sec−1x a 181./integraldisplay√ x2±a2 x4dx=∓/radicalbig (x2±a2)3 3a2x3 182./integraldisplayx2dx/radicalbig (x2±a2)3=−x√ x2±a2+ log (x+√ x2±a2) 183./integraldisplayx3dx/radicalbig (x2±a2)3=√ x2±a2±a2 √ x2±a2 184./integraldisplaydx x/radicalbig (x2+a2)3=1 a2√ x2+a2−1 a3loga+√ x2+a2 x 185./integraldisplaydx x/radicalbig (x2−a2)3=−1 a2√ x2−a2−1 |a3|sec−1x a 186./integraldisplaydx x2/radicalbig (x2±a2)3=−1 a4/bracketleftbigg√ x2±a2 x+x√ x2±a2/bracketrightbigg 187./integraldisplaydx x3/radicalbig (x2+a2)3=−1 2a2x2√ x2+a2−3 2a4√ x2+a2+3 2a5loga+√ x2+a2 x 188./integraldisplaydx x3/radicalbig (x2−a2)3=1 2a2x2√ x2−a2−3 2a4√ x2−a2−3 2|a5|sec−1x a 189./integraldisplayxm √ x2±a2dx=1 mxm−1√ x2±a2∓m−1 ma2/integraldisplayxm−2 √ x2±a2dx 190./integraldisplayx2m √ x2±a2dx=(2m)! 22m(m!)2/bracketleftBigg √ x2±a2m/summationdisplay r=1r!(r−1)! (2r)!(∓a2)m−r(2x)2r−1 +(∓a2)mlog (x+√ x2±a2)/bracketrightbigg 191./integraldisplayx2m+1 √ x2±a2dx=√ x2±a2m/summationdisplay r=0(2r)!(m!)2 (2m+ 1)!(r!)2(∓4a2)m−rx2r 192./integraldisplaydx xm√ x2±a2=∓√ x2±a2 (m−1)a2xm−1∓(m−2) (m−1)a2/integraldisplaydx xm−2√ x2±a2 193./integraldisplaydx x2m√ x2±a2=√ x2±a2m−1/summationdisplay r=0(m−1)!m!(2r)!22m−2r−1 (r!)2(2m)!(∓a2)m−rx2r+1 194./integraldisplaydx x2m+1√ x2+a2=(2m)! (m!)2/bracketleftbigg√ x2+a2 a2/summationtextm r=1(−1)m−r+1r!(r−1)! 2(2r)!(4a2)m−rx2r +(−1)m+1 22ma2m+1log√ x2+a2+a x/bracketrightbigg 195./integraldisplaydx x2m+1√ x2−a2=(2m)! (m!)2/bracketleftBigg√ x2−a2 a2m/summationdisplay r=1r!(r−1)! 2(2r)!(4a2)m−rx2r+1 22m|a|2m+1sec−1x a/bracketrightBigg 196./integraldisplaydx (x−a)√ x2−a2=−√ x2−a2 a(x−a) 197./integraldisplaydx (x+a)√ x2−a2=√ x2−a2 a(x+a) 198./integraldisplay f(x,√ x2+a2)dx=a/integraldisplay f(atanu,asecu)sec2udu,/parenleftBig u= tan−1x a,a>0/parenrightBig 199./integraldisplay f(x,√ x2−a2)dx=a/integraldisplay f(asecu,atanu)secutanudu,/parenleftBig u= sec−1x a,a>0/parenrightBig A-30 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) FORMS CONTAINING√a2−x2 200./integraldisplay√ a2−x2dx=1 2/bracketleftbigg x√ a2−x2+a2sin−1x |a|/bracketrightbigg 201./integraldisplaydx√ a2−x2=  sin−1x |a| or −cos−1x |a| 202./integraldisplaydx x√ a2−x2=−1 alog/parenleftbigga+√ a2−x2 x/parenrightbigg 203./integraldisplay√ a2−x2 xdx=√ a2−x2−alog/parenleftbigga+√ a2−x2 x/parenrightbigg 204./integraldisplayxdx√ a2−x2=−√ a2−x2 205./integraldisplay x√ a2−x2dx=−1 3/radicalbig (a2−x2)3 206./integraldisplay/radicalbig (a2−x2)3dx=1 4/bracketleftbigg x/radicalbig (a2−x2)3+3a2x 2√ a2−x2+3a4 2sin−1x |a|/bracketrightbigg 207./integraldisplaydx/radicalbig (a2−x2)3=x a2√ a2−x2 208./integraldisplayxdx/radicalbig (a2−x2)3=1√ a2−x2 209./integraldisplay x/radicalbig (a2−x2)3dx=−1 5/radicalbig (a2−x2)5 210./integraldisplay x2√ a2−x2dx=−x 4/radicalbig (a2−x2)3+a2 8/parenleftbigg x√ a2−x2+a2sin−1x |a|/parenrightbigg 211./integraldisplay x3√ a2−x2dx=(−1 5x2−2 15a2)/radicalbig (a2−x2)3 212./integraldisplay x2/radicalbig (a2−x2)3dx=−1 6x/radicalbig (a2−x2)5+a2x 24/radicalbig (a2−x2)3+a4x 16√ a2−x2+a6 16sin−1x |a| 213./integraldisplay x3/radicalbig (a2−x2)3dx=1 7/radicalbig (a2−x2)7−a2 5/radicalbig (a2−x2)5 214./integraldisplayx2dx√ a2−x2=−x 2√ a2−x2+a2 2sin−1x |a| 215./integraldisplaydx x2√ a2−x2=−√ a2−x2 a2x 216./integraldisplay√ a2−x2 x2dx=−√ a2−x2 x−sin−1x |a| 217./integraldisplay√ a2−x2 x3dx=−√ a2−x2 2x2+1 2aloga+√ a2−x2 x 218./integraldisplay√ a2−x2 x4dx=−/radicalbig (a2−x2)3 3a2x3 219./integraldisplayx2dx/radicalbig (a2−x2)3=x√ a2−x2−sin−1x |a| 220./integraldisplayx3dx√ a2−x2=−2 3(a2−x2)3/2−x2(a2−x2)1/2=−1 3√ a2−x2(x2+2a2) 221./integraldisplayx3dx/radicalbig (a2−x2)3=2 (a2−x2)1/2+x2 (a2−x2)1/2=−a2 √ a2−x2+√ a2−x2 222./integraldisplaydx x3√ a2−x2=−√ a2−x2 2a2x2−1 2a3loga+√ a2−x2 x 223./integraldisplaydx x/radicalbig (a2−x2)3=1 a2√ a2−x2−1 a3loga+√ a2−x2 x A-31 INTEGRALS (Continued) 224./integraldisplaydx x2/radicalbig (a2−x2)3=1 a4/bracketleftbigg −√ a2−x2 x+x√ a2−x2/bracketrightbigg 225./integraldisplaydx x3/radicalbig (a2−x2)3=−1 2a2x2√ a2−x2+3 2a4√ a2−x2−3 2a5loga+√ a2−x2 x 226./integraldisplayxm √ a2−x2dx=−xm−1√ a2−x2 m+(m−1)a2 m/integraldisplayxm−2 √ a2−x2dx 227./integraldisplayx2m √ a2−x2dx=(2m)! (m!)2/bracketleftBigg −√ a2−x2m/summationdisplay r=1r!(r−1)! 22m−2r+1(2r)!a2m−2rx2r−1+a2m 22msin−1x |a|/bracketrightBigg 228./integraldisplayx2m+1 √ a2−x2dx=−√ a2−x2m/summationdisplay r=0(2r)!(m!)2 (2m+ 1)!(r!)2(4a2)m−rx2r 229./integraldisplaydx xm√ a2−x2=−√ a2−x2 (m−1)a2xm−1+m−2 (m−1)a2/integraldisplaydx xm−2√ a2−x2 230./integraldisplayax x2m√ a2−x2=−√ a2−x2m−1/summationdisplay r=0(m−1)!m!(2r)!22m−2r−1 (r!)2(2m)!a2m−2rx2r+1 231./integraldisplaydx x2m+1√ a2−x2=(2m)! (m!)2/bracketleftBigg −√ a2−x2 a2m/summationdisplay r=1r!(r−1)! 2(2r)!(4a2)m−rx2r+1 22ma2m+1loga−√ a2−x2 x/bracketrightBigg 232./integraldisplaydx (b2−x2)√ a2−x2=1 2b√ a2−b2log(b√ a2−x2+x√ a2−b2)2 b2−x2,(a2>b2) 233./integraldisplaydx (b2−x2)√ a2−x2=1 b√ b2−a2tan−1x√ b2−a2 b√ a2−x2,(b2>a2) 234./integraldisplaydx (b2+x2)√ a2−x2=1 b√ a2+b2tan−1x√ a2+b2 b√ a2−x2 235./integraldisplay√ a2−x2 b2+x2dx=√ a2+b2 |b|sin−1x√ a2+b2 |a|√ x2+b2−sin−1x |a| 236./integraldisplay f(x,√ a2−x2)dx=a/integraldisplay f(asinu,acosu)cosudu,/parenleftBig u= sin−1x a,a>0/parenrightBig FORMS CONTAINING√a+bx+cx2 X=a+bx+cx2,q=4ac−b2,andk=4c q Ifq=0, then√ X=√c/vextendsingle/vextendsinglex+b 2c/vextendsingle/vextendsingle 237./integraldisplaydx√ X=  1√clog(2√ cX+2cx+b) or 1√csinh−12cx+b√q,(c>0) 238./integraldisplaydx√ X=−1√−csin−12cx+b√−q,(c<0) 239./integraldisplaydx X√ X=2(2cx+b) q√ X 240./integraldisplaydx X2√ X=2(2cx+b) 3q√ X/parenleftbigg1 X+2k/parenrightbigg 241./integraldisplaydx Xn√ X=  2(2cx+b)√ X (2n−1)qXn+2k(n−1) 2n−1/integraltextdx Xn−1√ X or (2cx+b)(n!)(n−1)!4nkn−1 q[(2n)!]√ X/summationtextn−1 r=0(2r)! (4kX)r(r!)2 242./integraldisplay√ Xdx=(2cx+b)√ X 4c+1 2k/integraldisplaydx√ X A-32 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 243./integraldisplay X√ Xdx=(2cx+b)√ X 8c/parenleftbigg X+3 2k/parenrightbigg +3 8k2/integraldisplaydx√ X 244./integraldisplay X2√ Xdx=(2cx+b)√ X 12c/parenleftbigg X2+5X 4k+15 8k2/parenrightbigg +5 16k3/integraldisplaydx√ X 245./integraldisplay Xn√ Xdx=  (2cx+b)Xn√ X 4(n+1)c+2n+1 2(n+1)k/integraldisplay Xn−1√ Xdx or (2n+2)! [(n+1)!]2(4k)n+1/bracketleftbigg k(2cx+b)√ X c/summationtextn r=0r!(r+1)!(4kX)r (2r+2)!+/integraldisplaydx√ X/bracketrightbigg 246./integraldisplayxdx√ X=√ X c−b 2c/integraldisplaydx√ X 247./integraldisplayxdx X√ X=−2(bx+2a) q√ X 248./integraldisplayxdx Xn√ X=−√ X (2n−1)cXn−b 2c/integraldisplaydx Xn√ X 249./integraldisplayx2dx√ X=/parenleftbiggx 2c−3b 4c2/parenrightbigg√ X+3b2−4ac 8c2/integraldisplaydx√ X 250./integraldisplayx2dx X√ X=(2b2−4ac)x+2ab cq√ X+1 c/integraldisplaydx√ X 251./integraldisplayx2dx Xn√ X=(2b2−4ac)x+2ab (2n−1)cqXn−1√ X+4ac+( 2n−3)b2 (2n−1)cq/integraldisplaydx Xn−1√ X 252./integraldisplayx3dx√ X=/parenleftbiggx2 3c−5bx 12c2+5b2 8c3−2a 3c2/parenrightbigg√ X+/parenleftbigg3ab 4c2−5b3 16c3/parenrightbigg/integraldisplaydx√ X 253./integraldisplayxndx√ X=1 ncxn−1√ X−(2n−1)b 2nc/integraldisplayxn−1dx√ X−(n−1)a nc/integraldisplayxn−2dx√ X 254./integraldisplay x√ Xdx=X√ X 3c−b(2cx+b) 8c2√ X−b 4ck/integraldisplaydx√ X 255./integraldisplay xX√ Xdx=X2√ X 5c−b 2c/integraldisplay X√ Xdx 256./integraldisplay xXn√ Xdx=Xn+1√ X (2n+3 )c−b 2c/integraldisplay Xn√ Xdx 257./integraldisplay x2√ Xdx=/parenleftbigg x−5b 6c/parenrightbiggX√ X 4c+5b2−4ac 16c2/integraldisplay√ Xdx 258./integraldisplaydx x√ X=−1√alog2√ aX+bx+2a x,(a>0) 259./integraldisplaydx x√ X=1√−asin−1/parenleftbiggbx+2a |x|√−q/parenrightbigg ,(a<0) 260./integraldisplaydx x√ X=−2√ X bx,(a=0 ) 261./integraldisplaydx x2√ X=−√ X ax−b 2a/integraldisplaydx x√ X 262./integraldisplay√ Xdx x=√ X+b 2/integraldisplaydx√ X+a/integraldisplaydx x√ X 263./integraldisplay√ Xdx x2=−√ X x+b 2/integraldisplaydx x√ X+c/integraldisplaydx√ X FORMS INVOLVING√2ax−x2 264./integraldisplay√ 2ax−x2dx=1 2/bracketleftbigg (x−a)√ 2ax−x2+a2sin−1x−a |a|/bracketrightbigg A-33 INTEGRALS (Continued) 265./integraldisplaydx√ 2ax−x2=  cos−1a−x |a| or sin−1x−a |a| 266./integraldisplay xn√ 2ax−x2dx=  − xn−1(2ax−x2)3/2 n+2+(2n+1)a n+2/integraltext xn−1√ 2ax−x2dx or√ 2ax−x2/bracketleftBig xn+1 n+2−/summationtextn r=0(2n+1)!(r!)2an−r+1 2n−r(2r+1)!(n+2)!n!xr/bracketrightBig +(2n+1)!an+2 2nn!(n+2)!sin−1x−a |a| 267./integraldisplay√ 2ax−x2 xndx=(2ax−x2)1/2 (3−2n)axn+n−3 (2n−3)a/integraldisplay√ 2ax−x2 xn−1dx 268./integraldisplayxndx√ 2ax−x2=  −xn−1√ 2ax−x2 n+a(2n−1) n/integraltextxn−1√ 2ax−x2dx or −√ 2ax−x2/summationtextn r=1(2n)!r!(r−1)!an−r 2n−r(2r)!(n!)2xr−1+(2n)!an 2n(n!)2sin−1x−a |a| 269./integraldisplaydx xn√ 2ax−x2=  √ 2ax−x2 a(1−2n)xn+n−1 (2n−1)a/integraltextdx xn−1√ 2ax−x2 or −√ 2ax−x2/summationtextn−1 r=02n−r(n−1)!n!(2r)! (2n)!(r!)2an−rxr+1 270./integraldisplaydx (2ax−x2)3/2=x−a a2√ 2ax−x2 271./integraldisplayxdx (2ax−x2)3/2=x a√ 2ax−x2 MISCELLANEOUS ALGEBRAIC FORMS 272./integraldisplaydx√ 2ax+x2= log(x+a+√ 2ax+x2) 273./integraldisplay√ ax2+cdx=x 2√ ax2+c+c 2√alog/parenleftBig x√a+√ ax2+c/parenrightBig ,(a>0) 274./integraldisplay√ ax2+cdx=x 2√ ax2+c+c 2√−asin−1/parenleftbigg x/radicalbigg −a c/parenrightbigg ,(a<0) 275./integraldisplay/radicalbigg 1+x 1−xdx= sin−1x−√ 1−x2 276./integraldisplaydx x√axn+c=  1 n√clog√axn+c−√c√axn+c+√c or 2 n√clog√axn+c−√c√ xn,(c>0) 277./integraldisplaydx x√axn+c=2 n√−csec−1/radicalbigg −axn c,(c<0) 278./integraldisplaydx√ ax2+c=1√alog(x√a+√ ax2+c),(a>0) 279./integraldisplaydx√ ax2+c=1√−asin−1/parenleftbigg x/radicalbigg −a c/parenrightbigg ,(a<0) 280./integraldisplay (ax2+c)m+1/2dx=  x(ax2+c)m+1/2 2(m+1)+(2m+1)c 2(m+1)/integraltext (ax2+c)m−1/2dx or x√ ax2+c/summationtextm r=0(2m+1)!(r!)2cm−r 22m−2r+1m!(m+1)!(2r+1)!(ax2+c)r +(2m+1)!cm+1 22m+1m!(m+1)!/integraltextdx√ ax2+c 281./integraldisplay x(ax2+c)m+1 2dx=(ax2+c)m+3 2 (2m+3 )a A-34 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 282./integraldisplay(ax2+c)m+1/2 xdx=  (ax2+c)m+1/2 2m+1+c/integraldisplay(ax2+c)m−1/2 xdx or √ ax2+c/summationtextm r=0cm−r(ax2+c)r 2r+1+cm+1/integraldisplaydx x√ ax2+c 283./integraldisplaydx (ax2+c)m+1/2=  x (2m−1)c(ax2+c)m−1/2+2m−2 (2m−1)c/integraldisplaydx (ax2+c)m−1/2 or x√ ax2+c/summationtextm−1 r=022m−2r−1(m−1)!m!(2r)! (2m)!(r!)2cm−r(ax2+c)r 284./integraldisplaydx xm√ ax2+c=−√ ax2+c (m−1)cxm−1−(m−2)a (m−1)c/integraldisplaydx xm−2√ ax2+c 285./integraldisplay1+x2 (1−x2)√ 1+x4dx=1√ 2logx√ 2+√ 1+x4 1−x2 286./integraldisplay1−x2 (1 +x2)√ 1+x4dx=1√ 2tan−1x√ 2√ 1+x4 287./integraldisplaydx x√ xn+a2=−2 naloga+√ xn+a2 √xn 288./integraldisplaydx x√ xn−a2=−2 nasin−1a√xn 289./integraldisplay/radicalbiggx a3−x3dx=2 3sin−1/parenleftBigx a/parenrightBig3/2 FORMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 290./integraldisplay (sinax)dx=−1 acosax 291./integraldisplay (cosax)dx=1 asinax 292./integraldisplay (tanax)dx=−1 alog cosax=1 alog secax 293./integraldisplay (cotax)dx=1 alog sinax=−1 alog cscax 294./integraldisplay (secax)dx=1 alog(secax+ tanax)=1 alog tan/parenleftBigπ 4+ax 2/parenrightBig 295./integraldisplay (cscax)dx=1 alog(cscax−cotax)=1 alog tanax 2 296./integraldisplay (sin2ax)dx=−1 2acosaxsinax+1 2x=1 2x−1 4asin2ax 297./integraldisplay (sin3ax)dx=−1 3a(cosax)(sin2ax+2 ) 298./integraldisplay (sin4ax)dx=3x 8−sin2ax 4a+sin4ax 32a 299./integraldisplay (sinnax)dx=−sinn−1axcosax na+n−1 n/integraldisplay (sinn−2ax)dx 300./integraldisplay (sin2max)dx=−cosax am−1/summationdisplay r=0(2m)!(r!)2 22m−2r(2r+ 1)!(m!)2sin2r+1ax+(2m)! 22m(m!)2x 301./integraldisplay (sin2m+1ax)dx=−cosax am/summationdisplay r=022m−2r(m!)2(2r)! (2m+ 1)!(r!)2sin2rax 302./integraldisplay (cos2ax)dx=1 2asinaxcosax+1 2x=1 2x+1 4asin2ax 303./integraldisplay (cos3ax)dx=1 3a(sinax)(cos2ax+2 ) A-35 INTEGRALS (Continued) 304./integraldisplay (cos4ax)dx=3x 8+sin2ax 4a+sin4ax 32a 305./integraldisplay (cosnax)dx=1 nacosn−1axsinax+n−1 n/integraldisplay (cosn−2ax)dx 306./integraldisplay (cos2max)dx=sinax am−1/summationdisplay r=0(2m)!(r!)2 22m−2r(2r+ 1)!(m!)2cos2r+1ax+(2m)! 22m(m!)2x 307./integraldisplay (cos2m+1ax)dx=sinax am/summationdisplay r=022m−2r(m!)2(2r)! (2m+ 1)!(r!)2cos2rax 308./integraldisplaydx sin2ax=/integraldisplay (csc2ax)dx=−1 acotax 309./integraldisplaydx sinmax=/integraldisplay (cscmax)dx=−1 (m−1)a·cosax sinm−1ax+m−2 m−1/integraldisplaydx sinm−2ax 310./integraldisplaydx sin2max=/integraldisplay (csc2max)dx=−1 acosaxm−1/summationdisplay r=022m−2r−1(m−1)!m!(2r)! (2m)!(r!)2sin2r+1ax 311./integraldisplaydx sin2m+1ax=/integraldisplay (csc2m+1ax)dx =−1 acosaxm−1/summationdisplay r=0(2m)!(r!)2 22m−2r(m!)2(2r+ 1)!sin2r+2ax +1 a·(2m)! 22m(m!)2log tanax 2 312./integraldisplaydx cos2ax=/integraldisplay (sec2ax)dx=1 atanax 313./integraldisplaydx cosnax=/integraldisplay (secnax)dx=1 (n−1)a·sinax cosn−1ax+n−2 n−1/integraldisplaydx cosn−2ax 314./integraldisplaydx cos2max=/integraldisplay (sec2max)dx=1 asinaxm−1/summationdisplay r=022m−2r−1(m−1)!m!(2r)! (2m)!(r!)2cos2r+1ax 315./integraldisplaydx cos2m+1ax=/integraldisplay (sec2m+1ax)dx =1 asinaxm−1/summationdisplay r=0(2m)!(r!)2 22m−2r(m!)2(2r+ 1)!cos2r+2ax +1 a·(2m)! 22m(m!)2log(secax+ tanax) 316./integraldisplay (sinmx)(sinnx)dx=sin(m−n)x 2(m−n)−sin(m+n)x 2(m+n),(m2/negationslash=n2) 317./integraldisplay (cosmx)(cosnx)dx=sin(m−n)x 2(m−n)+sin(m+n)x 2(m+n),(m2/negationslash=n2) 318./integraldisplay (sinax)(cosax)dx=1 2asin2ax 319./integraldisplay (sinmx)(cosnx)dx=−cos(m−n)x 2(m−n)−cos(m+n)x 2(m+n),(m2/negationslash=n2) 320./integraldisplay (sin2ax)(cos2ax)dx=−1 32asin4ax+x 8 321./integraldisplay (sinax)(cosmax)dx=−cosm+1ax (m+1 )a 322./integraldisplay (sinmax)(cosax)dx=sinm+1ax (m+1 )a 323./integraldisplay (cosmax)(sinnax)dx=  cosm−1axsinn+1ax (m+n)a+m−1 m+n/integraldisplay (cosm−2ax)(sinnax)dx or −sinn−1axcosm+1ax (m+n)a+n−1 m+n/integraldisplay (cosmax)(sinn−2ax)dx A-36 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 324./integraldisplaycosmax sinnaxdx=  − cosm+1ax (n−1)asinn−1ax−m−n+2 n−1/integraldisplaycosmax sinn−2axdx or cosm−1ax a(m−n) sinn−1ax+m−1 m−n/integraldisplaycosm−2ax sinnaxdx 325./integraldisplaysinmax cosnaxdx=  sinm+1ax a(n−1) cosn−1ax−m−n+2 n−1/integraldisplaysinmax cosn−2axdx or −sinm−1ax a(m−n) cosn−1ax+m−1 m−n/integraldisplaysinm−2ax cosnaxdx 326./integraldisplaysinax cos2axdx=1 acosax=secax a 327./integraldisplaysin2ax cosaxdx=−1 asinax+1 alog tan/parenleftBigπ 4+ax 2/parenrightBig 328./integraldisplaycosax sin2axdx=−1 asinax=−cscax a 329./integraldisplaydx (sinax)(cosax)=1 alog tanax 330./integraldisplaydx (sinax)(cos2ax)=1 a/parenleftBig secax+ log tanax 2/parenrightBig 331./integraldisplaydx (sinax)(cosnax)=1 a(n−1)cosn−1ax+/integraldisplaydx (sinax)(cosn−2ax) 332./integraldisplaydx (sin2ax)(cosax)=−1 acscax+1 alog tan/parenleftBigπ 4+ax 2/parenrightBig 333./integraldisplaydx (sin2ax)(cos2ax)=−2 acot2ax 334./integraldisplaydx sinmaxcosnax=  − 1 a(m−1) (sinm−1ax) (cosn−1ax) +m+n−2 m−1/integraldisplaydx (sinm−2ax)(cosnax) or 1 a(n−1) sinm−1axcosn−1ax+m+n−2 n−1/integraldisplaydx sinmaxcosn−2ax 335./integraldisplay sin(a+bx)dx=−1 bcos(a+bx) 336./integraldisplay cos(a+bx)dx=1 bsin(a+bx) 337./integraldisplaydx 1±sinax=∓1 atan/parenleftBigπ 4∓ax 2/parenrightBig 338./integraldisplaydx 1 + cosax=1 atanax 2 339./integraldisplaydx 1−cosax=−1 acotax 2 340./integraldisplaydx a+bsinx=  2√ a2−b2tan−1atanx 2+b√ a2−b2 or 1√ b2−a2logatanx 2+b−√ b2−a2 atanx 2+b+√ b2−a2 341./integraldisplaydx a+bcosx=  2√ a2−b2tan−1√ a2−b2tanx 2 a+b or 1√ b2−a2log/parenleftbigg√ b2−a2tanx 2+a+b√ b2−a2tanx 2−a−b/parenrightbigg A-37 INTEGRALS (Continued) 342./integraldisplaydx a+bsinx+ccosx =  1√ b2+c2−a2logb−√ b2+c2−a2+(a−c) tanx 2 b+√ b2+c2−a2+(a−c) tanx 2,ifa2<b2+c2,a/negationslash=c or 2√ a2−b2−c2tan−1b+(a−c) tanx 2 √ a2−b2−c2,ifa2>b2+c2 or 1 a/bracketleftBig a−(b+c) cosx−(b−c) sinx a−(b−c) cosx+(b+c) sinx/bracketrightBig ,ifa2=b2+c2,a/negationslash=c. 343./integraldisplaysin2xdx a+bcos2x=1 b/radicalbigg a+b atan−1/parenleftbigg/radicalbigga a+btanx/parenrightbigg −x b,(ab >0,or|a|>|b|) 344./integraldisplaydx a2cos2x+b2sin2x=1 abtan−1/parenleftbiggbtanx a/parenrightbigg 345./integraldisplaycos2cx a2+b2sin2cxdx=√ a2+b2 ab2ctan−1√ a2+b2tancx a−x b2 346./integraldisplaysincxcoscx acos2cx+bsin2cxdx=1 2c(b−a)log(acos2cx+bsin2cx) 347./integraldisplaycoscx acoscx+bsincxdx=/integraldisplaydx a+btancx =1 c(a2+b2)[acx+blog(acoscx+bsincx)] 348./integraldisplaysincx asincx+bcoscxdx=/integraldisplaydx a+bcotcx=1 c(a2+b2)[acx−blog (asincx+bcoscx)] 349./integraldisplaydx acos2x+2bcosxsinx+csin2x=  1 2√ b2−aclogctanx+b−√ b2−ac ctanx+b+√ b2−ac,(b2>a c) or 1√ ac−b2tan−1ctanx+b√ ac−b2,(b2<a c) or −1 ctanx+b,(b2=ac) 350./integraldisplaysinax 1±sinaxdx=±x+1 atan/parenleftBigπ 4∓ax 2/parenrightBig 351./integraldisplaydx (sinax)(1±sinax)=1 atan/parenleftBigπ 4∓ax 2/parenrightBig +1 alog tanax 2 352./integraldisplaydx (1 + sinax)2=−1 2atan/parenleftBigπ 4−ax 2/parenrightBig −1 6atan3/parenleftBigπ 4−ax 2/parenrightBig 353./integraldisplaydx (1−sinax)2=1 2acot/parenleftBigπ 4−ax 2/parenrightBig +1 6acot3/parenleftBigπ 4−ax 2/parenrightBig 354./integraldisplaysinax (1 + sinax)2dx=−1 2atan/parenleftBigπ 4−ax 2/parenrightBig +1 6atan3/parenleftBigπ 4−ax 2/parenrightBig 355./integraldisplaysinax (1−sinax)2dx=−1 2acot/parenleftBigπ 4−ax 2/parenrightBig +1 6acot3/parenleftBigπ 4−ax 2/parenrightBig 356./integraldisplaysinxdx a+bsinx=x b−a b/integraldisplaydx a+bsinx 357./integraldisplaydx (sinx)(a+bsinx)=1 alog tanx 2−b a/integraldisplaydx a+bsinx 358./integraldisplaydx (a+bsinx)2=bcosx (a2−b2)(a+bsinx)+a a2−b2/integraldisplaydx a+bsinx 359./integraldisplaysinxdx (a+bsinx)2=acosx (b2−a2)(a+bsinx)+h b2−a2/integraldisplaydx a+bsinx 360./integraldisplaydx a2+b2sin2cx=1 ac√ a2+b2tan−1√ a2+b2tancx a 361./integraldisplaydx a2−b2sin2cx=  1 ac√ a2−b2tan−1√ a2−b2tancx a,(a2>b2) or 1 2ac√ b2−a2log√ b2−a2tancx+a√ b2−a2tancx−a,(a2<b2) A-38 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 362./integraldisplaycosax 1 + cosaxdx=x−1 atanax 2 363./integraldisplaycosax 1−cosaxdx=−x−1 acotax 2 364./integraldisplaydx (cosax)(1 + cos ax)=1 alog tan/parenleftBigπ 4+ax 2/parenrightBig −1 atanax 2 365./integraldisplaydx (cosax)(1−cosax)=1 alog tan/parenleftBigπ 4+ax 2/parenrightBig −1 acotax 2 366./integraldisplaydx (1 + cosax)2=1 2atanax 2+1 6atan3ax 2 367./integraldisplaydx (1−cosax)2=−1 2acotax 2−1 6acot3ax 2 368./integraldisplaycosax (1 + cosax)2dx=1 2atanax 2−1 6atan3ax 2 369./integraldisplaycosax (1−cosax)2dx=1 2acotax 2−1 6acot3ax 2 370./integraldisplaycosxdx a+bcosx=x b−a b/integraldisplaydx a+bcosx 371./integraldisplaydx (cosx)(a+bcosx)=1 alog tan/parenleftBigx 2+π 4/parenrightBig −b a/integraldisplaydx a+bcosx 372./integraldisplaydx (a+bcosx)2=bsinx (b2−a2)(a+bcosx)−a b2−a2/integraldisplaydx a+bcosx 373./integraldisplaycosx (a+bcosx)2dx=asinx (a2−b2)(a+bcosx)−b a2−b2/integraldisplaydx a+bcosx 374./integraldisplaydx a2+b2−2abcoscx=2 c(a2−b2)tan−1/parenleftbigga+b a−btancx 2/parenrightbigg 375./integraldisplaydx a2+b2cos2cx=1 ac√ a2+b2tan−1atancx√ a2+b2 376./integraldisplaydx a2−b2cos2cx=  1 ac√ a2−b2tan−1atancx√ a2−b2,(a2>b2) or 1 2ac√ b2−a2logatancx−√ b2−a2 atancx+√ b2−a2,(b2>a2) 377./integraldisplaysinax 1±cosaxdx=∓1 alog(1 ±cosax) 378./integraldisplaycosax 1±sinaxdx=±1 alog (1 ±sinax) 379./integraldisplaydx (sinax)(1±cosax)=±1 2a(1±cosax)+1 2alog tanax 2 380./integraldisplaydx (cosax)(1±sinax)=∓1 2a(1±sinax)+1 2alog tan/parenleftBigπ 4+ax 2/parenrightBig 381./integraldisplaysinax (cosax)(1±cosax)dx=1 alog(secax±1) 382./integraldisplaycosax (sinax)(1±sinax)dx=−1 alog(cscax±1) 383./integraldisplaysinax (cosax)(1±sinax)dx=1 2a(1±sinax)±1 2alog tan/parenleftBigπ 4+ax 2/parenrightBig 384./integraldisplaycosax (sinax)(1±cosax)dx=−1 2a(1±cosax)±1 2alog tanax 2 385./integraldisplaydx sinax±cosax=1 a√ 2log tan/parenleftBigax 2±π 8/parenrightBig 386./integraldisplaydx (sinax±cosax)2=1 2atan/parenleftBig ax∓π 4/parenrightBig 387./integraldisplaydx 1 + cosax±sinax=±1 alog/parenleftBig 1±tanax 2/parenrightBig 388./integraldisplaydx a2cos2cx−b2sin2cx=1 2abclogbtancx+a btancx−a A-39 INTEGRALS (Continued) 389./integraldisplay x(sinax)dx=1 a2sinax−x acosax 390./integraldisplay x2(sinax)dx=2x a2sinax−a2x2−2 a3cosax 391./integraldisplay x3(sinax)dx=3a2x2−6 a4sinax−a2x3−6x a3cosax 392./integraldisplay xmsinaxdx =  − 1 axmcosax+m a/integraltext xm−1cosaxdx or cosax/summationtext[m 2] r=0(−1)r+1m! (m−2r)!·xm−2r a2r+1 +sinax/summationtext[m−1 2] r=0(−1)rm! (m−2r−1)!·xm−2r−1 a2r+2 Note:[s]means greatest integer ≤s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [ 5 ]=5 ,/bracketleftbig1 2/bracketrightbig =0. 393./integraldisplay x(cosax)dx=1 a2cosax+x asinax 394./integraldisplay x2(cosax)dx=2xcosax a2+a2x2−2 a3sinax 395./integraldisplay x3(cosax)dx=3a2x2−6 a4cosax+a2x3−6x a3sinax 396./integraldisplay xm(cosax)dx=  xmsinax a−m a/integraltext xm−1sinaxdx or sinax/summationtext|m/2| r=0(−1)rm! (m−2r)!·xm−2r a2r+1 +cosax/summationtext|(m−1)/2| r=0(−1)rm! (m−2r−1)!·xm−2r−1 a2r+2 Note:[s]means greatest integer ≤s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [ 5 ]=5 ,/bracketleftbig1 2/bracketrightbig =0. 397./integraldisplaysinax xdx=r/summationdisplay n=0(−1)n (ax)2n+1 (2n+ 1)(2n+ 1)! 398./integraldisplaycosax xdx= logx+r/summationdisplay n=1(−1)n(ax)2n 2n(2n)! 399./integraldisplay x(sin2ax)dx=x2 4−xsin2ax 4a−cos2ax 8a2 400./integraldisplay x2(sin2ax)dx=x3 6−/parenleftbiggx2 4a−1 8a3/parenrightbigg sin2ax−xcos2ax 4a2 401./integraldisplay x(sin3ax)dx=xcos3ax 12a−sin3ax 36a2−3xcosax 4a+3sinax 4a2 402./integraldisplay x(cos2ax)dx=x2 4+xsin2ax 4a+cos2ax 8a2 403./integraldisplay x2(cos2ax)dx=x3 6+/parenleftbiggx2 4a−1 8a3/parenrightbigg sin2ax+xcos2ax 4a2 404./integraldisplay x(cos3ax)dx=xsin3ax 12a+cos3ax 36a2+3xsinax 4a+3cosax 4a2 405./integraldisplaysinax xmdx=−sinax (m−1)xm−1+a m−1/integraldisplaycosax xm−1dx 406./integraldisplaycosax xmdx=−cosax (m−1)xm−1−a m−1/integraldisplaysinax xm−1dx 407./integraldisplayx 1±sinaxdx=∓xcosax a(1±sinax)+1 a2log(1 ±sinax) 408./integraldisplayx 1 + cosaxdx=x atanax 2+2 a2log cosax 2 409./integraldisplayx 1−cosaxdx=−x acotax 2+2 a2log sinax 2 410./integraldisplayx+ sinx 1 + cosxdx=xtanx 2 411./integraldisplayx−sinx 1−cosxdx=−xcotx 2 A-40 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 412./integraldisplay√ 1−cosaxdx =−2sinax a√1−cosax=−2√ 2 acos(ax 2) 413./integraldisplay√ 1 + cosaxdx =2sinax a√1 + cosax=2√ 2 asin(ax 2) 414./integraldisplay√ 1 + sinxdx=±2/parenleftBig sinx 2−cosx 2/parenrightBig , [use + if (8k−1)π 2<x≤(8k+3 )π 2,otherwise −;kan integer] 415./integraldisplay√ 1−sinxdx=±2/parenleftBig sinx 2+ cosx 2/parenrightBig , [use + if (8k−3)π 2<x≤(8k+1 )π 2,otherwise −;kan integer] 416./integraldisplaydx√1−cosx=±√ 2 log tanx 4, [use + if 4kπ <x< (4k+2 )π, otherwise −;kan integer] 417./integraldisplaydx√1 + cosx=±√ 2 log tan/parenleftBigx+π 4/parenrightBig , [use+ if (4k−1)π<x< (4k+1 )π,otherwise −;kan integer] 418./integraldisplaydx√1−sinx=±√ 2 log tan/parenleftBigx 4−π 8/parenrightBig , [use+ if (8k+1 )π 2<x< (8k+5 )π 2,otherwise −;kan integer] 419./integraldisplaydx√1 + sinx=±√ 2log tan/parenleftBigx 4+π 8/parenrightBig , [use+ if (8k−1)π 2<x< (8k+3 )π 2,otherwise −;kan integer] 420./integraldisplay (tan2ax)dx=1 atanax−x 421./integraldisplay (tan3ax)dx=1 2atan2ax+1 alog cosax 422./integraldisplay (tan4ax)dx=tan3ax 3a−1 atanax+x 423./integraldisplay (tannax)dx=tann−1ax a(n−1)−/integraldisplay (tann−2ax)dx 424./integraldisplay (cot2ax)dx=−1 acotax−x 425./integraldisplay (cot3ax)dx=−1 2acot2ax−1 alog sinax 426./integraldisplay (cot4ax)dx=−1 3acot3ax+1 acotax+x 427./integraldisplay (cotnax)dx=−cotn−1ax a(n−1)−/integraldisplay (cotn−2ax)dx 428./integraldisplayx sin2axdx=/integraldisplay x(csc2ax)dx=−xcotax a+1 a2log sinax 429./integraldisplayx sinnaxdx=/integraldisplay x(cscnax)dx=−xcosax a(n−1)sinn−1ax −1 a2(n−1)(n−2)sinn−2ax +(n−2) (n−1)/integraldisplayx sinn−2axdx 430./integraldisplayx cos2axdx=/integraldisplay x(sec2ax)dx=1 axtanax+1 a2log cosax 431./integraldisplayx cosnaxdx=/integraldisplay x(secnax)dx=xsinax a(n−1) cosn−1ax −1 a2(n−1)(n−2) cosn−2ax +n−2 n−1/integraldisplayx cosn−2axdx A-41 INTEGRALS (Continued) 432./integraldisplaysinax/radicalbig 1+b2sin2axdx=−1 absin−1bcosax√ 1+b2 433./integraldisplaysinax/radicalbig 1−b2sin2axdx=−1 ablog(bcosax+/radicalbig 1−b2sin2ax) 434./integraldisplay (sinax)/radicalbig 1+b2sin2axdx =−cosax 2a/radicalbig 1+b2sin2ax−1+b2 2absin−1bcosax√ 1+b2 435./integraldisplay (sinax)/radicalbig 1−b2sin2axdx =−cosax 2a/radicalbig 1−b2sin2ax −1−b2 2ablog(bcosax+/radicalBig 1−b2sin2ax) 436./integraldisplaycosax/radicalbig 1+b2sin2axdx=1 ablog(bsinax+/radicalbig 1+b2sin2ax) 437./integraldisplaycosax/radicalbig 1−b2sin2axdx=1 absin−1(bsinax) 438./integraldisplay (cosax)/radicalbig 1+b2sin2axdx =sinax 2a/radicalbig 1+b2sin2ax +1 2ablog(bsinax+/radicalbig 1+b2sin2ax) 439./integraldisplay (cosax)/radicalbig 1−b2sin2axdx =sinax 2a/radicalbig 1−b2sin2ax+1 2absin−1(bsinax) 440./integraldisplaydx√ a+btan2cx=±1 c√ a−bsin−1/parenleftBigg/radicalbigg a−b asincx/parenrightBigg ,(a>|b|) [use+ if (2k−1)π 2<x≤(2k+1 )π 2, otherwise −;kan integer] FORMS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 441./integraldisplay (sin−1ax)dx=xsin−1ax+√ 1−a2x2 a 442./integraldisplay (cos−1ax)dx=xcos−1ax−√ 1−a2x2 a 443./integraldisplay (tan−1ax)dx=xtan−1ax−1 2alog (1 +a2x2) 444./integraldisplay (cot−1ax)dx=xcot−1ax+1 2alog (1 +a2x2) 445./integraldisplay (sec−1ax)dx=xsec−1ax−1 alog (ax+√ a2x2−1) 446./integraldisplay (csc−1ax)dx=xcsc−1ax+1 alog (ax+√ a2x2−1) 447./integraldisplay/parenleftBig sin−1x a/parenrightBig dx=xsin−1x a+√ a2−x2,(a>0) 448./integraldisplay/parenleftBig cos−1x a/parenrightBig dx=xcos−1x a−√ a2−x2,(a>0) 449./integraldisplay/parenleftBig tan−1x a/parenrightBig dx=xtan−1x a−a 2log (a2+x2) 450./integraldisplay/parenleftBig cot−1x a/parenrightBig dx=xcot−1x a+a 2log(a2+x2) 451./integraldisplay x[sin−1(ax)]dx=1 4a2[(2a2x2−1) sin−1(ax)+ax√ 1−a2x2] 452./integraldisplay x[cos−1(ax)]dx=1 4a2[(2a2x2−1) cos−1(ax)−ax√ 1−a2x2] 453./integraldisplay xn[sin−1(ax)]dx=xn+1 n+1sin−1(ax)−a n+1/integraldisplayxn+1dx√ 1−a2x2,(n/negationslash=−1) 454./integraldisplay xn[cos−1(ax)]dx=xn+1 n+1cos−1(ax)+a n+1/integraldisplayxn+1dx√ 1−a2x2,(n/negationslash=−1) A-42 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 455./integraldisplay x(tan−1ax)dx=1+a2x2 2a2tan−1ax−x 2a 456./integraldisplay xn(tan−1ax)dx=xn+1 n+1tan−1ax−a n+1/integraldisplayxn+1 1+a2x2dx 457./integraldisplay x(cot−1ax)dx=1+a2x2 2a2cot−1ax+x 2a 458./integraldisplay xn(cot−1ax)dx=xn+1 n+1cot−1ax+a n+1/integraldisplayxn+1 1+a2x2dx 459./integraldisplaysin−1(ax) x2dx=alog/parenleftbigg1−√ 1−a2x2 x/parenrightbigg −sin−1(ax) x 460./integraldisplaycos−1(ax)dx x2=−1 xcos−1(ax)+alog1+√ 1−a2x2 x 461./integraldisplaytan−1(ax)dx x2=−1 xtan−1(ax)−a 2log1+a2x2 x2 462./integraldisplaycot−1ax x2dx=−1 xcot−1ax−a 2logx2 a2x2+1 463./integraldisplay (sin−1ax)2dx=x(sin−1ax)2−2x+2√ 1−a2x2 asin−1ax 464./integraldisplay (cos−1ax)2dx=x(cos−1ax)2−2x−2√ 1−a2x2 acos−1ax 465./integraldisplay (sin−1ax)ndx=  x(sin −1ax)n+n√ 1−a2x2 a(sin−1ax)n−1 −n(n−1)/integraldisplay (sin−1ax)n−2dx or [n/2]/summationdisplay r=0(−1)rn! (n−2r)!x(sin−1ax)n−2r +[n−1/2]/summationdisplay r=0(−1)rn!√ 1−a2x2 (n−2r−1)!a(sin−1ax)n−2r−1 Note:[s]means greatest integer ≤s. Thus [3.5] means 3; [ 5 ]=5 ,/bracketleftbig1 2/bracketrightbig =0. 466./integraldisplay (cos−1ax)ndx=  x(cos −1ax)n−n√ 1−a2x2 a(cos−1ax)n−1 −n(n−1)/integraldisplay (cos−1ax)n−2dx or [n/2]/summationdisplay r=0(−1)rn! (n−2r)!x(cos−1ax)n−2r ×[n−1/2]/summationdisplay r=0(−1)rn!