Appendix B Rework OBSOLETE

Appendix B Rework PhL 11.16.13 Installed this yesterday and already I have a problem with μ1 versus μ0. I will show fixes in red. Appendix B: Magnetization Surface Currents on a Conductor Overview When a conductor of magnetic permeability μ2 is embedded in a medium of μ1 with μ1 ≠ μ2, a "bound current" appears on the conductor surface. This so-called magnetization current must be accounted for when computing quantities like the B field or vector potential A. Section B.1 shows how this surface current K is related to the H field at the surface. Section B.2 shows how to compute H from the volume current density J. Section B.3 then outlines a general plan for computing surface current K for an arbitrary conductor. The above sections apply in both AC and DC conditions (ω > 0 and ω = 0). The remaining three sections consider the simple case of a round wire where the volume current Jz is uniform in the conductor, a situation that arises at DC and low frequency where there is no skin effect. Section B.4 computes H and the surface current K for a round wire using symmetry. Section B.5 repeats the calculation using the general method outlined in Section B.3. Section B.6 assumes the K computed above, along with uniform Jz, and computes from these the vector potential A. Then B = curl A and H = B/μ and the simple results of Section B.4 are replicated. The conductors considered here are those of a transmission line in the "transmission line limit" in which it is assumed that the wavelength along the line is much longer than the transverse dimensions of the line. In this case, it is reasonable to use 2D wave equations whose solutions then involve use of the 2D Poisson free-space propagator ln(R/2π) as discussed in Appendix I. B.1 Relationship between surface current K and the field H at a conductor boundary First, consider this blow up of a piece of the boundary between a conductor (medium 2) and a dielectric (medium 1). Both media extend uniformly in the z direction, so we are looking at a piece of the cross section of a transmission line at a particular point on the surface of one of the conductors. Fig B.1 We shall assume that the conduction current is positive in the z direction, so J = Jz with Jz > 0. Since the lower medium is the conductor in the drawing, the B and H field at the boundary are in the - direction, that is to say, they point to the left due to the right hand rule relating J and B or H . At the boundary, we know from (1.1.26) that Hx2 = Hx1 (1/μ1)Bx1 = (1/μ2)Bx2 . (B.1.1) Assuming μ2 ≥ μ1 (which would be the case if μ1 = μ0), the right equation implies |Bx2| ≥ |Bx1| so the B field is larger inside the conductor. But in our picture, both Bx2 and Bx1 are negative, so -Bx2 ≥ - Bx1 which then says Bx2 ≤ Bx1 and finally (Bx2 - Bx1) ≤ 0. Also, Hx2 = Hx1 ≤ 0. Now according to (1.1.9g)m we may write (in the ω-domain) curl B = μ0(jωD + Jc + Jm) " B sees all currents" (1.1.9g)m and when Stokes's theorem is applied this says B ds = μ0 ∫ (jωD + Jc + Jm) dA (B.1.2) For the red loop shown in the figure we have LHS = B ds ≈ Bx2L - Bx1L = (Bx2 - Bx1)L ≤ 0 . (B.1.3) RHS = μ0 ∫ (jωD + Jc + Jm) dA ≈ μ0 ∫ Jm dA (B.1.4) where we assume that D and Jc are non-singular at the boundary so make no contribution in the limit that the red loop gets small. If we treat Jm as a surface current in the z direction