Home / Math and Physics Files / Math / math misc

Named-Math

PDF · 68 pages · 202.3 KB

A reference compilation by Dr. John Andraos (Department of Chemistry, York University, 2003-2004), listing named mathematical terms alphabetically, from Abel's identities onward. Each entry gives a year and original literature references such as journal articles, collected works and St. Andrews biography links. It appears to be a third-party document kept in Phil's math miscellany folder, not his own work.

AI-written summary; may contain errors.

Extracted text (machine-read; may contain errors)

Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 1 NAMED THINGS IN MATHEMATICS © Dr. John Andraos, 2003 - 2004 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ Timeline of Named Mathematical Concepts MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT YEAR REFERENCES "robust" term (Box, G.E.P.) 1959 Box, G.E.P.; Watson, G.S. Biometrika 1962, 49, 93 Box, G.E.P.; Tiao, G.C. Biometrika 1962, 49, 419 Abel's identities 1827 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1826, 1, 65 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 2, 101 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 3, 160 Abel, N.H. Oeuvres, 2 vol., (Sylow; Lie, eds.), Christiania, 1881 Abel's inequality 1827 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1826, 1, 65 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 2, 101 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 3, 160 Abel, N.H. Oeuvres, 2 vol., (Sylow; Lie, eds.), Christiania, 1881 Abel's integral equation 1827 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1826, 1, 65 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 2, 101 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 3, 160 Abel, N.H. Oeuvres, 2 vol., (Sylow; Lie, eds.), Christiania, 1881 Abel's test for convergence 1827 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1826, 1, 65 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 2, 101 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 3, 160 2 Abel, N.H. Oeuvres, 2 vol., (Sylow; Lie, eds.), Christiania, 1881 Abel's test for infinite integrals 1827 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1826, 1, 65 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 2, 101 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 3, 160 Abel, N.H. Oeuvres, 2 vol., (Sylow; Lie, eds.), Christiania, 1881 Abel's theorem on multiplication of series1827 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1826, 1, 65 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 2, 101 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 3, 160 Abel, N.H. Oeuvres, 2 vol., (Sylow; Lie, eds.), Christiania, 1881 Abelian group 1827 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1826, 1, 65 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 2, 101 Abel, N.H. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 3, 160 Abel, N.H. Oeuvres, 2 vol., (Sylow; Lie, eds.), Christiania, 1881 Airy equation 1838 Airy, G.B. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1838, 6, 379 Stokes, G.G. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1858, 10, 105 Airy, G.B. An Elementary Treatise on Partial Differential Equations , 1866 Airy integral 1838 Airy, G.B. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1838, 6, 379 Stokes, G.G. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1858, 10, 105 Airy, G.B. An Elementary Treatise on Partial Differential Equations , 1866 Airy's disk 1838 Airy, G.B. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1838, 6, 379 Stokes, G.G. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1858, 10, 105 Airy, G.B. An Elementary Treatise on Partial Differential Equations , 1866 aleph-null symbolism for transfinite numbers (Cantor)1874 Cantor, G. J. reine angew. Math. 1874, 77, 258 Cantor, G. Gesemmalte Abh. 1874, 115 Cantor, G. Gesammelte Abhandlungen , Springer: Berlin, 1932 Alexander horned sphere 1924 Alexander polynomial 1928 Alexander, J.W. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 1928, 30, 275 algebra (al-Khwarizmi) 810 Al-Khwarizmi, Al-jabr w’al muqabala (Calculation by Completion and Balancing) , 810 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html algebraic topology (Poincare) 1895 Poincare, H. J. Ecole Polytechnique 1895, 1[2], 1 Poincare, H. Oeuvres 1895, 6, 193 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 3 analytical geometry (Descartes) 1637 Descartes, R. La Geometrie , 1637 Apollonius' circle -225 Conics Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html application of determinants to solution of systems of linear equations (Leibniz)1693 application of Laplace transforms to integral equations (Bateman)1906 Bateman, H. Messenger of Mathematics 1906, 35, 140 Bateman, H. Proc. London Math. Soc. 1906, 4, 90 Bateman, H. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1906, 20, 233 Archimedes' axiom -250 Archimedis Opera Omnia , 3 vol., (J.L. Heiberg, ed.), Teubner: Leipzig, 1913 – 5 Les Oeuvres completes d’Archimede , transl. P. Ver Ecke, Paris, 1921 Archimedes' principle -250 Archimedis Opera Omnia , 3 vol., (J.L. Heiberg, ed.), Teubner: Leipzig, 1913 – 5 Les Oeuvres completes d’Archimede , transl. P. Ver Ecke, Paris, 1921 Archimedes' spiral -250 Archimedis Opera Omnia , 3 vol., (J.L. Heiberg, ed.), Teubner: Leipzig, 1913 – 5 Les Oeuvres completes d’Archimede , transl. P. Ver Ecke, Paris, 1921 Archimedian screw -250 Archimedis Opera Omnia , 3 vol., (J.L. Heiberg, ed.), Teubner: Leipzig, 1913 – 5 Les Oeuvres completes d’Archimede , transl. P. Ver Ecke, Paris, 1921 arctan infinite series (Leibniz) 1673 Argand diagram 1806 Argand, J.R. Essai sur une maniere de representer les quantites imaginaires dans les constructions geometriques , Paris, 1806 associative law (Hamilton) ? axiom of choice (Levi, Beppo) 1902 Levi, B. R. Ist. Lombardo Sci. Lett. Rendic. 1902, 35, 863 Banach spaces 1923 Banach, S. Fund. Math. 1923, 4, 7 Banach, S. Studia Math. 1929, 1, 211; 223 Banach, S. Theorie des operations lineaires , Warszawa, 1932 Banach-Tarski paradox 1924 Banach, S. ; Tarksi, A. Fund. Math. 1924, 6, 244 barber paradox (Russell) 1918 Russell, B. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy , 1919 Bayes theorem 1763 Bayes, T. Essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances , 1763 Bayes, T. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1763, 53, 370 Barnard, G.A. Biometrika , 1958, 45, 296 Bernoulli distribution 1800 Bernoulli, Jakob Opera, 2 vol., Cramer-Philibert: Geneva, 1744 Bernoulli, Johann Opera Omnia , 4 vol., Lausanne-Geneva, 1742 Bernoulli effect ? Bernoulli, Jakob Opera, 2 vol., Cramer-Philibert: Geneva, 1744 4 Bernoulli, Johann Opera Omnia , 4 vol., Lausanne-Geneva, 1742 Bernoulli law of flow (Bernoulli, Daniel) 1738 Bernoulli, Daniel Hydrodynamica , 1738 Bernoulli numbers (Bernoulli, Jakob) 1713 Bernoulli, Jakob Ars Conjectandi , Basel, 1713 (trans. S. Vastel, Paris, 1801) Bernoulli trials ? Bernoulli, Jakob Opera, 2 vol., Cramer-Philibert: Geneva, 1744 Bernoulli, Johann Opera Omnia , 4 vol., Lausanne-Geneva, 1742 Bernoulli's differential equation ? Bernoulli, Jakob Opera, 2 vol., Cramer-Philibert: Geneva, 1744 Bernoulli, Johann Opera Omnia , 4 vol., Lausanne-Geneva, 1742 Bernoulli's lemniscate 1694 Bernoulli, Jakob Acta Eruditorum 1694, 13, 262 Bernoulli's theorem ? Bernoulli, Jakob Opera, 2 vol., Cramer-Philibert: Geneva, 1744 Bernoulli, Johann Opera Omnia , 4 vol., Lausanne-Geneva, 1742 Bernstein polynomials 1911 Bernstein, S.N. On the Best Approximation of Continuous Functions by Means of Polynomials of Given Degree , Kharkov, 1912 (doctoral dissertation) Bernstein, S.N. Memoires de l’Academie Royale de Belgique, Classe des Sciences Collections, 1912, 4[2], 1 (French translation) Bessel functions 1817 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Bessel inequality ? Bessel integral equation 1817 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Betti numbers 1871 Betti, E. Annali di matematica pura e applicata , 1871, 4[2], 140 Bezout elimination 1779 Bezout, E. Theorie generale des equations algebriques , Paris, 1779 Bieberbach conjecture 1916 Bieberbach, L. Sitzungber. Preussischen Akad. Wiss. Phys-Math. Kl. 1916, 940 Bieberbach polynomials 1914 Bieberbach, L. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 1914, 38, 98 binary arithmetic (Leibniz) 1679 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Binet formulas ? Bohr-Landau theorem 1914 Bohr, H.; Landau, E. Math. Ann. 1913, 74, 3 Bohr, H.; Landau, E.; Littlewood, J.E. Bull. Acad. Belg. 1913, 1144 Bohr, H.; Landau, E. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 1914, 37, 269 Bohr, H. Compt. Rend. 1914, 158, 1986 Landau, E. ; Bohr, H. Compt. Rend. 1914, 158, 106 Bohr, H. Compt. Rend. Soc. Math. Fr. 1914, 52 Bohr, H. Acta Math. 1915, 24, 1 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 5 Bohr, H.; Landau, E. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 1923, 71 Bohr, H. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 1924, 168 Boolean algebra 1854 Boole, G. Mathematical Analysis of Logic , 1847 Boole, G. The Laws of Thought on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities , 1854 Boole, G. Collected Logical Works , 2 vol., (P. Jourdain, ed.), London, 1916 Borel measure 1894 Borel, E. Lecons sur la theorie des fonctions , Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1898 Borromean rings ? Box-Cox transformations 1964 Box, G.E.P. ; Cox, D.R. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B 1964, 26B, 211 Brachistochrone problem (Bernoulli, Johann)1696 Bernoulli, Johann Acta Eruditorum 1696, 15, 270 Bernoulli, Johann Opera Omnia 1696, 1, 161 Bernoulli, Johann Opera Omnia , 4 vol., Lausanne-Geneva, 1742 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Brianchon theorem 1806 Brianchon, C.J. J. Ecole Polytechnique , 1806, Recherches sur la determinations d’une hyperbole equilatere, au moyen de quatres conditions donnees , 1806 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Briggs's logarithms 1617 Briggs, H. Logarithmorum chilias prima , 1617 Briggs, H. Arithmetica logarithmica, sive logarithmorum chiliades triginta , London, 1624 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Buffon needle problem 1777 Buffon, G. Essai d’arithmetique morale. Supplement a “L’Histoire Morale” , 1777 Lanessan, J.L. (ed.) Oeuvres completes de Buffon , 14 vols., Paris, 1884 - 1885 calculus of finite differences (Euler) 1755 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 calculus of tensors (Levi-Civita) 1887 Ricci, G.; Levi-Civita, T. Math. Ann. 1901, 54, 125 calculus of variations applied to theory of elasticity (Germain)1821 Germain, S. Remarques sur la nature, les bornes et l’etendue de la question des surfaces elastique et equation generale de ces surfaces , Paris, 1821, 1826 Germain, S. Memoire sur l’emploi de l’epaisseur dans la theorie des surfaces elastiques , Paris, 1880 Cantor fractals ? Cantor, G. Gesammelte Abhandlungen , Springer: Berlin, 1932 Cantor set theory 1874 Cantor, G. Gesammelte Abhandlungen , Springer: Berlin, 1932 6 Cantor's continuum hypothesis 1874 Cantor, G. Gesammelte Abhandlungen , Springer: Berlin, 1932 Cardano's solution of cubics 1545 Cardano, G. Ars Magna , 1545 cartesian co-ordinate system 1637 Descartes, R. La Geometrie , 1637 Cassinian curve 1680 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html catenoid equation (Bernoulli, Jakob) 1690 Bernoulli, Jakob Acta Eruditorum 1690, 9, 219 Bernoulli, Jakob Acta Eruditorum 1692, 11, 207 Bernoulli, Jakob Opera, 2 vol., Cramer-Philibert: Geneva, 1744 Cauchy frequency distribution 1830 Cauchy, A.L. Memoire sur les integrales definies prises entre des limites imaginaires , Paris, 1825 Cauchy, A.L. Oeuvres, 26 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1882 - 1958 Cauchy generalized mean value theorem1830 Cauchy, A.L. Memoire sur les integrales definies prises entre des limites imaginaires , Paris, 1825 Cauchy, A.L. Oeuvres, 26 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1882 – 1958 Cauchy integral formula 1830 Cauchy, A.L. Memoire sur les integrales definies prises entre des limites imaginaires , Paris, 1825 Cauchy, A.L. Oeuvres, 26 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1882 - 1958 Cauchy integral theorem 1830 Cauchy, A.L. Memoire sur les integrales definies prises entre des limites imaginaires , Paris, 1825 Cauchy, A.L. Oeuvres, 26 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1882 - 1958 Cauchy rule of series 1827 Cauchy, A.L. Memoire sur les integrales definies prises entre des limites imaginaires , Paris, 1825 Cauchy, A.L. Oeuvres, 26 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1882 - 1958 Cauchy tests for convergence 1827 Cauchy, A.L. Memoire sur les integrales definies prises entre des limites imaginaires , Paris, 1825 Cauchy, A.L. Oeuvres, 26 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1882 – 1958 Cauchy theorem of existence of a limit 1827 Cauchy, A.L. Memoire sur les integrales definies prises entre des limites imaginaires , Paris, 1825 Cauchy, A.L. Oeuvres, 26 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1882 - 1958 Cauchy's theorem (group theory) 1845 Cauchy, A.L. Compt. Rend. 1846, 23, 251 Cauchy, A.L. Oeuvres, 26 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1882 - 1958 Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 1830 Cauchy, A.L. Memoire sur les integrales definies prises entre des limites imaginaires , Paris, 1825 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 7 Cauchy, A.L. Oeuvres, 26 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1882 - 1958 Cavalieri's theorem 1635 Cavalieri, B. Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova quadam ratione promota, 1635 Cayley matrix theory 1855 Cayley, A. Collected Mathematical Papers , 13 vol., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1889 – 1898 Cayley, A. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1849, 8, 75 Cayley, A. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 1858, 148, 17 Cayley-Hamilton theorem 1855 Cayley, A. Collected Mathematical Papers , 13 vol., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1889 - 1898 Ceva theorem 1678 Ceva, G. De lineis rectis , 1678 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html chaos theory (Lorenz, Edward) 1961 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Chebyshev (Tchebyschef) approximation1890 Tchebychef, T. Acta Math. 1890, 14, 305 Tchebychef, T. (A.A. Markov, N.Y. Sonin, eds.) Oeuvres, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1899 - 1907 Chebyshev (Tchebyschef) polynomials 1890 Tchebychef, T. Acta Math. 1890, 14, 305 Tchebychef, T. (A.A. Markov, N.Y. Sonin, eds.) Oeuvres, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1899 - 1907 Chebyshev's (Tchebyschef) inequality 1890 Tchebychef, T. Acta Math. 1890, 14, 305 Tchebychef, T. (A.A. Markov, N.Y. Sonin, eds.) Oeuvres, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1899 - 1907 chi-square goodness of fit test (Pearson, Karl)1900 Pearson, K. Phil. Mag. 1900, 50[5], 157 Fisher, R.A. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. 1922, 85, 87; 597 Fisher, R.A. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. 1924, 87, 442 Fisher, R.A. Atti Cong. Int. Math. Bologna 1928, 6, 94 Chinese remainder theorem (Chiu-Shao, Ch'in)1247 Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Clifford algebra 1882 Clifford, W.K. Mathematical Papers , Macmillan: London, 1882 Clifford theorem 1882 Clifford, W.K. Mathematical Papers , Macmillan: London, 1882 co-ordinate term (Leibniz) 1692 Leibniz, G.W. Acta Eruditorum 1691, 10, 277 8 Leibniz, G.W. Mathematische Schriften 1691, 5, 243 commutative law (Servois, Francois) ? compact packing of spheres (Kepler) 1611 concept of maximum likelihood (Fisher) 1921 Fisher, R.A. Metron 1921, 1(4), 1 Fisher, R.A. Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1932, 28, 257 Fisher, R.A. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 1934, 144A, 285 Fisher, R.A. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 1934, 146A, 1 concept of sample space in probability theory (von Mises)1919 Von Mises, R. Math. Zeitschr. 1919, 4, 1 Von Mises, R. Math. Zeitschr. 1919, 5, 52 Von Mises, R. Probability, Statistics, and Truth , 1928 (German); 1939 (English) conchoid of Nicomedes -230 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html conic sections (Apollonius) -225 Conics Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html continued fraction (Cataldi) 1590 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html convergence of ratio of successive Fibonacci numbers to golden number (Simson, R.)1753 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html cos, cot names (Gunter, Edmund) 1620 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Cox significance testing (Cox, David) 1977 Cox, D.R. Scand. J. Statist. 1977, 4, 49 Cramer's rule 1750 Cramer, G. Introduction a l’analyse des lignes courbes algebriques , Geneva, 1750, Chapter 3. cybernetics name (Wiener) 1948 Wiener, N. Cybernetics: or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, 1948 D'Alembert's paradox ? D'Alembert's principle 1743 D’Alembert, J. LeR. Traite de Dynamique , 1743 D’Alembert, J. LeR. Traite de l’equilibre et du mouvement des fluides , 1744 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html D'Alembert's ratio test 1743 D’Alembert, J. Le R. Hist. Acad. Sci. Berlin , 1746, 2, 182 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 9 D'Alembert's test for convergence 1743 D’Alembert, J. Le R. Hist. Acad. Sci. Berlin , 1746, 2, 182 D'Alembertian 1743 D’Alembert, J. Le R. Hist. Acad. Sci. Berlin , 1746, 2, 182 de Moivre's theorem 1707 De Moivre, A. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1722 - 1723 , 32(373), 162 De Moivre, A. The Doctrine of Chances , London, 1718 (1st ed.); 1738 (2nd ed.); 1756 (3rd ed.) de Morgan's laws 1847 De Morgan, A. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1849, 8, 379 De Morgan, A. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1856, 9, 79 De Morgan, A. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1858, 10, 173; 331; 428 decimal fractions (Stevin) 1585 Stevin, S. Les Oeuvres Mathematiques , (A. Girard, ed.) Leyde (Elzevir), 1634 De Thiende Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html decimal notation (Indian mathematicians)594 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Dedekind cuts 1872 Dedekind, R. Stetigkeit und irrationale Zahlen , Brunswick, 1872 Dedekind, R.; Weber, H. J. de Crelle 1882, XCII, 331 Denjoy integral 1912 Denjoy, A. Compt. Rend. 1912, 154, 859; 1075 Denjoy, A. Compt. Rend. 1912, 155, 135 Desargue's theorem 1650 Desargues, G. Oeuvres, Leiber: Paris, 1864 Descartes rule of signs 1637 Descartes, R. La Geometrie , 1637 Descartes' laws 1637 Descartes, R. La Geometrie , 1637 descriptive geometry (Monge) 1763 Monge, G. Geometrie descriptive , Paris, 1798 determinant name (Cauchy) 1812 Cayley, A. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1849, 8, 75 differential geometry ? Diophantine equations 250 Diophanti Alexandrini Opera Omnia , (P. Tannery, ed.), 2 vol., Teubner: Leipzig, 1893 – 1895 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Dirichlet condition 1829 Dirichlet, P.G.L. J. reine angew. Math. 1829, 4, 157 Lejeune-Dirichlet, P.G. Werke, 2 vol., Reimer: Berlin, 1889 - 1897 Dirichlet definition of a function 1837 Dirichlet, P.G.L. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1837, 45 Dirichlet, P.G.L. Werke 1837, 1, 315 Lejeune-Dirichlet, P.G. Werke, 2 vol., Reimer: Berlin, 1889 - 1897 10 Dirichlet problem 1829 Dirichlet, P.G.L. J. reine angew. Math. 1829, 4, 157 Lejeune-Dirichlet, P.G. Werke, 2 vol., Reimer: Berlin, 1889 – 1897 Dirichlet test for convergence 1829 Dirichlet, P.G.L. J. reine angew. Math. 1829, 4, 157 Lejeune-Dirichlet, P.G. Werke, 2 vol., Reimer: Berlin, 1889 - 1897 distributive law (Servois, Francois) ? drawing of regular 17-gon (Gauss) 1796 Gauss, C.F. Disquisitiones Arithmeticae , 1796 Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 – 1927 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html D^n f(x) operator notation for derivatives (Arbogast, Louis)1800 e is transcendental (Hermite) 1873 Hermite, C. Compt. Rend. 1873, 77, 18; 74; 226; 285 Hermite, C. Oeuvres 1873, 3, 150 elliptic geometry (Riemann) 1854 Riemann, G.F.B. Elliptische Funktionen , (H. Stahl, ed.), Leipzig, 1899 Epiminides paradox (liar paradox) ? Eratosthenes prime number sieve -230 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Erlangen program (Klein) 1872 Klein, F. Vergleichende Betrachtungen uber neuere geometrische Forschungen (Erlangen Programm) , Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1872 Klein, F. Gesemmalte Math Abh. 1872, 1, 460 Euclidean geometry -300 Euclid, Elementa , 5 vol., (J.L. Heiberg, ed.), Teubner: Leipzig, 1883 – 1888 Stoicheion (The Elements) Euler definition of a function 1748 Euler, L.. Opera Omnia , ser. 1 1748, 8 Euler, L.. Opera Omnia , ser. 1 1748, 9 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Euler integral ? Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Euler magic square ? Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Euler notation for a function, f(x) 1735 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Euler polyhedron formula (Descartes) 1635 Descartes, R. La Geometrie , 1637 Euler polyhedron formula (Euler) 1752 Euler, L. Elementa doctrinae solidorum, Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Petrop. 1752, 4, 109 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , Vol. 26, p. 72 - 93; 94 - 108 Euler product 1740 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 11 Euler zeta function as infinite series 1740 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Euler's conjecture 1769 Euler, L. Opera Omnia, ser. 1 , 1768, 11 Euler's constant (gamma) 1731 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Euler's equations of motion ? Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Euler's formula (e^ix) 1748 Euler, L. Miscellenea Berolinensia , 1743, 7, 193 Euler, L.. Opera Omnia , ser. 1 1748, 8 Euler, L.. Opera Omnia , ser. 1 1748, 9 Euler's series logarithm formula 1731 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 – 1957 Euler-Maclaurin formula 1738 Euler, L. Comment. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. 1738, 6, 68 Eulerian angles ? Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Existence of transcendental numbers (Liouville)1844 Liouville, J. Journ. De Math. 1851, 16, 133 exponent notation (Descartes) 1637 Descartes, R. La Geometrie , 1637 factor theorem (Bezout, Etienne) 1779 Bezout, E. Theorie generale des equations algebriques , Paris, 1779 factorial symbol (Kramp, Christian) 1808 Faulhaber magic square 1604 Feisthamel magic square ? Fejer summation theorem 1900 Fejer, L. Compt. Rend. 1900, 131, 984 Fermat last theorem proof (n = 3) (Gauss)? Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 – 1927 Fermat last theorem proof (n = 4) (Euler)1753 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Fermat last theorem proof (n = 5) (Legendre)1823 Legendre, A.M. Memoire de l’Acad. Sci. 1823, 6, 1 Fermat last theorem proof (n = 7) (Lame)1840 Lame, G. Liouville J. 1840, 5, 195 Lame, G. Compt. Rend. 1847, 24, 310; 569 Fermat method of maxima and minima 1629 Fermat, P. Oeuvres 1629, 1, 92 Fermat number 1640 Fermat, P. Oeuvres 1640, 2, 209 Fermat point 1635 Fermat, P. Oeuvres, 5 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1891 - 1922 Fermat principle of optics 1635 Fermat, P. Oeuvres, 5 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1891 - 1922 Fermat's last theorem 1647 Fermat, P. Oeuvres, 5 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1891 – 1922 Fermat's spiral 1636 Fermat, P. Oeuvres, 5 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1891 - 1922 12 Ferrari solution of quartic equations 1540 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Fibonacci numbers 1202 Fibonacci, L. Liber Abaci, 1202 Fibonacci sequence 1202 Fibonacci, L. Liber Abaci, 1202 FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction 1889 FitzGerald, G.F. Science 1889, 13, 390 four colour problem (Guthrie, Francis) 1852 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Fourier coefficient 1822 Fourier, J. La Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur , Didot: Paris, 1822 Fourier heat theorem 1822 Fourier, J. La Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur , Didot: Paris, 1822 Fourier series (harmonic analysis) 1822 Fourier, J. La Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur , Didot: Paris, 1822 Fourier transform 1822 Fourier, J. La Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur , Didot: Paris, 1822 fractal name (Mandelbrot) Mandelbrot set1967 Mandelbrot, B. Les objets fractals, forn, hasard et dimension , Nouvelle Bibliotheque Scientifique: Paris, 1975 Mandelbrot, B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1975, 72, 3825 Mandelbrot, B. Compt. Rend. Ser. A-B 1976, 282, A119 Mandelbrot, B. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1976, 565, 121 - 145 Mandelbrot, B. Fractals: form, chance, and dimension , W.H. Freeman, 1977 Mandelbrot, B. Bull. Inst. Math. Appl. 1977, 13, 189 Franklin magic square ? Frobenius reciprocity theorem 1898 Frobenius, G. Gesammelte Abhandlungen , (J.P. Serre, ed.), 3 vol., Springer: Berlin, 1968 Fundamental theorem of algebra (Gauss)1799 Gauss, C.F. Werke 1799, 3, 1 Fundamental theorem of arithmetic ? Fundamental theorem of calculus ? fundamental theorem of mathematical statistics (Cantelli, Francesco)1916 Cantelli, F.P. Giorn. Ist. Ital. Attuari 1933, 4, 421 Glivenko, V. Giorn. Ist. Ital. Attuari 1933, 4, 92 Kolmogorov, A.N. Giorn. Ist. Ital. Attuari 1933, 4, 83 Galois group theory 1830 Galois, E. Ecrits Mem. Math. 1831, 43; 163 game theory (Borel) 1921 Borel, E. Compt. Rend. 1921, 173, 1302 Borel, E. Compt. Rend. 1924, 178, 24 Borel, E. Compt. Rend. 1927, 184, 52 Frechet; von Neumann, J. Econometrica 1953, 21, 95 (English translation) Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 13 Gauss integral formula 1863 Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 - 1927 gauss unit of magnetic field strength 1841 Gauss, C., Commentationes Societatis regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis recentiores , 1841, 8, ? Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 – 1927 Gauss' law 1877 Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 – 1927 Gauss-Jordan elimination ? Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 – 1927 Gauss-Seidel iteration ? Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 – 1927 Gaussian curvature 1828 Gauss, C.F. Disquisitiones generales circa superficies , 1828 Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 – 1927 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Gaussian distribution (de Moivre) 1733 De Moivre, A. Miscellanea Analytica , 1730 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Gaussian function (de Moivre) 1733 De Moivre, A. Miscellanea Analytica , 1730 Gelfond conjecture 1929 Gelfond, A.O. Compt. Rend. 1929, 189, 1224 Gelfond, A.O. Matematischeskii sbornik 1940, 7[49], 7 general method of expanding determinants (Laplace)1772 Laplace, P.S. Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1878 - 1912 geometric addition of forces (Stevin, Simon)1586 Stevin, S. Les Oeuvres Mathematiques , (A. Girard, ed.) Leyde (Elzevir), 1634 Gibbs vector analysis 1881 Gibbs, J.W. Nature 1891, 43, 511 Wilson, E.B. Vector Analysis Founded Upon the Lectures of J. Willard Gibbs , New York, 1901 Goedel incompleteness theorem 1931 Goedel, K. Montasch. Math. Phys. 1931, 38, 173 Goldbach conjectures 1742 Letter to Euler, 1742 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html golden section (ratio) antiquity Gompertz law of mortality 1825 Gompertz, B. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1825, 115A, 513 Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization 1908 Schmidt, E. Rend. Palermo 1908, 25, 53 greater (less) than or equal to symbols (Bouguer)1734 14 greatest common divisor, GCD (Euclidean algorithm)? Euclid, Elementa , 5 vol., (J.L. Heiberg, ed.), Teubner: Leipzig, 1883 – 1888 Stoicheion (The Elements) Greek letter symbol for pi (Jones) 1706 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Green's theorem 1828 Green, G. An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism, 1828 group characters (Frobenius) 1895 Frobenius, G.F. Sitzungsber. Preussischen Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1895, 81 Frobenius, G.F. Monatsber. Preussischen Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1897, 994 Frobenius, G.F. Monatsber. Preussischen Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1899, 482 Frobenius, G.F. Monatsber. Preussischen Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1906, 186 Guldin centroid theorem 1620 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Guldin's first and second rules 1635 Haar measure on groups 1932 Haar, A. Ann. Math. 1933, 34, 147 Hadamard determinant inequality 1893 Hadamard, J. Bull. Sci. Math. 1893, 17(Part 1), 240 Hadamard matrices 1893 Hadamard, J. Bull. Sci. Math. 1893, 17(Part 1), 240 Hadamard proof of prime number theorem1896 Hadamard transforms ? Hajek formulation of rank tests 1967 Hajek, J.; Sidak, Z. Theory of Rank Tests , Academic Press: NY, 1967 Hamilton equations 1835 Hamilton, W.R. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 1835, 1, 95 Hamilton quaternions 1843 Hamilton, W.R. Lectures on Quaternions , Dublin, 1853 Hamilton, W.R. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1843 – 1850 , 5, 865 Hamiltonian operator 1830 Hamilton, W.R., Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. 1828, 15, 69 Hamilton, W.R., Trans. Roy. Irish Acad .. 1830, 16, 1 Hamilton, W.R., Trans. Roy. Irish Acad .. 1831, 16, 93 Hamilton, W.R., Trans. Roy. Irish Acad .. 1837, 17, 1 Hankel functions 1867 Hankel, W.G. Ann. Physik Chem. 1865, 126, 440 Hankel, W.G. Ann. Physik Chem. 1867, 131, 607; 621 Hardy-Weinberg law of inheritance 1908 Hardy, G.H. Science 1908, 28, 49 Hausdorff dimension 1919 Hausdorff, F. Grundzuege der Mengenlehre , Leipzig, 1914 Heaviside function ? Heaviside transform ? Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 15 Heine-Borel theorem 1872 Heine, E. J. de Crelle 1872, 74, 172 Hermite polynomial 1858 Hermite, C. Compt. Rend. 1864, 58, 93 Hermite, C. (E. Picard, ed.) Oeuvres, 4 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1905 - 1917 Hermitian operator ? Hermite, C. (E. Picard, ed.) Oeuvres, 4 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1905 - 1917 Heron's formula 60 Metrica Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Hessian determinant, matrix 1842 Hesse, O. J. reine angew. Math. 1844, 28, 68 Hilbert problems 1900 Hilbert, D. Gottinger Nachrichten 1900, 253 Hilbert, D. Gesammelte Abhandlungen 1900, 3, 290 Hilbert space 1930 Hilbert, D. Grundlagen der Geometrie , 7th ed., Teubner: Leipzig-Berlin, 1930 Hilbert transforms 1930 Hilbert, D. Grundlagen der Geometrie , 7th ed., Teubner: Leipzig-Berlin, 1930 Hoelder inequality 1889 Hoelder, O. Math. Ann. 1889, 34, 26 Hopf homology groups, invariant 1931 Hopf, H. Math. Ann. 1931, 104, 637 Hopf, H. Comm. Math. Helvetici 1933, 5, 39 Hopf knot, Hopf manifolds 1941 Hopf, H. Ann. Math. 1941, 42, 22 Horner's method for solving algebraic equations1819 Horner, W. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 1819, 109A(Pt. 2), 308 hyperbolic functions (Riccati, V.) 1757 Riccati, V. Opusculorum ad res physicas et mathematicas pertinentinum , 2 vols., Bologna, 1757 – 1762 Riccati, V.; Saladini, G. Institutiones analyticae , 2 vols., Bologna, 1765 - 1767 hyperbolic geometry (Lobachevsky) 1826 Lobachevsky, N.I. Kazanski vestnik 1826 Lobachevsky, N.I. Geometrische Untersuchungen zur Theorie der Parallelinien , Berlin, 1840 Lobachevskii, N.I. Zwei geometrische Abhandlungen , Teubner, 1898 Lobachevsky, N.I. Crelle’s J. 1842 Lobachevsky, N.I. Geometriya , 1909 hyperbolic spiral (Varignon, Pierre) 1704 Imaginary numbers (Argand) 1806 Argand, J.R. Essai sur une maniere de representer les quantites imaginaires dans les constructions geometriques , Paris, 1806 impossible triangle (Reutersvard, Oscar)1934 inductive proofs (Maurolico) 1575 Arithmeticorum libri duo 16 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html inequality symbols (Harriot, Thomas) 1631 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html information theory (Shannon) 1948 Shannon, C.E. Bell System Tech. J. 1948, 27, 379; 623 Shannon, C.E.; Weaver, W. The Mathematical Theory of Communication , University of Illinois Press: Urbana, 1949. integral notation (Leibniz) 1675 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Jacobian determinant 1842 Jacobi, C.G.J. J. reine angew. Math. 1842, 22, 285; 319 Jacobi, C.G.J. Gesammelte Werke , 7 vol., G. Reimer: Berlin, 1881 - 1891 Jacobian matrix 1830 Jacobi, C.G.J. Gesammelte Werke , 7 vol., G. Reimer: Berlin, 1881 - 1891 Jaenisch magic square ? Jones knot polynomial 1985 Jones, V. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1985, 12, 103 Jones, V.F.R. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 1986, 33, 219 Jordan curve 1893 Jordan, C. J. Math. Ser. 4 1892, 8, 69 Jordan, C. Cours d’Analyse de l’Ecole Polytechnique , 3rd ed., 3 vol., Gauthier- Villars: Paris, 1909 - 1915 Julia set ? KAM theory (Kolmogorov, Arnold, Moser)1954 Kolmogorov, A.N. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1953, 93, 763; 1954, 98, 527 Arnold, V.I. Russian Math. Surveys 1963, 18(5), 9 Moser, J. Nachr. Akad. Wissen. Göttingen 1962, 1 1 Kepler's first law 1609 Kepler, J. Astronomica Nova , (1609) Kepler’s second law 1621 Kepler, J. Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae , Book V (1621) Kepler's third law 1619 Kepler, J. Harmonice Mundi (1619) Klein bottle 1871 Klein, F. Math. Ann. 1871, 4, 573 Klein, F. Gesammelte Math. Abh. 1871, 1, 254 Klein, F. Math. Ann. 1874, 7, 549 Klein, F. Gesammelte Math. Abh. 1874, 2, 63 Klein, F. Gesemmelte Math. Abh. , 3 vol., Springer: Berlin, 1921 - 1923 Koch curves 1906 Koch, H. von Acta Math. 1906, 30, 145 Koenigsberg bridges problem (Euler) 1736 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 Kronecker delta 1881 Kronecker, L. Monatsber. Koenig. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1881, 535 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 17 Kronecker, L. Werke 1881, 2, 113 Kronecker, L. Werke, 5 vol., Teubner: Leipzig, 1895 - 1930 Krull-Schmidt theorem 1925 Krull, W. Math. Zeitschr. 1925, 23, 161 Kuratowski theorem on planar graphs 1930 Kuratowski, K. Topologie I , 2nd ed. Warszawa-Vroclaw, 1948 L'Hôpital's rule 1690 De L’Hopital, G.F.A. Analyse des infiniment petits , Paris, 1696 Lagrange bracket ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, Vol. 6, Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange differential equation ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 - 1892 Lagrange equations of motion ? Lagrange, J.L. Mecanique analytique , 1788 (A. Blanchard, ed.), 1965 Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, Vol. 1, Sur l’integration d’une equation differentielle , Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892, pp. 21 - 36 Lagrange identity ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange interpolation formula ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange mean value theorem ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange method for reducing quadratic forms1759 Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange multipliers ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange principle of stationary action ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, Vol. 1., Essai d’une nouvelle methode pour determiner les maxima et les minima des formules integrales indefinies , Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892, pp. 333 - 362 Lagrange series 1770 Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange spectrum ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange stability ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange theorem in differential calculus? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 18 Lagrange theorem in group theory ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange theorem on congruences Lagrange theorem of divisibility? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, Vol. 2, Nouvelle methode pour resoudre les problemes indeterimines en nombres entiers , Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange theorem on continued fractions? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, Vol. 2, Sur la solution des problemes indetermines du second degre , Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892 Lagrange theorem on sum of four squares? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, Vol. 3., Demonstration d’un theoreme d’arithmetique , Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 – 1892, pp. 187 - 201 Lagrangian ? Lagrange, J.L .. (J.A. Serret, ed . ) Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 - 1892 Laguerre polynomials 1878 Laguerre, E. Bull. Soc. Math. Fr. 1878, 6, 72 Laguerre, E. Oeuvres, 2 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1898 - 1905 Lame coefficients 1859 Lame, G. Lecons sur les coordonnees curvilinear et leurs diverses applications , Paris, 1859 Lame theorem, Lame equation 1837 Lame, G. J. math. Pures Appl. 1837, 2, 147 Laplace method of asymptotic estimation? Laplace, P.S. Oeuvres, Vol. 7, Essai philosophique sur les probabilite , Gauthier- Villars, Paris, 1886 Laplace theorem on approximating binomial distribution by normal distribution1812 Laplace, P.S. Theorie analytique des probabilites , Paris, 1812 Laplace transform method 1782 Laplace, P.S. Memoire sur la theorie de l’anneau de Saturne, Hist. Acad. Sci. , Paris, 1777 Laplace, P.S. Memoires de l’Acad. Roy. Sciences Paris 1779 – 1782 , 207 - 309 Laplace, P.S. Memoires de l’Acad. Roy. Sciences Paris 1782 – 1785 , 1 - 88 Laplace, P.S. Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1878 – 1912, Vol. 10, p. 1 – 89; 209 - 91 Laplace's equation 1789 Laplace, P.S. Memoires de l’Acad. Roy. Sciences Paris 1787 – 1789 , 249 - 267 Laplace, P.S. Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1878 – 1912, Vol. 11, 275 - 292 Laplacian operator, Laplacian 1789 Laplace, P.S. Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1878 - 1912 law of cosines (Viete) 1646 Vieta, Francisci Opera Mathematica Lugduni Batavorum (Elzevir), 1646 law of large numbers (Poisson) 1837 Poisson, S. Recherches sur la probabilite des jugements en matiere criminelle et Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 19 en matiere civile , Paris, 1837 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html law of quadratic reciprocity (Gauss) 1796 Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 – 1927 law of sines (Ptolemy of Alexandria) 150 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html law of tangents (Fincke, Thomas) 1583 laws of probability (Fermat, Pascal) 1654 Pascal, B. Traite du triangle arithmetique, avec quelquess autres petits traites sur la meme manieres , 1654 Pascal, B. Oeuvres, 14 vol., Hachette: Paris, 1904 – 1914 Fermat, P. Oeuvres, 5 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1891 - 1922 least common denominator (LCD) ? Lebesgue integral 1902 Lebesgue, H. Ann. Math. Ser. 3 1902, 7, 231 Lebesgue, H. Lecons sur l’integration et la recherche des fonctions primitives, Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1904 Legendre polynomial 1784 Legendre, A.M. Recherches sur la figure des planetes , 1784 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Legendre transform 1787 Legendre, A.M. Memoire de l’Acad. Sci. 1787, 309 Leibniz calculus 1684 Leibniz, G.W. Acta Eruditorum 1684, 3, 467 Leibniz, G.W. Mathematische Schriften 1684, 5, 220 Leibniz, G.W. Nova Methodus pro Maximus et Minimus, itemique Tangentibus , 1684 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Leibniz formula 1682 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Leontief matrix 1936 Leontief, W. Rev. Economic Statist. 1936, 18, 105 Leontief, W. Input-Output Economics , Oxford University Press: New York, 1966 Lie algebra 1888 Lie, S. Gesammelte Abhandlungen , 7 vol., Teubner: Leipzig Lie, S.; Engel, F. Theorie der Transformationsgruppen , 3 vol., Teubner: Leipzig, 1888 - 1893 limit notation (L'Huilier, Simone) ? 20 Lindeberg-Levy proof of central limit theorem1925 Levy, P. Calcul des Probabilites , Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1925 Lindeberg, J.W. Math. Zeit. 1922, 15, 221 Liouville theorem 1836 Liouville, J. J. Ecole Polytechnique 1833, 23, 37 Listing knot 1847 Listing, J.B. Vorstuden zur Topologie , Göttingen, 1847 Litchfield-Wilcoxon method for evaluating dose-effect experiments1949 Litchfield, J.T. Jr.; Wilcoxon, F. J. Pharmacology 1949, 96, 99 Litchfield, J.T. Jr.; Wilcoxon, F. J. Pharmacology 1953, 108, 18 Lorenz attractor 1963 Lorenz, E.N. J. Atmos. Sci. 1963, 30, 130 Lorentz transformation 1895 Lorentz, H.A. Versuch einer Theorie der elektrischen und optischen Erscheinungen in bewegten Korpen , E.J. Brill: Leiden, 1895 Lorentzian function 1895 Lorentz, H.A. Versuch einer Theorie der elektrischen und optischen Erscheinungen in bewegten Korpen , E.J. Brill: Leiden, 1895 loxodromic spiral (Nunez, Pedro) 1533 Lucas numbers, sequence ? Lyapunov exponent 1899 Lyapunov, A.M. The General Problem of the Stability of Motion , Ph.D. thesis, St. Petersburg, 1899; Annales de la Faculte des sciences de l’Universitie de Toulouse, 2nd ser. 1907, 9, 203; Annals of Mathematics No. 17 , Princeton, 1947 Maclaurin series 1742 Maclaurin, C. A Treatise of Fluxions Vol. 1 and 2 , Edinburgh, 1742 magic circle (Hui, Yang) 1275 Cheng Chu Tong Bian Ben Mo (Alpha and Omega of variations on multiplication and division) Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html magic cube (Chhi-shou, Pao) ? magic squares (Chinese mathematicians)90 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Mandelbrot set 1967 Mandelbrot, B. Les objets fractals, forn, hasard et dimension , Nouvelle Bibliotheque Scientifique: Paris, 1975 Mandelbrot, B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1975, 72, 3825 Mandelbrot, B. Compt. Rend. Ser. A-B 1976, 282, A119 Mandelbrot, B. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1976, 565, 121 - 145 Mandelbrot, B. Fractals: form, chance, and dimension , W.H. Freeman, 1977 Mandelbrot, B. Bull. Inst. Math. Appl. 1977, 13, 189 mantissa and characteristic of logarithm (Briggs)1624 Briggs,H. Arithmetica logarithmica, sive logarithmorum chiliades triginta , London, 1624 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 21 Markov chains, Markov processes 1906 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html mathematical induction term (de Morgan)1838 De Morgan, A. An Essay on Probabilities and on their Application to Life Contingencies and Insurance Offices , London, 1838 De Morgan, A. First Notions of Logic, Preparatory to the Study of Geometry , London, 1839 Mathieu functions ? matrix name (Sylvester) 1850 Sylvester, J.J. On a New Class of Theorems , 1850 Sylvester, J.J. Collected Mathematical Papers, Vol. 1 – 4 , Cambridge, 1904 – 1911 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism1865 Maxwell, J.C., Phil. Trans . 1865, 155, 459 Maxwell, J.C., Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism , Oxford Clarendon Press: Oxford: 1892 Mellin transforms 1896 Mellin, H. Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae 1896, 21, 1 Mellin, H. Acta Math. 1902, 25, 139 Mellin, H. Acta Math. 1902, 25, 165 Menelaus' theorem 100 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Mercator projection 1569 Mersenne numbers, primes 1644 method of least squares (Legendre) 1810 Legendre, A.M. Memoires de l’Institut National des Sciences et Arts , 1810, Part 2, 149 minimization of areas problem solution (Besicovitch)1925 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Minkowski inequality 1896 Minkowski, H. Geometrie der Zahlen , Teubner: Leipzig, 1896 Mobius function 1831 Mobius, Uber eine besondere Art von Umkehrung der Reihen , 1831 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Mobius inversion formula 1832 Mobius, J. reine angew. Math. 1832, 9, 105 Möbius strip 1858/1863 Mobius, A.F. Ber. Verhandl. Konigl. Sachs. Ges. Wissen. Math.-phys. Klasse , 22 1863, 15, 18 - 57 (reprinted in Klein, F. August Ferdinand Mobius Gesammelte Werke , Vol. 2, S. Hirzel: Leipzig, 1886, pp. 433 - 472) Mobius, A.F. Ber. Verhandl. Konigl. Sachs. Ges. Wissen. Math.-phys. Klasse , 1865, 17, 31 - 68 (reprinted in Klein, F. August Ferdinand Mobius Gesammelte Werke , Vol. 2, S. Hirzel: Leipzig, 1886, pp. 473 - 512) Klein, F. August Ferdinand Mobius Gesammelte Werke , Vol. 2, S. Hirzel: Leipzig, 1886, pp. 519 - 559 Listing, J.B. Vorstuden zur Topologie , Göttingen, 1847 Listing, J.B. Abh. K. Ges. Wiss. Goettingen Math. Cl. 1861 - 1862 , 10, 97 modular arithmetic (Gauss) ? Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 – 1927 Monte Carlo methods (J. von Neumann; Ulam, Stanislav)1930 Ulam, S. Fund. Math. 1930, 15, 140 Von Neumann, J. Math. Zeitschr. 1927, 26, 1 Von Neumann, J. Math. Ann. 1928, 100, 295 Von Neumann, J.; Morgenstern, O. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior , Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 1944 n-dimensional geometry (Grassmann) 1844 Grassmann, H.G. J. reine angew. Math. 1848, 36, 177 Grassmann, H.G. J. reine angew. Math. 1852, 42, 187 Grassmann, H.G. J. reine angew. Math. 1852, 44, 1 Grassmann, H.G. J. reine angew. Math. 1855, 49, 21 Grassmann, H.G. J. reine angew. Math. 1855, 49, 1 Grassmann, H.G. J. reine angew. Math. 1856, 52, 254 Grassmann, H.G. Die lineale Ausdehnundslehre, ein neuer Zweig der Mathematik , 1844 Grassmann, H.G. (F. Engel, ed.) Mathematische und physikalische Werke , 3 vols., Leipzig, 1894 - 1911 Napier (natural) logarithms 1614 Napier, J. Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio , Lyon, 1619 Napier's rules 1614 Napier, J. Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio , Lyon, 1619 Napierian base 1614 Napier, J. Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio , Lyon, 1619 natural numbers (Peono) 1889 Peono, G. Arithmeticas principia, novo methodo exposita , Torino, 1889 Navier-Stokes equations 1827 Navier, L. Mem. Acad. Sci. 1827, 7, 375 Stokes, G.G. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1843, 8, 287 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 23 negative numbers (Chinese mathematicians)-200 Newton calculus 1704 Newton, I. The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton , Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1967 – 1981, Vol. 1, 245 Newton, I. The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton , Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1967 – 1981, Vol. 3, 32 Newton-Raphson Method ? non-parametric tests: signed rank test, rank sum test (Wilcoxon, F.)1945 Wilcoxon, F. Biometrics 1945, 1, 80 Wilcoxon, F. J. Econ. Entom. 1946, 89, 269 Litchfield, J.T. Jr. ; Wilcoxon, F. Anal. Chem. 1955, 27, 299 notation of correlation (Galton) 1888 Galton, F. Hereditary Genius , Macmillan: London, 1869 Galton, F. Proc. Roy. Inst. Gr. Brit. 1877, 8, 282 Galton, F. J. Anthropol. Inst. 1885, 15, 246 Galton, F. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1886, 40, 42 Galton, F. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1888, 45, 135 number zero (Brahmagupta) 628 Brahmagupta Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta , 628 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html p-adic numbers (Hensel) 1897 Hensel, K. Nachr. Göttingen 1897, 297 Parseval theorem 1799 partial derivative notation (Lagrange) 1788 Lagrange, J. Mecanique Analytique , 1788 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Pascal law of pressure 1654 Pascal, B. Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids , 1654 Pascal, B. Traite du triangle arithmetique, avec quelquess autres petits traites sur la meme manieres , 1654 Pascal, B. Oeuvres, 14 vol., Hachette: Paris, 1904 – 1914 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Pascal's binomial theorem (Newton) 1665 Newton, I. The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton , Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1967 – 1981, Vol. 1, 492 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html 24 Pascal's theorem (geometry) 1639 Pascal, B. Oeuvres, 14 vol., Hachette: Paris, 1904 - 1914 Pascal's triangle 1653 Pascal, B. Traite du triangle arithmetique, avec quelquess autres petits traites sur la meme manieres , 1654 Pascal, B. Oeuvres, 14 vol., Hachette: Paris, 1904 - 1914 Pell number sequence 1650 Pell's equation 1650 Penrose tiles ? Penrose tribar 1958 Penrose, L.S.; Penrose, R. Brit. J. Psychology 1958, 49, 31 Peono axioms 1889 Peono, G. Arithmeticas principia, novo methodo exposita , Torino, 1889 Peono curve 1890 Peono, G. Math. Ann. 1890, 37, 182 Petersen graph 1898 Petersen, J.P.C. L'Intermediaire des Mathematiciens 1898, 5, 225 Pfaffian forms 1815 Pfaff, J.F. Abh. Preussischen Akad. Wiss. 1814 – 1815 , 76 Kowalewski, G. (trans.) Ostwald’s Klassiker der exakten Wissen. No. 129 , Leipzig, 1902 Jacob, C. J. reine angew. Math. 1827, 2, 347 pi is transcendental (von Lindemann, Ferdinand)1882 Lindemann, C. Math. Ann. 1882, 20, 213 Picard big theorem 1878 Picard, C.E. Compt. Rend. 1878, 87, 430; 743 Picard little theorem 1880 Picard, C.E. Ann. Scientifiques de l’Ecole Normale Superieure , 1880, 9[2], 145 Plateau problems of minimal surfaces 1873 Plateau, J. Statique experimentale et theorique des liquides soumis aux seules forces moleculaires , 2 vols., Ghent-Paris, 1873 Henry, J. (transl.) Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1863, 207; 1864, 285; 1865, 411; 1866, 255 Platonic solids ? Poincare conjecture 1904 Poincare, H. Palermo Rend. 1904, 18, 45 Poincare, H. Oeuvres 1904, 6, 435 Poincaré theorem 1895 Poincare, H. J. Ecole Polytechnique 1895, 1[2], 1 Poincare, H. Oeuvres 1895, 6, 193 Poisson distribution 1837 Poisson, S. Recherches sur la probabilite des jugements en matiere criminelle et en matiere civile , Paris, 1837 Poisson equation 1837 Poisson, S. Recherches sur la probabilite des jugements en matiere criminelle et en matiere civile , Paris, 1837 Poisson ratio 1837 Poisson, S. Recherches sur la probabilite des jugements en matiere criminelle et Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 25 en matiere civile , Paris, 1837 polar co-ordinates (Bernoulli, Jakob) 1691 Bernoulli, Jakob Acta Eruditorum 1692, 11, 207 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Polya's theorem 1935 Polya, G. Compt. Rend. 1935, 201, 1167 Polya, G. Z. Kristal. 1936, 93A, 415 Polya, G. Acta Math. 1937, 68, 145 predicate logic (Gottlob, Frege) 1879 principle of contradiction (Aristotle) ? Ross, W.D. The Works of Aristotle , Oxford, 1928 principle of duality ? principle of excluded middle (Aristotle) ? Ross, W.D. The Works of Aristotle , Oxford, 1928 principle of identity (Aristotle) ? Ross, W.D. The Works of Aristotle , Oxford, 1928 principle of syllogisms (chain rule of inference) (de Morgan)1858 De Morgan, A. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1849, 8, 379 De Morgan, A. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1856, 9, 79 De Morgan, A. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1858, 10, 173; 331; 428 probability theory (de Morgan) 1838 De Morgan, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1838, 6, 423 probability theory (Kolmogorov) 1933 Kolmogorov, A.N. Giorn. Ist. Ital. Attuari 1933, 4, 83 Kolmogorov, A.N. Uch. Zap. Moskov. Gos. Univ. 1933, 1, 9 Kolmogorov, A.N. Zh. Geofiz. 1933, 78 Kolmogorov, A.N. Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung , Springer : Berlin, 1933, Chapter 2. probability theory (Laplace) 1812 Laplace, P.S. Theorie Analytique des Probabilites , 1812 Laplace, P.S. Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1878 – 1912 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html probit analysis (Bliss, Chester) 1935 Bliss, C.I. Science 1934, 79, 38; 409 Bliss, C.I. Ann. Appl. Biol. 1935, 22, 134; 307 Bliss, C.I. Quart. J. Pharmacy Pharmacol. 1938, 11, 192 Bliss, C.I. J. Am. Pharmaceut. Assoc. 1940, 29, 465 Finney, D.J. Probit Analysis , 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1971 product symbol (Descartes) 1637 Descartes, R. La Geometrie , 1637 projective geometry 1639 Desargues, G. Oeuvres, Leiber: Paris, 1864 26 (Ptolemy/Desargues) proof by induction (de Morgan) 1838 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html proof by reducio ad absurdum (Euclid, Pythagoras)? Euclid, Elementa , 5 vol., (J.L. Heiberg, ed.), Teubner: Leipzig, 1883 – 1888 Stoicheion (The Elements) proof of Bertrand's conjecture (Chebyshev)1850 Tchebyshef, P. On Primary Numbers , 1850 Tchebychef, T. (A.A. Markov, N.Y. Sonin, eds.) Oeuvres, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1899 - 1907 proof of Fermat's conjecture (Gauss) 1801 Gauss, C.F. Werke, 12 vol., Göttingen, 1870 – 1927 proof of general ergodic theorem (Birkhoff)1931 Birkhoff, G.D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1931, 17, 650 Von Neumann, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1932, 18, 70 proof of Jordan theorem (Veblen) 1905 Veblen, O. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 1904, 5, 343 Veblen, O. Analysis situs in Colloquium Publications of the American Mathematical Society, 1922, 5, part 2 proof of minimax theorem (Neumann) 1928 Von Neumann, J. Math. Ann. 1928, 100, 295 Von Neumann, J.; Morgenstern, O. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior , Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 1944 proof that pi is irrational (Lambert) 1768 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html proof that polynomials of degree > 4 cannot be solved by radicals (Abel)1824 Abel, N.H. Oeuvres, 2 vol., (Sylow; Lie, eds.), Christiania, 1881 Ptolemy's theorem 150 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Pythagorean theorem (Babylonians) -1850 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Pythagorean triples ? Ramanujan sums 1917 Ramanujan, S.A. (G.H. Hardy, P.V.S. Aiyar, B.M. Wilson, eds.) Collected Papers of S.A. Ramanujan , Cambridge, 1927 remainder theorem (Bezout, Etienne) 1779 Bezout, E. Theorie generale des equations algebriques , Paris, 1779 Reynolds number 1883 Reynolds, O. Phil. Trans. 1883, 174, 935 Reynolds, O. Phil. Trans. 1886, 177, 157 rhombic dodecahedron (Hauy, Rene Just)1784 Hauy, R. Essai d’une theorie sur la structure des cristaux appliquee a plusieurs genres, de substances cristallines, 1784 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 27 Riccati differential equation 1724 Riccati, J.F. Opera del conte Jacopo Riccati , 4 vols., Lucca, 1761 - 1765 Riemann definite integral 1854 Riemann, G.F.B. Werke, 1854, 272 Riemann geometry 1854 Riemann, G.F.B. Werke, 1854, 272 Riemann hypothesis 1859 Riemann, G.F.B. Werke, 1859, 145 Riemann integrability condition 1854 Riemann, G.F.B. Werke, 1854, 272 Riemann sums 1854 Riemann, G.F.B. Werke, 1854, 272 Riemann surfaces 1851 Riemann, G.F.B. Werke, 1851, 3 Riemann zeta function 1859 Riemann, G.F.B. Werke, 1859, 145 Riesz means (Riesz, Marcel) 1909 Riesz, M. Compt. Rend. 1909, 149, 18; 909 Riesz, M. Acta Szeged Sect. Math. 1923, 1, 104 Riesz-Fischer theorem 1907 Riesz, F. Nachrichten Göttingen 1907, 116 Fischer, E. Compt. Rend. 1907, CXLIV, 1022 Rodrigues formula 1816 Rodrigues, B.O. Corresp. Ecole Polytechnique 1816, 3, 361 Rolle's theorem 1691 Rolle, M. Traite d’algebre, ou principles generaux pour rensoudre les questions de mathematiques , Paris, 1690 rules of differentiation (Leibniz) 1677 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Runge-Kutta method 1901 Runge, C. Math. Ann. 1895, 46, 167 Runge, C. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, Math.-Phys. Klasse , 1905, 252 Kutta, W. Z. Math. Phys. 1901, 46, 435 Russell's paradox 1901 Russell, B. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy , 1919 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Sarrus's rule for 3rd-order determinants ? series expansion of log(1 + x) (Mercator, N.)1651 Mercator, N. Trigonometrica sphaericorum logarithmica, cosmographia, 1651 Mercator, N. Astronomica sphaerica , 1651 Mercator, N. Logarithmotechnia cui nunc accedit vera quadratura hyperbolae , London, 1668 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html series expansion of pi/4 (Gregory, J.) 1671 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Whiteside, D.T. in Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Gillispie, Charles Coulston 28 (ed.), Charles Scribners & Sons: New York, 1980, Vol. 5, pp. 524 - 530 set symbol (Peono) 1889 Peono, G. Arithmeticas principia, novo methodo exposita , Torino, 1889 seven axioms of Zermelo 1908 Zermelo, E. Math. Ann. 1908, 65, 107; 261 Shannon-Jaynes maximum entropy function1957 Shannon, C.E. Bell System Tech. J. 1948, 27, 379; 623 Shannon, C.E.; Weaver, W. The Mathematical Theory of Communication , University of Illinois Press: Urbana, 1949. Jaynes, E.T. Phys. Rev. 1957, 106, 620 Jaynes, E.T. Phys. Rev. 1957, 108, 171 Sierpinski carpet ? Sierpinski sponge ? Sierpinski triangle ? simplex method of optimization (Dantzig, G.)1951 Dantzig, G. Maximization of a linear function of variables subject to linear inequalities , in Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation, Cowles Commission Monograph No. 13, Wiley: NY, 1951, pp. 339 – 347 Dantzig, G. Application of the simplex method to a transportation problem , in Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation, Cowles Commission Monograph No. 13, Wiley: NY, 1951, pp. 359 – 373 Dantzig, G. IBM J. Res. Develop. 1960, 4, 505 Simpson's rule 1750 sin, cos, tan names (Girard) 1626 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Skew distributions (Pearson, K.) 1895 Pearson, K. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 1895, 186A, 343 Pearson, K. Biometrika 1921, 13, 296 Pearson, K. Biometrika 1923, 15, 222; 231 slide rule (Oughtred, William; Gunter, Edmund)1621 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html solid geometry (Archimedes) -250 Archimedis Opera Omnia , 3 vol., (J.L. Heiberg, ed.), Teubner: Leipzig, 1913 – 5 Les Oeuvres completes d’Archimede , transl. P. Ver Ecke, Paris, 1921 stability criteria for sets ode's (Lyapunov)1899 Lyapunov, A.M. The General Problem of the Stability of Motion , Ph.D. thesis, St. Petersburg, 1899; Annales de la Faculte des sciences de l’Universitie de Toulouse, 2nd ser. 1907, 9, 203; Annals of Mathematics No. 17 , Princeton, 1947 standard deviation (Pearson, Karl) 1894 Pearson, K. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 1894, 185, 71 Stieltjes integral ? Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 29 Stirling's formula (de Moivre) 1730 De Moivre, A. Miscellanea Analytica, London, 1730 student t-test (Gosset) 1908 “Student” Biometrika 1908 - 1909 , 6, 1; 302 Fisher, R.A. Biometrika 1914 - 1915 , 10, 507 Sturm-Liouville theory 1837 Liouville, J. Journ. De Math. 1836, 1, 253; 269 Liouville, J. Journ. De Math. 1837, 2, 16; 418 Sturm, C. Journ. De Math. 1836, 1, 106; 373 summation symbol (Euler) ? Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 supply and demand functions (Cournot) 1838 Cournot, A. Recherches sur les principes mathematiques de la theorie des richesses , Paris, 1838 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html surfaces and volumes of solids of revolution (Pappus)340 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Sylow theorems 1872 Sylow, L.. Math. Ann. 1872, 5, 584 Sylvester's theorem 1877 Sylvester, J.J. (H.F. Baker, ed.) Collected Mathematical Papers, Vol. 1 – 4 , Cambridge, 1904 - 1912 symbol dy/dx for derivatives (Lagrange) 1797 Lagrange, J.L .. Oeuvres, 14 vol., Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1867 - 1892 symbol e for natural log base (Euler) 1727 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 – 1957 Euler, L. Mediation upon Experiments made recently on firing of Cannon , 1727 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html symbol for addition and subtraction (Widman)1489 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html symbol for division (Rahn, Johann H.) 1659 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html symbol for equals sign (Recorde) 1557 The Whetstone of Witte Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html symbol for multiplication (Oughtred, William)1631 Oughtred, W. Clavis Mathematicae, 1631 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html symbol for square root (Rudolff) 1525 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html 30 symbol i for imaginary numbers (Euler) 1794 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 – 1957 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html tan, cot, sec, csc names (Fincke, Thomas)1583 Taylor series 1715 Taylor, B. Methodus Incrementorum directa et inversa , London, 1715 Taylor theorem 1715 Taylor, B. Methodus Incrementorum directa et inversa , London, 1715 Thales's theorem -575 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Theorems of Apollonius -225 Conics Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Theorems of Pappus (Guldin's rules) 340 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html theory of algebraic invariants (Sylvester, Cayley)1852 Sylvester, J.J. Collected Mathematical Papers, Vol. 1 – 4 , Cambridge, 1904 - 1911 Cayley, A. J. Rein. Angew. Math. 1846, 30, 1 Sylvester, J.J. Am. J. Math. 1878, 1, 64 theory of fractals (Mandelbrot) 1975 Mandelbrot, B. Les objets fractals, forn, hasard, et dimension , 1975 topological invariants (Brouwer) 1911 Brouwer, L.E.J. Math. Ann. 1911, 70, 161 Brouwer, L.E.J. Math. Ann. 1912, 71, 305 Brouwer, L.E.J. Math. Ann. 1912, 72, 55; 422 Brouwer, L.E.J. J. reine angew. Math. 1913, 142, 146 trapezoidal rule ? trigonometric solution to cubic equation (Viete)1600 trigonometry (Euler, L.) 1748 Euler, L. Opera Omnia , 46 vol., Teubner and O. Fussli: Leipzig, 1911 - 1957 trigonometry (Hipparchus of Nicea & Rhodes)-140 trigonometry name (Pitiscus, Bartholomaeus)1595 Pitiscus, B. Trigonometrica: sive de solutione triangulorum tractatus brevis et perspicuus , Heidelberg, 1595 Tukey-Cooley algorithm 1965 Cooley, J.W. ; Tukey, J.W. Math. Comput. 1965, 19, 297 Turing machine 1936 Turing, A. Proc. London Math. Soc. Ser. 2 1936, 42, 230 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 31 Turing theory 1936 Turing, A. Proc. London Math. Soc. Ser. 2 1936, 42, 230 Vandermonde determinant 1771 Vandermonde, A.T. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. 1771 “Memoire sur la resolution des equations” Venn diagram 1881 Venn, J. Symbolic Logic , London-Cambridge, 1881 Viete infinite formula for pi 1593 Viete, F. Opera 1593, 347 “Variorum de rebus mathematicus responsorum libri octo” Vinogradov's theorem 1937 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Vinogradov, B. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 1950, 1, 159 Volterra's integral equation 1896 Volterra, V. Rend. Accad. Lincei 1896, 5, 177; 289 Volterra, V. Ann. Di Mat. 1897, 25, 139 Volterra, V. (M. Tomassetti; F.S. Zarlatti, eds.) Lecons sur les equations integrale et les equations integro-differentialles , Paris, 1913 Volterra, V. (L. Fantapie, ed.) Theory of Functionals and of Integral and Integro- Differential Equations , London-Glasgow, 1930 Wallis formula 1655 Wallis, J. Arithmetica infinitorum , 1656 Wallis, J. Opera 1655, 1, 355 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Weibull distribution 1939 Weibull, W. Ing. Vetenskaps Akad. Handl. 1939, 151, 1 Weibull, W. J. Appl. Mech. 1951, 18, 293 Weierstrass approximation theorem 1890 Weierstrass, K. Mathematische Werke, 7 vol., Mayer und Mueller: Berlin, 1894 - 1927 Weierstrass inequalities 1890 Weierstrass, K. Mathematische Werke, 7 vol., Mayer und Mueller: Berlin, 1894 - 1927 Weierstrass test for convergence 1890 Weierstrass, K. Mathematische Werke, 7 vol., Mayer und Mueller: Berlin, 1894 - 1927 Wenzelides magic square ? Wiener integrals 1923 Wiener, N. J. Math. Phys. MIT 1923, 2, 131 Wiles theorem 1995 Wiles, A. Ann. Math. 1995, 141[2], 443 witch of Agnesi 1748 Agnesi, M.G. Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della giovent italiana , 1748 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html 32 Wronskian 1850 Hoene-Wronski, J. Introduction a la philosophie des mathematiques Hoene-Wronski, J. Resolution generale des equations de tous les degres , 1812 Dobrzycki, J. in Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.), Charles Scribners & Sons: New York, 1980, Supplement, p. 225 - 6 x, y, z notation for variables (Descartes) 1637 Descartes, R. La Geometrie , 1637 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Zeno's paradox -450 Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html Zorn's lemma 1934 Zorn, M. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 1935, 61, 667 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 33 TIMELINE OF MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS DISCOVERED 024681012 -575 100 1275 1583 1611 1631 1647 1673 1691 1715 1738 1757 1779 1799 1817 1828 1840 1852 1871 1882 1896 1906 1918 1930 1941 1963 YEARNUMBER OF CONCEPTS 34 CUMULATIVE GROWTH OF NUMBER OF MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS DISCOVERED 050100150200250300350400450 -575 100 1275 1583 1611 1631 1647 1673 1691 1715 1738 1757 1779 1799 1817 1828 1840 1852 1871 1882 1896 1906 1918 1930 1941 1963 YEARCUMULATIVE NUMBER Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 35 Demographics of Named Mathematicians Nationality Number of Mathematicians French 51 British 34 German 34 Italian 17 American 12 Russian 11 Polish 11 Greek 9 Swiss 8 Unknown 5 Hungarian 6 Egyptian 5 Scottish 4 Ukranian 3 Irish 3 Norwegian 3 Dutch 3 Czech 3 Chinese 3 Belgian 3 Danish 3 Indian 2 Swedish 2 Arabic 1 Moldavian 1 New Zealander 1 Portuguese 1 36 Finnish 1 Estonian 1 Austrian 1 242 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 37 Mathematicians: Demographics 0102030405060 French British German Italian American Russian Polish Greek Swiss Unknown Hungarian Egyptian Scottish Ukranian Irish Norwegian Dutch Czech Chinese Danish Indian Swedish Belgian Arabic Moldavian New Zealander Portuguese Finnish Estonian Austrian NationalityNumber of Mathematicans 38 Genealogies of Mathematicians NAME YEARS BIRTHPLACE DEGREE LOCATION MENTOR/ADVISOR Abel, Niels Hendrik 05.08.1802 - 06.04.1829Finnoy, Norway 1822CATHEDRAL SCHOOL CHRISTIANIA; BERLINHolmboe, Bernt M. ; Crelle, August L. Agnesi, Maria Gaetana16.05.1718 - 01.01.1799Milan, Italy n/ano degree Rampinelli, Ramiro (monk); Riccati, V. Airy, Sir George Biddell27.07.1801 - 04.01.1892Alnwick, England 1823CAMBRIDGE ? al-Khwarizmi, Ja'far c780 - c850 Baghdad, Iraq no degree no degree ? Alexander, James Waddell II19.09.1888 - 23.09.1971Sea Bright, NJ, USA 1915PRINCETON (PHD) Gronwall,T.H. Alexandrov, Pavel Sergeevitch07.03.1896 - 16.11.1982Bogorodsk, Russia 1913+MOSCOW; GOETTINGEN; BONN; BLARICUMLuzin, N.N.; Noether, E.; Hausdorff, F.; Brouwer, L. Apollonius of Pergia 250 BC - 220 BC ? no degree no degree ? Arbogast, Louis 04.10.1759 - 18.04.1803Mutzig, France 1794ECOLE CENTRALE (prof.)? Archimedes 287 BC - 212 BC Syracuse, Greece no degree no degree ? Argand, Jean Robert 18.07.1768 - 13.08.1822Geneva, Switzerland no degree no degree Legendre, A.M. Aristotles 384 BC - 322 BC Stagirus, Macedonia, Greece?Plato's Academy, Athens? Artin, Emil 03.03.1898 - 20.12.1962Vienna, Austria 1921LEIPZIG Herglotz Banach, Stefan 30.03.1892 - 31.08.1945Cracow, Poland 1920+JAN KAZIMIERZ, LVOVSteinhaus, Hugo Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 39 Bateman, Harry 29.05.1882 - 21.01.1946Manchester, England 1913JOHNS HOPKINS Morley, Frank Bayes, Thomas 1701 - 17.04.1761 London, England no degree no degree de Moivre, Abraham Bernoulli, Daniel 29.01.1700 - 17.03.1782Groningen, Netherlands1721BASEL Bernoulli, Johann I; Bernoulli, Nikolaus II Bernoulli, Jakob 27.12.1654 - 16.08.1705Basel, Switzerland 1676BASEL (Lic. Theol.) Hudde, Johann van Waveren; Hooke, R.; Boyle, R. Bernstein, Sergi N. 05.03.1880 - 26.10.1968Odessa, Ukraine 1904, 1913 SORBONNE; KHARKOVPicard, E. Besicovitch, Abram 24.01.1891 - 02.11.1970Berdyansk, Russia 1912ST. PETERSBURG Markov, A. Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm22.07.1784 - 17.03.1846Minden, Germany 1810GOETTINGEN Gauss, C. Betti, Enrico 21.10.1823 - 11.08.1892Pistoia, Tuscany 1846PISA Ottaviano F. Mossotti Bezout, Etienne 31.03.1730 - 27.09.1783Nemours, France no degree no degree Euler, Leonhard Bieberbach, Ludwig 04.12.1886 - 01.09.1982Goddelan, Germany 1910GOETTINGEN Klein, F.; Koebe, P. Binet, Jacques Phillippe Marie02.02.1786 - 12.05.1856France 1806ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE? Birkhoff, George David21.03.1884 - 12.11.1944Overisel, Michigan, USA1907CHICAGO (PHD) Moore, E.H. Bliss, Chester Ittner 01.02.1899 - 1979 Springfield, Ohio, USA1926COLUMBIA Morgan, Thomas Hunt (Physiology & Medicine Nobel 1933) Bohr, Harald A. 22.04.1887 - 22.01.1951Copenhagen, Denmark1915?COPENHAGEN ? Boole, George 02.11.1815 - 12.08.1864Lincoln, England no degree no degree Newton, I. ; Lagrange, J. Borel, Felix E.J. Emile07.01.1871 - 03.02.1956Saint-Affrique, France 1895ECOLE NORMALE (PHD)Darboux, Jean- Gaston 40 Bouguer, Pierre 16.02.1698 - 15.08.1758Le Croisic, France 1735Academie Roy. Sciences (no degree) Box, George E.P. 18.10.1919 - Gravesend, England 1952UC LONDON ? Brahmagupta 598 - 670 Ujjain (?), India no degree no degree ? Brianchon, Charles Julien19.12.1783 - 29.04.1864Sevres, France 1808ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUEMonge, Gaston Briggs, Henry 02.1561 - 26.01.1630Warley Wood, Halifax, England1581CAMBRIDGE Napier, John Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan27.02.1881 - 02.12.1966Overschie, Netherlands1907AMSTERDAM (PHD) Korteweg, Diedrik J. Buffon, George Louis Leclerc Comte de07.09.1707 - 16.04.1788Montbard, France no degree no degree ? Cantelli, Francesco Paolo20.12.1875 - 21.07.1966Palermo, Italy 1930?PALERMO ? Cantor, Georg Ferdinand L.P.03.03.1845 - 06.01.1918St. Petersburg, Russia1867GOETTINGEN (PHD)Dedekind, J. Cardano, Girolamo 24.09.1501 - 21.09.1576Pavia, Italy 1525PADUA (MD) ? Cartan, Elie Joseph 09.04.1869 - 06.05.1951Dolomieu, France 1890+ECOLE NORMALE Poincare, H. Cassini, Giovanni P. 08.06.1625 - 14.09.1712Perinaldo, Italy no degree no degree Malvasia, Marquis Cornelio Cataldi, Pietro A. 15.04.1548 - 11.02.1626Bologna, Italy no degree no degree ? Cauchy, Augustin- Louis21.08.1789 - 23.05.1857Paris, France 1810ECOLE PONTS & CHAUSSEESLaplace, P. ; Lagrange, J. Cavalieri, Francesco Bonaventura1598 - 03.12.1647 Milan, Italy 1916JESUATI MONASTERY PISACastelli, Benedetto Cayley, Arthur 16.08.1821 - 26.01.1895Richmond-on- Thames, England1885CAMBRIDGE Hopkins, William Ceva, Giovanni 07.12.1647 - 15.06.1734Milan, Italy 1686PISA (prof.) ? Chebyshev, Pafnuty 14.05.1821 - Borovsk, Russia 1847ST. PETERSBURG Dirichlet, G.; Cayley, Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 41 Lvovich 26.11.1894 (PHD); BERLIN; LONDON; PARISA.; Sylvester, J.; Liouville, J. Chhi-shou, Pao ? ? ? ?? Chiu-Shao, Ch'in 1202 - 1261 Sichuan, China no degree no degree ? Clifford, William Kingdon04.05.1845 - 03.03.1879Exeter, England 1867CAMBRIDGE Lobachevsky, N.I. ; Riemann, G. Cooley, James William18.09.1926 - New York City, NY, USA1961COLUMBIA ? Courant, Richard 17.02.1887 - 27.01.1972Lublinitz, Upper Silesia1912+GOETTINGEN (PHD)Hilbert, David Cournot, Antoine 28.08.1801 - 31.03.1877Gray, France 1829SORBONNE Lacroix, S.F.; Hachette, J.; Poisson, S. Cox, Sir David R. 15.07.1924 - Birmingham, England 1949LEEDS ? Cramer, Gabriel 31.07.1704 - 04.01.1752Geneva, Switzerland 1722GENEVA; BASEL Bernoulli's ; Euler, L. D'Alembert, Jean-le- Rond17.11.1717 - 29.10.1783Paris, France 1735COLL. QUATRE NATIONS (BA)? Dantzig, George 08.11.1914 - Portland, Oregon, USA1946UC BERKELEY Neyman, Jerzy de Moivre, Araham 26.05.1667 - 27.11.1754Vitry-le-Francois, France1684+PARIS Ozanam, Jacques de Morgan, Augustus 27.06.1806 - 18.03.1871Madura, India 1827CAMBRIDGE ? Dedekind, Julius Wilhelm Richard05.10.1831 - 12.02.1916Brunswick, Germany 1852GOETTINGEN (PHD)Gauss, Carl Denjoy, Arnaud 05.01.1884 - 21.01.1974Auch, France 1909ECOLE NORMALE Borel, E.; Picard, E. Desargues, Girard 02.03.1591 - 10.1661Lyons, France 1630sLYONS; PARIS Mersennes, Marin Descartes, René 31.03.1596 - 11.02.1650la-Haye-Descartes, Franceno degree no degree ? Diophantus of 250 fl. Alexandria, Egypt no degree no degree ? 42 Alexandria Dirichlet, Gustav Peter13.02.1805 - 05.05.1859Duren, Germany 1825BRESLAU (P.DOZ.) Gauss, Carl Eratosthenes 276 BC - 194 BC Cyrene, Greece no degree no degree ? Euclid 300 BC ? no degree no degree ? Euler, Leonhard 15.04.1707 - 18.09.1783Basel, Switzerland 1724BASEL (MA) Bernoulli, Johann Faulhaber, Johann 05.05.1580 - 1635 Ulm, Germany n/ano degree (weaver) Kepler, J. (collaborator) Feisthamel ? ?no degree no degree ? Fejer, Lipot 09.02.1880 - 15.10.1959Pecs, Hungary 1902BUDAPEST ? Fermat, Pierre de 17.08.1601 - 12.01.1665Beaumont de Lomagne, France1631ORLEANS (civil law) Pascal, B.; Viete, Francois Ferrari, Lodovico 02.02.1522 - 05.10.1565Bologna, Italy no degree no degree Cardano, Girolamo Fibonacci, Leonardo Pisano1170 - 1250 Pisa, Italy no degree no degree ? Fincke, Thomas 06.01.1561 - 24.04.1656Fleusburg, Germany 1587?BASEL (MD) ? Fischer, Ernst S. 12.07.1875 - 14.11.1954Vienna, Austria 1894+VIENNA; ZURICH; GOETTINGENMertens, Franz ; Minkowski, H. Fisher, Sir Ronald A. 17.02.1890 - 29.07.1962London, England 1912CAMBRIDGE (astronomy)? FitzGerald, George F. 03.08.1851 - 22.02.1901Dublin, Ireland 1877TRINITY COLL. DUBLINMaxwell, J.C. (influence) Fourier, Jean- Baptiste Joseph21.03.1768 - 16.05.1830Auxerre, France 1790sECOLE NORMALE Laplace, P.; Lagrange, J.; Monge, G. Franklin, Benjamin 17.01.1706 - 17.04.1790Boston, Mass., USA no degree self-educated ? Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob08.11.1848 - 26.07.1925Wismar, Germany 1873GOETTINGEN Abbe, Ernst (Jena) Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 43 Galois, Evariste 25.10.1811 - 1832 Bourg-la-Reine, France1830+ECOLE NORMALE Richard, Louis Paul Emile Galton, Sir Francis 16.02.1822 - 17.01.1911Sparkbrook, England no degree no degree ? Gauss, Carl Friedrich 30.04.1777 - 23.02.1855Brunswick, Germany 1804GOETTINGEN (PHD)? Gelfond, Aleksandr O.24.10.1906 - 07.11.1968St. Petersburg, Russia? ? Germain, Marie- Sophie01.04.1776 - 27.06.1831Paris, France 1794+ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUEGauss, Carl Gibbs, Josiah Willard 11.02.1839 - 28.04.1903New Haven, Connecticut, USA1863YALE; BERLIN Helmholtz, Hermann Girard, Albert 1595 - 08.12.1632 St. Mihiel, France 1617+LEIDEN ? Goedel, Kurt 28.04.1906 - 14.01.1976Bruenn (Brno), Czech Rep.1929VIENNA Hahn, Hans Goldbach, Christian 18.03.1690 - 20.11.1764Koenigsberg, Prussia 1700sKOENIGSBERG Leibniz (Leipzig); Bernoulli, N. I, de Moivre (London); Bernoulli, N. II (Venice) Gompertz, Benjamin 05.03.1779 - 14.07.1865London, England no degree no degree ? Gosset, William S. (known as "Student" in publications)13.06.1876 - 16.10.1937Canterbury, England 1899OXFORD Airy, Sir George B. Gram, Jörgen Pederson27.06.1850 - 29.04.1916Nustrup, Denmark 1871COPENHAGEN ? Grassmann, Hermann Guenther15.04.1809 - 26.09.1877Stettin (Szczecin), Prussia1830BERLIN ? Green, George 14.07.1793- 31.05.1841Sneiton, England 1833+CAMBRIDGE ? Gregory (Gregorie), James?.11.1638 - ?.10.1675Drumoak, Scotland 1661+ABERDEEN ? 