√ 1−a2x2 (n−2r−1)!a(cos−1ax)n−2r−1 467./integraldisplay1√ 1−a2x2(sin−1ax)dx=1 2a(sin−1ax)2 468./integraldisplayxn √ 1−a2x2(sin−1ax)dx=−xn−1 na2√ 1−a2x2sin−1ax+xn n2a +n−1 na2/integraldisplayxn−2 √ 1−a2x2sin−1axdx 469./integraldisplay1√ 1−a2x2(cos−1ax)dx=−1 2a(cos−1ax)2 A-43 INTEGRALS (Continued) 470./integraldisplayxn √ 1−a2x2(cos−1ax)dx=−xn−1 na2√ 1−a2x2cos−1ax−xn n2a +n−1 na2/integraldisplayxn−2 √ 1−a2x2cos−1axdx 471./integraldisplaytan−1ax a2x2+1dx=1 2a(tan−1ax)2 472./integraldisplaycot−1ax a2x2+1dx=−1 2a(cot−1ax)2 473./integraldisplay xsec−1axdx =x2 2sec−1ax−1 2a2√ a2x2−1 474./integraldisplay xnsec−1axdx =xn+1 n+1sec−1ax−1 n+1/integraldisplayxndx√ a2x2−1 475./integraldisplaysec−1ax x2dx=−sec−1ax x+√ a2x2−1 x 476./integraldisplay xcsc−1axdx =x2 2csc−1ax+1 2a2√ a2x2−1 477./integraldisplay xncsc−1axdx =xn+1 n+1csc−1ax+1 n+1/integraldisplayxndx√ a2x2−1 478./integraldisplaycsc−1ax x2dx=−csc−1ax x−√ a2x2−1 x FORMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS 479./integraldisplay f(sinx)dx=2/integraldisplay f/parenleftbigg2z 1+z2/parenrightbiggdz 1+z2,/parenleftBig z= tanx 2/parenrightBig 480./integraldisplay f(cosx)dx=2/integraldisplay f/parenleftbigg1−z2 1+z2/parenrightbiggdz 1+z2,/parenleftBig z= tanx 2/parenrightBig 481./integraldisplay f(sinx)dx=/integraldisplay f(u)du√ 1−u2,(u= sinx) 482./integraldisplay f(cosx)dx=−/integraldisplay f(u)du√ 1−u2,(u= cosx) 483./integraldisplay f(sinx,cosx)dx=/integraldisplay f/parenleftBig u,√ 1−u2/parenrightBigdu√ 1−u2,(u= sinx) 484./integraldisplay f(sinx,cosx)dx=2/integraldisplay f/parenleftbigg2z 1+z2,1−z2 1+z2/parenrightbiggdz 1+z2,/parenleftBig z= tanx 2/parenrightBig LOGARITHMIC FORMS 485./integraldisplay (logx)dx=xlogx−x 486./integraldisplay x(logx)dx=x2 2logx−x2 4 487./integraldisplay x2(logx)dx=x3 3logx−x3 9 488./integraldisplay xn(logax)dx=xn+1 n+1logax−xn+1 (n+1 )2 489./integraldisplay (logx)2dx=x(logx)2−2xlogx+2x 490./integraldisplay (logx)ndx=  x(logx)n−n/integraldisplay (logx)n−1dx,(n/negationslash=−1) or (−1)nn!x/summationtextn r=0(−logx)r r! A-44 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 491./integraldisplay(logx)n xdx=1 n+1(logx)n+1 492./integraldisplaydx logx= log(log x) + logx+(logx)2 2·2!+(logx)3 3·3!+··· 493./integraldisplaydx xlogx= log(log x) 494./integraldisplaydx x(logx)n=−1 (n−1)(logx)n−1 495./integraldisplayxmdx (logx)n=−xm+1 (n−1)(logx)n−1+m+1 n−1/integraldisplayxmdx (logx)n−1 496./integraldisplay xm(logx)ndx=  xm+1(logx)n m+1−n m+1/integraldisplay xm(logx)n−1dx or (−1)nn! m+1xm+1/summationtextn r=0(−logx)r r!(m+1)n−r 497./integraldisplay xpcos(blnx)dx=xp+1 (p+1 )2+b2[bsin(blnx)+(p+ 1)cos(blnx)] +c 498./integraldisplay xpsin(blnx)dx=xp+1 (p+1 )2+b2[(p+ 1)sin(blnx)−bcos(blnx)] +c 499./integraldisplay [log(ax+b)]dx=ax+b alog(ax+b)−x 500./integraldisplaylog(ax+b) x2dx=a blogx−ax+b bxlog(ax+b) 501./integraldisplay xm[log(ax+b)]dx=1 m+1/bracketleftBigg xm+1−/parenleftbigg −b a/parenrightbiggm+1/bracketrightBigg log(ax+b) −1 m+1/parenleftbigg −b a/parenrightbiggm+1m+1/summationdisplay r=11 r/parenleftBig −ax b/parenrightBigr 502./integraldisplaylog(ax+b) xmdx=−1 m−1log(ax+b) xm−1+1 m−1/parenleftBig −a b/parenrightBigm−1 logax+b x +1 m−1/parenleftBig −a b/parenrightBigm−1m−2/summationdisplay r=11 r/parenleftbigg −b ax/parenrightbiggr ,(m>2) 503./integraldisplay/bracketleftbigg logx+a x−a/bracketrightbigg dx=(x+a)log(x+a)−(x−a)log(x−a) 504./integraldisplay xm/bracketleftbigg logx+a x−a/bracketrightbigg dx=xm+1−(−a)m+1 m+1log(x+a)−xm+1−am+1 m+1log(x−a) +2am+1 m+1[m+1 2]/summationdisplay r=11 m−2r+2/parenleftBigx a/parenrightBigm−2r+2 Note:[s]means greatest integer ≤s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [ 5 ]=5 ,/bracketleftbig1 2/bracketrightbig =0. 505./integraldisplay1 x2/bracketleftbigg logx+a x−a/bracketrightbigg dx=1 xlogx−a x+a−1 alogx2−a2 x2 506./integraldisplay (logX)dx=  /parenleftbig x+ b 2c/parenrightbig logX−2x+√ 4ac−b2 ctan−12cx+b√ 4ac−b2,(b2−4ac <0) or /parenleftbig x+b 2c/parenrightbig logX−2x+√ b2−4ac ctanh−12cx+b√ b2−4ac,(b2−4ac >0) where X=a+bx+cx2 507./integraldisplay xn(logX)dx=xn+1 n+1logX−2c n+1/integraldisplayxn+2 Xdx−b n+1/integraldisplayxn+1 Xdx whereX=a+bx+cx2 508./integraldisplay [log(x2+a2)]dx=xlog(x2+a2)−2x+2atan−1x a A-45 INTEGRALS (Continued) 509./integraldisplay [log(x2−a2)]dx=xlog(x2−a2)−2x+alogx+a x−a 510./integraldisplay x[log(x2±a2)]dx=1 2(x2±a2)log(x2±a2)−1 2x2 511./integraldisplay [log(x+√ x2±a2)]dx=xlog(x+√ x2±a2)−√ x2±a2 512./integraldisplay x[log(x+√ x2±a2)]dx=/parenleftbiggx2 2±a2 4/parenrightbigg log(x+√ x2±a2)−x√ x2±a2 4 513./integraldisplay xm[log(x+√ x2±a2)]dx=xm+1 m+1log(x+√ x2±a2)−1 m+1/integraldisplayxm+1 √ x2±a2dx 514./integraldisplaylog(x+√ x2+a2) x2dx=−log(x+√ x2+a2) x−1 aloga+√ x2+a2 x 515./integraldisplaylog(x+√ x2−a2) x2dx=−log(x+√ x2−a2) x+1 |a|sec−1x a 516./integraldisplay xnlog(x2−a2)dx=1 n+1/bracketleftBigg xn+1log(x2−a2)−an+1log(x−a) −(−a)n+1log(x+a)−2[n/2]/summationdisplay r=0a2rxn−2r+1 n−2r+1  Note:[s]means greatest integer ≤s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [ 5 ]=5 ,/bracketleftbig1 2/bracketrightbig =0. EXPONENTIAL FORMS 517./integraldisplay exdx=ex 518./integraldisplay e−xdx=−e−x 519./integraldisplay eaxdx=eax a 520./integraldisplay xeaxdx=eax a2(ax−1) 521./integraldisplay xmeaxdx=  xmeax a−m a/integraldisplay xm−1eaxdx or eax/summationtextm r=0(−1)rm!xm−r (m−r)!ar+1 522./integraldisplayeaxdx x= logx+ax 1!+a2x2 2·2!+a3+x3 3·3!+··· 523./integraldisplayeax xmdx=−1 m−1eax xm−1+a m−1/integraldisplayeax xm−1dx 524./integraldisplay eaxlogxdx=eaxlogx a−1 a/integraldisplayeax xdx 525./integraldisplaydx 1+ex=x−log(1 +ex) = logex 1+ex 526./integraldisplaydx a+bepx=x a−1 aplog(a+bepx) 527./integraldisplaydx aemx+be−mx=1 m√ abtan−1/parenleftbigg emx/radicalbigg a b/parenrightbigg ,(a>0,b>0) 528./integraldisplaydx aemx−be−mx=  1 2m√ ablog√aemx−√ b√aemx+√ b or −1 m√ abtanh−1/parenleftbig/radicalbiga bemx/parenrightbig ,(a>0,b>0) 529./integraldisplay (ax−a−x)dx=ax+a−x loga A-46 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 530./integraldisplayeax b+ceaxdx=1 aclog(b+ceax) 531./integraldisplayxeax (1 +ax)2dx=eax a2(1 +ax) 532./integraldisplay xe−x2dx=−1 2e−x2 533./integraldisplay eax[sin(bx)]dx=eax[asin(bx)−bcos(bx)] a2+b2 534./integraldisplay eax[sin(bx)][sin(cx)]dx=eax[(b−c)sin(b−c)x+acos(b−c)x] 2[a2+(b−c)2] −eax[(b+c)sin(b+c)x+acos(b+c)x] 2[a2+(b+c)2] 535./integraldisplay eax[sin(bx)][cos(cx)]dx=  eax[asin(b−c)x−(b−c) cos(b−c)x] 2[a2+(b−c)2] +eax[asin(b+c)x−(b+c) cos(b+c)x] 2[a2+(b+c)2] or eax ρ[(asinbx−bcosbx)[cos(cx−α)] −c(sinbx)sin(cx−α)] where ρ=/radicalbig (a2+b2−c2)2+4a2c2, ρcosα=a2+b2−c2,ρsinα=2ac 536./integraldisplay eax[sin(bx)][sin(bx+c)]dx=eaxcosc 2a −eax[acos(2bx+c)+2bsin(2bx+c)] 2(a2+4b2) 537./integraldisplay eax[sin(bx)][cos(bx+c)]dx=−eaxsinc 2a +eax[asin(2bx+c)−2bcos(2bx+c)] 2(a2+4b2) 538./integraldisplay eax[cos(bx)]dx=eax a2+b2[acos(bx)+bsin(bx)] 539./integraldisplay eax[cos(bx)][cos(cx)]dx=eax[(b−c)sin(b−c)x+acos(b−c)x] 2[a2+(b−c)2] +eax[(b+c)sin(b+c)x+acos(b+c)x] 2[a2+(b+c)2] 540./integraldisplay eax[cos(bx)][cos(bx+c)]dx=eaxcosc 2a +eax[acos(2bx+c)+2bsin(2bx+c)] 2(a2+4b2) 541./integraldisplay eax[cos(bx)][sin(bx+c)]dx=eaxsinc 2a +eax[asin(2bx+c)−2bcos(2bx+c)] 2(a2+4b2) 542./integraldisplay eax[sinnbx]dx=1 a2+n2b2/bracketleftbigg (asinbx−nbcosbx)eaxsinn−1bx +n(n−1)b2/integraldisplay eax[sinn−2bx]dx/bracketrightbigg 543./integraldisplay eax[cosnbx]dx=1 a2+n2b2/bracketleftbigg (acosbx+nbsinbx)eaxcosn−1bx +n(n−1)b2/integraldisplay eax[cosn−2bx]dx/bracketrightbigg A-47 INTEGRALS (Continued) 544./integraldisplay xmexsinxdx=1 2xmex(sinx−cosx) −m 2/integraldisplay xm−1exsinxdx+m 2/integraldisplay xm−1excosxdx 545./integraldisplay xmeax[sinbx]dx=  x meaxasinbx−bcosbx a2+b2 −m a2+b2/integraldisplay xm−1eax(asinbx−bcosbx)dx or eax/summationtextm r=0(−1)rm!xm−r ρr+1(m−r)!sin[bx−(r+1 )α] where ρ=/radicalbig a2+b2,ρcosα=a, ρ sinα=b 546./integraldisplay xmexcosxdx=1 2xmex(sinx+ cosx) −m 2/integraldisplay xm−1exsinxdx−m 2/integraldisplay xm−1excosxdx 547./integraldisplay xmeaxcosbxdx =  x meaxacosbx+bsinbx a2+b2 −m a2+b2/integraldisplay xm−1eax(acosbx+bsinbx)dx or eax/summationtextm r=0(−1)rm!xm−r ρr+1(m−r)!cos[bx−(r+1 )α] ρ=√ a2+b2,ρcosα=a, ρ sinα=b 548./integraldisplay eax(cosmx)(sinnx)dx=  eaxcosm−1xsinnx[acosx+(m+n) sinx] (m+n)2+a2 −na (m+n)2+a2/integraldisplay eax(cosm−1x)(sinn−1x)dx +(m−1)(m+n) (m+n)2+a2/integraldisplay eax(cosm−2x)(sinnx)dx or eaxcosmxsinn−1x[asinx−(m+n) cosx] (m+n)2+a2 +ma (m+n)2+a2/integraldisplay eax(cosm−1x)(sinn−1x)dx +(n−1)(m+n) (m+n)2+a2/integraldisplay eax(cosmx)(sinn−2x)dx or eax(cosm−1x)(sinn−1x)(asinxcosx+msin2x−ncos2x) (m+n)2+a2 +m(m−1) (m+n)2+a2/integraldisplay eax(cosm−2x)(sinnx)dx +n(n−1) (m+n)2+a2/integraldisplay eax(cosmx)(sinn−2x)dx or eax(cosm−1x)(sinn−1x)(acosxsinx+msin2x−ncos2x) (m+n)2+a2 +m(m−1) (m+n)2+a2/integraldisplay eax(cosm−2x)(sinn−2x)dx +(n−m)(n+m−1) (m+n)2+a2/integraldisplay eax(cosmx)(sinn−2x)dx 549./integraldisplay xeax(sinbx)dx=xeax a2+b2(asinbx−bcosbx) −eax (a2+b2)2[(a2−b2)sinbx−2abcosbx] 550./integraldisplay xeax(cosbx)dx=xeax a2+b2(acosbx−bsinbx) −eax (a2+b2)2[(a2−b2)cosbx−2absinbx] 551./integraldisplayeax sinnxdx=−eax[asinx+(n−2)cosx] (n−1)(n−2)sinn−1x+a2+(n−2)2 (n−1)(n−2)/integraldisplayeax sinn−2xdx A-48 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 552./integraldisplayeax cosnxdx=−eax[acosx−(n−2)sinx] (n−1)(n−2)cosn−1x+a2+(n−2)2 (n−1)(n−2)/integraldisplayeax cosn−2xdx 553./integraldisplay eaxtannxdx=eaxtann−1x n−1−a n−1/integraldisplay eaxtann−1xdx−/integraldisplay eaxtann−2xdx HYPERBOLIC FORMS 554./integraldisplay (sinhx)dx= coshx 555./integraldisplay (coshx)dx= sinhx 556./integraldisplay (tanhx)dx= log cosh x 557./integraldisplay (cothx)dx= log sinh x 558./integraldisplay (sechx)dx= tan−1(sinhx) 559./integraldisplay (cschx)dx= log tanh/parenleftBigx 2/parenrightBig 560./integraldisplay x(sinhx)dx=xcoshx−sinhx 561./integraldisplay xn(sinhx)dx=xncoshx−n/integraldisplay xn−1(coshx)dx 562./integraldisplay x(coshx)dx=xsinhx−coshx 563./integraldisplay xn(coshx)dx−xnsinhx−n/integraldisplay xn−1(sinhx)dx 564./integraldisplay (sechx)(tanhx)dx=−sechx 565./integraldisplay (cschx)(cothx)dx=−cschx 566./integraldisplay (sinh2x)dx=sinh2x 4−x 2 567./integraldisplay (sinhmx)(coshnx)dx=  1 m+n(sinhm+1x)(coshn−1x) +n−1 m+n/integraldisplay (sinhmx)(coshn−2x)dx or 1 m+nsinhm−1xcoshn+1x −m−1 m+n/integraldisplay (sinhm−2x)(coshnx)dx,(m+n/negationslash=0 ) 568./integraldisplaydx (sinhmx)(coshnx)  − 1 (m−n)(sinhm−1x)(coshn−1x) −m+n−2 m−1/integraldisplaydx (sinhm−2x)(coshnx),(m/negationslash=1 ) or 1 (n−1) sinhm−1xcoshn−1x +m+n−2 n−1/integraldisplaydx (sinhmx)(coshn−2x),(n/negationslash=1 ) 569./integraldisplay (tanh2x)dx=x−tanhx 570./integraldisplay (tanhnx)dx=−tanhn−1x n−1+/integraldisplay (tanhn−2x)dx,(n/negationslash=1 ) 571./integraldisplay (sech2x)dx= tanhx 572./integraldisplay (cosh2x)dx=sinh2x 4+x 2 A-49 INTEGRALS (Continued) 573./integraldisplay (coth2x)dx=x−cothx 574./integraldisplay (cothnx)dx=−cothn−1x n−1+/integraldisplay cothn−2xdx, (n/negationslash=1 ) 575./integraldisplay (csch2x)dx=−ctnhx 576./integraldisplay (sinhmx)(sinhnx)dx=sinh(m+n)x 2(m+n)−sinh(m−n)x 2(m−n),(m2/negationslash=n2) 577./integraldisplay (coshmx)(coshnx)dx=sinh(m+n)x 2(m+n)+sinh(m−n)x 2(m−n),(m2/negationslash=n2) 578./integraldisplay (sinhmx)(coshnx)dx=cosh(m+n)x 2(m+n)+cosh(m−n)x 2(m−n),(m2/negationslash=n2) 579./integraldisplay/parenleftBig sinh−1x a/parenrightBig dx=xsinh−1x a−√ x2+a2,(a>0) 580./integraldisplay x/parenleftBig sinh−1x a/parenrightBig dx=/parenleftbiggx2 2+a2 4/parenrightbigg sinh−1x a−x 4√ x2+a2,(a>0) 581./integraldisplay xn/parenleftbig sinh−1x/parenrightbig dx=/parenleftbiggxn+1 n+1/parenrightbigg sinh−1x−1 n+1/integraldisplayxn+1 (1 +x2)1 2dx,(n/negationslash=−1) 582./integraldisplay/parenleftBig cosh−1x a/parenrightBig dx=  xcosh−1x a−√ x2−a2,/parenleftbig cosh−1x a>0/parenrightbig or xcosh−1x a+/radicalbig x2−a2,/parenleftbig cosh−1x a<0/parenrightbig ,(a>0) 583./integraldisplay x/parenleftBig cosh−1x a/parenrightBig dx=2x2−a2 4cosh−1x a−x 4(x2−a2)1 2 584./integraldisplay xn(cosh−1x)dx=xn+1 n+1cosh−1x−1 n+1/integraldisplayxn+1 (x2−1)1 2dx,(n/negationslash=−1) 585./integraldisplay/parenleftBig tanh−1x a/parenrightBig dx=xtanh−1x a+a 2log(a2−x2),/parenleftBig/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsinglex a/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle<1/parenrightBig 586./integraldisplay/parenleftBig coth −1x a/parenrightBig dx=xcoth−1x a+a 2log(x2−a2),/parenleftBig/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsinglex a/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle>1/parenrightBig 587./integraldisplay x/parenleftBig tanh −1x a/parenrightBig dx=x2−a2 2tanh−1x a+ax 2,/parenleftBig/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsinglex a/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle<1/parenrightBig 588./integraldisplay xn(tanh−1x)dx=xn+1 n+1tanh−1x−1 n+1/integraldisplayxn+1 1−x2dx,(n/negationslash=−1) 589./integraldisplay x/parenleftBig coth−1x a/parenrightBig dx=x2−a2 2coth−1x a+ax 2,/parenleftBig/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsinglex a/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle>1/parenrightBig 590./integraldisplay xn/parenleftbig coth−1x/parenrightbig dx=xn+1 n+1coth−1x+1 n+1/integraldisplayxn+1 x2−1dx,(n/negationslash=−1) 591./integraldisplay (sech−1x)dx=xsech−1x+ sin−1x 592./integraldisplay xsech−1xdx=x2 2sech−1x−1 2√ 1−x2 593./integraldisplay xnsech−1xdx=xn+1 n+1sech−1x+1 n+1/integraldisplayxn (1−x2)1 2dx,(n/negationslash=−1) 594./integraldisplay csch−1xdx=xcsch−1x+x |x|sinh−1x 595./integraldisplay xcsch−1xdx=x2 2csch−1x+1 2x |x|√ 1+x2 596./integraldisplay xncsch−1xdx=xn+1 n+1csch−1x+1 n+1x |x|/integraldisplayxn (x2+1 )1 2dx,(n/negationslash=−1) A-50 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) DEFINITE INTEGRALS 597./integraltext∞ 0xn−1e−xdx=/integraltext1 0/parenleftbig log1 x/parenrightbign−1dx=1 n∞/producttext m=1/parenleftbigg 1+1 m/parenrightbiggn 1+n m=Γ (n) forn/negationslash=0,−1,−2,−3,... (This is the Gamma function) 598./integraldisplay∞ 0tnp−tdt=n! (logp)n+1,(n=0,1,2,3,...andp>0) 599./integraldisplay∞ 0tn−1e−(a+1)tdt=Γ(n) (a+1 )n,(n>0,a>−1) 600./integraldisplay1 0xm/parenleftbigg log1 x/parenrightbiggn dx=Γ(n+1 ) (m+1 )n+1,(m>−1,n>−1) 601. Γ(n)isfinite ifn>0;Γ(n+1 )=nΓ(n) 602. Γ(n)·Γ(1−n)=π sinnπ 603. Γ(n)=(n−1)! ifn= integer >0 604. Γ(1 2)=2/integraldisplay∞ 0e−t2dt=√π=1.7724538509 ···=(−1 2)! 605. Γ(n+1 2)=1·3·5...(2n−1) 2n√πn=1,2,3,... 606. Γ(−n+1 2)=(−1)n2n√π 1·3·5...(2n−1)n=1,2,3,... 607./integraldisplay1 0xm−1(1−x)n−1dx=/integraldisplay∞ 0xm−1 (1 +x)m+ndx=Γ(m)Γ(n) Γ(m+n)=B(m,n) (This is the Beta function) 608.B(m,n)=B(n,m)=Γ(m)Γ(n) Γ(m+n),wheremandnare any positive real numbers . 609./integraldisplayb a(x−a)m(b−x)ndx=(b−a)m+n+1Γ(m+1 )·Γ(n+1 ) Γ(m+n+2 ),(m>−1,n>−1,b>a ) 610./integraldisplay∞ 1dx xm=1 m−1,[m>1] 611./integraldisplay∞ 0dx (1 +x)xp=πcscpπ,[0<p< 1] 612./integraldisplay∞ 0dx (1−x)xp=−πcotpπ,[0<p< 1] 613./integraldisplay∞ 0xp−1dx (1 +x)=π sinpπ=B(p,1−p)=Γ (p)Γ(1−p),[0<p< 1] 614./integraldisplay∞ 0xm−1dx 1+xn=π nsinmπ n,[0<m<n ] 615./integraldisplay∞ 0xadx (m+xb)c=ma+1−bc b b/bracketleftBigg Γ/parenleftbiga+1 b/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbig c−a+1 b/parenrightbig Γ(c)/bracketrightBigg /parenleftbig a>−1,b>0,m> 0,c>a+1 b/parenrightbig 616./integraldisplay∞ 0dx (1 +x)√x=π 617./integraldisplay∞ 0adx a2+x2=π 2,ifa>0;0,ifa=0 ;−π 2,ifa<0 618./integraldisplaya 0(a2−x2)n/2dx=1 2/integraldisplaya −a(a2−x2)n/2dx =1·3·5...n 2·4·6...(n+1 )·π 2·an+1(nodd,a> 0) 619./integraldisplaya 0xm(a2−x2)n/2dx=  1 2am+n+1B/parenleftbigm+1 2,n+2 2/parenrightbig (a>0,m> −1,n> −2) or 1 2am+n+1Γ(m+1 2)Γ(n+2 2) Γ(m+n+3 2)(a>0,m> −1,n> −2) A-51 INTEGRALS (Continued) 620./integraldisplayπ/2 0(sinnx)dx=  /integraltext π/2 0(cosnx)dx or 1·3·5·7...(n−1) 2·4·6·8...(n)π 2,(nan even integer ,n/negationslash=0 ) or 1·3·5·7...(n−1) 2·4·6·8...(n),(nan odd integer ,n/negationslash=0 ) √π 2Γ(n+1 2) Γ(n 2+1),(n>−1) 621./integraldisplay∞ 0sinmxdx x=π 2;i fm>0; 0,ifm=0 ;−π 2,ifm<0 622./integraldisplay∞ 0cosxdx x=∞ 623./integraldisplay∞ 0tanxdx x=π 2 624./integraldisplayπ 0sinax·sinbxdx =/integraldisplayπ 0cosax·cosbxdx =0,(a/negationslash=b;a, bintegers) 625./integraldisplayπ/a 0[sin(ax)][cos(ax)]dx=/integraldisplayπ 0[sin(ax)][cos(ax)]dx=0 626./integraldisplayπ 0[sin(ax)][cos(bx)]dx=2a a2−b2,ifa−bis odd,or 0ifa−bis even 627./integraldisplay∞ 0sinxcosmxdx x=0, ifm<−1orm>1;π 4,ifm=±1;π 2,ifm2<1 628./integraldisplay∞ 0sinaxsinbx x2dx=πa 2,(a≤b) 629./integraldisplayπ 0sin2mxdx =/integraldisplayπ 0cos2mxdx =π 2(mis a non-zero integer) 630./integraldisplay∞ 0sin2(px) x2dx=π|p| 2 631./integraldisplay∞ 0sinx xpdx=π 2Γ(p)sin(pπ/2),0<p< 1 632./integraldisplay∞ 0cosx xpdx=π 2Γ(p)cos(pπ/2),0<p< 1 633./integraldisplay∞ 01−cospx x2dx=π|p| 2 634./integraldisplay∞ 0sinpxcosqx xdx=/braceleftBig 0,q>p> 0;π 2,p>q> 0;π 4,p=q>0/bracerightBig 635./integraldisplay∞ 0cos(mx) x2+a2dx=π 2|a|e−|ma| 636./integraldisplay∞ 0cos(x2)dx=/integraldisplay∞ 0sin(x2)dx=1 2/radicalbigg π 2 637./integraldisplay∞ 0sinaxndx=1 na1/nΓ(1/n)sinπ 2n,n > 1 638./integraldisplay∞ 0cosaxndx=1 na1/nΓ(1/n)cosπ 2n,n > 1 639./integraldisplay∞ 0sinx√xdx=/integraldisplay∞ 0cosx√xdx=/radicalbigg π 2 640. (a)/integraltext∞ 0sin3x xdx=π 4(b)/integraltext∞ 0sin3x x2dx3 4log 3 641./integraldisplay∞ 0sin3x x3dx=3π 8 642./integraldisplay∞ 0sin4x x4dx=π 3 643./integraldisplayπ/2 0dx 1+acosx=cos−1a√ 1−a2,(|a|<1) 644./integraldisplayπ 0dx a+bcosx=π√ a2−b2,(a>b ≥0) A-52 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 645./integraldisplay2π 0dx 1+acosx=2π√ 1−a2,(a2<1) 646./integraldisplay∞ 0cosax−cosbx xdx= log/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingleb a/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle 647./integraldisplay π/2 0dx a2sin2x+b2cos2x=π 2|ab| 648./integraldisplayπ/2 0dx (a2sin2x+b2cos2x)2=π(a2+b2) 4a3b3,(a,b > 0) 649./integraldisplayπ/2 0sinn−1xcosm−1xdx=1 2B/parenleftBign 2,m 2/parenrightBig ,mandnpositive integers 650./integraldisplayπ/2 0(sin2n+1θ)dθ=2·4·6...(2n) 1·3·5...(2n+1 ),(n=1,2,3,...) 651./integraldisplayπ/2 0(sin2nθ)dθ=1·3·5...(2n−1) 2·4...(2n)/parenleftBigπ 2/parenrightBig ,(n=1,2,3,...) 652./integraldisplayπ/2 0x sinxdx=2/braceleftbigg1 12−1 32+1 52−1 72+···/bracerightbigg 653./integraldisplayπ/2 0dx 1 + tanmx=π 4 654./integraldisplayπ/2 0√ cosθdθ=(2π)3 2 /bracketleftbig Γ(1 4)/bracketrightbig2 655./integraldisplayπ/2 0(tanhθ)dθ=π 2cos/parenleftbighπ 2/parenrightbig,(0<h< 1) 656./integraldisplay∞ 0tan−1(ax)−tan−1(bx) xdx=π 2loga b,(a,b > 0) 657. The area enclosed by a curve de fined through the equation xb c+yb c=ab cwherea>0,c a positive odd integer and ba positive even integer is given by[Γ(c b)]2 Γ(2c b)/parenleftBig 2ca2 b/parenrightBig 658.I=/integraldisplay/integraldisplay/integraldisplay Rxh−1ym−1zn−1dv,whereRdenotes the region of space bounded by the co- ordinate planes and that portion of the surface/parenleftbigx a/parenrightbigp+/parenleftbigy b/parenrightbigq+/parenleftbigz c/parenrightbigk=1,which lies in the first octant and where h,m,n,p,q,k,a,b,c, denote positive real numbers is given by/integraldisplaya 0xh−1dx/integraldisplayh 0/bracketleftBig 1−/parenleftBigx a/parenrightBigp/bracketrightBig1 eymdy/integraldisplayc 0/bracketleftBig 1−/parenleftBigx a/parenrightBigp −/parenleftBigy b/parenrightBigq/bracketrightBig1 ezn−1dz =ahbmcn pqkΓ/parenleftBig h p/parenrightBig Γ/parenleftBig m q/parenrightBig Γ/parenleftbign k/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftBig h p+m q+n k+1/parenrightBig 659./integraldisplay∞ 0e−axdx=1 a,(a>0) 660./integraldisplay∞ 0e−ax−e−bx xdx= logb a,(a,b > 0) 661./integraldisplay∞ 0xne−axdx=  Γ(n+1) an+1n>−1,a>0 or n! an+1 (a>0,npositive integer) 662./integraldisplay∞ 0xnexp(−axp)dx=Γ(k) pak,/parenleftbigg n>−1,p>0,a>0,k=n+1 p/parenrightbigg 663./integraldisplay∞ 0e−a2x2dx=1 2a√π=1 2aΓ/parenleftbigg1 2/parenrightbigg ,(a>0) 664./integraldisplay∞ 0xe−x2dx=1 2 665./integraldisplay∞ 0x2e−x2dx=√π 4 A-53 INTEGRALS (Continued) 666./integraldisplay∞ 0x2ne−ax2dx=1·3·5...(2n−1) 2n+1an/radicalbigg π a(a>0,n>−1 2) 667./integraldisplay∞ 0x2n+1e−ax2dx=n! 2an+1,(a>0,n>−1) 668./integraldisplay1 0xme−axdx=m! am+1/bracketleftBigg 1−e−am/summationdisplay r=0ar r!/bracketrightBigg 669./integraldisplay∞ 0e/parenleftbigg −x2−a2 x2/parenrightbigg dx=e−2a√π 2,(a≥0) 670./integraldisplay∞ 0e−nx√xdx=1 2n/radicalbigg π n(n>0) 671./integraldisplay∞ 0e−nx √xdx=/radicalbigg π n(n>0) 672./integraldisplay∞ 0e−ax(cosmx)dx=a a2+m2,(a>0) 673./integraldisplay∞ 0e−ax(sinmx)dx=m a2+m2,(a>0) 674./integraldisplay∞ 0xe−ax[sin(bx)]dx=2ab (a2+b2)2,(a>0) 675./integraldisplay∞ 0xe−ax[cos(bx)]dx=a2−b2 (a2+b2)2,(a>0) 676./integraldisplay∞ 0xne−ax[sin(bx)]dx=n![(a+ib)n+1−(a−ib)n+1] 2i(a2+b2)n+1,(i2=−1,a>0) 677./integraldisplay∞ 0xne−ax[cos(bx)]dx=n![(a−ib)n+1+(a+ib)n+1] 2(a2+b2)n+1,(i2=−1,a>0,n>−1) 678./integraldisplay∞ 0e−axsinx xdx= cot−1a,(a>0) 679./integraldisplay∞ 0e−a2x2cosbxdx =√π 2|a|exp/parenleftbigg −b2 4a2/parenrightbigg ,(ab/negationslash=0 ) 680./integraldisplay∞ 0e−tcosφtb−1[sin(tsinφ)]dt−[Γ(b)]sin(bφ),/parenleftBig b>0,−π 2<φ<π 2/parenrightBig 681./integraldisplay∞ 0e−tcosφtb−1[cos(tsinφ)]dt−[Γ(b)]cos(bφ),/parenleftBig b>0,−π 2<φ<π 2/parenrightBig 682./integraldisplay∞ 0tb−1costdt= [Γ(b)]cos/parenleftbiggbπ 2/parenrightbigg ,(0<b< 1) 683./integraldisplay∞ 0tb−1(sint)dt= [Γ(b)]sin/parenleftbiggbπ 2/parenrightbigg ,(0<b< 1) 684./integraldisplay1 0(logx)ndx=(−1)n·n!(n>−1) 685./integraldisplay1 0/parenleftbigg log1 x/parenrightbigg1 2 dx=√π 2 686./integraldisplay1 0/parenleftbigg log1 x/parenrightbigg−1 2 dx=√π 687./integraldisplay1 0/parenleftbigg log1 x/parenrightbiggn dx=n! 688./integraldisplay1 0xlog(1 −x)dx=−3 4 689./integraldisplay1 0xlog(1 +x)dx=1 4 690./integraldisplay1 0xm(logx)ndx=(−1)nn! (m+1 )n+1,m > −1,n=0,1,2,... Ifn/negationslash=0,1,2,... replacen!b yΓ(n+1 ). A-54 TeamLRNINTEGRALS (Continued) 691./integraldisplay1 0logx 1+xdx=−π2 12 692./integraldisplay1 0logx 1−xdx=−π2 6 693./integraldisplay1 0log(1 +x) xdx=π2 12 694./integraldisplay1 0log(1 −x) xdx=−π2 6 695./integraldisplay1 0(logx)[log(1 + x)]dx=2−2log 2 −π2 12 696./integraldisplay1 0(logx)[log(1 −x)]dx=2−π2 6 697./integraldisplay1 0logx 1−x2dx=−π2 8 698./integraldisplay1 0log/parenleftbigg1+x 1−x/parenrightbigg ·dx x=π2 4 699./integraldisplay1 0logxdx√ 1−x2=−π 2log 2 700./integraldisplay1 0xm/bracketleftbigg log/parenleftbigg1 x/parenrightbigg/bracketrightbiggn dx=Γ(n+1 ) (m+1 )n+1,ifm+1>0,n+1>0 701./integraldisplay1 0(xp−xq)dx logx= log/parenleftbiggp+1 q+1/parenrightbigg ,(p+1>0,q+1>0) 702./integraldisplay1 0dx/radicalBig log/parenleftbig1 x/parenrightbig=√π,(same as integral 686) 703./integraldisplay∞ 0log/parenleftbiggex+1 ex−1/parenrightbigg dx=π2 4 704./integraldisplayπ/2 0(log sinx)dx=/integraldisplayπ/2 0log cosxdx=−π 2log 2 705./integraldisplayπ/2 0(log secx)dx=/integraldisplayπ/2 0log cscxdx=π 2log 2 706./integraldisplayπ 0x(log sinx)dx=−π2 2log 2 707./integraldisplayπ/2 0(sinx)(log sinx)dx= log 2 −1 708./integraldisplayπ/2 0(log tanx)dx=0 709./integraldisplayπ 0log(a±bcosx)dx=πlog/parenleftbigga+√ a2−b2 2/parenrightbigg ,(a≥b) 710./integraldisplayπ 0log(a2−2abcosx+b2)dx=/braceleftBigg 2πlogaa ≥b>0 2πlogbb ≥a>0 711./integraldisplay∞ 0sinax sinhbxdx=π 2|b|tanhaπ 2b 712./integraldisplay∞ 0cosax coshbxdx=π 2|b|sechaπ 2b 713./integraldisplay∞ 0dx coshax=π 2|a| 714./integraldisplay∞ 0xdx sinhax=π2 4a2(a>0) 715./integraldisplay∞ 0e−ax(coshbx)dx=a a2−b2,(0≤|b|<a) 716./integraldisplay∞ 0e−ax(sinhbx)dx=b a2−b2,(0≤|b|<a) A-55 INTEGRALS (Continued) 717./integraldisplay∞ 0sinhax ebx+1dx=π 2bcscaπ b−1 2a(b>0) 718./integraldisplay∞ 0sinhax ebx−1dx=1 2a−π 2bcotaπ b(b>0) 719./integraldisplayπ/2 0dx/radicalbig 1−k2sin2x=π 2/bracketleftBigg 1+/parenleftbigg1 2/parenrightbigg2 k2+/parenleftbigg1·3 2·4/parenrightbigg2 k4+/parenleftbigg1·3·5 2·4·6/parenrightbigg2 k6+···/bracketrightBigg , ifk2<1 720./integraldisplayπ/2 0/radicalbig 1−k2sin2xdx=π 2/bracketleftBigg 1−/parenleftbigg1 2/parenrightbigg2 k2−/parenleftbigg1·3 2·4/parenrightbigg2k4 3−/parenleftbigg1·3·5 2·4·6/parenrightbigg 2k6 5−···/bracketrightBigg , ifk2<1 721./integraldisplay∞ 0e−xlogxdx=−γ=−0.5772157... 722./integraldisplay∞ 0e−x2logxdx=−√π 4(γ+ 2log 2) 723./integraldisplay∞ 0/parenleftbigg1 1−e−x−1 x/parenrightbigg e−xdx=γ=0.5772157... [Euler ’s Constant] 724./integraldisplay∞ 01 x/parenleftbigg1 1+x−e−x/parenrightbigg dx=γ=0.5772157... Forneven : 725./integraldisplay cosnxdx=1 2n−1n/2−1/summationdisplay k=0/parenleftBigg n k/parenrightBigg sin(n−2k)x (n−2k)+1 2n/parenleftBigg n n/2/parenrightBigg x 726./integraldisplay sinnxdx=1 2n−1n/2−1/summationdisplay k=0/parenleftBigg n k/parenrightBigg sin[(n−2k)(π 2−x)] 2k−n+1 2n/parenleftBigg n n/2/parenrightBigg x Fornodd: 727./integraldisplay cosnxdx=1 2n−1(n−1)/2/summationdisplay k=0/parenleftBigg n k/parenrightBigg sin(n−2k)x n−2k 728./integraldisplay sinnxdx=1 2n−1(n−1)/2/summationdisplay k=0/parenleftBigg n k/parenrightBigg sin/bracketleftbig (n−2k)/parenleftbigπ 2−x/parenrightbig/bracketrightbig 2k–n A-56 TeamLRN2k−n DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS SPECIAL FORMULAS Certain types of differential equations occur suf ficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular solutions. The following set of tables I to XIV covers all first, second, andnth order ordinary linear differential equations with constant coef ficients for which the right members are of the form P(x)erxsinsxorP(x)erxcossx, whererandsare constants and P(x), is a polynomial of degree n. When the right member of a reducible linear partial differential equation with constant coef fi- cients is not zero, particular solutions for certain types of right members are contained in tables XVto XXI. In these tables both FandPare used to denote polynomials, and it is assumed that no denominator is zero. In any formula the roles of xandymay be reversed throughout, changing a formula in which xdominates to one in which ydominates. Tables XIX, XX, XXI are applicable whether the equations are reducible or not. The symbol/parenleftbig m n/parenrightbig stands form! (m−n)!n!and is the n+1st coefficient in the expansion of (a+b)m. Also 0!= 1 by definition. A-56 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Solution of Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients Any linear differential equation with constant coef ficients may be written in the form p(D)y=R(x) where •Dis the differential operation: Dy=dy dx •p(D)is a polynomial in D, •yis the dependent variable, •xis the independent variable, •R(x)is an arbitrary function of x. A power of Drepresents repeated differentiation, that is Dny=dny dxn For such an equation, the general solution may be written in the form y=yc+yp whereypis any particular solution, and ycis called the complementary function . This complemen- tary function is de fined as the general solution of the homogeneous equation , which is the original differential equation with the right side replaced by zero, i.e. p(D)y=0 The complementary function ycmay be determined as follows: 1. Factor the polynomial p(D)into real and complex linear factors, just as if Dwere a variable instead of an operator. 2. For each nonrepeated linear factor of the form ( D-a), whereais real, write down a term of the form ceax wherecis an arbitrary constant. 3. For each repeated real linear factor of the form (D−a)n, write down nterms of the form c1eax+c2xeax+c3x2eax+···+cnxn−1eax where the ci’s are arbitrary constants. 