Jm = Kz δ(y) (B.1.5) we then get RHS = μ0 ∫ Jm dA = μ0 ∫dx ∫dy Kz δ(y) = μ0 Kz L (B.1.6) Then according to (B.1.2) we have μ0 Kz = Bx2 - Bx1 (B.1.7) As noted above, if μ2 ≥ μ1, the right side of (B.1.7) is negative, so Kz ≤ 0. Using B = μH and Hx2 = Hx1, μ0 Kz = μ2Hx2 - μ1Hx1 = (μ2-μ1)Hx1 (B.1.8) where now Hx1 < 0 and Kz ≤ 0. So the surface current is given by Kz = (1/μ0) (μ2-μ1) Hx1 (B.1.9) We now rewrite this result in terms of a different picture: Fig B.2 This shows the cross section of the entire conductor in gray, and Jc is still directed toward the viewer. In this picture a point on the surface is associated with a local coordinate system for which = is normal to the surface and = - is tangent to the surface (so Hθ = -Hx). We are thinking of (r,θ,z) as local cylindrical coordinates at the point shown on the conductor surface, where x = , and the x,y,z directions of the figure match those of the previous figure where as usual x = . Then (B.1.9) says Kz = (1/μ0) (μ1-μ2) Hθ (B.1.10) where Hθ > 0 and Kz ≤ 0 if μ2≥ μ1. Conclusion: At the surface of a conductor, if the conduction current is in the + z direction, the surface current is in the - z direction and has a magnitude given by |Kz| = (1/μ0) |μ1-μ2| |Hθ| where Hθ is the tangential H field at the surface of the conductor (either inside or outside since both are the same). If μ1 = μ2 then there is no surface current since there is no imbalance of magnetization current at the boundary. Example: For a round wire of radius a carrying an axially symmetric current distribution, we know that 2πaHθ = I so Hθ = I/(2πa) at the surface. Then Kz = (1/μ0) (μ1-μ2) I/(2πa) round wire of radius a and μ2, dielectric μ1 (B.1.11) Physical mechanism of the surface current. As a reminder, a surface magnetization current arises at a boundary between media with different μ values just the way surface polarization charge arises at a boundary between media with different ε. In the μ case, here is a suggestive picture : Fig B.3 On the left we look at a round wire end on, while the right shows a top view where the wire has been tilted down. Here μ1= μ0 so there is only vacuum outside the wire. The B field lines up the little magnetic dipoles (or creates them) which we represent schematically as little atoms with orbiting electrons. The atoms in the interior always have cancelling current arrows, but there is an imbalance on the outer surface which is the surface magnetization current. The picture shows why it is that the surface current is directed opposite to the current J which creates it, a sort of magnetic Lenz's Law. The surface current is not seen by H, but it is seen by B. In the case that the outer medium has some μ1 > μ0, both media have surface currents at the boundary, and then when μ1 ≠ μ2 there is a surface current imbalance resulting in a net surface current. If it happens that μ1 < μ2, then the directions shown above are correct, but if μ1 > μ2, the surface current runs in the opposite direction to that shown. B.2 Calculation of H from the current J in a conductor Start with Maxwell's equation (1.1.1), and we are now working inside a conductor so E = 0 and then curl H = jωεE + J = J (B.2.1) where J is the conduction current. Apply curl to both sides and use curl curl = grad div -2 to get grad div H - 2H = curl J . (B.2.2) But in a uniform medium div H = 0 since div B = 