44 Guldin, Habakkuk (Paul)12.06.1577 - 03.11.1643Sankt Gallen, Switzerland1609JESUIT COLLEGE, ROMEClavius, Christopher Gunter, Edmond 1581 - 10.12.1626 Hertfordshire, England1603OXFORD Briggs, Henry (friend) Guthrie, Francis 1831 - 1899 ?no degree no degree ? Haar, Alfred 11.10.1885 - 16.03.1933Budapest, Hungary 1909GOETTINGEN Hilbert, David Hachette, Jean- Nicolas P.06.05.1769 - 16.01.1834Mezieres, France 1780sECOLE ROY. GENIE, MEZIERESMonge, G. Hadamard, Jacques- Salomon08.12.1865 - 17.10.1963Versailles, France 1890sPARIS Hermite, C. Hajek, Jaroslav 04.02.1926 – 10.06.1974Podebrady, Bohemia, Czech Republic1954CZECH. ACAD. SCI. ? Hamilton, Sir William Rowan04.08.1805 - 02.09.1865Dublin, Ireland 1824+CAMBRIDGE ? Hankel, Hermann 14.02.1839 - 29.08.1873Halle, Germany 1862BERLIN Weierstrass, K. ; Kronecker, L. Hardy, Godfrey Harold07.02.1877 - 01.12.1947Cranleigh, Surrey, England1901CAMBRIDGE Jordan, C. Hausdorff, Felix 08.11.1868 - 26.01.1942Breslau, Prussia 1891LEIPZIG (PHD) Klein, F. ? Hauy, Rene Just 28.02.1743 - 03.06.1822St. Just, Picardy, France? NAVARRE COLL., PARIS? Heaviside, Oliver 18.05.1850 - 03.02.1925Camden Town, London, Englandno degree no degree ? Heine, Heinrich Eduard16.03.1821 - 21.10.1881Berlin, Germany 1842BERLIN; KOENIGSBERGDirichlet, G. ; Jacobi, C. Hensel, Kurt 29.12.1861 - 01.06.1941Koenigsberg, Prussia 1884BERLIN Kronecker, L. ; Weierstrass, K. Hermite, Charles Ferdinand24.12.1822 - 14.01.1901Dieuze, France 1847ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUEJacobi, C. ; Cauchy, A. Hesse, Ludwig Otto 22.04.1811 - 04.08.1874Koenigsberg, Prussia 1840KOENIGSBERG Jacobi, C. Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 45 Hilbert, David 23.01.1862 - 13.02.1943Wehlau, East Prussia 1884KOENIGSBERG (PHD); LEIPZIG; PARIS; BERLINKlein, F.; Hermite , C.; Jordan, C.; Poincare, H.; Kronecker, L. Hipparchus of Nicaea and Rhodes190 BC - 120 BC Nicaea (Iznik), Turkey no degree no degree ? Hoelder, Otto Ludwig 22.12.1859 - 29.08.1937Stuttgart, Germany 1882TUEBINGEN Kronecker, L. (Berlin) Hopf, Heinz 19.11.1894 - 03.06.1971Graehschen, Poland 1925BERLIN Schmidt, Erhard Horner, William 1786 - 22.09.1837 Bristol, England no degree no degree ? Hui, Yang 1238 - 1298 China no degree no degree ? Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob10.12.1804 - 18.02.1851Potsdam, Germany 1823BERLIN (PHD) Dirichlet, Gustav P. Jaenisch ? ? ? ?? Janiszewski, Zygmunt12.06.1888 - 03.01.1920Warsaw, Poland 1911PARIS Lebesgue, Jones, Vaughan Frederick Randal31.12.1952 - Gisborn, New Zealand1979GENEVA Haelfliger, A. Jones, William 1675 - 03.07.1749 Llanfihangel, Tw'r Beird, Walesno degree no degree ? Jordan, Marie Ennemond Camille05.01.1838 - 22.01.1922Lyons, France 1861ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUEPuiseux, Victor Alexandre Julia, Gaston Maurice 03.02.1893 - 19.03.1978Sidi-bel-Abbes, Algeria1917PARIS Humbert, Georges ; Picard, E. Kepler, Johannes 27.12.1571 - 15.11.1630Weil der Stadt, Germany?TUEBINGEN Maestlin, Michael Klein, Christian Felix 25.04.1849 - 22.06.1925Duesseldorf, Germany1869BONN (PHD) Lipschitz, Rudolf; Pluecker, J.; Clebsch, Alfred Koch, Nils Fabian Helge von25.01.1870 - 11.03.1924Stockholm, Sweden 1892STOCKHOLM Mittag-Leffler, G. Kolmogorov, Andrei 25.04.1903 - Tambov, Russia 1925+MOSCOW Uryson, Pavel S. ; 46 N. 26.10.1987 Luzin, N.N. Kovalevskaya, Sophia V.15.01.1850 - 10.02.1891Moscow, Russia 1874GOETTINGEN (PHD)Weierstrass, Karl Kramp, Christian 08.07.1760 - 13.05.1826Strasbourg, France 1790sMD ? Kronecker, Leopold 07.12.1823 - 1891 Liegnitz (Legnica), Poland1845BERLIN (PHD); BRESLAUDirichlet, G. ; Kummer, E. Krull, Wolfgang 26.08.1899 - 12.04.1971Baden-Baden, Germany1921FREIBURG; GOETTINGENLoewy, Alfred ; Klein, F. Kummer, Ernst Eduard29.01.1810 - 14.05.1893Sorau (Zary), Poland 1831HALLE (PHD) Scherk, H.F. Kuratowski, Kazimiercz02.02.1896 - 18.06.1980Warsaw, Poland 1921WARSAW Janiszewski, Z ; Mazurkiewicz, S. Kutta, Martin Wilhelm 03.11.1867 - 25.12.1944Pitschen (Byczyna), Poland1901MUNICH von Dyck, Walter Franz Anton L'Hôpital, Guillaume François, Marquis de Ste. Mesme1661 - 02.02.1704 Paris, France 1691? Bernoulli, Jakob L'Huilier, Simone 24.04.1750 - 28.03.1840Geneva, Switzerland ?CALVIN ACADEMY Bertrand, Louis; Le Sage, Georges Lacroix, Sylvestre F. 28.04.1765 - 24.05.1843Macon, France ?? Monge, G. Lagrange, Joseph- Louis25.01.1736 - 11.04.1813Cambiano, Italy no degree no degree Euler, L. Laguerre, Edmond Nicolas09.04.1834 - 14.08.1886Bar-le-Duc, France 1850sECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE? Lambert, Johann Heinrich26.08.1728 - 25.09.1777Mulhausen, France no degree Goettingen/The Hague/Paris/ZurichBernoullis/Euler/Kaes tner/Mayer, Tobias/Pieter van Musschenbroek/d'Ale mbert/Gessner Lame, Gabriel 22.07.1795 - 01.05.1870Tours, France 1817; 1820 Ecole Polytech.; Ecole des Mines? Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 47 Landau, Edmund 14.02.1877 - 19.02.1938Berlin, Germany 1899BERLIN Frobenius, F. Laplace, Pierre- Simon23.03.1749 - 05.03.1827Beaumont-en-Auge, France1766+CAEN; PARIS D'Alembert, Jean Lebesgue, Henri Leon28.06.1875 - 26.07.1941Beauvais, France 1890sECOLE NORMALE Jordan, C.; Borel, Emile Lefschetz, Solomon 03.09.1884 - 05.11.1972Moscow, Russia 1911CLARK (PHD) Picard, Emile Legendre, Adrien- Marie18.09.1752 - 10.01.1833Paris, France 1770COLL. QUATRES NATIONSLagrange, Joseph Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von01.07.1646 - 14.11.1716Leipzig, Germany 1666LEIPZIG (law) Weigel, Erhard (Jena) Leontief, Wassily Wassily05.08.1906 - 1999 St. Petersburg, Russia1927ST. PETERSBURG; BERLINSombart, Werner ; Bortkiewicz, L.J. Leshniewski, Stanislaw30.03.1886 - 13.05.1939Serpukhov, Russia 1912LVOV Twardowski, Kazimiercz; Lukasiewicz, Jan (influence) Levi, Beppo 14.05.1875 - 28.08.1961Turin, Italy 1896TURIN Segre, Corrado Levi-Civita, Tullio 29.03.1873 - 29.12.1941Padua, Italy 1894PADUA Veronese, G. ; Ricci- Curbastro, G. Lie, Marie Sophus 17.12.1842 - 18.02.1899Nordfjordeid, Norway 1871CHRISTIANIA (PHD) Pluecker, Julius; Klein, Felix Lindemann, Carl Louis Ferdinand von12.04.1852 - 06.03.1939Hanover, Germany 1873ERLANGEN Klein, F.; Clebsch, R. (Goettingen) Liouville, Joseph 24.03.1809 - 1882 St. Omer, France 1830ECOLE PONTS & CHAUSSEESAmpere, A.; Arago; Cauchy, A. Listing, Johann Benedict25.07.1808 – 24.12.1882Göttingen, Germany 1834GÖTTINGEN Gauss, Carl Lorentz, Hendrik Anton18.07.1853 - 04.02.1928Arnhem, Netherlands 1875LEIDEN Rijke, Pieter Leonard Lorenz, Edward 23.05.1917 - West Hartford, 1948MIT Austin, J.M. 48 Norton Connecticut, USA Lucas, François Édouard Anatole04.04.1842 - 03.11.1891Amiens, France ? ECOLE NORMALE, AMIENS; PARIS OBSERVATORYLe Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph Lyapunov, Aleksandr M.06.06.1857 - 03.11.1918Yaroslavl, Russia 1892ST. PETERSBURG Chebyshef, Pafnuty Maclaurin, Colin 02.1698 - 14.06.1746Kilmodan, Argyll, Scotland1713GLASGOW Simson, Robert Mandelbrot, Benoit B.20.11.1924 - Warsaw, Poland 1952PARIS Levy, Paul (Ecole Polytech., 1944+) Markov, Andrei Andreyevich14.06.1856 - 20.07.1922Ryazan, Russia 1878ST. PETERSBURG Chebyshef, Pafnuty Mathieu, Émile Léonard15.05.1835 - 19.10.1890Metz, France 1859ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE? Maurolico, Franciso 16.09.1494 - 22.07.1575Messina, Italy 1521priest ? Mazurkiewicz, Stefan 25.09.1888 - 19.06.1945Warsaw, Poland 1913LVOV Sierpinski, V. Mellin, Robert Hjalmar19.06.1854 – 05.04.1933Liminska, Finland 1882HELSINKI Mittag-Leffler, G. Menelaus of Alexandria70 - 130 Alexandria, Egypt no degree no degree ? Mercator, Geradus 05.03.1512 - 02.12.1594Rupelmonde, Belgium1532LOUVAIN Frisius, Gemma Mercator, Nicolaus 1620 - 14.01.1687 Rostock, Germany 1641ROSTOCK ? Mersenne, Marin 08.09.1588 - 01.09.1648Oize, France 1611SORBONNE (medicine)Descartes, R.; Fermat, P.; Pascal, B. Mertens, Franz 20.03.1840 - 05.03.1927Schroda (Sroda), Poland1865BERLIN Kronecker, L. Minkowski, Hermann 22.06.1864 - 12.01.1909Kovno, Russia 1885KOENIGSBERG Hilbert, D.; Hurwitz, Adolf Mittag-Leffler, Goesta 16.03.1846 - 07.07.1927Stockholm, Sweden 1872UPPSALA (PHD); PARIS; BERLINHermite, C. ; Weierstrass, K. Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 49 Möbius, August Ferdinand17.11.1790 - 26.09.1868Schulpforta, Germany 1815LEIPZIG Pfaff, Johann; Gauss, Carl Monge, Gaspard 09.05.1746 - 28.07.1818Beaune, France 1760sECOLE ROY. GENIE MILITAIRE? Moore, Eliakim Hastings26.01.1862 - 30.12.1932Marietta, Ohio, USA 1885YALE (PHD); BERLIN; LEIPZIGNewton, H.A.; Kronecker, L.; Weierstrass, K.; Klein, F. Moore, Robert Lee 14.11.1882 - 04.10.1974Dallas, Texas, USA 1905CHICAGO (PHD) Veblen, O. Morley, Frank 09.09.1860 - 17.10.1937Woodbridge, England 1884CAMBRIDGE (BA) ? Napier, John 8th Laird of Merchiston1550 - 03.04.1617 Edinburgh, Scotland 1563ST. ANDREWS ? Navier, Claude L.M.H.10.02.1785 - 21.08.1836Dijon, France 1810sECOLE POLYTECHNIQUEFourier, J. Neyman, Jerzy 16.04.1894 - 05.08.1981Bendery, Moldavia 1924WARSAW; KHARKOV; LONDON; PARISBernstein, S.; Pearson, Karl; Lebesgue, Hadamard Nicomedes 280 BC - 210 BC Greece no degree no degree ? Noether, Amalie Emmy23.03.1882 - 14.04.1935Erlangen, Germany 1908GOETTINGEN (PHD)Gordan, Paul Albert; Hilbert, D.; Klein, F. Nunez Salacience, Pedro1502 - 11.08.1578 Alcacer do Sal, Portugal1525LISBON (MD) ? Oughtred, William 05.03.1575 - 30.06.1660Eton, England 1600CAMBRIDGE (MA) ? Pappus of Alexandria c. 290 -c. 350 Alexandria, Egypt no degree no degree ? Parseval des Chenes, Marc- Antoine27.04.1755 - 16.08.1836Rosieres-aux- Salines, France?? ? Pascal, Blaise 19.06.1623 - 19.08.1662Clermont-Ferrand, Franceno degree no degree Desargues, Girard ; Fermat, P. Pearson, Karl 27.03.1857 - London, England 1879CAMBRIDGE ? 50 27.04.1936 Pell, John 01.03.1611 - 12.12.1685Southwick, Sussex, England1630CAMBRIDGE (MA) ? Penrose, Roger 08.08.1931 - Colchester, Essex 1957LONDON Todd, John Arthur Peono, Giuseppe 27.08.1858 - 20.04.1932Cuneo, Italy 1880TURIN D'Ovidio, Enrico Petersen, Julius Peter Christian16.06.1839 - 05.08.1910Soro, Denmark 1871COPENHAGEN ? Picard, Charles Emile 24.07.1856 - 11.12.1941Paris, France 1877ECOLE NORMALE ? Pitiscus, Bartholomaeus24.08.1561 - 02.07.1613Gruenberg (Zielona), Poland1595?HEIDELBERG ? Plateau, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand14.10.1801 - 15.09.1883Brussels, Belgium 1829LIEGE ? Plato 428 BC - 348 BC Athens, Greece no degree no degree ? Poincare, Jules Henri 29.04.1854 - 17.07.1912Nancy, France 1879PARIS Hermite, Charles Poisson, Simeon- Denis21.06.1781 - 20.04.1840Pithiviers, France 1800ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUELaplace, Pierre Polya, Gyorgy (George)13.12.1887 - 07.09.1985Budapest, Hungary 1911+BUDAPEST; GOETTINGENHilbert, D.; Toeplitz, O.; Caratheodary, C.; Hecke, Erich Poncelet, Jean Victor 01.07.1788 - 22.12.1867Metz, France 1810ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUEMonge, G. ; Ampere, A. Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus)90 - 168 Alexandria, Egypt no degree no degree ? Pythagoras of Samos 6th century Samos, Greece no degree no degree ? Rahn, Johann Friedrich10.03.1622 - 1676 Zurich, Switzerland no degree no degree ? Ramanujan, Srinivasa Iyengar22.12.1887 - 26.04.1920Erode, India 1904KUMBAKONAM; CAMBRIDGEHardy, Godfrey H. Raphson, Joseph 1648 - 1715 Middlesex, England 1692CAMBRIDGE (MA) ? Recorde, Robert 1510 - 1558 Tenby, Wales 1531, 1545 OXFORD (BA), ? Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 51 CAMBRIDGE (MD) Reutersvard, Oscar 1915 - ? ? ?? Riccati, Jacopo Francesco28.05.1676 - 15.04.1754Venice, Italy 1690sPADUA Angeli, Stefano degli Riccati, Vincenzo 11.01.1707 – 17.01.1775Castelfrfanco, Veneto, Italy1726JESUIT ORDER ? Ricci-Curbastro, Gregorio12.01.1853 - 06.08.1925Lugo, Italy 1875PISA Betti, Enrico Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard17.09.1826 - 20.07.1866Dannenberg, Germany1851BERLIN (PHD) Dirichlet, G. Riesz, Frigyes 22.01.1880 - 28.02.1956Gyor, Hungary 1902BUDAPEST ? Riesz, Marcel 16.11.1886 - 04.09.1969Gyor, Hungary 1909BUDAPEST Fejer, Lipot Rodrigues, Benjamin Olinde16.10.1794 – 17.12.1851Bordeaux, France 1816 ECOLE NORMALE ? Rolle, Michel 21.04.1652 - 08.11.1719Ambert, France no degree self-educated ? Rudolff, Christoff 1499 - 1545 Jauer (Jawor), Poland1521VIENNA ? Runge, Carle David Tolmé30.08.1856 - 03.01.1927Bremen, Germany 1880BERLIN; STOCKHOLMWeierstrass, K.; Kronecker, L.; Mittag- Leffler, G. Russell, Bernard Arthur William, 3rd Earl Russell18.05.1872 - 02.02.1970Trelleck, Gwent, Wales1894CAMBRIDGE ? Sarrus, J.P. 1789 - 1861 ? ? ? ? Schmidt, Erhardt 13.01.1876 - 06.12.1959Dorpat (Tartu), Estonia1905GOETTINGEN Hilbert, David Schwarz, Karl Hermann Amandus25.01.1843 - 30.11.1921Hermsdorf, Poland 1864BERLIN Weierstrass, K. Seidel, Ludwig Philipp von24.10.1821 - 31.08.1896Zweibruecken, Germany1846MUNICH Dirichlet (Berlin); Bessel, Jacobi, 52 Neumann Franz (Koenigsberg) Servois, Francois Joseph19.07.1767 - 17.04.1847Mont-de-Laval, France1794CHALONS-SUR- MARNE ARTILLERY (Lieut.)Legendre, A.M. Shannon, Claude Elwood30.04.1916 - 22.02.2001Gaylord, Michigan, USA1940MIT Bush, Vannevar Sierpinski, Vaclav 14.03.1882 - 21.10.1969Warsaw, Poland 1906CRACOW; LVOV Vorony, Georgy F. Simpson, Thomas 20.08.1710 - 14.05.1761Market Bosworth, Englandno degree no degree ? Smith, Henry John Stephen02.11.1826 - 1881 Dublin, Ireland 1845+OXFORD Jowett, Benjamin Stevin, Simon 1548 - 1620 Bruges, Belgium 1583+LEIDEN ? Stieltjes, Thomas Jan 29.12.1856 - 31.12.1894Zwolle, Netherlands 1873+DELFT Hermite, Charles Stirling, James ?.05.1692 - 05.12.1770Garden, Scotland 1710EDINBURGH (matriculated)? Sylow, Peter Ludwig M.12.12.1832 - 07.09.1918Oslo, Norway 1850sCHRISTIANIA ? Sylvester, James Joseph03.09.1814 - 15.03.1897London, England 1831+CAMBRIDGE de Morgan, Augustus Takagi, Teiji 21.04.1875 - 28.02.1960Kasuya, Japan 1897TOKYO (PHD); BERLIN; GOETTINGENFujisawa, Rikitaro; Frobenius, Ferdinand; Hilbert, D.; Klein, F. Tarski, Alfred 14.01.1902 - 26.10.1983Warsaw, Poland 1924WARSAW Leshniewski, S. Taylor, Brook 18.08.1685 - 29.12.1731Edmonton, Middlesex, England1709CAMBRIDGE (LLB) Keill, John Thales of Miletus 624 BC - 545 BC Miletus, Greece no degree no degree ? Tukey, John W. 16.06.1915 - 26.07.2000New Bedford, Mass., USA1939PRINCETON ? Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 53 Turing, Alan Mathison 23.06.1912 - 07.06.1954London, England 1935CAMBRIDGE; PRINCETONNewman, Maxwell H.A. Ulam, Stanislav 03.04.1909 - 13.05.1984Lemberg (Lvov), Ukraine1933POLYTECH. INST. LVOVBanach, S. Vandermonde, Alexandre Theóphile28.02.1735 - 01.01.1796Paris, France 1757PARIS (music) Lagrange, J. ; Monge, G. Varignon, Pierre 1654 - 23.12.1722 Caen, France 1682CAEN (MA) ? Veblen, Oswald 24.06.1880 - 10.08.1960Decorah, Iowa, USA 1903CHICAGO (PHD) Moore, E.H. Venn, John 04.08.1834 - 04.04.1923Drypool, Hull, England1857CAMBRIDGE ? Vieta, François Viète 1540 - 13.12.1603 Fontenay-le-Comte, France1560POITIERS (law) ? Vinogradov, Ivan Matveïevitch14.09.1891 - 20.03.1983Milolyub, Russia 1914ST. PETERSBURG Uspenskii ; Markov, A. Volterra, Vito 03.05.1860 - 11.10.1940Ancona, Italy 1882PISA Betti, Enrico von Mises, Richard 19.04.1883 - 14.07.1953Lvov, Ukraine 1907VIENNA ? von Neumann, Janos (John)28.12.1903 - 08.02.1957Budapest, Hungary 1925BUDAPEST; GOETTINGENPolya, G.; Hilbert, D.; Heisenberg, W. Wallis, John 23.11.1616 - 28.10.1703Ashford, Kent, England1640sCAMBRIDGE ? Weibull, E.H. Wallodi 18.06.1887 - 12.10.1979Sweden 1932UPPSALA ? Weierstrass, Karl Theodor Wilhelm31.10.1815 - 19.02.1897Muenster, Germany 1834THEOL. & PHIL. ACADEMY, MUENSTERGudermann, Christoff Wenzelides ? ? ? ?? Weyl, Claus Hugo Hermann09.11.1885 - 09.12.1955Elmshorn, Germany 1908GOETTINGEN (PHD)Hilbert, David Widman, Johannes 1462 - 1498 Eger (Cheb), Czech Republic1485LEIPZIG (masters) ? 54 Wiener, Norbert 26.11.1894 - 18.03.1964Columbia, Missouri, USA1913HARVARD (PHD); CAMBRIDGERussell, Bernard ; Hardy, G.H. Wilcoxon, Frank 02.09.1892 - 1965 Cork, Ireland 1924CORNELL Browne, Arthur W. Wiles, Andrew J. 11.04.1953 - Cambridge, England 1980CAMBRIDGE Coates, John Henry Wronski, Józef Hoëné de23.08.1778 - 08.08.1853Wolsztyn, Poland no degree no degree ? Zariski, Oscar 24.04.1899 - 04.07.1986Kobrin, Russia 1918KIEV; ROME Castelnuovo, Guido Zeno of Elea 490 BC - 430 BC Elea, Lucania, Italy no degree no degree Parmenides Zermelo, Ernst F.F. 27.07.1871 - 21.05.1953Berlin, Germany 1894BERLIN Weierstrass, K.; Planck, M. (Berlin) Zorn, Max A. 06.06.1906 - 09.03.1993Krefeld, Germany 1930HAMBURG Artin, Emil Notes: Bolded names are those that are still alive at the time of this writing. Italicized names do not have named mathematical things attributed to them. References: 1. Index of Biographies, University of St. Andrews, Mathematical Chronology http://www-groups.dcs.st- and.ac.uk/~history/BioIndex.html 2. James, Ioan Remarkable Mathematicians , Mathematical Association of America: Washington, D.C., 2002 3. Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribners & Sons: New York, 1980 4. Gullberg, Jan Mathematics: from the birth of numbers , W.W. Norton & Company: New York, 1997 5. Bourbaki, Nicholas Elements of the History of Mathematics , Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1994 6. Boyer, Carl B. A History of Mathematics , Wiley: New York, 1989 7. Stillwell, John Mathematics and its History , Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1989 8. Smith, David Eugene History of Mathematics Vol I and II , Dover Publications: New York, 1951 9. Eves, Howard An Introduction to the History of Mathematics, Saunders College Publishing: Philadelphia, 1990 10. Poggendorff, J.C., Biographisches-literarisches Handwortenbuch zur Geschichte der exacten Naturwissenschaften , VCH: Liepzig, 1863 – 11. American Men of Science: Physical and Biological Sciences , 11th ed., R.R. Bowker: Providence, N.J., 1967 12. Salisbury, David The Lady Tasting Tea: how statistics revolutionized science in the 20th century, W.H. Freeman: NY, 2001 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 55 13. Kotz, Samuel; Johnson, Norman L. ( eds.) Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences , Wiley: NY, 1985 14. Armitage, Peter; Colton, Theodore Encyclopedia of Biostatistics , Wiley: NY, 1998 15. Dunham, William Euler: the master of us all , Mathematical Association of America: Washington, DC, 1999 16. Hazewinkel, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Kluwer Academic Publishing: Dordrecht, 1993 17. Biggs, N.L.; Lloyd, E.K.; Wilson, R.J. Graph Theory 1736 - 1936 , Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1976 56 Antoine Cournot (1801 - 1877) (Sorbonne, 1829) supply and demand functions (1838) Pierre Charles Francois Dupin (1784 - 1873) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1903)Andre-Marie Ampere (1775 - 1836) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1803) Ampere's law (1820) current unit "amp" Jean Victor Poncelet (1788 - 1867) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1810)Joseph Liouville (1809 - 1882) (Ecole Ponts et Chaussees, 1830) Liouville theorem (1836), existence of transcendental numbers (1844) Jean-Gaston Darboux (1842 - 1917) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1866) Felix E.J. Emile Borel (1871 - 1956) (Ecole Normale, 1895) Heine-Borel theorem (1872) Borel measure (1894) game theory (1921)Henri Leon Lebesgue (1875 - 1941) (Ecole Normale, 1890s) Lebesgue integral (1903)Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789 - 1857) (Ecole Ponts et Chaussees, 1810) Cauchy integral theorem (1830) Cauchy integral formula (1830) Cauchy-Schwarz inequality (1830) Cauchy frequency distribution (1830) Cauchy mean value theorem (1830) Cauchy rule of series (1827) Cauchy tests for convergence (1827) Cauchy theorem of existence of a limit (1827), determinant name (1812) Cauchy theorem (group theory) (1845)Pierre-Simon de Laplace (1749 - 1827) (Caen, 1766+; Paris)Jean-le-Rond D'Alembert (1717 - 1783) (College Quatre Nations, 1735)Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736 - 1813) D'Alembert's ratio test (1743) D'Alembertian (1743) D'Alembert's paradox D'Alembert's test for convergence (1743), D'Alembert's principleLaplace's equation, Laplace transform method, Laplacian operator, general method of expanding determinants (1771) probability theory (1812)Lagrange multipliers, partial derivative notation (1788) Lagrange differential equation Lagrange equations of motion, Lagrange identity, Lagrange mean value theorem Lagrange interpolation formula Lagrange theorem Lagrange theorem of divisibility Lagrangian, Lagrange theorem in group theory, symbol dy/dx for derivatives (1797) Jean-Baptiste J. Fourier (1768 - 1830) (Ecole Normale, 1790s)Simeon-Denis Poisson (1781 - 1840) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1800) Pafnuty L. Chebyshev (1821 - 1894) (St. Petersburg, 1874; Paris) Chebyshev's inequality (1890) Chebyshev polynomials (1890) Chebyshev approximation (1890)Fourier series, harmonic analysis (1822) Fourier coefficient (1822), Fourier transform (1822) Fourier heat theorem (1822)Poisson distribution (1830) Poisson equation (1830) Poisson ratio (1830) law of large numbers (1837) Gaspard Monge (1746 - 1818) (Ecole Roy. Genie Militaire, 1760s) descriptive geometry (1794) Charles Julien Brianchon (1783 - 1864) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1808) Brianchon theorem (1806) Alexandre T. Vandermonde (1735 - 1796) (Paris, 1757 Lic. music) Vandermonde determinant (1771)Alexandre T. Vandermonde (1735 - 1796) (Paris, 1757 Lic. music) Vandermonde determinant (1771) Charles F. Hermite (1822 - 1901) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1847) Hermite polynomial Hermitian operatorcDr. John Andraos, 2003 Arnaud Denjoy (1884 - 1974) (Ecole Normale, 1909) Denjoy integral (1912)Claude L.M.H. Navier (1785 - 1836) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1810s) Navier-Stokes equations (1821) Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 57 Johann H. Lambert (1728 - 1777) hyperbolic functions (1770) Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law (1729, 1852) , proof that pi is irrational (1768)Bernoulli's theorem, catenoid equation (1690), formula for radius of curvature Bernoulli's differential equation, polar co-ordinates (1691), coined "integral" term Bernoulli distribution (1800), Bernoulli effect, Bernoulli numbers (1713) Bernoulli trials, Bernoulli's lemniscate (1694) Bernoulli's theorem, Bernoulli law of flow (1738) Bernoulli's differential equation Bernoulli distribution (1800) Bernoulli equation for roots of quadratics, acoustics introduced calculus of probabilityEuler's series/Euler's logarithm formula (1731), Euler's constant (gamma) (1731), Euler polyhedron formula, Euler magic square, Euler's formula (exp(ix)) (1750), Euler product (1740), Euler integral, Eulerian angles, Euler's equations of motion, calculus of finite differences (1755), trigonometry (1748), Euler zeta function as infinite series (1740), Koenigsberger bridges problem (1736), Euler definition of function (1749), summation symbol; Euler polyhedron formula (1752) trigonometry (1748), Fermat last theorem proof (n = 4) (1753), symbol e for natural log base (1727), Euler's conjecture (1769) symbol i for imaginary numbers (1794)Guillaume F. L'Hopital (1661 - 1704) L'Hopital's rule (1690)Nikolaus Bernoulli (II) (1695 - 1726) (Lic. jurisprudence, 1715) Daniel Bernoulli (1700 - 1782) (Basel, 1721) Gabriel Cramer (1704 - 1752) (Geneva, 1722; Basel) Cramer's rule (1750) Jean Robert Argand (1768 - 1822) Argand diagram (1806)George Boole (1815 - 1864) Boolean algebra (1847)Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752 - 1833) (College Quatres Nations, 1770) Legendre polynomial (1805) Fermat last theorem proof (n = 5) (1825) Alexandre T. Vandermonde (1735 - 1796) (Paris, 1757 Lic. music)Jean-Baptiste J. Fourier (1768 - 1830) (Ecole Normale, 1790s)Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789 - 1857) (Ecole Ponts et Chaussees, 1810)Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736 - 1813)Leonhard Euler (1707 - 1793) (Basel, MA 1724)Dr. John Andraos, 2003cJakob Bernoulli (I) (1654 - 1705) (Basel, 1676 Lic. theology) Johann Bernoulli (I) (1667 - 1748) (Basel, 1694) brachistochrone problem (1696) Etienne Bezout (1730 - 1783) no degree Bezout elimination (1779) factor theorem (1779) 58 Jean-le-Rond D'Alembert (1717 - 1783) (College Quatre Nations, 1735)Pierre-Simon de Laplace (1749 - 1827) (Caen, 1766+; Paris)Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736 - 1813) Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789 - 1857) (Ecole Ponts et Chaussees, 1810)Andre-Marie Ampere (1775 - 1836) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1803) Charles Sturm (1803 - 1855) Sturm-Liouville theory (1837) Srinivasa I. Ramanujan (1887 - 1920) (Kumakonam, 1904; Cambridge) Ramanujan sums (1917)Norbert Wiener (1894 - 1964) (Harvard, 1913; Cambridge) Wiener integrals (1923) cybernetics (1948)Godfrey H. Hardy (1877 - 1947) (Cambridge, 1901; Paris) Hardy-Weinberg law of inheritance (1908)David Hilbert (1862 - 1943) (Koenigsberg, 1884; Paris) Hilbert space (1930) Hilbert 23 problems (1900) Hilbert transforms (1930)Henri Leon Lebesgue (1875 - 1941) (Ecole Normale, 1890s) Lebesgue integral (1903)Camille Jordan (1838 - 1922) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1861) Jordan curve (1893)Victor Alexandre Puiseux (1820 - 1883) (Ecole Normale, 1841) Pascal's triangle (1665) Pascal's binomial theorem (1665), Pascal theorem (geometry) (1639) Pascal law of pressure (1654) laws of probability (1654)Fermat's last theorem (1637), Fermat number (1640), Fermat point (1635) Fermat principle of optics (1635) Fermat's spiral (1636) Fermat method of maxima and minima (1629) laws of probability (1654)Descartes rule of signs (1637) cartesian co-ordinate system (1637) Descartes' laws, exponent notation (1637) product symbol notation, x-y-z notation for variables analytical geometry (1637), Euler polyhedron formula (1635) Pierre de Fermat (1601 - 1665) (Orleans, 1631 civil law)Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662)Francois Viete Vieta (1540 - 1603) (Poitiers, 1560 law) Vieta's infinite product formula for π (1593), law of cosines (1646), modern algebraic notation, trigonometric solution to cubic equation (1600) Girard Desargues (1591 - 1661) (Lyons, 1630s; Paris) Desgargue's theorem (1650) projective geometry (1639)Marin Mersennes (1588 - 1648) (Sorbonne, 1611 medicine) Mersennes numbers, primes (1644)Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)cDr. John Andraos, 2003 Adrien M. Legendre (1752 - 1833) (College Quatre Nations, 1770) Legendre polynomials (1805) Fermat last theorem proof (n = 5) (1825), method of least squares (1806) Francois J. Servois (1767 - 1847) (Chalons-sur-Marne Artillery, 1794) distributative law, commutative law Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 59 Tullio Levi-Cevita (1873 - 1941) (Padua, 1894) calculus of tensors (1887)Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro (1853 - 1925) (Pisa, 1875) Maria G. Agnesi (1718 - 1799) no degree witch of Agnesi (1748)Niccolo F. Tartaglia (1499 - 1557) arithmetic (1556 - 1560) solution of cubic equation without linear term (1535) Ostilio RicciFrancesco Brioschi (1824 - 1897) (Pavia, 1845) Antonio Luigi Cremona (1830 - 1903) (Pavia, 1853, civil engineer)Julius Pluecker (1801 - 1868) (Marburg, 1824) Christian Felix Klein (1849 - 1925) (Bonn, 1868) Klein bottle Giuseppe Veronese (1854 - 1917) (Rome, 1877; Leipzig) Oscar Zarisky (1899 - 1986) (Kiev, 1918; Rome)Guido Castelnuovo (1865 - 1952) (Padua, 1886)Ottaviano F. Mossotti (1791 - 1863) Enrico Betti (1823 - 1892) (Pisa, 1846) Betti numbers (1871) Vito Volterra (1860 - 1940) (Pisa, 1882) Volterra's integral equation (1884)Benedetto Castelli Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri (1598 - 1647) (Pisa, 1616+) Cavalieri's theorem Stefano degli Angeli (1623 - 1697) (Bologna, 1645+) Jacopo Francesco Riccati (1676 - 1754) (Padua, law) Riccati differential equation (1724) Vincenzo Riccati (1707 - 1775) (Jesuit Order, Piacenza, 1726) expressions for hyperbolic functions as sums of exponentials Dr. John Andraos, 2003c Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) (Pisa, 1585 no degree)Guiseppe Battaglini (1826 - 1894) Enrico D'Ovidio (1842 - 1933) (Naples, 1860s) Guiseppe Peono (1858 - 1932) (Turin, 1880) Peono axioms (1889) set symbolism/notation (1889) Peono curve (1890) natural numbers (1899) Girolamo Cardano (1501 - 1576) (Padua, MD 1525) Cardano solution of cubic equations (1545) Lodovico Ferrari (1522 - 1565) Ferrari solution of quartic equations (1540)Beppo Levi (1875 - 1961) (Turin, 1896) axiom of choice (1902)Corrado Segre (1863 - 1924) (Turin, 1883) 60 Gaston Julia (1893 - 1978) (Paris, 1917) Julia set Elie J. Cartan (1869 - 1951) (Ecole Normale, 1890+)Evariste Galois (1811 - 1832) (Ecole Normale, 1830+) Galois group theory (1830)Charles Hermite (1822 - 1901) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1847) Hermite operatorsLouis Paul Emile Richard (1795 - 1849) Urbain J.J. Le Verrier (1811 - 1877)cDr. John Andraos, 2003 Francois E.A. Lucas (1842 - 1891) (Paris Observatory) Lucas numbers David Hilbert (1862 - 1943) (Koenigsberg, 1884; Paris) Hilbert spaces (1930), Hilbert's 23 problems (1900), Hilbert transforms (1930)Goesta Mittag-Leffler (1846 - 1927) (Uppsala, 1872; Paris)J. Henri Poincare (1854 - 1912) (Paris, 1879) Poincare theorem, algebraic topology (1895), Poincare conjecture (1904)Thomas J. Stieltjes (1856 - 1894) (Delft, 1873+; Paris) Stieltjes integrals continued fractions (1894)Solomon Lefschetz (1884 - 1972) (Ecole Centrale, Paris, 1902 - 5; Clark U, PhD 1911)Jacques S. Hadamard (1865 - 1963) (Ecole Normale, 1892) Hadamard determinant inequality (1893), Hadamard matrices (1893), Hadamard transforms, Hadamard proofs of prime number theorem (1896)Benoit B. Mandelbrot (1924 - ) Mandelbrot set (1967) fractal term (1967) theory of fractals (1975)Paul Pierre Levy (1886 - 1971) Lindeberg-Levy proof of central limit theorem (1934) martingale theory (1935)Charles Emile Picard (1856 - 1941) (Ecole