4. For each non-repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form ( D−a+ib)(D−a−ib), write down 2 terms of the form c1eaxcosbx+c2eaxsinbx 5. For each repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form ( D−a+ib)n(D−a−ib)n, write down 2 nterms of the form c1eaxcosbx+c2eaxsinbx+c3xeaxcosbx+c4xeaxsinbx +···+c2n−1xn−1eaxcosbx+c2nxn−1eaxsinbx 6. The sum of all the terms thus written down is the complementary function yc. Tofind the particular solution yp, use the following tables, as shown in the examples. For cases not shown in the tables, there are various methods of findingyp. The most general method is called variation of parameters . The following example illustrates the method: A-57 TeamLRNDIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Example: Findypfor(D2−4)y=ex. This example can be solved most easily by use of equation 63 in the tables following. However it is given here as an example of the method of variation of parameters. The complementary function is yc=c1e2x+c2e−2x Tofindyp, replace the constants in the complementary function with unknown functions, yp=ue2x+ve−2x We now prepare to substitute this assumed solution into the original equation. We begin by taking all the necessary derivatives: yp=ue2x+ve−2x y/prime p=2ue2x−2ve−2x+u/primee2x+v/primee−2x For each derivative of ypexcept the highest, we set the sum of all the terms containing u/primeandv/primeto 0. Thus the above equation becomes u/primee2x+v/primee−2x= 0 and y/prime p=2ue2x−2ve−2x Continuing to differentiate, we have y/prime/prime p=4ue2x+4ve−2x+2u/primee2x−2v/primee−2x When we substitute into the original equation, all the terms not containing u/primeorv/primecancel out. This is a consequence of the method by which ypwas set up. Thus all that is necessary is to write down the terms containing u/primeorv/primein the highest order derivative of yp, multiply by the constant coef ficient of the highest power of Dinp(D), and set it equal to R(x). Together with the previous terms in u/primeandv/primewhich were set equal to 0, this gives us as many linear equations in the first derivatives of the unknown functions as there are unknown functions. The first derivatives may then be solved for by algebra, and the unknown functions found by integration. In the present example, this becomes u/primee2x+v/primee−2x=0 2u/primee2x−2v/primee−2x=ex We eliminate v/primeandu/primeseparately, getting 4u/primee2x=ex 4v/primee−2x=−ex Thus u/prime=1 4e−x v/prime=−1 4e3x Therefore, by integrating u=−1 4e−x v=−1 12e3x A constant of integration is not needed, since we need only one particular solution. Thus yp=ue2x+ve−2x=−1 4e−xe2x−1 12e3xe−2x =−1 4ex−1 12ex=−1 13ex A-58 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) and the general solution is y=yc+yp=c1e2x+c2e−2x−1 3ex The following samples illustrate the use of the tables. Example 1: Solve (D2−4)y= sin3x. Substitution of q=−4,s=3in formula 24 gives yp=sin3x −9−4 wherefore the general solution is y=c1e2x+c2e−2x−sin3x 13 Example 2: Obtain a particular solution of (D2−4D+5 )y=x2e3xsinx. Applying formula 40 with a=2,b=1,r=3,s=1,P(x)=x2,s+b=2,s−b=0,a−r=−1, (a−r)2+(s+b)2=5, (a−r)2+(s−b)2=1,w eh a v e yp=e3xsinx 2/bracketleftbigg/parenleftbigg2 5−0 1/parenrightbigg x2+/parenleftbigg2(−1)2 25−2(−1)0 1/parenrightbigg 2x+/parenleftbigg3·1·2−23 125−3·1·0−0 1/parenrightbigg 2/bracketrightbigg −e3xcosx 2/bracketleftbigg/parenleftbigg−1 5−−1 1/parenrightbigg x2+/parenleftbigg1−4 25−1−0 1/parenrightbigg 2x+/parenleftbigg−1−3(−1)4 125−−1−3(−1)0 1/parenrightbigg 2/bracketrightbigg =/parenleftbigg1 5x2−4 25x−2 125/parenrightbigg e3xsinx+/parenleftbigg −2 5x2+28 25−136 125/parenrightbigg e3xcosx The special formulas effect a very considerable saving of time in problems of this type. Example 3: Obtain a particular solution of ( D2−4D+5 )y=x2e2xcosx. (Compare with Example 2.) Formula 40 is not applicable here since for this equation r=a,s=b, wherefore the denominator (a−r)2+(s−b)2=0. We turn instead to formula 44. Substituting a=2,b=1,P(x)=x2and replacing sin by cos, cos by -sin, we obtain yp=e2xcosx 4(x2−2 4)+e2xsinx 2/integraldisplay (x2−1 2)dx =/parenleftbiggx2 4−1 8/parenrightbigg e2xcosx+/parenleftbiggx3 6−x 4/parenrightbigg e2xsinx which is the required solution. Example 4: Findzpfor(Dx−3Dy)z= ln(y+3x). Referring to Table XV we note that formula 69 (not 68) is applicable. This gives zp=xln(y+3x) It is easily seen that −y/3 ln(y+3x)would serve equally well. Example 5: Solve(Dx+2Dy−4)z=ycos(y−2x). SinceRin formula 76 contains a polynomial in x, noty, we rewrite the given equation in the form (Dy+1 2 Dx−2)z=1 2ycos(y−2x). Then zc=e2yF(x−1 2y)=e2xf(2x−y) and by the formula zp=−1 2cos(y−2x)·/parenleftbiggy 2+1 2 2/parenrightbigg =−1 8(2y+ 1)cos(y−2x) A-59 TeamLRNDIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Example 6: Findzpfor(Dx+4Dy)3z=( 2x−y)2. Using formula 79, we obtain zp=/integraltext/integraltext/integraltext u2du3 [ 2+4 ( −1)]3=u5 5·4·3·(−8)=−(2x−y)5 480 Example 7: Findzpfor(D3 x+5D2 xDy−7Dx+4 )z=e2x+3y. By formula 87 zp=e2x+3y 23+5·22·3−7·2+4=e2x+3y 58 Example 8: Findzpfor (D4 x+6D3 xDy+DxDy+D2 y+9)z= sin(3x+4y) Since every term in the left number is of even degree in the two operators DxandDy, formula 90 is applicable. It gives zp=sin(3x+4y) (−9)2+6 (−9)(−12) + ( −1 2 )+( −16) + 9 =sin(3x+4y) 710 Table I: (D−a)y=R Ry p 1.erx erx r−a 2.sinsx∗−asinsx+scossx a2+s2 =1√ a2+s2sin/parenleftbig sx+ tan−1s a/parenrightbig 3.P(x) −1 a/bracketleftbigg P(x)+P/prime(x) a+P/prime/prime(x) a2+···+P(n)(x) an/bracketrightbigg 4.erxsinsx∗ Replace abya−rin formula 2 and multiply by erx. 5.P(x)erxReplace abya−rin formula 3 and multiply by erx. 6.P(x) sinsx∗− sinsx/bracketleftBig a a2+s2P(x)+a2−s2 (a2+s2)2P/prime(x)+a3−3as2 (a2+s2)3P/prime/prime(x)+··· +ak−/parenleftBigk 2/parenrightBig ak−2s2+/parenleftBigk 4/parenrightBig ak−4s4−··· (a2+s2)k P(k−1)(x)+···/bracketrightBigg −cossx/bracketleftBig s a2+s2P(x)+2as (a2+s2)2P/prime(x)+3a2s−s3 (a2+s2)3P/prime/prime(x)+··· +/parenleftBigk 1/parenrightBig ak−1s−/parenleftBigk 3/parenrightBig ak−3s3+··· (a2+s2)k P(k−1)(x)+···/bracketrightBigg 7.P(x)erxsinsx∗Replace abya−rin formula 6 and multiply by erx. 8.eaxxeax 9.eaxsinsx∗−eaxcossx s 10.P(x)eaxeax/integraltext P(x)dx 11.P(x)eaxsinsxeaxsinsx s/bracketleftBig P/prime(x) s3−P/prime/prime/prime(x) s3+Pv(x) s5−···/bracketrightBig −eaxcossx s/bracketleftBig P(x)−P/prime/prime(x) s2+Piv(x) s4−···/bracketrightBig *ForcossxinRreplace “sin”by“cos”and“cos”by“−sin”inyp. Dn=dn dxn(m n)=m! (m−n)!n!0! = 1 A-60 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Table II: ( D−a)2y=R Ry p 12.erx erz (r−a)2 13.sinsx∗1 (a2+s2)[(a2−s2) sinsx+2ascossx]=1 a2+s2sin/parenleftBig sx+ tan−12as a2−s2/parenrightBig 14.P(x)1 a2/bracketleftbigg P(x)+2P/prime(x) a+3P/prime/prime(x) a2+···+(n+1)P(n)(x) an/bracketrightbigg 15.erxsinsx∗ Replace abya−rin formula 13 and multiply by erx. 16.P(x)erxReplace abya−rin formula 14 and multiply by erx. 17.P(x) sinsx∗ sinsx/bracketleftBig a2−s2 (a2+s2)2P(x)+2a3−3as2 (a2+s2)3P/prime(x)+3a4−6a2s2+s4 (a2+s2)4P/prime/prime(x)+··· +(k−1)ak−/parenleftBigk 2/parenrightBig ak−2s2+/parenleftBigk 4/parenrightBig ak−4s4−··· (a2+s2)k P(k−2)(x)+···/bracketrightBigg + cos sx/bracketleftBig 2as (a2+s2)2P(x)+23a2s−s3 (a2+s2)3P/prime(x)+34a3s−4as3 (a2+s2)4P/prime/prime(x)+··· +(k−1)/parenleftBigk 1/parenrightBig ak−1s−/parenleftBigk 3/parenrightBig ak−3s3+··· (a2+s2)k P(k−2)(x)+···/bracketrightBigg 18.P(x)erxsinsx∗Replace abya−rin formula 17 and multiply by erx. 19.eax 1 2x2eax 20.eaxsinsx∗−eaxsinsx s2 21.P(x)eaxeax/integraltext/integraltext P(x)dx dx 22.P(x)eaxsinsx∗−eaxsinsx s2/bracketleftBig P(x)−3P/prime/prime(x) s2+5Piv(x) s4−7Pvi(x) s6+···/bracketrightBig −eaxcossx s2/bracketleftBig 2P/prime(x) s+4P/prime/prime/prime(x) s3−6Pv(x) s5−···/bracketrightBig * For cos sxinRreplace “sin”by“cos”and“cos”by“-sin”inyp. Table III: ( D2+q)y=R Ry p 23.erx erx r2+q 24.sinsx∗sinsx −s2+q 25.P(x)1 q/bracketleftBig P(x)−P/prime/prime(x) q+Piv(x) q2−···+(−1)kP(2k)(x) qk···/bracketrightBig 26.erxsinsx(r2−s2+q)erxsinsx−2rserxcossx (r2−s2+q)2+(2rs)2 =erx√ (r2−s2+q)2+(2rs)2sin/bracketleftBig sx−tan−12rs r2−s2+q/bracketrightBig 27.P(x)erx erx r2+q/bracketleftBig P(x)−2r r2+qP/prime(x)+3r2−q (r2+q)2P/prime/prime(x)−4r3−4qr (r2+q)3P/prime/prime/prime(x)+··· +···+(−1)k−1(k 1)rk−1−(k 3)rk−3q+(k 5)rk−5q2−··· (r2+q)k−1 P(k−1)(x)+···/bracketrightBig 28.P(x)sinsx∗sinsx (−s2+q)/bracketleftBig P(x)−3s2+q (−s2+q)2P/prime/prime(x)+5s4+10s2q+q2 (−s2+q)4Piv(x)+··· +(−1)k(2k+1 1)s2k+(2k+1 3)s2k−2q+(2k+1 5)s2k−4q2+··· (−s2+q)2k P(2k)(x)+···/bracketrightbigg −scossx (−s2+q)/bracketleftBig 2P/prime(x) (−s2+q)−4s2+4q (−s2+q)3P/prime/prime/prime(x)+··· +(−1)k+1(2k 1)s2k−2+(2k 3)s2k−4q+··· (−s2+q)2k−1P(2k−1)(x)+···/bracketrightbigg Table IV: ( D2+b2)y=R 29.sinbx∗−xcosbx 2b 30.P(x)sinbx∗sinbx (2b)2/bracketleftBig P(x)−P/prime/prime(x) (2b)2+Piv(x) (2b)4−···/bracketrightBig −cosbx 2b/integraltext/bracketleftBig P(x)−P/prime/prime(x) (2b)2+···/bracketrightBig dx * For cossxinRreplace “sin”by“cos”and“cos”by“−sin”inyp. A-61 TeamLRNDIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Table V: ( D2+pD+q)y=R Ry p 31.erx erx r2+pr+q 32.sinsx∗(q−s2) sinsx−pscossx (q−s2)2+(ps)2=1√ (q−s2)2+(ps)2sin/parenleftBig sx−tan−1ps q−s2/parenrightBig 33.P(x)1 q/bracketleftBig P(x)−p qP/prime(x)+p2−q q2P/prime/prime(x)−p3−2pq q3P/prime/prime/prime(x)+··· +(−1)npn−(n−1 1)pn−2q+(n−2 2)pn−4q2−··· qn P(n)(x)/bracketrightBig 34.erxsinsx∗ Replacepbyp+2r,qbyq+pr+r2in formula 32 and multiply by erx. 35.P(x)erxReplacepbyp+2r,qbyq+pr+r2in formula 33 and multiply by erx. Table VI: ( D−b)(D−a)y=R 36.P(x)sinsx∗sinsx b−a/bracketleftBigg/parenleftbigga a2+s2−b b2+s2/parenrightbigg P(x)+/parenleftBigg a2−s2 (a2+s2)2−b2−s2 (b2+s2)2/parenrightBigg P/prime(x) +/parenleftBigg a3−3as2 (a2+s2)3−b3−3bs2 (b2+s2)3/parenrightBigg P/prime/prime(x)+···/bracketrightBigg +cossx b−a/parenleftbiggs a2+s2−s b2+s2/parenrightbigg P(x)+/parenleftbigg2as (a2+s2)2−2bs (b2+s2)2/parenrightbigg P/prime(x) +/parenleftBigg 3a2s−s2 (a2+s2)3−3b2s−s3 (b2+s2)3/parenrightBigg P/prime/prime(x)+···/bracketrightBigg† 37.P(x)erxsinsx∗Replaceabya–r,bbyb−rin formula 36 and multiply by erx. 38.P(x)eaxeax a−b/bracketleftBig/integraltext P(x)dx+P(x) (b−a)+P/prime(x) (b−a)2+P/prime/prime(x) (b−a)3+···+P(n)(x) (b−a)n+1/bracketrightBig * For cos sxinRreplace “sin”by“cos”and“cos”by“-sin”inyp. †For additional terms, com e with formula 6. Table VII: (D2−2aD+a2+b2)y=R R yp 39.P(x) sinsx∗sinsx 2b/bracketleftBig/parenleftBig s+b a2+(s+b)2−s−b a2+(s−b)2/parenrightBig P(x)+/parenleftBig 2a(s+b) [a2+(s+b)2]2−2a(s−b) [a2+(s−b)2]2/parenrightBig P/prime(x) +/parenleftBig 3a2(s+b)−(s+b)3 [a2+(s+b)2]3−3a2(s−b)−(s−b)3 [a2+(s−b)2]3/parenrightBig P/prime/prime(x)+···/bracketrightBig −cossx 2b/bracketleftBig/parenleftBig a a2+(s+b)2−a a2+(s−b)2/parenrightBig P(x)+/parenleftBig a2−(s+b)2 [a2+(s+b)2]2−a2−(s−b)2 [a2+(s−b)2]2/parenrightBig P/prime(x) +/parenleftBig a2−3a(s+b)2 [a2+(s+b)2]3−a3−3a(s−b)2 [a2+(s−b)2]3/parenrightBig P/prime/prime(x)+···/bracketrightBig† 40.P(x)erxsinsx∗ Replaceabya−rin formula 39 and multiply by erx. 41.P(x)eax eax b2/bracketleftBig P(x)−P/prime/prime(x) b2+Piv(x) b4−···/bracketrightBig 42.eaxsinsx∗eaxsinsx −s2+b2 43.eaxsinbx∗−xeaxcosbx 2b 44.P(x)eaxsinbx∗eaxsinbx (2b)2/bracketleftBig P(x)−P/prime/prime(x) (2b)2+Piv(x) (2b)4−···/bracketrightBig −eaxcosbx 2b/integraltext/bracketleftBig P(x)−P/prime/prime(x) (2b)2+Piv(x) (2b)4−···/bracketrightBig dx * For cos sx in R replace “sin’by“cos’and“cos”by“-sin”in yp. †For additional terms, com e with formula 6. A-62 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Table VIII: f(D)y=[Dn+an−1Dn−1+···+a1D+a0]y=R Ry p 45.erx erx f(r) 46.sinsx∗[a0−a2s2+a4s4−···] sinsx−[a1s−a3s3+a5s5+···] cossx [a0−a2s2+a4s4−···]2+[a1s−a3s3+a5s5−···]2 Table IX: f(D2)y=R 47.sinsx∗sinsx f(−s2)=sinsx a0−a2s2+···±s2n Table X: (D−a)ny=R 48.erx erx (r−a)n 49.sinsx∗(−1)n (a2+s2)2{[an−/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbig an−2s2+/parenleftbig4 n/parenrightbig an−4s4−···] sinsx +[/parenleftbign 1/parenrightbig an−1s−/parenleftbign 3/parenrightbig an−3s3+···] cossx} 50.P(x)(−1)n an/bracketleftBig P(x)+/parenleftbign 1/parenrightbigP/prime(x) a+/parenleftbign+1 2/parenrightbigP/prime(x) a2+/parenleftbign+2 3/parenrightbigP/prime/prime/prime(x) a2+···/bracketrightBig 51.erxsinsx∗Replaceabya−rin formula 49 and multiply by erx. 52.erxP(x) Replaceabya−rin formula 50 and multiply by erx. 53.P(x) sinsx∗(−1)nsinsx[AnP(x)+/parenleftBign 1/parenrightBig An+1P/prime(x)+/parenleftBign+1 2/parenrightBig An+2P/prime/prime(x)+ /parenleftBign+2 3/parenrightBig An+3P/prime/prime/prime(x)+···] +(−1)ncossx[BnP(x)+/parenleftBign 1/parenrightBig Bn+1P/prime(x)+/parenleftBign+1 2/parenrightBig Bn+2P/prime/prime(x)+ /parenleftBign+2 3/parenrightBig Bn+3P/prime/prime/prime(x)+···] A1=a a2+s2,A2=a2−s2 (a2+s2)2,...,A k=ak−/parenleftbigk 2/parenrightbig ak−2s2+/parenleftbigk 4/parenrightbig ak−4s4−··· (a2+s2)k B1=a a2+s2,B2=2as (a2+s2)2,...,B k=/parenleftbigk 1/parenrightbig ak−1s−/parenleftbigk 3/parenrightbig ak−3s3+··· (a2+s2)k 54.erxsinsx∗Replaceabya−rin formula 53 and multiply by erx. 55.eaxP(x)eax/integraldisplay/integraldisplay ···/integraldisplay P(x)dxn 56.P(x)eaxsinsx∗(−1)n−1 2eaxsinsx sn/bracketleftBig/parenleftbign n−1/parenrightbigP/prime(x) s−/parenleftbign+2 n−1/parenrightbigP/prime/prime/prime(x) s3+/parenleftbign+4 n−1/parenrightbigPv(x) s5−···/bracketrightBig +(−1)n+1 2eaxcossx sn/bracketleftBig/parenleftbign−1 n−1/parenrightbig P(x)−/parenleftbign+1 n−1/parenrightbigP/prime/prime(x) s2+/parenleftbign+3 n−1/parenrightbigPiv(x) s4−···/bracketrightBig (nodd) (−1)n 2eaxsinsx sn/bracketleftBig/parenleftbign−1 n−1/parenrightbig P(x)−/parenleftbign+1 n−1/parenrightbigP/prime/prime(x) s2+/parenleftbign+3 n−1/parenrightbigPiv(x) s4−···/bracketrightBig +(−1)n 2eaxcossx sn/bracketleftBig/parenleftbign n−1/parenrightbigP/prime(x) s−/parenleftbign+2 n−1/parenrightbigP/prime/prime/prime(x) s3+/parenleftbign+4 n−1/parenrightbigPv(x) s5−···/bracketrightBig (neven) * For cos sxinRreplace “sin”by“cos”and“cos”by“−sin”inyp. Table XI: (D−a)nf(D)y=R 57.eax xn n!·eax f(a) *ForcossxinRreplace “sin”by“cos”and“cos”by“−sin”inyp. A-63 TeamLRNDIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Table XII: ( D2+q)ny=R Ry p 58.erxerx/(r2+q)n 59.sinsx∗ sinsx/(q−s2)n 60.P(x)1 qn/bracketleftBig P(x)−/parenleftbign 1/parenrightbigP/prime/prime(x) q2+/parenleftbign+1 2/parenrightbigPiv(x) q2−/parenleftbign+2 3/parenrightbigPvi(x) q3+···/bracketrightBig 61.erxsinsx∗erx (A2+B2)n/braceleftbigg/bracketleftbigg An−/parenleftBign 2/parenrightBig An−2B2+/parenleftBign 4/parenrightBig An−4B4−···/bracketrightbigg sinsx −/bracketleftbigg/parenleftBign 1/parenrightBig An−1B−/parenleftBign 3/parenrightBig An−3B3+···/bracketrightbigg cossx/bracerightbigg A=r2−s2+q, B =2rs Table XIII: ( D2+b2)ny=R 62.sinbx∗ (−1)n+1/2xncosbx n!(2b)n(nodd),(−1)n/2xnsinbx n!(2b)n(neven) Table XIV: ( Dn−q)y=R 63.erxerx/(rn−q) 64.P(x) −1 q/bracketleftBig P(x)P(n)(x) q+P(2n)(x) q2+···/bracketrightBig 65.sinsx∗−qsinsx+(−1)n−1 2sncossx q2+s2n (nodd),sinsx (−s2)n/2−q(neven) 66.erxsinsx∗Aerxsinsr−Berxcossx A2+B2 =erx√ A2+B2sin/parenleftbig sx−tan−1B A/parenrightbig A=/bracketleftbig rn−/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbig rn−2s2+/parenleftbign 4/parenrightbig rn−4s4−···/bracketrightbig −q, B=/bracketleftbig/parenleftbign 1/parenrightbig rn−1s−/parenleftbign 3/parenrightbig rn−3s3+···/bracketrightbig *ForcossxinRreplace “sin”by“cos”and cos by “−sin”inyp. Table XV: ( Dx+mD y)z=R Rz p 67.eax+byeax+by a+mb 68.f(ax+by)∫f(u)du a+mb,u=ax+by 69.f(y−mx)xf(y−mx) 70.φ(x,y)f(y−mx)f(y−mx)∫φ(x,a+mx)dx(a=y−mx after integration) Table XVI: (Dx+mD y−k)z=R 71.eax+by eax+by a+mb−k 72.sin(ax+by)∗−(a+bm) cos(ax+by)+ksin(ax+by) (a+bm)2+k2 73.eαx+βysin(ax+by)∗ Replacekin 72 byk−α−mβand multiply by eαx+βy 74.exkf(ax+by)ekx/integraltext f(u)du a+mb,u=ax+by 75.f(y−mx) −f(y−mx) k 76.p(x)f(y−mx) −1 kf(y−mx)/bracketleftBig p(x)+p/prime(x) k+p/prime/prime(x) k2+···+p(n)(x) kn/bracketrightBig 77.ekxf(y−mx) xekxf(y−mx) *Forcos(ax+by)replace “sin”by“cos”and“cos”by“-sin”inzp. Dx=∂ ∂x;Dy=∂ ∂y;DxkDyr=∂k+r ∂xk∂yr A-64 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Table XVII: (Dz+mD y)nz=R Rz p 78.eax+by eax+by (a+mb)n 79.f(ax+by)/integraltext/integraltext ···/integraltext f(u)dun (a+mb)n,u=ax+by 80.f(y−mx)xn n!f(y−mx) 81.φ(x,y)f(y+mx)f(y−mx)/integraltext/integraltext ···/integraltext φ(x,a+mx)dxn(a=y−mx after integration ) Table XVIII: (Dx+mD y−k)nz=R 82.eax+by eax+by (a+mb−k)n 83.f(y−mx)(−1)nf(y−mx) kn 84.P(x)f(y−mx)(−1)n knf(y−mx)/bracketleftBig p(x)+/parenleftbign 1/parenrightbigp/prime(x) k+/parenleftbign+1 2/parenrightbigp/prime/prime(x) k3+/parenleftbign+2 3/parenrightbigp/prime/prime/prime(x) k3+···/bracketrightBig 85.ekzf(ax+by)ekx∫ ∫··· ∫f(u)dun (a+mb)n,u=ax+by 86.ekxf(y−mx)xn n!ekxf(y−mx) Table XIX: [Dn x+a1Dn−1 xDy+a2Dn−2 xD2 y+···+anDn y]z=R 87.eax+byeax+by a+a1an−1b+a2an−2b2+···+anbn 88.f(ax+by)/integraltext/integraltext ···/integraltext/integraltext f(u)dun an+a1an−1b+a2an−2b2+···+anbn,(u=ax+by) Table XX: F(Dx,Dy)z=R 89.eax+by eax+by F(a,b) Table XXI: F(D2 x,DxDy,D2 y)z=R 90.sin(ax+by)∗sin(ax+by) F(−a2,−ab,−b2) *Forcos(ax+by)replace “sin”by“cos”, and “cos”by“-sin”inzp. A-65 TeamLRNDIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS yF(xy)dx+xG(xy)dy=0 lnx=/integraldisplayG(v)dv v{G(v)−F(v)}+c wherev=xy.I fG(v)=F(v), the solution is xy=c. Linear, homogeneous, second order equation d2y dx2+bdy dx+cy=0 b,care real constantsLetm1,m2be the roots of m2+bm+c=0. Then there are 3 cases: Case 1. m1,m2real and distinct: y=c1em1x+c2em2x Case 2. m1,m2real and equal: y=c1em1x+c2xem1x Case 3. m1=p+qi, m 2=p−qi: y=epx(c1cosqx+c2sinqx) wherep=−b/2,q=√ 4c−b2/2 Linear, nonhomogeneous, second order equation d2y dx2+bdy dx+cy=R(x) b,care real constantsThere are 3 cases corresponding to those immediately above: Case 1. y=c1em1x+c2em2x +em1x m1−m2/integraldisplay e−m1xR(x)dx +em2x m2−m1/integraldisplay e−m2xR(x)dx Case 2. y=c1em1x+c2xem1x +xem1x/integraldisplay e−m1xR(x)dx −em1x/integraldisplay xe−m1xR(x)dx Case 3. y=epx(c1cosqx+c2sinqx) +epxsinqx q/integraldisplay e−pxR(x) cosqxdx −epxcosqx q/integraldisplay e−pxR(x) sinqxdx A-66 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Euler or Cauchy equation Puttingx=et, the equation becomes x2d2y dx+bxdy dx+cy=S(x)d2y dt2+(b−1)dy dt+cy=S(et) and can then be solved as a linear second order equation. Bessel ’s equation y=c1Jn(λx)+c2Yn(λx) x2d2y dx2+xdy dx+(λ2x2−n2)y=0 Transformed Bessel ’s equation y=x−p/braceleftBig c1Jq/r/parenleftBigα rxr/parenrightBig +c2Yq/r/parenleftBigα rxr/parenrightBig/bracerightBig x2d2y dx2+( 2p+1 )xdy dx+(α2x2r+β2)y=0 whereq=/radicalbig p2−β2. Legendre ’s equation y=c1Pn(x)+c2Qn(x) (1−x2)d2y dx2−2xdy dx+n(n+1 )y=0 Differential equation Method of solution Separation of variables/integraldisplayf1(x) f2(x)dx+/integraldisplayg2(y) g1(y)dy=c f1(x)g1(y)dx+f2(x)g2(y)dy=0 Exact equation M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0 where∂M/∂y =∂N/∂x/integraltext M∂x+/integraltext/parenleftBig n−∂ ∂y/integraltext M∂x/parenrightBig dy=c where∂xindicates that the integration is to be performed with respect to xkeepingyconstant. Linear first order equation ye/integraltext Pdx=/integraltext Qe/integraltext Pdxdx+c dy dx+P(x)y=Q(x) Bernoulli ’s equation ve(1−n)/integraltext Pdx=/integraltext Qe(1−n)/integraltext Pdxdx+c dy dx+P(x)y=Q(x)ynwherev=y1−nifn=1, the solution is lny=/integraltext (Q−P)dx+c Homogeneous equation lnx=/integraltextdv F(v)−v+c dy dx=F/parenleftBigy x/parenrightBig wherev=y/x. IfF(v)=v, the solution is y=cx Reducible to homogeneous Setu=a1x+b1y+c1 (a1x+b1y+c1)dx v=a2x+b2y+c2 +(a2x+b2y+c2)dy=0 Eliminate xandyand the equation becomes homogenous a1 a2/negationslash=b1 b2 Reducible to separable Setu=a1x+b1y (a1x+b1y+c1)dx Eliminate xoryand equation becomes separable +(a2x+b2y+c2)dy=0 a1 a2=b1 b2 A-67 TeamLRNFOURIER SERIES 1. Iff(x)is a bounded periodic function of period 2L (i.e. fx+2L)=f(x), and satis fies the Dirichlet conditions : (a) In any period f(x)is continuous, except possibly for a finite number of jump disconti- nuities. (b) In any period f(x)has only a finite number of maxima and minima. Thenf(x)may be represented by the Fourier series a0 2+∞/summationdisplay n=1/parenleftBig ancosnπx L+bnsinnπx L/parenrightBig whereanandbnare as determined below. This series will converge to f(x)at every point wheref(x)is continuous, and to f(x+)+f(x−) 2 (i.e., the average of the left-hand and right-hand limits) at every point where f(x)has a jump discontinuity. an=1 L/integraldisplayL −Lf(x) cosnπx Ldx, n =0,1,2,3,..., bn=1 L/integraldisplayL −Lf(x) sinnπx Ldx, n =1,2,3,... we may also write an=1 L/integraldisplayα+2L αf(x) cosnπx Ldxandbn=1 L/integraldisplayα+2L αf(x) sinnπx Ldx whereαis any real number. Thus if α=0 , an=1 L/integraldisplay2L 0f(x) cosnπx Ldx, n =0,1,2,3,..., bn=1 L/integraldisplay2L 0f(x) sinnπx Ldx, n =1,2,3,... 2. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f(x)is an even function (i.e., f(−x)=f(x)), then the Fourier series reduces to a0 2+∞/summationdisplay n=1ancosnπx L That is,bn=0. In this case, a simpler formula for anis an=2 L/integraldisplayL 0f(x) cosnπx Ldx, n =0,1,2,3,... A-68 3. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f(x)is an odd function (i.e., f(−x)=−f(x)), then the Fourier series reduces to∞/summationdisplay n=1bnsinnπx L That is,an=0. In this case, a simpler formula for the bnis bn=2 L/integraldisplayL 0f(x) sinnπx Ldx, n =1,2,3,... 4. If in addition to the restrictions in (2) above, f(x)=−f(L−x), thenanwill be 0 for all even values of n, including n=0. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to ∞/summationdisplay m=1a2m−1cos(2m−1)πx L 5. If in addition to the restrictions in (3) above, f(x)=f(L−x), thenbnwill be 0 for all even values of n. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to ∞/summationdisplay m=1b2m−1sin(2m−1)πx L (The series in (4) and (5) are known as odd-harmonic series , since only the odd harmonics appear. Similar rules may be stated for even-harmonic series, but when a series appears in theeven-harmonic form, it means that 2Lhas not been taken as the smallest period of f(x). Since any integral multiple of a period is also a period, series obtained in this way will also work,but in general computation is simpli fied if2Lis taken to be the smallest period.) 6. If we write the Euler de finitions for cosθandsinθ, we obtain the complex form of the Fourier Series known either as the “Complex Fourier Series ”or the “Exponential Fourier Series ”of f(x). It is represented as f(x)=1 2n=+∞/summationdisplay n=−∞cneiωnx where cn=1 L/integraldisplayL −Lf(x)e−iωnxdx, n =0,±1,±2,±3,... withωn=nπ Lforn=0,±1,±2,... The set of coef ficientscnis often referred to as the Fourier spectrum. 7. If both sine and cosine terms are present and if f(x)is of period 2Land expandable by a Fourier series, it can be represented as f(x)=a0 2+∞/summationdisplay n=1cnsin/parenleftBignπx L+φn/parenrightBig ,where an=cnsinφn,bn=cncosφn,cn=/radicalbig a2n+b2n,φn= arctan/parenleftbiggan bn/parenrightbigg A-69 TeamLRNIt can also be represented as f(x)=a0 2+∞/summationdisplay n=1cncos/parenleftBignπx L+φn/parenrightBig ,where an=cncosφn,bn=−cnsinφn,cn=/radicalbig a2n+b2n,φn= arctan/parenleftbigg −bn an/parenrightbigg whereφnis chosen so as to make an,bn, andcnhold. 8. The following table of trigonometric identities should be helpful for developing Fourier series. nneven nodd n/2oddn/2even sinnπ 0 0 0 0 0 cosnπ (−1)n+1 −1 +1 +1 ∗sinnπ 20 (−1)(n−1)/20 0 ∗cosnπ 2(−1)n/20 −1 +1 sinnπ 4√ 2 2(−1)(n2+4n+11)/8(−1)(n−2)/40 *A useful formula for sinnπ 2andcosnπ 2is given by sinnπ 2=(i)n+1 2[(−1)n−1]and cosnπ 2=(i)n 2[(−1)n+1 ],wherei2=−1. AUXILIARY FORMULAS FOR FOURIER SERIES 1=4 π/bracketleftbigg sinπx k+1 3sin3πx k+1 5sin5πx k+···/bracketrightbigg [0<x<k ] x=2k π/bracketleftbigg sinπx k−1 2sin2πx k+1 3sin3πx k−···/bracketrightbigg [−k<x<k ] x=k 2−4k π2/bracketleftbigg cosπx k+1 32cos3πx k+1 52cos5πx k+···/bracketrightbigg [0<x<k ] x2=2k2 π3/bracketleftbigg/parenleftbiggπ2 1−4 1/parenrightbigg sinπx k−π2 2sin2πx k+/parenleftbiggπ2 3−4 33/parenrightbigg sin3πx k −π2 4sin4πx k+/parenleftbiggπ2 5−4 53/parenrightbigg sin5πx k+···/bracketrightbigg [0<x<k ] x2=k2 3−4k2 π2/bracketleftbigg cosπx k−1 22cos2πx k+1 32cos3πx k−1 42cos4πx k+···/bracketrightbigg [−k<x<k ] 1−1 3+1 5−1 7+···=π 4 1−1 22+1 32+1 42+···=π2 6 1−1 22+1 32−1 42+···=π2 12 1+1 32+1 52−1 72+···=π2 8 1 22+1 42+1 62+1 82+···=π2 24 A-70 FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS f(x)=4 π/summationtext n=1,3,5...1 nsinnπx L f(x)=2 π∞/summationtext n=1(−1)n n/parenleftbig cosnπc L−1/parenrightbig sinnπx L f(x)=c L+2 π∞/summationtext n=1(−1)n nsinnπc Lcosnπx L f(x)=2 L∞/summationtext n=1sinnπ 2sin(1 2nπc/L ) 1 2nπc/Lsinnπx L f(x)=2 π∞/summationtext n=1(−1)n+1 nsinnπx L f(x)=1 2−4 π2/summationtext n=1,3,5,...1 n2cosnπx L f(x)=8 π2/summationtext n=1,3,5,...(−1)(n−1)/2 n2sinnπx L f(x)=1 2−1 π∞/summationtext n=11 nsinnπx L A-71 TeamLRNFOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS (Continued) f(x)=1 2(1 +a)+2 π2(1−a)∞/summationtext n=11 n2[(−1)ncosnπa−1]cosnπx L; /parenleftbig a=c 2L/parenrightbig f(x)=2 π∞/summationtext n=1(−1)n−1 n/bracketleftBig 1+sinnπa nπ(1−a)/bracketrightBig sinnπx L;/parenleftbig a=c 2L/parenrightbig f(x)=1 2−4 π2(1−2a)/summationtext n=1,3,5,...1 n2cosnπacosnπx L;/parenleftbig a=c 2L/parenrightbig f(x)=2 π∞/summationtext n=1(−1)n n/bracketleftBig 1+1+(−1)n nπ(1−2a)sinnπa/bracketrightBig sinnπx L;/parenleftbig a=c 2L/parenrightbig f(x)4 π∞/summationtext n=11 nsinnπ 4sinnπasinnπx L;/parenleftbig a=c 2L/parenrightbig f(x)=9 π2∞/summationtext n=11 n2sinnπ 3sinnπx L;/parenleftbig a=c 2L/parenrightbig f(x)=32 3π2∞/summationtext n=11 n2sinnπ 4sinnπx L;/parenleftbig a=c 2L/parenrightbig f(x)=1 π+1 2sinωt−2 π/summationtext n=2,4,6,...1 n2−1cosnωt Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1954. A-72 THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS For a piecewise continuous function F(x)over a finite interval 0≤x≤π; the finite Fourier cosine transform ofF(x)is fc(n)=/integraldisplayπ 0F(x)cosnxdx (n=0,1,2,...) Ifxranges over the interval 0≤x≤L, the substitution x/prime=πx/L allows the use of this de finition, also. The inverse transform is written. F(x)=1 πfc(0)−2 πx/summationdisplay n=1fc(n)cosnx(0<x<π ) whereF(x)=F(x+/epsilon1)+F(x−/epsilon1) 2. We observe that F(x+) =F(x−)=F(x)at points of continuity. The formula f(2) c(n)=/integraldisplayπ 0F/prime/prime(x)cosnxdx =−n2fc(n)−F/prime( 0 )+( −1)nF/prime(π)(1) makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform ofF(x)is fs(n)=/integraldisplayπ 0F(x)sinnxdx (n=1,2,3,...) and F(x)=2 π∞/summationdisplay n=1fs(n)sinnx(0<x<π ) Corresponding to (1) we have f(2) s(n)=/integraldisplayπ 0F/prime/prime(x)sinnxdx (2) =−n2fs(n)−nF(0)−n(−1)nF(π) Fourier Transforms IfF(x)is de fined forx≤0and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if/integraltextx 0F(x)dxis absolutely convergent, then fc(α)=/radicalbigg 2 π/integraldisplayx 0F(x)cos(αx)dx is the Fourier cosine transform ofF(x). Furthermore, F(x)=/radicalbigg 2 π/integraldisplayx 0fc(α)cos(αx)dα. Iflimx→∞dnF/dxn=0, then an important property of the Fourier cosine transform is f(2r) c(α)=/radicalbigg 2 π/integraldisplayx 0/parenleftbiggd2rF dx2r/parenrightbigg cos(αx)dx =−/radicalbigg 2 πr−1/summationdisplay n=0(−1)na2r−2n−1α2n+(−1)rα2rfc(α)(3) where limx→∞drF/dxr=ar,makes it useful in the solution of many problems. Under the same conditions. fs(α)=/radicalbigg 2 π/integraldisplayx 0F(x)sin(αx)dx A-73 TeamLRNdefines the Fourier sine transform ofF(x), and F(x)=/radicalbigg 2 π/integraldisplayx 0fs(α)sin(αx)dα Corresponding to (3) we have f(2r) s(α)=/radicalbigg 2 π/integraldisplay∞ 0d2rF dx2rsin(αx)dx (4) =−/radicalbigg 2 πr/summationdisplay n=1(−1)nα2n−1a2r−2n+(−1)r−1α2rfs(α) Similarly, if F(x)is defined for −∞<x< ∞,and if ∫∞ −∞F(x)dxis absolutely convergent, then f(α)=1√ 2π/integraldisplay∞ −∞F(x)eiaxdx is the Fourier transform ofF(x), and F(x)=1√ 2π/integraldisplay∞ −∞f(α)e−iaxdα Also, if lim |x|→∞/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingled nF dxn/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle=0 (n=1,2,...,r −1) then f (r)(α)=1√ 2π/integraldisplay∞ −∞F(r)(x)eiαxdx=(−iα)rf(α) Finite Sine Transforms fs(n) F(x) 1fs(n)=/integraltextπ 0F(x)sinnxdx (n=1,2,...)F(x) 2(−1)n+1fs(n) F(π−x) 31 nπ−x π 4(−1)n+1 nx π 51−(−1)n n1 62 n2sinnπ 2  x when0<x<π/ 2 π−xwhenπ/2<x<π 7(−1)n+1 n3x(π2−x2) 6π 81−(−1)n n3x(π−x) 2 9π2(−1)n−1 n−2[1−(−1)n] n3 x2 10π(−1)n/parenleftBig 6 n3−π2 n/parenrightBig x3 11n n2+c2[1−(−1)necπ] ecx 12n n2+c2sinhc(π−x) sinhcπ A-74 fs(n) F(x) 13n n2−k2(k/negationslash=0,1,2,...)sink(π−x) sinkπ 14  π 2whenn=m 0whenn/negationslash=m(m=1,2,...) sinmx 15n n2−k2[1−(−1)ncoskπ] (k/negationslash=1,2,...)coskx 16  n n2−m2[1−(−1)n+m] whenn/negationslash=m=1,2,... 