0 so 2H = - curl J . (B.2.3) Now let's assume that we have J = Jz(x,y) and assume that the solution H does not depend on z. In that case we have 22D H(x,y) = - curl J J = Jz(x,y) (B.2.4) The particular solution to this PDE is shown in (I.1.8) to be H(x,y) = ∫d2x' [ ln(1/R) ] curl' J(x') R = |x-x'| (B.2.5) or H(x,y) = - ∫d2x' ln(R2) curl' J(x') R = |x-x'| (B.2.6) where ln(1/R) is the Poisson 2D free-space propagator. B.3 General Method for computing the surface current Jm on a wire Here are the steps for a wire of arbitrary cross sectional shape: 1. From the prescribed conduction current J in the wire, compute curl J. As will be shown in the example below, some or all of curl J may lie on the outer surface of the wire. 2. Compute the H field at all points in the wire cross-sectional plane section using (B.2.5) H(x,y) = - ∫d2x' ln(R2) curl' J(x') R = |x-x'| . (B.2.5) 3. Evaluate this H field at xb = (xb,yb) for all points xb on the cross section boundary. 4. Compute the component of H which is tangential to the boundary in the cross sectional plane. Call this component Hθ. 5. The surface current density is then given by (B.1.10), Kz = (1/μ0) (μ1-μ2) Hθ (B.1.10) B.4 Surface current on a round wire with uniform J For a round wire of radius a with uniform Jz (as would be the DC case ω = 0) , geometric symmetry makes the calculation of H very easy. One need only apply Ampere's Law separately for a point r outside the wire, and for another point r inside the wire. For the outside case one finds 2πr Hθ(r) = I => Hθ(r) = I/(2πr) r ≥ a . (B.4.1) And then for the inside case the "current enclosed" is determined by a simple area fraction. 2πr Hθ(r) = I (πr2/πa2) => Hθ(r) = I r/(2πa2) r ≤ a . (B.4.2) At the boundary the two expressions agree and we have Hθ = I/(2πa) . (B.4.3) If this wire has magnetic permeability μ2 and is embedded in an infinite medium of μ1, then the surface magnetization current induced on the wire is given by (B.1.10) as Kz = (1/μ0) (μ1-μ2) Hθ = (1/μ0) (μ1-μ2) I/(2πa) amp/m (B.4.4) Kz = Kz (B.4.5) and this surface current is in the direction opposite J if μ2 > μ1. If μ1 = μ2, the surface current vanishes. This result could be expressed in volume density form as Jm = Kzδ(r-a) amp/m2 . (B.4.6) B.5 Surface current on a round wire using the General Method For a wire of some general cross section, symmetry is not available to allow the simple solution outlined in the previous section. We then have to use the more general method outlined in section 3 above. As a check on the viability of this general method, we shall apply it here to the round wire and attempt to replicate the results found in Section 4 above. The conduction current density in a round wire with uniform Jz is given by Jz(r) = J0θ(a-r) (B.5.1) where θ is the Heaviside step function. Our first step is to compute curl J, and we do this in cylindrical coordinates by just staring at the cylindrical-coordinates curl formula, curl J = [ r-1∂θJz - ∂zJθ] + [∂zJr - ∂rJz] + [ r-1∂r(rJθ) - r-1∂θJr ] (B.5.2) and finding the only non-zero piece which is this (uniform Jz) curl J = [-∂rJz(r)] . (B.5.3) Inserting Jz(r) from above we find ∂r Jz(r) = J0 ∂rθ(a-r) = - J0 δ(r-a) (B.5.4) => curl J(r) = J0 δ(r-a) . (B.5.5) so we have a "ring source of curl J". For use in our integral for H we then have curl' J(r') = ' J0 δ(r'-a) (B.5.6) For a current distribution which