Normale, 1877) Picard little theorem Picard big theorem Jacques S. Hadamard (1865 - 1963) (Ecole Normale, 1892) Hadamard determinant inequality (1893), Hadamard matrices (1893), Hadamard transforms, Hadamard proofs of prime number theorem (1896)Sergei N. Bernstein (1880 - 1968) (Sorbonne, 1904; Kharkov, 1913) Bernstein polynomials (1911) Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 61 John Wishart (1898 - 1956) (Edinburgh, 1922)Abram S. Besicovitch (1891 - 1970) (St. Petersburg, 1912) solution to minimization of areas problem (1925)Ivan M. Vinogradov (1891 - 1983) (St. Petersburg, 1914) Vinogradov's theorem (1937)George F. FitzGerald (1851 - 1901) (Trinity College Dublin, 1877) FitzGerald-Lorenz contraction (1889)Oliver Heaviside (1850 - 1925) Heaviside function Heaviside transform duplex telegraphy (1873 - 1876) , telegrapher's equation (1874 - 1877)cDr. John Andraos, 2003William Hopkins (1793 - 1866) (Cambridge, 1827) Peter G. Tait (1831 - 1901) (Cambridge, 1852) Tait free path (1886) James C. Maxwell (1831 - 1879) (Cambridge, 1854) Maxwell electromagnetic equations (1865), Maxwell thermodynamic equations (1871), Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution (1875)William Thomson (Lord Kelvin of Largs) (1824 - 1907) (Cambridge, 1845) Kelvin absolute temperature scale (1848), Joule-Thomson coefficient (1865)Sir George G. Stokes (1819 - 1903) (Cambridge, 1841) Stokes law of fluorescence (1852), Stokes law (1856) Stokes-Navier equations (1821) Stokes lines, anti-Stokes linesArthur Cayley (1821 - 1895) (Cambridge, 1885) Cayley matrix theory (1855) Cayley-Hamilton theorem (1855) Chebyshev's inequality (1890) Chebyshev polynomials (1890) Chebyshev approximation (1890)Pafnuty L. Chebyshev (1821 - 1894) (St. Petersburg, 1847; Berlin) Andrei A. Markov (1856 - 1922) (St. Petersburg, 1878) Markov chains, Markov processes (1906)Andrew R. Forsyth (1858 - 1942) (Cambridge, 1881)George H. Darwin (1845 - 1912) (Cambridge, 1883) Alfred N. Whitehead (1861 - 1947) (Cambridge, 1905)Edmund T. Whittaker (1873 - 1956) (Cambridge, 1895) Sir Arthur S. Eddington (1882 - 1944) (Cambridge, MA 1905) Egon S. Pearson (1895 - 1980) (Cambridge, BA 1920)Aleksandr N. Lyapunov (1857 - 1918) (St. Petersburg, 1892) stability criteria for sets of ordinary differential equations (1899), Lyapunov exponent 62 Charles Emile Picard (1856 - 1941) (Ecole Normale, 1877) Picard little theorem Picard big theoremcDr. John Andraos, 2003 Jerzy Neyman (1894 - 1981) (Warsaw, 1924; Kharkov) hypothesis testing (1928) Neyman's confidence intervals (1934) Neyman-Pearson p-value formulationSergei N. Bernstein (1880 - 1968) (Sorbonne, 1904; Kharkov, 1913) Bernstein polynomials (1911) George Dantzig (1914 - ) (UC Berkeley, 1946) simplex method of optimization (1947)Henri Leon Lebesgue (1875 - 1941) (Ecole Normale, 1890s) Lebesgue integral (1903)Karl Pearson (1857 - 1936) (Cambridge, 1879) skew distributions (1895) Pearson system for characterizing distributions : mean, standard deviation, symmetry, kurtosis (1893) standard deviation (1893) chi-square test and statistic for goodness of fit (1900) degrees of freedom William S. Gosset (1876 - 1937) (Oxford, 1899; Galton Biometrical Lab) student t-test, probable error of the mean (1908)Sir George B. Airy (1801 - 1892) (Cambridge, 1823) Airy functions, equations Airy disk, Airy integral Sir Ronald A. Fisher (1890 - 1962) (Cambridge, BA 1912) distribution of correlation coefficient (1915) concept of likelihood, maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) (1921) analysis of variance (1923) analysis of co-variance (1922) concept of degrees of freedom (1924) theory of statistical estimation (1925) general theory of natural selection (1930)Zygmunt Janiszewski (1888 - 1920) (Paris, 1911) Kazimiercz Kuratowski (1896 - 1980) (Warsaw, 1921) Kuratowski theorem on planar graphs (1930) Stefan Mazurkiewicz (1888 - 1945) (Lvov, 1913)Vaclav Sierpinski (1882 - 1969) (Cracow, 1906; Lvov) Sierpinski sponge, triangle, carpetGeorge F. Vorony (1868 - 1908) (St. Petersburg, 1894 masters) John Wishart (1898 - 1956) (Edinburgh, 1922) Chester I. Bliss (1899 - 1979) (Columbia, 1926; UC London) probit analysis (1935) Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 63 (1826 - 1827) Abelian group, Abel's theorem on multiplication of series, Abel's identities Abel's inequality, Abel's integral equation Abel's test for convergence Abel's test for infinite integrals proof that polynomials of degree > 4 cannot be solved by radicals (1824)Niels H. Abel (1802 - 1829) (Cathedral School, Christiania 1822; Berlin)August L. Crelle (1780 - 1855) (Heidelberg, 1816) Wassily Leontief (1906 - 1999) (Berlin, 1926) Leontief matrix Economics Nobel 1973Ladislaus J. Bortkiewicz (1868 - 1931) (Goettingen, 1893)Wilhelm Lexis (1837 - 1914) (Bonn, 1859; Heidelberg)Robert Bunsen (1811 - 1899) (Marburg, 1833) Colin Maclaurin (1698 - 1746) (Glasgow, 1713) Maclaurin series (1742)John Flamsteed (1646 - 1719) Astronomer Royal Edmond Halley (1656 - 1742) (Oxford, 1673+) Robert Simson (1687 - 1768) (Glasgow, 1710; London) convergence of ratio of successive Fibonacci numbers to golden number (1753)Dr. John Andraos, 2003c Walter M. Hempel (1851 - 1916) (Leipzig, 1872 MD) Louis M. Dennis (1863 - 1936) (Michigan, BS 1886) Arthur W. Browne (1877 - 1945) (Cornell, 1903) Frank Wilcoxon (1862 - 1965) (Cornell, 1924) Wilcoxon rank sum test Wilcoxon match-pair signed rank test (non-parametric test) (1945) Litchfield-Wilcoxon method (1949) 64 Wolfgang Krull (1899 - 1971) (Frieburg, 1921; Goettingen) Krull-Schmidt theorem (1925)Stefan Banach (1892 - 1945) (Jan Kazimierz U, Lvov, 1920+) Banach spaces (1923) Banach-Tarski paradox (1926)Hugo Steinhaus (1887 - 1972) (Goettingen, 1911)Marie S. Lie (1842 - 1899) (Christiania, 1871; Goettingen) Lie algebra (1888)Henry F. Baker (1866 - 1956) (Cambridge, 1887; Goettingen) John Arthur Todd (1908 - 1994) (Cambridge, 1930) Roger Penrose (1931 - ) (London, 1957) Penrose tiles, tesselationsRobert L. Moore (1882 - 1974) (Chicago, 1905)Oswald Veblen (1880 - 1960) (Chicago, 1903) proof of Jordan theorem (1905)Eliakim H. Moore (1862 - 1932) (Yale, 1885; Leipzig) Martin W. Kutta (1867 - 1944) (Munich, 1901) Runge-Kutta method (1901)Walter von Dyck (1856 - 1934) (Munich, 1879)David Hilbert (1862 - 1943) (Koenigsberg, 1884; Leipzig) Hilbert space (1930); Hilbert 23 problems (1900); transforms (1930)John von Neumann (1903 - 1957) (Budapest, 1925; Goettingen) Werner Heisenberg (1901 - 1976) (Munich, 1923)Carl L.F. Lindemann (1852 - 1939) (Erlangen, 1873) Arnold Sommerfeld (1868 - 1951) (Koenigsberg, 1891) Sommerfeld model of atom (1916)Christian Felix Klein (1849 - 1925) (Bonn, 1868) Klein bottle (1871), Erlangen program (1872)Julius Pluecker (1801 - 1868) (Marburg, 1824)Dr. John Andraos, 2003c Adolf Hurwitz (1859 - 1919) (Leipzig, 1881) Heisenberg uncertainty principle (1925); creation of quantum mechanics; discovery of allotropic forms of hydrogen Physics Nobel 1932 Stanislav Ulam (1909 - 1984) (Polytech. Inst. Lvov, 1933) Monte Carlo methods (1930s)Ludwig Bieberbach (1886 - 1982) (Goettingen, 1910) Bieberbach polynomials (1914) Bieberbach conjecture (1916) Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 65 Alfred Haar (1885 - 1933) (Goettingen, 1909) Haar measure on groups (1932) Alan M. Turing (1912 - 1954) (Cambridge, 1935) Turing machine (1936)Maxwell H.A. Newman (1897 - 1984) (Cambridge, 1921; Vienna)Kurt W.F. Reidemeister (1893 - 1971) (Hamburg, 1921)Erich Hecke (1887 - 1947) (Goettingen, 1910)Otto Toeplitz (1881 - 1940) (Goettingen, 1913) Constantin Caratheodory (1873 - 1950) (Goettingen, 1904) Caratheodory statement of the second law of thermdynamicsHermann Minkowski (1864 - 1909) (Koenigsberg, 1885) Minkowski inequality (1896)C. Hugo Hermann Weyl (1885 - 1955) (Goettingen, 1908)Erhardt Schmidt (1876 - 1959) (Goettingen, 1905) Gram-Schmidt orthogonalizationRichard Courant (1887 - 1972) (Goettingen, 1912+) John von Neumann (1903 - 1957) (Budapest, 1925; Goettingen) mathematical game theory (1926) Monte Carlo methods (1930s), proof of minimax theorem (1928)Gyorgy Polya (1887 - 1985) (Budapest, 1911+; Goettingen) Polya theoremRikitaro Fujisawa () (Strasbourg, 1886; Goettingen) Teiji Takagi (1875 - 1960) (Tokyo, 1897)Pavel S. Alexandrov (1896 - 1982) (Moscow, 1913+; Goettingen)A. Emmy Noether (1882 - 1935) (Goettingen, 1908)Dr. John Andraos, 2003cDavid Hilbert (1862 - 1943) (Koenigsberg, 1884; Leipzig) Hilbert space (1930); Hilbert 23 problems (1900); Hilbert transforms (1930) Ernst S. Fischer (1875 - 1954) (Vienna, 1894+; Goettingen) Riesz-Fischer theorem (1907)Heinz Hopf (1894 - 1971) (Berlin, 1925) Hopf knot 66 Johann B. Listing (1808 - 1882) (Goettingen, 1834) Moebius strip (1847) Listing knot (1847) Aleksandr M. Lyapunov (1857 - 1918) (St. Petersburg, 1892) Lyapunov exponent (1899) stability criteria for sets of ordinary differential equations (1899)Nikolai I. Lobachevsky (1792 - 1856) hyperbolic geometry (1829)Dr. John Andraos, 2003cJohann F. Pfaff (1765 - 1825) (Hohe Karlsschule, Stuttgart, 1785, law) Pfaffian forms (1815)Carl F.Gauss (1777 - 1855) (Helmstedt, 1801; Goettingen, 1804) Gustav P. Dirichlet (1805 - 1859) (Breslau, 1825) Dirichlet condition , Dirichlet problem Dirichlet test for convergence (1849), Dirichlet definition of function (1837)Guassian function, Gauss' law (1877), Gaussian distribution (1733), Gauss integral formula (1863), gauss unit of magnetic field strength, drawing of regular 17-gon (1796), Gauss-Jordan elimination, Gauss-Seidel iteration, modular arithmetic, proof of Fermat last theorem for n = 3 law of quadratic reciprocity (1796), proof of Fermat's conjecture (1801), Gaussian curvature (1828) Julius W.R. Dedekind (1831 - 1916) (Goettingen, 1852) Dedekind cuts (1858) Georg F.L.P. Cantor (1845 - 1918) (Goettingen, 1867) Cantor set theory (1874) Cantor fractalsMarie Sophie Germain (1776 - 1831) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1794+) calculus of variations applied to theory of elasticity (1816)Friedrich W. Bessel (1784 - 1846) Bessel functions (1817) Bessel integral equation Bessel inequalityAugust F. Moebius (1790 - 1868) (Leipzig, 1815) Moebius strip (1863) Moebius function (1831) Moebius inversion formula (1831) Pafnuty L. Chebyshev (1821 - 1894) (St. Petersburg, 1847; Berlin) Andrei A. Markov (1856 - 1922) (St. Petersburg, 1878) Markov chains, Markov processes (1906)Chebyshev's inequality (1890) Chebyshev polynomials (1890) Chebyshev approximation (1890) Ivan M. Vinogradov (1891 - 1983) (St. Petersburg, 1914) Vinogradov's theorem (1937)William K. Clifford (1845 - 1879) (Cambridge, 1868) Clifford algebra, Clifford theorem Abram S. Besicovitch (1891 - 1970) (St. Petersburg, 1912) solution to minimization of areas problem (1925) Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Math.pdf 67 Ernst S. Fischer (1875 - 1954) (Vienna, 1894+; Goettingen) Riesz-Fischer theorem (1907)Franz Mertens (1840 - 1927) (Berlin, 1865) Discovery of the photoelectric effect (1905), Einstein mass-energy equation (1905) Einstein (Debye-Einstein) equation for specific heat, Einstein temperature (1907) Stark-Einstein law of photochemical equivalence (1912), Einstein-Smoluchowski equation (1908), Bose-Einstein statistics (1924), Special theory of relativity (1905) General theory of relativity (1915 - 6), Light quanta, photon concept (1905 - 6) Einstein unit of light fluxAurel E. Voss (Goettingen, 1869) Albert Einstein (Zurich, 1905) Physics Nobel 1921Heinrich Burkhardt (Munich, 1887) Alfred Kleiner (Zurich, 1874)William K. Clifford (1845 - 1879) (Cambridge, 1868) Clifford algebra, Clifford theoremCarl G.J. Jacobi (1804 - 1851) (Berlin, 1823) Jacobian matrix (1841) Jacobian determinant (1841)Rudolf O.S. Lipschitz (1832 - 1903) (Berlin, 1853) Paul A. Gordan (1837 - 1912) (Breslau, 1862) Rudolf F.A. Clebsch (1833 - 1872) (Koenigsberg, 1854)Christian F. Klein (1849 - 1925) (Bonn, 1869) A. Emmy Noether (1882 - 1935) (Goettingen, 1908)Charles F. Hermite (1822 - 1901) (Ecole Polytechnique, 1847)Leopold Kronecker (1823 - 1891) (Berlin, 1845) Kronecker delta David Hilbert (1862 - 1943) (Koenigsberg, 1884; Leipzig) Hilbert space (1930); Hilbert 23 problems (1900) Eliakim H. Moore (1862 - 1932) (Yale, 1885; Leipzig)Georg F.B. Riemann (1826 - 1866) (Berlin, 1851) Reimann hypothesis Reimann sums Reimann zeta function Reimann integral Reimann geometry (1854) Riemann surfaces (1854) elliptic geometry (1854) Riemann integrability condition (1854)Ludwig P. von Seidel (1821 - 1896) (Munich, 1846; Berlin) Gauss-Seidel iterationDr. John Andraos, 2003c Gustav P. Dirichlet (1805 - 1859) (Breslau, 1825) Dirichlet condition , Dirichlet problem Dirichlet test for convergence (1849), Dirichlet definition of function (1837) Ludwig O. Hesse (1811 - 1874) (Koenigsberg, 1840) Hessian matrix and determinant (1842) Kurt Hensel (1861 - 1941) (Berlin, 1884) p-adic numbers (1897)Eduard Heine (1821 - 1881) (Berlin, 18??) Heine-Borel theorem (1872) Otto L. Hoelder (1859 - 1937) (Tuebingen, 1882; Berlin) Hoelder inequality (1884) 68 Ernst F.F. Zermelo (1871 - 1953) (Berlin, 1894) seven axioms of Zermelo (1908)cDr. John Andraos, 2003Karl T.W. Weierstrass (1815 - 1897) (Muenster, 1834 Theological & Philosophical Academy Ferdinand Frobenius (1849 - 1917) (Berlin, 1870) group characters (1896) Frobenius reciprocity theorem (1898) Teiji Tagaki (1875 - 1960) (Tokyo, 1879; Berlin)Eliakim H. Moore (1862 - 1932) (Yale, 1885; Berlin) George D. Birkhoff (1884 - 1944) (Chicago, 1907) proof of general ergodic theorem (1931) Oswald Veblen (1880 - 1960) (Chicago, 1903) proof of Jordan theorem (1905)Goesta Mittag-Leffler (1846 - 1927) (Uppsala, 1872; Berlin) Sophia V. Kovalevskaya (1850 - 1891) (Goettingen, 1874)Hermann Hankel (1839 - 1873) (Berlin, 1862) Hankel functions (1867) Carle D.T. Runge (1856 - 1927) (Berlin, 1880) Runge-Kutta method (1901) Karl H.A. Schwarz (1843 - 1921) (Berlin, 1864) Cauchy-Schwarz inequalityNicholai V. Bugaev (1837 - 1903) (Moscow, 1863; Berlin) Dimitri F. Egorov (1869 - 1931) (Moscow, 1901) Nikolai N. Luzin (1883 - 1950) (Moscow, 1910)Edmund G.H. Landau (1877 - 1938) (Berlin, 1899) Bohr-Landau theorem (1914) Nikolai N. Luzin (1883 - 1950) (Moscow, 1910; Goettingen)Pavel S. Urysohn (1898 - 1924) (Moscow, 1921)Ernst E. Kummer (1810 - 1893) (Halle, 1831) Andrei N. Kolmogorov (1903 - 1987) (Moscow, 1925+) probability theory (1933) Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theory (1954) Pavel S. Alexandrov (1896 - 1982) (Moscow, 1913+)Nils F.H. von Koch (1870 - 1924) (Stockholm, 1892) Koch triangle (1904) Koch snowflake (1904) Robert H. Mellin (1854 - 1933) (Helsinki, 1882) Mellin transforms Carle D.T. Runge (1856 - 1927) (Berlin, 1880; Stockholm) Runge-Kutta method (1901)Weierstrass approximation theorem (1890) Weierstrass test for convergence (1890) Weierstrass inequalities (1890) Robert L. Moore (1882 - 1974) (Chicago, 1905) James W. Alexander II (1888 - 1971) (Princeton, 1915) Alexander polynomialsLipot Fejer (1880 - 1959) (Berlin; Budapest, 1902) Fejet summation theorem (1900) Marcel Riesz (1886 - 1969) (Budapest, 1909) Riesz means (1909) Harald Cramer (1893 - 1985) (Stockholm, 1917)