0 whenn=mcosmx 17n (n2−k2)2(k/negationslash=0,1,2,...)πsinkx 2ksin2kπ−xcosk(π−x) 2ksinkπ 18bn n(|b|≤1)2 πarctanbsinx 1−bcosx 191−(−1)n nbn(|b|≤1)2 πarctan2bsinx 1−b2 Finite Cosine Transforms fc(n) F(x) 1fc(n)=/integraltextπ 0F(x)cosnxdx (n=0,1,2,...)F(x) 2(−1)nfc(n) F(π−x) 3 0 when n=1,2,···;fc(0) =π 1 42 nsinnπ 2;fc( 0 )=0/braceleftBigg 1 when0<x<π/ 2 −1whenπ/2<x<π 5−1−(−1)n n2;fc(0) =π2 2x 6(−1)n n2;fc(0) =π2 6x2 2π 71 n2;fc( 0 )=0(π−x)2 2π−π 6 83π2(−1)n n2−61−(−1)n n4;fc(0) =π4 4x3 9(−1)necπ−1 n2+c21 cecx 101 n2+c2coshc(π−x) csinhcπ 11k n2−k2[(−1)ncosπk−1] (k/negationslash=0,1,2,···)sinkx 12(−1)n+m−1 n2−m2;fc(m)=0 (m=1,2,···)1 msinmx 131 n2−k2(k/negationslash=0,1,2,...) −cosk(π−x) ksinkπ 140whenn=1,2,···; fc(m)=π 2(m=1,2,···)cosmx Fourier Sine Transforms F(x) fs(α) 1/braceleftBigg 1( 0<x<a ) 0(x>a)/radicalBig 2 π/bracketleftbig1−cosα α/bracketrightbig 2xp−1(0<p< 1)/radicalBig 2 πΓ(p) αpsinpπ 2 3/braceleftBigg sinx(0<x<a ) 0(x>a)1√ 2π/bracketleftBig sin[a(1−α)] 1−α−sin[a(1+α)] 1+α/bracketrightBig 4e−x/radicalBig 2 π/bracketleftBig α 1+α2/bracketrightBig 5xe−x2/2αe−α2/2 6 cosx2 2√ 2/bracketleftBig sinα2 2c/parenleftBig α2 2/parenrightBig −cosα2 2S/parenleftBig α2 2/parenrightBig/bracketrightBig∗ 7sinx2 2√ 2/bracketleftBig cosα2 2C/parenleftBig α2 2/parenrightBig + sinα2 2S/parenleftBig α2 2/parenrightBig/bracketrightBig∗ A-75 TeamLRNHereC(y)andS(y)are the Fresnel integrals: C(y)=1√ 2π/integraldisplayy 01√ tcostdt, S (y)=1√ 2π/integraldisplayy 01√ tsintdt *More extensive tables of the Fourier sine and cosine transforms can be found in Fritz Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur-Fourier Transformation , Springer, 1957. Fourier Cosine Transforms F(x) fc(α) 1/braceleftBigg 1( 0<x<a ) 0(x>a)/radicalBig 2 πsinaα α 2xp−1(0<p< 1)/radicalBig 2 πΓ(p) αpcospπ 2 3/braceleftBigg cosx(0<x<a ) 0(x>a)1√ 2π/bracketleftBig sin[a(1−α)] 1−α+sin[a(1+α)] 1+α/bracketrightBig 4e−x/radicalBig 2 π/parenleftBig 1 1+α2/parenrightBig 5e−x2/2e−α1/2 6cosx2 2cos/parenleftBig α2 2−π 4/parenrightBig 7sinx2 2cos/parenleftBig α2 2+π 4/parenrightBig Fourier Transforms F(x) f(α) 1sinax x/braceleftbigg/radicalbigπ 2|α|<a 0|α|>a 2/braceleftbiggeiwx(p<x<q ) 0(x < p, x > q )i√ 2πeip(w+α)−eiq(w+α) (w+α) 3/braceleftbigge−cx+iwx(x>0) 0(x<0)(c>0)i√ 2π(w+α+ic) 4e−px2R(p)>01√2pe−α2/4p 5cospx2 1√2pcos/bracketleftBig α2 4p−π 4/bracketrightBig 6sinpx2 1√2pcos/bracketleftBig α2 4p+π 4/bracketrightBig 7|x|−p(0<p< 1)/radicalBig 2 πΓ(1−p) sinpπ 2 |α|(1−p) 8e−a|x|√ |x|/radicalBig√ (a2+α2)+a√ a2+α2 9coshax coshπx(−π<a<π )/radicalBig 2 πcosa 2coshα 2 coshα+cosa 10sinhax sinhπx(−π<a<π )1√ 2πsina coshα+cosa 11/braceleftBigg1√ a2−x2(|x|<a) 0( |x|>a)/radicalbigπ 2J0(aα) 12sin[b√ a2+x2]√ a2+x2/braceleftbigg0( |α|>b)/radicalbigπ 2J0(a√ b2−α2)(|α|<b) 13/braceleftbiggpn(x)(|x|<1) 0( |x|>1)in √αJn+1 2(α) 14  cos[b√ a2−x2]√ a2−x2(|x|<a) 0( |x|>a)/radicalbigπ 2J0(a√ a2+b2) 15  cosh[b√ a2−x2]√ a2−x2(|x|<a) 0( |x|>a)/radicalbigπ 2J0(a√ α2−b2) A-76 *More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116 –120. The following functions appear among the entries of the tables on transforms. Function De finition Name Ei(x)/integraltextx −xev vdv; or sometimes de fined as −Ei(−x)=/integraltextx xe−v vdvSine, Cosine, and Exponential Integral ta- bles pages 548 –556 Si(x)/integraltextx 0sinv vdv Sine, Cosine, and Exponential Integral ta- bles pages 548 –556 Ci(x)/integraltextx xcosv vdv; or sometimes de fined as negative of this integralSine, Cosine, and Exponential Integral ta-bles pages 548 –556 erf(x) 2√π/integraltextx 0e−v2dv Error function erfc(x) 1−erf(x)=2√π/integraltext∞ xe−v2dv Complementary function to error function Ln(x)ex n!dn dxn(xne−x),n=0,1,... Laguerre polynomial of degree n TeamLRNn SERIES EXPANSION The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. Ifnot otherwise indicated it is to be understood that the series converges for all finite values of x. BINOMIAL SERIES (x+y) n=xn+nxn−1y+n(n−1) 2!xn−2y2+n(n−1)(n−2) 3!xn−3y3+···(y2<x2) (1±x)n=1 ±nx+n(n−1)x2 2!±n(n−1)(n−2)x3 3!+···(x2<1) (1±x)−n=1 ∓nx+n(n+1 )x2 2!∓n(n+ 1)(n +2 )x3 3!+···(x2<1) (1±x)−1=1 ∓x+x2∓x3+x4∓x5+···(x2<1) (1±x)−2=1 ∓2x+3x2∓4x3+5x4∓6x5+··· (x2<1) REVERSION OF SERIES Let a series be represented by y=a1x+a2x2+a3x3+a4x4+a5x5+a6x6+··· witha1/negationslash=0. The coef ficients of the series x=A1y+A2y2+A3y3+A4y4+··· are A1=1 a1A2=−a2 a3 1A3=1 a5 1(2a2 2−a1a3) A4=1 a7 1(5a1a2a3−a2 1a4−5a3 2) A5=1 a9 1(6a2 1a2a4+3a2 1a23+1 4a4 2−a3 1a5−21a1a2 2a3) A6=1 a11 1(7a3 1a2a5+7a3 1a3a4+8 4a1a3 2a3−a4 1a6−28a2 1a22a4−28a2 1a2a33−42a5 2) A7=1 a13 1(8a4 1a2a6+8a4 1a3a5+4a4 1a24+ 120a21a32a4+ 180a21a22a23+ 132a62−a5 1a7 −36a31a22a5−72a3 1a2a3a4−12a3 1a33−330a 1a4 2a3) A-77 TAYLOR SERIES 1.f(x)=f(a)+(x−a)f/prime(a)+(x−a)2 2!f/prime/prime(a)+(x−a)3 3!f/prime/prime/prime(a) +···+(x−a)n n!f(n)(a)+··· (Taylor ’s Series) (Increment form) 2.f(x+h)=f(x)+hf/prime(x)+h2 2!f/prime/prime(x)+h3 3!f/prime/prime/prime(x)+··· =f(h)+xf/prime(h)+x2 2!f/prime/prime(h)+x3 3!f/prime/prime/prime(h)+··· 3. Iff(x)is a function possessing derivatives of all orders throughout the interval a≤x≤b, then there is a value X, witha<X<b , such that f(b)=f(a)+(b−a)f/prime(a)+(b−a)2 2!f/prime/prime(a)+···+(b−a)n−1 (n−1)!f(n−1)(a)+(b−a)n n!f(n)(X) f(a+h)=f(a)+hf/prime(a)+h2 2!f/prime/prime(a)+···+hn−1 (n−1)!f(n−1)(a)+hn n!f(n)(a+θh) whereb=a+hand0<θ< 1.O r f(x)=f(a)+(x−a)f/prime(a)+(x−a)2 2!f/prime/prime(a)+···+(x−a)n−1f(n−1)(a) (n−1)!+Rn, where Rn=f(n)[a+θ·(x−a)] n!(x−a)n,0<θ< 1. The above forms are known as Taylor ’s series with the remainder term. 4.Taylor ’s series for a function of two variables If/parenleftbigg h∂ ∂x+k∂ ∂y/parenrightbigg f(x,y)=h∂f(x,y) ∂x+k∂f(x,y) ∂y; /parenleftbigg h∂ ∂x+k∂ ∂y/parenrightbigg2 f(x,y)=h2∂2f(x,y) ∂x2+2hk∂2f(x,y) ∂x∂y+k2∂2f(x,y) ∂y2 etc., and if/parenleftBig h∂ ∂x+k∂ ∂y/parenrightBign f(x,y)/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingley=b x=awhere the bar and subscripts means that after differ- entiation we are to replace xbyaandybyb, then f(a+h, b+k)=f(a,b)+/parenleftbigg h∂ ∂x+k∂ ∂y/parenrightbigg f(x,y)/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingley=b x=a+···+1 n!/parenleftbigg h∂ ∂x+k∂ ∂y/parenrightbiggn f(x,y)/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingley=b x=a+··· MACLAURIN SERIES f(x)=f(0) +xf/prime(0) +x2 2!f/prime/prime(0) +x3 3!f/prime/prime/prime(0) + ···+xn−1f(n−1)(0) (n−1)!+Rn, where Rn=xnf(n)(θx) n!,0<θ< 1. A-78 TeamLRNEXPONENTIAL SERIES e=1+1 1!+1 2!+1 3!+1 4!+··· ex=1+x+x2 2!+x3 3!+x4 4!+··· ax=1+xlogea+(xlogea)2 2!+(xlogea)3 3!+··· ex=ea/bracketleftbigg 1+(x−a)+(x−a)2 2!+(x−a)3 3!+···/bracketrightbigg LOGARITHMIC SERIES logex=x−1 x+1 2/parenleftbigx−1 x/parenrightbig2+1 3/parenleftbigx−1 x/parenrightbig3+··· (x>1 2) logex=(x−1)−1 2(x−1)2+1 3(x−1)3−··· (2≥x>0) logex=2/bracketleftbigg x−1 x+1+1 3/parenleftBig x−1 x+1/parenrightBig3 +1 5/parenleftBig x−1 x+1/parenrightBig5 +···/bracketrightbigg (x>0) loge(1 +x)=x−1 2x2+1 3x3−1 4x4+··· (−1<x≤1) loge(n+1 )−loge(n−1 )=2/bracketleftbig1 n+1 3n3+1 5n5+···/bracketrightbig loge(a+x) = logea+2/bracketleftbigg x 2a+x+1 3/parenleftBig x 2a+x/parenrightBig3 +1 5/parenleftBig x 2a+x/parenrightBig5 +···/bracketrightbigg (a>0,−a<x< +∞) loge1+x 1−x=2/bracketleftBig x+x3 3+x5 5+···+x2n−1 2n−1+···/bracketrightBig −1<x< 1 logex= logea+(x−a) a−(x−a)2 2a2+(x−a)3 3a3−+··· 0<x≤2a TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES sinx=x−x3 3!+x5 5!−x7 7!+···(all real values of x) cosx=1 −x2 2!+x4 4!−x6 6!+···(all real values of x) tanx=x+x3 3+2x5 15+17x7 315+62x9 2835+···+(−1)n−122n(22n−1)B2n (2n)!x2n−1+···,/bracketleftBig x2<π2 4andBnrepresents the nthBernoulli number/bracketrightBig cotx=1 x−x 3−x3 45−2x5 945−x7 4725−···−(−1)n+122n (2n)!B2nx2n−1−···,/bracketleftbig x2<π2andBnrepresents the nthBernoulli number/bracketrightbig secx=1 +x2 2+5 24x4+61 720x6+277 8064x8+···+(−1)n (2n)!E2nx2n+···,/bracketleftBig x2<π2 4andEnrepresents the nthEuler number/bracketrightBig cscx=1 x+x 6+7 360x3+31 15,120x5+127 604,800x7+··· +(−1)n+12(22n−1−1) (2n)!B2nx2n−1+···,/bracketleftbig x2<π2andBnrepresents the nthBernoulli number/bracketrightbig sinx=x/parenleftBig 1−x2 π2/parenrightBig/parenleftBig 1−x2 22π2/parenrightBig/parenleftBig 1−x2 32π2/parenrightBig ··· (x2<∞) cosx=/parenleftBig 1−4x2 π2/parenrightBig/parenleftBig 1−4x2 32π2/parenrightBig/parenleftBig 1−4x2 52π2/parenrightBig ··· (x2<∞) sin−1x=x+x3 2·3+1·3 2·4·5x5+1·3·5 2·4·6·7x7+···/parenleftbig x2<1,−π 2<sin−1x<π 2/parenrightbig cos−1x=π 2−/parenleftBig x+x3 2·3+1·3 2·4·5x5+1·3·5x7 2·4·6·7+···/parenrightBig (x2<1,0<cos−1x<π ) tan−1x=x−x3 3+x5 5−x7 7+··· (x2<1) tan−1x=π 2−1 x+1 3x3−1 5x5+1 7x7−··· (x>1) tan−1x=−π 2−1 x+1 3x3−1 5x5+1 7x7−··· (x<−1) cot−1x=π 2−x+x3 3−x5 5+x7 7−··· (x2<1) A-79 logesinx= logex−x2 6−x4 180−x6 2835−··· (x2<π2) logecosx=−x2 2−x4 12−x6 45−17x8 2520−···/parenleftBig x2<π2 4/parenrightBig logetanx= logex+x2 3+7x4 90+62x6 2835+···/parenleftBig x2<π2 4/parenrightBig esinx=1 +x+x2 2!−3x4 4!−8x5 5!−3x6 6!+56x7 7!+··· ecosx=e/parenleftBig 1−x2 2!+4x4 4!−31x6 6!+···/parenrightBig etanx=1 +x+x2 2!+3x3 3!+9x4 4!+37x5 5!+···/parenleftBig x2<π2 4/parenrightBig sinx= sina+(x−a) cosa−(x−a)2 2!sina −(x−a)3 3!cosa+(x−a)4 4!sina+··· 1 2 v,|V |=v −1/V . V /v v /negationslash=0 ) V0ˆv 1V2V 1+V2.V1-V2 21V 1−V2. r rV=Vr r rrrs 1 , 23 V1+V2=V2+V1 (r+s)V1=rV1+sV1;r(V1+V2)=rV1+rV2 V1+(V2+V3)=(V1+V2)+V 3=V1+V2+V3 12 . V=rV1+sV2 12A B O P V=rV1+( 1−r)V2 A-80 TeamLRN4!sina+··· VECTOR ANALYSIS Definitions Any quantity which is completely determined by its magnitude is called a scalar. Examples of such are mass, density, temperature, etc. Any quantity which is completely determined by its magnitudeand direction is called a vector. Examples of such are velocity, acceleration, force, etc. A vector quantity is represented by a directed line segment, the length of which represents the magnitude ofthe vector. A vector quantity is usually represented by a boldfaced letter such as V. Two vectors V 1 andV2are equal to one another if they have equal magnitudes and are acting in the same directions. A negative vector, written as -V, is one which acts in the opposite direction to V, but is of equal magnitude to it. If we represent the magnitude of Vbyv, we write |V|=v. A vector parallel to V, but equal to the reciprocal of its magnitude is written as V−1or as 1/V . Theunit vector V/v(whenv/negationslash=0 ) is that vector which has the same direction as V, but has a magnitude of unity (sometimes represented as V0orˆv). Vector Algebra The vector sum of V1andV2is represented by V1+V2. The vector sum of V1and -V 2, or the difference of the vector V2from V1is represented by V1−V2. Ifris a scalar, then rV=Vr , and represents a vector rtimes the magnitude of V, in the same direction as Vifris positive, and in the opposite direction if ris negative. If randsare scalars, V1, V2,V3, vectors, then the following rules of scalars and vectors hold: V1+V2=V2+V1 (r+s)V1=rV1+sV1;r(V1+V2)=rV1+rV2 V1+(V2+V3)=(V1+V2)+V 3=V1+V2+V3 Vectors in Space A plane is described by two distinct vectors V1andV2. Should these vectors not intersect each other, then one is displaced parallel to itself until they do (Fig. 1). Any other vector Vlying in this plane is given by V=rV1+sV2 Aposition vector specifies the position in space of a point relative to a fixed origin. If therefore V1andV2are the position vectors of the points AandB, relative to the origin O, then any point P on the line ABhas a position vector Vgiven by V=rV1+( 1−r)V2 A-80 The scalar “r”can be taken as the metric representation of Psincer=0 impliesP=Band r=1impliesP=A(Fig. 2). If Pdivides the line ABin the ratio r:sthen V=/parenleftbiggr r+s/parenrightbigg V1+/parenleftbiggs r+s/parenrightbigg V2 Figure 1. Figure 2. Thevectors V1,V2,V3,...,Vnaresaid tobelinearly dependent ifthere existscalarsr1,r2, r3,...,rn,notallzero, such that r1V1+r2V2+···+rnVn=0 Avector Vislinearly dependent upon thesetofvectors V1,V2,V3,...,Vnif V=r1V1+r2V2+r3V3+···+rnVn Three vectors arelinearly dependent ifandonly iftheyareco-planar . Allpoints inspace canbeuniquely determined bylinear dependence upon three base vector s i.e.,three vectors anyoneofwhich islinearly independent oftheother two.Thesimplest setofbase vectors aretheunitvectors along thecoordinate Ox,OyandOzaxes.These areusually designated byi,jandkrespecti vely. IfVisavector inspace, anda,bandcaretherespecti vemagnitudes oftheprojections ofthe vector along theaxesthen V=ai+bj+ck and v=/radicalbig a2+b2+c2 andthedirection cosines ofVare cosα=a/v,cosβ=b/v,cosγ=c/v. Thelawofaddition yields V1+V2=(a1+a2)i+(b1+b2)j+(c1+c2)k The Scalar ,Dot, orInner Product ofTwoVectors This product isrepresented asV1·V2andisdefinedtobeequal tov1v2cosθ,whereθistheangle from V1toV2,i.e., V1·V2=v1v2cosθ Thefollowing rules apply forthisproduct: V1·V2=a1a2+b1b2+c1c2=V2·V1 Itshould benoted thatthisverifiesthatscalar multiplication iscommutati ve. (V1+V2)·V3=V1·V3+V2·V3 V1·(V2+V3)=V1·V2+V1·V3 A-81 TeamLRNIfV1is perpendicular to V2thenV1·V2=0, and if V1is parallel to V2thenV1·V2=v1v2= rw2 1In particular i·i=j·j=k·k=1, and i·j=j·k=k·i=0 The Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors This product is represented as V1×V2and is de fined to be equal to v1v2(sinθ)1, whereθis the angle from V1toV2and1is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of V1andV2and so directed that a right-handed screw driven in the direction of 1would carry V1intoV2, i.e., V1×V2=v1v2(sinθ)1 andtanθ=|V1×V2| V1·V2The following rules apply for vector products: V1×V2=−V2×V1 V1×(V2+V3)= V1×V2+V1×V3 (V1+V2)×V3=V1×V3+V2×V3 V1×(V2×V3)= V2(V3·V1)−V3(V1·V2) i×i=j×j=k×k=0(the zero vector ) i×j=k,j×k=i,k×i=j IfV1=a1i+b1j+c1k,V2=a2i+b2j+c2k, andV3=a3i+b3j+c3k, then V1×V2=/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingleij k a 1b1c1 a2b2c2/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle=(b 1c2−b2c1)i+(c1a2−c2a1)j+(a1b2−a2b1)k It should be noted that, since V1×V2=−V2×V1, the vector product is not commutative. Scalar Triple Product There is only one possible interpretation of the expression V1·V2×V3and that is V1·(V2×V3) which is obviously a scalar. Further V1·(V2×V3)=(V1×V2)·V3=V2·(V3×V1) =/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsinglea 1b1c1 a2b2c2 a3b3c3/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle =r 1r2r3cosφsinθ, Whereθis the angle between V2andV3andφis the angle between V1and the normal to the plane ofV2andV3. This product is called the scalar triple product and is written as [ V1V2V3]. The determinant indicates that it can be considered as the volume of the parallelepiped whose three determining edges are V1,V2andV3. It also follows that cyclic permutation of the subscripts does not change the value of the scalar triple product so that [V1V2V3]=[V2V3V1]=[V3V1V2] but [V1V2V3]=−[V2V1V3] etc.and [ V1V1V2]≡0 etc. A-82 Given three non-coplanar reference vectors V1,V2andV3, the reciprocal system is given by V∗ 1, V∗ 2andV∗ 3, where 1=v1v∗ 1=v2v∗ 2=v3v∗ 3 0=v1v∗ 2=v1v∗ 3=v2v∗ 1etc. V∗ 1=V2×V3 [V1V2V3],V∗ 2=V3×V1 [V1V2V3],V∗ 3=V1×V2 [V1V2V3] The system i,j,kis its own reciprocal. Vector Triple Product The product V1×(V2×V3)defines the vector triple product . Obviously, in this case, the brackets are vital to the de finition. V1×(V2×V3)=(V1·V3)V2−(V1·V2)V3 =/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingleijk a 1 b1 c1 /vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingleb 2c2 b3c3/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsinglec 2a2 c3a3/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsinglea 2b2 a3b3/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle i.e. it is a vector, perpendicular to V 1, lying in the plane of V2,V3. Similarly (V1×V2)×V3=/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingleijk/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingleb 1c1 b2c2/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsinglec 1a1 c2a2/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsinglea 1b1 a2b2/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle a 3 b3 c3/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle V 1×(V2×V3)+V2×(V3×V1)+V3×(V1×V2)≡0 IfV1×(V2×V3)=(V1×V2)×V3then V1,V2,V3form an orthogonal set . Thus i,j,kform an orthogonal set. Geometry of the Plane, Straight Line and Sphere The position vectors of the fixed points A,B,C,Drelative to OareV1,V2,V3,V4and the position vector of the variable point PisV. The vector form of the equation of the straight line through Aparallel to V2is V=V1+rV2 or (V−V1)=rV2 or (V−V1)×V2=0 while that of the plane through Aperpendicular to V2is (V−V1)·V2=0 The equation of the line ABis V=rV1+( 1−r)V2 and those of the bisectors of the angles between V1andV2are V=r/parenleftbiggV1 v1±V2 v2/parenrightbigg or V=r(ˆv1±ˆv2) The perpendicular from Cto the line through Aparallel to V2has as its equation V=V1−V3−ˆv2·(V1−V3)ˆv2. A-83 TeamLRNThe condition for the intersection of the two lines, V=V1+rV3andV=V2+sV4is [(V1−V2)V3V4]=0. The common perpendicular to the above two lines is the line of intersection of the two planes [(V−V1)V3(V3×V4)] = 0 and [(V−V2)V4(V3×V4)] = 0 and the length of this perpendicular is [(V1−V2)V3V4] |V3×V4|. The equation of the line perpendicular to the plane ABC is V=V1×V2+V2×V3+V3×V1 and the distance of the plane from the origin is [V1V2V3] |(V2−V1)×(V3−V1)|. In general the vector equation V·V2=r defines the plane which is perpendicular to V2, and the perpendicular distance from Ato this plane isr−V1·V2 v2 The distance from A, measured along a line parallel to V3,i s r−V1·V2 V2·ˆv3orr−V1·V2 v2cosθ whereθis the angle between V2andV3. (If this plane contains the point Cthenr=V3·V2and if it passes through the origin then r=0.) Given two planes V·V1=r V·V2=s then any plane through the line of intersection of these two planes is given by V·(V1+λV2)=r+λs whereλis a scalar parameter. In particular λ=±v1/v2yields the equation of the two planes bisecting the angle between the given planes. The plane through Aparallel to the plane of V2,V3is V=V1+rV2+sV3 or (V−V1)·V2×V3=0 or [VV2V3]−[V1V2V3]=0 so that the expansion in rectangular Cartesian coordinates yields (where V≡xi+yj+zk): /vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle(x−a 1)(y−b1)(z−c1) a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle=0 A-84 which is obviously the usual linear equation in x,y, andz. The plane through ABparallel to V3is given by [(V−V1)(V1−V2)V3]=0 or [VV2V3]−[VV1V3]−[V1V2V3]=0 The plane through the three points A,BandCis V=V1+s(V2−V1)+t(V3−V1) orV=rV1+sV2+tV3 (r+s+t≡1) or [(V−V1)(V1−V2)(V2−V3)] = 0 or [VV1V2]+[VV2V3]+[VV3V1]−[V1V2V3]=0 For four points A,B,C,Dto be coplanar, then rV1+sV2+tV3+uV4≡0≡r+s+t+u The following formulae relate to a sphere when the vectors are taken to lie in three dimensional space and to a circle when the space is two dimensional. For a circle in three dimensions take theintersection of the sphere with a plane. The equation of a sphere with center Oand radius OAis V·V=v 2 1(notV=V1) or (V−V1)·(V+V1)=0 while that of a sphere with center Bradiusv1is (V−V2)·(V−V2)=v2 1 orV·(V−2V2)=v2 1−v2 2 If the above sphere passes through the origin then V·(V−2V2)=0 (note that in two dimensional polar coordinates this is simply) r=2a·cosθ while in three dimensional Cartesian coordinates it is x2+y2+z2−2(a2x+b2y+c2x)=0. The equation of a sphere having the points AandBas the extremities of a diameter is (V−V1)·(V−V2)=0. The square of the length of the tangent from Cto the sphere with center Band radius v1is given by (V3−V2)·(V3−V2)=v2 1 The condition that the plane V·V3=sis tangential to the sphere (V−V2)·(V−V2)=v2 1 is (s−V3·V2)·(s−V3·V2)=v2 1v2 3. A-85 TeamLRNThe equation of the tangent plane at D, on the surface of sphere (V−V2)·(V−V2)=v2 1,i s (V−V4)·(V4−V2)=0 orV·V4−V2·(V+V4)=v2 1−v2 2 The condition that the two circles (V−V2)·(V−V2)=v2 1and(V−V4)·(V−V4)=v2 3 intersect orthogonally is clearly (V2−V4)·(V2−V4)=v2 1+v2 3 The polar plane of Dwith respect to the circle (V−V2)·(V−V2)=v2 1is V·V4−V2·(V+V4)=v2 1−v2 2 Any sphere through the intersection of the two spheres (V−V2)·(V−V2)=v2 1and(V− V4)·(V−V4)=v2 3is given by (V−V2)·(V−V2)+λ(V−V4)·(V−V4)=v2 1+λv2 3 while the radical plane of two such spheres is V·(V2−V4)=−1 2(v2 1−v2 2−v2 3+v2 4) Differentiation of Vectors IfV1=a1i+b1j+c1k, andV2=a2i+b2j+c2k, and if V1andV2are functions of the scalar t, then d dt(V1+V2+···)=dV1 dt+dV2 dt+··· dV1 dt=da1 dti+db1 dtj+dc1 dtk,etc d dt(V1·V2)=dV1 dt·V2+V1·dV2 dt d dt(V1×V2)=dV1 dt×V2+V1×dV2 dt V·dV dt=v·dv dt In particular, if Vis a vector of constant length then the right hand side of the last equation is identically zero showing that Vis perpendicular to its derivative. The derivatives of the triple products are d dt[V1V2V3]=/bracketleftbigg/parenleftbiggdV1 dt/parenrightbigg V2V3/bracketrightbigg +/bracketleftbigg V1/parenleftbiggdV2 dt/parenrightbigg V3/bracketrightbigg +/bracketleftbigg V1V2/parenleftbiggdV3 dt/parenrightbigg/bracketrightbigg and d dt{V1×(V2×V3)}=/parenleftbiggdV1 dt/parenrightbigg ×(V2×V3)+V1×/parenleftbigg/parenleftbiggdV2 dt/parenrightbigg ×V3/parenrightbigg +V1×/parenleftbigg V2×/parenleftbiggdV3 dt/parenrightbigg/parenrightbigg A-86 Geometry of Curves in Space s=thelength of arc , measured from some fixed point on the curve (Fig. 3). V1=the position vector of the point Aon the curve V1+δV1=the position vector of the point Pin the neighborhood of A ˆt=the unit tangent to the curve at the point A, measured in the direction of sincreasing. Thenormal plane is that plane which is perpendicular to the unit tangent. The principal normal is de fined as the intersection of the normal plane with the plane de fined by V1andV1+δV1 in the limit as δV1−0. ˆn= the unit normal (principal) at the point A. The plane de fined by ˆtandˆnis called the osculating plane (alternatively plane of curvature or local plane). ρ=the radius of curvature at A. δθ=the angle subtended at the origin by δV1. κ=dθ ds=1 ρ ˆb=the unit binormal i.e. the unit vector which is parallel to ˆt׈nat the point A: λ=thetorsion of the curve at A Figure 3. Frenet’sFormulae: dˆt ds=κˆn dˆn ds=−κˆt+λˆb dˆb ds=−λˆn Thefollowing formulae arealsoapplicable: Unit tangent ˆt=dV1 ds Equation ofthetangent (V−V1)׈t=0 orV=V1+qˆt Unit normal ˆn=1d2V1 κds2 Equation ofthenormal plane (V−V1)·ˆt=0 Equation ofthenormal (V−V1)׈n=0 orV=V1+rˆn Unit binormal ˆb=ˆt׈n Equation ofthebinormal (V−V1)׈b=0 orV=V1+uˆb orV=V1+wdV1 ds×d2V1 ds2 Equation oftheosculating plane: [(V−V1)ˆtˆn]=0 or/bracketleftBig (V−V1)/parenleftbigdV1 ds/parenrightbig/parenleftBig d2V1 ds2/parenrightBig/bracketrightBig =0 A-87 TeamLRNDifferential Operators —Rectangular Coordinates dS=∂S ∂x·dx+∂S ∂y·dy+∂S ∂z·dz By de finition ∇≡del≡i∂ ∂x+j∂ ∂y+k∂ ∂z ∇2≡Laplacian ≡∂2 ∂x2+∂2 ∂y2+∂2 ∂z2 IfSis a scalar function, then ∇S≡gradS≡∂S dxi+∂S dyj+∂S dzk GradSdefines both the direction and magnitude of the maximum rate of increase of Sat any point. Hence the name gradient and also its vectorial nature. ∇Sis independent of the choice of rectangular coordinates. Figure 4. ∇S=∂S ∂nˆn (5) whereˆnis the unit normal to the surface S=constant, in the direction of Sincreasing. The total derivative of Sat a point having the position vector Vis given by (Fig. 4) dS=∂S ∂nˆn·dV =dV·∇S and the directional derivative of Sin the direction of Uis U·∇S=U·(∇S)=(U·∇)S Similarly the directional derivative of the vector Vin the direction of Uis (U·∇)V Thedistributive law holds for finding a gradient. Thus if SandTare scalar functions ∇(S+T)=∇S+∇T Theassociative law becomes the rule for differentiating a product: ∇(ST)=S∇T+T∇S IfVis a vector function with the magnitudes of the components parallel to the three coordinate axes Vx,Vy,Vz, then ∇·V≡divV≡∂Vx ∂x+∂Vy ∂y+∂Vz ∂z A-88 The divergence obeys the distributive law. Thus, if VandUare vector functions, then ∇·(V+U)=∇·V+∇·U ∇·(SV)=(∇S)·V+S(∇·V) ∇·(U×V)=V·(∇×U)−U·(∇×V) As with the gradient of a scalar, the divergence of a vector is invariant under a transformation from one set of rectangular coordinates to another. ∇×V≡curlV (sometimes ∇ΛVorrotV) ≡/parenleftbigg∂Vx ∂y−∂Vy ∂z/parenrightbigg i+/parenleftbigg∂Vx ∂z−∂Vz ∂x/parenrightbigg j+/parenleftbigg∂Vy ∂x−∂Vx ∂y/parenrightbigg k =/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingleijk ∂ ∂x∂ ∂y∂ ∂z VxVyVz/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle Thecurl (orrotation ) of a vector is a vector which is invariant under a transformation from one set of rectangular coordinates to another. ∇×(U+V)=∇×U+∇×V ∇×(SV)=(∇S)×V+S(∇×V) ∇×(U×V)=(V·∇)U−(U·∇)V+U(∇·V)−V(∇·U) IfV=V xi+Vyj+Vzkthen ∇·V=∇Vx·i+∇Vy·j+∇Vz·k and ∇×V=∇Vx×i+∇Vy×j+∇Vz×k The operator ∇can be used more than once. The possibilities where ∇is used twice are: ∇·(∇θ)≡div grad θ ∇×(∇θ)≡curl grad θ ∇(∇·V)≡grad div V ∇·(∇×V)≡div curl V ∇×(∇×V)≡curl curl V Thus, ifSis a scalar and Vis a vector: div grad S≡∇· (∇S)≡Laplacian S≡∇2S≡∂2S ∂x2+∂2S ∂y2+∂2S ∂z2 curl grad S≡0 curl curl V≡grad div V−∇2V; div curl V≡0 Taylor ’s expansion in three dimensions can be written f(V+ε)=eε·∇f(V) where V=xi+yj+zk andε=hi+lj+mk A-89 TeamLRNOrthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates If at a point Pthere exist three uniform point functions u,vandwso that the surfaces u=const., v=const., and w=const., intersect in three distinct curves through Pthen the surfaces are called the coordinate surfaces throughP. The three lines of intersection are referred to as the coordinate lines and their tangents a,b,andcas the coordinate axes . When the coordinate axes form an orthogonal set the system is said to de fineorthogonal curvilinear coordinates atP. Consider an in finitesimal volume enclosed by the surfaces u,v,w,u+du,v+dv, andw+dw (Fig. 5). Figure 5. The surface PRS ≡u= constant , and the face of the curvilinear figure immediately opposite this isu+du=constant, etc. In terms of these surface constants P=P(u,v,w ) Q=Q(u+du,v,w ) and PQ=h1du R=R(u,v+dv,w) and PR=h2dv S=S(u,v,w +dw) and PS=h3dw whereh1,h2, andh3are functions of u,v, andw. •In rectangular Cartesians i,j,k h1=1,h 2=1,h 3=1. ˆa h1∂ ∂u=i∂ ∂x,ˆb h2∂ ∂v=ˆΦ r∂ ∂φ,ˆc h3∂ ∂w=ˆk∂ ∂z. •In cylindrical Cartesians ˆr,ˆθ,ˆΦ h1=1,h 2=1,h 3=1. ˆa h1∂ ∂u=ˆr∂ ∂r,ˆb h2∂ ∂v=ˆΦ r∂ ∂φ,ˆc h3∂ ∂w=ˆk∂ ∂z. •In spherical coordinates ˆr,ˆθ,ˆΦ h1=1,h 2=r, h 3=rsinθ ˆa h1∂ ∂u=ˆr∂ ∂r,b h2∂ ∂v=ˆΦ r∂ ∂θ,ˆc h3∂ ∂w=ˆΦ rsinθ∂ ∂φ The general expressions for grad, div and curl together with those for ∇2and the directional deriva- tive are, in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, given by: A-90 ∇S=ˆa h1∂S ∂u+ˆb h2∂S ∂v+ˆc h3∂S ∂w (V·∇)S=V1 h1∂S ∂u+V2 h2∂S ∂v+V3 h3∂S ∂w ∇·V=1 h1h2h3/braceleftbigg∂ ∂u(h2h3V1)+∂ ∂v(h3h1V2)+∂ ∂w(h1h2V3)/bracerightbigg . ∇×V=ˆa h2h3/braceleftbigg∂ ∂v(h3V3)−∂ ∂w(h2V2)/bracerightbigg +ˆb h3h1/braceleftbigg∂ ∂w(h1V1)−∂ ∂u(h3V3)/bracerightbigg +ˆc h1h2/braceleftbigg∂ ∂u(h2V2)−∂ ∂v(h1V1)/bracerightbigg ∇2S=1 h1h2h3/braceleftbigg∂ ∂u/parenleftbiggh2h3 h1∂S ∂u/parenrightbigg +∂ ∂v/parenleftbiggh3h1 h2∂S ∂v/parenrightbigg +∂ ∂w/parenleftbiggh1h2 h3∂S ∂w/parenrightbigg/bracerightbigg FORMULAS OF VECTOR ANALYSIS Rectangular coordinates Cylindrical coordinates Spherical coordinates Conversion torectangularcoordinates x=rcosϕy=rsinϕz=zx=rcosϕsinθy=rsinϕsinθ z=rcosθ Gradient... ∇φ=∂φ ∂xi+∂φ ∂yj+∂φ ∂zk ∇φ=∂φ ∂rr+1 r∂φ ∂ϕΦ+∂φ ∂zk ∇φ=∂φ ∂rr+1 r∂φ ∂θθ+1 rsinθ∂φ ∂ϕΦ Divergence ...