tapers off smoothly to 0 at the wire edge one would not have this singular contribution, but for a wire with prescribed uniform current, it is present, and curl J vanishes everywhere but on the boundary. The relevant picture is this: Fig B.4 From (B.2.5) the H field at any point x = (x,y) is then given by H(x,y) = ∫d2x' ln(1/R) ' J0 δ(r'-a) = !Syntax Error, Ir'dr' !Syntax Error, Idθ' (1/2) ln(1/R2) ' δ(r'-a) = !Syntax Error, Idθ' ln(1/R2)|r'=a ' = - !Syntax Error, Idθ' ln(R2)|r'=a ' or H(r,θ) = - !Syntax Error, Idθ' ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(θ'-θ) ] ' . (B.5.7) The figure shows that ' = cosθ' - sinθ' (B.5.8) so then H(r,θ) = - !Syntax Error, Idθ' ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(θ'-θ) ] [cosθ' - sinθ' ] . (B.5.9) Next, let x ≡ θ'-θ. Since the ∫dθ' has full range 2π, one can replace !Syntax Error, Idθ' = !Syntax Error, Idx . Then H(r,θ) = - !Syntax Error, Idx ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(x) ] [cos(x+θ) - sin(x+θ) ] . (B.5.10) Now writing H = Hx + Hy , decompose the above into two equations Hx(r,θ) = + !Syntax Error, Idx ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(x) ] sin(x+θ) Hy(r,θ) = - !Syntax Error, Idx ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(x) ] cos(x+θ) (B.5.11) or Hx(r,θ) = + !Syntax Error, Idx ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(x) ] [ sinxcosθ+cosxsinθ ] Hy(r,θ) = - !Syntax Error, Idx ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(x) ] [cosxcosθ - sinxsinθ ] . (B.5.12) Since !Syntax Error, Idx is over an even range, throw out odd integrand terms, and then fold the negative range into the positive adding a factor of 2 to get Hx(r,θ) = + sinθ !Syntax Error, Idx ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(x) ] cosx ≡ sinθ T Hy(r,θ) = - cosθ !Syntax Error, Idx ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(x) ] cosx = -cosθ T (B.5.13) where T ≡ !Syntax Error, Idx ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(x) ] cosx . (B.5.14) Before evaluating this integral, we see that H = Hx + Hy = - T [ cosθ -sinθ ] = - T = Hθ . (B.5.15) Thus we find that the resulting H is entirely in the direction and Hθ = - T . (B.5.16) We seek now to evaluate this integral T T ≡ !Syntax Error, Idx ln [ r2 + a2 - 2ar cos(x) ] cosx = !Syntax Error, Idx ln [ {a2}{ (r/a)2 + 1 - 2(r/a) cos(x)} ] cosx = !Syntax Error, Idx { ln (a2) + ln[(r/a)2 + 1 - 2(r/a) cos(x)] } cosx = ln (a2)[!Syntax Error, Idx cosx ] + !Syntax Error, Idx ln[(r/a)2 + 1 - 2(r/a) cos(x)] cosx = ln (a2)[0] + !Syntax Error, Idx ln[α2 + 1 - 2α cos(x)] cosx where α ≡ r/a = !Syntax Error, Idx ln[α2 + 1 - 2α cos(x)] cosx . (B.5.17) This integral is the n=1 special case of the following integral from GR7 page 589, Therefore we find T = (B.5.18) so Hθ = - T = . (B.5.19) Now the total current in the wire is I = J0πa2 so (aJ0/2) = (I/2πa) and then Hθ = = . (B.5.20) Thus, we finally arrive at the same results for H as obtained in (B.4.2) and (B.4.1). We then evaluate Hθ on the boundary Hθ = I/2πa and conclude as in (B.1.11) that the surface current is Kz = (1/μ0) (μ1-μ2) I/(2πa). B.6 An Acrobatic Exercise: Compute H from J and Jm via the vector potential A. For the round wire with a uniform Jz we are aware of both the volume current JZ and the surface current Kz. In this exercise, we insert both these currents into our formula for the