∇·A=∂Ax ∂x+∂Ay ∂y+∂Az ∂z∇·A=1 r∂(rAr) ∂r+1 r∂Aϕ ∂ϕ +∂Az ∂z∇·A=1 r2∂(r2Ar) ∂r+1 rsinθ∂(Aθsinθ) ∂θ +1 rsinθ∂Aϕ ∂ϕ Curl... ∇×A=/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingleijk ∂ ∂x∂ ∂y∂ ∂z AxAyAz/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle ∇×A=/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle1 rrΦ1 rk ∂ ∂r∂ ∂ϕ∂ ∂z ArrAϕAz/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle ∇×A=/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingler r2sinθθ rsinθΦ r ∂ ∂r∂ ∂θ∂ ∂ϕ ArrAθrAϕsinθ/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle/vextendsingle Laplacian ...∇2φ=∂2φ ∂x2+∂2φ ∂y2+∂2φ ∂z2∇2φ=1 r∂ ∂r/parenleftBig r∂φ ∂r/parenrightBig +1 r2∂2φ ∂ϕ2 +∂2φ ∂z2∇2φ=1 r2∂ ∂r/parenleftBig r2∂φ ∂r/parenrightBig +1 r2sinθ∂ ∂θ/parenleftBig sinθ∂φ ∂θ/parenrightBig +1 r2sin2θ∂2φ ∂ϕ2 .sC.S.VˆtC Pˆ nF ds= ˆt ds)dS=ˆ n dS)/integraldisplay (c)F·ˆtds=/integraldisplay (c)F F =∇φ /integraldisplay (c)(∇φ) ·ˆtds=/integraldisplay (c)dφ A-91 TeamLRNGauss’ Theorem (Green’ s Theorem) WhenSdefines a closed region having a volume V: /integraldisplay/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (v)(∇·F)dV=/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (s)(F·ˆ n)dS=/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (s)F·dS also/integraldisplay/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (v)(∇φ)dV=/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (s)φˆ ndS and/integraldisplay/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (v)(∇×F) dV=/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (s)(ˆ n×F)dS Stokes’ Theorem WhenCis closed and bounds the open surface S: /integraldisplay/integraldisplay (s)ˆ n·(∇×F) dS=/integraldisplay (c)F·ds also/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (s)(ˆ n×∇φ)dS=/integraldisplay (c)φds Green’ s Theorem/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (s)(∇φ·∇θ)dS=/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (s)φˆ n·(∇θ)dS=/integraldisplay/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (v)φ(∇2θ)dV =/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (s)θ·ˆ n(∇φ)dS =/integraldisplay/integraldisplay/integraldisplay (v)φ(∇2θ)dV m5 A-92∂ϕ2 Transformation of Integrals If 1.sis the distance along a curve “C”in space and is measured from some fixed point. 2.Sis a surface area 3.Vis a volume contained by a specified surface 4.ˆt=the unit tangent to Cat the point 5.Pˆ n=the unit outward pointing normal 6.Fis some vector function 7.dsis the vector element of curve (= ˆtds) 8.dSis the vector element of surface (= ˆ ndS) then /integraldisplay (c)F·ˆtds=/integraldisplay (c)F and when F=∇φ /integraldisplay (c)(∇φ) ·ˆtds=/integraldisplay (c)dφ Body Axis Moment of inertiaBody Axis Momentof inertia Uniform thin rod Normal to the length, atone end ml2 3Spherical shell, very thin, mean radius, rAny diameter m2 3r2 Uniform thin rod Normal to the length, at the centerml2 12Right circular cylinder of radiusr, lengthlThe longitudinal axis of the solidmr2 2 The rectangular sheet, sidesaandbThrough the center par- allel tobma2 12Right circular cylinder of radiusr, lengthlTransverse diameter m/parenleftBig r2 4+l2 12/parenrightBig Thin rectangular sheet, sidesaandbThrough the center per- pendicular to the sheetma2+b2 12Hollow circular cylinder, lengthl, radiir1andr2The longitudinal axis of thefigurem(r2 1+r2 2) 2 Thin circular sheet of ra- diusrNormal to the plate through the centermr2 2Thin cylindrical shell, lengthl, mean radius, rThe longitudinal axis of thefiguremr2 Thin circular sheet of ra- diusrAlong any diameter mr2 4Hollow circular cylinder, lengthl, radiir1andr2Transverse diameter m/bracketleftbigg r2 1+r2 2 4+l2 12/bracketrightbigg Thin circular ring. Radii r1andr2Through center normal to plane of ringmr2 1+r2 2 2Hollow circular cylinder, lengthl, very thin, mean radiusTransverse diameter m/parenleftBig r2 2+l2 12/parenrightBig Thin circular ring. Radii r1andr2Any diameter mr2 1+r2 2 4Elliptic cylinder, length l, transverse semiaxes aand bLongitudinal axis m/parenleftBig a2+b2 4/parenrightBig Rectangular paral- lelepiped, edges a,b, andcThrough center perpen- dicular to face ab, (par- allel to edge c)ma2+b2 12Right cone, altitude h, ra- dius of base rAxis of the figure m3 10r2 Sphere, radius r Any diameter m2 5r2Spheroid of revolution, equatorial radius rPolar axis m2r2 5 Spherical shell, external radius,r1, internal ra- diusr2Any diameter m2 5(r5 1−r5 2) (r3 1−r3 2)Ellipsoid, axes 2a,2 b,2c Axis 2a m(b2+c2) 5 A-92MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR VARIOUS BODIES OF MASS The mass of the body is indicated by m TeamLRNSPECIAL FUNCTIONS Bessel Functions 1. Bessel ’s differential equation for a real variable xis x2d2y dx2+xdy dx+(x2−n2)y=0 2. When nis not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are Jn(x),J−n(x), where Jn(x)=∞/summationdisplay k=0(−1)k k!Γ(n+k+1 )/parenleftBigx 2/parenrightBign+2k 3. Ifnis an integer Jn(x)=(−1)nJn(x), where Jn(x)=xn 2nn!/braceleftbigg 1−x2 22·1!(n+1 )+x4 24·2!(n+1 )(n+2 )+x6 26·3!(n+1 )(n+2 )(n+3 )+.../bracerightbigg 4. Forn=0andn=1, this formula becomes J0(x)=1 −x2 22(1!)2+x4 24(2!)2−x6 26(3!)2+x8 28(4!)2−··· J1(x)=x 2−x3 23·1!2!+x5 25·2!3!−x7 27·3!4!+x9 29·4!5!−... 5. When xis large and positive, the following asymptotic series may be used J0(x)=/parenleftbigg2 πx/parenrightbigg1 2/braceleftBig P0(x) cos/parenleftBig x−π 4/parenrightBig −Q0(x) sin/parenleftBig x−π 4/parenrightBig/bracerightBig J1(x)=/parenleftbig2 πx/parenrightbig1 2/braceleftbig P1(x) cos/parenleftbig x−3π 4/parenrightbig −Q1(x) sin/parenleftbig x−3π 4/parenrightbig/bracerightbig where P0(x)∼1−12·32 2!(8x)2+12·32·52·72 4!(8x)4−12·32·52·72·92·112 6!(8x)6+··· Q0(x)∼−12 1!8x+12·32·52 3!(8x)3−12·32·52·72·92 5!(8x)5+−··· P1(x)∼1+12·3·5 2!(8x)2−12·32·52·7·9 4!(8x)4+12·32·52·72·92·11·13 6!(8x)6 −+··· Q1(x)∼1·3 1!8x−12·32·5·7 3!(8x)3+12·32·52·72·9·11 5!(8x)5−··· [InP1(x)the signs alternate from+to-after the first term] 6. The zeros of J0(x)andJ1(x). Ifj0sandj1sare thesth zeros of J0(x)andJ1(x)respectively, and if a=4s−1,b=4s+1 j0,s∼1 4πa/braceleftbigg 1+2 π2a2−62 3π4a4+15,116 15π6a6−12,554,474 105π8a8+8,368,654,292 315π10a10−+···/bracerightbigg j1,s∼1 4πb/braceleftbig 1−6 π2b2+6 π4b4−4716 5π6b6+3,902,418 35π8b8−895,167,324 35π10b10+···/bracerightbig J1(j0,s)∼(−1)s+123 2 πa1 2/braceleftbig 1−56 3π4a4+9664 5π6a6−7,381,280 21π8a8+···/bracerightbig J0(j1,s)∼(−1)s23 2 πb1 2/braceleftbig 1+24 π4b4−19,584 10π6b6+2,466,720 7π8b8−···/bracerightbig A-93 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 7. Table of zeros for J0(x)andJ1(x) Define{αn,βn}byJ1(αn)=0 andJ0(βn)=0 . RootsαnJ1(αn)RootsβnJ0(βn) 2.4048 0.5191 0.0000 1.0000 5.5201 -0.3403 3.8317 -0.4028 8.6537 0.2715 7.0156 0.3001 11.7915 -0.2325 10.1735 -0.2497 14.9309 0.2065 13.3237 0.2184 18.0711 -0.1877 16.4706 -0.1965 21.2116 0.1733 19.6159 0.1801 8. Recurrence formulas Jn−1(x)+Jn+1(x)=2n xJn(x)nJn(x)+xJ/prime n(x)=xJn−1(x) Jn−1(x)−Jn+1(x)=2J/prime n(x)nJn(x)−xJ/prime n(x)=xJn+1(x) 9. IfJnis written for Jn(x)andJ(k) nis written fordk dxk{Jn(x)}, then the following derivative relationships are important J(r) 0=−J(r−1) 1 J(2) 0=−J0+1 xJ1=1 2(J2−J0) J(3) 0=1 xJ0+/parenleftbig 1−2 x2/parenrightbig J1=1 4(−J3+3J1) J(4) 0=/parenleftbig 1−3 x2/parenrightbig J0−/parenleftbig2 x−6 x3/parenrightbig J1=1 8(J4−4J2+3J0),etc. 10. Half order Bessel functions J1 2(x)=/radicalBig 2 πxsinx J−1 2(x)=/radicalBig 2 πxcosx Jn+3 2(x)=−xn+1 2d dx{x−(n+1 2)Jn+1 2(x)} Jn−1 2(x)=x−(n+1 2)d dx{xn+1 2Jn+1 2(x)} n/parenleftbigπx 2/parenrightbig1 2Jn+1 2(x)/parenleftbigπx 2/parenrightbig1 2J−(n+1 2)(x) 0 sinx cosx 1sinx x−cosx −cosx x−sinx 2/parenleftbig3 x2−1/parenrightbig sinx−3 xcosx/parenleftbig3 x2−1/parenrightbig cosx+3 xsinx 3/parenleftbig15 x3−6 x/parenrightbig sinx−/parenleftbig15 x2−1/parenrightbig cosx etc.−/parenleftbig15 x3−6 x/parenrightbig cosx−/parenleftbig15 x2−1/parenrightbig sinx 11. Additional solutions to Bessel ’s equation are Yn(x)(also called Weber ’s function, and sometimes denoted by Nn(x)) H(1) n(x) and H(2) n(x)(also called Hankel functions) These solutions are de fined as follows Yn(x)=  Jn(x) cos (nπ)−J−n(x) sin(nπ)nnot an integer lim v→nJv(x) cos(vπ)−J−v(x) sin(vπ)nan integerH(1) n(x)=Jn(x)+iYn(x) H(2) n(x)=Jn(x)−iYn(x) A-94 TeamLRNSPECIAL FUNCTIONS The additional properties of these functions may all be derived from the above relations and the known properties of Jn(x). 12. Complete solutions to Bessel ’s equation may be written as c1Jn(x)+c2J−n(x) ifnis not an integer or, for any value of n, c1Jn(x)+c2Yn(x)o r c1H(1) nx+c2H(2) n(x) 13. The modi fied (or hyperbolic) Bessel ’s differential equation is x2d2y dx2+xdy dx−(x2+n2)y=0 14. When nis not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are In(x)andI−n(x), where In(x)=∞/summationdisplay k=01 k!Γ(n+k+1 )/parenleftBigx 2/parenrightBign+2k 15. Ifnis an integer, In(x)=I−n(x)=xn 2nn!/braceleftbigg 1+x2 22·1!(n+1 )+x4 24·2!(n+ 1)(n+2 ) +x6 26·3!(n+1 )(n+2 )(n+3 )+···/bracerightbigg 16. ForN=0andn=1, this formula becomes I0(x)=1+x2 22(1!)2+x4 24(2!)2+x6 26(3!)2+x8 28(4!)2+··· I1(x)=x 2+x3 23·1!2!+x5 25·2!3!+x7 27·3!4!+x9 29·4!5!+··· 17. Another solution to the modi fied Bessel ’s equation is Kn(x)=/braceleftBigg1 2πI−n(x)−In(x) sin (nπ)nnot an integer lim v→n1 2πI−v(x)−Iv(x) sin (vπ)nan integer This function is linearly independent of In(x)for all values of n. Thus the complete solution to the modi fied Bessel ’s equation may be written as c1In(x)+c2I−n(x)nnot an integer or c1In(x)+c2Kn(x)a n yn 18. The following relations hold among the various Bessel functions: In(z)=i−mJm(iz) Yn(iz)=(i)n+1In(z)−2 πi−nKn(z) Most of the properties of the modi fied Bessel function may be deduced from the known prop- erties ofJn(x)by use of these relations and those previously given. 19. Recurrence formulas In−1(x)−In+1(x)=2n xIn(x)In−1(x)+In+1(x)=2I/prime n(x) In−1(x)−n xIn(x)=I/prime n(x)I/prime n(x)=In+1(x)+n xIn(z) A-95 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS The Factorial Function For non-negative integers n, the factorial of n, denoted n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n;n!=n·(n−1)·(n−2)···2·1.I fnis a negative integer ( n=−1,−2,...) thenn!=±∞. Approximations to n!for large ninclude Stirling ’s formula n!≈√ 2πe/parenleftBign e/parenrightBign+1 2, and Burnsides ’s formula n!≈√ 2π/parenleftbiggn+1 2 e/parenrightbiggn+1 2 . nn !log10n!nn !log10n! 01 0 .00000 11 0 .00000 22 0 .30103 36 0 .77815 42 4 1 .38021 5 120 2 .07918 6 720 2 .85733 7 5040 3 .70243 8 40320 4 .60552 93.6288×1055.55976 10 3.6288×1066.55976 11 3.9917×1077.60116 12 4.7900×1088.68034 13 6.2270×1099.79428 14 8.7178×101010.94041 15 1.3077×101212.11650 16 2.0923×101313.32062 17 3.5569×101414.55107 18 6.4024×101515.80634 19 1.2165×101717.08509 20 2.4329×101818.38612 25 1.5511×102525.19065 30 2.6525×103232.42366 40 8.1592×104747.91165 50 3.0414×106464.48307 60 8.3210×108181.92017 70 1.1979×10100100.07841 80 7.1569×10118118.85473 90 1.4857×10138138.17194 100 9.3326×10157157.97000 110 1.5882×10178178.20092 120 6.6895×10198198.82539 130 6.4669×10219219.81069 150 5.7134×10262262.75689 500 1.2201×1011341134.0864 1000 4 .0239×1025672567.6046 The Gamma Function Definition: Γ(n)=∞/integraltext 0tn−1e−tdt n > 0 Recursion Formula :Γ(n+1 )=nΓ(n) Γ(n+1 )=n!ifn=0,1,2,...where 0!= 1 Forn<0the gamma function can be de fined by using Γ(n)=Γ(n+1) nGraph: A-96 TeamLRNSPECIAL FUNCTIONS Special Values: Γ(1/2) =√π Γ(m+1/2) =1·3·5···(2m−1) 2m√πm =1,2,3,... Γ(−m+1/2) =(−1)m2m√π 1·3·5···(2m−1)m=1,2,3,... Definition: Γ(x+ 1) = lim k→∞1·2·3···k (x+1 )(x+2 )···(x+k)kx 1 Γ(x)=xeγx∞/producttext m=1/braceleftbig/parenleftbig 1+x m/parenrightbig e−x/m/bracerightbig This is an in finite product representation for the gamma function where γis Euler ’s constant. Properties : Γ/prime(1) =/integraldisplay∞ 0eγxlnxdx=−γ Γ/prime(x) Γ(x)=−γ+/parenleftbigg1 1−1 x/parenrightbigg +/parenleftbigg1 2−1 x+1/parenrightbigg +...+/parenleftbigg1 n−1 x+n−1/parenrightbigg +··· Γ(x+1 )=√ 2πxxxe−x/braceleftbigg 1+1 12x+1 288x2−139 51,840x3+.../bracerightbigg This is called Stirling ’s asymptotic series . Values of Γ(n)=/integraltext∞ 0e−xxn−1dx;Γ ( n+1 )= nΓ(n) n Γ(n)n Γ(n)n Γ(n)n Γ(n) 1.00 1.00000 1.25 .90640 1.50 .88623 1.75 .919061.01 .99433 1.26 .90440 1.51 .88659 1.76 .921371.02 .98884 1.27 .90250 1.52 .88704 1.77 .923761.03 .98355 1.28 .90072 1.53 .88757 1.78 .926231.04 .97844 1.29 .89904 1.54 .88818 1.79 .928771.05 .97350 1.30 .89747 1.55 .88887 1.80 .931381.06 .96874 1.31 .89600 1.56 .88964 1.81 .934081.07 .96415 1.32 .89464 1.57 .89049 1.82 .936851.08 .95973 1.33 .89338 1.58 .89142 1.83 .939691.09 .95546 1.34 .89222 1.59 .89243 1.84 .942611.10 .95135 1.35 .89115 1.60 .89352 1.85 .945611.11 .94740 1.36 .89018 1.61 .89468 1.86 .948691.12 .94359 1.37 .88931 1.62 .89592 1.87 .951841.13 .93993 1.38 .88854 1.63 .89724 1.88 .955071.14 .93642 1.39 .88785 1.64 .89864 1.89 .958381.15 .93304 1.40 .88726 1.65 .90012 1.90 .961771.16 .92980 1.41 .88676 1.66 .90167 1.91 .965231.17 .92670 1.42 .88636 1.67 .90330 1.92 .968771.18 .92373 1.43 .88604 1.68 .90500 1.93 .972401.19 .92089 1.44 .88581 1.69 .90678 1.94 .976101.20 .91817 1.45 .88566 1.70 .90864 1.95 .97988 1.21 .91558 1.46 .88560 1.71 .91057 1.96 .983741.22 .91311 1.47 .88563 1.72 .91258 1.97 .987681.23 .91075 1.48 .88575 1.73 .91466 1.98 .991711.24 .90852 1.49 .88595 1.74 .91683 1.99 .99581 2.00 1.00000 A-97 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS The Beta Function Definition:B(m,n)=/integraldisplay1 0tm−1(1−t)m−1dt m > 0,n>0 Relationship with Gamma function: B(m,n)=Γ(m)Γ(n) Γ(m+n) Properties: B(m,n)=B(n,m) B(m,n)=2/integraltextπ/2 0sin2m−1θcos2n−1θdθ B(m,n)=/integraltext∞ 0tm−1 (1+t)m+ndt B(m,n)=rn(r+1 )m/integraltext1 0tm−1(1−t)n−1 (r+t)m+ndt The Error Function Definition: erf(x)=2√π/integraldisplayx 0e−t2dt Series :erf(x)=2√π/parenleftbigg x−x3 3+1 2!x5 5−1 3!x7 7+···/parenrightbigg Property: erf(x)=−erf(−x) Relationship with Normal Probability Function f(t):/integraldisplayx 0f(t)dt=1 2erf/parenleftbiggx√ 2/parenrightbigg To evaluate erf(2.3), one proceeds as follows: Forx√ 2=2.3, one findsx=( 2.3)(√ 2 )=3.25.I n the normal probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf(2.3) = 2(0.4994) = 0 .9988 . erfc(z)=1 −erf(z)=2√π/integraldisplay∞ ze−t2dt is known as the complementary error function. Orthogonal Polynomials I: Legendre Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn(x) Interval : [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1−x2)y/prime/prime−2xy/prime+n(n+1 )y=0 y=Pn(x) Explicit Expression: Pn(x)=1 2n[n/2]/summationdisplay m=0(−1)m/parenleftbiggn m/parenrightbigg/parenleftbigg2n−2m n/parenrightbigg xn−2m Recurrence Relation: (n+1 )Pn+1(x)=( 2n+1 )xPn(x)−nPn−1(x) Weight: 1 Standardization: P n(1)=1 Norm:/integraldisplay+1 −1[Pn(x)]2dx=2 2n+1 Rodrigues ’Formula: Pn(x)=(−1)n 2nn!dn dxn{(1−x2)n} Generating Function :R−1=∞/summationdisplay n=0Pn(x)zn;−1<x< 1,|z|<1, R=√ 1−2xz+z2 Inequality: |Pn(x)|≤1,−1≤x≤1. II: Tschebysheff, First Kind Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol :Tn(x) Interval: [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1−x2)y−xy/prime+n2y=0 y=Tn(x) Explicit Expression:n 2[n/2]/summationdisplay m=0(−1)m(n−m−1)! m!(n−2m)!(2x)n−2m= cos(narccosx)=Tn(x) A-98 TeamLRNSPECIAL FUNCTIONS Recurrence Relation :Tn+1(x)=2xTn(x)−Tn−1(x) Weight :(1−x2)−1/2 Standardization :Tn(1) = 1 Norm:/integraltext+1 −1(1−x2)−1/2[Tn(x)]2dx=/braceleftbigg π/2,n/negationslash=0 π, n =0 Rodrigues ’Formula :(−1)n(1−x2)1/2√π 2n+1Γ(n+1 2)dn dxn{(1−x2)n−(1/2)}=Tn(x) Generating Function :1−xz 1−2xz−z2=∞/summationdisplay n=0Tn(x)zn,−1<x< 1,|z|<1 Inequality :|Tn(x)|≤1,−1≤x≤1. III: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Name: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Symbol Un(x) Interval: [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1−x2)y/prime/prime−3xy/prime+n(n+2 )y=0 y=Un(x) Explicit Expression: Un(x)=[n/2]/summationdisplay m=0(−1)m(m−n)! m!(n−2m)!(2x)n−2m Un(cosθ)=sin[(n+1 )θ] sinθ Recurrence Relation: Un+1(x)=2xUn(x)−Un−1(x) Weight: (1−x2)1/2Standardization: Un(1) =n+1 Norm:/integraldisplay+1 −1(1−x2)1/2[Un(x)]2dx=π 2 Rodrigues ’Formula:Un(x)=(−1)n(n+1 )√π (1−x2)1/22n+1Γ(n+3 2)dn dxn{(1−x2)n+(1/2)} Generating Function:1 1−2xz+z2=∞/summationdisplay n=0Un(x)zn,−1<x< 1,|z|<1 Inequality: |Un(x)|≤n+1,−1≤x≤1. IV: Jacobi Name: Jacobi Symbol: P(α,β) n(x) Interval: [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1−x2)y/prime/prime+[β−α−(α+β+2 )x]y/prime+n(n+α+β+1 )y=0 y=P(α,β) n(x) Explicit Expression: P(α,β) n(x)=1 2nn/summationdisplay m=0/parenleftbiggn+α m/parenrightbigg/parenleftbiggn+β n−m/parenrightbigg (x−1)n−m(x+1 )m Recurrence Relation: 2(n+1 )(n+α+β+1 )( 2n+α+β)P(α,β) n+1(x) =( 2n+α+β+ 1)[(α2−β2)+( 2n+α+β+2 ) ×(2n+α+β)x]P(α,β) n(x) −2(n+α)(n+β)( 2n+α+β+2 )P(α,β) n−1(x) Weight: (1−x)α(1 +x)β;α,β > 1Standardization: P(α,β) n(x)=/parenleftbign+α n/parenrightbig Norm:/integraldisplay+1 −1(1−x)α(1 +x)β[P(α,β) n(x)]2dx=2α+β+1Γ(n+α+ 1)Γ(n+β+1 ) (2n+α+β+1 )n!Γ(n+α+β+1 ) Rodrigues ’Formula: P(α,β) n(x)=(−1)n 2nn!(1−x)α(1 +x)βdn dxn{(1−x)n+α(1 +x)n+β} A-99 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Generating Function: R−1(1−z+R)−α(1 +z+R)−β=∞/summationdisplay n=02−α−βP(α,β) n(x)zn, R=√ 1−2xz+z2,|z|<1 Inequality: max −1≤x≤1|P(α,β) n(x)|=  /parenleftbiggn+q n/parenrightbigg ∼n qifq= max(α,β)≥−1 2 |P(α,β) n(x/prime)|∼n−1/2ifq<−1 2x/primeis one of the two maximum points nearest β−α α+β+1 V: Generalized Laguerre Name: Generalized Laguerre Symbol: L(α) n(x) Interval: [0,∞] Differential Equation:xy/prime/prime+(α+1−x)y/prime+ny=0 y=L(α) n(x) Explicit Expression: L(α) n(x)=n/summationdisplay m=0(−1)m/parenleftbiggn+α n−m/parenrightbigg1 m!xm Recurrence Relation: (n+1 )L(α) n+1 (x) = [(2n+α+1 )−x]L(α) n(x)−(n+α)L(α) n−1(x) Weight: xαe−x,α> −1Standardization: L(α) n(x)=(−1)n n!xn+··· Norm:/integraldisplay∞ 0xαe−x[L(α) n(x)]2dx=Γ(n+α+1 ) n! Rodrigues ’Formula: L(α) n(x)=1 n!xαe−xdn dxn{xn+αe−x} Generating Function :(1−z)−α−1exp/parenleftBig xz z−1/parenrightBig =∞/summationtext n=0L(α) n(x)zn Inequality: |L(α) n(x)≤Γ(n+α+1 ) n!Γ(α+1 )ex/2;x≥0 α>0 |L(a) n(x)|≤/bracketleftBig 2−Γ(α+n+1) n!Γ(α+1)/bracketrightBig ex/2;x≥0 −1<α< 0 VI: Hermite Name : Hermite Symbol:Hn(x) Interval :[−∞,∞] Differential Equation :y/prime/prime−2xy/prime+2ny=0 Explicit Expression: Hn(x)=[n/2]/summationdisplay m=0(−1)mn!(2x)n−2m m!(n−2m)! Recurrence Relation :Hn+1(x)=2xHn(x)−2nHn−1(x) Weight:e−x2Standardization :Hn( 1 )=2nxn+··· Norm:/integraldisplay∞ −∞e−x2[Hn(x)]2 dx=2nn!√π Rodrigues ’Formula: Hn(x)=(−1)nex2dn dxn(e−x2) Generating Function: e−x2+2zx=∞/summationdisplay n=0Hn(x)zn n! Inequality: |Hn(x)|ex2/2k2n/2√ n!k≈1.086435 Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials H0=1 x10= (30240 H0+ 75600H2+ 25200H4+ 2520H6+90H8+H10)/1024 H1=2xx9= (15120 H1+ 10080H3+ 1512H5+7 2H7+H9)/512 H2=4x2−2 x8= (1680H0+ 3360H2+ 840H4+5 6H6+H8)/256 A-100 TeamLRNH3=8x3−12xx7= (840H1+ 420H3+4 2H5+H7)/128 H4=1 6x4−48x2+1 2 x6= (120H0+ 180H2+3 0H4+H6)/64 H5=3 2x5−160x3+ 120xx5= (60H1+2 0H3+H5)/32 H6=6 4x6−480x4+ 720x2−120 x4= (12H0+1 2H2+H4)/16 H7= 128x7−1344x5+ 3360x3−1680xx3=( 6H1+H3)/8 H8= 256x8−3584x6+ 13440x4−13440x2+ 1680 x2=( 2H0+H2)/4 H9= 512x9−9216x7+ 48384x5−80640x3+ 30240xx =(H1)/2 H10= 1024x10−23040x8+ 161280 x6−403200x4+ 302400 x2−30240 1 = H0 L0=1 x6= 720L0−4320L1+ 10800L2−14400L3+ 10800L4−4320L5+ 720L6 L1=−x+1 x5= 120L0−600L1+ 1200L2−1200L3+ 600L4−120L5 L2=(x2−4x+2 )/2 x4=2 4L0−96L1+ 144L2−96L3+2 4L4 L3=(−x3+9x2−18x+6 )/6 x3=6L0−18L1+1 8L2−6L3 L4=(x4−16x3+7 2x2−96x+ 24)/24 x2=2L0−4L1+2L2 L5=(−x5+2 5x4−200x3+ 600x2−600x+ 120)/120 x=L0−L1 L6=(x6−36x5+ 450x4−2400x3+ 5400x2−4320x+ 720)/720 1 = L0 P0=1 x10= (4199P0+ 16150P2+ 15504P4+ 7904P6+ 2176P8+ 256P10)/46189 P1=xx9= (3315P1+ 4760P3+ 2992P5+96 0P7+ 128P9)/12155 P2=( 3x2−1)/2 x8= (715P0+ 2600P2+ 2160P4+ 832P6+ 128P8)/6435 P3=( 5x3−3x)/2 x7= (143P1+ 182P3+8 8P5+1 6P7)/429 P4= (35x4−30x2+3 )/8 x6= (33P0+ 110P2+7 2P4+1 6P6)/231 P5= (63x5−70x3+1 5x)/8 x5= (27P1+2 8P3+8P5)/63 P6= (231x6−315x4+ 105x2−5)/16 x4=( 7P0+2 0P2+8P4)/35 P7= (429x7−693x5+ 315x3−35x)/16 x3=( 3P1+2P3)/5 P8= (6435x8−12012x6+ 6930x4−1260x2+ 35)/128 x2=(P0+2P2)/3 P9= (12155 x9−25740x7+ 18018x5−4620x3+ 315x)/128 x=P1 P10= (46189 x10−109395x8+ 90090x6−30030x4+ 3465x2−63)/256 1 = P0 T0=1 x10= (126T0+ 210T2+ 120T4+4 5T6+1 0T8+T10)/512 T1=xx9= (126T1+8 4T3+3 6T5+9T7+T9)/256 T2=2x2−1 x8= (35T0+5 6T2+2 8T4+8T6+T8)/128 T3=4x3−3xx7= (35T1+2 1T3+7T5+T7)/64 T4=8x4−8x2+1 x6= (10T0+1 5T2+6T4+T6)/32 T5=1 6x5−20x3+5xx5= (10T1+5T3+T5)/16 T6=3 2x6−48x4+1 8x2−1 x4=( 3T0+4T2+T4)/8 T7=6 4x7−112x5+5 6x3−7xx3=( 3T1+T3)/4 T8= 128x8−256x6+ 160x4−32x2+1 x2=(T0+T2)/2 T9= 256x9−576x7+ 432x5−120x3+9xx =T1 T10= 512x10−1280x8+ 1120x6−400x4+5 0x2−11 = T0 U0=1 x10= (42U0+90U2+7 5U4+3 5U6+9U8+U10)/1024 U1=2xx9= (42U1+4 8U3+2 7U5+8U7+U9)/512 U2=4x2−1 x8= (14U0+2 8U2+2 0U4+7U6+U8)/256 U3=8x3−4xx7= (14U1+1 4U3+6U5+U7)/128 U4=1 6x4−12x2+1 x6=( 5U0+9U2+5U4+U6)/64 U5=3 2x5−32x3+6xx5=( 5U1+4U3+U5)/32 U6=6 4x6−80x4+2 4x2−1 x4=( 2U0+3U2+U4)/16 U7= 128x7−192x5+8 0x3−8xx3=( 2U1+U3)/8 U8= 256x8−448x6+ 240x4−40x2+1 x2=(U0+U2)/4 U9= 512x9−1024x7+ 672x5−160x3+1 0xx =(U1)/2 U10= 1024x10−2304x8+ 1792x6−560x4+6 0x2−11 = U0 A-101 Clebsch –Gordan coef ficients /parenleftbiggj1j2 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg =δm,m1+m2/radicalBigg (j1+j2−j)!(j+j1−j2)!(j+j2−j1)!(2j+1 ) (j+j1+j2+ 1)! ×/summationdisplay k(−1)k/radicalbig (j1+m1)!(j1−m1)!(j2+m2)!(j2−m2)!(j+m)!(j−m)! k!(j1+j2−j−k)!(j1−m1−k)!(j2+m2−k)!(j−j2+m1+k)!(j−j1−m2+k)!. 1. Conditions: (a) Each of {j1,j2,j,m 1,m2,m}may be an integer, or half an integer. Additionally: j>0,j1>0, j2>0andj+j1+j2is an integer. (b)j1+j2−j≥0. (c)j1−j2+j≥0. (d)−j1+j2+j≥0. (e)|m1|≤j1,|m2|≤j2,|m|≤j. 2. Special values: (a)/parenleftbiggj1j2 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg =0ifm1+m2/negationslash=m. (b)/parenleftbiggj10 m10j m/parenrightbigg =δj1,jδm1,m. (c)/parenleftbiggj1j2 00j 0/parenrightbigg =0whenj1+j2+jis an odd integer. (d)/parenleftbiggj1j1 m1m1j m/parenrightbigg =0when2j1+jis an odd integer. 3. Symmetry relations: all of the following are equal to/parenleftbiggj1j2 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg : (a)/parenleftbiggj2j1 −m2−m1j −m/parenrightbigg , (b)(−1)j1+j2−j/parenleftbiggj2j1 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg , (c)(−1)j1+j2−j/parenleftbiggj1j2 −m1−m2j −m/parenrightbigg , (d)/radicalBig 2j+1 2j1+1(−1)j2+m2/parenleftbiggjj 2 −mm 2j1 −m1/parenrightbigg , (e)/radicalBig 2j+1 2j1+1(−1)j1−m1+j−m/parenleftbiggjj 2 m−m2j1 m1/parenrightbigg , (f)/radicalBig 2j+1 2j1+1(−1)j−m+j1−m1/parenleftbiggj2j m2−mj1 −m1/parenrightbigg , (g)/radicalBig 2j+1 2j2+1(−1)j1−m1/parenleftbiggj1j m1−mj2 −m2/parenrightbigg , (h)/radicalBig 2j+1 2j2+1(−1)j1−m1/parenleftbiggjj 1 m−m1j2 m2/parenrightbigg . By use of the symmetry relations, Clebsch –Gordan coef ficients may be put in the standard form j1≤j2≤j andm≥0. A-102 TeamLRNm2mj1j/parenleftbiggj11 2 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg −1 201 21√ 2 2≈0.707107 01 21 21√ 3 2≈0.866025 1 201 21√ 2 2≈0.707107 1 21 21 21√ 3 2≈0.866025 1 211 21 1≈1.000000 m2mj1j/parenleftbiggj11 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg −1011√ 2 2≈0.707107 −1012√ 6 6≈0.408248 −1 201 23 2√ 2 2≈0.707107 −1 21 2113 4≈0.750000 −1 21 212√ 5 4≈0.559017 0012√ 6 3≈0.816496 001 23 2√ 3 2≈0.866025 01 21 23 2√ 6 3≈0.8164967 01 211√ 2 4≈0.353553 01 212√ 10 4≈0.790569 0111√ 2 2≈0.707107m2mj1j/parenleftbiggj11 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg 0112√ 2 2≈0.707107 1 201 23 2√ 2 2≈0.707107 1 21 211−√ 2 4≈−0.353553 1 21 212√ 10 4≈0.790569 1 211 23 2√ 30 6≈0.912871 1 23 212√ 105 12≈0.853913 1011−√ 2 2≈−0.707107 1012√ 6 6≈0.408248 11 21 23 2√ 3 3≈0.577350 11 211 −3 4≈−0.750000 11 212√ 5 4≈0.559017 111 23 2√ 10 4≈0.790569 1111−√ 2 2≈−0.707107 1112√ 2 2≈0.707107 13 21 23 21≈1.000000 13 212√ 105 12≈0.853913 1212 1≈1.000000 A-103 NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION Table of the normal distribution For a standard normal random variable ( Φ(z)is the area under the Standard Normal Curve from −∞ toz). LimitsProportion of the total areaRemaining area µ−λσµ+λσ (%) (%) µ−σµ+σ 68.27 31.73 µ−1.65σµ+1.65σ 90 10 µ−1.96σµ+1.96σ 95 5 µ−2σµ+2σ 95.45 4.55 µ−2.58σµ+2.58σ 99.0 0.99 µ−3σµ+3σ 99.73 0.27 µ−3.09σµ+3.09σ 99.8 0.2 µ−3.29σµ+3.29σ 99.9 0.1 x 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 Φ(x) 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.999 2[1−Φ(x)] 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 x 3.09 3.72 4.26 4.75 5.20 5.61 6.00 6.36 1−Φ(x)10−310−410−510−610−710−810−910−10 Areas under the Standard Normal Curve from 0 to z z 0123456789 0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359 0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0754 0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141 0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517 0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879 0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224 0.6 .2258 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2518 .2549 0.7 .2580 .2612 .2652 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852 0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2996 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133 0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389 1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621 1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830 1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015 1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177 1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319 1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441 1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545 1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633 1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706 1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767 2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817 2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857 2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890 2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916 2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936 2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952 2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964 2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974 2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981 2.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986 3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990 3.1 4990 .4991 .4991 .4991 .4992 .4992 .4992 .4992 .4993 .4993 3.2 4993 .4993 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4995 .4995 .4995 3.3 4995 .4995 .4995 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4997 3.4 4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4998 3.5 4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 3.6 4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 3.7 4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 3.8 4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 3.9 5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 A-104 TeamLRNCommon sample size calculations Parameter Estimate Sample size µ ¯x n=/parenleftBigzα/2·σ E/parenrightBig2 p ˆp n=(zα/2)2·pq E2 µ2−µ2¯x1−¯x2n1=n2=(zα/2)2(σ2 1+σ2 2) E2 p1−p2 ˆp1−ˆp2n1=n2=(zα/2)2(p1q1+p2q2) E2 Common one sample con fidence intervals Parameter Assumptions 100(1 −α)% Con fidence interval µ nlarge,σ2known, or normality, σ2known ¯x±zα/2·σ√n µ normality, σ2unknown ¯x±tα/2,n−1·s√n σ2normality/parenleftBigg (n−1)s2 χ2 α/2,n−1,(n−1)s2 χ2 1−α/2,n−1/parenrightBigg p binomial experiment, nlarge ˆp±zα/2·/radicalbigg ˆp(1−ˆp) n Common two sample con fidence intervals Parameter Assumptions 100(1 −α)% Con fidence interval µ1−µ2normality, independence, σ2 1,σ2 2known orn1,n2large, independence, σ2 1,σ2 2 known(¯x1−¯x2)±zα/2·/radicalbigg σ2 1 n1+σ2 2 n2 µ1−µ2normality, independence, σ2 1=σ2 2 unknown(¯x1−¯x2)± tα 2,n1+n2−2·sp/radicalbigg 1 n1+1 n2 s2 p=(n1−1)s2 1+(n2−1)s2 2 n1+n2−2 µ1−µ2normality, independence, σ2 1/negationslash=σ2 2 unknown(¯x1−¯x2)±tα/2,ν·/radicalbigg s2 1 n1+s2 2 n2 ν≈/parenleftBig s2 1 n1+s22 n2/parenrightBig2 (s2 1/n1)2 n1−1+(s2 2/n2)2 n2−1 µ1−µ2 normality, npairs, dependence¯d±tα/2,n−1·sd√n p1−p2binomial experiments, n1,n2large, independence(ˆp1−ˆp2)± zα/2·/radicalbigg ˆp1(1−ˆp1) n1+ˆp2(1−ˆp2) n2 A-105 PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT ’St-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of tsuch that F(t)=/integraldisplayt −∞Γ/parenleftbign+1 2/parenrightbig √nπΓ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbig/parenleftbigg 1+x2 n/parenrightbigg −n+1 2dx forn, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1 ,2,...,30,40,60,120,∞;and forF(t)= 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so that F(−t)=1 −F(t) n/F .60 .75 .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .9995 1 .325 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 636.6192 .289 .816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.5983 .277 .765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12.9244 .271 .741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.6105 .267 .727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.8696 .265 .718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.9597 .263 .711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.4088 .262 .706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.0419 .261 .703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781 10 .260 .700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.58711 .260 .697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.43712 .259 .695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.31813 .259 .694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.22114 .258 .692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.14015 .258 .691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.07316 .258 .690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.01517 .257 .689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.96518 .257 .688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.92219 .257 .688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.88320 .257 .687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.85021 .257 .686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.81922 .256 .686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.79223 .256 .685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.76724 .256 .685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.74525 .256 .684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.72526 .256 .684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.70727 .256 .684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.69028 .256 .683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.67429 .256 .683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.65930 .256 .683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.64640 .255 .681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.55160 .254 .679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460 120 .254 .677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373 ∞ .253 .674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291 *This table is abridged from the “Statistical Tables ”of R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is here published with the kind permission ofthe authors and their publishers. PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of χ2such that F(χ)2=/integraldisplayχ2 01 2n/2Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigx(n−2)/2e−x/2dx forn, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1,2,...,30.F o rn>30, a normal approximation is quite accurate. The expression√ 2x2−√2n−1is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χ2 α, theα-point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula χ2 α=1 2[xα+√ 2n−1]2, wherexαis theα-point of the cumulative normal distribution. For even values of n,F(χ2)can be written as 1−F(χ2)=x/prime−1/summationdisplay x=0e−λλx x! A-106 TeamLRNwithλ=1 2χ2andx/prime=1 2n. Thus the cumulative Chi-Square distribution is related to the cumulative Poisson distribution. Another approximate formula for large n χ2 α=n/parenleftBigg 1−2 9n+zα/radicalbigg 2 9n/parenrightBigg3 n= degrees of freedom zα= the normal deviate (the value of xfor which F(x)= the desired percentile). x 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 F(x) .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .999 χ2 .99= 60[1 −0.00370 + 2 .326(0.06086)]3=8 8.4is the 99th percentile for 60 degrees of freedom. F(χ2)=/integraldisplayχ2 01 2n/2Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigxn−2/2e−x/2dx n/backslashbig F .005 .010 .025 .050 .100 .250 .500 .750 .900 .950 .975 .990 .995 1 .0000393 .000157 .000982 .00393 .0158 .102 .455 1.32 2.71 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88 2 .0100 .0201 .0506 .103 .211 .575 1.39 2.77 4.61 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.6 3 .0717 .115 .216 .352 .584 1.21 2.37 4.11 6.25 7.81 9.35 11.3 12.8 4 .207 .297 .484 .711 1.06 1.92 3.36 5.39 7.78 9.49 11.1 13.3 14.9 5 .412 .554 .831 1.15 1.61 2.67 4.35 6.63 9.24 11.1 12.8 15.1 16.7 6 .676 .872 1.24 1.64 2.20 3.45 5.35 7.84 10.6 12.6 14.4 16.8 18.5 7 .989 1.24 1.69 2.17 2.83 4.25 6.35 9.04 12.0 14.1 16.0 18.5 20.3 8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 3.49 5.07 7.34 10.2 13.4 15.5 17.5 20.1 22.0 9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 4.17 5.90 8.34 11.4 14.7 16.9 19.0 21.7 23.6 10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 4.87 6.74 9.34 12.5 16.0 18.3 20.5 23.2 25.2 11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 5.58 7.58 10.3 13.7 17.3 19.7 21.9 24.7 26.8 12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 6.30 8.44 11.3 14.8 18.5 21.0 23.3 26.2 28.3 13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 7.04 9.30 12.3 16.0 19.8 22.4 24.7 27.7 29.8 14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 7.79 10.2 13.3 17.1 21.1 23.7 26.1 29.1 31.3 15 4.60 5.23 6.26 7.26 8.55 11.0 14.3 18.2 22.3 25.0 27.5 30.6 32.8 16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 9.31 11.9 15.3 19.4 23.5 26.3 28.8 32.0 34.3 17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 10.1 12.8 16.3 20.5 24.8 27.6 30.2 33.4 35.7 18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 10.9 13.7 17.3 21.6 26.0 28.9 31.5 34.8 37.2 19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.1 11.7 14.6 18.3 22.7 27.2 30.1 32.9 36.2 38.6 20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.9 12.4 15.5 19.3 23.8 28.4 31.4 34.2 37.6 40.0 21 8.03 8.90 10.3 11.6 13.2 16.3 20.3 24.9 29.6 32.7 35.5 38.9 41.4 22 8.64 9.54 11.0 12.3 14.0 17.2 21.3 26.0 30.8 33.9 36.8 40.3 42.8 23 9.26 10.2 11.7 13.1 14.8 18.1 22.3 27.1 32.0 35.2 38.1 41.6 44.2 24 9.89 10.9 12.4 13.8 15.7 19.0 23.3 28.2 33.2 36.4 39.4 43.0 45.6 25 10.5 11.5 13.1 14.6 16.5 19.9 24.3 29.3 34.4 37.7 40.6 44.3 46.9 26 11.2 12.2 13.8 15.4 17.3 20.8 25.3 30.4 35.6 38.9 41.9 45.6 48.3 27 11.8 12.9 14.6 16.2 18.1 21.7 26.3 31.5 36.7 40.1 43.2 47.0 49.6 28 12.5 12.6 15.3 16.9 18.9 22.7 27.3 32.6 37.9 41.3 44.5 48.3 51.0 29 13.1 14.3 16.0 17.7 19.8 23.6 28.3 33.7 39.1 42.6 45.7 49.6 52.3 30 13.8 15.0 16.8 18.5 20.6 24.5 29.3 34.8 40.3 43.8 47.0 50.9 53.7 PERCENTAGE POINTS, F-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of Fsuch that F(F)=/integraldisplayF 0Γ/parenleftbigm+n 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbigm 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigmm/2nn/2xm−2/2(n+mx)−(m+n)/2dx for selected values of m, the number of degrees of freedom of the numerator of F; and for selected values of n, the number of degrees freedom of the denominator of F. The table also provides values corresponding to F(F)=.10,.05,.025,.01,.005,.001 since F1−αformandndegrees of freedom is the reciprocal of Fαfornand mdegrees of freedom. Thus F.05(4,7) =1 F.95(7,4)=1 6.09=.164 A-107 F(F)=/integraldisplayF 0Γ/parenleftbigm+n 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbigm 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigmm/2nn/2x(m/2)−1(n+mx)−(m+n)/2dx=.90 n/backslashbig m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞ 1 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.00 62.26 62.53 62.79 63.06 63.33 2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.48 9.49 3 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.14 5.13 4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.79 3.78 3.76 5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.14 3.12 3.10 6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.72 7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47 8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.29 9 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.18 2.16 10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.08 2.06 11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.97 12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.90 13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.85 14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.80 15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.76 16 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 17 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 18 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.98 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66 19 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.63 20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.64 1.61 21 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59 22 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57 23 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59 1.55 24 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.53 25 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52 26 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.61 1.58 1.54 1.50 27 2.90 2.51 2.30 2.17 2.07 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.87 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57 1.53 1.49 28 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52 1.48 29 2.89 2.50 2.28 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.58 1.55 1.51 1.47 30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.50 1.46 40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.47 1.42 1.38 60 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.29 120 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.26 1.19 ∞ 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.55 1.49 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.00 F=s2 1 s2 2=S1 m/S2 n,wheres2 1=S1/mands2 2=S2/nare independent mean squares estimating a common varianceσ2and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively. F(F)=/integraldisplayF 0Γ/parenleftbigm+n 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbigm 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigmm/2nn/2x(m/2)−1(n+mx)−(m+n)/2dx=.95 n/backslashbig m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞ 1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1 251.1 252.2 253.3 254.3 2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50 3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53 4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63 5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36 6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67 7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23 8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93 9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71 10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54 11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.40 12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.30 13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21 14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.13 15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07 16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01 17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96 18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88 20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84 21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.81 22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.78 23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.76 24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.73 25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.69 27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73 1.67 28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.65 29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.64 30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.62 40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.51 60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47 139 120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02. 1.96 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.35 1.25 ∞ 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.32 1.22 1.00 F=s2 1 s2 2=S1 m/S2 n, wheres2 1=S1/mands2 2=S2/nare independent mean squares estimating a common varianceσ2and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively. A-108 TeamLRNF(F)=/integraldisplayF 0Γ/parenleftbigm+n 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbigm 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigmm/2nn/2x(m/2)−1(n+mx)−(m+n)/2dx=.975 n/backslashbig m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞ 1 647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3 968.6 976.7 984.9 993.1 997.2 1001 1006 1010 1014 1018 2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.47 39.48 39.49 39.50 3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 14.04 13.99 13.95 13.90 4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.51 8.46 8.41 8.36 8.31 8.26 5 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.28 6.23 6.18 6.12 6.07 6.02 6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.12 5.07 5.01 4.96 4.90 4.85 7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.42 4.36 4.31 4.25 4.20 4.14 8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.95 3.89 3.84 3.78 3.73 3.67 9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.39 3.33 10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.20 3.14 3.08 11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.06 3.00 2.94 2.88 12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.02 2.96 2.91 2.85 2.79 2.72 13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.89 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.66 2.60 14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.79 2.73 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.49 15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.40 16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32 17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.25 18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.19 19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.20 2.13 20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.41 2.35 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.09 21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.04 22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.08 2.00 23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.11 2.04 1.97 24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.08 2.01 1.94 25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.05 1.98 1.91 26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.49 2.39 2.28 2.22 2.16 2.09 2.03 1.95 1.88 27 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.03 2.00 1.93 1.85 28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.45 2.34 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.83 29 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.15 2.09 2.03 1.96 1.89 1.81 30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.79 40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.29 2.18 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.64 60 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.88 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.58 1.48 120 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.05 1.94 1.82 1.76 1.69 1.61 1.53 1.43 1.31 ∞ 5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 2.11 2.05 1.94 1.83 1.71 1.64 1.57 1.48 1.39 1.27 1.00 F=s2 1 s2 2=S1 m/S2 n,wheres2 1=S1/mands2 2=S2/nare independent mean squares estimating a common varianceσ2and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively. F(F)=/integraldisplayF 0Γ/parenleftbigm+n 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbigm 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigmm/2nn/2x(m/2)−1(n+mx)−(m+n)/2dx=.99 n/backslashbig m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞ 1 4052 4999.5 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5982 6022 6056 6106 6157 6209 6235 6261 6287 6313 6339 6366 2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50 3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22 26.13 4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56 13.46 5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11 9.02 6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97 6.88 7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.65 8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.86 9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40 4.31 10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.91 11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.78 3.69 3.60 12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.54 3.45 3.36 13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25 3.17 14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09 3.00 15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.87 16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.84 2.75 17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.65 18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.57 19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.49 20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.42 21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46 2.36 22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40 2.31 23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.35 2.26 24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.40 2.31 2.21 25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27 2.17 26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23 2.13 27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20 2.10 28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.06 29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.14 2.03 30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11 2.01 40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92 1.80 60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73 1.60 120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53 1.38 ∞ 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.47 1.32 1.00 F=s2 1 s2 2=S1 m/S2 n, wheres2 1=S1/mands2 2=S2/nare independent mean squares estimating a common varianceσ2and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively. A-109 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Bessel Functions 1. Bessel ’s differential equation for a real variable xis x2d2y dx2+xdy dx+(x2−n2)y=0 2. When nis not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are Jn(x),J−n(x), where Jn(x)=∞/summationdisplay k=0(−1)k k!Γ(n+k+1 )/parenleftBigx 2/parenrightBign+2k 3. Ifnis an integer Jn(x)=(−1)nJn(x), where Jn(x)=xn 2nn!/braceleftbigg 1−x2 22·1!(n+1 )+x4 24·2!(n+1 )(n+2 )+x6 26·3!(n+1 )(n+2 )(n+3 )+.../bracerightbigg 4. Forn=0andn=1, this formula becomes J0(x)=1 −x2 22(1!)2+x4 24(2!)2−x6 26(3!)2+x8 28(4!)2−··· J1(x)=x 2−x3 23·1!2!+x5 25·2!3!−x7 27·3!4!+x9 29·4!5!−... 5. When xis large and positive, the following asymptotic series may be used J0(x)=/parenleftbigg2 πx/parenrightbigg1 2/braceleftBig P0(x) cos/parenleftBig x−π 4/parenrightBig −Q0(x) sin/parenleftBig x−π 4/parenrightBig/bracerightBig J1(x)=/parenleftbig2 πx/parenrightbig1 2/braceleftbig P1(x) cos/parenleftbig x−3π 4/parenrightbig −Q1(x) sin/parenleftbig x−3π 4/parenrightbig/bracerightbig where P0(x)∼1−12·32 2!(8x)2+12·32·52·72 4!(8x)4−12·32·52·72·92·112 6!(8x)6+··· Q0(x)∼−12 1!8x+12·32·52 3!(8x)3−12·32·52·72·92 5!(8x)5+−··· P1(x)∼1+12·3·5 2!(8x)2−12·32·52·7·9 4!(8x)4+12·32·52·72·92·11·13 6!(8x)6 −+··· Q1(x)∼1·3 1!8x−12·32·5·7 3!(8x)3+12·32·52·72·9·11 5!(8x)5−··· [InP1(x)the signs alternate from+to-after the first term] 6. The zeros of J0(x)andJ1(x). Ifj0sandj1sare thesth zeros of J0(x)andJ1(x)respectively, and if a=4s−1,b=4s+1 j0,s∼1 4πa/braceleftbigg 1+2 π2a2−62 3π4a4+15,116 15π6a6−12,554,474 105π8a8+8,368,654,292 315π10a10−+···/bracerightbigg j1,s∼1 4πb/braceleftbig 1−6 π2b2+6 π4b4−4716 5π6b6+3,902,418 35π8b8−895,167,324 35π10b10+···/bracerightbig J1(j0,s)∼(−1)s+123 2 πa1 2/braceleftbig 1−56 3π4a4+9664 5π6a6−7,381,280 21π8a8+···/bracerightbig J0(j1,s)∼(−1)s23 2 πb1 2/braceleftbig 1+24 π4b4−19,584 10π6b6+2,466,720 7π8b8−···/bracerightbig A-93 TeamLRNSPECIAL FUNCTIONS 7. Table of zeros for J0(x)andJ1(x) Define{αn,βn}byJ1(αn)=0 andJ0(βn)=0 . RootsαnJ1(αn)RootsβnJ0(βn) 2.4048 0.5191 0.0000 1.0000 5.5201 -0.3403 3.8317 -0.4028 8.6537 0.2715 7.0156 0.3001 11.7915 -0.2325 10.1735 -0.2497 14.9309 0.2065 13.3237 0.2184 18.0711 -0.1877 16.4706 -0.1965 21.2116 0.1733 19.6159 0.1801 8. Recurrence formulas Jn−1(x)+Jn+1(x)=2n xJn(x)nJn(x)+xJ/prime n(x)=xJn−1(x) Jn−1(x)−Jn+1(x)=2J/prime n(x)nJn(x)−xJ/prime n(x)=xJn+1(x) 9. IfJnis written for Jn(x)andJ(k) nis written fordk dxk{Jn(x)}, then the following derivative relationships are important J(r) 0=−J(r−1) 1 J(2) 0=−J0+1 xJ1=1 2(J2−J0) J(3) 0=1 xJ0+/parenleftbig 1−2 x2/parenrightbig J1=1 4(−J3+3J1) J(4) 0=/parenleftbig 1−3 x2/parenrightbig J0−/parenleftbig2 x−6 x3/parenrightbig J1=1 8(J4−4J2+3J0),etc. 10. Half order Bessel functions J1 2(x)=/radicalBig 2 πxsinx J−1 2(x)=/radicalBig 2 πxcosx Jn+3 2(x)=−xn+1 2d dx{x−(n+1 2)Jn+1 2(x)} Jn−1 2(x)=x−(n+1 2)d dx{xn+1 2Jn+1 2(x)} n/parenleftbigπx 2/parenrightbig1 2Jn+1 2(x)/parenleftbigπx 2/parenrightbig1 2J−(n+1 2)(x) 0 sinx cosx 1sinx x−cosx −cosx x−sinx 2/parenleftbig3 x2−1/parenrightbig sinx−3 xcosx/parenleftbig3 x2−1/parenrightbig cosx+3 xsinx 3/parenleftbig15 x3−6 x/parenrightbig sinx−/parenleftbig15 x2−1/parenrightbig cosx etc.−/parenleftbig15 x3−6 x/parenrightbig cosx−/parenleftbig15 x2−1/parenrightbig sinx 11. Additional solutions to Bessel ’s equation are Yn(x)(also called Weber ’s function, and sometimes denoted by Nn(x)) H(1) n(x) and H(2) n(x)(also called Hankel functions) These solutions are de fined as follows Yn(x)=  Jn(x) cos (nπ)−J−n(x) sin(nπ)nnot an integer lim v→nJv(x) cos(vπ)−J−v(x) sin(vπ)nan integerH(1) n(x)=Jn(x)+iYn(x) H(2) n(x)=Jn(x)−iYn(x) A-94 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS The additional properties of these functions may all be derived from the above relations and the known properties of Jn(x). 12. Complete solutions to Bessel ’s equation may be written as c1Jn(x)+c2J−n(x) ifnis not an integer or, for any value of n, c1Jn(x)+c2Yn(x)o r c1H(1) nx+c2H(2) n(x) 13. The modi fied (or hyperbolic) Bessel ’s differential equation is x2d2y dx2+xdy dx−(x2+n2)y=0 14. When nis not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are In(x)andI−n(x), where In(x)=∞/summationdisplay k=01 k!Γ(n+k+1 )/parenleftBigx 2/parenrightBign+2k 15. Ifnis an integer, In(x)=I−n(x)=xn 2nn!/braceleftbigg 1+x2 22·1!(n+1 )+x4 24·2!(n+ 1)(n+2 ) +x6 26·3!(n+1 )(n+2 )(n+3 )+···/bracerightbigg 16. ForN=0andn=1, this formula becomes I0(x)=1+x2 22(1!)2+x4 24(2!)2+x6 26(3!)2+x8 28(4!)2+··· I1(x)=x 2+x3 23·1!2!+x5 25·2!3!+x7 27·3!4!+x9 29·4!5!+··· 17. Another solution to the modi fied Bessel ’s equation is Kn(x)=/braceleftBigg1 2πI−n(x)−In(x) sin (nπ)nnot an integer lim v→n1 2πI−v(x)−Iv(x) sin (vπ)nan integer This function is linearly independent of In(x)for all values of n. Thus the complete solution to the modi fied Bessel ’s equation may be written as c1In(x)+c2I−n(x)nnot an integer or c1In(x)+c2Kn(x)a n yn 18. The following relations hold among the various Bessel functions: In(z)=i−mJm(iz) Yn(iz)=(i)n+1In(z)−2 πi−nKn(z) Most of the properties of the modi fied Bessel function may be deduced from the known prop- erties ofJn(x)by use of these relations and those previously given. 19. Recurrence formulas In−1(x)−In+1(x)=2n xIn(x)In−1(x)+In+1(x)=2I/prime n(x) In−1(x)−n xIn(x)=I/prime n(x)I/prime n(x)=In+1(x)+n xIn(z) A-95 TeamLRNSPECIAL FUNCTIONS The Factorial Function For non-negative integers n, the factorial of n, denoted n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n;n!=n·(n−1)·(n−2)···2·1.I fnis a negative integer ( n=−1,−2,...) thenn!=±∞. Approximations to n!for large ninclude Stirling ’s formula n!≈√ 2πe/parenleftBign e/parenrightBign+1 2, and Burnsides ’s formula n!≈√ 2π/parenleftbiggn+1 2 e/parenrightbiggn+1 2 . nn !log10n!nn !log10n! 01 0 .00000 11 0 .00000 22 0 .30103 36 0 .77815 42 4 1 .38021 5 120 2 .07918 6 720 2 .85733 7 5040 3 .70243 8 40320 4 .60552 93.6288×1055.55976 10 3.6288×1066.55976 11 3.9917×1077.60116 12 4.7900×1088.68034 13 6.2270×1099.79428 14 8.7178×101010.94041 15 1.3077×101212.11650 16 2.0923×101313.32062 17 3.5569×101414.55107 18 6.4024×101515.80634 19 1.2165×101717.08509 20 2.4329×101818.38612 25 1.5511×102525.19065 30 2.6525×103232.42366 40 8.1592×104747.91165 50 3.0414×106464.48307 60 8.3210×108181.92017 70 1.1979×10100100.07841 80 7.1569×10118118.85473 90 1.4857×10138138.17194 100 9.3326×10157157.97000 110 1.5882×10178178.20092 120 6.6895×10198198.82539 130 6.4669×10219219.81069 150 5.7134×10262262.75689 500 1.2201×1011341134.0864 1000 4 .0239×1025672567.6046 A-96 The Gamma Function Definition: Γ(n)=∞/integraltext 0tn−1e−tdt n > 0 Recursion Formula: Γ(n+1 )=nΓ(n) Γ(n+1 )=n!ifn=0,1,2,...where 0!= 1 Forn<0 the gamma function can be de fined by using Γ(n)=Γ(n+1) nGraph: A-96 TeamLRNSPECIAL FUNCTIONS Special Values: Γ(1/2) =√π Γ(m+1/2) =1·3·5···(2m−1) 2m√πm =1,2,3,... Γ(−m+1/2) =(−1)m2m√π 1·3·5···(2m−1)m=1,2,3,... Definition: Γ(x+ 1) = lim k→∞1·2·3···k (x+1 )(x+2 )···(x+k)kx 1 Γ(x)=xeγx∞/producttext m=1/braceleftbig/parenleftbig 1+x m/parenrightbig e−x/m/bracerightbig This is an in finite product representation for the gamma function where γis Euler ’s constant. Properties : Γ/prime(1) =/integraldisplay∞ 0eγxlnxdx=−γ Γ/prime(x) Γ(x)=−γ+/parenleftbigg1 1−1 x/parenrightbigg +/parenleftbigg1 2−1 x+1/parenrightbigg +...+/parenleftbigg1 n−1 x+n−1/parenrightbigg +··· Γ(x+1 )=√ 2πxxxe−x/braceleftbigg 1+1 12x+1 288x2−139 51,840x3+.../bracerightbigg This is called Stirling ’s asymptotic series . Values of Γ(n)=/integraltext∞ 0e−xxn−1dx;Γ ( n+1 )= nΓ(n) n Γ(n)n Γ(n)n Γ(n)n Γ(n) 1.00 1.00000 1.25 .90640 1.50 .88623 1.75 .919061.01 .99433 1.26 .90440 1.51 .88659 1.76 .921371.02 .98884 1.27 .90250 1.52 .88704 1.77 .923761.03 .98355 1.28 .90072 1.53 .88757 1.78 .926231.04 .97844 1.29 .89904 1.54 .88818 1.79 .928771.05 .97350 1.30 .89747 1.55 .88887 1.80 .931381.06 .96874 1.31 .89600 1.56 .88964 1.81 .934081.07 .96415 1.32 .89464 1.57 .89049 1.82 .936851.08 .95973 1.33 .89338 1.58 .89142 1.83 .939691.09 .95546 1.34 .89222 1.59 .89243 1.84 .942611.10 .95135 1.35 .89115 1.60 .89352 1.85 .945611.11 .94740 1.36 .89018 1.61 .89468 1.86 .948691.12 .94359 1.37 .88931 1.62 .89592 1.87 .951841.13 .93993 1.38 .88854 1.63 .89724 1.88 .955071.14 .93642 1.39 .88785 1.64 .89864 1.89 .958381.15 .93304 1.40 .88726 1.65 .90012 1.90 .961771.16 .92980 1.41 .88676 1.66 .90167 1.91 .965231.17 .92670 1.42 .88636 1.67 .90330 1.92 .968771.18 .92373 1.43 .88604 1.68 .90500 1.93 .972401.19 .92089 1.44 .88581 1.69 .90678 1.94 .976101.20 .91817 1.45 .88566 1.70 .90864 1.95 .97988 1.21 .91558 1.46 .88560 1.71 .91057 1.96 .983741.22 .91311 1.47 .88563 1.72 .91258 1.97 .987681.23 .91075 1.48 .88575 1.73 .91466 1.98 .991711.24 .90852 1.49 .88595 1.74 .91683 1.99 .99581 2.00 1.00000 A-97 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS The Beta Function Definition: B(m,n)=/integraldisplay1 0tm−1(1−t)m−1dt m > 0,n> 0 Relationship with Gamma function: B(m,n)=Γ(m)Γ(n) Γ(m+n) Properties: B(m,n)=B (n,m) B(m,n)=2/integraltextπ/2 0sin2m−1θcos2n−1θdθ B(m,n)=/integraltext∞ 0tm−1 (1+t)m+ndt B(m,n)=rn(r+1 )m/integraltext1 0tm−1(1−t)n−1 (r+t)m+ndt Definition: erf(x)=2√ m!