vector potential A, we do the required integrals, and at the end we compute B = curl A and finally use H = B/μ. Hopefully in the end we shall recover once again the results for Hθ shown above. Here again is the picture of interest: Fig B.5 Start with a 2D magnetostatics equation which is (1.5.4) with β2 = 0, 22DA(x) = -μ1Jm(x) -μ2Jc(x) . (B.6.1) STOP! Where is this from?? I may have a bad μ here. My repaired (1.5.4) now says this (2+ β2)A = - Σi=2N [μiJi] all of region R (1.5.4) so my repaired (B.6.1) must say this 22DA(x) = -μ2Jc(x) . (B.6.1) What that means is that all the surface integral stuff below vanishes away! This 2D approximation is appropriate for a transmission line conductor in the "transmission line limit". The particular solution from (I.1.8) is A = (1/2π) ∫dV' [μ2Jc(x')] ln(1/R) R = |x-x'| = (1/2π) { + ∫dV'[ μ2Jc(x')] ln(1/R) } so Az = (1/2π) { + ∫dV'[ μ2Jcz(x')] ln(1/R) } = -(1/2π) { + ∫dV'[ μ2Jcz(x')] ln(R) } = -(1/4π) { + μ2∫dV'[Jcz(x')] ln(R2) } . (B.6.1) Here ∫dV' represents an integral over the "volume" of the wire slice shown in the figure (which is really a disk). We now insert the uniform prescribed current Jcz Jcz(x') = Jcz = I/(πa2) (B.6.2) with the result that Az = - (1/4π) { μ2 I/(πa2)∫dV' ln(R2) } = - [I/(4π2a2)] {+ μ2∫dV' ln(R2) } . (B.6.4) The volume integral (per unit length in the z direction, so really an area integral as just noted) is, ∫dV' ln(R2) = !Syntax Error, Ir' dr' !Syntax Error, Idθ' ln [r'2 +r2-2rr' cos(θ-θ')] = 2 !Syntax Error, Ir' dr' !Syntax Error, Idθ' ln [r'2 +r2-2rr' cos(θ-θ')] = 2 !Syntax Error, Ir' dr' !Syntax Error, Idx ln [r'2 +r2-2rr' cosx] . (B.6.5) Define the x integral as Q(r',r) ≡ !Syntax Error, Idx ln [r'2 +r2-2rr' cosx] (B.6.6) so then ∫dV' ln(R2) = 2 !Syntax Error, Ir' dr' Q(r',r) . (B.6.7) Repeating the above Q, Q(r',r) ≡ !Syntax Error, Idx ln [r'2 +r2-2rr' cosx] . (B.6.6) This integral may be evaluated using GR7 p 531 4.224, with a = r'2 +r2 and b = -2rr' and a2-b2 = (r'2-r2)2 so that = | r'2-r2 | .The condition a > |b| > 0 is met since (r±r')2 > 0 => r2+r'2 > ±2rr' which says a > ±b so a > |b|. Thus, Q(r',r) = !Syntax Error, Idx ln [r'2 +r2-2rr' cosx)] = π ln [ ] = = 2π . (B.6.9) Thus ∫dV' ln(R2) = 2 !Syntax Error, Ir' dr' Q(r',r) = 4π !Syntax Error, Ir' dr' , (B.6.11) where we still have a dr' integral to carry out for the ∫dV' case. For r > a we know that r > r' since r' integrates over the inside of the wire. Then ∫dV' ln(R2) = 4π!Syntax Error, Ir' dr' ln(r) = 4π ln(r) [ a2/2 ] = 2πa2 ln(r) r > a (B.6.12) On the other hand, for r < a we have to break the integral into two parts : ∫dV' ln(R2) = 4π !Syntax Error, Ir' dr' ln(r) + 4π !Syntax Error, Ir' dr' ln(r') = 4πln(r) (r2/2) + 4π [(1/2)x2(lnx-1/2) ]|ar = 2π r2 ln(r) + 4π [(1/2)a2(lna-1/2) - (1/2)r2(lnr-1/2)] = 2π r2 ln(r) + 2π [a2(lna-1/2) - r2(lnr-1/2)] = 2π r2 ln(r) + 2π a2lna - πa2 - 2π r2lnr + πr2 = 2π a2lna + π(r2-a2) . r < a (B.6.13) The result then is the following, where below it we repeat the earlier surface integral result, ∫dV' ln(R2) = (B.6.14) Now install these integrals into the Az expression (B.6.4) to get Az = - [I/(4π2a2)] { + μ2∫dV' ln(R2) } (B.6.4) = - [I/(4π2a2)] {μ2} (B.6.16) Then write these out for the two separate regions : Az(r>a) = -[I/(4π2a2)] { μ2 2πa2 ln(r) } = -[I/(4π2a2)] { μ2 2πa2 ln(r) } = -[I/(2π)] { μ2 ln(r) } = -[I/(2π)] { μ2ln(r) } (B.6.17) Az(r<a) = -[I/(4π2a2)] { μ2( 