(n−2m)!(2x)n−2m= cos(narccosx)=Tn(x) A-98 TeamLRN(r+t)m+ndt The Error Function Definition: erf(x)=2√π/integraldisplayx 0e−t2dt Series :erf(x)=2√π/parenleftbigg x−x3 3+1 2!x5 5−1 3!x7 7+···/parenrightbigg Property: erf(x)=−erf(−x) Relationship with Normal Probability Function f(t):/integraldisplayx 0f(t)dt=1 2erf/parenleftbiggx√ 2/parenrightbigg To evaluate erf(2.3), one proceeds as follows: Forx√ 2=2.3, one findsx=( 2.3)(√ 2 )=3.25.I n the normal probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf(2.3) = 2(0.4994) = 0 .9988 . erfc(z)=1 −erf(z)=2√π/integraldisplay∞ ze−t2dt is known as the complementary error function. I: Legendre Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn(x) Interval : [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1−x2)y/prime/prime−2xy/prime+n(n+1 )y=0 y=Pn(x) Explicit Expression: Pn(x)=1 π/integraldisplay∞ ze−t2dt Orthogonal Polynomials I: Legendre Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn(x) Interval : [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1−x2)y/prime/prime−2xy/prime+n(n+1 )y=0 y=Pn(x) Explicit Expression: Pn(x)=1 2n[n/2]/summationdisplay m=0(−1)m/parenleftbiggn m/parenrightbigg/parenleftbigg2n−2m n/parenrightbigg xn−2m Recurrence Relation: (n+1 )Pn+1(x)=( 2n+1 )xPn(x)−nPn−1(x) Weight: 1 Standardization: P n(1)=1 Norm:/integraldisplay+1 −1[Pn(x)]2dx=2 2n+1 Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn(x)=(−1)n 2nn!dn dxn{(1−x2)n} Generating Function: R−1=∞/summationdisplay n=0Pn(x)zn;−1<x< 1,|z|<1, R=√ 1−2xz+z2 Inequality: |Pn(x)|≤1, −1≤x≤1. II: Tschebysheff, First Kind Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol :Tn(x) Interval:[-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1−x2)y−xy/prime+n2y=0 y=Tn(x) Explicit Expression:n 2[n/2]/summationdisplay m=0(−1)m(n−m−1)! m!(n−2m)!(2x)n−2m= cos(n arccosx)=Tn(x) A-98 TeamLRNSPECIAL FUNCTIONS Recurrence Relation :Tn+1(x)=2xTn(x)−Tn−1(x) Weight :(1−x2)−1/2 Standardization :Tn(1) = 1 Norm:/integraltext+1 −1(1−x2)−1/2[Tn(x)]2dx=/braceleftbigg π/2,n/negationslash=0 π, n =0 Rodrigues ’Formula :(−1)n(1−x2)1/2√π 2n+1Γ(n+1 2)dn dxn{(1−x2)n−(1/2)}=Tn(x) Generating Function :1−xz 1−2xz−z2=∞/summationdisplay n=0Tn(x)zn,−1<x< 1,|z|<1 Inequality :|Tn(x)|≤1,−1≤x≤1. III: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Name: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Symbol Un(x) Interval: [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1−x2)y/prime/prime−3xy/prime+n(n+2 )y=0 y=Un(x) Explicit Expression: Un(x)=[n/2]/summationdisplay m=0(−1)m(m−n)! m!(n−2m)!(2x)n−2m Un(cosθ)=sin[(n+1 )θ] sinθ Recurrence Relation: Un+1(x)=2xUn(x)−Un−1(x) Weight: (1−x2)1/2Standardization: Un(1) =n+1 Norm:/integraldisplay+1 −1(1−x2)1/2[Un(x)]2dx=π 2 Rodrigues ’Formula:Un(x)=(−1)n(n+1 )√π (1−x2)1/22n+1Γ(n+3 2)dn dxn{(1−x2)n+(1/2)} Generating Function:1 1−2xz+z2=∞/summationdisplay n=0Un(x)zn,−1<x< 1,|z|<1 Inequality: |Un(x)|≤n+1,−1≤x≤1. IV: Jacobi Name: Jacobi Symbol: P(α,β) n(x) Interval: [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1−x2)y/prime/prime+[β−α−(α+β+2 )x]y/prime+n(n+α+β+1 )y=0 y=P(α,β) n(x) Explicit Expression: P(α,β) n(x)=1 2nn/summationdisplay m=0/parenleftbiggn+α m/parenrightbigg/parenleftbiggn+β n−m/parenrightbigg (x−1)n−m(x+1 )m Recurrence Relation: 2(n+1 )(n+α+β+1 )( 2n+α+β)P(α,β) n+1(x) =( 2n+α+β+ 1)[(α2−β2)+( 2n+α+β+2 ) ×(2n+α+β)x]P(α,β) n(x) −2(n+α)(n+β)( 2n+α+β+2 )P(α,β) n−1(x) Weight: (1−x)α(1 +x)β;α,β > 1Standardization: P(α,β) n(x)=/parenleftbign+α n/parenrightbig Norm:/integraldisplay+1 −1(1−x)α(1 +x)β[P(α,β) n(x)]2dx=2α+β+1Γ(n+α+ 1)Γ(n+β+1 ) (2n+α+β+1 )n!Γ(n+α+β+1 ) Rodrigues ’Formula: P(α,β) n(x)=(−1)n 2nn!(1−x)α(1 +x)βdn dxn{(1−x)n+α(1 +x)n+β} A-99 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Generating Function: R−1(1−z+R)−α(1 +z+R)−β=∞/summationdisplay n=02−α−βP(α,β) n(x)zn, R=√ 1−2xz+z2,|z|<1 Inequality: max −1≤x≤1|P(α,β) n(x)|=  /parenleftbiggn+q n/parenrightbigg ∼n qifq= max(α,β)≥−1 2 |P(α,β) n(x/prime)|∼n−1/2ifq<−1 2x/primeis one of the two maximum points nearest β−α α+β+1 V: Generalized Laguerre Name: Generalized Laguerre Symbol: L(α) n(x) Interval: [0,∞] Differential Equation:xy/prime/prime+(α+1−x)y/prime+ny=0 y=L(α) n(x) Explicit Expression: L(α) n(x)=n/summationdisplay m=0(−1)m/parenleftbiggn+α n−m/parenrightbigg1 m!xm Recurrence Relation: (n+1 )L(α) n+1 (x) = [(2n+α+1 )−x]L(α) n(x)−(n+α)L(α) n−1(x) Weight: xαe−x,α> −1Standardization: L(α) n(x)=(−1)n n!xn+··· Norm:/integraldisplay∞ 0xαe−x[L(α) n(x)]2dx=Γ(n+α+1 ) n! Rodrigues ’Formula: L(α) n(x)=1 n!xαe−xdn dxn{xn+αe−x} Generating Function :(1−z)−α−1exp/parenleftBig xz z−1/parenrightBig =∞/summationtext n=0L(α) n(x)zn Inequality: |L(α) n(x)≤Γ(n+α+1 ) n!Γ(α+1 )ex/2;x≥0 α>0 |L(a) n(x)|≤/bracketleftBig 2−Γ(α+n+1) n!Γ(α+1)/bracketrightBig ex/2;x≥0 −1<α< 0 VI: Hermite Name : Hermite Symbol:Hn(x) Interval :[−∞,∞] Differential Equation :y/prime/prime−2xy/prime+2ny=0 Explicit Expression: Hn(x)=[n/2]/summationdisplay m=0(−1)mn!(2x)n−2m m!(n−2m)! Recurrence Relation :Hn+1(x)=2xHn(x)−2nHn−1(x) Weight:e−x2Standardization :Hn( 1 )=2nxn+··· Norm:/integraldisplay∞ −∞e−x2[Hn(x)]2 dx=2nn!√π Rodrigues ’Formula: Hn(x)=(−1)nex2dn dxn(e−x2) Generating Function: e−x2+2zx=∞/summationdisplay n=0Hn(x)zn n! Inequality: |Hn(x)|ex2/2k2n/2√ n!k≈1.086435 H0=1 x10= (30240H 0+ 75600H 2+ 25200H 4+ 2520H 6+90H8+H10)/1024 H1=2xx9= (15120H 1+ 10080H 3+ 1512H 5+7 2H7+H9)/512 H2=4x2−2 x8= (1680H 0+ 3360H 2+ 840H 4+5 6H6+H8)/256 A-100 TeamLRNH3=8x3−12xx7= (840H 1+ 420H 3+4 2H5+H7)/128 H4=1 6x4−48x2+1 2 x6= (120H 0+ 180H 2+3 0H4+H6)/64 H5=3 2x5−160x3+ 120xx5= (60H 1+2 0H3+H5)/32 H6=6 4x6−480x4+ 720x2−120 x4= (12H 0+1 2H2+H4)/16 H7= 128x7−1344x5+ 3360x3−1680xx3=( 6H1+H3)/8 H8= 256x8−3584x6+ 13440x4−13440x2+ 1680 x2=( 2H0+H2)/4 H9= 512x9−9216x7+ 48384x5−80640x3+ 30240xx =(H1)/2 H10= 1024x10−23040x8+ 161280x6−403200x4+ 302400x2−30240 1 =H0 L0=1 x6= 720L0−4320L 1+ 10800L 2−14400L3+ 10800L 4−4320L5+ 720L 6 L1=−x+1 x5= 120L0−600L 1+ 1200L 2−1200L 3+ 600L 4−120L 5 L2=(x2−4x+2 )/2 x4=2 4L0−96L1+ 144L 2−96L3+2 4L4 L3=(−x3+9x2−18x+6 )/6 x3=6L0−18L1+1 8L2−6L3 L4=(x4−16x3+7 2x2−96x+ 24)/24 x2=2L0−4L1+2L2 L5=(−x5+2 5x4−200x3+ 600x2−600x+ 120)/120 x=L0−L1 L6=(x6−36x5+ 450x4−2400x3+ 5400x2−4320x + 720)/720 1 =L0 P0=1 x10= (4199P 0+ 16150P 2+ 15504P 4+ 7904P 6+ 2176P 8+ 256P 10)/46189 P1=xx9= (3315P 1+ 4760P 3+ 2992P 5+96 0P7+ 128P 9)/12155 P2=( 3x2−1)/2 x8= (715P 0+ 2600P 2+ 2160P 4+ 832P 6+ 128P 8)/6435 P3=( 5x3−3x)/2 x7= (143P 1+ 182P 3+8 8P5+1 6P7)/429 P4= (35x4−30x2+3 )/8 x6= (33P 0+ 110P 2+7 2P4+1 6P6)/231 P5= (63x5−70x3+1 5x)/8 x5= (27P 1+2 8P3+8P5)/63 P6= (231x6−315x4+ 105x2−5)/16 x4=( 7P0+2 0P2+8P4)/35 P7= (429x7−693x5+ 315x3−35x)/16 x3=( 3P1+2P3)/5 P8= (6435x8−12012x6+ 6930x4−1260x2+ 35)/128 x2=(P0+2P2)/3 P9= (12155x9−25740x7+ 18018x5−4620x3+ 315x)/128 x=P1 P10= (46189x10−109395x8+ 90090x6−30030x4+ 3465x2−63)/256 1 =P0 T0=1 x10= (126T 0+ 210T 2+ 120T 4+4 5T6+1 0T8+T10)/512 T1=xx9= (126T 1+8 4T3+3 6T5+9T7+T9)/256 T2=2x2−1 x8= (35T 0+5 6T2+2 8T4+8T6+T8)/128 T3=4x3−3xx7= (35T 1+2 1T3+7T5+T7)/64 T4=8x4−8x2+1 x6= (10T 0+1 5T2+6T4+T6)/32 T5=1 6x5−20x3+5xx5= (10T 1+5T3+T5)/16 T6=3 2x6−48x4+1 8x2−1 x4=( 3T0+4T2+T4)/8 T7=6 4x7−112x5+5 6x3−7xx3=( 3T1+T3)/4 T8= 128x8−256x6+ 160x4−32x2+1 x2=(T0+T2)/2 T9= 256x9−576x7+ 432x5−120x3+9xx =T1 T10= 512x10−1280x8+ 1120x6−400x4+5 0x2−11 =T0 U0=1 x10= (42U 0+90U2+7 5U4+3 5U6+9U8+U10)/1024 U1=2xx9= (42U 1+4 8U3+2 7U5+8U7+U9)/512 U2=4x2−1 x8= (14U 0+2 8U2+2 0U4+7U6+U8)/256 U3=8x3−4xx7= (14U 1+1 4U3+6U5+U7)/128 U4=1 6x4−12x2+1 x6=( 5U0+9U2+5U4+U6)/64 U5=3 2x5−32x3+6xx5=( 5U1+4U3+U5)/32 U6=6 4x6−80x4+2 4x2−1 x4=( 2U0+3U2+U4)/16 U7= 128x7−192x5+8 0x3−8xx3=( 2U1+U3)/8 U8= 256x8−448x6+ 240x4−40x2+1 x2=(U0+U2)/4 U9= 512x9−1024x7+ 672x5−160x3+1 0xx =(U1)/2 U10= 1024x10−2304x8+ 1792x6−560x4+6 0x2−11 =U0 A-101n!k≈1.086435 Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials H0=1 x10= (30240H 0+ 75600H 2+ 25200H 4+ 2520H 6+90H8+H10)/1024 H1=2xx9= (15120H 1+ 10080H 3+ 1512H 5+7 2H7+H9)/512 H2=4x2−2 x8= (1680H 0+ 3360H 2+ 840H 4+5 6H6+H8)/256 Clebsch –Gordan coef ficients /parenleftbiggj1j2 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg =δm,m1+m2/radicalBigg (j1+j2−j)!(j+j1−j2)!(j+j2−j1)!(2j+1 ) (j+j1+j2+ 1)! ×/summationdisplay k(−1)k/radicalbig (j1+m1)!(j1−m1)!(j2+m2)!(j2−m2)!(j+m)!(j−m)! k!(j1+j2−j−k)!(j1−m1−k)!(j2+m2−k)!(j−j2+m1+k)!(j−j1−m2+k)!. 1. Conditions: (a) Each of {j1,j2,j,m 1,m2,m}may be an integer, or half an integer. Additionally: j>0,j1>0, j2>0andj+j1+j2is an integer. (b)j1+j2−j≥0. (c)j1−j2+j≥0. (d)−j1+j2+j≥0. (e)|m1|≤j1,|m2|≤j2,|m|≤j. 2. Special values: (a)/parenleftbiggj1j2 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg =0ifm1+m2/negationslash=m. (b)/parenleftbiggj10 m10j m/parenrightbigg =δj1,jδm1,m. (c)/parenleftbiggj1j2 00j 0/parenrightbigg =0whenj1+j2+jis an odd integer. (d)/parenleftbiggj1j1 m1m1j m/parenrightbigg =0when2j1+jis an odd integer. 3. Symmetry relations: all of the following are equal to/parenleftbiggj1j2 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg : (a)/parenleftbiggj2j1 −m2−m1j −m/parenrightbigg , (b)(−1)j1+j2−j/parenleftbiggj2j1 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg , (c)(−1)j1+j2−j/parenleftbiggj1j2 −m1−m2j −m/parenrightbigg , (d)/radicalBig 2j+1 2j1+1(−1)j2+m2/parenleftbiggjj 2 −mm 2j1 −m1/parenrightbigg , (e)/radicalBig 2j+1 2j1+1(−1)j1−m1+j−m/parenleftbiggjj 2 m−m2j1 m1/parenrightbigg , (f)/radicalBig 2j+1 2j1+1(−1)j−m+j1−m1/parenleftbiggj2j m2−mj1 −m1/parenrightbigg , (g)/radicalBig 2j+1 2j2+1(−1)j1−m1/parenleftbiggj1j m1−mj2 −m2/parenrightbigg , (h)/radicalBig 2j+1 2j2+1(−1)j1−m1/parenleftbiggjj 1 m−m1j2 m2/parenrightbigg . By use of the symmetry relations, Clebsch –Gordan coef ficients may be put in the standard form j1≤j2≤j andm≥0. A-102 TeamLRNm2mj1j/parenleftbiggj11 2 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg −1 201 21√ 2 2≈0.707107 01 21 21√ 3 2≈0.866025 1 201 21√ 2 2≈0.707107 1 21 21 21√ 3 2≈0.866025 1 211 21 1≈1.000000 m2mj1j/parenleftbiggj11 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg −1011√ 2 2≈0.707107 −1012√ 6 6≈0.408248 −1 201 23 2√ 2 2≈0.707107 −1 21 2113 4≈0.750000 −1 21 212√ 5 4≈0.559017 0012√ 6 3≈0.816496 001 23 2√ 3 2≈0.866025 01 21 23 2√ 6 3≈0.8164967 01 211√ 2 4≈0.353553 01 212√ 10 4≈0.790569 0111√ 2 2≈0.707107m2mj1j/parenleftbiggj11 m1m2j m/parenrightbigg 0112√ 2 2≈0.707107 1 201 23 2√ 2 2≈0.707107 1 21 211−√ 2 4≈−0.353553 1 21 212√ 10 4≈0.790569 1 211 23 2√ 30 6≈0.912871 1 23 212√ 105 12≈0.853913 1011−√ 2 2≈−0.707107 1012√ 6 6≈0.408248 11 21 23 2√ 3 3≈0.577350 11 211 −3 4≈−0.750000 11 212√ 5 4≈0.559017 111 23 2√ 10 4≈0.790569 1111−√ 2 2≈−0.707107 1112√ 2 2≈0.707107 13 21 23 21≈1.000000 13 212√ 105 12≈0.853913 1212 1≈1.000000 A-103 NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION Table of the normal distribution For a standard normal random variable ( Φ(z)is the area under the Standard Normal Curve from −∞ toz). LimitsProportion of the total areaRemaining area µ−λσµ+λσ (%) (%) µ−σµ+σ 68.27 31.73 µ−1.65σµ+1.65σ 90 10 µ−1.96σµ+1.96σ 95 5 µ−2σµ+2σ 95.45 4.55 µ−2.58σµ+2.58σ 99.0 0.99 µ−3σµ+3σ 99.73 0.27 µ−3.09σµ+3.09σ 99.8 0.2 µ−3.29σµ+3.29σ 99.9 0.1 x 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 Φ(x) 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.999 2[1−Φ(x)] 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 x 3.09 3.72 4.26 4.75 5.20 5.61 6.00 6.36 1−Φ(x)10−310−410−510−610−710−810−910−10 Areas under the Standard Normal Curve from 0 to z z 0123456789 0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .03590.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .07540.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .11410.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .15170.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .18790.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .22240.6 .2258 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2518 .25490.7 .2580 .2612 .2652 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .28520.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2996 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .31330.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .33891.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .36211.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .38301.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .40151.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .41771.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .43191.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .44411.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .45451.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .46331.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .47061.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .47672.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .48172.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .48572.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .48902.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .49162.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .49362.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .49522.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .49642.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .49742.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .49812.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .49863.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .49903.1 4990 .4991 .4991 .4991 .4992 .4992 .4992 .4992 .4993 .49933.2 4993 .4993 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4995 .4995 .4995 3.3 4995 .4995 .4995 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .49973.4 4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .49983.5 4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .49983.6 4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .49993.7 4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .49993.8 4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .49993.9 5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 A-104 TeamLRNCommon sample size calculations Parameter Estimate Sample size µ ¯x n=/parenleftBigzα/2·σ E/parenrightBig2 p ˆp n=(zα/2)2·pq E2 µ2−µ2¯x1−¯x2n1=n2=(zα/2)2(σ2 1+σ2 2) E2 p1−p2 ˆp1−ˆp2n1=n2=(zα/2)2(p1q1+p2q2) E2 Common one sample con fidence intervals Parameter Assumptions 100(1 −α)% Con fidence interval µ nlarge,σ2known, or normality, σ2known ¯x±zα/2·σ√n µ normality, σ2unknown ¯x±tα/2,n−1·s√n σ2normality/parenleftBigg (n−1)s2 χ2 α/2,n−1,(n−1)s2 χ2 1−α/2,n−1/parenrightBigg p binomial experiment, nlarge ˆp±zα/2·/radicalbigg ˆp(1−ˆp) n Common two sample con fidence intervals Parameter Assumptions 100(1 −α)% Con fidence interval µ1−µ2normality, independence, σ2 1,σ2 2known orn1,n2large, independence, σ2 1,σ2 2 known(¯x1−¯x2)±zα/2·/radicalbigg σ2 1 n1+σ2 2 n2 µ1−µ2normality, independence, σ2 1=σ2 2 unknown(¯x1−¯x2)± tα 2,n1+n2−2·sp/radicalbigg 1 n1+1 n2 s2 p=(n1−1)s2 1+(n2−1)s2 2 n1+n2−2 µ1−µ2normality, independence, σ2 1/negationslash=σ2 2 unknown(¯x1−¯x2)±tα/2,ν·/radicalbigg s2 1 n1+s2 2 n2 ν≈/parenleftBig s2 1 n1+s22 n2/parenrightBig2 (s2 1/n1)2 n1−1+(s2 2/n2)2 n2−1 µ1−µ2 normality, npairs, dependence¯d±tα/2,n−1·sd√n p1−p2binomial experiments, n1,n2large, independence(ˆp1−ˆp2)± zα/2·/radicalbigg ˆp1(1−ˆp1) n1+ˆp2(1−ˆp2) n2 A-105 PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT ’St-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of tsuch that F(t)=/integraldisplayt −∞Γ/parenleftbign+1 2/parenrightbig √nπΓ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbig/parenleftbigg 1+x2 n/parenrightbigg −n+1 2dx forn, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1 ,2,...,30,40,60,120,∞;and forF(t)= 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so that F(−t)=1 −F(t) n/F .60 .75 .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .9995 1 .325 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 636.6192 .289 .816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.5983 .277 .765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12.9244 .271 .741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.6105 .267 .727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.8696 .265 .718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.9597 .263 .711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.4088 .262 .706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.0419 .261 .703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781 10 .260 .700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.58711 .260 .697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.43712 .259 .695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.31813 .259 .694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.22114 .258 .692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.14015 .258 .691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.07316 .258 .690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.01517 .257 .689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.96518 .257 .688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.92219 .257 .688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.88320 .257 .687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.85021 .257 .686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.81922 .256 .686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.79223 .256 .685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.76724 .256 .685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.74525 .256 .684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.72526 .256 .684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.70727 .256 .684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.69028 .256 .683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.67429 .256 .683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.65930 .256 .683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.64640 .255 .681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.55160 .254 .679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460 120 .254 .677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373 ∞ .253 .674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291 *This table is abridged from the “Statistical Tables ”of R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is here published with the kind permission ofthe authors and their publishers. χ2 F(χ)2=/integraldisplayχ2 01 x! A-106 TeamLRN2dx n,o 1,2,..., 30,40,60,120,∞;F(t) t-F(− t)=1 −F(t) n/F ∞ PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of χ2such that F(χ)2=/integraldisplayχ2 01 2n/2Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigx(n−2)/2e−x/2dx forn, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1,2,..., 30.F o rn>30, a normal approximation is quite accurate. The expression√ 2x2−√2n−1is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χ2 α, theα-point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula χ2 α=1 2[xα+√ 2n−1]2, wherexαis theα-point of the cumulative normal distribution. For even values of n,F(χ2)can be written as 1−F(χ2)=x/prime−1/summationdisplay x=0e−λλx x! A-106withλ=1 2χ2andx/prime=1 2n. Thus the cumulative Chi-Square distribution is related to the cumulative Poisson distribution. Another approximate formula for large n χ2 α=n/parenleftBigg 1−2 9n+zα/radicalbigg 2 9n/parenrightBigg3 n= degrees of freedom zα= the normal deviate (the value of xfor which F(x)= the desired percentile). x 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 F(x) .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .999 χ2 .99= 60[1 −0.00370 + 2 .326(0.06086)]3=8 8.4is the 99th percentile for 60 degrees of freedom. F(χ2)=/integraldisplayχ2 01 2n/2Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigxn−2/2e−x/2dx n/backslashbig F .005 .010 .025 .050 .100 .250 .500 .750 .900 .950 .975 .990 .995 1 .0000393 .000157 .000982 .00393 .0158 .102 .455 1.32 2.71 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88 2 .0100 .0201 .0506 .103 .211 .575 1.39 2.77 4.61 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.6 3 .0717 .115 .216 .352 .584 1.21 2.37 4.11 6.25 7.81 9.35 11.3 12.8 4 .207 .297 .484 .711 1.06 1.92 3.36 5.39 7.78 9.49 11.1 13.3 14.9 5 .412 .554 .831 1.15 1.61 2.67 4.35 6.63 9.24 11.1 12.8 15.1 16.7 6 .676 .872 1.24 1.64 2.20 3.45 5.35 7.84 10.6 12.6 14.4 16.8 18.5 7 .989 1.24 1.69 2.17 2.83 4.25 6.35 9.04 12.0 14.1 16.0 18.5 20.3 8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 3.49 5.07 7.34 10.2 13.4 15.5 17.5 20.1 22.0 9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 4.17 5.90 8.34 11.4 14.7 16.9 19.0 21.7 23.6 10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 4.87 6.74 9.34 12.5 16.0 18.3 20.5 23.2 25.2 11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 5.58 7.58 10.3 13.7 17.3 19.7 21.9 24.7 26.8 12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 6.30 8.44 11.3 14.8 18.5 21.0 23.3 26.2 28.3 13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 7.04 9.30 12.3 16.0 19.8 22.4 24.7 27.7 29.8 14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 7.79 10.2 13.3 17.1 21.1 23.7 26.1 29.1 31.3 15 4.60 5.23 6.26 7.26 8.55 11.0 14.3 18.2 22.3 25.0 27.5 30.6 32.8 16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 9.31 11.9 15.3 19.4 23.5 26.3 28.8 32.0 34.3 17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 10.1 12.8 16.3 20.5 24.8 27.6 30.2 33.4 35.7 18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 10.9 13.7 17.3 21.6 26.0 28.9 31.5 34.8 37.2 19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.1 11.7 14.6 18.3 22.7 27.2 30.1 32.9 36.2 38.6 20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.9 12.4 15.5 19.3 23.8 28.4 31.4 34.2 37.6 40.0 21 8.03 8.90 10.3 11.6 13.2 16.3 20.3 24.9 29.6 32.7 35.5 38.9 41.4 22 8.64 9.54 11.0 12.3 14.0 17.2 21.3 26.0 30.8 33.9 36.8 40.3 42.8 23 9.26 10.2 11.7 13.1 14.8 18.1 22.3 27.1 32.0 35.2 38.1 41.6 44.2 24 9.89 10.9 12.4 13.8 15.7 19.0 23.3 28.2 33.2 36.4 39.4 43.0 45.6 25 10.5 11.5 13.1 14.6 16.5 19.9 24.3 29.3 34.4 37.7 40.6 44.3 46.9 26 11.2 12.2 13.8 15.4 17.3 20.8 25.3 30.4 35.6 38.9 41.9 45.6 48.3 27 11.8 12.9 14.6 16.2 18.1 21.7 26.3 31.5 36.7 40.1 43.2 47.0 49.6 28 12.5 12.6 15.3 16.9 18.9 22.7 27.3 32.6 37.9 41.3 44.5 48.3 51.0 29 13.1 14.3 16.0 17.7 19.8 23.6 28.3 33.7 39.1 42.6 45.7 49.6 52.3 30 13.8 15.0 16.8 18.5 20.6 24.5 29.3 34.8 40.3 43.8 47.0 50.9 53.7 A-107 PERCENTAGE POINTS, F-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of Fsuch that F(F)=/integraldisplayF 0Γ/parenleftbigm+n 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbigm 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigmm/2nn/2xm−2/2(n+mx)−(m+n)/2dx for selected values of m, the number of degrees of freedom of the numerator of F; and for selected values of n, the number of degrees freedom of the denominator of F. The table also provides values corresponding to F(F)=.10,.05,.025,.01,.005,.001 since F1−α formandndegrees of freedom is the reciprocal of Fαfornand mdegrees of freedom. Thus F.05(4,7) =1 F.95(7,4)=1 6.09=.164 A-107 TeamLRNF(F)=/integraldisplayF 0Γ/parenleftbigm+n 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbigm 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigmm/2nn/2x(m/2)−1(n+mx)−(m+n)/2dx=.90 n/backslashbig m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞ 1 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.00 62.26 62.53 62.79 63.06 63.33 2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.48 9.49 3 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.14 5.13 4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.79 3.78 3.76 5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.14 3.12 3.10 6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.72 7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47 8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.29 9 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.18 2.16 10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.08 2.06 11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.97 12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.90 13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.85 14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.80 15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.76 16 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 17 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 18 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.98 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66 19 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.63 20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.64 1.61 21 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59 22 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57 23 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59 1.55 24 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.53 25 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52 26 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.61 1.58 1.54 1.50 27 2.90 2.51 2.30 2.17 2.07 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.87 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57 1.53 1.49 28 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52 1.48 29 2.89 2.50 2.28 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.58 1.55 1.51 1.47 30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.50 1.46 40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.47 1.42 1.38 60 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.29 120 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.26 1.19 ∞ 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.55 1.49 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.00 F=s2 1 s2 2=S1 m/S2 n,wheres2 1=S1/mands2 2=S2/nare independent mean squares estimating a common varianceσ2and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively. F(F)=/integraldisplayF 0Γ/parenleftbigm+n 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbigm 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigmm/2nn/2x(m/2)−1(n+mx)−(m+n)/2dx=.95 n/backslashbig m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞ 1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1 251.1 252.2 253.3 254.3 2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50 3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53 4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63 5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36 6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67 7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23 8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93 9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71 10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54 11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.40 12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.30 13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21 14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.13 15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07 16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01 17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96 18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88 20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84 21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.81 22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.78 23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.76 24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.73 25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.69 27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73 1.67 28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.65 29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.64 30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.62 40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.51 60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47 139 120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02. 1.96 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.35 1.25 ∞ 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.32 1.22 1.00 F=s2 1 s2 2=S1 m/S2 n, wheres2 1=S1/mands2 2=S2/nare independent mean squares estimating a common varianceσ2and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively. A-108 F(F)=/integraldisplayF 0Γ/parenleftbigm+n 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbigm 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigmm/2nn/2x(m/2)−1(n+mx)−(m+n)/2dx=.975 n/backslashbig m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞ 1 647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3 968.6 976.7 984.9 993.1 997.2 1001 1006 1010 1014 1018 2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.47 39.48 39.49 39.50 3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 14.04 13.99 13.95 13.90 4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.51 8.46 8.41 8.36 8.31 8.26 5 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.28 6.23 6.18 6.12 6.07 6.02 6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.12 5.07 5.01 4.96 4.90 4.85 7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.42 4.36 4.31 4.25 4.20 4.14 8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.95 3.89 3.84 3.78 3.73 3.67 9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.39 3.33 10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.20 3.14 3.08 11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.06 3.00 2.94 2.88 12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.02 2.96 2.91 2.85 2.79 2.72 13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.89 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.66 2.60 14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.79 2.73 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.49 15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.40 16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32 17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.25 18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.19 19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.20 2.13 20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.41 2.35 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.09 21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.04 22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.08 2.00 23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.11 2.04 1.97 24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.08 2.01 1.94 25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.05 1.98 1.91 26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.49 2.39 2.28 2.22 2.16 2.09 2.03 1.95 1.88 27 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.03 2.00 1.93 1.85 28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.45 2.34 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.83 29 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.15 2.09 2.03 1.96 1.89 1.81 30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.79 40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.29 2.18 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.64 60 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.88 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.58 1.48 120 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.05 1.94 1.82 1.76 1.69 1.61 1.53 1.43 1.31 ∞ 5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 2.11 2.05 1.94 1.83 1.71 1.64 1.57 1.48 1.39 1.27 1.00 F=s2 1 s2 2=S1 m/S2 n,wheres2 1=S1/mands2 2=S2/nare independent mean squares estimating a common varianceσ2and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively. F(F)=/integraldisplayF 0Γ/parenleftbigm+n 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbigm 2/parenrightbig Γ/parenleftbign 2/parenrightbigmm/2nn/2x(m/2)−1(n+mx)−(m+n)/2dx=.99 n/backslashbig m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞ 1 4052 4999.5 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5982 6022 6056 6106 6157 6209 6235 6261 6287 6313 6339 6366 2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50 3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22 26.13 4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56 13.46 5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11 9.02 6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97 6.88 7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.65 8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.86 9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40 4.31 10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.91 11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.78 3.69 3.60 12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.54 3.45 3.36 13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25 3.17 14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09 3.00 15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.87 16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.84 2.75 17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.65 18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.57 19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.49 20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.42 21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46 2.36 22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40 2.31 23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.35 2.26 24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.40 2.31 2.21 25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27 2.17 26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23 2.13 27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20 2.10 28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.06 29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.14 2.03 30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11 2.01 40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92 1.80 60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73 1.60 120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53 1.38 ∞ 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.47 1.32 1.00 F=s2 1 s2 2=S1 m/S2 n, wheres2 1=S1/mands2 2=S2/nare independent mean squares estimating a common varianceσ2and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively. A-109 TeamLRNAPPENDIX B: SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA B-1SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA In addition to the primary research journals, there are many useful sources of property data of the type contained in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . A selected list of these is presented here, with emphasis on print and electronic sources whose contents have been subject to a reasonable level of quality control. A. Data Journals 1.Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data – Published jointly by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the American Institute of Physics, this quarterly journal contains compilations of evaluated data in chemistry, physics, and materials scien ce. It is available in print and on the Internet. [ojps.aip.org/jpcrd/] 2.Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data – This bimonthly journal of the American Chemical Society publishes articles reporting original experimental measurements carried out under carefully controlled conditions. The main emphasis is on thermochemical and thermop hysical properties. Review articles with evaluated data from the literature are also published. [pubs.acs.org/journals/jceaax/index.htm l] 3.Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics – This journal publishes original research papers that include highly accurate measurements of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties. [http://www.sciencedirect.com] 4.Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables – This is a bimonthly journal containing compilations of data in atomic physics, nuclear physics, and related fields. [www.sciencedirect.com] 5.Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion – This journal presents critically evaluated phase diagrams and related data on alloy systems. It is published by ASM International and is the successor to the previous ASM periodical Bulletin Of Alloy Phase Diagrams . [www.asm-intl.org.] 6.Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences – Although not a true data journal, it contains many papers on the prediction of physical property data from molecular structure. It is published by the American Chemical Society. [pubs.acs.org/journals/jcisd 8/index.html] B. Data Centers This section lists selected organizations that perform a continuing function of compiling and critically evaluating data in spe cific fields of science. 1.National Institute of Standards and Technology – Under its Standard Reference Data program, NIST supports a number of data centers in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Topics covered include thermodynamics, fluid properties, chemical kinetics, mass spe ctroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, fundamental physical constants, ceramics, and crystallography. Address: Office of Standard Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 [www.nist.gov/srd/]. 2.Thermodynamics Research Center – Now located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, TRC maintains an extensive archive of data covering thermodynamic, thermochemical, and transport properties of organic compounds and mixtures. Data are distribute d in both print and electronic form. Address: Mailcode 838.00, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328 [www.trc.nist.gov] . 3.Design Institute for Physical Property Data – Under the auspices of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers [www.aiche.org/dippr/], DIPPR offers evaluated data on industrially-important chemical compounds. The largest project deals with physical, thermodynami c, and transport properties of pure compounds. Address: Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 [dippr.byu.edu] . 4.Dortmund Data Bank – Maintains extensive databases on thermodynamic and transport properties of pure compounds and mixtures of industrial interest. The data are distributed through DECHEMA, FIZ CHEMIE, and other outlets. An abbreviated database system is also available for educational use. Address: DDBST GmbH, Industriestr. 1, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany [www.ddbst.de]. 5.Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre – Maintains the Cambridge Structural Database of over 250,000 organic compounds. The data files and manipulation software are distributed in several ways. Address: 12 Union Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK [www.ccdc.cam.ac. uk]. 6.FIZ Karlsruhe – In addition to many bibliographic databases, FIZ Karlsruhe maintains the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The ICSD contains the atomic coordinates and related dat a on over 50,000 inorganic crystals. Address: Fachinformationszentrum (FIZ) Karlsruhe, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein- Leopoldshafen, Germany [crystal.fiz-karlsruhe.de]. 7.International Centre for Diffraction Data – Maintains and distributes the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), a file of x-ray powder diffraction patterns used for identification of crystalline materials. The ICDD also distributes the NIST Crystal Data file, which contains lattice parameters for over 235,000 inorganic and organic crystalline materials. Address: 12 Campus Blvd., Newton Square, PA 19073-3273 [icdd.com] . 8.Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics – Maintains the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a file of 3-dimensional structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules. Address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Ta ylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087 [www.rcsb.org]. 9.Toth Information Systems – Maintains the Metals Crystallographic Data File (CRYSTMET). Address: 2045 Quincy Ave., Gloucester, ON, Canada K1J 6B2 [www.tothcanada.com]. 10. Atomic Mass Data Center – Collects and evaluates high-precision data on masses of individual isotopes and maintains a comprehensive database. Address: C.S.N.S.M (IN2P3-CNRS), Batiment 108, F-91405 Orsay Campus, France [csnwww.in2p3.fr/amdc/]. 11. Particle Data Group – International center for data of high-energy physics; maintains database of properties of fundamental particles, which is published in both print and electronic form. Address: MS 50-308, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 [pdg.lbl.gov]. 12. National Nuclear Data Center – Maintains databases on nuclear structure and reactions, including neutron cross sections. The NNDC is the U. S. node in an international network of nuclear data centers. Address: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000 [www.nndc.bnl.gov]. TeamLRNB-213. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – Address: PO Box 13757, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3757 [www.iupac.org]. IUPAC supports a number of long-term data projects, including these examples: a. Solubility Data Project – Carries out evaluation of all types of solubility data. The results are published in the Solubility Data Series, whose current outlet is the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. [www.unileoben.ac.at/~eschedor/] b. Kinetic Data for Atmospheric Chemistry – Maintains a comprehensive database on the kinetics of reactions important in the chemistry of the atmosphere. [www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/] c. International Thermodynamic Tables for the Fluid State – Prepares definitive tables of the thermodynamic properties of industrially important fluids. Thirteen volumes have been published by IUPAC. [http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/seriestitles/] C. Major Multi-Volume Handbook Series 1.Chapman & Hall/CRC Chemical Dictionaries – These originally appeared in print form as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds , Dictionary of Natural Products , etc. They are now published in electronic form and are available in CDROM format [www.crcpress.com] and on the Internet [www.chemnetbase.com]. The consolidated version, called the Combined Chemical Dictionary , has data on more than 450,000 compounds spanning all branches of chemistry. The coverage includes physical properties, biological sources, hazard information , uses, and literature references. 2.Properties of Organic Compounds – Originally published in three editions as the Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds , it is now in electronic form as Properties of Organic Compounds . The database includes about 30,000 compounds; physical properties and spectral data (mass, infrared, Raman, ultraviolet, and NMR) are covered. It is offered as CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and web access[www.chemnetbase.com]. 3.Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry – The classic source of data on organic compounds, dating from the 18 th century, Beilstein was converted to electronic form in the last decade of the 20th century. Over 8 million compounds and 5 million chemical reactions are now covered, with a broad range of physical properties as well as synthetic methods and ecological data. The database is accessed by the Cro ssFire software [www.mdli.com]. 4.Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry – A subset of the information in the print series has been converted to electronic form and is now distributed in the same manner as Beilstein . In addition to the standard physical properties, the coverage includes a wide range of optical, magnetic, spectroscopic, thermal, and transport properties for about 1.4 million compounds [www.mdli.c om]. 5.DECHEMA Chemical Data Series – DECHEMA distributes the DETHERM database, which emphasizes data used in process design in the chemical industry, including thermodynamic and transport properties of about 20,000 pure compounds and 90,000 mixtures. Access is available through in-house databases and via the Internet. [www.dechema.de]. 6.Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology - Landolt-Börnstein covers a very broad range of data in physics, chemistry, crystallography, materials science, biophysics, astronomy, and geophysics. Hard-copy volumes in the New Series (started in 1961) are still being published, and the entire New Series is now accessible on the Internet [www.landolt-boernstei n.com]. D. Selected Single-Volume Handbooks The following handbooks offer broad coverage of high-quality data in a single volume. This list is only representative; an exte nsive listing of handbooks in all fields of science may be found in Handbooks and Tables in Science and Technology, Third Edition (Russell H. Powell, ed., Oryx Press, Westport, CT, 1994). 1.American Institute of Physics Handbook – Although an old book, it contains much data that is still useful, especially in acoustics, mechanics, optics, and solid state physics. (Dwight E. Gray, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972) 2.Constants of Inorganic Substances - This book presents physical constants, thermodynamic data, solubility, reactivity, and other information on over 3000 inorganic compounds. Since it draws heavily on Russian literature, it contains a great deal of data that does not make its way into most U. S. handbooks. (R. A. Lidin, L. L. Andreeva, and V. A. Molochko, Begell House, New York, 1995) 3.Handbook of Chemistry and Physics – Now in the 84th Edition, the CRC Handbook covers data from most branches of chemistry and physics. The annual revisions permit regular updating of the information. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and the web [hbcpne tbase.com]. (David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002) 4.Handbook of Inorganic Compounds – This book covers physical constants and solubility for about 3300 inorganic compounds. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress.com]. (Dale L. Perry and Sidney L. Phillips, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995) 5.Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases – This is a valuable source of data on all types of fluids, ranging from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons to molten metals and ionized gases. Detailed tables of physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties are given for temperatures from the cryogenic region to 6000 K. Both Western and Russian literature is covered. (N. B. Vargaftik, Y. K. Vinog radov, and V. S. Yargin, Begell House, New York, 1996) 6.Handbook of Physical Quantities – The range of coverage is somewhat similar to the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , but with a stronger emphasis on physics than on chemistry. Solid state physics, lasers, nuclear physics, geophysics, and astronomy receive considerable attention. (Igor S. Grigoriev and Evgenii Z. Meilikhov, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997) 7.Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants – Kaye & Laby dates from 1911, and the 16th Edition was prepared in 1995 by a committee of experts. The coverage extends to almost every field of physics and chemistry; data on a limited number of represen tative substances or materials are given for each topic. (Longman Group Limited, Harlow, Essex, UK, 1995)SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA (continued) B-38.Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry – Provides broad coverage of chemical data; last updated in 1998. Also available on the web [www.knovel.com]. (John A. Dean, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998) 9.Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties – This IUPAC book emphasizes highly accurate data on substances and materials that can be used as calibration standards. It covers physical, thermal, optical, and electrical pro perties. (K. N. Marsh, ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987) 9.The Merck Index – Now in its 13th Edition (published in 2001), The Merck Index is a widely used source of data on over 10,000 compounds, chosen particularly for their importance in biology, medicine, and ecology. A short monograph on each compound gives informatio n on the synthesis and uses as well as physical and toxicological properties. Also available on CDROM [www.camsoft.com]. (Maryadele J. O ’Neil, ed., Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2001) E. Summary of Useful Web Sites for Physical and Chemical Properties Most of the web sites in the following list provide direct access to factual data on physical and chemical properties. However, the list also includes portals that link to different property databases or describe the procedure for gaining access to electronic sources of propert y data. There are also a few chemical directory sites, which are useful for obtaining formulas, synonyms, and registry numbers for substances of interes t. Web Site Address Comments Acronyms and Symbols www3.interscience.wiley.com/stasa/ Free servcie; useful for indentifying acronyms for chemicals Advanced Chemistry Development www.acdlabs.com Chemical directory, with programs for estimating physical and spectral properties Alloy Center www.asminternational.org/ Physical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of alloys alloycenter/ American Mineralogist Crystal www.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/ Lattice constants of minerals Structure Database amcsd.php Atomic Mass Data Center csnwww.in2p3.fr/amdc/ See B.10 Beilstein www.mdli.com See C.3 Cambridge Structural Database www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk See B.5Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/ Chemical Dictionary ccdweb.exe See C.1 Chemfinder www.chemfinder.com Chemical directory, with links to several property databasesChemical Acronyms Database www.oscar.chem.indiana.edu/cfdocs/ Useful for associating chemical names and acronyms libchem/acronyms/ acronymsearch.html ChemID plus chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ Chemical directory ChemIndustry www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/ Chemical directory CHEMnetBASE www.chemnetbase.com Portal to C&H/CRC Chemical Dictionaries, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Properties of Organic Compounds, etc. ChemWeb Databases www.chemweb.com/databases/ Portal to many databases Coblentz Infrared Spectra www.galactic.com/coblentz/ IR spectra on CDROM CODATA Home Page www.codata.org Thermodynamic key values and fundamental constantsCrystallography Open Database www.crystallography.net Crystal data on 12,000 compounds (COD) DECHEMA (DETHERM) www.dechema.de See C.5 DIPPR Pure Compound Database dippr.byu.edu See B.3 Dortmund Data Bank www.ddbst.de See B.4 Enzyme Nomenclature Database www.expasy.ch/enzyme/ IUBMB nomenclature for enzymesFDM Reference Spectra Databases www.fdmspectra.com/ Infrared, Raman, and mass spectra FIZ Chemie Berlin www.fiz-chemie.de Portal to DETHERM (C.5) and Dortmund Data Bank (B.4) FIZ Karlsruhe - ICSD crystal.fiz-karlsruhe.de See B.6Fundamental Physical Constants physics.nist.gov/constants CODATA fundamental constants Gmelin www.mdli.com See C.4 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics hbcpnetbase.com Web version of CRC HandbookHazardous Substances Data Bank toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/ Physical and toxicological properties of chemicals of health or htmlgen?HSDB environmental importance IUPAC Home Page www.iupac.org See B.13IUPAC Kinetics Data www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/ See B.13.b IUPAC Nomenclature Rules www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/ Useful site for organic and biochemical nomenclature IUPAC Solubility Data Project www.unileoben.ac.at/~eschedor/ See B.13.aKnovel.com www.knovel.com Portal to Lange’s Handbook , Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook , etc.SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA (continued) TeamLRNB-4Landolt-Börnstein www.landolt-boernstein.com See C.6 MatWeb www.matweb.com Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of engineering materials Metals Crystallographic Data File www.tothcanada.com See B.9NASA Chemical Kinetics Data jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov Kinetic and photochemical data for stratospheric modeling National Center for Biotechnology www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Portal to GenBank and other sequence databases Information National Nuclear Data Center www.nndc.bnl.gov See B.12 National Toxicology Program ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov Chemical health and safety data NIST Atomic Spectra Database physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/AtData/ Energy levels, wavelengths, and transition probabilities of atoms main_asd and atomic ions NIST Ceramics Webbook www.ceramics.nist.gov/webbook/ See B.1 webbook.htm NIST Chemistry Webbook webbook.nist.gov Broad range of physical, thermal, and spectral properties NIST Data Gateway srdata.nist.gov/gateway/ Portal to all NIST data systems; see B.1 NIST Physical Reference Data physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ Atomic and molecular spectra, cross sections, x-ray attenuation, and dosimetry data NLM Gateway gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd Portal to all National Library of Medicine databases NMR Shift DB www.nmrshiftdb.org NMR data submitted by usersParticle Data Group pdg.lbl.gov See B.11 Polymers — A Property Database www.polymersdatabase.com/ Properties of commercial polymers Powder Diffraction File icdd.com See B.7Properties of Organic Compounds www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/ See C.2 pocweb.exe Protein Data Bank www.rcsb.org See B.8SpecInfo www.chemicalconcepts.com IR, NMR, and mass spectra Spectra Online spectra.galactic.com/SpectraOnline/ IR, UV, NMR, Raman, and mass spectra (unreviewed) STN Easy stneasy.cas.org Chemical directory (and access to Chemical Abstracts)STN Easy-Europe stneasy.fiz-karlsruhe.de STN Easy-Japan stneasy-japan.cas.org Syracuse Research Corporation esc.syrres.com/interkow/database.htm Properties of environmental interestTable of Isotopes ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm Nuclear energy levels, moments, and other properties Thermodynamics Research Center www.trc.nist.gov See B.2 TOXNET toxnet.nlm.nih.gov Portal to HSDB and other databases on hazardous chemicalsWiley Interscience www3.interscience.wiley.com/ Portal to Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , reference.html Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis , etc.SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA (continued) Web Site Address Comments