2πa2ln(a) + π(r2-a2) ) } = -[I/(4πa2)] { μ22a2ln(a) + μ2(r2-a2) ) } = -[I/(4πa2)] { μ2(r2-a2) ) } = -[I/(2π)] { μ2(r2-a2)/(2a2) ) } (B.6.18) The boundary the two Az do not agree. STOP editing here, it is just a disaster. At the boundary r = 0 both expressions give Az(r=a) = -[I/(2π)] { μ1ln(a) } . (B.6.19) The next step is to compute the magnetic field B = curl A given our function Az(r). We find from the usual cylindrical coordinates curl formula (B.5.2), B = curl A = - ∂rAz(r) . (B.6.20) First, for r > a one finds, -∂rAz(r) = ∂r[I/(2π) { μ1ln(r) }] = (I μ1/2π) (1/r) r > a (B.6.21) and then for r < a, -∂rAz(r) = I/(2π) ∂r { μ1 ln(a) + μ2(r2-a2)/(2a2) ) } = (I μ2/2π) μ2 r/a2 (B.6.22) Thus B = (I μ1/2π) (1/r) for r > a which is in the dielectric medium with μ1 B = (I μ2/2π) (r/a2) for r < a which is in the conductor medium with μ2 . (B.6.23) Using B = μH in each region we then get H = (I /2π) (1/r) for r > a => Hθ = (I/2πr) H = (I /2π) (r/a2) for r < a => Hθ = (Ir/2πa2) (B.6.24) Amazingly, these results agree with the elementary calculation results given in (B.4.1) and (B.4.2). The important point here is that these results only come out right when both the volume and surface currents on the round wire are included in the calculation. The elementary Ampere's Law calculation of Hθ is simple because in the Maxwell equation curl H = J (Ampere's Law), the field H does not "see" the surface magnetization current, so one can forget about it. Maple provides plots of Az from (B.6.17,18), Bθ from (B.6.23) and Hθ from (B.6.24) for this round wire situation. Parameters are set to I = 1, a = 2, μ1 = 2, μ2 = 3. Fig B.6 Az wanders down as ~ -ln(r) for large r, Bθ jumps at r = a while Hθ is continuous there. B.7 Reader Exercise: Repeat the above calculation of A using a 3D analysis This is a guided exercise with waypoints. The starting point is this: 2A(x) = -μ1Jm(x) -μ2Jc(x) // 3D wave equation from (1.5.4) with β= 0 A(x) = (1/4π) ∫dV' [μ1Jm(x') +μ2Jc(x')] (1/R) R = |x-x'| . // according to (H.1.8) (a) Insert Jm and Jc from (B.6.2) and (B.6.3) to get Az(x) = (1/4π) (1/2πa) I { (μ1-μ2) ∫dS' (1/ R) + (2/a) μ2∫dV' (1/ R) } where now we have true surface and volume integrals. Notice that we are using currents which do not vay in z, so here we are making the same "transmission line limit" approximation made in the 2D analysis. (b) Show these integrals may be written: ∫dS' (1/R) = ∫(adθ') !Syntax Error, Idz' (1/R) = a !Syntax Error, I dθ' !Syntax Error, Idz' (1/ ) ∫dV' (1/R) = ∫(r'dθ') ∫dr'!Syntax Error, Idz' (1/R) = !Syntax Error, I r'dr' !Syntax Error, I dθ' !Syntax Error, Idz' (1/ ) where s2 = (x-x')2+ (y-y')2 = R2 of the 2D problem. (c) Install a a large cutoff Λ to get !Syntax Error, Idz' (1/ ) → !Syntax Error, Idz' (1/ ) = -2ln(s/Λ) = - ln(R2/Λ2) . (d) Show then that Az(x) = = - (I/4π2a2) { (μ1-μ2) [ a2 Q(a,r) - πa2 ln(Λ2)] + 2 μ2 [ !Syntax Error, Ir' dr' Q(r',r) - ln(Λ2) π a2] } where Q(r',r) is the integral defined in (B.6.6). (e) Finally, show that the Az(x) obtained here is the same as that obtained in the 2D analysis apart from the appearance here of the following extra terms + (I/4π) ln(Λ2) (μ1+ μ2) . (f) Compare the 2D and 3D methods with an interpretion of these extra terms which of course have no effect on B = curl A. Physically why does the infinite term appear in the 3D analysis and not in the 2D analysis?